HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
LIBRARY
OF THE
MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY
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AMERICAN
JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY.
VOLUME ITI.
PUBLISHED BY THE
Conchological Section of the Academy of Natural Sciences.
PUBLICATION COMMITTEE :
GEO. W. TRYON, Jr., Eprror, ISAAC LEA, LL.D., C. F. PARKER.
PHILADELPHIA:
CoNCHOLOGICAL SECTION OF THE ACADEMY oF NATURAL SCIENCES.
NEW YORK: BOSTON:
Bailliere Brothers, No. 520 Broadway. Little, Brown & Co.
LONDON: Trubner & Co., No. 60 Paternoster Row. PARIS: MADRID:
J. B. Bailliere et Fils, Rue Hautefeuille. C. Bailly-Bailliere, Calle del Principe.
BERLIN: Asher & Co., No. 20 Unter d. Linden.
1867.
Part 1 published April 4th, 1867. ne ‘ September 5th, 1868. tans a January 2d, 1868. aS ie April 2d, 1868.
(Oo fey
ior)
10.
TA.
CON En NS:
Part 1—Aprit 4th, 1867.
Note on a Cretaceous Limestone of Dakota. Note on Aturia Mathewsoni—on Corbicula densata, Conrad. Description of a new genus of Pectinide.
. Descriptions of New Genera and Species of Fossil
Shells, by T. A. Conrad,
. On the Errors of too Exclusive Classifications, by H.
Crosse. ‘Translated by Frank Daulte,
. Observations on the Bathymetrical and Geographical
Distribution of Marine Invertebrate Animals, by J. Gwyn Jeffreys,
. Description of a new Ba of Montacuta, i John
H. Thomson,
. Monograph of the Terr ete A aitiead of ‘Hid United
States, by George W. Tryon, Jr. (Continued)
Illustrations of new chil of Partula, by Wm. Reo. Pease,
Notices and Reviews of 0H Works . Georg WW? Tryon, Jr.,
American.—Memoirs of the Boston Society of Natural History. Proceedings of the California Academy of Natural Sci- ences. Journal and Proceedings of the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences. Primes’ Monograph of American Corbiculade.
Page. . List of Officers and Committees, i . Record of Meetings, 2 . Observations on Pleiodon 1S case il, ‘lis .. A. Goniaa 4 . Paleontological Miscellanies, by T. A. Conrad, 5
LT
26
33
12.
13.
CONTENTS.
British.—Annals and Magazine of Natural History. Trans-
actions of the Linnean Society. Proceedings of the Zoo- logical Society. Lord’s Naturalist in British Columbia. Conchologia Iconica.
French.—Journal de Conchyliologie. Stabile’s Mollusques du
Piemont. Revue et Magazin de Zoologie.
German.—Fauna der Kieler Bucht. Malakozoologische Blat-
ter. Monatsberichte der Konig. Preuss. Akad der Wissen- schaften zu Berlin. Vehr. Zoolbotanischen Gesellschaft in Wein. Novitates Concholgice.
Ttalian.—Stossich’s Molluschi del Golfo di Trieste. Molluschi
raccolti dalla Missione Italiana in Persia, by Issel. Scientific Intelligence, : : : : . 104
On reversed Helices. On Paludina scalaris, Say; on the ge-
nus Pupordea, Pease,and Palacna,Semper; Polymorphism among Bryozoa; Note on Helix fidelis, Gray; on Valvata Jelskiz, Crosse. Obituary, ; , 1 106 Augustus A. Gould, M. D. laser Robert res
ILLUSTRATIONS.
Portrait of J. P. Kirtland, with Autograph. One Colored and Four Plain Plates. | ,
Part 2—SEpTEMBER Sth, 1867.
Page. Record of Meetings, é : ; , 109
2. Description of New Species of rede Water iia from Michigan, by A. O. Currier, . , 182
. On the various principles of a She ae by O. A. L. Mérch, : : . . 114 On Green Oysters, by A. W. E. O’ Bisa . 1383
ie)
. On the Genus Fulgur and its Allies, by Theodore Gill,
NED oe : : . 141
. On the Suasadtid Position of ie roeinine akile sed 5:
Escheri, by Theodore Gill, M. D., . : . 153
. Monograph of the Terrestrial Nes tiseos of the United
States, by George W. Tryon, Jr., (Continued) . 155
. Synopsis of the Genera Sycotypus, Browne, and Busy-
con, Bolten, by T. A. Conrad, ‘ : P . 182
13.
14.
15.
18.
19.
Sef | ; & ) :
CONTENTS.
. Descriptions of New Miocene Shells, by T. A. Conrad, . Notes on Fossil Shells and mS of New Spe-
cies, by T. A. Conrad,
. Description of a New Genus of eae by . A.
Conrad,
. Descriptions of New West te Shells, by Tj ” Con-
rad, : . ‘ 4
Description of a New a of ree hy S. s. Hal- deman, .
Notices and ee: of New Works by Georg W. Tryon, Jr., :
American.—Land and Fresh Water Shells of North America,
Parts 2 and 3, by Wm. G. Binney. Catalogo de los Mo- luscos de la Isla de Cuba, by Rafael Arango.
British—Generic Forms of Shells, by Sowerby. Alcock on the Tongues of Mollusca. Sowerby’s Thesaurus Conchy- liorum, Annals and Magazine of Naturai History. Jour- nal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal.
French.—Journal de Conchyliologie. Revue et Magasin de Zoologie.
German.—Malakozoologische Blatter. Novitates Concholo- gice, etc.
Italian.—Rigacci’s Catalogue of Shells.
Norwegian.—J ournal of the Scientific Society of Christiana.
Scientific Intelligence,
New Locality for Glandina truncata. Shell Collecting in Bra- zil. Dr. Gould’s Cabinet of Shells, ete.
APPENDIX.
. By-Laws of the Conchological Section of the Academy
of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.
. Prospectus of a Catalogue and Synonymy of al) the
Genera, Species and Varieties of Recent Mollusca. Catalogue and Price List of rare and valuable Concho- logical Works. Price List of Shells from the Poulson Collection. ILLUSTRATIONS. One Colored and Four Plain Plates.
ie WO
vi. CONTENTS, Part 3—JaNnuary 2d, 1868.
1. Record of Meetings, : <
2. Description of Marine eee inhabiting Polynes sia, by W. Harper Pease,
3. Descriptions of New Species of aa Shells, Ate ting Polynesia, by W. Harper Pease, :
4. Notes on the Remarks of Dr. P. P. Carpenter, (Pub- lished in Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1865,) on Certain Species of Marine Gasteropoda, named ie W. Har- per Pease, by W. Harper Pease,
5. Descriptions of New Species of Land Shells ae Teh California, by W. M. Gabb,
6. Descriptions of two New Species of Coen by s. B. Howell, M.D.,
7. Notices and ees of New ions, by George W.
Tryon, Jr., : .
I. American. ce of the N.Y. peat of Nat. Hist. Am.
Jour. of Science and Arts. Memoirs read before the Bos- ton Society of Natural History. American Naturalist.
II. Foreren. British—Cox’s Catalogue of Australian Land Shells. Wright on the Natural History of the Teredidez. Annals and Magazine of Natural History. Conchologia Iconica.
French.—Fischer’s Faune Conchyliologique Marine du De-
partment de la Gironde, etc. Journal de Conchyliologie.
Revue et Magasin de Zoologie. German.—N ovitates Conchologice. Bronn’s Klassen des Thier-reichs, etc. APPENDIX. 8. Catalogue of Recent Mollusca, belonging to the Order Pholadacea, by Geo. W. Tryon, Jr., ‘ 9. Catalogue of the Family Solenide, by T. A. Conrad, 10. Catalogue of the Family Mactridz, by T. A. Conrad,
ILLUSTRATIONS. Two Colored and Two Plain Plates.
0 nw
1 22 30
CONTENTS. vil
Part 4.—April 2d, 1868. Page.
1. Record of Meetings, . : : : : ‘ . 253 . Description of New Genera and Species of Miocene Shells, with. Notes on other Fossil and Recent Spe- cies, by T. A. Conrad, . : ey | 3. Description of Sixty-five New a PD te of oe Gas- teropods, inhabiting Polynesia, by W. Harper Pease, 271 4. Monograph of the Terrestrial Mollusca of the United States, by George W. Tryon, Jr., . : : . 298
5. Notices and Reviews of New Works, . : : . 825
I. American.—Index to Vols. I to XI of Lea’s Observations on the Genus Unio. The American Naturalist, No. 7. Proceedings of the California Academy of Natural Sci- ences, III.
bo
II. Foreren.
British.—C onchologia Iconica, Parts 264, 265. Blanford’s Contributions to Indian Malacology, No. 8. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Nos. 115 and116. Proceed- ings of the Zoological Society of London, 1866, Parts II and III.
French.—Memoires de |’Academie Imperiale des Sciences de St. Petersbourg, 7th Series, XI, No. 3, 1867. Journal } de Conchyliologie, 3d Series, VII, No. 4. Mollusques Nouveaux, Litigieux ou Peu Connus. Parts 6 and 7, Jan- uary and February, 1866. Revue et Magasin de Zoologie, Vol. XIX, 2d Ser., No. 10, August, 1867. Actes de la Societe Linnienne de Bordeaux, XX VI. Part i, 1867.
German.—Archiv fur Naturgeschichte, 5th part, 1866, part
1, 1867. 6. Errata to Mr. Conrad’s paper, . : : : . d34 APPENDIX. 7. Recorder’s Report, by 8S. R. Roberts. ‘ <A ae 8. Secretary's Report, by Rev. E. R. Beadle. . 20 9. Conservator’s Report, by Jos. Leidy, M.D. . 3) ae 10. Librarian’s Report, by Chas. F. Parker. . : - 26 11. Publication Committee’s Report. : : : OO ILLUSTRATIONS.
Two Colored and Six Uncolored Plates.
qu
List OF AUTHORS
AND THEIR CONTRIBUTIONS,
Page. Beadle, Rev. E. R. Report of Secretary. (Appendix), 20
Conrad, T. A. Observations on Pleiodon Macmurtrii, . 4 Paleontological Miscellanies, 5 Description of new Genera and Brees of ins Shells, 8 Synopsis of the genera Sycotypus, nen and Busy-
con, Bolten, ; : - 1382 Description of new Miocene Shells, : . 186 Notes on Fossil Shells and description of new species, 188 Description of a new genus of Astartidee, - . 191 Description of new West Coast Shells, . . 192
Descriptions of new genera and species of Miocene Shells, with notes on other Fossils and recent species, 257 Crosse, H. On the Errors of too exclusive Classification, 17
Currier, A. O. Description of new species of Fresh-water
Shells from Michigan, : 5 : , 1a2 Gabb, W. M. Description of new species of Land Shells from Lower California, ‘ : . 235 Gill, Theo. On the genus Fulgur and its ee : Bie 7 | On the systematic position of Buccinum Altile and B. Kscheri, . . : ; : . 153
Haldeman, 8. 8. Description of a new species of Limnea, 194 Howell, S. B. Description of two new species of Cephalo- pods, : , ; ; . . 289
x. LIST OF AUTHORS.
Jeffreys, J. Gwyn. Observations on the Bathymetrical and Geographical distribution of Marine invertebrate Animals,
Leidy, Jos. Report of Conservator, ; (Appendix)
Morch, Dr. O. A. L. On the various si as of Se cal Classification, :
O’Shaughnessy, Arthur W. E. On Green Oysters,
Parker, C. F. Report of Librarian, : (Appendix)
Pease, W. H. Descriptionsof Marine Gasteropode inhabit- ing Polynesia,
Descriptions of new species of Land Shells ene
Polynesia, :
Notes on the Remarks of Ee. P. Pp. Carpatlee @ubtished
in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1865) on certain species
of Marine Gasteropoda, haméd by W. Harper Pease,
Descriptionsof sixty-five new species of Marine Gaste-
ropode, inhabiting Polynesia. Report of Publication Committee, . ; (Appendix) Roberts, S. R. Recorder’s Report, . (Appendix) Thomson, John H. Description of a new species of Mon- tacuta, : : : . : Tryon, G. W., Jr. Monograph of the Terrestrial Mollusca of the United States, : : 34, 155,
Notices and Review of new works, . 82, 195, 242,
33
298 325
mJ
Published Quarterly, at $10 per Annum—Payable'in Advance.
Vol. 3: Part 1.
AMERICAN
JOURNAL
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BONCHOLOGY.
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PUBLICATION COMMITTEE: GEORGE W. TRYON, Jr., Editor, ISAAC LEA, L.L.D., C. F. PARKER.
PHILADELPHIA: 3
Published by Tue ConcHOLOGICAL SECTION OF THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES, N. W. Corner of Broad and Sansom Streets.
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AMERICAN
JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY.
N EW) Ss ERIS.
PUBLISHED BY THE
CONCHOLOGICAL SECTION of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.
Vot. III. 1867. No 1.
At a Business Meeting of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, held on the evening of Nov. 27th, 1866, the following paper was read by the Secretary and directed to be entered upon the Minutes :—
Hau or THE AcaDEMY oF NatTurRAL SCIENCES, Philadelphia, Noy. 13th, 1866.
The undersigned members request that they may be constituted the Conchological Department of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Phila-
delphia.
(Signed) Isaac Lea, S. B. Howe, Gro. W. Tryon, JR., Wm. L. Mactirr, S. R. Rozerts, Rosert Swirt, F. V. Haypen, T. A. Conran, Jos. JEANES, EK. R. Breabte, W.S.W RuscuHensBerGer, Jos. Leipy, H. ALuen, C. F. Parker,
Epw. D. Corr.
At the meeting of the Academy held Dec. 26th, 1866, a reso- lution was adopted organizing the Conchological Department or Section, as above.
2 AMERICAN JOURNAL
At a meeting of the founders of the Section, convened Jan. 34, 1867, a temporary organization was effected, after which the following gentlemen were added to their number :-—
CuarLes M. WHEATLEY, Phoenixville, Pa.
Pror. 8. S. Hatpeman, Columbia, “ JoHN Forp, Philadelphia, JosePpH C. TURNPENNY, de as Joun H. REDFIELD, a ss Joon S. PHILures, “ a Wo. G. Binney, Burlington, N. J. A. D. Brown, Princeton, ak
An election was then held for Officers of the Section, when the following gentlemen were chosen :—
Director—Isaac Lua, LL.D. Vice-Director—Guro. W. Tryon, JR. Recorder—S. R. Roserts. Treasurer—Wm. L. MACcTIER. Secretary—Rev. HE. R. BEADLE. Conservator—JosnpH Letpy, M. D.
Meeting, January 3d, 1867.
Ten members present. Mr. Tryon, Vice-Director, in the Chair.
Various donations to the Conchological Library and Museum were announced.
The Secretary read a note addressed to him by Mr. Tryon, offering to relinquish to this Section the future publication of the ‘“‘ American Journal of Conchology.”’ The offer was accepted.
The following gentlemen were then elected to serve on Stand- ing Committees for the year 1867 :—
1. Library. 3. Finance. C. F. Parker, Librarian, W.S. W. RuscHENBERGER, Ch’n, JOSEPH JEANES, RoBeRtT SWIFT, Gro. W. Tryon, JR. C. F. PARKER. 2. Publication. 4. Embryology and Anatomy. -Gro. W. Tryon, Jr., Editor, Harrison ALLEN, M.D., Chm’n, Isaac Lea, Pror. E. D. Cops,
.C. F. PARKER. JosppH Leripy, M.D.
OF CONCHOLOGY.
5. Cephalopoda, Pteropoda and Brachiopoda. S. B. Howett, M.D., Chm’n, T. A. ConRAD, Gero. W. Tryon, JR.
6. Terrestrial Mollusca, (non- operculate.) Gro. W. Tryon, JR., Chm’n, Wo. G. BINNEY, C. F. Parker.
T. Terrestrial Mollusca, (oper- culate.)
Joun H. ReprFievp, Chm’n,
Rev. HE. R. Beavis,
Rosert Swit.
8. Fluviatile Gasteropoda.
Cuas. M. WHEATLEY, Chm’n,
Pror. 8. 8. HALDEMAN, GeO. W. Tryon, JR.
9. Fluviatile Acephala. Isaac Lea, Chm’n, Wm. L. Mactier, Cuas. M. WHEATLEY.
10. Marine Gasteropoda.
Rogert Swirt, Chm’n, C. F. PARKER, JOHN Forp.
11. Marine Acephala.
T. A. Conrad, Chm’n, JOHN S. PHILLIPS, Jos. C. TURNPENNY.
12. Paleontology.
F. V. Haypen, M.D., Chm’n, T. A. ConraD, E. D. Cops.
13. Lectures and Prizes.
JosepH Lerpy, M.D., Chm’n, W. S. W. Ruscnensercer, M.D. Harrison ALLEN, M.D.
_4 AMERICAN JOURNAL
OBSERVATIONS ON PLEIODON MACMURTRII. BY T. A. CONRAD.
In the monograph of this genus in Reeve’s Conchologia Iconica, this species is confounded with Swainson’s P. ovatus. It is, there- fore, I think, possible that a specimen of my species has never yet reached Europe, and none but the typical specimen has, to my knowledge, been brought to this country. I will therefore indicate the differences between the two species, and I am con- fident time will prove them to be distinct. The present shell is lighter, more ventricose, shorter or higher, with a more promi- nent summit and ventricose umbo, and is more obtuse posteriorly ; within, the hinge differs in being narrower under the apex, and the teeth more regular except at the posterior end of the cardi- nal line. These teeth are very much compressed single and acute, whilst in the ovatus they incline more to be double; the posterior cicatrix is separate, even distant from the impression above it, but in the ovatus these scars are broadly confluent. Another distinctive mark is the anterior end of the cardinal line, which suddenly becomes much contracted over the cicatrix and is toothed finely nearly to the cardinal extremity. In all the specimens of ovatus that I have seen the cavity of the umbo is deeply tinged with dark green over a wide space, but in the allied species this part of the interior is pure rosaceous, and the only green is a bright spot under the anterior hinge margin, a dull larger stain beneath it, and another small stain near the posterior ventral margin.
OF CONCHOLOGY. 5
PALM ONTOLOGICAL MISCELLANIES. BY T. A. CONRAD.
Note on a Cretaceous limestone of Dakota.
The Academy has received specimens of a black limestone from Dakota, near Great Bend of the Missouri, where they were found by Dr. Glatfelder. The surfaces of these fragments are exceedingly irregular, and they are also full of cracks or seams caused by the shells of Inocerami, and in some instances they are almost composed of fragments of Inocerami, exhibiting their peculiar fibrous structure.
These shells are. of two species, the J. Sagensis, of Owen, and - a smaller nearly smooth species, both in fragments. The rock contains also entire specimens of a small Ostrea, and of a Lin- gula, both shells having their valves united as when living. But what is most remarkable of the Cretaceous rock of this age in Dakota is the vast abundance of fragmentary Inocerami, proving * that shells of this genus must have in one stage of the Cretaceous era actually paved the ocean bed.
The fragments of these shells are of various sizes, and have evidently been broken by agitation of the waters and attrition, which have probably not been long continued, as the shell when preserved, does not appear to be water worn, and the angles of fracture are sharp. Dr. Leidy has a piece of English flint, on the surface of which he pointed out similar fragments of an Jno- ceramus imbedded in the centre of the mass.
The most abundant determinable fragments of Jnoceramus, a few of which show a large portion of the shell and mould, appear to belong to J. Sagensis, Owen, to which species I think should be united J. Nebracensis, Owen, the only differences appearing to be owing to age and pressure. Both shells show on the mould or cast, numerous radiating wrinkles. The agency of pressure, in varying the form of a single species, is exhibited in J. prodle- maticus, a very abundant western species.
6 AMERICAN JOURNAL
2. Note on ATtuRIA MaTHEWSONI, Gabb.
This Cretaceous fossil of California is, I think, a member of the Cretaceous genus Hercoglossa, Conrad. In all the species of Aturia the septa are much more numerous than in Hercoglossa, and unlike the septa of the latter, the angles of the lobes are nearly in contact, and in the anterior portion of the shell over- lap each other, whilst in the latter genus these angles are dis- tant. I have no doubt therefore that the siphuncle of Mr. Gabb’s species will be found to be tubular as in Hercoglossa, and not funnel-shaped as in Aturia.
3. On CORBICULA DENSATA, Conrad.
Prime, in his monograph of Corbiculade,* remarks that all the American species have a short sinus in the palleal line, whilst in the exotic species this line is entire. In the only Miocene species known in North America, the palleal line is entire, and the shell belongs to the genus Corbicula, a genus unknown to the present fauna of North America. In this exotic character the fossil species accords with the present geographical distribution of cer- tain genera of the American Miocene, as Crassatella, Clementia, Bueardia, Isognomen and Glycimeris, none of which genera are known to be in the recent fauna of America.
4. Description of a new genus of PECTINID.
LYROPECTEN, Conrad.
Description.—Inequivalved ; both valves convex; ears un- equal; ribs large; ribs and intervening spaces striated ; hinge with irregular oblique teeth on each side of the fosset; both valves with a hump or wave on the umbo.
L. crassicardo, Conrad, (fossil,) California——Proceed. Acad. Nat. Sciences, 1862, p. 291.
Observations.—This genus made its first appearance in the California Miocene. Itis very different from the genus Palliwm, Klein, which is founded on Pecten pallium. The valves of that species are regularly convex, and the hinge is without those irregular teeth which characterize Lyropecten. Although I have not seen hollow tubercles on the ribs of the fossil species, as in Pecten nodosus, Lin., the latter isa species of Lyropecten, together with P. fragosus, P. subnodosus, P. intermedius, P. magnificus, and P. noduliferus, Sowerby.
* Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, 8vo. 1865.
OF CONCHOLOGY. 7
There is no recent or fossil species of Palliwm in America, the type of that genus living on the shores of the Mauritius and Phillippine Islands. The genus Dentopecten, Riippell, founded on P. plica, Lin., is not the genus Palliwm, Klein, as Shumacher regards it; but of Martini.
Lyropecten is exclusively American, living within the tropics, and found in a fossil state in California only ; much farther north than the localities of the recent species.
LYROPECTEN INTERMEDIUS, Conrad.
Description.—Rounded-oval, ventricose; ribs 9—10 nodose, as wide as the interstices ; with numerous closely scaled striz covering the whole surface, and numbering about ten between each rib. Purple, within purple, with a large white central de- posit of callus.
Length 43, breadth 43 inches. Locality.—Cape St. Lucas, California. Cabinet of the Academy of Natural Sciences.
Observations.—This shell, of which a single, somewhat worn valve is in our collection, was received by the Academy from the Smithsonian Institution of Washington, with the following label attached:
‘s Pecten subnodosus, var. intermedius.”’ It differs from sub- nodosus, however, in having much finer striz, numbering nearly double as many between each rib.
8 AMERICAN JOURNAL
DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW GENERA AND SPECIES OF FOSSIL SHELLS.
BY T. A. CONRAD.
ANOMIIDA.
PARANOMIA, Conrad.
Description.—Irregular, inequivalve, one valve flattened or slightly concave; hinge of lower valve with a broad irregular triangular tooth or plate, flattened or slightly convex, with sharp margins and an anterior compressed small but prominent tooth ; muscular impression situated towards the ventral margin in a line with the apex or nearly equidistant from the anterior and posterior ends.
Type Placunanomia Saffordi, Conrad.—Journ. Acad. Nat. Sciences, Vol. IV., p. 290, pl. 46, fig. 21.
This Cretaceous genus somewhat resembles Plicatula, but it is probably more nearly allied to Placuna. It does not appear to have a foramen, as I supposed, but the shell is very thin about the umbo, and frequently appears from within as if there were a large opening, but this is owing to the disintegra- tion of the shell. It is probable that the young shell had a fora- men, which it lost ina later stage of growth, like Caroha. It is often attached by the umbo to other shells. The genus is very distinct from Placunanomia.
Two other species are known in the Ripley Group, to which this genus appears to be limited, viz., P. lineata, Conrad, and P. (Placuna) seabra, Morton.
NUCULANIDA. YOLDIA, Méorch.
Y. ALBARTA, Conrad, (Y. protexta, Con.,)—Amer. Jour. of Conch., Vol. L., p. 218, pl. 21, fig. 2. This shell coming into the same genus with Leda protezta, Gabb, it is necessary to change the name.
OF CONCHOLOGY. 9
ARCIDA. TRIGONOARCA, Conrad.
Description.—Trigonal, ventricose, hinge similar to that of Axinea, a very oblique acute carina margins the posterior cica- trix, and extends, though less prominent, to the apex.
A very perfect valve of Arca Eufalensis, Gabb, from Had donfield, N. J., shows the generic characters of this genus much more clearly than the specimen on which the genus was founded. It evidently connects the genera Axinea, Arca and Cucullea more intimately than the existing genera of Arcide. This small bivalve therefore’ proves to be generically related to Trigonoarca Maconensis, Conrad, figured in outline in the Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Vol. IV., 2d series, pl. 47, fig. 20.
Type Trigonoarea Maconensis, Conrad.
TELLINID A.
CYPRIMERIA, Conrad.
CYPRIMERIA CRETACENSIS, Conrad, (Sanguznolaria.)—Journ. Acad. Nat. Sciences, Vol. [V., 2d series, p. 277, pl. 46, fig. ie
Dosinia Haddonfieldensis, Lea.—Proceed. Acad. Nat. Sciences, 1861, p. 150.
AVICULIDA.
PULVINITES, Defrance. P. ARGENTEA, Conrad.
Description.—Lower valve flattened or bent outward, sub- stance thin, laminated and nacreous; hinge with a broad plate, which is terminal and furnished with transverse prominent teeth, flat on their summits; the series placed in a rectilinear line, but the teeth decreasing in size in consequence of the slope of the dorsal margin; valve perforated in the umbo, from the upper margin of which opening is a triangular groove running to the apex; muscular impressions two, one above the other ; the upper one not exactly under the foramen, but a little to the right of a line from the apex to the ventral margin.
Pulvinites argentea, Conrad.—Journ. Acad. Nat. Sciences, 2d series, Vol. IV., p. 298, pl. 46, fig. 51.
This interesting bivalve is nearly related to Lsognomen, Klein, (Perna, Lam.), and with which when very young it might be con- founded, because in an early stage of growth it has, like that
10 AMERICAN JOURNAL
genus, a marginal gape or opening for the byssus, which is finally closed, but leaves a conspicuous scar from the extremity of the hinge margin to the foramen, as represented in the figure. The exterior of the valves shows no trace of this scar, but it is well marked within and terminates in a rounded foramen.
UNIONIDA. PRISCONATA, Conrad.
Description.—Equivalve, ovate ; hinge in left valve with two cardinal teeth, the anterior one compressed, angular, oblijue, with an anterior pit; posterior tooth broad, smooth, convex, triangular, situated under the beak, emarginate at base and di- rected towards the posterior extremity ; no lateral teeth ; muscu- lar impressions situated near the cardinal line; pallial line entire.
The specimen of this shell consists of one left valve, which is thin and converted into iron pyrites. It bears the same generic relation to Carbonicola, M’Coy, that Margaritana bears to Unio, and it existed in the same period with Carbonicola, the Carboni- ferous. It can be distinguished externally from the latter genus by its comparatively short ovate outline.
PRISCONAIA VENTRICOSA, Conrad.
Description.—Ovate ; umbo broad, inflated, with a prominent summit; posterior hinge margin very oblique, posterior margin obliquely truncated, extremity obtusely angular, anterior margin obtusely rounded, beaks smooth and entire, distant from the anterior end.
Gresslya ventricosa ? Agassiz.
Locality.—Little Stranger Creek, ten miles from Fort Leaven- worth, Kansas.
Observations.—This fossil was found by Henry Lamborne in an ash-colored shale. The hinge is in a perfect state of preser- vation, and the valve became easily detached from the cast. It is named from its supposed identity with Gresslya ventricosa, of
OF CONCHOLOGY. 11
Agassiz, who was unacquainted with the hinge character and in doubt of its stratigraphical position.
There seems to be no doubt that fresh water testacea existed as early as the Carboniferous era, sheils resembling Unionidee occurring with univalves closely resembling the genera Limnea and Physa. M’Coy has constructed the genus Carbonicola for the Carboniferous Unios of Sowerby, and the present genus bears a similar relation to the recent genus Margaritana, being without lateral teeth. This family is found in the Wealden, but the generic characters of the specimens seem to be undetermined. The cast figured by d’Orbigny as a Cretaceous Unio is too ob- scure to rely upon, but the Hocene Unio Hdwardsi has unmis- takably the hinge character of recent Unionide, either belong- ing to Unio or to a genus very closely allied to it. Meek and Hayden have also described a few Hocene Unionidae, of the Western Territories. In the Miocene period, for the first time in Paleontological annals, the family group of the Unio type was diversified by various species of great variety of form and sculp- ture similar to those now existing in the Mississippi and its tribu- taries. This fresh water group existed in the Miocene of Europe, whilst in the extended North American Miocene of the Atlantic slope we have not yet.found a single specimen of Unionide. This is remarkable, for where we find a species of Vivipara, a Rangia and Cyrena, we would expect to find an occasional ex- ample of the Unionide.
