LIBRARY
Brigham Young University

GIFT OF

Howard B. Cordne

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SIXTH THOUSAND. f f

AMERICAN FRUIT CULTURIST,

CONTAINING DIRECTIONS FOR THE

PROFAGATION AND CULTDBE OF FRUIT TREES

IN TUB

NURSERY, ORCHARD AND GARDEN.

WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF THE

KtlNCflPAL AMERICAN AND FOREIGN VARIETIES CULTIVATED IN
THE UNITED STATES.

BY JOHN J. THOMAS.

BJXJSTEATED WITH THREE HUNDRED ACCURATE FIGURES.

AUBURN:
DERBY, MILLER & COMPANY.

1851.

Entered according to act of CongreM, in the year 1849, br

JOHN J. THOMAS;
m Uie Clerk's Office for the Northern District of New-York.

PREFACE.

The favorable reception of several editions of the Fruit Culturist,
has induced the author to revise it thoroughly. The whole has been
carefully re-written, and the original amount of matter more than
tripled; at the same time the attempt has been made to comprise all
the really valuable information at present known, by condensation of
language, methodical arrangement, and a free use of illustrations.

Careful attention has been given to uniformity and distinctness in
the use of terms for describing fruits, and variable points have been as
much as possible discarded. Nearly all the descriptions have been
drawn from the fruits themselves, carefully compared with descriptions
in the principal standard works; and to facilitate the detection of
such points of character as are liable to vary with climate, soil, and
culture, specimens for comparison have been largely procured, grown
in several different states of the Union.

In the diflScult task of indicating the value of the different varieties,
by the type used for the name, important assistance has been rendered
by several eminent pomologists in the different states. The thanks of
the author are especially due to the following, wno have contributed
a large amount of valuable information, or have liberally furnished
specimens of rare varieties : —

Marshall P. Wilder, Boston;

(For many years President of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society, and
President of the American Congress of Fruil Growers.)

Samuel Walker, Roxbury, Mass. ;

(President of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society.)

Robert Manning, Pomological Garden, Salem, Mass.;

Benjamin V. French, Braintree, Mass. ;

(Vice-President of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society.

A. J. Downing, Newburgh, N. Y. ;

(Author of Fruits and Fruit Trees of Ameriea, and other standard works on
Horticulture )

Charles Downing, Newburgh, N. Y. j

LuTHZR Tucker, Albany;

(Proprietor of the Horticulturist, and Editor and Propriotor of the (;uiti\'at«r.

4 PREFACE.

Sanfohd Howard, Albany;

(Associate Editor of the Cultivator.)
Dr. W. D. Brinckle, Philadelphia;

(Chairman of the Fruit Committee of the Pennsylvania Horticultural Society.)
Thomas S Pleasants, Petersburgh, Va.;
P. Barry, Rochester, N. Y.;

(Horticultural Editor of the Genesee Farmer.)
F. R. Elliott, Cleveland, Ohio;

(Secretary of the Oliio Fruit Convention.)

A. H. Ernst, Cincinnati;

(President of the Cincinnati Horticultural Society, and of the Ohio Fruit Con-
vention.)

In addition to the preceding, the author would not do justice to his
feelings, without expressing his acknowledgments to the many who
have kindly furnished specimens of rare fruits, among whom are Ell-
WANGER & Barry, and J. W. Bissel, Rochester; W. R. Smith,
Macedon; B. Hodge, Buffalo; A. McIntosh, Cleveland; F. K.
Phoenix, Delavan, Wisconsin; C. W. Elliott, Cincinnati; Thomas
Hancock, Burlington, New Jersey; George Gabriel, New Haven j
and Samuel H. Colton, Worcester, Mass.

From his father, David Thomas, he has derived the knowledge of
many valuable facts relative to the cultivation and management ot
Fruit.

Much valuable information has been obtained from the various
works on American Fruits, among which are Downing's invaluable
treatise on Fruits and Fruit Trees, Hovey*s Magazine, and the Hor-
ticulturist.

The condensed style of the work forbids a frequent reference to
these various authorities, and this general acknowledgment is more
especially due.

The numerous figures of fruits, have, with very few exceptions,
been drawn by the author from average well grown specimens, by a
mode giving exact impressions of the original

INDEX.

ART I. General Principles and Practices.

CHAPTER I.

Introductory remarks, 13— Profits and advantages of Fruit Culture, 14— Markets,
15 — Beneficial effects, 17.

CHAPTER IL
History— Improvement in fruit by the ancients. 18 — Modem proi^ress, 20.

CHAPTER III.

Production of new varieties, 24— Van Mons' experiments, 26 — ^Knight's, 27— Mod«
of crossing, 2^.

CHAPTER IV.

Propagation of sorts, 30 — Cuttings, 32— Eyes, 34 — Layers, 34 — Grafting, 36— Bud-
dmg, 42 — Limits of Budding and Grafting, 46 — Best stocks, 47.

CHAPTER V.

Changes wrought in fruits by external causes, CO — Climate, 51 — Sorts declining by
old age, 51 — Influence of culture, 52 — Soil and Stock, 53— Productiveness, 56.

CHAPTER VI.

Soils, 57— Manures, 57— Special manures, 58 — Situation, 62— Enclosures, 66— Fruit

stealing, 67.

CHAPTER VII.

Transplanting, 68— Shortening-in, 69— Preparing the ground, 72— Preparing the
roots, 73— Setting, 74— Watering, 75— Mulching, 76— Season for transplantii^, 77.

CHAPTER VIII.

Cultivation of the soil, 80 — Experiments, 81 — How performed, 82.

CHAPTER IX.

Pruning, 86— Pruning to promote fruitfulness, 89— Pyramidal trainmg, 90.

CHAPTER X.
Causes of fruitfulness, 92— Root Pruning, 93— Stocks, 94.

CHAPTER XI.

Implements — pruning-knife, saws, chisels, 95— Budding knife, sraAing tools, 86—
Shears, ladders, 97— Trellis, 98— Labels, 99.

CHAPTER XII.
Terms used in describing fruits, 101—112.

VI

INDEX APPLES.

Part II. The different kinds of fruits.

Introductory Remarks, 115

CHAPTER I.

The Apple.— Profits, 117— Propagation— Budding, 1 18— Root Grafting, 119— Planting
orchards, 121 — Renovating old orchards, 124 — Gathering and preserving, 126—
Insects, 128.

Varieties * — Albemarle Pippin, 177.
Alexander, 146.
Alfriston, 177.

American Golden Russet, 178, 190.
American Pippin, 163.
American Red Junea'ing, 139.
American Summer Pearmaiu, 136, 190.
Aulumnal Swaar, 145.
Bailey Sweet, 159, 191.
Baldwin, 160, 163.
Beauty of Kent, 146.
Beauty of the West, 141.
Bedfordshire Foundling, 177.
Belmont, 177, 176.
Ben, 167.
Benoni, 136.
Bevan's Favorite, 136.
Black Apple, 163.
Black Coal, 164.
Black Detroit, 164.
Black Giiliflower, 164
Blenheim Pippin, 144.
Blue Pearinain, 164.
Borovitsky, 137.
Borsdorff, 178.
Bough, 135, 142.
Bourassa, 173.
Brabant Bellflower, 164
Bracken, 144.
Broadwell, 161.
Buffington's Early, 142.
Bullock's Pippin, 178, 190.
Canada Reinelte, 178.
Gane^ 150.
Caiin, 161.
Carthouse 164, 189
Cathead, 179.
Chandler, 164.
Cole, 137.
Cooper, 147.
Cornish Aromatic, 147.
Cornish Giiliflower, 165.
Cos, 165.

Court of Wick, 179.
Court Pendu, 165.
Cranberry Pippin, 179.
Cumberland Spice, 179, 188.
Danvers Sweet, 161.
Detroit, 164, 183.
Devonshire Quarrenden, 137.
Dewitt, 147.
Doctor, 147
Domine, 165.
Downton Pippin, 153.
Dowse, 156.

Drap d'Or, 153.

Dumelow's Seedling, 165

Dutch Codlin, 153.

Dutch Mignonne, 165.

Dutchess of Ol'lenburgh, 147

Dyer, 153, 154

Early Chandler, 137.

Early Harvest, 142.

Early Joe, 137. 1.38.

Early Red Margaret, 137, 189.

Early Strawberry, 139^ 140.

English Codlin, 155.

Englisli Golden Russett, 179.

English Russett, 180, 190.

English Summer Peaxraain, 147.

Esten, 155.

Eustis, 167.

Fallawater, 180.

Fall Cheese, 155.

Fall Harvey, 155.

Fall Orange, 155.

Fall Pippin, 155, 188.

Fameuse, 147, 189.

Fenouillet Gris, 180.

Fenouillet Jaune, 180.

Fenouillet Rouge, 180.

Fort Miami, ISl.

Franklin Golden Pippin, 156.

Garden Royal, 139, 190.

Gate, 177.

Gilpin, 164.

Gloria Mundi, 182.

Gloucester Cheese, 149.

Golden Ball, 181.

Golden Harvey, 181.

Golden Pippin, 181, 189.

Golden Reinelte, 167.

Golden Russet, 179, 178.

Golden Sweet, 136.

Grand Sachem, 156.

Gravenstein, 149, 148.

Graniwmkle, 145.

Green Seek-no-further, 181, 191

Green Sweet, 162.

Greening. 184.

Hagloe, 141.

Hartford Sweeting, 159,

Haskell Sweet, 145, 192.

Hawley, ]5(), 154.

Hawlhornden, 156, 191.

Herefordshire Pearmain, 167, 188.

Holland Pippin, 155, 156, 188.

Hoary Morning, 167.

Hubbardston Nonsuch, 166, 167.

Hunter, 149.

♦ The standard naraei are in Roman letters, synomyms in Italic*,

INDEX — APPLES.

▼U

Ingestrie, Red, 151.

Ingestrie, Yellow, 159.

Irifh Peach, 139.

Jeffries, 149.

Jersey Greening, 183.

Jersey Sweeting, 145, 190.

Jewett's Red, 149.

Jonathan, 167, 189.

Jnly Branch, 142.

June Apple, 139.

Juneating, 137, 139.

Kane, 150.

Kenrick's Autumn, 150.

Kentish Filbasket, 168.

Kerry Pippin, 150.

Keswick Codlin, 156.

Kilham Hill, 150.

King of the Pippins, 150.

Kirk's Lord Nelson, 168.

Ladies' Sweeting, 159, 160.

Lady Apple, 181, 182, 189.

Laquier, 168.

Large Yellow Bough, 135.

Late Strawberry, 150, 190.

Leland Spice, 151, 190.

Lemon Pippin, 157.

Limber Twig, 163.

Loudon Pippin, 182.

Lowell, 157.

Lucombe's Seedling, 168.

Lyman's Large Summer, 142.

Lyman's Pumpkin Sweet, 145.

Lyscom, 151.

Maiden's Blush, 157, 191.

Male Carle, 157.

Mank's Codlin, 143.

Margin, 168.

Marston's Red Winter, 168.

May Apple, 144.

McLellan, 169.

Melon, 151.

Menagere. 157.

Michael Henry Pippin, 182.

Minister, 169.

Monstrous Pippin. 182.

Moose, 182.

Mother, 169, 192.

Mouse, 182.

Murphy, 169.

Newark King, 183.

Newark Pippin, 183.

Newtown Pippin, 182, 187, 172.

Nonsuch, 151, 171.

Norfolk Beaufin, 169.

Northern Spy, 169, 174.

Old Nonpareil, 183.

Old-Town Crab, 162.

Orange, 157, 155.

Orne's Early, 157.

Ortley, 183, 188.

Oslin, 143.

Patterson Sweet, 159.

Peach Pond Sweet, 145, 19a

Pearmain, 167, 175.

Peck's Pleasant, 183.

I'eanock, 170-

Phillips' Sweeting, 161.

Pickman, 184.

Pomme de Neige, 147.

Pomme Grise, 184.

Pomme Royale, 153.

I'orter, 157, 148.

Pound, 170.

Priestly, 170.

Pryor'sRed, 170.

Pumpkin Russet, 146.

Putnam Russet, 185.

Quince, 158.

Rambo, 151.

Rambour cfEte, 141.

Ramsdell's Sweeting, 161.

Rawle's Jannet, 170.

Red and Green Sweet, 135.

Red Ashmore, 153.

Red Astrachan, 143.

Red Canada, 171, 166.

Red Gilliflower, 171.

Red Juneating, 137.

Red Quarrenden, 137.

Redstreak, 171

Republican Pippm, 151.

Rhode Island Greening, 184.

Ribston Pippin, 152.

River, 139.

Romanite, 151, 164.

Roman Stem, 185.

Ross Nonpareil, 152, 189.

Roxbury Russet, 185, 190.

Saint Lawrence, 152.

Sam Young, 185.

Scarlet Nonpareil, 171.

Scarlet Pearmain, 152.

Seeknofurther, 175, 181, 186, 191

Shippen's Russet, 185.

Siberian Crab, 158.

Sine Qua Non, 143.

Smokehouse, 152.

Sops of Wine, 141.

Spencer Sweeting, 159.

Spice Apple, 162.

Spice Sweeting, 136.

Spitzenburgh, Esopus, 171, 172.

Spitzenburgh, Flushing, 173.

Spitzenburgh, Newtown, 173,

Spitzenburgh, Kaighn's, 173.

Strawberry, 139, 150, 190.

Stroat, 153.

Sugar-loaf Pippin, 144.

Summer Bellflower, 143.

Summer Golden Pippin, 144.

Summer Hagloe, 141.

Summer Queen, 141.

Summer Rambour, 141.

Summer Rose, 138, 141.

Summer Sweet Paradise, 146, 192.

Surprise, 158.

Swaar, 176, 185.

Sweet Baldwin, 161, 192.

Sweet and Sour, 186.

Sweet Bough, 135.

Sweet Pearmain, 161.

Sweet Russet, 146, 162.

Tin

INDEX — APPLES — PEARS.

Stveet Stcaar, 145.

Tallman Sweeting', 162.

Tart Bough, 142.

Tetofsky, 141.

Tewksbury Blush. 186.

Tifft Sweeting, 146.

Tompkins, 158.

Twenty Ounce, 153.

Vandevere, 173.

Victorious Reinette, 186.

Victuals and Drink, 163.

Wagener, 173, 174.

AVaVner Russet, 185.

Watson's Dumpling, 173-

Waxen, 177.

Wells Apple, 173.

Wells Sweeting, 162.

Weslfield Seeknofurther, 175, 191.

White Juxieating, 144, 189.

Figures of comparative

White Pippin. 178.
AVhite Seeknofurther, 186, 19L
White Winier Calville, 186.
Williams' Favorite, 142, 139.
AVillow Twig, 175.
Wine, 175.
Winesap, 175.
Winter Cheese, 187.
Winter Pearmain, 175, 189.
Winter Queen, 177.
Wood's Greening, 187.
Woodstock Pippin, 144.
Woolman''s Early, 141.
Wormsley Pippin, 159.
Yellow Bellflower, 187.
Yellow Harvest, 142.
Yellow Newtown Pippin, 187.
Yorkshire Greening, 777.

forms of apples, 188, 192.

CHAPTER II.

The Pear. — Propagation, 193— Seedlings, 194 — Dwarfs, 196— Pyramidal P««r%
199— Gatheringand Keeping the Fruit, 200— Diseases, 201.

Varikties.— Abbott, 233.
Alpha, '234.

Althorpe Crassane, 249.
Amande Double, 226.
Ambrosia, 234.
Ainire Joannet, 214. 215.
Andrews, 226. Ananas. 234
Angleterre, 226.
Aston Town, 251.
Autumn Colmar, 227.
Barllett, 206, 207.
Belle et Bonne, 247.
Belleof Brussels, 207.
Belle Lucrative, 2-34, 269.
Bellisime (V Ele, 208.
Belmont, 234.
Bergamut, Autumn, 251.
Bergamot, Early, 217.
Bergamot, Hampden's, 217.
Bergamot, Large Summer, 217.
Bergamot, Summer, 219.
Bergamotte Cadette, 234, 249, 270.
Bergamotle d'Automne, 251.
Beurre Bosc, 218, 219.
Beurre Bronzee, 265.
Beurre d'Amalis, 231.
Beurre d'Anjou, 231, 238.
Beurre d'Aremberg, 253.
Beurre Colmar, 235.
Beurre Crapaud, 2.35.
Beurre de Beaumont, 235.
Beurre Diel, 220, 270.
Beurre Duval, 227.
Beurre Gris d'Hiver Nouveau, 260.
Beurre Kenrick, 235.
Beurre Knox, 231.
Beurre Preble, 235.
Beurre Ranee, 257.
Beurre Romain, 234.
Beurre Van Marum, 237.

Beurre Van Mons, 227.

Bezi de la Motte, 248.

Bezi de Montigny, 235.

Bezi d'Heri, 265.

Bezi Vaet, 260.

Bilboa, Golden Beurre of, 238, S38l

Bishop's Thumb, 220.

Black Worcester, 254.

Bleeker's Meadow, 251.

Bloodgood, 206, 210.

Bon Chretien Fondante, 23&

Boucquia, 236.

Brande's St. Germain, 260t

Brandywine, 208, 268.

Broom park, 265.

Brown Beurre, 231, 269.

Buffum, 236.

Burnett, 220.

Butter Pear, 240, 241.

Cabot, 236.

Caen du France, 260, 870.

Calebasse, 227.

Calhoun, 249.

Capiaumont, 227.

Capsheaf, 245.

Capucin, 232.

Catillac, 254.

Chapman, 232.

Chancellor, 232.

Charles of Austria, 248.

Chaumontel, 254.

Chelmsford, 220.

Cilron, 217.

Citron des Carmes, 211.

Clara, 228.

Colmar, 258.

Colmar d'Aremberg, 220.

Columbia, 259.

Commodore, 236.

Connpretle, 22S.

INDEX — PEARS.

CT

Compte de Lamy, 289.

Comstock, 260.

Copia, 232.

Coler, 260, 270.

Countess of Lunay, 228.

Crassaiie, 248.

Crawford, 210.

Croft Castle, 251.

Cross, 266.

Cumberland, 220.

Cashing, 237.

Dallas, 237.

Dearborn's Seedling, 214, 215.

Delices d'Hardenpont, 228.

De Louvain, 237

Dix, 221, 270.

Doyenne Boussock, 237, 240.

Doyenne, Gray, 240, 241.

Doyenne. Summer, 216.

Doyenne, White, 240, 244.

Duchesse d'Angouleme, 221, 270.

Duchesse de Mars, 237.

Duchesse d'Orleans, 221, 269.

Dumorlier, 245.

Dundas, 237.

Dunmore, 232.

"Early Catherine^ 209.

Early Rousselet, 209.

Easier Bergamot, 261.

Easter Beurre, 259, 264.

Echassery, 261.

Edward's Elizabeth, 239.

Edwards' Henrietta, 215.

Edwards' William, 223.

Emerald, 261.

Enfant Prodigue, 239.

Epine d'Ete, 203.

Epine Rose, 217.

Eye wood, 251, 268.

Figue, 228, 269.

Fig of Naples, 239, 269.

Fine Gold of Summer, 217.

Flemish Beauty, 222, 232.

Flemish BorKjretien, 261.

Fondante d'Automne, 234.

Fondante du Bois, 261.

Forme de Delices, 239.

Forelle, 229.

Fortunee, 206.

Franc Real d'Hiver, 266.

Frederick of VVurtemburgh, 221

Fulton, 252, 268.

Gansel's Bergamot, 248.

Gendesheim, 221.

Gilogil, 265.

Glout Morceaux, 253, 255.

Great Citron of Bohemia, 233.

Green Chisel, 211, 215.

Green Yair, 241.

Hacon's Incomparable, 248

Haddington, 262.

Harvard, 229.

Heathcot, 241, 268.

Hcnkel, 241.

Henry IV., 246, 268.

Hcri«art 841.

Heasel, 216.

Holland Bergamot, 265,

Howell, 2 13.

Hugenot, 250.

Hull, 242

Jalousie, 233.

Jalousie Fontenay, 242, 268.

Jaminette, 258.

Jargonelle, 2:) 7, 267.

Jargonelle, French, 208, 267

Jersey Graiioli, 229

Johonnot, 246.

Jones, 239.

Josephine, 258.

Julienne, 210.

King Edward^ s, 223.

Knight's Monarch, 259.

Knight's Seedling, 242.

Las Canas, 258.

Lawrence, 269.

Leech's Kingsessing, 210, 209.

Leon le Clerc, 262.

Lewis, 263.

Limon, 211.

Little Musk, 216.

Locke, 262.

Lodge, 229.

Long Green, 223.

Louise Bonne, 255.

Louise Bonne of Jersey, 22% 22^.

Louise d'Orleans, 242.

Madeleine, 211, 214.

Madotte, 223.

Manning's Elizabeth, 216, 267.

Marie Loui.se, 224, 270.

McLaughlin, 262.

Messire Jean, 242.

Michaux, 250.

Moccas, 262.

Moor-fowl Egg, 251

Mouthwater, 223.

Muscadine, 211.

Muscat Robert, 216.

Napoleon, 229, 269.

Naumkeag, 250.

Neill, 224.

Ne Plus Meuris, 266.

Oliver's Russet, 242.

Onondaga, 224, 267.

Osband's Summer, 211, 214.

Oswego Beurre, 242, 269.

Ott, 216, 267.

Pailleau, 229.

Paquency, 243.

Paradise d'Automne, 218, 29L

Passans du Portugal, 219. -' -

Passe Colmar, 258.

Pennsylvania, 243.

Petre, 243, 268.

Piquert, 226.

Pill's Prolific. 230.

Plumb? astel, 225.

Pope's Quaker, 230.

Pope's Scarlet Major, 243

Pound, 255.

Pratt, 243, 267.

.-8*

INDEX — PEARS QUINCES PEACHES.

Primitive, Q16.

Prince's J<t. Germain, 256, 263.

Princess of Orange, 252.

Queen Caroline, 230.

Queen of ihe Low Countries, 225

Quillette, 252.

Rostiezer, 212, 21.3.

Rousselet de Meester, 250.

Rousselel de Rheims, 246, 268.

Sanspeau, 209.

Seckel, 246, 268.

Shenks, 233

SieuUe, 250, 270.

Skinless, 209, 267.

Smith's Moyamensing, 210, 268.

Soldat Laboreur, 254.

Spanish Bonchretien, 255.

Stevens' Genesee, 249.

St. Germain, 257.

St. Ghislain, 230.

St. Michael, 244.

StjTian, 2.30.

Sugar of Hoyerswerda, 213.

Sugar Top, 213.

Sullivan, 230.

Summer Bell, 208.

Summer Bonchretien, 225.

Summer Doyenne, 214, 216.

Summer Frankreal, 212, 213.

Summer Portugal, 219.

Summer Rose, 217.

Figures of Comparative

Summer St. Germain, 213.

Summer Tiiorn, 208.

Swan's Egg, 247.

Swan's Orange, 224, 267.

Sylvange. 250.

Trescott, 244.

Triomphe de Jodigne, 225.

Tyson, 209, 212.

Vrbaniste, 226, 269.

Vallee I'ranche, 215.

Van Assene, 233.

Van Buren, 233.

Van Mons' Leon Le Clerc, 226, 270l

Vicar of Winkfield, 256, 257.

Vicomple de Spoelberch, 258.

Virgalieu. 244.

Virgouleuse, 263.

Washington, 238, 244.

"Weslcott, 244.

"Wliite Doyenne, 240. 244.

Wilbur, 245.

Wilkinson, 245.

Williams^ Bonchretien, 207.

Williams' Early, 219, 247.

Windsor, 208.

Winship's Seedling, 209.

TV inter Bell, 255.

Winter Cra!?sane, 266.

Winter Nelis, 263, 264.

Yat, 230.

forms of Pears, 267—271,

CHAPTER IIL

The QtriNCE.— Propagation— Soils, 272— Pruning, 273— Enemies, 274 — ^Varieties,
275.

CHAPTER IV. •

The Peach.— Extent of culture, 276— Budding, 277— Slocks, 279 — Orchards, 279—
Transplanting, 280— Pruning, 281— Training, 282— Drying and Preserving,
283— Insects, 284— Arrangement, 288.

Varteties. — Acton Scott, 292.
A«tor, 293.

Baltimore Beauty, 300.
Barrington, 293.
Belle de Vitry. 291.
Bellegarde, 293.
Bergen's Yellow, 302.
Blood Clingstone, 305.
Brevoort, 298.
Catherine Cling, 303.
Chancellor, 298.
Clinton, 293.
Cole's Early Red, 294.
Cole's White Melocoton, 299. *
Cooledge's Favorite. 294.
Columbia, 302.
Crawford's Early, 300.
Crawford's Late, 300.
Double Mountain, 239.
Druid Hill, 294.
Early Admirable, 203.
£arly Anne, 289.

Early Barnard, 301.

Early Newington Freestone, i98

Early Purple, 298.

Early Tillotson, 291.

Early York, 290, 295.

Emperor of Russia, 29Z,

Favorite, 294.

Fox's Seedling, 294.

Garlande, 293.

George IV., 294.

Green Catherine, 295.

Grosse Mignonne, 293.

Heath Cling, 303.

Jnoomparablcj 304.

Jaques' Rareripe, 300.

Kenrick's Heath, 299.

La Grange, 299.

Large Early York, 295.

Large Red Rareripe, 292.

Large White Clingstone, 303.

Late Admirable, 295.

Late Red Rareripe, 295.

INDEX PEACHES NECTARINES APRICOTS PLUMS. XI

Late Yellow Albergre, 304.
l>emoi» Clingstone, 304.
Magdalen of Courson, 289.
Malta, 290.

Morris Red Rareripe, 296.
Morris White, 299.
Morrissania Pound, 296.
New- York Rareripe, 295.
Nivette, 296.
Oldmixon Clingstone, 304.
Oldmixon Freestone, 296.
OldNewington, .302.
Orange Clingstone, 304.
Pavie Admirable, 304.
President, 296.
Bed Cheek Melocoton, 300.
Red Rareripe, 292.
Rosanna, 301.
Royal Charlotte, 292.
Royal George, 292.
Scott's Early Red, 296.
Scott's Nonpareil, 301.
Serrate Early York, 290.
Smith's Newington, 302.
Snow, 299.
Strawberry, 299.
t^weetwater, 291.
Teton de Venus, 295.
Tippecanoe, 304.

Van Zandt's Superb, 297.
Walter's Early, 297.
Ward's Late Free. 297.
Washington, 297.'
Washington Clinrstone, 304.
AVhite Blossomed Incomparable, S99
White Imperial, 297.
White Nutmeg, 290.
Yellow Admirable, 301.
Yellow Alberge, 301.
Yellow Rareripe, 301.
Nectarixes.— Varieties, 305.
Boston, 307.
Broomfield, 308.
Downton, 306.
Due de Telliers, 306.
Early Newington, 308.
Early Violet, 306.
Elruge, 300.
Fairchild's, 307.
Golden, 308.

Hardwicke Seedlings, SOd^
Hunt's Tawny, 307.
Murray, 306.
Newington, 308.
New White, 305.
Peterborough, 307.
Pitmaston Orange, 307»
Red Roman, 308.

CHAPTER V.

Thb Abhicot.— Culture, 309.

ViRiETiEs, 310— Alberge, 313, Musch, 311.

Black, 310. Orange, 310,

Breda, 310. Peach, 312.

Brussels, 312. Red Masculine, 313. *

Dubois, 311. Roman. 313.

Early Golden, 31L Royal, 312.

Hemskirke, 311. Shipley's, 312.

Large Early, 312. Turkey, 310.

Moorpark, 311. White Masculine, 318-

CHAPTER VI.

The Pltjm. — Raising the young trees, 314— Soil and manure, 315 — IttMCtfr— CorMI*
lio, 315 — Black excrescences, 320— Drying prunes, 322.

Vai^ieties. — Albany Beauty, 3274
American Wlieat, 346.
Apricot, 327.
Autumn Gage, 327.
Bingham, 331.
Bleecker's Gage, 326, 328.
Bleecker^s Scarlet, 345.
Blue Gage, 341.
Blue Imperatrice, 344.
Blue Perdrigon, 344.
Brevoort's Purple, 343.
Buel's Favorite, 331.
By field, 334.
Cherry, 346.
r^eston, 341.
ChicKasaw, M7.
Coe's Golden Drop, 333.
Coe's Late Red, 336, 837.

Columbia, 334.
Corse's Admiral, 345.
Corse's Field Marshal, 345.
Corse's Nota Bene, 337.
Cruger's Scarlet, 337.
Damson, 342.
Dana's Yellow, 333.
Denniston's Red, 337.
Denniston's Superb, 323.
Diamond, 335.
Domine Dull, 345.
Downton Imperatrice, 333.
Drap d'Or, 329.
Duane's Purple, 343.
Early Scarlet. 346.
Early Tours, 347.
Elfrey, 342,
Emerald Droo, 333.

xn

INDEX PLUMS CHERRIES.

Flushing Gage, 325.

Fotheringham, 337.

Frost Ga>e, 317.

German Prune, 335, 345.

Ghiston's Early, 3*25.

Goliaih, 343.

(rreen Gape, 326, 329.

Gwalsh, 343.

Holland, 338.

Horse plum, .338.

Howell's Earlv, 342.

Hudson Gage, 328.

Huling's Superb, 332.

Ickworth Imperatrice, 345.

Imperial Gage, 325, 326.

Imperiixl Ottoman, 325, 330

Isabella, 338.

Italian Damask. 338.

Jaune liative, 330.

Jefferson. 325, 32G.

Judson, 312.

Kirke's, 338.

Large Green Drying, 332.

La Roj/aie, 341.

Lawrence's Favorite, 325, 326.

Lombard, 345.

Long Scarlet, 346.

Lucombe's Nonsuch, 3.33.

Manning's Long Blue, 335.

McLa*ighlin, 332,

Mirabelle, 330.

Morocco, 338.

Mulberry, 332.

Nectarine 344.

Orleans, 339.

Orleans, Earlv, 339.

Peach Plum, 335.

Peolv's Early Blue, 318.
Pond's Seedling, 339.
Primordial!, 3'30.
IVince of Wales, 339.
Prune d'Agen, 339.
Purple Favorite, 339.
Purple Gage, 339.
Queen Motlier, 342.
Quetsrhe, 335.
Fed Apricot, 340.
Red Diaper, 335, 336.
Red Egg, 336.
Red Gage, 340.
Red Magnum Bonum, 336.
Red Perdrigon, 341.
Effi St. Martin, 33? .
Reine Claude de Bavay, 329.
Royale, 311.
Royale Hative, 341
Royal Tours, 344.
Schenectady Catherine. 349.
Schuyler's Gage, 330. '
Semiana, 344.
Sharp's Emperor, 336.
Smith's Orleans, 343.
St. Catherine, 333.
St. Martm's Quetsche, 328.
Suis.'^e, 346,
Thomas, 333.
Washington, 326, 327.
White or Yellow Damson, 334.
White Egg, 3.33.
Wliiie Imperatrice, 329.
While Perdrigon, 334.
Wild Plum, 348.
Yellow Gage, 329, 330.

CHAPTER VII.

Thk Cherry.— Propagation— Stocks, 349— Budding, 350— Dwarf cherriefi t6t-»
Birds excluded by nets, 352 — Diseases and insects, 353.

Varieties. — Amber Gean, 362.
American Amber, 3.59.
American Heart, 366.
Arch Duke, 368.
Belle de Choisy, 363.
Belle Magnifique, 368.
Bigarreau, 363.
Pigarreau Gros Copnret, 362.
Black Bigarreau. 363.
Black Corone, 358.
Black Eagle, 3.56.
B'ack Heart, 357.
Black Mazzard, 358.
Black Tartarian, 357.
Bleeding Heart, 358.
Burr's Seedling, 306.
Buttner's Yellow, 367.
Carnation, 370.
China Bigarreau, 367.
Cleveland Bigarreau, 364.
Cluster, 371.
Coe's Transparent, 359.

Dcclor, 359.

Downer's Late, 360.

Downing's Red Cheek, 367.

Downton, 359.

Early May, 371.

Early Purple Guigne, 358.

T-u ily White Heart, 360.

Elkhorn, 363.

Elliot's Favorite, 361.

Elton, 364.

Florence, 365.

Gascoine's Heart, 358.

Grid ley, 363.

Graffion, 363.

Hildesheim, 367.

Holland Bigarreau, 365.

Honey, 362.

Hyde's Red Heart, 361.

Jeffrey's Duke, 370.

Kentish, 371.

Kirdand's Mary, 365.

Knight's Early Black, 357

INBEX — CHERRIES — GOOSEBERRIES — RASPBERRIES, ETC. XII

Lady Southampton's Yellow, 367.

Large Heart-shaped Bigarreau, 362.

Large Red Bigarreau, 365.

Late Duke, 369.

Le Mercier, 369.

Madison Bigarreau, 367.

Manning's Late Black, 362.

Manning's Mottled, 361.

May Bigarreau, 358.

Mayduke, 369.

Morello, 370.

Napoleon Bigarreau, 365, 366.

Ohio Beauty, 359.

Oxliearl, 357.

Pie Cherry, 371.
Plumstone Morello, 370.
Remington, 367.
Robert's Red Heart, 359.
Rockport Bigarreau, 365,366.
Royal Duke, 369.
Kuinsev's Late Morello, 370.
Sparhawk's Honey, 361.
Sweet Montmorency, 361.
Transparent Guigne, 362.
Waterloo, .357.
Wendell's Bigarreau, 363.
White Tartarian, 361.

CHAPTER VIII.

The Gooseberry and CniRANT.
372 — preservuig fresh, 373.

Varieties. — Black Naples, 374.
Champagne, 373.
Cherry, 373.
Common Black. 374.
Knight's Early Red, 373.
Knight's Sweet Red, 37.3.

The Gooseberry, 074 — Productivenesa, 374-

Varieties. — Crown Bob, 376.
Houghton's Seedlin , 377.
Park.nson's Laurel, 377.
Red Warrington, 376.

■The Currant, 372—Propag:ation and Cttltor^

May's Victoria, 373.
Red Dutch, 373.
Striped Fruited, 373.
White Grape, 373.
White Dutch, 373.

-Propagation, 375.

Roaring Lion, 376.
Willington's Glory, 377.
Whitesmith, 376.

4>

CHAPTER IX.

The Raspberry. — Propagation and culture, 378— Pruning: and training, 379.

Varieties. — American Black, 380.
American Red, 3S0
American White, 380
Barnet, 380.
Black Cap, 380.
Col. Wilder, 380
Cretan Red, 38a

Fastolff, 380.
Franconia, 380.
Ohio Everbearing, 381
Red Antwerp, 331.
Thimble-berry, 380.
Yellow Antwerp, 381.

CHAPTER X.

The Strawberry. — Soil and culture, 382— Alternate strips, 383 — FrodacllTeneMt
384 — Staminate and pistillate flowers, 384.

Varieties. — Austrian Scarlet^ 386.
Bishop's Orange, 387.
Black Prince, 389.
Boston Pine, 388.
Brewer's Emperor, 388.
British Queen, 389.
Burr's New Pine, 390.
Burr's Staminate Seedling, 387.
Bush Alpine, 391,
Crimson Cone, 388.
Deptford Pine, 389.
Duke of Kent, 386.
Dundee, 388.
Ellon, 387.

Grove End Scarlet, 387.
Hovey's Seedlingi 390.
Hudson, 388.

Keene's Seedling, 3S9.
Large Early Scarlet, 387,
Melhven, 388.
Myatt's Eliza, 389.
Neck Pine, 390.
Old Pine, 389.
Prince Albert, 389.
Prolific Hautbois, 391.
Red Alpine, 391.
Red Wood, 391.
Roseberry, 388.
Ross Phoenix, 389.
Swainstone Seedling, 389.
White Alpine, 391.
White Wood, 391.
Willey, 388.
WUmot's Superb, 391.

XIV

INDEX — GRAPES.

CHAPTER XI.

The Grape— Propagation— Soil, 392— Pruning, 393— Grape houses, 394— Manag*

meat, 395.

Varieties. — Alexander, 396.
American Muscadine, 398.
Black Cluster, 398.
Black Hamburg, 398.
Black Portugal, 399.
Black Prince, 399.
Black St. Peter's, 399.
Bland, 396.
Burgundy, 398.
Camhridge Black, 399.
Cannon-ilall Muscat, 400.
Cape Grape, 396.
Catawba, 396.
Charlesvvorth Tokay, 399.
Cha.<5selas de Bar Sur Aube, 40CL
Clinton, 397.
Diana, 397.

Early Black July, 399.
Early Sweetwater, 401.
Early White Malvasia, 399.
Elsinborougk, 397.
Elsinburgh, 397.

Grizzly Frontignan, 401.

Herbemont, 397.

Hyde's Eliza, 397.

Isabella, 397.

July, 399.

Lenoir, 397.

Missouri, 397.

Norton's, 397.

Ohio, 398.

Pitmaston White Cluster, 399.

Powell, 396.

Red Hamburgh, 398.

Royal Muscadine, 399.

Scuppernoiig, 398.

Syrian, 400.

Tottenham Park Muscat, 400.

White Frontignan, 401.

White Muscadine, 401.

White Muscat of Alexandria, 400

White Nice, 401.

White Sweetwater, 401.

White Tokay, 401.

CHAPTER XII.

Select Lists of Fruits, adapted to different localities, iO%
Pronunciation of foreign names, 408.
Glossary of terms used in Fruit Culture, 406.

CHAPTER I.

INTEODUCTORY REMARKS.

The climate and soil of our country afford unequalled fa
cilities for the cultivation of fruit. A rich treasure lies
within the reach of its inhabitants, in the profusion of de-
licious kinds, which successive months may be made to sup-
ply. Yet, a small portion have availed themselves fully of
these advantages. Even the existence of most of the finer va-
rieties, are but partially known. The rapid increase of fruit
culture Avithin the past few years, has but thinly spread
its bounties over a widely expanded and thickly peopled
territory.

In traversing the country, neat cottages and comfortable
farm-houses are seen everywhere interspersed, and plenty
is indicated by loaded orchards and abundant harvests. But
how many of the prosperous owners are aware of the rare
delicacies their fertile lands are capable of yielding ? How
many of them, for instance, are familiar with that perfumed,
golden, midsummer fruit, the apricot ? What portion cul-
tivate enough of the best peaches to obtain " from the loaded
bough the mellow shower," for ten successive weeks?
What number know that plums, rich, juicy, and bloom-
dusted, may be had fresh from the tree, from early wheat
harvest till the ground freezes in autumn ? Who among
them partake of the twenty best melting pears, out of the
thousand varieties which have borne fruit in this country?
And especially, who practically knows, that a whole yearly
circle of fruits is within his reach, beginning with the most
refreshing strawberries, raspberries, and cherries, for early
summer ; including the richest plums, apricots, peaches, and
nectarines, for summer and autumn ; and closing with high-
flavored pears and apples, extending their season of ripen-
ing through all autumn and winter, and far into the sue-

14 PROFITS OF FKUIT CULTURE.

ceeding year ? Happily, the number of cultivators is rapidly
increasinjT, who may place upon thtir tables many delicious
sorts, on almost any day of the entire year.

The cultivation of fruit has been retarded by a mistaken
estimate of the time required for young trees to come into
bearing. But this error is fast disappearing before skilful
culture. It is become well knovi^n, that he who plants trees,
plants for himself, as well as for his children. Bad treat-
ment may long retard the growth and bearing of a tree.
Enveloped in weeds and grass, what young plant could
flourish ? What farmer Avould think a moment of raising
good corn in the thick and tall grass of a meadow ? No
wonder, then, that a young tree, similarly treated, lingers
in feebleness and disease. But give it for a few years a
mellow, clean, and fertile soil, and vigorous shoots, and ex-
panding branches, will soon bend under copious loads of
fruil. To adduce instances, — in a single garden, apple
trees, the fifth year from setting out, yielded a bushel each ;
peach trees, the third summer, bore three pecks ; and a
Bartlett pear, two years from transplanting, gave a peck of
superb fruit ; none of them were an inch in diameter when
transplanted, nor was their treatment better than that which
every good farmer gives his carrots and potatoes.

PROFITS.

It can be hardly necessary, with our present rapidly in-
creasing commerce in fruit, to point out the pecuniary pro-
fits resulting from its culture. But those who have only
raised the more common, or second-rate sorts, can hardly
appreciate the heavy returns from the finest, under the best
culture. To such, a few examples may be interesting.*

C. A. Cable, of Cleveland, Ohio, obtained in 1S45, from
an orchard of one hundred cherry trees, twenty years old,
more than one thousand dollars. The trees were twenty-
five feet apart, and no other crop occupied the ground, which
was enriched and kept well cultivated.

Hill Pennell, of Darby, Pa., sold in 1846, two hundred
and twenty-five dollars worth of early apples, from half an
acre.

A farmer near Fishkill, N. Y. sold fifteen hundred dol-
lars worth of plums in a single season. Richard I. Hand

* Taken chiefly from th* " Horticulturist."

PROFITS OF FRUIT CULTURE. 15

of Mendon, Monroe county, N. Y., sold in 1845, four hun-
dred and forty dollars worth of Roxbury Russet and Nor-
thern Spy apples from one acre of orchard.

James Laws, of Philadelphia, sold three hundred dollars
worth of Isabella and Catawba grapes, the fourth year from
planting, from three-eighths of an acre, or at the rate of eight
hundred dollars per acre.

Hugh Hatch, of Camden, N. J., obtained from four trees
of the Tewksbury Blush, one hundred and forty bushels of
apples, or thirty-five from each tree ; of these ninety baskets
(of about three pecks each) sold late in the following spring
for one dollar per basket.

Examples almost beyond number may be given where sin-
gle trees have yielded from five to ten dollars a year in fruit
and many instances where twenty or thirty dollars have been
obtained. An acre of such would be equal to any of the
preceding instances. If one tree of the Rhode Island Green-
ing will afford forty bushels of fruit, at a quarter of a dollar
per bushel, which has often occurred, forty such trees on an
acre would yield a crop worth four hundred dollars. But
taking but one quarter of this amount as a low average for
all seasons and with imperfect cultivation, one hundred dol
lars would still be equal to the interest on fifteen hundred
per acre. Now, this estimate is based upon the price of
good winter apples for the past thirty years, in our most pro-
ductive districts ; let a similar calculation be made with
fruits rarer and of a more delicious character. Apricots, and
the finer varieties of the plum, are often sold for three to six
dollars per bushel ; the best early peaches from one to three
dollars ; and pears, from hardy and productive trees, for an
equal amount. Of the three former kinds, tv.'o to five bushels
per tree, with good management, is a frequent crop ; and
on large pear trees five times this quantity. An acquain-
tance received eight dollars for a crop grown on two fine
young cherry trees, and twenty-four dollars from four young
peach trees, of only six years growth from the bud. In
western New-York, single trees of the Doyenne or Virgalieu
pear have often aflbrded a return of twenty dollars or more,
after being sent hundreds of miles to market. An acre of
such trees, well managed, would far exceed ic profits a fine
hundr&d-acr« fanift.

16 PROFITS OF FRUIT CULTURE.

But the anxious inquiry is suggested, " Will not our mar-
kets be surfeited with fruit?" This will depend upon the
judgment and discretion of cultivators. With the excep-
tion of the peaches of Philadelphia, and the strawberries
of Cincinnati, a great deficiency is still felt in all our large
cities. Of these two fruits, large plantations are brought
rapidly into full bearing. The fruit, when ripe, quickly
perishes, and cannot be kept a week ; yet thousands of acres
in peach trees, bending under their heavy crops, are needed
for the consumption of the one city, and broad fifty-acre fields,
reddened with enormous products, send many hundred bush-
els of strawberries daily into the other. If, instead of keep-
ing but three days, sorts were now added w^hich would keep
three months, many times the amount would be needed.
But the market would not be confined to large cities. Rail-
roads and steamboats would open new channels of distribu-
tion throughout the country, for increased supplies. Nor
would the business stop here. Large portions of the eastern
continent would gladly become purchasers, as soon as suffi-
cient quantities should create facilities for a resonable sup-
ply. Our best apples are already eagerly bought in London
and Liverpool, where nine dollars per barrel is not an unu-
sual price for the best Newtown pippins. And by packing
in ice, Doyenne pears, gathered early in autumn in New-
York, have been sold at mid-winter in Calcutta — peaches
have been safely sent to Jamaica — and strawberries to Bar-
badoes. The Baldwin apple has been furnished in good
condition in the East Indies, two months after it is entirely
gone at Boston.*

Good winter apples always command a market. For the
past thirty years such fine varieties as the Swaar, Rhode
Island Greening, and Esopus Spitzenburgh, 'have scarcely
vafied from twenty-five cents a bushel in some of the most
productive portions of the country, remote from market.
Late keepers are sold early in the summer for more than
triple that sum. An acre of forty trees, with good culture,
will average through all seasons not less than two hundred
bushels, or fifty dollars a year. Instances are frequent of
thrice this amount. The farmer, then, who sets out twenty
acres of good apple orchard, and takes care of it, may expect

• Hort. vol. I, p. 288*

PROFITS OF FRUIT CULTURE. 17

it no remote period a yearly return of five to fifteen hundred
dollars a year, and even more, if a considerable portion is
occupied vi^ith late keepers. This is, it is true, much more
than the majority obtain; but the majority wholly neglect
cultivating and enriching the soils of their orchards.

It is not, however, merely as a source of income, that the
cultivation of the finer kinds become profitable. The family
which is at all times supplied with delicious and refreshing
fruit from its own gardens, has within its reach not only a
very important means of economy, but of real domestic com-
fort. An influence is thus introduced of an exalted charac-
ter ; a tendency is directly exerted totvards the improvement
of the manners of the people. Every addition to the at-
tractions of home, has a salutary bearing on a rising family
of children. The difference between a dwelling with well
planted grounds, and well furnished with every rural enjoy-
ment, and another where scarcely a single fruit tree softens
the face of bleakness and desolation, may, in many mstances,
and to many a young man just approaching active life, serve
as the guiding influence between a useful life on the one
hand, or a roving and unprofitable one on the other — be-
tween a life of virtue and refinement from early and favora-
ble influences, or one of dissipation and ruin from the over-
balancing effects of a repulsive home. Nor can any man,
even in the noon or approaching evening of life, scarcely
fail to enjoy a higher happiness, with at least an occasional
intercourse with the blossoming and loaded trees which his
own hand has planted and pruned, than in the noise of the
crowd and tumult of the busy world.

CHAPTER II.

HISTORY, IMPROVEMENT, AND NOMENCLATURE.

The earliest fruits mentioned in history, are the grape,
the apple, and the fi^, the former having been cnkivated
about the time of the neluge. The ahnond is mentioned re-
peatedly in the sacred records, nearly 4000 years ago ; and
Theophrastus, who lived about 300 years before the Chris-
tian era, remarks that it was the only tree in Greece that
produced blossoms before the leaves ; hence we may safely
infer that the peach was then unknown. The fact that the
Jewish history no where speaks of the peach, indicates that
it was not a native of Persia, a country long inhabited by
that people.* It was doubtless, however, early introduced
there. It was known to the Romans at the height of their
power, and the nectarine was spoken of by Columella and
by Pliny, as an admired fruit of their time.

The Romans extended their conquests into nearly all parts
ot the known world, and brought back the horticultural pro-
ductions adapted to the climate of Italy. The fig was ob-
tained from Syria, the peach from Persia, the citron from
Media, the pommegranate from Africa, the apricot from
Epirus, apples, pears, and plums, from Armenia, and cher-
ries from Pontus. When the Empire was at the height of
its power, or towards the close of the first century, the fol-
lowing fruits, cultivated at Rome, were enumerated by Pliny :

Apples, 22 varieties ;

Pears, 36 "

Cherries, 8 "

Quinces, 3 *'

Grapes, numerous varieties ;

Plums, many sorts, black, white, and variegated ;

* It is found wild on the Himalayan mountains, whence it was probably carried to
Persia; and to other parts of the world.

HISTORY, IMPROVEMENT, AND NOMENCLATURE. 19

Figs, many; black and white, large and small; '

Almonds, sweet and bitter ;

Medlars, larger and smaller ;

Mulberries, two black varieties ;

Nuts, hazel and filberts ; '

Strawberries, and Apricots.

The orange is supposed to have been introduced at Rome
at a later period.

The art of Grafting, so indispensible to the diffusion oi
the finer fruits, was well known to the ancients, but its ori-
gin is hid in the obscurity of antiquity. It does not appear
to have been known in the age of Homer, and is thought to
have been first practiced not far from the time of Hesiod. It
was familiar to the ancient Greeks of a later period ; and the
Roman writers describe a great variety of modes, quite
as ingenious as the fanciful variations now used by gar-
deners.

The statements of ancient writers, when not confined to
simple historical record, partook largely of the conjectural,
and frequently of the marvellous. Hence we find Pliny as-
serting that when plums were grafted upon apple stocks,
they produced what were called apple-plums ; and upon
almond stocks, they yielded a fruit of a. compound nature,
the stone being like that of the almond. And Virgil, with
a little more poetical freedom, speaks of grafting apples on
planes ; of adorning the wild ash with the blossoms of the
pear ; and represents swine as crunching acorns under elms.

After the fall of the Empire, the reign of violence nearly
extinguished the taste for the improvements of gardening,
and destroyed the means of enjoying rural life. Nearly the
only exceptions were furnished by the monks, who labored
with their own hands in the cultivation of the soil.

At the close of the eighth century, Charlemagne recom-
mended the culture of apples, pears, and plums, and gave
great encouragement to the establishment of orchards and
vineyards. His friendly intercourse with the Saracenic
prince, Haroun al Raschid, enabled him to procure and in-
troduce into France, the best sorts of melons, figs, peaches,
and other fruits, in existence at that time.

When Europe gradually emerged from the night of the
dark ages, the increased light diffused by the spread of lite-

20 HISTORY, IMPKOVEMENT, AND NOMENCLATURE.

rature and science, was accompanied with a corresponding*
increase in the arts of cultivation. We have but little in-
formation, however, on this subject, till about three hun-
dred years ago. England, France, and the Low Countries,
seem to have taken the lead in improvement. The earliest
British writer on the culture of fruit, was Eichard Arnold,
who published a chapter in his " Chronicles," in 1502, "On
the crafte of graftynge and plantynge, and alterynge of
fruits, as Avell in color as in taste." He was succeeded about
1538, by Tusser, who mentions apples, pears, peaches, apri-
cots, cherries, plums, grapes, medlars, barberries, filberts,
gooseberries, raspberries, and strawberries. The fig, the
orange, and the pommegranate, were introduced about the
same period ; so that, by the middle of the sixteenth century
there were cultivated all the kinds or primary varieties
known at the present day.

Tusser was followed in 1597, by Gerard, and in 1629, by
Parkinson. The former thus speaks of the apple of his
time : —

" The fruit of apples do differ in greatness, form, color,
and taste ; some covered with a red skin, others yellow or
green, varying exceedingly; some very great, some little,
and many of a middle sort ; some are sweet of taste, or
something sour ; most are of a middle taste, between sweet
and sour ; the which to distinguish I think it impossible,
notwithstanding I hear of one that intended to write a pe-
culiar volume, of apples, and the use of them."

The number of varieties described or mentioned by Par-
kinson in 1629, show their cultivation to have become ex-
tensive ; among them were.

Apples,

58 varieties ;

Pears,

64 "

Plums,

61

Peaches,

21

Cherries,

36

Grapes,

23

Nectarines

, 5

Apricots,

6

Figs,

3 "

Parkinson was followed

by Evelyn, who flourished durinpf

the middle of the seventeenth century, and gave by his

HISTORY, IMPROVEMENT, AND NOMENCLATURE. 21

writings and active influence, a great impetus to rural cul-
ture. The great Brompton Nursery of Loudon and Wise,
during the early part of the eighteenth century, dissemina-
ted vast quantities of fruit trees over the kingdom. Miller
published his Gardeners' Dictionary in 1724 ; Forsyth his
Treatise on Fruit Trees in 1791. The London Horticultu-
ral Society was instituted early in the present century, and
in connexion with the earlier investigations of its president,
Thomas Andrew Knight, and the later and unwearied labors
of Robert Thompson, it has poured a flood of light on the
science of cultivation, and on the nomenclature of fruits.

The Dutch made early advancement in the cultivation of
fruit, and at the close of the sixteenth century, they were
familiar with the principal kinds of fruit now cultivated,
except the pine apple, which was newly introduced into
Belgium and England about that time. The French made
a nearly similar progress. Quintinge, during the reign of
Louis XIV., or during the latter part of the 17th century,
did much for the art by his writings and labors, and de-
veloped an excellent system of pruning, which has sin'^e
proved of the highest importance in the cultivation of wall
and espalier trees.

In the United States, the art, and the materials for its
practice, have been mostly derived from England, and to a
considerable extent from France and Germany. Many of
the best European varieties have proved to be fine fruits
here, but a larger portion do not appear well fitted to our
climate ; and most of our richest varieties of apples and
peaches are of American origin.

The gradual progress of pomology is indicated in part by
the increasing number of varieties successively named or
described by the various authors for the past few centuries.
Apples " of all sorts " are mentioned by Tusser ; Parkinson
enumerates sixty-seven ; Hartlib, in 1650, alluded to one
cultivator who possessed two hundred, and believed there
were not less than five hundred ; Ray, in 1668, says there
were seventy-eight cultivated in the London nurseries ; For-
syth, in 1806, describes a hundred and ninety-six kinds;
George Lindley, in 1831, minutely and accurately described
two hundred and fourteen ; while the Fruit Catalogue of
the London Horticultural Society gives a list of fourteen

22 HISTORY, IMPROVEMENT, AND NOMENCLATURE.

hundred varieties, collected and cultivated by that society,
three-fourths of which were found to be either the same
fruit under different names, or else unworthy of cultivation.
The same remark will apply, at least in part, to the many
hundreds offered for sale in the United States.

A similar progress, less in degree, is indicated in the cul-
tivation of the pear. Tusser speaks of " all sorts ;" Parkin-
son enumerates sixty-four varieties ; Miller eighty ; and
Lindley describes one hundred and sixty-two.

Most of these writers also mention numerous varieties of
the cherry and plum.

Gerard describes the early, and the white, red, and yel-
low peaches, and says there were many others ; Parkinson
enumerates twenty-one; Miller thirty-one ; Lindley describes
sixty ; and in this country, more favorable to the peach than
England, there are probably not less than two or three hun-
dred known and named varieties.

Eminent advantages have resulted from the application of
scientific principles, by Lindley, Knight and others, in the
propagation of improved varieties. Several hundred new
pears some of them of fine quality, were obtained by
Van Mons of Belgium, by a successive selection of im-
proved seedlings ; and Knight, in England, has produced
some of the finest varieties of the cherry, plum, and apple,
by a cross fertilization of old sorts.

One of the greatest difficulties yet remaining, is the con-
fusion in the names of varieties. The very slight shades of
difference in some; the unsuccessful attempts at accurately
defining these shades in written descriptions ; and the
changes produced by soil, situation, climate, and culture,
have largely increased the difficulty. This confusion has
been augmented by the multitude of names given in some
instances to a single fruit. The celebrated White Doyenne
or Virgalieu pear, is variously known by thirty different
names ; the Brown Beurr^, fourteen ; several others have
nearly an equal number. The confusion from various ap-
plications of these different names by different cultivators,
may be easily imagined. The varieties of the peach which
Lindley, an eminent British writer, describes as Grosse Mig-
nonne, Neil's Early Purple, Pourpree Hative, Royal Ken-
sington, and Superb Royal, are all described as a single va-

HISTORY, IMPROVEMENT, AND NOMENCLATURE. 23

riety by Mcintosh, another British writer, under the name
Grosse Mignonne, to which he adds twenty-seven synonyms.
The labors of the London Horticultural Society have con-
tributed much towards removing the bewildering confusion
into which the numerous fruits and their names were thrown.
Large collections were made from different countries ; and
by a careful and minute examination fof many successive
years, innumerable mistakes were corrected. The Massa-
chusetts Horticultural Society, at Boston, in connection with
the labors of the late Robert Manning, of Salem, (whose
collection of pears alone contained eight hundred sorts,) have
tended greatly towards the same useful end in this country.
The subject is also receiving much attention in various parts
of the United States. The indispensible necessity of a more
thorough examination of fruits by those who propagate them
for sale, is more appreciated and becoming reduced to prac-
tice. Many extensive private collections of American and
European fruits have recently been made, or greatly aug-
mented, for the purpose of a more thorough examination,
comparison, and selection of varieties. These, in connec-
tion with the increased facilities for an interchange of fruits
and information, cannot fail to pour a flood of light upon the
darkness which has so long enveloped this branch of the
subject; to lead to a greater uniformity in names, and ac-
curacy in their application ; to point out those only which
are worthy of general cultivation, and to lead to tlie rejec-
tion of the hundreds, which, possessing good qualities dc' not
come up to the high standard of excellence which should be
adopted by every enlightened cultivator and disseminator of
fruits.

CHAPTER III.

PRODUCTION OF NEW VARIETIES.

The tendency is more or less common with all plants, when
successively produced from seed, to depart from the charac-
ter first stamped upon them. These departures give rise
to new varieties. In their native forests, many trees and
plants do not exhibit these changes, either because they are
slight and obscure, or in consequence of the inflexible nature
of the species. With others, varieties are conspicuous ;
examples of which may be seen in the White Spruce, a part
of the trees presenting rigid, erect branches, in contrast
with the drooping aspect of others ; in the American Elm,
the branches, in rare instances, being as pendant as the
weeping willow ; in the more brilliant glow of red flowers
on some trees of the Red Maple ; and in the diversity of
size, form, and flavor of the wild plum of the woods.

This tendency to vary is increased as plants are removed
from their native localities ; and in an eminent degree by
cultivation. Planted in gardens, and subjected to high
culture, repeated and successive sowings often develope
striking changes from the appearances which for previous
centuries had remained unchanged. By a constant selec-
tion of seeds from the best, a gradual improvement on the
original is effected. Most of our finest fruits, doubtless owe
their existence to this improving process.*

" If," says Downing, " we sow a quantity of seed in gar-

* Tlie distinction between species and varieties should be well understood. A single
species, or ori^inwf, distinct, individual pluiit, often includes many varieties- All the
varieties of one s()ecics, are tVom the same orig^inal plant; the thousands which
have been named of the single species, the apple, are but a small p<irtion of the myri-
nds which have bet n actually produced. Successive plantings have given us sorts
as different in size us the Monstrous Pippin and the mhiute Lady Apple ; or as
remote in flavor sis the harsh and astringent Hewes Crab, and the rich ajid honied
Bough. But widely different as these may be, they can never pass the boundary of
the species— an apple can never be changed to a pear, a cherry to a plum, nor a
gooseberry to a currant.

HISTORY, IMPROVEMENT, AND NOMENCLATURE. 25

den soil, of the common black mazzard cherry, we shall
find that, in the leaves and habit of growth, many of the
seedlings do not entirely resemble the original. When they
come into bearing, it is probable we shall also find as great
a diversity m the size, color, and flavor of the fruit, though
only a few, perhaps only one, may be superior to the origi-
aal species.

" Exactly in proportion as this reproduction is frequently
repeated, is the change to a great variety of forms, or new
sorts, increased. It is likely, indeed, that to gather the
seeds from the wild mazzard of the woods, the instances ot
departure from the form of the original species would be
very few ; while if gathered from a garden tree, itself some-
time cultivated, or several removes from a wild state, though
still a mazzard, the seedlings will show great variety of
character.

" Once in the possession of a variety which has moved out
of the natural into a more domesticated form, we have in
our hands the best material for the improving process. The
fixed original habit of the species is broken in upon, and this
variety which we have created, has always afterwards some
tendency to make further departures from the original form.
It is true that all or most of its seedlings will still retain a
likeness to the parent, but a few will differ in some respects,
and it is by seizing upon those which show symptoms of
variation, that the improver of vegetable races founds his
hopes."

While a few of the seedlings from such improved variety,
may become still further improved, a far greater number
will probably approach towards the original or wild state.
The more highly improved the fruit, the greater the diffi-
culty to find one of its progeny which shall excel or equal
the parent. In ten thousand seedlings from those high-
flavored apples, the Swaar andEsopus Spitzenburgh, it may
be quite doubtful if any shall equal in quality those fruits
themselves, while most may fall considerably below them.

The improvements effected in former ages were doubtless
the result of accident, as the ancients were ignorant of the
means for their systematic accomplishment. The greatest
progress in the art made in modern times, was effected by
Van Mons in Belgium, and Knight in England.

56 HISTORY, IMPUOVEMENT, AND NOMENCLATURE.

Van Mons, who directed his labors chiefly to the pear, pro-
duced many new and excellent varieties, by a constant and
successive selection of the best seedlings. He first made a
large collection of natural stocks, or wild pears, choosing
those which, from the appearance of the wood and leaf, he
had reason to believe, would be most likely to produce the
best fruit. As soon as the first of these bore, he selected the
best, and planted the seeds. Selections were again made,
from the first, of these, and so on in continued succession ; the
best and soonest in bearing were uniformly chosen. He
thus obtained fruit from the eighth generation ; each suc-
cessive experiment yielding an improved result on the pre-
cedinor. At the fourth generation many of the fruits were
good, several excellent, but a smaller number still bad. He
had, in the early part of this series of experiments, no less
than eighty thousand trees ; hence in selecting from so large
a number, his chance for fine sorts was far greater than from
a small collection ; and hence too the reason why, after sev-
en or eight improving generations, he had obtained so many
good varieties. In the early stages of his operations, he
found " that twelve or fifteen years was the mean term of
time, from the moment of planting the first seed of an an-
cient variety of the domestic pear, to the first fructification
of the trees which sprung from them. The trees from the
second sowing, yielded their first fruit at an age of from ten
to twelve years ; those of the third generation, at an age of
from eight to ten years ; those of the fourth generation, at
an age of from six to eight ; and those of the fifth genera-
tion at the age of six years. Van Mons, being actually at
the eighth generation, has informed me that he has obtain-
ed several pear trees which, frail ed at the age of four years.''^^
When his seedlings were at the age of three or four years,
he was able to judge of their appearances, though they had
not as yet borne ; such only were taken for further trial, as
enhibited the strongest probability of excellence. It is hard-
ly necessary to remark that in all these trials, the young
trees were kept in the highest state of cultivation.

Van Mons maintained that by selecting and planting tha
seeds of the first crop on the young tree, the product would
be less liable to run back to the original variety, than where

♦ Poiieau.

NEW VARIETIES BY CROSSING. ' 27

;he seeds were taken from the fruit of an old bearinof or sfraft-
ed tree ; and to this practice he chiefly ascribed his success.
The many instances, however, of fine seedlings from old
grafted sorts, throw a shade of doubt over this theory.

NEW VARIETIES BY CROSSING.

A familiar instance of cross-impregnation in plants occurs
in the Indian corn. The pistillate or seed-bearing flowers
covering the young ear, are remotely situated on the plant
from the staminate or fertilizing flowers on the summits or
tassels. Hence, from this remote position, the pollen or fer-
tilizing dust from the summits may not certainly fall on the
ear ; and if different sorts grow near, a mixture will proba-
bly result. It is well known to farmers, that if different sorts,
as white, yellow, and purple, are planted in the same field ;
or, if common and sweet corn are planted together, each
sort no longer remains distinct, but each ear the second year
is speckled with a promiscuous assemblage of white, yellow,
and purple, and of common and sweet corn, of various grades.
In fruit trees, the stamens and pistils are in the same flower,
and the chances of accidental mixture from other trees, be-
come very small, unless affected by insects, which, becoming
thickly dusted with powder from one flower, plunge into the
recesses of another, and effect a cross-fertilization. Where
many varieties grow in one garden, in close proximity, cases
of promiscuous intermixture are constantly occurring, which
can be developed only by raising fruit from the seedlings.
In the annexed figure of the pear blossom, (fig. 1,) the
•^f^ five central organs, a, are the pistils ;

the upper extremity of each is the
stigma. The surrounding thread-like
organs, h, are the stamens, surmount-
ed by the anthers. The anthers are
little bags or cases filled with the
pollen or fertilizing dust. When the
flowers open, the anthers burst, and
^'s ^- discharge the pollen on the stigma,

which operates on the embryo fruit at its base.

The production of new varieties is greatly facilitated by
cross-impreg-nation, or by fertilizing the pistil of one variety
with the pollen of another. This was performed with great

2S * NEW VARIETIES BY CROSSING.

success by Knight. Selecting two varieties, while yet ear-
ly in flower, and before the anthers had
burst and diacharged the pollen, he cut
out with a fine pair of scissors all the
stamens, leaving the pistils untouched,
(fig. 2.) When the stigma became
sufficiently mature, which was indica
ted by its glutinous surface, he trans
ferred the pollen of the other sort, on
the point of a camel's-hair pencil. The fruit, thus yielded,
was unchanged ; but its seeds partook variously of the nature
of both parents, and the trees growing from them bore new
and intermediate varieties.

For the success of such experiments, several precautions
are requisite. The flower must be deprived of its stamens
before it has fully expanded, or before the anthers have
already burst and scattered their dust ; the pollen must be
procured from a bursting or fully matured anther, when it
will be dry and powdery ; the stigma must be inoculated
as soon as it becomes adhesive or glutinous, otherwise it
may be fertilized from another source, and then the intend-
ed pollen cannot possibly take effect. For a stigma once
inoculated, cannot be inoculated again. It is safest, win re
practicable, to force the trees by artificial heat into flower-
ing a few days earlier than others, so as to be secure from
accidental inoculations of pollen floating in the air ; and to
prevent its spread by bees, to apply a temporary covering of
gauze. A want of attention to these minutiae, has led some
experimenters to fancy they had obtained crosses, when
they had only natural seedlings.*

To obtain new varieties of certain desired qualities, select
two which possess those qualities separately, and seedlings
from crossing will be likely to exhibit these qualities com-
bined. Thus, a very early pear deficient in flavor, as the
Amire Joannet, might furnish one of superior quality by a
cross with a better and later sort, as Dearborn's Seediinof.
Or, a small and very rich pear, as the Seckel, might give
us one of the larger size by fertilizing the Bartlett. A slow-
growing and tender peach, as the Early Anne, might be
rendered hardier and more vigorous by an intermixture with

♦ Pollen may be kept witho-it injury for monlhs, if sealed air-tight in a small vial.

PRODUCTION OF NEW VARIETIES. 2^3

ihe Early York or Cooledire's Favorite. But it must Le
remembered, that there is a tendency in such higMy im-
proved sorts to deteriorate, and that out of a large number
^f seedlings, perhaps only one or two may be equal in fki-
v^or to the original.

Some of our best fruits have resulted from artificial cross-
ng. Coe's Golden Drop plum was obtained by planting
seed of the Green Gage, impregnated with pollen from the
White Magnum Bonum ; the Elton cherry, from the Graflion
jir Bigarreau, fertilized with the White Heart ; and Knight's
fiarly Black and Waterloo, from the Mayduke and Graifion.

The first crop of a young seedling is not always suffi-
:iently developed to exhibit its true character. Some year*
3f bearing are often essential. Thus, the Black Eagle, one
i)f the finest cherries, when exhibited the first time before
the London Horticultural Society, was pronounced worthless.

When a cross is obtained between two diflferent species^
histead of between mere varieties, it is termed a hybrid. But
while varieties of the same species intermingle freely, the
Dperation rarely succeeds between fruits of different species.
The gooseberry, currant, and black currant, species of the
same genus, and nearly related, have never produced a hy-
brid. Neither have any ever been obtained between the ap-
ple and the pear, or the pear and the quince. But different
species of other plants, as the Heaths, and some of the Cacti,
intermingle freely. The Rhododendron will fertilize the
Azaleas, and the Red Cedar has been made to inoculate the
American Arbor-vitse, though both these examples are be-
tween plants of different genera. Hybrids are frequently
sterile ; or if they possess the power of reproduction by seed,
the progeny returns to the state of one or the other of its
parents.

CHAPTER IV.

PROrAGATION BY BUDDING ANP GRAFTING BY LAYERS AND

BY CUTTINGS.

When trees are raised from seeds, as before stated, there
is no certainty that the same identical variety will be re-
produced. In many cases, the shade of variation will be
scarcely perceptible ; in others it will be wide and distinct.
It hence becomes desirable in preventing a return towards
the original wild state, or, in other words, to perpetuate the
identical individual thus highly improved, to adopt some
other mode of propagation, for the purpose of multiplying trees
of such varieties as possess a high excellence, instead of con-
stantly creating new ones, with the hazard of most of them
proving worthless.

It will be distinctly remembered, that new varieties must
ilways spring from seeds ; but the same individual variety
jan be multiplied only by separating the buds, or shoots bear-
ng the buds, of such individual plant. As an example, the
Fall Pippin, when first produced from seed, was a single
tree of a new variety. The myriads of trees now existing of
this variety, are only multiplications of the branches of the
original. This multiplication or propagation of varieties, is
effected in several ways : 1, Cuttings ; 2, Layers ; 3, Graft
mg ; 4, Budding. Without these means of propagation,
such delicious sorts as the Green Gage plum, the Elton cher
ry, and the Seckel pear, could never have been tasted ex-
cept as picked from the single parent tree.

In the multitude of different modes of grafting and bud-
ding, success must depend on the observance of certain fun-
damental principles ; a brief glance, therefore, at these
principles, may serve to render the explanation of all the va-
riations simple and intelligible.

During the growing season of a fruit tree, the sap enters al

PROPAGATION.

51

tlie spongioles, or minute spongy extremities of the fibrous
roots,* at which time it consists merely of water, with minute
portions of other substances in solution. It passes up through
the alburnum or sap-wood, dissolving mucilage in its pro-
gress ; it becomes further charged in a very slight degree,
and acquires a saccharine character. It ascends to the ex-
tremities of the branches, and is distributed through the
leaves. Emerging thus from the dark and minute vessels
of the wood, it is spread out and exposed to the action of
the light, by means of the fine web or net-work of veins
,,, running from the mid-rib to all parts of these broad
and thin organs. Here it becomes essentially chang-
ed in character, it enters into new combinations, and
is charged with the materials for the newly forming
wood ; it now descends, not through the sap-w^ood,
but through the inner or living bark,t and deposits
a new layer between the bark and the wood. This
new layer being soft and fresh, interposed between
them, causes that separation known as the peeling
of the bark. I

The sap is capable of flowing sidewise, through

lateral openings in the vessels or microscopic tubes.

Hence some trees may be cut at one point more

than half through on one side, and at another point

more than half through on the other side, without

intercepting the upward flow of sap, as in fig. 3.

P,v 3. This lateral motion explains the reason wh}'' a graft

set in the longitudinal cleft of a stock, receives the

sap from the split surfaces of the cleft, and succeeds as well

as when cross-sections of both are brought into contact.

^^

♦ A "reatly magnified rcprpsentation of one of these spongelets is shown in ihe

________ _ annexed figure, [fig. 4.) the ceu-

tral or dark part being' wood}'-,
and the point of tlie exterior being
cellular and spong^y.

t The liber, or iinier bark, con-
stitutes almost the wliole bark in
young- trees, but often not one-
lialfon very old and rougli- barked
forest trees.

X The importance of leaves to
the growth and even life of the
treet is exhibited in various ways.
A tree stripped of its leaves
at midsummer, instantly ceases
^owiny. A sue cession of fuch strippiugs, during the course of the season, soon

Fig. 4.

32

PROPAGATION BY CUTTINGS.

I. CUTTINGS.

When a ligature is bound closely round a branch, the ob-
struction which it imposes to the descending juices, causes
an enlargement or swollen ring above the ligature, as in

fig. 5. The same result
is produced if a small ring
of bark is cut out, as in
fig. 6. If a shoot is taken
from the tree before the
leaves expand, and plung-
ed into moist earth till i(
commences growth, the de-
scending current exuding
from the lower extremity,
forms a callus or ring of
the newly formed wood,
as in fig. 7; and under
favorable circumstances
the granulations forming
the callus emit roots into
the soil, (fig. 8,) and thus
a new plant is formed.
Every leaf bud on a fruit tree may be regarded as an em-
bryo branch, and capable of forming a tree when supplied

kills it. Weeds which spread rapidly by the roots, as the Canada thistle, may be
totally destroyed in one summer, if constantly kept cut off below tlie surface.

For the same reason, trees which become divested of their foliage by leaf -blight
while the fruit is partly grown, do not perfect the ripening process. An interesting
instance occurred during the pa.«t season : — A plum tree lost all its leaves, \vhen the
fruit was about two-tliirds grown, and before it had attained in the slightest degree
its flavor. The plums remained stationary, densely loading the naked branches,
for three weeks, when a new crop of leaves came cut. The fruit immediately re-
commenced growing, and subsequently acquired full size, and a fine, rich, honied
flavor, about a month later than the usual period of ripening.

Hence also the reason wiiy the removal of large portions of the foliage, to favor
the ripening of grapes and other fruits by admitting the sun, does not always effect
the intended purpose.

Another case, illustrating the same principle, was reported by the late President
Knight: — '' A peach tree in my garden, of which I was very anxious to see the
fiuit, had lost by the severity of the weather, all its blossoms except two, M'hicli
grew upon leajless branches. I therefore endevored to derive the necessary returning
sap [to mature the fruit] from another source. To attain this object, the points of
tiie branches, which bore fruit, were brought into conlaet with other branches of
the same age, which bore leave ; and a part of the bark, extending in length about
four times their diameters, was paired off immediately above the fruit. Similar
wounds were then made upon the other branches, with which these were brougiit
into contact; the wounded surfaces were closely fitted and tightly bound together.
A union soon took place, and the fruit, in consequence, acquired llxe highest state
of maturity and perfection."

Fig. 5. Fig. 6. Fig. 7.

Fig. 8.

PROPAGATION BY CUTTINGS.

ni

with separate roots. But single buds do not contain within
themselves sufficient nutriment to sustain vegetation till
roots are formed, without a considerable portion of the al-
burnum or sap-wood attached; hence the superior advan-
tage of taking an entire shoot or cutting.

Propagation by cuttings is the simplest mode of multiply-
ing a variety. It consists simply in the insertion of a shoot
of one year's growth into the soil ; the moisture of the soil
renews the supply of sap, the buds swell, the leaves expand,
and the descending juices expend themselves in the produc-
tion of new roots, which shoot downwards into the soil, fig.
9. Under ordinary circumstances, or in open
ground, this mode is only applicable to such
species as readily throw out roots, as the currant,
gooseberry, quince, and grape. Cuttings of the
apple and pear ma3^be made to strike root, only
?;S^^».^by confining the moisture under glass, while ar-
j^2l - tificial heat is applied. The stories of empirics,
l^"]^ of making peach and apple shoots grow by stick-
ing them into potatoes, or covering with wax,
have no foundation in fact.

It may be stated, in general, that cuttings
made of the ripened wood of such trees as have
a large pith, succeed best- when taken off with
a portion of the preceding year's wood, such as
the gooseberry, currant, vine, fig, &c. With
large and strong shoots, the best success will re-
sult if cuttings are separated at the point be-
tween the one and two years' growth. When
small side-shoots are used, they should be .cut
closely to the main stem, so as to secure the col"
lar or enlarged portion of the wood at the base of the branch.
Roots are more readily thrown out, if the cut is made imme-
dately below a bud.

The best time to take off cuttings, in ordinary cases, is in
autumn and winter. The autumn is preferable, by giving
time for the wounded section to cicatrise, preparing it for the
early emission of roots in spring. But where the soil is
heavy or liable to heave by frost, or where the cuttings are
of tender trees, they should be kept in damp mould in a cel-
lar, to be planted as soon as the frost disappears from the

Fisr. 9.

54

PROPAGATION BY CUTTINGS.

S {^"^ O - v-/t3 , A'"2!>>'

6i.. -vVr^'-'-^ tlP ; T'?

ground. If not taken off till spring, the operation must be
p performed as early as possible. In ordinary in-
|l stances to prevent drying, about two-thirds or
r three-quarters of the shoot should be buried be-
I neath the surface ; and the moisture may be still

^^"^i cvv^ further retained by a covering of leaves or moss,
or by placing them under the shade of a wall or
close fence. Failure often results from a neglect
to press the soil closely about the cutting.

To procure young plants of the gooseberry and
currant with straight, clean stems at the surface,
and free from suckers, it is only necessary to re-
move every bud except a few at the upper end, fig.
10. The length may be eight inches to a foot.
rig- JO. In propagating the grape, scarce sorts are in-
creased by single buds with a portion of adhering wood, each

being placed separately in a pot, about
half an inch deep, under glass in a
hot-bed, fig. 11. They are found
to root better when a portion of the
pith is removed by splitting length-
wise, as in fig. 12. The plants from
single buds are weaker in growth,
but are usually better rooted for rais-
ing vines in pots. A similar mode oi
propagntion, familiar to all, is adopt-
ed with the potato, the tubers of
which are only enlarged underground
stems, covered with eyes or buds.

II. LAYERS.

A la3^er is a low side-shoot
bent down and buried at the
middle in the soil, fig. 13. The
buried portion strikes root,
when it is taken off and plant-
ed separately. Its advantage
over a cutting, is that it is
nourished while the roots are
forming by the parent plant.
Hence many plants which
cannot be increased by cut-

Fisr. 11.

;_-;.-r-''?'»^-

Fig. 12.

Fiff. 13.

PROPAGATION BY LAYERS.

35

Fis-. 14.

tings, and indeed with great difficulty by bada ngand graft-
ing, may be propagated readily by layers.

When roots are freely emitted, as from the grape, simply
bending the middle of the branch into the soil is enough to
ensure success. But in cases of difficulty, other expedient?
are resorted to; one of the most common is to split a portion
"upwards, immediately under a bud, (fig. 14,) which enables

the newly forming roots to
pass freely and at once into
the soil, without the resistance
of the thick bark which they
otherwise must pierce. Some-
times the branch is cut partly
off to intercept the downward
passage of the fluids, and in-
duce them to form into roots.
At other times a wire ligature,
or the removal of a narrow
ring of bark effects the same purpose. Burying the layer
several inches under the surface is necessary, to keep it in
moist earth ; and in drouth, moderate watering would be
beneficial. A small excavation of the soil at the spot is
convenient ; and when the branch is stiff, it must be fasten-
ed down with a forked stick.

The excavation should be made with a spade. Use both
hands in bending the shoot, so that it may not be bent too
short, and break. If properly done, it will press against the
nearest side of the hole, rest on the bottom, and rise up,
pressing against the opposite side, when it should be fasten-
ed upright, and if necessary, to a small stake. At the time
of bending, a sod or other weight may be laid on to keep it
down till the hole is filled ; and if the mellow earth be
pressed firmly down with the foot, no forked stick will be
usually necessary.

The most favorable state of a plant for layering, is when
the bark is somewhat soft and not too ripe ; and the worst
shoots are- those which are stunted, and with a hard bark.
There are however, no shoots whatever, not actually diseased,
that will not root by layers, if sufficient time be given.
Layers, like cuttings, may be made of the ripened wood in
autumn or spring ; or of the growing wood at or a little be-

36 PROPAGATION BY GRAFTING.

fore mid-summer, when the part intended to root Is some-
what mature and firm in texture. The pear, the apple, and
the quince, if layered early in the spring ; or the grape in
summer — will usually be well rooted in autumn.

A moist season is the most favorable to the rooting of
layers, by preserving a softer bark. For this reason, many
plants may be more easily propagated in England than in
the United States ; and more readily in Ireland than in
England.

. Layering is largely made use of in propagating the grape,
occasionally for the quince, and sometimes for the apple.
It is also of very extensive application in propagating many
ornamental trees and shrubs.

Suckeis may be regarded as spontaneous layers, the new
shoots being sent up from buds on the roots or portions ot
the stem beneath the surface of the ground. They are the
only mode of multiplying most species of the raspberry.
The runners of strawberries may be regarded as layers or
suckers above ground.

III. GRAFTING.

Upwards of twenty different modifications of grafting were
mentioned by the ancient Roman writer, Varro ; and Thouin,
of Paris, has described and figured more than a hundred
kinds. The great number of modes described in books, has
tended rather to bewilder than to enlighten beginners ; the
following remarks, therefore, are more for the purpose oi
laying down reasons on which success depends, than foi
pointing out the peculiar modes of operation, which may be
varied according to convenience, provided attention is given
to the essential particulars.

Propagation by grafting differs mainly and essentially
from increasing by cuttings, by inserting the cutting into
the growing stock of another tree instead of directly into the
soil. The stock thus supplies the sap, as the soil does in
the case of a cutting ; and the graft, instead of making roots
of its own, extends itsrforming wood downwards, at the in-
ner surface of the bark, into the stock itself. Hence there
are two chief requisites for success : the first, that the graft
be so set in the stock, that the sap may flow upward with-
out interruption; and the second, that the forming wood

PROPAGATION BY GRAFTING. 37

may flow downward uninterruptedly through the inner bark.
To effect these two requisites, it is needful, j^rs^ that the
operation be performed with a sharp knife, that the vessels
and pores maybe cut smoothly and evenly, and the two parts
be brought into immediate and even contact. Secondly^ that
the operation be so contrived that a permanent and considera-
ble pressure be applied to keep all parts of these cut faces
closely together. Thirdly, that the line of division between
the inner bark and the wood, should coincide or exactly cor-
respond in each ; for if the inner bark of the one sets wholly
on the wood of the other, the upward current through the
wood and back through the bark, is broken, and the graft
cannot flourish nor grow. And, fourthly, that the wounded
parts made by the operation, be effectually excluded from
the external air, chiefly to retain a due quantity of moisture
in the graft, but also to exclude the wet, until, by the growth
of the graft, the union is effected.

L The first requisite is best attained by keeping a keen,
fiat bladed-knife to cut the faces, and another knife for other
purposes.

2. The second requires that the jaws of the stock in cleft-
grafting, press with some force, but not too much against,
the wedge-shaped sides of the graft. A stock one-third of
an inch in diameter will sometimes do. this sufficiently ; but
three-quarters of an inch is a more convenient size. In
whip-grafting, the tongue and slit should be firmly crowded
or bound together.

3. The third requisite is attained by close examination
with the eye.

4. The fourth is accomplished by plasters of grafting-wax
Dr by the application of grafting-clay. Grafting-wax may
be made by melting together rosin, tallow, and beeswax, in
such proportions as to admit of being easily applied when
softened by warmth, but not liable to melt and run in the
sun's ra3''s. An excellent grafting-wax is made of 3 parts
of rosin, 3 of beeswax, and 2 of tallow. A cheaper composi-
tion, but more liable to adhere to the hands, is made of 4
parts of rosin, 2 of tallow, and 1 of beeswax. But one
of the best and cheapest consists of 1 pint of linseed oil, 1
pound of rosin, and 6 pounds of beeswax. These ingredi-
ents, after being melted and mixed together, may be ap-

38

PROPAGATION BY GRAFTING.

plied in diflerent ways. The wax may be directly applied
when just warm enough to run, by means of a brush ; or if
may be spread thickly with a brush over sheets of muslin, oi
thin, tough paper, (" post-office paper" is best,) which are
afterwards, during a cold day, cut up into plasters of con-
venient size for applying ; or, the wax, after cold, may be
worked up, with wet hands, and drawn out into thin strips oi
ribbons of wax, and wrapped closely around the inserted
graft. In all cases success is more certain, when the wax
is closely pressed so as to fit closely to every part, and
leave no interstices ; and it is indispensible that every por
tion of the wound on the stock and graft be totally ex
eluded from the external air. In cool weather, a lantern,
chafing dish, or hot brick, will be found necessary to soften
the plasters before applying them.

Fi?:. 16

Fisr. 17.

I isr. 18.

The annexed figures represent the two most common
modes of grafting fruit trees ; figs. 15 to 18, representing
successive stages of whip or tongue grafting, from the slop-
ing cut of the scion and stock, to the completion of the ope-
ration by the covering with the wax plaster. Fig. 19 shows
a stock cut off for cleft-grafting with the upright cleft sepa-
rated by an iron or steel wedge, ready for the graft ; fig. 20,
cut wedge-form to fit it; and fig. 21, the graft in its place

PROPAGATION BY GRAFTING.

39

Fig. 20.

Fisr. 21.

after the wedge has heen withdrawn,, the pr-^jecting angle
of the stock sloped off with a knife, and the whole ready for

the application of the wax.

Whip grafting is particu-
larly applicable to small
stocks, or where the graft
and stock are nearly of equal
size ; and cleft-grafting to
stocks considerably larger
than the scion. In all cases,
where the stock is in any de-
gree larger, the graft must
be placed towards one side,
so that the line between the
bark and wood may exactly
coincide at one point at least
in both, as in the cross section of cleft-grafting, fig. 22. A
useful implement for the rapid and perfect
performance of cleft-grafting, is described
in the chapter on implements.

There are other modifications of grafting
which are often useful. In saddle grajtitig^
the stock is sloped oft' on each side, giving
It the form of a wedge, fig. 23, a ; the graft is split in the

middle, and each side thinned away
with the knife, as in fig. 23 Z>, until
it will closely fit when placed like a
saddle upon it, fig. 24. The most
perfect way to fit the graft, is to
make a long sloping cut from the
outer edge or bark, by drawing the
blade from heel to point, till it reach-
es the centre of the graft ; and then
another similar cut completes the
acute cavity for fitting the wedge of
the stock. A sharp, broad, and thin
blade, is needed for this operation.
A wax plaster, drawn closely round
Fig. 24. ^^^ place of union, completes the
work. When the stock and graft
are very nearly of equal size, this is a very nerf^''* -^nHe of

Fig. 22

Fig. 23.

40

PROPAGATION BY GRAFTING.

Fiff. 25.

grafting, as large corresponding surfaces are made
to fit, and the graft receives freely the ascending
sap.

In all these modes of grafting, whenever a wedge
is made to enter a cleft, it should be thickest on
the side where the fit is made between the two
parts, so as to receive the full pressure of the cut
faces at that side, as shown in fig. 22.

A modification of saddle grafting, ver}- suc-
cessful in its results, is thus performed — Late
§&[ 'fh^ ^^^ spring, after growth has commenced, the scion,
JK^ !l which is much smaller than the stock, is split up,
nearer to one side, more than half its length,
(fig. 25.) The stronger side is then sharpened into
a wedge at its point, and introduced between the bark and
the wood, a slight longitudinal slit being made through the
bark of the stock, that it may open slightly and admit the
graft. The thinner division of the graft is fitted to the op-
posite sloping side of the stock. The whole is then cover-
ed with wax. The great length of that portion of the graft
in contact with the bark and fresh wood, greatly facilitates
their union ; while the cut face of the stock is speedily co-
vered with a new growth by that part of the graft which
rests upon it.

In grafting the peach, which, from its large pith and
spongy wood, scarcely ever succeeds as commonly performed,
it is found advantageous in selecting the grafts, to leave a
quarter of an inch of the more compact two years' wood at
the lower extremity.

Root- grafting is performed by taking up the stocks by
the roots, and inserting the grafts immediately into the part
below ground after the tops are cut off', after which they
are again planted out, with the tip of the graft only above
ground. This mode is successful with the apple, and oc-
casionally with other trees, and is adopted on a large scale
by many nurserymen, the work being performed in winter
or early spring within doors, and the grafted roots kept in
cellars till the ground is ready to receive them. It will
be found fully described in the chapter on the apple.

In grafting the plum and cherry, success is found to be
much more certain, when the work is performed very early

PROPAGATION BY GRAFTING. 41

in spring, before the buds commence swelling, or even be-
fore the snow has disappeared from the ground. Apples
and pears may be grafted later, and if the scions have been
kept in good condition in a dormant state, they will mostlv
grow if inserted after the trees are in leaf.

After a graft is'inserted, and as soon as the tree comrhen-
ces growth, the buds on the stock must be rubbed off, in
order to throw the rising sap into the scion. If large trees
are grafted, the buds need only rubbing off the single branch.
The practice of allowing leaves to expand on the stock neai
the point of union, to "draw up the sap," appears to be
founded in error ; for the sap thus drawn up, passes only
into and is elaborated by those leaves, and is again imme-
diately returned to the stock below, without ever reaching
the graft. Each separate branch or portion of the stock,
cannot be nourished by the leaves of an opposite branch, foi
a leafless stump left by pruning off a limb, wholly cease?
growing. In the spring of the year, when the sap vessels
are in a state of impletion, if the sap is permitted to be con-
sumed by side leaves, less will flow towards the inserted
scion. Experience fully confirms this view of the. sub-
ject.

Where it becomes desirable to preserve rare sorts, which
have been grafted late in spring, a loose wrapper of white
paper round the graft will protect it from the drying and
scorching rays of the sun ; or shrivelling and failure will
often be prevented by covering the whole graft with a wax
plaster ; or by encasing it in moss kept damp by occasional
applications of water.

Grafts are usually cut during the latter part of winter oi
early in spring ; but if well kept they may be taken from
the tree at any time between the cessation of growth in late
summer or autumn, and the commencement of vegetation
in spring. They may be kept sa.fely if buried in moderate
ly moist earth ; the best way is to place them in a box open
downwards, and buried on a dry spot, the scions being kep*
from actual contact with the earth by sticks across the box
They may also be conveniently preserved in a box of damj
powdered moss ; oi* still better in moderately moist peat o^
black muck. Sawdust answers the same purpose, if not ir
large quantities so as to become heated.

42

PROPAGATION BY BUDDING.

Grafts which have hecome dry, may be restored if the
moisture is applied so gradually that its absorption may re
quire several weeks. In one instance shoots cut early in
autumn, and subjected to thorough drying, were restored to
perfect freshness by the next spring, by wrapping them well
in moss and burying them in a dry spot of ground ; and be-
ing set, they all grew.

Scions for sending to a distance, are usually packed in
damp moss, saw-dust, or fibrous peat. They may be sent
by mail, within a very small compass, with great safety, by
enwrapping them with oil-silk or thin oil-cloth, drawing it
:losely round them to exclude the moisture, by means of
small thread.

IV. BUDDING.

Budding consists in introducing the bud of one tree.
mih. a portion of bark and a little adhering wood, beneath
.he bark of another, and upon the face of the newly forming
tvood. It must be performed while the stock is in a state
of vigorous growth. An incision is made lengthwise through
the bark of the stock, and a small cut at right angles at the
top, the whole somewhat resembling the letter T., fig. 26

Fisr. 30.

Ficr. 29.

Fiff. 27. Fisr. 28.

Fig. 26.

A bud is then taken from a shoot of the present year's
growth, by shaving off the bark an inch or an inch and a
half in length, with a small part of the wood directly be-
neath the bud, fig. 27. The edges of the bark, at the in-
cision in the stock, are then raised a little, fie:. 28 and the

PROPAGATION BY BUDDING.

43

bud pushed downwards under the bark, fig-. 29. A band-
age of bass, corn-husk, or other substance, is wrapped round,
covering all parts but the budr The pressure should be
just sufficient to keep the inserted portion closely to the
stock, but not such as to bruise or crush the bark, fig. 30.
The shoots containing the buds should be cut when so
^nature as to be rather firm and hard in texture ; they are
usually in the best condition after the terminal bud has
formed. To prevent withering, the leaves must be imme-
diately cut off, as they withdraw and exhale rapidly the
moisture from the shoot ; about one quarter of an inch ol
the footstalks of the leaves should remain, to serve as handles
to the buds while inserting them, fig. 31. After being
thus divested of leaves, they may be safely kept
a week in a cool damp place, or sent hundreds
of miles in damp moss, or encased separately in
thin oil-cloth.

^ff / When by growth, the bandage cuts into the

\. I stock, usually in ten days to three weeks, it must

be removed. The bud remains dormant till the
following spring, when the stock is cut off two
inches or more above it. If cut closer, the end
A ij ' of the stock becomes too dry, and the bud often

Vt^ perishes. All other buds must be then removed,

and all the vigor of the stock or branch thrown
into the remaining bud, which immediately
commences a rapid growth.

To secure a straight and erect growth, the
new shoot, when a few inches long, is tied to the
remaining stump of the stock, fig 32. By ano-
ther month, no further support will be needed, and the stump
may be wholly cut away, and the wound allowed to heal by
the rapid formation of new wood.

Buds inserted by midsummer, may be made to grow the
same season by heading down the stock when adhesion ha?
taken place ; but although often attempted, no advantage
has resulted from this practice, as the growth is compara-
tively feeble, and in consequence of its badly matured wood
often perishes the following winter. Even where it escapes,
it does not exceed in size at the close of the second season
the straight and vigorous shoots of the spring.

r<

Fisr.

44

PROPAGATION BY BUDDING.

The essential requisites for success in budding, arefirst,
a thrifty, rapidly growing stock, so that the bark will peel
very freely. Secondly, a proper time ; not too early, when
there is little cambium, or mucilaginous cement between
the bark and the wood, for the adhesion of the bud, — nor
too late, when the bark will not peel freely, nor the subse-
quent growth sufficiently cement the bud to the stock.
Tairdly, buds sufficiently mature. Fourthly, a keen flat
knife, for shaving off the bud, that it may lie close in con-
tact upon the wood of the stock. Fifthly, the application of
a ligature with moderate pressure, causing
the bud to fit the stock closely.

Various modifications have been proposed
for the improvement of budding. One is to
make the cross-cut at the bottom of the long
slit instead of at the top, as the latter is sup-
posed to impede the descent of nourishment.
Another is, to raise the bark all on one side
of the slit, making a small notch in its
edge for the bud, this mode being supposed
to avoid the bad consequences of the muti-
^^^^^ lation of the wood by the knife. But these
modes are both inconvenient, and are found
to possess no advantage in practice ; the
supposed evils they are intended to obviate
being too small to take into account. Making
a square cut from the upper end of the bark
of the inserted bud, so that it may fit in
close contact with the bark of the stock at
the horizontal incision, to receive the re-
turning sap, though strongly recommended,
has been found of no utility in practice, as the union takes
place wholly between the two faces in contact.

The English practice of taking out the small portion of
wood cut from the shoot, has been found in the climate of
this country not only useless, but really detrimental. In-
deed it often happens that buds of the cherry and other
trees of rather spongy growth and slow adhesion, succeed
much better when a thick portion of wood is taken off with
the bud than otherwise ; the wood in such cases assisting
in the retention of moisture until cemented to the stock.

PROPAGATION BY BUDDING.

45

When stocks are in the best condition, it is unnecessary
to raise the bark any further than to admit the lower point
of the bud, which, as it is pushed downwards, performs this
operation in the most perfect manner. When the bark does
not peel freely enough for this purpose, success becomes
very uncertain.

Budding is performed in summer, grafting in spring, and
both have their advantages. Budding is a simpler opera-
tion, and more successfully performed by a novice. It is
the best means to multiply the peach and nectarine, grafting
very rarely proving successful. It is more rapidly per-
formed, and at a season not crowded with the labors of
transplanting. It admits a repetition the same summer, in
cases of failure, the stocks remaining uninjured. But in all
^ases thrifty stocks are needed, while grafting will succeed
■)n those older and less vigorous. Grafting requires less
:are subsequently, as no ligatures need removing, nor stocks
leading down, and may be conveniently employed as a re-
medy for failures in the previous summer's budding. In
England, where most fruit trees do not make so rapid a
Trowth as here, budding is less esteemed ; while from the
iioisture of the climate preserving grafts from dying, graft-
ng becomes more successful.

Terminal Budding. — It sometimes happens, where buds
ire scarce, that the terminal bud on the shoot may be used
0 advantage. In this case, the wood is cut sloping down-
vards, and the insertion is made as usual, fig. 33, except
that it becomes necessary to apply the
whole of the ligature below the bud.
The buds on small side shoots which are
not more than an inch or two long, may
be successfully used in this way, as the
terminal eyes are stronger than any of
the others. This practice may sometimes
be adopted with much advantage with the
peach, where scions of feeble growth onl^
can be obtained, as such buds usually es-
cape the severity of winter when most of
the others are destroyed.

Spring budding is successfully practiced
as soon as trees are in leaf, the buds hav-

46 LIMITS OF BUDDING AND GRAFTING.

ing been kept dormant in an ice-house or cool cellar. As
soon as they have adhered, the slock is headed down, and
a good growth is made the same season. Peaclu > .iecta-
rines, apricots, and the mulberry, all very difficult to propa-
gate by grafting, may in this w^ay be easily increased by
budding. If the buds are kept in a cellar, it will be found
very important to preserve with them as unitorm a degree
of moisture as possible, and in as small a degree as will
keep them from wilting.

Annular budding is applicable to trees of hard wood, or
thick or rigid bark, as the walnut, and mag-
nolia. A ring of bark is removed from the
stock, and another corresponding ring, con-
taining the bud, slit open on one side, is made
to fit the denuded space. Fig. 34.

Trets which have been girdled in winter by
mice, may be preserved by a process similar
to annular budding, by cutting away evenly
F]g. 34. ^YiQ gnawed portions, and applying one or
more pieces of bark peeled from the branch of another
tree, so as to restore the connection between the two severed
portions. This is done as soon as the bark will separate
the same end may, however, be accomplished early in spring
by cutting away portions of the sap-wood with the bark, and
connecting the two parts by several pieces of a branch, care
bemg taken that they coincide accurately, as in grafting
The whole, in either case, is then covered with wax.

LIMITS OF BUDDING AND GRAFTING.

In former ages of the world, it was erroneously supposed
that grafting could be performed between every species of
tree and shrub. " Some apples," says Pliny, "are so red
that they resemble blood, which is caused by their being at
first grafted upon a mulberry stock." Koses, it was said, be-
came black when grafted on black currants, and oranges
crimson if worked on the pomegranate. But the operation
is never successful unless the graft and stock are nearly al-
lied, and the greater the affinity the more certain the suc-
cess. " Varieties of the same species unite most freely, then
species of the same genus, then genera of the same natural
order; beyond which the power does not extend. For in
stance, pears work freely upon pears, very well on quincea;

BEST KINDS OF STOCKS. 47

•ess willingly on apples or thorns, and not at all upon plnms
or cherries ; while the lilac Avill take on the ash, and the olive
on the phillyrea, because they are plants of the same natu-
ral order. M. De Candolle even says that he has succeeded,
notwithstanding the great difference in their vegetation, to
work the lilac on the phillyrea, the olive on the ash, ard
the Bignonia radicans on the Catalpa (in all cases of the
same natural order;) but plants so obtained are very short-
lived."*

There are, however, some exceptions to this rule. Thus,
the cuhivated cherry, and most species of wild cherry,
though of the same genus, will not agree. The pear suc-
ceeds better on the quince than on the apple, although the
apple and pear are within the same genus, and the pear and
quince are by most regarded as of distinct genera ; the
superior firmness of the wood of the quince, a quality so
important to successful grafting, more than making up the
difference in affinity.

Lindley mentions also some exceptions which are appa-
rent only. In one case, the fig was supposed to grow on
the olive. But the graft, being below the surface of the
soil, rooted in it, independently of the fig stock. "I have
seen," says Pliny, *'near Thulia, in the country of the
Tiburtines, a tree grafted and laden with all manner of
fruits, one bough bearing nuts, another berries ; here hung
grapes, there figs ; in one part you might see pears, in
another pomegranates ; and to conclude, there is no kind
of apple or other fruit but there was to be found ; but this
tree did not live long." This is explained by the process
now sometimes performed in Italy, for growing jasmines
and other flexible plants, on an orange stock, by the in-
genious trick of boring out the orange stem, through which
the stems of the other plants are made to pass, and which
soon grow so as to fill it closely, and to appear as if growing
together. Such a crowded mass of stems must, of course,
soon perish.

THE BEST KINDS OF STOCKS.

As a general rule, fruit trees succeed best when grafted
on seedlings of their own species. Apples are best upon
seedling apple stocks ; pears on seedling pears ; and plum?

* Lindley, Theory Ilort.

48 BEST KINDS OF STOCKS.

and cherries on seedling stocks of their own kinds re
spectively. Suckers, when their roots diverge evenly on
all sides, sometimes make good stocks ; but the uncertaintj^
of finding such roots, and the inconvenience of crooked
one-sided, or stunted trees, so often produced from suckers,
renders them on the whole greatly inferior to seedlings, and
they should never be used, except from absokite necessity.

In some cases, stocks of a different kind from the grafl
are chosen, where certain objects are to be attained. When,
for instance, dwarf trees are wanted of the apple and pear,
that they may cover less ground, or bear sooner, stocks ol
smaller size or of diminished growth, are chosen. The
quince is used for dwarf pear trees; the small paradise and
the Doucin or French stock, for dwarf apples. These will
bear crops in one-half the usual time. Besides increasing
the early productiveness of some varieties, the quality too is
changed and sometimes improved, as in the Angouleme and
Beurre Diel pears.

Sometimes different stocks are used as a protection from
the attacks of insects. For example, the peach and apricot,
which are very liable to attacks of the yeach-ioorm^ are
budded upon the plum, which very seldom suffers. The
quince is often destroyed or injured by the horer^ but the
pear is exempt from this injury ; hence the former may be
grafted on the latter. But such expedients sometimes fail
Instances have been observed where the peach-worm, no'
to be thwarted in this way, had attacked the apricot at the
place of union on the plum, even as high as three feet from
the ground.

Tender kinds are sometimes placed upon hardy stock?
with good effect. Thus, the peach budded on the plum has,
in some instances, done better in cold climates, and made
an earlier growth in spring. This is not to be ascribed to
any alteration in the character of the peach, but to the
simple fact that the plum is aroused by a less degree of
v/armth from winter's sleep, and exerts an earlier influence
by its supply of sap.

Benefit has resulted from superior hardiness in stock?
during wet or severe winters. The winter of 1846-7
accompanied in some parts of the country with unusua?
wetness, followed by intense cold, destroyed large quan-

BEST KINDS OF STOCKS. 49

titles of young pear trees on roots of their own species,
while those on quince nearly all escaped.

Sometimes a change in the character of the soil renders
certain stocks desirable for particular localities. The White
Doyenne pear flourishes finely on the quince in some places
where it is otherwise cracked and worthless. Dr. Lindley
found that in the chalky soil at Rouen, the peach on plum,
and cherry on cherry, were languid and sickly ; while in
the same garden, the peach was healthy and vigorous on the
almond, and the cherry on the Mahaleb stock. But in rich
anificial soil, composed of other ingredients, the two latter
were again feeble in their turn.

CHAPTER V.

CHANGES WROUGEIT IN FRUITS BY EXTERNAL CAUSES.

The importance of attention to the variation in fruit,
wrought by a change in climate, soil, and cuhivation,
appears to be much underrated. While the peculiar or
essential character of a variety remains unchanged, the
quality, or degree of excellence, is variously modified.
This is sometimes so great that serious disappointment
results ; and high expectations, caused by success in one
case, are defeated by different circumstances in another.
Hence the necessity of understanding these modifying
influences.

The changes produced by climate, are greater in some
classes of fruits than in others. The cherry varies but
little in character and quality; the fine varieties originated
by Thomas Andrew Knight near London, are also among
the finest when removed to the northern states of America.
This may be owing in part to their period of maturity,
which, occurring early in summer, could not be influenced
oy the length of the seasons. But with the apple, pear, and
peach, the case is quite otherwise. Very few of the whole
British catalogue of apples, are first in quality here. The
White Astracan, an apple of high reputation in Russia,
becomes very inferior in England ; and a similar loss takes
place on the removal to England of some of the finest
apples of Italy. Some of the best peaches in the neighbor-
hood of Philadelphia, become second or third rate in
western New York, the shorter and cooler summers of the
..atter region not being sufficient to give full flavor to many
of the more southern varieties. American peaches taken
to England lose still more. Of fifty sorts, from the middle
and western states, tested at the great Chiswick garden, all
but two were pronounced *' worthless."

CHANGES WROUGHT BY EXTERNAL CAUSES. 51

But the influence of seasons alone produces sometimes
extraordinary results. In the year 1842, the Wurtemburg
pear was regarded in western New York as the finest
foreign pear among several which had then just fruited ;
but the two succeeding seasons it was nearly worthless.
The Bezi de la Motte, about one year in seven, in some
localities, is a delicious melting pear, and at other times
dry and tasteless ; in other localities, it is uniformly good.
Some striking cases were mentioned by the late Robert
Manning of Salem. The Beurr^ Duval, which has a high
reputation in Europe, produced, the first year of bearing,
beautiful fruit ; but on ripening, they were found tasteless
and worthless. The next year the same tree produced
fewer pears, half the size, difl^erent in shade of color, and
delicious in flavor. In another case the Hericart yielded
fruit which proved melting and high-flavored. The next
year it not only varied in size shape, and color, but was sa
tasteless as to be immediately rejected. Again, the Calabash
pear produced in two seasons, oblong fruit with projecting
ridges, the color being bright russett, and the flesh break-
ing, melting, and very good. The next year the fruit was
more abundant, of larger size, of a bright yellow color,
without ridges, and the flesh very insipid.* But these were
unusual cases. They serve to show, however, the extreme
caution to be used, both in describing fruit, and deciding
upon the merits of new kinds. They also show the pro-
priety of aiming to select such as are little affected by such
influences, as the Madeleine, Bartlett, and Seckel.

It is this liability to change, and occasionally to become
valueless, that has induced the opinion that varieties are
worn out by old age; but this is disproved by the fact that
the same varieties flourish elsewhere with undiminished
excellence ; and that some of the new sorts, when removed
to ungenial localities also exhibit precisely the same symp-
toms of " running out" and decay.!

* Hovey's Magazine, vol. 8, p 87.

t The l-'uprlisii Gold Pippin, which orig-inated centuries ago, was long since cited
as an exnmple of an old and defunct variety; while even at the present day, in all
favorable soils, both in Europe and America, it flonrishes as well as ever. Tlie
Doyennfe pear has been many years since, rejec'e I in some parts of New England
as worthless, where it once proved fine. But as proof ihat this deterioration is to be
ascribed to some delect in the soil, and not to the age of the variety, it needs only to
be staled that m central and western New- York, it ia cultivated eitensively and

62 INFLUENCE OF CULTURE.

INFLUENCE OF CULTURE.

The effect of keeping the soil mellow by repeated stirring,
on most of the finer and delicious fruits, can be hardly be-
lieved by those who have only seen it on the more common
varieties of the apple. " No stunted tree bears fine fruit
Even the Seckel pear, of all sorts the highest flavored, is so
inferior m some situations, as to be scarcely worth gathering.
Some other pears, however, lose their distinguishing traits
entirely, and bear nothing suitable for human lips. Of this
class has been the St. Ghislain in my grounds, where the
tree stood neglected for several years, and caused me to
wonder how any thing so insipid could have passed through
the hands of Robert Manning. Yet that eminent and worthy
pomologist was not to blame. An accidental improvement
of its condition, caused it the last season to bear excellent
fruit, increased some in size, but immensely in flavor.

" It would seem that flavor is the last touch of perfection
that some pears receive ; and that if the nourishment of the
tree be exhausted with their growth, so that nothing is left
for the last finish, they are tasteless and worthless. This is
not the case however with all sorts of fruit ; and exceptions
maybe found in the Madeleine, Seckel, and Virgalieu; but
I think we have no right to condemn any variety of the
pear, until the tree has done its best — that is, borne fruit in
a thriving condition."*

" No estimate," says Samuel Walker, " can be made of
the true character of any fruit, more particularly of the
pear, unless the specimens are fair, well grown, of full
size, and quite ripe : or, in other words, in the highest state
of perfection the variety will attain under the most skilful
management and favorable season. Some varieties, tinder
the care of a lover of fruits, well cultivated in a congenial
soil, may be compared to 'refined gold,' while the same
variety in unskilful hands, the trees neglected, in grass
land, or in wet and impoverished soil, ma}' prove as 'dross.'"

with g^eat success, and is there regarded as the most valuahle of all known pears.
An interesting example occurred tlie past season in tiie garden of Dr. Wendell of
Albany, where trees of this variety, in soils of different qualitits exhibited ail the
grades of difference from blight*'d and worthless Iruit. to rich golden specimens.
Further evidence on this suiyect is furnished by the fact tiiai the Beurre Lhel and
other sorts of quite recent origin, have in unfavorable localities already eihibited tli«
cracked aad blighted appearance falsely ascribed to old age.

* David Thomas, in Ohio CuUivalor, 1845, p. 6.

INFLUENCE OF THE SOIL AND STOCK. 53

INFLUENCE OF THE SOIL AND STOCK.

There was much truth in the remark of Bacon, that "the
scion overruleth the stock quite, the stock being passive
only." The change which takes place when the sap is con-
verted into the descending juices, and thence into fruit, is
effected entirely by the leaves ; that is, when a pear is
grafted on a quince, the entire elaboration of the juices
is eifected by the leaves of the pear, and the perfect fruit
of the pear is the result, and not a cross or mixture of
the two fruits. Hence the error of the notion formerly held,
that the stock might produce a distinct specific change, ana-
logous to that in hybrids.

But although one species, or even variety, cannot be
qhanged to another by the stock which supports it, a slight
modifying influence may be exerted by the shade of diti'er-
ence between the sap of one species and that of another.
The sap of the quince may exert a sensible effect, small in
degree, even after it has undergone the great change which
is efiected by the leaves of the pear. We accordingly find
some sorts of pear improved, and others deteriorated on the
:j[uince.

There is doubtless an analogy in the influence exerted by
different stocks, and by different soils. As the earth is
colder in summer a few feet below than near the surface, it
IS highly probable that such soils as variously favor the
downward extension of roots, may modify the character of
fruits like the changes of seasons. Different trees of the same
variety are known to be affected by slight shades of differ-
ence, which are often ascribed entirely to the stock, though
the soil doubtless has a large share of influence. This view
is further indicated by the increased or diminished luxuri-
ance of some kinds when growing in a light or a heavy soil.
Different degrees of fertility often produce material effects,
both in productiveness and flavor.

There is no doubt that stocks on which trees are grsfted,
operate in some degree in a similar way. Some, like a
rich soil, assist the more rapid growth of the branches ;
others, like a sterile one, retard it ; hence corresponding re-
sults on the fruit may be expected.

Stocks may hasten or retard ripening ; they may affect
the size, color, and quality of fruit. The temperature,

54 INFLUENCE OF THE SOIL AND STOCK.

depth, and other characters of soils may do the same. Ten-
der kinds are made hardier on hardy stocks, not because of
any specific influence, but the usual supplies of sap are im-
parted sooner in spring and withheld earlier in autumn, and
the tender wood has more time to mature — precisely similar
to the planting of tender trees on sterile or rocky soils, which
cause an earlier cessation of growth.

Although, as a general rule, the change in quality is so
small as to be rarely taken into account in practice, it is in
some rare instances considerable, and is worthy of investiga-
tion and experiment. Early fruits have been sometimes
retarded a few days in ripening when grafted upon late va-
rieties of their own species, and their maturity has been
hastened on early stocks. In one case, the Red Magnum
Bonum plum ripened ten days earlier when grafted on the
Cherry plum, a variety which matures at midsummer, tlian
when worked upon a late prune. In another instance, late
peach stocks were found to retard a few days the sorts bud-
ded upon them.*

In one instance, related by President Knight, a very
marked change was effected. His garden contained two
trees of the Acton Scott peach, one growing upon a stock
of its own species, and the other on a plum, other circum-
stances being the same. The fruit of that upon the plum
was larger and much more red to the sun ; but its pulp was
coarse, and its flavor so inferior that he would have denied
the identity of the variety had he not himself inserted the
buds. Such remarkable instances are to be regarded as of
very rare occurrence.

Salt peaches or plums, show that foreign substances may
enter the juices, and modify or change the quality of the
fruit, as well as poison or induce disease in the tree. Solu-
ble substances in the soil may thus exert a sensible influ-
ence. In the same way, the peculiar character of the sap
and secretions of a stock may produce a like result.

The increased "productiveness effected by dissimilar stocks,
is often so great as to become a very important object in
practice. ' "In proportion," says Lindley, "as the scion
and the stock approach each other closely in constitution,
the less effect is produced by the latter ; and on the contra-

* Hort., III., p. 191.

INFLUENCE OF THE SOIL AND STOCK. 55

ry, in proportion to the constitutional difference between the
stock and the scion, is the effect of the former important.
Tiius, when pears are grafted or budded on the wild species,
apples upon crabs, plums upon plums, and peaches upon
peaches or almonds, the scion is, in regard to fertility, exact-
ly in the same stale as if it had not been grafted at all ;
while on the other hand, a great increase of fertility is the
result of grafting pears upon quinces, peaches upon plums,
apples upon white thorn, and the like. In these latter cases,
the food absorbed from the earth by the root of the stock, is
communicated slowly and unwillingly to the scion ; under
no circumstances is the communication between the one and
the other as free and perfect as if their natures had been
more nearly the same ; the sap is impeded in its ascent, and
the proper juices are impeded in their descent, whence ari-
ses that accumulation of secretion which is sure to be at-
tended with increased fertility." This view is strongly cor-
roborated by the striking similarity between the SAvollen
portion of a grafted limb on a dissimilar stock, as a plum on
the peach, immediately above the place of union, and the
swollen portion of an ungrafted tree bound with a ligature.
From the preceding remarks, we may arrive at the fol-
lowing conclusions : —

1. That the diff'erence in the soluble matter contained in
the sap of dissimilar stocks, may exert a modifying influence
in the fruit ; and that soluble matters in the soil, or their
absence, may in a slight degree do the same.

2. That a further change is at the same time effected by
increasing or lessening the supply of sap from the stock to
the graft ; and that a similar change may result from a fer-
tile or sterile soil.

3. That both early productiveness and early maturity may
be produced by a stock or a soil which lessens the luxuri-
ance of the tree ; dwarf trees and fhose of old or diminished
growth maturing their crops perceptibly earlier than those
possessing great thriftiness and vigor.

As a general rule, the influence of the stock is not to be
taken into account in ordinary practice, except with kinds of
very difl^erent natures. Cultivation and fertility of soil are
of incalculably greater importance. And while the effects
of climate are to be attentively observed in making a selec-

66 INFLUENCE OF PRODUCTIVENESS. '

tion of varieties, the improvement of those selected sorts,
to the highest degree of perfection, is only to be attained by
skilful culture.*

INFLUENCE OF PRODUCTIVENESS.

When fruit is thick upon the branches, both size and fla-
vor are diminished. Many kinds are rendered nearly worth-
less by overbearing. It is often observed that early apples
and peaches, remaining last on the tree, are much more de-
licious than the earlier portions which ripened on crowded
limbs. With some varieties, the effect of productiveness is
so great as wholly to alter the character. A tree of the
Heath Cling, before unknown to the person who raised it,
bore the first year a very abundant crop ; and the fruit,
which had been recommended as of great size and excel-
lence, was small, green, with only a disagreeable, bitter
taste. In the warmer and lonsfer summer of the followinor
year, the fruit, which had been thinned by the frost, was
three inches in diameter, very handsome, and of sweet and
excellent flavor. The importance of understanding these
influences, before deciding on the quality of a new fruit, is
at once evident. The advantages of pruning are to be as-
cribed in part to the same cause.

* The influence exerted by the graft on the sloclc, although not strictly within the
»imits of thi« chapter, offers an interesting subject for inquiry. The extension of
the wood of the stock, by successive depositions from the leaves of the graft, and
through the cellular system of the bark, so as to preserve tiie strict specific identity
of the %vood of the former, is familiar to every practical cultivator. But the graft
often exerts a modifying influence. The same seedling cherry stocks, grafted with
sorts of diff"erent degrees of vigor, soon vary in the amount and size of the fibrous
■^oots. Trees of the Imperial Gage and Jefferson plum, a few feet liigh, when bud-
ded on the wld plum, were found to liavc only half the amount of roots possessed
by the unbudded stock, of the same age. "A graft of the Green Newtown Pippin,"
says Dr. Kirtlaud, " will invariably render the bark of tlie stock rough and black
(the habit of the variety,) within three years after its insertion."

CHAPTER VI.

SOIL, MANURES, SITUATION, AND ENCLOSURES.

The soil for fruit trees, as well as for farm crops, should
be of good quality. Whatever will produce a vigorous
growth of corn and potatoes, will in general be the best for
fruit trees. Sterile soil is unfavorable for both ; but doubly
so for the latter, for while it only lessens in quantity the
growth of farm crops, it lessens the quantity and greatly in-
jures the quality of fruit.

Good soils vary in many particulars; but as a general
rule, one which is dry, firm, mellow, and fertile, is well
suited to the cultivation of fruit trees. It should be deep,
to allow the extension of the roots ; dry, or else well drain-
ed, to prevent injury from stagnant water below the surface;
firm, and not peaty or spongy, to preclude disaster from
frost.

Very few soils exist in this country, which would not be
much benefitted, for all decidedly hardy kinds, as the apple
and pear, by good manuring. Shallow soils should be
loosened deeply by heavy furrows and manure ; or if the
whole surface cannot be thus treated, a strip of ground eight
feet wide, where the row of trees is to stand, should be ren-
dered in this way deep and fertile for their growth. The
manure should be very thoroughly intermixed with the soil
by repeated harrowings. An admirable method of deepen-
ing soils for the free admission of the fine fibrous roots, is
first, to loosen it as deeply as practicable with the subsoil
plow ; and then to trench-plow this deeply loosened bed for
the intermixture of manure. The previous subsoiling ad-
mits the trench-plow to a greater depth than could be at-
tained without its aid. The only trees which will not bear
a high fertility, are those brought originally from warmer
countries, and liable to suffer from the frost of winter ; as

58 SPECIAL MANURES.

the peach, nectarine, and apricot ; for they are stimulated to
grow too late in the season, and frost strikes them when the
wood is immature. It however happens, in the ordinary
practice of the country, that where one peach or apricot tree
is injured by too rich a cultivation, more than a hundred
suffer by diminished growth from neglect.

Clayey and light soils in some cases require opposite ma-
nagement. The former, for instance, is much benefited by
the admixture of chip-dirt, which renders it looser, lighter,
and more retentive of moisture. But on light soils the
effect is not so beneficial, and is sometimes positively inju-
rious.*

Peaty and spongy soils are particularly injurious to tender
fruits. Such soils become very warm by day, and radiate
the heat rapidly in clear frosty nights ; hence peaches and
apricots generally perish when growing in tliem, the heat
of the sun promoting a rapid succulent growth, which is the
more easily destroyed by the succeeding intensity of cold.

SPECIAL MANURES.

Besides the more common and universal ingredients of
soils, sand and ch\y, there are others essential to the growth
of trees. Among the more important of these are potash,
lime, and phosphate of lime.

Now, whatever earthy ingredients are found in the wood,
bark, and fruit of trees, must be derived from the soil ; and
if the soil in which they are planted does not contain all
these ingredients, the trees cannot flourish. It therefore
becomes vitally important to supply such deficiencies by the
application of the particular or specific manure needed.

But it is not to be expected that cultivators generally will
be able to analyze their variously differing soils, nor to pro-
cure it done by a skilful chemist. t The next thing, then,

* A great deal of msimderstandiig has arisen from an indefinite use of terms.
We often mnice in n re.!::rioii of cuuncry where a l:eavy, baking: clay prevails, cer-
tain spots of ground locuHy designated as " quite sandy ; and in a sandy region, por-
tions wliich are pointed i>ut VlS '•' heavj/ day.'''' Yet we not unfrequentiy find that
the sandy soil of the day region aciually coatains more c'ay than the clay soil of the
sandy district. The terms, as commonly used, are relative ; and to decide correct-
ly on statements tnade by others, we are compt^Ued to inquire where the authors of
such stal'-rnents re^irie, and with what soils they have ! een faindiar. The I. est sim-
ple rule for distinguishing, applicable to all localities, is to regard such soils as in
any cast^ are found lo crack in drouth, as heavy, and those which never crack, as
ligiit soils.

t Considerable difficulty exists in procuring perfect ajialyses of soils In examining
one of the most fertile soils of Monroe Co., N-Y , Dr. Emmons did not discover evea

SPECIAL BIANURES. 69

that can be accomplished is to ascertain the component
parts of the different kinds of trees, which are nearly the
same in all localities. If it is found that a particular
species contains an unusual quantity of some certain ingre-
dient, we may safely conclude that such ingredient should
oe largely supplied as a manure.

As instances, analysis has shown that the pear, the
apple, and the grape, contain, of 100 parts each of earthy
ingredients, the following proportions of potash, lime, and
phosphate of lime : — *

Pear.

Sap-wood. Bark.

Potash 22 6

Lime 13 80

Phosphate of lime 27 6

Apple.

Potash 16 5

Lime 19 51

Phosphate of lime 17 3

Grape.

Potash 21 2

Lime 17 39

Phosphate of lime 15 5

The proportions of these ingredients, although not exceed-
mg the quantities found in some other plants, are so large
lis to show conclusively the importance of a proper supply
in the soil. They already exist in all soils adapted to the
growth of fruit trees ; but their small amount in particular
localities, from natural deficiency, or from long cultivation,
may render their application a matter of the greatest impor-
tance. Such application may be partially made by common
yard manure, which contains them in considerable propor-
tions ; but wood ashes, in which they mostly exist in large
quantities, will furnish them more freely and with a more
speedy effect ; as from the large proportion of animal matter
in yard manure, too much succulence of growth or even

a trace of pliosphates when 100 grains, and afterwards 400 grains, of the soil wereope-
rat«;(l upon, and it was only when 1000 grains were used, tlial a fivc-thousandlh part
w^if. detected Yet this mniute proportion is equal to about ten cubic feel per aero
With a depth of one foot, and supplies the necessary ingredient for heavy crops.

• According to the experiments of Dr. Eiiimoiis.

60 SPECIAL MANURES.

surfeit would result from its abundant and exclusive appli
cation, an evil in no wise resulting from the use of ashes
But over-doses, even of these, should be avoided.

The large proportion of lime in the wood and bark of the
apple, indicates its value as a manure for this fruit ; we
ccordingly find that leached ashes, which contain much
lime, are eminently useful. Leached as well as unleached
ashes may indeed be applied with great advantage to nearly
all fruit trees. Bones contain much phosphate of lime, and,
pulverized, they would undoubtedly in many cases produce
an excellent effect on the pear, and other species.

Iron is found only in minute quantities in the wood and
bark of trees ; yet the speedy restoratk n from pale and
sickl3^to deep green and luxuriant foliage, by its application
to the roots in some instances, proves that however small
its proportion may be, its presence is essential.

An interesting experiment is stated in the Horticulturist,*
upon a large pear tree, bearing blighted, cracked and worth-
less fruit, which resulted in its perfect restoration to health,
and the production of smooth and fair crops. This change
was affected by digging, three feet distant from the tree,
a circular trench four feet wide and twenty inches deep ;
filling this with fresh, rich soil and turf, and intermingling
two bushels of scorice from a blacksmith's forge, two bushels
of charcoal, and two pounds of potash. The fresh soil and
potash, doubtless contributed largely to success. Other
experiments of a similar character have been equally
successful.

Dr. Kirtland states that orchards on the limestone hills of
Ohio, invariably afford the best apples — a remark fully
corroborated by other observations. The same eminent
cultivator gives the following account of his success with
specific manures : his pear trees on worn out land, made
but two to six inches growth in a single season, and the
fruit was blighted, knotted, and deficient in flavor. They
soon began to exhibit evidences of disease and old age. An
analysis of the soil was made by Dr. Emmons, indicating-
its deficiencies. Dressings of phosphate of lime, [in pul-
verised bones,] ashes, and barn-yard manure, with a limited
supply of common salt, effected a complete renovation.

• Vol. I., p. 226.

SPECIAL MANURES. 61

The subject of special manures is destined to become one
of great interest to cultivators. It is yet in its infancy.
Many years of careful experiment, guided by patient and
laborious analysis, can only carry it forward to maturity.
But in the meantime, enough is known to enable orchardists
to operate in many instances with great advantage. Not
always knowing the deficient ingredient, they may not at
once apply the precise remedy. But there are some ma-
nures that can never do injury, that will usually be highly
beneficial, and sometimes yield extraordinary results. To
enable cultivators to experiment with these, the following
excellent practical hints are given from the Horticulturist,
from the pen of A. J. Downing, its editor : —

" For old apple orchards, upon soil deficient in lime, we
would recommend a top-dressing of lime — for the first time
— of 200 bushels to the acre. This will, usually, if the
land is in good condition, bring the trees into good bearing
condition again. In some soils, the effects will be imme-
diate, and in others it will require one or two seasons for
the lime to produce its effect.*

"For middle sized bearing trees, a pecko^ air-slaked lime
to each tree, is sufficient. It is, perhaps, best applied in
the autumn, but it will answer very well in the spring.
Scatter it evenly over the surface of the ground, as far as
the roots extend. It may be ploughed or hoed under
slightly, or left upon the surface, as it will find its way
downwards in the soil.

"To keep an apple orchard inihe fruit-hearing condition,
in a soil not calcareous, and not naturally congenial to the
tree, it should be dressed with lime, and with ashes, every
alternate autumn, and manured every other spring. The
same quantity of spent ashes as of lime, may be used for
each t-ree.

" For the pear tree, we prefer the following compost.
Take a wagon load of peat, or black swamp earth — dissolve
20 lbs. of potash in water, and water the peat thoroughly
with the liquid. Let it lie a couple of days, and it is fit for
use. Or, for the same quantity of peat, use one-third of a
load of leached wood ashes, (or ten bushels of fresh ashes,)

* Oyster-shell lime is the very best — some others contain too much magnesia —
but, perhaps, only a few.

62 SITUATION.

mixing the wholt, and letting it lie a fortnight before using
it. Give each middle sized bearing tree, a bushel of this
compost annually ; a newly planted young tree, half a
peck, and others in this proportion. If this compost is
applied in the spring, the trees may also have a top-
dressing of bone dust, if easily obtained, in the autumn, at
the fate of half a peck to a tree.

" The same compost, and the same quantities, will
ansv/er admirably for the grape vine. But as the grape
is a strong feeder, and likes more lime than the pear, we
would give it besides, an autumnal coat of lime, at the rate
of from 50 to 100 bushels to the acre, applied along with
any manure or compost most easily obtained.

"For the plum tree, in light soils, (there is little or nu
difficulty in growing it in clay soils,) we would recommend
a compost, made as follows : To two wagon loads of strong
loam, or yellow clay, add a bushel of cheap salt and four
bushels of lime. Mix the whole thoroughly ; suffering it
to lie at least a fortnight. Apply this as a top layer or top
dressing to the soil directly under plum trees, (spreading it
over the surface as far as the branches extend,) at the rate
of two bushels to a middle sized bearing tree, or half a peck
to a young, newly planted tree.

"As a general compost for fruit trees, we repeat, that
nothing is equal to that formed of ashes arid peat. These
materials are easily obtained in all parts of the country,
and they contain the elements most essential in the organic
and inorganic structure of fruit trees. Where peat is not
at hand,, use wood ashes alone, at the rate of half a bushel
of leached ashes to each middle sized bearing fruit tree.
But as ashes furnish only the mineral or inorganic elements
of food, the usual supply of ordinary manure must not be
withheld, unless the soil is already sufficiently rich."

SITUATION.

After a suitable soil is obtained, hardy trees, such as the
apple, will usually succeed in almost any situation. But
with tender fruits, as the peach and apricot, the case is very
different. In many localities in the northern states, they are
soon destroyed by the severity of winters, and their cultiva-
tion is accordingly not attempled. In others, crops are not

SITUATION. 63

yielded oftener than once in two years. But some situations
are so favorable, that a failure scarcely ever occurs. In plant-
ing out tender fruits, it is consequently very desirable to know
what places will prove the best. Even the apple, in re-
gions where the winters are rigorous, is sometimes destroy-
ed by frost, and in some very unfavorable places rarely
escapes.

It is familiar to many cultivators, that warm, low valleys
are more subject to night-frosts, than more elevated locali-
ties. Objects at the surface of the earth become chilled by
the radiation of heat to the cold and clear sky above, and
they cool by contact the surrounding air, — which thus be-
coming heavier, rolls down the sides of declivities and set-
tles like the waters of a lake, in the lowest troughs. This
coldness is further increased by the stillness of those shel-
tered places favoring the more rapid cooling, by radiation of
the exposed surfaces ; while on hills the equilibrium is par-
tially restored by currents of wind. Superadded to these
causes, vegetation in low, rich, and sheltered places, is more
luxuriant, and wood less ripened, and hence particularly
liable to injury from frost. The mucky soil of vallies ra-
diates heat rapidly from its surface. The warmth of low
places, during the mild weather, often occurring in winter,
often swells fruit-buds, and succeeding cold destroys them.
On more elevated lands, vegetation escapes all these disas-
trous influences.

The existence of colder air in valleys, on still, clear nights,
is often plainly observed in riding over a rolling or broken
face of country. The thermometer has often shown a ^if'
ference of several degrees between a creek bottom and a
neighboring hill not fifty feet high. A striking proof was
exhibited a few years since, after a severe night-frost early
in summer. The young and succulent leaves of the hicko-
ry were but partially expanded ; and where the trees stood
in a valley, twenty feet deep, all the leaves had been frost-
ed, and were black and dead, up to the level of the banks
on each side, while all above the surface of this lake of cold
air, were fresh and green.

In the winter of 1845-6, when the cold on a clear night
sunk the thermometer several degrees below zero, after the

61 SITUATION.

peach buds had been swelled by a few warm days, trees
which stood on a hill thirty feet higher than the neighbor-
ing creek valley, lost nine-tenths of their blossoms, while
on another hill sixty feet high, nine-tenths escaped. The
lake of cold air which covered the top of the smaller hill
did not reach the summit of the larger.

The cultivation of the peach is rarely attempted in the
southern tier of counties in the state of New-York. Proofs
are not wanting, however, that it might be entirely suc-
cessful on selected ground. In the valley of the Conhoc-r
ton, which is flanked by hills oOO feet high, peach trees
have been completely killed to the ground. But on one of
the neighboring hills, 500 feet above, and probably 1,200
feet above the level of the sea, an orchard planted in good
soil, yields regular crops. In the town of Spencer, Tioga
county, near the head of Cayuga inlet, peaches have with-
stood the climate and done well, at an elevation of 700
feet above Cayuga lake. In the northeastern partof Penn-
sglvania, probably 1200 or 1500 feet above the level of the
ocean, in the summer of 1835, after one of the severest
winters for twenty years, the only two peach trees observed
in travelling many miles, were full of peaches ; while after
the same winter, a large tree in Stroudsburg valley, was
noticed killed quite down to the ground. While those hills
are usually covered with snow throughout the winter, and
vegetation consequently remains uniformly dormant, the
valleys are subjected to occasional thaws, and are more un
favorable to tender vegetation.

These cases show the importance of elevated sites. A
dry, firm soil, is however, of great consequence. The in
fluence of a compact knoll, rising but slightly above the
rest of the field, has been observed to save from frost the
corn which grew upon it ; while on the more mucky ot
spongy portions of the rest of the field, radiating heat more
freely, the crop has been destroyed. Cultivators of drained
swamps have found it necessary to plant such lands with
tender crops two or three weeks later than the usual period
on upland. The successful cultivation of the peach and the
grape, on the gently swelling hills called mounds, in the
in the western prairies, while the crops are destroyed on
the adjacent dark and porous soils of the plain -^ affords ano-

SITUATION. 65

ther example. In Lycoming county, Pa., on the banks of
the Loyalsock, a creek so rapid that no muck is deposited,
but fine dry soil, peaches have been raised, though the cold
is often intense.*

Sometimes the effect of unfavorable soil more than over-
balances that of situation. In some of the hilly parts of
western New-York, where the highest land is peaty, spongy,
or springy, and the valleys dry and firm, the latter are found
best for the peach. " Some years ago, we drained a shallow
swamp ; and though the situation is high and airy, peach
trees of the best bearing kinds planted there, have always
been unproductive."!

The preceding facts furnish strong reasons for believing,
that in large portions of the northern states, where the cul-
tivation of the peach has been entirely relinquished in
consequence of the only attempts made having been in the
warm vallies, abundant crops might be regularly obtained
by a proper selection of soil and locality. Even much fur-
ther south, the occasional destruction of tender fruits, points
out the great importance of careful attention to situation.
The death by frost of large orange trees in Florida in 1835,
proves that all parts of the country are liable to such disas-
ters, and that no means of prevention are to be overlooked.

Occasionally crops are saved by the artificial application of
a remedy, which may be briefly glanced at in connection
with this subject. In one case, a bank of snow covering
the lower limb of a peach tree, saved the fruit, while all on
the rest of the tree perished. In another, a row of peach
trees close along the north side of a fence, where snow-
drifts lay, were more fruitful than the other trees. Hence
the practice of piling snow round them has been recom-
mended, and in some cases practiced with success. It can-
not be considered infallible in any situation. It is only
useful where a slight reduction of temperature is sufficient
to prevent the starting of the buds. We can easily conceive
such a time, when a part of the buds start, and a part do
not. In one season, the lower buds on the tree, which re-

^ The skilful cultivator, as he values the size and quality of his fruit, will readil;/
distinguish between a rich soil consisting chiefly of spongy muck and peat, and a dry
and firm soil rendered fertile by a due admixture of these substances, and potash,
Vime, and good manure.

t D. Thomas, Trans. N. Y Stale Ag. Society, vol. I.

66 INFLUENCE OF DEEP LAKES AND EIVERS.

ceived the reflected heat from the ground, nearly all started,
and were killed, while those on the tops of the trees were
not injured. It is evident that a very slight depression of
temperature would have been sufficient to have prevented
the lower buds from starting. But the warmth may be so
great, either late in autumn or in mid-winter, that no check
of the kind would be sufficient.

It has often been observed that woods or thick trees,
buildings, high board fences, or steep hills, on the east side
of peach orchards, protect the crop. Hence the erroneous
opinion, that it is the east wind which does the damage. It
is the sunshine upon the frozen buds which destroys them ;
hence, a clouded sky after a clear frosty night, by prevent-
ing sudden thawing, sometimes saves a crop. Covering
trees of rare kinds with mats, to shade them from the morn-
ing sun, after an intensely frosty night, might sometimes
be highly beneficial.

Injiueiice of deep Lakes and Rivers. — Large bodies of un-
freezing water in the bottoms of valleys, will reverse some
of the preceding rules, and the banks of such waters are pe-
culiarly adapted to the cultivation of tender fruits. They
soften the severity of the cold, by the large and warmer
surface constantly presented ; on the other hand, they chill
the danoferous warm air which starts the buds in winter:
and they afford great protection by the screen of fog which
they spread before the morning sun. Along the borders of
the lower parts of the Hudson, and on the banks of the
Cayuga and Seneca lakes, tender fruit trees often afford
abundant crops, while the same kinds are destroyed only
two or three miles distant. Along the southern shore of
Lake Ontario, the peach crop scarcely ever fails, and the
softening influence of that large body of unfreezing water,
extends many miles into the interior.

ENCLOSUKES.

The skilful cultivator, after having prepared his ground,
procured the best trees the country affords, carefully trans-
planted them, and watched over them, and given them
careful and laborious attention for years, feels a very
natural desire to partake of their fruits. But this he can-
not do, in many places, unless his fruit garden is protected

ENCLOSURES. 67

from idle boys' rambles. It cannot be concealed that our
country is rather remarkable for its fruit pilferers. It is
feared it will continue to be so, until public opinion shall
place the young man who steals a pocket-book, and the
depredator of fine fruit, which has cost the owner as much
care and labor, and which money cannot replace, on pre-
cisely the same level.*

This formidable evil has deterred many from planting
fruit-gardens. The most quiet and secure protection is af-
forded by a good thorn hedge. The English hawthorn, far
to the north, will generally succeed quite well for this pur-
pose ; the Washington and Newcastle thorns are less lia-
ble to disaster from drouth and hot summers, and the at-
tacks of insects ; but the Buckthorn, which gradually thick-
ens m ermour as it becomes older, appears to be the only
perfectly hardy and reliable hedge plant for severe climates.
The Osage Orange, however, where the winters are not too
cold, will be found best of all. Its numerous and terrific
thorns render it perfectly impassable. It is sufficiently har-
dy in all places where the peach crop generally escapes.
Further north than 41 or 42 degrees of latitude, it cannot be
expected to succeed in low valleys ; but on elevated ground,
the winter-killing of its smaller shoots, v/ill only tend to
thicken it below, like trimming with shears. The Michi-
gan rose, in connexion with a high board or picket fence,
which it has covered and interlaced, has been found an ef-
fectual protection to a fruit garden. It grows as freely from
layers and cuttings as the grape vine.

♦ " The native fruit of a thickly populated country, growing without culture
and free for all, has doubtless had its share in producing this laxity of morals ' I
would sooner have a hundred Irishmen round me than one Yankee,' was the declara-
tion of a sufferer, whose fruit had been plundered near the line of the Erie canal,
when that great work w^as in progress. But Europeans are generally more excMi-
plary on this point than Americans — thame on us ! When Professor fcitowe was in
Prussia, where the roads are lined with fruit trees by order of the government, he
observed a wisp of straw attached to particular trees, to protect the fruit ; a sufficient
guard ; but he suggested to the coachmsm, that in America, it might only prove an
invitMtion to plunder. ' Have you no schools ?' was the significant reply.

" Yes, we have schools ; but how many where the child is taught to respect his
neighbor's property ? Too often he acquires literature and vice at the same time.
The state of New- York is famous for her schools and her prisons; the latter to supply
the defects of the former system, which they do however, very imperfectly. Ketier
let the mandate go forth that the morality of tlie Bible shall be one of the chief objects
of instruction. Teach her childre.n to be honkst, and then with pcience aiid
literature, a foundation for true greatness and prosperity would be laid" — David
Thomas, in Trans. N. Y. StaU Ag. Society, Vol. 1, p. 223.

CHAPTER \IL

TRANSPLANTING.

Nearly every fruit tree must at some period be removed
from the nursery, and transplanted into the orchard or gar-
den. When it is remembered that in a large number of
instances, where hastily performed, the trees perish from
the act ; and that in a still larger number, including a great
majority, a severe check is given to their growth, it needs
no argument to show the importance of transplanting well.

This removal is from necessity, an act of violence. As
frequently performed, it is so severe that it either results
in death, or a lingering recovery. But with the skilful
operator, the rigor of the operation may be so softened, as
to be not only attended with perfect safety to the tree, but
with scarcely an abatement in the thriftiness of its growth.

It may indeed sometimes happen, that careless manage-
ment from an accidental combination of favorable causes,
is followed with success. The entire failure of similar
treatment in other cases, proves the superiority of the mode
which shall invariably accomplish the object, with the same
certainty that cause is followed by effect. The most skilful
cultivators, who have the whole operation at their control,
never expect to, and actually do not, lose one tree in a
thousand.

Taking up the tree^ and short e7ii7ig-in. Every person,
about to transplant a tree, should remember that the roots
and the leaves both perform very important offices, the one
constantly dependent on the other. The first collects food
for the tree ; the other elaborates and prepares this food for
use. Without the roots, the leaves and rest of the tree
perish. Without the leaves, the root cannot grow, and
eventually dies.

It is obvious that if a tree could be removed with all its
roots, mcluding all the numerous thread-like radicles, and

TRANSPLANTING.

69

placed in its new situation precisely as it stood before, it
would suffer no check in growth. The nearer then, we can
approach this, the greater will be our success.

There is no difficulty in saving the leaf-bearing branches.
All our attention must accordingly be directed to the roots.
The spade should be set into the earth at a distance from
the tree, and the whole carefully lifted, not forcibly with-
drawn, from the soil. Or, so much of the earth should be
separated in a circle by the spade, that when the tree is
withdrawn, a large portion of the soil may be lifted with
it with the small fibres.* The roots of a young tree usually
extend in a circle quite equal to its height; the workman,
therefore, who cuts off all within six inches of a tree which
is itself eight feet high, deprives it of a large portion of

its means of sustenance.
In the annexed figure,
a indicates the trunk of
the tree ; hh the circle
of roots cut off with tha
spade in a hasty re-
moval ; and without tnis
circle, the rest of the
roots which are left in
the earth. Fig. 35.

But in ordinary, or
even very careful prac-
tice, a part of this wide
network of fibres must
necessarily be separated
from the tree. It is evi-
dent then, that the usual supplies of sap to the leaves must
be in part cut off. Now the leaves are constantly (during
day) throwing off insensible moisture into the air; and good
sized trees thus give off daily, many pounds. Reduce the
supply from below, and the leaves cannot flourish ; and if
the reduction is severe, the tree withers and dies.

The remedy consists in lessening the number of leaves,

* Some cultivntors have adopted the opinion that the small fibres are unimportant,
nn'.l miy be cut otF wiUFout lessening? the chances of growing. But this can only be
ti lie with very small trees or seedlings, which quickly reproduce a multitude of small
pvots, nfter t!ie top is removed for the insertion of a graft; or where the fibres of
laigt-r iVres have been killed by exposure after removal, and which are followed by
fa u r- M-ry ioppiiig of il»e brancLe*.

Fig. 35.

70

TRANSPLANTING.

Fiff. 36

SO as to correspond with the diminished supply. This may
be done in two ways : one, by shortening back every shoot
of the previous year, to one quarter of its length, and in
extreme cases, every shoot may be shortened back to 07ie

bud, just above the previous
year's wood. The other mode,
attended with more labor, but
preserving the full size of the
head, is to leave all the shoots
entire, and remove every al-
ternate bud, leaving the ter-
minals, or remove two-thirds
or three-quarters of the buds
in the same way. Neither of
these modes can in the least
degree destroy the natural sym-
metry of the tree. Cutting
off large branches at random
often quite spoils the shape.
Fig. 36, represents an unpruned
trjo, and fig. 37, the same with the shoots shortened back.

Where peach and other trees have
been once a year trimmed up to a single
stem, while in the nursery, the mode of
shortening is shown by figs. 38 and 39.

A few experiments onty are needed
to convince any one of the advantages
of thus cutting in the shoots. In 1816,
an orchardist on the Hudson, carefully
transplanted 180 apple trees into good
mellow soil. The roots had been cut
rather short in digging. One-half had
their tops shortened back, so as to leave
only one bud of the previous season's
wood ; the heads of the other half were
suffered to remain untouched. The season
F15 38. Fig. 39. proved favorable. Of the ninety?- which
had their heads pruned, only two died, and nearly all made
fine shoots, many being eighteen inches long. Of the
ninety unpruned, eight died ; most of them made but little
growth, and none more than six inches. Both the first and

TRANSPLAJSTING. /I

second year, the deep green and luxuriant foliage of the
pruned trees afforded a strong contrast with the paler and
more feeble appearance of the other.* A similar experi-
ment was made with 78 peach trees, .of large size, three
years' growth from the bud. One-half were headed back
so as to reduce the buds one-half ; the rest were unpruned.
The season was rather dry, and Uodxe of the 39 unpruned
trees perished ; and only one. of those which were headed
back. The unpruned, which survived, lost parts or the
whole of the upper portions of their branches ; the pruned,
made fine bushy heads of new shoots.* It has been found
useful to shorten in the shoots of peach trees so severely as
to reduce the heads to only one quarter of the original number
oi buds. This was tried with great success the past season.
Trees, only one year's growth from the bud, transplanted
in the usual manner unpruned, were placed side by side
with others of four years' growth, and with trunks an inch
and a half in diameter, the heads being pruned to one
quarter their size. The growth of the former was feeble ;
the large trees, with pruned heads grew vigorously. Again,
trees set out before the buds had opened, and without
pruning, presented a more feeble growth than others re-
moved when the leaves were an inch long, with a copious
shortening-in of the branches.

The degree to which this shortening should be carried,
must depend much on climate. In the cool moist atmos-
phere of England, the leaves perspire less, and a larger
number may remain without exhausting the supply from
the roots. In this country, the perspiration is more rapid,
and fewer leaves can be fed, until new roots furnish
increased supplies.

But in no case should the lopping be excessive ; for as
the reproduction of roots depends upon the action of the
leaves, a disproportionately small number of the latter,
would fail to produce a speedy renewal of the former.

And especially, no one should unnecessarily mutilate the
roots, with the hope that lopping the head will remedy the
evil ; for it rarely happens, that with the most careful
digging, more than one half the entire amount of roots will
be secured, which would in that case, require the removal

* Hort , Vol II., p. 'il9.

72 TRANSPLANTING.

of at least half the head. A badly mutilated root may be
saved alive, by a severe lopping of the shoots ; but it can-
not possibly succeed so well as a tree with a fine large mass
of uninjured fibres.

Trees which quickly reproduce new shoots, as the
peach, may be more closely shortened back than others
having a less reproductive power, as the apple. The cherry
throws out a new growth still more reluctantly, and hence
more care is needed in digging up the roots entire.

A very mistaken notion prevails with many who purchase
trees for orchards, that the most important requisite is to
obtain large straight stems and handsome heads, while the
condition of the roots is regarded as entirely subordinate.
It is far preferable that the limbs be mutilated than the
roots ; for though the tree may have a bad appearance when
first transplanted, well preserved roots will soon restore the
loss.

-' Prepa7'i7ig the grou7id and ?7ia7iuri7ig. Ground intended
for trees must be secure from danger of being flooded in
vv'et seasons, and from all liability of becoming water-
soaked beneath the surface. If not naturally dry enough,
it must be thoroughly underdrained.

The next requisite, and it is one of the greatest impor-
tance, is to deepen and enrich the soil by trenchi?ig. In
the garden this is done with the spade ; but in the open
orchard, it is cheaply and thoroughly eflfected, by first
loosening the earth to a depth of at least twenty inches
with a subsoil plow. Next, to intermix the whole loosened
bed of soil thoroughly together, it is treTich-ylowed. It
Vv'ould be impossible to attain this depth with a common
plow, without previous subsoiling ; and subsoiling fails to
accomplish a proper admixture without trenching. Manure
is to be applied in sufficient quantity to render the whole
fertile ; the amount to be graduated by the character of the
ground. Trenching or deepening must in no case be
omitted ; for if the soil is exhausted, if it is poor, if liable
to suffer from drouth, it is a remedy which applies in all
cases. If this deepening and enriching cultivation can be
continued for a year or two, in connexion with root crops,
before planting, the ground will be brought to the finest
condition.

TRANSPLANTING. 73

In setting out large orchards, if the whole field cannot be
deepened, a strip of land ten feet wide extending across
the orchard, may be treated in the same way, in the centre
of which each row is to. be set ; and the intermediate
spaces, constituting two-thirds or more of the whole, may
be prepared afterwards, by the time the roots have passed
the boundaries of the first.

Now, when it is recollected that a good orchard is worth
annually a hundred dollars per acre, and that this thorough
preparation will bring trees into plentiful bearing, in con-
nexion with good subsequent culture, in one third of the
time required where trees are crowded into small holes in
hard ground, it must be perfectly plain to every one that the
former is by far the cheaper treatment.

Where, from any unavoidable cause, trench-plowung can-
not be accomplished, the holes should be seven or eight feet
in diameter, and from one and a half to two feet deep. The
earth should be mixed with a liberal allowance of well-rotted
manure, or still better with a compost made and worked
over some weeks previously, consisting of two or three
parts of muck or peat, one of barn manure, and a fifth part
of leached ashes. This is indeed an excellent manure for
fruit trees in all cases with ordinary soils. If the subsoil
is sterile, it should be scattered back out of the way.

In rare cases, where rotted manure or compost is not at
hand, and it becomes necessary to use fresh manure, it
must be thoroughly incorporated with an iron rake into the
soil, and this mixture not placed in contact with the roots
but at such a distance that they may not reach it till after
some months of growth, when it will have become well
combined with the soil. One quarter manure will be an
abundant proportion in any case.

Preparing the roots. Before a tree is set in the earth,
all the bruised or wounded parts, where cut with the spade,
should be pared off* smoothly, to prevent decay, and to
enable them to heal over by granulations during the
growth of the tree. Then dip them in a bed of mud,
which will coat every part over evenly, and leave no por-
tion in contact with air, which accidentally might not be
reached by the earth in filling the hole. The bed of mud

74 TRANSPLANTING.

is quickly made by pouring into a hole a pail of water, and
mixing it with the soil.

Setting the tree. It should not be set deeper than it stood
before removal. Deep planting injures the tree, and when
excessive, may cause its death. Setting it upon the surface
of the ground without any hole, and placing a bed of fine
earth upon the roots to the usual depth, is preferable, and on
shallow or unprepared soils, or such as are quite clayey and
rather wet, has been quite successful. When placed in the
ui)filled hole, if it is found to be too deeply sunk, a mound
or hillock is to be made under the centre, to raise it suffi-
ciently, and the roots separated and extended to their full
length. Fine rich mould is then to be sprinkled or sifted
over, taking care to fill all the interstices, and using the
fmgers to spread out all the fibres during the operation. The
mellow earth should rise two or three inches above the
surrounding surface, to allow for its subsequent setiling.

In nearly all soils, the use of water insettling the earth among
the roots will be found eminently serviceable. Dashing in
a few quarts before the hole is quite filled, is the more com-
mon way : but an admirable mode is to settle the fine earth
as it is constantly sifted in, by a regular shower from a
watering pot, one man holding the tree, a second filling in
the earth, and the third applying the water. By this pro-
cess the roots are not disturbed in their position, and every
cavity about them is filled in the most perfect manner. The
trees will be found to maintain their position better than
whei pulverised earth alone is used ; for although it may
at firot be easily moved while surrounded by the half liquid
mass ; in a few hours the earth around it will
absorb the superabundant moisture, and it will
become as firm as when it has stood for weeks
in its new position.

Stiffening agai7ist the wind. — Newly planted
trees, being acted on as levers by the wind,
often press aside the earth about their stems,
and make an opening down to the roots, Avhich
in consequence suffer from both drouth and
disturbance. There are two ways to prevent
this disaster. In autumn transplanting, the
Fiff. 40. best way is to embank a mound of earth about

TRANSPLANTING. 75

the Stems, from ten to eighteen inches high, as the size of
the tree may require, fig. 40. This mound performs the
triple off'ce of stiffening the tree, excluding mice, and cover-
ing the roots from frost. Only a few seconds are required
to throw up one of these conical heaps of earth. After the
tree commences growing, the mounds are removed. Trees
which have had their heads lightened by the shortening pro-
cess, already described, will not often need any other pro-
tection.

But when the trees are large, or the situation is windy,
staking becomes necessary. If driven before the roots are
covered, they may be erect, as in fig. 41 ; if driven
afterwards, they may be slanting; and in both
cases, straw bands should be first wrapped once
round, to prevent the trees from chafing:

Watering. A very common error is the belief
that trees need frequent watering before they are
in leaf. Deluging the roots, while in a partially
dormant state, is as hurtful to trees as to green-
house plants, and a continued repetition of it is al-
^most certain death. When a plant is in a state of
Kiff.Ti. rapid vegetation, large quantities of moisture are
drawn up by the leaves and thrown off, but while the buds are
unexpanded, the amount consumed is very small. Fruit trees
sometimes remain with fresh and green branches, but with
unswollen buds, till midsummer. Instead of watering such
at the roots, let the tops be wet daily at evening, with a
watering pot, and it will in nearly all cases bring them into
active growth. In extreme cases, shading the stem in ad-
dition to the watering, will be found beneficial.

The following successful treatment in transplanting, in
cases that appeared almost hopeless, was practiced by the
late S. G. Perkins, of Boston : —

" Some ten years ago, I imported from Paris two hun-
dred and ten pear trees on quince stocks, whose roots, on their
arrival, I found to be entirely black and dead. I shaved off
with a drawing knife all the roots down to the stump. These
I planted in trenches, tying them to cross-bars to keep them
firm, and then filled up the trench with good soil. The
heads and bodies of these trees were regularly washed in
dry weather until they began to sprout which most of them

70 TRANSPLANTING.

did in abundance during the summer, and T finally saved out
of the whole number, one hundred and seventy-four, which
became as well rooted and as good trees as any in mj
garden.

" This has happened more than once. Three or foui
years ago, I imported among other trees, twenty plum trees,
from six to seven feet high, the heads of which had been
budded the previous year in France. These buds had
grown from nine to twelve inches long, and were perfectly
fresh when they arrived; but the roots on examination were
found entirely dead. Two of these I gave away. One was
good for nothing, and the other seventeen I planted in my
garden, having cut out all the roots that had fibers, they be-
ing entirely dead. One of my men said I might as well
plant my walking stick. Sixteen of these are now flourish-
ing trees, well grown and well rooted, new roots being in-
duced by means of washing the upper part of the tree."

Watering the roots, even of fast growing trees, will rare-
ly become needful if the soil is deep and is kept mellow
But whenever it is performed, the surface earth should be
thrown oft', the Avater poured in, and the earth replaced.
This will admit the water at once to the roots, and leave the
surface mellow; while by watering the top of the ground,
the water will perhaps fail to reach the dry soil below, but
only serve to harden and bake the surface.

Mulching, or covering the ground about the tree with
straw, coarse barn-yard litter, or, what is still better, leaves
from the woods, will in nearly all cases obviate the necessity
of watering. It is an excellent protection against mid-summer
drouths, which so often prove destructive to newly trans-
planted trees, after they have appeared in leaf. A corres-
pondent of the Horticulturist, mulched 50 trees out of 150,
all of which had commenced growth alike. Those which
were mulched, all lived. Of the hundred not mulched, fif-
teen perished. The weather was hot and dry at mid-
summer.

Trees received from a distance, and injured by drying,
should immediately have their roots coated by immersion in
a bed of mud ; and then the whole stems and branches buried
in moderately moist earth for a few days. They will gradual-
ly absorb moisture, through the pores in the bark, and re-

TRANSPLANTING. 77

sume their freshness. Plunging into water, as sometimes
practiced, is more liable to induce decay by water^soaking.

Season for transplanting. Much discussion has arisen on
the relative advantages of autumn and spring transplanting.
When the work is well done, both are successful. Fop
apple and other hardy trees, autumn is perhaps the best, as
the soil becomes well settled about the roots, and the trees
commence growing without interruption in sprmg.* The
more tender trees, as apricots and peaches, removed to
a colder region, may be in more danger, especially if the
roots have been much mutilated and the setting out badly
done. A neighbor purchased fifty peach trees in the
autumn, and lost half of them the following severe winter;
another bought fifty the next spring, and lost only one.
Was this a conclusive proof that spring planting was best ?
By no means ; for in the former case they were set out in
grass land, and received no culture ; in the latter, they had
the best care. The same autumn a neighbor saved ail hh
peach trees by good management ; while the same spring
another lost most of his by neglect. We may hence infer
that good management is of incomparably more importance *
than the season of the year.t

But there are many things to be taken into account in
drawing conclusions. It has been remarked that tender
trees taken to a colder climate may be in danger of winter
frosts. Good, thrifty, and well ripened wood, however,
where the trees have grown on high, dry, firm soil, even
from a warmer region of country, are much safer than trees
of succulent growth and badly ripened wood, from a colder.
So again, trees equally hardy, might perish when set out
on a low, sheltered place, or on a wet soil, while they would
endure the severest rigors of our winters on a drier and
more elevated piece of ground.

Again^ success has sometimes attended careless trans-
planting ; while on the other hand, the greatest care has

* The remark of Dr. Lindley that early fall transplantlnpr is decidedly best, by
permitiinpr the formation of small roots and a consequent esiablishmeiit of the tree
ill tiie soil before ^vinter, though applicable to the moist climate and long mild
autumns of England, is not so here where the growth while it la^ts is more rapid,
its cessation more sudden, and the dryness of the air unfavorable to removal before
growth ceases.

t Embanking round the tree, as described on a preceding page, ia an e^c^lent
protection from frost for tender trees set out iji auiuma.

73 TRANSPLANTING.

resulted in loss. In the first instance, the trees may have
been in the best condition, the roots uninjured, the soil just
rii^ht, and every attending circumstance favorable. In the
other, every thing may have been done right, but some acci-
dental disaster proved ruinous. A neighbor, as an instance,
set out several peach trees in autumn in the best manner;
but his soil was low, and became soaked with water in
winter, causino^ their death. Removal from hicfh and
exposed, to low and frosty ground, or the reverse, may often
influence the result. Even a wet subsoil, where the sur-
face has been dry, has destroyed tender trees in winter, as
the apricot, without removal.

Again, when the soil is a heavy clay, and holds water
like a tub, tender trees are in great danger from autumn
transplanting, unless provision is made for draining the
holes ; which may be effected by running a deep furrow
from one hole to the other, along the line of trees, and
using brush, cornstalks, or straw, as a temporary under-
drain for the water to soak away.

As a gefieral rule, the proper season for the removal of trees
is at any period between the cessation of growth in autumn,
— usually a little later than mid-autumn in the northern
states, — and its recommencement in spring. The earlier in
spring the better; but if deferred till the buds are much
swollen, the roots should be coated immediately with mud,
and kept moist till again set out. Transplanting may
be performed in winter, whenever the ground is open,
and the air above freezing; but roots which are frozen
while out the ground, will perish unless they are buried be-
fore thawing.

When it becomes necessary to keep trees through winter
without setting, as often occurs where they are received from
a distance, the roots may be placed sloping in a trench on
a dry spot of ground, and fine earth thoroughly sprinkled in
among them, filling up all interstices ; and if theyare of ten-
der kinds, one-half of the stems may be covered with earth.
Trees are often badly kept from neglect to fill up the cavi-
ties, which may be prevented by dashing in water, as in
transplanting.* If received late in autumn, after having

* Trees packed for distnrt conveyance, should always liavc t!ie roots coated with
mud; for if n 'priiic;:, it will tend to prevent their dryiiis^. as warm weather approach-
es; and if ill autumn., it will assist the more gradual and safe abstraction of ihe frost if

TRANSPLANTir^G. 79

been frozen, the roots should be buried as speedily as pos-
sible before thawing takes place, the gradual abstraction of
the frost by the soil being perfectly safe, in the same way
that it takes place every spring when the frozen roots of
standing trees are thawed with the thawing of the ground.

2'he size for transplanting, must vary with circumstances.
Six to seven feet high is large enough under ordinary cir-
cumstances, but those much larger may be successfully re-
moved if they have been previously prepared by shortening
the long roots to induce the emission of a mass of smaller
fibres near the centre or stem. This is done one year pre-
viously, by running a spade into the earth in a circle about
the foot of the stem, if the tree yet stands in the nursery, or
by cutting a circular trench around the tree if it is a large
standard in open ground.

Trees not over four or five feet high would usually suc-
ceed best with the usual hasty mode of digging, as a proper
balance between the top and the root would be more near-
ly preserved, the danger of dying would be lessened, and
the vigor of growth being less checked, they would as soon
attain a bearing state.

On a review of the essential requisites for successful
transplanting, they may be summed up briefly as follows :

1. A previous preparation of a rich deep bed of mellow earth
to receive the roots, and land which cannot be water-soaked.

2. Removing the tree v,*ith as little mutilation of the roots
as practicable.

3. Paring off the bruised parts.

4. Shortening-in the head, in a greater or less degree, to
correspond with the necessary loss of roots.

5. Immersing the roots in mud.

6. Settling the earth with water.

7. Planting no deeper than before.

8. Staking or embanking to prevent injury by the wind.

9. Watering the stems and branches only, before the ap-
pearance of the leaf.

10. Mulching, where danger of mid-summer drouth is
feared.

they should happen to be frozen. In addition to this, they should be copiously packed
in damp moss, wliich retains moisture a long time, and does not heat. For sea-
voyages, however, the moss should not be damp, as the eea-air will preserve the
requisite degree of humidity, which otherwise would be excessive aiid injurious.

CHAPTER VIII.

CULTIVATION OF THE SOIL.

The cultivator, having transplanted his trees in the best
manner, and secured them from disaster by every means
which skill can devise, has a still more important task yet
to perform, — the cultivation of the soil.

It is more important, because it is not commenced and
finished in a day, but needs constant attention for years ;
and in ordinary practice it receives greater neglect. For,
of the thousands of trees which are every year transplanted
in all parts of the country, the assertion may be made with
safety, that more are lost from neglected after-culture^ than
from all other causes 'put together.

To purchase and set out line fruit trees of rare sorts, in
a baked and hardened soil, whose entire moisture and
fertility are consumed by a crop of weeds and grass, might
very aptly and without exaggeration be compared to the
purchase of a fine horse, and then perpetually to exclude
him from food and drink.

Here is the great and fatal error with a large portion who
attempt the cultivation of fruit. We may not incorrectly
divide these into three classes :

1. Those who, having procured their trees, destroy them
at once by drying them in the sun or wind, or freezing them
in the cold, before setting out.

2. Those who destroy them by crowding the roots into
small holes cut out of a sod, where, if they live, they main-
tain a stunted and feeble existence, like the half-starved
cattle of a neglectful farmer.

3. Others set them out well, and then consider their
labors as having closed. They are subsequently suffered to
become choked with grass, weeds, or crops of grain — some
live and linger, others die under the hardship ; or else are
demolished by cattle, or broken down by the team which
cultivates the ground.

CULTIVATION OF THE SOIL. 81

A neighbor purchased fifty very fine pea^rh trees, hand-
somely rooted, and of vigorous growth ; they were well set
out in a field containing a fine crop of heavy clover and
timothy. The following summer was dry; and a luxuriant
growth of meadow grass nearly obscured them from sio-ht.
What was the consequence ? Their fate was precisely what
every farmer would have predicted of as man}^ hills &( corn,
planted and overgrown in a thick meadow, — very few sur-
vived the first )''ear.

Another person bought sixty, of worse quality in growth ;
he set them out well, and kept them well hoed with po-
tatoes. He lost but one tree ; and continuing to cultivate
them with low hoed crops, they now afford yearly loads of
rich peaches.

Another neighbor procured fifty good trees. Passing his
house the same year late in summer, he remarked, "I
thought a crop of wheat one of the best for young peach
trees ?" — " Just the reverse ; it is one of the w^orst— ^ail
sown crops are injurious ; all low hoed ones beneficial. "-^i
" Well," answered he, '* I have found it so — my fifty trees
all lived it is true, but I have lost one year of their growth
by my want of knowledge." On examination, they were
found in excellent soil, and had been well set out. All the
rows were in a field of wheat, except one which was hoe^d
with a crop of potatoes. The result was striking. Of the
trees that stood among the wheat, some had made shoots
the same year, an inch long, some two inches, and a very
few, five or six inches. While on the other hand, on
nearly every one that grew with the potatoes, new shoots
a foot and a half could be found, and on some the growth
had been two feet, two and a half, and three feet. - Other .
cases have furnished nearly as decisive contrasts.

An eminent cultivator of fine fruit, whose trees have
borne for many years, remarks: " My garden would be
worth twice as much as it is, if the trees had been planted
in thick rows two rods apart so that I could have cultivated
them with the plow. Unless fruit grows on thrifty trees,
we can form no proper judgment of it. Some that we have
cultivated this season, after a long neglect, seem like new
kinds, and the favor is in proportion to the size."

The thick rows, here alluded to, may be composed of

82

CULTIVATION OF THE SOIL.

trees from six to twelve feet apart in the rows. This mode
admits of deep and thorough cultivalion, and the team
can pass freel}' in one direction, until close to the row,
where the soil need not be turned up so deeply, or so as to

•ffTVTfw'A'^-Jr'Jf^

^fTTTT'lf^^WTfTf

*4A. 4A. ^ 4£' 4£-

■Tv" "TT •JT "Tv fr

#^ ^ ^ ^

•7P 'TV "TV Iv

# # * # *
Fig. 42. Fig. 43.

injure the roots. Fig. 42 exhibits this mode of planting ;
and fig. 43 another mode, where the trees are in hexagons,
or in the corners of equilateral triangles, and are thus more
equally distributed over the ground than by an}^ other ar-
rangement. They may thus be cultivated in three direc-
tions. For landscape effect, this is undoubtedly better than
by any other regular order.

Trees are frequently mutilated in cultivating the ground
with a team;* to obviate this difiiculty, arrange the horses
when they work near the line of trees, one before the other,
ad tandem. Let a boy ride the forward one, use long tra-
ces and a short whipplc-tree, and plav:e the whole in the
charge of a careful man who knows that one tree is worth
more than fifty hills of corn or potatoes, and no danger need
be feared. In the absence of this arrangement, oxen will be
safer than horses.

When it becomes necessary
for trees to stand in grass, as in
some instances near dwellings,
a circle of several feet round
each tree must be kept mellow
by the spade, fig. 44. The work
should be shallow near the tree
to prevent injury to the roots,
and gradually deepen as it re-
'^^^t^^S-yS-J^^S^^^^ cedes. This operation when re-
-^:;u:^^g^^^M^^^^^^ijp peated several times during sum-
Fig. 44. mer, has been known to increase
the growth five fold. But a not less important result is the

* When bark is accidentally rubbed off, if in e;»rly summer, tlie fresh surface
should be left untouched, and a new bark will soon form ar.d cover the surface. Rub-
Wins' tli« wound with earth, spoils this surface, and leaves a bad woujui.

CULTIVATION OF THE SOIL.

83

exclusion of the mice, for which this is by far the most ef-
fectual method, if the surface is raised nine or ten inches
round the tree just before winter, fig. 45.
The grass no longer affords these animals
any hiding place, and when they reach the
bank of fresh earth, they are immediately
diverted from their course, and never attack
the stem.

Such a circle of dug earth facilitates the
application of manure, which may be spread
about the tree late in autumn, when the
soluble portions are carried down among the
roots by the autumn and spring rains, after
which it is turned beneath the soil with the spade. Unless,
liowever, this circle is of large size, it can afford but very
partial benefit. The size should increase as the tree ad-
vances in growth. In very small trees, most of the roots
are within a foot or two of the stem, but their circumfe-
rence forms an annually increasing circle. Hence the fre-
quent practice of applying manure, or digging the ground
closely about the base, as exhibited in the annexed fig-

,^ ure, (46,) is com

FiiT. 45.

.wi^,

paratively use-
less. Hence, too,
the practice of
plowing a few
furrows only on
each side of a row
of large trees in
an orchard, is
greatly inferior to
the cultivation of
the whole sur-
face.

Among the crops
which are best
suited to young
trees, are pota-
toes, ruta bagas,
beets, carrots, beans, and all low hoed crops. Indian corn,
*bnufifh a hoed crop, is of too tall a growth, shading young-

Fi°r. 46.

84 CULTIVATION OF THE SOIL.

trees too much by its formidable stalks. All sown crops are
to be avoided, and grass is still worse. Meadows are ruin-
ous. An acquaintance who purchased a hundred peach
trees and placed them in meadow land, lost most of them
by the overgrowth of the grass ; and the following winter,
the mice, who avoid clean culture, destroyed the remainder.

Every one was lost. A clean, mellow, cultivated piece
of ground, kept so a few years, might have saved the whole
of them, and brought them into bearing.

A chief reason of the fatal effects of sown crops, is the
impossibility of mellowing the ground by repeated culti-
vation. For this reason, a low crop of peas has been found
much worse than a heavy growth of Indian corn. A large
peach orchard was sown with peas, and bordered on one
side with corn, in which one row of the peach trees stood.
Such was the benefit derived by them from the hoeing
given to the corn, that the single row was most con-
spicuously visible by the deeper green of its foliage, at the
distance of half a mile.

Low hoed crops have been recommended. But the more
frequently the plow or cultivator passes among them, the
greater will be the benefit to the tree. A friend, who well
understands thorough cultivation, found that his young and
newly planted standards which stood among the small
seedling trees of his nursery, and which received the
benefit of constant and continued working till autumn,
made twice the growth of those in a field of beets, and
which was kept well hoed only through the early part of
the season, or till the crop covered the ground. Some of the
former made shoots the first year four feet in length. The
best peach orchard for market crops in western New It ork,
is kept mellow by deep and thorough tillage without any
other crop, and the improved quality and amount oi the
fruit is found of greater consequence than any other pro-
duct of the land. The same course is pursued with the
best of the great peach orchards which supply the city of
Philadelphia.

A very mistaken policy is the selection of uneven or
stony ground for orchards, which cannot be cultivated or
occupied with any thing else. The truth should be unal«
terably fixed on every farmer's mind, that the orchard

CULTIVATION OF THE SOIL. ^^

should have the best piece of land on the farm, so long as
clean, thrifty trees, loaded with fair, large, and high-
fiavored fruit, are to be preferred to light crops of what is
half grown and distorted, with deficient flavor; with the
addi'ional difference that the former may be brought into
fall bearing in one-third of the time required for the latter.

Note. In connexion with the cultivation of the soil, the
restoration of trees of feeble growth will be much hastened,
if the trunk and principal branches are scrubbed several
times in a season, with a brush dipped in soap-suds, first
scraping the bark, should it be rough or mossy.

CHAPTER IX

PRUNING.

Pruning has two objects ; one, to promote vigorous growl k
in older trees, and to lessen the number of branches, where
they become so thick as to interfere with each other's full
development, and retard or lessen the perfect ripening of
fruit. This occurs with large apple trees, which have
grown without care till the thick mass of branches and
leaves present an almost impenetrable shade. The other
object, is to lessen the luxuriant growth of young trees
growing in rich soil, and to prevent the too rapid formation
of the wood and leaves at the expense of the production of
fruit ; — the most familiar instance of which occurs in the
summer pruning of hardy grapes, by pinching off the ends
of the young shoots.

I. Fruits are acid in cold summers, and comparatively
destitute of flavor. Forced fruit, groAvn in winter when
there is little light, cannot compare in quality with that
ripened under the full blaze of a summer's sun ; and
melons, grown in frames covered with mats, possess none
of the luscious flavor of those cultivated in the open air.
Hence the advantage of a free admission of light and air
among the branches of fruit trees, instead of allowing them
to be covered with a thick shade of leaves.

The utility of sun-light is shown by the difference between
specimens of fruit on the same tree fully exposed to the
solar rays, and in thick shade. Even the exposed side of
the same apple is often found decidedly the highest-flavored.
The rich acid of the Esopus Spitzenburgh, and the sugary
sweetness of the Tallman Sweeting are more strikingly
observable under the deep red skin of the one, und the
brown sunny cheek of the other.

There is, however, more judgment needed in pruning
large trees, than perhaps any other operation in their

PRUNING. 87

management. It is next to impossible to give particular
rules, as circumstances vary so much that no two trees are
to be treated precisely alike. But, keeping steadily the
objects of pruning in view, — the admission of iight, the re-
moval of crooked limbs, and the preservation of a handsome,
evenly dutribated top, — the careful operator can hardly do
amiss.

The best practice, undoubtedly, is trimming moderately
every year or two, as the trees may need it, which obviates
the necessity of cutting away much at a time, or making
large wounds by sawing off heavy branches.

In ordinary practice, it is carried to a much greater ex-
tent than the health of the tree, or the necessity of the case
requires. The safer error of the two, is trimming too little.
Small portions, frequently pruned off, are the utmost that are
needed.

If judicious pruning is commenced early, and the growth
of crooked or improperly crowded branches prevented by a
timely removal of superabundant shoots, very little subse-
(juent lopping will be necessary. Indeed, so much may be
accomplished by early care, that some skilful cultivators
have found it entirely needless to possess such a tool as a
pruning-knife or pruning-saw, accomplishing all they desire
by merely rubbing off the fresh shoots at the outset. The
cutting off of large limbs should only be resorted to in
cases of absolute necessity, or where trees have been for
a long time neglected till they have become an impenetra-
ble mass of brush.

. In pruniiig standard trees^ it should be observed, that the
older they become, the more caution is requisite to effect a
gradual and not a sudden reduction. With young trees,
the case is quite different, where free trimming may be un-
hesitatingly adopted, particularly with such kinds as the
peach, which quickly reproduce new branches. A familiar
instance of the safety of pruning heavily quite young trees,
occurs in the heading down of stocks to the inserted eye,
after the operation of budding.

Li heading large apple and pear trees, and especially the
latter, for the purpose of re grafting them, it is quite neces-
sary that it be done gradually, and in successive years. For,

8S PRUNING.

'd too many boughs are lopped at a time, a great number
of young shoots will be emitted,whichbeingof a tendergrowth
are often eminently liable, if the tree be the pear, to the
frost-blight. The renewing should commence at the top,
otherwise the tree will be thrown up to too great a height,
and should proceed downwards, till in successive years, the
whole work is completed.

Pruning, for the purpose of letting in light on the leaves
and growing fruit, is more essential m a high northern lati-
tude than further soutii. It is found of more utility in New
England than in Ohio, and still more essential in England,
where many fruits, to be perfectly ripened, need the full ex-
posure of wall training, and the reflection of virall heat.

The pruning of the peach by shortening-in, described on
a future page, is totally different from that of the apple and
pear, and must be performed with an unsparing hand.

The best mode to prune young trees in the nursery, is to
cut off all the annual shoots in winter, close to the main
stem. This gives the whole strength to the stem, and pre-
vents large stiff branches, so discordant with a handsome,
clean tree. The side shoots which are thrown out, suffi-
ciently stiffen the tree, and if the ends of these shoots are
shortened in summer, in a greater or less degree, varying
with the degree of stoutness or "stockiness" desired, it will
throw all the growth into the main stem. Keeping the tree
trimmed closely in summer, makes it too slender.

Seaso7ifor pruning. Thinning out the heads of old trees,
or heading back for grafting, may be performed in autumn
or winter; and on younger trees, just before midsummer,
when, the tree being in a growing state, the operator can-
judge better of the shape the head is assuming, and act ac-
cordingly ; and the wounds are soon healed by the new
wood. Peach trees may be shortened back during winter,
or if the climate is cold, early in spring.

A cheap application to the wounds in pruning, to shut out
air and water, and prevent cracking and subsequent decay,
is a mixture of tar and brick-dust. But a much better one
is made by dissolving gum shellac in alcohol, so that it
shall be of the consistence of paint. It is applied with great
ease and rapidity, adheres firmly, keeps out the air, and

PRUNING. 89

not being a heavy application, but only a thin coating, it
offers no impediment to the forming-lip of the new growth
as it closes over the wound. A bottle of this composition
at all times at hand, would be found a great convenience.
A shilling's worth of gum shellac dissolved in a quart of al-
cohol, is all that is necessary, and is immediately ready
for use. If too thick, it is at once rendered more liquid bv'
the addition of alcohol, and vice versa. The most convenient
way to use it, so that it may be instantly ready at all times,
is to fit into the cork of a large-mouthed bottle, a brush of
convenient size, the cork thus forming a sort of handle to
the brush, w^hich remains within the bottle when not in use.

II. PRUNING TO PROMOTE FRUITFULNESS.

The principles of this mode of pruning will perhaps be
best understood by a detail of the operation :

In the early part of summer, or when the shoots have
grown about one foot, cut off' about one inch from their grow-
ing points ; the sap, in consequence, no longer expends itself
to increase their length in the formation of useless wood
but is directed to the production of fruit. Cutting back to
within two or three buds of the base, as often done, is ob-
jectionable, as not enough leaves are left for the elaboration
of sap, and to support the healthy functions of the tree ;
and this sudden diminution, induces the remaining buds to
make an effort to replace them by a second growth of leaves.

In two or three weeks, give the trees a second examina-
tion, and where shoots are too crowded, thin them out by
cutting back so as to leave two or three buds at the base of
each. Again, near the close of summer, or early in autumn,
when the fruit requires more sun-light, and when there will
be no danger of the remaining buds being stimulated to
growth, and when the leaves have nearly completed their
office, cut all the shoots back' to two or three good buds. By
this mode, no half-ripened shoots, of mid-summer growth,will
be produced, but all will be strong, well matured, and
vigorous.

The skilful operator will, however, avoid the extreme of
too much denuding the tree of leaves ; for they are at all
times indispensable to the ripening as well as the growth of
the fruit. An analogous case may serve to illustrate this

90

PRUNING.

effect, in the practice of lopping- early in autumn the stalks
of Indian corn immediately above the ear; which, by^ care-
ful measurement, has been found materially to lessen the
crop.

A common method in France, is to allow all shoots to
start, and pinch off their ends when they are only a few
inches in length. " In this way they all subsequently become
fruit bearers, without crowding the tree with a confused
mass of branches, like those of a sheared hedge. This
shortening of the young green shoots, is found much supe-
rior to the practice of leaving them till winter. It should be
commenced at the top first, and so proceed downwards as
the season advances, for the lower shoots always have a ten-
dency to be the weakest. A second and further shortening
of the upper shoots, is often needed to preserve a proper
balance between the upper and lower parts.

Pyramidal Trees, A neat and convenient mode of plant-
ing the sides of large walks, on cultivated ground, prefer-
able in most cases to espaliers, because less adverse to a
natural growth, and hence better adapted to the warm sum-
mers of America, where highly artificial modes of training
are less needed, is by the use of trees trained as pyramids.

For this purpose the trees are
usually grafted on dwarf stocks,
and are placed at distances of six
to twelve feet asunder. The first
year's growth from the graft or
bud, is headed down to within
about six good buds of its base ;
these buds, as a consequence,
grow vigorously. About mid-
summer, their growth, with the
exception of the upper one, is
stopped by cutting off their tips,
or by bending and tying them
downwards. The upper or lead-
ing shoot, then grows with great
vigor, and soon needs stop-
ping again, to induce the emis-
sion of a second tier of shoots about one foot higher, which
are treated as the former. This process is repeated for suc-

Fig. 46. — Pyramidal Tree.

\

PRUNING. • 91

cessive years, till the tree has attained its desired height.
The side branches will throw out shoots, which must be cut
back, as already described for summer pruning, so as to form
a handsome pyramidal tree.

This mode of pruning is usually adopted for dwarf pear
trees on quince stocks, but it need not necessarily be confined
to these ; applied to the pear on pear stocks, and other fruit
trees, it will promote in a high degree its early fruitfulness.

These rules for summer pruning, will be found of much
utility if applied to the operation, necessarily more common
m this country, of pruning hardy grapes.

It will be distinctly observed, that these remarks do not
apply to standard trees, but only to those artificially trained
in the form of espaliers or pyramids. But it might be adopt-
ed to a certain extent for standards, to give them a better
head, and bring them into earlier bearing.*

* The particular modes in which pruning and training are applied to various kinds
of fruit trees, will be found described on the pages which separately treat of those
fruits.

CHAPTER ?

CAUSES OF FRUITFUL^ £SS.

Whatever tends to a rapid circulation of the sap, and to
increase the growth of a tree, causes also the formation of
leaf buds instead of flower buds. On the contrary, what-
ever tends to an accumulation of sap in anj^ part, or to re-
tard its circulation, induces the production of flower instead
of leaf buds. When trees are young, and the bark and
wood soft and flexible, the sap floAVs freely and without
check ; hence, leaf buds and the vigorous growth of branches
are the result ; but as trees become older, and the bark and
other parts more rigid, they offer more resistance to a free
circulation, and hence the production of flowers and the conse-
quent fruitfulness of the tree.

This principle enables us to apply artificial means at
pleasure for the promotion of the same object. When trees
are young and small, a rapid growth and the attainment of
size is desirable, which is given by enriching the ground,
and by thorough and constant cultivation. A neglect of
these operations, would check free growth and circulation,
and cause the tree to bear. This would, however, be at
the expense of the future vigor and size of the tree, and of
the size and excellence of the fruit. Indeed, it often hap-
pens, that with the best treatment, trees will bear as young
as their ultimate success requires.

There are, however, some varieties, which, in rich soil,
continue growing a long time in an unproductive state.
Fruitfulness is caused in various ways. 1. By 7ieglectmg
cidi.ivaiio?i, or suffering grass to grow under them, which
diminishes their growth. 2. Pru7iing the roots beneath the
surface, by cutting off' a part of the larger ones, causing the
same result. 3. Ringing the branches, or removing a small
rii]g of bark round them, which prevents the fluids from

CAUSES OF FRUITFULNESS. 93

flowing back or downwards, and consequently induces their
accumulation, to the formation of flower buds. 4. Bending
the branches downwards, causing a similar accumulation Avitli
a like result. 5. Grafting on dissimilar stocks, which pre-
vents a free flow of sap and juices at the point of junction.

1. Suffering grass to grow among trees, though benefi-
cial in some very rare instances, is not on the w^hole advi-
sable. The loss in the quality of the fruit is too great, and
is not balanced by the advantages. The complaint of un-
fruitfulness has been frequently applied to the pear ; but a
selection of those sorts which bear while yet very young,
entirely obviates the difficulty.

2. Pruning the roots. — This has been tried to a very limited
extent only. Its utility may therefore be doubted under or-
dinary circumstances, for long continued practice. For
such varieties, however, as incline to unproductiveness, and
in the deep and highly manured soils of the most fertile gar-
dens, it has proved eminently successful. Its tendency is
to render trees more dwarfish, and for this reason it may be
used to advantage upon such varieties of the pear as cannot
be worked upon the quince, where the object is to produce
early fruitfulness in connection wdth diminutive growth. It
should be attempted, however, in no case, except in con-
nexion with a deep, rich soil, and with the best cultivation.

There i§ no doubt that it is better suited to a northern,
moist climate, such as that of England, than to the hotter
and drier portions of the United States. It is usually per-
formed with a spade, ground sharp, and thrust down through
the soil at a suitable distance from the tree.

3. Ringing the branches is effected by taking out a narrow
ring of bark, extending round the branch. By obstructing
the downward descent of the juices, and by their accu-
mulation above the ring, it not only causes fruitfulness, but
frequently alters the appearance and quality of the fruit.
In some cases, it has doubled the size ; in others it has
brightened the colors. In the Court Pendu apple, the colors
are changed from green and dull red, to brilliant 3''ellow and
scarlet. But Lindley says, " If performed extensively upon
a tree, it is apt, if not to kill it, to render it incurably un-
healthy ; for if the rings are not sufficiently wide to cut off"
all communication between the upper and lower lips of the

94 CAUSES OF FRUITFULNESS.

wound, they produce little effect, and if they are they are
difficult to heal. For these reasons, the operation is but
little employed."*

4. Bending the branches downwards, by changing' their
natural position, as well as causing a partial obstruction
where bent, promotes their fruitfulness.

In all these modes, it must be remembered that the
desired result will not be produced at once, as the first year
is occupied in the formation of flower buds ; and the next
in their growth into fruit. Thii delay, however, will not
take place, where the difficulty consists merely in the fruit
not setting, the buds being already formed.

5. The injluence of the sto:k, when it differs in nature
from the graft, is often of importance. The more widely
they differ, the greater will be the effect. Thus, when
pears grow upon pears, the effect is the same as when not
grafted at all. But pears on quinces are attended with an
increase of fertility. Hence the adoption of the quince
stock.