In the Eocene of the Paris basin Deshayes finds two species of Anodonta and three of Unio, two species of which latter genus bear a general resemblance exteriorly to species of the tributaries of the Mississippi, but they are very distinct as species from any existing shells. The similarity of the Unionide of the European Miocene to the existing group of the United States is accounted for from the fact that the fauna of that period is repre- sented by the existing fauna of North America.
CRASSATELLIDA. PALHOCARDITA, Conrad. Type Cardita Austriaca.
I have stated in a former number of this Journal my belief that the genus Venericardia, Lam., originated in the Kocene period. The same may be said of Cardita, Brug. Stoppani has described and figured a number of shells which he refers to Cardita, found in a bed which he terms infralias. The first of these, C. aspera, has more the habit of a Cardium than Cardita, but as the hinge is neither figured or described, its generic char- * acters remain uncertain. The next species, C. Austriaca, appears
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to be nearly related to the Carditamere, but the hinge character is not very clearly represented. It is sufficient, however, to show a decidedly new generic form, as it wants the long, slender pos- terior cardinal tooth of Carditamera, Conrad, (Lazaria, Gray,) and the anterior cardinal tooth of the right valve is represented as thick and tuberculiform, whilst in the latter genus there is no distinct tooth but only a small fosset. The other shells referred to Cardita are probably all congeneric with C. Austriaca. See ee bents Paleeont. Lomb. Monog. des Foss. De L’ Azzarola, p.
—T.
PLEUROMERIS, Conrad.
Description.—Equivalve, triangular, radiately ribbed; hinge in the right valve with one -broad, nearly direct concave or broadly furrowed recurved tooth, the upper extremity acute and opposite or above the apex of the shell; hinge in the left valve with three teeth, the anterior one small and fitting into a cavity in the opposite valve.
PLEUROMERIS DECEMCOSTATA, Conrad.
Description.—Triangular ; ribs twelve, rounded ornamented by numerous angular or transverse tubercles over all the ribs.
Cardita tridentata, Conrad, (not Say.)—Tertiary Foss. of the U.'S., p.'76, pl. 43, fig: 11.
Observations.—This shell is nearly related to Say’s tridentata, but has only twelve ribs, whilst Say’s+species has eighteen, and the elevated concentric lines are said to be obsolete on the anterior side, but in our fossil the tubercles or lines are most prominent on the anterior side.
I have not seen a specimen of Say’s species, and therefore | cannot say whether it should be referred to this genus.
The shell described and figured by Reeve in Conchologia Iconica as Cardita tridentata, Say, is a far larger and different species from the tridentata.
ASTARTIDZ. ASTARTE, Sowerby. ASTARTE CORBICULA, Conrad. Description.—Subtriangular ; posterior margin truncated, di- rect, ribs fifteen, prominent, concentric, imbricated, the inter- stices transversely striated ; beaks distant from the anterior end ;
lunule cordate, impressed; inner margin crenulated. Length quarter of an inch.
A. crenulirata, Lea, (not Conrad.)—Proceed. Acad. Nat. Sciences, 1861, p. 150.
Locality Haddonfield, N. J.
OF CONCHOLOGY. 13
LUCINIDZ.
LUCINA, Lam. L. DEeNsATA, Conrad.
L. Pennsylvanica, Tuomey and Holmes, (not Lam.)—Pliocene Foss. of 8. Carolina, p. 56, pl. 18, fig. 3.
This Miocene species is comparatively more elevated than L. Pennsylvanica. The posterior margin is nearly direct, and ob- tusely rounded or abrupt; the sinus has a greater downward slope, and the dorsal margins are much more oblique than in the recent L. Pennsylvanica.
CARDIIDA.
CARDIUM, Lin. C. (TRAcHycARDIUM) Emmonsit, Conrad.
C. muricatum, Emmons, (not Lin.)—Geol. of North Carolina, p- 301, fig. 233.
This shell is shorter or comparatively more elevated than (C. muricatum, with a thicker cardinal plate. In the figure the ribs are also flatter ou the back and furnished with broad seales, not small tubercles as in C. muricatum.
C. (TRACHYCARDIUM) CAROLINENSIS, Conrad.
Cardium muricatum, Tuomey and Holmes, (not Lin.)—Plio- cene Foss. of South Carolina, p. 64, pl. 19, fig. 2.
This species differs from C. muricatum in being less oblique, and in being subequilateral, whilst the anterior margin is not obliquely rounded, and the posterior ventral margin is almost regularly rounded with the posterior margin; the posterior ex- tremity being undefined in consequence of a very slight trunca- ture, whilst in C. muricatum this part is more abruptly rounded, which gives a much longer proportional line to the umbonal slope ; there are also fewer ribs in the present species and a much deeper serration to the anterior margin of the valves. It is a smaller species than C. muricatum.
VENERIDA.
MERCENARIA, Schum. M. PeRcRASSsA, Conrad.
Description.—Cordate, profoundly ventricose and thick in sub- stance; humped or subangular below the umbo, radiato-plicate ; disk rough with prominent waved lines of growth; posterior mar- gin obliquely truncated, posterior area depressed, with a longi-
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tudinal furrow ; cardinal plate profoundly dilated, rugoso-plicate ; inner margin finely crenulated.
Locality.—Virginia. J. A. Marks.
Observations.—This is the thickest and most ponderous bivalve of its size which has yet been found in America. Though its length is only four and three-fourths, its diameter is four and one- fourth inches. The hinge is correspondingly strong, the teeth thick and the intervening pits very profound ; the nympha in the right valve very prominent and profoundly tuberculato-rugose, which fits into a cavity of the opposite valve behind the promi- nent part of the nympha.
Allied to MZ. tridaenoides, Lam., from which its hinge, thick- ness, and much finer marginal crenulations readily distinguish it. Its external radiating grooves are narrower and more angular than those of the former species.
CYTHERIOPSIS, Conrad.
The figure of Grateloupia irregularis in Hérnes’ Foss. Mollusk. des Wiener Beckens, pl. 16, fig. 5, shows a palleal impression of the same character as that of G. donaciformis, Desmoulins ; joining the posterior cicatrix at its lower margin it runs towards the ventral margin of the shell a short distance, and then sud- - denly curves upwards and forms a wide sinus, the anterior ex- tremity of which is much beyond the middle of the valves. This character forms a marked contrast to the form of the palleal line in Cytheriopsis, which joins the anterior extremity of the cica- trix, and has a short rounded or subangular sinus.
SCROBICULARIIDA. SEMELE, Schum. S. CAROLINENSIS, Conrad.
Description.—Suborbicular, inequilateral; length and height nearly or quite equal.
Amphidesma orbiculata, Tuomey and Holmes, (not Say.)— Pliocene Foss. of 8. Carolina, pl. 28, fig. 4.
Observations.—This shell has a thicker and broader cardinal plate than the orbiculata, and may be distinguished from it by its outline, the latter species being considerably longer in pro- portion to the height.
ABRA, Leach. A. NUCULIFORMIS, Conrad.
Description.—Subtriangular ; very inequilateral ; anterior side somewhat produced, acutely rounded at the extremity.
OF CONCHOLOGY. 15
Amphidesma cequalis, Say, Tuomey and Holmes.—Pliocene Foss. of S. Carolina, p. 93, pl. 23, fig. 3.
Observations.—This Miocene fossil has hitherto been consid- ered identical with Say’s wqualis, but it differs in attaining a larger size, and more especially in having a much wider cartilage fosset and more elongated or produced anterior side.
ANATINID A. LEPTOMYA, Conrad.
Description.—Elongated, inequivalve, thin, perlaceous, gaping anteriorly ; hinge with a projecting spoon-shaped cartilage pro- cess, narrowing gradually towards the inferior end, which is acutely rounded ; this process joins an oblique callosity which extends to the cardinal margin; an obsolete rib and fissure run obliquely from the anterior side of the apex.
Periploma applicata, Conrad.—Journ. Acad. Nat. Sciences, Vol. IV., 2d series, p. 276, pl. 46, fig. 1.
This genus, which is allied to Anatina, differs from it in having a tapering cartilage process attached to a rib or support which joins the hinge margin anteriorly; and in having the fissure anterior to the apex, and running obliquely towards the anterior extremity of the ventral margin.
This genus is known in this country only by one species, which is found in the Ripley Group of the Cretaceous era. Judging from external characters and outline of the shells, I should sup- pose that d’Orbigny’s Periploma Robinaldina, P. Necomiensis and P. simplex are species of Leptomya, which genus probably became extinct with the Cretaceous fauna.
The gape of the anterior is moderate, and valves but slightly reflexed, in which respects it differs essentially from Anatina.
SOLENIDZ. LEPTOSOLEN, Conrad.
Description.—Hlongated, thin in substance, straight with the dorsal and ventral margins parallel; plicated anteriorly ; open at both ends; beaks not nearly terminal; hinge of the right valve with one direct tooth, convex anteriorly, truncated behind ; an internal rounded direct rib commences under the cardinal
margin, gradually becomes less prominent and disappears towards the ventral margin.
Stliquaria biplicata, Conrad.—Journ. Acad. Nat. Sciences, 2d seriés, Vol. III., p. 824, pl. 34, fig. 17.
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Observations.—Having worked out of the marl the interior of this beantiful Cretaceous bivalve, I find it differs essentially from the genus Solena of Brown, or Siliquaria, Schumacker, neither of which genera I believe existed before the Miocene period.
The shell upon which this genus has been founded was dis- covered in North Mississippi, in an ash-colored marl, which also occurs at Hufala, Alabama, and near Haddonfield in New Jersey, in all which remote localities the marl preserves the identical mineralogical and zoological characters, showing that it was once a continuous ocean bed from New Jersey to the Mississippi below Memphis, Tennessee.
OF CONCHOLOGY. 7
ON THE ERRORS OF TOO EXCLUSIVE CLASSIFICATIONS. BY H. CROSSE.
Translated from the ‘“ Journal de-Conchyliologie,” VI, No. 3, July, 1866.
BY FRANK DAULTE.
Ancient authors have proposed for those inferior animals, act- ually known as Mollusks, systems of classification, which had the fault of being founded on characters too exclusively conchological. Beside, it could scarcely be otherwise at a time when the study of these animals was so incomplete, that it did not always permit, in separating or uniting them, a reliance on the specific charac- ters of their internal organization. This has been the origin of many errors, corrected since, and under whose influence, taking for a base similarities more apparent than real, animals which nature had separated from each other by important organic mo- difications had been methodically put together. Thus, for exam- ple, the Janthina has been confounded with the Helices, and Halia Priamus has successively been considered as a Buccinum, Bulla, Helix, and Achatina, before taking definitively the place ascribed to it in classification by the organization of its Mol- lusk as it is actually known.*
‘The same reproach could not assuredly be made, without in- justice against the most part of modern naturalists, as to ancient authors, for the former seem to have systematically neglected characters drawn from the intimate conformation and structure of the shell, thus forgetting that they fall from one excess into another, and that in so acting they deprive themselves volun- tarily of precious information and important characters.
We shall indicate two groups of naturalists, or, more correctly, two schools who, we think, follow this system with a certain de- gree of exaggeration.
The first, which we shall designate under the name of School
* The anatomy of Halia Priamus was published for the first time in the ‘“‘ Journal de Conchyliogie,” Vol. VII, p. 158, pl. V. 9
od
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of mere anatcmy, almost considers the shell of Mollusks as if it did not exist, at least scientifically. It sees nothing and will see nothing beyond anatomical characters, forgetting that these characters, which in minute animals are often difficult to observe, do not always present a degree of sufficient certainty, and that in microscopic observation there is often more of imagination than would be supposed at first sight.
In proof of our assertion, we shall state some of the differences between anatomists, concerning certain minute portions of the inner organization of Mollusks, and the numerous errors which have been made on this point, not only by naturalists of ordinary talent, but even by eminent scientific men.
We shall not now proceed with severity against this school, whose deep studies we admire, and whose discoveries we appre- ciate when they are genuine, but whose exclusive and rather narrow minded spirit we reprove.
We shall only quote, as an example of the exaggerations to which in matters of classification preoccupations too exclusively anatomical lead, the introduction of the Dentaliwm into the acephalous mollusca, proposed a few years since by Mr. Lacaze Duthiers, disregarding the rudimentary head of these animals, their lingual dentition, their embryology and their shell, perfectly univalve, which is, after all, but the exaggeration of the typical form of Patella and Fissurella.
Naturalists of the second school have devoted their attention, to make it the base of a system of classification, to the thorough study of the differences presented by certain parts in the organi- zation of Mollusks but little known before their researches, and generally considered by their predecessors as secondary and of little scientfic value. ‘Thus, for example, Dr. Pfeiffer has made a very ingenious use of the differential characters of the oper- cula to establish divisions in the operculated terrestrial Pulmoni- fera, which he designates Pneumonopoma. It is thus again that Mr. Lovén, after elaborate researches on the lingual denti- tion of Mollusks, a subject but very little known before his time, thought himself justified in adopting, as a basis for the classifica- tion of Gasteropods, solely the modifications presented by this portion of their organization. After him, Mr. Troschel advanced yet further in this path. In a very interesting work, as far as the number and novelty of scientific documents which it contains is concerned,* he made known the lingual dentition of a considerable number of Gasteropod Mollusks, and has taken his observations as a starting point for establishing a certain number of new divisions. Among the naturalists who, in their works,
* On ‘The Jaw of Mollusks.”
OF CONCHOLOGY. 19
have given to differential characters drawn from the buccal and lingual dentition of Mollusks an important systematic value, we shall name further, in England, Dr. Gray, in America, Mr. Morse, and, finally, in Denmark, our learned colleague Mr. Mérch, who has recently published in our Journal* an important article on this subject.
Although we do not dispute the great learning of our honor- able collaborator, yet we do not entirely agree with him concern- ing the systematic value that should be given to the lingual and buccal dentition of Mollusks in their classification. He believes this character to be of primary value, and that, consequently, the value of teeth in Mollusks must be considered as equal, or nearly, to that of corresponding parts in Mammalia.
We are far from advocating this opinion, and we beg to show in a few words the reasons which, we think, speak against it.
In Mammalia, the differential characters drawn from the teeth generally correspond to other important modifications, of the bones, digestive system, the manner in which the members are terminated,—in one word, with one or several other important parts of the organism.
It is for this reason that they are considered, and with reason, as distinctive characters of the first order.
Is it the same as to Mollusks? We think not, and if we must prove it, the proofs will not fail. Let the lingual dentition of a certain number of Mollusks belonging to different genera, how- ever related to each other, be comparatively examined, and it will almost invariably be seen that, in the intimate constitution of these teeth, there are considerable differences, and not at all ac- cording with the slight difference of the other zoological cha- racters. As Mr. Morch himself acknowledges, ‘‘the Aeolis and the Voluta have but one row of teeth, while the genera nearest approaching the first of them have numerous rows, and those nearest to the second three rows.’’ Some genera, (Thetys, Stihfer, Leptoconchus, for example,) have no teeth, while the nearest forms have them.
This last fact is more striking still in the family of the Dori- dopsidae and genus Doridopsis, recently created by Messrs. Alder and Hancock.t+
The Mollusks of this family are so similar to the genuine Dorvs in their principal characters, that several of them have been described as such without hesitation by authors. (Doris tubercu- Josa, Quoy and Gaimard, and D. nigra, Stimpson, for example.)
* “Journal de Conchyliologie,” 1865.
+ Notice of a Coll. of Nudibranchiate Mollusca made in India, &c. Trans. of the Zool. Soc. of London, 1864.
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Their exterior form, coloration, system of ornamentation, the position of their branchize, contribute to ally them with the Doris. They are scarcely distinguishable externally by thesmallness of the head and mouth, and by a certain difference in the position of the latter. However, they show no sign of lingual dentition, jaw, nor spinose collar, and their mouth, designed to act merely by suction, possesses a retractible proboscis. It is well known that such is not the case with the real Doris. In following to the letter the system upheld by Mr. Mérch, it would be neces- sary, for this single difference in the lingual dentition, to put very far apart and in different orders these Mollusks, which are scarce- ly generically distinct in all other particulars. Such a result, we think, cannot be appropriately considered as the evidence of a natural system.
We may add that the lingual dentition varies considerably in Gasteropodous Mollusks, not only from genus to genus, but still more from species to species. The radula of the Cyprea, of the section Trivia, (C. coceinella, for example,) resembles much more that of the Hrato and even Pedicularta than that of the Cyprea of the other sections, which, however, are near relatives.* Still more, the lingual dentition does not always present characters constantly idertical in the same specific type. Thus Mr. Troschel + has given the figure of two median plates, belonging to two individuals of the same species, the Watica adspersa, Menke, and presenting between them marked differences. The same takes place in the lingual dentition or jaw.
Mr. Binneyt{ has recently figured nine jaws, all from adult specimens of an American species, Helix Tryoni, Neweomb, and in which the number, the dimensions and the relative position of the ribs of the anterior surface present such dissimilarities, that each of them seems to belong to a distinct species.
Finally, while genera, conchologically and zoologically neigh- bors, sometimes possess a great variety in their lingual dentition, on the other hand, generic forms, distant from each other, present between themselves, singular analogies in the construc- tion of their radule. Thus we see a great similarity between the lingual dentition of the Vermetus, Natica and Crucibulum,§ although these genera are very distant from each other.
The median plate of the radula of the Velutina might almost be taken for that of the Pedicularia. These two genera could scarcely, however, be brought together.
What conclusion can we draw from all this, if not that the characters drawn from the lingual or buccal dentition of the
* Troschel, Das Gebiss der Schnecken, I. pl., XVI, XVII, and XVIII. + Troschel, |. c. I, pl. XIV, p. 13 and 13a.
t American Journal of Conch., Vol. I, pl. VI.
@ Troschel, 1. c. I, pl. XIII, fig. 1, 3, 4, 5, and pl. XIV, p. 13.
OF CONCHOLOGY. yA
Mollusks are but secondary, and that it would be wrong to give them a value of first order in matters of classification ?
We do not mean to say that the study of these characters is fruitless, and that it may not be called upon to render useful services to science. Far from that! We acknowledge that, thanks to this study, several families have been more clearly de- lineated whose affinities had remained obscure or had been mis- understood. To give but one example, we consider as satis- factory the division of the Voxoglossata, which has consecrated the re-union, so natural, in all respects, of the Cones and Pleuro- tomas. But, if we admit this union, it is because that, to the characters peculiar of the lingual dentition of the Mollusks which compose it, are added other conchological and zoological cha- racters which confirm its value. The study of lingual and buccal dentition may yet be of great use to naturalists in doubtful specific cases, viz., when it becomes necessary to deter- mine the real value of contested species. All this, we willingly admit. We only refuse to admit one thing, which is a system which would make of the lingual dentition a kind of infallible criterion, and take exclusively this character for a classification that would not take into consideration either the structure and the form of the shell, or of the other more important parts of the organization of the animal.
We have yet to speak about a few more assertions of Mr. Mérch. Concerning the Helicine, we persist in saying that they must be classed in the neighborhood of the Cyclostome rather than near the Neritine. The faculty that they possess of dissolving the internal partitions of their shells, a faculty pos- sessed equally by the genera Nerita, Neritina and Helicina, ana which Mr. Mérch gives as a reason for putting them in the same division, is far from being peculiar to these three genera. Not speaking of Proserpina and Stoastoma, the Auricula and even a few Helicidee equally possess it. Among the marine species the genera Conus and Cyprea are endowed with the same fa- culty to a high degree. We even think that this faculty is com- mon to all Mollusks; they make use of it in greater or less de- gree in the different genera, but that is all the difference, and in the same way that they make a synthesis by secreting the elements of their shell; they can also make the analysis, by dis- solving more or less completely a part of the secreted test. This is then no sufficient reason, in our opinion, for placing the Heli- cine near the Neritine.
When Mr. Mérch says the Helicine are distinguished from the Cyclostome by the absence of a deep median furrow of the foot, he is right, if applied to the genus Cyclostoma, but he is wrong, if he means to include the Cyelophorus and a few other of the numerous genera which without doubt belong to the same
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division and which are as completely as the Helicine deprived of a median furrow of the foot. Here again there is no reason for a separation.
As to the reasons for placing them together, on the other hand, they are numerous and evident. The Cyclostomacea and the Helicinacea are equally pulmoniferous, and have equally the eyes placed at the external base of the tentacule. These ten- tacule have exactly the same elongated and pointed form in the Cyclophorus and Helicina. The animals of these two groups have the same habits, the same way of living. Lastly, and for us it is conclusive, there exists acertain number of generic forms, placed, so to say, a-straddle of these groups, borrowing their characters of one and the other at the same time, and conse- quently uniting them, despite of all divisions, however ingenious they may be.
The curious genus Bourciera, placed by Mr. Pfeiffer among the Cyclostomacea, has an cperculum with a distinctly spiral structure, a lingual dentition as in the Helicine* an heliciniform shell, but it is without lustre, deprived of collumellar callosity, and presenting, in the umbilical part, some resemblance with cer- tain Cyclostomas. Of these three characters, the first makes of the Bourciera a Cyclostomacea, the second a Helicinacea, and the third an intermediate form, approaching more to the Helici- ne than to the Cyclostome.
The genus Greorissa, recently} established by Mr. W. T. Blan- ford, comprises animals which, although they have ashell having the appearance and the characters of Hydrocena, differ by hav- ing a non-spiral operculum, excentrically striated, semi-oval, and approaching therefore much more to the Helicinacea than to the Cyclostomacea. Before Mr. Blanford had described this singular operculum, the species of this small Indian group were considered by Mr. Benson, who had described them, and by Mr. Pfeiffer, in the first Supplement to his ‘Monograph of the Pneumono- poma” to be Hydrocena (H. pixis, H. illex and H. turrita, Benson), and this for the simple reason that, from the appear- ance of the shell, it was impossible to distinguish them from the other species of that genus in any other way than specifically. The knowledge of the operculum has decided Mr. Pfeiffer, who, as it is well known, attaches a great deal ofsystematic import- ance to that character, to put the Georissa in another family in his second Supplement, but it has taken nothing from the conchological characters which make of this small genus a new proof of the intimate connection of the Helicinacea. with the Cyclostomacea.
* Troschel, I. c., I, p. 246, pl. XX, fig. 14. + W. T. Blanford, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1864.
OF CONCHOLOGY. 23
After such conclusive facts, we think it unnecessary to insist further on this point.
In the system of classification proposed by Mr. Mérch, for Geophiles or Terrestrial Mollusks provided with lungs and with- out opercule, a system based exclusively on the form of the jaws, we see that the genera Clausilia, Pupa and Cylindrella ( Urocoptis) are placed each in a different division, the first in the Ozxygnatha, the second in the Aulacognatha, and the third in the Agnatha. This strange result we believe is of such a nature as to inspire legitimate doubts of the value of the system to any one who knows how verysimilar these three genera are, not only by the ensemble of their conchological characters, but still more by the general appearance and the manner of living of their Mol- lusks, conchologically speaking ; their relations are so intimate that there are certain dubious forms, which have been bandied about by authors between the three genera, or at least between two of them. Ina zoological point of view, the similarities between the animal of the Pupa and that of the Clauszla are numerous, and as for their way of living, in both genera are found rock species (having usually a whitish shell) who brave the heat of the sun, and species with almost subterraneous habits. Concerning the organization of the Cylindrella, information is very scarce ; nevertheless, the animal of the species figured by Guilding and Swainson is small, short, and looks very much like that of the Clausilia. The absence of jaw should need to be confirmed by researches made with care. As for the similarity of the lingual dentition that Mr. A. Schmidt believed he perceived in the Cylin- drella and the Testacella, it is more apparent then real, at least as faras we can judge by the little personal observations that we have been able to make. Thanks to an obliging com- munication from Mr. Thomas Bland, we have been able to exa- mine the lingual band of the Cylindrella sceva, Gundlach, of Cuba. The only similarity that we have found to exist with that of the TZestacella consists in the oblique position of the lateral teeth, and it is that which probably caused Mr. Schmidt to commit an error.
But as to the structure of these teeth themselves, it is totally different, and does not at all resemble the spinulz, so character- istic of the Testacelle.*
* These teeth resemble much more those of the Limaz, Ariolimax, Anadenus, &c., although, however, this resemblance is not identical. The central formula of the Cylindrella sczeva is 13.1.13. The central tooth is straight, small, and furnished with a very prominent median point. The lateral teeth are placed obliquely, large, bicuspid, and with a square base. Both points are not placed on the same plane. The five last teeth diminish as to their volume, and their two points become less and less apparent, but their general form remains always the same. H. Crosse.
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As for the manner of living it is the same for the Cylindrella as for the Pupa and Clausilia, there is no uniformity. If the large species of Mexico take pleasure in burying themselves under dead leaves and lead a life almost subterranean, there are a great many others who live on rocks or on plants. Then it is not correct to generalize and to compare their mode of existence with that of the Testacella and the Daudebardia. Moreover the profusion with which certain species of Cylindrella are strewn in some localities, seems to exclude the probability of carnivorous habits. For, and this is a remark which seems to apply to in- ferior beings as well as to those of a superior organization, the animals of prey generally live alone or disseminated in small groups, while herbivorous animals have a marked tendency to live zn company and to form large flocks.
There is yet another serious objection that we find in the system of classification of the pulmonate Mollusks based on the similarities, and of differences of the lingual and buccal den- tition, apart from conchological characters.
Although this system might be completely founded—which is not yet proved, we think,—it would still be wrong, in a prac- tical point of view, in the actual state of our knowledge, and for this reason. This method of classification unites forms com- pletely dissimilar, conchologically speaking, and _ separates genera generally considered as neighbors, very loudly proclaim- ing the little systematic value of the shell. Now, of the nine or ten thousand living or fossil Pulmonifera actually described, of how many species is the anatomy and the lingual and buc- cal dentition, more or less perfectly known? Not of two hun- dred assuredly.
But, let us even admit this number, which represents about 1-50 of the known Pulmonifera. By what right according to that system, could the other 49-50, viz., almost the whole, be allowed to be classed, having nothing else to be guided as to them but the mere analogy of the conchological characters, characters that the followers of the said system seem to sus- pect, and reject almost entirely? What would, for example, happen, whenever the systematic position of a new and small turriculated Pulmonate, whose animal is not known, had to be determined, and by what reason should it be placed among the Pupe, rather than among the Cylindrell, or the Clausilize, since it would be admitted that the characters drawn from the shell are without value? It would lead, in the alternative, either to an inconsistency in admitting characters theoretically not ad- mitted, or to consider as not existing, scientifically the almost to- tallity of known species.
OF CONCHOLOGY. os
To resume, the system proposed for the Pulmonates, as well as the one which applies to the rest of the Gasteropods, is, we think, erroneous :
1. Because it has the inconveniency of placing in different families Mollusks allied by the shape of their shells, their prin- cipal organs, their way of living, and all this to take for a basis characters comparatively of little importance in the organism taken as.a whole.
2. Because, even if we could admit theoretically, in classifi- cation, the characters drawn from the lingual and buccal denti- tion of the Mollusks, this manner of proceeding would be impracti- cable on a large scale in the present state of our knowledge of the science. And, indeed, it would be absolutely necessary to propose a classification of that kind, reposing on a suliciently secure basis, to know first the buccal and lingual organization of almost all the actual catalogued species, and not merely that of an imperceptible minority, which renders every kind of serious generalization impossible, or compels us to introduce hypotheses in a science of observations.
As for paleontology and fossil Mollusks, it is worse still?for there we find ourselves before a radical and perpetual impos- sibility, seeing that of these species the shell only is or ever will be known ; in such conditions the shell is then necessarily the only possible base of any classification.
Our conclusion is that, although nothing must be neglected in matters of science, and that it is wise to make use of the new documents which every day brings forth, it is dangerous to be too exclusive, and to be obstinate enough to look at but one face of science. The studies of the great anatomists have served to reveal the intimate organization of Mollusks, and have given us the means to delineate surely this important division of the animal kingdom. The thorough study of the lingual and buccal denti- tion is arecent conquest of science, whos@value must be acknowl- edged, and of which it is wise to make use in a reasonable mea- sure. But, is it a reason for discarding the previous characters which is furnished, for the classification of Mollusks by the study of the shell, considered in its complete structure, as well as in its general appearance? We think not, and we believe that the serious and simultaneous study of these three kinds of characters is not too much on which to base the foundation of a good clas- sification of the Mollusca, for a classification can only be re- cognised as such if it reposes, not only on one or two charac- ters arbitrarily chosen, but on the organization of the animals taken as a whole.
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OBSERVATIONS ON THE BATHYMETRICAL AND GEO- GRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF MARINE INVERTE- BRATE ANIMALS.
BY J. GWYN JEFFREYS.
(From “Report on Dredging among the Hebrides,” published in the Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Nov., 1865.)