These artificial modes of inducing- fruitfulness are not to
be recommended for general practice, nor for orchard cul-
ture. It is true that trees will yield fruit sooner ; but heavy
crops from young growing trees are not often desirable.
Let them grow freely for a few years, and the amount ulti-
mately obtained will be the greater. Indeed, the period of
fruitfulness is often hastened by cultivation and retarded
by neglect. Except for the sake of experiment, the pre-
ceding- modes are not to be applied until trees are large,
when good varieties will bear sufficiently without them.

* " Many years Ago,'' says David Thomas, " I liad a tree of the Mammoih
Sweeiiiig, which had two principal branches. It comes into bearing very tardily ,
and I h'-came impatient to see the fruit. I therefore drew my kn;fe and cut lliroiigh
tiie bark transversely, forcing open the bark by straining the knife sideways, as I drew
it along an inch or so at a lime ; so that when the ring round the brancii was com-
pleted, it had a z gzag appearance. Observe, that no bark was cut out, though tho
wood was scraped, 'J'his operation w^as very effect Urd however. Tiie next season
that branch bore plentifully, while the other branch remained as unproductive as
betore. TJie cutting never appeared to injure the branch,"

CHAPTER XI.

IMPLEMENTS, ETC.

■ ■■■■■^^♦^co.^^.*^.

The more common tools needed, are the shovel, the spade,
and the hoe, for digging holes, transplanting, and cultivating
the ground. Tho rake is useful in mixing manures with
the soil for filling the remote part? -^r large holes.

INSTRUMENTS.

The pruning-knife^ fig. 47, is a large hooked knife, for

removing useless branches.
The pruning-saw is needed
in taking off larger limbs ;
attached to a handle seve-
Fig. 47. ral feet long, it will reach

those at a distance from the ground. The direction of the

teeth should be the re-
verse of the common
saw ; that is, they should
Fig. 48. point towards the ope-

rator, constituting what is called the draiosaw^ fig. 48. Be-
ing thus only subject to a jpulling strain, it does not require

so thick a blade as a
thrust-saw^ with l\p
teeth in the usual wa
For this reason, it * »
less liable to become
broken or twisted. The
Fig. 49. how-saii\ fig, 49, is a

light saw fo* cutting near the ground.

The pruTring -chisel may differ but little from those of a

common carpenter, fixed
»to the end of a long pole
'or handle, for cutting off
small branches at a con-
^'^s-^o- siderable height. It is

placed against a limb, and the stroke of a malLt separates it

96

IMPLEMENTS.

Small shoots are removed by the hooked pait," show, in fig. 50.
The huddiiig-knifey fig. 51, should have a broad, flat blade,

the edge of which is to be
rounded outwards, for the
more ready incision of the
pj^, 51, bark. The thin ivory blade

or haft at the extremity of
the handle, as the budding-knife is commonly made, may
be dispensed with in nearly all cases, the bud when set m,
lifting the bark as it slides downwards, more perfectly than
by any other mode, after the corners of the bark are* lifted
with the point of the blade.

The grafting-tool (fig. 52) is useful in cleft-grafting

large apple trees. It
^^'^ may be made of iron,
the edge set with steeL
Fig-. 52. It is used for splitting

the stock, after it is sawed off and pared. The part a should
be two inches broad with a sharp edge, which should curve
inwards, that the bark, in splitting, may be cut first, to give
it a smooth flat face. The wedge h opens the stock to
receive the graft. By the hook c it is hung on a twig
close at hand, when not in use. Grafting wedges for common
use, may be made by grinding down large cut nails.

The grafting -shears^ a recent invention, have effected a
great improvement in cleft-grafting, rendering the work
much more expeditious and perfect. They consist of a

short thin blade ol
the best steel, a, fig.
53, two or three
inches long, set at
an angle of about a
hundred and twenty
degrees with the
handle l, which
^'8^' ^^- moves it against ?i

concave bed in the wooden piece, c. The angle Avhich the
blade and its bed form with the handles, imparts a sawiiig
motion to the knife, which renders it more effective. It
may be used on stocks an inch or an inch and a half in
diameter. Pressing the top of ilat stock from the operator
with one hand, it is cut off with remarkable ease by a single

IMPLEMENTS.

97

stroke given to the shears with the other hand. Another
perpendicular stroke slits the stock for the graft, leaving a
perfectly smooth face cut for its reception. The expedition
and perfection of the work is thus greatly facilitated.

Small shears attached to a 'pole and worked hy a cord,
(fig. 54,) are useful for cutting grafts on tall trees ; in
removing the eggs of caterpillars, (see
chapter on the apple ;) and in taking off fine
fruit to prevent bruising, by attaching a
basket to the pole immediately under the
shears. The blades of these shears, forming
an oblique angle with the shaft at a little dis-
tance above the pivot, make a draw-cut in-
stead of a crushing-cut, and are for this reason
more effective. Apples, and some of the
Fig. 54, harder fruits, may also be gathered with a
wooden hook in the end of a pole, to draw the fruit from
the branch, caught in a basket just underneath.

In using the long handled pruning-saw, the pruning-
chisel, the graft-cutter, or the fruit-gatherer, the operator
may stand on a ladder or high stool, as an additional assis-
tance in reaching the higher parts of the tree.

Self-sustaining fruit-ladders are very useful in gathering
fine fruit, to prevent mutilation and
bruising of the bark and branches.
Fig. 55, is one of small size and simple
construction, is easily carried in one
hand, and will raise one's feet a yard
or more from the ground. It consists of
a small piece of light plank at the
top, supported on legs not larger than
common chair legs. Fig. 56, repre-
sents one from eight to twelve feet high,
the two single legs moving on joints, for
closing against the ladder in carrying, and
spreading like a tripod in setting up under
the tree.

The folding-ladder may be closed toge-
ther with the facility of a pair of com-
passes ; it then becomes a round stick, easily
carried in one hand. It is made of strong
light wood, and its construction may be

Fiff. 55.

FJff. 56.

IMPLEMENTS.

1 \

1 c

'^

^

r 1 fl

1

^

/

1/

I

1

■ •

'. • '

/

1

i

.

:' 0

readily understood by the annexed figure, (57,) representing
the ladder as open, as half closed, and as closely shut. An
enlarged longitudinal section shows the manner in which
the rounds lie in the grooves or concave beds in the sides or

styles ; above which is a
cross-section exhibiting the
semi-oval form of the styles.
The ends of the rounds turn
on iron pins, slightly riveted
outside. The rounds rest-
ing on shoulders, when the
ladder is opened, render the
whole stiff and firm. A lad-
der of this construction is
found very useful, not only
in fruit-houses, where a com-
mon ladder could not be
conveniently carried, but in
i y U \ \ pruning standard trees, be-

Fiff. 57. cause it can be thrust through

the branches like a round pole, without the least difficulty,
and when once there, it is easily opened.

The orchardisV s hook consists of a light rod, with an iron

hook at one end, and n
piece of wood made to
slide along it. In using it
the fruit-gatherer draws
down the end of a branch
with the hook, and fastens it by the sliding piece to another
Dranch below. The slider passes freely along the rod, but
ceases to slide by the friction of the side-strain whenever it
is in use, fig. 58.

Trellis,, /or grapes and espaliers. Cedar, or other du-
rable posts should be used, set four or eight feet apart. The
horizontal bars or strips should be let i?i the posts, and should
be from six to twelve inches apart.

Net screens are useful in preventing the attack of birds
on rare and valuable fruits on young trees. The net should
oe dipped in tan to prevent mildew when rolled up wet.

Labels for standard trees are useful in retaining the
names of the varieties. Purchasers of trees usually neglect

Fijr. 58.

LABELS.

90

the names, and the labels received with the trees being soon
lost, nothing more is thought of them till they begin to bear.
Curiosity is then excited to know the " new kinds." Con-
jecture is set on foot, and the greatest confusion follows.
Serious and innumerable mistakes are made and perpetuated
in this way in all parts of the country.

Permanent labels are therefore important and necessary.
The simplest is made of a slip of wood, three inches long
and half an inch wide, suspended to the branch by a loop
of wire, of which copper is best, fig. 59. The name will
last three or four years, if written with
a pencil on a very thin coat of fresh
white paint. Better and more durable
labels are made of small pieces of sheet-
zinc, written upon with a mixture of two
parts (by weight) of verdegris, two of
sal-ammoniac, one of lamp-black, and
thirty of water. The ingredients are to
be mixed in a mortar with a small por-
tion of water at first, and the whole added
afterwards. Preserve the mixture in a
well corked bottle, shaking it repeatedly at first, and keep
the cork downwards to prevent the escape of ammonia, and
it will remain fit for use for years.

If the pieces of zinc are suspended by copper wire, it
should be firmly twisted round the zinc so as not to remain
loose (fig. 60,) or else the constant motion from wind, will
soon wear off the wire. The wire should be
nearly as large as a small knitting needle, to pre-
vent cracking off by long use. The loop should
be large, and pass'round a side-shoot, instead of a
main branch to prevent the danger of cutting in
by the growth of the tree ; and should be attached
below a small fork, to prevent its blowing off the
end of the branch.

The wire may be wholly dispensed with by trhe
followinor contrivance : cut the zinc into lonsr
triangular strips, half an inch wide and six to ten
inches long. Draw the narrow or slender end
Fig. 60. round the twig, bring it through a hole punched
mid-way between the ends, and clinch or twist it with the

■s

100

LABELS.

B

MOORPARK

(Z)

fingers or a small pair of pinchers. These labels may be
cut and punched by a tinman at a cheap rate.

Sheet tin maybe used instead of zinc, using a sharp awl
to write the name, and being particular to cut through the
tin coating. Oxidation soon renders the letters distinct.

Lead labels, (fig. 60,) stamped with type, and suspended
with copper wire, well twisted against the hole, to prevent
wearing by the motion of the wind, are very durable.
Fig. 61, shows the mode of stamping, by sliding the sheet

lead between two plates of iron,
(Z, Z>, screwed together, and setting
the types successively against the
upper plate, a, and stamping one at
a time. The letters are thus kept
in a straight line. The imprinted
end of the sheet lead is then cut ofT,
and forms the label.*

No person, who plants an orchard
or fruit garden, should depend
wholly on labels, which may be lost off*, to distinguish the
names of his trees. The rows, and the kinds in each row,
should be registered in successive order, in a book kept for
the purpose. This will facilitate the replacement of any
lost label.

* It is sometimes a matter of convenience to mark the names on specimens of the
fruit itself. This is quickly and permanently done by tracing the name with a blinit
ttick, or a pencil, pressing hard enongh to indent the surface, but not to tear the
skin. It succeeds best oji pears, the writing soon changing color and becoming'
conspicuous.

Fig. 61.

CHAPTER XII.

TERMS USED IN DESCRIBING FRUITS.

It is only by a uniform and definite use of terms, that
descriptions can be made intelligible to the reader. A full
explanation of these terms hence becomes a matter of im-
portance. Distinctive characters should be permanent, and
not liable to variation with a change of localitjr, soil, season,
or climate ; or, if variable, the nature of such variation
should be distinctly pointed out. To assist the cultivator
the more fully to understand written descriptions, the devo-
tion of a few pages to a clear explanation of the terms useu
in this work, may prove useful.

/. Growth of the tree, shoots, and leaves.

The form of growth often affords a good distinctive cha-
racter of varieties, not liable to great variation. Young
trees, only a few years old, usually exhibit peculiarities of
growth more conspicuously, than old trees, of irregular
spreading branches. Hence, in all cases, where this cha-
racter is mentioned, it refers to young trees not more than
three or four years from the bud or graft, unless otherwise
expressed.

1. Shoots are erect, when they rise nearly perpendicularly
from the main trunk or stem, as in the Early Strawberry
apple and Bartlett pear, fig. 62.

Diverging, when tliey deviate from the perpendicular at
an angle of about forty-five degrees, considerable variation
oeing found in the same tree ; as in the Domine and Ribston
Pippin, fig. 63.

Spreading, when they more nearly approach -» horizontal
direction, as in most trees of the Rhode Island .Greening,
fig. 64.

Drooping^ when they fall below the horizontal, a form

102

TERMS USED.

which many spreading shoots assume, as they grow into the
large branches of older trees.

y^scendinsj, when they curve upwards, as in the Graven-
stein apple, and small Red Siberian Crab, fig. 65. Erect
trees usually partake more or less of this quality, but the
Early Harvest is free from it.

Irregular^ when they assume no very distinct growth
but more or less a mixture of the preceding, as Black
Gilliflower, and Summer Bonchretien pear.

Stragglings similar to the next preceding, but with shoots
more slender and curved, as Winter Nelis and Black
Worcester pear, fig. 6d.

Vis. 62

Shoots are straight, as in the Early Harvest and Northern
Spy apples ; flexuous, or more or less deviating from a
straight line, as in the Swaar and Roxbury Russett. This
distinction is very apparent and uniform in young and very
thrifty trees, but not in older ones of feeble growth.

They are stout , as in the Red Astrachan ; slender, as in
the Jonathan apple, and Winter Nelis pear.

Trees with erect straight shoots when young, usually
form more regular and compact heads in older trees ; and
those of a spreading habit, more irregular or drooping
heads.

Some trees which grow very rapidly when young, are
small when of full size, examples of which are found in
the Late Strawberry and Tallman Sweeting. Others at
first gf ovv more slowly, but ultimately become large, as
Esopus Spitzenburgh. Some varieties, again, continue

TERMS USED. 103

to increase rapidly in size at all periods, as the Northern
Spy ; while others of feeble growth when small, never
attain much magnitude, as the Early Joe and Sine Qua
Non.

2. The color of the shoots varies greatly in the same
variety at different periods of the year, as well as with dif-
ferent degrees of exposure to the sun, and with a change
of soil, climate, and season. When fresh or very young,
all have a greenish color, but gradually assume various
shades of yellow, olive, brown, red, purple, and nearly
black, as the season advances, and as they become bare
and are exposed to the sun and weather. For this reason,
in describing the color, the terms must be relative, and can
only be correctly applied by a comparison at the time with
the color of other sorts. During winter, and early in the
spring, the shoots of most trees become so much darker
than at other times, that it is only practice and by placing
the different sorts side by side, that accuracy may be
attained. Skilful culturists will readily distinguish, by a
glance at the color of the shoots, many of the kinds they
cultivate ; but the peculiar cast is hard to describe in words,
in the same way that it is impossible to describe the hand-
writing of an individual, so as to be known from fifty
others, although many can, at a glance, know the pen-
manship of hundreds of different persons. A few of the
most strongly marked cases, however, present peculiarities
of color, which form useful points of distinction. No one,
for instance, could easily mistake the yellow shoots of the
Bartlett and Dix pears, for the dark brown or purple of the
Tyson and Forelle ; or the light greenish cast of the Bough
and Sine Qua Non apples, for the dark color of the Northern
Spy, or dark brown of the Baldwin ; nor the downy or
greyish appearance of the Ladies' Sweeting and Esopus
Spitzenburgh, for the clear shining brown of the Gravenstein
and Red Astrachan.*

3. The Buds sometimes afford distinct characteristics. As
examples, the large, compact, and projecting buds of the
summer Bonchretien, always contrast strongly with the
smaller, more rounded, and softer buds of the Madeleine.

* Nearly all shoots are more or less downy at first, but the down disappears as
hey grow older. Hence the term must be used relatively. Ixj plums, th© smooth, or
towny shoots, afford in most tasss good distinctive points.

104

TERMS USED.

Buds are large on the Swaar and Golden Sweet ; small on
the Tallman Sweeting and Rhode Island Greening.

4. The Leaves in a large number of instances, are of use
in distinguishing different varieties.

They are even, (not wrinkled,) as in the Bartlett pear and
Baldwin apple, fig. 67.

Fig. 67. Fig. 63 Fig. 69. Fig. 70. Fig. 71.

Waved, as in the Tallman Sweeting, and Beurre d'Au-
malis pear, fig. 68.

Wrinkled, when the waves are shorter and more irregu-
lar, as in Green Sweet, fig. 69.

Flat, as in the Madeleine and Skinless pears, fig. 70.
Folded and recurved, as in the Easter Beurre iind Bon-
chretien Fondante, fig. 71.

Large and wide as in the Red Astrachan and Huling's
Superb.

Narrow, as in Dyer apple, and Van Mons Leon le Clerc
pear.

Erect, as in Early Strawberry, fig. 72.

Drooping, as in Dominie, fig. 73. But
these two last are indistinct characters,
and only to be resorted to in a few very
remarkable instances, as most leaves are
erect on new shoots, and become spread-
ing or drooping as they grow older.

The color of the leaves may sometimes
assist in description, as light green in the
Yellow Bellflower and Rambo ; deep green,
as in the Rhode Island Greening ; and blueish green, as in
Peck's Pleasant.

The serratures, or saw-teeth markings on the margins of
leaves, are characteristics of importance, in many varieties
of the apple, and on the peach they are so well defined as

Fig. 72

TERMS USED.

10^

to form a basis of the classification of varieties. The latter
will be found particularly described in the separate chapter
on the peach.

Leaves of apples are,

Serrate, or cut with teeth like those of a saw.

Sharply serrate, when every serrature ends in a sharp
point, as in the Fall Pippin, fig. 74.

Doubly serrate, when the serratures themselves are again
minutely serrated, as in the Vandevere and Drap d'Or,
fig. 75.

Coarsely serrate, as in the Swaar.

71— Sharply Serrate. 75— Doubly Serrate. 76— Crenate.

Crenate, when the teeth are rounded, as in the Esopus
Spitzenburgh, fig. 76.

Obtusely crenate, when the teeth are unusually rounded,
as in the Bough.

Finely crenate^ when the teeth are small, as in summer
Queen.

When the serratures are partly rounded, and irregularly

106

EXPLANATION OF TERMS.

and rather deeply cut, they become toothed^ as in Ladies

Sweeting, fig. 77.

Many A^arieties present inter-
mediate degrees, as,

Serrate-crenate, partaking some
what of both, as Jersey Sweeting,
Summer Rose.

Crenate-toothed, as in Bevan's
Favorite.

Serrate^ slightly approaching
toothed^ as in Rambo.

Flowers. — In apples-, pears,
cherries, and most other kinds,
but little difference exists in the
flowers. In the peach and nec-
tarine, however, an important
division in classification is made
by the great difference between those with large and
small petals ; one class, including the Early Ann, Grosse
Mignonne, and others, having large showy flowers; and
another class, comprising Early Crawford, George IV., and
many more, having flowers with small narrow petals.

II. FORM OF THE FRUIT.

In the following pages, the base of a fruit or any other
part or production of a tree, is the portion towards the branch
or root. This is in accordance with the language univer-
sally adopted in describing plants. It has, however, been
more or less departed from in the common language used to
describe fruits, and especially so as applicable to the pear.
This deviation from scientific accuracy tends to confusion,
and if simplicity of expression is sought, ambiguity must
be avoided. The apex of the stalk of a fruit, however, to

Fj>. 77.

^l\

'■"' f^rou,^

-j^—-^ ^/'-— ^ avoid the chance for a mistake, may in
/ u \ all cases be termed the insertion.

The term a/pex should be understood as
applying to the part most remote from
the branch or root. In fruits, it is the
part opposite to the insertion of the stalk
In pears, this part is usually denominated
the crowiu

U

{last.

Fiff. 78.

EXPLANATION OF TERMS.

107

The axis is a line connecting the base and apex.

A longitudinal section is made by cutting an apple from
base to apex.

A transverse section^ by cutting it at right angles to the axis.

The length is the longitudinal diameter ; the breadth^ the
transverse diameter.

A fruit is round when nearly spherical, as Fameuse,
Green Sweet.

Roundish^ when varying slightly from round, or when
the length and breadth are nearly equal, as Dyer and Gra-
venstein.

79— Oblate. 80— Conical. 81— Ovate. 82— Obconic.

Oblate, flat, ox flattened, when the height is much less than
the breadth , as Rambo, Maiden's Blush, fig. 79.

CoTzecaZjWhen tapering from the base to the apex, as Bul-
lock's Pippin, fig. 80.

Ovate, or egg-shaped, when the length rather exceeds
the breadth, with a rounded taper from base to apex, as in
Esopus Spitzenburgh, fig. 81.

ObcoJiic* or reversed conical, when the smaller end is at
the base or stalk, as in the Tyson pear, fig. 82.

Obovate, or reversed ovate, is when the smaller end of an
egg-shaped fruit is at the base, as the Buflfum and Dearborn
Seedling pears, fig. 83.

83— Obovate. 84— Oblong. 85— Round-ovate. 86— Oblate-conical.

Oblong, when the length exceeds the breadth, and the

♦ This term is chiefly applied to pears, and is nearly equivalent to pyr^viiidal, but
* more precise in its meaning.

108 EXPLANATION OF TERMS.

sides are nearly parallel, as Kaighn*s Spitzenburgh
fig. 84.

Obtuse^ when the parts are rounded or blunt.

Acute, when any part, as the neck of a pear, tapers to
nearly a point.

Fruits may partake of forms variously combined, as.

Round-ovate, when nearly round, with a slight rounded
taper to apex, as Lady's Sweeting, fig. 85.

Round-conical, nearly the same as the last, but with the
taper less rounded.

Oblong-conical, as Yellow Bellflower.

Oblong-ovate, as Black Gilliflower.

Oblate-conical, as Rhode Island Greening, and Hawthorn-
dean, fig. 86.

Depressed, pressed down, sunk, or shortened, applied to
the apex of peaches, strawberries, &c.

Flattened at the ends when the base and apex only are
flattened, as "Winter Pearmain. An oblong fruit, though
not flat, may be flattened at ends ; a conical fruit may be
flattened at base.

Com/pressed, pressed together, when the sides are flattened,
as in some apricots, plums, &c.

The CAVITY is the hollow in which the stalk or stem of a
, . fruit is placed.

^asiT^^ ^ rpj^g BASIN is the depression

which contains the calyx, eye,
or remains of the blossom.

A cavity may be shallow^
narrow, deep, or broad.

It may be obtuse, or some-
what blunt or rounded at bottom,
as in the Petre pear and Pomme
Grise apple, fig. 87.

Acute, when simply ending

in a sharp point at bottom, as

Baldwin, fig. 88.

Acuminate, when ending in a long drawn out taper, as

Fall Pippm, fig. 89. The Holland and Fall Pippin are

distinguished from each other by the rather obtuse cavity

of the former, and acuminate cavity of the latter.

The BASIN is always narrow in any fruit having a narrow

EXPLANATION OF TERMS.

109

Fig. 87— Obtuse. Figi 88. Fig. 89.

or pointed apex, fig. 90 ; it is usually wide in fruits having
a wide or obtuse apex, as Ram bo, fig. 91 ; but where the
rim or boundary is broad and obtuse, the basin may be
narrow, as in the St. Lawrence and Gravenstein, fig. 92.

It is distinct when well defined.

Abrupt, when the depression breaks oflf suddenly from the
rim, fig. 93.

Fig. 90.

Fig. 91.

Even, when not furrowed or wrinkled.

Angular, with several corners.

Wrinkled, having small irregular hollows and ridges.

Waved, with gentle and irregular undulations of surface.

Furrowed, when more regularly channelled.

Plaited, having small, straight, and regular ridges.

Ribbed, with larger and more obtuse or rounded ridges.

The peculiar forms of pears render some additional terms
necessary :

Many pears have a neck, or narrower part towards the
stalk, and a body, or larger part towards the crown, fig. 94.

They are distinctly pyriform, when the sides formed by
the body and neck, are more or less concave or hollowed in,
as in fig. 94, shown by the dotted lines.

Turbinate, or top-shaped, when the body is nearly round,
and a short rounded acute neck, as in the Bloodg^ood, fig^. 95.

110

EXPLANATION OF TERMS.

The form of different pears is further distinguished by the
form of the different parts :

The neck may be long, as in Calebasse.
Narrow^ as in Beurre Bosc, fig. 96.
Shorty as in Glout Morceau, fig. 97.
Obtuse, as in Bartlett.
Jlcute, as in Jargonelle, fig. 98.

Fig. 95. Fig. 96, Fig. 97. Fig. 93.

Obconic, as in Capiaumont.

Distinct, as in Beurre Bosc.

Obscure, as in Seckel.

The body may be heavy or large, when greatly exceeding
in size the neck, as Catillac.

Light or small, when not much larger than the neck, as
Washington; in which case the fruit approaches oblong
in form.

Oblate, or flattish, as in Frederick of Wurtemburg.

Round, as in Jargonelle.

Conical, as in Vicar of Winkfield.

Ovate, as in Marie Louise.*

Cherries may be round, cordate or heart shaped, or ovate.

Stone Fruits usuall^^ have a furrow on one side, extend-
ing from the stalk to the apex, termed a suture, (literally
meaning a seam,) which sometimes occurs on both sides. It
is large, when wide and deep ; distinct, when clear of well
defined ; obscure, when faint ; obsolete^ when not existing,
or only a faint line, on the surface.

Color of Fruit. — The lightest colored fruit is white, as
the Snow peach ; next, yellowish white ; pale yellow ; yel-

* Cultivation influences considerably the form of pears. Thus, on a young thrifty
tree, the Seckel pear has a slight neck; on an old heavily laden tree, the neck is
obsolete. The body, when ovate or slightly conical on young trees, becomes
rounded on older trees, and eveu flattened in rare instances. «

EXPLANATION OF TERMS. Ill

low; and deep yellow. The addition of red produces suc-
cessively, orange yellow, orange, orange red, rich warm red.
Shades of red, clear red, crimson when darkened, purple
when blue is added, violet, less blue than in purple. Am-
ber is a very light yellowish brown. Fawn color is a light
reddish brown, with a slight admixture of grey.

A fruit is striped^ when in alternating broad lines of
color ;

Streaked^ when the lines are long and narrow;

Marbled^ when the stripes are wide, faint, irregular or
waving ;

Blotched, of different abrupt shades, without any order or
regularity;

Clouded, when the blotches are broader and more softly
shaded ;

Stained, the lighter shades of a blotched or clouded apple;

Splashed, when the stripes are much broken and all
sizes ;

Mottled, covered with nearly confluent dots ;

Dotted, when these dots are more distinct ;

Spotted, when the dots become larger.

Texture of Fruit. Hard, those which need the artifi-
cial aid of cooking to soften them sufficiently, as the Catil-
lac pear.

Breaking, when tenderer than the preceding, but not
yielding to the simple pressure of the mouth, as Summer
Bonchretien.

Buttery, when the flesh forms a soft mass, yielding to
the pressure of the mouth, as in the White Doyenn^ and
Seckel pears.

Melting, when the flesh becomes nearly or entirely liquid
by this pressure, as in the Madeleine. These qualities may
be combined, as breaking and melting, in the Washington;
breaking and buttery, in the Onondaga ; buttery and melt-
ing, in the Tyson, and in most of the best varieties of the
pear.

The texture may be fine, granular, coarse, gritty, fibrous,
tough, crisp, or tender.

The Flavor may be sweet, neutral, slightly sub-acid, or
mild sub-acid, sub-acid, acid, very acid^ ox austere ; aromat'

112 EXPLANATION OF TERMS.

or spicy ; 'perfumed or possessing odor and with more or less
of a shade of musk; astringent^ usually a defect, but some-
times an excellent quality, if in a very minute proportion ;
roughs astringent and austere ; vinous^ rich, high-flavored,
and rather acid ; sugary or saccharine, sometimes nearly
sweet, possessing the qualities of sugar, which may be
mixed with acid.

The Quality is designated by firsts second^ and third
rates ; and fruits perfectly worthless by still lower grades.
A second rate fruit, to be worthy of cultivation, must
possess other good qualities in a high degree, as hardi-
ness, productiveness, fair appearance, &c. Very few fruits
as low as third rate, can ever be worth retaining, and only
for extreme earliness or other uncommon quality. Fruits
that possess desirable qualities, are usually designated by
three degrees of flavor; the lowest, including the best of
second rate fruits, or " good second rate," are termed good ;
the lower grade of first rate fruits are termed very good, or
Une ; and the highest quality of all, are best, very fine, or
excellent. Examples, — Maiden's Blush apple, Napoleon
pear, Lombard plum, and Crawford's Early peach, are good ;
Rhode Island Greening, Bartlett pear, Grafl^on or Bigarreau
cherry, and Red Gage plum, are very good ox fine ; and
Swaar apple, Seckel pear, Downton cherry, and Green Gage
plum, are excellent or best.

PART II.

ON THE

Dl

FFERENT KINDS OP FRUITS.

i

PART IL

ON THE DIFFERENT KINDS OF FRUITS.

Throughout the following part of this work, to enable the
reader to perceive at a glance, the character and quality of
a fruit, without the trouble of reading every separate de-
scription, the different degrees of excellence are indicated
by the type used for the name. Those varieties which have
been admitted as eminently worthy of cultivation, by a large
vote in many different parts of the country, are printed in
LARGE CAPITALS ; those next in quality and value, and
in nearly all cases fruits of first quality, are designated by
SMALL CAPITALS ; those worthy of a place only in large col-
lections, or whose character has not yet been fully estab-
lished, are in Italics ; while such as have been superseded
or are unworthy of cultivation except on the trial grounds
of the Pomologist, are in common Roman type. A few new
varieties of high excellence, which promise to become
general favorities, are given in ITALIC CAPITALS.

It is scarcely necessary to remark that the task of thus
classing the numerous varieties, is one of extraordinary
difficulty. The diversities of tastes, the changes wrought
by soil, culture, and climate, and the different estimates
placed upon delicious flavor alone, productiveness, handsome
appearance, early maturity or long keeping, would wholly
preclude entire unanimity in anyone case. The author has
endeavored to weigh properly all the different objections
and recommendations, according to the best information to be
obtained ; and in this labor he has been generously assisted
by several of the most eminent Pomologists of the country.

It has been the aim to admit, in no instance, any new
variety, that cannot deservedly rank among those of high
excellence ; all others being such as have either been known
by extensive dissemination or by descriptions in books.

116 NAMES AND SYNONYMS.

Names and Synonyms. When more than one name for
a single variety has been widely known, it has been the aim
of the author to select the one most commonly used. Foi
this reason, those adopted in Downing's *' Fruits and Fruit
Trees of America," have in nearly all cases been retained,
a work more extensively circulated than any of a similar
character.

It happens, in some instances, that the original or correct
name may have been for a long time partly or wholly thrown
aside and a new one substituted ; thus, William's Bonchre-
tien has given way to the name Bartlett ; Pomme Royal to
Dyer ; Epargne to Jargonelle ; Williams to William's
Favorite. In such cases, it can be hardly proper to tax the
whole community to make a change, to rectify the error of
an individual ; and the more common name has been
retained. A pomological writer, like the compiler of a dic-
tionary, should confine himself as nearly as practicable
to general usage, and not to the manufacture of new names.
Old and popular names, as Bough and Fennock, have hence
been preferred to the newer ones of Large Yellow Bough
and Pennock's Red Winter.

In a few instances, however, to prevent mistake or con-
fusion, it becomes necessary to choose the appellation the
less widely known. Preference is also given to English
names. Thus, the example of Downing has been followed
in the adoption of such names as Blue Gage, Purple Gage,
and Echassery, as used by Lindley, instead of Azure
Hative, Reine Claude Violette, and Echasserie, by Thomp-
son. The course pursued with foreign names is more fully
explained on a future page.

Cases of difficulty occur where usage differs with a
change of locality. The fruit known as the Butter pear
of Pennsjdvania, the Virgalieu of New York, and the St.
Michael of New England, evidently requiring a general
name, the original European appellation of White Doyenne
has been chosen. The Ortley or White Detroit apple, fur-
nishes a similar case. Decisions can hardly be satisfactory
to all parties, however carefully opposing claims may have
been weighed ; and the voice of the public at large can*
only finally settle such disputed questions.

CHAPTER I.

THE APPLE.

*' The apple," says Downing, " is the world-renowned fruit
of temperate climates." Although less delicious than the
peach or pear, it possesses, from its great hardiness, easy-
cultivation, productiveness, its long continuance through the
whole twelve moriths, and various uses, an importance not
equalled by any other fruit.

Its value as a table fruit, or for cooking, and its increasing
importance as an article for exportation, are well known.
But its great value and cheapness as food for domestic animals
is very imperfectly comprehended or understood. Take for
example, a brief estimate : — Where land is fifty dollars per
acre, an acre of good productive apple trees may be planted
and brought into bearing for as much more, making the
entire cost one hundred dollars. These will yield, as an
average, four hundred bushels annually, or ten bushels per
tree, if the best cultivation is given. The annual interest of
the orchard, at six per cent., is six dollars ; the annual cultiva-
tion will not exceed six more, or twelve dollars as the cost
of the whole crop on the trees, or three cents per bushel. In
many f'^rtile parts of the country, where one plowing and
two or three harrowings each year would be all the cultiva-
tion needed, the cost of the ungathered crop would be only
a cent and a half per bushel. The value of sweet apples
for cattle and swine has proved to be fully equal to the
best root crops. No land-owner need therefore fear to plant
extensively, with a view of being furnished with a copious
supply of food for domestic animals, needing not, like other
crops, the yearly attention and care of procuring seed and
planting.

118 PROPAGATION OF THE APPLE.

PROPAGATION.

Raising the Seedlings. The seeds are most easily ob-
tained from the pomace of cider mills. They will make
the most thrifty plants, if the apples are selected from the
most rapidly growing sorts. The pomace is to be broken up
fine, in a large wash tub, mixed with water, stirred, and
allowed to stand a iew seconds, when the seeds will settle
to the bottom, and the apple pulp is then racked off. A man
will thus wash out half a bushel of seeds in a day. The
clean seeds are more evenly and conveniently sown than in
the pomace, which may be done either in autumn or spring.
If not done till spring, they should be kept through the win-
ter, mixed with clean, moist sand, or with fine peat or pul-
verised muck, ard exposed to the frost, which will tend to
split the exterior horny covering. If mixed with soil or
loam, it will be more difficult to separate the seed in dropping.

The seeds may be sown in drills from one to two feet
apart, to be kept clean with the hoe. Or where land can
be afforded, they may be sown in wide drills, three feet
apart, for the cultivator to pass between. When sown in
the autumn, on soils which have a large admixture of clay,
the seed should be covered with fine muck or peat, to pre-
vent the formation of the crust on such soils, often so hard
that the young plants cannot rise through it. A compost
made of peat and one quarter of its bulk of ashes, is still
better. If sown in the spring, the seed should be n)Ostly
covered with soil, with only a sprinkling of muck on the
surface ; otherwise the seeds or young plants may perish by
becoming too dry before they are well established. A
sprinkling of fine manure will accomplish nearly the same
purpose.

The seedlings are treated in three different ways. They
may be set out into nursery rows in the spring, when a year
old, to be budded the second summer ; they may be taken
up and root-grafted as soon as large enough ; or they may
be planted into rows and grafted at any subsequent period.
• 1. Budding. When the young plants are vigorous and
the land fertile, the budding may sometimes be done the
first year after removal to the nursery rows, but usually
the second summer will be found best, when 'the trees are
of sufficient size, and in the highest state of vigor, and

PROPAGATION OF THE APPLE. ll.Q

wHen, as a consequence, the bark will separate freely, and
the work be expeditious as wel as sure of success. These
are headed back the following spring, according to the treat-
ment described in the chapter on budding.

2. Root- grafting. This is done by whip or tongue
grafting, already described on a previous page. When per-
formed on a large scale, by nurserymen, the season selected
is the latter part of winter, and before the commencement
of the usual spring operations. It is wholly performed
within doors, and consequently the seedlings must be taken
up the preceding autumn. Most of the part above ground
is cut off, to save room, and they are then packed in tight
boxes, to be secure from mice, in a common cellar. The
usual practice is to fill the interstices among the roots with
moist earth ; but pulverised muck is better, as it admits a
more easy separation of the trees, and they are less covered
with grit, and more easily washed. Trees of two years'
growth are usually quite large enough, and sometimes one-
3^ear seedlings will do.

When ready to commence grafting, roots enough for one
day's work are taken, the side roots trimmed within about
a quarter of an inch of the main root, and they are cut in
pieces about four inches long ; the upper piece may have a
portion of the stem attached. They are then washed by
stirring them in a pail of water, leaving them in the water,
and taking out small quantities to dry, as wanted for use.
Scions for half a day's work are then cut about four inches
long, and a portion prepared for setting by cutting the usual
slope and tongue at the lower end. The roots are then cut
one by one in the same vvay, and the grafts inserted. The
place of union is then covered with grafting wax. This
may be applied, either directly in a melted state, with a
small brush, Avhich is best and most expeditious ; or by
rolling tightly round, a small strip of wax plaster. Tying
with strings is wholly needless, if the grafting has been
properly done by crowding the tongue and cleft closely
together, so that the parts cannot be easily displaced. Wax
for this purpose, being placed always beneath the surface of
the soil, should be softer than for other grafting, to facilitate
its more ready application, and to prevent any danger of
scorching the bark by heating it in melting. A larger

120 PROPAGATION OF THE APPLE.

portion of tallow or oil in the wax described under grafting,
vfill accomplish this purpose.

When the grafting is completed, the grafted roots are to
"be packed away in boxes, till the ground opens. Raisin
boxes, or those of similar size, will prove convenient. Fine
mould or peat, from the box in which the roo*s were packed,
is sprinkled over the bottom, the grafts are placed in, slant-
ing, in successive layers, and all the spaces filled with
mould or peat. A strip of board, with a length equal to
the width of the box, to press against each successive layer
while applying the mould, is found convenient. The mould
should reach within an inch or two of the tops of the grafts,
and should be compactly filled among them. During the
Vv^hole of the work, each heap of grafts must be kept with
a label, and every box sufficiently marked, to prevent all
possibility of mistake.

It is a practice with many cultivators to place the boxes
in so warm a place, that the grafts may make a growth of
a few inches before setting out. But unless the soil is very
favorable, the result is often unsuccessful. As a general
rule, for all localities, the grafts should be set out as early
as practicable in spring, and before they have made much
growth.

Waxing is sometimes omitted ; but in light or gravelly
soils, and especially if dry weather succeeds, the omission is
attended with great loss.

The most favorable soils, are rich, rather moist, and
rather heavy loams. If light or gravelly, there is more dan-
ger from midsummer drouths, which often prove quite de-
structive. Grafting the whole root entire will much
lessen the difficulty.

The grafts are most expeditiously set out with a
dibble, or a sharp tool, shod with iron or steel, about
an inch and a half in diameter, one stroke of which
into the mellow soil forms a hole for the roots, and
two or three lighter strokes press the earth closely
Fig. 100. about them. Fig. 100 represents a convenient form
for this instrument, which may be made of the handle of a
broken spade. Fig. 101 shows the graft and root, ready for
setting out. To keep the whole moist, till sufficient growth
takes place, the place of union between the root and graft

PROPAGATION OF THE APPLE. 121

should be at least three inches below the surface. Espe-
cial care is needed to fill up closely the hole made by the
tool, and that no cavity is left about the lower part of the
root, which is sometimes done by the inexperienced
workman.

The chief care afterwards is to keep the ground
constantly cultivated, and perfectly clean, which will
increase the growth during summer, and exclude
mice in winter ; the trees are to be trained up to
one leading stem, not trimming so closely as to make
them slender ; they are to be kept straight, by ty-
ing them when necessary to upright stakes ; and all
FiJ! 101. destructive insects must be watched and destroyed.
If the ground is rich and kept perfectly clean, they will
grow from one and a half to two feet the first summer after
grafting ; to three or four feet, the second summer ; five to
six or seven feet the third summer, when many of them
will be large enough for removal to the orchard, and most
of the remainder in one year more. If suffered to remain
longer in the nursery, they should be taken up and set out
again, for the purpose of shortening the long roots, without
which subsequent transplanting would be attended with
too great a check in the growth, if not actual danger to the
tree.

Eoot grafting is extensively performed in large nurseries,
but on unsuitable soils, budding is found the most certain of
success, the buds being rarely destroyed, and only by the
most unfavorable winters. The bud remaining dormant the
first summer, the growth is one year later than on grafted
stocks of the same age ; but this difference is made up by
the more rapid growth of the shoot from the bud, which
is usually twice as great as that of a graft on the root. To
obtain handsome and good trees, the bud should be set within
two or three inches of the ground.

An industrious man will set and wax in a day 500 root
grafts, or the same number of buds, tying them in for him-
self. If a careful boy ties the buds after him, 1000 per day
will not be a severe task.

PLANTING ORCHARDS.

Soil. The apple is a vigorous and hardy tree, and will
grow upon most soils. It does best however, on those tha

122 PLANTING APPLE ORCHARDS.

are deep, rich and fertile, such as will give good crops of
Indian corn. Hard, shallow, and wet grounds are to be
avoided. Improvement by manuring, and deep cultivation,
is desirable, as a great difference in quality and productive-
ness results from a difference in fertility. The application
of lin*e, where not abundant in the soil, is of great impor-
tance.

Distance. Where the quantity of ground is limited and
in rare cases, trees may for a time stand within fifteen or
twent}' feet ; but for large and permanent orchards they
should not be nearer than thirty feet. There is however,
a material difference in the size of varieties, hence a varia-
tion may be allowed. But this variation in distance should
not break the rows which are to be preserved for con-
venience in cultivation. The rows may be kept entire, by
varying the distance in one way only, as in the annexed
figure. The middle portion is for trees of the largest size,
as the Spitzenburgh, Fall Pippin, and Rhode Island
Greening ; those of smallest size, as Bough, Yellow Har-
vest and Sine Qua Non, are on the left ; and those of middle
growth, as the Swaar, Black Gilliflower, and Tallman
Sweeting, are on the right.

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This distinction in the size of the trees, is only necessary
in the most extensive orchards.

Traiwplaiiting, Full directions have been given in a pre
ceding chapter, where the superior advantages of broad,
deep, and loose beds of earth, made by heavy subsoiling
and manuring, have been pointed out ; or in the absence of
this excellent preparation, by digging large holes to be
filled with rich mould, or manured surface-soil. This care
is often thought unnecessary with so hardy a tree as the
apple. But a just comparison of the two modes would
exhibit its eminent advantages. Take, for instance, the
least efficient of the two modes, that of digging large holes.
A hundred holes, six feet in diameter, may be dug by a

RENOVATING OLD ORCHARDS. 123

man in eight days, — and filled with muck or rich mould
in four days more ; the cost with team, eleven dollars. A .
hundred small holes may be dug in four days ; cost, three
dollars ; difference, against large holes, eight dollars. The
trees planted in the large holes would probably yield with
good attention, a bushel a tree, in five years, making 100
bushels ; the sixth year 120 bushels ; the seventh, 150 ;
the eighth, 190 ; the ninth, 240 ; the tenth, 300 ; total 1000
bushels, — worth, at 20 cents, $200. The other would not
probably produce 100 bushels in less than ten years, which
would be worth $20. Difference in favor of large holes,
$180, to balance $8, against them. Although the calcu-
lation cannot be precise, it is probably a tolerable ap-
proximation, and must appear moderate when the increased
?ize of the trees and superiority of the crop for many years
afterwards is taken into account.

The objection that such work must be done at a very busy
season of the year, may be obviated by digging the holes
and filling them at some other time.

CULTIVATION.

The importance of thorough cultivation, has been already
aoticed, and cannot be too well understood. If two speci-
oiens could be exhibited side by side, the one showing the
Uunted, lingering, mice-eaten and moss-covered trees,
caused by neglect ; and the other, the vigorous and thrifty
growth, and the fair and abundant crops, resulting from
4ne and clean culture ; none could fail to be satisfied of the
superiority of the one and impolicy of the other.

RENOVATING AND PRUNING OLD ORCHARDS.

As soon as the first symptom of failure in old orchards
ppears, they should, in addition to good cultivation, be
freely manured in connexion with the application of lime or
leached ashes, as directed already under the head of Special
Manures. The change which may be thus wrought, can
hardly be understood by one who has not witnessed the result.
The following experiment, similar in nature, but differing
in the mode of performance, described by H. W. Rockwell,
of Utica, N.Y., cannot fail to be interesting :*

• Horticulturist, Vol. II., p. 267.

124

PRUNING OLD TREES.

"The experiment was performed upon three trees stand-
ing in my grounds, none of which were less than thirty years
old. One of these trees, an old-fashioned [Newtown] Pippin,
and a great favorite, had borne moderately ; the other two
made out between them, to " get up" about a dozen apples
a year, just to let me know, I presume, that they " could
do it," but were perfectly indifferent how it was done.

" I, last summer, undertook the renovation of these trees.
For this purpose, I opened between them trenches, say ten
feet in length, two feet in depth, and about eight feet equi-
distant from tree to tree. The roots which were encoun-
tered in this operation, were, of course, all cut off, the
trenches filled with well rotted manure^ and closed. I
finished by giving each of the trees about a peck of char-
coal mixed with the same quantity of ashes, and now for
the result. I have this year gathered from the " two out-
casts" just mentioned, instead of my annual dividend of a
dozen apples, from six to eight bushels a piece of as hand-
some fruit as you ever saw, with about the same propor-
tion from the third, which has always been a moderate
bearer."

Pruning. The mode of treating laro^e trees, has been

already adverted to
in the chapter on
^ pruning. There are
some owners of or-
chards who most er-
roneously suppose
that when trees be-
come old, heavy pru-
ning will restore
their vigor in the ab-
sence of good culti-
vation ; while the
correct mode of treat-
ment, is, very mode-
rate and afradu^il

Fig. 102. . . ^

prunmg m connex-
ion with the best of cultivation. The foregoing correct por-
traits of actually existing specimens of bad pruning, unhappily
have too many originals over the country ; fig. 102. This

GRAFTING OLD TREES.

125

Fig. 103.

most unsightly mode of trimming is often adopted when a
removal of the top by grafting is intended.

Grafting new tops on old trees. It often happens that
fruit on large trees is worthless, and it becomes an import-
ant object to change the top by grafting or budding it with
some better variety. In this case, instead of cutting off
large branches and grafting them at once, it is better to

prune the top in part, as shown
by fig. 103, which will cause an
emission of vigorous shoots. —
These are then budded or grafted
with ease and success. And, as
the grafts gradually extend by
growth, the remainder of the top
may, by successive excisions, be
entirely removed. Where trees
are not too old, and the ground is
kept cultivated, good sized trees
are thus obtained much sooner
than by setting out young ones.
To give a well shaped head to such newly formed trees,
and to prevent the branches from shooting upwards in a
close body near the centre of the tree, the old horizontal
boughs should be allowed to extend to a distance in each
direction, while the upright ones should be lopped. This is
distinctly exhibited in fig 103.

The following judicious mode of renewing the old tops
of trees formerly regarded as worthless, is given by George
Olmsted, of Hartford, Ct., in the Horticulturist : —

" These trees I commenced grafting six years ago last
spring. / bega7i on the top, and grafted one-third of the trca
each year. It therefore required three years to complete the
entire heads of the trees.

" I like this method better than any I have ever tried for
grafting large trees, as it gives the grafts a good opportuni-
ty to get well started. Cutting off and grafting the top first,
gives the grafts there the best possible chance, while the
necessary reduction of the top throws the sap into the re-
maining side branches, which fits them well for grafting
the following year ; and the third year, the lowest branches
beih^ made ready in the same way, may be grafted success-

128 GATHERING AND PRESERVING APPLES.

fully. By this mode, it will be seen that when the grafts
are put in on the side branches, they are not shaded by the
heavy shoots' above them, and they have an unusual supply
of nourishment to carrry them forward. Those who have
attempted to graft the whole head of a large tree at once,
are best aware of the great difliculty in the common mode
of getting the grafts to take on the side limbs.

" One of these large trees so treated, is probably more than
75 years old, and has now an entirely new and vigorous
head, grafted with this excellent variety. When I began
with it, the fruit was only fit for cider, and it was question-
able whether the tree should not be cut down. By grafting
it in this manner, I have added surprisingly to its value.
Two years ago, (the bearing year,) I obtained from it 10
bushels of apples ; last year eight bushels, and this year,
(only six years from the time I began to graft it,) I gathered
2S\ bushels of excellent fruit !

'' I consider this tree now worth SlOO ; the cost of grafting
it was about S5; and the latter was all repaid two years
ago — the first season the grafts bore fruit."

The hearing year of apple trees which yield excessive crops,
is only every alternate year ; but by thinning out a large
portion of the fruit while yet small, the exhaustion will not
be so great as to render the tree barren the second season,
and it will bear annually. By picking off all the young
fruit, the bearing year may be entirely changed, or one
bough may be made to bear one year, and another bough
the second year.

GATHERING AND PRESERVING.

It is of great consequence in gathering all kinds of fine
fruit, to avoid bruising ; the high quality of some sorts is
nearly destroyed by carelessness, and they are rendered
unfit for home use or for market. Hence careful hand
picking becomes indispensible.

Preserving in barrels is usually most convenient. They
should be filled sufficiently to cause a slight pressure when
the barrel head is put in, to prevent rattling ; and the bar-
rels should rest on their sides and not on the ends. Winter
fruit has been preserved with great success and with much
freshness, by alternating the layers of apples in the barrel

GATHERING AND PRESERVING APPLES 127

with layers of dry chaff mixed with a small portion of dry
pulverised lime. Apples may be well kept till spring, if
buried late in autumn; but to prevent swelling, cracking,
and a loss of flavor, they should be placed in a box or on a
bed of straw, and entirely excluded from contact with the
damp earth. Where cool cellars are at hand, they are kept
best for winter use on large shelves.

The mode of gathering and packing apples for exporta-
tion, as practiced by K. L. Pell, of Ulster count}', N. Y.,
w^ho obtams nine or ten dollars per barrel for his Newtown
Pippins in the English markets, will serve as a model for
the care taken to prevent bruising : — " In autumn, when the
apple harvest commences, men are employed, each with a
hand basket and hook, to attach the basket to a limb of a
tree, and a step ladder. The apples are picked one at a
time, and laid into the basket. When the basket is full
the man comes down from the tree and takes two apples at
at a time and places them in two-bushel baskets. When
there are enough large baskets filled for a load, they are
lifted by two men on a sled, and drawn by oxen to a large
building, where they are taken from the sled and put on the
floor, two apples at a time. They are piled up 18 or 20
inches high, where they remain three weeks. At the end
of this time, the apples having become dry, they are taken
two at a time and packed in new barrels, the size and kind
of those used for flour. The barrels being headed up are
lifted on a sled and drawn to the North River ; they are
then carried by men on board a steamboat and taken to
New-York. When shipped on board a vessel for London,
the barrels are hoisted one at a time from the steamboat,
and when lowered on board the vessel are caught on a man's
shoulder, and then taken by two men and placed in the
coolest part of the vessel.

'* Upon the arrival of the vessel in London, the barrels are
hoisted from the vessel and lowered on a hand-barrow, and
then carried by two men to the warehouse, in the same
manner that we carry a looking-glass.

"It is seen that by the foregoing precautions the apples are
never shaken^ jolted^ or jarred^ and they arrive in London
in far better order than apples usually taken to our city mar-
kets.

128

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO APPLES.

"Apples for shipping have sometimes been packed in char-
coal dust, dry sand, — and at other times separately wrapped
in paper, in the same manner as oranges are shipped, — but
they can be shipped with as much success without anything
with them, if only managed with care in other respects.

" In shipping fruit, none but the very best should "be sent ;
all that are small, imperfect, or the least bruised, should be
rejected. Those persons who pay from nine to twenty-one
dollars per barrel for apples, expect to have the best."**"'

DESTRUCTIVE INSECTS.

Jhe Caterpillar, (Clisiocampa Americana.) This has
been a most serious enemy to the apple in most parts of
the country. It has its seasons of increase and decrease.
Some years it has nearly stripped whole orchards ; and
again it has diminished in numbers in successive years, till
few could be found.

There are many species which feed on the apple leaf;
but the only one of importance, is that known as the coni"
mon orchard caterpillar, which is hatched in spring as soon
as the leaf buds begin to open. At this time, it is not the
tenth of an inch long, nor so large as a
cambric needle, but it continues to increase
constantly in size for several weeks, until
two inches long and a quarter of an inch
in diameter. It then spins a cocoon and
passes to the pupa state. In the latter part
of summer, it comes out a yellowish
brown miller, lays its eggs and dies. The
eggs are deposited in cylinders or rings,
containing three to five hundred each,
encircling the smaller branches, and
usually within a few inches of the ex-
tremity. The accompanying figure (fig.
104,) represents one of these masses of
eggs of the natural size. They remain
through winter, protected from the wea-
ther by a vesicular water-proof varnish, and
hatch in spring, as just stated. Each collec-
tion of eggs, makes a nest of caterpillars

* B. G. BosweU.

Fig. 104.

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO APPLES. 129

One nest is enough to defoliate a large branch, and when
several are on a tree, the size and quality of the fruit is
seriously lessened.

The best mode for their destruction, is to cut off the small
branches which hold the eggs during autumn or winter,
and commit them to the fire. The most convenient imple-
ment is a long pole, armed with a pair of clipping-shears,
worked by a cord ; or a sharp hooked knife, on the end of
a pole, will answer nearly as well. The eggs are seen at a
glance, after a little practice ; a cloudy day should be
selected to prevent pain to the eyes. If this work is done just
at the moment the eggs are hatching, it will be equally
efficacious, and the webs or downy covering of the young
insects render them conspicuous. Every nest of eggs thus
removed, which is done in a few seconds, totally prevents
a nest of caterpillars in the spring, and is far more expe-
ditious and effectual than the usual modes of brushing off
the caterpillars with poles, brushes, or washing, them with
soap-suds, ley, or white-wash.

The Borer. (Saperda hivittata.) This insect enters the
tree and cuts into the solid wood near the surface of the
earth. It is a dangerous enemy; for while only a few small
holes are perceived in the bark outside, it may have per-
forated the wood internally in all directions and reduced it
to a mass of powder.

It has not yet become very extensively spread, but in
some parts of the country it has become a most serious
evil, and has been allowed to multiply till it has destroyed
whole orchards.

The perfect insect is a brown and white striped beetle,
about half an inch long, which flies at night. It deposits
its eggs late in spring or the first of summer, in the bark
near the surface of the ground, and sometimes in the forks
of the branches. The first indication of its presence, is the
appearance of numerous small round holes, as if the bark
had been perforated by buck-shot. These holes will soog
become more visible by the ejected dust.

It is nearly impossible to save a tree, unless taken early.
At the first, the insect may be cut out with the point of a
knife. If deeper in the wood, it may be extracted by a
flexible barbed wire, or punched to death in its hole by

130

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO APPLES.

a flexible twig. To prevent the insect from emerging and
laying its eggs, it is dcubly important that this be done
early in the spring , but the trees should be repeatedly
"examined at other periods of the year.

To prevent the entrance of the borer, remove the soil a
little about the roots, and then wash the whole trunk and
larger forks of the branches, with a mixture of tobacco
water, soft soap, and flour of sulphur. The proportions are,
a pint of the sulphur, a gallon of soft soap, and enough
tobacco water to reduce the whole to the consistence of
paint. This should be done in spring, before the insect
lays its eggs. It is stated by A. J. Downing, that this mix-
ture is so offensive to the insect in its winged state, that no
tree was touched which had been coated with it ; — although
the coating had been on for several weeks. He also recom-
mends injecting, by a syringe, this liquid into the holes;
and plugging up the holes in spring with pieces of soft pine
dipped in tobacco water, to prevent the escape of the perfect
insect.

Not only the apple tree, but the quince, mountain ash,
and hawthorn, suffer greatly from the attacks of this insect.
The Canker worm. (Anisopteryx pometai'ia.) This

caterpillar appears to have been as
yet chiefly confined in its destructive
ravages, to portions of New-England.
The accompanying figures represent
the perfect insect, the male with
wings, the female nearly destitute.
(Fig. 105.) The canker worm at-
tacks both fruit and leaves ; when
numerous, the small webs they make,
added to the destruction of the
foliage, give the tree the appearance
of having been scorched. The re-
medies consist in various contrivances to prevent the female
insects ascending the tree, but none have been yet dis-
covered of easy, safe, and effectual application. One of the
best is to encircle the trunk with a canvass belt, coated
with a mixture of tar and train oil. The mixture needs
repeatedly renewing. Applying the tar directly to the bark
endangers the life of the tree.

>m

Fiff. 105.

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO APPLES.

131

The Apple-worm, {Carpocapsa pomonana^) attacks the fruit,
Dy entering at the blossom, and feeding at the core. In some

FJg. 106.

years, it has been so common, as seriously to injure the
quality of the crop. The best preventive is to allow swine
to pick up the wormy fruit as it falls, thus destroying the
enclosed insect, and preventing its spread.

The above figures, (106,) exhibit the apple-worm in its
different stages ; a, the larva; b, the same magnified; c,
the cocoon ; rf, the pupa within the cocoon ; e, /, the perfect
msects ; g, the young larva, just hatched, after having been
deposited within the calyx ; h, i, k, Z, the progressive work
of the larva within the apple, till it escapes. "*

The Wooly Aphis, {Aphis lanigera,) a European insect,
falsely termed American blight, is a species of aphis or
plant-louse, covered with long, white, cottony hair. In
England it has proved very destructive ; and on young trees
in this country it has done some injury. It is destroyed
by whale-oil soap, and by lime-wash. Other species of
aphis often infest the young leaves ; they are easily killed
by a solution of whale-oil soap, which may be applied by a
syringe or by immersing the branches.

* The curculio or plum weevil, when very numerous, attacks the apple, and its pe-
culiar cresceiii-shaped incisions may be perceived on the skin of tender varieties.
The larva, however, rarely reaches the core. But the apple worm never attacks the
plum, which has no permanent calyx for the lodgment of its eggs.

132

EFFECT OF CLIMATE AND SOIL.

The Blight, which sometimes kills the terminal shoots of
the branches, has been variously ascribed to the sting of an
insect, and to the effects of weather. The cause does not
appear to have been satisfactorily ascertained. It rarely
proves a formidable disaster, although trees are occasionally
much disfigured by it, and temporarily checked in growth.
The Bark-louse (a species of Coccus) which infests the bark
of apple and pear trees, may be destroyed by soap-wash or
ley, applied early in summer.

THE DEPREDATIONS OF MICE,

May be prevented by a small mound or bank of fresh earth,
thrown up to the height of a foot around each tree, late in
autumn, to be removed in spring. Trees laid-in or buried
in a trench for keeping through winter, are sometimes seri-
ously injured by the attacks of mice. This may be safely
guarded against by placing the trees more nearly in an up-
right position, and banking up a foot high on all sides.

CHANGES WROUGHT BY CLIMATE AND SOIL.

This subject has been treated, as applied to fruits gene-
rally in a former part of this work ; a few brief remarks on
the variations in the apple may be interesting.

The winter apples of the northern states, when cultivated
further south, are changed to autumn apples ; and as far
south as Georgia, some of our good keepers ripen nearly by
the end of summer. The Baldwin and Rhode Island Green-
ing at Cincinnati and at St. Louis, cease to be winter fruits.
There are few or none of the northern apples which succeed
well as keepers as far south as Carolina. This is owing to
the long southern summers. It has been found that varie-
ties originated in the southern states are generally best
adapted to the climate of that region.

Some varieties are greatly influenced by a change of cli-
mate, and others but slightly. The Ribston Pippin, so ex-
cellent at Montreal, is of little value a few degrees further
south. The Rhode Island Greening and the Roxbury Rus-
set, on suitable soils, throughout New-York and New-Eng-
land, present the same characteristics of flavor and appear-
ance • the Baldwin, so fine at the east, greatly deteriorates

EFFECT OF CLIMATE AND SOIL. 133

in northern Ohio ; and the Belmont, which has heen pro-
nounced the most valuable of all apples at Cleveland, is un-
worthy of cultivation at Cincinnati. These changes in
the latter instances, are however to be ascribed to a difference
in soil ; and the application of special manures, as lime
potash, &c., on those unfavorable soils, has restored their
quality. The periods of ripening, given in the following
pages, are intended to apply to the northern states. A dif-
erence of about two or three weeks exists between fruits
cultivated at Boston and Rochester, and in central Ohio and
southern Pennsylvania, and other differences of latitude
nearly in the same ratio.

VARIETIES.

SYNOPSIS OF ARRANGEMENT.

Division I. Summer Apples.

Class I. Sweet Apples.

Section I. Color striped with red.
Section II. Color not striped.

Class II. With more or less acidity.

Section I. Color striped with red.
Section II. Color not striped.

Division II. Autumn Apples.

Class I. Sweet Apples.

Section I. Color striped with red.
Section II. Color not striped.

Class II. With more or less acidity.

Section I. Color striped with red.
Section II. Color not striped.

Division III. Winter Apples.

Class I. Sweet j^pples.

Section I. Color striped with red.
Section II. Color not striped.

Class II. With more or less acidity.

Section I. Color striped with red.
Section II. Color not striped.

The characteristics which constitute these divisions md
suhdivisions, are not in all cases perfectly distinct. Sum-
mer apples gradually pass into autumn, and autumn into
winter apples. A few, but the number is extremely small

SUMMER APPLES. 135

possess nearly a neutral flavor between a dead sweetness
and slight acidity. Again, apples classed with those that
are striped, some&imes present a nearly uniform shade of
red ; and, in rare instances, the brown cheek of a green
or yellow variety exhibits faint stripes.

But these may be regarded rather as exceptions to general
characters, which are on the whole as clearly defined as any
other distinctive points of the different varieties. Controll-
ing circumstances will produce changes in all fruits, and
descriptions are not founded on extreme exceptions, but on
average characteristics.

The SIZE is designated by comparison ; — for example, the
Swaar and Baldwin are large; Herefordshire Pearmain
and Tallman Sweeting are medium ; English Golden
Pippin and Lady Apple are small. Qualifying terms give
a more precise meaning, — as the Fall Pippin and Monstrous
Pippin, are very large ; Hawley and Dutch Mignonne, are
quite large; Bullock's Pippin and Early Strawberry are
rather small ; and the Siberian Crab is very small.

DIVISION L— SUMMER APPLES.

Class I. — Sweet Apples.

Section I. — Striked tvith red,

*■

Red and Green Sweet. Very large, long conical ; striped
with light red ; stalk short, basin narrow, flesh sweet,
with a second or third rate flavor. Baking. Late
summer.

Section II. — Not striped.

BOUGH. (Sijn. Large Yellow Bough, Sweet Bough,
Early Sweet Bough.) Large, roundish, remotely conical-
ovate, sometimes distinctly conical ; pale greenish yellow,
stalk one-half to an inch long, basin narrow, deep; flesh
white, very tender, with an excellent sweet flavor. Ripens
from the middle to the end of summer. A moderate and
regular bearer. Shoots yellowish, somewhat irregular,
ascending ; tree round-headed ; leaves obtusely crenate. ^

136 SUMMER APPLES.

Golden Sweet. Medium or rather large, roundish,
slightly flattened; greenish, becoming pale yellow; stalk
an inch or more long, slender ; cavity acuminate ; basin
moderate ; flesh very sweet, good, hardly first rate. The
fruit is always fair, the tree a free grower, and very pro-
ductive. Buds large ; leaves sharply serrate. Late in
summer. Valuable for domestic animals.

Spice Sweeting. Large, roundish, flattened at ends ; color
whitish green, becoming whitish yellow, with white specks
beneath the skin ; stalk rather short and thick ; basin very
smooth and round, wide and distinct, rim quite obtuse
flesh rather firm, very sweet, but not wholly pleasant.
A good baking apple, but very subject to black spots or
scabs. Late summer and early autumn. Cultivated
in New-York and New-England. There are several
sorts known by this name.

Class II, — With more or less acidity.

Section L — Striped with red,

American Summer Pearmain. (Syn. Early Summei
Pearmain, of Coxe.) Medium in size, oblong, slightly
inclining to truncate-conical; nearly covered with fine
broken streaks and dots of red ; stalk nearly one inch
long; basin round, even, distinct; very tender, often
bursts in falling, sub-acid, flavor fine. Continues to
ripen for several weeks in late summer and early
autumn. Needs good and rich cultivation. Growth
rather slow. This is distinct from the English Summer
or Autumn Pearmain, in its larger size, higher red, more
oblong form, and superior quality.

Benoni. Medium in size, roundish, sometimes obscurely
conical ; deep red, in distinct broken stripes and dots
stalk half an inch long ; basin small ; flesh yellow, ten-
der, rich, sub-acid, of good flavor. Late summer. Good
bearer. Has not succeeded well in all localities. A
native of Dedham, Mass.

BevaTi's Favorite. Medium in size, roundish, slightly
flattened, obscurely conical ; color with broad distinct
brilliant red stripes ; stalk long, rather stout ; cavity

SUMMER APPLES. 137

shallow, rather obtuse; calyx large, basin slightly plaited;
flesh rather firm, flavor pleasant and sub-acid. Two weeks
later than Early Harvest. A native of New Jersey. Suc-
ceeds better at Cleveland and in New Jersey than in
western New- York.

Borovitsky. Koundish, slightly angular ; pale green, trans-
lucent, sunny side faintly striped ; basin large ; flesh
white, firm, juicy, sub-acid, agreeable. Late summer.
Russian.

Cole. (Syn. Scarlet Perfume.) Medium in size, roundish-
flattened, sometimes slightly conical ; bright crimson in
obscure stripes ; stalk slender ; basin broad ; sub-acid,
second rate flavor. Late summer. English.

Devonshire Quarrenden. (Syn, Red Quarrenden.) Sizo
medium, variable; round-oblate, remotely conical ; striped
with rich crimson ; stalk short, deep set ; basin very
shallow, plaited ; flesh crisp, juicy, sub-acid, pleasant,
second rate. Late summer and early autumn. English.

Early Chandler. Medium in size, roundish, slightly
flattened, striped light rich red or greenish yellow ; stalk
half an inch long; basin rather wide, shallow, wrinkled;
rather acid, not rich, second rate, flesh very tender, skin
thin. Variable in appearance. Middle to end of summer.
Growth erect, vigorous. Origin, Conn. ; cultivated
mostly in Ohio.

Early Joe. Size medium or rather small ; oblate, some-
times obscurely approaching conical ; smooth and regular ;
color, with numerous short, broken, red stripes on yellow
ground, a nearly uniform deep red to the sun, with con-
spicuous white specks ; stem three-quarters of an inch
long, rather thick ; cavity shallow, acute ; basin small,
even ; flesh fine grained, very tender, slightly crisp, juicy,
sub-acid, spicy, excellent. Ripens the last two weeks of
summer. Shoots dark, growth slow. A profuse bearer.
Origin, East Bloomfield, N. Y.

Early Red Margaret. {Syn. Red Juneating, Striped June-
ating. Early Red Juneating.) Rather small, round-ovate,
lightly striped with dull red, and somewhat russetedj

138

RUMMER APPLES,

SUMMER APPLES. 139

Stalk half an inch long, thick ; basin plaited, narrow, very
shallow ; flesh sub-acid, tender, good when fresh. Ri-
pens at wheat harvest, scarcely earlier than Early Har-
vest. Shoots erect, downy. Moderate bearer.

Early Strawberry. (Syn. American Red Juneating, of
Manning,) Rather small, roundish, varying to rou..d-
ovate, and sometimes quite conical; surface indistinctly
and finely striped with bright and deep red, tinging faint-
ly the flesh ; stalk tender, three-quarters to an inch and a
half long ; basin small and narrow ; flesh white, tender,
sub-acid, rather brisk, pleasant, not very rich. Ripens
One to three weeks later than Yellow Harvest. Growth,
very erect ; leaves erect, finely crenate. Productive. Good
in all localities.

Garden Royal. Below medium, roundish, slightly flat-
tened at ends, even and regular ; surface with small, bro-
ken, red stripes on yellow ground, deep red to the sun ;
stalk short, or half to three-fourths of an inch long, slen-
der, cavity acute ; calyx large, open ; basin very shallow;
flesh yellowish-white, exceedingly tender and fine grained;
flavor mild, sub-acid, fine. A poor grower, but a first-
rate dessert fruit. Late summer. Origin, Sudbury, Mass.

Irish Peach. Medium in size, roundish, slightly flattened,
obtusely ribbed ; yellowish green, washed and streaked
with brownish-red ; stalk short ; flesh white ; flavor second
rate, sometimes third rate

Tune Apphj of Virginia. Size medium ; striped with
red ; stalk attached to a large protuberance on one side
of the cavity ; flesh white. Growth vigorous, a profuse
bearer alternate years. Ripens in southern Virginia the
last of 6th month, (June.)

River. Size medium or large, slightly oblate, ribbed ; color
yellowish-green in the shade, purplish-red, striped with
darker red, next the sun, with some blue bloom ; cavity
deep ; flesh greenish-white, juicy, a little coarse, pleasant,
sub-acid, variable in quality, often fine. Tre« of vigo-
rous growth, a poor bearer. After Early Harvest. Mass.

140

SUMMER ArrLES.

I

1

.5f

I

I

bo

I

SUMMER APPLES. 141

Sops of Wine. Small, roundish-conical, deep crimson,
stalk slender, flesh white, stained with pink, firm, crisp,
juicy, sub-acid, pleasant. A very pretty, good second-
rate fruit. Tree becoming spreading. Late summer and
Early Autumn.

Summer Hagloe. Size medium, roundish-oblate ; streaked
with bright red on yellow ground; stalk rather short and
thick ; flesh very soft, rich, of fine quality. Ripens at the
end of summer — an excellent culinary variety. Shoots
dark, strong, thick ; terminal buds very large.

This is wholly distinct from the Hagloe Crab, a late, small,
ill-shaped, ovate fruit, cultivated only for cider.

Summer Queen. Rather large, roundish-conical, somewhat
ribbed ; striped with bright red on rich yellow ground ;
stalk an inch and a half long; cavity small, acute; basin
small, furrowed ; flesh yellowish, rather acid, spicy, very
rich. Fine for cooking. Late summer. Good on warm,
sandy soils, poor on cold clay. Shoots light colored, leaves
finely crenate.

The Early Pennock, of Ohio, resembles the Summer
Queen, but is much larger, and inferior in quality.

Summer Rambour. (Syn. Rambour d'Ets, Rambour Franc.)
Medium or large oblate, pale greenish yellow, slightly
streaked with red ; stalk short ; calyx large, deep set ;
slightly sub-acid, good. Middle to late summer. Good
bearer. Dry, if over- ripe. Of French origin.

Summer Rose. {Si/n. Woolman's Early, Woolman's Striped
Harvest.) Medium or rather small, roundish-oblate ;
yellowish, blotched and streaked with red ; stalk rather
short ; basin round, slightly plaited ; flesh very tender,
slightly crisp, texture fine, mild sub-acid, juicy, excellent.
Begins to ripen with wheat harvest, and continues a
month. Fine in all localities. 3etter in quality for the
table than Early Harvest, but less productive.

Tetofsky. Size medium ; roundish, or round-oblong ; hand-
somely striped red on yellow ground ; flesh white, juicy,
sub-acid, good second rate. End of summer. Russian.

142 SUMMER APPLES.

Williams' Favorite. {Syn. Williams, Williams' Red,
Williams' Favorite Red.) Size medium, sometimes rathei
large ; oblong-ovate, remotely conical, very smooth ; color,
mostly fine dark crimson stripes; stalk three-quarters to
one inch long, enlarged at insertion, cavity shallow ; ba-
sin small and shallow, even or somewhat ribbed; flesh
yellowish white, moderately juicy, with sometimes a tinge
of red near the surface, mild, agreeable, fine. Ripens for
several weeks late in summer. Its handsome appearance
has partly contributed to its high reputation. Origin,
Roxbury, Mass.

Section 11. — iVoi Striped.

BuffliigtorC s Early. Medium or rather small ; oblate, slight-
ly ribbed ; surface smooth yellowish white, with a faint
blush; cavity wide, deep; basin shallow, slightly furrowed ;
flesh very tender and delicate, with a rich, sub-acid, ex-
cellent flavor. Two weeks later than Yellow Harvest.
Equalled in quality by few summer apples, but a mode-
rate bearer. Origin unknown.

EARLY HARVEST. {Syn. Yellow Harvest, Prince's Har-
vest, Early French Reinette, July Pippin.) Size medi-
um, roundish, usually more or less oblate, smooth; bright
straw color, when ripe ; stalk rather short and slender ;
calyx moderately sunk ; flesh nearly white, flavor rather
acid, fine. Ripens at wheat harvest, and for three weeks
afterwards. Shoots erect, slightly diverging, straight,
often forked. Very productive. Needs rich cultivation
to be fine. Good throughout the northern states.

The Tart Bough is similar, but two weeks later, and infe-
rior in quality ; the growth more vigorous and upright.

July Branchy of Virginia. Size medium; bright ye low
very handsome ; flesh yellow, flavor sprightly. Bears al«
ternate years, and moderately in the intermediate years.
■ Growth luxuriant. Ripens in southern Virginia at mid-
summer.

Lyman^s Large Summer. Large, roundish, flattened at
ends ; pale yellow ; sub-acid, high flavored, rather fine in

SUMMER APPLES. 143

quality. Ripens at the end of summer. Tree a poor
bearer till large. Conn.

Mink's Codlin. Size medium; roundish, oblong-ovate;
pale yellow, with an orange blush ; stalk fleshy ; basin
shallow, plaited ; flesh firm, brisk, sub-acid. Culinary.
English.

Oslin. Rather small, roundish-oblate, lemon yellow mm-
gled with some green ; stalk short, thick, cavity rather
shallow; basm shallow, a little plaited; flesh fine, crisp;
flavor spicy, good, hardly first-rate.

Red Astrachan. Rather large, sometimes quite large,
roundish-oblate, slightly approaching conical, rather
smooth; nearly whole surface brilliant deep crimson,
with a thick bloom like a plum ; stalk one-half to three-
fourths of an inch long ; calyx in a small slightly uneven
basin ; flesh white, rather crisp ; good, rather acid, very
slightly austere. A few days after Early Harvest. Ex-
cellent for cooking. Shoots stout, dark brown, diverg-
ing and ascending ; leaves broad. This apple, although
of second-rate flavor, is rendered by its earliness and very
handsome and fair appearance, by the vigor and pro-
ductiveness of the tree, and its excellent culinary quali-
ties, worthy of general cultivation.

Sine Qua Non. Size medium ; roundish, inclining to co-
nical ; smooth, pale greenish yellow, shaded with reddish
brown to the sun ; stalk quite slender, nearly an inch
long ; basin smooth or very slightly plaited ; flesh green-
ish white, fine grained, delicate, very tender, moderately
juicy, of a fine, agreeable, sub-acid flavor. Shoots green-
ish yellow, growth slow ; fruit always fair, tree very pro-
ductive. Ripens two weeks after Early Harvest. Origin,
Long Island.

Summer Bellflower. Rather above medium, round-ovate,
slightly oblong and conical, yellow, with sometimes a
faint orange blush, stalk an inch long, cavity shallow ;
basin small, smooth, slightly five-sided ; flesh white, fine-
grained, tender, rich, sub-acid, fine. Shoots vigorous
upright; bears well every year. Origin, Dutchess county
N. Y. New.

144 AUTUMN AP3LES.

Summer Golden Pippin. Small, ovate, flattened at apex,
bright 3^ellow, stalk short ; flesh firm, crisp, and rich.
Last of summer. English.

Sugar Loaf Pippin. Eather large, long ovate-conical, regu-
lar, handsome, smooth, pale yellowish white; stalk short,
sub-acid, second or third rate. Admired in England;
valueless here.

White Astrachan. Medium in size, roundish, slightly coni-
cal, ribbed at apex, smooth, nearly white ; stalk thick
and short ; flesh white, pellucid, sub-acid, dry. Of little
value here ; fine in England. Russian.

White Juneating. (S?/w. Bracken, of Ohio.) Small, round,
sometimes slightly oblate, smooth, very regular ; pale
greenish yellow, or light yellow ; very thin russet round
the stalk ; stalk slender, three-quarters of an inch long,
set shallow ; basin very shallow ; tender, sub-acid, not
rich, becoming dry, second or third rate flavor. Ripens a
little before Yellow Harvest. Growth upright, rather
stout. Productive. For cooking only.

The May apple^ of Virginia, is a fruit similar in character
and quality to the White Juneating, where it ripens about
the first of summer, bearing every 5Tar. Large quanti-
ties are sent to Baltimore for tarts.

DIVISION II -AUTUMN APPLES

Class 1. — Sweet Apples.

Sectio7i I. — Striped with red.

Beauty of the West. Large, round, smooth, marked with
small stripes of red on greenish yellow; stalk short;
sweet, second rate.

Blenheim Pippin. (Syn. Woodstock Pippin, Bleinhitn
Orange.) Large, roundish-conical; mottled and striped
orange-red on yellow ground ; stalk short ; swect,'5CCond
or third rate flavor. Used for baking. English.

AUTUMN APPLES. 145

Graniwinkle. Size, medium ; roundish, slightly oblong,
dark red, somewhat rough, flesh yellowish orange, sweet,
rich. Cider. N. Jersey. Late autumn and early winter.

Jersey Sweeting. Size, medium ; round-ovate, often
oblong-ovate, somewhat conical ; thickly striped with fine
red on greenish yellow ; stalk one-half to an inch long ;
cavity rather irregular ; basin wrinkled, distinct ; flesh
whitish, very sweet, juicy and tender, good second rate
or nearly first rate in flavor. Good in all localities. Early
and mid-autumn — immediately follows Golden Sweet.
Shoots stout, short jointed; leaves crenate-serrate.

Peach-Pond Sweet. Size, medium ; roundish-oblate, re-
motely conical ; delicately striped light red on pale
greenish yellow ; stalk slender, varying in length from
half an inch to an inch; tender, rich, sweet. Nearly
or quite first rate. Mid-autumn. Origin, Dutchess
County, New-York.

Section IL — Not striped.

Autumnal Swaar. (Syn. Sweet Swaar.) Large, oblate,
sometimes very slightly ribbed ; rich yellow ; stalk an
inch or more long, varying from long and slender, to
thick and fleshy at insertion ; cavity and basin wide and
slightly ribbed ; flesh tender, yellowish, not juicy, with
a very sweet, spicy, agreeable flavor. Mid-autumn.
Growth vigorous, shoots diverging, tree spreading. One
of the finest autumn sweet apples.

Haskell Sweet. Large, oblate, regular, greenish, a warm
brown cheek ; stalk one-half to three-fourths of an inch
longj moderately sunk ; basin rather deep, nearly even,
flesh tinged with yellowish brown, very tender, sweet,
good. R. Manning says this is the best of autumn sweet
apples.

Lyman's Pumpkin Sweet. Very large, roundish, ribbed

'most towards the stalk ; pale green ; stalk short ; calyx

small, basin abrupt; flesh white, sweet, tender, not juicy;

second or third rate. Ripens through autumn. Good for

baking.

146 AUTUBIN APPLES*

Pumpkin Russet, (Syn. Sweet Russet.) Large, round,
slightly flattened, yellowish green, partly russeted ; cavity
wide, shallow ; basin small ; flavor rich and sweet.
Throug-h autumn. Distinct from the Sweet Russet cul-
tivated through western New-York, which is a more
conical fruit.

Summer Sweet Paradise. Large, roundish, sometimes
remotely oblong, and slightly flattened at the ends, regu-
lar, pale green ; stalk rather thick, three-quarters of an
inch long ; basin large, distinct ; flesh, tender, sweet, rich,
aromatic, of first rate flavor. Ripens first of autumn.
Shoots spreading, leaves sharply serrate. Origin, Penn.

This is totally distinct from the Dwarf Paradise, used for
stocks, which bears a small, third rate, sweet, summer
fruit.

Tifft Sweeting. Medium in size, flat, greenish yellow,
with russet network, and a warm, light brown cheek ;
stalk one inch long, cavity wide, obtuse ; flesh yellowish,
rich, sweet, fine in flavor. First rate, but a light bearer.
New England.

Class IL — With more or less Acidity.

Section I. — Striped with red.

/Alexander. Very large, conical, flattened at base, regular ;
streaked with bright red on greenish yellow ; stalk small,
cavity rather deep ; calyx large, basin deep, even ; fiesh
rather crisp, sub-acid, second or third rate in flavor. A
moderate bearer. Late autumn. Yery showy, its only
recommendation. Russian.

Beauty of Kent. Very large, roundish, somewhat flattish-
conical, fair, smooth, and rather obtuse ; nearly the whole
surface striped with rich purplish red ; stalk three-fourths
to an inch and a half long, slender, cavity acuminate ;
calyx small, basin deep, narrow ; flesh tender, slightly
sub-acid, third rate in flavor. One of the most beautiful
and magnificent in appearance of all apples. Late

AUTUMN APPLES. 147

autumn. Growth strong and upright, shoots dark.
English.

Cooper. Rather large, round-oblate, sides unequal, greenish
yellow and pale red ; stalk slender, deep set ; basin deep ;
flesh crisp, juicy, pleasant, but not very high flavor , Mid-
autumn. Cultivated in central Ohio.

Cornish Aromatic. Medium in size, roundish, angular ;
rich red on a pale russet ground ; stalk short, cavity
deep ; calyx small, basin narrow ; flesh yellow, sub-acid,
aromatic ; quality fine, but the fruit not fair. Late
autumn. Ensflish.

'to'

Doctor. (Syn. De Witt.) Medium in size, or large; regu-
lar, oblate ; yellow, clouded and streaked with red ; stalk
and calyx deep set ; flesh breaking, tender, aromatic,
brisk, fine flavor. Late autumn and early winter. Suc-
ceeds well in Pennsylvania and Ohio ; less esteemed
further north. Origin, Pennsylvania.

Dutchess of Oldenhurgh. Medium or rather large, roundish,
a little flattened at the ends ; light red in broad broken
stripes and splashes on yellow ground ; stem short, in an
acuminate cavity; basin deep and narrow; flesh yellowish
white, sub-acid, second rate, very handsome. Good for
cooking. Early autumn. Shoots dark, ascending.

English Summer Pearmain. {Syn. Autumn Pearmain,
Summer Pearmain.) Size, medium ; roundish, slightly
oblong-conical ; streaked and shaded with light dull red ;
stalk short ; basin broad, shallow, slightly plaited ;
moderately juicy, rich, high flavored. Growth slender,
slow, becoming somewhat irregular. Early autumn.
Distinct from the American Summer Pearmain, and from
the Winter Pearmain. With the latter, this has been
confounded, the name Autumn Pearmain having been
applied to both.

Fameuse. {Syn. Pomme de Neige.) Medium in size,
round, often oblate, even ; handsomely striped and
blotched with fine deep red on whitish ground, — where
much exposed, a deep, nearly uniform red ; stalk three-
fourihs of an inch long, slender, cavity small ; basiu

148

AUTUMN APPLES

AUTUMN APPLES. 149

quite small, slightly wrinkled ; flesh very white,* juicy,
sub-acid, a little spicy, pleasant, but not very rich. Late
autumn. Shoots dark, diverging, somewhat flexuous.

Gloucester Cheese. Large ; bright red, with some indistinct
stripes ; flesh white, crisp, flavor high. Growth strong.
A native of Virginia, where it is one of the best early
autumn apples, beginning to ripen by the end of summer.

GKAVENSTEIN. Eather large, roundish, slightly oblate,
obtusely and obscurely ribbed, surface a little wavy ;
striped and splashed with bright red cm a yellow ground ;
stalk three quarters of an inch long, cavity rather deep ;
calyx large; basin deep, narrow; flesh tender, juicy, very
rich, sub-acid or rather acid, high flavored. Mid-autumn.
. Productive, handsome, and excellent. Fine in all lo-
calities. Shoots strong, becoming smooth, and shining,
ascending. German.

Hunter. Size, medium ; roundish-oblate, slightly conical ;
striped with various shades of red, sometimes slightly
russeted, with minute prominences under a smooth skin ;
stalk three-fourths of an inch long, slender, cavity narrow,
deep; calyx small, basin rather deep; flesh white, with
sometimes faint pink streaks, crisp, tender, juicy, flavor
excellent. Mid-autumn. Origin, Newtown, Delaware
Co., Pa. New.

Jeffries. Medium or rather large ; round-oblate ; yellow,
red, and deep red, striped; stalk very short, slender;
cavity and basin, deep ; flesh yellowish white, remarkably
tender and juicy; flavor very pleasant. Ripens first of
autumn. Origin, West-Chester, Pa. New.

JewetCs Red. {Syn. Jewctt's Fine Red.) Medium or rather
large, roundish, slightly oblate, striped red on yellow
or slightly greenish yellow ground, with conspicuous
white dots ; stem nearly an inch long, cavity acuminate ;
basin rather shallow ; flesh remarkably tender, fine
grained, mild sub-acid, slightly aromatic ; nearlv first
rate. Mid-autumn. Cultivated in the northern parts of
New England.

* "Whence the name Pomme de Neige, or '' Snow Apple."

150 AUTUMN APPLES.

Kane. (Sy7i. Cane, Cain.) Size, modium ,* roundish
oblate, often obscurely conical, regular; surface fair and
beautiful, highly polished, indistinctly striped with bril-
liant light crimson, gradually merging into delicate blush
color on the shaded part ; stalk often very short, cavity
acute, narrow ; basin regular ; flesh yellowish white, with
a pleasant, good flavor. Hardly of the highest quality,
but much admired for its beauty. A native of Kent Co.,
Delaware.

Kenrick's Autumn. Large, roundish, flattened at base ;
bright red on a pale yellowish green ground ; stalk long ;
flesh a little stained with red, sprightly, sub-acid, second
or third rate. Early autumn.

Kerry Pippin. Medium in size, oval, yellow streaked with
red; staik with a projection on one side at the insertion;
flesh yellow, tender, crisp. A third rate fruit. Irish.

Kilham Hill. Rather large, roundish, slightly conical,
somewhat ribbed ; striped with red on light yellow,
stripes often obscure ; flavor good at first, but becomes
dry and worthless. Early autumn. Fair and productive.
Essex county, Mass.

King of the Pippins. Medium size, roundish-oblate, ob-
scurely conical ; striped rich yellowish red ; stalk one
inch long, cavity shallow ; calyx large, basin deep, even ;
flesh, firm, sub-acid, second rate in flavor. Growth
upright ; tree productive. Late autumn. Admired in
England, unsuccessful here.

Late Strawberry. {Syn. Strawberry, Autumn Strawber-
ry.) Size medium ; roundish, slightly conical, sometimes
faintly ribbed ; nearly whole surface with small broken
streaks of light and dark red ; stalk slender, about an
inch long ; basin ribbed ; flesh yellowish white, slightly
fibrous, very tender and juicy, with a fine, very agreeable,
sub-acid flavor. Young trees of remarkable thrifty growth,
leaves sharply serrate, which at once distinguishes them
from the crenate leaves of the Early Strawberry. Ripens
early in autumn, and often keeps till winter. Very pro*
ductive. One of the best early autumn apples.

* AUTUMN APPLES. 15'.

Leland Spice. (Syn. Leland Pippin.) Large, roundisn
obscurely conxcal, slightly ribbed ; whole surface witf*
brilliant red streaks on yellow ground, dotted with yel-
low ; stalk half an inch long ; cavity and basin ribbed ;
flesh yellowish white, sub-acid, spicy, rich, fine. Origin,
Sherburne, Mass.

Lyscom. Large, round, with broad, broken, distinct, pale
red stripes, on yellowish or greenish yelloAv ground ; stalk
three-fourths of an inch long, slender ; calyx deep set ;
flesh fine grained, mild, slightly sub-acid, moderately rich,
good second-rate flavor. Middle and late autumn. Mass.

Melon. (Si/t?. Watermelon, Norton's Melon.) Medium or
large, roundish, often slightly conical, frequently a Httle
irregular ; color, with stripes and dots of bright red on
yellow ground, or clear red on pale yellow ; stalk an inch
long, slender, cavity acuminate ; basin deep; flesh white,
tender, very juicy, fresh, and pleasant, spicy, sub-acid, or
slightly sub-acid, fine-flavored. Growth rather slow. Late
autumn and early winter. Origin, East Bloomfield, N. Y

Nonsuch {F^nglish.) {Syn. 'Nonsuch.) Size medium ; regu-
lar, oblate ; striped with dull brick red, on greenish yel-
lov/ ground ; stalk short, slender ; basin wide, shallow ;
flesh white, soft, sub-acid, second rate. Wholly unlike
the Old Nonsuch of New-England, or Red Canada.

Rambo. (S?/72. Romanite of N. J.) Size medium; oblate,
smooth, streaked and marbled with dull yellowish red, on
pale yellowish ground ; dots large ; whitish ; stalk an
inch long, rather slender ; basin broad, slightly plaited ;
flesh tender, rich, mild sub-acid, fine flavored, often ex-
cellent. Fine in nearly all localities. Late autumn and
early winter. Known by the erroneous name of Seek-
no-further in Philadelphia market.

Red Ingestrie. Rather small, oblong or ovate ; mottled
with red : stalk short, slender ; basin wide ; flesh firm,
juicy, rather high flavored. Admired in England; un-
worthy of cultivation here. Early and mid-autumn.

Republican Pippin. Large, round-oblate, striped with red
on a mottled reddish ground, greenish yellow in the shade.

152 AUTUMN APPLES.

stalk an inch long, slender; cavity sometimes with radia-
ting russet rays ; flesh tender, sub-acid ; with a pleasant,
first-rate, peculiar, somewhat walnut flavor. Ripens early
and mid-autumn ; but is a good cooking apple in summer.
Excellent for drying. Origin, Lycoming county, Pa.
New.

Mihston Pippin. Medium or rather large, roundish-conical;
clouded and striped with yellowish red, on a yellow and
slightly russeted ground ; stalk slender, often short, cavity
rather wide ; basin narrow, angular ; flesh yellow, crisp,
granular, juicy, with a very rich and rather sharp or acid
flavor. First-rate as far north as Maine, often second-
rate further south ; but its quality is usually suffered to
deteriorate needlessly by remaining too long on the tree.
Late autumn and early winter. Shoots diverging or
spreading; buds and young shoots rather hoary. English.

Ross Nonpareil. Medium or small, roundish, obscurely
conical; color thin russet and dull red, blotched, and ob-
scurely striped ; stalk slender, cavity rather acuminate ;
basin small; flesh greenish white, with a rich aromatic
or fennel flavor. Late autumn. Very productive. Irish.

Scarlet Pearmain. Medium size, conical, rich crimson ;
stalk slender, deep set ; calyx open or spreading, basin
deep, slightly plaited ; flesh white, tinged with pink,
crisp, juicy, good. Early autumn. Productive. Eng-
lish.

Smokehouse. Medium or rather large, oblate, regular;
mottled and indistinctly striped with red on yellow ground ;
a slight greenish cast at the crown ; stalk one inch long,
slender, cavity wide, acute ; basin rather distinct ; flesh
yellowish white, rich, aromatic, fine sub-acid flavor. Near-
ly or quite as good as Rambo, which it somewhat re
sembles. Origin, Chester Co., Pa.

St. Lawrence. {Syn. Corse's St. Lawrence.) Large round-
ish, slightly oblate, and sometimes a little conical, obtuse
whole surface broadly and very distinctly striped with very
dark red, on light greenish yellow ground ; stem irather

, short and slender, cavity wide ; basin round, deep, with

AUTUMN APPLES. 153

a very obtuse rim ; flavor rather aciiij moderately rich,
agreeable. A very handsome and productive apple, of
good second-rate flavor, ripening about mid-autumn. Ca-
nadian.

Twenty Ounce. (Sijn. Eighteen Ounce, Twenty Ounce
Pippin, erroneonsly.) Very large, roundish, remotely
conical, surface sometimes smooth, often very wavy ; color
striped rich yellowish red on greenish yellow, or yellow-
ish white ground; stalk three-fourths inch long; sub-
acid, rather coarse, second-rate. Very showy, fair and
productive. Culinary only. Late autumn and early
winter. Growth in large trees becoming straggling*
Western New- York. The Twenty Ounce Pippin is a
large, green, third-rate fruit.

Section II. — Not striped,

Downton Pippin. Small, round-oblate, yellow ; stalk short ;
calyx in a wide, very shallow basin ; flesh crisp, rich,
acid. Latter half of autumn. English.

D7'ap d'Or, or " Cloth of Gold." Large, roundish, some-
times slightly oblong-conical, more frequently rather
oblate ; bright yellow with numerous black specks ; stalk
short ; basin shallow, plaited ; flavor sub-acid, mild,
agreeable. Early autumn, extending to mid-autumn.
Growth of the tree round, regular, and spreading; leaves
doubly serrate.

Dutch Codlin. Very large, roundish, approaching oblong,
irregular, strongly ribbed ; pale yellow, tinged with orange
in the sun ; stalk short, thick ; basin narrow, ribbed ;
flesh white, sub-acid, second or third rate. Early autumn.
Growth vigorous. For cooking only.

Dyer. (Syn. Pomme Royal, which is the original name.)
Rather large, roundish, often approaching round oblong,
sometimes slightly flattened, obscurely ribbed \ light yel-
low, rarely a faint brown cheek, and sometimes a slight
russet network over the skin ; stalk three-fourths to one
inch long ; basin often deep and large, ribbed ; flesh very
fine grained, tender, very juicy, with a rich sub-acid or
rather acid, excellent flavor, having but few equals. Time

154

AUTUMN APPLES.

AUTUMN APPLES. 155

of ripening, variable, from early autumn to winter. Pro-
ductiveness, variable.

English Codlin. Rather large, oblong or conical, yellow,
stalk short, pleasant, sub-acid, second rate. Culinary.
Tree vigorous and productive. Early and mid-autumn.

^sten. Large, oblong-ovate, slightly ribbed, smooth ; yel-
low, sometimes a blush ; dots large, green and red ; stalk
one inch long, slender ; cavity very deep ; basin shallow ;
flesh white, fine grained, mild sub-acid. Tree vigorous,
very productive. Rhode Island. New.

J^all Cheese. Size, medium ; color, green with a red cheek;
flesh crisp, sprightly, very agreeable. Tree of compact
growth, a profuse bearer. Its cultivation is chiefly con-
fined to Virginia, and is one of the best apples of that
State, ripening the latter half of autumn.

Fall Harvey. Large, roundish oblate, nearly regular ; pale
yellow ; stalk slender, one inch long, cavity moderate ;
basin medium in size, furrowed ; flesh fine grained,
juicy, good, rich sub-acid flavor, but hardly first rate,
often second rate. Moderate or poor bearer. Essex Co.,
Mass.

Fall Orange. Large, roundish ovate, or oval ; light
greenish yellow becoming pale yellow ; rarely a brown
cheek; stalk half an inch long, cavity narrow; basin
even-rimmed, slightly plaited; sub-acid, tender, fine — first
rate if well ripened and fresh from the tree. Shoots very
stout, dark colored. Tree bears while very young, fruit
always fair.

FALL PIPPIN. (Syn. Holland Pippin, erroneously.)
Very large, roundish, obtuse, somewhat pblong-conical,
a little flattened at the ends, sometimes with large obtuse
ribs ; color greenish, becoming a high rich yellow when
ripe, with some large shades of green about the crown
before fully ripe ; stalk large, in an acuminate cavity ;
basin deep ; flesh yellowish, rather firm, becoming tep
der, rich, aromatic, excellent. Leaves sharply serrate ;
shoots vigorous, rather dark, diverging, becoming spread-
ing ; tree large. Late autumn, keeping into mid-winter-

156 AUTUMN APPLES.

Mostly a moderate bearer — fruit sometimes water-cored
Excellent for cooking. Fine in nearly all localities.

Franklin!s Golden Pippin. Medium in size, oval or ovate ;
deep yellow, specks dark, numerous; stalk short, slender;
flesh tender, crisp, rich, aromatic. Growth vigorous,
upright. Ripens mid-autumn.

Grand Sachem. Large, roundish, ribbed, irregular ; dark
dull or dingy red; stalk short, stout; basin distinct; flesh
white, rather dry. flavor poor. Early autumn.

Hawley. {Syn. Dowse.) Quite large, roundish, slightly
conical, sometimes nearly round, with a broad obtuse
apex, and slightly flattened ; smooth, slightly oily when
kept within doors ; pale green becoming yellow, some-
times a very faint orange cheek ; stalk one-half to one
inch long, slender; cavity wide, deep, acute, sometimes
slightly obtuse ; basin deep, slightly furrowed ; flesh yel-
lowish white, fine-grained, quite tender, with a mild, rich,
sub-acid, fine flavor. Ripens at mid-autumn. A very val-
uable apple. Shoots of rather slow growth. Origin, Co-
lumbia Co., N. Y., and cultivated chiefly in western N. Y

Hawthornden. (Syn. White Hawthornden.) Rather large,
roundish, oblate-conical ; whitish yellow, a blush on the
sunny side ; stalk rather stout ; calyx in a regular, plaited
basin; flesh juicy, sub-acid, pleasant, not rich. Fair, pro-
ductive ; for cooking only. Tree spreading.

Holland Pippin. Very large', roundish, somewhat oblong,
and flattened at the ends, sometimes slightly oblate ;
greenish yellow, becoming pale yellow or whitish yellow,
with a brownish red cheek ; stalk variable in length,
usually short, cavity wide, acute ; basin slightly plaited ;
flesh nearly white, rather acid, with a second rate flavor.
Ripens early and mid-autumn, but is a good cooking
apple some weeks previously. Wholly distinct from the
Fall Pippin.

Keswick Codlin. Rather large, somewhat conical, obscure-
ly ribbed ; greenish yellow, becoming light yellow ; stalk
short, deep set ; calyx rather large ; juicy, pleasant acid,
second-rate. Cooking. Productive. English.

AUTUMN. APPLES. 157

Le non Pippin. Medium size, oval, regular ; pale green,
becoming yellow ; stalk short, fleshy, curved inwards,
surrounded by a fleshy protuberance ; basin small, even ;
flesh firm, brisk, pleasant sub-acid. Late autun.n and
early winter. Tree erect.

Lowell. {Syn. Orange, Tallow apple, Tallow Pippin, Queen
Anne, of northern Ohio.) Large, roundish-oblong, obtuse,
slightly conical ; green becoming rich yellow ; surface
slightly oily ; stalk one inch long, basin deep, furrowed
or plaited inside, rim obtuse, even ; flesh yellowish white,
rather coarse, rich sub-acid, or rather acid, hardly first-
rate, but valuable for its fair surface and great and early
productiveness. Early auturrn.

Maide.rCs Blush, Rather large, oblate, smooth and regular,
with a fine, evenly shaded red cheek or blush on a clear
pale yellow giound ; stalk short ; cavity rather wide ; ba-
sin moderate, ev^n; flesh white, fine-grained, tender,
pleasant sub-acid, but not rich, good second-rate. Mid-
autumn. Tree spreading. Although deficient in rich-
ness, it is admired for its fair, tender, and beautiful fruit,
and uniform productiveness.

Menagere. Very large, quite oblate, regular, pale yellow,
sometimes a faint blush, stalk short, flavor poor. Middle
and late autumn. Culinary only. German.

Orne's Early. Rather large, somewhat ribbed, pale yel-
low, sprinkled with thin russet, and with a dull red cheek
towards the sun. Flesh white, very tender, juicy, and
with an exceedingly pleasant and fine flavor. Ripens the
first of autumn. This apple was imported from France
into Marblehead, Mass., and the name being lost, it re-
ceived that of the importer, in the same way that the
Williams Bonchretien pear was changed to Bartlett.

Porter. Rather large, oblong-ovate-conical, regular, often
ribbed at apex ; bright yellow, sometimes a dull blush in
the sun ; stalk one inch long, slender, cavity rather small ;
basin narrow ; flesh tender, rich sub-acid, of fine flavor.
Fair and productive. Early autumn. Good throughout
the northern states. Leaves sharp serrate.

158 AUTUMN APPLES.

Quince. Large, oblate ; rich lemon yellow when ripe ; rich,
juicy. A great bearer alternate years. Late autumn.

Red AshjTiore. Medium or rather large, nearly round,
smooth and glossy, rich crimson shaded into pale red and
pale yellowish white; juicy, delicate, pleasant. Very
beautiful. Late autumn. Little known. The Striped
Ashmore is a distinct variety.

Siberian Crab. This is the Pyrus baccata of botanists, a
distinct species from all our common apples, which are
varieties of the Pyrus malus. The common Red Siberian
Crab is very small, about an inch in diameter, nearly
round, with a brilliant scarlet cheek, on a pale clear,
waxen yellow ground, stalk very long and slender ; tree
very productive, and bears when very young. Too hard
for preserving, but makes excellent jelly. The Large
Red Siberian Crab, (P. yrunifolia,) is about twice the
size of the preceding, round-ovate, calyx prominent, skin
pale red and yellow. Some seedlings also from the com-
mon Red, have been triple the size of the original. The
Yellow Siberian Crab is larger than the common, of a fine
rich yellow.

Stroat. Rather large, roundish, regular, very slightly coni-
cal ; pale yellowish green.; specks small, clear ; stalk
three-fourths of an inch long, in a rather obtuse cavity ;
basin small, slightly furrowed ; flesh tender, rich, mild,
sub-acid, flavor fine. Late autumn. Not good in some
localities. The name is from the Dutch, stroot* a street,
the place of its origin.

Surprise. Medium or rather small, roundish, skin yellow,
flesh red. Quality worthless ; sometimes cultivated for
its singular red flesh within the yellow skin.

Tompkins Apple. Large, roundish-oblong, rather angu-
lar, slightly ribbed near the apex, smooth ; color rich yel-
low ; stalk short, small, cavity narrow ; calyx small, basin
deep, plaited ; flesh tender, rich, sub-acid. Last half of
autumn. Origin, Tompkins Co., N. Y. New.

* Pronounced strotc.

WINTER APPLES. 159

Wormsley Pippin. Size medium, roundish, slightly coni-
cal ; pale greenish yellow ; stalk rather long, calyx deep
sunk ; flesh white, firm, crisp, high-flavored, but too acid.
English.

Yellow Ingestrie. Small, clear rich yellow, tender, deli-
cate, juicy when fresh, crisp, spicy. English. Of little
value in this country.

I

DIVISION IIL—WINTER APPLES.

Class I. — Sweet Apples.

Section I. — Striped with red.

Bailey Sweet. (Syn. Patterson Sweet, Edgerly Sweet.)
Large, regular ovate, often slightly and sometimes con-
siderably ribbed ; the whole surface frequently a full
bright red, in small, broken, indistinct stripes and dots,
on light ground ; stalk slender, one inch long ; cavity
small, narrow, slightly ribbed ; basin small, plaited ; flesh
very tender, not juicy; a pure, mild, rich sweet; fine.
Early winter. Origin, Perry, Wyoming Co.,N. Y. New.

Hartford Sweeting. (Syn. Spencer Sweeting.) Rather
large, roundish, slightly flattened ; striped with fine red
on greenish yellow ground ; stalk slender, cavity rather
shallow, round; calyx large, basin shallow; juicy, ten-
der, rich, agreeable. Keeps through winter and spring.
Productive. Growth slow, shoots becoming drooping.
Although hardly first-rate in quality, valuable for its great
productiveness and long keeping. A native of Hartford,
Connecticut.

Ladies' Sweeting. Rather large, roundish-ovate, apex
narrow ; striped with red on pale yellowish green ground,
a nearly uniform shade of fine red to the sun ; faintly
marbled or clouded with white over the red ; and cavity
faintly rayed with w^hite ; stalk short, cavity small; calyx
and basin small; tender, juicy, agreeable, fine, rich.

IGO

WINTER APPLES.

I

*£
£

I

e

bs

WINTER APPLES. 161

Through winter and ' into spring. A profuse bearer.
Growth not vigorous. Newburgh, N. Y.

Phillips^ Sweeting. Medium or large, roundish, slightly
flattened and conical, regular; mottled red, yellow, and
dark red; flesh rich yellow, tender, juicy, crisp, sweet.
Very handsome ; resembles Ladies' Sweeting, but more
showy and not equal in flavor. Early winter ; Growth
upright, vigorous. Central Ohio.

KamsdelVs Sweeting. (S?jn. Kamsdell's Red Pumpkin
Sweet.) Rather large, oblong, obscurely conical, regular;
dark rich red, with a blue bloom ; stalk short ; basin
rather deep, even ; flesh yellowish, tender, sweet, rich,
good second-rate, or nearly first-rate. Tree vigorous, up-
right, very productive. Late autumn and early winter.
Conn.

Sweet Baldwin. Medmm or rather large, round, often round-
oblate, very obscurely conical, very regular ; color a fine
deep red indistinctly striped on yellow ground ; stalk
three-quarters of an inch long, slender, cavity very even;
basin rather small, nearly smooth ; flavor, very sweet,
nearly first-rate. Early winter.

SweeJ Pearmain, (Syn. English Sweeting, of Rhode Island.)
Medium size, roundish or ovate-conical ; dark rich red,
wiih rough dots ; stalk an inch long, slender, cavity wide,
rouad; calyx wooly, basin very small; flavor sweet and
rick. Early winter. Introduced from England before the
rev« lution.

Section II. — Not striped.

Broad 3VELL. Rather large, slightly conical, somewhat
oblate ; skin thin, smooth, greenish yellow ; stalk short,
small, deep set; flesh white, tender, sweet, juicj^, fine —
often first rate, and one of the best winter sweet apples.
Keep:> through winter late into spring. Ohio. New.

Cann. Size, medium ; conical ; green with a brownish
shade near the stalk ; very sweet. Early winter. N. J.

Danvers Winter Sweet. Medium or rather large,
roundish, remotely oblong or conical, obscurely ribbed r

162 WINTER APPLES.

greenish yellow, becoming a rather dull rich yellow, —
sometimes an orange blush ; stalk three-quarters to one
inch long, cavity acute ; basin smooth, narrow ; flesh
yellow, sweet, rich. Growth vigorous, tree productive.

Green Siveet. Large or medium ; nearly round, slightly
approaching ovate-conical, regular ; surface green, with
greenish white dots ; stalk about an inch long, mode-
rately thick, cavity rather small and narrow, round,
acuminate ; basin, small, slightly furrowed ; flesh greenish
white, with a very sweet, spicy, good flavor. Fair, pro-
ductive, and a long keeper.

Old-Town Crab. {Syn. Spice apple of Va.) Rather small;
greenish yellow, with brown specks ; flesh crisp, sweet,
fragrant, juicy, sprightly. Growth strong, trees compact.
Cultivated in southern Virginia ; keeps there through
winter into spring.

Sweet Russet. Large, ovate-conical, largest at middle,
tapering slightly to base, and much narrowed to apex;
green becoming yellow, with patches of russet ; stalk
one-half to an inch long, cavity narrow ; basin narrow,
uneven ; flesh tender, rather spongy, with a good and
quite sweet flavor. Fair and productive. Considerably
cultivated in western New York and elsewhere. Early
winter.

Tallman Sweeting. (Syn. Tolman's Sweeting.) Medium
or rather large, roundish oblate, slightly conical ; clear
light yellow, with a clear brownish line from stalk to
apex ; stalk nearly an inch long ; calyx in a distinct,
slightly wrinkled basin ; flesh white, firm, rich, very sweet.
Excellent for winter baking. Keeps into spring. Young
tree vigorous, upright, shoots becoming spreading ; leaves
wavy. Productive.

Wells' Sweeting. Medium in size, roundish, tapering
slightly to base and apex; color light green, with a
brownish cheek; stalk short ; basin shallow; flesh very
white, tender, rich, agreeable. Early winter. New
burgh, N. Y.

WINTER APPLES. 163

Victuals and Brink. Large, roundish, often oblong-conical,
more or less irregular; dull yellow, slightly russeted ;
stalk rather slender; basin shallow, slightly ribbed ; flesh
fine grained, breaking, rich, sweet, light. Ripens late
autumn and early winter. A moderate bearer. Newark,
New Jersey.

Class II. — With more or less Acidity.

Section I. — Striped with red.

American Pippin. (Sijn. Grindstone.) Medium size, ob-
late, regular ; light dull red on dull green ; dots whitish,
conspicuous ; rather rough ; stalk short, often quite fleshy ;
basin very shallow ; flesh very hard ; mild sub-acid.
Long keeping, but poor. Shoots crooked, irregular,

BALDWIN. Rather large, roundish, with more or less of
a rounded taper towards the apex ; shaded and striped
with yellowish, red and crimson on yellow ground ; stalk
three-quarters of an inch long, rather slender; calyx in a
narrow, slightly plaited basin; flesh yellowish white, with
a rich, mild, sub-acid flavor. Young tree vigorous,
upright, shoots dark brown, diverging and ascending.
Very productive. Ripens through winter. A first rate
winter apple through New-England and New- York ;
unsuccessful in northern Ohio. The use of special
manures, as lime, potash, and salt has, however, on those
unfavorable localities, been attended with the best results,
and produced fine fruit ; showing the deficiency to be in
the soil.

The Baldwin is liable to vary in character ; the Late
Baldwin of Maine, appears to be identical, but modified
by external causes.

Black Apple, of Coxe. Rather small, roundish, slightly
oblate ; dark red, nearly black, with a whitish, mealy
bloom ; stalk half to three-fourths of an inch long ; basin
rather shallow; flesh yellowish red, crisp, juicy, second
rate in quality. Early winter. Old tree becoming rather
drooping.

164 WINTER APPLES.

Black Detroit. (Syn. Ked Detroit.) Rather large, roundish,
slightly oblate, apex ribbed ; dark or blackish red or pur
pie ; basin plaited ; flesh white, often stained red, mild
sub-acid, not high flavored. Early winter.

The Black Coal and Black Apple, of Ohio, closely resemble
the Black Detroit in quality, and are perhaps identical.

Black Gillijioiver. Rather large, oblong-ovate, long conical,
regular, obscurely ribbed ; surface dark, dull, reddish
purple, inclining to greenish yellow where densely
shaded ; cavity very narrow, acuminate ; basin very
small, ribbed; flesh greenish white, with a rich, good
slightly sub-acid flavor, becoming dry when ripe. Keeps
through winter and late into spring. Shoots dark, rather
crooked, fruit always fair; very productive. Rejected by
most cultivators on account of its very dry flesh. Totally
distinct from the Red Gilliflower.

Blue Pearmain. Very large, roundish, inclining to oblong,
slightly and obtusely conical ; dark purplish red in large
broken stripes on lighter ground ; bloom conspicuous ;
dots large, indistinct ; stalk three-fourths of an inch long;
calyx deep set ; flesh yellowish, mild sub-acid, good.
Early winter. A thin bearer.

Brabant Bellejieur. Large, roundish or roundish-oblong;
pale yellow, striped ; calyx large ; flesh firm, rich, sub-
acid or rather acid, good flavor. Growth crooked, tree
spreading. Winter.

Carthouse. {Syn. Gilpin, Red Romanite, of Ohio.) Me-
dium or rather small, roundish-oblong, nearly regular,
apex flattened ; striped and shaded deep red on greenish
yelow ground; stalk one-half to an inch long, slender;
basin slightly furrowed, wide, distinct; flesh tough, crisp,
fresh, agreeable, mild sub-acid, second-rate. Keeps fresh
till late in spring. Much cultivated in Ohio valley and
sold at New-Orleans.

Chandler. Rather large, roundish-oblate, often oblique or
irregular, obscurely ribbed ; color with a few distinct
large broken stripes of yellowish red, and a shade of paler
red on greenish yellow ; stalk half an inch long; basin

WINTER APPLES

16

rather deep ; flesh greenish yellow, sub-acid, rich, nearly
first-rate. Early winter. Origin, Pomfret, Conn.

Cornish Gilliflower. Medium size, ovate, apex ribbed, very
narrow ; dull green, with a brown cheek, slightly streaked;
calyx large ; flesh yellowish, firm, rich, high flavor. Ripe
through winter. English.

Cos or Caas, Large, one-sided or angular, roundish, base
wide, apex narrow; greenish yellow with red streaks;
stalk short, cavity deep, one-sided ; calyx small, basin
shallow; flesh mild, sub-acid, agreeable, second-rate or
nearly first-rate. Ripens through winter. A native of
Kingston, N. Y.

Court-pendu, (Syn. Court-pendu plat.) Medium in size,
flat, regular ; color deep crimson on pale greenish yellow;
stalk short, cavity deep ; calyx large, basin wide ; flesh
yellowish, crisp, rich, acid. Early winter. Popular in
Europe. French.

Dominie. Rather large, roundish-oblate ; surface with nar-
row and distinct stripes of light red, on whitish yellow
ground ; dots or specks large, rough ; stalk three-fourths
of an inch long, cavity wide, deep, acute ; basin deep,
obtusely ribbed ; flesh white, firm, mild sub-acid, spicy,
fine-flavored. Shoots very long, vigorous, diverging,
leaves drooping, coarsely serrate. Productive. Keeps
through winter.

Dumelow's Seedhng. Medium in size, round, flattened at
ends ; clear yellow, with a red blush ; stalk very short ;
calyx large, open, deep , sunk ; flesh yellow, crisp, with
a very brisk sharp acid juice. A good culinary fruit.
English.

Dutch Mignonne. Quite large, roundish, regular ; rich
orange, dotted, mottled, and obscurely striped with bright
red, slightly russetted ; stalk nearly an inch long, slen-
der; calyx large, open; basin large, round, even; flesh
firm, becoming tender, with a high, rich, rather acid fla-
vor. Early winter. Native of Holland, A large, hand-
some, high-flavored, but rather coarse fruit.

166

WINTER APPLES.

■WINTER APPLES. 167

Eustis, — [Sy7i. Ben.) Rather large, roundish, very sh'ghtly
ovate ; striped and dotted with Jight rich red on rich yel-
low; stalk very short ; basin narrow, rather deep; flesh
yellowish, rich, sub-acid, fine. Origin, Essex Co., Mass.,

New.

Golden Reinette. Small, regular, roundish-conical, slightly
flattened at base ; rich yellow with red ; stalk long, cavi-
ty shallow ; flesh yellowish, rich, mild sub-acid. Early
winter.

Herefordshire Pearmain. [Syn. Royal P^armain, Win-
ter Pearmain, erroneously.) Medium in size, round-ob-
long, approaching obtuse-conical ; surface mostly covered
with indistinct stripes and soft clouds of light red on
greenish yellow, which on ripening becomes a pale, clear
yellow ;* stalk half an inch long, cavity small ; calyx
large, open ; basin narrow, plaited ; flesh yellowish white,
fine-grained, with a pleasant, mild sub-acid, aromatic,
fine flavor. Early winter. Best on light soils. Distin-
guished from Winter Pearmain by its more conical and
less oblong form, and by the soft shades and clouds of
fine red, which cover the surface.

Hoary Morning. Large, roundish, slightly oblate ; broadly
striped, covered with a downy or hoary bloom; cavity
wide ; calyx small, basin shallow, plaited ; flesh firm,
brisk, sub-acid. For cooking. English.

HUBBARDSTON NONESUCH. Large, round-ovate,
largest at the middle, nearly regular ; color with small
broken stripes and numerous dots of light rich red on a
rich yellow ground ; stalk three-fourths to one inch long ;
cavity acute, russeted ; calyx open, basin ribbed ; flesh
yellowish, very rich, slightly sub-acid, with a strong mix-
ture of a rich sweet, flavor excellent. Early winter. Equal
to the Swaar in richness, superior to the Baldwin in fla-
vor. Shoots rather slender, grey. A native of Hub-
bardston, Mass.

Jonathan. Medium in size, round-ovate, or approaching
truncate-conical ; regular ; nearly covered with brilliant

the fair Permain

Tempered, like comliest nymph, with red and whit« "— PAtWt>».

8

.68 WINTER APPLES

Stripes of clear red on a pale yellow ground ; stalk slen-
der ; basin very distinct, rather deep ; flesh white, very
juicy, spicy, sub-acid, moderately rich. Keeps through win-
ter. Shoots slender, diverging; tree very productive; fruit
always handsome and fair. A native of Kingston, N. Y.

Kentish Filbasket. Very large, roundish, slightly ribbed,

greenish yellov/, slightly streaked, sub-acid ; only cook-

infT- Enoflish.
Kirk's Lord Nelson. Large, roundish, regular; striped

light red on greenish yellow, rather acid, flavor not high.

Early winter. Handsome. English.

Laquier. {Syn. Lacker.) Rather large, oblate, somewhat
irregular; striped light and dark red on greenish yellow;
with conspicuous whitish specks ; stalk half an inch long;
basin furrowed; flesh white, fine-grained, firm, crisp, fresh,
mild, agreeable, sub-acid. Keeps through winter. Cultiva-
ted in western New-York ; originally from Lancaster, Pa.

Limber Twig. (Sy7t. James River.) Large, dull red, fle^^h
yellowish, very compact, not high-flavored, but ciillivatc^i
in the south and west for its keeping properties. 'J'ho
tree is ill-shapen, with pendant branches, whence iisj
name. Distinct from the Willow Twig.

Lucombe's Seedling. Rather large, roundish, slightly an-
gular, somewhat conical ; greenish yellow in the shade,
dashed and spotted with carmine in the sun ; stalk short ,
basin small, plaited ; flesh whitish, firm, not high flavored.
Late autumn and early winter. A handsome, English,
culinary fruit, of third quality.

Margin. Very small, slightly angular, dull yellow and
orange; streaked and mottled with red ; firm, high fla-
vored, aromatic ; growth slow. English.

Marston's Red "Winter. Large, roundish oval, regular,
slightly narrowed to each end, smooth; striped with
bright red and crimson on yellow ground ; stalk half an
inch long, slender, cavity russeted ; basin abrupt, round,
smooth ; flesh yellowish, fine-grained, tender, juicy,
high-flavored. Ripens through winter. Origin, New
Hampshire. New.

WINTER APPLES. 169

McLellan. (Syn. Martin.) Medium in size or rather
large, nearly round, smooth, regular; striped and mottled
with lively clear red on yellow ground ; stalk three-fourths
of an inch long, slender, cavity narrow ; basin narrow,
waved; seeds small; flesh nearly white, fine-grained,
very tender, slightly sub-acid, agreeable, but not very
rich. Early winter. Very productive. A native of Con-
necticut. New.

Minister, Large, rather irregular, oblong-conical, ribbed,
surface more or less wavy, base broad, apex very narrow ;
very distinctly striped with red on greenish yellow ground;
stalk one inch long, slender, cavity usually wide, shallow,
and irregular ; flesh yellowish, moderately rich, sub-acid,
flavor second rate. Productive, fair, and showy. Early
winter. Shoots somewhat flexuous.

Mother. Large, oblong-ovate, approaching conical ;
slightly and obtusely ribbed ; color a high warm rich
red on yellow ground ; deep red to the sun, — in obscure
broken stripes and spots ; stalk three-fourths of an inch
long, cavity moderate ; basin small, plaited ; flesh yellow,
more so towards the outside, moderately juicy, rich, very
spicy, very mild sub-acid, with an admixture of sweet.
Somewhat resembles the Esopus Spitzenburgh in exter-
nal appearance, and in its rich yellow flesh and spiciness,
but nearly sweet in flavor, and less agreeable. Late
autumn and early winter. Origin, Worcester Co., Mass.

Murphy. Rather large, round-oblong or round-ovate ; dis-
tinctly striped with bright rich red on rich yellow ; stalk
one inch long, cavity wide, rather obtuse ; basin narrow ;
flesh yellowish, mild sub-acid, good. Early winter. A
native of Salem, Mass.

Norfolk Beaufin. Large, flat, dark dull copper colored oi
livid red in faint stripes; stalk short, fleshy; basin
plaited, shallow; flesh hard, rather acid, poor flavor. Only
for drying. Winter. English.

NORTHERN SPY. Large, roundish, slightly conical, often
flattened, sometimes slightly ribbed, handsomely striped
with red; stalk and calyx deep set; flavor mild agreeable,
mild sub-acid, fine. Keeps through winter and late into

170 WINTER APPLES.

spring ; preserves its flavor remarkably fresh. Shoots
dark, spotted, erect, stout. To afford fine fruit, the tree
must be kept thrifty by good cultivation. A native of East
Bloomfield, N. Y.

Pennock. {Syn. Pennock's Red Winter.) Large, roundish,
sometimes slightly oblong, flattened at ends, oblique ;
color deep dull red, with large white dots ; stalk rather
slender; flesh coarse, slightly sub-acid, rather rich, with a
slight mixture of bitter and sweet, second or third rate.
Very liable to dry rot. Popular in southeastern Penn-
sylvania, from its large size and showy appearance.

Pound. Very large, round-oblong, striped red on greenish
yellow, stalk short, flavor poor.

Priestley. Medium or rather large, roundish-oblong, some-
times nearly round ; light dull red in small stripes and
numerous dots, with a dense bloom; stalk one inch long;
basin small, furrowed ; flavor sub-acid, spicy, good second
rate. Growth upright.

Pryor's Red. {Syn, Pryor's Pearmain.) Medium or rather
large, roundish, kregular, varying, apex often broad,
sometimes narrow, considerably or slightly ribbed ; color
dull brick red on greenish yellow in dots, shades, and
obscure streaks, slightly russeted ; stalk long or short,
cavity small ; calyx open, basin narrow ; flesh very
tender, mild, rich, sub-acid, agreeable. Resembles in
texture and flavor the W^estfield Seeknofurlher. Highly
esteemed in Indiana, Kentuck}^, and Virginia, — where it
keeps till spring, — ^^and succeeds well further north.

Rawle's Jannet. {Syn, Rawle's Jenneting, Neverfail,
Rockremain.) Medium in size, roundish, appro:iching
oblong or obtuse conical, often oblique ; color pale red
distinct stripes on light yellow ground ; stalk half an
inch long ; flesh nearly white, fine, rich, mild, sub-acid,
fine texture, crisp, juicy, compact, about first rate.
Growth slow; a profuse bearer, with a portion of the
crop knotty or under size. Keeps through spring. Highly
esteemed in the Ohio valley ; does not succeed farther
north. The blossoms open ten days later than usual,

WINTER APPLES. 17

thus sometimes escaping spring frosts ; and hence the
name Neverfail.

RED CANADA. (Sy7i. Nonsuch, Old Nonsuch of Mass.,
Richfield Nonsuch of Ohio.) Medium in size, roundish-
conical, regular ; nearly the whole surface covered with
red, and interspersed with large and rather indistinct
whitish dots ; stalk about an inch long, in a very wide
and even cavity ; basin nearly even, moderate ; flesh fine
grained, compact, with a rich sub-acid, high and excellent
flavor. Keeps through winter. Shoots rather slender,
leaves wavy. Productive ; fruit smooth and fair. Suc-
ceeds equally in New England, New York, and Ohio.
This is wholly distinct from the Nonsuch of England, to
prevent confusion with which, the name Red Canada
is preferred.

Bed Gillijlower. (Syn. Scolloped Gilliflower.) Large, flat-
tish-conical, sometimes inclining to roundish or ovate-
conical, very irregular and strongly ribbed ; striped with
dull dark red on greenish yellow ground ; usually more
or less blotched with dark spots or scabs ; stalk half to
three-fourths of an inch long ; basin very irregular or
strongly ribbed ; flesh fine-grained, compact, rich green-
ish yellow, and with a fine, spicy, sub-acid flavor. Al-
though of fine quality, the fruit is rarely fair, and the
tree is unproductive : hence it is little cultivated.

Redstreak. Medium size, roundish, rich red and yellow in
streaks ; flesh yellowish, rich, firm, dry. For cider only.

Scarlet Nonpareil. Medium in size, roundish, regular, yel-
lowish green, the sunny side deep red, stalk rather large ;
flesh firm, rich, acid. English.

SPITZENBURGH, ESOPUS. Rather large, round-ovate
slightly conical ; surface a high rich red, rather obscurely
striped ; stalk three-fourths of an inch long, rather slen-
der; basin shallow, slightly furrowed ; flesh yellow, firm,
crisp, spicy, rather acid, nearly unequalled in its high
rich flavor. Keeps through winter. Shoots ascending
and erect, rather slender, leaves crenate. Usually a mode-
rate bearer. Succeeds best in New-York, its native
state.

172

WIKTER APPLES.

WINTER APPLES. 173

Spltzenhurghf Flushing, Rather large, round-conical, red
on greenish yellow ; calyx small, basin even ; flesh white,
nearly sweet, pleasant, good second rate. Early winter.
Growth strong.

Spitzenburgk, KaighrCs. Rather large, oblong-ovate; some-
what conical ; striped with red on yellow ; stalk slender,
one inch long, cavity small, acuminate ; basin rather
deep ; rather coarse. Proves to be a good second-rate
fruit at Cincinnati, but north and east is unworthy of cul-
tivation. Keeps through winter. Growth irregular. Ori-
gin, New-Jersey.

Spitzenburgk, Newtow7i. Medium size, roundish-oblate,
smooth; a fine red cheek, with a few streaks of deeper
red, on clear yellow ; stalk short ; basin wide, even ; fles^
yellowish, firm, flavor mild, agreeable. Origin, Newtowr,
Long Island.

Vandevere. Medium in size, round-oblate, regular ; color
light red in indistinct streaks on yellow ground, often a
high red where exposed ; dots numerous ; stalk uniform-
ly about half an inch long, cavity and basin wide; flesh
light yellow, with a rich, mild, sub-acid, excellent flavor
Early winter. Not always fair — succeeds best on light
soils. Shoots spotted ; leaves doubly serrate-crenate.
Origin, Wilmington, Del.

WAGENER. Medium or rather large, oblate, obscurely
ribbed, shaded and indistinctly striped with pale red, and a
full, deep red in the sun, on warm yellow ground ; often
streaked with russet ; stalk three-fourths of an inch long,
cavity wide, rather obtuse; basin even, rather large ; flesh
yellowish, very fine grained, tender, compact, mild, sub-
acid, very aromatic, excellent. Ripens through winter.
A native of Penn Yan, N. Y. New.

Watson's Dumpling. Very large, nearly round, regular;
yellowish green, faintly striped; stalk short ; flesh juicy,
pleasant, sub-acid. For cooking. Early winter. English.

Wells Apple. Rather large, roundish-conical, slightly ob-
late ; bright yellowish green and red; basin shallow;

174

WINTER APPLES.

'I

^
Vi

bo

WINTER APPLEf< 175

sprightly sub-acid. Fine baking. Shoots slender ; tree
very productive. Central Ohio.

Westfield Seeknofurther. {Sy?i. Connecticut Seekno-
further, New-England Seeknofurther.) Medium or large,
roundish, often slightly conical, obscurely striped with
light dull red, more or less russeted, rarely covered wholly
with russet ; stalk slender ; calyx partly open ; flesh ten-
der, rich, spicy, of fine flavor. Early and mid- winter.
Tree productive, fruit alwa5^s fair. Leaves sharply ser-
rate. Succeeds well throughout the northern states and
Ohio.

Willow Twig. Large, roundish, slightly conical, obtuse,
very regular ; greenish j^ellow, striped and mottled faint-
ly with dull red ; stalk short ; basin very wide and deep,
rim obtuse ; flavor sub-acid or rather acid, not rich. A
long keeper. Shoots very slender. Cultivated much as
a market apple in southern Ohio.

IFine. (Syn. Hays' Apple, Hays' Winter.) Rather large,
often quite large, roundish, slightly flattened ; obscurely
striped and mottled with red on yellow ground ; stalk
quite short, cavity deep, acuminate; calyx large, open,
basin large ; flesh yellowish white, with a rich sub-acid or
rather acid flavor. Early winter. There are several spu-
rious varieties under this name.

JVinesap. Size, medium ; round-ovate, slightly conical,
sometimes obscurely flattened ; color a lively deep red ;
stalk slender, three-fourths of an inch long, cavity acute ;
calyx small, in a finely plaited basin ; flesh yellowish,
firm, crisp, with a rich sub-acid or rather acid flavor.
Keeps through winter. One of the best apples for
baking. Growth rather irregular, fruit always fair.
Differs from the Jonathan, in its smaller size, yellower
flesh, smaller basin, and rather inferior quality.

Winter Pear main. {Sy?i. Autumn Pearmain, erroneously,
Old Pearmain.) Size, medium ; oblong-ovate, ends
somewhat flattened ; color, narrow broken stripes of dull
red on greenish yellow ; stalk half an inch to one inch
long, quite slender, cavity narrow ; basin small, distinct,

176

WINTER APPLES.

I

I

ci

CI

I

WINTER APPLES. 177

wrinkled ; flesh dull yellow, or greenish yellow, tender,
with a pleasant, sub-acid, lemon flavor. Does not freeze
easily.

Winter Queen. (Syn. Winter Queening.) Medium size,
conical, base broad ; deep crimson in the sun, a lively
pale red in the shade. Stalk slender, three-fourths of an
inch long, cavity wide ; flesh yellowish, mild sub-acid,
rather pleasant. Productive. Early winter. N. J.

Yorkshire Greening. Rather large, oblate, slightly ribbed;

. dull, dark green, slightly tinged and striped with muddy
brown and dull red ; stalk short, thick ; cavity and
plaited basin, shallow; flevSJi firm, greenish white, juicy
acid. TJirough winter. A tine English culinary apple.

Section 11. — Not striped.

Albemarle Pippin. Size, medium or rather large, nearly
round ; j'ellow with brown specks ; flesh pale yellow,
sub-acid, with a very fine flavor. Keeps well. Cul-
tivated chiefly in Virginia, and in great abundance in
Albemarle County, at the foot of the Blue Ridge, and is
sent to the Richmond market.

Alfriston. Large, roundish, a little ribbed, slightly conical,
pale greenish j^ellow, slightly russeted, stalk short, ten-
der, rather acid, third rate.

Bedfordshire Foundling. Large, roundish, green, stalk,
short, calyx open, flesh yellowish, pleasant acid, cooking.
Early winter. Handsome.

Belmont. {Syn. Gate, Waxen of Coxe ?) Rather large,
roundish conical or ovate-conical, apex usually narrow,
but sometimes quite obtuse ; faintly ribbed, smooth ; color
clear pale yellow, with sometimes a light vermillion
blush ; and rarely with large thinly scattered carmine
dots ; stalk varying from half an inch long and stout, to
an inch or more long and slender ; basin in conical
specimens, narrow ajid shallow ; in obtuse specimens,
narrow and deep, with an obtusely ribbed rim ; flesh
yellowish white, compact, crisp, becoming quite tender,
with a mild, rich, sub-acid, fine flavor. Leaves crenate.

178 WINTER APPLES.

Early winter. A profuse bearer. Excellent in New
York, Micliigan, and northern and central Ohio — worth-
less at Cincinisuti.
The identity of this fruit with the Yv^axen of Coxe, not
having been efctabiished, the old name Belmont, (of Ken-
rick) extensively used in most places where it is culti-
vated, is here adopted.

BorsdorfT. (Syn. BorsdorfTer.) Small, roundish oval, apex
slightly conical ; pale yellow, v/ith a full red cheek ; stalk
short, slender ; basin very shallow, small, even ; flesh
yellowish w^hite, firm, crisp, with a rich, brisk flavor.-
Early winter. German.

Bourassa. Rather large, ovate-conical, ribbed, somewhat
irregular, a rich orange russet on a rich golden surface,
dark reddish brown to the sun ; stalk an inch and a fourth
long, cavity small, irregular ; basin small and narrow ;
flesh fine-grained, sub-acid, rich, fine. Succeeds well far
north.

Bullock's Pippin, or American Golden Russet. (Syn,
Golden Russet, Sheepnose.) Rather small, conical, light
yellow, sprinkled and sometimes overspread with thin
russet; stalk long, slender; basin very small and nar-
row ; ribbed ; flesh yellowish white, very fine grained,
becoming very tender, with a mild, rich, slightly sub-acid
flavor. Growth erect, shoots rather slender ; leaves
sharply serrate ; tree overbears. Early winter. When
well ripened, this apple is exceedingly delicate and ten-
der; sometimes it does not become soft m ripening, when
the quality is poor, and often worthless. It is too small
to become very popular.

Canada Reinette. {Syn. Reinette du Canada, Canadian
Reinette.) Quite large, somewhat conical and flattened ;
rather irregular, ribbed, apex obtuse ; greenish yellow,
sometimes a brown cheek ; stalk short, cavity wide ; calyx
large, basin rather deep, irregular; flesh nearly white,
rather firm, becoming quite tender, juicy, with a good,
lively sub-acid flavor. Early and mid-winter.

The White Pippin of southern Ohio, closely resembles the
Canada Reinette in form, and may prove identical.

WINTER APPLES. 179

Catshead. (S?/7i. Cathead Greening.) Very large, round,*
pale green, stalk half an inch long, cavity deep, basin
wide, deep ; tender, sub-acid ; flavor rather poor.

Court of Wick. Rather small, regular, round-ovate, slight-
ly flattened ; greenish-yellow, with an orange red cheek ;
stalk short ; calyx open, basin wide, shallow ; flesh crisp,
juicy, with a high acid flavor. Hardy, suited for the ex-
treme north. English.

Cranberry Pippin. Rather large, regular, oblate, very
smooth ; color, a beautiful blush on pale clear yellow,
often with large red dots on the sunny side ; stalk slen-
der, three-fourths of an inch long ; calyx deep set, basin
round, with a full obtuse rim ; flesh white, sub-acid,
second-rate flavor. Early winter. Exceedingly beauti-
ful ; resembles Maiden's Blush, but later, and not equal
in quality.

Cumberland Spice. Rather large, varying from roundish-
conicat o long conical, the tapering sides being nearly
straight and not rounded ; color, waxen yellow, with a
slight Vermillion tinge near the base ; and with black
specks on the surface ; stalk half to three-fourths of an
inch long, cavity wide, slightly russeted ; calyx open, ba-
sin even ; flesh yellowish-white, breaking, rather light ;
core hollow ; flavor mild sub-acid, with a peculiar and
agreeable spiciness, of good second-rate quality. This
has been confounded with the Ortley or White Detroit ot
the west, but is quite distinct.

Aunt Hannah. Size medium, roundish, approaching ovate,
straw color, with a very pleasant mild sub-acid, fine fla-
vor, resembling in character the Newtown Pippin. Ori-
gin, Essex county, Massachusetts.

English Golden Russet. (Syn. Golden Russet of New-
York.) Size medium ; roundish, usually a little oblong,
sometimes slightly flattened, nearly regular; surface
sometimes wholly a thick russet; and at others a thin.
broken russet on a greenish-yellow skin ; stem slender,
from half an inch to an inch long, being longest on ob-

♦ " the Cat's-Head's weighty orb

Enormous of its growth.'? — FkiLips.

180 WINTER APPLES.

late specimens ;* flesh fine grained, firm, crisp, with a
rich, aromatic flavor. Shoots speckled ; tree rather ir-
regular. Keeps through winter. This is distinct from
the English Russet, of straight upright growth, and a
very long keeper ; and from the American Golden Rus-
set or Bullock's Pippin.

English Russet. (Sy7i. Poughkeepsie Russet.}- Medium
in size, roundish-conical or roundish-ovate, regular; sur-
face more or less overspead with brownish russet on light
greenish yellow ground ; in large exposed specimens,
wholly russeted ; stalk one-half to three-fourths of an inch
long, cavity moderate, round ; basin smooth ; flesh green-
ish or yellowish white, texture fine, rather firm, with a
rather rich, aromatic, sub-acid flavor. Keeps through
spring, and often through summer for twelve months.
Grow^th upright, shoots lively brown. A profuse bearer.
A profitable market variety.

It is distinguished from the English Golden Russet and
Roxbury Russet, by its straight upright shoots ; and from
the Roxbury by its less flat form, and less acid flavor.

Fallaivatcr. Rather large, roundish, and slightly ovate-
conical, very regular, smooth ; color, a smooth shade of dull
red on light greenish yellow, with a few large, whitish
dots ; stalk slender, cavity narrow, acuminate ; basin
small ; flesh greenish white, fine-grained, with a mild,
slightly sub-acid, good second-rate flavor. Early winter.
A native of Pennsylvania.

Fenouillet Gris. {Syn. Pomme d'Anis.) Small, roundish,
slightly flattened, russeted on yellow ground ; calyx small;
flesh firm, perfumed, anise-flavored. Leaves very small,
growth weak and slender.

Fenouillet Jaune. {^yn. Embroidered Pippin.) Small,
regular, bright yellow, with russet net-work ; stalk short,
calyx small ; flesh firm, with a high, aromatic flavor.
Tree low. Through winter.

Fenouillet Rouge. Rather small, regular, roundish, a little
flattened ; dark brown red on grejdsh ground ; stalk short ;
with a firm flesh, and rich, perfumed flavor.

• In all instances, where apples vary from oblate to a more elongated form, tlie
stem is longer in the oblate speciment.

WINTER APPLES. 181

Fort Miami. Eather large, roundish-oblong, flattened at
the ends, widest at base ; uneven, somewhat ribbed ; color
dull brown, obscurely russeted ; stalk three-fourths of an
inch long, cavity rather wide, irregular ; basin furrowed ;
flesh yellowish white, crisp, and of exceedingly high,
spicy, sub-acid flavor. Keeps through spring. Ohio. New.

Golden Ball. Large, often quite large, roundish, remotely
conical, ribbed ; tine yellow ; stalk short, slender, with
fine green rays or furrows radiating from the centre of the
cavity ; basin very shallow ; flesh tender, rich, aromatic.
Ripens late in autumn, and keeps through winter. Liable
to vary in size and fairness. Excellent for cooking.
Tree very hardy; a poor bearer. Cultivated chiefly in
Maine.

Golden Harvey. Small, roundish, irregular ; dull russet on
yellow; a reddish cheek; calyx open, stifle ; flesh of fine
texture, spicy, rich, sub-aciJ. Keeps through winter.
Growth slender.

Golden Pippin, English. Small, round, regular, rich
yellow, dots in the form of short cross-bars ; stalk long,
slender ; basin shallow ; flesh yellow, rich, wiih a fine,
sub-acid, first-rate flavor. Keeps through winter.

Green Seeknofurther. (Syn. Seeknofurther, of Coxe.)
Large, often quite large, roundish, slightly approaching
oblong obtuse conical ; greenish yellow becoming yellow,
specks large and conspicuous ; stalk very short ; calyx
large, basin slightly ribbed, deep ; flesh rather coarse,
sub-acid or rather acid, of good flavor. This diflTers from
the White Seeknofurther of New England, in its larger
size, more conical form, coarser texture, and inferior
quality. Growth strong and vigorous, upright.

Lady Apple. (Syn. Pomme d'Api.) Quite small, regular,
flat ; a brilliant deep red cheek on light clear yellow ;
stalk and calyx deep set ; flesh tender, delicate, sub-acid,
flavor good. A fancy apple. Winter and spring. Shoots
small, dark, erect. Productive. Subject to fire-blight in
some localities

182 WINTER APPLES.

Lady Apple, black. Resembles the preceding in form, bu
nearly black, and destitute of good flavor. Cultivated
only as a curiosity, from its almost inky blackness.

Loudon Pippin. Large or very large, roundish, slightly
flattened, obtuse-conical; greenish yellow; stalk very
short ; calyx large, in a smooth even basin ; flesh sub-
acid, of a good second rate flavor. Early virinter. Mucl^
cultivated in northern Virginia; and from its large size
and handsome appearance sells in the Washington market
for about twice as much as any other sort. Productive.

Mah Carle. {Syn. Mela Carla, Pomme de Charles.) Me-
dium size, regular, slightly conical ; smooth, clear pale
waxen yellow, with a brilliant crimson cheek ; stalk one
inch long, slender ; basin rather narrow and deep ; flesh
tender, moderately juicy, with a delicate flavor. A
native of Italy ; succeeds in the middle States, unsuccess-.
ful in New York and New England. Early winter.

Michael Henry Pippin. Size, medium ; roundish-ovate,
apex narrow ; yellowish green ; stalk short, rather thick ;
basin narrow; flesh yellow, tender, juicy, high flavored.
Growth upright. Through winter. Origin, Monmouth
Co., N. J.

Monstrous Pippin. (Syn. Gloria Mundi, Ox Apple, Balti-
more.) Very large, roundish, somewhat flattened at the
ends, slightly angular or ribbed ; skin smooth whitish
green, becoming whitish yellow ; stalk stout, short ;
calyx large, basin wide, deep, somewhat ribbed, with an
obtuse rim ; flesh white, tender, rather coarse, with a
sub-acid, not rich, second or third rate flavor. Late
autumn and early winter.

Mouse. (Syn. Moose.) Large, rounish-oblong or slightly
ovate conical ; pale green becoming greenish yellow
with a brownish blush ; stalk three-fourths of an incti
long, rather slender; basin narrow, slightly plaited ; flesb
white, fine-grained, spongy, delicate, mild, sub-acid. A
native of Ulster Co., N. Y. Through winter.

NEWTOWN PIPPIN. C Syn. Pippin, Green Newtown Pip-
pin.) Medium or rather large, roundish, oblique, slightly

. WINTER APPLES. 183

irregular, remotely conical or else a little flattened ; dull
green becoming yellowish green ; often with a dull
brownish blush ; stalk short, deep set, and surrounded by
thin, dull, whitish russet rays ; basin narrow, shallow ;
flesh greenish white, juicy, crisp, fine-grained, with a
high, fine flavor. Keeps through spring, and retains
remarkably its freshness. Tree of rather slow growth,
with a rough bar^:. The fruit is very liable to black spots
or scabs, unless under high, rich, and constant culti-
vation, with a good supply of lime in the soil. One of
the best fruits for foreign markets. A native of New-
town, Long Island, and has rarely succeeded well in
New-England.

Nevmrk King, Size, medium ; conical ; skin smooth, red
in streaks on yellow ground ; flesh tender, rather rich,
pleasant. Early winter. Origin, New Jersey.

Newark Pippin. (Syn. French Pippin.) Kather large,
round-oblong, regular; greenish yellow, becoming yellow ;
stalk and calyx deep set ; flesh tender, rich, and high-
flavored. Growth crooked, irregular. Early winter.

Old Nonpareil. Rather small, round-ovate, flattened ;
greenish yellow with pale russet, stalk slender, calyx
small ; flesh rich, acid, shi^rp. Early winter. English.

Ortley, or White Detroit. (Syn. Ortley Pippin, "Warren
Pippin, White Bellflower, Woolman's Long, Detroit,
Jersey Greening, Detroit of the West.) Large, roundish,
somewhat oblong-ovate, pale yellow, slightly tinged with
pink in the sun ; stalk about an inch long, sometimes
short, but always slender ; cavity deep and narrow ; basin
rather deep, nearly even or slightly plaited ; flesh sub-
acid, crisp, sprightly, rich, fine, about first rate. Shoots
slender.

Peck's Pleasant. Large, often quite large, roundish, some-
times remotely oblong, often a little oblique, usually
slightly flattened ; smooth and regular; color, light green,
becoming yellow, with a brown blush ; stalk very short,
one-fourth to one-half an inch long, thick, rarely longer
and somewhat slender ; calyx open, basin abrupt, rather

1S4 WINTER APPLES.

deep ; flesh compact, very tender, with a mild, rich, fine,
clear sub-acid, Newtown Pippin flavor. Early winter —
poor, if too ripe. Growth rather erect, shoots somewhat
diverging ; a good bearer, fruit always fair. The fruit
resembles the Yellow Newtown Pippin, but larger, fairer,
and earlier in ripening. Origin, Rhode Island.

Pickman. Rather large, round, light yellow, with black
specks ; flesh firm, juicy. Through winter. A fine
culinary variety.

Pomme Grise. (Syn. Gray Apple.) Rather small, roundish-
oblate, a grey russet ; stalk slender, cavity wide, rather
obtuse ; calyx small, basin round ; flesh very tender for
a Russet and fine-grained, rich, and high-flavored. Ca-
nada. One of the best dessert apples for the extreme
north.

Pound Royal. (Syn. Pomme Royale, erroneously, Belle
Bonne, of Conn.) Large, roundish, slightly oblong, a
little uneven ; surface w^iitish yellow ; stalk slender, an
inch and a quarter long, cavity large ; basin furrowed,
irregular ; flesh tender, breaking, fine-grained, mild,
agreeable, sprightly. Ripens through winter. Tree vigo-
rous, productive. Origin, Pomfret, Conn.

RHODE-ISLAND GREENING. (Sy7i. Greening.) Large,
roundish-oblate ; green, becoming greenish yellow, always
fair, a dull brown blush to the sun ; stalk three-fourths
of an inch long ; basin rather small, often slightly rus-
seted ; flesh yellow, — a rich yellow if much exposed to
the sun, and whitish yellow or greenish white if much
shaded, — tender, juicy, with a rich rather acid flavor.
Growth strong, young trees crooked or oblique, shoots
rather spreading, leaves sharp serrate ; best on light soils;
very productive, single trees often yielding forty bushels
*of fair fruit in favorable years, and neglected orchards
500 bushels per acre. Fine throughout the Northern
States, where it keeps through winter into spring ; but
fails from a deficiency in the soil, through most parts of
central and southern Ohio ; and at Cincinnati and St.
Louis becomes an autumn fruit.

I

WINTER APPLES. 185

Roman Stem, Medium in size, round-ovate ; whitish yel-
low, with a faint brownish blush ; stalk one-half to three-
fourths of., an inch long", with a fleshy protuberance at
insertion ; cavity shallow ; basin narrow, slightly plaited ;
flesh tender, juicy, mild, sub-acid, good second rate
flavor. Keeps through winter. New Jersey.

ROXBURY RUSSET. (Syn. Boston Russet, Putnam
Russet of Ohio.) Medium or large, roundish-oblate,
remotely conical, partly or wholly covered with rather
rough russet on greenish yellow ground, sometimes a
dull brown cheek; stalk one-half to an inch long, cavity
acute ; basin round, moderate ; flesh greenish white,
rather granular, slightly crisp, with a good sub-acid
flavor. Keeps late in spring. Large specimens become
conical, with short thick stalks ; small specimens are
more flat, and with longer and more slender stalks.
Growth spreading, shoots downy. Although not of the
highest flavor, its productiveness, uniformly fair fruit,
and long keeping, render this variety one of the most
profitable for orchard culture. It succeeds well through-
out the Northern States, but partially fails in a few
localities in Ohio.

The Warner Russet (new) resembles the Roxbury, but is a
finer and more vigorous grower.

Sam Young. Small, regular, oblate ; bright yellow, partly
russetted ; stalk short ; calyx large, open ; flesh greenish,
juicy, with a rich, fine flavor. Early winter. Irish.

Shippen's Russet. Large, roundish-ovate, flattened, taper-
ing to apex ; mostly russeted on greenish yellow ground,
tinged red in the sun ; stalk three-quarters of an inch
long, deep set ; basin small ; flesh rather spongy, sub-
acid or rather acid, second rate.

Surprise. Small, round-ovate, skin light yellow, flesh light
dull red, flavor poor. A curiosity on account of its yellow
skin and red flesh.

SWAAR. Rather large, roundish, slightly flattened at the
ends, often considerably oblate, sides regularly rounded,
crown as wide as base ; color greenish yellow becoming
a rich yellow, sometimes faintly russeted ; and a small

l86 WINTER APPLES.

blush near the hase, when much exposed to the sun ;
stalk rather slender, three-fourths of an inch long, cavity
round, moderate, or often small ; basin small, even ^ flesh
yellowish, fine grained, compact, tender, with a very rich»
mild, aromatic, agreeable, slightly sub-acid flavor. Es-
teemed by many as the finest winter table apple. Ripens
through winter and keeps into spring. Shoots ascending,
buds large, leaves coarsely rounded serrate. Fruit apt to
be scabby on old overloaded trees. Not successful in all
localities.

Sweet and Sour. A middle sized fruit, with greenish ribs
and whitish hollows ; the former sub-acid, and the latter
with an insipid or sweet flavor, occasioned by a partially
diseased action, not unlike that of the whitish streaks in
the leaves of striped or ribbon grass. The wildly absurd
story of raising this fruit by placing two halves of dissimi-
lar buds together, is wholly fabulous.

Tewkshury Blush. (St/??. Tewksbury Winter Blush.) Small,
round-oblate ; yellow with a red cheek ; flesh yellow,
juicy, with a good flavor. Keeps till mid-summer. Very
productive. New-Jersey.

Victorious Reinette. (Syn. Reinette Triomphante.) Large
roundish-oblong, tapering very slightiy each way front
the middle ; regular, often a little oblique ; pale yellow
with rough specks; stalk half an inch long, cavity very deep;
flesh yellowish, rather firm, of second-rate sub-acid flavor.

White Seeknofurtiier. Size medium ; roundish oblate,
slightly obtuse-conical, very pale green becoming yellow-
ish, with whitish specks faintly ribbed ; stalk very short,
thick, cavity small; basin moderate or rather deep, slight-
ly ribbed or uneven ; flesh very fine grained, juicy, mild
sub-acid, very agreeable, fine flavor. Cultivated in New-
England. Fruit often defective. This is distinguished
from the green Seeknofurther of Coxe by its smaller size,
and far more delicate texture.

White Winter Calville. Large, rather flat, broadly ribbed,
irregular ; color, pale greenish yellow, becoming yellow
stalk three-fourths of an inch long, slender, deep set •

WINTER APPLES. 187

basin deep, irregular ; flesh white, granular, tender, light,
flavor faintly sub-acid, third-rate. Early winter. French.
Culinary.

Winter Cheese. Medium in size ; green in the shade,
red in the sun ; flesh very crisp, very tender and delicate,
sprightly, and of a fine, pleasant flavor. One of the most
highly esteemed early winter apples of southern Virginia,
closely resembling the Fall Cheese, but a longer keeper.
Becomes mealy and insipid after maturity.

Wood's Greening. Large, roundish, a little oblique, slight-
ly flattened, obscurely conical ; pale green, smooth ; stalk
very short, cavity acuminate ; calyx rather large, basin
distinct, slightly plaited; flesh greenish white, or nearly
white, fine grained, slightly crisp, tender ; flavor very
agreeable, mild sub-acid, first-rate, but not very rich.

Fellow Bellplower. {Syn. Bellflower, Yellow Belle-
fleur.) Large, often quite large, oblong-ovate, apex
quite narrow and conical, more or less irregular ; surface
pale yellow, often with a blush ; stalk slender ; basin
ribbed ; seeds long ; flesh very tender, fine grained, crisp,
juicy, acid, becoming sub-acid ; excellent. Keeps through
winter. Shoots yellowish, rather slender, growth of the
tree rather upright ; succeeds best on rather light soils.
Adapted to the climate of the northern and middle states,
as far south as Kentucky, but fails by premature dropping
in a few localities. More tart and less rich in cold sum-
mers, and far north.

Yellow Newtown Pippin. Medium or rather large, round-
ish, slightly oblong and oblique, more or less flattened ;
yellow, with a brownish red cheek, purplish before ripe,
stalk very short ; flesh firm, crisp, with a rich, mild fla-
vor. Closely resembles the Green Newtown Pippin, and
believed by many to be identical, differing only by a
warmer exposure. It is fairer in some localities than the
Green, but is usually inferior to it in flavor. The growth
of the two varieties is only distinguished in the large
trees.

L

188

COMPARATIVE FORBIS OF APPLES.

COMPARATIVE FORMS OF APPLES,

ON A SCALE ONE-HALF THE DIAMETER, ACCURATELY REDUCED
FROM ACTUAL SPECIMENS.

Fig. 125 — Herefordshire Fearmain. Fig. 12G — Winter Pearmain

Fig. 127— Ortleyf or White Detroit.

7

Fig. 128— Cumberland Spice.

Fig. V^S—Holl and Pippin. Fig. 130— Pa« Pippin,

COMPARATIVE FARMS OF APPLES.

189

Tig. 131. Fig. 132. Fig. 133.

Lfiidi/ Apple. English Golden Pippin. Early Red Marsaret.

Fig. 134. Fig. 135.

Two specimens White Juneating. Two specimens Ross Nonpareil.

Showing the tendency to elongation of the stalk as the fruit assumes fii
smaller size and more oblate form.

Fig. 126— Jonathan. Fig. 137— Carthouse. Fig. 13S—Fameus€.

190

COMPARATIVE FORMS OF APPLES,

Fig. 139.
Roxbury Russet.

Fig. 140.
Enzlish Russet.

Bullock'' s Pippin., or Am.
Golden Russet.

Fig. 142.
Peach Pond Sweet.

Fig. 143.
Jersey Sweeting

Fig. 144.
Leland Spict.

Fig. 145. Fig. 146.

JLm. Summer Pearmain. Garden Royal.

Fig 147.
Late Strawberry.

COMPARATIVE FORMS OF APPLES.

191

Fig. UB—Maiden^s Blush. Fig. I'^i—Hawthcrndeti.

Fig. 150 — White Seekno/urther. Fi^. 151 — Green ^eekncfurther.

Fig. 1S/!t^BaiXey Sw*et.

Fig. l59^W€Stfield Seekno/urthtr,

192

COMPARATIVE FORMS OF APPLES.

Fig. 154— Summer Sweet Paradise, Fig. 155—HaskeU Sweet.

T,v;. ISS—Sweet Baldwin

Fi| ^S&^Mother.

CHAPTER II

THE PEAR,

The pear, when grown to full perfection, is eminently dis-
tinguished for its great delicacy, its melting and juicy tex-
ture, and by its mild, exceedingly rich, and delicious flavor.
Greatly excelling the apple in these particulars, it falls be-
low it in importance only in consequence of the less uni-
formly healthy habit of the tree.

PROPAGATION.

The best trees are raised from seedling stocks ; suckers,
unless imusually furnished with fibrous roots, are of crooked,
one-sided, and stunted growth. Seedling pears are more
difficult to raise than those of any other kind of fruit ; and
the many disasters to which the young trees are liable, have
caused a great and general deficiency, in the midst of an
abundant supply of trees of other kinds in the nurseries of
this country.

Raising the Seedlings. The seeds, after separation from
the fruit, should be kept in the way already given for apple-
seeds, by mixing with sand or muck. The soil for the seed-
bed, should be unusually deep and fertile, rather damp than
otherwise, and should have a good manuring with lime and
ashes, and an abundant supply of peat or muck, if the
soil is not already largely furnished by nature with this in-
gredient. A correspondent of the Horticulturist states that
he has been eminently successful by the following practice :
First make a deep trench with the plow, and finish to the
required depth with the spade — two feet — not less. The
compost used to fill the trench is made of half a peck of iron
filings or blacksmith's cinders, with half a peck of slaked
lime, and half a peck of wood ashes, and a peck each of
■wamp muck and barn-yard manure, thoroughly mixed with

194 PROPAGATION OF THE PEAR.

a bushel of soil into a compost. J. Washburn, of Plymouth,
Mass., also furnishes the following statement : — " I have a
fine lot of pear seedlings, which were [very copiously] ma-
nured with compost in the following proportions : — one load
of muck, two loads of stable manure, two barrels of iron
rust, one barrel of bone-dust, and two barrels of wood ashes.
The whole was composted early in autumn — applied in the
fall — and the seed sown the first of May. Other seeds plant-
ed on the same land without this compost, but with stable
manure, have produced plants that rusted badly, and are not
one quarter the size of the first lot, which are fine, strong
stocks."

The mode of sowing the seeds may be the same as that
described for the apple, in drills one to two feet apart. The
more thinly they are sown, the less will be the danger of
disaster from the leaf blight ; and for this reason, drills near
together, with the seeds somewhat sparingly scattered in
them, will be found best.

The leaf-Might is the most serious evil met with in the cul-
tivation of pear seedlings. Its immediate cause has not
been satisfactorily explained. It is more formidable in some
seasons than in others. Commencing about midsummer,
sometimes earlier, but more frequently later, it is first indi-
cated by the leaves in certain parts of the seed-beds turning
brown ; in a few days they fall off; other portions of the
beds are successively attacked, till all the seedlings become
more or less denuded, those last affected occupying the most
favorable portions of the soil. As a necessary consequence,
growth immediately ceases; and if they are attacked early,
and have made but little previous growth, they are nearly
ruined, and few will survive the succeeding w^inter, for they
never make a second growth the same year of any value.
But if their previous growth has been vigorous, and the
blight appears late in summer, much less injury is sustained.
The best remedy is the high cultivation, with special ma-
nures, already described.

Wi7itering the young seedlings. The frequent destruc-
tion of the trees the first winter, is another serious evil.
The danger is least with those that have made the best
well ripened growth ; hence it becomes very important
o secure healthful vigor by the adoption of the compost and

PROPAGATION OP THE PEAR. 195

cultivation previously mentioned. But in many localities,
pear seedlings, which are always remarkably free from
fibrous or lateral roots the first year, are drawn out by the
freezing of the soil, and either destroyed or greatly injured.
Several modes have been proposed to prevent this result,
. and have been tried to a greater or less extent. One, is to
induce the emission of lateral roots, by taking up the young
seedlings from the thickly sown beds, early in the season
and as soon as four leaves have appeared, cut off their tap
roots, and reset them in the nursery rows. Robert Nelson,
of Newburyport, Mass., has pursued this course with great
success ; but its general utility may be questioned, except
during a rainy period or on favorable soils, unless abundant
watering is given. A more easy as well as safe mode would
perhaps be to cut off the tap roots, at the same age, by
means of a sharp spade thrust beneath the soil, and without
transplanting. Neither of these modes could be successfully
applied except to large, vigorous seedlings, growing in a
deep, rich soil.

But where the growth of lateral roots has not been ef-
fected, and the consequent danger greater, of their being
drawn upwards by frost, much protection may be given
them by covering the Avhole ground with forest leaves to a
depth of several inches ; and if the rows are near each
other, and the trees several inches or a foot high, they will
prevent the leaves from being swept off by the winds. The
incursion of mice may be avoided by placing the seed-beds
as near as practicable to the middle of a clean plowed field,
and by encircling the ground with a bank or -ridge of fresh
earth, thrown up for this purpose, about a foot high. Mice
will not pass such a boundary under the snow.

Taking up the seedlings late in autumn, and burying
them in a cellar, or laying them in by the roots and nearly
covering the whole stems, will preserve them safely; but
this mode is liable to the objection of the check in growth
necessarily given in transplanting.

Budding and Grafting may be performed the second
summer if the stocks have made a good growth. The ma-
nagement of the young trees is the same as with apples, by
grafting or budding near the surface of the ground, and
heading down, trimming, and cultivation. But as peaJ

196 DWARF PEARS.

Stocks are valuable, budding- is to be preferred to grafting,
because it may be repeated in case of failure. For the same
reason, root-grafting the pear is not adopted, especially as
slightly unfavorable causes are apt to produce far greater
failures of such grafts than with the apple.

Propagation by Laye7's, giving every tree roots of its own
kind, is easily effected by bending down a vigorous and
thickly branched tree, and making layers of every good
shoot. In two years at furtherest they will furnish well
rooted young plants.

DWARF PEARS.

For orchard culture, and in most parts of the country where
the pear flourishes with great vigor and proves highly pro-
ductive, pear stocks will doubtless always be found greatly
preferable to all others. The advantages of a dwarf growth
on dissimilar stocks, have been already pointed out under
the head stocks. Such trees are not so long-lived as on
pear roots, and they require more thorough and fertile
culture, and care in pruning. But they have some import-
ant advantages, such as coming soon into bearing, occupy-
ing less than a fifth part of the ground, thriving in many
soils where pear stocks will not, and in a few instances im-
proving the quality of the fruit.

The stocks for dwarfs, which have been more or less used,
are the mountain ash, the apple, the thorn, and the quince.

Nearly all the experiments with the mountain ash have
sooner or later proved failures. Budded or grafted upon
apple seedlings, pears sometimes m.ake a feeble growth for
a few years; but unless the grafts themselves throw out
roots, by planting beneath the surface, they sooner or later
perish. It sometimes happens that grafts of a few varieties
inserted at standard height, grow and bear for a series of
years. But experiments of this sort are not to be recom-
mended, the few instances of success only forming excep-
tions to a general rule. The thorn has been extensively
used in England, and to some extent in this country, with
considerable success. But all other kinds of dissimilar stocks
have given way to the quince, which is regarded as much
superior for general use to any other. Of the different sorts
of quince, the Orange quince has proved the best.

{

DWARF PEARS. 197

The varieties of the pear do not grow with equal facility
upon the quince. A few, as the Duchesse d'Angouleme,
Louise Bonne of Jersey, and Beurre Diel, are so much im-
proved in quality that their cultivation on pear stocks is
wholly discontinued hy skilful fruit growers. A larger num-
ber flourish well, but are little changed in quality, as White
Doyenne and Dearborn's Seedling. A few, on the other
hand, succeed badly or wholly refuse to grow upon quince
stocks, without double working, which consists in first bud-
ding some freely growing pear upon the quince bottom, and
then budding or grafting the *' refractory" sort into the pear
shoot.

As a general rule, double-worked trees do not flourish
for a great length of time. Single-worked have done well
for 30 or 40 years under favorable influences.

The following list, made out chiefly from the combined
experience of European and American cultivators, may prove
valuable to those commencing with dwarf pears :

Pears succeeding best on the quince.

Louise Bonne of Jersey , Long Green of Autumn^

Beurre Diel, Early Rousselet,

Duchesse df Angouleme^ Stevens' GeneseCj

Easter Beurre, Fortunee,

Beurre d'Amalis, Glout Morceau,

Vicar of Winkfield, Chduniontelle.

Pears usually succeeding well on both quince and pear.

Van Mons' Leonle Clerc, Summer Franc Real,

Jaminette, Plombgastel,

Belle Lucrative, Tyson,

Harvard, Doyenne d'Ete,

Queen of Low Countries, Bon Chretien Fondante,

Dearborn's Seedling, Onondaga,

Rostiezer, Osband's Summer,

Oswego Beurr^, Buffum,

Bartlett, Bloodgood,

Napoleon, Madeleine,

Capiaumont, Compte de Lamy,

White Doyenne, Duchesse d'Orleans,

Grey Doyenne, Forelle,

Jargonelle, Jersey Gratioli,

St. Germain, Passe Colmar,

Beurre d'Aremberg, Delices d'Hardenpont.

198 DWARF PEARS.

Pears succeedvig on the quince only hy doiihle-workin^

Beurre Bosc, Beurre Ranee,

Marie Louise, Ne Plus Meuris,

Gansel's Bergamot Thompson's,

Dix, Dunmore,

Flemish Beauty. liacon's Incomparable,

Knis^hl's Monarch, Winter Nelis and Seckel, inmost

Suffolk Thorn, instances, but sometimes suc-

Crassane, Winter and Althorpe, ceeding.

Urbaniste,

The result is not always the same in different soils and
in different seasons. The Seckel, for instance, has wholly
failed in one year, and in another, on the same spot of
ground, has grown well. The White Doyenne; grew fine-
ly one summer, and almost totally failed the next. Some
sorts which in nearly all cases do well, occasionally prove
unsuccessful. A few, uniformly, in all seasons and in
all soils, make a rapid and vigorous growth, of which the
Louise Bonne of Jersey is perhaps the most striking ex-
ample ; some others, again, invariably fail, (unless double-
worked,) the most prominent among which stands the
Beurr6 Bosc. Indeed, so averse is this variety to a union
with the quince, that it is by no means certain that it may
not soon fail if worked in whatever manner. In some places,
however, double-working has given it smooth and fair fruit
where it has been cracked and blighted on the pear. Both
this and the Flemish Beauty, as well as the Marie
Louise, and some others, succeed well when grafted on the
hawthorn.

The changes wrought by the quince stock, are often im-
portant and interesting. T. Rivers states that the Beurre
d'Aremberg ripens several weeks earlier in winter ; that the
Easter Beurre is rendered more productive and matures its
fruit, while on the pear it is a bad bearer, and does not
ripen ; that the Fortun^e is a " perfect crab " upon the pear,
but on the quince is melting and juicy; that the Glout Mor-
ceau is imperfect and ripens badly on the pear, but is always
fair and attains a high and mature flavor on quince. As a
general effect, the size of the fruit is increased, but in a few
cases it is rendered more gritty in texture.

Unfavorable soils occasionally preclude the cultivation
of some pears, but for the favorable influence of the stock.

DWARF PEARS.

19S

Thus, at Dorchester, Mass., on Long Island, and in some
other places, the White Doyenn^ only succeeds well upon
the quince.

The stocks of dwarf pears should be wholly beneath the
surface to avoid the horer^ which avoids the pear.

Pruning Dwarf Pears. Dwarf pear trees are usually
pruned into the pyramidal and conical form, the latter only
differing in its broader shape. The an-
nexed figure exhibits these forms dis-
tinctly. The principle to be adopted in
pruning has been already explained on
page 90 ; the extent to which it must be
carried, should be such as to keep the
trees within ten or twelve (eei in height,
and from four to six feet in diameter at
the base. A greater height increases the
difficulty of pruning. The same reason
forbids the adoption of a head with a clean
stem below, as in common standards.

The pyramidal mode of pruning may
be applied to pezir trees upon pear stocks,
provided the luxuriance of growth is re-
Fig. 157. tarded by a triennial root-pruning. With-
out this, it would be difficult to prevent too great a growth
of shoots, while the roots remained at their full extent and
vigor, and sufficient fruitfulness would not be induced.
Dwarf trees may be planted at a distance of six to ten

feet apart. They will
always need careful at-
tention to pruning, and
to thorough and enriched
cultivation of the ground.
Horizontal trainings
for walls or espaliers, is
very rarely practiced or
needed in this country.
It is occasionally em-
ployed in limited gar-
dens, to form bounda-
^'°'^^®* lies of walks, without

occupying much lateral space, and where it is desired to

200 GATHERING AND KEEPING PEARS.

grow large and fine specimens of fruit by strong exposure
to the sun. The mode may be briefly understood by the ac-
companying figure representing a partly grown tree. As
the tree advances, shoots will be produced from the sides of
the horizontal arms ; these must be stopped or pinched ofl
early in summer, to prevent their drawing too hard on the
rest of the tree, and a similar course pursued with them to
that described on page 90 of this work. The fruit-buds,
and all the shoots or spurs supporting fruit-buds, are to be
cut closely off wherever too thick for an even crop. Early
in autumn the shortened shoots are to be cut down, leaving
the fruit-buds, only, to bear the next season. By this regu-
larity of pruning, the tree will preserve a neat appearance,
and bear regular crops.

The horizontal branches may be about one foot apart for
large pears, and eight inches for small ; and the trees, if on
quince roots, may be about 10 feet apart.

GATHERING AND KEEPING THE FRUIT.
•I

Nearly all pears ripen with a much finer flavor if picked
and matured in the house. The exceptions are very few.
Some, which prove only second or third rate when allowed
to remain till they soften on the tree, become rich, melting,
and delicious if house-ripened. Gathering the fruit while
yet hard, will in nearly all cases prevent or greatly diminish
the rotting at the core, which otherwise nearly destroys the
value of many early sorts.

Winter pears should hang upon the tree as late as safety
will allow, and when gathered should be kept in a cool
room till near their usual period of maturity, when the ripen-
ing is to be completed in a warm room, at a temperature of
60 or 70 degrees. They should be kept covered to prevent
shrivelling. Some cultivators have wholly repudiated win-
ter pears, merely from a want of skill in the management of
their ripening, or the want of a good cellar to keep them in.
Some sorts, however, as the Beurre d'Aremberg, require
but little care ; others, as the Vicar of Winkfield need par-
ticular attention. But the transfer from the cool to the warm
room is of great importance to most, and will convert tough
and hard specimens into those which are juicy, melting, and
excellent.

DISEASES OF THE TEAR TREE. 201

DISEASES AND ENEMIES,

Blight. A most formidable difficulty in the cultivation of
the pear, is the blight, known in its modifications, supposed
or real, by the names Jire-hlight, insect-blight, frost-blight,
and frozen sap-blight. The causes may be various, but the
apearances are the same, — a sudden withering and turning
black of the leaves on certain limbs during rapid gro.vth,
and while the rest of the tree remains apparently in full
vigor, the evil extending downwards, unless naturally or
artificially checked, till the whole tree is destroyed.

After a close investigation for years, by the most skilful
cultivators of the country, a satisfactory explanation, appli-
cable to all cases, has not been made.

The earlier theory was, that the hot rays of the sun pro-
duced the disaster, and hence the original name fire-blight.
This was confirmed by the fact that the blight was often
most fatal in the hottest summers ; and weakened by the
opposing fact that shaded portions of the tree were as fre-
quently attacked as those fully exposed to the action of the
hot sun.

It was subsequently discovered that a small insect, [Sco-
lytis py7-i,) by the supposed infusion of poison, caused the
death of the branches, but no general or wide destruction of
the pear could be traced to this source.

More recently, the frozen-sap theory has been extensively
adopted. The explanation by this theory is as follows : —
A damp and warm autumn causes a late and unripened
growth of wood, imperfectly able to withstand the efifects of
winter. It is acted upon by severe frosts, not, however, so
as to produce immediate death or winter-killing, but so as
to result, sooner or later, in disease and partial decomposi-
tion of the sap, by which it becomes poisonous in its nature,
and by passing downwards through the bark, spreads death
in its progress,*

This theory is corroborated by many local . observations,
and by the general fact that the blight is much more de-

* A modification of the frozen-sap blight, known sometimes by the name of frost-
blight, occurs early in summer, immediately after unusual and sharp nocturnal frosts.
The young and tender shoots and the branches below them, are observed to die sud-
denly williin a few days, but protracted in some instances to several w^eeks. The
sap from the dead limbs does not in this case appear to be so deleterious as in other
forms of blij^ht, and although sometimes destroying large portions of trees, they mora
frequently escape after a partial loss of their tops.

202 DISEASES OF THE TEAR TREE.

structive in the warm and fertile valleys of southern Ohio,
where vegetation continues late, is more succulent in
its texture, and where the frosts are sudden and sharp, than
in the dryer and cooler climate of New England. But this
same reason is also adduced in support of the original jire-
hlight theory, and indeed it applies with strength to both.

B'.t after admitting that the different theories may be in
pait correct, and that the blight may be caused by a combi-
nation in a greater or less degree of each assigned cause,
we are driven to the conclusion, from a large number of
observations, of which these limits wholly preclude even a
brief recital, that the cause of the blight, like that of the po-
tato disease, remains hid in a large number of instances from
our knowledge. And that, whether the latent tendency to
disease is only increased and developed by changes of the
weather, or whether those changes actually produce them,
is 3"et enveloped in doubt.

Happily, however, the remedy is not obscured in uncer-
tainty. For whether by an insect, or by the poisonous in-
fluence of the descending juices, its progress must be ar*
rested by an immediate excision of the dead branches. And,
as the poison passes dov/nvvards some time before its effects
are visible external})'', the amputation must be made two or
three feet below the affected part, if the poison as well as
the dead part, is to be removed. Equally necessary is it,
that the infection of the diseased limbs be removed as speedi-
ly as possible out of the way, by burning.

This remedy cannot be effectual, unless very promptly
and fearlessly applied. Many cultivators, in fear of mutila-
ting their trees, do not cut low enough, and leave the seeds
of death remaining in the tree. Others delay the applica-
tion of the remedy for a number of days, till cure is hope-
less. In extensive and malignant cases, the disaster may
be difficult to subdue even by the most prompt measures ;
but in ordinary instances entire success will follow. In any
event, it will be better to cut away and burn by successive
portions a whole tree, than to lose it entire by this disease,
a result equally certain, with the added evil of spreading
the malady.

Tw^o contiguous neighbors had each a large pear orchard ,
one of them neglectei all attention, the other spent ten

DISEASES OF THB PEAR TREE. 203

minutes daily in the examination of all his trees, and in cut-
ting out freshly diseased limbs. The former lost many en-
tire trees ; the latter saved every one, and kept his orchard
nearly clear.

Young trees in close rows have been attacked successively
till all perished; in other rows where the affected trees
were quickly removed, few of the remainder suffered.

Washing the affected parts with a solution of potash and
sulphate of iron, (or copperas,^ has in some cases arrested
the disease, or destroyed the peculiar fermented odor which
attends its more malignant forms, and by which, perhaps, it
is sometimes spread.

Among 'preventives.^ a good, rich, firm, and dry soil, and a
site favoring the early ripening of the wood, and adverse to
a late succulent growth, hold an important rank. The bark,
of the pear is evidently of a very delicate structure, and it
becomes more able to resist changes and disease as the
growth is moderately vigorous, and healthy and matured.

The attempt has been made to select those varieties least
liable to blight, but results vary so exceedingly, that nearly
all efforts have proved fruitless. But among those which
have escaped in the largest number of instances may be
named, first, the Seckel, which is scarcely ever destroyed
even at Cincinnati, and the White Doyenne. The Made-
leine and Passe Colmar appear to be more liable than the
majority of sorts.

Dwarf pear trees are not usually so subject to blight as
others.

Cracking of the fruit has been already adverted to under
the head of soils and special manures, and the remedy point-
ed out. It usually appears in the form of a thick coating
of black rust, spreading over the surface, when partly grown,
causing the skin to crack, shrivel, and dry up.

204 CLASSIFICATION OF PJSAKS.

SYNOPSIS OF ARRANGEMENT.

Division I. Summer Pears.

Class I. Distinct pyrif or m.

Section I. Large pears.
Section II. Medium in size.
Section III. Small.

Class 11. Obscure pjjriform^ ohovate^ or turbinate

Section I. Large pears.
Section II. Medium in size.
Section III. Small.

Class III. Roundish or oblate.

Section I. Large pears.
Section II. Medium in size.
Section III. Small.

Division II. Autumn Pears.

Class I. J)isti7ict 'pyriform»

Section I. Large pears.
Section II. Medium in size.
Section III. Small.

Class II. Obscure pyriform^ obovate^ or turbinate

Section I. Large pears.
Section II. Medium in size.
Section III. Small.

Class III. Roundish or oblate.

Section I. Large pears.
Section II. Medium in size
Section III. Small.

CLASSIFICATION OF PEARS. 205

Division III. Winter Pears.

Class I. Distinct pyriform.

Section I. Large pears.
Section II. Medium in size.
Section III. Small.

Class II. Obscure pyriform^ obovatej or turbinate.

Section I. Large pears.
Section II. Medium in size.
Section III. Small.

Class HI. Roundish or oblate.
Section I. Large pears.
Section II. Medium in. size.
Section III. Small.

varieties.

The quality of pears is remarkably liable to change from
external causes. A difference in soil and cultivation exerts
so great an influence with many fine sorts, that while they
possess the highest flavor when growing on favorable ground
kept rich and mellow, they become greatly inferior or even
worthless in poor soil with neglected culture. Besides
these, there are other influences dependant on a change of
locality, all of which taken together, have contributed to the
great diversity of opinion which exists in relation to many
celebrated varieties. The experienced pomologist will hence
perceive the difficulty of weighing evidence for and against
the different sorts, and of expressing a degree of quality
that shall coincide with the opinions of all.

It will be understood, that the quality given on the fol-
lowing pages, refers only to pears tested in this country.
Some European varieties, which maintain a high character
at home, prove of no value here.

In describing pears, it may be well to repeat that the term
hase applies in all cases to the part nearest the tree ; and
apex, to the part most remote. This is in accordance with
universal practice among eminent botanists. The apex is
usually termed the crown; and it is sufficiently evident
that the crown (upper portion or surmounting part,} cannot
at the same time be the base.

206

SUMMER PEARS.

r<^^'

Fig. ISi^BarOett, Fig. ISS^Bloodgood

SUMMER PEAES. 2(f\

DIVISION I.— SUMMER PEARS.

Class I. — Distinct Pyriform.
Section I. — Larsre Pears.

o

r

JBARTLETT. (Syn. Williams' Bonchretien.) Quite large
obtuse-pyriform, slightly obconic, surface wavy, clear yel-
low, sometimes a faint blush ; stalk an inch and a fourth
long, stout, slightly sunk ; basin little or none ; apet
slightly plaited, sometimes smooth ; flesh nearly white,
ver}'' fine-grained, exceedingly tender and buttery, with a
nearly sweet, sometimes faintly sub-acid, perfumed, fine,
moderately rich flavor. Ripens end of summer and be-
ginning of autumn ; and far north, is strictly an autumn
pear. The fruit, when not fully grown, ripens and be-
comes of good quality if kept in the house a week or twoi
Growth erect, vigorous, leaves folded, slightly recurved
shoots yellowish. Tree very productive, and bears very
young. Although not of the first class as to flavor, the
many fine qualities of this pear render it a general favo-
rite.

Belle of Brussels. (Syn. Belle de Bruxelles, Beauty of
Brussels, Belle d'Aout, Belle of August.) Rather large,
sometimes only medium, neck rather long, slender, and
somewhat obconic ; surface smooth, rich yellow with
greenish specks, slightly reddened in the sun ; stalk an
inch and a half long, rather stout, fleshy at ends ; calyx
scarcely sunk ; flesh white, with a third-rate flavor. Very
handsome, but worthless. Late summer. Belgian.

Jargonelle, {English.) {Syn, Epargne, Real Jargonelle.^
Rather large, long pyriform, neck rather slender, acute,
body nearly round, or slightly ovate in large specimens ;
surface greenish yellow, with a dull brownish cheek ;
stalk an inch and three-fourths long, curved, obliquely in-
serted ; calyx large, rather erect, basin very small ; flesh
rather coarse, juicy, with a pleasant, refreshing sub-acid

208 SUMMER PEARS.

second-rate flavor. Ripens about two weeks after har-
vest, and three weeks or more before the Bartlett. Shoots
large, dark brown, becoming rather crooked. The fruit
rots badly at the core unless ripened in the house. Ol
French origin.

French Jargonelle. (S?/?2..BellIsime d'Eto, Supreme, Sum-
mer Beauty, Red Muscadel.) Size, medium; pyriform,
approaching obovate ; skin shining, light green, becoming
lemon yellow, with a rich, deep red cheek ; stalk an inch
and a fourth long, slightly sunk ; basin shallow ; flesh
white, coarse, breaking, sweet, flavor third rale. Rots at
the core. Ripens with the English Jargonelle. Growth
strong, upright. Handsome and worthless.

Windsor. {Syn. Summer Bell.) Large, very distinct py-
riform, body somewhat ovate or conical ; skin green or
greenish yellow, sometimes a dull brownish cheek ; stalk
nearly two inches long, fleshy at insertion, not sunk ;
calyx erect or closed, sunk little or none ; flesh rather
coarse, slightly acid and astringent, of poor flavor. Rots
at the core. Ripens middle of 8 mo., (Aug.) Valueless,
but has been cultivated on account of its size and beauty,
and the free growth and productiveness of the tree.

Section 11. — Medium in size,

Brandywine. Size medium ; obconic-pyriform, neck acute;
smooth, dull yellowish green, partly russeted, crown thick-
ly russeted ; stalk three-fourths to an inch and a half long,
fleshy at insertion ; flesh white, very juicy and meltmg,
of fine flavor. Leaves rather small, shoots pale olive,
vigorous, upright ; tree very productive. A native of
Delaware Co., Pa. New.

Summer Thorn. (Si/tz. Epine d'Et^.) Size medium ; p}Ti-
form, approaching obconic-turbinate ; surface smooth,
greenish yellow, a little darker and sometimes reddened
towards the sun ; stalk stout, an inch to an inch and a
fourth long, not sunk, fleshy at insertion ; calyx short,
basin plaited, very shallow ; flesh tender, melting, with
a third rate flavor. Resembles a small Jargonelle. Shoots
yellowish brown.

SUMMER PEARS. 209

TySON. Size medium, often rather large, obconic-pyriform,
sometimes approaching obconic-obovate ; bright yellow,
with a reddish brown softly shaded cheek, often some rus-
set ; stalk an inch and a fourth long, inserted into a fleshy
prominence abruptly contracted from the rounded neck ;
basin very shallow, even ; flesh of fine texture, buttery,
very melting, juicy ; flavor nearly sweet, aromatic, sh'ghtly
perfumed, excellent. Ripens the last two weeks of sum-
mer. Shoots quite dark brown, erect, vigorous. The
tree does not come soon into bearing. A native of Pa.

Winship's Seedling. Size medium, obconic-pyriform ; pale
lemon yellow, faintly russeted ; stalk an inch and a half
long, slender, curved, not sunk ; calyx closed, basin
round; juicy, melting, pleasant, second-rate. Late sum-
mer. Shoots yellowish. Boston, Mass.

Section III. — Small.

Early Rousselet. {Syn. Rousselet Hatif, Early Catherine,
Cyprus Pear, Kattern.^ Rather small ; neck narrow,
acute ; stalk an inch to an inch and a half long, fleshy at
insertion ; surface yellow, with a reddish brown cheek ;
calyx small, basin shallow ; flesh sweet, pleasant, per-
fumed. Ripens with the Jargonelle, and immediately
after the Madeleine. A second-rate fruit.

Skinless. {Syn. Sanspeau.) Rather small, long pyriform,
body conic-ovate, regular; skin smooth, very thin, yel-
lowish green, often dotted with reddish brown in the sun;
stalk about an inch and a half long, slender, curved, ca-
vity very small; calyx closed or erect, basin minute,
slightly ridged ; flesh half melting, juicy, with a sweet,
slightly perfumed, good second-rate flavor. Ripens im-
mediately after the Madeleine, or two weeks after har-
vest. Growth very vigorous, erect, leaves flat, wavy. A
profuse bearer; fruit always fair. Valuable.

The Summer Frankreal, Madeleine, and Julienne, of the
next class, slightly approach this class in form.

210 SUMMER PEARS.

Class II. — Obscure pyriform, obovate or turbinate.

Section I. — Large Pears.

Leeches Kingsessing. Rather large ; obovate, approaching
obtuse-pyriform ; green, with darker patches ; stalk an
inch long, sunk little or none on the obtuse base ; calyx
small, basin shallow ; flesh buttery, delicate, rich. End
of summer. Tree slightly thorny, shoots upright, vigor-
ous, greenish yellow. Origin, Philadelphia.

Smith's Moyamensing . Medium or large, sometimes quite
large, variable; round-obovate, rather irregular; skin
lemon yellow, sometimes marked with russet ; stalk near-
ly an inch long, fleshy ; basin furrowed ; flesh buttery,
melting, good, but not first-rate. Ripens from midsum-
mer till autumn. Productive. Origin, Philadelphia. Dr.
Brinckle observes, that this pear, like many others of its

' season, must be eaten by the chronometer, and if taken
exactly at the right period, is of first quality.

Section II, — Medium in size.