Some of our most conspicuous and prized shells, that are also of a northern type, are wanting in the Hebrides. Sazicava Norvegica, Natica Grenlandica, Buccinum Humphreysianum, Buecinopsis Dalei, Fusus Norvegicus, F. Turton, and F. Ber- niciensis are in this category. All the above (with the excep- tion of Bucetnum Humphreysianum, which inhabits Shetland and the coasts of county Cork) are met with on the Dogger bank ; and the first two are fossil in the Clyde beds. Six out of the seven being univalves, I would venture to surmise that their non- existence in the western seas of Scotland may have arisen from the circumstance that the diffusion of univalves is slower than that of bivalves. The spawn of the former is attached to the spot where it is shed, or in a few cases (e. g. Capulus and Calyp- trea) it is hatched within the shell of its sedentary parent ; so that the fry forms a colony, and need not roam to any distance, provided their station yields a sufficient supply of food and has the other requisites of habitability. Not so with bivalves. These shed their ova into the water, or else (as in some of the Kellia family) hatch them within the folds of the mantle, whence they are excluded on arriving at maturity. Their fry swim freely and rapidly by means of numerous encircling cilia. The meta- morphie state lasts many hours. During that period they can voluntarily traverse considerable distances, or they may be invol- untarily transported by tidal and oceanic currents. ‘Time is the only element necessary for their widest dispersion over the adja- cent seas, if no barrier intervenes. Should, however, such an obstacle present itself, whether in the shape of previously exist- ing dry land, like that which separates the North Sea from the Atlantic, or from an upheaval and drying-up of the neighboring
OF CONCHOLOGY. 27
sea-bed by geological or cosmical causes, the further diffusion of any marine animals in that direction must necessarily be stopped. An opposite result would doubtless be produced by a sinking and submersion of dry land below the level of the sea, whereby the diffusion of such animals would be greatly facilitated. This ap- pears to have been the fluctuating course of events since the formation of the Coralline Crag, which was probably the cradle or starting-point of our molluscan fauna—a period long antece- dent to the last glacial epoch, and incalculably far beyond the advent of man, unless his origin is much more remote than it is at present supposed to be. Iam not inclined to attribute the northern character of some of the Hebridean mollusea to the per- sistence of what have been called “boreal outliers.” The idea savors more of poetry than of philosophy or fact. The boreal or truly arctic species which once flourished in this district have be- come quite extinct, probably in consequencé of one of those revolutions above suggested, by which the sea-bed was converted into dry land. ‘These boreal species consist chiefly of Rhyncho- nella psittacea, Pecten Islandicus, Astarte crebricostata or de- pressa, Tellina calearia, Mya truncata, var. Uddevallensis, Tro- chus cinereus, and Astyris Holbéllit; and I have lately, as well as on a former occasion, dredged them on the coasts of Skye and West Ross, at depths of from 30 to 60 fathoms, or 180—360 feet. They had a semifossilized appearance. Not one of the above-named species has ever, to the best of my knowledge and belief, been found in a living or recent state in any part of the British seas. All of them occur in post-tertiary or quarternary deposits on the west coast of Scotland, from a few feet above high-water mark* to 320 feet above the present level of the sea. The greatest subaérial height (320 feet) being added to the great- est submarine depth as above (360 feet), gives an extent of eleva- tion and subsidence equal to 680 feet. But as Pecten Islandicus, for example, now inhabits the Arctic Ocean at depths varying from 5 to 150 fathoms, let us take the average of these depths, viz. 774 fathoms or 465 feet, and add it to the 680 feet. This would make 1145 feet, and probably represent the height at which the sea-level may be supposed to have stood when P. Islandicus lived on the highest fossiliferous spot noticed by Mr. Watson. ‘The non-fossiliferous boulder-elay, indicating the sim- ultaneous presence of arctic land which was also subject to glacial
* British Association Report, 1862, Trans. Sect. p. 73: Jeffreys, ‘‘ On an Ancient Sea-bed and Beach near Fort William, Inverness-shire.”
+ Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 1864, p. 526: Rev. R. B. Watson, “On the Great Drift-beds with Shells in the South of Arran.”
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conditions, is stated by Mr. Watson* to be about 800 feet higher than the marine deposit. The height of the layer of sea-shells on Moel Tryfaen in Carnarvonshire (evidently the remains of an ancient beach) exceeds that of the similar deposit at Cardigan by more than 1300 feet; and the difference of height observed in the case of other fossiliferous deposits in the north of England (e. g. Manchester and Kelsey Hill) shows that the disturbing movement has been unequal, and probably not synchronous, over the same area. It would seem that the extent of such oscillation has not altogether amounted to 2000 feet in the British Isles, taking Moel Tryfaen as the greatest height, and the Shetland sea-bed as the greatest depth at which quaternary shells of re- cent species occur. The Scotch and Irish deposits, however, are on the whole far more ancient than those of Wales and England, judging from their geographical nature; the former are chiefly arctic, and the latter merely northern. Whether other parts of the North Atlantic sea-bed have undergone a much greater change of level since the tertiary epoch is not so well established. Dr. G. C. Wallich, in his admirable and philosophical treatise,t with which all marine zoologists and geologists are, or ought to be, familiar, believed that certain starfishes which he had procured at a depth of 1260 fathoms (7560 feet) in lat. 59° 27’ N., long. 26° 41’ W., about halfway between Cape Farewell and the north- west coast of Ireland, were originally a shallow-water species, but had gradually, and through a long course of generations, accommodated themselves to the abnormal conditions incident on the subsidence of the sea-bed.{ The starfishes in question, which he refers to the Ophiocoma granulata of Forbes (Asterias nigra of O. F. Miiller), appear, however, to belong to a different spe- cies, which inhabits deep water. In an important paper by Pro- fessor Sars, on the distribution of animal life in the depths of the sea,§ he states that Ophiocoma nigra (O. granulata, Forbes) is certainly found in shallow water, viz., from 2 to 30 fathoms, on the coast of Norway, but never at a greater depth so far as is yet known, and that it does not range north of the firth of Drontheim. He is of opinion that Dr. Wallich’s species is Ophia- cantha spinulosa of Miller and Troschel, a well-known and Groen- landic species, which is not littoral, but rather a deep-water kind, viz., from 20 to 190 fathoms; and he infers from Wallich’s own account that the last-named species, instead of Ophiocoma nigra or granulata, was the one taken by the ‘ Bulldog’ sounding in
*Doc. cit. p. 524.
+ The North Atlantic Sea-bed, 1862.
t Loe. cit. p. 41.
@ Vid.-Se'sk. Forhandl. 1864: Hr. Sars, “Bemerkninger over det dyriske Livs Udbredning i Havets Dybder.”
OF CONCHOLOGY. ~- 29
1260 fathoms. Dr. Wallich also adduces his discovery, at a depth of 682 fathoms (4092 feet), in lat. 63° 31’ N., long. 13° 41’ W., of two testaceous Annelids, which he assumed to belong to ** known shallow-water forms,’’ as further evidence of an ex- tensive submergence of the North Atlantic sea-bed. These An- nelids were named by him Serpula vitrea and Spirorbis nautilot- des. But Professor Sars disputes their being shallow-water spe- cies. ‘The former he identifies with his Serpula polita (—Pla- costegus tridentatus, Fabricius ;) the latter is referred by Mérch* to the Serpula spirorbis of Linné. The one is regarded by Sars as a deep water and not littoral species, being found on the Nor- wegian coast in 20 to 800 fathoms; the other has a wide bathy- metrical range, from low-water mark to 300 fathoms. I suspect, moreover, that there has been some mistake in the determination of the Spirorbis, and that it belongs to another species than that to which Wallich has assigned it. As to the accuracy of his statement that he procured living starfishes from a depth of 1260 fathoms, under the circumstances which he has described (viz., ‘“‘convulsively embracing a portion of the sounding-line, which had been paid out in excess of the already ascertained depth, and rested for a sufficient period at the bottom to permit of their attaching themselves to it,”) no reasonable doubt can be enter- tained. I have myself seen a number of Antedon (or Comatula) celticus clinging to the rove several feet from the dredge when it was taken up from about 60 fathoms. ‘These starfishes must have crawled up the rope while the dredge was in motion or be- ing hauled in, because no part of the rope had laid on the ground. Dr. Carpenter tells me that Antedon rosaceus has the same habit of crawling up and clasping a rope in shallow water.
The greatest depth marked on the Admiralty charts in any part of the Hebridean sea-bed which I examined is 182 fathoms. Here I got several kinds of living Foraminifera. Nineteen years ago I dredged near the same ground, in 116 fathoms, a fine cluster of one of the compound Tunicata, Diazona Hebridica, of m greenish-pink color. I do not mention this as a great or even considerable depth. Sarsf and Korent have done much more on the coasts of Norway; their dredging-explorations extended to 300 fathoms. In the paper from which I have extracted the above remarks as to the distribution of animal life in the depths of the sea, Professor Sars has enumerated no less than 52 spe- cies and distinct varieties of animals found by him at the depth of 300 fathoms. They may be thus classified :—Porifera (Sponges)
* Naturhist. Tidsskr. 1863: ‘‘ Revisio critica Serpulidarum.” + Reise i Lofoten og Finmarken, 1849. t Nyt. Mag. Naturw. 1856.
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2; Rhizopoda (Foraminifera) 19; Polypi (Actinozoa) 7; Mol- lusca (Polyzoa 8, Tunicata 1, Mollusca proper 10) 19; and Ver- mes (Annelida) 5. He has also specified several Echinoderms, Cirripeds, and Crustacea, as inhabiting somewhat less depths, viz., from 200 to 250 fathoms. The observations of the learned Norwegian zoologist confirm those of Sir James Ross and Dr. Wallich, namely :— 1st. That the temperature of the sea is uniform (39°°5 Fahr.) over the whole globe, below a certain line which forms an isother- mal curve, with but slight cscillations caused by changes of the atmosphere. This curve has its greatest depth at the Equator, but reaches the surface of the ocean in lat. 56° 62’, and dips again as it approaches the pole from this point. 2d. Although the pressure of the water is enormous at great depths, and in 300 fathoms is equal to about 56 atmospheres or 840 lbs. on the square inch,* yet the most brittle and delicate animals (such as Polyzoa and Polyps) inhabiting such depths do not appear to suffer the slightest injury. Their structure is por- ows and permeable by liquids, or accessible to an endosmotie in- fluence by which the pressure is easily resisted. 3d. The want of light has always been considered an obstacle to the existence of animal life at great depth—not so much be- cause light is directly essential to animal life, as on account of its indirectly contributing to its maintenance. It is generally supposed that animals are dependent on vegetable life. This latter, as is well known, cannot exist without light, under the in- fluence of which the absorption of carbonic acid and the evolu- tion of oxygen are effected. Light, however, exerts no such in- fluence on animal life. Sea-weeds (the true Alge) disappear in about 200 fathoms ; and the only vegetable organisms which de- scend to a greater depth, say 400 fathoms, are Diatomacer. It may be observed, with respect to the action of light in producing color in animals, that although intensity of light may produce a corresponding intensity of color under ordinary circumstances, et the diminution or absence of light in the sea is not neces- sarily followed by a diminution or absence of color in marine animals. Those taken from considerable depths have frequently vivid colors. The animal of Lima excavata (a comparatively gigantic species), from 300 fathoms, is of the same bright red color as those of L. Loscombit and L. hians from shallow water. . It has been shown that red rays of light (7. e. actinic contradis- tinguished from luminous rays) penetrate deepest in the water.
* The Norse skaalpund is 10 per cent. more than the English lb. avoir- dupois. Sixteen Norwegian square inches are equal to seventeen English square inches.
OF CONCHOLOGY. 31
I will not here repeat what I have already published* on this in- teresting subject ; but I may add that all the animals recorded as living at great depth are zoophagous, none of them phytopha- gous. The deep-sea dredgings of the Swedish Expedition to Spitzbergen in 1861 yielded some valuable results. Adjunct Professor Thorell and Professor Keferstein communicated some short and imperfect notices to the northern journals; but Pro- fessor Loven has lately given us fuller information, which is pub- lished in the ‘ Transactions of Scandinavian Naturalists ’ at their ninth meeting held in 1863. A Brooke’s lead and a ‘ Bulldog’ machine, with several improvements, were used on this occasion. Depths from 6000 to 8400 feet (1000-1409 fathomst) were thus explored. The sea-bottom at these depths was covered with a fine greasy-feeling material of a yellow-brownish or grey color, rich in Diatomacez§ and Polythalamia, and nearly devoid of sand. Professor Loven was furnished with the notes of Messrs. Chydenius and Malmgren, made during the expedition, and with all the animals discovered in those great depths. The latter comprised :—Annelida, viz., species «f Spiochetopterus and Cir- ratulus ; Crustacea, viz., a Cuma wllich appeared to be indenti- cal with C. rubicunda, Lilljeborg, and an Apseudes ; Mollusca, viz., a Cylichna; Gephyrea, viz., a fragment of Myriotrochus Rinki, Steenstrup, and another allied form with large and fewer star-wheels, and of smaller wheels of the Myriotrochus-type; a species of Sipunculus resembling S. margaritaceus, Sars; and, lastly, a sponge, in which were founda Copepod or Qstracod, and a fragment of a Cuma resembling C. nasica. In the opinion of Loven these animals indicate, so far as can be judged by so small a number, that in the abysses of the glacial seas there lives a fauna which does not greatly differ from that which lives on the same kind of bottom at much less depths. Proceeding up- wards to the surface, from 50 or 60 fathoms the regions or zones have a greater variety of animals, even over the same kind of bottom. Taking this into consideration, and also recollecting that in the Antarctic seas, at measurable depths, there are forms of Mollusca and Crustacea which exhibit partly generic, partly almost specific identity with northern and hyperborean forms,
* British Conchology, vol. i, Intr. pp. xlviii-l, and vol. ii. Intr. pp. Viii—xi.
7 Stockholm, 1865: p. 384. hive,
{ The Swedish foot makes only 0-974 English foot. The Scandinavian fathom is 6 feet.
2This does not quite agree with the accounts of Wallich and Sars, which give 400 fathoms as the limit of vegetable life; but it does not an- pear that the Diatomacex observed by Loven had actually lived on the sea bottom. They might have been pelagic and floating kinds.
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the idea occurs to him that, from 60 or 80 fathoms down to the greatest depth known to be inhabited by animals, the bottom is everywhere covered with a soft and fine mud or clay, and that there exists from pole to pole, in all latitudes, a deep-sea fauna of the same general character, many species of which have a very wide distribution. He also thinks it probable that in the vicinity of both poles such a uniform fauna approaches the surface ; while in tropical seas it occupies the depths of the ocean, the coast-line there being represented by vast regions of distinct faunas, the circumferences or areas of which are much more limited. But, in the face of the discovery made by Professor Sars that large Brachiopoda, stony corals, and Polyzoa, as well as certain Mol- lusea (e. g. Anomia and Saxicava) which are peculiar to a hard or even to a rocky bottom, inhabit a depth of 800 fathoms, and seeing that Dr. Wallich found a living Serpula attached to a stone at the depth of 682 fathoms, I am not prepared to accept, without considerable qualification, Professor Loveén’s notion that the sea-bottom from 60 or 80 fathoms downwards is everywhere tormed of soft material ; indeed we need not go far from home to seek a refutation of thisfidea. Captain Beechey’s dredgings off the Mull of Galloway, in 145 fathoms (as reported by the late Mr. Thompson, of Belfast, in the ‘ Annals and Magazine of Natural History’ for September 1842, p. 21), yielded live spe- cimens of Chiton fascicularis, C. cinereus, Trochus millegranus, and Trophon Barvicensis, all of which are inhabitants of hard ' or stony, and never of soft ground, besides dead shells of the same and similar species. That is more than twice the average depth supposed by Professor Lovén to be the limit of hard ground.
OF CONCHOLOGY. 33
DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF MONTACUTA..
BY JOHN H. THOMSON.
Montacuta GouLpDI, Thomson. Plate 1, fig. 15.
Description.—Shell minute, diaphanous, rhomboidal inequi- lateral, not compressed. Beaks rather prominent, not in contact with an excavated areola in front. Basal margin neurly straight, ends obtusely rounded, forming a rhomboidal outline, regular lines of growth, with an opaque : white thickened band surround- ‘ing the margin; hinge with the cartilage occupying a pit be- tween two rather strong teeth.
Hab.—N. Bedford Harbor, in the interstices of a piece of timber dredged in sandy bottom.
Collection of Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences, and
of Geo. W. Tryon, Jr.
This interesting shell I submitted to the late Dr. A. A. Gould but a few weeks previous to his death. He at once decided it to be a new species. Asa slight tribute of respect for his great. scientific attainments I dedicate it to his memory.
34 AMERICAN JOURNAL
MONOGRAPH OF THE TERRESTRIAL MOLLUSCA OF THE UNITED STATES.
BY GEORGE W. TRYON.
[Continued from p. 327, vol. ii.]
MESODONTIN &.
Genera.
* Shell minute, margin of lip circular, its extremities approaching and connected by a callus: not toothed.
1. Vatuonta, Risso. Shell minute, diaphanous, umbilicate ; lip margin broadly reflected, nearly circular, white.
European; extending into the States east of the Rocky Mountains.
** Shell large, umbilicate, lip with a small tooth at its base ; sometimes also with a small parietal tooth.
2. Unosroma, Albers. Shell large, globosely depressed, aperture semicircular, lip tuberculately toothed at base. Horn color, sometimes banded with rufous.
Alleghany Mountains, from Vermont to Tennessee, and west- ward to the Rocky Mountains.
*** Shell large, umbilicus covered or perforate, lip not toothed ; with generally a small oblique parietal tooth.
3. Musopon, Rafinesque. Shell large, subglobose or orbicu- larly depressed; aperture rounded lunar, the lip some- times slightly dentately thickened at the base; parietal tooth, when present, small; umbilicus either covered by
an expansion of the lip or partially covered. Generally uniform pale horn color.
OF CONCHOLOGY. 35
Inhabits the entire United States, but two species only on the Pacific slope of the continent.
**** Shell of moderate size, turbinate or depressed; wm- bilicus closed; aperture trigonal, lip with a long lam- ellar tooth at base, and frequently a small tubercular tooth above, a large curved lamellar parietal tooth.
4. XonLoTReMA, Rafinesque. Shell uniform horn color, depressed or turbinate, frequently angulate or carinate on the periphery; base convex ; aperture with always a lamellar curved parietal tooth, and a long lamellar basal tooth, with frequently also a small denticle on the superior part of the lip.
Inhabits from the Alleghany to the Rocky Mountains.
**kK* Shell moderate in size, aperture trilobate, caused by denticles on the superior and inferior parts of the lp, and on the parietal wall.
+ Umbilicus open.
5. Triopopsis, Rafinesque. Shell globosely depressed, um- bilicus open, lip teeth small, nearly equidistant. Uniform horn color.
tt Umbilicus closed.
6. Iso@nomostoma, Fitzinger. Shell smaller, globosely depressed, umbilicus covered by the extremity of the lip ; aperture three-lobed, the lip teeth small, the parietal tooth larger, blade-shaped. Horn color, frequently hirsute.
Eastern, Middle and Southern States, also Europe.
KKKEX Shell small, aperture narrowly transverse, basal, extending from the periphery to the axis of the shell; parietal wall with a long lamellar tooth, lip broad, with generally a notch in the centre.
7. STENOTREMA, Rafinesque. Shell small, generally hirsute, horn color, depressed turbinate above, very convex below ; aperture narrow and long, basal, lip and parietal wall subparallel, the former with a long blade-shaped tooth, the latter either similar, with generally a notch in the middle, or, the notch being wider, with two teeth; umbilicus closed. Within the aperture, and near the axis, may be seen an accessory column or pillar, probably designed to assist the animal in retiring within its shell.
United States, east of Rocky Mountains.
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FAKE Shell small, depressed and ribbed-striate above, many-whorled; periphery generally carinate ; convex beneath, showing several whorls; aperture with a V-shaped parietal tooth.
| Aperture tridentate, base exhibiting one and a half to two whorls.
8. DapaLocnita, Beck. Shell small, depressed, ribbed- striate, periphery angulate, below convex, showing more than one, sometimes nearly two, whorls, with a minute central perforation; lip auricular, frequently expanded, the place of the teeth being marked externally by scro- biculations; parietal tooth V-shaped, joined by a raised eallus with the extremities of the lip.
Southern States, Mexico, Guatemala, Cuba, Xe.
{t Shell planorboid, many-whorled; aperture with a V- shaped tooth, but no lip teeth.
9. Potyara, Say. Shell planorboid, many-whorled, whorls narrow, ribbed above, periphery angulate; aperture small, subtrigonal, with a V-shaped parietal tooth, joined by a raised callus to the extremities of the lip; below plane, showing several whorls, with a narrow umbilicus. Horn color.
Gulf States and West Indies, also South America.
VALLONIA, Risso.
1. Vallonia minuta, Say. Plate 7, figure 2.
Spire depressed, convex, whorls four, the last rapidly increas- ing and spreading at the mouth; thin, transparent, very min- utely striated, or sometimes distantly costate; aperture orbicu- lar, lip large, well rounded; umbilicus large. Light horn color, with generally a greenish tinge, lip white.
Diam. 2°5 mill.
Maine to South Carolina, and westward to the Rocky Moun- tains.
This species was described many years ago by Mr. Say, and his species has since been recognized as distinet by several con-
OF CONCHOLOGY. aT
chologists, but the weight of opinion has been in favor of con- sidering it identical with Vallonia pulchelia of Europe. Mr. K. 8. Morse has recently critically compared the two species, and discovered several differences which we have been able to confirm fully. V. mnuta is more depressed, the whorls are not as large, the aperture wider, and the labrum not so much rounded above, while below it ends further towards the axis of the shell; the lip of V. minuta is at an angle of 27° from a line passing through the axis, while that of V. pulchella is 35°. The lingual dentition also differs. In order to exhibit the above differences in the shell satisfactorily, I have copied Morse’s figures of V. minuta and V. pulchella, fig. 1 representing the latter. European authors have separated from V. pulchella a species in which the striz of growth are ocgasionally elevated into ridges, under the name of V. costata. I doubt the validity of this distinction, which is of importance to those American conchologists who maintain the identity of our shell with the European pulchella from the fact that in certain localities we also have the costate variety. Helix alternata and several other species of native Helices exhibit quite as great diversity as the minuta in this respect, and [ am inclined to attribute the develop- ment of these ridges in the growth of the shell to local disturb- ing influences.* :
ULOSTOMA, Albers. { Shell banded ; no parietal tooth.
1. Ulostoma profunda, Say. Plate 7, fig. 3.
Orbicularly depressed ; whorls 5—6, convex, strongly obliquely striate, with well-impressed suture; aperture subcircular, lip large, white, its extremities approaching with an obtuse tooth on the inner basal edge; base convex, umbilicus large, profound. Light horn color, with generally a broad reddish brown band above the periphery, and numerous narrow bands on the base, sometimes uniform pale horn color.
Diam. 28 mill., height 15 mill.
Western New York to Virginia, and eastwards to Nebraska.
** The molluscous fauna of Harper’s Ferry is distinguished for the de- velopment of heavy lines of growth, and acute prominent carinz on the shells of the species; and in the terrestrial shells by the depression of the spire.”” Tryon onthe Mollusca of Harper’s Ferry, Va., Proceed. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1861. The same features obtain in the species of the mountainous district of East Tennessee.
38 AMERICAN JOURNAL
** Unicolored, with a parietal tooth.
2. Ulostoma Sayi, Binney. Plate 7, figure 4.
Orbicularly depressed, whorls 5—6, thin, regularly obliquely striate; aperture suborbicular, lip white, the margin narrowly reflected and tuberculately dentate on the base, the parietal wall toothed; umbilicus moderate and deep. Pale horn color.
Diam. 22, height 15 mill.
Maine to Illinois, and southwards to Pennsylvania, inhabiting mountains and elevated districts.
MESODON, Rafinesque.
This group embraces most of the larger species of Helices in- habiting North America east of the Rocky Mountains. In Cuba it is replaced by Pachystoma, a genus very closely allied in the form, size and coloration of the shell; (but in Jamaica the larger species of shells belong to Pleurodonta, quite a dif- ferent type in every respect). A like alliance brings very closely together the species of Ulostoma just described, with the numerous European genus Campylea, so that we have in the subfamily Mesodontine first an undoubted American repre-- sentative of Vallonia, then a magnified repetition of the same form, with modifications in Ulostoma which is very close to European species. This type of shell in this country appears to have become further modified into the genus Mesodon, in which form it has flourished exceedingly. Upon tracing Mesodon southwards, we find the species becoming larger, heavier and more coarsely striate, and thes: changes culminate in Pachys- toma. ‘The curious relation of the Pachystomee with extinct and expiring species of land shells of Madeira is another curious fact in conchological geography. I shall have occasion, more than once before leaving the genera composing the sub- family of which Mesodon is the type, to point out among the terrestrial shells of Kurope stray individuals of undoubtedly American forms.
OF CONCHOLOGY. 39
* Dentate. + Unmbilicus covered.
Mesodon albolabris, Say. VARIETY DENTATA.
Plate 7, figure 6.
This species not unfrequently develops a tooth on the parietal wall, (see description under section **,) and in this state it closely resembles MM. exoleta, but may be distinguished by its larger size, less convex body whorl, broader lip, more transverse aperture, and generally lighter substance.
The dentate variety of albolabris has been found in Maine, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Iowa, Illinois, Michigan, &c.
1. Mesodon exoleta, Binney. Plate 7, figure 8. Ventricose, suborbicular, whorls 5—6, convex, texture heavy, suture well marked; body whorl large and convex; aperture
rounded, lip reflected, the parietal wall toothed; umbilicus covered by the extremity of the lip. Light horn color.
Diam. 25, height 15 mill.
New York to Georgia, west of the Alleghany Mountains, and extending westward to Missouri.
2. Mesodon dentifera, Binney. Plate 7, figure 9.
Depressed, spire flatly convex, base well rounded, whorls 5, delicately striate, suture distinct, but not deeply impressed ; aperture wide, lip broadly reflected and covering the umbilicus, parietal wall armed with a prominent tooth. Yellowish horn color.
Diam. 19 mill.
Maine to Virginia, and westward to Ohio, inhabiting mountain ranges and highly elevated ground.
Readily distinguished from the former species by its more de- pressed form, &c.
40 AMERICAN JOURNAL
3. Mesodon Wheatleyi, Bland. Plate 7, figure 10.
Conoidally globose, spire somewhat elevated, with distinct sutures, thin, closely ribbed-striate, with microscopic granula- tions, hirsute; whorls 54, convex, the last well rounded, but slightly depressed at the aperture, and constricted; aperture obliquely lunate, with the parietal wall armed by a tooth; base convex, umbilical region excavated, but imperforate. Reddish horn-colored, the lip rose-colored.
Diam. 14, height 7 mill. Mountains in Cherokee County, North Carolina.
Mr. Bland remarks upon the close relationship existing between this species and M. Columbiana which inhabits the Pacific States. Each is the only hirsute species of Mesodon of its region. The two are also allied in size, form and color.
4. Mesodon Christyi, Bland. Plate 7, figure 11.
Depressed, spire obtuse, whorls 43, somewhat convex, de- scending at the aperture, texture solid, with close, oblique, rib- like strize, periphery a little angular; aperture depressed, with . a strong parietal tooth; base convex, excavated in the middle, imperforate. Dark horn color.
Diam. 10, height 43 mill. Mountains in Cherokee County, North Carolina.
Mesodon Roemeri, Pfeiffer.
This species is very rarely furnished with a completely- covered umbilicus. See description in the perforate section, species 8.
OF CONCHOLOGY. 41
tt Umbilicus open. t Shell rounded.
5. Mesodon thyroides, Say. Plate 8, figure 1.
‘
Rounded, thin, regularly and closely obliquely striate; spire depressed, conical, suture distinct, but not deeply impressed ; whorls 5, convex, the body large, well rounded, slightly declining at the aperture, behind which it is a little constricted ; aperture obliquely semilunar, the lip moderately reflected, with a slight transverse tooth or varnish of callus near the top of the parietal wall; umbilicus open, but partially bounded by a raised acute dilatation of the lips. Uniform light horn or straw color.
Diam. 25, height 16 mill.
Inhabits plentifully the whole country east of the Rocky Mountains, but is particularly numerous in the Western States, becoming rare in New England, and partially replaced by MM. bucculenta in the South.
This is one of our most beautiful species, its delicate tex- ture, regular rib-like striz, pleasing color and frequently roseate lip, give it a particularly neat aspect. Until it has become quite mature, the only trace of the parietal tooth is frequently a shght uncolored thickening, appearing as though _ varnished. In the immature state it is likely to be confounded with young individuals of a small variety of MZ. albolabris, a species which always inhabits with it. It has also been very generally confounded with M. bueculenta, a smaller, more globose shell, the description of which follows.
6. Mesodon bucculenta, Gould. Plate 8, figure 2.
Globose, rather thin, with delicate, oblique, regular raised striz; spire obtusely elevated, suture distinctly, but not deeply, marked; whorls 5, convex, body large, rounded com- pastly, a very little deflected towards the aperture; mouth lunate, with a broad white lip, partially covering the umbili- cus; parietal tooth sometimes scarcely developed, but occasion- ally strong. Reddish horn color.
Diam. 16, height 10 mill.
42 AMERICAN JOURNAL
Georgia, to Texas, Maryland, Eastern Pennsylvania, West- ern New York.