Bloodgood. Size medium ; turbinate, approaching obo-
vate, base contracted abruptly to the stalk ; yellow, touched
with russet; stalk fleshy at insertion, an inch and a fourth
long, set on the rounded base without depression ; calyx
scarcely sunk ; flesh yellowish white, buttery and melt-
ing, with a fine rich, aromatic flavor. Sometimes rots at
the core. On some soils, the flavor becomes poor and
insipid. Ripens immediately after Jargonelle and Skin-
less, or the first half of 8 mo., (Aug.} Like all early
pears, it is best if house-ripened.

Crawford. Size, medium ; obovate ; light yellow, with a
brown cheek; flesh white, buttery, sweet, with a third-
rate flavor. Late summer. Scotch.

Julienne. Size, medium ; obovate, sometimes slightly pyri-
form, regular ; whole surface clear ye^.ow ; stalk an inch
long, rather stout, cavity small ; calyx small, erect or
closed, basin rather shallow; flesh half buttery, *:"-'^^^ of

SUMMER PEARS. 2- ,

good second-rate flavor, but often poor on heavy soils.
Late summer. Shoots yellowish. Productive, and bears
when very young.

Limon. Size medium; obovate, slightly pyriform; light
yellow, with a reddish brown blush ; stalk an inch and a
half long ; cavity round, even, shallow ; calyx slightly
sunk 'j flesh buttery, melting, of fine texture, with a mild,
sweet, slightly perfumed flavor. Late summer. Shoots
long, slender, reddish brown. Belgian.

MADELEINE. (Syn. Citron des Carmes, Magdelen, Green
Chisel, incorrectly.) Medium in size, obconic-obovate,
obcurely pyriform ; skin smooth, pale yellowish green,
rarely a faint brownish blush ; stalk slender, an inch and
a half long, cavity very narrow and small ; basin very
shallow; flesh very juicy and melting, usually faintly
acid, with an agreeable, delicate, fine, refreshing flavor.
Matures about midsummer, or at the time of wheat har-
vest. Needs house-ripening. Shoots straight, erect,
greenish, growth vigorous; tree rather liable to blight.
Leaves quite flat.

Muscadine. Size medium ; short obovate, regular, some-
times slightly oblique ; surface a little rough, yellowish
green, thickly dotted ; stalk an inch and a fourth long,
rather stout, cavity very small, even ; basin rather wide,
shallow ; flesh buttery, melting, a little coarse, rather
rich, slightly musky, faintly astringent, good second or
nearly first-rate. Ripens end of summer, and early in
autumn. Shoots rather thick. Origin^ Orange County,
New- York.

OshanrVs Summer, {Syn. Summer Virgalieu, erroneously.)
Medium in size, often rather small, obovate, regular,
smooth and even ; sometimes remotely pyriform ; green-
ish yellow becoming yellow, with a reddish brown cheek,
often faintly russeted ; stalk three-fourths to one inch
long, slightly sunk in a nearly even cavity ; calyx erect,
in a round, nearly even, or slightly wrinkled basin ; flesh
white, granular, with a sweet, mild, and fine flavor. First
rate in its best state, but soon loses its flavor when ma-

212

StJMMEK PEARS.

Fig. 159— Summer Frankreal.

Fig. l60~Rostiexer. Fiff. 161— Tyson.

SUMMER PEARS. 213

ture. Ripens early in 8 mo. (Aug.) Shoots yellowish
olive, thick. Origin, Wayne Co., N. Y.

ROSTIEZER. Rather small, sometimes medium in size;
obconic-pyriform, approaching obovate, regular; skin dull
brownish green, with a dark, dull, reddish brown cheek
to the sun, with whitish specks, and traces of thin russet;
stalk an inch and a half to two inches long, slender,
scarcely sunk; basin little or none; flesh juicy, melting,
sweet, with a very high, perfumed flavor, of high excel-
lence. Ripens late in summer. For rich flavor, it has
scarcely an equal among summer pears. Shoots dark.

Sugar of Hoyersworda. {Syn. Sucree de Hoyerswerda.)
Size, medium ; obovate, approaching short pyriform ;
smooth, pale yellowish green ; stalk an inch and a fourth
long, scarcely sunk; basin small; flesh white, juicy,
sweet, second-rate. End of summer. Needs house-
ripening. Profusely productive. Shoots long, olive brown,
leaves narrow.

Sugar Top. (Sj/n. July Pear, Prince's Sugar.) Size me-
dium, roundish-obconic, turbinate, regular ; skin yellow,
with light green specks, rarely a very, faint brownish
blush; stalk stout, fleshy at insertion, an inch and a half
long; basin small; flesh sweet, tender, rather breaking,
becoming mealy, third rate in flavor. Very productive.
Ripens about midsummer, a few days after the Made-
leine.

Summer Frankreal. (Syn. Franc R^al d'Et^.) Size me-
dium, short-obovate, slightly pyriform, with a very short
obtuse neck, body slightly conical, or tapering to the
crown ; green, becoming pale yellowish green, often a
famt yellowish brown blush ; stalk three-fourths of an
inch long, thick, slightly sunk ; calyx closed, basin fur-
rowed ; flesh white, fine-grained, buttery, melting, rich,
excellent. Late summer and early autumn. Shoots and
leaves rather downy, leaves large.

Summer St. Germain. Medium size, obovate; pale green;
stalk an inch and a quarter long, oblique ; basin very
shallow or none; flesh tender, juicy, sweet, faintly acid,
•ccond-rate.

214

SUMMER PEAHS.

SUMMER PEARS 215

Vallee Franche. Size medium, obovate or turbinate, acute;
pale green, becoming pale yellowish green ; stalk an inch
long, not sunk ; basin shallow ; flesh white, rather coarse,
juicy, with a simply sweet, third-rate flavor. End of sum-
mer. Valueless.

Tyson pear, of the preceding class, often approaches this in
outline.

Section III. — Small,

Amire Joannet, (Syn. Early Sugar, St. John's pear, Joan-
ette.) Small; roundish obovate or turbinate, with a very
small and short neck; light green becoming yellow, usually
with a reddish brown cheek, and with conspicuous red
dots ; stalk an inch and a quarter long, fleshy at inser-
tion ; calyx large, not sunk ; pleasant and moderately
juicy, becoming dry, and with a sweet, second or third
rate flavor. Ripens about a week before wheat harvest,
and is the earliest pear known, which comprises its merit.
Growth stout, upright, vigorous, leaves flat, tree very pro-
ductive, bearing when young.

Dearborn's Seedling, Scarcely medium in size, obovate
turbinate, regular, smooth ; surface clear yellow, with
minute specks ; stalk an inch long, sunk little or none ,
basin very shallow; flesh very fine grained, juicy, melt-
ing, and of fine flavor. Ripens nearly with the Bloodgood,
or middle of 8 mo., (Aug.) Shoots straight^ long, dark
brown. Tree bears when young ; the fruit always fair

. and of first quality in nearly all localities.

Edivard's Henrietta. Size, a little below medium ; obovate,
crown flattened ; stalk set on the rounded point of the
neck ; skin smooth, pale yellowish green, dots few ; stalk
an inch and a half long, cavity small or none ; calyx
closed, basin shallow, faintly plaited, melting, juicy, sub-
acid, with a good second-rate flavor. Very productive.
Late summer. Origin, New Haven, Conn.

Green Chisel. Small, nearly round, color green; stalk
three-fourths of an inch long, scarcely sunk ; calyx rather
large, crumpled; flesh juicy, slightly gritty, sweet, of
second or third-rate flavor. Late summer Shoots erect.

10

216 SUMMER PEARS.

Hessel. {Syn. Hazel.) Rather small, obovate, yellowish
green, thicldy dotted; stalk one inch long, oblique ; calyx
small; basin shallow ; flesh whitish, juicy, pleasant. Late
su*nmer and early autumn. Shoots spreading.

Little Musk. {Sij?7. Petit Muscat, Little Muscat, Primitive.)
Quite small, turbinate ; dull greenish yellow ; stalk three-
fourths to an inch and a half long, little sunk ; calyx open,
basin little or none ; flesh breaking, sweet, very slightly
musky, second-rate. Rather better in quality than Amire
Joannet, but smaller and a week later, ripening with the
Madeleine. Very productive.

Manning''s EUzahelh. Small, obovate, obscurely pyriform,
smooth ; surface yellow, with a lively blush ; stalk one
inch long, cavity round, shallow ; flesh very melting,
saccharine, sprightly, perfumed. End of summer. Bel-
gian.

Muscat Robert. {Sijn. Musk Robine, Early Queen, D'Am-
bre.) Small, turbinate, greenish yellow ; stalk three-
fourths of an inch long, surface at insertion uneven, but
not sunk ; calyx large, basin little or none ; flesh tender,
juicy, pleasant. Ripens with the Madeleine.

Oit, Small, roundish, turbinate ; greenish yellow, russeted
in part, rarely a mottled red cheek ; stalk an inch and a
fourth long, cavity small ; calyx rather large, basin shal-
low; flesh' melting, rich, perfumed, aromat : closel}'' re-
sembling that of its parent the Seckel. K "ens quite
early, or by the first or middle of 8 mo. '(Aug.) Origin,
Montgomery Co., Pa. New.

Summer Doyenne. (S^?z. Doyenne d'Et'.) Small ;roun^-
obovate, slightly turbinate ; stalk an inch or an inch and
a fourth long, rather stout, slightly oblique, not sunk ; ba-
sin very shallow ; skin a fine yellow, with a warm cheek
brightly reddened at the crown ; and with radiating stripes
of greenish yellow from the calyx; flesh melting, juicy,
sweet, with a pleasant but not hin^h flavor. Skin thin j
core small ; seeds small, white. Ripens with the Made-
leine, and nearly equal to it in quality. Tree bears very
young. Shoots slender, reddish brown. New.

SUMMER PEARS. 217

Class III. — Roundish or oblate.

Section I. — Large Pears.

Hampden's Bergamot. (Syn. Summer Bergamot, Lind.;
Bergamoted'Ete, Scotch Bergamot.^ Large, roundish,
slightly obovate ; green becoming clear yellow, dots small;
stalk one-half or three-fourths of an inch long, rather
stout ; cavity small, round ; calyx small, closed, basin
shallow; flesh breaking, granular, half buttery and agree-
able if house-ripened. End of summer and first of au-
tumn. Handsome. Growth strong.

Section II. — Medium in size,

Bergamot, Early. Size medium, roundish-oblate ; pale yel-
lowish-green, a few dull red streaks towards the sun or a
faint dull red cheek ; stalk an inch and a quarter long,
thick, slightly sunk, juicy, sweet, crisp, third-rate. Late
in summer. French.

Bergamot, Large Summer. Medium in size, roundish, ap-
proaching obovate, smooth, clear yellow ; stalk an inch
and a half long, cavity and basin narrow, deep, and
smooth ; flesh breaking, half buttery, not rich. Early in
autumn. Tree of free growth and productive.

Citron. Size, medium ; roundish ; dull green ; flesh green-
ish white, a little coarse, melting, juicy, good. End of
summer. Origin, New-Haven, Conn.

Fine Gold of Summer. {Syn. Fin Or d'Ete.) Round-tur-
binate, skin very smooth, yellowish green, with a brilliant
red cheek ; stalk three-fourths of an inch long, not sunk ;
basin very shallow; flesh greenish white, juicy, half-
breaking, second-rate. Ripens soon after the Madeleine.

Summer Rose. (Syn. Epine Rose, Thorny Rose, Poire de
Rose.) Medium size, roundish-oblate; skin faint yellow,
with some russet, and a red russet cheek ; stalk an inch
and a quarter long, slender, cavity very small; basin
very shallow; flesh juicy, rather rich, good second-rate
End of summer. Soon decays.

218

AUTUMN PEARS,

Fig. 167— PofOifiw dUutomnc. Fig. ItB—Bturrt Bott^

SUMMER PEARS. 219

Section III. — Small,

Bergamot, Summer. Small, round, yellowish green, with
a brownish cheek; basin wide; flesh juicy, moderately
rich, soon becoming mealy and dry. Ripens soon after
mid-summer. Growth feeble.

Summer Portugal. (Syn. Passans du Portugal.) Size,
rather small, often nearly medium ; roundish-oblate, regu-
lar; skin yellowish green or pale yellow, with a hand-
some red cheek in the sun, formed of the reddened dots ;
stalk about an inch long; calyx stiff', erect; cavity and
basin shallow; flesh white, breaking, tender, juicy, good
second-rate. • Late summer. Very productive. Shoots
upright, reddish brown.

Williams' Early. Rather small, roundish, remotely turbi-
nate, regular ; bright yellow, sunny side with scarlet dots;
stalk an inch and a half long, fleshy at insertion ; calyx
very short, erect, basin slightly plaited ; flesh white,
granular, juicy half-buttery, rich, slightly musky. End
of summer and first of autumn. Shoots dark. A hand-
some, good second-rate pear, a native of Roxbury, Mass.

Summer Doyenne, of the preceding class, approaches this
class in form.

DIVISION II.— AUTUMN PEARS.

Class I. — Distinct pyriform

Section I. — Large Pears.

BEURRE BOSC. {Syn. Calebasse Bosc.) Large, very
distinct pyriform, neck rather long and very narrow, acute ;
body large oblate ; surface nearly smooth, deep yellow,
riisseled in patches ; stalk an inch and a half long, slen-
der, curved; basin very shallow; flesh juicy, buttery,
rich, perceptibly perfumed, sweet, excellent. Mid-autumn.
Growth moderate, a regular, even bearer. Fails entirely
on quince stocks. Belgian,

k,2[) AUTUMN PEARS.

Beurre Diel. {Syn. Diel, Diel's Butter.) Large, some-
times very large, thick pyriform, neck short, obtuse, body
very large ; small specimens approach obovate ; skin dull
yellow, with numerous conspicuous dots, and some russet;
stalk an inch and a fourth to an inch and a half long,
stout, moderately sunk ; basin slightly furrowed ; flesh
rather coarse, rich, sugary, buttery, juicy, fine. Late au-
tumn and early winter. Leaves roundish or broad. Uni-
formly fine on quince stocks, second-rate on the pear.
Belgian.

Bishop's Thumb. Rather large, long and narrow, distinct
pyriform, surface very uneven ; skin dark yellowish green,
more or less russeted ; a dull red russet cheek ; stalk an
inch and a half long, crooked; basin very shallow, calyx
erect or reflexed; flesh juicy, melting, good. Ripens
mid-autumn. English.

Burnett. Large, obtuse p3'riform; smooth, pale yellow,
thickly dotted, sometimes slightly russeted; stalk an inch
and a half long ; calyx stilT, basin shallow ; flesh green-
ish white, rather coarse, juicy, second-rate. Mid-autumn.
Origin, Southborough, Mass.

Chelmsford. Large, obconic-pyriform, obscureh^ ribbed at
crown, yellow, with a red cheek, showy; stalk an inch
and a half long, cavity crumpled, shallow; calyx deep-
sunk; flesh hard, breaking, sweet; only fit for cooking.
Mass.

Colmar d'Aremberg. Large, short obconic-pyriform, neck
short and narrow, body large and somewhat ribbed ; yel-
low, mottled with russet ; stalk oblique ; basin very deep;
flesh fine-grained, melting, butter)', but with a poor third
or fourth-rate flavor. This new foreign sort has been
highly praised, but several years of fruiting in this coun-
try have proved it worthless.

Cumberland. Large, obovate-pyriform , or obconic-pyriform,
orange yellow, with a pale blush, showy ; stalk an inch
and a half long, stout ; calyx slightly sunk ; flesh white,
melting, buttery, with a poor third-rate flavor. Mid-
autumn. Origin, Cumberland, R. L

AUTUMN PEARS. 221

Dix. Large, long pyriform, body round-ovate, tapering
slightly to the often oblique and slightly flattened and ob-
tuse crown; yellowish green, becoming deep yellow; dots
numerous, distinct ; stalk an inch and a quarter long, stout
at each end, slightly sunk, basin small ; flesh rather granu-
lar, rich, juicy, sweet, often excellent, sometimes rather
acid. One of the most valuable autumn pears. Middle and
late autumn. A tardy bearer. Shoots yellow, rather slen-
der, often thorny; leaves flat. A native of Boston, Mass.

Ouchesse d^AngouUme. Very large, very obtuse pyriform,
sometimes oblong-obovate, surface very uneven, greenish
yellow, often some russet ; stalk an inch to an inch and
a half long, very stout, cavity deep, often wide ; calyx
small, basin uneven ; flesh yellowish white, rather coarse,
melting, buttery, juicy, sometimes fine, often poor — usu-
ally nearly first-rate, or good second-rate, on quince stocks ;
worthless on pear stocks. Ripens mid-autumn, and later.
French.

Duchesse d^Orleaiis. Large, often only medium; sometimes
long-pjT'riform, but usually obovate-pyriform, somewhat
obconic ; skin golden yellow, slightly russeted, sometimes
nearly overspread with russet, with a red cheek ; stalk
thick, about an inch and a half long, scarcely sunk ; basin
small, even ; flesh buttery and melting, rich ; when well
ripened, delicious. Ripens mid-autumn. A very hand-
some, fine, new, French variety. Growth rather spread-
ing, shoots jT-ellowish.

/Frederick of Wurtemhurg. {St/ti. Frederic de Wurtem-
burg.) Large, short pyriform, neck narrow, very acute,
crown broad, body oblate ; surface whitish yellow, rarely
deep yellow, often a handsome red cheek, more or less
russeted ; stalk an inch to an inch and a half long, some-
times very fleshy, often not ; basin wide, very shallow ;
flesh, when well ripened, very melting, buttery, juicy,
sometimes delicious, often poor, — var3nng from first to
below third-rate. Needs house-ripening. Early and mid-
autumn. Shoots yellowish brown, thick. Belgian.

Gendesheim. Large, often only medium, obtuse-pyriform,
rather irregular, small specimens obovate, approaching

222

AUTUMN PEARS.

Fig. 169— Louts* Bonne of Jersey. Fig. 170 — Flefnish Beauty

AUTUMN PEARS. 223

obtuse-obconic ; skin greenish yellow, thickly dotted,
slightly russeted ; stalk an inch or more long, oblique ;
calyx small, basin narrow, irregular; buttery, rather rich,
gritty at core, second rate. Late autumn. Flemish.

King Edward's. (Syn. Jackman's Melting.) Large or
medium, neck acute, obconic ; surface rough, greenish
yellow, with a dull reddish cheek ; and some patches of
greenish russet ; stalk half an inch to an inch long j calyx
small, erect, scarcely sunk ; flesh buttery, melting, some-
times good, often rather acid and astringent. Handsome,
second-rate. Mid-autumn.

Long Green. {Syn. Long Green of Autumn, Verte Longue,
Mouthwater.) Rather large, long-pyriform, neck long,
narrow, rather acute, body ovate-conical, or tapering to
the crown ; surface uniformly green ; stalk an inch or
little more long, often oblique, not sunk ; cal5^x scarcely
sunk, often prominent, reflexed ; flesh very juicy, with a
high, nearly first-rate or good second-rate flavor.

The Verte Longue Panach^, or Striped Long Green, is a
worthless sub-variety of the above, with striped skin.

LOUISE BONNE OF JERSEY. {Syn. Louise Bonne de
Jersey, Louise Bonne d'Avranches.) Large pyriform,
neck somewhat obconic, body approaching oblong, taper-
ing slightly to obtuse or flattened crown ; slightly one-
sided ; surface smooth, pale yellowish green, with a
brownish red cheek; stalk an inch to an inch and a half
long, often fleshy at insertion, little sunk ; basin shallow-
flesh yellowish white, very juicy, buttery, melting, rich
faintly sub-acid, fine. Ripens mid-autumn ; late autumn
far north, early autumn at Cincinnati. Very productive ;
succeeds admirably and grows with great vigor on quince
stocks, and should be worked on no other. Shoots dark
brown or purple ; serratures of the leaves rather coarse.
This fine variety, like the Bartlett, is hardly of the highest
quality, but is eminently valuable for its large, fair fruit,
free growth, and great productiveness.

Madotte. Large, pyriform, smooth, yellow, with a little
russet ; stalk one inch long, thick at ends, not sunk; flesh

,224 AUTUMN PEARS.

half-buttery, dry, third-rate or worthless. Showy. Mid-
autumn.

•

Marie Lojiise. Large pyriform, a little one-sided, or with a
curved axis ; body somewhat conical ; surface pale green,
becoming yellowish, partly russeted ; stalk an inch and a
half long, rather stout, often oblique ; calyx small, basin
narrow, plaited; flesh buttery, melting, vinous, when
well grown rich and fine, — offen second or third rate, —
variable. Needs rich cultivation or else the fruit will be
poor. Mid-autumn. Growth very flexuous and strag-
gling, shoots olive gray, petioles very long, leaves nar-
row. Belgian.

Marie Louise Nova. Rather large ; regular pyriform, neck
acute, tapering ; skin smooth, yellow, with a brownish
red cheek ; stalk one to two inches long, rather slender ;

, basin shallow ; melting, juicy, quickly decays, sometimes
good, often poor. Early mid-autumn. Belgian.

Neill. Large, obovate-pyriform, axis slightly curved, neck
acute, stalk an inch long ; skin pale yellow, with traces of
thin russet j flesh white, buttery sweet. Shoots diverging.
Belgian.

Onondaga or Swan's Orange. Quite large, obtuse oval-
pyriform, nearly in the form of a double cone, neck very
short and obtuse, body large and tapering to obtuse apex ;
skin roughish, greenish yellow, becoming rich yellow,
dots numerous, often a slight brown cheek, crown often
slightly russeted ; stalk an inch to an inch and a half
long, stout, slightly sunk ; calyx small, closed, basin nar-
row, ribbed ; flesh slightly coarse, buttery, melting, some-
times a little breaking, juicy, rich, high-flavored, fine, but
not of the highest quality. Ripens mid-autumn. Growth
vigorous, shoots yellow, ascending. Productive. Origin
unknown ; cultivated in western New- York. Nearly re-
sembles the Ronville in outline.

PARADISE D'AUTOMNE, or "Autumn Paradise."—
Rather large, distinct pyriform ; surface uneven, yellowish
orantre, with some thin russet patches ; stalk an inch and
a half long, not sunk ; basin small, irregular ; flesh melt-

I

AUTUMN I'EARS. 225

in^, very buttery, with a rich, high, and excellent flavor.
Ripens about mid-autumn, yiioots yellowish, at first up-
riijht, afterwards becomino: sirao-olino- orowth vio^orous.
This pear resembles the Beurr.j Bosc, but is less smooth,
more irregular in form, has a less narrow neck, is more
melting and sprightly, and of more vigorous growth.

Plumbgaslel. Large, pyriform, slightly obconic, crown
obtuse ; surfiice smooth, greenish yellow, crown russeted
with a distinct boundary ; stalk an inch long, stout, not
sunk ; basin moderate, narrow ; flesh rather coarse, half-
melting, juicy, rich, with a good second-rate flavor, about
equal in richness to the Bartlett. Middle and late au-
tumn. French. New.

Qnee?i of the Low Countries. Large pyriform, neck narrow,
body broad or slightly oblate ; surface slightly uneven,
dull greenish yellow, crown russeted, with numerous, often
confluent russet dots, and a slight blush ; stalk an inch
and a half long, curved, not sunk ; calyx small, rather
deep-set, basin riobed ; buttery, melting, juicy, moderate-
ly rich, sub-acid, with a second-rate, Brown Beurre fla-
vor. Mid-autumn. Belgian.

Heine des Poires. Rather large, obtuse-pyriform, varying
to turbinate, regular ; greenish-yellow; stalk an inch and
one-fourth long, slender; basm shallow; flesh dry, flavor
poor. Mid-autumn.

Summer Bonchretien. {Sy??. Bon Chretien d'Ete, Summer
Good Christian, Gratioli d'Et^, September.) Large, py-
riform, somewhat obtusely and irregularly ribbed ; skin
yellow, with a rich orange red cheek to the sun; stalk
two inches long curved, sunk or not; calyx small, in an
uneven basin ; flesh granular, breaking, juicy, very sweet,
pleasant. Fine for baking. Liable to crack and mil-
dew in many localities ; when fair and well grown it is
of fine quality. Ripens early in autumn. Growth strag-
gling, shoots stout, horny, buds projecting, hard; leaves
roundish, flat.

Triomphe de Jodigne. Quite large, pyriform ; stalk short,
thick ; calyx sunk ; skin deep yellow, slightly green in

226 AUTUMN- PEARS.

the shade, deep red in the sun ; flesh mehing, of good
flavor. Ripens late autumn. Tree vigorous. New.

Urbaniste. {Sy7i. Beurre Piquery.) Rather large, ob-
conic-pyriform, obtuse and short, often approaching obo-
vate ; skin pale yellow or greenish, faintly russeted ; stalk
an inch long, stout, moderately and sometimes conside-
rably sunk ; calyx erect or closed ; basin distinct, even ;
flesh melting, buttery, with a fine, delicious perfumed fla-
vor, and a perceptible shade of acid. In unfavorable
localities, it is sometimes hardly first-rate. Middle and
late autumn. Does not come soon into bearing. Flemish.

Van Mons Leon le Clerc. Large, long pyriform, or
ralher oblong-obconic pyriform, obtuse ; surface yellowish
green, slightly russeted ; stalk an inch and a fourth long,
stout, little sunk ; calyx small, basin very shallow; flesh
fine-grained, yellowish white, buttery, melting, rich, fine
Ripens middle and late autumn. A native ot Laval, iv.
France. The value of this fine new pear is diminished
by its liability to crack and canker.

Section II. — Medium in size.

Amande Double. Size medium, pyriform ; skin ycUov,- and
bright red ; stalk short, fleshy at insertion ; flesh coarse,
sweet, tender, second or third-rate, rarely good. Early
autumn. Belgian.

Andrews. {Syn. Amory, Gibson.) Medium or rather
large, distinct pyriform, somewhat obconic, often slightly
one-sided ; skin thick, dull yellowish-green, with a broad,
dull red cheek ; stalk about an inch long, curved, scarcely
sunk ; basin shallow, sometimes deep ; flesh greenish,
very juicy, melting, of a fine, pleasant, agreeable flavor.
On some localities not first-rate. Ripens early in autumn.
Ver}' productive and fair. Shoots diverging. Origin,
Dorchester, Mass.

Angleterre. (%72. English Beurre, o/Lenc?., Beurr^ d'An-
gleterre.) Medium size, obconic-pjTiform, acute, regular
skin thick, dull light green, thickly dotted with russet
with a thin brownish russet cheek ; stalk about an inch

AUTUMN PEARS. 227

long, slender; basin smooth, scarcely sunk ; flesh buttery,
melting, juicy, with a rather poor flavor. Early in au-
tumn. Productive. A common market fruit at Paris.

Autumn Colmar. Medium in size, obtuse-pyriform ; pale
green ; stalk an inch long, slightly sunk ; calyx small,
closed, basin slightly furrowed ; flesh gritty at core,
buttery, second-rate in flavor. Ripens at mid-autumn.
Flemish.

Beurre Duval. Medium size, obconic-pyriform, pale green,
stalk half to three-fourths of an inch long, under a lip,
cavity small ; calyx erect, basin shallow ; flesh greenish
white, rather coarse, melting, buttery, good second-rate,
variable. Late autumn. Kesembles Andrews, but not
so good. Belgian.

Beurre Van Marum. Medium in size, sometimes rather
large, oblong-pyriform, rather irregular ; skin yellow ;
stalk long, slender, cavity flattened ; calyx large, basin
shallow, irregular; flesh melting, juicy, sweet, agreeable.
Mid-autumn. Productive, and bears young. A good
second-rate pear. Flemish.

Beurre Van Mons. Medium size, pyriform ; yellow, rus-
seted; a third-rate fruit. Mid-autumn.

Calebasse. (Syn. Calabash.) Size medium, or rather
large ; long-pyriform, neck elongated, acute, body round,
rather small ; surface uneven or knobby, yellow, partly
russeted ; stalk an inch and a quarter long, oblique, not
sunk ; calyx short, erect, basin small, ribbed ; flesh coarse,
breaking, juicy, sugary, pleasant ; second-rate. Early
autumn. Belgian.

Calebasse Grosse. Very large, obconic-oblong ; smooth,
shining, yellowish green; stalk stout, an inch long; flesh
rather coarse, half melting, tolerably good. Belgian.

Capiaumont. (Syn. Beurr^ de Capiaumont.) Size medium;
obconic-pyriform, quite acute, approaching turbinate,
regular ; skin smooth, yellow, with cinnamon red to the
sun, distinctly dotted, slightly russeted; calyx widely re-
flexed, not sunk ; stalk about an inch long, but varying

228 * AUTUMN PEARS.

flesh white, buttery, melting, moderately juicy, sweet,
often astringent, about second-rate. Hardy and produc-
tive. Leaves folded, recurved. Ripens about mid-au-
tumn. Belgian.

Clara. Size, medium ; oval-pyriform ; clear yellow, with a
blush, dotted red ; stalk stout ; calyx and basin small ;
juicy, melting, somewhat acid; second or third-rate.
About mid-autumn. Shoots stout, dark brown. Belgian.

Comprette. Size, medium, or rather large ; obtuse-pyriform;
yellowish green, thickly dotted with brown ; stalk short,
stout, thickened at insertion ; basin shallow ; flesh but-
tery, melting, rich, good, often nearly first-rate. Middle
and late autumn. Belgian.

Countess of Lunay. Size medium ; obovate-pyriform, some-
what obconic ; skin smooth, pale waxen yellow, with a
thin red cheek ; stalk about an inch and a half long, set
without depression on the rounded point of the neck,
which is slightly russeted ; basin very small, even ; flesh
white, very juicy, melting, fine — nearl3''or quite first-rate.
Mid-autumn.

JDelices d* Hardenpont. Size medium ; obtuse-pyriform ;
pale yellow, dotted in the shade and russeted in the
sun ; stalk an inch long, obliquely set, cavity small ;
calyx small, closed, basin plaited, uneven ; flesh buttery,
melting, rich. Mid-autumn. Belgian.

Edwards' William. Medium in size, obtuse-pyriform ; yel-
low, sunny side with red dots, flesh yellowish white, but-
tery and melting, good. Early autumn. Origin, New-
Haven.

Flgue. Medium or rather large, pyriform-pyramidal, regu-
lar, body rounding to the apex; skin thin, green, partly
russeted at crown, often a dull red cheek, stalk an inch
long, stout, very fleshy at insertion, not sunk; basin none ;
flesh rather coarse, melting, juicy, rich, high-flavored.
Late autumn. This pear has been cultivated and proved
fine at Boston. There are some doubts of its identity
with the Figue of the London Horticultural Society.

AUTUMN PEARS. 229

Forelle. (Sz/n. Trout Pear.) Medium or rather large, pyri-
form, approaching oblong-obovate ; green, becoming clear
yellow, with a deep vermillion cheek, dots margined with
crimson ; stalk an inch long, slender, cavity moderate ;
basin rather abrupt and narrow; flesh buttery and melt-
ing, second-rate. Late autumn. Shoots dark, purplish;
leaves small, nearly flat. German. A pear of great
beauty, which has contributed to its reputation.

Harvard. Medium or rather large, oblong-pyriform ; skin
russety olive yellow, and with a reddish cheek; stalk
rather stout, sunk little or none, oblique ; basin narrow ;
flesh juicy, melting, tender; rots at the core if not house-
ripened. First of autumn. "Very productive, growth vigo-
rous, fruit handsome, rendering it profitable for market,
although only second-rate in quality. Origin, Cambridge,
Mass.

Jersey Gratioli. Size medium ; regularly formed ; pale
brown, somewhat rough, basin round, even ; flesh melt-
ing, rich. Growth erect, vigorous, buds hoary. New.

Lodge. Size medium, pyriform, neck small, narrow, very
acute, sometimes ribbed and irregular; greenish brown,
much russeted ; stalk an inch and a fourth long, rather
stout and curved ; basin varying from very shallow to
deep and distinct; flesh very juicy and melting, with a
rich, vinous, or sub-acid Brown Beurre flavor. Early and
mid-autumn. Origin, near Philadelphia, where it proves
first-rate, but farther north it does not stand so high.

Napoleon. Medium or rather large; obconic-pyriform, ob-
tuse, variable ; green becoming pale yellowish-green ;
stalk an inch long, stout, slightly sunk ; basin rather
large ; flesh uncommonly juicy, melting, moderately rich,
good, sometimes astringent. From mid-autumn till win-
ter. Needs ripening in a warm room. Very productive,
thrifty, hardy. Shoots rather erect. Belgian. Best on
warm light soils.

Pailleau. Medium in size, pyriform-turbinate ; skin rough,
greenish yellow, partly russeted ; stalk about an inch
long, very stout; basin small; flesh juicy, sweet, tolera-

230 AUTUMN PEARS.

bly good ; second-rate. Early autumn. Overbears. Bel-
gian.

Pitt's Prolific. (St/7z. Pitt's Surpasse Marie.) Medium size,
oblong-pyriform, rather acute ; yellow, with a broad
brownish-red cheek ; stalk curved, fleshy at base ; flesh
juicy, hard, coarse ; third-rate. English.

Pope's Quaker. Size medium, oblong-pyriform, with smooth
yellow russet, juicy, melting, pleasant ; second or third
rate. Mid-autumn. Long Island, N. Y.

Queen Caroline. (82/72. Reine Caroline. ^ Medium in size,
narrow-pyriform, greenish becoming yellow, with a red-
dish cheek ; stalk an inch long, curved, sunk little or
none ; flesh white, crisp, dry ; third-rate. Late autumn.

St. Ghislain. Size medium ; pyriform, neck narrow, acute,
tapering; surface pale yellow, sometimes a faint blush;
stalk an inch and a half long, curved with fleshy rings at
insertion ; basin very shallow ; flesh white, buttery, juicy,
with a fine flavor. Growth upright, vigorous, shoots light
brown. Somewhat variable in quality, from first to
second-rate. Belgian. Early autumn.

Styrian. Medium or rather large ; obconic-pyriform ; sur-
face warm deep yellow, sometimes a bright red cheek,
with russet streaks or patches; stalk an inch and a half
long, slender, often fleshy at insertion ; basin small, ir-
regular; flesh slightly granular, crisp, often juicy anl
melting, second-rate, often nearly first-rate in flavor. A
profuse bearer. Ripens mid-autumn. English.

Sullivan. Medium in size, oblong-pyriform, neck acute, ta-
pering ; greenish yellow ; stalk an inch and a half long,
stout ; flesh juicy, melting, second-rate. Early autumn.
Belgian.

Bilboa and Washington pears, of next class, approach this
class in outline.

Section III, — Small,

Yat. Rather small, pyriform-turbinate, slightly com-
pressed ; densely russeted ; stalk an inch long, slender,

AUTUMN PEARS. 231

oblique, not sunk; calyx small, basin shallow; tender
juicy, rather rich. Early autumn. Dutch. A third-rate
pear ; soon decays.

Class II. — Obscure pyriform, obovate, or turbinate.

Section I. — Large Pears,

Beurre d^ Amalis. {Syn. Beurre d'Amanlis.) Large, obo-
vate, often slightly irregular, sometimes slightly pyriform,
with a short and narraw neck ; dull yellowish green, with
some russet, and a dull reddish cheek ; stalk an inch and
a quarter long, very slightly sunk ; basin shallow ; flesh
buttery, melting and juicy, and rather rich, with a second-
rate flavor. Early and mid-autumn. A good grower,
great bearer alternate years, and always perfects its fruit.
Growth spreading. Belgian.

Beurre d'Anjou. Rather large, obovate, approaching ob-
conic, obtuse, regular ; surface greenish-yellow, a dull
red cheek to the sun, clouded with russet; stalk quite
short, or half an inch long, slightly sunk, cavity uneven ;
basin shallow, round smooth ; flesh yellowish white, fine-
grained, buttery, melting, with a high, rich, vinous, ex-
cellent flavor. Middle and late autumn. French.

Beurre Knox. Large, oblong-obovate, obconic, acute ; sur-
face pale green, with some thin russet ; stalk an inch
long; basin small, narrow; flesh tender, juicy, but not
high-flavored. Early mid-autumn. Flemish. Of little
value.

Brown Beurre. {Syn. Beurre Oris, Gray Beurre, Beurr^
Rouge, Red Beurre, Beurr^ Isambert.} Large, often only
medium; oblong-obovate, with a rounded taper to the stalk ;
skin yellowish green, russeted ; stalk an inch to an inch and
a half long, rather oblique, thickening into the. fruit ; basin
rather shallow ; flesh greenish white, very juicy, melting,
buttery, with a rich sub-acid or vinous flavor. Early mid-
autumn. Highly esteemed by those who prefer a vinous

232 AUTUMN PEARS.

flavor. Partially fails in many localities ; needs rich,
high cultivation. Wood short-jointed, flexuous, leaves
folded.

Capucin. Rather large, oval, sometimes obtuse turbinate ;
surface greenish, becoming pale yellow; slightly russeted
at ends, reddened next the sun; stalk nearly an inch long,
cavity obtuse ; basin deep, narrow, irregular ; flesh green-
ish, juicy, crisp, rather rich; second-rate. Mid-autumn.
Belgian.

Chapman. Rather large, obovate, sometimes slightly P3Ti-
form, obtuse, largest at the middle, tapering each way ;
surface clear lemon yellow; stalk nearly two inches long,
cavity shallow, wrinkled ; calyx erect, basin ribbed ; flesh
yellowish-white, very juicy, half breaking, rather acid;
sometimes astringent ; second-rate. Pa.

Chancellor. Large, obovate, green ; stalk an inch long,
rather thick, cavity small, irregular ; calyx small, basin
contracted ; flesh melting, rich, very agreeable. Ripens
about mid-autumn. Origin, Germantown, Pa. New.

Copia. Large, broad-turbinate, acute ; yellow slightly rus-
seted ; stalk long, stout, fleshy at insertion ; calyx large,
basin slightly furrowed ; flesh coarse, juicy, rather rich.
Mid-autumn. Origin, Philadelphia.

Vunmore. Large, oblong-obovate ; surface greenish, with
dots of brownish red russet ; stalk an inch and a half long,
stout, fleshy at insertion, scarcely sunk in the obtuse and
rounded base ; calyx small, deep-set ; flesh buttery, melt-
ing, rich, good, but not first-rate. Early autumn. Eng-
lish, raised by Knight.

Flemish Beauty. (5'2/72. Belle de Flandres.) Large obo-
vate, often obscurely tapering to the crown, very obtuse ;
surface slightly rough, with some reddish brown russet on
pale yellow ground ; stalk an inch and a quarter long,
rather slender, cavity round, deep, narrow, often acumi-
nate, rim obtusely rounded ; basin small, round ; flesh
juicy, melting, often with a very rich, sweet, and excel-
lent flavor, but variable, and sometimes not high-flavored;
needs house-ripening. Shoots dark brown, growth vigo-

AUTUMN PEARS. 233

rous, tree productive, and fruit alwa3^s fair and handsome.
Very valuable — its chief and perhaps only deficiency is a
frequent want of a full, high, rich flavor. It must be
gathered while yet hard, and ripened within doors. The
Beurr>3 Spence, so long the " Great Unknown " of pomo-
logists, is commonly believed to be no other than this
variety.

Great Citron cf Bohemia. Large, oblong, yellow, spotted
and tinged with red next the sun ; stalk an inch long ;
flesh juicy, with a second or third-rate flavor.

Jalousie. Rather large, varying from roundish to obovate-
pyriform ; surface smooth, deep rich russet, with clear de-
fined, lighter dots ; stalk an inch and a quarter long, cavi-
ty and basin narrow and small, sometimes rather deep ;
flesh white, dry, and with poor flavor. Mid-autumn.
Shoots stout, olive. Handsome and worthless. French.

Shenks. Rather large, roundish-obovate, obscurely ribbed,
crown flattened ; light yellow, often a light red cheek ;
stalk one inch long ; basin deep ; flesh white, a little
gritty, tender, melting, sub-acid, second-rate. Needs
house-ripening. Mid-autumn. New-England.

Van Buren. Large, obovate, crown flattened ; surface clear
yellow, with an orange red blush, dots conspicuous; flesh
white, crisp, sweet, for baking only. Handsome. New-
Haven, Conn.

Van Assene. Rather large, obovate, slightly angular; crown
obtuse, sides rounded ; skin fair, smooth, dull yellow ;
stalk an inch and a qurater long, slender, curved, mode-
rately sunk ; calyx closed ; flesh white, rather coarse,
buttery, melting, rich. Belgian.

Onondaga, and Dutchess of Angouleme, of the preceding^
class, approach this in form.

Section 11. — Medium in size.

Abbott. Medium in size, oblong-obovate, (like the Wash-
ington,) surface even, smooth, dark dull green, with a
reddish brown cheek changing to scarlet, stalk an inch

234 AUTUMN PEARS.

long; calyx small, closed ; melting, juicy, rich. Early
mid-autumn, Good and handsome. Providence, R. I.

Alpha. Medium, obovate, slightl}'- oblong ; greenish yellow,
with red dots to the sun; stalk an inch long, slightly
sunk ; basin round ; flesh juicy, buttery, sweet, fine. Mid-
autumn. Belgian.

Ananas. Medium or large, obovate-obconic, dull or green-
ish yellow, stalk stout, short, fleshy at insertion, calyx
closed, basin narrow, angular ; melting, juicy, rich. Mid-
autumn. France, New. The Ananas d'Ete is distinct,
and requires further investigation.

Ambrosia. Size medium, round-obovate, slightly flattened
at ends ; skin greenish-yellow, thickly dotted ; stalk
about an inch and a half long, cavity rather broad and
shallow; calyx erect or closed, basin wide, plaited; flesh
slightly breaking, buttery, good second-rate, often only
third-rate. Early in autumn. French.

Belle Lucrative, or Fondante d'Automne. Size medi-
um, obconic-obovate, sometimes remotely pyriform ; sur-
face pale yellowish-green, slightly russeted ; stalk an
inch and a quarter long, often fleshy, oblique ; cavity very
small and narrow ; calyx short ; basin smooth, sometimes
furrowed ; flesh very juicy, with a fine texture, melting,
rich, excellent. Very variable^when well grown and
fully ripened, it has no superior and few equals, in its ex-
ceedingly rich, delicate, perfumed flavor — but often of
poor quality. Early mid-autumn. Belgian. Growth
moderate, upright, shoots yellowish-gray.

Belmont. Size medium ; roundish-obovate ; skin yellowish-
green, a faint reddish-brown cheek to the sun ; stalk two
inches long, slender curved ; flesh rather coarse, juicy,
sweet, second-rate — first-rate for cooking. Mid-autumn.
English.

Bergamotte Cadette. {Syn. Beauchamps, Beurre Beau-
champs, Poire de Cadet. ^ Size medium ; round-obovate,
or round-oval ; surface greenish-yellow, often russeted,
frequently tinged with reddish-brown to the sun ; stalk ar
inch and a fourth long, scarcely sunk on the rounded base

AUTUMN PEARS.

235

calx erect or closed, basin very shallow ; flesh melting-,
buttery, juicy, sweet, quite rich, slightly perfumed; near-
ly first-rate. Late autumn. Productive. French.

Beurr^ Colmar. {Syn. Beurre Colmar d'Automne.) Size
medium, oval-obovate, regular, smooth; skin greenish
yellow, often a blush ; stalk an inch long ; basin shallow,
narrow, irregular; flesh white, crisp, becoming juicy and
melting, not rich.

Beurre Crapaud. Medium size, round-obovate, obtuse ; sur-
face smooth, yellow, with a red cheek; stalk short, cavity
shallow ; basin broad, shallow ; flesh fine-grained, melt-
ing, juicy, high-flavored, perfumed. Somewhat resem-
bles White Doyenne, but higher colored. Mid-autumn.
Shoots light yellow. New.

Beurre de Beaumont. Medium size, roundish-obovate or
roundish-turbinate ; skin yellowish green, thinly dotted
dark green, and a faint dull red cheek ; stalk an inch
long, very slightly sunk; sometimes set under a lip;
calyx short, basin shallow, smooth ; flesh buttery, melt-
ing, juicy, rich; nearly or quite first-rate. Early mid-
autumn. French. New.

Beurre Kenrick. Medium size, obconic-obovate, crown flat-
tened ; greenish yellow ; stalk an inch long ; flesh juicy,
sweet, buttery; second or third-rate. Early autumn.
Flemish.

Beurre Preble. Medium, sometimes rather large, oblong-
obovate, sometimes roundish-obovate, usually an acute,
slight neck ; skin greenish j^-ellow ; stalk stout, an inch
long, cavity little or none ; basin small ; flesh melting,
buttery, sweet, rich, with high flavor, but varying to
second-rate. Late autumn. Origin, Maine.

Beurr^ Remain. Medium in size, obovate ; light yellowish
green ; stalk short, not sunk ; calyx prominent ; flesh
juicy, melting, of second-rate quality. Early mid-au-
tumn.

Bezi de Montigny. Medium size, or rather large, obovate,
obtuse, sometimes remotely pyriform, regular; skin smooth

236 AUTUMN PEARS

pale yellowish green ; stalk an inch long, stout, much
enlarged from the fruit ; calyx small, erect ; cavity and
basin small, smooth; flesh half-buttery, melting, ju'cy,
and quite sweet, perfumed — good second-rate. Mid-
autumn. Resembles Urbaniste externally. French.

Bon Chretien Fondante, or " Melting Bonchretien." Size
medium ; roundish, slightly oblong, rarely short-obovate,
obtuse ; surface dull green, partly russeted, numerously
dotted ; stalk an inch long, moderately or slightly sunk ;
basin small ; flesh yellowish white, core yellow and rather
gritty, — melting, ver}^ juicy, rich, pleasant — often nearly
first-rate, somewhat variable. Ripens about mid-autumn
or later. Leaves conspicuously folded and recurved.
Flemish.

Boucquia. Medium or rather large ; oval-obovate ; skin
pale yellow and pale red, partly russeted, stalk an inch
and a quarter long, fleshy at insertion ; calyx large, erect,
scarcely sunk; flesh juicy, melting, second or third-rate.

Buffum. Size medium; obovate, approaching oblong; skin
yellow, with a broad, reddish brown cheek, somewhat
russeted ; stalk three-fourths to an inch long, stout ; cavi-^
ty and basin moderate or small; flesh buttery, sweet,
good, not quite first-rate, slightly variable. Shoots strong,
reddish brown, very erect ; tree very productive. Valua-
ble for its fair fruit, and fine bearing qualities. Early
mid-autumn. Origin, Rhode Island.

Cabot. Size medium, round-turbinate, slightly irregular
crown full, obtuse ; stalk an inch long, set on the pointed
base without depression ; surface rough, russeted, bronze
yellow ; basin round, smooth ; flesh greenish white, break-
ing, somewhat melting, juicy, sub-acid, about second-rate.
Early mid-autumn. Tree vigorous, very productive. Ori-
gin, Salem, Mass.

Commodore. Size medium ; regular obovate, or obovate-
pyriform, with a short narrow neck ; surface yellow, with
a little red, thickly dotted, and with some russet; stalk
an inch and a quarter long, scarcely depressed; calyx
small, reflexed; basin very shallow; flesh juicy, melting,

AUTUMN PEARS. SS"?

buttery, sweet, with a second-rate, sometimes nearly first
rate flavor. Late autumn. Belgian.

Gushing. Medium or rather large, obovate, somewhat ob
conic ; surface light greenish yellow, rarely a dull red
cheek ; stalk an inch long, cavity abrupt ; basin rathei
shallow; flesh fine grained, buttery, melting, with a fine
flavor — nearly first-rate. Ripens in the early part of au-
tumn. Shoots spreading. Very productive. Origin,
Hingham, Mass.

Dallas. Size medium ; obovate, slightly obconic-pyriform
dull yellow, often much russeted ; stalk an inch long,
not sunk ; basin round, slightly wrinkled; segments oi
the calyx rounded, stiff'; flesh fine-grained, melting, juicy,
good. Ripens late-autumn. Conn.

De Louvain. Medium size, obovate-obconic, approaching
pyriform ; surface light yellow, faintly russeted, with
ruddy dots to the sun ; stalk an inch long, stout, oblique,
not sunk ; basin very narrow, shallow ; flesh buttery,
melting, rich, good. Ripens through mid-autumn. Bel-
gian.

Doyenne Boussock. (Syn. Doyenne Boussouck Nouvelle.)
Large, thick obovate, obconic, sometimes slightly pyri-
form, slightly uneven ; surface bright lemon yellow when
ripe, partly russeted, sometimes a slight reddish cheek ;
stalk stout, about an inch long, varying, sometimes fleshy,
often oblique ; basin very shallow, even ; flesh buttery,
melting, very juicy, with a first-rate flavor, resembling
the White Doyenne, but not equal to it in quality. New.
The Gray Doyenne has been cultivated to some extent
under this name.

Duchesse de Mars. Size medium or rather small ; obovate,
slightly pyriform ; skin dull yellow, partly russeted ; stalk
an inch long, scarcely sunk on the rounded base ; calyx
closed, basin very small; flesh melting and juicy, rather
rich. Ripens late autumn. A second-rate fruit. French.

Dundas. Size medium ; short turbinate, sometimes obovate,
base flattened ; skin yellow, with a brilliant blush ; stalk
an inch long, stout, not sunk ; calyx small, basin wide,

238

AUTUMN PEARS.

AUTUMN PEARS. 239

deep and even ; flesh half-biitteiy, tender, melting, rich,
perfumed. Mid-autumn. A handsome Belgian variety,
of nearly firct-rate quality.

Edivard's Elizabeth. Medium in size or rather large ;
roundish-obovate, sometimes approaching obtuse pyri-
form, somewhat angular, smooth ; surface a beautiful,
clear, waxen, pale yellow; stalk often planted in a fleshy
protuberance ; flesh buttery, slightly sub-acid, good. Mid-
autumn, Origin, New Haven, Conn.

Enfant Prodigue. Size medium, or rather small ; obovatcr,
varying, base always narrow ; surface rough, slightly
uneven, tawny yellow, russeted ; stalk an inch and a
half long, scarcely sunk, or under a lip ; calyx closed,
crumpled, basin slight, narrow, fiirrowed ; very juicy,
sub-acid, rather rich. Very variable in form and quality.
Late autumn, Belgian,

Figue de Naples. (Syn. Fig pear of Naples.) Medium, or
rather large; oblong-obovate, sometimes slightly obovate-
pyriform, base very obtuse; surface yellowish-brown,
with a faint reddish cheek ; stalk an inch long, fleshy at
insertion; basin broad, shallow, smooth; flesh buttery,
rich, but becoming dry instead of melting, unless kept
from the air, the skin being quite pervious to moisture.
Ripens late autumn. Hardy and productive.

Forme de Delices. Medium size, obovate, yellowish, rough,
much russeted ; stalk an inch long, cavitv round, smooth ,
calyx large, projecting; flesh buttery, melting, somewhat
dry, of good flavor. Late autumn. Belgian, Shoots
stout, upright, yellowish-green,

Jones. Size medium or rather small, obovate, often pyri-
form ; surface rich yellow russet ; stalk an inch or an inch
and a fourth in length, variable in thickness, fleshy at in-
sertion, not sunk ; basin shallow ; flesh yellowish, melt-
ing, of fine flavor. Ripens late autumn. Origin, King-
sessing, near Philadelphia. New,

Golden Beurre of Bilboa. {Syn. Bilboa, Hooper's Bii
boa.) Rather large; obovate, slightly pyriform, rathei
obtuse, very regular ; surface smooth, fair, fine yellow,

11

240

AUTUMN PEAKS.

AUTUMN PEARS. 241

russeted round the stalk; dots small, distinct; stalk an
inch and a quarter long, slightly sunk ; calyx small, erect,
basin shallow ; flesh fine-grained, very buttery, melting,
moderately rich — sometimes a very obscure acid astrin-
gency. Ripens the first of autumn, and immediately fol-
lows the Bartlett. Its fair fruit, and productiveness, ren-
der it a very valuable pear, although, like the Flemish
Beauty, it is not of the highest flavor. Grows well on the
quince. A native of Bilboa, Spain.

GRAY DOYENNE. {82/71. Doyenne Gris, Gray Butter
Pear, Red Doyenn'^, Doyenne Rouge, St. Michael Dore.)
Size medium, obovate, often approaching turbinate ; whole
surface a handsome smooth cinnamon russet ; stalk half
to three-fourths of an inch long, cavity quite narrow ;
calyx small, closed ; flesh with a very fine texture, very
buttery, melting, rich, perfumed, delicious, excellent.
Middle of autumn to winter. Shoots yellowish or gray-
ish brov.'n, ascending. Fails on some localities.

Green Yair. (Syn. Green pear of Yair.) Medium size,
obovate, green, juicy, third-rate. Early autumn.

Heathcot. {Syn. Gore's Heathcot.) Medium size; obo-
vate, regular, base obtuse ; surface greenish yellow, part-
ly overspread with thin russet ; stalk an inch long rathei
stout, cavity moderate or small ; calyx partly closed,
basin small ; flesh fine-grained, buttery, with a rich, per-
fumed, and excellent flavor — sometimes hardly first-rate.
Early mid-autumn. Shoots upright, reddish brown. Very
productive and profitable. Origin, Waltham, Mass.

Henkel. Medium or rather large, round-obovate, remotely
pyriform, with a very short neck ; obtuse ; surface yel-
low, often a clear pale yellow, sometimes partly russeted ;
stalk an inch and a half long, slightly sunk ; basin small,
even ; flesh yellowish white, buttery, melting, juicy,
sprightly, fine, sometimes only second-rate. Belgian.

Hericart. Size medium, obovate, remotely pyriform, often
irregular, greenish yellow, with numerous confluent dots ;
stalk an inch and a quarter long, slightly sunk ; basin
small ; flesh melting, buttery, not rich, second or third
rate. First of autumn. Belgian.

242 AUTUMN PEARS.

Hull. Medium size, obovate, rounded at base ; skin yel-
lowish green, some russeted ; stalk an inch and a half
long, rather slender, not sunk ; basin shallow ; flesh melt-
ing, juicy, slightly gritty at core, sweet, often good, some-
times only third-rate. Origin, Swanzey, Mass.

Jalousie de Fontenay Vendee, or "Fontenay Jalousie."
Size medium, obconic-turbinate, approaching thick-pyri-
form ; surface a pale dull yellowish green, more or less
russeted, often a faint red cheek ; stalk an inch long,
often oblique, not sunk; calyx closed, stiff; basin small,
round, flesh buttery, melting, mild, rich, fine-flavored,
nearly or quite first-rate. Ripens at mid-autumn. French.

Kniglifs Seedling. Medium or rather large ; obovate, ap-
proaching obconic-pyriform, smooth yellowish green; stalk
an inch long, scarcely sunk; basin broad, shallow; juicy,
melting, sweet. Early autumn. A native of Rhode Island,

Louise cf Orleans. Medium in size, oblong ; stalk an inch
long, stout, slightly sunk ; calyx small, basin very shal-
low; skin a bronzed green; flesh very white, fine-grained,
juicy, melting, rich. Late autumn. Belgian. New.
May prove valuable.

Messire Jean. {Syn. Monsieur Jean, John, Mr. John.) Me-
dium size, roundish, slightly pyriform, crown slightly nar-
rowed ; surface roughish, mostly russeted on yellow
ground; stalk an inch long, cavity small; calyx small,
basin small, smooth or plaited ; flesh gritty, breaking,
juicy, second or third-rate. Late autumn or early winter.
Old French.

Oliver's Russet. Size medium, obovate-obconic, base round-
ed; a deep cinnamon russet on yellow ground, tinged red
to the sun ; stalk about an inch long, rather slender,
scarcely sunk ; basin and calyx small ; flesh melting,
juicy, sometimes fine, usually second-rate. Mid-autumn.
Origin, Lynn. Mass.

Oswego Beurre. Size medium, obtuse oval-obovate, regu-
lar; surface yellowish green, with some thin russet; stalk
three-fourths of an inch long, stout, deep-set ; calyx small,
erect or closed, basin smooth; flesh melting, juicy, with

AUTUMN PEARS. 243

a fine slightly sub-acid Brown Beurre flavor, nearly first-
rate, — regarded as fully first-rate by those who like the
vinous flavor of the Brown Beurre and Beurr^ d'Arem-
berg. Middle and late autumn. Profusely productive
Origin, Oswego, N. Y.

Howell. Size medium, pyriform, neck small, acute ;
stalk an inch and a half long, not sunk ; calyx in a small
round basin ; surface pale yellow ; flesh melting, butie-
ry, and fine. Ripens mid-autumn. Origin, New Haven,
Conn.

Paquency or Payency. Size medium ; obovate-obconic, ap-
proaching pyriform, acute; skin dull yellow, slightly rus-
seted, with a faint dull blush ; stalk an inch long, stout ;
calyx erect, basin shallow ; flesh white, juicy, melting,
good. Mid-autumn. French. New.

Pennsylvania. Size medium, obovate, often short obovate,
obconic ; surface a rich brownishrusset on yellow ground;
stalk an inch and a half long, not sunk ; sometimes
slightly sunk ; calyx small, basin shallow ; flesh rather
coarse, somewhat breaking, half-melting, with a second-
rate flavor. Early mid-autumn. Shoots diverging, red-
dish brown. Origin, Philadelphia.

Petre. Medium size, obovate, sometimes slightly obovate-
pyriform, or truncate-obconic, base wide or obtuse; sur-
face pale yellow, often slightly russeted, with a reddish
brown cheek ; stalk about an inch long, rather stout,
cavity obtuse at bottom; basin small, smooth; flesh fine-
grained, sometimes slightly gritty, buttery, melting, rich,
sweet, perfumed, often excellent — variable in quality from
first to second rate. Ripens at mid-autumn. Growth
moderate, shoots rather slender, yellowish.

Pope's Scarlet Major. Medium or rather large, obovate;
surface yellow with a red cheek ; stalk long, thick ; flesh
breaking, dry, — third-rate. Long Island, N. Y.

Pratt. Mediu -i or rather large, obovate-pyriform, skin
greenish-yellow, thickly dotted ; stalk an inch long, slen-
der, moderately sunk ; basin wide, shallow ; flesh tender,

244 AUTUMN PEARS.

inch long, cavity obUise, small ; calyx short, stiff, scarcely
cut; basin shallow ; flesh slightly coarse, buttery, melt-
ing, with a rich, somewhat aromatic, fine flavor. Middle
and late autumn. Leaves with very wavy margins.

Trescott. Medium in size, round-obovate, light orange yel-
low, sometimes partly russeted ; stalk one and a half to
two inches long, slender, slightly sunk by a fleshy knob;
basin slightly plaited; flesh white, fine-grained, melting,
juicy, pleasant. Early mid-autumn. A native of Crans-
ton, R. I.

Washington. Medium in size, oblong-obovate, obtuse, —
sometimes slightly obtuse-pyriform ; surface smooth, clear
yellow, handsomely marked with conspicuous red dots on
the sunny side, slightly russeted round the stalk, which is
an inch and a fourth long, and slightly sunk ; calyx smaU,
partly closed, basin shallow; flesh very juicy, melting,
slightly breaking, with a rich, unusually sweet, perfumed,
first-rate flavor. Early in autumn. Growth vigorous,
shoots very straight, erect, and diverging. Fruit always
fair, but varies in size and form — esteemed most by those
who like a very sweet flavor.

Westcott. Size medium, roundish-obovate ; green, becom-
ing yellow; flesh melting, juicy, rich, sweet, perfumed,
flavor fine. Early in autumn. Origin, Cranston, R. I.

WHITE DOYENNE. {Syn. Butter Pear, of Pa., Virga-
lieu, of N. f., St. Michael, of Boston, Yellow Butter,
White Beurre, Doyenn6, Doyenne Blanc.) Medium or
rather large, regular obovate, obtu?e, sometimes remotely
pyriform ; surface pale yellow, often a faint blush ; stalk
about an inch long, scarcely sunk ; calj^x small, basin
shallow ; flesh of very fine texture, white, buttery, melt-
ing, rich, and excellent. Middle to late autumn. Shoots
ascending, greyish yellow ; leaves folded, recurved. I
fails in many localities near Boston and elsewhere, bu
through inland New- York and in most of the western
states, it is unsurpassed in its excellent qualities of hardy
growth, fair fruit, delicious flavor and great productive-
ness ; many trees, without receiving anj^ care in cultiva-

AUTUMN PEARS. 2i5

tioii, yielding ten or fifteen bushels of perfect fruit in a
single season.
North of 42 degrees of latitude, it becomes a late autumn
fruit, and may be kept into winter, which increases its
value for distant market.

Wilbur. Medium in size, frequently rather small ; obovate,
regular, often obovate-pyriform ; skin a dull green and
russet ; stalk three-fourths to one inch long, cavity very
small ; calyx prominent, scarcely sunk ; flesh rather
coarse, melting, juicy, pleasant, often slightly astringent,
varying from second-rate to nearly first-rate. Valuable
at its season. Early autumn. Shoots slender, yellowish
brown. Origin, Somerset, Mass.

Wilkinson. Size medium, obovate, narrowed somewhat
towards the crown, largest in the middle ; skin smooth,
bright yellow ; stalk an inch and a quarter long, stout,
scarcely sunk; calyx stiff, short, basin rhaJ'ow; flesh
white, juicy, melting, sweet, rich, of good flavor. Ripens
from mid-autumn to winter. Shoots long, stent, upright,
greenish yellow; tree thrifty, hardy, productive. A good
second-rate variety. Origin, Cumberland, R. I.

Forelle and Capiaumont, of the preceding class, often ap-
proach this class in outline.

Section III. — Small.

Capsheaf. Rather small ; short-obovate, wide at crown,
somewhat obconic, or with a rounded taper to the stalk ;
surface deep yellow, mostly russeted ; stalk an inch long,
stout, slightly sunk ; calyx small, basin rather large ;
flesh melting, juicy, buttery, mild, sweet, good second-
rate. Ripens mid-autumn. Shoots erect, stout, j^ellowish
brown ; very productive. Rhode Island.

Dumortier. Obovate, dull yellow, with some russet ; stalk
an inch and three-fourths long, slender ; basin very shal-
low; flesh greenish white, meltirig, sweet, sometimes high
flavored. Early autumn. A third-rate Belgian variety.

EdiranVs Henrietta. Medium or rather small ; obovate,
crown flattened, stalk on a rOunded point ; surface smooth,
{lale yellowish-green; stalk an inch and a half long;

246 AUTUMN PEARS.

cal3^x closed, basin shallow, fainth^ plaited ; flesh melting,
juic}^, sub-acid. Very productive. Late summer. New-
Haven, Conn.

Ilmry IV. {Syn. Henri Quatre.) Rather small, round-
obovate, somewhat turbinate; surface greenish yellow,
often somewhat russeted, sometimes a dark reddish brown
cheek ; stalk an inch and a fourth long, slender, usually
ileshy at insertion, not sunk ; basin shallow, abrupt, calyx
closed; flesh juicy, melting, rich, perfumed, mostly first-
rate flavor. Needs house-ripening. Early in autumn.
Shoots diverging cr spreading, yellowish brown. Very
productive.

Johoimot. Rather small, roundish-obovate, sometimes near-
ly round, irregular ; skin pale greenish-yellow and yel-
lowish-brown, faintly russeted ; stalk about an inch long,
thick, oblique, fleshy at insertion, not sunk; basin round;
flesh rather coarse, melting, butter}^, rich, of fine flavor.
Early mid-autumn. Origin, Salem, Mass. The value
cf this fine little pear is lessened by the slow growth of
the trte.

Manning^s Elizabeth. Small, obovate, obscurely pyriform,
smooth, yellow, with a lively blush ; stalk an inch long,
cavity round, shallow; flesh very melting, saccharine,
sprightly, high-flavored, first-rate. Ripens the first of
autumn. Belgian.

Kousselet de Rheims. Rather small, obovate-turbinate,
obscurely pyriform ; skin greenish-yellow in the shade, a
rich brownish-red in the sun, partly russeted; stalk an
inch long, not sunk ; basin little or none ; flesh of fine
texture, sweet, rich, perfumed, half buttery ; rots at the
core. Early autumn.

SECKEL. Small, obovate, sometimes obscurely obconic-
pyriform, regular ; skin brownish-green, becoming rich
yellowish-brown, with a deep brownish-red cheek ; stalk
one-half to three-fourths of an inch long, cavity and basin
small ; flesh very fine-grained, sweet, very juicy, melting,
buttery, the richest and highest flavored pear known.
Although of slow growth, and small size, like the Grecii

AUTUx^N PEARS. 247

Gage among plums, it is regarded as the standard of ex-
cellence. Its high musky perfume is not, however, agree-
able to all. Early mid-autumn. Shoots stout, short,
ascending, tree very hardy. Needs rich cultivation. Ori-
gin, near Philadelphia, and succeeds well throughout the
northern, middle, and western states, and is remarkably
free from the blight.

Williams^ Early. Size rather small or medium, obovate,
varying to roundish-turbinate, regular; skin smooth, clear
light yellow, with a bright red cheek of thick scarlet dots
on the sunny side ; stalk an inch and a fourth long,
straight, not sunk, often fleshy at insertion; basin small,
slightly furrowed ; flesh yellowish white, rather coarse
melting, half buttery, juicy, rich, slightly musky. Ripens
the first two weeks of autumn. Shoots dark. A good
second-rate fruit, valuable for ripening before the most
of autumn pears. Origin, Roxbury, Mass.

Swan's Egg. (Syn. Moor-fowl Egg, incorrectly.) Small,
oval or obovate, crown narrow ; skin pale green, with a
pale brownish blush ; stalk an inch and a fourth long
slender, scarcely sunk; basin none; flesh soft, juicy,
sweet, somewhat musky. A third-rate variety, ripening
about mid-autumn. Shoots dark, long, flexuous. Old
English.

Class III. — Roundish or oblate.
Section I. — Lar^e Pears.

£>'

Belle et Bonne. Large, roundish, slightly oblate, and
remotely obconic, base much flattened ; surface pale
greenish yellow, thickly dotted ; stalk an inch and a half
long, slender, cavity deep, narrow; calyx closed or erect,
basin broad ; flesh white, coarse, sweet, buttery when
well ripened, of second-rate quality. Ripens rather early
in autumn. Growth strong^.

^48 AUTUMN PEARS.

Bezi de la Motte. Rather large, often only medium, round-
ish, crown flattened, tapering slightly to the stalk, and
sometimes with a very obscure short neck ; skin dull
green, becoming yellowish-green ; thickly and very con-
spicuously dotted, the whole surface with a gray cast ;
stalk an inch long, slightly sunk ; basin abrupt, deep,
sometimes flattened and shallow; flesh yellowish green,
very tender, juicy, melting, with sometimes a little grit,
sweet, pleasant, not rich. Quite variable — in some locali-
ties uniformly good, in others often worthless. Tree har-
dy, vigorous, a profuse bearer, and fruit always fair — in
flavor it is but second-rate, but very agreeable and melt-
ing. Ripens through mid-autumn. Old French.

Charles of Austria. (Syn. Charles d'Autriche.) Large,
roundish, greenish-yellow, slightly russeted, thickly and
conspicuously dotted with brown specks; stalk an inch
long, slightly sunk ; basin rather narrow ; flesh tender,
juicy, sweet, of second-rate flavor. Mid-autumn. Shoots
stout, upright, yellow-olive.

Crassane. Large, roundish, flattened ; skin greenish 3^0!-
low, netted thinly with russet ; stalk long, slender, curved,
cavity shallow; calyx small, basin narrow, rather deep;
flesh soft, juicy, about third-rate in quality. Middle and
late autumn. Shoots stout, spreading. Old French.

GanseVs Bergavmt. (iS^?/w. Brocas Bergamot.) Rather large,
sometimes only medium; roundish-oblate, more or less
approaching obovate, flattened most at crown; skin yel-
lowish-brown, with a faint russet brown blush; stalk short,
half or three-fourths of an inch long, ends often fleshy ;
cavity and basin smooth; flesh granular, melting, juicy,
rich, sweet, perfumed, with a first-rate flavor. Ripens
through several of the early weeks of autumn. Shoots
dark gray, spreading, leaves flat, mealy. English.

Hacon's Incomparable. Rather large, roundish, tapering
a little to the base, crown slightly flattened; surface
roughish, yellowish green, slightly russeted, stalk an inch
and a fourth long; calyx short, erect, open; cavity and
basin broad, shallow ; flesh buttery, melting, sub-acid, of

AUTUMN PEARS. 240

secord-rate flavor. Ripens middle and late autumn. Shoots
olive, rather slender, diverging or spreading. English.

Stevens^ Genesee. Large, round-obovate, often considerably
flattened ; skin slightly rough, yellow ; stalk an inch long,
stout, thickest at insertion, more or less sunk in the base;
calyx shori, stiff', basin smooth ; flesh moderately fine-
grained, half buttery, slightly granular, with a rich, fine
flavor, nearly first-rate. Eipens the first of autumn and
for some time afterwards. Shoots gray, leaves narrow.
Grows with great vigor on the quince. Origin, Livings-
ton Co., N. Y.

Sectio7i 11. — Medium in size.

Althorpe Crassane. Size medium, roundish, or round-ovate,
sometimes slightly oblong, tapering rather most to the
crown, which is flattened ; surface light green, with dark
green specks ; stalk an inch and a half to an inch and
three-fourths long, curved, scarcely sunk ; calyx many-
cut, erect, basin rather shallow, with a few plaits ; flesh
fine-grained, juicy, melting, somewhat buttery, good
second-rate. Middle and late autumn. English.

Bergamotte Cadette. {Syn. Beauchamps, Beurre Beau-
champs, Poire de Cadet. ^ Size medium ; round-obovate,
smooth; pale green or greenish-yellow, often partly rus-
seted ; stalk thick, an inch long, cavity shallow ; calyx
small, closed, or erect, scarcely sunk ; flesh slightly granu-
lar, melting, juicy, pleasant, with a good, nearly first-
rate flavor. Late autumn. French.

Calhoun. Size medium, roundish, regular, remotely obo-
vate, smooth, yellow, sometimes a little russeted, and
with a red cheek ; stalk three-fourths of an inch long,
stout, scarcely sunk, calyx closed, basin very shallow,
flesh juicy and melting, with a sub-acid or vinous flavor.
Late autumn. Origin, New-Haven, Conn. New.

Compte de Lamy. Size medium, roundish, somewhat ob-
conic or turbinate, crown much flattened ; skin yellow,
with a brownish blush ; dots small, many ; stalk an inch
and a fourth long with no cavity ; basin shallow, smooth;

250 AUTUMN PEATvS.

flesh fine-grained, buttery, melting, rich, high-flavored
Eipens about mid-autumn. Resembles Dundas in form
wiihout the deep wide basin and high red cheek of tha
variety. Shoots upright, dark. Belgian.

Huguenot. Medium size; roundish, pale-yellow; dots
large, red ; stalk rather slender, without cavity ; calyx
small, basin round ; flesh half-breaking, sweet, deficient
in flavor. Third-rate. Mid-autumn. Salem, Mass.

Michaux. Medium size, nearly round ; skin yellowi^^h
green, with a faint blush; stalk an inch and a half long,
cavity little or none; basin shallow; flesh juicy, half
buttery, sweet, second or third rate. Early mid-autumn.
French.

Naumkeag. Medium in size, roundish, russeted, cavity
very shallow ; flesh juicy,^melting, somewhat astringent,
second or third-rate. Mid-aulumn. Salem, Mass.

Rousselet de Meester. Medium size, roundish, often slight-
ly oblate, with an obscure, vory short neck ; skin pale
greenish yellow; sometimes a faint blush ; stalk an inch
and a half long, cavity none ; calyx large, basin small;
irregular ; flesh melting, sugary, rich, with some rough-
ness of flavor — a good second-rate pear. Mid-autumn.
Belgian.

Sylvange. {Syn. Green Sylvange, Bergamotte Sylvange.^
Size medium, roundish-obovate, approaching turbinate ;
skin pale green, with numerous rough small dots; salk
one inch long, slender; basin shallow; flesh greenish-
while, fine-grained, juicy, melting, tolerably good. Mid-
dle and late autumn. Shoois stout, dark olive.

Sieulle. (Sj/n. Beurre Sieulle, Doyenne Sieulle.) Medium
in size, roundish-oblate, often roundish-obovate, with a
very short, obscure neck ; obtuse ; skin pale yellow, with
a sliorht blush, and sometimes a brilliant broad orangfo
cheek ; stalk thick, an inch and a quarter long, cavity
shallow, rarely deep ; calyx slightly sunk ; flesh buttery
fine-grained, rich, of good second-rate or nearly first-rate
quaiity. Middle and late autumn.

AUTUMN PEARS. 251

Section III. — Small,

Aston Town. Rather small, roundish, remotely turbinate,
crown flattened ; skin rough, brownish green, becoming
yellowish ; stalk an inch and a half long, cavity little or
none; calyx large, erect, scarcely sunk; flesh melting,
buttery, sweet, tolerably good. A third-rate English
pear, ripening before mid-autumn. Shoots slender, growth
irregular.

Bergamot, Autumn. {Syn. English Bergamot, Common
Bergamot, of the English^ English Autumn Bergamot.)
Rather small, roundish-oblate, rough, greenish ; stalk
half an inch long, stout, cavity round, wide ; calyx small,
basin smooth, shallow; flesh juicy, sugar}'-, rather rich;
about third-rate in value. Early autumn.

Bergamotte d'Automne. Roundish-obconic, remotely pjTi-
form ; smooth, fair, pale yellow, with a brownish red
cbeek; stalk an inch and a fourth long, cavity and basin
slight; flesh breaking, juicy, sweet, not rich. French.
Quite distinct from the preceding, and worthless.

Bleeker's Meadow. Rather small, roundish, or flattish-
obovate ; very regular ; large specimens are short-obo-
vale ; surface yellow ; stalk an inch long, stiff, calyx
open, both slightly sunk; flesh very sweet, approaches
buttery and melting when at its best, but usually remains
hard and worthless. Middle and late autumn. Growth
rapid, upright, very productive. Varies from second to
fourth-rate. Origin, Pennsylvania.

Croft Castle. Size rather small or medium ; form ovate, ta-
pering considerably from base to crown ; greenish yellow,
thickly dotted and roughened with small specks ; stalk
an inch and a half to two inches long, slender, curved,
not sunk ; calyx widely reflexed in the flat narrow crown;
flesh crisp, juicy, sweet, second-rate. Mid-autumn. Eng-
^ lish.

Eyevjood. Small, regular round-oblate ; pale yellowish
green, becoming dull yellow, thickly dotted, a faint brown-
ish tinge to the sun ; stalk very long ; cavity and basin
small ; buttery, melting, rich, fine, sub-acid like the

.202 AUTUMN PEARS.

Beurre d'Aremberg. Late autumn. Buds large, with
prominent shoulders, whence its name. English. New.

Fulton. Eather small or nearly medium ; roundish, crown
flattened ; whole surface a smooth gray russet, becoming
a dark cinnamon russet ; stalk an inch and a quarter
long, slender, cavity round, rather narrow ; calyx long,
deep-cut, basin uneven; flesh half-buttery, melting, rich,
sprightly, agreeable, nearly or quite first-rate. Ripens
middle and late autumn. Shoots rather slender, reddish
brown. Tree very hardy and productive. Valuable.
Origin, Topsham, Maine.

Moor-fowl Egg. (Si/w. Little Swan's Egg.) Rather small,
roundish, dull green, with a brown cheek, dots minute ;
stalk long, slender, little sunk or under a lip ; basin small,
flesh soft, juicy, gritty, sweet; a third-rate Scotch pear,
ripening about mid-autumn.

Princess of Orange. Rather small, roundish, slightly neck-
ed ; color cinnamon and light reddish russet ; stalk an
inch long ; cavity, calyx, and basin small ; flesh yellow-
ish white, crisp, juicy, vinous; about second-rate, some-
times very poor. Late autumn. Belgian.

Quiltette. Size nearly medium ; roundish, slightly oblate;
skin greenish, nearly covered with dull, iron-colored rus-
set ; stalk an inch and a quarter long, fleshy at insertion,
with no cavity; calyx very small or abortive, basin nar-
row; flesh melting, buttery, sweet, rich, perfumed; good
second-rate, sometimes nearly first-rate. Late autumn
Belgian.

r

I

WINTER PEARS.

DIVISION III.— WINTER PEARS.

Class I. — Distinct pyriform.
Section I. — Large Pears,

253

Pig. 177 — Beurre tfAremberg. Fig. 178 — Glout Morceau.

BEURRE D'AREMBERG. (Syn. Due d'Aremberg, Des-
champs, L'Orpheline.} Large, short obconic-pyriform,
approaching obconic-obovate, neck rather small ; skin
thick, greenish-yellow, partly russeted ; stalk short or

254 WINTER PEARS.

half an inch to an inch long-, thick, oblique, thickening
with flesh towards insertion ; calyx erect ; basin deep,
narrow; flesh buttery, meUing, rich, with a high, sub-
acid flavor — regarded as fully first-rate by those who es-
teem a vinous flavor. Ripens late autumn and early win-
ter— keeps with little care. Very productive. Grows
well on the quince. Leaves slightly waved. Belgian.

Rivers says that Orpheline or Soldat Laboreur, of the
French, is a variety of Beurre d'Aremberg, having larger
fruit and less thorns than the common Beurr^ d'Aremberg,
the former never having thorns. Thompson differs from
Rivers.

A very different pear with the name of Soldat Laboreur, or
Soldat d'Esperen, is described by Rivers as a large turbi-
nate pear, half-melting, high-flavored and excellent — the
tree robust, and a great bearer — ripening about mid-
winter.

Black Worcester. {Syn. Iron Pear, Black Pear of Worces-
ter.) Large, pyriform, approaching oblong-ovate; body
large, short ovate ; neck short, rather obtuse ; surface
mostly covered with dark rough russet on a light green
surface ; stalk half an inch to an inch and a half long,
cavity none ; calyx erect, basin small ; flesh hard, coarse,
rich, somewhat austere ; stews and bakes well. An es-
teemed culinary sort, bearing heavy crops, and proving
very profitable for market. Late autumn till mid-winter.
Growth very crooked and straggling.

Catillac. Large, short obconic-pyriform, approaching broad-
turbinate, crown broad, flattened ; yellow, often with a
reBdish brown cheek ; stalk an inch to an inch and a half
long, stout, cavity small, wavy; calyx short, erect or
spread, basin large, plaited ; flesh hard, but excellent for
baking and stewing, becoming tender, and of a light red
color. Keeps through winter. French.

Chaumontel, (Syn. Bezi de Chaumontelle, Winter Butter.)
Large, pyriform, body oblong or ovate, neck short, obtuse,
often quite obscure, and the form approaching obovate or
oblong, — largest at the middle ; skin a little rough, yel-
lowish in the shade, with more or less brownish red and
and rich deep red in the sun; stalk an inch long;, mode-

WINTER PEARS. 255

lately feunk ; basin deep, uneven, or angular; flesh but-
tery, melting, sugary, with a fine flavor. Requires warm
rich cultivaiion to develope its good qualities. Shoots
long, slender, dark brown. Grows well on the quince.
Early Winter. Old French.

Glout Morceau. (Sy7i. Gloux Morceaux, Beurre d'Har-
denpont, Colmar d'Hiver, Hardenpont d'Hiver, Linden
d'Automne.) Large, short pyriform, approaching obtuse-
oval, neck very short and obtuse, body large, and taper-
ing somewhat towards the crown ; often considerably
ribbed ; surface green, becoming pale greenish yellow
stalk an inch and a fourth long, not oblique, stout, fleshy
on quince stocks, moderately sunk ; calyx large, basin dis-
tinct, rather irregular; flesh white, fine-grained, buttery,
melting, rich, sweet, with no acid, and of fine flavor.
Early winter. Succeeds best on the quince. Preferred
to Beurre d'Aremberg by those who like a sweet pear —
and diflfers from it in its sweet flavor, shorter neck, more
rounded or tapering crown, even (not oblique) stalk, and
more obtuse neck.

Louise Bonne. Large pyriform ; smooth, pale green ; stalk
rather short, straight, slightly enlarged towards insertion ;
calyx small, basin shallow; flesh white, rather coarse,
third-rate in quality. Early winter. Old French.

Pou7id. {Syn. Winter Bell, Angora.) Very large, pyri-
form, approaching obconic, crown wide ; skin yellowish-
green, with a brown cheek ; stalk two inches long, calyx
crumpled, basin narrow; flesh solid, hard, stems reddish
color, a first-rate culinary pear. Trees strong, healthy, pro-
ductive ; shoots stout, upright, dark. Uvedale's St. Ger-
main nearly resembles or is identical with this variety.

Spanish Bonchretien. (Syn. Bon Chretien d'Espagne.)
Large, pyriform, irregular, narrowed to the stalk, one-
sided ; surface deep yellow at maturity, with a bright red
cheek, and reddish brown dots ; stalk an inch and a half
long, bent slender, scarcely sunk ; basin rather deep,
narrow, irregular ; flesh white, crisp, or half breaking;
moderately rich — first-rate for cooking — worthless as a
dessert fruit.

256

WINTER PEARS.

Fig. 177— Ficor of Winkfield. Fig. 178— Prmce'# St. Germain.

WINTER PEARS. 257

5^^ Germain. Large, long obconic-pyriform ; surface yel-
lowish green, faintly tinged with brown to the sun; stalk
an inch long, oblique ; basin small and shallow ; flesh
white, slightly gritty, juicy, melting, sweet, and agreea-
ble ; fails in many localities, and becomes a third-rate
fruit. Late autumn and early winter. Shoots slender,
light olive ; leaves narrow, folded and recurved. The
Striped St. Germain is a sub-variety, difl^ering only in its
faint yellow stripes.

Vicar of Winkfield. (Syn. Le Cure, Monsieur le Cur^^,
Clion, Dumas.} Quite large ; long pyriform, approaching
oblong-obconic, with a conical taper towards the crown ;
skin smooth, pale yellow, or pale yellowish-green, with a
dull reddish cheek ; stalk an inch to an inch and a half long,
slender, often fleshy at insertion, oblique, not sunk ; basin
narrow, very shallow ; flesh greenish or yellowish white,
juicy, buttery, with a good, second-rate flavor — sometimes
slightly astringent, but if ripened in a warm temperature it
proves a good table pear. Ripens late^ autumn and early
winter, for about three months. Growth spreading and
irregular, or straggling, shoots strong, dark olive. Fine
on quince stocks. The great and uniform productiveness
of this pear, its fine qualities for cooking, and the long
period of its continuance, render it eminently valuable.

it was formerly cultivated at Boston under the erroneous
name of Bourg^rmester. The true Bourgermester is a
third-rate pear, the wood of which cankers badly.

Section IL — Medium in size.

JBeurre Ranee. (Syn. Beurre de Ranz, Beurre de Ranee,
Hardenpont du Printemps, Beurre Epine, Beurre deFlan-
dre.) Size medium, obtuse pyriform ; dark green, rough-
ish ; stalk an inch and a half long, cavity very shallow or
none ; calyx small, basin slight ; flesh greenish white,
melting, gritty at core ; when well ripened, sweet, juicy,
and of fine flavor. Only second-rate as far north as Bos-
ton, but better further south. Ripens late in winter and
in spring. Shoots brownish-yellow, straggling; leaves
flat. Originated at the village of Ranee, near Mons, in
Belgium.

258 WINTER PEARS.

Colmar. Medium in size, or large, pyrifortn, obtuse ; skin
smooth, pale greenish yellow, becoming light yellow ;
stalk an inch and a half long, rather stout, bent, cavity
often uneven ; basin wide, deep ; flesh half buttery, melt-
ing, juicy, rich — about second-rate. Early winter. Bark
of the tree very rough.

Jamimtte. {Syn. Josephine.} Medium or rather large,
obovate-pyriform, approaching obovate, small specimens
roundish turbinate, varying ; crown broad ; skin yellow-
ish-green, with some brownish russet ; dots numerous,
often confluent ; stalk three-fourths to an inch long, thick,
cavity little or none ; calyx small, erect, stiff; basin round,
even ; flesh juicy, melting, buttery, sweet, of good second-
rate flavor. Late autumn and early 'vinter. Origin, Metz,
in France.

Las Canas. Size medium, regular p5Tiform, somewhat ob-
conic ; neck tapering into the stalk; skin yellow, some-
times sprinkled with thin russet, rarely with russet blotch-
es, dots small and numerous ; stalk an inch long ; calyx
slightly sunk; flesh juicy, melting, good, nearly first-
rate.

Passe Colmar. (Syn. Colmar Souverain, Colmar Harden-
pont, Colmar Gris.) Medium or rather large ; skin yel-
lowish green, becoming pale yellow, often lightly sprinkled
with russet ; stalk an inch and a quarter long, cavity ob-
tuse or none, calyx erect, basin moderate ; flesh fine-
grained, buttery, juicy, sweet, rich, and when well
grown and ripened, of excellent, first-rate flavor — but
when overloaded, with small, badly matured fruit, the
quality is worthless. The tree overbears, and the fruit
needs thorough thinning. Leaves rather small, nearly
flat. Early winter. Belgian.

Vicompte de Spoelberch. Medium or rather large, obovate-
pyriform, somewhat obconic; skin slightly rough, yellow,
with a purplish blotched cheek to the sun, very slightly
russeted ; stalk an inch and a fourth long, stout, curved "
basin round, shallow ; calyx erect, short ; flesh buttery
melting, rich, fine. Needs high cultivation to develope its
fine qualities. Early winter. Belgian.

WINTER PEARS. 2o9

Class II. — Obscure pyriform, obovate, or turbinate.

Seclio7i I. — Large Pears.

Columbia. (Sy7i. Columbian Virgalieu, Columbia Virgou-
leuse.) Large, long obovate, regular, handsomely round-
ed or obtuse, largest near the middle ; surface pale green,
becoming pale yellow, always smooth and fair; stalk an
inch and a quarter long, rather slender ; cavity narrow,
deep ; calyx erect, basin small ; flesh white, melting, and
buttery, of moderately rich, second-rate or third-rate fla-
vor. Ripens early winter. Growth upright, vigorous,
shoots brownish yellow. The large, handsome fruit, and
the great productiveness of the tree has rendered this
variety popular and profitable for market. It does not ap-
pear to succeed so well as far north as Boston and Roches-
ter, as further south. A native of Westchester County,
New- York.

Easter Beurrc. (Syn. Doyenne d'Hiver, Bergamotte de la
Pentacote, Beurr^ de la Pentacote, Beurr^ de Paques,
Chaumontel tres gros. Canning, Seigneur d'Hiver.) Large,
obovate, approaching oval; surface yellowish-green, with
some russet ; often a broad, dull reddish cheek ; stalk
stout, an inch long, cavity deep, sometimes obtuse, ab-
rupt ; calyx small, closed in a moderate or rather shallow,
plaited basin; flesh fine-grained, very butter\', melting
and juicy, and when well grown and ripened, of excellent,
first-rate flavor. It does not often mature well in the
northern states. Keeps through winter. Growth strong,
rather upright, shoots reddish-yellow ; leaves narrow,
folded, recurved. Grows well on the quince.

Knighfa Monarch. Large, regular, obovate ; surface yel-
lowish-brown, reddish to the sun, dots numerous ; stalk
very short, half an inch long, thick; set on the rounded
base with little or no cavity ; basin shallow ; flesh buttery,
melting, rich, of fine quality. Mid-winter. Shoots yel-
lowish. Scarcely as yet proved in this country, spurious
sorts having been widely disseminated. English.

260 WINTER PEARS.

Black Worcester, Chaumontel, and Glout Morceau, of the
preceding class, often approach this class in form of
outline.

Section 11. — Medium in size,

Beurre Gris d'Hiver Nouveau, or " Gray Winter Beurr6.'*
Size medium ; obovate, obtuse ; skin greenish, conside-
rably russeted ; stalk thick, short, cavity moderate; basin
small; flesh greenish, buttery, melting, very juicy, rich,
slightly sub-acid — resembling in flavor the Beurre d'Arem-
berg, but rather richer and less acid. Early winter.
French. New. Promises to become valuable.

Bezi Vaet. Size medium, obovate ; skin rather rough,
greenish yellow, russeted with a brown cheek ; stalk an
inch and a fourth long, cavity and basin slight ; flesh juicy
sweet, with a second or third-rate flavor. Early winter.

Brande^s St. Germaiii. Size medium ; obovate, often con-
siderably pyriform, narrowing to both ends, smooth and
regular ; skin yellowish green, thickly dotted with large
russet specks; stalk an inch long, thick, obliquely set;
calyx small, stiff, erect ; basin small, narrow, often none ;
flesh buttery, melting, yellow towards the core, with a
pleasant, slightly acid, good, nearly first-rate flavor.
Early winter. English. New.

Caen du France. Medium in size, obovate, largest at the
middle, skin with a rough russet ; stalk an inch long,
cavity and basin rather small ; flesh tender, juicy, rather
sweet, resembling Winter Nelis in flavor, but less melt-
ing. Ripens at mid-winter.

Comstock. Medium in size, obovate ; yellow with a crim-
son cheek ; stalk and calyx slightly sunk ; flesh crisp,
sprightly, about third-rate in quality — handsome but poor.
Early winter. Shoots long, upright, reddish yellow. Ori-
gin, Dutchess Co., N. Y.

Coter. Size medium, obovate, obscurely pyriform, nearly
regular, light yellowish green, brown in the sun, some-
what russeted ; stalk an inch long, without cavity ; seg-
ments of the calyx distinct and widely reflexed; basin

WINTER PEARS. 261

round, moderate ; flesh white, rather coarse, buttery, rich,
slightly perfumed, nearly or quite first-rate. Late au-
tumn. Belgian.

Easter Bergamot. (Syn. Winter Bergamot, Paddington,
Bergamotte de Paques, Bergamotte d'Hiver.) Size me-
dium or rather large ; round-obovate, approaching turbi-
nate, narrow at stalk ; surface yellowish green, dots con-
spicuous ; stalk from three-fourths to an inch and a halt
long; calyx small, basin round; flesh firm, becoming
melting, juicy, buttery; a second or third-rate dessert
fruit, but fine for stewing, keeping through winter.
Difiers from Easter Beurr^ in its inferior quality, rounder
form, lighter color, and in its green shoots.

Echassery. (Syn. Echasserie, Bezi d'Echasserie.) Size
medium ; round-oval, or irregular roundish ; color pale
green, becoming yellowish ; often a dull reddish brown
cheek ; stalk an inch and a half long, cavity narrow,
irregular, often very small ; calyx erect, slightly cut,
scarcely sunk, or on a scarcely perceptible conical taper
of the crown; flesh buttery, melting, with a sweet, per-
fumed flavor, hardly first-rate. Shoots rather weak, joints
crooked. French.

Emerald. Medium in size, obovate, irregular, crown ribbed;
surface green, dotted with brown ; stalk an inch and a
half long, cavity narrow, irregular, often very small ;
calyx erect, slightly cut, scarcely sunk ; flesh half-break-
ing or melting, very juicy, sweet, good second-rate. Bel-
gian. New.

Flemish Bonckretien. {Syn. Bon Chretien Turc.^ Size
medium ; obovate ; skin pale green, with a brown cheek;
flesh crisp, juicy, and stews very tender. A first-rate
culinary pear, keeping through winter.

Fondante du Bois. Size medium; obovate-turbinate, some-
what obconic; surface mottled with russet on greenish
yellow ; stalk three-fourths of an inch long, obliquely set
and slightly sunk ; basin moderate ; flesh buttery, juicy,
rather rich, slightly acid and astringent, with a Brown

262 WINTER PEARS.

Beurr^ flavor — good second-rate, approaching tir-
Early-winter. New. Somwhat resembles Passe Colm. "

Haddington. Medium or rather large, obovate-pyriform,
greenish yellow, with small distinct russet dots. Some-
times a faint brown cheek; stalk three-fourths to an inch
long, slender, cavity small ; calyx small, basin shallow ;
flesh yellowish, crisp, juicy, with a second-rate flavor —
sometimes quite poor. Keeps through winter. Phila-
delphia.

Leon le Clerc. Medium or rather large obovate, crown
swollen, narrow towards the stalk ; skin yellow, russety
at ends ; stalk an inch and a fourth long, fleshy at in-
sertion ; calyx large, many-cut, little sunk ; flesh crisp,
firm, of second or third-rate quality.

This is totally distinct from the celebrated Van Mons Leon
le Clerc, a laro^e, fine autumn pear already described.
The Leon le Clerc here described was raised by Van
Mons, and is hence sometimes called Van Mons' L'jon le
Clerc ; the other variety, immeasurably superior, was
raised by L<ion le Clerc, and named the Van Mons Leon
le Clerc. Confusion has arisen from this slight distinc-
tion.

Locke. (Syn. Locke's Beurre.) Medium in size, round-
obovate, obscurely pyriform, regular ; surface yellowish
green, often a little russet; stalk an inch long, scarcely
sunk ; calyx sii*all, closed, basin shallow ; flesh greenish-
white, melting, juicy, second-rate. Late autumn and
early winter. Origin, West Cambridge, Mass.

McLav ghlin. Medium in size, turbinate, remotely pyri-
form ; nearly the whole surface russeted, with a warm red
cheek ; stalk three-fourths of an inch long, fleshy at in-
sertion, cavit}^ little or none; basin rather abrupt, xqvj
small and narrow; flesh buttery, rather sweet, or very
slightly acid, rich, perfumed. Early winter. Saco
Maine.

Moccas. Medium in size, obovate or irregular turbinate ,
surface pale green, or yelloa-ish-green, with a brown
cheek, and russet dots and streaks ; stalk an inch and a

WINTER PEARS. 263

fourth long, curved, with no cavity; calyx short, erect, set
shallow; flesh juicy, mcltinir, with a rich, fine flavor.
Early winter. English. New.

Prince's St. Germain. Size medium ; ohovate, obtuse ;
surface much russeted on green, dull red to the sun ; stalk
an inch and a fourth long, cavity small ; calyx large, stiff*,
slightly cut, basin smooth, shallow ; flesh yellowish white,
juicy, melting, slightly vinous, with an agreeable and fine
flavor. Keeps well, ripening through winter. Origin,
Flushing, Long Island.

Virgouleuse. Size medium, orrather large ; obovate, round-
ed at both ends; smooth, yellowish-green, dots numerous ;
stalk an inch long, cavity little or none ; calyx small,
basin wide, very shallow ; flesh buttery and melting, of
good flavor. Early winter. A very thin bearer. Origin, .
Virgoule, a village of France.

This is totally distinct from the Virgalieu or White Doyenne,
already described, a greatly superior late autumn pear.

WINTER NELIS. (Syn, Nelis d'Hiver, Bonne de Ma-
lines.^ Size medium ; roundish-obovate, often slightly
pyriform, with a neck small and short ; surface yellowish-
green, much russeted ; stalk an inch and a quarter long,
bent ; cavity narrow ; calyx stiff", short, basin shallow ;
flesh yellowish white, fine-grained, buttery, very melting,
rich, sweet, or slightly vinous, perfumed, aromatic, with
an excellent flavor. Perhaps the highest flavored of ali
winter pears. Early winter. Growth slender, often
flexuous and straggling; leaves narrow, recurved; petioles
rather long. Origin, Mechlin, in Belgium.

Section III, — Small,

Lewis. Size, below medium ; regular obovate, rarely ob-
scure-pyriform ; surface yellowish green, thickly dotted
with dull russet ; stalk an inch and a half long, slender,
scarcely sunk ; calyx widely reflexed, basin little or none;
flesh greenish- white, melting, juicy, of fine rich flavor.
Core large. Early winter. Growth vigorous, branches
becoming drooping. Profusely productive. Origin, Rox-
bury, Mass.

12

264

WINTER PEARS.

Fiff. 179-- Winter Nelis. Fig. 180— Easter Beurre,

WINTEH PEARS. 265

Class III. — Roundish or oblate.

Section /. — Large Pears.

Beurre Bronz^e. Rather large, roundish, surface rather
rough, a dull russet on green, red to the sun ; stalk an
inch and a quarter long, with no cavity ; flesh crisp, juicy,
about second-rate. Early winter. The Figue de Naples
is cultivated to some extent in New-England under this
name.

Holland Bergamot. (Syn. Bergamotte d'Hollande.) Rather
large, roundish, green, much russeted; stalk an inch and
a half long, slender ; cavity shallow, one-sided ; calyx
small, slightly cut, basin large ; flesh crisp, flavor spright-
ly, about second or third-rate in quality. Keeps through
spring, and is a good culinary pear. Shoots diverging or
spreading, olive brown.

Gilogil. Large, oblate, approaching obovate, smooth and
regular, overspread with cinnamon russet, in dots, patches,
and nettings, often thickly russeted ; reddish to the sun ;
stalk an inch to an inch and a half long, cavity uneven,
sometimes deep and round ; calyx erect or closed ; flesh
white, firm, breaking, moderately rich, nearly sweet,
with a third-rate flavor. Unproductive in this country-
esteemed for preserving in France, its native country.
Early winter. Growth strong, upright.

Section II. — Medium in size*

Bezi d'Heri. {Syn. Wilding of Heri.) Size medium,
roundish, skin greenish yellow, with a reddish blush ;
stalk an inch and a half long, slender ; calyx open, basin
shallow; flesh tender, juicy, free from grit, with an anise-
like flavor. A fine winter culinary pear, worthless for
the dessert. Early winter. French.

Broom Park. Size medium ; roundish ; skin brown ; flesh
white, juicy, melting, of second-rate flavor. Early win-
ter. Shoots diverging or spreading, dark brown, English.

266 WINTER ^EAllS.

Cross. Medium in size, roundish ; surface yellow, often
with a red cheek, and some russet ; stalk three-fourths of
an inch lohg, very thick, set shallow ; calyx small, rather
deeply sunk ; flesh mehing, juicy, with a rich, high, fine
flavor — of first-rate quality. Early winter. Shoots rather
slender, greyish yellow. Origin, Newburyport, Mass.

Franc Real d''Hiver. {Syn. Franc Real, Fin Or d'Hiver.)
Size medium ; roundish, yellow, sprinkled with russet
brown, and with a brownish cheek ; stalk an inch long,
cavity small ; calyx small, basin shallow ; flesh firm,
crisp, fine for stewing, becoming tender, and of a light
purple color. Keeps through winter. Very productive.
Growth upright, leaves wavy.

Winter Crassane. Size medium, flattish turbinate, taper-
ing to stalk, crown much flattened ; skin whitish-yellow,
more or less russeted, dots dark and numerous ; stalk two
inches or more long, curved, cavity none ; calyx large,
distinctly five-cut, basin large, wide, obtuse ; flesh white,
rather dry, about third-rate.

Section III. — Small,

Fortunee. S2/n.BergamotteFortun^e,Beurr^Fortunee.) Ra-
ther small, or nearly medium; roundish, slightly necked,
somewhat irregular ; whole surface a rich cinnamon rus-
set, (like Fulton,) stalk an inch long, usually slightly en-
larged at ends ; calyx small, basin round, smooth ; flesh
- yellowish white, rich, and perfumed — when well ripened,
nearly first-rate^ — sometimes the flesh is white, and of poor
flavor. Keeps through winter.

Ne Plus Meuris. Small, roundish, usually very irregular,
with swollen parts on the surface ; surface rough, dull
yellowish-brown, with some iron-colored russet ; stalk
short, cavity little or none; flesh yellowish white, buttery,
melting, and juicy, good. A second or third-rate variety.
Keeps through winter. Belgian.

COMPARATIVE FORMS OF PEARS,

ACCUBATELY BEDUCED TO ONE-HALF THE DIAMETEB, FBOM
ACTUAL SPECIMENS.

Fig. 181. Fig. 182. Fig. 183 Fig. 184.
Skinless. Manning^ s Otu Fratt.

Elizabeth.

Fig. 185. Fig. 188.

English French

Jargonelle. Jargonelle.

Fig. 187.

Onondaga^ or

Swan's Orangi,

i

26S

COMPARATIVE FORMS OF PEARS,

Fig. 18S— (2 outlines.)
Brandy wine.

Fig. 189.
Kingsessini

Fig. 190.
Moj/amensing.

Fig. 191. Fig. lU-^ Fiur. 193. Fig. 194.

Fetre. Belle Lucrative Fonetenay Jalousie. Heathcot.

Fig. 195.
Stchel.

Fig. 196.
Henry IV.

Fig. 197.

Rovsselet de

Rheims.

Fig. 198.
Fulton.

Fig. 199.
Eye wood.

COMPARATIVE FORMS OF PEARS.

289

Fig. 200. Fig. 201.

Brown Beurre. Oswego Beurre.

Fig. 202.
Lawrence.

Fig. 203.
Urbaniste.

Fig. 204.
Fig of Naples.

Fig. 205.
Napoleon.

Fig. 206.
Duchesse d^ Orleans

Fig. 207.
Figue.

270

COMPARATIVE FORMS OF PEARS.

Fig. 20S.
Coter.

Fig. 209.
Caen du
France.

Fig. 210.

Bergamotta

Cadette.

Fig 211.
Marie Louise.

Fig. 212.
Duchesse
d' Angouleme.

Fig. Cl.3.
Beurre Diet.

Fig. 214.
JHx.

Fig. 215.

Van Mons^

Leon Ic Clere.

Fig. 216.
SleuUe.

COMPARATIVE FORMS OF PEARS.

271

Fig. 217. Fig. 218. Fig. 219. Fig. 220.

Las Canas. Faste Colmar. Beurre grit Lewis,

iV-Hiver Nouveau,

Fig. 221.
Slack Worcester,

Tig. 222.
Catillac

Fig. 220.
Found,

CHAPTER III.

THE QUINCE.

The Quince, a small, irregularly growing tree of about
ten or twelve feet high, bears one of the best fruits for pre-
serves and jellies, and for giving additional flavor to apple
tarts. It is unfit for eating in a raw state. The young trees
are extensively used as stocks for the propagation of dwart
pear trees.

The quince is usually propagated by layers and by cut-
tings. When by cuttings, they are to be taken from the
tree in the spring, and buried in an upright position, in a
light, deep soil, and in a moist shaded place, not less than
ten inches or a foot deep, and leaving but a small portion
above ground. If the shaded place cannot be had, spread
over the surface of the ground, after they are planted, a
coat of moss, or partially decayed leaves. If the weather
becomes very dry, water them.

To propagate by layers, the young shoots are to be laid
down in the spring, and buried so as to leave only two or
three buds at the extremity above ground. When these
buds have well started, the best only should be left for
growing. A part of them will throw out roots by autumn,
and may be removed from the parent tree and set out in
rows ; the rest should remain a second year till rooted. If
the ground is rich, and they are kept w^ell cultivated and
straightened by stakes, the cuttings and layers will produce
trees fit for removal as standards in two or three years.

The soil for the quince should be deep and rich, such as
will raise good corn and potatoes, and should be kept well
cultivated. A rather moist soil has been preferred by many,
but it is by no means essential,* deep and enriching culti-
vation being of incalculably more importance. In connex-

♦ The hardiness of the quince enabling il to endure wetter soils, than other trees,
has led to this opinion ; but better quinces havs never beeu jaised than on. highly
cnrkked and w«ll cultivated dry upland.

THE QUINCE.

273

ion with the yearly application of good manure, a special
manuring of salt is eminently beneficial. The salt should be
spread early in spring beneath the trees just thick enough to
half conceal the surface of the ground. Common manure,
without salt, will not give the finest quinces, nor will an
unman ured or poor soil endure heavy doses of salt.

The total neglect of the cultivation of the quince by many
who have planted out the trees, has resulted in their dwarfish
and stunted growth, and entire unproductiveness. To reno-
vate such trees, cut or saw out the thick profusion of suckers
which surround the stem, Cfig. 226,) deepen the soil with
the space as much as the roots will admit, and apply a large
barrow-load of compost to each tree, made by a thorough in-
lormixtnre some weeks previously, of stable manure and

Fig. 225. Fig. 226.

black muck, and then spread a thin coating of salt upon the
surface. This should be done in the spring of the year.
The pruning may be such as to remove the suckers, and
reduce the number of stems to three or four, or the tree
may be trimmed to one clean stem, as shown in fig. 225.

The wide difference between the results of these two
modes of treatment, can be only appreciated by those who
have witnessed the experiment. By neglect, the crop will
at best be small, and the quinces diminutive and knotty ;
by enriched culture, a profusion of large golden fruit will
load the tree, which will at all times command a ready sale
even in a well supplied market.

In planting quince orchards, the distance asunder may be
about ten or twelve feet, which will be found near enough
for full-grown trees, on a deep, rich, and well-treated soil.
If the ground is previously subsoiled, and well manured by
trench-plowing, the young trees will come into bearing in

274 THE QUINCE.

about three years, and continue productive, if well managet
for forty years, or more.

Quince trees, when once in good condition, need but little
pruning. All that is necessary is to cut out, annually, old
or deca3^ed wood, or any branches that make the head too
thick, or that prevent an evenly distributed and symmetrical
form. Manure or compost should be applied late in autumn,
and salt in spring.

ENEMIES.

The quince is frequently attacked by the blight^ causing
the death of the ends of the branches, and sometimes spread-
ing and destroying the tree. The remedy is the immediate
and constant excision of the injured parts, and burning
them.

The horer sometimes proves a formidable enemy. It is
the larva of an insect which attacks the wood of the trunk near
the surface of the ground, and works inwards, usually up-
wards, but sometimes downwards, to a distance of several
inches into the wood, during the summer season.

As the borer frequently destroys the tree, various means
of prevention have been rei^orted to. The remedies de-
scribed for the apple-borer are found useful. When the insect
has once obtained possession, the best method appears to be
direct attack. Scrape the soil from the trunk, and cut with
a knife lengthwise, and not across the bark and wood, till
the insects are found. Repeat the operation once a week
for several times, as a part escape the first examination.
Then cover the wounded parts with a mixture of warm tar
with ochre or brick-dust. It is a great saving of labor to
arrest early their progress ; hence trees should be examined
frequently. They may sometimes be extracted by a flexi-
ble barbed wire, when cutting out would too much muti-
late the tree.

THE QUINCE.

275

VARIETIES.

Orange or Apple Quince. {Sy7i. Angers.) Large, some sub-
varieties quite large,
roundish, somewhat ir-
regular, with a small
and very short neck at
the base ; surface of a
fine golden color ; flesh
firm, stewing rather
tender, of excellent fla-
vor. Ripens soon after
mid-autumn. Leaves
_ oval. Tree productive,

Fig. 227. Orange Quince. Fig. 228. Pear Quince, if Wcll Cultivated.

This is the most common sort, and by continual propagation
of seedlings, several sub-varieties have been produced,
varying slightly in coarseness or firmness of texture, size
and form. The largest sometimes weigh a pound. It
strikes freely from cuttings, and forms the best stocks for
the pear.

Pear Quince. {Syn. Oblong or Pyriform Quince.) Size
medium or rather large, pyriform, body roundish-oblong,
neck about one-half or one-third the length of the body;
skin rather dull rich yellow ; flesh firm, tough, dry, with
a high flavor, stewing less tender than the Orange quince.
Ripens late in autumn, and hence adapted to distant
marketinof. Leaves oblonsr-ovate. A moderate bearer.

Portugal Quince. Quite large, oblong-pyriform, largest at
the middle and tapering to each end; yellow; flesh more
juicy, and less harsh than the other varieties. Stews well,
and becomes a fine purple or deep crimson uhen cooked.
Leaves broad, cordate, downy, larger than those of the com-
mon quince, and growth stronger. The fruit is rather su-
perior in quality, but the value of the variety is much les-
sened by its unproductiveness. It does not strike readily
from cuttings. The common or Orange quince is often
sold as the Portugal.

The Japan and Chinese quinces are cultivated morrly as
ornamental shrubs.

CHAPTER IV.

THE PEACH.

The Peach, the most delicious fruit, when in perfection,
of our climate, succeeds in favorable localities, from Maine
to the Gulf of Mexico. In the more northern regions, the
ripening of the earlier varieties commences only a few
weeks before the close of the summer months; in the ex-
tre;j.e south, well matured peaches are obtained nearly as
early as cherries and strawberries at the north.

The trees are more tendej* and of shorter duration than
most fruit trees of temperate climates. In some localities,
they bear only two or three good crops, and then decline or
perish. On favorable soils, they continue for twenty or
thirty years. In western New- York, trees have in rare in-
stances borne fruit for forty or fifty years. In France, ac-
cording to authentic testimony, peach trees which have been
annually and freely pruned, have lived to an age of one hun-
dred years ; and there is no doubt that on favorable soils,
and by a regular shortening-in pruning, most of our orchards
would endure much longer than the ordinary period.

The most extensive peach-growing regions are in New-
Jersey, Delaware, and Maryland. Some orchards have con-
tained 20,000 trees, and hundreds of acres have been occu-
pied with the plantations of single proprietors. The north-
ern portions of Ohio and westerm New-York, protected on
the north by Lakes Erie and Ontario, afford a very favor-
able climate for this fruit. But throughout the country at
large, the selection of proper localities would doubtless af-
ford good and regular crops, even in districts where its
culture is rarely attempted. The remarks on this subject
on p. 63 of this work, are particularly commended to the
attention of those who may attempt the peach culture in se-
vere climates.

THE PEACH. 277

The destruction of the peach crop is caused in nearly all
cases by the intensely severe cold of winter. Vernal frosts,
to which its loss is often erroneously ascribed, very rarely
have any influence. If the fruit buds remain unswoUen,
they will endure almost any degree of cold to which oui
climate is liable.* But it often happens that we have a
few days of mild or warm weather late in autumn or during
winter. This is sufficient to swell them slightly, or to throw
moisture enough into them to render them tender; and if
the thermometer should then sink several degrees below
zero, there is scarcely a chance for their escape. Their
condition may be ascertained within a few days by making
a cross cut with a knife through the fruit buds, if destroyed,
the centre will be dark brown ; if uninjured, they will pre-
sent the fresh yellow centre of sound buds.

PROPAGATION OF THE TREES.

The peach tree is of remarkably easy and rapid propaga-
tion. In rare instances, seedling trees have borne the second
year, or sixteen months from the planting of the stone.
Stocks may be budded the first summer, affording trees five
or six feet high the second autumn. Transplanted the
second year from the bud, the trees with good cultivation,
usually come into bearing about the third year afterwards.

Some varieties reproduce the same from the stone with
slight variation, but the only certain way to perpetuate de-
licious sorts, is by budding. Grafting rarely succeeds.! For
directions see page 42 of this work. It often happens at the
north, that the severe frost of winter destroys the inserted
buds, which die and drop off", leaving the attached portion
of bark adhering fresh and green to the stock. This disas-
ter, which so often disappoints the hopes of the young cul-
tivator, is to be prevented by selecting buds from the largest
and thriftiest shoots. These usually possess sufficient vigor
to withstand severe frosts. The triple buds' on the older and
more matured portions of the shoots of bearing trees, often
survive when the single buds above them perish; as maybe

* Peaches are successfully raised so far north that the thermometer usually falls
to 30 degrees below zero, by protecting them from the vicissitudes of the weather of
winter, by means of a good coaling of evergreen boughs.

t At the south, where the warm and moist climate often approaches in character
that of a hot-house, grafts of the peach often do well, and even cuttings of the ap-
Dle inserted ia open ground frequently lake ready root.

278 THE PEACH.

at once perceived by examitiing the shoots of bearing trees
late in spring.

When stocks are not budded till the second summer, it is
very important to cut them down the previous spring, and
suffer but one ascending sprout to grow, which will form a
fine thrifty shoot for the reception of the bud.

In raising stocks, select the seed of hardy and late varie-
ties. The stones are not injured if kept dry in a cellar till
winter. If they become water-soaked for a length of time,
they are spoiled. But soaking in water for a day or two,
and subsequent exposure to freezing, facilitates the crack-
ing of the stone. One of the best modes of treatment is to
keep the stones in a moist cellar till near spring, then to
soak them in tubs or barrels, till the shells are w^ell swollen
with moisture. They are then placed in thin layers on the
surface of the ground, and exposed for two or three weeks
to the action of the frost, being protected from drying by a
covering of soil, leaf-mould or muck. About the time the
frost disappears from the ground, they are taken up and
cracked by hand, placing the stone on the end of a wooden
block, and striking a gentle blow on the side edge with a
hammer. The kernels are thus taken out uninjured. They
are then planted one or two inches deep, (a. light thin soil
needing more depth than a heavy and moist one,) and if
they have been previously uninjured, nearly every one will
grow. Care is needed that the seeds do not become dried
nor mouldy before planting.

When it is intended for them to come up evenly, as they
are to remain in the nursery row, the most certain way to
avoid vacancies or failures, is to sprout them before plant-
ing. This is effected by mixing the kernels with sand and
leaf-mould, and spreading them in a thin bed in the sun.
When sprouted, a line or cord, permanently marked at equal
distances of eight inches with a touch of paint, is stretched
on the ground, and a sprouted kernel carefully inserted at
every mark of the line, bjr means of a transplanting trowel.
This insures great regularity in the rows. Accidental va-
cancies may be filled from a seed bed when the plants are
not more than two inches high. To prevent drying, the
sprouted seeds should be kept covered with a flake of wet
moss or a wet cloth, until deposited in the ground; and if

THE PEACH. 279

the weather be dry, watering the ground may be requisite.

By planting the peach stones without cracking, a very
small portion will grow, and no regularity can be attained
in the rows.

If the soil is good, and the cultivator is passed between
the rows as often as once a fortnight, — oftener is better, —
the trees will be large enough to bud by the close of
summer.

In cases where the ground cannot be prepared early for
their reception, germination may be retarded by burying
the uncracked stones a foot or two beneath the surface, till
wanted.

The distances of the rows asunder should be about the
same as for apples and other trees in the nursery, or about
three and a half feet.

Plum stocks for the peach, slightly lessen the luxuriance
of growth, render the trees smaller, and increase their har-
diness for the extreme north by withholding the supply of
sap till later in spring, and earlier in autumn, and thus fa-
vor an early maturity of the young wood. Small dwarfs
are produced by budding on the Mirabelle, a diminutive va-
riety of the plum. The plum stock is also sometimes
employed to guard against the peach borer, a remedy often
unsuccessful, as that insect frequently attacks the peach
above the place of union.

Unlike most other fruit trees, the peach may be trans-
planted in the spring next after tL3 insertion of the bud,
with scarcely a check in its growth.

ORCHARDS.

The selection of locality has been treated of; the soil is a
matter of importance. The following remarks of A. J.
Downing on this subject, accord with general experience: —

" The very best soil for the peach is a rich, deep sandy
loam ; next to this, a strong mellow loam ; tiien a light,
thin, sandy soil, and the poorest, is a heavy, compact clay
soil. We are very well aware that the extensive and pro-
fitable appropriation of thousands of acres of tb'i lightest
sandy soil in New-Jersey and Delaware, has led many to
believe that this is the best soil for the peach. But such is
not the fact, and the short duration of this tree in those dis-

280 THE PEACH.

tricts, is unquestionably owing to the rapidity with which
the soil is impoverished. We have, on the contrary, seen
much larger, finer, and richer flavored peaches produced for
a long time successively on mellow loam, containing but little
sand, than upon any other soil whatever."

In transylaniing for an orchard, the practice of shortening'
in the shoots, described in the chapter on transplanting, should
be invariably attended to, as it is of the greatest importance
in the safe removal of peach trees. Trees two j^ears from
the bud, where this practice is observed, will be- found de-
cidedly better than those of one year only, for the regions of
the north. Fifteen to twenty feet apart is the common dis-
tance for orchards ; but as better crops and better fruit is
obtained where the heads are kept well shortened-in, and
consequently within less compass, a distance of twelve feet
only will be found sufficient. The best culture consisting i«i
the absence of all other crops on the ground, the nearerd is-
tance will be found the most profitable. A distance of
twelve feet apart will give more than three hundred trees
per acre ; fifteen feet less than two hundred ; and tVv'enty
feet scarcely more than one hundred.

While the trees are small, the intermediate spaces be-
tween the rows may be cultivated with low hoed crops ; but
afterwards it will be found best to keep the ground perfect-
ly clean and mellow by plowing and harrowing. Where
soils are very shallow, top dressing with manure in autumn,
and frequent harrowing, have been found best ; the roots
being thus brought near the surface, deep plowing proves
injurious. But where soils are deep and fertile, plowing
may be occasionally resorted to without injury.

The principle on which rotation in crops is founded, dic-
tates that two crops of peach trees, whether in the nursery
or orchard, should not be given successively on the same
piece of ground; diminished growth in all such instances
being the result.

One of the best manures for the peach tree is ashes, w^he-
ther fresh or leached; hence all composts with this constitu-
ent in large proportion, are eminently beneficial to peach
orchards. When applied alone, half a peck of fresh, and
half a bushel of leached ashes to each tree, is a suitable
quantit3^ For a useful mode of application, sec remarks on
a future page under ihe head Feach-wonu.

THE PEACH.

281

PRUNING*

No fruit tree needs a more regular and constant pruning
than the peach, and none more frequently meets with total
neglect. The young shoots, to live and flourish, need a
very full exposure to sun and air. But young peach trees,
if left to grow in their own way, become covered with a
dense profusion of leaves. These shade the interior, and as
a necessary consequence, the central shoots gradually perish,

and leave the bare
,^ , ,^j., . limbs. As the tree ad-
^U;',*fy~!'}|,: . vances in growth, these
' ' "" '''"" become long, naked
branches, with tufts of
leaves only at their ex-
treme ends, fig. 229.
These extremeties are
loaded with an overcrop
^^^ of fruit, diminished in
flavor by crowding, and
often breaking the tree
under their lever -like
weight. Trees wholly
neglected in pruning,
usually become by this
process, of little value, after the lapse of some years.

To avoid this unfavorable result, the short eniiig-in mode of
pruning has been very successfully adopted, which consists in
yearly cutting back the extremeties, so as to counteract the
spread of the limbs, and to lessen the weight of foliage.

The most easy, uniform, and
certain rule to follow, in adopt-
ing this system of pruning, is to
/y ^ cut off, early in spring or in win-
^^ ter, one-third to one-half of all
>^ the shoots of the previous sum-
mer's growth. This thins the
crop of fruit, and greatly redu-
ces the amount of leaves ; and
while the fruit is lessened in
-'-5rsss»^' number, the amount is not di-

Fig. 230. minished, and the flavor is im-

Fisr. 229.

282 THE PEACH.

measurably improved. If this pruning is regularly and
annually performed, the head of the tree will be preserved
in an even, handsome, and compact shape, fig. 230, and in
a healthy and vigorous condition ; and it will become rarely
necessary to shorten and thin out the limbs by cutting back
the larger side-branches.

The pruning may be performed with a hedge or long-
handled shears, or with nearly equal convenience by means
of a light standing ladder and a common pruning knife.

Any cultivator who may doubt the value of shortening-in
the peach, need only to try the experiment for a few suc-
cessive years, on a tree standing side by side with one un-
pruned, to become fully convinced of its eminent advan-
tages.*

Trai7iing the peach against walls and huildin9s^ so essen-
tial to the successful culture of the peach in England, is
rarely practiced in this country. It would doubtless hasten
the maturity of the crop ; but the warm exposure, would at
the same time, unless the branches were purposely protect-
ed, render the crop more liable to destruction by frost. Es-
palier training has been found to give excellent fruit, in
consequence of the thorough pruning and full exposure

Fig. 231— First year. Fig. 232— Second year. Fig. 233— Third year.

adopted in the management of the trees. Figs. 231, 232,
and 233, exhibit the fan training usually adopted in espalier
and wall training, in its sucessive stages.

To induce early bearing, shorten back one-third or one-
half the new shoots about midsummer, or a little sooner,
which, by lessening the growth of the leaves, tends to the
production of fruit buds.

* Such varieties are apt to overbcTT, and not come to perfection at the nortli, as
the Heath Cling, are thinned of the crop ill the most easy and perfect manner by
cutting back the shoots.

THE PEACH. 283

DRYING AND PRESERVING.

Drying the fruit is usually performed most successfully
by artificial heat. Spent ovens on a small scale, — and dry-
ing rooms, heated with stoves, fitted with shelves or draw-
ers, with lattice or lath bottoms, on a larger' scale, — are
most generally adopted. Drying in the open air, is suc-
cessful if the weather happens to be favorable; but decay
and loss follows adverse weather. But the expense of arti-
ficial heat, and the faihire from an unpropitious sky, may
both be avoided by planting for this purpose tha earliest
ripening sorts, so that the whole work may be completed
during the hot, dry weather of summer, a month earlier
than the usual period.

Preserving the Fresh Fruit.- — In Baltimore, and some
other places, the preservation of the more delicate fruits,
as peaches, apricots, and strawberries, in hermetically-
sealed tin canisters, is carried on on a large scale ; and the
fruit at mid-winter is almost as good as when gathered.
The process is the same, in principle, as that by which
fresh meats are preserved for sea stores. For the substance
of the following account of the process, the author is indebt-
ed to Thomas S. Pleasants, of Petersburgh, V"a.

The canisters should be perfectly air-tight, and the con-
tents heated throughout to the temperature of boiling water.
If the vessels are then hermetically sealed, it is impossible
for decomposition to take place, and therefore the most deli-
cate fruits may be preserved for an indefinite period.

The process is minutely as follows: — Prepare the canis-
ters in the best manner, of good tin — about seven or eight
inches in length, and four to four and a half in diameter.
Whatever be the size, they should be uniform, that they
may be heated alike. The fruit selected should be just
Tipe and no more, free from specks or bruises. When the
canisters are filled, the tops are to be carefully soldered on,
leaving a hole in them about the size of a small pin for the
escape of the air. They are then to be set in a vessel of
water, to be kept boiling moderately, until the temperature
of the fruit is raised to that of the water. The way in
which this is ascertained, is to put a drop of water on the
pin-hole, which will continue to bubble as long as the air
escapes from the canister. When the internal temperature

2S4 THE PEACH.

IS equal to that of the water, no more air will escape. The
water is then to be wiped off, and'a drop of solder immedi-
ately put in its place. The boiling water should be raised
as near to the tops of the canisters as possible, so as not to
cover them. If the operation has been properly conducted,
the ends of the canisters will, after the cooling has taken
place, be depressed, in consequence of the external pressure
of the atmosphere. The degree of heat to which the fruit
is subjected does not cook it in the least. It is proper that
the canisters should be set in a cool place. The vessel in
which the water is to be kept boiling, must of course have
a level bottom; and every one who is disposed to try the
experiment can devise one for himself. Doubtless a wooden
reservoir, heated by steam through a pipe from a boiler,
would be convenient where the experiment is performed on
a large scale.

INSECTS AND DISEASES.

Peach trees are liable to injury and destruction from two
causes, the worm or horer, and the yellows.

The Pcach-worni or horer^ {JEgeria exitiosa,) cuts into the
bark (never into the ivood,) just below the surface of the
ground, and if badly or wholly girdled, the tree languishes
or dies. Its presence is indicated by the exudation of gum
at the root, mixed with excrementitious matter resembling
saw dust. It is very easily destroyed by scraping away the
earth at the foot of the trunk, and following the worm to
the end of its hole with a knife, beneath the thin shell of
bark under cover of which it extends its depredations. If
an orchard is thus examined once in spring and once in
early summer, few will escape. But to exclude the insect,
as a means of prevention, heap round each tree half a peck
of air-slaked lime or ashes, in spring, allowing it to remain
till autumn, when, spread beneath the tree, it forms a good
manure. This remedy, in many cases, has proved quite
effectual. It will in all cases lessen the labor of examina-
tion with the knife.

The perfect insect of the peach worm, fig. 234, a, is a
four-winged moth, much resembling in form a wasp, but
totally distinct, and in its character and habits closely allied
to the butterfly and miller. It deposits from early in sum-

THE PEACH.

285

mer till autumn, at the foot of the tree, its exceedingly-
minute, whitish eggs,
which soon hatch, and
the larvas or worms en-
ter the bark. The next
season they encase them-
selves in a saw-dust-like
cocoon, in their holes
under the bark; and
^'S^- 234. emerging in the perfect

insect, lay their eggs and perish. The perfect insect is very
rarely seen, but is easily obtained by enclosing the pupa,
fig. 234, b, c, which is readily obtained in summer at the
roots of neglected trees, beneath a glass, or in a gauze case.
As this insect confines itself to the hark, its destruction is
very easy. It rarely happens that trees are completely de-
stroyed by it, except they be small; death can only take
place when the tree is girdled. Timely care will prevent
this ; the evil in fact is only to be dreaded by negligent
cultivators.

The disease termed the yellows is truly formidable. It is
peculiar to the peach and nectarine. It has destroyed whole
orchards in portions of the country, and for a time induced
the entire abandonment of the peach culture in certain lo-
calities.

The cause of this malady has not been satisfactorily as-
certained. According to conjecture, it has arisen originally
from exhaustion by deteriorated soil, overbearing, and neg-
lected pruning and bad cultivation. But whatever may have
been its origin, it appears at present to be chiefly commu-
nicated from diseased trees. It is quickly induced by in-
serting the bud from an affected tree into a healthy stock.
It spreads by contact with diseased roots ; a knife used in
pruning the tree will infuse the poison if used on another.
It appears to be communicated without actual contact, the
healthy branches nearest a diseased tree being usually first
attacked. It is also probable that the stones from diseased
trees cause its development after a few y^ears growth. Its
highly contagious nature is indicated by the equal facility
with which young and vigorous trees and old and feeble
ones may be inoculated by contact.

2S6 THE PEACH.

Its infallible indications, are, first, a premature ripening
of the fruit, som": weeks earlier than usual — accompanied
with a rather insipid ilavor, and with purple discolora-
tions of the fiesh. These usually occur the first season, and
on a part of the tree which h.is been first inoculated with
the poison. The following season, numerous smaU, wiry
shoots are frequently thrown up from the larger branches,
the leaves become yellow, the whole tree assumes a sickly
appearance, and evL'ntually perishes. No case is known
where a decidedly developed case of this disease has ever
been cured. When once attacked, to prevent a spread of
the disease, the tree should be immediately removed and
burned. No young trees should be planted on the same
spot, as the diseased roots still remain. Stones for seed-
lings should be procured from districts of the country where
it has not been introduced.

Peach trees, presenting a sickly appearance, have been
revived by the application of iron to the roots, in the form
of filings or turnings, or in the solution of the sulphate of
iron or copperas ; but these instances of decline do not ap-
pear to have been the contagious malady known as the yel-
lows.

A. J. Downing, whoso opinion is worthy of much atten-
tion, and who believes that the yellows is induced by ex-
haustion and neglected pruning, strongly relies on the effi-
cacy of shortening-in, as a means of prevention, in connex-
ion with the means already pointed out, and a thorough
renovation of the soil by alkaline applications.

Mildew. The growth of peach trees is often retarded by
mildew. It seizes the tender points of the shoots and young
leaves, and sometimes wholly stops their growth. It is con-
fined to glandless, cut-leaved varieties only ; such as the
Early White Nutmeg, the Early Anne, and some of the
earliest varieties of the red rareripe. Yellow-fleshed peaches
rarely or never suffer from it. It is not often a formidable
evil, although it seriously lessens the thrifty and handsome
appearance of some varieties while growing in the nursery.

It is a minute fungus, and may be destroyed or lessened
without injury to the tree, by syringing with soap-suds on its
first appearance. A mixture of lime-wa!er with the soap-
suds is preferred by some cultivators, and a subsequent dust-
ing with sulphur has been recommended.

THE PEACH. 2S7

VARIETIES.

While the pear and apple are chiefly affected by the in-
fluen^ce of soil, the variaticDs in the quality of the peach
result mostly from the effects of climate. Fine American
varieties are pronounced worthless in Eng^land. in this
country, some, often delicious, are of little value in unfavor-
able seasons. Some which succeed finely as far south as
Philadelphia, lose much by removal to western New-York,
from the slightly diminished warmth of the summers.

A large number of seedlings of high quality have been
produced in this country, but as they vary but slightly and
do not excel other named and known sorts, it becomes de-
sirable not to extend the present list, unless by those deci-
dedly superior to existing first-rate varieties. The simi-
larity in quality, and the comparative shortness of the fruit
season, render a small selection sufficient for ordinary col-
lections. Hence, the main object of the following descrip-
tive list is to define the characters of described or well-
known sorts, and point out those most worthy of cultivation
in our climate.

SYNOPSIS OF ARRANGEMENT.

The fruit of different varieties of the peach is marked
with but few distinctive characters. A similarity in outline,
texture, color and flavor, more nearly than exists in the ap-
ple, pear, and some other kinds, renders it necessary to resort
to other points of distinction. The peach presents facilities
for this purpose, not existing in other fruits.

1. The Divisions are founded on the adnerence or sepa-
ration of the flesh from the stone, distinguishing clingstones
and free-stones ; or more properly, on the firm, or melting
texture of the flesh, indicated by the terms paries and
mellers.

2. The Divisions are sub-divided into Classes, embracing
paZc, or light-colored flesh, and deep-ydloiv flesh.

13

268

THE PEACH

235.

Fiff. 236.

3. TRe Sections are founded on the glands of the leave>
Section I, comprehends those whose leaves are deeply ana
sharply serrate, (oi cut like saw-teeth,) and having no

glands (or gum-like mi-
nute knobs) at the base,
fig. 235. Section II,
/ contains those whose
leaves are crenate or
serrulate, (with shallow-
er and more rounded
teeth, ^ and having glo'
base glands, fig. 236.
Section III, .includes all
those whose leaves are
crenate or serrulate,
Fig. 237. having reniform (or kid-
ney-shaped) glands, fig. 237. "The form of the glands,'*
observes Lindley, " as well as their position is perfectly dis-
tinct ; they are fully developed in the month of May, and
they continue to the last permanent in their character, and
are not affected by cultivation. The globose glands are
situated, one, two, or more, on the foot stalks, and one, two,
or more, on the tips or points of the serratures of the leaves.
The reniform glands grow also on the footstalks of the
leaves, but those on the leaves are placed loithin the serra-
tures, connecting, as it were, the upper and lower teeth of
the serratures together ; their leaves, when taken from a
branch of a vigorous growth, have more glands than the
leaves of the globose varieties. It will, however, sometimes
happen that glands are not discernible on some of the
leaves, especially on those produced on weak branches ; in

this case, other branches
must bo sought for which
do produce them."

4. The sections thus

formed are each divided

into two suh'sections ; the

first embracing those

Fig. 238. Fig. 2.39. which have large Jlow^

crs, as in fig. 238; and the second including such as bear

email JlowerSf fig. 239. The sub-sections are in most cases

THE PEACH. 289

'istmctly marked; but a few doubtful intermediate -flowers
lay immediately be referred to the one or the other by
the color of the petals, the smaller being reddish or pink,
and the larger nearly white, or with light margins.

DIVISION I. FREESTONES OR MELTERS.

Class I. Flesh, pale oa light colored.

Section L Leaves serrated^ without glands,

Sub'Section I. Flowers large.

Double Mountain. (Syn. Double Montagne.) Medium in
size ; roundish, narrow at apex ; surface pale greenish
white, with a slight soft red cheek, marbled darker ; flesh
white to the stone, delicate ; stone ovate and rugged.
Ripens at the end of summer. French.

Early Anne, (S'l/w. Green Nutmeg.) Rather small, round;
surface greenish white, becoming nearly white, some-
times faintly tinged with red to the sun; flesh white to
the stone, sweet, pleasant, with a faint mingling of a
vinous flavor. Stone light colored, small, uncommonly
smooth. Shoots with a light-green cast. Very early.
The tree at the north is very tender, and the young shoots
are often winter-killed, which, with its slow growth and
deficient productiveness, render it unprofitable for gene-
ral cultivation. Flowers white. English, old.

Magdalen of Courson. {Syn. Madeleine de Courson, Red
Magdalen, True Red Magdalen, French Magdalen, Made-
leine Rouge. ^ Medium size, or rather small, round,
slightly oblate, suture deep on one side ; surface nearly
white, with a lively red cheek ; flesh white, slightly red
at the stone ; juicy, rich, vinous. Rather early, or last
two weeks of summer. French, old. The genuine sort
is little known in this country.

290

THE PEACH.

Malta. {Syn. Italian.) Rather large, roundish, slightly-
flattened, suture broad, shallow, surface pale dull green,
blotched and spotted with dull purple next the sun; flesh
greenish, slightly red at the stone, very juicy, melting,
rich, with an excellent sub-acid, vinous flavor. Kipens end
of summer. A moderate bearer. Shoots slightly liable to
mildew. A spurious sort with globose'glands, and of infe-
rior quality, has been generally desseminated in this
country.

NoBLE?SE. {Syn. Vanguard, Mellish's Favorite.) Large,
round-oblong or oval, slightly narrower at apex, and ter-
minated by a short acute point; skin pale green, clouded
and shaded with light dull red to the sun ; flesh pale
greenish white to stone, very juicy, with a very rich high
flavor. Tree of rather slow growth and liable to mildew,
the only drawback on the value of this excellent peach.
Ripens end of summer and the beginning of autumn.
English.

SERRATE EARLY YORK.* (5'y7i. True Early York, Early
York of Downing, Early Purple erroneously. Size medium,
^~~ roundish- oval, suture

slight ; dotted with red
on greenish-white in
the shade, dark red to
the sun ; flesh very ten-
der and full of juice,
rich, with a faint ming-
ling of acid. Quite
early, or middle of 8
mo., (Aug.) Growth
rather free for a ser-
rate-leaved peach. —
Very productive, and
from its earliness, of
great value. Differs
Fig. 240. from the Large Early

York by its large flowers, cut-leaves, oval fruit, and earlier
maturity.

* This name has been objected to as consisting of more than two words, but it is
much shorter than Crav}/ord"s Early Melocoton and White Blossomed Incomparable,
§0 commonly adopted. It is even as short as the single term Incomparable.

THE PEACH. 291

Sweetwater. (Syn. Early Sweetwater.) Size medium,
roundish, light green at maturity, flesh tender, melting,
rich, and juicy. It is a seedling from the Early Anne,
which it much resembles in growth and general charac-
ter, but is more than twice its size, superior in flavor, and
ripens nearly a week later. A moderate bearer. Like
the Early Anne it is too tender for the north, and does not
ripen before the Tillotson and Serrate Early York.

The Sweetwater of Downing has globose glands and large
flowers, with a roundish, mfddle-sized, greenish-white
fruit ; the tree is more hardy than the preceding, but the
fruit ripens later, and is inferior in quality.

White Nutmeg. {Syn. Early White Nutmeg, Avant
Blanche, White Avant.) Very small, roundish oval, with
a deep suture on one side ; skin nearly white, rarely
touched with faint red ; flesh white to the stone, with a
mild, pleasant flavor. Ripens about mid-summer, or im-
mediately after wheat harvest, and is the earliest and
smallest peach cultivated. Its very slow growth, tender
shoots, and light crops, render it of little value.

Suh'section II. Flowers S7nall.

Belle de Vitry. (S^/w. Admirable Tardive.) Size medium,
approaching oblate ; apex depressed, suture deep ; skin
nearly white, tinged and marbled with bright and dull
red ; flesh rathot firm, red at the stone, juicy and rich.
Quite late, or last of 9 mo. (Sept.) This is quite distinct
from the Late Admirable, which ripens two tv eeks earlier;
and from the Early Admirable, often known by the name
of Belle de Vitry, and which ripens six weeks earlier.
Both of the latter have crenate leaves with globose glands.

Early T.llotson. Size medium; round or nearly globu-
lar ; thickly dotted with red on a nearly white ground in
the shade, dark deep red in the sun ; flesh whitish, red
at the stone, to which the flesh partially adheres, — ^juicy,
rich, high-flavored, more of a nutmeg and less of a vinous
flavor than the Serrrate Early York, and ripening about
the same time or a few days earlier, or the early part
and middle of 8 mo. (Aug.) Its time of maturity is often
somewhat variable, even on the same tree. The young

292 THE PEACH.

trees are of slow growth, and the leaves liable to mildew,
from both of which it gradually recovers as the tree ad-
vances in size. Origin, Cayuga Co., N. Y.

E7nperor of Russia. {Syn. Cut-leaved, Serrated, Unique.)
Fruit large, approaching oblate; one half, more swollen;
surface riither downy, dull yellowish white, with a dark
red cheek ; flesh yellovyish white, rather firm, rich, high-
flavored. End of suuimer. Although the flavor is first-
rate, it is a poor grower and a poor bearer. Origin,
New- York.

Royal George. ((Sz/7z. Early Royal George.) Rather large,
globular, broad and depressed, or inclining to oblate ; su-
ture deep at apex, passing two-thirds round the fruit ; skin
nearly white, thickly dotted with red, with a broad, deep,
rich red, slightly luarbled cheek ; flesh whitish, very red
at the stone, juicy and rich. Ripens a week or two be-
fore the end of summer. A moderate bearer. Shoots
liable to mildew.

Red Rareripe. {Syn. Early Red Rareripe, Large Red.)
Rather large, globular, broad and depressed ; suture broad
and deep, passing nearly round the fruit ; skin nearly
white, with red dots in the shade, and a rich dark red
cheek in the sun; flesh, whitish red at the stone, juicy,
rich, and high-flavored. Ripens during the last two weeks
of summer. Resembles the Royal George, but superior
in quality. Both are subject to mildew of the leaves.

Royal Charlotte. Rather large ; approaching ovate ; base
slightly wider than apex ; suture moderate ; skin pale
greenish-white, with a deep red marbled cheek ; flesh
white, pale red at the stone ; juic}^, rich, fine. First of
autumn.

Section II. Leaves crenate, with globose glands.

Sub-section I. Floivejs large.

u^cton Scott. Size medium ; rather narrow and depressed
at apex, suture shallow; skin rather wooly, nearly white,
with a marbled, bright-red cheek ; flesh pale to the stone
with a rich, sometimes slightly bitter flavor. Early, — mid

THE PEACH. £93

die of 8 mo., August. English ; a cross between Noblesse
and Red Nutmeg. Rare in this country.

Astor. Large, slightly oblate, apex slightly depressed, su-
ture distinct ; surface nearly white, with a deep red cheek ;
stone small; flesh very juicy, sweet, good second-rate.
Ripens end of summer. Origin, New- York.

Barrington. Large, roundish-ovate, apex rather pointed ;
suture on one side, moderate; skin nearly white, with a
deep-red, marbled cheek ; flesh slightly red at the stone,
juicy, rich,%nd of high quality. Ripens early in autumn.
Does not attain its full flavor north of New-York cit)-.
English.

Clinton. Size medium, roundish, apex slightly depressed,
suture nearly obsolete; surface nearly white, with a
somewhat striped red cheek ; flesh juicy, faintly red at the
stone, of second-rate flavor. End of suiiiiner. American.

Early Admirable. {Syn. Admirable ; Belle de Vitry, er-
roneously.) Size medium ; nearly round ; skin nearly
white, with a red cheek; flesh red at the stone, juicy,
rich, sweet, fine. Quite earl}^, ripening immediately after
Serrate Early York. French.

GROSSE MIGNONNE. Large, roundish, slightly oblate ;
apex depressed, with a deep suture ; skin tinged with
greenish yellow, mottled with red, and with a purplish
red cheek; flesh reddened at the stone, juicy, with a very
rich, high, and somewhat vinous flavor; stone small, very
rough. Early, — the last two weeks of summer. Of
French origin. The peach usually cultivated in this coun-
try under this name, although an excellent variety, is not
the genuine Grosse Mignonne, but difl^ers in its small
flowers.

Suh'sect'ion IL Flowers small,

Bellegarde. [Syn. Galande, Sm^ooth-leaved Royal George,
Violette Hative of so7?ie, Red Magdalen erro?ieously.) Size
medium or large, round, regular ; suture shallow, deepest
at apex, with a slight projecting point ; skin nearly white,

294 THE PEACH.

with a faint tinge of green, and a rich red cheek, often
streaked darker ; flesh slightly red at the stone, a little
firm, melting, juicy, rich, and of fine flavor. Stone rather
large. End of summer. French.

Cole's Early Red. Size medium, roundish, suture small;
skin mostly mottled with red, with dark red on the sunny
side; flesh juicy, rich, with a pleasant and fine flavor,
hardly first-rate in qualit}''. Valuable for its great pro-
ductiveness and early maturity, ripening nearly as early
as the Serrate Early York. American.

Cooledge's Favorite. Rather large or medium; roundish,
rather largest on one side; suture distinct at apex; skin
nearly clear white, mottled wnth red dots in the shade,
and with a brilliant deep scarlet cheek in the sun ; flesh
\^ry melting and juicy, with a rich, faintly acid flavor.
Ripens about the middle of 8 mo., Aug. Origin, Wa-
tertown, Mass.

Druid Hill. Very large, roundish, cavity rather narrow;
suture slight, with a distinct but scarcely prominent point
at apex ; surface pale greenish white, clouded with red
towards the sun; flesh greenish white, purple at the
stone, very juicy, with a very rich, high vinous flavor;
stone long and rather compressed, much furrowed. Ri-
pens quite late, or latter part of 9 mo., Sept. Growth
unusually vigorous. Origin, Baltimore.

Favorite. Large, oblong, or oval ; skinrather downy, much
covered with red, very dark towards the sun; flesh red
at the stone, a little firm, jnicy, with a good, vinous, but
not rich flavor. Hardy and very productive. Ripens me-
dium or rather late, or about the second week of au-
tumn. Glands of the leaves very small, obscure, or none.
American.

Fox's Seedling. Round, slightly compressed, cavity nar-
row; w^hite with a red cheek; juic}^, sweet, good.' Sea-
son, medium or rather late. New-Jersey.

GEORGE THE FOURTH. Large, round, suture deep and
broad, one half slightly larger ; skin nearly white in the
shade, dotted red, v/ith a deep red cheek, flesh slightly

THE PEACH. 295

red at the Stone, melting, juicy, rich, excellent. Ripens
at the end of summer. Branches rather more divero-in.o-

1111 o o

than usual ; leaves pale green, often glandless. Crops
moderate, one cause of its excellence. Origin, New-
York.

Green Catharine. Large, round, pale groen, with a red
cheek, flesh bright red at the stone, tender, juicy, rather
acid. Season, rather late, does not ripen richly as far
north as the 43d degree of latitude.

LARGE EARLY YORK. (%n. Early York of New-
Jersey, Honest John.) Large, roundish, inclining to ob-
late in fully grown specimens, nearly white in the shade,
with red dots, and with a deep red cheek to the sun ;
flesh nearly white, fine-grained, very juicy, with mild,
rich, excellerit flavor.

The NEW-YORK RARERIPE, (a name which has been
more or less applied to nearly all the early red peaches
sent to New- York market,) or Livingston's New- York
Rareripe, is usually regarded as identical with the large
Early York, but T. Hancock, of Burlington, considers
them distinct, — the New-York Rareripe being rather su-
perior, and ripening three days later. Haines' Early
Red closely resembles, if it is not identical with Large
Early York.

Late Admirable. (Syn. La Royale, Bourdine, Teton de
Venus, Judd's Melting, Motteuxs Late Purple incorrectly,)
Quite large, roundish, inclining to oval, with a deep su-
ture extending nearly round, and an acute swollen point
at the apex; surface pale yellowish-green, with a pale red
cheek, marbled with darker red; flesh greenish white,
red at the stone, juicy, delicate, flavor excellent. Season
rather late. Of French origin.

Late Red Rareripe. Large, roundish-oval, apex marked
with a depressed suture and sunken point ; skin rather
downy, pale greyish yellow, spotted and thickly marbled,
deep dull red to the sun, and with fawn-colored specks ;
flesh white, deep red at the stone, juicy, with a very rich
and high flavor. The fruit is distinguished by its pe-

296 THE PEACH.

culiar greyish cast. Season, the first two weeks of au-
tumn. American

Morris* Red Rareripe. Large, roundish, apex slightly de-
pressed, suture moderate, distinct ; surface greenish-white,
with a bright rich red cheeck; flesh greenish-white, quite
red at the stone, juicy, sweet, rich. Season, end of sum-
mer. Origin, Philadelphia. Differs from George IV., in
its darker leaves, heavier crops, more even fruit, inferior
flavor, and in ripening a few days later.

Morrissania Pound. (S^/7^. Hoffman's Pound.) Very large,
nearly round; surface dull greenish-white, with a brown-
ish red cheek; flesh pale yellowish, juicy, tolerably rich.
Late. Origin, New- York.

NivETTE. Large, roundish, sometimes slightly oval, suture
slight, apex but little depressed ; surface light yellowish-
green, with a faint red cheek ; flesh pale green, varying
from pink to deep red at the stone, juicy and melting,
and with a very rich flavor. Season medium, immedi-
ately preceding or ripening nearly with Morris Whi:e,
and one of the best of its season for the north. *0f French
origin.

OLDMIXON FREESTONE. Large, roundish, slightly
oval, one side swollen, suture visible only at apex ; cavity
shallow; surface a pale yellowish white, marbled with
red, with a deep red cheek when fully exposed ; flesh
deep red at the stone, tender, rich, excellent. Season
medium, or the first of autumn. Succeeds well in all
localities, and has few equals as a variety for the north,
to succeed the early peaches.

President. Large, roundish-oval, with little suture ; sk*n
very downy, yellowish-white, with a tinge of green, and
a dull red cheek ; flesh nearly white, deep red at the
stone, very juicy, and with a high flavor; stone rough, to
which the flesh partially adheres. Ripens a little later
than Morris White, or middle of 9 mo., (Sept.)

Scott^s Early Red. Medium size, roundish, suture distinct,
moderate ; skin nearly white, mottled and covered with

I

THE TEACH. 297

red; flesh very juicy, with a rich, fine flavor. Rather
early, or end of summer. New Jersey.

V4N Zandt's Superb. Size medium, roundish, one half
larger, suture slight ; skin nearly white, with a beautifully
dotted red cheek ; flesh whitish, tinted with red at the
stone, juicy, sweet, of fine pleasant flavor. First of au-
tumn. Origin, Flushing, Long Island.

Walter's Early. Rather large, roundish ; surface nearly
white, with a rich red cheek ; flesh whitish, touched with
red at the stone, juicy, sweet, of fine flavor. Ripens the
la^t week of summer. A native of New-Jersey, and is a
valuable peach at the north.

Ward's Late Free. Large, not quite of the largest size,
roundish, surface dull yellowish white, with a red cheek,
nearly the color of the 01dm ixon Free, but not so clear
nor bright ; flesh nearly white, of excellent flavor. One
of the finest late peaches of the middle states. The Rey-
bolds, of Delaware, the most extensive peach raisers in
the United States, having reduced their list to about fif-
teen sorts, have retained this as one of the best late
varieties.

Washington. (Sy?i. Washington Red Freestone.) Large,
somewhat oblate, with a broad deep suture passing nearly
round ; skin thin, yellowish-white, with a deep crimson
cheek; flesh nearly white, tender, juicy, sweet, rich.
Stone small, to which the flesh slightly adheres. Rather
late. Origin, New-York.

White Imperial. Rather large, roundish, often slightly
oblate, depressed at apex ; suture moderate ; surface pale
yellowish white, often with a faint tinge of green; slight-
ly tinged and sometimes striped with light purple to the
sun; flesh very juicy, delicate, sweet, excellent. A uni-
form moderate bearer, and a valuable peach at the north,
but worthless in Virginia. Ripens rather early, or latter
part of summer. Origin, Cayuga Co., N. Y.

298 THE TEACH.

Section III. Leaves with reniform glands.

Sub-section I. Flowers large.

Early Purple, (Sy/i. Pourpr'e Hative, Pourpr^e Hative
a Grand Fleurs.) Size medium, giobular, depressed, a
deep suture across the apex ; skin light yellow, with a
mottled purplish red cheek ; flesh red at the stone, melt-
ing, juicy, with a high flavor; stone broad and rough;
season early, or middle or latter part of 8 mo., (Aug.)
Rare in this country. The Serrate Early York has been
propagated under this name in portions of this country, and
the Grosse Mignonne in Europe ; from both of which it
differs in the glands of its leaves.

White Blossomed Incomparable. {Syn. White Blossom,
Willow Peach.) Large, oval ; skin wholly white ; flesh
white to the stone, juicy, pleasant, of tolerable flavor.
Ripens first of autumn. Flowers white, leaves light
green, shoots pale yellow. American.

Sub-sect io7i IL Flowers small.

BREVOORT. {Sy7i. Brevoort^s Morris, Brevoort's Seed-
ling Melter.) Medium or large, round and slightly ob-
late, suture distinct, deep at apex ; skin nearly white or
with a faint dingy hue, with a bright red cheek ; flesh
rather firm, slightly red at stone, rich, sweet, and high-
flavored. First of autumn. Moderately and uniformly
productive. Origin, New- York.

Chancellor. {Si/n. Late Chancellor, Noisette.) Large,
oval, suture distinct; skin nearly white, with a dark
crimson cheek ; flesh deep red at the stone, with a rich
vinous flavor ; stone oblong. Late. Of French origin.

Early Newington Freestone. Size medium : roundish,
one half always larger, suture distinct ; surface nearly
white, dotted and streaked with red, the cheek a rich red ;
flesh white, red at the stone, at first wholly adhering, but
as it ripens, partially separating from it; juicy, rich, fine.
A valuable early variety, ripening immediately after the
Serrate Early York.

THE PEACH. 299

Kenrick's Heath. (Syn. Freestone Heath.) Very large,
oblong, suture slight, apex pointed ; surface pale green-

. ish-white, with a purplish red cheek ; flesh deep red at
the stone, rather coarse, very juicy, sub-acid, second-rate,
sometimes third-rate ; when well grown on some locali-
ties, it proves a good sub-acid peach. Season, medium
or rather late. New-England.

La Grange. Large, oblong; surface pale greenish-white,
rarely tinged with red by the sun ; flesh juic)^, with a
rich, fine flavor. Quite late. Origin, Burlington, N. J.,
and does not attain a fine flavor much farther north.

Morris White. {Syti. Morris' White Rareripe, White
Rareripe, Lady Ann Steward.) Rather large, roundish,
or roundish-oval, often obscurely obovate or a little larger
towards the apex, suture small ; surface rather downy, of
a pale creamy white at maturity, rarely tinged with pur-
ple to the sun; flesh slightly firm, wholly white, very free
from the drab stone, melting, juicy, with a good, rich fla-
vor ; hardly of the highest quality at the north, better in
the middle states ; very popular everywhere. Season,
medium, or early in autumn.

Cole's White Melocoton, as usually cultivated, is a sy-
nonym ; but when genuine, is quite distinct, according
to T. Hancock, being larger, heavier, and rounder, and
ripening two weeks later.

Snow. Large, globular, suture distinct only at apex ; skin
thin, wholly white ; flesh white to the stone, juicy, sweet,
rich. First of autumn. Very variable ; sometimes worth-
less for the table ; always a fine peach for preserving.

Strawberry. {Syn. Rose.) Size medium, oval, cavity
deep, suture passing half round ; surface mostly iiarbled
with deep red; flesh whitish, melting, rich, of fine flavor.
Early,

300 the peach.

Class IJ. Flesh deep yellow.

Section I. Leaves crenated, with globose glands.

Subsection I. Flowers large.

Baltimore Beauty. Rather small, round-oval ; skin deep
orange, with a bright red cheek; flesh yellow, red at the
stone, sweet, good, mealy when over-ripe. Quite early.
Origin, Baltimore, where it is good, but it proves of third-
rate quality at the north.

Sub-section II. Flowers small.

Crafword's Early. {Syn. Early Crawford, Crawford's
Early Melocoton.) Very large ; oblong-oval, sometimes
round-oval; apex with a prominent point; suture shal-
low; surface yellow, with a red cheek; flesh very juicy,
!rich, slightly sub-acid, of good but not the highest flavor.
End of summer and beginning of autumn. Productiv^e.
Ranks very high in the northern, middle, and western

. states, as a market variety. Origin, New-Jersey.

Crawford's Late. (Syn. Crawford's Late Melocoton,
Crawford's Superb Melocoton.) Very large, roundish,
suture shallow, distinct ; surface yellow, with a broad,
dark red cheek ; flesh red at the stone, rich, juicy, vinous,
hardly first-rate. Quite late, or latter part of 9 mo. (Sept.)
Productive ; and ranks among the first as a late varieiy
for market. Origin, New-Jersey. The common Red
Cheek Melocoton is cultivated in some localities under
this name.

Jaqtjes* Rareripe. Very large, roundish, slightly oblate,
suture distinct, one side slightly larger, surface a little
uneven ; surface deep yellow, variously shaded with red ;
flesh deep yellow, red at the stone, of good but not of the
highest flavor. Shoots diverging. Ripens at the end of
summer. Origin, Mass.

Red- Cheek Melocoton.* Large, roundish-oval, with a point
at apex ; surface yellow, with a deep red cheek ; flesh

* Pronounced Mel-o-co-toon, and ofien written Malacatune and Melocotoon, with
other variations iti orthography. It is the Spauish name for ^tath.

THE PEACH. 301

red at the stone, juicy, with a good, rich, vinous flavor,
not of lirst-rate quality. Ripens rather late, or during the
last half of 9 mo., (Sept.,) in the middle states about the
first of autumn. Extensively cultivated as a market
peach.

Scott's Nonpareil. Large, roundish, slightly oblong, sur-
face deep yellow with a red cheek, resembling Crawford's
Late, but sweeter. Origin, Burlington, N. J., where it
ripens about the 12th of 9 mo., (Sept.) New.

Yellow Alberge. {Sy?i. Purple Alberge, Yellow Rareripe,
erroneously.) Size medium ; roundish, suture distinct,
passing half round ; skin yellow, with a deep purplish
red cheek ; flesh deep red at the stone, juicy, sweet,
pleasant, of second-rate flavor.

This is distinct from the Early Barnard or Alberge of
western New-York, a sub-variety superior to the original.

The Rosanna, another sub-variety, ten days later, and with
reniform glands, is cultivated in some localities under the
name of Yellow Alberge.

Yellow RarepvIpe. Large, roundish ; suture moderate,
passing half round ; apex with a small point ; surface
deep orange, somewhat dotted, with a rich red cheek,
shaded off" in streaks; flesh red at the stone, juicy, rich,
fine ; of nearly first-rate quality ; stone small. End of
summer, and first of autumn. One of the best yellow
peaches. There are several spurious and inferior sub-
varieties.

Section II. Leaves with reniform glands.

Sub-section 1. Flowers large.

Yellow Admirable. {Sy7L Abricotce, Admirable Jaune,
Orange Peach, Apricot Peach.) Large, roundish-oval,
suture small, and on one side only ; surface wholly yel-
low, or faintly reddened next the sun ; flesh slightly red
at the stone, firm, and rather dry ; flavor sweet and agree-
able ; stone small ; season, very late. Of French origir

302 THE PEACH.

Subsection IL Flowers small,

BERGEN'S YELLOW. Very large, round, slightly ob-
late ; suture distinct, passing more than half round ; sur-
face deep orange, with a broad deep red cheek ; flesh
juicy, rich, excellent. Ripens the first of autumn. This
is perhaps the finest of all yellow-fleshed peaches. Origin,
Long Island, N. Y.

It differs from the Yellow Rareripe in its more oblate form,
darker color, superior flavor, and later maturity, and irv
its reniform glands.

Columbia. Large ; roundish-oblate ; suture distinct, pass-
ing half way round ; skin rough, rather thick, dull dingy
red, with spots of darker red ; flesh yellow, rich, juicy,
of excellent flavor. Origin, New Jersey. Ripens early
in autumn. Shoots dark reddish purple.

DIVISION n. CLINGSTONES OR PAVIES.

Class I. Flesh, pale o.i light coLOH-iD.

Section I. Leaves serrated^ without glands.

Sub-section I. Flowers large.

Old Newington. {Syn. Newington, Large Newington.)
Large, roundish, suture slight ; surface nearly white,
with a fine red cheek, somewhat streaked with darker red ;
flesh nearly white, deep red at the stone ; somewhat
melting, juicy, rich. Season, rather late, or middle of
9 mo. (Sept.)

A sub-variety, cultivated to a considerable extent in this
country, has globose glands.

Smithes Newington. {Syn. Early Newington.) Size, me-
dium ; roundish-oval, narrower at apex, one side slightly
enlarged; surface pale yellow, with a lively red cheek,
streaked with purple ; flesh bright red at the stone, juicy,
good. Ripens end of summer.

This is of English origin, and is quite distinct from the
Early Newington Freestone, a melting (not Jirm-Jleshed)
peach, often adhering to the stone.

THE PEACH. 303

Section II. Leaves crenate, with globose glands.

Sub-section I. Flowers small.

Large White Clingstone. Large, round, suture slight,
point at apex small ; skin white, dotted with red, or with
a light red cheek next the sun ; flesh very juicy, sweet,
rich, and high- flavored. Season, early in autumn. Ori-
gin, New-York.

Oldmixon Clingstone. Large, roundish-oval, suture dis-
tinct only at apex, fruit slightly larger on one side ; sur-
face yellowish white, dotted with red, or with a red
cheek; flesh juicy, rich, with a high flavor. Ripens first
of autumn. This is one of the finest of clingstone peaches

Section III. Leaves with eeniform glands.

Sub-section I. Flowers small.

Patkeri?ie Cling. Large, roundish-oval, swollen most on
one side, with a small point at apex; surface pale yellowish-
green, thickly dotted and with a cheek of red, with darker
streaks ; flesh firm, dark red at the stone, juicy, rich, fine.
Season, late. Of English origin. -The fruit of this va-
riety, and of the Old Newington, and Oldmixon Cling,
considerably resemble each other, but all differ in the
glands of the leaves.

Heath. {Syn. Heath Cling, "White Heath.) Very large,
oblong-oval, the largest specimens nearly round, with a
large, conspicuous point at the apex; suture distinct on
one side ; surface quite downy, pale yellowish white,
sometimes faintly tinged with red next the sun ; flesh ex-
ceedingly juicy, becoming melting, with a sweet, very
high, rich, and excellent flavor ; leaves large, wavy, deep
green, slightly crenate. Season, very late, about mid-
autumn, and the fruit may be kept nearly till winter. At
the north, it matures fully in the warmest seasons only ;
and never attains its full size, which is about three inches
in diameter, unless much thinned on the branches, to
effect which a thorough shortening-in is by far the best
mode. Origin, Pvlaryland. Tree quite hardy and vigo-
rous. In southern Virginia, the Heath is rather an un-

304 THE PEACH.

certain peach, but when perfect it ripens there the first
fortnight in autumn.

Incomparable. {Syn. Pavie Admirable.) Large, roundish,
one side enlarged ; skin nearly white, light red to the
sun ; flesh red at the stone, juicy, agreeable, second-rate.
Ripens late. Resembles the Catherine, but larger, later,
and of inferior quality.

Class II. Flesh deep yellow.

Section L Leaves serrate, without glands.

Suh-sectio7i I, Flowers small.

Orange Clingstone. Large, round, suture distinct, passing
nearly round, with no point at the apex ; surface deep
orange, with a dark red cheek ; flesh rather firm, rich,
juicy, vinous. Season, early in autumn.

Section II. Leaves with reniform glands.

Sub-section I. Flowers small.

Lonon Clingstone. {Syn. Kennedy's Cling, Pine Apple
Cling, Yellow Pine Apple.) Large, oblong-oval, slighly
narrowed at apex, terminated by a large prominent point ;
surface deep yellow, with a dark brownish-red cheek ;
flesh firm, slightly red at the stone, with a rich, vinous,
sub-acid flavor. Quality about second-rate. Rather late.
Tree productive, hardy. Origin, South Carolina.

Late Yellow Alberge. Sy7i. Algiers Winter, October Yel-
low.) Size medium; roundish-oval; suture small, dis-
tinct; skin quite downy, green becoming yellow; flesh
3^elIow to the stone, 'very firm, of second-rate quality.
Ripens very late, or about mid-autumn. French.

Tippecanoe. Large, nearly round, slightly compressed ;
surface yellow, with a red cheek; flesh yellow, juicy
vinous, good. Quite late. A native • of Philadelphia;
of little value much further north. New.

Washington Clingstone. Size medium ; roundish ; sur-
face yellowish-green, with gr-ay specks, and with a slight

THE NECTARINE. 305

tinge of re:l to the sun; not handsome; flesh very ten-
der, sweet, high-flavored. Quite late.

Class III. Flesh purplish crimson.

Section I. Glands rtnij'orm,

Sub-secf ion I. Flowers small.
Blood Clingstotie. {St/n. Claret Clingstone, Blood Cling.)

Large, often very large, roundish-oval, suture distinct ;

skin quite downy, dark, dull, clouded, purplisli-red ; flesh

deep red throughout, firm, juicy, only valuable for cuii-

narv purposes.
The French Blood Clingstone, the parent of the preceding,

only differs from it in its smaller size and large flowers.
The Blood Freestone is much smaller, and of no value.

NECTARINES.

The Nectarine being nothing more than the peach with a
glossy skin, the same rules for cultivation will apply equal-
ly to both, with the exception that its smooth surface ren-
ders it eminently liable to the attacks of the curculio. For
the remedies, see the chapter on the Plum.

The nectarine is usually inferior, and has more of tlie
noyau flavor than the peach ; and the shoots are of smoother
and more compact growth.

DIVISION I. FREESTONES.

Class I. Fi«esh pale.

Section I. Leaves with reniform glarids.

Sub-section I. Flowers large.

New White. Rather large, nearly round ; skin white,
often a slight tinge of red; flesh white, tender, juicy,
rich, vinous ; stone small. Season medium or first of
auiumn. English.

The Old While resembles the preceding, but is less hardy
and productive.

306 THE NECTARINE.

Sub-section II. Flowers small.

DowNTON. Medium in size, roundish-oval, pale green,
with a deep violet-red cheek ; flesh pale green, slightly
red at the stone ; melting, rich, excellent. Ripens end
of summer. This is perhaps the best flavored of all the
nectarines. English.

J>iic de Telliers. Rather large, roundish-oblong, apex slight-
ly narrowed, base broad ; pale green, with a marbled
purple-red cheek; flesh pale red at the stone, juicy,
sweet, good. Rather early, or end of summer.

Early Violet. {Syn. Violet Hative, Aromatic, New Scar-
let, Large Scarlet, Early Brugnon, Violet Musk, Violette
Musquee.) Size medium ; roundish, apex slightly nar-
rowed, suture shallovy ; skin with a dark purple red
cheek and brown dots, on pale yellowish-green ; flesh
whitish, much reddened at the stone; stone roundish,
moderately rough, reddish or reddish brown; flesh melt-
ing, rich, high-flavored, and aromatic; of the finest quali-
ty. Season medium or end of summer. Distinguished
from Elruge by its redder flesh and stone, and darker
skin.

The Large Early Violet, or Violette Grosse, differs in
its larger size and rather inferior flavor.

Elruge. Medium in size, roundish-oval ; suture slight,
distinct at apex; skin a dark red or deep violet on a
greenish-yellow ground, with minute brownish dots ; flesh
greenish-white, slightly, sometimes scarcely stained with
pale red at the stone; juicy, rich, high-flavored; stone
rough, pale. Season about medium, or first of autumn.
This is one of the best and most celebrated of nectarines.

Hardwicke Seedling. Large, roundish, approaching oval,
resembling Elruge ; skin with a violet-red cheek on pale
green ; flesh greenish-white, slightly reddened at the
stone, juicy, rich, high-flavored. Season, medium, or
end of summer. English, new.

Murrey. Size medium, roundish-ovate, one side slightly
larger, skin with a dark red cheek on pale green ; flesh

TKi: NECTAKINE. 307

greenish-wliite, sweet, gnnd ; stone nearly smooth. Kathor
early. Unproductive. Englisii, old.

Peterborough. Rather small, roundish ; skin nearly green,
with a slightly dingy red cheek; flesh ^Lreenish-white to
the stone, flavor tolerable. Very late, or nearly mid-
autumn. Valueless. The sort usually propagated under
this name in this country, although a superior sort, is not
. genuine.

Class II. Flesh deep yellow.

Section I. Leaves serrate, without glands.

Sub-section I. Flowers small.

Hunt's Tawny. Nearly medium size, roundish-ovate, nar-
rowed and pointed at apex, one side slightly enlarged :
skin, a dark red cheek on pale orange, with numerous
russet specks ; flesh deep orange, rich, juicy, good. Eng-
lish. Valuable for its early maturity, ripening quite
early, or three weeks before the close of summer.

Section II. Leaves with reniform glands.

Sub-section I. Flowers small.

Boston. (St/w. Perkins, Lewis.) Large, handsome, round-
ish-oval; bright yellow, with a deep red cheek; flesh
yellow to the stone, with a good, pleasant, but not very
high flavor. Season,. medium, or about the first of au-
tumn. A native of Boston.

Fairchild^s. Small, round, slightly flattened at apex ; skin
a bright red cheek on yellowish green ; flesh yellow to
the stone, rather dry, flavor poor. Quite early, its only
merit.

Pitmaston's Orange. Large, roundish-ovate, base broad,
apex narrow and pointed ; surface with a dark reddish
cheek, slightly streaked at the margin, on rich oranue ;
flesh deep yellow, red at the stone; juicy, rich, fine;
stone rather small. Kather early.

308 THE NECTARINE.

DIVISION 11. CLINGSTONES.

Cla s I. Flesh Pale.

Section I. Leaves serrate without glande.

Sub-section I. Floweis large.

Early Newington. (Si//z. Black, Early Black, Lucombe'a
Seedling.) Large, roundish-ovate, one side slightly en-
larged, apex pointed ; skin pale green, nearly covered
with bright red and wiih darker niarblings and dots;
flesh greenish- white, deep red at the stone, juicy, with a
fine rich flavor. First of autumn.

Neioington. {Syn. Scarlet Newington, Scarlet, Old New«
jngton. Smith's Newington, Anderson's.) Rather large,
roundish ; nearly covered with red and darker marblings,
on pale green:sh-yellow; flesh deep red at the stone,
juicy, rich, vinous. Rather late. Best when ripened to
shrivelling.

Class II. Flesh yellow.

Section 11. Leaves laith reniform glands.

Sub-section J. Flowers large.

Red Roman. {Sijn. Roman, Old Roman, Brugnon Musquf'e.)
Large, roundish, a little flattened at apex ; skin greenish-
yellow, with a somewhat rough, dull reddish-brown cheek,
with brown russet specks ; flesh firm, greenish-yellow,
deep red at the stone, rich, vinous, high-flavored. Sea-
son medium or rather late.

Suh'Section IL Flowers small.

Broomfield. Large, roundish ; skin with a dull red clieek
on dull yellow ; flesh yellowish ; flavor tolerable. Rather
late. Origin, Harvard, Mass.

Golden. {Syn. Orange, Fine Gold-Fleshed.) Medium in
size, roundish-ovate, handsome ; surface bright waxen yel-
low, with a sniall scarlet cheek ; flesh firm, of rather poor
flavor. Cultivated only for its beauty. Rather late.

Prince's Golden Nectarine resembles this, but is larg-p.r,
a week later, and has large flowers.

CHAPTER V.

THE APRICOT.

It is remarkable that a fruit of such excellence as the
apricot, and ripening from one to two months before the best
early peaches, should be so little known. In its natural
character, it is more nearly allied to the plum than the peach,
resembling the former in its broad leaf, and in the smooth
stone of its fruit ; but downy like the peach, and partaking
largely ofi-S flavor and excellence.

The apricot is budded on seedling apricots, and on peach
and pl-nn s,ocks. Plum stocks are preferred, and are more
especially adapted to heavy soils. On light soils, the hard-
shelled ahriOnd, and the wild plum, have proved excellent.

The soil should be deep and dry. Young trees have fre-
quently perished from a wet sub-soil, even where the sur-
face was not unusually moist. A mistaken notion prevails
as to the hardiness of the apricot. On suitable soils, it is
as hardy as most early peaches. This mistake has however
arisen from other causes. The tree has been commonly
planted in the wanr.est situations, as on the warm side of
buildmgs, or other sheltered site, facing the hot sun, where
they have blossomed early, and as a consequence, the crop
has not unfrequently been destroyed by vernal frosts. Hence,
a northern or more exposed aspect, would be far preferable.
If trained on a building, the eastern side should be espe-
cially avoided, as a hot morning sun upon frosted buds
would be nearly certain destruction.

The liability to the attacks of the curculio, and the very
common destruction of the whole crop by this insect, has led
to the erroneous conclusion that the apricot is not suited to
our northern climate. 'Several cultivators, as far north as
forty-three degrees of latitude, by a systematic destructior
of this insect, obtain annually heavy crops of this delicious,
golden, mid-summer fruit. The node of protection is full}
described in the chapter on the Plira.

310

THE APRICOT.

VARIETIES.

Class I. Stone with a sweet kernkl.

Section I. Medium in size.

Orange. {Sijn. Early Orange, Royal Orango, Royal George,
Persian, Royal Persian.) Size medium; roundish; su-
tnre distinct, deep at base ; surf ice oranofc", often a ruddy
cheek ; flesh dark orange, half dry, partly adhering to the
stone — dry and poor unless house-ripened. Stone small,
roundish. Culinary. Ripens at mid-summer.

TuRKE .'. Size, medium ; round, not compressed ; surface
deep yellow, with a mottled b.o\vni.-h orange cheek ; flesh
pale yellow, firm, juicy, wiih a fine mixture of sweet and
acid ; very free from stone. Rather late, or middle of 8
mo., Aug. Somewhat resembles Moorpark, but differs
in being rounder, paler, with an impervious stone, and
sweet kernel.

The Blotch-leaved, or Golden Blotched, is identical with
the preceding, with a yellow spot on the centre of each
leaf.

Section 11. Small.

BREDA- CS?/w. Holland, Amande Aveline.) Rather small,

sometimes nearly medium, (an
inch and a half diameter,) round-
ish, obscurely four-sided, suiure
distinct ; surface orange, wiih
a dark reddish orange cheek;
flesh deep orange, free froin
the stone, rich and high-fla-
vored. Quite early, or a week
or two af^er mid-summer. Har-
dy for an apricot, and very pro-
_. _., „ . ductive.

Fig. 241. Breda.

Black. {Syn. Purple Apricot, Noir, Violet.) Small or
medium; round; pale red where densely shaded, dub

THE APRICOT 311

deep purple or ncarl}- black in the sun ; surface with a
thin down ; flesh red near the skin, yellowi.^h at the slone ;
flesh somewhat fibrous, sweet, slightly astringent, with a
pleasant, good, second-rate flavor. Adheres to the stone.
Hardy as an apple tree, and very productive. A distinct
species (//. dasycarpa) from the oiiier apricots. Ripens
with the Breda. Reproduces itself from the stone. Shoots
quite slender, greenish.
There is another quite different apricot, called Violet or
Red Angoumois; small, oblong, lighter red, free from the
stone. Rare.

Early Golden, {Syn. Dubois' Apricot.) Small, an inch and
a fourth in diameter; round-oval, nearly smooth, suture
narrow, distinct ; surface wholly pale orange ; flesh orange,
moderately juicy, sweet, good, free from the stone. Early,
or ten days before the Moorpark. Hardy, very productive,
profitable for market. Origin, Dutchess county, N. Y.

Musch. {Sym Musch-Musch.) Rather small, round, deep
yellow, with a slight orange red cheek ; flesh yellow,
translucent, tender, sweet. Tree rather tender. Little
known in this country. Origin, Musch, in Asia Minor,

Class II. Stone with a bitter kernel.

Section L Fruit large,

Hemskirke. Large, roundish, compressed; surface orange,
with a red cheek ; flesh bright orange, rich, juicy, spright-
ly. Stone rather small. Resembles Moorpark, but smaller
a little earlier, and stone not perforate. English. Rare
in this country.

MOORPARK. {Syn. Anson's, Dunmore's Breda, Temple's.)
Large, (two inches in diameter,) nearly round, slightly
compressed ; surface orange, with a deep orange red
cheek, and with numerous darker dots ; flesh free from
the stone, bright yellowish orange, rather firm, quite
juicy, with a rich, high flavor. Stone perforate, or with
a hole lengthwise under one edge, so that a pin may be
thrust through. Season medium, or two weeks after
mid-summer. Requires the shortening-in pruning recom-
mended for the peach. English. Old,

14

:12

THE APPvICOT.

PEACH. (Syn. Anson's Imperial, Peche, De Nancy.)
Very large, slightly larger than Moorpark ; yellowish
orange, with a hrownish orange cheek, and mottled with
dark brown to the sun ; flesh a rich yellow, juicy, with a
rich, high flavor. Stonp peiforate. Ripens about the
time of the Moorpaik, which it closely resembles, but is
of larger size. Origin, Piedmont.

Royal. Rather large, ronnd-oval, slightly compressed, su-
ture shallow; dull yellow, faintly reddened to the sun;
flesh pale orange, firm, juicy, sweet, high-flavored, slight-
ly sub-acid, free from the large, oval, nearly impervious
stone. Ripens a week before Moorpark, smaller than the
latter, and with a less bitter kernel. French. Rare in
this country

Shiphifs. (Syn. Blenheim.) Largo, oval, surface orange,
flesh deep yellow, juicy, rather rich ; stone roundish, not
perforate. Inferior to Moorpark, but rather earlier. Eng-
lish. New.

Section IL Mediuin hi size.

Brussels, Size medium ; rather oval, compressed ; pale
yellow, dotted white in the shade, russety brown to the

sun ; suture deep at
base ; flesh yellow,
rather firm, moderate-
ly rich. Rather late.

LARGE EARLY, —

Size medium; oblong,
compressed ; suture
deep; slightly downy;
pale orange, with a
spotted bright orange
cheek, very handsome;
flesh free from the
stone, pale orange,
rich, juicy. Ripens
at or a little before
Fig. 242. Lirgc Early. mid-summer. Origin,

south of France.

THE APRICOT. 313

t^oMAN. {Syn. Abricot Commun.) Medium in size, rather
oval, compressed, suture small or obscure ; surface pale
yellow, with a (ew red dots to the sun; flesh very fine-
grained, half juicy, with a mild pleasant flavor. Worth-
less in England, but greatly improved by our warm sum-
mers. Productive. Season, rather early or medium, or
two weeks after mid-sumrner. It is disseminated in this
country under various erroneous names.

1 je Blotch-leaved Roii.an differs only in the yellow spot or
?taiu of its 'eaves.

Section HI. Small.

A^etg.n^r. (Jyn. AihergG.) Small, roundish, slightly com-
j/^.ta£ed, deep yellow, flesh reddish, firm, with a rather
bi/ck flr.vor ; stone compressed. Rather late. Leaves
Willi stipules. For preserving.

Red MoicuUne. {Syn. Early Masculine, Brown Masculine,
Abricotin, Abricot Precoce, Abricotier Hatif.) Small,
nearly round, suture distinct ; bright yellow, with deep
orange cheek and red spots ; flesh yellow, slightly musky,
sub-acid ; stone thick, obtuse at ends. Flowers rather
small. Very early or about mid-summer. Hardy, for an
apricot. Valuable only for its earliness.

White Masculine. {Syn. White Apricot, Earl}^ White Mas-
culine, Abricot Blanc.) Small, roundish, nearly white,
rarely a faint reddish cheek, rather downy ; flesh white,
delicate, a little fibrous, adhering to the stone. Closely
resembles the Red Masculine, except in color and being
rather better, and four or five days later.

CHAPTER VI.

THE PLUM.

Raising the Young Trees. The plum is propagated by
budding or grafting on seedling- plum^. For this purpose,
the stones of such varieties should be chosen, as are of large
and thrifty growth; and they are to be treated in planting
precisely as directed for the peach, with additional care to
prevent the drying of the stones, which much sooner takes
place in consequence of their smaller size and thinner shell.
If not cracked, a part only will vegetate tlte first year,
although many may be made to open by the repeated action
of freezing and thawing.

On light or unfavorable soils, most of the common varie-
ties produce feeble and slowly growing seedlings ; an excel-
lent substitute will be found in the larger sorts of the wild
plum, sometimes known as the Canada plum, {Pru?ufs
Americana.) Those varieties which are found to outgrow
this stock, should be worked at the surface of the ground,
and when transplanted the place of union snould be set a
few inches lower. •

Grafting, to succeed best, should be done quite early in
spring, before the buds have commenced swelling ; and bud-
dinrr mnst be performed while the stocks are at the period
of their most vigorous growth, provid<'d sufficiently matured
buds can be procured, which is usually soon after mid-sum-
mer. If deferred, the bark will not peel freely, and the
buds will not adhere.

For dwarfs, seedlings of the Mirabelle plum are chiefly
Used for stocks.

On light soils, the peach has been occasionally used as
stocks for plum trees. A very few varieties take readily and
grow freely, and large healthy trees have in some instances
been produced; but the great uncertainty which attends its

THE FLUM. ^ 815

use, and the failure with most varieties, indicate the pro-
priety of the rejection of the peach for this purpose.

The time required to attain a sufficient size for the or-
chard, varies much with different sorts. The Imperial.Gage,
the Vf ashing^ton, Huling's Superh, and others, grow rapidly,
and usually produce good trees in two years from the graft
or bud ; w^liile such slow-growing plums as the Primordian,
Green Gage, and Red Diaper, require a much longer period.

Soil. The best soil, usuall}^, is a strong,'', rich, moderately
moist, clayey loam. On many light soils the tree grows
with less vigor, independently of which the crop is more fre-
quently destroyed by the curculio, a pervious soil affording
a more ready place of shelter for the young insects, on their
escape fro.n the fallen fruit. A few varieties are well adapt-
ed to rather dry as well as light lands.

0?ie of the best inanures for the plum, as well as for the
quince, is common salt. For large-sized trees, half a peck
may be applied annually early in spring; spread to a die-
tance round each tree quite as far as the extent of the
branches ; smaller trees should receive a proportionate quan-
tity, or just enough to cover the ground equall}^ thick. This
application has been found to add to the thriftiness of the
tree, to lessen the tendency to leaf-blight, and in some in-
stances it has contributed to the repulsion of the curculio.

In plant mg orchards^ a suitable distance is one rod apart,
giving 160 to the acre. The ground should be manured
and kept well cultivated, as the plum, especially when
young, is very sensitive to the effects of the weeds and
grass of neglected culture.

DISEASES AND ENEMIES.

The chief are the curculio, and the black excrescences on
the limbs.

The curculio, represented in the annexed figure, (243,) is
^^ a small insect not more than a quarter of an inch
-e-*^-^^ loncf, of a dark browm color, the sheaths coverinor
Fisr 2in the " ings slightly variegated with lighter colors,
the body resembling in size and appearance a ripe henip
seed. It is distinguished by an elongation of the head, re-
sembling a conspicuous rostrum or beak projecting from the
front part of its thorax.

S16 . THE PLUM.

About the time the young fruil a' tains the size of a pea, the
curculio begins its work of destruction. It
makes a small crescent-shaped incision in
the young fruit, and lays its egg ia the
opening. The presence of the egg may be
easily detected by tliese incisions upon the
surface ; the annexed figure, (244, ) repre-
sents one of these macfnilied twice indiame-
ter. The eofof soon hatches into a small white larva, which
enters the body of the fruit and feeds upon it, causing,
Usually, its premature fall to the ground.

The period at which the young fruit falls, after being
punctured, varies with its age at the time of tlie injury. The
earlier portions drop in about two weeks ; but if the stone
is hard when the egg is laid, the fruit remains till near the
usual period of ripening, sometimes jireseniing a fair and
smooth exterior, but spoiled by the worm within.

'The insect, soon after the fall of the fruit, makes its way
into the earth, where it is supposed to remain till the fol-
. lowing spring, when it is transformed into the perfect in-
secl or beetle, to lay its eggs and perpetuate its race. In-
stances, however, have occurred, w^here the transformation
has taken place w^ithin twenty days of the fall of the fruit.

The curculio travels by flying, but only during quite
warm weather, or at the heat of the day. The insects most-
ly confine themselves to certain trees, or to the sa.i.e orchard.
But the fact that newly bearing and isolated orchards are
soon attacked, clearly shows that in occasional instances
they must travel considerable distances. Indeed, they have
been known to be wafted on the wind for a half mile cr
more, the windward side of orchards being most infested,
immediately after strong winds from a thickly planted plum
neighborhood. In the cool of the morning, they are nearl}""
torpid, and can scarcely fly, and crawl but slowly ; hence,
at this time of the day they are most easily destroyed.

Their flight appears to be never more than a few feet
from the ground, and successful attempts have been made
to shut them out of fruit gardens by means of a tight board
fence, nine or ten feet high, entered by a tight gate.

T?te remedies for the curculio are various. They are of
three distinct methods ; the Jtrst^ repelling or excluding

I

THE PLUM.

r;i7

them, as by a tight fence, or by a heap of ferinentirig- pa?,'
Dure; the second^ the direct anJ. immediate destruction oi
the insects while in the act of depositing their eggs; and
the third, the destruction of the young larva or worm in tlio
injured fruit to save the next season's crop.

1. It has been found that the effluvia from fermenting
manure cfibctualiy repels the curculio. Trees standing near
stable-cleanings usually bear full crops, and heaps of fer-
menting manure placed for this purpose beneath the trees,
have yielded the same successful result. But other oflln-
.sive substances, as strong tobacco water with \vhale-oil-su;ip,
applied so abundantly as to coat thickly the young fruit, hrs
not deterred them in their attacks. In addition to thesa
means, the frequent passing near trees planted by door-
paths and other frequented places, and the presence ofswiiio
in orchards, doubtless contribute to some extent towards the
same end, by frightening the insects away.

2. Destruction of the insects while stinging the fruit is
thoroughly effectual, if vigorously and unremittingly ai;-
plied. The best and indeed only practicable mode, is to
jar the n from the tree upon white sheets spread beneath.
While lying up.)n the sheet they may not at the first glance
of an unpracticed eye be distinguished from the fallen,
withered blossoms; but a moment's attention will quickly
remove this difficulty. If the sheets are stiffened by i. eans

v^a^B-^i^ "^ ^ ''S!" frame, they

may be carried by a sin-
gle person and placed
readily beneath the tree.
A very large, coarsely
made umbrella, covered
with white muslin, with
a slit in one side, tw^o-
thirds in to receive the
trunk of the tree, has
been found very con-
venient for young or mo-
derate-sized trees, the
umbrella being sjread
in an inverted position,
as exhibited in the an-

Fig. 245.