This species is allied closely to WM. thyroides: it differs in its smaller size, more globular form, darker color and less open umbilicus. It was first described as a far Southern species, but has been recently ascertained to be common in the Middle States. A remarkable minor form of thyroides was described by Mr. W. G. Binney several years ago, from the vicinity of Philadelphia, and he declares his inability to distinguish it from forms of bucculenta. This shell is really bucculenta, and its identity was first pointed out by Dr. E. Michener, in the American Journal of Conchology, 1865. It has also been noticed in New York by DeKay, who described it in his Report under the name of Helix rufa. In the neighborhood of Philadelphia all the specimens of so-called .thyrozdes that I have seen are the true bucculenta.
7. Mesodon devia, Gould. Plate 8, figure 3.
Orbicularly depressed, rather thick, strongly obliquely striate; spire convex, suture moderately impressed ; whorls 6, the last well rounded; aperture obliquely and transversely lunate, with a widely-reflexed white lip, which is somewhat toothed at the base, and impinges on the open umbilicus ; parietal tooth trigonal, oblique, quite large. Dark horn color, nearly brown.
Diam. 20, height 11 mill.
Oregon.
Mesodon Columbiana. VARIETY DENTATA,
Plate 8, figure 12.
This, which will be described among the non-dentate species, sometimes developes a parietal tooth. Mr. Bland, several years ago, (Annals N. Y. Lyceum, vii.) mentioned that his cabinet contained a specimen with such a tooth. I have seen several specimens of this variety, and my cabinet contains them from three different localities.
OF CONCHOLOGY. 43
tt Shell subangulate on the periphery.
8. Mesodon Roemeri, Pfeiffer. Plate 8, figure 4.
Shell depressed, rather thin, semi-transparent, closely, but faintly striate; spire a little elevated, suture slightly im- pressed ; whorls 5, somewhat convex, the last one subcarinate or angulate on the periphery, scarcely descending to the aperture; aperture obliquely lunate, the lip well thickened, but hardly expanded above, though becoming towards the base well-reflected, covering partially the umbilicus, and rarely entirely closing it; parietal wall generally armed with a well- developed tooth. Horn-colored.
Diam. 21, height 10 mill. Texas.
May be distinguished at once from all the other species by its depressed form and angulate periphery.
** Not dentate. + Unmbilicus closed. t Unicolored.
9. Mesodon major, Binney. Plate 8, figure 5.
Ventricose, convex, globosely turbinate, heavy, covered with coarse oblique striae; spire, elevated, convex, suture well im- pressed; whorls 6, convex, the body whorl very large and subglobular, very slightly declining; aperture small, rounded lunate, lip thick, moderately wide, with a tooth-like elevation at the base near the body whorl, dilated and covering the um- bilcus. Yellowish brown.
Diam. 44, height 33 mill. Tennessee to Florida and Alabama. Dr. Binney first described this as a species distinct from M. albolabris, and separated it on account of its larger size, more globose, elevated form, rounder aperture, coarser strive, &c.
Messrs. W. G. Binney, Newcomb, Gould and myself admit its validity, but Mr. Bland, on the contrary, unites the two,
44 AMERICAN JOURNAL
believing that major is only albolabris living in situations highly favorable to its growth, and gives measurements of specimens from different northern and southern localities, showing a gradual increase in size, as well as variations of form. I believe that the trie major inhabits the far Southern States, where it replaces albolabris, and I doubt very much whether it was ever found North of Southern Tennessee.
10. Mesodon albolabris, Say. Plate 7, figures 5, 6, 7.
Depressed orbicular, moderately thick, closely obliquely striate, with crowded, slightly-impressed revolving lines; spire convex, suture not deeply impressed; whorls 5—6, flat- tened convex, the body a little deflected at the aperture, and con- tracted behind the lp; mouth lunar, with a widely-reflected white lip, which, at the base, covers the umbilicus. Yellowish brown or light chestnut color.
Variety with a parietal denticle. Diam. 25, height 15 mill.
Inhabits from Canada to South Carolina, and westward to Arkansas and Nebraska.
One of our most common species. This, as well as all others of the group, when immature, is furnished with an open um- bilicus and a sharp unreflected lip; and in this state it is ex- ceedingly difficult to distinguish the species one from another.
1l. Mesodon Pennsylvanica, Green. Plate 8, figure 9.
Turbinately subglobose, moderately thick, translucent, with crowded, elevated oblique striz; spire convexly elevated, suture distinct; whorls 6, convex; aperture subtriangular, contracted behind the lip, which is white, and narrowly reflected, and slightly thickened internally at the base; um- bilical region indented, umbilicus covered. Bright horn color.
Diam. 183—18 mill. Western Pennsylvania, Ohio, Illinois.
This species is distinguished from M. clausa by its imper- forate base and triangular aperture, and from the following species by its more turbinate form, as well as by the aperture.
OF CONCHOLOGY. 45
12. Mesodon Mitchelliana, Lea. Plate 8, figure 10.
Subglobose, moderately thick, translucent, finely striate; spire convexly conical, suture not deeply marked; whorls 5, the last well rounded, contracted behind the lip above, but the sroove becoming indistinct towards the base ; aperture rounded, lip white, narrowly reflected ; base very convex, imperforate. Light horn color.
Diam. 15, height 9 mill. Found only in Ohio.
For the distinction between MW. Pennsylvanica and this species, see the description of the former.
18. Mesodon divesta, Gould. Plate 8, figure 11.
Depressed orbicular, moderately thick, coarsely obliquely striated ; spire a little convex, with well-marked suture; whorls 6, the last subangulate at the periphery ; aperture lunate, very oblique, lip white, broadly reflected, horizontal at base, its outer portion flexuous; base convex, umbilical region ex- cavated, but covered. Dingy horn color.
Diam. 18, height 7 mill. Washington Springs, Arkansas.
Distinguished by its depressed form. Although described nearly twenty years ago, no other locality than that above given has been discovered.
tt Banded.
14. Mesodon multilineata, Say. Plate 8, figure 8.
Depressed orbicular, rather thin, closely obliquely striate ; spire convexly conical, suture deeply impressed; whorls 5—6, very convex, the last considerably deflected at the aperture; aperture lunate, the lip white, narrowly reflected and dilated into and covering the umbilicus. Horn color, with more or
46 AMERICAN JOURNAL
less numerous reddish brown revolving bands of varying width. Diam. 25, height 16 mill.
Western and North-western States.
This is one of our most beautiful species, and is extremely numerous in the region inhabited by it. A variety is occa- sionally met with, having a uniform dark brown epidermis, (middle figure,) and Dr. Binney mentions having seen one or two specimens in which the epidermis was pure white.
tt Umbilicus open. t Color mottled.
15. Mesodon Townsendiana, Lea. Plate 8, figures 6—7.
Orbicular, rather thick, with oblique, irregular, coarse striz and fine revolving lines, the body whorl malleated obliquely ; spire convexly conical, suture moderately impressed; whorls 54, the last somewhat deflected at the aperture; aperture lunate, oblique, lip white, very much thickened; base convex, umbilical region subangulate, umbilicus moderate. Yellow and brown variegated by the malleations.
Diam. 30, height 18 mill. Oregon.
A smaller, more compact, more elevated, not malleated shell, which, if not distinct, may be designated as variety minor ; inhabits Idaho and Nebraska, (fig. 6).
tt Unicolored. § Hirsute.
16. Mesodon Columbiana, Lea. Plate 8, figures 12, 13, 14.
Depressed orbicular, covered with short close hairs arranged in lozenge; spire depressed conical, suture well impressed; whorls 6, the last rapidly increasing, very convex, deeply con- stricted behind the lip and descending to the aperture; aperture narrowly lunate, lip white, widely reflected, partly
OF CONCHOLOGY. 47
covering the umbilicus; base very convex. Yellowish horn color.
Diam. 16, height 10 mill. Oregon.
Peculiar in this group, for its very close arrangement of short bristles all over the surface ; the old shells are frequently denuded of these, but then the scars of their insertion are dis- tinctly visible with a glass. As already mentioned, this spe- cies sometimes developes a strong, oblique, parietal tooth, (fig. 12).
8§ Not hirsute.
17. Mesodon Downieana, Bland. Plate 8, figure 15.
Subglobose, thin, subpellucid, with obsolete rib-like striz and crowded minute revolving lines; spire depressed conical, suture moderately impressed; whorls 5, convex, the last tumid, scarcely descending, constricted behind the lip ; aper- ture obliquely lunate, lip white, reflected narrowly, nearly covering the umbilicus; base convex. Greenish horn color.
Diam. 10°5, height 6 mill.
University Place, Franklin County, Tennessee. Like M. Christyi, Bland, in form, but has noparietal tooth.
18. Mesodon clausa, Say. Plate 8, figure 16.
Subglobose, moderately thick, with fine oblique striae; spire convex, with distinct suture; whorls 5, convex, the last large, contracted behind the lip; aperture rounded, lip white, nar- rowly reflected and nearly covering the umbilicus; base very convex. Light yellowish brown, shining.
Diam. le—l5 rill,
Inhabits all the Western States from the Great Lakes to Mississippi and Alabama.
This species is of the same size as M. Pennsylvanica and M. Mitchelliana, inhabiting partially the same region. Its dis- tinctive characters have been already pointed out. It is most abundant in the southwest in a semi-fossil condition.
48 AMERICAN JOURNAL XOLOTREMA, Rafinesque.
There are but five species known to belong to this section of the Helices; characterized by a lamellar tooth on the base of the aperture, and a covered umbilicus. We first indicated its generic value, and gave a list of species belonging to it, in the American Journal of Conchology, p. 81,1865. These shells in- habit the middle region of the United States rather sparingly, being nowhere very numerous. There are two groups of species, two of them being somewhat rounded trochiform, while the other three are depressed, and generally furnished with an additional tooth on the upper part of the labrum, making the aperture tri- dentate.
ooo
* Shell elevated.
1. Xolotrema elevata, Say. Plate 9, figure 1
Shell convexly conical, thick, finely obliquely striated; spire elevated, with a well-impressed suture; whorls nearly seven, ‘convex, slowly increasing, the body large and well rounded; aperture somewhat triangular, contracted by the lip, which is thickened, but not very broadly reflected, and covers the umbili- cus; a long lamellar tooth occupies nearly the whole basal part of the lip, and the pillar lip is furnished with a stout tooth, cury- ing inwards above; the extremities of the labrum frequently connected by a well-defined callus. Yellowish horn color.
Diam. 23, height 16 mill.
From Western New York to West Virginia, and westward to Missouri.
Mr. W. G. Binney received two specimens, collected by the late Major Kennicott in Wisconsin, which were remarkable from haying each a brown band revolving upon its periphery.
2. Xolotrema Clarkii, Lea. Plate 9, figure 2.
Shell globosely conical, moderately thick, finely striated ; spire obtusely conical, suture moderate; whorls seven, convex, slowly increasing, the body well rounded ; aperture subtriangu- lar, the lip reflected and thickened, entirely covering the um-
OF CONCHOLOGY. 49
bilicus; a long lamellar tooth on the base of the lip, and a strong curved tooth on the parietal wall. Reddish horn color.
Diam. 14, height 9 mill. Cherokee County, North Carolina.
A beautiful little species, almost a pigmy eleyata; the whorls of the spire are not so convex, however, as they are in that species.
** Shell depressed.
3. Xolotrema obstricta, Say. Plate 9, figure 3.
Shell depressed, acutely carinated, the carine visible on all save the apical whorls of the spire; spire depressed convex; whorls five, more convex below, covered with distant sharp oblique cost, which fringe the edge of the carina in crossing it, with frequently slight, close, revolving lines; aperture trilobate, lip widely reflected, parietal tooth strong, oblique, superior lip tooth small, inferior lip tooth a long blade upon the base of the lip; umbilicus covered. Pale to dark brown.
Diam. 22, height 8 mill. Western and Southern States.
This species differs from the following in being always strongly carinate, and in not having hispid epidermal projections.
——
4, Xolotrema palliata, Say. Plate 9, figure 4.
Shell depressed above, a little more convex below, with ele- vated oblique ribs, the epidermis rugose, with close, minute his- pid prominences; whorls five, not very convex, subangulate to carinate at the periphery; aperture trilobate, caused by three teeth, the largest of which is parietal and oblique, the others are respectively on the upper and lower portions of the labrum, the lower one being blade-shaped; umbilicus covered. Light to dark brown.
Diam. 23, height 10 mill.
Alleghany Mountains and westward, Vermont, (W. G. Bin- ney,) lowa, Michigan, Kentucky, Tennessee, Xc. gan, e
50 AMERICAN JOURNAL
5. Xolotrema appressa, Say. Plate 9, figures 11, 7.
Shell depressed ; spire only slightly raised, suture distinct ; whorls 5, a little convex, the last subangulate at the periphery, and constricted behind the widely-reflected lip of the aperture; obliquely ribbed-striate above, smooth beneath ; aperture trilo- bate, with a long oblique parietal tooth and two small lip teeth, of which one is on the upper and the other on the lower part of Hy lip ; umbilicus filled by a deposit of callus. Yellowish horn color.
Diam. 18 mill.
Principally west of the Alleghany Mountains, from New York to Georgia, and westwards to Alabama, Tennessee and Illinois. Wilmington, N. C., and City Point, Va., (Thomas Bland).
Much smaller in size, and without the hispid surface of X. palliata ; itis also flatter. Sometimes the lip teeth are not well developed. (Fig. 7.)
TRIODOPSIS Rafinesque.
This genus differs from the foregoing in the following particu- lars :—The umbilicus is open, the basal tooth of the tridentate aperture is tubercular instead of lamelliform, and the shell is smaller.
The species are widely distributed, some of them being found in all parts of the United States, and a few as far to the south- wards as Central America. The species of Z'riodopsis, like those of some other groups, in their distribution seem to mutually replace one another, thus forming, in the opinion of the older writers, geographical varieties rather than species. That several of them had a common parentage is obvious ; but, inasmuch as the departure of each from the common type, though slight, ap- pears to be permanent, these forms must be regarded as true species.
1, Triodopsis tridentata, Say. Plate 9, figures 6, 13. Shell depressed, spire somewhat convex, suture moderately
impressed ; whorls 5—6, a little convex, obliquely ridged-striate ; aperture trilobate, lip widely reflected, on the parietal wall is
OF CONCHOLOGY. 51
placed an oblique tooth, and small marginal teeth are on the upper and the basal portions of the labrum respectively; base convex, umbilicus open and deep. Horn color.
Diam. (large var.) 23, height 9 mill.; (small var.,) diam. 13, height 5:5 mill. :
Inhabits all the States east of Rocky Mountains.
This shell is generally larger than the next, from which it differs in having a more depressed form and much smaller teeth.
2. Triodopsis fallax, Say. Plate 9, figure 12.
Shell convex, spire somewhat elevated, suture distinct ; whorls 5, moderately convex, obliquely coarsely striate; aperture trilo- bate, the parietal lamelliform tooth large and oblique, the lip teeth large and flattened, the upper one deflected into the aper- ture; base moderately convex, umbilicus open. Light horn color.
Diam. 11, height 6 mill. Inhabits the whole country east of Rocky Mountains.
This shell, as mentioned under the description of 7. tridentata, differs from that species by its smaller size, more elevated spire and larger teeth; the upper lip tooth is remarkable, being quite. large, somewhat blade-shaped, and its surface bent into the aperture. I regard this shell as fallax, in deference to the opinions of Messrs. W. G. Binney, Bland, &c., but the fact is. that Say confounded two species under this name, and his description is actually drawn up from a specimen of zntroferens,. var. minor, as fallax is not found in the vicinity of Philadel- phia—the habitat given by Say.
3. Triodopsis introferens, Bland. Plate 9, figure 5.
Depressed, thin, with rib-like strie ; spire convex; but slightly: elevated; whorls 5—6, somewhat rounded, the last descending, constricted behind the lip, with exterior pits marking the posi- tion of the lip teeth within the aperture, periphery subangular ; aperture trilobate, parietal tooth oblique, lamelliform, basal lip tooth submarginal, lamelliform, continued within the aperture,
52 AMERICAN JOURNAL
where it forms a strong white tubercle, upper lip tooth trans- verse, and opposite to the external periphery ; base convex, um- bilicate, grooved within the umbilicus. Yellowish horn color.
Diam. 11—15, height 6—7 mill.
North Carolina ; vicinity of Philadelphia, Pa., (small variety). Distinguished immediately from tridentata and fallax by its nar- rower umbilicus and groove, and especially by its tubercular basal tooth. See description of 7’. fallax.
4. Triodopsis Hopetonensis, Shuttleworth. Plate 9, figure 9.
Depressed, thin, ribbed-striate; spire obtusely convex, but not much elevated, suture distinct ; whorls 53, somewhat convex, more convex beneath, constricted behind the aperture; aperture trilobate, a sharp parietal tooth and a small submarginal one on the upper and the lower lip; narrowly umbilicated. Light horn color.
Diam. 13, height 6 mill. (Var. major.)
Sullivan’s Island, 8. C.; Hopeton and St Simon’s Isle, Geo. ; Florida.
Distinguished from fallax by its smaller umbilicus, less thickened lip and teeth, and by the latter being more remote, one from another. The dimensions given above are those of a
large specimen; ordinarily they attain but two-thirds of the size.
5. Triodopsis Yucantanea, Morelet. Plate 9, figure 17.
Shell depressed, almost flat above, but quite convex below the | angular periphery; whorls five, obliquely ridged above and striate beneath, constricted behind the reflected lip; aperture trilobate, parietal tooth very oblique, nearly V-shaped, with one lip tooth opposite to it, and a smaller erect one upon the centre of the basal portion of the lip; umbilicus rather wide and deep. Light horn color.
Diam. 8, height 3 mill.
Isle of Carmen, Yucatan.
OF CONCHOLOGY. 53
This species is introduced to show that a form very closely allied to our own shells, inhabits a far-distant locality. Probably the intermediate country of Mexico contains undiscovered species exhibiting the same characteristics. The spire is represented too much elevated in the figure.
6. Triodopsis vultuosa, Gould. Plate 9, figure 14.
Shell globosely depressed, closely delicately striate, rather solid; spire convex, not much elevated, suture well impressed; whorls 53, convex, slowly increasing, the last subangular, and deflected at the aperture, well rounded below, with a moderate umbilicus ; aperture lunate, its outline somewhat sinuous, parietal tooth a broad lamina, oblique, joined to the lip below. lower lip
tooth small, upper lip tooth expanded and reflexed. Dark horn color.
Diam. 10, height 5 mill. Texas. Intermediate between H. fallax and H. Texasiana.
7. Triodopsis Mullani, Bland and Cooper. Plate 9, figure 15.
Shell globosely depressed, irregularly striate, shining, with a thin epidermis, covered with minute spiral lines and tubercles, (the latter probably the scars of hairs); whorls 6, convex, much constricted behind the aperture, and smoother on the base; aperture trilobate, parietal tooth small, linguiform, lower lip tooth lamelliform, upper one small, and sometimes obsolete ; um- bilicus moderate, partialty covered by the lip. Dark horn color.
Diam. 13-5, height 7 mill. Washington Territory and Oregon.
Darker in color, with smaller umbilicus and differently formed teeth from tridentata.
54 AMERICAN JOURNAL
8. Triodopsis loricata, Gould. Plate 9, figures 16, 19.
Shell small, orbicularly depressed; spire convex, not much elevated, suture well impressed; whorls 5, convex, thin, ob- liquely striate, with small epidermal scales or scars, and in fresh specimens hispid, very much contracted behind the lip; aperture transversely trilobate, the very oblique parietal tooth quite small, and the two lip teeth merely slight elevations of the sur- face ; base very convex, umbilicus narrow and deep, slightly circumscribed by the lip. Dark horn color.
Diam. 6, height 4 mill. See toe Vir (ars Inet Ur.
California.
In general appearance this shell is singularly allied to Steno- trema monodon ; it is distinguished principally by the small, scarcely-developed lip teeth, and by its geographical distribu- tion. ‘The roughened appearance of the epidermis, as it gener- ally exists when denuded of hairs, being the scars of their insertion, is another link connecting this with Stenotrema.
ISOGNOMOSTOMA, Fitzinger.
This genus has for its type Helix personata of Lamarck, a common European shell, with which the two following species are closely allied. The shells are more elevated, and revolve more closely than in T'riodopsis, appearing, when viewed from above, to be very like Stenotrema. The umbilicus is covered in this, differing from the last genus, as well as by the generally smaller size.
1. Isognomostoma inflecta, Say. "Plate 9, figure 10.
Shell depressed, convex; spire slightly raised, suture not deep; whorls 5, minutely obliquely striate, sometimes hirsute, very much contracted behind the lip; aperture trilobed, parietal tooth almost transverse, large and blade-shaped, basal lip tooth a small upright tubercle, upper lip tooth in the middle of the
OF CONCHOLOGY. 55
outer lip, a somewhat larger tubercle, and inflected, lip covering the umbilicus. Light horn color.
Diam. 11, height 4°5 mill. Western Pennsylvania to Michigan, and southwards to Texas.
The constriction of the whorl behind the aperture is so great in this species that the reflected lip does not project beyond the general circumference of the shell.
2. Isognomostoma Rugeli, Shuttleworth. Plate 9, figure 8.
Shell convex, depressed, rather smooth; spire convex, but little elevated, suture well marked; whorls 53, narrow, closely revolving, the last very much contracted in the centre - behind the lip; aperture small, with a prominent bent, oblique parietal, lamellar tooth, a small upright tubercular basal tooth, and a large lamellar tooth opposite to the parietal tooth, and situated entirely farther within the aperture; base convex, umbilicus covered. Light horn color.
Diam. 10—13, height 5—6, mill. Tennessee and North Carolina.
Easily distinguished from J. injflecta by its upper lip tooth, situated far within the aperture.
STENOTREMA, Rafinesque.
In this genus the shell is orbicular and generally hirsute, the whorls revolve closely, and the aperture is basal and narrowly transverse, extending from the periphery to the axis. In most of the species the dentition of the aperture in Stenotrema is peculiar to this genus—namely, a long transverse parietal blade and a parallel thickening of the basal portion of the lip, which is frequently incised m the middle.
Stenotrema inhabits the entire extent of the United States, and several of its species are widely diffused, whilst others, on the contrary, are extremely local, and two or three of them very rare and highly esteemed.
56 AMERICAN JOURNAL
* Umbilicus open, or partly covered.
1. Stenotrema monodon, Rackett. Plate 9, figures 18, 20.
Shell convex, depressed ; spire slightly elevated, suture very distinct ; whorls 5, convex, narrow, finely striated and minutely hirsute, or covered with the scars of the hairs, deeply grooved behind the reflected lip; aperture transverse, with a long oblique parietal tooth, outer lip narrowly reflected, its basal termination more or less encroaching on the umbilicus; under surface very convex, much impressed around the deep, narrow, more or less closed axis. Dark horn color.
Diam. 7—10, height 343—5} mill.
Inhabits the whole country east of the Rocky Mountains.
This is a somewhat variable species, and varieties of it have been considered distinct by several American conchologists. The typical monodon is supposed to be restricted to those species of large growth and open umbilicus, while fraterna, of Say, is the name applied to those having the umbilicus covered. A more convex variety, with narrower whorls, and generally smaller size, is called H. Leati, Ward. We are told that the latter affects moist situations, while the true monodon inhabits dry places. I agree with Messrs. Binney and Bland in believing that we have not yet sufficient data to justify the separation into species of these varieties of monodon.
** Ombilicus closed. + Periphery rounded. t Outer lip incised in the middle.
2. Stenotrema stenotrema, Ferussac. Plate 9, figures 21, 30.
Shell subglobose, depressed; spire convex, somewhat conical, suture well impressed; whorls 5, well rounded, narrow, slowly increasing in size, subangulate on the periphery, more convex below, and slightly impressed in the umbilical region, finely striate, and covered with close short hairs; aperture very narrow, extending to the axis of the shell below, and almost closed by the long lamelliform, outwardly projecting parietal tooth, the narrow depressed outer lip is reflected close upon the whorl, with a small triangular notch in its centre. Chestnut brown, lips white or pink.
Diam. 10, height 6 mill.
Western and Southern States.
OF CONCHOLOGY. 57
3. Stenotrema hirsuta, Say. Plate 9, figure 24.
Shell subglobose, hairy ; spire convex, elevated, suture deep ; whorls 5, well rounded, periphery subangulate, shell very convex below, umbilicus covered ; ; aperture narrowly transverse, nearly closed by the lamelliform parietal tooth, the outer lip with a tri- angular notch upon its basal portion.
Diam. 6, height 4 mill. New England, Middle and Western States.
The following are the chief differences between this species and the preceding :—Hirsuta is smaller, more globose, its parietal tooth somewhat sinuous, and terminating abruptly, and the lip notch larger proportionally. JS. stenotrema has a smaller and more central lip notch, and its large parietal tooth is regu- larly bow-shaped over its edge, instead of being sinuous and ab- ruptly terminated. The species are both of them widely dis- tributed, but the range of hirsuta is far greater than that of stenotrema.
tt Outer lip not incised in the middle.
4. Stenotrema maxillata, Gould. Plate 9, figures 31, 35.
Shell small, globose; spire conical, convex, suture well im- pressed, subangular on the periphery, and more convex below; whorls 5, narrow; aperture transverse, nearly filled by a long lamellar parietal tooth, lip closely appressed, narrow, with a lamina behind its margin, and scarcely visible on account of the parietal tooth being in front of it; this lamina tapers out to the margin of the lip at its superior termination ; umbilicus covered. Light chestnut color.
Diam. 6, height 4 mill.
Tennessee, Chattahoochee River, Georgia.
Readily distinguished from hirsuta by its entire lip and the raised lamellar tooth behind it.
58 AMERICAN JOURNAL
5. Stenotrema germana, Gould. Plate 9, figures 22, 23.
Shell small, solid, imperforate; spire depressed conical above ; whorls 5, narrow, subangular at the periphery, and very con- vex below ; aperture narrowly transverse, the parietal wall with a long blade-shaped tooth. Horn‘ color, with a few scattered hairs.
Diam. 7:5, height 5 mill. Oregon. Very like 8. monodon, but the base is more convex, and not
indented around the axis. The hairs are much fewer in number than in S. hirsuta.
t+ Periphery carinate. { Outer lip incised in the middle.
§ Lenticular species.
6. Stenotrema spinosa, Lea. . Plate 9, figures 26, 28, 29.
Lenticular, upper surface depressed conical, suture slightly marked; whorls 6, flat above, carinate at the periphery, and convex below, slowly increasing in size, and covered with pros- trate hairs in fresh specimens ; aperture very narrow, lip slightly reflected and thickened, slightly incised in the middle, parietal tooth long, narrow, projecting, extending from the axis to the angle of the lip above; umbilical region slightly indented. Dark chestnut color.
Diam. 14, height 5 mill.
Mountainous regions of East Tennessee, and the northern parts of Alabama and Georgia.
The revolution of the whorls of the spire causes a very slight projection of the carina of each at the suture. Young shells are widely umbilicate, with hairs covering the surface, and projecting around the periphery like a fringe.
OF CONCHOLOGY. 59
7, Stenotrema Edgariana, Lea. Plate 9, figure 27.
Shell somewhat lenticular; spire depressed trochiform, suture distinct; whorls 5, flattened above, periphery carinate, the base convex, imperforate; aperture narrowly transverse, the outer lip notched in the middle, the parietal lip with a long blade- shaped tooth. Dark brown, hairy when fresh.
Diam. 10, alt. 5 mill. Cumberland Mountains, Tennessee. Smaller, more elevated, and more convex beneath, than S. spinosa. The parietal tooth most resembles that of S. steno- trema, while the form of that of 8. spinosa is more like that of
hirsuta. Another difference is in the suture, which, in the present species, is well marked.
§§ Elevated Species.
8. Stenotrema Edwardsii, Bland. Plate 9, figure 34.
Lenticular, imperforate, carinate, obsolete near the aperture, rather thin; spire slightly convex; whorls 5, narrow, slowly in- creasing, with flat or erect bristles on the epidermis, or their scars when denuded of them ; base very convex, but slightly in- dented around the axis, with impressed spiral lines under the epidermis ; aperture narrow, transverse, with a narrow, slightly- curved, blade-shaped parietal tooth, upper margin of the lip scarcely reflected, basal portion reflected a little, and appressed partially to the body whorl, with a tooth-like callus within, and an almost obsolete central notch. Dark brown.
Diam. 9, alt. 5 mill. Mountains in Fayette, or Green Brier County, Virginia.
This shell differs from S. Aérsuta in its angulated periphery, and less distinct notch in the lip.
9. Stenotrema labrosa, Bland. Plate 9, figure 25. Shell imperforate, lenticular, carinated, solid, finely obliquely striate, epidermis thin, with prostrate hairs when fresh; spire
60 AMERICAN JOURNAL
slightly raised, suture a little impressed; whorls 51, narrow, slowly enlarging, the last deflexed and constricted behind the lip ; aperture transverse, narrow, ear-shaped, the extremities of the lip connected by a callus and a long blade-shaped tooth upon the body whorl, lip with a deep, wide notch in the middle. Dark brown. Diam. 12:5, alt. 6-5 mill. Arkansas, Alabama and Tennessee.
Distinguished from 8. Edgariana by the thickened and re- flected lip, and its deep, wide notch.
tt Outer lip not incised in the middle.
10. Stenotrema barbigera, Redfield. Plate 9, figures 32, 33.
Shell somewhat lenticular, sharply carinate, the carinz of the spire whorls overlapping the suture; spire convexly conical ; whorls flattened, narrow, 51 in number; base convex ; aperture narrow, transverse, extending from the periphery to the axis, which is covered by the lip; lip reflected, not dentate or in- cised, parietal tooth, a long lamina running parallel with it. Dark horn color, epidermis striate, hirsute, forming cilia on the periphery.
Diam. 10, height 6 mill.
North West Georgia.
Like the other carinate Stenotreme, this is a mountain species, and inhabits the same region. It is readily distinguished from its allies by the absence of a lip notch.
———E
DA DALOCHILA, Beck.
This is a very peculiar group, embracing quite a number of species of subtropical distribution, most of the species occurring in the southern Gulf States, and in Texas and Mexico; they pass the Rocky Mountains, and appear on the west coast of Mexico. Owing to the comparatively unexplored countries which they inhabit, the species of Dedalochila have generally been only recently described, and it is not at all unlikely that many additional ones remain to be characterized.
In general appearance the species are very closely allied, one with another, and the differences are generally found in the teeth and shape of the apertures.
OF CONCHOLOGY. 61
* Margin of aperture regular. {+ With two small marginal teeth on its outer lip.
{ Diameter = 6 millimetres.
1. Dedalochila leporina, Gou!d. Plate 10, figures 1, 4.
Shell small, lenticular, slightly hairy, minutely striate; spire convex, depressed; whorls 5, somewhat convex, the last sub- angulate at the periphery; base convex, the umbilicus nearly covered, umbilical region excavated; aperture lunate, lip incum- bent, reflexed, with a central sinus, the sides of which are formed by two teeth, parietal tooth V-shaped. Chestnut color, the lip sometimes roseate.
Diam. 5, height 3 mill. Georgia, Arkansas, Mississippi, Indiana, Illinois, Tennessee.
It will be seen that this species has a wide distribution, although it has only been noticed hitherto at one or two places in each of the States mentioned.
—____
2. Dedalochila pustuloides, Bland. Plate 10, figures 2, 3.
Shell small, planorboid, thin, delicately striate, ‘slightly hir- sute 5 spire scarcely elevated; whorls 43, narrow, a little con- vex above, subangular at the periphery, and quite convex below, gibbous, constricted and suddenly deflexed at the aperture ; aperture lunate with a lamelliform parietal tooth joined to the upper extremity of the lip by a sharp callus, outer lip reflected, thickened within, with two internal teeth, and a deep notch between them ; umbilicus wide and deep. Horn color.
Diam. 5:5, height 2°5 mill. Alabama; near Darien, Georgia.
Respecting this species, Mr. Bland says, “‘ H. pustuloides is intermediate in size between H. pustula and H. leporina, is less globose than the former, and more sparingly hirsute. It differs widely from both in the character of the umbilicus; the aperture is much like that of pustwla, but more narrow than that of leporina. The inferior tooth on the peristome is more de- veloped laterally than in H. pustula—indeed, it has a some-
what bifid appearance, in which respect it is more allied to H. leporina.
62 AMERICAN’ JOURNAL
3. Dedalochila pustula, Ferussac. Plate 10, figures 6, 17.
Shell small, depressed, lightly striate; spire scarcely raised, suture well impressed; whorls 4, convex, subangulate on the periphery, and more convex below it, deflected at the aperture ; aperture narrow, arcuate, impinging on the umbilicus; teeth as usual in the group, viz., one V-shaped parietal tooth and two tubercular lip teeth margining a central notch; umbilicus small and deep, with a groove revolving within it, which forms a raised lamina on the basal part of the interior of the shell. Reddish brown, with short hairs.
Diam. 5, height 3 mill.
Texas, Georgia; St. Augustine, Florida.
This shell and pustulo¢des were confounded by authors until recently distinguished, and the latter described by Bland. D. pustula is distinguished by its narrower umbilicus, and the um- lical groove, and corresponding raised internal lamina; the lat- ter 1s only to be seen by breaking the whorl.
4. Dedalochila Texasiana, Moricand. Plate 10, figures 5, 36, 38.
Shell orbicular, depressed, rather solid, ridged above, smooth below; spire scarcely elevated, suture moderately impressed ; whorls 5, slightly convex above, subangular at periphery, quite convex below, deflected at the aperture; aperture crescentic, with the lip margins joined by a large V-shaped tooth on the body whorl, outer lip with two denticles closely placed, and a pit between them; umbilicus minutely perforate. Pale horn color.
Diam. 9, height 4 mill. Texas; Tamaulipas, Mexico.
——-
5. Dedalochila triodontoides, Bland. Plate 10, figures 10, 31.
Perforate, orbicular, depressed, thin, subpellucid, obsoletely striate above, smooth beneath; whorls 5, somewhat convex, de- flexed at the aperture, subangulate on the periphery, and very convex below; aperture lunate, oblique, the extremities of the
OF CONCHOLOGY. 63
reflected lip connected on the body whorl by a V-shaped tooth, the lip having two small teeth situated far apart, one on the cir- cumference the other on the base. Pale horn color.
Diam. 9°5, alt. 5 mill. De Witt County, Texas; Corpus Christi, Texas.
More delicate, not as distinctly ribbed, more elevated than D. Texasiana ; the lip teeth also are smaller and farther apart.
6. Dedalochila ventrosula, Pfeiffer. Plate 10, figures 39, 35.
Orbicular, depressed, minutely perforated, thin, shining ; spire slightly raised, suture well impressed; whorls 5, but little con- vex, finely striate above, smooth and very convex beneath, the periphery subangulate, much constricted behind the aperture ; aperture rounded lunate, the terminations of the lip joined by a V-shaped parietal tooth; basal portion of lip with two white denticles, and circumference with a large lamellar tooth. Horn color.
Diam. 8, height 4:5 mill. Texas and Mexico. Sometimes attains to one-half larger size.
7. Dedalochila Hindsi, Pfeiffer. Plate 10, figures 44, 24.
Shell depressed, orbicular, narrowly umbilicate, finely striate, diaphanous, shining; spire somewhat conical; whorls 5, but slightly convex, more convex below, deflected at the aperture and constricted behind it; aperture lunate, the lip slightly reflected, and its extremities united on the body whorl by a callus and a V-shaped tooth; on the lip are two small basal teeth and a large lamellar tooth opposite to the parietal one. Color light cor- neous.
Diam. 8, alt. 4.5 mill.
Texas and Mexico.
64 AMERICAN JOURNAL
tt Diameter = 10 millimetres.
8. Dedalochila tholus, W. G. Binney. Plate 10, figures 7, 9.
Shell solid, white, shining, ribbed above, smooth below: spire depressed, conical, suture distinct; whorls 7, convex, slightly angular on the periphery; umbilicus broad and shallow, about half the diameter of the shell, showing 24 grooved whorls; aperture semi-oval, with a thickened, scarcely reflected lip bearing one median and one basal tooth—both small, parietal tooth large, rhomboidal.
Diam. 11, height 4 mill. Texas.
9. Dedalochila Mooreana, W. G. Binney. Plate 10, figure 8.
Depressed, carinated, white, strongly striate above and nearly smooth beneath; spire somewhat raised, suture deep; whorls 6, the last much deflexed at the aperture; umbilicus narrower than in D. tholus, exhibiting 14 whorls fully ; aperture semi-oval, lip broad, heavy, but slightly reflected with two marginal teeth, of which one is basal, and the other sub-basal, parietal tooth large, rhomboidal.
Diam. 10, height 35 mill.
Texas.
It is questionable whether this and the forgoing are not varie- ties of the same species. ‘The only difference is in the narrower umbilicus, broader lip and lower position of the lip-teeth in Mooreana.
* * OX
Mexican Species. 10. Dedalochila Behrii, Gabb. ) Plate 10, figures 40, 41, 43.
Shell planorboid, coarsely ridged above, striate below; whorls 5, quite convex, subangular at the periphery and very much deflected and constricted behind the aperture; umbilicus broad with a minute central perforation; aperture rounded, the
OF CONCHOLOGY. 65
lip expanding, its extremities approaching and connected by a large V-shaped tooth, there is also a large marginal basal tooth, and a smaller tubercular tooth on the middle of the lip. White, (bleached).
Diam. 15, height 4.5 mill.
Guaymas, Mexico.
t+ With three small marginal teeth on the outer lip. * x x
Mexican Species. 1l. Deedalochila acute-dentata, W. G. Binney. Plate 10, figures 11, 13.
Shell planorboid, whitish, smooth, whorls 6, very convex, spire scarcely elevated, suture distinct; the body whorl oblique, in- flated, deflected at the aperture and scrobiculate behind the lip ; aperture small, ringent, lip circular, its extremities joined by a broad angular tooth on the body whorl; there are three lip teeth, one of them on the basal edge, perpendicular and short, the other two are further within and form slight elongated hori- zontal laminee, causing pits on the outer surface of the whorl.
Diam. 14, alt. 4 mill. Cinaloa, on Mazatlan River, Mexico.
— —___—
12. Dedalochila Loisa, W. G. Binney. Plate 10, figures 12, 14.
Shell planorboid, whitish, scarcely striate, suture slight ; whorls 5, the last somewhat swollen, deflected channelled, and with two pits behind the lips; aperture ringent, 5-dentate, one on the parietal wall, large subtrigonal, connecting the lip ex- tremities, the heavy lip slightly reflected, is armed with four teeth, two of them short, stout and perpendicular on the edge near the columella, while superior to them and farther within are two short, slender horizontal lamin.
Diam. 18, alt. 5 mill.
Cinaloa, on Mazatlan River, Mexico.
Perhaps only a variety of D. acute-dentata, in which an ab- ditioonal basal tooth takes the place of a scarcely tooth-like elevation in the typical acute-dentata.
5
66 | AMERICAN JOURNAL
18. Deedalochila Ariadne, Pfeiffer. Plate 10, figures 15, 16, 18.
Shell depressed, subdiscoidal, finely ribbed above, smooth beneath, upper surface a little convex; whorls 5, with slightly depressed suture; body whorl deflected, much constricted and scrobiculate behind the aperture; aperture small, lip thick, much expanded, its extremities joined by a callus forming an irregular, flexuose, V-shaped tooth, its point extending far within the aperture; lip with two stout basal folds converging within, while behind them is a perpendicular broad laminz almost en- tirely closing the mouth; base convex, showing more than one whorl with a rounded umbilical groove terminating in a minute oblique central perforation. ‘Transparent white, shining.
Diam. 12, height 5 mill.
Tamaulipas, Mexico,
ttt Outer teeth tubercular, swelled, placed behind the parietal tooth.
t Shell, smooth below.
14. Dedalochila Dorfeuilliana, Lea. Plate 10, figures 20, 21.
Obtusely conical above and slightly angulated on the peri- phery ; whorls 6, with well impressed suture, ribbed, smoother below, deflected and constricted behind the aperture but without scrobiculations. Aperture lunar, the extremities of the lip joined by a callus forming a quadrate tooth on the outer whorl, far within, behind the parietal tooth, are two rounded tubercles, one superior and one basal, of nearly equal size; base showing
13 whorls and a minute perforation. Whitish.
Diam. 7°5, height 4 mill.
Kentucky and Tennessee. Texas?
OF CONCHOLOGY. 67
15. Dedalochila Jacksoni, Bland. Plate 10, figures 32, 33, 34.
Depressed, striate, smoother beneath, narrowly umbilicate ; whorls 8, slightly convex, deflected, and contracted behind the lip; aperture oblique, lunate, lip thick, briefly reflected, its ex- tremities joined by a V-shaped parietal tooth, basal margin with a strong, oblique sinuous fold, right margin with a deeply seated tooth. Dark brown, shining, lip brownish.
Diam. 7, height 4 mill. Fort Gibson, Indian Territory.
Fig. 32 represents an elevated variety.
16. Deedalochila fastigans. L. W. Say. Plate 10, figures 22, 23, 26.
Convex beneath, nearly plane above; whorls 6, ribbed above, smooth beneath, periphery sharply carinated; aper- ture lunate the extremities of the margin connected by a V- shaped tooth, upper lip tooth compressed, transverse, situated remote from the margin, lower lip tooth compressed, marginal, the position of the two being marked by pits in the outer surface of the whorl. Brownish.
Diam. 8, height 3 mill.
Tennessee.
tt Shell striate below. 17. Deedalochila Troostiana, Lea. Plate 10, figures 19, 25.
Differs from D. fastigans by its less prominent carina, the rib- like strize being well developed on the base and its parietal tooth more quadrangular. The spire is slightly, convexly elevated. Corneous when fresh, minutely hirsute.
Diam. 6, height 8 mill.
Tennessee.
68 AMERICAN JOURNAL
18. Dedalochila Hazardi, Bland. Plate 10, figures 27, 28, 29.
Depressed above, convex below; whorls 5, narrow, ribbed above and below, periphery not carinate, aperture sub-reniform ; lip-ex- tremities connected by a V-shaped parietal tooth, lip teeth deep- seated, the lower one the largest and partly obscuring the upper one, which is situated farther in; externally scrobiculate opposite to these teeth, Hpidermis sparingly hirsute, brown.
Diam. 7, height 8 mill. Kentucky, Tennessee, Georgia, Alabama.
Distinguished from Troostiana by not being carinate, and by the lower tooth, which runs blade-shaped into the aperture a short distance.
ttt Two parietal lamellar teeth running within the shell.
Deedalochila? hippocrepis, Pfeiffer. Plate 10, figure 42.
Shell heavy, depressed, opaque, with flattened spire and im- ‘pressed suture; whorls 53, scarcely convex above; periphery angulate below, convex, abruptly reflected at the aperture and constricted behind the lip; umbilicus expanded and grooved, with a minute central perforation; aperture extending from the periphery to the umbilicus, somewhat ear-shaped, lip white, ex- panded, its extremities connected by a V-shaped tooth, the two Jaminz of which run far within the shell; upper portion of the Jip with an entering angle, basal portion callous and reflected.
Diam. 12, height 5 mill. New Braunfels, Texas.
OF CONCHOLOGY.
HELICID A.
SYNONYMY AND REFERENCE TO PLATE 7.
VALLONIA.
Fig. 1. V. puLcHELLA, Miiller. Hist. Vermium. No. 322, 1774. “2. V. minuta, Say. Journal of Academy of Nat. Sciences, I Paleo, OChex LOur. Dekay, Nat. Hist. N. York, Mollusca, p. 40, t. 8, f. 33, a. b, 1848. Stimpson, Shells of New England, p. 54, 1851. Morse, Portland Journal of Natural History, i. pt. 1, 1864. 156 eases Miller. Binney, Terr. Mollusks, up. Lio; tober. Te 1eST. W. 6. Binney, Terr. Mollusks, iV, pa OG,
1859. No.
ULOSTOMA.
fi fos Ui Peas Say. Jour. Acad. Nat. Sciences, , py 160) 1820. Say: ‘American Conchology, pl. 87, f. 3, Mar., 1832.
mets loc. cit., p. 177, t. 22, 1851. WeaG: Binney, 1. Gaps 70, 1859.
HAT, Riehardi, Werussac. Page des Moll., t. 70. ae Anim. Sans. Vert., vi., p. 72, Apr.,
1822 No.
c4. Wi SAYI, ee Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist., iii., p- o79, t. 16, July, 1840. Binney, Terr. Mollusks, ii., p. 180, t. 23, 1851. WG: Binney, I. ¢., p. 703, 1859. H. diodonta,* Say. St. Peters’ Exped., ii., p.
257, t. 15, f. 4, 1824. No.
* Preoccupied by Muhlfeldt, 1817.
bo
70 AMERICAN JOURNAL
MESODON.
Fig. 5,6, 7. M. ALBotasris, Say. Nicholson’s Encyc., p. 181, Ge ee: Say, Am. Conch., t. 18, April, 1831. Binney, Terr. Moll., ii., p. 99, t. 2, 1851. Bland, Ann. N. Y. Lyc., vi., p. 359, Sept., 1858. W. G. Binney, 1. ¢., p. 43, 1859. No. 10.
“ 8. M. EXxoLETA, Binney. 1. c., p. 121, t. 10, 1851. W. G. Binney, |. c., p. 54, 1859. H. zaleta, Binney. Bost. Jour. N. Hist., i., p. 492, t. 20, May, 1837. No. 1. “9. M. DENTIFERA, Binney. Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., i., p. 494, t. 21, May, 1837. Binney, Terr. Moll., ii., p. 184, t. 12, 1851.
W. G. Binney, 1. ¢., p. 55, 1859. No. 2. <10. M. Wueatteyi, Bland.) Ann. ON. V¥- Lye. Nat. Hist., vii., t.4, f. 7, Dee., 1861. No. 3. eit. M:; Curisrrr, Bland. Ann.N. Y. liye: -Nat. Hist., vii., t. 4, f. 5-6, Dec., 1861. No. 4. HELICIDA.
SYNONYMY AND REFERENCE TO Pi Aw BS:
MESODON.
Fig. 1. M. THyrorpes, Say. Jour. Acad. Nat. Scien- ces, 1., p., 123, Oct., 1817, ii., p. 161, Jan., 1821. Say, Nicholson’s Encyc., 1818. Say, American Conchology, p. 18, Apr., 1831. Binney, |. ¢,°p. 129, t. 1d, isol. No: vas
Fig.
6
(73
OF CONCHOLOGY.
2. M. BuccuLENTA, Gould. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat.
Hist., iii., p. 40, June, 1848.
Bisney,1..c. un, p,.9, 4.11.9. b,, W857.
H. rufa, DeKay. Moll. N. York, p. 44, t. 3, f.
30, a. b, 1843.
Mitchener, Am. Jour. Conch., ii., p. 58, Jan., 1866.
8. M. DEVIA, Gould, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist.,
il., p> 16a: Aug. 1846.
Mollusca of Wilkes’ Expl. Exped., p. 69, f 74, 1852.
Binney, Terr.-Moll., iii., p. 11, 1857.
H. Baskervillei, Pfeiffer. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1849.
4, M. Roremenrt, Pfeiffer. Roemer’s Texas, p. 455.
Pfeiffer, Zeitschrift fiir Malakol., p. 117, 1848.
W.G. Binney, |. c., p. 55, t. 77, f. 8, 1859. H. dentifera, Pfeiffer. Monog. Hel. vivent., iii., p- 269, 1853. Chemnitz, Conchyl. Cab., ii., p. 331, t. 131, f. 1-3.
5. M. masor, Binney. Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist., i., p. 478, t. 12, May, 1837. Binney, Terr. Mollusks, ii., p. 96, t. 1, 1851. W.G. Binney, |. ¢., p. 48, 1857. HT. albolabris, Ferussac. Hist. des Moll., t. 43, i Aeee 46a, i Bland, Annals N. Y. Lyc. Nat. Hist., vi., p. 359, Sept., 1858.
6, 7. M. Townsenprana, Lea. Trans, Am. Philos.
Soe. Mi, 1: 99,6. 2p, 1.60, 18a.
Binney, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., iii., p. 871, t. 13, July, 1840.
Binney, Terr. Moll., ii., p. 161, t. 19, 1851.
Gould, Moll. Wilkes’ Expl. Exped., p. 67, f. 36, 1852.
Newcomb, Am. Jour. Conchology, p. 343, 1865.
8. M. MULTILINEATA, Say. Jour. Acad. Nat. Sciences, ii., p. 150, Jan., 1821. Binney, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., i., p. 480, t. 14, May, 1887. Binney, Merr. Moll ap. 103,°t. 73; 18a: W. G. Binney, 1. c. ie “45, 1859.
71
* Now Gc:
Nos. 2%:
No. 8.
No. 9.
No. 15.
No. 14.
T2 AMERICAN JOURNAL
Fig. 9. M. Pennsytvantica, Green. Contributions to the Maclurian Lyceum, p. 8, Jan., 1827. Binney, Bost. Journal Nat. Hist., i., p. 483, t. 16, May, 1837. Binney, Terr. Moll., ii., p. 105, t. 7, 1851. H. Mitchelliana, Deshayes. in Ferussac, Hist., DMS PAL Oh tte lst. a1. No. 12
“10. M. Mirenenirana, Lea. Am. Philos. Trans., Pvi., Pp. Ol, tec, f. (1, 1836: Bland, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., vi., p. 339, Sept., 1858. We | G.* Binney, :Terr. Moll.) Viv. (ps (44, 1859. HT, clausa, (part) Binney. Terr. Moll., ii., p. 107, 1851. No. 12. “11. M. pivesta, Gould. Binney, Terr. Moll., ii., p- 358, 1851. H. abjecta, (preoceupied.) Gould, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., iii., p. 40, Oct., 1848. Binney. Terr. Moll., ii., p. 122, 1851. No. 18.
12,13, 14. M. Cotumprana, Lea. Am. Philos. Trans., vi., p. 89, t. 23, f. 75, 1839. Binney, Terr. Moll., ii., p. 169, t. 5, 1851. W. G. Binney, 1. c.,:p..16, 1859. Newcomb, Am. Jour. Conch., i., p. 847, 1865. H. labiosa, Gould. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., ii., p. 165, Aug., 1846. Binney, 1. ¢., p. 170, t. 13a., 185k, Gould, Moll. U. 8. Expl. Exped., p. 67, f. 35, 1852. No. 16. “15. M. Downt#ana, Bland. Annals N. Y. Lye. Nat. Hist., vii., t. 4, f. 23-24, Dec., 1861. No. 17.
16. M. ciausa, Say. Jour. Acad. Nat. Sciences, li., p. 154, Jan., 1821. Say, American Conchology, t. 387, f. 1, Mar., 1832. (Part) Binney, 1. c., p. 107, t. 4, 1851. Bland, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist., vi., p. 836, Sept., 1858. W. G. Binney, 1. ¢., p. 46, 1859. H. Pennsylvanica, (part) Pfeiffer. Monog. Heli- ceorum, i. p. 291, 1847. Chemnitz, Conch. Cab., ii., p. 5]. Reeve, Conch. Icon. Helix., No. 676, Aug., 1852. No, 16:
nw ow.
OF CONCHOLOGY. HELICIDAs.
SYNONYMY AND REFERENCE TO PiarE 9)
XOLOTREMA.
Fig. 1. X. ELEVATA, Say. Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., ii, p. 154, 1821. Say, Am. Conchology, t. 37, f. 2, Mar., 1832. Binney, Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist., 1., p.490, t. 19, May, 1837. Binney, Terr. Moll., ii. p. 126, t. 9, 1851. W. G. Binney, |. c., iv., p. 52, 1859. H. Knoxvillina, Ferussac. Hist. Nat. t. 49, f. 5, 6. H. Tennesseensis, Lea. Trans. Am. Philos. Soe., xix. p. 151644: s¢ 2. X. Cuarkit, Lea. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., x., p- 41, Mar., 1858. WG. Dinneyeline: sive plat. TT, £10, 1859. “¢ 63. X. opsTRicta, Say. Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., ii., p. 154, 1821. Bland, Ann. N. Y. Lye. Nat. Hist., vii., p. 438, 1862. HI. paltiata, var. a., Say. Jour. Acad, Nat. Sci., li psylos, LB21. Binney, Terr. Moll., 1i,, p. 186, t. 15, 1851. H. palliata, var. Carolinensis, W. G. Binney. 1. Gei¥., ps Ol, leoo: H. Carolinensis, Lea, Trans. Am. Philos. Soc., iv.) pals, t. 15, ft danlsat. HT. helicoides, Lea. 1. ¢. iv., p. 109, t. 15, f. 34, 1831. ¢ 4. X. pattiata, Say. Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., ii, p. 152, 1821. Binney, Terr. Moll., ii., p. 136, part, t. 14, 1851. W. G. Binney, 1. c. iv., p. 56, part, 1859. Bland, |. c. vii., p. 433, 1862. See also fig. 7.
No.
No.
No.
74 AMERICAN JOURNAL
TRIODOPSIS. Fig. 5. T. IntRorERENS, Bland. Ann. N. Y. Lye.
Nat. Hist., vii., t. iv., f. 8-4, Apr., 1860. No.
“ 6,18. T. TRIDENTATA, Say. Nicholson’s Encyc., iv, $: (2st, 1) ES te Binney, Terr. Moll., ii., p. 183, part, t. 27, 1851
W. G. Binney, lc. iv. p. 70, 1859.
Bland, 1. c. vii., p. 423, 1862. No.
XOLOTREMA.
“© 7, 11. X. appressa, Say. Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., ii., p. 154, 1821. Binney, Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist., iii., p. 356, t. 8, July, 1840. Binney, Terr. Moll., ii., p. 140, t. 18, 1851. W.G. Binney,,1. c. iv., p. 59, 1859. Bland, 1. c. vii., p. £32, 1862. HI, linguifera, Lamarck. Anim. 8. vert. vi., p.
90, 1822. No.
ISOGNOMOSTOMA.
“ §. I. Rucex1, Shuttleworth. Diagnosen neuer Mollusken, No. 2, p. 18. Bern, Mittheil., p. 198, 1852. Binney, Terr. Moll., iii., p. 18, 1857. W..G.: Binney,’ LG: iy.;sp. 60, t. “(8,76 1, 1859.
Bland, 1. c. vii., p. 426, 1862. No.
TRIODOPSIS.
«“ 9, T. Hoprronensts, Shuttleworth. Bern. Mit- theil, p. 198, 1852. Binney, Terr. Moll., iii., p. 17, 1857. W..G. Binney, I. erin py 2, 6. Gi 16,
1859. No.
ISOGNOMOSTOMA.
s¢10. I. uvriecta, Say. Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., ii, p- 153, 1821. Binney, Bost. Jour., iii., p. 358, t. 9, f. 1, July, 1840.
OF CONCHOLOGY.
Binney, Terr. Moll., ii., p. 148, t. 45, f. 3, 1851.
W. G. Binney, 1. c. iv., p. 59, 1859.
Bland, 1. c. vii.. p. 425, 1862.
Hi. clausa, Ferussac. Hist. Nat., t. 51, f. 2. No.
TRIODOPSIS.
Fig. 12. T. rauuax, Say. Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., ii., py 119, 182t: DeKay, Moll. N. Y., p. 28, t. 3, f. 23, 1843. W. G. Binney, 1. c. iv., p. 71, 1859. H. tridentata, (part) Binney. Terr. Moll., ii,
p. 183, t. 28, 1851. No.
« 44,.'T. vuLtuosa, Gould. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., iii., p. 39, 1848. Binney, Terr. Moll., ii., p. 189, t. 40a., f. 4, 1851.
W. G. Binney, 1. c. iv., p. 75, 1859.
Bland, I. c. vil., p. 439, t. 4, f. 21, 1862. No.
“15. T. Muxwant, Bland and Cooper. Ann. N. Y. Lyc. Nat. Hist., vii., p. 863, t. 4, f. 16-
17, June, 1861. No.
‘¢16, 19. T. tortcata, Gould. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., p. 165, Aug., 1846. Binney, Terr. Moll., i, p. 145, t. 29a., f. 2, 1851. Gould, Moli. Wilkes’ U. S. Expl. Exped., p. 68, fig 39, a. b. ¢., 1852. W. G. Binney, |. ¢. ixi, p. 14, 1859. H. Lecontei, Lea. Trans. Am. Philos. Soe., x.,
p- 303, t. 80, f. 18, 1852. No. ‘17. T. Yucatanea, Morelet. Testacea nov. Am. Centr., i., p. 9, 1849. No. STENOTREMA.
“© 18, 20. S. monopon, Rackett. Linn. Trans., xiii., p. 42, t. 5, f. 2. Binney, Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist., ili., p. 360, fral0,if.1, Jans E820. Binney, Terr. Moll., ii., p. 147, t. 41, 1851. W. G. Binney, 1. ¢. iv., p. 6V, 1859. Bland, 1. ¢. vii.. p. 481, Dec., 1861.
75
On
AMERICAN JOURNAL
H. fraterna, Say. St. Peter’s Expedition, ii., p- 257, t. 15, f. 3, 1824. Binney, Bost. Jour., iii., p. 863, t. 10, f. 2, Jan., 1840. H. convexa, Deshays. Lamarck, Anim. s. Vert., viii., p. 112, 1838.
Fig. 21. 8. stenorrema, Ferussac. Pfeiffer, Symb. ad. Hist. Hel., i1., p. 39, 1842. W. G. Binney, ¥ ¢.1v.; p. 61,1859. Bland, 1. ¢. vii., p. 427, Dec., 1861. H. hirsuta, var. Binney. Terr. Moll., ii., p. 151, t. 42, f. 5, 1851.
“© 22, 28. S. GERMANA, Gould. Binney’s Terr. Mol- lusks, ii., p. 156, t. 40a., f. 8. 1851. Gould, Moll. Wilkes’ Expl. Exped., p. 70, f. 40, a. b. c., 1852. W. G. Binney, I. ¢. iy., p. 14, 1859:
24, S. wirsuta, Say. Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., i., p.
17, June, 1817.
Say, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., ii. p. 161, Jan., 1821.
Binney, Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist., iii., p. 365, t. 10, f. 8, July, 1840.
Binney, Terr. Moll., ii, p. 150, t. 42, f. 3, 1851.
W. G. Binney, 1. ¢. iv., p. 62, 1859.
Bland, 1. c. vii., p. 427, Dec., 1861.