313 * THE PLU3I.

nexed figure, C245,) and as soon as the insects are jarred
down upon it, it is half closed and shaken, when all its con-
tents roll to the centre and fall through a hole, three inches
in diameter, into a vessel of hot water carried for this pur-
pose. Such an umbrella may be procured at the manufac-
turers, six cr seven feet in diameter, for about three dollars,
and will save a I .rge amount of labor. Next -to this in con-
venience, are double square frames covered with white mus-
lin, shutting together like the leaves of a book, and enable
the onerator to throw all the fallen insects into hot water at
one movement of the hands.

A quick and sudden jar is important, and may be given
by the stroke of a njallet, upon the short stump of one of the
smaller limbs, sawed off for this purpose, and which prevents
bruising the bark. Or a mallet may be thickly covered
with woolen cloth encased in India rubber, to prevent in-
jury to the tree; but the jar is less sudden in this case.
David Thomas, (who first proposed jarring down on sheets, ^
in a communication to the Genesee Farmer, in 1S32, says,
"Not three days ago, I saw that many of the plums were
punctured, and began to suspect that shaking the tree was
not sufficient. Under a tree in a remote part of a fruit
garden, having spread the sheets, I therefore made the fol-
lowing experiment : On shaJiimg if- V'dl, I caught five cur-
culios ; Of! jarr'mg if with the hand, I caught ttvelce more;
an on striking the tree ivith a stone, light more dropped on
the sheets. I was now convince'! that I had been in an er-
ror; and calling in the necessary assistance, and using a
hammer to jar the tree violently, we caught in less than an
hour, more than two hundred and sixty of these insects."
With large trees, it may be necessary to shake each limb
separately, by means of a pole with the w^oolen and india-
rubber knob, already described, at its extremity.

The best time for this work is in the cool of the morning,
when the insects are partly torpid with cold, and drop quick-
ly. At mid-day they retain their hold more tenaciously, and
more quickly escape. The work shouki be commenced
very early in the season, as soon as the fruit begins to set,
or is not larger than a small pea. With properly stiffened
musUn frames, a few minutes are sufficient for many tree?,

THE PLUM. 8l€

and labor equal in the aggregate to that of a single entire
day, may save large and valuable crops.

3. The third class of remedies includes the different means
of destroying the fallen fruit, as soon as it drops, and before
the larvee escape to the earth. One of these consists in
beating the ground smooth beneath the tree, sweeping up
the fallen fruit daily, and feeding it to hogs or otherwise
destroying it. Paving with brick, by preventing the en-
trance of the insects into the ground, effects the same
purpose. If the soil is hard clay, beating the surfac^e,
renders it nearly as compact as a pavement. Hence, the
reason why the plum crop more frequently escapes in clayey
regions, than on lighter soils, where the insect makes its
way more easily into the earth.

But more effectual than the larst, is the confinement of
sivine beneath the trees. They immediately pick up and
destroy the punctured fruit, and by their constant presence,
serve to frighten away the insects from their work of de-
struction. Experience has thoroughly established the effi-
ciency of this method, where a sufficient number of swine has
been allowed the run of the orchard. Geese and hens are,
to a limited extent, useful in repelling or destroying the
curculio.

To apply this remedy most efficiently, all the trees of the
apricot, nectarine, and plum, should be planted apart from
the rest of the orchard, so that swine may be exclusively
confined among them, where they should be allowed to re*
main the whole season, except during the period of the
ripening of the fruit. It will be quite necessary, however,
to protect all the younger trees, by encasing them in board
boxes, or by tying round them a mass of sweet-briar limbs
or other densely prickly or thorny plant.

Dr. Kirtland says, " This insect, last season, [1848,] de-
stroyed every plum on my farm, except the crop of one tree
in iny swine lot ; that tree is bending under its load ot
fruit." A cultivator in western New-York, by the large
number of hogs kept in his plum yard, had abundant crops
for more than twenty successive years, while his neglectful
neighbors lost the greater part of theirs. It may, however,
happen, in thickly planted neighborhoods, that swine may
not prove a sufficient protection ; but we know of no in-

320 THE PLUM.

Stance whatever, where abundant crops Have not been ob-
tained by combining the two remedies of swine and jarring
down the insects.

The curculio appears to prefer the nectarine to all other
fruit for the lodgment of its eggs, and next to this the plum
and apricot. A large portion of the cherry crop is frequent-
ly more or less injured, and sometimes wholly destro3'ed ;
and for this reason it may usually be expedient to give it
the benefit of the protection of swine in the same enclosure
with other smooth stone fruit. The peach is sometimes at-
tacked, but only the very early nutmeg varieties wholly de-
stroyed. Some varieties of the apple are much stung, as
indicated by the crescent-shaped incisions ; but the larvae
rarely reach so far as the core, and usually perish within the
flesh of the fruit.

Among the various remedies which have boon tried and
proved partial or entire failures, may be mentioned the ap-
plication of salt to the ground, beneath the tree, and its di-
rect application to the fruit ; syring^ing tobacco water over
the fruit and leaves; hanging bottles of sweetened water
in the branches to catch the insects, and placing white-
washed boxes with water in the bottom during the night,
with a lamp within each, to decoy them ;* and inverting
the soil with a spade late in autumn to expose them to the
frosts of winter.

The black excrescences on the shoots and limbs, fig. 246,
known as the black knot^ black gum, and ivartSj
are variously supposed to be the work of an
insect, or the result of diseased sap or cells, or
regarded as a sort of vegetable ulcer. They
have been by some attributed to the curculio an
opinion originating from the occasional detec-
tion of this insect within the pulpy excrescen-
ces, but entirely disproved by the facts that the
curculio has existed in vast numbers in neigh-
borhoods where the excrescences are unknown ;
and on the other hand, that the excrescences
Fig. 246. have luined trees in places not infested
with the curculio ; besides which, the most rigid search of
newly forming knots has failed to detect the-eggs or larvae

• Which, however, prove very efficient means of destroying many other insects
injurioiu to fruits and fruit trees.

THE PLUM, 321

of the curculio, which are only occasionally found when do-
posited at a later stage in the large pulpy swellings.

Others, with more plausibility, believe the disaster to re-
sult from the infusion of poison by the minute sting of an
insect, and w^hich afterwards spreads over the tree by the
moving sap. But sufficient evidence has not been furnished
to establish this opinion, nor the insect in question detected.

Sufficient evidence appears to have been furnished, hov/-
ever, to prove that a tree, badly diseased, is infected through-
out with the poison ; as suckers from such a tree will always
sooner or later become affected. Buds from diseased trees,
placed in healthy stocks, soon exhibit the excrescences. But
seedlings or suckers from a healthy tree usually escape, un-
less in near proximity to unhealthy trees.

The remedy for this disease is certain and efficient, if
vigilantly applied. It consists in cutting off and burning
all the excrescences as soon after their first appearance as
practicable. As the poison spreads, it is desirable to re-
move the wood of the branches some inches from the appa-
rently affected parts. If the tumors, however, break out on
the trunk or main limbs, it may be difficult to do this with-
out cutting away the whole tree. As much of the wood is
therefore to be cut out as may exhibit the least indication of
disease ; and the wound washed with a solution of copperas,
as recommended and successfully praciiced by Downing, or
with strong brine, as found beneficial by Dr. Harris and
others. The only instances where the remedy has failed, is
where it has been but very partially applied, or where the
disease has been suffered to spread for a time unchecked.
The only way is to cut and continue cutting, so long as any
traces remain. This will be found to check, and by perse-
verance, to remove the disease. As a general but not uni-
versal rule, the yellow plums are not so liable to excrescen-
ces as purple varieties, unless surrounded by diseased trees.

The leaf-hlight^ or premature casting of the foliage, proves
in some seasons a serious disaster to the plum, as it checks
the growth of the shoots, and prevents the ripening of the
fruit. Occasionally it has been so severe as to spoil entirely
' the value of the crop. No satisfactory cause has been as-
signed for this malady, other than the want of proper food
in the soil, and among the successful remedies noticed, .

322 THE PLUM.

the following, on the authority of F. R. Elliott, of Cleve
land. "A small tree of the Imperial Ottoman, six feel
hio-h, and an inch and a half in diameter. Ahout this
I placed last winter nearly two bushels of leached wood
ashes, and this entire season, (1848,) the foliage has kept
full and of good color, while trees all around and within
twenty feet, have uniformly cast theirs." The use of salt
as a manure has to some extent, contributed to a similar re-
sult, in some cases quite successfull3\

DRYING PRUNES.

An article of considerable commerce is furnished by the
French prunes, or dried plums, inported into this country
The abundant crops of the plum tree, in some parts of
our country, may rende]*it desirable that the best means
of drying should be known. By a selection of the rich
est varieties, there is no doubt that prunes superior to
those of foreign preparation might be easily obtained. The
following description of an oven purposely built for prunes,
and doubtless with some modifications, well adapted to the
drying of other fruits, is given in Liegel's Treatise, (Ger-
man,) as quoted in the Horticulturist. The amount of heat
obtained by a small quantity of fuel, commends it to the
particular attention of those engaged in drying fruit:

" Prunes, says Liegel, have become an important article
of commerce. In order to have them fair and glossy, they
must be suddenly cooled^ when withdrawn from the oven.

"The country people in this part of Germany, prepare
their prunes by patting them into their bread ovens. I have
put up, for my own use, a very conveniently arranged drying
apparatus, which, after the experience of many years, I am
induced to recommend ; and for the construction of which I
give the annexed drawing and explanatory description.

" The vault or exterior of the oven, four and a half ieet
long, is surrounded by a brick wall one foot thick, so that
the whole stove, abed, (see figs. 247 and 248,) is exactly
six feet every way ; the front wall, ??, being only half a foot
in thickness. At the top, the vault is arched over with six
inches of brick work at the crown of the arch. The flues
i a, are about fourteen inches square. The hurdles or trays
m m, for containing the prunes, rest upon shelves fixed

THE PLUM.

323

upon two bearers. It would be better if they rested upon
rollers, so as to admit of their being pushed in, and drawn
out, with greater ease. These lines of trays are placed at

a distance of six inches
from the furnace, so as to
keep the fruit from too
great a heat ; they may
be made entirely of wood,
but it will be better if the
bottoms are of open-work,
like sieves. Their weight
is such that they may be
easily managed by a wo-
man ; but in preparing
prunes on a large scale,
let them be made of great-
er length and breadth, so
as to just come within the
streno;th of a more robust

Fiff 247.

^ person.

*'The wooden frame, h A, is that on which the two doors
are hung. The door, g^ which covers the arch, (and which

is represented in the cut
as open and fastened up,)
shuts up the front of the
upper part of the oven.
In the middle of this up-
per door or flap, is a
round vent hole, for the
escape of the moist va-
por. /^, is an iron dam-
per or slide, to be placed
in the flue at I /, in order
to regulate the heat. -

" A thousand fully ripe
Quetsches, (prune plums)
make about ten pounds
of dried prunes.

" Plums of different
kinds may be dried, either whole or deprived of their skins
and stones. In the latter case, they are styled prunelles

Fig. 248.

524 THE PLUM.

When the White Perdrigons are used for this purpose, they
are merely stoned, without skinning; the latter, from the
delicacy of their skins, not being deemed necessary.

" For prunelles, perfectly ripe and sweet plums are to be
taken, and suffered to wilt a little in the open air, in order
o facilitate stripping off the peel. A better and more ex-
peditious way is to pour hot water over them, and suffer
them to steam a few moments.

" The stone is pressed out at the stem end. In the dry-
ing ovens, these prunes must be very carefully and gradu-
ally dried. They may also be dried, but not so easily, in
the sun."

VARIETIES.

SYNOPSIS OF ARRANGEMENT.

DIVISION I. GREEN, WHITE, OR YELLOW.

Class I. Flesh nearly free from the stone.

Section I. Fruit large.

Section II. Fruit of medium size.

Section III. Fruit small.

Class II. Flesh adhering to the stone.

Section I. Fruit large.

Section II. Fruit medium in size.

Section III. Fruit small.

DIVISION n. RED, PURPLE, OR BLUE.

Class I. Flesh nearly free from the stone.

Section I. Fruit large.

Section JI. Fruit medium in size.

Section III. Fruit small.

Class II. Flesh adhering to the stone.

Section I. Fruit large.

Section II. Fruit medium in size.

Section HI. Fruit small.

I

THE PLUM.

325

DIVISION I. GREEN, WHITE, OR YELLOW.

Class I. Flesh nearly free from the stone.

Section I. Fruit large*

Ghiston's Early. Large, oval, clear yellow, bloom light ;
flesh yellow, of pleasant flavor. Resembles, considerably,
the Yellow Egg plum, but the flesh is free from the stone.
Rather early, or a fortnight before the first of autumn.

Imperial Gage. [Syn. Flushing Gage, Prince's Imperial
Gage, White Gage, of Boston.) Fruit rather large, oval,
suture distinct ; stalk three-fourths of an inch long, slight-
ly hairy, evenly sunk ; surface green, slightly tinged yel-
low, with marbled green stripes ; bloom copious, white ;
flesh greenish, juicy, melting, rich, sometimes adhering,
but usually nearly free from the oval, pointed stone. Ri-
pens first of autumn. Very productive. Shoots long,
upright, vigorous, slightly downy ; leaves with a slight
shade of blue. Often insipid on heavy soils. A single
tree, near Boston, yielded fifty dollars of fruit in one year.

JEFFERSON. Large, oval, base slightly narrowed, su-
ture slight ; greenish yellow, becoming golden yellow,
often faintly reddened to the sun, bloom thin, white
stalk an inch long, sunk little or none ; flesh rich yellow,
moderately fine-grained, in well ripened specimens orange
very juicy, nearly free from the long, pointed stone; fla-
vor rich, luscious, excellent. As large as the Washing-
ton, and though inferior ta the Green Gage and some
others in flavor, it is one of the most valuable of all plums.
Ripens end of summer. Origin, Albany. Shoots smooth,
growth closely resembles Coe's Golden drop.

LaWiIENce's Favorite. (Syn. Lawrence Gage.) Large,
roundish, sl'ghtly oblong-oval, obtuse ; surface dull yel-
lowish-green, clouded darker ; bloom light, blueish-green ;
base, when ripe, with a brownish-red net-work and dots ;
stalk half an inch long, small, cavity narrow ; flesh,
greenish, melting, juicy, rich, excellent; next to the
Green Gage in quality. Shoots short, rather upright.

326

TIIE PLUM.

THE PLUM. 327

downy ; leaves small, dark green. Rather early or a
fortnight before the first of autumn. Origin, Hudson,

New-York.

WASHINGTON. {Syn. Bolmar, Bolmar's Washington.)
Large, often very large, roundish-oval, suture obscure,
distinct at base ; surface yellowish-green faintly marbled,
often with a pale red blush ; stalk one-half to three-
fourths of an inch long, slightly downy; cavity wide,
shallow, flesh rather firm, sweet, mild, moderately rich,
free from the pointed stone. Rather early, or the last fort-
night of summer. Shoots downy, very vigorous, leaves
very large. Origin, New- York city. This variety, al-
though not high in flavor, is a general favorite for its free
growth, great productiveness, beauty, fine texture, and
adaptedness to all soils.

Section II. Fruit medium in size,

Albany Beauty. {Syn. Denniston's Albany Beauty.) Size
medium or rather small, roundish oval, with a slight neck
at base, suture obscure ; surface pale whitish green, pur-
ple dots numerous, bloom thia ; stalk an inch or more
long, slender, scarcely sunk ; flesh yellow, moderately
juicy, rich, sweet, free from the small, pointed stone
Ripens the last week in summer. Shoots slightly downy
Origin, Albany, N. Y. New.

Apricot. (Syn. French Apricot.) Size medium or rather
large ; roundish, suture deep ; stalk scarcely half an inch
long ; surface yellow, dotted and tinged with red in the
sun ; bloom white ; flesh yellow, rather firm, slightly bit-
ter, becoming, when ripe, melting, juicy, and pleasant.
Rather early. Shoots quite downy.

The English Apricot plum is a third-rate, clingstone, oval
fruit, with smooth shoots.

Autumn Gage. (Si/tz. Roe's Autumn Gage.) Size medium,
ovate, slightly conical ; stalk three-fourths of an inch long,
not sunk ; surface pale yellow, bloom thin, whitish ; flesh
greenish-yellow, juicy, s^veet, delicate, pleasant, free
from the long, pointed, compressed stone. Leaves point-
ed, shoots smooth, spreading. Ripens rather late. Growth

328 THE rL\::i.

Bleecker's GAGn. Size inedium ; ro'jn(]i.^a-oval, regular,
suture obscure; stalk an inch long, rather stout, downy,
slightly sunk; skin yellow, with sunken white specks;
bloom thin, white ; flesh yellow, rich, sweet, luscious,
partly free from the pointed stone. Ripens at the end of
summer. Shoots downy. Distinguished from Prince's
Yellow Gage by its larger stalk and later maturity.
Origin, Albany, N. Y.

Denniston^s Swperh. Size medium; round, obscurely oval,
slightly flattened, suture distinct ; surface pale yellowish-
green, slightly dotted and clouded with purple, bloom
thin, stalk rough, three-fourths of an inch long, moderate-
ly sunk ; flesh thick, (stone small, ^ not juicy, rich, vinous,
free from the thick, roundish stone. Ripens rather early,
or last fortnight of summer. Resembles Green Gage,
rather larger, earlier, and not so good. Shoots downy.
Very productive. Origin, Albany, N. Y. One of the
handsomest of plums.

Hudson Gage. Size medium ; oval, suture obscure, ono
side slightly larger; surface yellow, clouded or streaked
faint green, bloom thin, white ; stalk about two- thirds of
an inch long, moderately sunk; flesh greenish, juicy,
melting, rich, sprightly, excellent, nearly free from the
small stone. Ripens two weeks earlier than Washington,
and three weeks before Imperial Gage, which it partly
resembles. Origin, Hudson, N. Y.

Heine Claude de Bavay. Round-oval, greenish-yellow,
spotted with red, with small, violet-colcred longitudinal
veins ; flesh rather firm, juicy, sugary, rich, of fine quali-
ty, adhering slightly to the stone. Slioots smooth, leaves
roundish, shining, — the growth resernbling Washinton,
but leaves smaller and shoots slenderer. Very productive.
Origin, Malines, in Belgium. New.

Coe's Golden Drop has been disseminated to some extent
for this variety.

St. Martin's Quetsche. Size medium ; ovate, broadest
at base; surface pale yellow; often spotted with brown;
bloom white ; flesh yellowish, very juicy, rich, excellent,
Ripens at mid-autumn, and keeps long. Shoots smooth.

THE PLUM. 329

A profuse bearer. One of the best late plums. Profitable.
German. New.

White Imperatrice. {Sy?i. White Empress, Tmperatrice
Blanche.) Size ii;edium, obovate, slightly flattened at
ends, suture rather obscure ; surface bright yellow, with
red dots to the sun, bloom very thin ; stalk half to three-
fourths of an inch long, cavity narrow; flesh crisp, juic}?",
translucent, free from the small oblong stone. Season
medium, or early in autumn. Resembles St. Catherine,
but difliers in being a freestone, and inferior in quality.
Shoots smooth. But little known in this country.

Yellow Gage, Princess. {Syn. American Yellow Gage.)
Size medium ; oval, slightly broadest at base ; suture a
mere line ; surface golden yellow, slightly clouded ; bloom
white, copious ; stalk an inch long, cavity small, round ;
flesh deep yellow, rich, sugary, melting, sometimes rather
dry. Ripens early in 8 mo., (Aug.) shoots smooth, short-
jointed, leaves glossy, tree becoming spreading. Origin,
Flushing, L. I.

This is wholly distinct from the English Yellow Gage of
the next section.

Section III. Fruit Small.

Drap d^Or. (Syn. Yellow Perdrigon, Mirabelle Grosse.)
Rather small, round, suture indistinct, apex dimpled ;
stalk half an inch long, slender ; surface golden yellow,
sometimes a few crimson dots to the sun ; flesh yellow,
sweet, rich, often half dry, partly adhering to the stone ;
ripens a week before the Green Gage. Shoots slightly
downy, growth slow. Not so good as Morocco, but bears
better.

GREEN GAGE. {Sy7i. Reine Claude, Bruyn Gage.) Ra-
ther small ; round ; suture faint ; surface green, becom-
ing yellowish green, usually with reddish brown dots and
network at base ; stalk half to three-fourths of an inch
long, scarcely sunk; flesh pale green; melting, juicy,
exceedingly sweet and rich, and unequalled in flavor.
Ripens about the middle of 8mo., (Aug.) shoots smooth,

830 THE PLUM.

buds with large shoulders, growth slow, and young trees
drfficult to raise in most localities. French. Old.

There are many seedlings, mferior to the original, and ma-
ny worthless green plums called by this name. F. K.
Elliott, one of the best informed pomologists of Ohio, says
that he knows of but one or two genuine bearing trees
in that State.

The Schuyler Gage, of Albany, is a sub-variet}', closely re-
semblin<T the Green Gao^e.

Imperial Ottoman. Nearly medium in size, oval, suture
on one side half way from base to apex ; somewhat pel-
lucid ; surface pale greenish-yellow, marbled ; stalk
three-fourths of an inch long, downy, slender, curved,
scarcely sunk ; surface dull yellow, clouded darker, bloom
thin ; flesh very juicy, sweet, excellent, scarcely adhering
to the pointed stone. Quite early, or two or three weeks
after midsummer. Great bearer. Nearly or quite as
early as Drap d'Or, and much better. Shoots slightly
downy ; tree hardy, succeeds well as far north as Maine.

Mirabelle. Very small, obovate, suture distinct ; stalk half
an inch long, slightly sunk ; surface a fine yellow, slight-
ly spotted with red, bloom white ; flesh orange, sprightly,
becoming dry. Ripens with the Green Gage. Shoots
downy, tree small. A small, beautiful, second-rate plum,
very productive, and valued for preserving. Its seed-
lings are used as stocks for dwarf plums.

Primordian. {Sy7i. Jaune Hative, or Early Yellow, White
Primordian.) Small, obovate, necked; suture small;
stalk slender, downy, half an inch long; pale clear yel-
low, bloom thin; flesh yellowish, moderately juicy, with
a rather sweet mild good flavor ; very free from the stone.
The earliest plum, ripening before midsummer. Shoots
quite slender, very downy, growth slow, and young trees
diflicult to raise.

Yellow Gage, English. (Syn. Little Queen Claude.) Small,
round, suture on one side distinct ; surface pale yellow-
ish green, becoming yellow, with a few reddish dots,
bloom dense; stalk half an inch long, slender, slightly
sunk; flesh very sweet, pleasant, quite free from the

THE PLUM. 331

stone. Ripens nearly with the Green Gage. Shoots
long, smooth. Of French origin.

Class II. Flesh adhering to the Stone.

Section L Fruit large.

BueVs Favorite. Rather large, ovate, broadest at base
suture distinct half round ; stalk two thirds of an inch

Fig. 256— Primorrftan. ¥\g. ^1— White Damson.

Fig. 258— Coe'« Goldtn Drop. Fig. 259— i7tthng:'« Superb.

long, rather stout, little sunk ; surface pale green, thick-
ly sprinkled with lighter dots, base with reddish specks ;
flesh greenish-yellow, rather firm, juicy, rich, high flavor-
ed, adhering to the long pointed stone. Ripens at the
close of summer. Shoots, smooth, reddish. Origin,
Albany, N. Y. New.

Bingham. Large, (an inch and three-fourths long,) oval,
rather widest at base ; surface deep yellow, with rich red

332 THE PLUM.

spots to tne sun ; stalk slightly sunk ; flesh yellow, juicy
rich, delicious. Season of ripening medium, or end of sum-
mer and first of autumn. Shoots downy. Handsome,
productive, and valuable. Origin, Pennsylvania.

COE'S GOLDEN DROP. Very large, (often more than two
inches long,) oval, suture distinct, one side more enlarg-
ed, necked ; light yellow, often dotted red to the sun ;
stalk three fourths of an inch long, rather stiff; flesh
yellowish, rather firm, rich, sweet, not fine grained, close-
ly adhering to the pointed stone. Quite late, does not
always ripen at the north — requires a long season. An
excellent late sort, of English origin. Shoots smooth, ra-
ther glossy.

Huling's Superb. Large, often quite large, round ovate,
suture shallow, indistinct ; stalk one inch long, stout,
slightly sunk ; skin dull greenish-yellow ; bloom pale,
thin; flesh rather firm ; flavor rich, brisk, excellent. Ri-
pens latter part of summer. Shoots thick, vigorous, dow-
ny, leaves very large. A moderate bearer. Origin, Pa.

Large Green Drijing. (Syn. Knight's Large Drying.)
Large, round, greenish-yellow, flesh yellowish, moderate-
ly juicy, rich. Rather late. English.

McLaughlin. Rather large, roundish, oblate, much flatten-
ed at ends, suture obscure ; stalk three-fourths of an
inch long, scarcely sunk ; skin thin, tender, russet-yel-
low, sprinkled with thin red, purplish at base ; flesh ra-
ther firm, juicy, sweet, luscious. Ripens at the end of
summer. Growth vigorous, leaves large, glossy, shoots
smooth. Origin, Bangor, Maine, where it succeeds well
as is very fine. New.

Mulberry. Large, oval, tapering with a neck to the base,
suture slight ; pale dull yellow, with a few crimson dots ;
bloom thin ; stalk an inch long, slender, scarcely sunk on
the obtuse point of the neck; flesh greenish yellow, rather
coarse, melting, rich, adhering to the large, oblong,
pointed stone. Ripens the first of autumn. Shoots stout.
Origin, Albany, N. Y. New.

THE PLUM. 333

White Egg. {Syn. White Magnum Bonum, White Impe-
rial.) Very large, oval, narrow at ends, necked at base,
suture distinct ; stalk an inch long, not sunk, surrounded
by a fleshy ring at insertion ; skin light yellow, bloom
thin, white ; flesh firm, coarse, acid, becoming sweeter
by ripening, adhering closely to the long, pointed stone.
Ripens about the end of summer.

The Yellow Egg is very similar in character, but the flesh
partly separates from the stone when fully ripe. There
appear to be several sub-varieties.

T. Rivers, of Sawbridge worth, England, says the Yellow
Magnum Bonum is an American plum of extreme hardi-
ness— good, but not first rate — flesh clings — and bears
more freely than *' our old White Magnum Bonum."

Section II. Fruit medium in size.

Bana^s Yellow Gage. Size medium, oval, pale yellow,
marbled with darker green, bloom very thin : flesh juicy,
lively. Season medium. Very productive. Hardy.

Mass.

•

Downton Imperatrice. Size medium, oval, base tapered or
with a neck ; skin thin, pale yellow ; flesh yellow, melt-
ing, acid, becoming rather sweet ; ripens late, or two
weeks before mid-autumn. Shoots smooth, long, strong,
upright. For preserving. A cross of the White Egg
and Blue Imperatrice.

Emerald Drop. Size medium, long oval, suture deep, one
side larger ; skin pale yellowish-green, dull green in the
shade ; stalk three-fourths of an inch long, scarcely sunk;
flesh juicy, rather rich, of second-rate quality, adhering
to the long pointed stone.

Lucombe's Nonsuch. Medium or rather large, roundish ;
skin yellowish-green with yellowish-orange, bloom whi-
tish ; suture broad ; stalk three-fourths of an inch long,
cavity wide ; flesh rather firm, rich, sweet with acid.
Resembles the Green Gage, but larger, more marked
with yellow, and much inferior in flavor. English.

St Catherine. Size medium, obovate, suture very distinct,
passing half round ; skin pale yellow, sometimes slightly

THE PLUM

reddish to the s\]n,liloo;a ijjin, white; stalk three-fourths
^[ ail inch long, very slender, tili-;hti3- sunk; flesh juicy,
rather firin, rich, fine, often nearly or quite first-rate in
flavor. Ripens rather late. Shoots smooth, rather slen-
der.

White Perdrigon. Size medium, oval, narrow at base ;
skin pale greenish-yellow, with white dots, and red dots
to the sun ; bloom thin ; stalk three-fourths of an inch
long, slender; flesh very sweet, slightly perfumed, of fine
flavor. Ripens about the end of summer.

Section IIL Fruit small.

Byfield. Small, round, suture a mere line ; stalk half an
inch long, cavity even ; skin light yellow, with red spots
at base ; flesh yellow, adhering to the thick stone. Rather
early. Shoots smooth.

White or Yellow Damson. (Syn. Late Yellow Damson.)
Small, Cone inch long,) oval, pale yellow, dotted with red-
dish-brown ; stalk half an inch long, downy, not sunk •
flesh rich, sub-acid, agreeable; ripens very late, hanging
long on the tree. Shoots smooth, growth free ; tree very
productive.

DIVISION II. RED, PURPLE, OR BLUE.

Class L Flesh nearly free from the stone.

Section I. Fruit large,

Columbia. (Syn. Columbian Gage.) Very large, nearly
globular, one side slightly larger ; skin brownish purple,
reddish-brown where much shaded, with many fawn-
coloFed dots ; bloom blue, copious ; stalk one inch long,
rather stout; cavity small ; flesh orange, moderately juicy,
rich, rather coarse, free from the small, compressed stone,
or adhering at the edge ; flavor good, dot first-rate. Fruit
liable to rot. Season medium, or end of summer. Shoots
downy, stout, blunt, spreading, leaves nearly round. Popu*

THE PLUM. 385

lar from its large size, handsome appearance, and {jreat
productiveness. Origin, Hudson, N. Y.

Diamond. Very large, oval, black ; bloom blue ; stalk three-
fourths of an inch long, cavity narrow ; flesh coarse,
slightly dry, somewhat acid, free from the long pointed
stone ; flavor poor. Shoots long, downy. Prolific, but
coarse, and only fit for cooking.

German Prune or Quetsche, Large, long-oval, curved or
swollen on one side, with a long tapering neck at base ;
suture distinct ; skin purple, with a thick blue bloom ;
stalk ihree-fourths of an inch long, slender, slightly sunk;
flesh green, firm, sweet, pleasant, free from the very long,
flat, slightly curved or lunate stone ; flavor second-rate —
valuable for drying and preserving. Rather late. Shoots
smooth. There are several sub-varieties.

Manning's Long Blue. (Syn. Large Long Blue, Manning's
Long Blue Prune.) Large, long-oval, slightly one-sided,
suture obscure; stalk very long, slender, scarcely sunk ;
skin dark purple, bloom thick, blue ; flesh firm, rather
juicy, nearly free from the long, pointed stone. Rather
late, ripens gradually. Shoots smooth. Tree very pro-
ductive.

Peach Plum. (Sz/n. Prune Peche.) Very large, roundish-
oblate, regular, flattened at ends, suture distinct, shallow;
color varying from salmon to light-b:ownish red; stalk
very short, cavity narrow, shallow ; fl.esh rather coarse,
juicy, sprightly, free from the nearly round, very flat,
much furrowed stone. Shoots smooth. Quality not very
high, but esteemed for its large size, handsome appear-
ance, and early ripening. Matures about ten days before
the Washington. ^ Shoots smooth, vigorous.

Red Diaper. (•S't/?z. Diapree Rouge, Mimms, Imperial
Diadem.) Large, obovate, somewhat necked ; skin red-
dish-purple, with a few yellowish specks, bloom light
blue; sialk tliree fourths of an inch long, slender, slightly
hairy, little sunk; flesh pale green, juicy, melting, rich,
of fine, but hardly of the -highest flavor; free from the quite

15

■i'll:^ PLUM.

small stone. Season medium or end of summer. Shoots
nearly smooth; growth slow.

Red Magnum Bonum. {^yn. Purple Egg, Red Imperial,
Pwr])le Maq-num Bonum, Imperial Violet, Red Egg.)
Lar<:e, oval, tnpering to the stalk, suture strong, one side
swollen ; surface deep red in the sun ; bloom thin ; stalk-
Fig. 260— Coe'5 Late Red

Fig. 2&1—Red Diaper. Fig. 262— Peach Plum.

an inch long, slender, cavity narrow ; jlesh greenish
coarse, firm, sub-acid ; valuable only for cooking. Sea-
son medium. Shoots smooth. Some sub-varieties are
clingstones.

Sharp^s Emperor. Quite large, roundish-oval ; slcin a bright
red, paler in the shade, bloom delicate ; flesh deep yel-
low, pleasant, moderately rich. Very productive. Shoots
strong, downy, leaves large. English. Nev\^.

^ THE PLUBi* 337

Thomas. Large, romid-oval, slightly irregular, somewhat
compressed on the suture ; skin salmon color, with a soft
red cheek, and numerous dots; stalk hairy, one-half to
three-fourths of an inch long, stout ; cavity small, narrow;
flesh pale yellow, somewhat jcoarse, mild, pleasant, free
from the very light-colored stone. Shoots slightly downy.
Productive. Season, medium. Origin, Boston.

Section 11. Fiuit medium in size,

Coe's Late Red, or Red St. Martin. (Syii. St. Martin,
Saint Martin Rouge.) Size medium, roundish, suture dis-
tinct on one side, skin light purplish red, bloom thin, blue;
stalk three-fourths of an inch long, scarcely sunk ; flesh
rather firm, crisp, rich, vinous. Very late, productive,
shoots, down}'. A valuable late plum.

Corse's Not a Bene. Rather large, round, surface pale lilac
brown, often dull green in the shade ; bloom light blue,
copious ; stalk half an inch long, cavity round, flesh
greenish, rather firm, crisp, rich vinous. Very late, very
productive, shoots downy. A valuable late plum.

Crvger^s Scarlet. {Syn. Cruger's, Cruger's -Seedling.)
Medium, approaching small, roundish oval, suture obscure*
surface lively red or bright lilac, with numerous 3'ellow
dots, pale fawn color in the shade, bloom thin, blueish ;
stalk half an inch long, cavity shallow ; flesh deep orange,
mo''erately juicy, mild, agreeable, not rich, good. Sea-
son, medium. Shoots downy. Hardy, adapted to light

• soils, very productive. Origin, New-York.

^ennistori's Red. Medium or rather large, roundish oval,
narrowed to the stalk ; suture passing half round ; sur-
face a fine light red, with fawn colored dots ; bloom very
thin ; stalk very long, slender, little sunk ; flesh amber-
colored, rich, good second rate, free from the small, oval,
compressed st,one. Season medium, or last of summer.
Shoots smooth. Origin, Albany, N. Y., probably from
a seed of the Lombard or Bleecker's Scarlet.

fotheringham. Size medium, obovate, suture distinct ; skin
purple in the sun, reddish in the shade, bloom nale blue ;

33S THE PLUM.

stalk an inch long ; flesh pale greenish-yellow, juicy-
sprightly, moderately rich. Kather early. Shoots smoo'.h
English. Old.
Holland. {Syn. Blue Holland, Holland Prune.) Round,
slightly flattened, blue or liglit reddish-purple, bloom
blue; cavity small; flesh juicy, melting, sweet, pleasant
Season medium or rather late, hangs long. Shoots dow
ny.

Horse Plum. {Syn. Large Early Damson.) Size med'um
oval, suture deep on one side ; ^kin purple, bloom blue;
flesh greenish-yellow, rather dr}^ acid, flavor poor. Sea-
son medium. Shoots downy. Common.

Isabella. Medium in size or large, oval, slightly narrowed
to the base ; skin dark dull red, dotted darker ; stalk
three-fourths of an inch long, a little hairy, cavity mode-
rate ; flesh yellow, rich, juicy, and slightly adhering to
the pointed stone. Shoots quite downy. Season medi-
um. English.

Italian Damask. Size medium, nearly round, slightly flatten-
ed at base ; suture distinct, passing from base to apex ;
surface violet, becoming brown ; stalk half an inch long,
slender, cavity small, round ; flesh yellowish-green, firm,
sweet, high-flavored, very free from the oval, rather thick
stone. Season medium. Shoots smooth.

Kirlceh. Size medium, round, suture small ; skin dark
purple, bloom thin, blue ; stalk three-fourths of an inch
long, cavity slight, flesh greenish-yellow, firm, rich, free
from the flat, broad stone. Season medium. Shoots
smooth. Resembles the Purple Gage externally. Often
spurious. English.

Morocco. {Syn. Italian Damask, evToneously, Early Morocco,
Black Morocco, Early Damask, Black Damask.) Size me-
dium, roundish, slightly flattened at ends ; suture on
one side only, shallow, skin dark purple, bloom pale,
thin ; stalk half an inch long, rather stout ; flesh greenish-
yellow, adhering slightly to the stone, ricl), rather acid,
becoming sweet. Not first-rate, but valuable for its ear-
liness, ripening ten days before the Washington. Shoots
downy. A moderate bearer.

THE ri.u:i. c39

Oihans. {Syn. Old Orleans, Red Damask, Monsieur.)
Size medium, round, suture distinct, slightly larger on
one side ; skin dark red, purple in the sun ; stalk one-
half to three-fourths of an inch long, cavity wide ; flesh
yello\vi.^h, sweet mixed with acid, of second quality in
richness, pleasant and good; a fine culinary variety. Ra-
er early. Shoots downy. There are two or three sub-
varieiies.

Orleans, Early. {Syn. New Orleans, Hampton Court,
Monsieur Hatif.) Size medium, round oval, suture shal-
low, stalk half an inch long, stout or longer and slender ;
cavity moderate ; skin reddish purple, slightly marbled ;
flesh yellowish-green, rather rich. Quite early, or ten
days before the preceding.

Wihiiot's Orleans scarcely differs from the Early Orleans.

Pond's Seedling. Medium in size, roundish, purple, stalk
short, flesh yellowish, rather dry, sweet with acid, flavor
moderate, second or third rate. Early. Shoots downy,
Origin, Boston.

Pr'mce of Wales, Chapman^s. Oval, bright purplish pink
with a dense bloom ; flesh pale amber, free from the
stone ; shoots vigorous, smooth, leaves broad, roundish
Productive. English. New.

Prune d^Agen or Agen pate. Size medium, obovate, flat-
tened one side ; skin purple, bloom blue ; stalk short,
flesh greenish-yellow, sweet. Very late, profusely pro-
ductive. Shoots sii:ooth, leaves narrow. French. Cu
linary.

Purple Fayorite. Size medium, or rather large, round
obovate ; suture obsolete ; skin brownish purple ; bloom
thin, light blue ; stalk three-fourths of an inch long
scarcely sunk ; flesh pale greenish, juicy, tender, melting,
rich, sweet, excellent, free from the very small, roundish
stone. Season about medium, or last week of summer
Shoots nearly smooth, short-jointed, growth slow, much re-
sembling that of the Red Diaper. Origin, Newburgh, N.Y.

PURPLE GAGE. (S2///. Reine Claude Violette, Violet
Queen Claude.) Size medium, roundish, slightly flat-

340 THE PLUM.

tened at ends, suture distinct, shallow ; surface violet,
bloom light blue; stalk an inch long, cavity narrow;
flesh rather firm, greenish yellow, rich, sugary, of very
high and excellent flavor, free from the oval, compressed

Fig. 250— Early Royal. Fig. 2QQ—Red Gage.

Tig. 262— Purplg Favorite. Fig. 2Q3—Eoyal.

Stone. Ripens rather late, hanging loncjf, and slightly
shrivelling on the tree. Shoots smooth, resembling those
of the Green Gage. A spurious sort is often dissemi-
nated.

Red Apricot. {Syn. Abricot'e Rouge.) Size i^edium,
oval, flattened at ends ; stalk nearly an inch long, cavity
slight ; skin clear red in the shade, violet in the sun ;
bloom blue, copious ; flesh orange, sweetish, rather dry
and insipid. Season medium. Shoots smooth. French.

Red Gagk. Medium or rather small, round-ovate, brown-
ish-red, stalk rather slender, cavity narrow; flesh green-

THE PLUM. 34

ish-amber, juic}-, melting, rich, mild sweet, free from tlie
small stone ; flavor unusually pleasant and refreshinjj
Eather e.irlv. Shoots dark reddish, smooth ; leaves o
young trees deep green, crinipled. Origin, Flushing
Long Island,

Red Perdrigon. Medium in size, roundish, slightly oval
skin deep red ; bloom thick, lilac ; stalk an inch long
cavity small, round ; flesh bright yellow, slightly cri^p
juicy, sweet. Season medium or rather late. Shoot*
downy.

RoYALE. (Syn. Royal, La Royale.) Size medium, some
times rather large, round, slightly narrower towards the
base, or approaching obovate ; suture distinct on cne sida
at apex; skin reddish-purple, blwo.n very thick; stalk
three-fourths of an inch long, cavity narrow; flvsh dull
yellow, rather firm, melting,' juicy, rich, of excellent iia-
vor. Ripens first of autumn. Shoots very downy, growth
slow, tree spreading, moderately productive. French.

Royale Hative, or "Early Royal." (%w. Mirian.) Size
medium, roundish, slightly wider at base ; skin light
purple, stalk half an inch long, stout, scarcely sunk ; flesh
amber yellow, with a rich, high flavor, nearly free from
the small, flattened, ovate stone. Very early. Resembles
Purple Gage, but a month earlier. Shoots very downy
French. New. Rare.

De Montfort, according to Rivers, is much like Royale Ha-
tive, but larger, and later*

Section III. Fruit small.

Blue Gage. [Syii. Azure Hative, Black Perdrigon.) Small,
round, dark blue, bloom light blue; stalk three-fourths
of an inch long; flesh greenish, juicy, sub-acid, pleasant;
rather early, shoots slender, downy ; tree very productive.
Different varieties appear to be described by Prince, Coxe,
and Downing, under this name, none of which are high-
ly commended.

r.heston. {Syn. Violet Diaper.) Rather small, oval, dark
purple ; bloom blue ; stalk quite short, not sunk ; flesh
firm, sweetish, pleasant; early; shoots down}^

342 THE PLUM.

Damson. {Sy7i. Common Damson, Early Damson, Turpi si
Damson, Blue Damson.) Small, oval, (an inch long,)
purple, bloom thick, llue ; melting, juicy, sub-acid, part-
ly free from stone. Early autumn. Profusely productive.

The Sweet Damson is le.^s acid. The Winter Damson is
small, round, purple, bloom copious, with an ocid, slight-
ly astringent flavor ; it bears enormous crops, which hang
uninjured till late in autumn. The Damson makes good
preserves. There are several sub-varieties.

Elfrey. Eather small, oval, blue ; flesh greenish, very
sweet, dry, firm, very free from the stone; shoots smooth,
leaves glossy. Very productive. Not so good as Or-
leans.

How^ell's Eatily. Ratlier small, oval, slightly angular,
suture obsolete ; skin light brown, often greenish-yellow
in the shade ; bloom thin, blue; stalk three-fourths of
an inch long, slender, not sunk ; flesh amber-colored,
juicy, sweet, perfumed, free from the small, oval stone.
Quite early, ripening a little before the Morocco and Ear-
ly Orleans. Shoots slender, grey, downy ; tree very pro-
ductive. Newburgh, N, Y.

Judso7i. Rather small, roundish, slightly oval, base a little
flattened, suture indistinct; surface a handsome damask
or pink, slightly mottled ; stalk one inch long, slender,
cavity small, rather deep ; flesh juicy, rich, vinous, high-
flavored, free from the rather large stone. Ripens a few
days before the Green Gage. Origin, Lansingburgh, N.
Y. New.

Queen Mother. Small, round, an inch in diameter, dark
purplish red ; stalk half an inch long ; flesh yellowish,
sweet, rich, free from the quite small stone. Rather late.
Shoots gmooth, growth, rather feeble.

Schenectady Catherine. Size small or nearly medium,
roundish, slightly narrowed to the apex; suture rather
shallow ; skin deep purple-violet in the shade, slightly
netted on the sunny side; stalk three-fourths of an inch
long, slender, cavity deep, narrow; flesh greenish-yellow,
melting, sweet, rich, excellent, next to the Green Gage

THE PLUM. 343

in quality, and ripening at the same time. Shoots rather
slender, smooth. Origin, Schenectady, N. Y. New.
This is a quite distinct variety, often, reproducing itself
from seed, not perceptibly varying from the parent.

Class II. Flesh adhering to the stone.
Section I. Fiuit large,

Brevoort's Purple. {Syn. New-York Purple.) Large, oval,
suture distinct at base; skin reddish, with a violet bloom;
stalk three-fourths of an inch long, cavity deep, nar-
row ; flesh soft, juicy, sub-acid, moderately rich, second-
rate. Season medium. Shoots long, smooth; tree pro-
ductive. Origin, New- York.

Duane's Purple. Very large, oblong-oval, longer on one
side ; slightly narrowed towards the base ; skin reddish
purple, bloom lilac; stalk three-fourths of an inch long,
slender, cavity narrow; flesh juicy, moderately sweet, of
second-rate flavor, adhering mostly to the stone. Kather
early, ripening with the Washington. Shoots very dow-
ny, leaves large, downy beneath. Popular from its large
size and handsome appearance. Origin, Duanesburgh,
N.Y.

Goliath. Large, roundish oblong or oval, enlarged on one
side ; skin deep red, approaching blue or purple ; bloom
thin, blue ; stalk half or three-fourth's of an inch long,
cavity very deep, distinct ; flesh yellowish, mostly adher-
ing to the stone, juicy, coarse, sub-acid. Season medium.
Shoots grey, very hairy, leaves narrow. Productive.

Gwalsh. Large, obovate, regular, suture obscure ; skrn
rich dark purple, bloom blue ; stalk three-fourths of an
inch long, slightly sunk ; flesh yellow, juicy, sub-acid,
second-rate. Rather early. Shoots nearly smooth. New-
Jersey.

Smith's Orleans. Large, oval, slightly wider at base, a little
irregular, suture deep on one side ; skin reddish-purple,
becoming very dark, bloom deep blue ; stalk small, slen-
der ; cavity narrow, deep ; flesh deep yellow, slightly

344 THE PLUM.

' firm, juicy, rich, nearly first-rate. Shoots vigorous, straight,
glossy reddish purple ; leaves dark green, crimpled. Ri-
pens the last week of summer. Productive in nearly all
soils. Long Island.

Hovey considers this identical with Cooper's Plum, of Coxe
and others.

Nectarine. Large, regular, roundish; skin purple, bloom
blue; stalk half an inch long, stout; fles'h dull greenish-
yellow, often tinged with red, rather coarse, rich, acid,
partly adhering to the stone. Rather early. Shoots
nearly smooth, leaves broad. Quite distinct from the
Peach Plum of the preceding class.

Royal Tours. (Si/w. Royale de Tours.) Large, roundish,
suture deep, half round, one side swollen ; a while de-
pressed point at apex; skin red in the shade, deep violet
in the sun, bloom copious, blue; stalk half to three-fourths
of an inch long, cavity narrow; flesh greenish-white,
rather firm, juicy, rich, high-flavored, adhering closely
to the large, oval, flattened stone. Quite early; shoots
quite downy. Valuable for its earliness and good quali-
ty. The genuine sort is very rare. French.

Section II. Fruit medium i7i size.

Blue Imperatrice. {Syn. Imperatrice.) Size, medium,
obovate, narrowed to the base in a somewhat obconic
neck ; skin deep purple, bloom copious, blue ; stalk three-
fourths of an inch long, slightly sunk ; flesh greenish-
yellow, rather firm, not juicy, rich, sugary ; ripening very
late, and hanging till nearly winter.

The variety known erroneously as the Semiana or Blue Itri"
peratrice of Boston, and disseminated as such, differs from
the true Imperatrice in its shorter and smaller neck, much
shorter and not sunk stalk, and more acid flavor. It is
very productive, and a good very late culinary sort.

Blue Perdrigon. (Syn. Violet Perdrigon.) Medium in
size, oval, slightly narrowed at base, skin reddish, be-
coming purple, with many brown dots ; bloom whitish,
very copious ; stalk three-fourths of an inch long^, cavity

THE PLUM.

343

small ; flesh greenish-yellow, rather firm, rich, sweet,
good. Season medium. Shoots down}'.

Corse's Admiral. Medi.im or rather large, oval, slightly
obovate, much larger on one side ; skin light purple, with
yellow specks ; bloom pale lilac ; stalk three-fourths to aa
inch long, hairy, slightly sunk ; flesh greenish-yellow,
juicy, sprightly, second-rate. Rather late. Productive.
Shoots quite downy. Origin, Montreal.

Corse's Field Marshal. Medium or rather large, oval,
bright purplish red, handsome ; stalk rather slender,
three-fourths of an inch long, slightly sunk; flesh green-
ish-yellow, juicy, sub-acid, adhering closely to the long,
pointed stone. Season medium. Origin, Montreal.

Domine DulL {Syn. German Prune, of some.) Size me-
dium, long-oval, suture very obscure; skin very dark purple,
bloom blue; stalk three-fourths of an inch long, scarcely
sunk ; flesh juicy, becoming dry, rich, sweet, good. Pro-
fusely productive. Rather late. Origin, Kingston, N. Y.

IcKwoRTH Imperatrice. Medium or rather large, obovate,
purple, with irregular streaks of fawn color ; stalk me-
dium ; flesh greenish-yellow, sweet, juicy, rich, mostly
adhering to the rather small stone. Very late, keeping
into winter, becoming dryer and sweeter. Shoots smooth*
English.

Lombard. (52//^. Bleecker's Scarlet.) Size medium, some-
times rather large,
round-oval, slightly flat-
tened at ends, suture
obscure ; skin violet
red ; stalk very slen-
der,half to three-fourths
of an inch long, cavity
broad; flesh deep yel-
low, pleasant, not rich,
but of fine quality. Ra-
ther early or medium,
in season, ripening a
week or two before the
end of summer. Har-
dy, very prolific, well

Fig. 264— Fr(W« Gage

Fig- 265 — Lombard or
Bleecker^s Scarlet.

346 THE PLU3I.

adapted to light soils, — valuable. Shoots thrifty, quite
smooth or g'ossv, bhight purple ; leaves much crumpled.
Origin, Albany, N. Y.
This is a strongly fixed variet\', and has in many instances
produced seedlings very closely resembling itself.

Long Scarlet. (Syn. Scarlet Gage, Red Gage erroneously.)
Size medium, oblong-obovate, elongated, one side swol-
len, base narrow ; skin bright red, bloom fine lilac ; stalk
three-fourths of an inch long, cavity narrow; flesh deep
yellow, acid, becoming rather rich and sweet, of second-
rate flavor, but makes beautiful bright red jelly. Season
medium. Shoots downy. Orange co., N. Y.

Peoly's Early Blue. Size medium, oblong, suture very ob-
scure ; skin dark blue, blootn light blue ; stalk short ;
flesh yellow, pleasant, second-rate, adhering partially to
the bluntly terminated stone. Earl3\ Slioots very
downy. Mass.

Suisse. {Syii. Prune Suisse, Swiss Plum, Simiana, Mon-
sieur i?ardif.) Medium or rather large, round, suture
broad, shallow ; a sunk point at apex ; skin lively violet
red, thickly dotted, and slightly marbled ; bloom blue,
copious ; stalk three-fourths to an inch long, cavity wide ,
flesh crackling and melting, flavor brisk, rich, slightly
sharp, adhering to the thick, rough-edged stone. Quite
late. Shoots smooth. Distinct from the " Semiana," of
Boston.

Section III. Fruit small.

ALmcrican Wheat. Quite small, globular, pale blue, bloom
white, stalk slender, half an inch long, flesh greenish,
melting, juicy, sweet, second-rate, dropping when ripe.
Season, medium. Very productive. Shoots slender,
smooth, leaves small, light colored. Mass.

Cherry. {Syn. Early Scarlet, Myrobolan.) Small, (one
inch diameter,) round, remotely heart-shaped, bright red, •
bloom faint ; stalk short and slender ; cavity narrow ;
flesh juicy, slightly fibrous, soft, melting, sub-acid, not
rich, second-rate, adhering to the oval, pointed stone*

THE PLUM. 347

Ripens very early or about •midsuminer, its only value.
This is a distinct species, [Prunus cerasifera,) and is
distinguished by its smooth, slender shoots, small bushy
head, and narrow leaves. There are several varieties.
The Golden Cherry Flr/m, (Market Plum, of Hoffy,) is
heart-shaped, yellow, speckled with scarlet in the sun,
productive, and slightly earlier than the common cherry
plum.

J arly Tours. (Syn. Prccoce de Tours, Early Violet.) Me-
dium or small, deep purple, bloom copious, blue; stalk
half an inch long, caviiy narrow; flesh dull yeliow,
slightly fibrous, rather sweet, melting, good. Quite ear-
ly. Shoots downy.

Frost Gage. Rather small, round-oval, suture distinct on
one side ; skin deep purple, bloom thin ; stalk half to
three-fourths of an inch long, scarcely sunk ; flesh juicy,
sub-acid, becoming sweet, melting, of fine but not of the
highest flavor ; very valuable from its hardiness, late ma-
turity, and great productiveness. Shoots smooth, rather
slender; tree tall, upright. Eighteen hundred dollars,
says Downing, were received by a single farmer near
Newburgh, for one year's crop of this plum.

ADDITIONAL VARIETIES.

Muscle. Fruit oblong, dark red, stone large, flesh thin, of
poor flavor. This plum is used only for stocks.

Sloe, {Prunus spinosa.) Fruit small, nearly globular, dark
violet, bloom thick, flesh very acid and powerfully astrin-
gent. A large shrub, ten or twelve feet high, thorny ;
flowers abundant, ornamental. The double flowering is
rather smaller, and more beautiful. Some writers, with
too much poetical freedom, speak of the common plum,
{Pru7ius domestica,) as an ameliorated sort from the
" austere sloe," which being a distinct species, such a
change is impossible.

Red Chicasaw. {Prunus Chicasa.) Small, roundish, light
red, flesh meltings, soft, pleasant. Ripens soon after mid-

C4S THE PLUM.

Mimmer. Another variety produces yellow fruit. Tree
low, spreading, bushv, thorny; leaves narrow-lanceolate,
somewhat in shape like those of a peach. A native of the
Western States.

Wild Red or Yellow Plum. {Prumcs americana.) There
a^e many wild varieties of this species, the fruit varying
from roundish to oval, and presenting various shades of

' color, mostly light red. Some have a pleaisant, rich,
sweet, or sub-acid pulp. Tree 10 to 15 feet high, leaves
ovate, coarsely serrate, branches somewhat thorny. Ri-
pens latter part of summer. The quality of the fruit is
improved by cultivation. It is sometimes used as stocks
for the plum and apricot.

The Beach Plum, {Primus maritima.) Fruit nearly me-
dium in size, varying from reddish to dark purple, plea-
sant, astringent. A shrub with stout straggling branches;
leaves oblong-ovate. A native of the sea-coast of the
northern and middle states.

CHAPTER VII.

THE CHERRY.

Propagation. The cultivated varieties of the cherry con-
sist of two distinct classes of sorts ; the first comprising the
Mazzards, Hearts, and Bigarreaus, is characterized usually
by the tall upright growth and pyramidal form of the tree,
by the large, vigorous, and straight young branches, and by
a sweet or bitter, but not a sour taste. The second class, or
round- fruited, including the Dukes, Morellos, and the com-
mon pie cherry, has small, irregular, and thickly growing
branches, and a decidedly acid fruit. Observation will
soon enable any one to distinguish the?e two classes, even
where the trees are not more than a foot in height. It is
the former only that are valuable as stocks for grafting and
budding, on account of their straight and rapid growth.*

The stones, as soon as they are taken from the fruit,
should be dried only enough to prevent mouldiness, and
then mixed with an equal quantity of clean moist sand.
This will preserve a proper degree of moisture, and allow
the easy separation of the stones in planting. The best way
to keep them till spring, is to bury them in shallow pits on
a dry spot of ground, covering them with flat stones and a
few inches of earth.

The seed may be planted in autumn or spring. If in au-
tumn, the ground should be dry, and entirely free from all
danger of becoming flooded or water-soaked. Unless, the soil

* Attempts are not unfrequently made to propagate the common cherry on the
wild Black Cherry, (Cerasus virginiana,) or on the Choke Clierry, (C- serotina.)
Such attempts prove to be failures, the sorts being too dissimilar in their natures to
fiivor union. These two species, it will be observed, have racemose inflorescence,
while in the cultivated cherry ilie flowers are simply in fascicles or umbels. Some of
the wild species, (as the Sand Cherry, C. pubescens,) having the latter kind of inflo-
rescence, have been successfully used as stocks, and their adopiiou might possibly
prove uaeful at the south and west, where the Heart cherries fail

350

THE CHERRY.

is quite light, the seeds should be covered with black mould
to prevent tlie formation of a hard crust upon the surface
w hich would prevent the young plants from breaking through.
But, usuall}^ spring is the best season, if the phmting iu
done the moment the frost is out of the ground ; for thft>
seeds sprout and grow on the first approach of warm wea-
ther. The dislance should be the same as for the peach
and apple ; and nearly the same directions are applicable to
their management in the nursery rows.

Good seedlings, averaging a foot and a half high, maybe
transplanted from the seed beds when a year old, and if well
cultivated in good soil, may be budded the same season.
Where the buds fail, the trees may be grafted the following
spring.

Budding can only succeed with tjirifty, freely growing:
stocks, and with well matured buds. About the time, or a
little after the most vigorous stage of growth, or just as the
terminal buds on the shoots commence forming, is the most
successful period. If earlier, the buds will usually be too
soft ; if later, the bark will not peel freely, nor the Luds ad-
here well. This period usually commences about mid-sum-
mer, and continues, under the various influences of season
and soil, for two or three weeks, and sometimes more than
a month. Success will be found to depend also upon cut-
ting out with the bud, a larger portion of the wood than
common with other budding, or equal to at least one-third
the diameter of the shoot. This will be found particularly
useful where the buds are slightly immature, retaining in
them a larger portion of moisture, and preventing their
curling off* from the stock.

Great difficulty is often experienced in successfully graft-
ing the cherry. It succeeds well, if performed very early in
the spring, before the slightest swelling of the buds, and
before the frost has disappeared from the ground. After
this period it is greatly liable to failure.

In propagating the slower-growing, round-fruited varie-
ties, good trees are often soonest obtained by grafting or
budding them at standard height into large straight stocks.
If grafted, they soon form a handsome head; if budded,

THE CHERRY. 25.

care must be taken by judicious pruning to prevent the
young shoots from growing all on one side.

Pruning the cherry- except t) form the head, is rarely
needed. When necessary, midsumrwer is found to be the
most favorable season, and least attended with the exudation
of gum.

SOIL.

In the northern states, the cherry bein o- a very hardy tree,
will thrive in nearly all good soils. But a drye?- soil than
for most other species is found preferable; a sandy or
gravelly loam is best. In wet places, or on water-soaked
sub-soils, it does not flourish, and soon perishes.

DWARF CHERRIES.

These are, as yet, cultivated to a limited extent in this
country. They are chiefly adapted to village gardens, or
other grounds of limited extent, as they may be set as near
each other as five or six feet. They may be easily covered
with netting, and thus protected from the birds, and what
is most rare and desirable, the fruit permitted to remain un-
til fully ripe, so important to the flavor of all cherries of an
acid character.

The stocks used for this purpose are the " Perfumed
Cherry " or Prunes Mahdieb, which also possesses the ad-
vantage of flourishing on heavy clay ground. The grafts
will usually grow quite vigorously foi' two or three seasons,
but they soon form dwarf, prolific bushes ; their branches
being so pruned that seven, nine, or more, may come out
from the centre of the plant, like a well-managed goose-
berry bush. These branches will put forth, early in sum-
mer, as in the horizontal shoots of pyramidal pears, several
shoots at their extremities, all of which must be pinched
off to within two or three buds of their base, leaving the
leading shoots untouched till near the close of summer,
when they must be shortened to eight or ten buds. The
Heart and Biofarreau cherries maybe left of one-half great-
er length than the Dukes and Morellos, which are of smaller
habit of growth ; and where the space is small, the trees
may be root-pruned and kept withni a very limited space.*

♦ Rivers' Minialure Fruit Garden.

352

THE CIIIlRIiy.

The cultivation of dwarf cherries would greatly facilitate
the use of net screens for covering- entire orchards, as some-
times practiced in Holland and England. The boundary
fence is niade of wire (or wood) lattice, so as to exclude
small birds. At regular distances, through the enclosed
area, are inserted into the earth, wooden or tile sockets for
the reception of poles or props to support the net. These
poles have a small circular board each nailed on their lops,
to prevent injury to the netting. The boundary fence is
supplied with hooks, to which the net is readily attached.
When the cherries begin to ripen, it is elevated on several
of the poles, each carried by a man, and spread over the
garden, the rest of the poles being easily inserted in their
sockets afterwards. All birc^s are thus completely excluded.
During rain or dewy evenings, the net is stretched to its ut-
most extent, as indicated by the dotted lines in the annexed
figure :

Fisr. 266.

Birds excluded from miniature cherry orcliaid by net saeen.

[n dry weather, it is slackened, and forms a festooned vault
over the whole cherry garden. Its durability is increased
by soaking it in tan once a year.* Ten square rods of
ground, comprised within a circle of fifty-nine feet in diam-
eter, would contain forty dwarf cherry trees at eight feet
distance, or ninety trees at five feet distance.

THE DISEASES AND ENEMIES,

To which the cherry is liable at the North, are few and not
formidable. After the young trees are procured, they are
consequently of remarkabl}' sr.fe and easy cultivation.

There are, however, son:e varieties which are liable to
black excrescences on the branches, which, gradually increas-
ing and extending, destroy the tree. The only means of
arresting their progress, and which, when vigorously sfnd

♦ Loudo))'s Sub Ilort.

THE CHERRT. 863

unremittingly applied, does not fail, is to cut ofTthe injured
branches at once, and commit them to the fire.

The black ayhis^ or plant louse, is often very injurious to
young trees in the nursery, causing a stunted and distorted
growth, and when abundant on newly grafted trees, some-
limes destroying ihem.

The best remedy is the application of whale-oil soap. A
teacupful is dissolved in a pail of water, and applied with a
syringe, or by the immersion of the infested branches, which
causes the immediate death of the insects, and must be re-
peated every few days till no more are found.

The " Cherry Slug,^^ (Fig- 267,) when in large numbers,
^ does serious injury by eating the leaves. This

^^ ^k animal, which appears to be the larva of an

^^^% ^ insect, is about half an inch long, and dark
greenish brown when filled with food. Its
^^' * smooth, shining, and jelly-like skin, and snail-
like appearance, have given it the name " Slug.^^ It may
be repelled by dusting the cherry leaves regularly, while
wet with dew, with dry fresh ashes.

The curculio, so destructive to the plum and apricot, some-
times injures young fruit. The orchard caterpillar often
defoliates the cherry tree. Remedies have been pointed out
in former chapters.

Sometimes the cherry crop is much lessened by long and
heavy rains^ at the period of the bursting of the anthers,
washing down the pollen, and preventing the fertilization of
the stigma and germ.

Jit the South and West^ most of the finer varieties of the
cherry do not flourish. This is supposed to be caused, at
the South, by the hot sun upon the trunk of rapidly grow-
ing and succulent trees, the wood of which does not mature
and harden sufficiently to withstand its effects. A partial
remedy has been found in sheathing the trunks with straw.
The Mayduke and a few other of the sour cherries, succeed
best. Grafting upon these hardy sorts, may prove useful.
A similar disaster is produced in many portions of the
Western States, caused, perhaps, by severe frost in addition
to the other named influences. On the fertile western soils,
where the growth is very rapid, the outer and more horny
portion of the bark does not expand fast enough, and firmlv

354 THE CHERRY.

binds the trunk, until suddenly ruptured by the increasing
pressure. It usually bursts and cracks open on the south-
west side, where the new growth swells out, and repeatedly
bursting, the tree finally perishes. Slitting open the bark
with a knife was found to produce this sudden swelling and
increased growth at the precise lines where the slits were
made, but afforded no relief at other places. It was only
by shaving off' evenly the whole surface of the hardened
bark, that the unnatural cracking and swelling out was pre-
vented.* Further experiments are needed in relation to
this subject; possibly a softening application to the hard
bark may be discovered ; and it may also be very necessary
where the outer portion is peeled or shaved off*, to protect
by a coaling of straw, the denuded surface.

* J. B. Turner, in Horticulturist. A similar result, but evenly distributed over
llie surface, and Hccorrjpanying healthy growth, occurs with ail old and rough-barked
forest trees, the exterior coaiuig becoming gradually and evenly furrowed

VARIETIES.

SYNOPSIS OF ARRANGEMENT.

DIVISION I. FRUIT HEART-SHAPED.

(Fruit inclining to sweet, tree vigorous and regular in growth.)

Class I. Heart Cherries.

(Flesh tender or half-lender.)

Sub-Class L Fruit Black, dark red, or crimson,

Section I. Fruit large.
Section II. Fruit medium.
Section III. Fruit smalL

- Sub' Class IL Fruit bright red, or lighter.

Section I. Fruit large.
Section 11. Fruit medium. .
Section III. Fruit small.

THE CHERRY. 355

Class II. Bigarreau Cherries.

(Flesh firm or rather hard.)

Sub-Class I. Fruit blacky dark red^ or crimson.

Section I. Fruit large.
Section 11. Fruit medium.
Section III. Fruit small.

Sub' Class II. Fruit bright red, or lighter.

Section I. Fruit large.
Section II. Fruit medium.
Section III. Fruit small.

DIVISION II. FRUIT ROUND.

(Fruit rather acid, tree of irregular growth.)

Class I. Duke Cherries.

(Trees moftly upright, becoming partly spreading, fruit often approaching heart-
shaped.)

Section I. Fruit large.
Section II, Fruit medium.
Section III. Fruit small.

Class II. Morello Cherries.

(Treies usually spreading, very irregular, shoots small, wiry, fruit nearly round.)

Section I. Fruit large.
Section II. Fruit medium.
Section III. Fruit small.

The two classes of the second division are not very dis-
tinctly separated ; the chief distinction being in the growth
of the tree. Most varieties of the first division are quite
distinct ; — a few, as the Madison Bigarreau, Downton, and
White Bigarreau, possess intermediate qualities.

Season of Ripening. Early y as Black Tartarian, and
American Heart ; medium^ as Graffion or Bigarreau, and
Black Eagle ; late^ as Elkhorn and Downer's Late. Quali-
fying terms sub-divide and extend these periods.

356

THE CHERRY.

DIVISION I. FRUIT HEART-SHAPED.

Class I. Heart Cherries.
Sub-class L Fr'uit Hack, dark-red, or crimson.

Section I.

Fruit large.

BLACK EAGLE. Rather large, obtuse heart-shaped, round-
ish, nearly black ; stalk an inch and a half long, rather
slender, slightly sunk ; flesh dark, deep purplish crimson,

Fig 268.
May Bigarreau.

Fig. 269.
KnighVs Early Black.

Fig. 270.
Early Purple Guigne.

Fig. 271.
Black Tartarian.

Fi». 272.
Black Eagle.

with a very rich, high, excellent flavor. Season me
dium, (1st of 7 mo.) Shoots stout, diverging or spread-
ing. A cross of the Graflion and Mayduke. English.
Not always of the highest character.

THE CHERRY. 357

BLACK TARTARIAN. {Sijn. Frazer's Black Tartarian,
Black Circassian, Black Russian, Ronald's Large Black
Heart, Ronald's Heart.) Quite large, (often an inch in
diameter,) on crowded old trees only medium; heart-
shaped, often rather obtuse, surface slightly uneven, near-
ly or quite black ; stalk an inch and a half long, slightly
sunk ; flesh dark, half tender, with a peculiar liver-like
consistency, rich, nearly destitute of acid, of very fine, but
not of the highest flavor. Ripens early, or about the
middle of 6 mo., (June.) Shoots very erect. The vigo-
rous growth and great productiveness of the tree and the
large size and mild sweet flavor of the fruit, rer- -er this
variety a general favorite.

KNIGHT'S EARLY BLACK. Large, obtuse, heart-
shaped, surface slightly uneven, black ; stalk an inch and
a fourth or an inch and a half long, rather stout, cavity
deep, narrow; flesh dark purplish crimson, tender, juicy,
with a very rich, high, excellent flavor. Ripens quite
early, or a little before the Black Tartarian. Shoots di-
verging or spreading. Much resembles the Black Eagle,
but larger, earlier, more heart-shaped, and with a much
deeper cavity. English. In some localities, it appears to
need a rich soil and warm situation to develope its excel-
lence.

Oxheart (of the English. Large, obtuse, heart-shaped, dark
red, half tender, of. second quality. Rare in this country.
The name Oxheart is erroneously applied here to the
White Pigarreau and to several large worthless sorts.

Waterloo. Large, obtuse, heart-shaped, dark purple be-
coming black ; stalk long, slender, flesh purplish red ;
flavor rich, sweet, and excellent. Rather late. Tree
spreading, a moderate bearer. Spurious sorts are often
disseminated under this name. English.

Section II. Fruit medium in size.

Black Heart. Medium or rather large ; heart-shaped, slight-
ly irregular ; blackish crimson, becoming black ; stalk an
inch and a half long, moderately sunk, tender when ripe

35S THE CHERRY.

with a high, nearly first-rate flavor. Season medium or

rather early. Productive and hardy ; growth rather

erect.
Manning's Early Black Hearty resembles the preceding in

nearly all points, but is a week earlier.
Dave?iporfs Uarly, closely resembles Black Heart, but is a

few days earlier, and the leaves are larger and lighter

green.

Early Purple Guigne. Size medium, round heart-shaped,
distinctly dotted when ripening, dark red, becoming near-
ly black; flesh dark, lender, juicy, rich, sweet. Growth
less vigorous than most heart cherries, shoots dark brown,
spreading; leaves rather small, drooping on long petioles.
Very early, ripening with May Bigarreau.

Gascoine's Heart. {Syn. Bleeding Heart, of Lindle5\) Size
medium, long heart-shaped, with a small, clear drop at
apex, dark red, half tender, second-rate in flavor. A poo/
bearer. Season medium.

Section III. Fruit small.

Black Mazzard. (Syn. Mazzard, Wild English Cherry.)
Small, oval heart-shaped, sides a little compressed ; color,
black ; stalk long, slender, slightly inserted, flesh soft,
bitter. Late. Valuable for stocks.

The White Mazzard, of Manning, nearly resembles the
preceding except in its light color.

Black Corone. Rather small, round heart-»shaped, dull
black ; stalk two inches long, slender, cavity narrow,
deep ; flesh dark crimson purple, tender when ripe, of
second or third quality. Late. This is merely an im-
proved Mazzard, intermediate between the common Maz-
zard and the Black Heart. The latter is sometimes cul-
tivated under the name of Corone.

May Bigarreau. {Syn. Baumann's May of Downing, Bigar-
reau de Mai.) Rather small, oval heart-shaped, becom-

- ing as it ripens nearly round ; color deep red, becoming
black; stalk an inch and ihree-fourths long, rather stout
at the ends, caviiv narrow ^esh dark crimson, juicy,

THE CHERRY-. 359

rather sweet, not high-flavored. Very early. Produc-
tive. Shoots spreading, brown, resembling in color those
of the Mayduke.

Sub-Class IT. Fruit bright red, or lighter.

Section I. Fruit large.

DOWNTON. Large, round heart-shaped, apex quite ob-
tuse, or slightly indented ; light cream color, stained with
red ; stalk an inch and three-fourths or two inches long,
slender ; cavity wide ; flesh yellowish, tender, adhering
slightly to the stone, rich, delicious.- Season medium or
rather late. Growth rather spreading.

Ohio Beauty. Very large, oblate-heart-shaped ; dark red
on a pale red ground, somewhat marbled, very iiandsome ;
stalk an inch and a half long, rather stout, cavity wide
and deep; flesh white, tender, juicy, with a fine flavor.
Early, or about ten days before Napoleon Bigarreau, which
it about equals in size. Origin, Cleveland, Ohio. New.

Roberts' Red Heart. Large, obtuse heart-shaped, bright
red, cavity rather wide, flesh red, flavor ex(fellent. Ra-
ther late. Origin, Salem, Mass.

Section IL Fruit medium in size.

American Amber. {Sy7i. Bloodgood's Honey.) Size medi-
um, round heart-shaped, very regular, apex slightly sunk,
skin thin, smooth, glossy; color light amber, becoming
mottled and shaded with bright red; stalk two inches
long, slender, slightly sunk ; flavor pleasant, usually sec-
ond-rate, sometimes very good, variable on the same tree.
Productive. Season medium. Origin, Flushing. N. Y.

Coe's Transparent. Size medium, nearly globular, very
regular ; skin thin, pale amber, reddened in the sun, with
peculiar pale spots, cr b'otches , stalk nearly an inch and
a half long, moderateiy sunk, very tender, melting, sweet,
excellent. Early, just before Black Tartarian. Growth,
thrifty, upright. Origin, Middletown, Conn. New.

Doctor. Size medium, round heart-shaped ; color light
yellow and red, blended and mottled; stalk an inch and

. 16

860

THE CHERRY.

a half long ; cavity round, regular ; flesh white, tender,
juicy, sweet, fine. Very early. Resembles American
Heart, but two weeks earlier. Growth moderate, spread-
ing, leaves narrow. Origin, Cleveland, Ohio. New.

DOWNER'S LATE. {Syn. Downer, Downer's Late Red.)
Size medium, round heart-shaped, smooth, red, light am-
ber in the shade ; stalk an inch and a half long, slightly

Fijf. 273.
Coc^s Transparent.

Fip. 274.
Early While Heart.

Fig. 275.
Downton.

Fig. 276.
Dotvner^s Late.

Fi>. 2~7.
Sparhau'k''s Honey,

sunk ; fruit in clusters ; flesh tender, melting, rich, very
high-flavored— not good till fully ripe. Lat°e. Growth
erect. Origin, Dorchester, Mass.

Early White Heart. Medium, or rather small, heart-
shaped, slightly oblong, often a little one-sided, suture
distmct ; color dull whitish yellow, tinged and spotted
With pale red; stalk an inch and three-fourths lon^.

THE CHERRY. 361

cavity wide, shallow; flesh rather firm, tender when
ripe, sweet, pleasant. Quite early. Growth erect.
Bowyer's Early Heart, Arden's Early Heart, and Rivers'
Early Amber, are either identical with the Early White
Heart, or differ in no essential point.

ElliotVs Favorite. Size medium, round, regular, slightly
compressed ; color pale amber yellow, with a bright, mar-
bled, carmine-red cheek ; stalk an inch and a half long,
cavity even and regular ; flesh pale amber, translucent,
tender, delicate, juicy, with a sweet, fine flavor. Season
medium, ripening with Belle de Choisy. Shoots vigor-
ous, diverging. Origin, Cleveland, Ohio. New.

Hyde's Red Heart. Size medium, heart-shaped ; color be-
coming a lively red, tender, pleasant. Shoots strong.

New.

Majinin^'s Mottled. (Syn. Mottled Bigarreau.) Medium
or rather large, round-heart-shaped, suture distinct ; color
amber shaded and mottled with red ; semi-transparent,
glossy ; stalk slender, cavity shallow ; flesh yellow, ten-
der when ripe, sweet, with a good flavor, often only sec-
ond-rate. Stone rather large. Season, medium. Shoots
dark. Productive. Origin, Salem, Mass.

Sparhawk's Honey. Medium in size, round-heart-shaped,
regular; surface glossy, pale amber, becoming lively red;
stalk an inch and a half long, rather slender, cavity
round, even; flesh juicy, delicate, sweet, of fine flavor.
Rather late. Very productive. Origin, Brighton, Mass.

Sweet Montmorency. Medium in size, round, slightly flat-
tened at base, with a depressed point at apex ; color pale
amber, mottled with light red ; stalk an inch and three-
fourths long, slender, cavity small, even; flesh yellowish,
tender, sweet, excellent. Season very late or past mid-
summer. Approaches somewhat in character the Morel-
lo. Origin, Salem, Mass.

White Tartarian. Size medium, or rather small ; obtuse
heart-shaped ; skin pale yellow or cream color, not red-
dened by the sun ; stalk an inch and a half long, slen-
der ; flesh somewhat pellucid, whitish yellow, half ten-
der, with a second-rate, slightly bitter flavor.

362 THE CHEERY.

There are several sorts known in this country as White Tar-
tarian, differing from, and mostly superior to the genu-
ine, the best of which, considerably cultivated in Western
New- York, is of medium size or rather small, round-
heart-shaped, light pink in the shade, darker to the sun;
flesh tender, with a sweet, excellent flavor ; a profuse
bearer ; growth rather slender, nearly erect.

Section III. Fruit small.

Amber Gean. Small, obtuse heart-shaped, regular, pellu-
cid, pale yellow shaded with faint red, stalk long, slen-
der, flesh white, sweet, pleasant ; very productive ; late.

Honey. {Syii. Late Honey, Yellow Honey, Large Honey.)
Small, roundish oval, yellowish marbled with red, becom-
ing deep amber red; stalk long, slender, scarcely sunk ;
flesh tender, exceedingly sweet ; a second or third-rate
variety. Quite late. Very productive.

Tra7isparent Giiigne. {Si/7i. Transparent Gean.) Rather
small, ovate, slightly heart-shaped, regular; skin thin,
glossy, pellucid, yellowish white, delicately blotched with
pale red ; suture distinct ; stalk rather long, slender,
slightly sunk; flesh high-flavored and fine, slightly bitter
before ripe. Season rather late. Growth becoming
spreading, tree productive.

Class IL Bigarreau Cherries.

Suh'Class L Fruit black, dark red, or crimson.

Section L Fruit large.

Large Heart-shaped Bigarreau. {Syn. Bigarreau Gros
Coeuret, Bigarreau Gros Monstreux.) Large, heart-
shaped, suture often a raised line ; surface yellow, with
red streaks, becoming blackish shining red ; cavity shal-
low; flesh firm, purplish, bitter, becoming fine and rich ;
stone rather large. Late. French. Rare.

Manning's Late Black. Large, roundish, skin deep purple
nearly black, flesh purplish, rather firm, moderately juicy
and sweet. Late. Origin, Salem, Mass,

THE CHERRY. I 63

Elhhorn. (Syn. Tradescant's Black-Heart, Large Black
Bigarreau.) Large, heart-shaped, surface slightly une»
veil, black, stalk rather short, or an inch and a fourth
long, cavi:y rather deep; flesh solid firm, not juicy, with
a high, fine flavor, bitter before fully ripe. Kather late.
Shoots dark gray.

Section II. Fruit medium in size.

Black Bigarreau. Size medium, heart-shaped, black, re-
sembling externally the Black Heart ; flesh firm, rather
dry, flavor poor. Rather late.

The Black Bigarreau of Savoy scarcely differs from this.

Gridley. {Sj/n. Apple Cherry.) Size medium, roundish,
black ; stalk rather short, cavity shallow ; flesh purplish,
firm, moderately juicy, rather high-flavored. Stone small.
Late. Profusely productive, but only second-rate. Ori
gin, Roxbury, Mass.

WendeWs Mottled Bigarreau. Medium or rather large, ob-
tuse heart-shaped, dark red becoming nearly black, mot-
tled with dark streaks or points ; suture a dark line on
one side ; stalk medium ; cavity round, regular ; flesh
firm, crisp, high-flavored ; stone small. Rather late
Growth upright. Albany, N. Y. New.

Sub-class II. Fruit bright red or lighter.

BIGARREAU OR GRAFFION. (Syn. Yellow Spanish
White Bigarreau of Mass.) Very large, often an inch in
diameter, obtuse heart-shaped, very smooth, regular, base
flattened ; surface clear, pale waxen yellow, with a hand-
some light red cheek to the sun ; stalk an inch and three-
fourths long, cavity very wide, shallow ; flesh firm, with a
fine, rich flavor. Season medium, or last of > mo., (June.)
Shoots stout, diverging or spreading. This variety, al-
though not of the highest flavor, has become, from its great
size, beauty, and productiveness, a general favorite.

The Late Bigarreau. originated with Dr. Kirtlanc!, of Cleve-
Snd, resembles this, but is slightly less w size, deepef
id, and ripens about ten days latex*

364

THE CIlEnaY.

Fig. 281.
Bigarreau or Graffimt.

Cleveland Bigarreau. Very large, round-heart-shaped,
suture broad and deep half way round ; color, bright
clear, delicate red, or amber yellow ; stalk an inch and a
half long, curved; flesh firm, juicy, sweet, very rich.
Season early, or with Black Tartarian, Resembles the
Graffion, but ten days earlier. Origin, Cleveland, O
New.

ELTON. Large, pointed, heart-shaped, saiiiewhat oblong,
pale yellow blotched and shaded with red ; stalk two
inches long, slender ; flesh firm, becoming rather tender,
rich, high-flavored, excellent. Season medium or rather
early. Growth spreading, rather bending, petioles red-
dish purple. A cross between the Graffion and White
Heart. One of the finest of cherries. English. Ra-
ther tender in very severe climates.

The Flesh-Colored Bigarreau, or the Large Heart-Shaped
Bigarreau of Manning, the Bigarreau Couleur de Chai

THE CHERRY. 365

of the French, very nearly resembles or is identical with
the Elton.
Florence. {Sy?i. Knevett's Late.) Large, heart-shaped,
regular, smooth, amber yellow marbled with red, and
with a red cheek ; stalk an inch and a half long ; flesh
firm, juicy, sweet ; season, rather late. Resembles Graf-
fion, but hardly so large, and ten days later.

Holland Bigarreau. {Syn. Spottel Bigarrean.) Large,
rather oblong-heart-shaped, apex somewhat pointed; sur-
face whitish in the shade, mottled and spotted red next
the sun; stalk an inch and a half long, slender, cavity
large and deep ; fruit in thick clusters ; flesh firm, sweet
fine, but not of the highest flavor. Season a little before
medium. Leaves large and broad.

tiiRTLAND's Mary. Quite large, round heart-shaped, reg
ular, base somewhat flattened ; color light and dark red,
deeply marbled, on a yellow ground ; stalk an inch and
a fourth to an inch and a half long ; flesh light yellow,
half tender, rich, juicy, sweet, high-flavored. Season
medium, or with the Elton. Origin, Cleveland, Ohio.
New.

Large Red Bigarreau. Large, oblong-heart-shaped, surface
uneven, one side swollen, shoulders projecting, svitures
distinct ; stalk large, cavity large and deep ; skin yellow-
ish, dotted and streaked with red in the shade, dark red
in the sun; flesh yellowish, red at the stone, firm, rich^
of fine flavor. Rather late. Growth very strong. French.
Rare.

Napoleon Bigarreau. Very large, regularly heart-shaped,
remotely oblong ; skin pale yellow and amber, spotted
and shaded with deep red ; stalk very short, an inch and
a fourth long ; flesh very firm, with a fine but hardly
•first rate flavor. Rather late. Shoots with a light green-
ish cast. Growth rather erect, vigorous. Very produc-
tive, and good for market, but too firm and deficient in
flavor for the small garden.

ROCKPORT BIGARREAU. Quite large, round heart-
shaped ; color, when fully ripe, a beautiful clear red,
shaded with pale amber, with occasional spots ; stalk an

366

THE CHERRY.

inch and a half long, cavity wide ; flesh firm, juicy,
sweet, rich, with an excellent flavor. Season rather

early. Tree upright, vi-
gorous. Origin, Cleve-
land, Ohio ; one of the
best of Dr. Kirtland's
new seedlinofs.

Fig. QlS—Rnck'poTt
Bis'irreau.

279 — iSaj)dion
Eisarreau.

White Bigarreau. {Syn.
Large White Bigar-
reau, White Ox-Heart.)
Large, heart - shaped,
tapering to obtuse apex ;
suture distinct ; surface
slightly wavy, yellowish
white marbled with
red ; flesh moderately
firm, or half tender,
very rich and delicate.
Season medium. A
moderate bearer when
young, more productive
afterwards ; liable to crack after rain ; tree rather ten-
der ; growth spreading.

Section IL Fruit medium in size.

American Heart. Medium, or rather large, rectangular
heart-shaped ; color, light red or pink, mixed with am-
ber ; stalk nearly two inches long, slender, cavity small
and shallow ; flesh half tender, adhering to the rather
tough skin, juicy, sweet, fine, hardly first rate. Very
productive. Early.

F. K. Elliot says that the Swedish resembles the American
Heart, but ripens with the Mayduke.

Burros Seedling. Size medium, or rather large, distinct
heart-shaped, smooth, a fine deep clear red, often spotted
or marbled, stem an inch and a half long, cavity mode-
rate ; flesh half-tender, (about as firm as American Heart,
from which it probably originated,) sweet, rich, with a
fine flavor. Growth vigorous, very productive. Season
medium. Origin, Perrinton,^ N. Y. New.

THE CHERRY. 367

Butt7ier^s Yellow. Medium in size, roundish, somewhat ob-
tuse-cordate, base distinctly flattened ; surface clear pale
yellow, not reddened by the sun ; stalk short, flesh yel-
lowish, firm, crisp, sweet, good ; stone quite small. Late.
Growth vigorous. Origin, Halle, Germany.

China Bigarreau. Medium in size, oval-heart-shaped, some-
what roundish, suture distinct ; color, amber mottled with
red, becoming red ; stalk long, slender, cavity shallow ;
flesh half-tender when ripe, with a rather rich and pecu-
liar, second rate flavor. Season, rather late. Shoots spread-
ing. Origin, Flushing, L. I.

Vowjiing^s Red Cheek. Size medium or rather large, ob-
tuse heart-shaped, regular, suture distinct; color with a
broad crimson cheek ; stalk an inch and a half long, ca-
vity of medium size ; flesh half tender, delicate, sweet,
rich, nearly first rate. Rather early. Origin, Newburgh,
N. Y.

HiMcshei??i. {Syn. Hildesheim Bigarreau, Bigarreau Tar-
dif de Hildesheim.) Size medium ; heart-shaped ; color,
yellow mottled and marbled with red ; flesh yellow, firm,
sweet, agreeable. Very late. German.

Lady Southampton's Yellow. Size medium, heart-shaped
yellow with no tinge of red, flesh firm, not juicy, flavor
rather poor. Late.

Madison Bigarieau. Size medium, regular heart-shaped
amber yellow, dotted and marbled with red ; stalk rather
short, slender ; flesh half-tender, sweet, pleasant, of fine
flavor. Season medium or rather early. A good bearer.
Shoots spreading. Orig:n; Salem, Mass. Flesh almost
too tender to be included with the b:2"arreaus.

Section IIL Fruit small.

Remington. (Sy/z. Remington White Heart.) Small, heart-
shaped, yellow, rarely a faint red-cheek, rather dry, bit-
ter, worthless. Ripens about the end of summer or early
in autumn, its lateness being its only recommendation.
Origin, Rhode Island.

868

THE CHERRY.

DIVISION II. FRUIT ROUND.

Class I. Duke Cherries.

Section I. Fruit large.

Arch Duke. (Syn. Portugal Duke, Late Arch Duke.) Very
large, round-heart-shaped, slightly flattened, dark shining
red, becoming nearly black ; stalk an inch and a half long,
slender, deep-sunk ; flesh light red, when matured rich,
sub-acid, slightly bitter till fully ripe, of fine flavor, hardly
equal in quality to Mayduke. Season very late, or just
before midsummer. One fourth larger than Mayduke,
and tree more spreading, and with thicker and darker
foliage. Rare.

Belle Magnifique. Quite large, roundish, inclining to

heart-shaped ; color a fine rich
red, portions of the surface of-
ten a lighter hue ; stalk slender,
nearly two inches long, cavity
large ; flavor rather mild for
this class, fine, but not of the
highest quality. One of the
best late varieties, ripening
about midsummer. Productive.
Growth resembles that of the
Mayduke in form. French.

Belle de Choisy. Size medium,
round, very even, obscurely ob-
late ; skin thin, translucent,
showing the netted texture of
the flesh ; stalk rather short,
slender ; flesh pale amber, mot-
tled with yellowish red, becom-
ing in the sun, a fine cornelian
red; flesh very ter.der, very
juicy and melting, with a fine
mild, sub-acid flavor, becoming
nearly sweet ; season rather
early. Moderately productive ;
needs good cultivation. French.

Fig. Zeo.—Belh
dt Choisy.

Fig. 231.— Belt*
Magnijiqu*,

THE CHERRY. 369

Late Duke. Large, obtuse roundish heart-shaped, slightly
oblate ; color light, mottled with bright red at first, be-
coming rich dark red when ripe ; stalk an inch and a
half long, rather slender, cavity shallow; flesh pale am-
ber, sub-acid, not rich, much less so than Mayduke ; sea*
son very late, or a little after midsummer. Tree more
spreading than Mayduke, and foliage rather more com-
pact, approaching somewhat the character of a Morello.

Le Mercier, a new French variety, resembles Late Duke,
and ripens at the same time — it is roundish, remotely
heart-shaped, obtuse ; suture shallow, ending in a point
at apex ; surface light shining red, marbled with deeper
red — about second-rate.

MAYDUKE. Large, roundish, obtuse heart-shaped ; color
red at first, becoming when mature nearly black ; flesh
reddish, becoming dark purple, very juicy and melting,
rich, acid, excellent. It is frequently picked when red
immature, and not fully grown, and imperfect in fla-
vor. Quite early — but often varying greatly and perma-
nently in its season of ripening, even on the same tree.
Holman's Duke and Late Mayduke are only late varia-
tions perpetuated by grafting. Growth upright for a Duke.
Very hardy, and adapted to all localities.

Royal Duke. {Syn. Royal Tardive.) Very large, round'
ish, distinctly oblate, surface dark red; flesh reddish, ten-
der, juicy, rich; season rather late. Growth like the
Mayduke. Rare.

Much confusion has existed relative to the different Duke
cherries. Most of the sorts disseminated in this country are
only sub-varieties of the Mayduke. The Arch Duke and
the Late Duke are distinguished by their spreading branches ;
and the Mayduke and Royal Duke by their move upright or
fastigiate growth. The Late Duke is distinguished from
the Arch Duke, by its more oblate fruit, and from the May-
duke by its late maturity and paler flesh. The Royal Duke
is remarkable for its distinct oblate form

370 THE CHERRY-.

Section II. Fruit medium in size.

Jejfrerfs Duke. {Syn. Jeffrey's Royal, Royale.) Size me-
dium, round, obscurely oblate ; color a fine lively red ,
stalk medium ; flesh amber with a tinge of red, rich,
juicy, of fine flavor. Growth slow, very compact, fruit
in thick clusters ; season medium. Resembles Mayduke,
but smaller, rounder, and lighter colored. Rare in this
country.

Class II. Morellos.
Section I. Fruit large.

Carnation. Large, round, yellowish white, mottled and
marbled with fine orange red ; stalk an inch and a fourth
long, stout; flesh slighty firmer than most of this class,
a little bitter at first, becoming mild acid, and with a rich
fine flavor ; growth spreading; leaves resembling those
of a heart cherry. Very late, ripening about midsum
mer.

Prince's Duke is a large sub-variety, but a very poor bearer
and of little value,

Morello. {Syn. English Morello, Large Morello, Dutch
Morello.) Rather large, approaching medium; round,
obscurely heart-shaped ; dark red, becoming nearly black
flesh dark purplic^h crimson, of a rich acid, mixed with a
slight astringency. Season very late, or after midsum-
mer. In England, its ripening is retarded till autumn
by the shading of a wall. Rare in this country.