995. S. LaBrosa, Bland Ann. N. Y. liye! Nat. Hist;;-vil.;, 2 4, ae ao!
“ 26, 28, 29. S. sprnosa, Lea. Trans. Am. Philos. Soe., iv., p. 104, t. 15, f. 85, 1834. Binney, Terr. Moll, ii., p. 164, t. 44, f.1, 1851. W. G. Binney,:1. ¢..iv., p., 65; 1859: Bland, 1.'e: vil.
“¢ 97. §. Epegartana, Lea. Proc. Am. Philos. Soc., yp: ol, Apr. teen. Lea, Trans. Am. Philos. Soc., ix., p. 2. 1844. W. G. Binney, 1. ¢. iv., p. 65, 1859. Bland, 1. ¢. vii., pl. 4, f. 18. H. spinosa, var., Binney. Terr. Moll., i1., p. 155, t. 44, f. 2, 1851.
‘
~
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
OF CONCHOLOGY.
77 Fig. 31, 385. S. MAxILLATA, Gould. Proce. Best. Soc. N. Hist., ii., p. 88, July, 1848. Binney, Terr. Moll., ii., p. 157, t. 40a., f. 2, 1851. W. G. Binney, 1. ¢. iv., p. 65, 1859. No. 4.
“ 32, 33. S. BARBIGERA, Redfield. Ann. N.Y. Lyc. Nat. Hist., vi., p. 171, t. 9, f.4, 5, 7, Dec., 1856. Binney, Terr. Moll., iii., p. 21, 1857. W..G. Binney, 1. c. iv., p. 63, t. 77, f. 2, 1859. No. 10. “ 34. 8. Epwarpsi, Bland. Annals N. Y. Lyceum Nat. Hist., vi., p. 277, t. 9, f. 14-16, Feb., 1858. W., Geo Binney, Ly ¢.. iv. De Go, t.19, fo 15,95 1859.
No. 8
HELICID.
SyNONYMY AND REFERENCE TO PuatE 10.
DADALOCHILA.
Figs. 1, 4. D. teportna, Gould, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat.
66
Hist., p. 39, 1848. Binney, Terr. Moll., ii., p. 199, t. 40a., f. 1, 1851. Bland, |. ¢. vi., p. 848, Feb., 1858. W. G. Binney, 1. c. iv., p. 92, 1859. H. pustula, var., Pfeiffer. Monog. Hel., iii, No. 1575, 1853. Nox i: 2, 3. D. pustutotpes, Bland. Ann. N. Y, Lye. Nat. Hist., vi., p. 350, Feb., 1858. W. G. Binney, 1. ¢. iv., p. 93, 1859. H. pustula, Binney. Terr. Moll., ii., p. 201, ti/dUt io, A8ol. No. 2.
78 ' AMERICAN JOURNAL
Fig. 5, 86, 58. D. Texastana, Moricand. Memoires Soc. Genev., vi., p. 538, t. 1, f. 1, 2, 1833. W. G. Binney, |. c. iv., p. 79, 1859. H. Tamaulipasensis, Lea. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sciences, p. 102, 1857.
“ 6, 17. D. pustuLa, Ferussac. Hist. Nat. des Moll.,i...p. #8, ti. -00,.f. iL. Bland, ]. c. vi. p. 846, Feb., 1858. W. G. Binneygl.. c. iv.,p. 94, t. 717, £, 22, 1859. HT. pustula, part, Binney. Terr. Moll., ii., v. 201, 1851.
<7, 9. UD. weoLus, ‘W. G: "Binney? ‘Prac.. Acad. Nat. Sciences, p. 186, 1857. W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., iv., p. 81, t. 78, 28, 1859: “ 8. D. Moorzana, W. G. Binney. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 184, 1857. W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., iv., p. 80, t. 78, f. 24, 1859.
“ 10, 81. D. tripontorpEs, Bland, 1. ¢. vii, p. 424, t. iv., f. 11,42, Des., 2861.
“ 11, 13. D. acureprntata, W.G. Binney. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 183, Oct., 1857. W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., iv., p. 28, t. 76, f. 1; 1899:
<< 12, 14. D. Lora, WG. ,Binney. ~'Proc.,.Aead. Nat. Sci., p. 183, Oct., 1857.
W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., iv., p. 23, t. 76, f. 2, 1859. “ 15, 16, 18. D: Arianne, Pfeiffer. Zeitschr. fiir Mal., p. 120, 1848. W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., iv., p. 76, t. 78, 1, 3, 4, 1859. HI. Couchiana, Lea, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 102, 1857.
19, 25. D. Troostrrana, Lea. ‘Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc., vi., p. 107, t. 24, f. 119,
1838. Bland, 1. ¢., p. 288, t. 9, f. 21—23, Feb., 1858.
W. G. Binney, |. c., p. 88, t. 78, f. 11,1859.
Wo.'3:
No. 1
No. 12.
No. do:
OF CONCHOLOGY.
H. fatigiata, Binney, Boston Jour. Nat. Hist., p: 388, (Part. Excl. Syn.,) t. 19, f. 3, 1840.
Binney, Terr. Mollusks, ii., p. 193, (Part. Exel. Syn.,) 1852. H. plicata, Binney, 1. ¢. ii., t. 39, f. 2, 1857.
Fig. 20,21. D. Dorreviti1ana, Lea. Trans. Amer.
66
66
Pinloas SS0t..-Vicg pe OTs t. 224. °f. Lis. 1838. — Bland, Annals N. Y. Lyce., vi., p. 294, t. 9, f. 24—26, Feb., 1858. WG. Binney, 1.0. iv.¢p.-86, t. 78, f.'2, 14, 1859.
H. fatigiata, Binney, Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist., iil., p. 388, (Part. Excl. Syn. and Fig.,) 1840.
Binney, Terrest. Moll., ii., p. 193, (Part. Excl. Syn. et Fig.,) 1851.
22, 23, 26. D. rastiaans, L. W. Say. Bland,
Ann. N. Y. Lye., vu., 1859. H. fatigiata, Say, Disseminator of Useful Knowledge, ii., p. 229, 1829. Binney, l. ¢. ii., p. 193, (excl. syn., t. 39, f. 4, 1851. Bland, |. ¢. vi., p. 283, Feb., 1858. W. G. Binney, Terr. Mollusks, iv., p. 82, 1859. H. Texasiana, var. B., Chemnitz, edit. 2, p. 86, (excl. desc. syn. and fig,) 1846. Pfeiffer, Monog. Helic., Viv. i., No. 1086, (excl. dese. et syn.,) 1848. H. Dorfewilliana, Deshayes, Ferussac, Hist. Nat. i., p. 73, t. 69, D. f. 8, (excl. syn). H. Texasiana, Deshayes, Id., p. 74, (excl. dese. syn. and fig.)
24, 44. D. Hinpst, Pfeiffer. Proc. Zool. Soc., p.
132, 1845. Binney, Terr. Moll., iii., p. 17, 1857. WG: binney lic. ivqipeds, to (esd. 0, 6, 8, 1859.
79
Now Ui:
No. 14.
No. 16.
No. 7.
80 AMERICAN JOURNAL
Fig. 27, 28, 29. D. Hazarpt, Bland, Ann. N. Y. Lye. Nat. Hist., vi., p. 291, Feb., 1858. W.. G.- Binney, Le. iv., p.-64, t. 118; 4. 1, 1859.
H. plieata, Say, (preoccupied,) Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., ii., p. 161, 1821.
H. fatigiata, Binney, Bost. Jour. N. Hist., ill., p. 388, part, (excl. syn. and t. 619, f. 3,) 1840. -
Binney, Terr. Moll., ii., p. 193, (part, excl.,
pl. 39, f. 2,) 1851.
H. Texasiana, Pfr., Monog. Hel., i., p. 418, (excl. desc. et syn.,) 1848.
H. Dorfeuilliana, Deshayes, Ferussac’s Hist.
Nat. i., p..73, (excl. desc. syn. and fig.) No. 18.
POLYGYRA.
“ 30, 37. P. Fepiceri1, Bland. American Jour. of Conchology, ii., p. 878, t. 21, f. 10, 1866. DADALOCHILA.
‘ $2, 53, 84. D. Jackson, Bland. American Jour.
a
of Conchology, ii., p. 3871, t. 21, f. 8, 1866. No. 15,
al n
35, 39. D. ventrosuta, Pfeiffer. Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 181, 1845. W..G, Binney, hc. av., p. 12, te 71,84,
1859. No. 6.
“ 40, 41,43. D. Breurit, Gabb. American Jour. of Conchology, i., p. 208, t. 19, f. 5—29,
1865. No. 10.
“© 42. D. urppocrepts, Pfeiffer. Roémer’s Texas, p. 455, 1849. W. G. Binney, Terr.’ Moll., iv.; p77, t. 78,
f. 19, 1859. No. 19.
OF CONCHOLOGY. 81
ILLUSTRATIONS OF NEW SPECIES OF PARTULA.
Described by Wu. Harper Pease, 2n American Journal of Conchology,
Fig. 1.
1866.
arte) Vie fat pet [w)
ban Gee Cor Ne Se re Ger k Dit
Vol. IL., p. 193, et seq., 1866.
Piate I.
TRILINEATA, Pease, Am. Jour. Conch. II., p. 195,
ELONGATA, Pease, id., p. 196. GRACILIS, Pease, id., p. 197. STRIOLATA, Pease, p. 197. RUSTICA, Pease, id. p. 199. CRASSILABRUM, Pease, id., p. 199. UMBILICATA, Pease, id., p. 200. VEXILLUM, Pease, id., p. 198.
. COMPACTA, Pease, id., p. 200.
BILINEATA, id., p. 201. SIMULANS, Pease, id., p. 202. VARIABILIS, Pease, id., p. 203.
82 AMERICAN JOURNAL
NOTICES AND REVIEWS OF NEW WORKS,
BY GEO. W. TRYON, JR.
I.—AMERICAN.
Memoirs of the Boston Society of Natural History. 4to., Vol. I Part I. 1866.
Enumeration of Fossils collected in the Niagara Limestone, at Chicago, Illinois; with Descriptions of several New Species. By Pror. ALEXANDER WINCHELL AND Pror. OxiveR Marcy.
Strophomena macra. Pleurotomaria sigaretoides. S Niagarensis. Platyceras campanulatum.
Streptorynchus hemiaster. Holopea Niagarensis.
Spirifera similior. “© Chicagoensis.
Pentamerus Chicagoensis. Subulites brevis.
Pterinea volans. Bellerophon perforatus.
“¢ revoluta. Gomphoceras Marcye.
“ _ eyrtodontordes. LTituites Hercules. ‘Clidophorus McChesneyanus. — Gyroceras Bannisteri. EHdmondia Nilesi. Conocardium ornatum. ‘Conocardium Niagarense. Porcellia senex,
Pleurotomaria gonopleura.
‘Proceedings of the California Academy of Natural Sciences. III. Part 3.* 1866.
Descriptions of New Marine Shells from the Coast of Cal- fornia. Part 8. By Puitip P. CARPENTER.
* Review .continued from American Jour. Conch., I., pp. 175, 356. 1865.
x
a
OF CONCHOLOGY.
Corbula lutcola. Pleetodon, n. gen. ye scaber. Macoma indentata. Cooperella, n. sub. gen. sf (Ocdalina) scintille- formis. Semele tncongrua. Psephis salmonea. Astarte fluctuata. Cardium 2? (modestum var.) centifilosum. Lepton meroéum. Pristiphora (for Pristis preoc.) : oblonga. Leda hamata. Acanthochites avicula. Acanthopleura fluxa. Ischnochiton veredentiens. Lepidopleurus pectinatus. 7 scabricostatus. Ischnochiton, nov. s. g. Lra- chydermon. Trachydermon Gothicus. Leptochiton nexus. Nacella (? pallacea, var.) tri- angularis. Nacella subspiralis. Acmea (? pileolus, var.) rosacea. Scurria funiculata. Puncturella Cooperi. Gibbula optabilis. Calhostoma supragranosum.
83
Ethalia supravallata. var. envallata.
Galerus contortus.
Cecum crebricinctum.
“ Coopert. Turritella Coopert.
? Mesalia tenuisculpta. Isapis obtusa.
Rissoina tnterfossa.
Rissoa acutelirata.
Fenella pupoidea. Amphithalamus ? lacunatus. Drala acuta.
‘* marmorea. Styliferina turrita. Jeffreysia translucens. Cythna albida. Chrysallida pumila.
& eincta. Chemnitzia chocolata. subcuspid ata. Eulima (? var.) compacta. ey "(2 var. irl. Scalaria bellastriata. “< subcoronata. erebricostata. Opalia spongiosa.
“< retiporosa. Nassa insculpta. Amycla chrysalloidea. Anachis subturrita. Trophon triangulatus.
ce
Note on Octopus punctatus, Gabb. By W. H. DAut.
Description of a New California Helix, with notes on others already described. By J. G. Coopur, M. D.
Helix (Arianta) sequoicola.
On a New Subfamily of Fluviatile Mollusca.
DALL.
By W. H.
Pompholine for Pompholyx effusa.
84 AMERICAN JOURNAL
Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. New series. VI., Partl. 4to. July, 1866.
New Unionide, Melanide, ete., chiefly of the United States. By Isaac Lea.
This fine paper contains the full description and remarks upon a large number of new species, the Latin diagnoses of which were published in the Proceedings of this Society princi- pally during the years 1862—63. ‘The names and localities of most of these species we have already given in former reviews. The descriptions are now accompanied by illustrations of a very superior character.
A large addition is made in the present paper to the Mollus- cous fauna of North Carolina, in the description of over twenty new species, (mostly, as heretofore, belonging to the great com- planatus group,) native to that State; there are also a few Anodonte from various localities, the Unionide collected by the Nyassa (Central African) Expedition, and species from the Southern United States, and from the river Tigris, in Assyria. ‘he paper is not concluded in the present issue of the Journal.
The following is a list of the species geographically ar- ranged :—
British America. Anodonta’ Dallasiana.
Pennsylvania, Connecticut, Massachusetts. Anodonta Tryonii.
Virginia. U. Chathamensis, Anodonta Williams, A. Tryonii.
North Carolina. Unio quadrilaterus, U. Raleighensis, U. aber- rans, U. pertenuis, U. Charlottensis, U. lucidus, U. viridulus, U. Weldonensis, U. nassutulus, U. oblatus, U. Livingstonensis, U. indefinitus, U. perlatus, U. Waccamawensis, U. Mecklen- bergensis, U. perlucens, U. cistelleformis, U. Gastonensis, U. Chathamensis, U. squalidus, U. curatus, U. medioeris, Ano- donta doliaris.
South Carolina. U. quadrilaterus.
Georgia. Anodonta Williamsi, Unio crapulus, U. parvulus.
Alabama. Unio Thorntonii, U. Mooresianus, U. mundus, U. erebrivittatus, U. parvulus, U. biemarginatus, U. granulatus, U. germanus.
Texas. Anodonta Leonensis, A. Bealet.
Tennessee. Unio tessurule, U. perpurpureus.
Michigan. U. Levbia.
Asia Minor. Unio rasus, U. dignatus, U. Mosulensis, U. Oron- tesensis, U. Bourguignatianus, U. Damascensis, U. Syriacus, U. delicatus.
India. Unio tripartitus.
OF CONCHOLOGY. 85
Siam and China.* Monocondylea compressa, Unio Pazii, U. Laosensis, Monocondylea Mouhotiana.
Central Africa. Unio Kirkii, U. Nyassaensis, U. Aferulus, Spatha alata, S. Nyassaensis, S. modesta.
South Africa. Unio Natalensis, Spatha Natalensis.
New South Wales. Unio Paramattensis.
Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. No. 2. For April and May, 1866.
Description of Five New Species of the Genus Unio. By Isaac La.
Unio Siamensis, Siam. ‘“* asperulus, . «< prlatus, ‘s ‘ evittatus, Bengal. Strebelit, Vera Cruz, Mexico.
Description of Two New Species of the Genus Lithasia. By Isaac Lea.
Lithasia cylindrica, Coosa River, Alabama. S Wheatleyi, Cahawba “ ae
No.3. June, July and August, 1866.
Contributions to the Paleontology of Illinois and other Western States. By F.B. Meek anp A. H. Wortaen.
Pteria Morganensis. Anomphalus, n. g., (Rotellide). Dolabra Sterlingensis. Anomphalus rotulus. Macrodon micronema. Microdoma, n. g., (Littorinide ?) Platyceras levigatum. ii conica. ees halotoides. Orthonema conica. uncum. Trochita ? carbonaria. iy Chesterense. Platyschisma helicoides, Sowerby? S subplicatum. Pleurotomaria conoides. e infundibulum. a Coxana. Metoptoma (Platyceras ?) wm- ne spironema. bella. es Valvatiformis. Polyphemopsis chrysallis. Murchisonia inornata. Nuiicopsis Littonana, var., Nautilus sulcatus, Sowerby? Genevievensis. “© Rockfordensis.
* Mr. Lea remarks of U. Pazzi, “It will be observed that two habitats (China and Siam) are given. I think it probable that they are from China only.” I have specimens labelled ‘‘ Cambodia,” and received from Mr. B. M. Wright, a well-known dealer of London. I do not think it will be found in China, as it belongs to a Siamese type of the genus,
86 AMERICAN JOURNAL
Monograph of American Corbiculadz, (Recent and Fossil.) By
Temple Prime. 8vo. SOpp. Smithsonian Institution, Washington. De- cember, 1865.
We have more than once acknowledged with gratitude, in these pages, the prominent share which the Smithsonian Institution is taking in rendering the study of American Conchology accessible to all who take an interest in its pursuit. The present issue, which is the first of a series which will include, when completed, the entire Molluscous fauna of the United States, contains the history of all the small fluviatile bivalves which, under the gen- eric names of Spherium (Cyclas) and Pisidium, are found in all the temperate regions of the continent, as well as of their larger prototypes the species of Corbicula and Cyrena inhabiting its tropical portions. It may be truly said that this family has never been studied in America, save by the author of the above work, and that the characters of the species are almost utterly unknown tous. These shells are so minute, and their study, without the advantage of good figures in identifying them, so unsatisfactory, that conchologists have been tempted to neglect them for fields yielding a richer harvest. As this monograph is the product of the ripe judgment and experience of a gentleman who has spent his entire leisure for years in becoming thoroughly acquainted with his subject, it may fairly be presumed that his views of the synonymy of the species, etc., are correct—and, at any rate, no one is competent to call them in question. We will therefore content ourselves with a rapid summary of the work, in order that our readers may estimate its importance to those who will doubtless hereafter give more particular attention to the subject of which it treats. In the preface, Mr. Prime states that the American species of Corbicula differ from the foreign ones in the palleal impression being terminated in a sinus, whereas in the latter it is simple, and that the same distinction holds good between the American and the foreign species of Cyrena ; yet three fossil species of Cordicula from the Paris basin exhibit the sinus the same as in our recent species. As these differences indicate structural differences in the animals, Mr. Prime proposes at a future time to characterize as new genera the American Corbiculze and Cyrene. ;
The genus Sphaerium, Mr. Prime thinks, might be advantage- ously divided into four genera, to include those with
‘61, Shell solid, strize deep, beaks rounded; example Sph. suleatuin: Sph. solidum of Europe.
2. Shell somewhat solid, striz light, beaks rounded; example Sph. rhomboideum ; Sph. corneum of Europe.
OF CONCHOLOGY. a7
3. Shell delicate and pellucid, striz not perceptible, beaks ealyculate ; example Sph. partumeium ; Sph. lacustre of Europe.
4. Shell very small, delicate, transverse, striz very light, beaks calyculate ; example Sph. Bahiense; Sph. Africanum of South Africa.”’
Following the preface is a Systematic Index of the species described, amounting to one hundred and eleven, including the fossil ones. Of these, thirteen, principally South American, be- long to the genus Corbicula ; there are thirty-six species of Cy- rena, of which two or three recent, and two fossil species are found in the United States, the rest in Mexico, Central and South America and West Indies; of Sphaerium there are forty- four species, nearly all natives of the northern United States; and, finally, Pisid¢wm contains eighteen species, with the same distribution.
The following species are described for the first time :—
Corbula perplexa, South America. Cyrena regalis, South America? SS ordinaria, . ? “ colorata, Island of New Providence, West Indies. Spherium contractum, Alabama. as parvulum, Porto Rico, W. I. a8 viridante, Morelot, Gaudeloupe, W. I. ae Cubense, Cuba. Pisidium simile, Gaudeloupe, W. I. ‘< ualtramontanum, Canoe Creek, California. “ consanguineum, Cuba. The name of Cyrena tumida is substituted for C. angulata, Deshayes, (preoccupied).
The illustrations of the species (wood engravings) are excellent- and all that could be desired for the purposes of identification, We cannot close this notice without deprecating the too prevalen. practice, which Mr. Prime has followed, of quoting for the spet cies the name proposed for it by the first author who placed it in the genus to which it is now referred. The consequence of this is that, in several cases, old and well-known specific names are cast aside and others substituted. Besides the manifest injustice thus committed towards the discoverer of the species, this principle is gravely faulty, in substituting for one permanent specific name an appelation that must ever change with each change in our ideas of classification. Genera as understood by scientific men are eminently artificial, and therefore can have no permanent limits, but are liable to be divided and combined in various ways according to the views we take of them; shall we then lose the . only sign-post by which to recognize a species, by changing its
8&8 AMERICAN JOURNAL
name and authority with each new genus into which it may be thrust? If so, in avery little while no man wouid be found bold enough to enter into a study in which, even now, the synonymy is almost interminable.
II.— FOREIGN.
BRITISH.
Annals and Magazine of Natural History. Third Series, Vol. 17. 8vo., London, 1866. No. 97. JANUARY. On the Terrestrial and Fluviatile Mollusea of Trinidad. By R. J. LecHMERE Guppy.
Ampullaria urceus, Mull., var. purpurascens, Guppy, formerly described as a distinct species, (Ann. and Mag., xiv. p. 243.
Helicina nemoralis is proposed instead of H. zonata, Guppy. described at same time and preoccupied.*
Helicina barbata, Guppy, is possibly only a variety of H. Dy- soni, Pfr.
Bulimus multifasciatus, Lam., nov. var. imperfectus.
Be aureolus, Nov. spec.
Plekocheilus auris-sciuri, nov. spec.
Simpulopsis corrugatus, ee
Conulus (Helix) vaeans,
Anodon Leolandi, ‘ fe
All the other species inhabiting the island are enumerated, with remarks. The curious feature of this paper is the record of the discovery of a new species of Unionidz in the West Indies.
No. 98. FEBRUARY. Conchological Gleanings. By Dr. E. Von Martens.
I. On the subdivisions of the genus Pinna.
No. 99. Marcu. Conchological Gleanings. By Dr. E. Von Martens.
II. On some species of Assiminca. Assiminea pinguis, Makao. a miniata, Singapore. Omphalotropis maculata, Martens, is said to be a synonym of Assiminea carinata, Lea.
ce “ce
* Mr. Bland suggests to me that it is probably the same as H MecMurray?, Pfr., Mal. Blatt., 1862, p.155; and Novitates Conchol., pl’
64, figs. 15-16.
OF CONCHOLOGY. 89
III. The Sandwichian species of Limneeus. IV. On the species of Amphipeplea. No. 100. Aprit. On the Pleistocene Fossils collected by Col. E. Jewett at Sta. Barbara, (California ;) with Descriptions of New Species. By Purtre P. CARPENTER.
Turritella Jewettit. Opalia (? crenatoides, var.,) in- Bittium? asperum sculpta. i armillatum. Trophon tenuisculptus. Pisania fortis.
On the Float of the Ianthine. By Dr. H. Lacaze Du- THIERS. (‘Translated by W. S. Datuas.)
No 104. August.
On the Morphology and Affinities of the Brachiopoda. By H. Lacaze Dururers.
Transactions of the Linnean Society of London. xxv., pt. 2, 4to. London, 1865.
On the Anatomy cf Doridopsis, a Genus of the Nudibranchi- ate Mollusca. By AuBany Hancock.
The author finds but one part of the anatomy of this mollusk to differ from Doris ; it has a proboscis fitted for suctorial action, while Doris possesses a powerful buccal organ and spiny pre- hensile tongue. He is surprised to find that such an important modification of the alimentary system is not accompanied with corresponding changes of the internal economy of the animal.
The paper is well illustrated.
Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. Part III. June- December. 1865.
On the Marine Molluscan Fauna of the Province of South Austraha ; with a List of all the Species known up to the present time ; together with Remarks on their Habitats and Distribution, §c. By Guorce Frencu AnGAs. (Part 2.)
Descriptions of Seven New Species of the Genus Viviparw Link. By Grorce Ritrer v. FRAUENFELD.
V. Sclateri, Japan. V. Jeffreysit, Lake Nyassa. “© Stamensis, Siam. V. capillata, “ <s “ heliciformis, Cent. Africa. V. Robertsoni, “ ss
“* punctata, West Africa.
90 AMERICAN JOURNAL
Descriptions of seven new species of Australian Land Shells.
By James C. Cox, M. D. ~ Helix aridorum. — Helix splendescens. ¢ flosculus. nautilordes.
“ ~ Urarensis. Vitrina planilabris.
“ Greenhill.
Descriptions of Two New Species of Marine Bivalve Shells, From South Australia. By GrorGe FrRenNcH ANGAS.
Barbatia laminata. Spisula Adelaide.
Descriptions of a New Genus and some New Species of Mol- lusks. By Hunry ADAms.
Macron Wrightii, Coast of Patagonia.
Hglisia Macandree, Gibralter.
Amphithalamus obesus, Lord Hood’s Island. a pupordeus, $ Fe
FTeterocardia Dennisoni, Loe. ?
Thyella, (new genus, closely allied to Semele.)
Thyella pulchra, Singapore.
Macron, hitherto considered a subgenus of Pseudoliva, is now separated as a distinct genus, as its operculum is unguiculate, while that of Pseudoliva is purpuroid.
Descriptions of Thirteen New Species of Land Shells from Formosa, in the collection of the late Hugh Cuming, eol- lected by Mr. Robert Swinhoe, Vice- Consul of that Island. By Dr. Louis PFEIrFer.
Helix Vesta. Helix mellea. “6 Shermant. Bulimus Swinhoet. “Grant. * spheroconus. “ Swinhoet. 4 incertus. “ Formosensis. Clausilia Swinhoet. “ bacea. “ Sheridani.
Pterocyclos Wilsoni.
Descriptions of Five New Species of Land Shells from the collection of the late Hugh Cuming. By Dr. Louts PFEIFFER.
Bulimus auris, Venezuela. Pseudachatina elongata, Gaboon a tenuilabris, * River. Juarezi, Mexico. Achatina Calabarica, Old Cala- bar.
oe
OF CONCHOLOGY. 91
Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. Part I. January- March. 1866.
Notes on some Recent Brachiopoda dredged by the late Lucas Barrett off the Northeast Coast of Jamaica, and now forming part of the Collection of Mr. R. Mac Andrew. By Tuomas Davipson.
Argiope Barretiana, Jamaica.
a Woodwardiana, Jamaica. Thecidium Barrettii, Woodward, MS., Jamaica.
Additional list of Mollusks collected by Mr. R. Swinnok, in Formosa.
Descriptions of a New Genus and a New Species of Mol- lusks. By Henry ADAMS.
Brotia N. G. Type Melania pagodula, Gould. This shell belongs to the family Cerithitde. Colina gracilis, Hastern Seas.
The Naturalist in Vancouver Island and British Columbia. By Joun K. Lorp. 2 vols., 8vo. London. 1866.
In the appendix is a list of the shells collected, and among them the following are described as new. (A part at least of these species have been already published in the Proceedings of the Zoological Society, London.)
Chrysodomus tabulatus, Baird. Physa Lordi, Baird. Vitularia aspera, “ Ancylus Kootaniensis, ae Chemnitzia Vancouver- Chione Lordi, ee
; ensis, i Spherium tumidum, . Amnicola Hindsit, “¢ Lyonsia saxicola, es Bullina eximia, Lord. Leda fossa, es Succinea Hawkinsit, Baird. Crassatella Esquimalti, ‘“ Lymnea Sumassi, “ Nucula Lyalli, &
Conchologia Iconica. By Lovett Reeve, Parts 256, 257.
Pyrazus, 1 plate; May, 1865.
Lampania, 2 plates; May, 1866.
Cerithidea, plates 3, 4, completing the monograph ; May, 1866.
Tympanotonos, 2 plates; May, 1866.
Lewostraca, 2 plates; May, 1866.
The following are new :—
92 AMERICAN JOURNAL
LL. acutissima, Sydney Harbor, New South Wales. ‘* pyramidalis, Habitat ? “¢ subventricosa, “ 7? “ vincta, Sag Niso, 1 plate; May, 1866. N. Sandwichensis, Sandwich Islands. Potamides, 1 plate; May, 1866. Unio, plates 39 to 42; May, 1866.
The locality of Unio ziczac is erroneously given as ‘‘ South Carolina.”’ It is a northwestern species. U. ligamentinus, Lamarck, is made a synonym of U. crassus, Say, although the former was the first described. In describing Unio infucatus, reference is made to ‘* Conrad, Shells of New South Wales’’ in- stead of “New Fresh Water Shells,” a piece of carelessness such as we have too often noticed in the Conchologia. Unio Nyasse, described by Sowerby in this work as a new species, is the same as U. Nyassaensis, Lea, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sciences, p. 109, 1864, and illustrated on plate 13, fig. 83, of the 6th vol. of their ‘ Journal.”’