The common Morello is a smaller sub-variety, a little darker
and with smaller branches.

pLUMSTONE Morello. Large, roundish-heart-shaped ; co-
lor deep red ; stalk an inch and a half long, slender,
straight; cavity modeiate ; flesh reddish, of a rich acid
flavor. Very late, or after midsummer. Stone rather
long and pointed. The most valuable of the Morellos.

Rumsey^s Late Morello. Large, round heart-shaped, smooth,
polished, light red, becoming a lively red ; suture dis-
tinct ; stalk an inch and a half long, cavity rather nar-

THE CHERRY. 371

row and deep ; flesh juicy, very acid, stone like the Plum-
stone Morello. Very late, ripening at the end of sum-
mer and beginning of autumn. Too sour for the table,
culinary only. Origin, Fithkili, N. Y. New.

Section II. Fruit medium in size.

Buttner's October Morello. Size medium, round, flavoi
very acid, one of the latest cherries, ripening in autumn,
and unworthy of cultivation. Dutch. New.

Flemish. {Sy?i. Montmorency of Lind.) Size medium,
distinctly oblate, bright red, usually in pairs, stalk very
short or -three-fourths of an inch long, cavity deep, fur-
rowed on one side ; sub-acid, flavor moderate. A poor
bearer. Very late.

Kentish. {Syn. Early Richmond, Virginian May, Kentish
Red, English Pie Cherry.) Rather small becoming me-
dium when well ripened, round, slightly oblate, growing in
pairs ; color a full red ; stalk an inch or an inch and a
fourth long, rather stout; fle^h very juicy, acid, moder-
ately rich. Stone adhering strongly to the stalk, often
withdrawing it from the fruit when picked. Very pro-
ductive; fine for early cooking , ripens early and hangs
long on the tree.

Pie Cherry, (American.) (Syn. Late Kentish of Down-
ing, Common Red, American Kentish.) Size medium,
approaching small, roundish, slightly oblate ; stalk an
inch to an inch and a half long, stout ; color light red ;
flesh very juicy, quite acid, moderately rich. Rather
late. Stone not adhering to the stalk, as with the pre-
ceding. Very productive ; a good culinary sort.

Section III. Fruit small.
Cluster. {Syn. Cerise a Bouquet.) Small, in clusters of
two to six on a common peduncle ; round, red, quite acid
rather late. Of little value. Tre? small.

Early May. (Syn. Cerise Indulle.) Small, round, ap-
proaching oblate, bright high red; stalk an inch long
flesh juicy, acid, good. Very early.

CHAPTER VIII.

THE GOOSEBERRY AND CURRANT.

The Currant, from its hardiness, free growth, easy cul-
ture, great and uniform productiveness, pleasant flavor, and
early ripening, is one of the most valuable of our summer
fruits.

It is propagated, like the gooseberry, from cuttings, for
which vigorous shoots of the last year's production should
be chosen. Half the buds only at the top of the shoot, should
be left ; and the plants may be kept trained up to a single
stem, a few inches high, when the branches should radiate
on all sides in an upward direction so as to form a hand-
some spreading top. Currant bushes, if permitted to sucker
moderately, will however endure for a longer time, as the
new shoots, sending out roots of their own, afford in fact a
spontaneous renewal. But care is needed that they do
not form too dense a growth.

Currants, from their hardiness, usually receive no atten-
tion nor culture, but are suffered to become overrun with
weeds and grass, and to become crowded with a profusion
of suckers. Small and inferior fruit is the result. A great
improvement both in size and quality, is made by rich soil,
good cultivation, and judicious pruning. The difference in
flavor between fruit ripened on well trimmed branches, with
air and sun freely admitted to the fully grown leaves, and
that which is shaded by a crowded growth of foliage, is
greater than most who have not witnessed the experiment
would believe.

The various modes of using, drying, and preserving cur-
rants, in tarts, jellies, &c., are familiar to all; the follow-
ing mode*, by which the green fruit may be kept for any
length of time, in as good condition as when gathered, may

THE CURRANT. 373

prove useful : Pick the fruit when fully grown, dry the
surface well without shrivelling, and cork tight in glass
bottles, covering the corks with sealing wax; then bury
the bottles to the neck in sand or earth in a cool cel-
lar. This method may be successfully applied to the goose-
berry.

VARIETIES.

Class L Red and White Currants, (Ribes ruhrum.)

Champagne. Size medial, pale pink, quite acid, not of
high flavor ; a curiosity.

Cherry Currant. Very large, nearly twice the size of the
common Red Dutch, round, light red, clusters moderately
short, quite acid. Growth large, tall, and luxuriant.
Rather unproductive. Italy. New.

Dutch, Red. A little larger than the common red currant,
and clusters much longer, and a little less acid. Proba-
bly the best red currant.

Dutch, White. Nearly resembles the common white cur-
ant, but with longer clusters, and with fruit less approach-
ing oblate. The best white.

Knight's Early Red. It ripens ten days earlier than the
other sorts, which comprises its merit.

KnighVs Sweet Red. Less acid than most varieties, and
rather less so than the White Dutch — paler in color than
the common red.

May^s Victoria. Rather large, scarcely larger than Red
Dutch, flavor rather acid — hangs long, and valuable for
its lateness. Rivers says it is undoubtedly the same as
Goliath, " an excellent late currant."

Striped Fruited. Striped with white and red — rare.
Germany.

White Grape Currant. Quite large, rather larger than
White Dutch, bunches shorter, and hardly equal in flavor.

374 THE GOOSEBERRY.

Class 11. Black Currants^ (Ribes nigrum.)

Common Black or Black English. Large, one third of an
inch in diameter, quite black, clusters very short ; with a
strong odor, flavor poor.

Black Naples. Largest of all currants, sometimes five-
eighths of an inch in diameter, resembling in flavor the
preceding, but ripening later, and with larger clusters.
The largest currant known. Sometime used for jellies.

THE GOOSEBERRY,

The Gooseberry,* as mostly cultivated in this country, is
a native of the North of Europe. The American species
have very rarely or never been improved by cultivation.
The foreign species has been multiplied into thousands of
varieties in England. The catalogue of the London Hor-
ticultural Society enumerates 149 sorts worthy of notice,
ami Lindley gives a list of more than 700 prize sorts.
Large numbers of these are, of course, distinguished by
the slightest distinctive shades. Some, by the most perfect
culture, with pruning, and thinning the fruit on the branch-
es, have been made to attain a diameter of two inches, and
a weight of an ounce and a half. But such mammoth sorts
are usually neither so good in flavor nor so profitable for
raising as those of a medium size.

The productiveness of the gooseberry, under good man-
agement, is very great. The Whitesmith and some other
varieties frequently bear so copiously, that the fruit is strung
along the branches in actual contact, for several inches to-
gether. Finer fruit, it. is (rue, maybe had by thinning,
when the berries are yet small ; and the exhaustion is less
than when the bushes are heavily laden.

Some instances of great productiveness are given by B.
G. Boswell, in the Horticulturist. In one instance, a gar-
dener near Philadelphia, gathered from two rows, one hun-
dred and fifty feet long, six bushels, which sold for twenty-
four dollars ; and another cultivator in the same neighbor-
hood, gathered thirteen quarts from a single plant.

* Supposed to have been formerly much used as a sauce with green goose, wheno*
its name.

THE GOOSEBERRY, 375

Propagation and Culture, The Gooseberry is propagated
from cuttings, in a manner quite similar to the currant.
The soil should be a good strong loam, and made unusually
deep by trenching, to secure the bushes from drought. It
should be kept fertile by application of manure. The prun-
ing should be freely performed as soon as the leaves are off,
by a thorough thinning out of the branches. The shoots
should be left, evenly distributed over the bush, so as to pre-
vent crowding of the leaves, for it must be remembered
that with this as well as with all other plants or trees, the
growth and ripening of the fiuit depends wholly on the ad'
viission of light and air to the leaves, and on their full and
healthy develop7?tent.

Mildew. This is the most serious obstacle to the success-
ful cultivation of the gooseberry in the United States. In the
cool and moist climate of England, it docs not exist ; in the
extreme northern parts of the Union, it is not formidable ;
but on approaching the Middle States, although the bushes
grow vigorously and set abundant crops of young fruit, the
latter become covered with a thick brown or grey mildew
or scurf, which wholly destroys their value.

Manuring, high cultivation, and pruning, will in some
cases prove sufhcient to prevent mildew. This may be as-
sisted by the cautious application of salt, — either thinly
over the soil, or directly upon the plant; in the latter case,
the solution should be so thin, that the saline taste may be
iust perceptible. But shading by a thick coat of salt hay,
appears to be the most efficient remedy. It should be spread
in a layer of several inches or even a foot in thickness,
crowding it down to make room for the branches. This
should be done in spring. It has proved quite successful in
a multitude of instances, even as far south as Delaware.
In inland districts where sea-weed or salt hay cannot be had,
a convenient substitute consists in placing coarse hay or
straw beneath the bushes, and then applying a solution of
salt with a watering pot, avoiding direct contact with the
bushes, if the solution be strong.

376

THE GOOSEBERRY.

VARIETIES.

A few only can be mentioned within th3 present limits,
out of a vast assemblage of liundreds. Most of the fine Eng-
lish sorts have either been tried here to a very limited ex-
tent, or not tried at all ; but among a few which have proved
particularly buccessful, the following may be mentioned: —

Crown Bob. {Sxjn. Melling's Crown Bob.) Large, often an

inch and a
fourth long,
roundish oval,
red, hairy,
flavor of first
quality ; bran-
ches spread-
ing or droop-
ing.

KoARiNG Lion.
(iS^/Tz. Farrow's
RoaringLion.)
Very large, ob-
long oval, red
smooth ; fla-

Fig. 2S2— Crown Bob.

VOX fine, hangs long, branches drooping.

Fig. 283— Whitetmith.

Whitesmith.
( .%7i.Woodward's
Whitesmith.) Ra-
ther large, a little
over an inch long
roundish oval,
slightly approach-
ing oblong, yel-
lowish white,very
slightly downy,
flavor of first
quality; branches
rather erect.
Red Warrington.
Rather large,
roundish oblong,
hairy ; flavor of

THE GOOSEBERRY.

377

first quality. Hangs long without cracking, and im-
proves in flavor. Branches drooping.

Parkinson's Laurel. Large, obovate, green, downy, fla-
vor of first quality ; branches rather erect.

Wellington's Glory. Large, rather oval, very downy,
skin quite thin ; flavor excellent; branches erect.

Houghton's Seedling. Fruit small, oval, commonly about

three-fourths of
an inch long ;
, skin smooth, thin,
glossy, a pale,
dull reddish

brown, marked
with faint green-
ish lineo ; flesh
tender, juicy,
sweet, pleasant.
Ripens soon after
midsummer. Not
high-flavored, as
compared with
the bestEuropean
sorts, but a pro-
fuse bearer, al-
ways free of mil-
dew, and of very

Fig. 23A— Houghton's Seedling. easy cultivation.

A seedling from a wild American species; origin, Salem,
Mass.

CHAPTER IX.

THE EASPBERRY.

Propagation. Most varieties are increased with great
facility by suckers ; a few, as the American Black and
American White, are propagated readily by layers, the tips
of the recurved branches when slightly buried, soon taking
root. New varieties are raised from seeds, and come into
bearing the second year.

The soil for the raspberry should be rich and approaching
moist, and an admixture of swamp muck is useful. A strong
deep loam, is the only soil from which a full crop may be
expected every season. If sandy or gravelly, or a stiff, cold
clay, it cannot be relied upon. But the most important
requisite is de'pth^ only to be attained by deep trenching,
and which will go far towards affording a remedy for any
natural defect of the soil. The most tender varieties, as the
White Antwerp, may be raised on higher, drier and firmer
spots of ground, being there less liable to severe frosts in
cases where winter covering cannot be applied.

The culture is simple. It consists in pruning each spring,
keeping all weeds and grass well cleared away from the
stems, and the soil mellow and clean by cultivation.

The pruning should be done early in spring. It consists
in cutting out all but the last year's growth, together with
all the smaller shoots, even with the ground, leaving only
five or six of the last summer's canes for future bearing.
These are to be cut off three or four feet high, and neatly
tied together, using a stake to stiffen them if necessary. In
tying, they should be allowed to spread slightly at the top,
in the form of a wine glass. The distance asunder should
be about four feet.

THE RASPBERRY.

379

The accompanying figures exhibit a mode of training the
raspberry recommended in the Gardener's Chronicle. In
fio". 285, representing the appearance in autumn, the arched

Fig. 2S5

portions, tied to the stake in the centre, are the canes which
have borne fruit, and which must be cut dovvn to the
ground, to be replaced by the upright which have just com-
pleted their growth, and which are to be trained in the man-
ner represented by fig. 286.

Fig:. 236.

In many parts of the Northern States, some tender varie-
ties, and more especially the White Antwerp, need w^intcr
protection. This is easily given, by covering the stems,
when prostrate, very thinly with earth; placing a small mound
of earth against the bottom of the stems before laying them
down, to bend upon and prevent breaking. This covering
»s removed early in spring. It will be found to prove very
useful, even when not necessary to prevent winter-killing,
by rendering the crop larger and more certain.

A plantation of raspberries will continue in bearing five
or six years, when it should be renewed. If it remain
longer, the fruit becomes small, and the crop gradually de-
clines.

380

THE EASPBERRY.

Varieties.

A?nerica7i Black. {Sy^i. Thimble-berry, Common Black
cap.) Rather small, hemispherical, flavor rich, sub-acid.
Rather late. Shoots long, purple, recurved.

The American White is similar in all respects, but with light
yellow fruit and shoots.

American Red. (Syn. Common Red.) Size medium, round-
ish, light red, sub-acid; shoots vigorous, long. Rather
early.

Barnet. Very large, roundish-conical, bright purplish-red,
flavor rich, agreeable ; canes long, yellowish green, much
branched, when young very bristly towards the top.

CoL. Wilder, {^yn. Cushing.)
Very large, roundish, slightly co-
nical, cream-colored, semi-tran-
sparent ; flavor fine. Growth very
vigorous, quite hardy, productive,
ripening early, and for several
successive weeks. New ; raised
by Dr. Brinckl', of Philadelphia,
from seed of the Fastolfl*.

Cretan Red. Size medium, round-
ish-conical, deep purplish red,
sub-acid, good ; canes rather up-
right, grey, nearly smooth ; leaves
light-colored. Rather late. Pro-
ductive, and succeeds well on
light soils.

Fig. 2S7.— Co^ Wildir.

Fastolff. Very large, obtuse, conical, somewhat round-
ish, bright purplish red, rich, high-flavored. Rather larger
than Red Antwerp, more obtuse, softer, and hardly so
high-flavored. Canes rather erect, branching.

Franconia. Very large, rather firm, obtuse-conical, dark
red, flavor rich, sub-acid ; canes strong, spreading, branch-
ing, yellowish brown. Leaves rather narrow. A few
days later than Red Antwerp. Productive Hardy.

THE RASPBERRY.

3S1

Ohio Everbearing, Resembles, in all respects, the Ameri?
can Black, except in a continued succession of fruit till
mid-autumn.

Fig. Q83.—Fastolf. Fig. ^89.— Red Antwerp.

Red Antwerp. (Syn, True Red Antwerp.) Very large,
conical, dull red ; flavor rich and sweet. Canes mode-
rately strong, yellowish green, becoming pale brown,
prickles not numerous. Ripens about midsummer.

An inferior sort, of smaller size, is disseminated under
this name — it is distinguished from the genuine by its
round, obtuse form, while the true is somewhat conical
and pointed.

In southern Virginia and Carolina, the Antweps fail from
the heat of the sun.

Yellow yintwerp. (Syn. White Antwerp.) Quite large,
conical, often long-conical, light yellow, with fine bristles ;
flavor very rich and excellent. Rather tender — needs
winter protection at the north, which renders it less valu-
able than some other sorts of no better flavor.

CHAPTER X.

THE STRAWBERRY,

The cultivation of this early and delicious fruit, so uni-
versally esteemed, is much neglected through the country at
larofe. Failure from bad mananfement has doubtless con
tributed to this neglect.

The requisites for success, are chiefly,

1. A good, deep, rich soil ;

2. Clean cultivation between the rows ;

3. A renewal by planting as often as once in three years

4. Selection of suitable varieties.

Soil. Any deep, ricli soil, which will aflbrd fine crops of
corn and potatoes, is well adapted to the cultivation of the
strawberry. To be uniformly productive, it must be deep-
ly trenched, either by the spade or by double plowing, and
well enriched with manure. Fine crops, it is true, may be
obtained without trenching, but not in such excellence, pro-
fusion, nor certainty, in all seasons. It rarely, but some-
times happens that the soil is made too rich. The usual
error is the reverse.

Clean Cultivation is a most essential requisite. On a
large scale, it may be very cheaply accomplished by ahorse
and cultivator, the rows being about two feet apart, and the
plants a foot to a foot and a half in the rows. The runners
-must be kept down by hoeing, or treated precisely as ivceds ;
and unless the soil is already quite fertile, a dressing of
manure should be applied each autumn, which will protect
the roots, soak into the soil, and may be turned under in
spring. A light top-dressing of leached ashes is highly
beneficial to strawberry beds.

Some varieties, as the Large Early Scarlet and Dundee,
will often bear profusely for a smgle season, even when the
plants run thickly together; otiiers, and more particularly

THE STPvAWBErvRY. 883

tlie larger sorts, must be cleared of runners and kept well
cultivated, or ihe}^ will always bear poorly.

A renewal of the beds by transplanting, is performed most
successfully in spring. The new plants, formed by the
rooting- of the runners, are alwaj^s the be:?t. Planting in
summer requires much care and labor in watering ; and in
autumn, the plants rarely become so well rooted as to with-
stand sufficiently the frosts of winter.* In all cases, the
roots, before set out, should be immersed in mud, and the
plants watered afterwards.

The following very easy mode of raising the strawberry,
by a spontaneous renewal of the plants, or "culture in al-
ternate strips," is thus described by A. J. Don'ning, and has
been successfully practiced in various parts of the country : —

" Early in April, or in August, being provided with a good
stock of strong young plants, select a suitable piece of good
deep soil. Dig in a heavy coat of stable m.anure, pulverizing
well and raking the top soil. Strike out the rows, three
feet apart, with a line. The plants should now be planted
along each line about a foot apart in the row. They will
soon send out runners, and these runners should be allowed
to take possession of every alternate strip of three feet — the
other strip being kept bare by continually destroying all
runners upon it, the whole pa\ch being kept free of all
weeds. The occupied strip or bed of runners will now give
a heavy crop of strawberries, and the open strip of three feet
will serve as an alley from which to gather the fruit. After
the crop is over, dig and prepare this alley or strip for the
occupancy of the new runners for the next season's crop.
The runners from the old strip will now speedily cover the
new space allotted to them, and will perhaps require a par-
tial thinning out to have them evenly distributed. As soon
as this is the case, say about the middle of August, dig un-
der the whole of the old plants with a light coat of manure.
The surface may be then sown with turnips or spinage,
which will come off before the next season of fruits.

" In this way the strips or beds occupied by the plants, are
reversed every season, and the same plot of ground may
thus be continued in a productive state for many years."

* when auiumii planting is adopted from necessity, the soil should be closely Irod
deo round ihe roots lo prevent heaving by the frozen inoLsture.

17

384

THE STRAWBERRY.

Selection of Varielits, Independently c^f fine quality, the
selection of suitable varieties is of great importance. Some
sorts, celebrated and highly recommended, will not yield a
tenth part of the crop afforded by others. The most produc*
tive, among which may be mentioned the Cincinnati Hud«
son,* the Large Early Scarlet, and the Dundee, have yield-
ed at the rate of 50 to 70 and so.netimes 100 bushels por
acre ; the ground, at the period of ripening, glowing with tho
dense red clusters which nearly cover the surface; whilo
of such varieties as Swainstone's Seedling, Myatt's Eliza,
and Deptford Pine, the fruit is so thinly scattered and im-
perfect, that whole square feet are destitute of fine speci-
mens.

As the productive qualities of strawberries depend so
essentially on the presence of the stamens and pistils^ some
attention to this part of the subject becomes indispensible to
their successful culture.

Modern cultivators divide all strawberries into two dis-
tinct classes, one being termed
staminate, (or "male,") in which
the stamens are fully developed,
and possess the power of ferti-
lizing the germ; and the other
F'o- oc)i being termed pistillate, (or " fe-

VisuUat7 flowers, male,") iu wliicli the stamens
are abortive, or so small and imperfectly developed that
they fail to acccmplish fertilization. The above figures,
(figs, 290 and 291,) represent the usual appearance of these

^/^ ^1 (

Fig. 290.
Staminate flowers

Fig. 29*3.
pistillate flower J magnifltd.

FiiT. t.*9;3.
Stam inatt floivtr^ magnified.

two kinds of flowers ; and figs. 292 and 293, magnified poi
tions of the same, fig. 293 exhibiting a part of the flower
of the Large Earl}' Scarlet, and fig. 292, the same of Ho-

* A single cultivator in Kentucky, who supplies Cincinnati, and who has sixty acres
planted with strawberries ; carried m one se;isnii to market, from thirty-seven acres,
one liundred and twenty bu:^he!s per day, ("or eight or nine successive doys. Tha
whole amount sold in Cincimiati, during 22 days in the year 1846, was 4,150 bushels,
being an average of nearly 200 bushel* per daV.

THE STRAWBERRY. 385

vey's Seedling ; c, being- the stamens, and h, the pistils. By
the use of a microscope it will be found that the former is
abundantly supplied wiih pollen or fertilizing dust, while the
latter is nearly or totally destitute. Hence Hovey's Seed-
ling or any other pistillate variet}', can never, or but very
imperfectly, fertilize its oAvn flowers, and the impregnation
must be derived from a staminate sort.

Strictly speaking, the term staminate applies to those only
'which are destitute of perfect pistils. Very few flowers,
however, are wholly destitute ; and most of those which
have perfect stamens, have also a greater or less number of
pistils, but usually much fewer than the pistillate flowers
only. This imperfection in the pistils of staminate sorts,
render those sorts usually unproductive.* Hence the great-
est bearers are mostly of the pistillate varieties, fertilized by
staminate sorts planted within a few feet for this purpose.
Without this assistance, derived from staminate flowers,
pistillates are either barren, or the fruit is imperfect and
distorted, only a part or the outer portion of the berry near-
est the stamens, being impregnated by the scanty supply of
pollen from the nearly abortive stamens.

In planting strawberry beds, it is important, therefore,
to know the character of the flowers. Nothing is easier
than to distinguish the two when in blossom. This dis-
tinction is given in the arrangement of vai'ieties which fol-
lows. About one quarter staminates are usually regarded
as abundant for fertilizing a bed. To prevent intermixture
of the two sorts by runners, they may be planted in alter-
nate strips, as indicated by the following diagram, S repre-
senting staminate, and P pistillate varieties :

p

p

p

p

s

p

p

p

p

s

p

p

p

p

s

s

s

s

p

p

p

p

s

p

p

p

p

s

p

p

p

p

s

s

s

s

p

p

p

p

-<i

s

-ci

p

p

p

p

<;

s

►<

p

p

p

p

-ci

s

s

s

s

p

p

p.

p

s

<3

p

p

p

p

s

«3

p

p

p

p

s

s

s

s

p

p

p

p

Ri

s

Rh

p

p

p

p

fts

s

Rs

p

p

p

p

ft.

s

s

s

s

p

p

p

p

s

p

p

p

p

s

p

p

p

p

s

s

s

s

p

p

p

p

s

p

p

p

p

s

p

p

p

p

s

s

s

s

♦ Tliere are a few exceptions to this general rule, as m case of the Large Early
Scarlet, which, although most conspicuously a staminate, is a profuse bearer. Th«
Alpine and Wood Strawberries have perfect flowers and are (food bearers.

3S6 THE STRAWBERRY,

VARIETIES.
Class I. Scarlet Strawberries.

'Flowers small ; leaves rather loiijj, thin, and light preeii, sharply serrate ; fruU
bright color, acid or sub-acid, seed deeply sunk. Fragaria virgini'XHa )

Section I. Flo2vers Staiiiiiiate.
Section II. Flowers Pistillate.^

Class II. Pine Strawberries.

(Flowers rather large, leaves broad, dark green, sometimes obtuse ; fruit large, noi
acid, rather smooth, seeds lilile sunk Fragaria grandijlora)

Sectio7i I. Floioers Staminate.
Section II. Floweis Pistillate.

Class III. Alpine and Wood Strawberries.

(Flowers rather small, perfect; leaves small, thin, lipht preen; fruit small, swcet|
parting freely from the calyx. Fragaria vesca)

Class IV. Hautbois Strawberries.

(Leaves large, pale green, on tall stalks*; fruit-stalk tall atid erect; fruit dull pur

plish. Fragaria $latior. )

Class V. Chili Strawberries.

(Leaves very hairy, thick, obtusely serrate ; frui,t very large, pale, insipid. Tendw

Fragaria chiUrtsis.)

Class VI. Green Strawberries.

(Leaves light green, plaited; flesh solid. Of little valtte.)

Class I. Scarlet Strawberries,

Section I. Flowers Staminate.

Downton. {Syn. Knight's Seedling.) Rather large, necked,
ovate or coxcomb-shaped, often oblate, dark purplish
scarlet, flesh firm, rich, aro.j.alic ; unproductive. Value-
less. English.

Duke of Kent. {Sy7i. Austrian Scarlet.) Small, varying
from roundish without a neck, to long conical and necked ;
bright scarlet, a clear rich acid. Earliest of all straw-
berries,— ripe the first day of summer. Usually stami-
nate, but the earlier flowers sometimes pistillate only.

* Whence the name hautbois, meaning, literally, in French, high-wood

THE STRAWBERRY.

387

Elton. Large, ovate, often coxcomb-shaped, glossy, liglit
red, becoming dark red, flesh red, rather firm, quite rich.
Tender, needs covering in winter. Late ; rather unpro-
ductive.

Grove-End Scarlet. {Syn. Atkinson Scarlet.) Medium,
bright scarlet, roundish-oblate ; flavor pleasant, mild, ra-
ther early. English.

Burros Staminate Seedling. (Syn. Burr's Old Seedling.)
ize medium, flavor pleasant, hardy, very productive,
dapted to all soils. Origin, Columbus, Ohio.

Large Early Scarlet. Rather large, roundish ovate, reg-
ular, bright-scarlet,
tender, rich, excellent.
Very early, two or
three days after Duke
of Kent. Productive
at the North.

The Old or Virginia
Scarlet, the original
wild strawberry of
this countr\% is
smaller, and three or

four days later.

•

Prince's Profuse Scar-
let, is slightly larger
Fig. 295. than Large Early

Prolific Hautbois. Scarlet, but bears a
close resemblance in other points, except in being 'pistiU
late. Productive.

Fiff.' 294.
Large Early Scarlet

Section II. Flowers pistillate.

Bishop* s Orange. {Syn. Bishop's New.) Large, regularly
conical, light scarlet approaching orange, flesh firm, flavor
rather acid, high; growth low; leaves hairy. Worth-
less except on a deep rich sandy soil, well cultivated.
For amateurs only.

3SS THE STRAWEEKRY.

Crimson Cone. (%/?. Dutch Berry.) Medium, uniformly
conical, bright crimson, rich, acid.

Dundee. Rather large, roundish oval, regular; fine light
scarlet, firm, rich, acid, flavor fine for a large sort. Hardy,
a most profuse bearer.

Hudson's Bay. (Sz/?z. Hudson, Old Hudson ?) Rather large,
ovate, usually with a neck, often without, dark rich red ;
flesh firm, of a high, brisk acid flavor, requiring full ma-
turity to be fine. Rather late. Profusely productive.

A. J. Downing regards the Hudson's Bay as identical
with the Old or Cincinnati Hudson, so extensively culti-
vated as a market fruit in southern Ohio. His opinion is
disputed by N. Longworth and others, of Cincinnati.

The Willey of Ohio, resembles the Hudson, is a most pro-
fuse bearer, even with trifling care, but the flavor is not
first-rate.

Methven Scarlet. {Sy7i. Methven, Methven Castle.) Very
large, roundish or coxcomb-shaped ; color rather dull scar-
let, soft, insipid, often hollow; season medium.

Roseberry. {Si/7?. Aberdeen, Scotch Scarlet.) Size me-
dium, ovate-conical, with a short neck, dark red, flesh
firm, flavor tolerable ; season medium.

The Black Roseberry is better in quality, dark purplish red,
a poor bearer. _

Class II. Pine Strawberries.

Section I. Flowers Siaminate.

Boston Pine. Large, roundish, very slightly conical, regu-
lar, deep red, flesh pale scarlet, solid, rich-flavored, hardy.
Origin, Boston, Mass. New. Sometimes very produc-
tive ; often nearly sterile. It requires a strong deep soil,
good cultivation, and the thorough removal of the runners.

Brewer^s Emperor. Large, ovate, dark red, of fine flavor;
resembles Keene's Seedling, but hardy and productive:
English. New,

THE STRAAVBEimT. 3S9

British Queen, (M3'att's.) Very large, roundish, some-
times coxcomb-shaped, color rich scarlet ; flavor rich ; ten-
der, rather early. A poor bearer, and hence unworthy
of cultivation.

Deptford Pine, (Myatt's.) Very large, long-conical, wedge-
shaped, color a clear bright scarlet, dark red in the sun;
flesh firm and solid, flavor rich and good. Season me-
dium. Moderately hardy. A poor bearer. English. New.

Keene's Seedling. Large, roundish-oblate, often coxcomb-
shaped, shining, dark purplish scarlet, firm, rich, 'high-
flavored. Rather early. Of the highest reputation in
England, but tender, unproductive and valueless here.

Myatt's Eliza. Large, conical, with a mild, sweet, high,
fine flavor — very unproductive. English.

Prince Albert. Very lar^e, showy ; ovate, color a rich scar-
let ; rather soft, flavor poor.

Old, or Carolina Pine. Large, conical, necked, sometimes
coxcombed ; bright scarlet, solid, juicy, rich. Season me-
. dium ; of difficult culture.

Ross Phoenix. Very large, usually coxcombed or com-
pressed, dark red, flesh firm, of fine flavor for a large sort ;
season medium. Sometimes very productive; but usually
fails on heavy clay, and scorches on light gravel. An
uncertain variety. Origin, Hudson, N. Y.

Swainstone Seedling. Large, ovate, or ovate-conical, color
very bright red, high-flavor, rich, delicate, of the highest
quality ; a very poor bearer, so as to be hardly worth cul-
tivating. English.

Section IL Flowers pistillate.

Black Prince. Quite large, roundish ovate, crften approach-
ing oblate, seeds slightly sunk; flesh firm, with a mild,
agreeable, fine flavor. " Season medium, very hardy,
rather productive. Leaves large, flat, petioles quite
downy. Fails at Cincmtjnti.

S90

THE STRAWBERRY.

Burr's New Pine. Large, an inch to an inch and ti
fourth in diameter, roundish conical, smooth, even and
reg-ular, seeds scarcely sunk, color pale red, flesh whitish
pink, very tender, flavor fine. Exceedingly prolific and
with perfect berries. Leaves large, spreadin .

W

Fig. i296.— Black Prince.

Fig. 297.— JUwrr'a New Pins,

Hovey's Seedling. Very large
roundish-oval, approaching co*
nical ; color deep shining scar-
let ; seeds sli.o-htly sunk ; firm,
rathei .icii, good. Very large,
showy, productive, and hence
fine for market. Season me-
dium. In some soils at the
north, it is liable to be thrown
out by frost ; it cannot thrive
if allowed to run thickly to-
gether, and proves unproduc-
tive except when well culti-
tivated.

• Fig. 293— Hovei/s Seedling.

Neck Pine. Large, with a slender neck ; color light red
flesh nearly white, rather acid, of fine flavor. Very pro
ductive, early, — much cultivated at Cincinnati.

THE STRAWBERRY. 391

Class III. Alpine and Wood Strawberries.

Red Alpine. (Syn. Alpine Monthly.) Rather small, long
conical; seeds not sunk ; color red; quite sweet, mild,
not high flavored ; ripens a good crop just after the usual
strawberry season, and if damp and shaded, through the
season till winter frosts. An abundant autumnal crop is
secured by clipping the spring blossoms.

The White Alpine is quite similar, except in its light yel-
lowish or nearly white fruit.

Red Wood. Resembles the Alpine in size, flavor, and gen*
eral appearance, but has rounder fruit, and does not con-
tinue so long through the season.

The White Wood only differs in its light colored fruit.

Bush Alpine. The Red and White Bush Alpine, resemble
the coramon Alpines in every particular, except in an en-
tire destitution of runners. Hence they grow in compact
bunches, and are considered valuable as edging for kitch-
en garden beds. They are necessarily propagated by
dividing the roots. They bear through the whole season,
even more uniformly than the common Alpines.

The Alpine and Wood Strawberries are easily propagated
from seed, with very little or no variation.

Class IV. Hautbois Strawberries.

Prolific, (Sijn. Conical Hautbois, Musk Hautbois, Double
Bearing.) Large, long ovate-conical, light purple be-
coming dark purplish red, surface slightly irregular, seeds
projecting ; much esteemed by some for its rich, fine
musky flavor, and disliked by others.

This is the only variety of the Hautbois worthy of cultiva-
tion.

The Chili and Green Strawberries, appear to be un-
worthy of cultivation. Of the former, Wilmot's Superb, a
very showy, large, roundish or coxcombed fruit with a pale
- red surface, and hollow, insipid flesh, has excited the most
attention.

CHAPTER XI.

THE GRAPE.

Propagation. The vine is prcpagated by seeds, layers
cuttings, and by grafting.

Seeds are planted only for obtaining new varieties, by
cross-fertilization, as described in an early chapter of this
work.

Layers furnish a very sure mode of obtaining large well
rooted plants the same autuhm after the young shoots are
buried in the soil, which may be done a little before mid-
summer.

Cuttings are less certain of success than layers, but are
usually more convenient,: and admit of more rapid multipli
cation. They should be a foot long and planted sloping,
and should just reach up to the surface of the soil, which
should be rich, deep, and rather moist. They strike more
readily under a frame of glass. The modification of cuttings
denominated eyes has been already described.

Grafting is sometimes useful for changing large vines of
worthless sorts to a better, and bearing fruit in less time
thun a young vine on its own roots. To prevent bleeding,
the work must be done below the surface in the root ; or
after the leaves are expanded, the scions having been pre-
served in a cool cellar for this purpose.

Soil. "The essence," says Downing, "of all that can
be said in grape culture respecting soil, is that it be d7'y and
light, deep and rich.'''' A dry bottom is highly essential;
hence a bed of stones, shells and bones, eighteen inches
beneath the surface, has been very useful. The manure
must be in some degree adapted to the nature of the soil,
but generally, vegetable mould or muck, with a portion of
ashes intermixed, as already prescribed ^or fruit trees, is
one of the very best.
• Pruning and Training. The grape admits of a great

THE GRAPE.

393

diversit}'- in treatment, and many have their own peculiar
modes of pruning and training. General rules are applica-
ble to all. Universal experien.'e proves that cutting away
a large portion of the wood every autumn or winter, is indis-
pensible to the regular and continued production of fine
fruit. The bunches are borne near the base of the present
year's growth ; and in the mode termed spur-pruning^
these side-shoots on the single main stem are annually cut
off, to be annually replaced by new shoots springing from
buds left for this purpose, fig. 298. In the long-cane or re-
newal system, more than one main stem is al-
i'^f'"^ lowed to grow ; and each year every alternate
"^ stem is cut down to send up a new shoot in its
place, the previous year's shoots bearing the pre-
sent year's grapes on its side shoots. Spur prun-
ing is best adapted to the more slowly growing
or foreign sorts ; and the renewal pruning to the
more vigorous or American. Fig. 299, exhibits
the usual mode of training American grapes
(the trellis not being represented,) every upright
shoot of which may be treated as a permanent
stem and spur pruned ; or else every alternate
shoot cut out each year, as in the renewal mode.
These upright shoots should be three feet apart,
if spur pruning is adopted ; and two feet,
if the alternate shoots only, are permitted to
bear.
The summer treatment of grapes consists chiefly in thin-
ning the shoots where there is
danger of the leaves becoming
crowded ; thinning out the
bunches ; and, on exotic sorts,
thinning out freely the berries.
The frequent practice of nipping
off the ends of the shoots, just
above the bunches, when the
grapes are as large as a pea, lessens their subsequent
growth. For all fruits grow and ripen best when fed from
a good supply of well grown but not crowded leaves, hence
the foliage should not be lessened, nor the shoots shortened,
until they interfere with each other's full development.

Fi.!,'. 298.
Spur Pruning

Fig. 299 — Training luxdy grapes.

394

THE GRAPE.

Fig. 300. — Span-roof Graptry.

Grape Houses. It rarely occurs that the foreign varie-
ties are successfuly cuhivated in the open air, and the pro-
tection of glass becomes necessary. The increased cer-
tainty of a crop, and the greatly improved flavor of the fruit,
can be hardly comprehended by those who have only seen
the more hardy foreign sorts ripened in open air. A house
without fire heat, is comparatively cheap, and managed
with moderate attention.

Grape houses are of three kinds, the cold house, which only
protects from the exterior changes of the weather, and re-
tains the heat of the earth and of the sun ; the forcing
house, used for ripening early grapes by the assistance of
artificial heat; and the late house, to be also heated artifi-
cially, to ripen, during winter, the later varieties.

The best cold houses are made
with sjian-roofSj as in fig. 300 ;
while the lean-to house, iig. 301 ;
is best adapted to forcing, afford-
ing better security against the ad-
mission of cold. For this purpose
the latter should also have a dou-
ble wall at the back. To admit
the free-passage of the roots un-
der the walls, the border being on
both sides, the posts should be
either stone or brick piers, set
deep enough in the ground to be
unaffected by frost, and the walls
built upon thick connecting slabs
of stone near the surface. Posts
li';. 3 i.—Lean-io Grapery. of durable timber will last many
years, when the structure is built of wood. In the latter in-
stance, the back wall should be double-planked, and the space
between filled with closely rammed dry tan. The sashes
for the roof should be of two lengths, lapping slightly at the
middle, and sliding past each other in separate grooves.

Border for the' Vines. This should never be less than 12
feet wide, and if 20 or 25 feet, it would be better. The
roots of grape vines run rapidly to a great distance, and it
*s indispensable to their successful growth to furnish chem

THE GKAPE. 395

ample room for extension. J. F. Allen, of Salem, Mass., a
most successful cultivator, in his Treatise on the Grape, re-
commends for a border, a mixture of one-half loam, or the
top soil of an old pasture, one-fourth bones or other strong
manure, one-eighth oyster shells, lime, or brick rubbish,
one-eighth rotten stable manure — varying with circum-
stances. The bed should be well mixed, and should be
two to three feet deep.

The same work states the cost of a cheap lean-to grape
house, without fire heat, 12 or 14 feet wide, at about eight
dollars per running foot ; and with the addition of a heat-
ing apparatus, at ten dollars per running foot, constructed
as cheaply as possible.

It would be impossible, within the space of a few pages, to
give full directions for the management of a grape house.
The following brief instructions, from A. J. Downing, con-
tain all that is essential for a cold house :

" Routine of Culture. In a vinery without heat this
is comparatively simple. As soon as the vines commence
Bweliing their buds in the spring, they should be carefully
washed with mild soap suds, to free them from insects,
soften the wood, and assist the buds to swell regularly. At
least three or four times every week, they should be well
syringed with water, which, when the weather is cool, should
aKvays be done in the morning. And every day the vine
border should be duly supplied with water. During the
time when the vines are in blossom, and while the fruit is
setting, all sprinkling or syringing over the leaves must be
suspended, and the house should be kept a little more closed
and warm, than usual, and should any indications of mil-
dew appear on any of the branches, it may at once be
checked by dusting them with flour of sulphur. Air must
be given liberally every day when the temperature rises in
the house, beginning by sliding down the top sashes a little
in the morning, more at mid-day, and then gradually closing
them in the same manner. To guard against the sudden
changes of temperature out of doors, and at the same time
to keep up as moist and warm a state of atmosphere within
the vinery as is consistent with pretty free admission of tho
air during sunshine, is the great object of culture in a vinery
of this kind.'

396 THE GRAPE.

The minute and extended directions required for the suc-
cessful management of a forcing and late house, would far
exceed the limits here assigned ; for these and a large fund
of other valuable mformation relative to grape culture, the
reader is referred to Allen's Treatise on the Grape.

Insects. The smaller insects may be repelled by syring-
ing with a solution of whale-oil soap; the beetles may be
knocked off into tin cups containing turpentine. Open-
•mouthed bottles, partly filled with sweetened water, will
decoy many.

Mildew. This is a formidable obstacle to the culture of
foreign grapes in open air, both in the north and south.
The only effectual remedy is the renewal of the vines every
three or four years.

The rot has in some seasons proved a formidable disease
in vineyards — its cause and cure require further examina-
tion and experiment.

Bleedings or the rapid escape of the sap by spring pruning,
causes much less injury than is usually supposed, and many
cultivators who have made the experiment thoroughly, have
scarcely perceived any unfavorable result on hardy grapes.

NATIVE GRAPES.

Alexander's. {Syn. Cape Grape, Schuylkill Muscadel,
Spring-Hill Constantia.) Bunches not shouldered ; com-
pact ; berries medium, nearly round, slightly oval ; ski'i
thick, black ; pulp firm, coarse, acid until fully ripe ; sea-
son late. Worthless in New-England and NevY-York
good at Cincinnati. A native of Pa.

Bland. (Syn. Bland's Virginia, Powell.) Bunches loose ;
berries round, pedicels long ; skin thin, pale red, flesh
slightly pulp\^ pleasant, delicate, sprightly. Late ; rare-
ly ripens well as far north as 43 degrees lat. A moderate
bearer. Origin, Va.

CATAWBA. Bunches medium in size, shouldered; berries
large, pale red, deeper in the sun, with a thin lilac bloom ;
flesh slightly pulpy ; juicy, sweet, aromatic, rich, slightly
musky. Does not ripen well as far north as 43 degrees
latitude, except in warm exposures. Very productive.

To Kalon, a sub-variety is not pulpy, but a poor bearer

THE GRAPE. 397

Pond's Seedling, another sub-variety, is earlier, but un-
productive.
Clinton. Bunches medium or small, not shouldered, com-
pact ; berries nearly round, small, black ; bloom thin blue ;
pulpy, juicy, with a slightly harsh flavor. Very hardy
and rather early. Western New- York.

Diana. A seedling from the Catawba, which it resem-
bles, but paler, or a pale greyish red, bunches loose, ber-
ry round, almost without pulp, juicy, sweet, rich. It ri-
pens earlier than the Isabella. Origin, Milton, Mass.

E/.SINBURGH. (Sijn. Elsinborough.) Bunches rather large,
loose, shouldered ; berries quite small, skin thin, black;
bloom blue ; pulp none ; melting sweet, excellent. Leaves
deeply fivo-lobed, dark green; wood slender, joints long.
Hirdy. New-Jersey.

irABELLA. Bunches rather large, shouldered ; berries
round-oval, rather large ; skin thick, dark purple becom-
ing nearly black, bloom blue ; tender, with some pulp
which lessens as it ripens ; when fully ripe juicy, sweety
rich, slightly musky. Ripens as far north as 43 degrees
iat., except in unfavorable seasons. Very vigorous, pro-
fusely productive. Origin, South Carolina.

T[>oy Grape and Hyde's Eliza are sub-varieties of the Isa-
bella, possessing no remarkable qualities.

LzNoiR. Bunches large, handsome, compact, little shoul-
dered ; berries small, round ; skin thin, dark purple, bloom
slight ; tender, with no pulp, melting, sweet, excellent.
Wood long jointed, leaf three-lobed. Origin, Carolina;
a supposed seedling from the Burgundy.

The Herbemont closely resembles the Lenoir, but is of less
vigorous growth, and darker colored wood ; its terminal
leaves are of a brownish cast, those of the Lenoir green.

Missouri. Bunches loose ; berries small, round ; skin thin,
nearly black ; tender, sweet, pleasant, with little pulp ;
moderately productive, growth slow, wood short-jointed,
. leaves deeply three-lobed.

Norton's Seedling. (Syn. Norton's Virginia.) Bunches
long, compact; berries small, round; skin thin, dark pur-

398 THE GRAPE.

pie ; pulpy, vinous, somewhat harsh, rather pleasant and
rich. Shoots- strong, hardy ; a hybrid between Bland and
Miller's Burgund3\ Foliage light colored, five-lobed.

Ohio. {Syn. Longworth's Ohio, Segar-Box.) Punches
large, long, loose, tapering, shouldered ; berries small,
round ; skin thin, purple, bloom blue ; tender, melting,
sweet, excellent, with no pulp ; a good bearer. Shoots
long-jointed, strong; leaves large, three-lobed ; origin
unknown. As far south as Cincinnati, it succeeds well
and is a fine table grape, resembling the Elsinburgh, but
is rather tender at Cleveland, and fails as far north as
43 degrees lat.

Scwppernoyig. {Sy7i. Fox Grape or Bullet Grape, of tho
South; American Muscadine.) This is a distinct southern
species the Vitis vidpina. Bunches very small, loose;
berries round, large; skin thick; pulpy, juicy, sweet,
strongly musky. The "White" is light green; the
** Black" dark red; the color of the tendrils correspond-
ing in each variety. Leaves quite small, glossy on both
sides. Very tender at the North.

FOREIGN GRAPES.

A> but few of these can be cultvated successfu'Iy in open a"r, and extensive gTap«
houses cannot become very commou; a few of the best only are described.]

Class I. Dark red, purple and black.

Black Cluster. (-Sy^;. Burgundy, Black Burgundy, True
Burgundy, Small Black Cluster, Early Black, Black Or-
leans. ) Bunches small, very compact, berries rather
small, roundish, black, sweet, good. Season, early mid-
autumn. Hardy in N. Y. Distinguished from Miller's
Burgundy by the absence of down on the leaf.

BLACK HAMBURGH. (Syn. Red Hamburgh, Purple
Hamburg, Brown Hamburgh, Frankendale, Hampton
Court Vine.) Bunches large, shouldered on both sides
berries xery large, roundish, sometimes oval, deep brown-
ish purple, becoming black ; flavor sugary and rich. A
good bearer. Needs a g^rape house, rarely ripening well
in the open air.

JHE GRAPE. 399

Wilmot's New Black Hamburgh is similar, fruit larger,
bloom very thick, flesh firm, nearly or quite equal to the
common Hamburgh.

Black Prince. Bunches very long, not wide at base; ber-
ries large, thinly set, oval ; skin thick, black, with a thick
blue bloom ; flavor sweet and excellent. A good bearer.
Sometimes ripens in the open air.

Black St. Peters, Black Portugal, and Cambridge Black,
much resemble this variety.

Early Black July. (Syn. July, Madeleine.) Bunches small,
compact ; berries small, spherical, black, bloom blue, skin
thick; flavor acid, becoming rather sweet, not rich. Very
early, ripens in open air soon after mid-summer.

Class II. White, or yellow.

Charlesworth Tokay. Bunches long, compact; berries
large, oval, white, skin thick, with a rich, excellent, mus-
cat flavor. Hangs long, and is adapted to a forcing or
late house. New. English.

Early White Malvasia. {Syn. Grove End Sweetwater,
Early Chasselas, White Meilier.) Bunches large, shoul-
dered ; berries round, yellowish white ; skin thin ; sweet,
juicy, agreeable. Early, good bearer, ripens in open air.

PiTMASTON White Cluster. Bunches small, compact,
shouldered ; berries small, round, amber colored, some-
times with a little faint russet when fully ripe ; skin thin,
flesh tender, juicy, rich, of fine flavor. Open air, cold or
forcing house. A seedling from Black Cluster, ripening
before Sweetwater.

ROYAL MUSCADINE. (St^'tz. Chasselas, Golden Chasse-
las, White Chasselas, Early White Teneriffe, Chasselas de
Fontainebleau, White Muscadine of some.) Bunches large,
long, sometimes shouldered ; berries rather large, round,
greenish, becoming a golden amber; skin thin, flesh ten-
der, rich, delicious. Does not hang well — cracks some
seasons. Distinguished from Sweetwater by its larger
berries, and stronger growth of shoots.

400

THE GRAPE.

Chasselas de Bar Sur Aube, much resembles the Royal
Muscadine, but is earlier, and rather superior in flavor ;
the bunches, under good cultivation, are often ten or
twelve inches long, usually not shouldered; very pro-
ductive. For forcing or cold house.

Syrian. Bunches enormously large — have weighed 19 lbs.,
beino- 22 inches long" and 19 broad — irre^-ular, shoulder-
ed, berries large, oval, tawny yellow ; skin thick, flesh
firm, solid, moderate!}^ j^icy and sweet, not rich. Late ;
needs fire heat ; hanors well. Wood and foliao-e laro^e.

• Supposed to be the grape of Eschol, mentioned in the
Sacred Scriptures.

WHITE MUSCAT OF ALEXANDRIA. (Syn. Jerusa-
lem Muscat, Malaga, Fron-
tignac of Alexandria, Passe
Musqu'.) Bunches very large,
9 to 12 inches long, loose, ir-
regular, do not set well ; ber-
ries very large, oval, an inch
long, pale amber, skin thick ;
flesh firm, crisp, rich, delicious,
perfumed — often seedless. One
of the richest Muscat grapes — ■
Downing says, " the most de-
licious of all grapes." Needs
a vinery, and best with fire
heat — hangs long.
The Cannon-Hall Muscat, is a
seedling sub-variety, improved
in size, but hardly so rich in
flavor.
The Tottenham Park Muscat,
also a sub-variety, is not quito
so rich as the original, but sets
better, and hangs welL

Fig. 30-2. — White Muscat of Alexan
dria. Reduced to i diameter.

THE GRAPE. 401

White Frontignan. {Syn. White Frontignan, Muscat
Blanc, White Constantia.) Bunches medium in size or
long, sometimes shouldered, usually not, rather dense ;

*- berries medium or large, round, dull white or yellow,
when well ripened a beautiful amber, bloom thin, skin
thin ; tender, rich, perfumed, one of the best Muscat
grapes. Productive in a vinery, adapted to a cold, forc-
ing, or late house — requires a dry situation ; on a wet soil,
not worth cultivating. Ten days later than Hamburgh.

White Nice. Bunches very large — have weighed eighteen
pounds — shouldered, loose; berries medium or rather
small, round ; greenish-white, approaching yellow, sweet
good, rich-flavored ; hangs well. Growth strong, leaves
very downy beneath. Needs fire heat.

White Sweetwater. (Syn. Early White Muscadine,
White Muscadine of Lind.,1^3.T\y Sweetwater.) Bunches
medium in size, loose, usually shouldered; berries medi-
um size, round, yellowish green, skin thin ; crisp, watery,
sweet, moderately rich. Inferior to Royal Muscadine,
but two weeks earlier, ripening by the end of summer.
Ripens in open air ; shoots tender.

White Tokay. (Syn. Genuine Tokay.) Bunches medium
in size, compact ; berries round-oval, dull white ; skin
thin ; delicate, sweet, perfumed. Leaves deeply five-
lobed, lower surface with a silky down. Ripens in open
air.

Class III. Light red.

Grizzly Frontignan. {Syn. Red Constantia, Red Fron-
tignan, Gray Muscat.) Bunches rather long, narrow,
slightly shouldered ; berries medium in size, round, com-
pact ; reddish grey, bloom thick ; juicy, rich, musky,
high-flavored ; hangs well, ripens before Hamburgh, and
the other Frontignans. For forcing, cold or late house.

CHAPTER XIL

SELECT LIST OF VARIETIES, ADAPTED TO DIFFERENT LOCALI-
TIES OF THE UNION.

In the body of this work, the type used for the names of
varieties, will enable the inexperienced cultivator to pre-
pare select lists of greater or less extent, a few of the most
valuable being in capitals, a larger number of less general
value in small capitals, and a still larger number in italics.
But as the same sort does not often succeed alike in all re-
gions, it becomes desirable to obtain lists of those fruits best
adapted to particular localities. The following are given
for this purpose.

The LIST ADOPTED BY THE AMERICAN CoNGRESS OF FrUIT-

Growers, held in New-York city, in 1848, and adapted to
the more northern and eastern portions of the Union'-

Apples — Early Harvest, Bough, American Summer Pear-
main, Summer Rose, Early Strawberry, Gravenstein, Fall
Pippin, Rhode Island Greening, Baldwin, Roxbury Russet;
and for particular localities, — Yellow Bellflower, Esopus
Spitzenburgh, Newtown Pippin — 13.

Pears — Madeleine, Dearborn's Seedling, Bloodgood,
Tyson, Golden Bilboa, Bartlett, Seckel, Flemish Beauty,
Beurre Bosc, Winter Nelis, Beurre d'Aremberg ; and for
particular localities^ White Doyenn^, Grey Doyenne — 13.

Peaches — Grosse Mignonne, George IV., Serrate Early
York, Large Early York, Morris White, Oldmixon Free,
Cooledge's Favorite, Bergen's Yellow, Crawford's Late;
and /or particular localities, Heath Cling — 10.

Plums — Jefferson, Green Gage, Washington, Purple
Favorite, Bleecker's Gage, Coe's Golden Drop, Frost Gage,
Purple Gage ; and for particular localities , Imperial Gage
-9.

Cherries — Mayduke, Black Tartarian, Black Eagle,
GrafRon or Bigarreau, Knight's Early Black, Downer's
Late, Elton, Downtou — 8.

SELECT LISTS OF VARIETIES. 403

Select List pi-eparedjor this work^ by Samuel Walker,
President of the Massachusetts HorticuUural Society^ as
in accordance with his own experience^ and in the order Oj
their value^ all things considered.

Apples — Rhode Island Greening, Gravenstein, Baldwin,
Early Harvest, Minister, Danver's Sweet, Bough, Roxbury
Russet, Dyer, White Seeknofurther, Summer Rose, Porter,
Hubbardston Nonesuch, Fameuse, Summer Pearmain, Fall
Harvey, Red Astrachan, Fall Pippin, River, William's Fa-
vorite— 20.

Pears — Vicar of Winkfield, (for its size, productiveness,
ong continuance, and many uses,) Bartlett, Beurre d'Arem-
berg, Seckel, Fondante d'Automne, Urbaniste, Bloodgood,
Louise Bonne of Jersey on quince, Winter Nelis, Dear-
born's Seedling, Flemish Beauty, Glout Morceau, Madeleine,
Beurre Bosc, Beurre Diel on quince, Rostiezer, Hearhcote
Passe Colmar, Andrews, Golden Bilboa, Tyson, Dix — 22.

Cherries — Black Tartarian, Black Eagle, Downer's Red,
Mayduke, Bigarreau, Knight's Early Black — 6.

Peaches — Grosse Mignonne, George IV., Oldmixon Free,
Cooledge's Favorite, Crawford's Late, Late Red Rare-
ripe— 6.

Plums — Green Gage, Jefferson, Purple Gage, Columbia,
Washington, Imperial Gage — 6.

Apricots — Moorpark, Breda, Royal.

Nectarines — Elruge, Hunt's Tawny, New White, Early
Newington, Early Violet, Roman — 6.

Native Grapes — Isabella, Catawba.

List furnished by R. Manning, Pomological Garden* Su"

lemy Mass.

Hiree best pears, early, middle, and late — Bartlett, Para-
dise d'Automne, Winter Nelis.

Three best summer pears — Bloodgood, Rostiezer, Dear-
born's Seedling.

Three best autumn — Bartlett, Paradise d'Automne, Urba-
niste.

Three best winter — Winter Nelis, Beurre d'Arcmberg,
Easter Beurre.

• Where nearly one thousand sorts are in bearing. T. Rivers, in Enjrlaud, has
•elected out of nearly one tiiousaad, only /our for market, viz., Bartlett^ Beurre
d^Amaliiy Capiaumonl, and Louise Bonne 0/ Jersty. The second and third, how-
•ver, prove no better than second quality, iu this country.

404 SELECT LISTS OF VARIETIES.

Thi'ee best orchard pears — Bartlett, Fulton, Vicar of
Winkfield.

Tiirte best apples — Summer Rose, Gravenstein, Baldwin.

Select List of Apples, by B. V. French, Braititree, Mass.

Three best apples — Porter, R. I. Greening, Baldwin.

TViree best summer — Early Harvest, Red Astrachan,
Williams' Favorite.

Three best autumn — Porter, Fameuse, Gravenstein.

Three best winter — Rhode Island Greening, White Seek-*
nofurther, Baldwin.

For the six best for each season, add to the preceding, —
American Summer Pearmain, Bough, Benoni; St. Law*
rence, Lyscom, Hawthornden ; Yellow Bellflower, None*
such (or Red Canada,) Roxbury Russet.

In a List furnished by Dr. W. D. Brinckle, of Phila-
delphia, the following standard sorts, well tested at that
place, are marked j'??'^^ quality: —

Apples — Early Harvest, Summer Rose, (best flavored
early,) Early Bough, Summer Pearmain, Fall Pippin, Bul-
lock's Pippin, Winter Pearmain.

Pears — Madeleine, Tyson, Washington, Bartlett, Seckel,
Petre, Lodge, Fondante d'Automne, Louise Bonne of Jer-
sey, Duchesse d'Angouleme, Echassery. New pears. — Oit,
Kingsessing, Brandywine, Chancellor, Jones.

Plums — Green Gage, Washington, Coe's Golden Drop,
Lawrence's Favorite.

Cherries — Mayduke and Graffion or Bigarreau.

Straivberries — Early Scarlet, Hudson, Hovey's Seedling

Native Grapes — Isabella, Catawba.

List by T. Hancock, Burlington^ New Jersey.

Peaches — Crawford's Early, Crawford's Late, Large
Early York, La Grange, Heath Cling, Ward's Late Free,
New-York Rareripe, Scott's Nonpareil, Oldmixon Free,
Cole's White Melocoton.

Native Grapes — Elsinburgh, Catawba, Isabella.

Foreign Grapes — Black Hamburgh, (best and most pro-
fitable for a cold house,) White Muscat of Alexandria. Both
fine for a heated house.

SELECT LISTS OF VARIETIES. 405

Raspherreh — White Antwerp, Red Antwerp, (true,) Fas-
tolff, Franconia.

Apples — Lady Apple, Autumn Pearmain, Boucli, Cum-
berland Spice, Early Harvest, Fall Pippin, Wood's Green-
ing, Red Juneating, Jersey Greening, (or Ortley,) Maiden's
Blush, Newtown JPippin, Newark Pippin, Rhode Island
Greening, Roman Siem, Bullock's Pippin, Summer Rose,
Summer Pearmain, Wine apple, Winesap, Tewksbury Blush,
(for keeping.)

List hy T. S. Pleasants, Petershurgh, Va.

Apples — May Apple, Pted June, July Branch, Fall Pippin,
Gloucester Cheese, Fall Cheese, Bellflower, Winter Cheese,
Carter's Pearmain, Winesap, Albemarle Pippin, Pryor's Red,
Old Town Crab, Limber Twig.

Peaches- — njKmng in 7 mo.., (July) — Early Tillotson,
Troth's Early Red, Yellow Rareripe, Red Magdalen, Old-
mixon Free, Large Early York, Crawford's Early, Early
Newington Cling, Royal Kensington, Royal George. Ri-
pening in 8 mo. — Belle de Vitry, Orange Freestone, Orange
Clingstone, Rodman's Cling, Oldmixon Cling, Crawford's
J^ate, Ward's J^ate Free, Pavie Admirable. In 9 mo. —
Heath Cling, La Grange. The following new or local sorts :
Budd's Orange Clingstone, early in 9 mo. ; Late Soft Heath,
(freestone,) nearly middle of 9 mo. ; Bridgeforth's Orange,
(fine and very handsome,) after middle of 9th mo. ; La!e
Heath Cling, a month later than commoTi Heath Chng ;
Late White Freestone and October peaches, first to middle
of 10 mo.

Native Grapes — Catawba, Isabella, Norton's, Herbemont's,
Lenoir, Halifax.

Figs — The best kinds are the Brown, White, and Black or
Florida fig, the last superior to all others, the fruit large and
exceedingly rich, skin deep purple, almost black ; trees very
productive. The Brown is nearly equal to it — the White is
much less luscious, but very large.*

* '.'The fig is one of the mo»it luscious of fruits, and prows well in the open prnund,
with very slight protection ; and on our larjre water courses, within the precincts of
towns, and even apainst any walls, having an eastern, southern, or western a«j>ect,
without any immediate protection. When the plants arc young, they should be en-
closed for one or two winters in barrels filled with litter or leaves ; afterwards it is
sufficient to surround them wiih branches of evergreens.'* — T. S. Pleasant*.

406 SELECT LISTS OF VARIETIES.

List of Apples, ripening in successio?i, hij A. H. Ernst,
President of Cincinnati Hort. Society,

Sweet Bough, Early Harvest, Summer Rose, Fall Pippin,
Golden Russet, (or Bullock's Pippin,) Newtown Spitzen-
burgh, Yellow Bellefleur, Woolman's Long (or Ortley or
White Detroit,) White Pippin, Brodwell, Winesap, Yellow
Newtown Pippin, Rawle's Jannet — 13. Add for a larger
collection, — Red Jun?ating, Summer Queen, Golden Sweet-
ing, Kaighn's Spitzenburgh, Rhode Island Greening, Rambo,
Pryor's Red, Vandevere, Doctor, Roxbury Russet — 10.

Pears ripening in succession, 'proved excdlent at Cincin'
nati — Madeleine, Julienne, Bartlett, Washington, Gray
Doyenne, Seckel, Duchesse d'Angouleme, Beurr^ Diel,
Louise Bonne of Jersey.

Strawberries — Neck Pine, earliest ; Old Hudson, unri-
valled for the market gardener; Jenny's Seedling,* very
hardy, prolific ; Hovey's Seedling, its position not yet fully
established ; Taylor's Seedling,! promises to be valuable.

Select List by F. R. Elliott, Cleveland ^Ohio.

Apples — Best single variety, for northern Ohio, — Bel-
mont or Waxen.

Three best, summer, autumn, and winter; — Summer
Rose, Fall Pippin, Red Canada or Nonesuch.

Three best summer — Early Harvest, Summer Rose, Ameri-
can Summer Pearmain.

Three best autumn — Gravenstein, Porter, Fall Pippin.

Three best winter — Belmont, Swaar, Nonesuch.

For the six best, for each season, add to the preceding, — ■
Red Astrachan, Williams' Favorite, Early Joe ; Fall Har-
vey, Ross Nonpareil, Rambo ; Hubbardston Nonesuch, Cana-
da Reinette, Rhode Island Greening.

For the best forty, add to the preceding, Maiden's Blush,
Minister, Fameuse, Roxbury Russet, Westfield Seeknofur-
ther. Yellow Bellflower, Court of Wyck, Jonathan, Lady
Apple, Herefordshire Pearmain, American Golden Russet,
Esopus Spitzenburgh, Pryor's Red, Wood's Greening, Fort

• Fruit medium, uniform, very productive, sharp acid but flue flavor, firm, but fine
for market. Pistillate, late bloomer. Origin , Boston.

t Above medium, size uniform, long-conical, pointed, b^autif il scarlet, productive,
liardy, strong, less acid than moat scarlets.

SELECT LISTS OF VARIETIES. 40?

Miami, Wine, "Winesap, Brabant Bellefleur, and four sweet
apples, viz: — Bough, Jersey Sweeting, Golden Sweet-
ing, Ladies' Sweeting. If the soil be a rich clay loam, sub-
stitute Green and Yellow Newtown Pippin for Swaar and
Winesap.

Strawberries^ in the order of productiveness — Old Hud-
son and Willey, Dundee, Hovey's Seedling.

Lists by A, J. Downing, chiefly copied from the Horticul-
turist.

Profitable Pears — Bartlett, Buffum, Flemish Beauty,
Louise Bonne de Jersey on quince. Vicar of Winkfield,
Lawrence, Beurre d'Aremberg.

Most proaiictive Plums on light soils — Lombard, Cruger's
Scarlet, Smith's Orleans, White Damson.

Best Plubis for heavy soils — Early, — Imperial Ottoman,
Yellow Gage; medium, — Bleecker's Gage, Jeflferson; late,
• — Coe's Golden Drop, Frost Gage.

Three best Peaches. — Serrate Early York, George IV.
Oldmixon Free.

The following list of New Foreign Pears, noi named
m the body of this work, with their size, season, and qua-
lity, so far as indicated by a short trial, has been furnished
by M. P. Wilder, of Boston. The three grades of quality
are indicated by the terms goodj very good^ and best, and
some of them may prove valuable.

size. Season. Quality.

Bonne des Zees, 2 Sept., " good," may be *' very good."

Benoist, 1 Sept., promises well.

Beurre de Rhin, 1 Nov., ''very good."

Beurre Triguer, 3 Sept., " best," — very rich and sweet.

Belle Excellente, 2 Oct., '' very good."

Bezi des Veterans, 2 Oct., " very good" — promises y<^e\\.

Doyenne de Neckerman, 2 Nov., '' very good," — handsome red

cheek.

Delices de Jodigne, 2 Sept., 'Wery good," of good promise.

Epine Dumas, 1 Oct., " very good."

Inconnue Van Mons, . . . 2 Jan., ''very good," perhaps *' best,"

hardy, good bearer.

St. Andre, 2 Sept., " best," rich and perfumed.

St. Michael Archange,. . 2 Oct., "very good," promises well,

fiouvrain d'Ete, 2 Sept., " bpst," delicious and rich.

PRONUNCIATION OF FOREIGN NAMES.

Names of fruits, strictly French, can be pronounced correctly by
those on' / who speak that language. But a considerable number
are becoming rapidly Anglicised, or passing to a sound between
French and English, and »till differing materially from the spell-
ing, like the common words chttunix dc, frize, drpnt, apropos, belles
lettres^ &c. A short vocabulary of these, and chiefly such as do not
well admit of English translation, may be of use to those who have no
knowledge of foreign pronunciation.

Belle de Choisy, be'l d' shwaw ze.

Belle de Vitry, bcll-d'-ve-tree.

Belle Magnifique, bell mag-nefeek.

Beurre, burry. This is often pronounced bury, rhyming with
fury, but to be correct, it should rhyme with hurry,

Beurre d'Amalis, burry dammal-iee.

Beurre d'Anjou, burry dan-zhoo.

Beurr6 d'Aremberg, burry dar-em burg.

Beurre de Capiaumont, burry d'cap-u-mone.

!Br«rre Dial, burry deel. (Diel, a German pomologist, — hence th«
pronunciation is notdeell, French, as sometimes sounded.)

Beurre Gris, burry gree.

Bigarreau, be-gar-ro.

Bonchretien, bone-cre-shan. (French, bong-cra-tyang.

Crassane, crassann.

Doyennfe, doy-en-nay

Fameuse, fam-uz. .

Fenouillet Gris, f-nool-ya gree.

FoTtunee, for-tu-na.

Glout Morceau, gloo mor-so.

Gravenstein, grav-en-stinc, (German.)

Grosse Mignonne, groce meen-yonn.

Guigne, geen, (g hard.)

Louise Bonne, loo-eze bonn.

Madeleine, mad-lane.

Male Carle, mal-carl.

Marie Louise, raar-re loo-eze.

Nivette, ne-vett.

Nonpareil, non-par-ell. (French, nong-par-ale.)

Pavie, Pav-vy.

Quetsche, quetch-eh. (German.)

Reine ClauJe, rane clode

Reinette, ra-nett.

Sieulle, se-uU.

Sine Qua Non, si ne qua non. (Latin.)

Virgouleuse, veer-goo-luz. Virgalieu, a different word, is pr©
nounced vur-ga-loo.

Ticompte de Spoelbereh, ve-konte d' spool-baixk.

GLOSSARY

Of the more common terms used in Fruit Culture

Acute, sharp or angular.

Acuminate, drawn out to a point.

Alburnumy the sap-wood, as distinguished from the heart-wood.

Apex, point, the part of a fruit farthest from the foot-stalk.

Base, lower end, or that portion of a fruit, stalk, or part of a plant,
nearest the supporting part or root.

Basin, the hollow or depression at the apex or crown of a fruit, sur-
rounding the calyx.

Bezi, a wilding, or natural seedling,

Beurre, a buttery pear.

Border, artificial bed of enriched earth.

Callus, ring or swollen portion formed at the base of a cutting, by
the descending cambium.

Calville-shapedy much ribbed, as applied to apples.

Calyx, the outer or green leaves of a flower, which, remaining on the
apex of a pear or apple,are often denominated the eye.

Cambium, the soft, newly forming wood beneath the bark.

Canes, long, bearing shoots ; applied to grapes and raspberries.

Clipping, trimming down to some definite shape.

Colmar -shaved, pyriform or pear-shaped, with a rather slender neck
and large body.

Conical, tapering regularly towards the apex.

Cordate, heart-shaped.

Coxcomb, applied to the form of strawberries when much compressed
at the sides.

Crenate, notched or cut like rounded or blunt saw teeth.

Crown, the part of a fruit farthest from the foot-stalk or base«

Curculio, the insect which stings young fruit.

Dwarfs, trees made diminutive by grafting or budding upon stock!
of small growth.

Espalier, a tree trained flat upon a trellis.

En quenouille, training to produce fruitfulness by tying the branchef
downwards.

Fibrous roots, the smaller, branching, or thread-like roots.

Forcing, the early ripening of fruits by artificial heat under glass.

Fore-right shoot, the terminal shoot of a branch.

Head bac'e, to cut off the limbs of a tree, part way down.

Head down, to cut off the entire limbs or branches of a tree, or to
cut down to an inserted bud.

Inflorescence, the manner in which the flowers are borne.

Lay-in, applied to selecting and fastening to a trellis or wall, new
branches or shoots.

Lay in by the heels, to bury the roots of trees temporarily in a trench

Leading shoot, the longest or main shoot of a limb or tree.

Lopping, cutting the branch dowh to the stem.

Maiden plant, a tree of one year's growth from the bud or graft.

Mulching, covering the ground about a tree with straw or litter to
prevent drying.

410 GLOSSARY.

Oblate, flattened, so that the shortest diameter is between the base
anil apex, liire a flat turnip.

Obovate, reversed ovate, being largest from the foot-stalk or towards
the apex.

Obtuse, rounded or blunt.

Ovate, egg-shaped, being tlie largest towards the foot-stalk.

Pedicel, the subili vision of a flower or fruit-stalk.

Peduncle, the flower or fruit sta k.

Petals, flower-leaves, usually colored.

Petiole, leaf-sfalk.

Pippin, an indefinite term applied to various apples, differing in size,
shape, color, and flavor, but more particularly used for the Newtown
Pippin.

Pomologxj, the science of fruits.

Pyramidal, like a pyramid, usually nearly similar to conical, but
longer.

Pyriform, pear-shaped, having more or less a drawn-out neck.

Rinsing, the removal of a ring of bark round a branch, to impede the
descending sap.

Serrate, notched or cut like saw-teeth.

Shankirif^, a diseased shrivelling of the ffjot-stalks of grapes.

Shorten-in, to cut off more or less of the outer parts of shoots,

Spongiole, the minute spongy extremity of a fibrous root.

Sport, an unusual departure or variation in a new seedling.

Spur, a short stubby shoot bearing fruit or fruit-buds.

Standard, a fruit tree in open ground, or not trained to a wall or
trellis.

Stock;, seedling tree, which supports the inserted bud or graft.

Stop, to pinch or cut off the point of a shoot, to prevent its further
extension in growth.

Strike, to emit roots.

Tap-root, the main or central descending root.

TrelL's, an upright, flat frame, for training fruit trees and grapes
upon its face.

Wilding, a natural seedling.

Workf a term applied to the budding or grafting of trees.

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lain, com-tileii by Mr. .leukiii?, and piibiislicd by you. I h.ive perused it enough to
pay, that m my opinion, it is "greatly superior to any work o/ that character which
has preceded it. It cannot fail to be bighiy useful to tiione ibr whose benefit it is de-
signed. Mr. JerdciiiS has, I think, succceiled eminently in his aim, " to simplify and
reduce witlnn a rea.sonab!e cooijiass, the forms in ordinary use, and to present otiiers,
the absence of which, in [previous works, has been a very general source of regret."
Very respectfully, Yours, Arc,

F. G. JEWETT, Skancateles, N. Y.

rro7n Hon. GREEN C. BRONSON, Judge of the Court of ApjTcals, State of

New York.
A raj)id glance at " The New Clerk's Assistant," published by Derby <k Miller,
of Auburn, li.is satislied me that it will prove a very useful book, to county and town
oflicers, and other classes of citizens.

GREEN C. BRONSON, Albany, N. Y.

Fro7n lion J.W. EDMONDS, Justice (f the Supreme Court, State of New York,

First Judicial District.
1 have received and carefully examined a copy of your edition of .Jenkins' New
Clerk's Assistant, and have been very much pleased with i(. It has evidently been
prepared with a good deal of care and accuracy. Tlie prefatory notes to each chap-
ter, I perceive, are written with much precision and correctness, and the forms which
follow are excellently well drawn up. The book cannot fail to be valuable, not
merely in tlie Attorney's Qflice, but to 'he Country Merchant and Magistrate, and to
. liie great body of town and county officers, and I trust you may reap a suitable re-
ward for your enterpri'?e in getting it up.

Very respectfully, Yours, «fec.,

J. W. EDMONDS, New York City.

Prom Hon. WM. T. McCOUN, Justice of the Supreme Court, State of New York y

Second Judicial District.
Gbmts. :— I have to acknowledge the receipt of a copy of the " New Clerk's Asflis-
Cant," just published, and am very much obliged to you for the compliment. Th«

Books recently published by derby & miller.

airansrement of (he work appenis to be excellent, the author's " practical remarks*
in eacli chapter instructive, and the numerous forms well cliosen and accurate. Such
a compilation cannot fail to answer (he purposes of all classes ofotticers and business
men, lor whom it purports to be designed. In the publication of this new and neat
edition you " have done the State some service."

Your obliged and obedient servant,

WM. T. McCOUN, Oyster Bay, N. Y.

From Hon. PHILO GRID LEY, Justice of the Supreme Court Slate of New
York, Fiflh JiuUciul District.

I have received a copy of your " Clerk's Assistant ; or, Book of Practical Forms,"
and have examined it with as much care as the other demantls upon any time would
permit. The plan of the work is excellent, and so far as 1 have been able to discover
the Ibrms have the merit of brevity and accuracy. The subjects treated of are nu-
merous, and tlie " practical remarks," embracing a summary of legal principles, rela-
ting to each subject, cannot fail to be useful, both to the student and man ol business.
On tl'c whoU;, I regard it a decided improvement upon any work of the kind which
has lalicn under my observation.

Your obedient servant,

PIIILO GIIIDLEY, Utica, N. Y.

From the late Hon. JOHN MA YNARD, Justice of the Supreme Court, Slate of
New York, Sevent/i Jndicicd District.

I liavc perused the New Clerk's Assistant, by J. S. Jenkins, Esq., which you have
had the kindness to senil me, and clieerfully atld my recommondation to the numerous
testimonials already in your possession. I deem it a valuable, and almost indispen-
sable work for town and county oHicers, as well as deserving a place in the libraries
of tlie profession generally.

Your obedient servant,

JOHN iMAYNAUD, Auburn, N. Y.

From " The Tri/>unc."

We believe it a good work of its kind, and calculated to meet the wants of that
large class who are compelled to use legal forms without having time thoroughly to
study law. It ia chea]) also — as law-books are aj)! not to be.

From " 77zfi Express."

Under the system which has made all of us lawyers, and when every man is expec-
ted to act for himself, in cases where counsel has hitherto been consitlered necessary,
it will be well for each of us to be supplied with the work of Mr. Jenkins. The forms
seem to be adapted to cases which are occurring every day— and in which, particu-
larly among a farming community, every man may be called to act. Ii would bo
well for evei7 business man to have a copy of this work.

From the " Coiwnerdal Advertiser."

This is one of the most perfect ani useful books of the kind, we ever saw. It has
already run through three editions, and the fourth lias now been publif^hed. This
rapid sale is good evidence that it is adapted to the objects designed — •' to provide a.
practical form book for business men" — one that should be full and complete, and
yet simple and clear in its arrangement, and easily understood. To town and county
oflicers of every grade — to business men of all classes, this book is believed to be a
useful and reliable guide and direction, not only in public afiairs, but in private
business.

Tliis book contains 650 pages, and embraces forms in relation to every conceivable
subject which enters into the business of our people, and for which ibrms are re-
quired. They are made simple and concise, and conform to the laws of the State.
The fourth edition has some new chapters on the Exemption of the Homestead. Plank
Roads, Duties of the Board of Sujiervisors, <fec. The Constitution of the State is
also inserted, which is a good idea, as it will place that instrument before the people
in a permanent form. We find this book in lawyer's oHices, where it is highly ap-
proved and much in use. No man whose business requires the use of such forms
fihould be without it, and to county and town officers, it must be invaluable. The
author has evidently bestowed much time and labor in preparing it, and the call for a
fourth edition so soon, shows that it has found favor with those for whom it was d©»
■igned.

BOOKS RECENTLY PUBLISHED BY DERBY dt MILLER.

The liife of the Empress Josephine, first vrife
of Napoleon. By P. C. Headley. 12d[io., pp. 378.
Derby, Miller <k Co., Auburn, New York.

There are few of the female characters of modern history whose lives abound with
more interettiiiij events than that of the Empress Jo~ephino. Her whole court^o whs
one of romantic, and also of trasric intereet. If tho illustrious husband was eminent,
far above all other men of his time, for vast intellect and prodigious achievements,
Josephine ecemeJ, in the more lofty and majestic traits of cnaracter, to transcend the
mo<t disiin°ui.-he(l of her female coteinporarics. Like her husband, she is a great
Bubjcct tor biography. Many memoirs have been written of her, possessing more or
less merit, bat none have been without interest. The author of the present book has,
we think, been very successful. It is by far the most interesting history of Josephine
that v,e have yet seen. He recms to have had recour.--e to the best sources for his
materials, which he has combined and put together with skill and judgment. His
Btyle is flowing, elegant, and often eloquent. In short, it is .a book well worth read-
ing. It will not fail to attract the public attention. As to the mechanical execution
©f the book, it is but justice to the proprietors to sav, that it will compare favorably
with the productions of the press of any city in the Union. It contains a fine mezzo-
tint portrait of Joeephine, showing a beauty of person equalled only by the moral
grandeur of her character. — Wasliington Union.

It is not without its sparkling gems. Occaeional flashes of thought make the rea-
der parise to contemplate their freshness and beauty, and reveal a well-stored mmd
in eymjjathy witiithe noblest human traits, in close communion with the glories of
nature. Ilia text, too, is happily chosen. Who has not felt a lingering, peculiar,
undefinabie interest in the highly extraordinary and tragic career of the Empress
JoFcphine ? Would it not extend this notice too far, we should like to touch the more
prominent of the many eventful passages which marked the history of this remark-
able child of superstition, to gaze for a moment upon the vascillaling star of her deg
liny, and trace its luminous ascent from the veriest depths of agonizing gloom and
despair, to the loftiest pinacle of worldly splendor and renown, where she grasped
for a moment the fleering phantom of happiness, only to sinic again into the arms ol
mie.^ortune, and feel s:iil more keenly the bitter pangs of adversity. But all this will
be found in a very readable form in this interesting volume, and we cheerfully com-
mend it to notice.— ?7if/ca Observer.

We do not know of a biography of this important and interesting personage, so
complete in its historic details, and so congenial to the spirit of her life, as this :
whiie it has also the advantage of a pojuilar style, and of that view of the subject
which accords with the general sentiment, Mr, Headley writes in a clear, well-sus-
tained and engaging style— evidently entertaining a warm approbation of his bubject,
and alive to the sublimity and purity of her life. Treating of one of the most impor-
tant epodifl ol French history, the work is finely adapted to enlist the interest of the
reader, and lo supply a kind and degree of information not readily accessible elsc-
whero. It can hardly fail of proving a highly popular, as it is a highly creditable
work.— iV. y. Evangelist.

The writer of this book is a brother of J. T. Headley, the author of" Napoleon and
hiy Mar.shals" — '' \Va«liington nnd his Generals," &c. 7'here is a strong family re
Kcmblance between the two. The qualities which have given such a wide celebrity
to the one, Fceni lo be fully enjoyed by the other. Both brothers are characterized
by that peculiar vividness and, so to speak, intensity of style which always makes a
boiik readable anl interesting. The '• Life of Josephine" possesses much of this pe-
culiar chaim. The author has studied his subject well and could hardly have chosen
a blotter one to write tipon. Josephine is a charmed name to many liearts. There
are few who do not feel an interest in her singularly eventful career. At first the
dttuehtor oi' a West India planter, — then the wife of a French nobleman, — anon the
cunsirt of Gen. Bonaparte and afterwards Empress of France ; — her picture presents
lis with a scene of constantly increasing brightnees, where the dark shades never
chase away the light, till we behold her ending a career of dazzling splendor as a de-
throned Empress and repudiated wife, Josephine was in many respects a model of a
woman. —Antheist Express.

BOOKS RECENTLY PUBLISHED BY DERBY di MlLx,^. .

Golden Steps to Respectability, Usefulness and
Happiness ; being a scries of Lectures to the youth of
both sexes on Cliaracter, Principles, Associates, Amuse-
ments, Religion, and Marriage. By John Mather Austin.
Derby, Miller & Co., Auburn, 1850. 243 pp.

The author of this book is a writer of superior attraction, and has here selected a
subject, of deep interest. Coukl the youth of the country be induced to exchange tlio
Buiitline, Lippard, and Ingraham literature of the day, for such reading as this, the
benefits to themselves and society would be incalculable. — Lockport Courier.

We honor the lieart of the writer of this volume as well as his head. He has her*
addressed an earnest and maidy appeal to the young, every page of which proves his
sincerity and his ilcsire for their welfare. The subjects treated of in the different lee- .
lures arc those indicated on tho title page. Integrity and virtue, usefulness, truth
and honor, are the " Golden Steps " by which the young may ascend to respectability,
usefuliieas, and happiness. We trust the seed thus sown will not be without it3 fruil,
and that his readers will imbibe the spirit of the motto he haa chosen^

" Onward ! onward ! toils despising,
Ui)ward ! upward ! turn thine eyos,
Only be content when rising.
Fix thy goal amid the skies."
^Albany State Reg inter.

The work of Mr. Austin, written in a pleasing style, and nervous and pointed in it»
argumentation, will hold a prominent position among the fortunate endeavors by
which the rising generation are to be inlluenced. Tlie volume before us is beautiful
in its exterior, and this, combined with the aim of the author, in which he has admi-
rably succeeded, will give it a wide range, and secure for it, we hope, an invaluably
influence. — Dtiffaio Christian Advocate.

A plain, familiar, forcible exposition of the dutiea and responsibilities of Youth,
which can hardly be read without exerting a salutary and lastmg influence. Judging
from the popularity of Mr. Austin's former works, we predict for it a wide circula-
tion.— New York Tribune.

If the precepts eloquently and forcibly urged in these pages cotild be brought home
and impressed upon the minds of the mass of you'.h in our land, they would confor
lasting and incalculable benefits upon the rising generation. We cordially commend
this work to the attention of the young and all who have charge of them.

The publishers have executed their work admirable, and have brought out an ele-
gant and beautiful book. Their work will compare favorably with any of the New
York houses.— 2'roy Pos/.

The following extract haa refprence to the '* golden steps" of the President of th^
Vnited States, Millard Fillmore :— (See page 69.)

BOOKS RECENTLY PUBLISHED BY DERBY h MILLER.

6»

The Lives of Mary and Martha, mother and
wife of Washington : by Margaret C. Coiiklin
■with a steel portrait, 18mo, scarlet cloth.

Miss Conklino, who is a daughter ef Judge Conkling of Auburn, is favorably
known as the author ol llarj-er's trauslaiiuu of '• Flonan's History of the Moora
01 Si)ain." She also wroie •• Isabel, or ihe Trials of the Heart." In Lhe preparation
01 llio pretty littie volume she has done a j)raise worthy deed, and we hope ehe wiU
receive the reward the meriuj. She has taught uts in tiie work

" how divine a thing
A woman may be made."
The mother and wife of Wasiiington were, in many respects, model women, and
the daughters ol America will do well to study iheir character — which iti nnely
drawn on these pages.— Literary Messenger.

This beautifully printed and elegantly bound little work, reflecting the highest
credit uj>on the skill anii task of the jiublisherf, contains biographical sketches of
Mary, the mother, and Martha, the wiie of the J-Vtherof his country. It is a most
valuable contribution to the history of the American people, embracing not only the
great pub.ic events of the century during which the subjects lived, but those pictuies
•1 home life, and that exhibition of social manners and customs, which constitute
the most iniponant part of life, but which, from the fact ol their apparent irivialiiy
and intangibility, the historian generally jiasses over. The authoress eviUejiily
Bymj^aihises earnestly with her subject, and feels that in the exhibition ol those
w^jmanly virtues which characterized the heroines of her narrative, she makes the
most eloquent {)iea in favor of the dignity of her sei. It is dedicated to Mrs. \Vm.
II. SawARD, and coiiiains a tinely executed engraving of ihe wiie of Washiiigioii.
We cordially conunend it to the public, and most especially our lady readers.^
Syracuse Journui.

This acceptable and well written volume goes forth upon a happy mission,
'' To teach us how divine a thing
A woman may be made,"

by unfolding those charms of character which belong to the mother and wife of tha
hero of the Land ol the Free ; and in the companionship of which, while they ilias-
irated tiie watchful tenderness of a mother, and the confiding atlections oi a wife,
is shown those induences which made up the moral sentiments of a man. whose
moral grandeur will be felt in ail that is future in government or diviiie in
philosoi'iiy ; and one whoee name is adored by all nations, as the leader of inau ia
in the progress of government, to that perfection of human rights where all epioy
liberty and equality. To say that Miss Conk'.ing has luinlled the task she savtj a
"loo partial friendship has assigned her" faultlessly, would perhaps be'ieo
unmeasured prai->e, for perfection is seldom attained; but it will not be denied but
ih.u her biographies are traced in the chaste elegances that belong to the finidhoj
periods of a refined style, which fascinates the reader with what she has thus coniri-"
Buied to our national literature.

The design of the volume is, to picture a mother fitting the " Father of bis
Country " in a light full of the inexhaustible nobleness of woman's nature, and yet
as possessing that subdued and quiet simplicity, where Truth becomes the Hope on
which Faiih looks at the future wiih a smi.c. The mother of Washington waa
tried in a school of practice where frugal habits and active industry were combined
with the proverbial excellences of those Virginia matrons, who were worthy moihcra
of such im-n as Washington, Jefferson, Mar-=hall, and Henry. Miss C. has pictured
w^ith tideliiy and elegance, her views of this remarkable woman ; not le.ss beauii-
fully his she sketched the character of Manha, the wife; following her from her
brilliant manners as the Virginia belle, through the various phases of her li.'e, ehe
gives a rapid but comprehensive view of ihote characteristics wliich make up the
quiet refinement of manners native to her, and which ever gave her the repuiatioa
of an accomplished wife and lady. And with peculiar delicacy .Miss C'onkling has
pcrtrHved th.e thousand virtues with wliich she (Mnbellishe.i a hninc ; her amiabio
di.-«po.«i!ion and winning manners made the happiest to llij purest aiid be.i ol aij
men fvLUW has chosen lor i:s noblest achievmen.e.— Syruxuse Star.

BOOKS RECENTLY PUBLISHED BY DERBY <b MILLER.

The Young Man's Book : or Lectures for the Times.
By William W. Patton. One 12mo. vol.

The lectures contained in this volume are not made up of merely common place
remarks. They are elevated in sentiment, chaste in style, and impressive in manner.
No person who reads th,e volume can fail to profit by it, or to admire the evangelical
views and elegant language of the author. The work deserves to be a favorite with
young men. — Northern Christian Advocate.

It is a genial, earnest, manly book. The author is himself a remarkable example
of independent ihinking and philanthropic leelin?. The bugle note whicb he sounds
to young men is no uncertain sound. He goes with his whole soul for bettering the
world, where he thinks it bad, and few of iho young men who heard his lectures or
ehall read his book, will not be tsirongly inclined to go with him. We cordially advise
all young men who are anxious to do ■d\ii\ be something in this universe, to cultivate
an acquaintance with Mr. Patton or his book. —Boston Chronotype.

There are seven lectures in this volume devoted to subjects rather unusual in a
work of this kind, and having the impress of earnest feeling and reflection. That
Fome of the points arc overstated does not detract from the exceeding value and im-
portance of most of the views presented— all the more important because so infre-
quently attended to in the pulpit, or in works designed for the young. The book is
written in a pers})icuous and forcible style, and both from its matter and spirit is
likely to become [)opularand useful. — Neic York Evangelist.

This ia an excellent book— excellent in its purpose, in its execution, and in ita
adaptation to the present day. In some respects this book dirlcrs from all kindred
work.s that we have seen. As a writer Mr. Patton is lucid, earnest, and diiect, never
ob.~'cure and seldom other than forcible. Regarded merely as a literary performance
we must proruunice thepe lectures highly creditable. Their timely and important
moral inculcations should commend them more especially to tlie friends oi religion
and entitle them to a place i!i every christian household. — CVmr/er Oak.

These are able and earnest lectures to young men, delivered to the author's con-
gregation in Hartford, and contain many valuable considerations and glowing appeals
to rouse the youth to diligence, courage, and faith in the struggle ol lile. — New York
Observer.

The counsels, warnings, and encouragements, to the young, contained in this vol-
utne, are, as deiivMied, adapted to the times. It is interesting in its style as well as
matter, and cannot fail to profit that class to whom it is addressed. — 7'Ae (.Boston)
Puritan.

The author of these lectures is himself a young man. He has addres.fed those of
his own age, not with the stern reproof or grave comipel of a father, but with the af-
fectionat-i; entreaty, kind, yrt faithful warning of a brother. The subjects of the lec-
tures are judiciously selected and cannot fail of doing good to those who are soon to
bear the burdens and responsibilities of society. —Boston Recorder.

A volutne of lectures, seven in number, on subjects of vast iinportancc, and writ-
ten with much force. The book will proht those who read ii.—New York Conimer-
ciul Advci User.

The lectures were delivered on Sabbath evening'' to densely crowded audiences,
ami were spoken of in terms of hish praise al the thne. At the request of many who
he.ir>l them they are now published. The lectures are valuable, containing a vast
amount olgotxladvice and information for that class of persons for whom they wero
originally designed, and in a time like the present, when pernicious literature ap-
pears to be the order of the day, they are »;till more acceptable.— (//ar//brd) Chris-
tian Seoe'ary.

We can positively say that the object of the work is most praiseworthy, the sub
jecls ireated of are important, the counsels it contains are weighty, and are enforced
in a happy style with a spirit well calculated to gain the attention of those who are
addressed. —//a/-r/'a7-d (CV.) Courant.

In design and execution it is worthy to go eide by aide with the late popular and
widely circulated work known as He?xher's Lectures to Young Men. The fifth lec-
ture is well Buitcd to our columns and we hope to give it a place ere long.—iV. Y.
Advocate and Family Guardian.

I

j/ J ^ ^^ylTL

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