The new species are
Unio Cambojensis, Sowerby, Cambodia. “6 Swinhoei, Reeve MS. bil
Cenchologia Iconica. By Lovell Reeve. Parts 258, 259. Tellina, 10 plates. July and August, 1866.
The following is new :— T. subtrigona, Sowerby.
Pleiodon, 2 species.
Mr. Conrad, in the present number of our Journal, separates his P. M Murtrei from the synonymy of P. ovatus.
Unio, plates xliii. to xlvi. inclusive; August, 1866.
No new species are described. Sp. 285. ‘* Unio ventricosus Barnes”’ is Unio capax, Green.
U. tenuissimus, Lea, is figured from a male specimen, and the description does not include the very curious female shell.
U. Gundlachi, Dunker, is described without locality and figured from a poor specimen. The locality is Cuba. U. scam- natus, Morelet, is the male form of the same species.
P OF CONCHOLOGY. 93
FRENCH.
Journal de Conchyliologie. Third series. Vol. VI., No. 4. October, 1865.
Anatomie des Fistulanes. By P. Fiscuer.
Note complémentaire sur le Lyria deliciosa et son opercule. By H. Crossz and H. Marin.
Note sur deux especes terrestres de Cochin-chine. By W. T. BLANFORD.
This gentleman refers to the genus Nanina the shells described in this Journal under the names of Zonites Benoiti and Helix
Annamitica, remarking that the genus Zonites does not exist in middle Asia.
Description de dix espéces nouvelles de Mollusques terrestres del’ Archipel de Madtre. By THE BaRoN DE CasTELLO
DE PaIva.
Achatina Lowet. Helix Gomesiana. Pupa Wollastont. “¢ latina. Pisidium Watsonz. “ = Barboze. Vitrina Bocageit. “¢ Lueeana. Helix Pitte. “ Alleniana.
Description d'esptces nouvelles de la République de 0 Equa- teur. By I. GonzALez Hipaeo.
Cyclophorus Crosseanus. Cyclotus Perezi. Ampullaria Martinezt.
Note sur les Mollusques operculés terrestres des tles Pelew ou Palaos. By H. Crosse.
A catalogue of the species is given, consisting of 15 species of the recently described genus Palaina, 1 of Pupina and 1 of Omphalotropis.
Note relative aux genres Arinia et Moussonia. By H. CROSSE.
Description d'espéces nouvelles de la Republique de U Equa- teur. By H. Crosse.
Cyclophorus Hidalgot. Cyclotus Pazi. Diagnoses de Beélemnites nouvelles. By Cu. Mayer.
B. Stoppania. B. mixtus.
“© Schlenbachi. “ Philipst.
“* dactyletron. ** compilator.
‘“ Franconicus. “ Pictaviensis.
94 AMERICAN JOURNAL °
B. Harleyt. B. Munsteri. “< Waagent. “* modestus. “ Heert. “ Gillieront. ** avena, Dumortier. ‘ Privatensis. “ Charmouthensis. “ Pictett.
“ befer. 6 Laryi.
“ obesulus. fusulus.
“ recurrens. “ Clucyensis. “ pumilus. “< Fraast.
n
“ Gundershofensis. “ ¢doneus.
‘ elegantulus.
‘ Merceyi.
a
Les vulgarisateurs en matiere malacologique. By H. Crossz.
This paper is principally a review of and correction of errors in “La Vie et les Mceurs des Animaux Zoophytes et Mollus- ques,” recently published by M. Louis Figuier.
Mollusques terrestres vivantes du Piemont. By the Asse JosEPH SrTaBiteE. 8vo., 141 pp., and 2 plates. Milan, 1864.
The new species described are :— Clausilia Melle. Pupa Mortilleti.
Several new varieties of species of Helices, etc., are also char- acterized. A number of pages at the end of the volume are de- voted to notes on the modern genera of Helicide, anatomical de- scriptions, &c.
Revue et Magasin de Zoologie.
No. 2. Paris, 1866.
Nouvelles Miscellanées Malacologiques. By Dr. Pata- DILHE (of Montpellier.)
Bugesia Bourguignati.
This is a new minute fresh-water shell, resembling somewhat a very small Cerithiwm or microscopic Jo,* but differing generi- cally in having a wide, compressed, not callous columella, re- sembling that of Lacuna. Bugesia is supposed to belong to the family MJelaniide. It attains a length of 1) millimetres by 3 mill. diam. Locality, in washings of the River Lez, near Mont- pellier, France. This makes the third new genus of minute fresh-
* The genus Jo is, doubtless, here understood to embrace such species as Lathasia nupera, Say, (= verrucosa, Raf.,) as the magnified figure of Bugesia is not very unlike an elongated variety of that species.
OF CONCHOLOGY. 95
water shells discovered in France during the past two or three years, the other two being Moctessteria and Paladilhia of Bour- guignat.
Colimacea in Insula Mauritit de novo reperta. By ARTHUR
MoRELET.
Helix Duponti. Hydrocena major,
Pupa striaticosta, ss variegata, “ palangula. < clavulus.
No.3. ) L866.
Nouvelles Miscellanées Malacologiques. By Dr. PALADILHE, of Montpellier. (Continued.)
Pupa Maselaryana, Montpellier.
Paladithia Bourguignati, a
There are also notes on various described species inhabiting the same vicinity.
No 5. May, 1866.
Diagnoses de Coquilles nouvelles de l Indo-Chine. Par M. ARTHUR MORELET.
Felix basodon, Siam. Cyclostoma monachus, Cochin China. Ampullaria callistoma, Siam. Paludina Cochinchinensis,
ce goniomphatlos, Cochin China. Anodonta bellua, Cambodia. Monocondylus orbicularis, Dreissena Siamensis, Siam.
Nouvelles Miscellanées Malacologiques. By Dr. PALADILHE (Continued. )
Pisidium Moittessieranum, Montpellier (France).
GERMAN.
Fauna der Kieler Bucht. By H. A. Meyer ann K. Mosivs. Vol. I. Opisthobranchia, Folio. 26 colored plates. W. Engelmann, Leipzig, 1865,
This is a description of the Opisthobranchiate Mollusea in- habiting the Bay of Kiel. The plates are beautifully drawn and colored, each one representing one species only, with magnified anatomical views, including the dentition. The text is very full, and completely elucidates the history of the species. This work is one of the finest ever issued on the Nudibranchiate Mollusks of Northern Europe. None of the twenty-six species are new.
96 AMERICAN JOURNAL
Malakozoologische Blatter. XIII. Cassel, 1865.
This volume contains 208 pages of original contributions and 60 pages of reviews, and is illustrated by 2 plates. The follow- ing are the contents :—
Euber die Mexikanischen Binnen-Oonchylien aus den Sam-
mlungen von Deppe und Uhde in Berliner Museum. By Dr. Epwarp Von MaRRENS,.
Glaudina amena. Succinea virgata. Helix implicata.
‘Many species are remarked upon, and a list of those of the eastern portion of Mexico is also given.
Vergleichende zusammenstellung der Mollusken-faunen der beiden ciussersten nordéstlichen und siidwestlichen G'renz- liinder des Politischen Deutschlands. By Aucust GYSSER.
Zur Mollusken-fauna von Carlsbad und Franzensbad in Béhmen. By Dr. LEHMAN.
Die Mollusken der Dobrudscha. By Dr. L. PFEIFFER.
Succinea Dunkeri, Zelebor, MSS. Hyolina Malinowski, si < Helix Kutschigi, Parreyss, MSS.
Zwei neue Nacktschnecken aus Australien. By Emit SE- LENKA. (With anatomy.)
Limaz pectinatus, Limaz bicolor. Ueber Pinna fluviatilis Sander. By O. A. L. Mércu. Veber Tellina cultriformis, Schulze. By O. A. L. Méren. Zur Molluskenfauna von Cuba. By Dr. L. PFEIFFER.
Helix Wrightz, Gundl. “ arctistria. Macraceramus maculatus, Wright, MSS. Cylindrella clara, as a a cristallina, - oe ad Heynemanni, Pfr. “ mixta, Wright, MSS. - Teneriensis, es es Diagnosen neuer Landschnecken. By Dr. L. PFEIFFER. Helix Zoe, Molluccas. “ Gysseriana, - “< Lorquini, ne Bulimus Lehmann, Anguila, W. I. “ Anguillensis, " am
oF CONCHOLOGY. 97 Helicina Zoe. Ins. Halmahera. “ guttula, Molluccas.
Uebersicht der Mollusken welche bis jetzt an und auf den Capverdischen Inseln gefunden worden sind. By Tuxo- DOR REIBISCH.
Kritische Uebersicht scimmtlicher Arten der zur Gattung Venus gehiérenden Untergattungen Mercenaria und Gem- ma. By Dr. Epwarp Romer.
Kritische Uebersicht aller Arten der zur Gattung Venus gehérenden Untergattung Gomphina. By Dr. Epwarp R6MER.
Ueber ostasiatische und newhollindische Paludinen. By Epwarp Von MARTENS.
Contains a critical review of the species contained in Reeve’s *¢ Monograph of Paludina,” published in “ Conchologia Iconica,” and the following new species :—
Paludina purpurea. Australia.
Zusitze zu dem Aufsatze tiber mexikanische Binnen-Con- chylien.. By Dr. Epw. Von Martens.
Kritische Uebersicht aller Arten der zur Gattung Venus gehirenden Untergattung Anaitis. By Dr. Epwarp ROMER.
Nachtrag zu Limax bicolor. By EMILE SELENKA. Ueber Helicina viridis, Lam. By Epwarp Von MartTENs.
Bemerkungen zum vorstehenden sin By Dr. L. PFEIFFER.
Beschreibung einer neuen Melanie. By Dr. Brot. Melania Landauert. Loc.?
Uebersicht der Land-und WSiisswasser-Mollusken des Nil- Gebietes. By Dr. Epwarp Von Martens.
Helix (Patula) eryophila, (nov. sp.)
The synonymy of many Egyptian species is given in this first part of the paper.
Malakologische Notizen. By Dr. Berenpt. (On Physella Berendti, Helix caduca and Helix bilineata.) Literatur. (Reviews.)
98 AMERICAN JOURNAL
Systematisches Conchilien Cabinet von Martini und Chemnitz. By H.C. Kuster, &c. 185th Number. Nurnberg, 1865.
Contains continuation of Monograph of Achatina and Azeca, together with an Index to these and the genus Bulimus.
The plates are: 1 of Nautilus, 1 of Sepia, and 4 of Margi- nella.
Malakozoologische Blatter. Edited by Dr. L. Preirrer. Vol. 13. Ist to 6th Sheets. Cassel, 1866.
Uebersicht der Land-und Siisswasser Mollusken des Nil-
Gebietes. By Dr. Epw. Von Martens. (Concluded.)
Beitriige zur Anatomie des Nautilus pompilius. By Wi.u. Kererstern, M. D.
' Diagnosen einiger neuen Arten. By Dr. R. A. Putt- tpPI, of Santiago, (Chili). Ancylus Fonckit. Heliz andicola. Helix Paz.
Beschreibung neuer Landsehnecken von der Insel Formosa, By Dr. L. PFEIFFER.
Helix Vesta. ' Bulimus Swinhoet. “« Shermant. ¢ spheroconus. “ Granti. se incertus. “ Swinhoet. Clausilia Swinhoer. “ Formosensis, “¢ Sheridani. ‘<; baece, Pterocyelos Wilsont. sc mellea.
Beschreibungen und Kritik newer Mollusken. By Dr. €. AGARDH WESTERLUND.
Vertigo modesta. Ronneby, Sweden. Planorbis riparws. 66 “
Die Gehausschnecken die Siebenberge. By A. SPORLEDER.- Zur Molluskenfauna von Cuba. (Continued.) By Dr. L.
PFEIFFER. Helix nigropicta, Arango MSS. Maeroecramus minor, Arango “ Sauvallet, Ss ee Arangoi, Pfr. sane Fee os Fe a Paivanus, Pfr. Bulimus (Melaniella) multicos- ‘ Clerchi, Arango tata, Gundl. MSS.
Bulimus (Melaniella) scalari- Cylindrella Garciana, Wright nus, Gundl. MSS.
OF CONCHOLOGY. “99
Macroceramus parallelus, Aran- Cylindrella Presasiana, Pfr.
go, MSS. Chondropoma Dunkeri, Arango Muacroceramus Blaini, Arango MSS. MSS. Helicina nuda, Arango MSS.
Ueber die Anatomie der Gattungen Incillaria, Benson, und Meghimatium, Hasselt, in Vergleich mit der Philomycus, Rafinesque. By Wm. Kererstern, M. D., (Gottingen.)
Ueber Parmarion flavescens, sp. n., aus Mossambique. By Wm. T. Kererstein, M. D.
Beschreibung neuer Landsehnecken. By Dr. L. PFEIFFER.
Succinea Bogotensis, New Gra- Spirazis linearis, Mexico.
nada. Spiraris Mexicana, Mexico. Helix Selenkat, Vera Cruz, bullacea, Mexico. Achatina histrio, Hayti.
Helix ampla, Vera Cruz, Mexi- Oleacina Berendti, Mexico.
co. “ Smithiana, Hayti. Heliz effusa, Hayti. «¢ oblonga, Mexico. “ incisa, Barbados. “< Pawana, Hayti. “< impura, Mexico. “ — perpusilla, Mexico. << Wilhelm, “ Cylindrellatransparens, Jamaica. “< Smithiana, Hayti. pee: Smithiana, Hayti. “¢ obsita, Mexico. es Berendti, Mexico. «¢ Hermanni, Mexico. a flexuosa, Jamaica. “< Platonis, Hayti. Choanopoma Smithiana, Hayti. Bulimus Paivanus, Mexico. os Julient, Sombrero. “ Chiapasensis, Mexico. Helicina Paivana, Hayti. “< Ghiesbreghti, ee “ — Moussoniana, Turk’s “¢ Kefersteing, od Island. ¢ Heynemanni, % “ — Binneyana, Hayti. “< Sporlederi, is 6.» (Smithianma;, 0" “< heterogenus, re “ Botteriana, Mexico. Ueber einige Africanische Binneneonchylien. By Ep. Von MARTENS.
1. Zusiitze zur Uebersicht der Mollusken des Nil-Gebiets.
Monatsberichte der Koniglichen Preuss. Akad. der Wissenschaften zu Berlin. 1865. 8vo. Ueber neue Landschnecken aus Ost-indien, etc. By DR. E. Von Martens. Cyclopus longipilus, Celebes. se Fulminulatus, iy . campanulatus, Nangasaki, Japan.
100° AMERICAN JOURNAL
Alyceus Faponicus, Cyclophorus bellulus,
e ciliocinctus, Leptoma Moussoni, Callia Amboinensis, Helix myomphala,
“ quadrivelvis, Hyalina sinulabris, Cassidula multiplicata,
“i flaveola, Melampus Siamensis, * nucleolus, 4 sulculosus, edentulus,
Yokohama.
Borneo.
Java.
Timor.
Amboina and Ceram. Nangasaki. Borneo.
Siam.
Banea.
Ceram (Molluecas). Siam.
Amboina and Ceram. Amboina.
Flores Is.
Verhandlungen der Kaiserlich-Koniglichen Zoologisch-botanischen
Gesellschaft in Wien. XV. 8&vo. Conchighe Dalmate inedite.
Zara.
1865. By Sprripione Brusina, of
Raphitoma, Bellardi, n. g. Danilia, n. g., (Trochide).
(Pleurotomide). Raphitoma rosea.
= palita.
“= Sandrit. Fusus Helleri. Columbella marmorea.
4 decollata. Nassa semicostata, Brocchi. Voluta pumilio.
Mitra striata. “ columbule.
Ziziphinus candidus. .Gibbula purpurata.
elata.
“© gibbosula, Danilo and
Sandri. Ivaniesi. Linnet.
Stomatia Kutschigt.
AZONEM.
Tapes Hoberti.
Tellina rostrata.
<< micta, Danilo and Sandri. Mactra sericea.
Cerithium Jadertinum.
a subcylindricum. ee acicula. ee minimum.
Natica sanguinolenta. Odostomia Nagl. es Novegradensis. vured. Turbonilla pygmea. Phasianella crassa. = exigua.
Scrobicularia fabula. Hrycina tumida.
Bielzt.
trigona.
Cardium Helleri. Lucina tenuilamella.
Kellia Boglict.
Spatangi. Danili.
Mytilus Baldi.
This paper contains, besides the above, descriptions of nume-
rous new varieties of species previously characterized.
OF CONCHOLOGY. 101
Die Land-und Siiswasser-Conechylien des Oetschergedietes. By WILHELM SCHLEICHER, in Gresten.
A simple catalogue of species and localities.
Zoologische Miscellen, IV. Amnicola lustrica, Say. By - Gerore Rirrer von Frauenfeld.
Oesterreichs Gehiiusetragende Bauchfiisser und Muschel- thiere. Hine Systematische Aufzcéhlung. By Juutus RitTER, v. SCHROCKINGER-NEUDENBERG.
A list of the land, fluviatile and marine shells of the Austrian Empire. About twelve hundred species are enumerated.
Zoologische Miscellen, V. By GuorG RITTER, von Frauenfeld.
Abbildung der im Verzeichniss der Arten der Gattung Paludina, Umk., aufgefiihrten neubeschreibenen nebst einigen noch neuerlichst aufgefundenen Arten.
This paper contains illustrations of Frauenfeld’s new species of Hydrebia, Bythinia, Amnicola, Lithoglyphus and Paludinella, described in Vol. XIV. of this publication, as well as a few now first described.
Bythinia Walderdorfii, Bugliavizza. Schwabit, Macedonia. Amnicola Schrickingert, Massachusetts.* «< Montenegrina, Montenegro.
“ Tachoensis, Tajo, near Ajuda. Lithoglyphus notatus, Dalmatia. a Buschii, Buenos Ayres. ae turbinatus, Fiume. Pannonicus, Hungary, etc. Beschreibung von seiben neuen Arten der Gattung Vivi- para, Link. V. Sclateri, Japan. “ Siamensis, Siam. “ heliciforméis, Central Africa. “ punctata, West Africa. © Jeffreysit, Lake Nyassa. “* capillata, eet SV “ Robertsonit, oe =
* This, we believe, certainly = A. limosa, Say. T*
102 ' AMERICAN JOURNAL
These are also published in the London Zoological Proceedings. Veber Limax Schwabii, v. Frd.
Zoologische Miscellen, VI. By Guora RirrEeR, VON FRAUEN- FELD.
Ueber zwei Meereschnecken von St. Paul. Bursa (Apollon) proditor.
Novitates Conchologice. Part 23. Edited by Dr. Lovis Preirrer. 4to with three colored plates. Contains illustrations of the following species, principally originally described in the Malakozoologische Blitter :
Helix Schwartziana, Pfr., H. Wrightit, Gundl., Arctistria, Pfr., Licina percrassa, Wrt., Choanopoma echinus, Wrt., Cistula Jimenoi, Arango, Cyclostomus Rdmert, Pfr., C. Heynemanni, Pfr., all from Cuba,
Bulimus Juarez, Pfr., from Mexico.
“ Anguillensis, Pfr., B. Lehmanni, Pfr., from the Is- land of Anguilla, West Indies. :
Helix Malinowski, Zelebor, from Tuldscha.
Succinea Dunkert, Zelebor, from Rumelia.
Helix Gysseriana, Pfr., H. Lorquini, Pfr., H. Zow, Pfr., Cy- clophorus cruentus, Martins, from the Molluccas and Philippines.
Cyclophorus exaltatus, Pfr., var.? Clausilia Swinhoei, Pfr., Cl. Sheridani, Pfr., from Formosa.
Novitates Conchologice. Part 2. Marine Mollusks. Edited by Dr. W. Dunker. No. 10. 4to, with three colored plates.
The following are the new species :—
Anomalocardia subruba, Philippines. <3 rugiferd, India. ss paucigranosa, Siam. S Carpentert, Australia. Arca bistrigata, India. “ Adamsiana, China. Barbatia pectunculiformis, Borneo. ‘¢ Kodaiz, Zanzibar. “= eximia, Habitat ?
Novitates Conchologicz. Supplement III. Monographie der Mollusken sea Venus. By Dr. Epwarp Rimer. No. 4, with three colored plates.
OF CONCHOLOGY. 103
This part contains the conclusion of the genus Meretrix, and the following new species :—
M. compressa, Chinese Sea.
ITALIAN.
Enumerazione dei Molluschi del Golfo di Trieste. By Apoupx Srossicu, 4to, 19 pp. Trieste, 1866.
Fusus Titit. Rissoa saline.
About four hundred species are enumerated, of which the above are new; there are frequent remarks on locality, specific differences, etc.
Dei Molluschi raccolti dalla Missione Italiana in Persia. By A. Issex. 4to. 53 pp., 3 plates. Turin, 1865.
The following are the new species described :—
Nassa Deshayesiana. Bulimus tridens, var. attenuatus. Columbella Doric. - “ Isselianus, Bourguiguat Melanopsis mingrelica, var. “ Ghilanensis.
2 carinata. “¢ Armeniaca.
a Doric. Clausilia Erivanensis. Bythinia Uzielliana. < Lesson.
“¢ — Meneghiniana. Ancylus Jani, var. major. Theodomus (Neritina) Dorie. Limneea Defilippii.
Schirazensis, Parreys, “¢ Lessone.
Helix sliced var. elegans, “ auricularia, var. Bulimus interfuscus, Mousson. 6 persica, Bourg.
Se. hy Donec: Monodacna Lessone.
“¢ Anatolicus. Dreissena Hichwaldt.
The above are all from Armenia, Persia, the Persian Gulf and Caspian Sea.
104 AMERICAN JOURNAL
SCIENTIFIC INTELLIGENCE.
THE genus Pupoidea, of Mr. Pease, published in this Journal for January, 1866, appears to be the same as Palaina, of Mr. QO. Semper, of which several species have been figured in recent numbers of the ‘ Journal de Conchyliologie.”
Mr. Pease proposes to change his name Helix sculptilis, pre- occupied by Mr. Thomas Bland, to Helix fratercula.
es
Mr. FRANK Davtte, of Cincinnati, Ohio, a zealous collector, informs us that he has obtained a sinistral specimen of Helix elevata. Reversed Helices are not nearly so numerous in Ame- rica as in Europe, and this is the first published notice of a re- versed elevata. Mr. Bland, in his “Remarks on Certain Spe- cies of North America Helices,’’ mentions that his cabinet con- tains sinistral specimens of H. alternata, thyroides and Mitchel- hana ; that Mr. Binney has H. fallax, Mr. Isaac Lea H. hirsuta, and Mr. Anthony H. iflecta and solitaria reversed.
Mr. J. G. ANTHONY writes to us that Paludina scalaris, Jay, commented upon by us in this Journal, (p. 116, 1866,) is a good species, as he has seen at least fifty specimens of it, none of which vary from Dr. Jay’s figure. He was informed by a per- son who collected it, that in certain localities it occurs abund- antly.
Notre on HELIX FIDELIS, Gray. By John H. Thomson, New Bedford, Mass. I received last summer three specimens of this
OF CONCHOLOGY. 105
snail, living, from a correspondent in California. During the rainy season on the West Coast my shells were exceedingly active, and decidedly nocturnal in their habits. They laid eggs respectively on January 19th, Feb. 9th and 19th, this year, burying themselves in the earth all except the upper part of the shell during this operation, and remaining so for about 48 hours ; each laying from 100 to 150 eggs ina mass. The eggs are about one millimetre in diameter; I kept each lot separate, and found them to hatch in from 22 to 23 days. The young animal is more of a bluish cast than the old ones, and the shells when a day old have already attained the size of 4} millimetres and are yellow banded.
I am sorry to record the loss of many of my young specimens from a dreadful piece of cannabalism. I kept in the same box with them a Helix hortensis, which, on the approach of cold weather last autumn, became torpid and buried itself in the earth: yesterday at noon it revived, and by this morning had eaten up at least 75 or 80 of the young Helix fidelis !—New Bedford, Mass., April 8th, 1866.
We may notice that a splendid specimen of Helix Mormonum, recently sent to us alive, by our friend Dr. Wesley Newcomb, of Oakland, California, is also almost entirely nocturnal in its habits. This individual frequently exhibits its buccal plate etd prominently ; the jaw is of large size and deep yellow in color.
POLYMORPHISM AMONG Bryozoa.—Dr. A. F. Smith, in his in- augural dissertation, published at Upsala in 1863, has shown conclusively the existence of Polymorphism among Bryozoa. His investigations are based upon the marine species of the Scan- dinavian Coast. He shows that there are no less than six differ- ent forms of shells, which are probably never all found on the same stock. According to his view the Avicularia are only modi- fied cells. Stoliczka was the first to call attention to the Poly- morphism of Bryozoa in his studies of fossil Bryozoa. The paper by Smith is unfortunately not illustrated, and is written in a language available to but few naturalists.—Alex. Agassiz, in Am. Jour. of Science and Arts, July, 1866.
The name of Helix Bridgesii, which I gave to a species col- lected by the late Mr. Bridges in Nicaragua, being preoccupied
106 AMERICAN JOURNAL
by Dr. Newcomb for a California species, I propose to desig- nate my species by the name of H. Parkeri, dedicated to Mr. C. F. Parker, of Philadelphia. The description is in Am. Jour. Conch., ii., p. 803, Oct., 1866. Gs. Wa Bide
On VaLvaTaA JELSKII, Crosse.—By Prof. O. A. L. Mérch, (In a letter to the Editor.) ‘* The species described and figured by M. Crosse under this name (Jour. de Conchyliologie, 1863, p. 382, pl. 13, f. 3,) is the young of Lithoglyphus. I found it on some specimens of Lithoglyphus from Mr. Crosse. The old shells were covered with a vesicular clayish coat, and each vesicle i a single so-called V. Jelskit.— Copenhagen, Aug. 6th, 1866.
OBITUARY.
Aveustus Appison GouLp, M. D.
This illustrious conchologist died suddenly of cholera, in Boston, on the 15th of last September, aged 61 years. He was a man of highly cultivated mind and liberal views, and attained a distinguished rank in other branches of science besides that which was his favorite study, and by which he is best known to our readers.
As one of our earliest conchological authors, Dr. Gould aided much in the description of our native shells ; afterwards his ex- tensive knowledge of the science caused him to be selected by the United States Government to describe the collections made by its exploring expeditions. He was an indefatigable worker, and his descriptions are models of accuracy and perspicuity. In his general acquaintance with the science in all its branches he was perhaps unequalled by any other American student, and the immense stores of his knowledge as well as his time were always so freely at the service of every one who pursued the study of the mollusca, that his influence upon the progress of the science among us can scarcely be overestimated, and certainly far ex- ceeds that exerted by the works he wrote,—valuable and numer- ous as they are. ‘The latter comprise :
Lamarck’s Genera of Shells; with a Catalogue of Species. 12mo., Boston. 1833.
Report on the Invertebrata of Massachusetts. 8yo., pp. 873. Cambridge, 1841. (Published by the State.)
OF CONCHOLOGY. 107
Report on the Mollusea collected by the Wilkes’ United States Exploring Expedition. One folio volume of text, Boston, »1852, and an elephant folio volume containing 51 colored plates, 1860.
Catalogue and descriptions of the shells of Lake Superior, in “* Lake Superior,” by Prof. Agassiz. 8vo., Boston, 1850.
Descriptions of the shells collected by the North Pacific Ex- ploring Expedition. (Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. History.)
Besides over fifty memoirs on various branches of Conchological Science, including criticisms on various papers by other authors, remarks on distribution, habits of the mollusea, ete. These were principally published in the Proceedings and Journal of the Boston Society of Natural History, a society of which Dr. Gould was one of the most prominent members.
When the death of Dr. Binney left unfinished his splendid work on the “ Terrestrial Mollusca of the United States,” Dr. Gould was chosen by his executors to continue and ce mplete the work ; which he performed in most excellent style, adding many additional descriptions and a memoir of its distinguished pro- jector.
For the last two years Dr. G. was engaged on a new edition of his ‘‘ Invertebrata of Massachusetts,’’ the first edition being long out of print. To enable him to publish this valuable work the Legislature of Massachusetts made an appropriation of $4,000 in 1865. We trust that his labors were so nearly com- pleted at the time of his death, that this book may be published.
The collections of Dr. Gould, which were very valuable, con- taining types of the species, nearly one thousand in number described by him, have become the prorerty of the Boston So- ciety of Natural History. They form a nobler monument to his memory than was ever reared of sculptured marble, and tell the
story of his life in more eloquent terms than the pen can ex- press. G..W. Door
Mason Rospert KENNICUTT.
This gentleman died on the thirteenth of last May, at Fort Nulato, in Russian America. As an ardent and successful ex- plorer, and collector of objects of Natural History, he was well known to most of the Scientists of the United States. He was particularly interested in the study of the Mollusca of the boreal regions which were the scenes of his principal explorations, and spoke to the writer in enthusiastic anticipation of the pleasure
108 AMERICAN JOURNAL
which he would experience in collecting the shells of the high latitudes of the Pacific coast, only a few days before starting on the expedition which has proved his last effort in the cause of science. Major Kennicutt was one of the founders and principal promoters of the Chicago Academy of Sciences—an institution for the prosperity of which he worked almost unremittingly. His published papers are few in number; he was in habit too active, in disposition too ardent to become a closet-naturalist ; his proper sphere of action was in the field, amidst the wilds of unexplored nature, and amidst danger and privation. At the time of his death Major K. was acting as commander of the Russian-Ame-
rican Telegraph Exploring Expedition. GW. 1.5 Jr.
American Journal of Conchology 1867
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VALUABLE WORKS ON CONCHOLOGY
FOR SALE.
1. American Journal of Conchology, Vol. 1, 1865. “Containing 400 pages, illustrated by 31 colored and plain lithographic plates and por- traits and over 293 wood engravings; with contributions by Conrad, Bland, Anthony, Binney, Newcomb, Stimpson, W. Harper Pease, Wheatley, Tryon, etc. Price, in numbers, $12.50, or each number s+parately $3.75. A few copies beautifully bound in red morocco, gilt, red edges, at $15.
2. American Journal’of Conchology, Vol. 2, 1866. Containing 400 pages, illustrated by 27 colored and plain lithographic plates, and nearly 500 wood engravings; with contributions by Newcomb, Bland, Conrad, Gabb, Anthony, Pease, P. P. Carpenter, Mérch, Tryon, ete. Price in num- bers, $12.50, or each number sepirately $3.75.
x*,Full tables of contents of the above two volumes forwarded to those desiring them.
3. Monograph of the Terrestrial Mollusca of the United States. With illustrations of all the Species. By George W. Tryon, Jr. This work will be completed in five quarterly parts, each containing about 32 pp. 8 vo. text, and four lithographic plates crowded with figures. Three parts have been published Only 100 copies will be printed, so that an early application will be necessary to secure it. Thereare already about 60 subscribers. The work is published in the following styles: Ist. Plain edition, printed on fine cal ndered paper, wiih uncolored plates,
at $1 25 per part.
2nd. Colored edition, same paper, plates finely colored, $2.00 per part. 3d. Fine edition, on very heavy plate paper, with duplicate plates, plain or tinted paper, and finely colored, $3.00 per part.
4. TRYON,GEO.W.,, Jr, Synonymy ofthe Species of Strepomatide (Melanians) of the United States, with critical observations on their Attinities, and Descriptions of Land, Fresh Water and Marine Mollusca. 8 vo., over 100 pp., with lithographic plates. 1865.
Cloth, $2 00. Paper, $1 75 ~ CONTENTS: Contributions tow urd; a Monography of the Order Pholadacea, with Descriptions of new Species. Descriptions of two new Species of Fresh Water Mollusca from Punama Description of anew Exotic Melunia. Descriptions of new Species of Fresh Water Mollusca, belonging to the families Amnicolidex, Valvatide ant Limnewide ; inhabiting California. De- scription of a new Species of Pleurocert, Description of a now Species of Teredo, from New Bedford, Mass. Descriptions of two new Species of Mexican Land Shells. Synonymy of the Species of Slrepomutide, Purts 1, 2, 3, 4 und Supplement. The Edition is very limited—only 75 copies. Early application will, therefore, be neces- sary to secure the work.
5. RAFINESQUE, C.S., Complete Writings on Recent and Fossil Conchology. Edited by William G. Binney and Geo. W. Tryon, Jr. 8vo. 1864. With lithographic plates. Price, $2 50
This is the only edition of Rafinesque’s Complete Writings ever published, and contains: reprints of many papers, which had been entirely forgotten by naturalists.
6. TRYON, GEO. W., Jr., List of American Writers on Recent Conchology, with the Titles of their Memoirs and Dates of Publication. 8vo. 1860. Printed on fine plate paper. Cloth, $2 00. Paper, $1 75
7. TRYON, GEO. W., Jr., Monograph of the Order Pholadacea, and other Papers. 8vo., 127 pp., with plates. 1862. Cloth, $2 00. Paper, $1 75
Contains Monographs of the Families Gastrochaenide, Pholadidz,and Teredidx. His- tory of American Conchology, and descriptions of new Species of Fresh Water and Marine S hells.
yy A discount of 20 per c2nt. will be allowed from the above prices, to Members
of the Concholozical Section and to Booksellers. Apply to
“ConcaoLogicat Section Acipewy or Narurat Sciences, Philadelphia,” Or to its Agents—see Ist page of this cover.
~ ae z = es
| CONTENTS. PAGE ist of Oficers;and CommittGesn...... econ tses cso) ¢0eccarsan ab ceeeionees 1 ZeeeeGCOnG (Of MCGUMES 5 iia2s ce nenres se cotniecc details cond seccceaeeselce-ta'camens Cece 2 3. Observations on Pleicdon Macmurtrii, by T. A. Conrad.......... 4 4, Paleontological Miscellanies, by T. A. Conrad.......... Shbe senna 5
Note on a Cretaceous Limestone of Dakota. Note’on Aluria Mathewsoni—on Corbicula densuta, Convad, Description of a new genus of Pectinide. 5. Descriptions of New Genera and Species of Fossil Shells, Dy ple (ONIMID Os 7c. cucile pasents ease soaroisicme teen meteieslag ties dak o eneisiea sateen tee 8
6. On the Errors of too Exclusive Classifications, by H. Crosse. umnslated by le ake aulte. st. sacs enone eee iywiswencjeescieoseoaemhte aie: 17
Observations on the Bathymetrical and Geographical Distri- bution of Marine Invertebrate Animals, by J. Gwyn Jeffreys.. 26
8. Description of a new Species of Montacuta, if John H. MINORS OD Eewas sc seise cece sate es sehr ow stermr eset at sichin cosets accrisiae aatanelelseccescnialslouee 33
Monograph of the Terrestrial Mollusca of the United States, By GreOreen Ws UGVON, Jl.) 1 UCOMIMUCT esceieccasscceacss) Hll=-*-aeinertes hase 34
10. Illustrations of new Species of Partula, by Wm Harper Pease, 81 1l. Notices and Reviews of New Works, by George W. Tryon, Jr., 82
American.—Memoirs of the Boston Society of Natural History. Proceedings of the California Academy of Natural Sciences, Journal and Proceedings of the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences. Primes’ Monograph of Ameriean Corbiculade.
British.—Annals and Magazine of Natural History. Transactions of the Linnean Society. P.oceedings of the Zoological Society. Lord's Naturalist in British Columbia. Conchologia [conieca.
French.—Journal de Conehyliologie. Stabile’s Mollusques du Piemont. Reyue et Magazin de Zoologie.
German.—Fauna der Kieler Bucht. Malakozoologische Blitter. Monatsber- ichte der Kénig. Preuss. Akad der Wissenschaften zu Berlin. Verh. Zool- botanischen Gesellschaft in Wein. Novitates Conchologice.
Italian.—Stossich’s Mollusehi del Golfo di Trieste. Molluschi raccolti dalla Missione Italiana in Persia, by Issel.
12. Scientific Intelligence..... PROUD Creo Sone ae J lenlaoeiedels oloachivtes Salonen tLe On reversed Helices. On Puludina sculuris, Say; on the genus Pupoidea, Pease, and Paluina, emper; Polymorphism among Bryozoa; Note on Heliz fidelis, Gray; on Valvutu Jelsrii, Crosse. USMODLCW ALY: 2.02006 vssncecstinwcess pawlvn io ele pclna eyo Seem aniaulabiadnee) aa desialenee oateeoeaenecee . 106 ee A. Gould, M.D., Major Robert Kennicutt.
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an a eo aie f in ae nia. F Hibrary of the Museum : 3 NS OF 1 | a Mala- ‘COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY, ete 2. | | Part | AT HARVARD COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE, MASS, Ps ore | halers. 3 PHounded by private subscription, in 1861. +h and halers. 4 Ancient Oe rith 15 d Vol. Deposited by Louis Agassiz. halers. 2 4 WKS No. j Luf! », r peta . ea; 6 a: 8vo. 2 Vols.
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Vou. ITI. 1867. No. 2.
Meeting, February Tth, 1867.
Hight members present. Mr. Tryon, Vice-Director, in the Chair.
Donations to the Library and Museum were announced.
A letter was read from G. W. Tryon, Jr., donating a number of works on Conchology, to be sold by the Section, and the pro- ceeds invested in its Conservator’s and Publication Funds.
The following paper was offered for publication, and referred to a committee:
Descriptions of new species of Fresh-water Shells of Michi- gan. By A. O. Currier.
Verbal communications :
Dr. 8. B. Howell spoke on the development of a hectocotylus. arm, its universality in all male Cephalopods, its anatomy and use.
110 AMERICAN JOURNAL
The Chairman addressed the Section upon the faculty alleged to be possessed by the animal of Cyprea, of dissolving its shell and forming a new one to meet the necessities of its growth ; illustrating his remarks by specimens from the Museum. He also showed that the spots upon the exterior surface of the shells of some species of Cowries, which indicate the bases of the fila- mentous growths upon the mantle, do not exist upon young shells, and therefore it is probable that these growths do not commence until the animal approaches maturity.
Meeting, March Tth, 1867.
Four members present. Mr. Tryon, Vice-Director, in the Chair.
Donations to the Museum and Library were read. Dr. C. J. Cleborne was elected a member, and the following gentlemen were elected correspondents : John G. Anthony, Cambridge, Mass. Louis Agassiz, Cambridge, Mass. P. J. Van Beneden, Bruxelles, Belgium. Thomas Bland, New York. P. P. Carpenter, Montreal, Canada Fast. Hon. L. E. Chittenden, New York. G. P. Deshayes, Paris, France. Dr. Wm. Dunker, Marbourg, Hesse. Wm. H. De Camp, M. D., Grand Rapids, Mich. Geo. Ritter von Frauenfeld, Vienna, Austria. Wm. M. Gabb, San Francisco, California. Prof. Theo. Gill, Washington, D. C. John Edward Gray, British Museum. Prof. Jas. Hall, Albany, N. Y. Prof. F. 8. Holmes, Charleston, 8. C. John C. Jay, M.D., Mamaroneck, Westchester Co., N. Y. J. P. Kirtland, M.D., Cleveland, Ohio. Frederick Krauss, Stuttgart, Wirtemburg. James Lewis, M.D., Mohawk, N. Y. Albert Mousson, Zurich, Switzerland. Edward 8. Morse, Portland, Maine. F. B. Meek, M.D., Washington, D. C. Temple Prime, New York. Aug. Rémond, San Francisco, Cal. KE. R. Showalter, M.D., Uniontown, Ala. Prof. D. 8. Sheldon, Davenport, Iowa.
OF CONCHOLOGY. 111
G. B. Sowerby, London, England. John H. Thomson, New Bedford, Mass‘ Dr. Wm. Stimpson, Chicago, Ill. Patricio Maria Paz, Madrid, Spain.
Meeting, April 4th, 1867.
Ten members present. Mr. Tryon, Vice-Director, in the Chair.
Donations to the Museum and Library were announced.
Several letters requesting exchanges of specimens and publi- cations were read, and appropriately referred.
The American Journal of Conchology, Vol. III. No. 1, was presented by the Publication Committee.
The following papers were presented for publication, and re- ferred to committees :
On the systematic arrangement of Buccinum altile and B. Eschert. By Prof. Theodore Gill.
On the genus Fulgur and its allies. By Prof. Theodore Gill.
Monograph of the Terrestrial Mollusca of the United States. By Geo. W. Tryon, Jr.
On the various principles of Zoological Classification. By Prof. O. A. L. Mérch, of Copenhagen.
The following resolutions were adopted :
Resolved, That a committee of five be appointed to prepare for publication, under the authority of this Section, a complete cata- logue of the described genera and species of recent Mollusca, and their synonyms; designating their localities and _biblio- graphy.
Resolved, That the above work be published in parts contain- ing families or genera, as fast as completed, and so arranged as to be capable of being used in labelling collections.
Dr. Samuel Lewis, of Philadelphia, was elected a member.
112 AMERICAN JOURNAL
DESCRIPTION OF NEW SPECIES OF FRESH-WATER SHELLS FROM MICHIGAN.
J
BY A. 0. CURRIER.
PHYSA DEFORMIS, Currier.—Plate 6, fig. 1.
Description.—Shell small, narrowly ovate, thick; whorls 4, well rounded, the last not proportionately enlarged, but some- what flattened, which, in connection with its well-rounded whorls, gives the shell.a deformed appearance. A broad, thick deposit of callus on the body whorl extends to the base of the columellar lip, which is twisted and appressed.
Length 10, diam. 4 mill.
Habitat.—Grand Rapids, Michigan. My Cabinet. Cabinet of Academy of Natural Sciences.
Buiinus Tryoni, Currier.—Plate 6, fig. 2.
Description.—Shell cylindrical, smooth, dark horn color; whorls 6, flatly rounded; aperture one-half the length of shell, pink within ; columella twistéd, with a light callus.
Length 18, diam. 6 mill.
Habitat.—Grand Rapids, Mich. My Cabinet. Cabinet of Academy of Natural Sciences.
Observations.—This shell differs from B. hypnorun by its larger size, less attenuated spire, more twisted columella, and its uniform pink aperture.
MELANTHO GIBBA, Currier.—Plate 6, fig. 3.
Description.—Shell rhombic, imperforate, rather thick, some- what roughened by lines of growth; epidermis greenish brown ; whorls 5, well rounded, the last subangulate ; aperture rhombic, half the length of shell, tinged with rufous within; columella white, thickened by a callus which extends across the parietal wall of the aperture.
OF CONCHOLOGY. 113
Habitat.—Grattan, Mich., (C. M. Siayton, Esq.) My Cabi- net. Cabinet of Academy of Natural Sciences.
Observations.—Differs from M. rufa, Hald., by its smaller size, more rounded whorls, and its uniformly rhombic outline.
ANODONTA SUBCARINATA, Currier.—Plate 6, fig. 5.
Description.—Shell smooth, elliptic, rounded before, biangu- late behind, and very inequilateral ; epidermis bright yellow, with numerous faint green rays over the entire surface; lines of periodic growth well defined by a brighter yellow, from which spring numerous arboreform, raised markings on the anterior basal portion; two well-defined flat carine radiate from the umbones to the angle of posterior margin; substance of shell thin; nacre silvery white and very iridescent.
Habitat.—Pentwater, Oceana County, Mich, (J. A. McNiel, Esq.) Cabinet of J. A. McNiel. Cabinet of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia.
Observations.—I am indebted to my friend J. A. McNiel for the opportunity of describing this beautiful species. He has for several years devoted much time to collecting the shells of this genus, with marked success, having, by his liberality, fur- nished the many forms from this State, described in this Journal, with others yet to be characterized.
This shell resembles nearly An. pallida, glandulosa and arisans of Anthony, but differs from either in color, in being more decidedly biangulate, in the prominent carina, the arborei- form markings, different position of lines of periodic growth, and in general appearance. It is altogether our most beautiful species.
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‘* Filum ariadneum Dotanices est Systema, sine quo Chaos est res herbarie.""—LINN. Puiu. Bor., 3. 156.
ON THE VARIOUS PRINCIPLES OF ZOOLOGICAL CLASSI-
PICATION.
BY DR. OTTO A. L. MORCH, OF COPENHAGEN, DENMARK.
In my last papers on classification of Mollusca, in the Annals and Magazine of Natural History and in Journal de Conchyli- ologie,* the term Class is used for divisions, which, according to the general opinion, may seem too high arank. As the term class is used in the most different senses in various parts of the animal kingdom, it may be necessary to give a more extensive explanation of my views in this respect.
The old authors, as Belon, Rondelet, Gesner, Aldrovand, Lister, Rumph, signified the various systematical divisions by Liber, Cap.,§, titulus, corresponding to Classis, Ordo, Genus, Spe- cies of Linne+ and nearly all succeeding naturalists.
Lamarck, Cuvier and Blainville introduced the Familizt cor- responding to the Fragmenta of Linné (Phil. Bot. § 77),—a di- vision which he did not use himself in the Systema, considering it only necessary for the future natural system.
The most important addition to the Linnean terms for system- atic divisions, is no doubt the Supraclassis of Rafinesque,§ who first perceived the necessity of giving particular systematic
* Journal de Conchyliologie, 1865.
+ Tournefortio debet Botanice hos familiarum limiter—Liny. Put. Bor.. @ 155.
{ First used by d’Argenville, La Conchyliologie, 1742.
% Rafinesque, Specchio della Scienze o Giornale enciclopedico de Sicilia, 1817, p. 216. Principes fundamentaux de Somiologie ou loix de la nomenclature et de la classification de l’empire organique. Palerme. 1814.
a
OF CONCHOLOGY. 115
titles and names to the warm and cold-blooded vertebrata, viz., Thermalia, Sicremia. Latreille adopted (1825) this view, chang- ing the names to Thematherma and Hemacryma, under the misleading title of rank or races.
The following terms seem indispensable to indicate the value of the higher systematic divisions :
1. Regnum, L., (= Imperium, Raf. Embranchement of French authors.)
Expl. R. animale, R. vegetabile, R. cryptobiaticum, Buquoi.
2. Semtregnum, Anth., in Revue et Mag. de Zoologie.
Expl. Vertebrata and Evertebrata, (= Vertebrata and Articulata* on one side, opposite to the Inarticulata or Mollusca and Radiata on the other.)
3. Subregnum, Owen. (Regnum, Raf. ; Typus, Blv. ; Penplades? Latr.; Provincia, Fitz.)
Expl. Vertebrata, Articulata, Mollusca.
4. Supraclassis,t Raf. (Races, Latr.; Series, Mérch, 1865.)
Expl. Thermalia, Sicremia, Insecta, Monotocardia, Dioto- cardia.
5. Classis, L. et Auct.
Expl. Mammalia, Aves, Herpetia, Pisces, Mandibulata, Haustellata, Aptera, Androgyna, Exophallia, Pseudophallia, Acephala.
6. Semiclassis.
Expl. Placentalia, Aplacentalia, Reptilia, Amphibia, Arach- nida, Crustacea, Coleoptera, Pulmonata, Opisthobranchia.
T. Subclassis is perhaps not different from the preceding division.
Expl. Macrosthena, Microsthena of Dana; Geophila, Hydro- phila.
8. Preordo.
Expl. Unguiculata, Ungulata Owen. 9. Ordo.
Expl. Quadrumana, Carnivora, Herbivora, Mutilata.
10. Subordo. 11. Familia. 12. Subfamilia (Phalanx v. d. Hoeven). Genus, Subgenus, Species, Subspecies or doubtful species.
* A crozoces, + Hydrozoces, Lamoraux, Soc. Linn. de Calvados, 1829. t Perhaps more correctly Preeclassvs.
116 AMERICAN JOURNAL
Review of the principal Zoological Systems.
The most striking peculiarity of animals, upon a superficial consideration, is the different organization depending on the various kinds of locomotion,—viz.: walking, creeping, flying and swimming, being in accordance with the elements of habita- tion. In the Genesis and Leviticus the animal kingdom is arranged in this popular manner :
I. The great land animals or beasts. a. The small or creeping land animals (Micromammalia, lizards).
II. The fowls, as the eagle, the ossifrage, &e. a. The fowls that creep, going upon all fours (Coleoptera), or b. Flying creeping things that goeth upon all fours, which have legs with which to leap upon the earth, as the locust and the bald locust, the beetle and grasshopper.
Ill. Fishes, which are divided into the whales or great monsters of the sea (sharks). a. Fishes with scales and fins. 6. Fishes without scales and fins (Mollusca, Worms).
This arrangement, probably Egyptian, has the same claim to the name of a system as that of Aristotle, chiefly as it was adopted by Charleton. Klein even quoted it as an authority in opposition to the Linnean system, as the Roman clergy and others used the naive history of the creation against the doctrines of modern astronomy and geology.
Aristotle divided the animal kingdom according to the internal structure, independently of their locomotive organs, into ¢yéeuata and dyésyaca which were adopted by Cuvier under the less erro- neous names red- and white-blooded animals, changed again by Lamarck to the names generally now used—Vertebrata and Evertebrata. Aristotle divided the Vertebrata on the same erroneous principles as Moses, using the number of legs as the principal base for the secondary divisions.
Ray (1693) divided the Vertebrata according to the structure of the heart and respiratory organs. In this manner the Ceta- cea were united to the Quadrupeds or Mammalia, and the rep- tiles removed below the birds. This arrangement was not adopted by Linné before the year 1758,* in his fourth edition of the Systema Natura, generally called the tenth.
Cuvier (1799) arranged the orders of the Mammalia chiefly
* Brisson used it perhaps in 1756.
OF CONCHOLOGY. 117
according to the locomotive organs, placing the whales lowest, next to the Pinnipedia; the rest being arranged according to the development of the prehensile power of the locomotive organs.
Owens’ system of the Mammalia, according to the generative organs in Placentalia and Aplacentalia, reduced suddenly the value of the locomotive organs as characters for higher divisions ; placing the Whales over the Marsupialia, many of which have prehensile limbs. But a still greater revolution, corresponding to that called forth by Ray, was the same author’s division ac- cording to the anatomy of the brain (Gyrencephala, Lissen- cephala), by which the Bruta, Cheiroptera, Insectivora and Rodentia were removed below the Cetacea, close to the Marsu- pialia.
The locomotive organs, chiefly the legs, are still generally considered as a natural base for the arrangement of the birds, being in accordance with their buccal parts. The little import- ance of the locomotive organs in the reptiles and fishes as char- acters for superior divisions, has long since been proved. The Lophobranchii are generally considered more allied to the fishes than to the Amphibians, although they have scarcely more pro- perties in common with the former than the fins, as in the whales.
According to Prof. Owen, the Lophobranchii, like the higher animals, have a distinct thorax and abdomen; the skull approxi- mates more nearly to the type of cranial organization in the lower forms of reptiles. Digestive and reproductive organs are like those of the Amphibians. The respiratory organs are quite different from those of the Teliosts, or true fishes, but agree with those of the Amphibians chiefly in the young state. It seems therefore probable that the Amphibians may be restored in the original Linnean sense, as accidentally founded on an erroneous observation of Dr. Garden.
A close comparison by competent naturalists of the following three series would at once prove the true relations between the oceanic and terrestrial orders:
1. Pachydermata. | 1. Batrachia. 1. Patella. 2. Sirenia. 2. Ichthyodea. 2. Dentalia. 3. Cetacea. 3. Lophobranchia. | 8, Cephalopoda.
Among Arthropoda the number of the locomotive organs is still considered the principal base for the classes; it is only lately that the apterous hexapod insects are put in their due place according to their oral parts, and the Myriopoda degraded to an order of Crustacea. The Molluscan system is generally
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based on the locomotive organs, the Gasteropoda corresponding nearly to Anthropoda among Articulata, and Pedata of Klein among Vertebrata.
On the Natural System.
Linné first showed clearly the difference between the synopti- cal method and the natural system.
‘‘ Synoptica divisio seculo, xvi. and xviii. maxims in usu fuit.”’
‘* Systematica vero seculo, xvill. preecipue exculto fuit, incepta a Tournefortio and Rivino.’’ Phil. Bot. § 153.
‘‘Methodus naturalis est ultimus finis Botanices.’’ Ib. § 168.
In attributing the titles of rank of the systematic divisions, and indicating their relative superiority or inferiority, Linne, like most modern authors, was simply guided by instinct, but in a manner which showed his lofty systematie genius, which al- ways guided him in finding the method closest allied to the natural system. ‘Naturalis znsténetus docet nosce primum proxima et ultimo minutissimo, ej. Homines, Quadrupedia, Aves, Pisces, Insecta, Acaros, vel primum majores plantas, ultimo mi- nimos Muscos.’’ Phil. Bot. § 153.
‘* Methodici summi methodo mathematica, in scientia naturali, a simplicioribus ad composita adscendunt, adeogue in cepere ab Algis, Muscis, Fungis, uti Rajus, Boerhaaisus, Xc.
“« Natura non facit saltus.’’ Phil. Bot. § 153.
“Facies externa vulgo a Botanicis antea dictus est habitus. Listerus et Linneus egregie ex habitu conchyliorum divinarunt earundem affinitates, ut ipsi Systematica seepius deflexerint, ubi habitus recta duxerat.’’ Ib. § 163.
“ Fructificatio (dentes linguales*) recentiorum inventum, viam primario apemit ad methodum naturalem, sed nec hoe etiamnum ita intelligitur, ut omnes classes delegat. Habitus, uti in Quad- rupedibus distinguit Feris a Pecoribus quamvis dentes non respi- cerentur; sic etiam in plantis seepe harum ordines naturales primo intuitu manifestat.” Phil. Bot. § 163.
These are the principal systematic principles of Linne. Linne knew well that the organic creation was not to be arranged in a single line from man to the monad, as Bonnet believed, —viz. :
‘‘ Natura ipsa sociat et conjungit Lapides et Plantas, Plantas et Animalia; hoc faciendo non connectit perfectissimas Plantas cum Animalibus maxime imperfectis dictis, sed imperfecta Ani- malia et imperfectas Plantas combinat, e. gr. Lerneum, Animal- culum et Confervam Algam. Spongiam Algam et Corallia Ani- malia; Tgeniam, Conferva marticulatam, Corallinam.” Ib. § 153.
* The botanical names are changed to conchological.
OF CONCHOLOGY. 119
This principle is one of the most important in comparative Taxonomy, although overlooked by most naturalists; but it must be extended to every higher division. Thus, the ducks do not follow the Ornithorynchus, but the birds, which are most different from Mammalia. Among Articulata the lobsters, not- withstanding their gills, do not follow the fishes.
On the Physiophilosophical Systems.
The chaotic assemblage of new species brought together from all parts of the world by the successors of Linné caused several philosophical naturalists to believe that the organic world was subject to certain laws, like the inorganic world. This merely indistinct thought is thus expressed by Swainson (1. ¢. p. 819): ‘‘ No one who believes in the existence of an omnipotent Crea- tor, can suppose for a moment that the innumerable beings which he has created were formed without a plan.”
Oken* showed (1802) first that the animals must be arranged according to principles, and not according to characters. Oken considered thus the animal kingdom as a dissected human body. The classes are the special representations in living forms of the highest beings in creation, as Mammalia (sense animals), birds (nerve animals), reptiles (muscle animals), fishes (bone animals). This system, founded more on an ingenious idea than on znde- pendent inquiry, may perhaps be partly right, although the state of zoology at that time made it impossible to prove its correct- ness.
The circular theory of Friis and Mac Leay was no doubt borrowed from astronomy, and is a lamentable example of what prejudiced opinions can bring men of great learning “ to dis- cover.” The following is an example of a circle of affinity : ale Birds, Quadrupeds, (Whales) Fishes, Frogs, Reptiles, (Tortoises)"Penguins.f Analogies{ of the most different degrees are here confounded with affinities, although it is one of Mac Leay’s and Swainson’s greatest merits to have shown the im- portance, in systematic zoology, clearly to distinguish between analogy and affinity. The labors of Friis and Mac Leay are
‘only intelligible to mycologists and entomologists, being founded on comparatively small groups; therefore, Swainson’s works may be consulted by those who require knowledge of Mac Leay’s doctrines.
* A cassiz’ essay on Classification in the Natural History of the United States, contains the most extensive history of classification.
+ Or Struthions—Birds, Kangaroos, Armadilloes, Tortoises, Boas, Tigers, Seals, Whales, Fishes.
t Recurrent forms, of Collingwood ‘‘On Recurrent Animal Forms,” Annals and Mag. of N. H. August, 1860, p. 83.
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W. Swainson has the merit of introducing a truly scientific method of determining the values and relative ranks of the vari- ous zoological divisions, although the manner in which he fol- lowed his own rules proved erroneous in most instances, not be- ing based sufficiently on anatomical inquiries, at that time in their first infancy. The following rules of Swainson appear to me to be the most important.
‘The true rank of a natural group can only be detected by analysis and analogy ; and the more extensively these enquiries are carried into the neighboring groups the more likely are we to understand its true rank.’’*
3 ‘“‘The verifications of a natural group are three, (Sw. ib. p. 87.)
I. The circular series of its contents. IJ. The parallel relation of its parts to other groups.
III. The symbolical representation of the primary types of nature.
The first rule may be considered imaginary and entirely in opposition to the second.
The arrangement according to analogy in parallel series was first used by Oken and Agard, and may be considered the only true manner of natural arrangement. MacLeay considered the series as assuming a circle, but Swainson has explained it more fully.
How well Linné} understood the application of this arrange- ment to show the difference between affinity and analogy, is proved by his arrangement of the faculties of the human mind and the systematic terms of rank, but he did not consider it proper for the arbitrary system he was compelled to use for want of the natural system.
The third verification, the theory of representation, is con- sidered by Swainson the only certain test of a natural group. “ Every perfect group has its own typical and aberrant forms; and these are represented by the typical and aberrant forms in another perfect group. In tracing the analogy between two series of animals, we can never compare a typical group in one circle with an aberrant group in another.’’ ‘The latter sentence is exceedingly important and indispensable to any comparison, but frequently neglected.
* Swainson on classification, p. 169.
7 Syst. nature ed. xii. p. 11,13,17. Ameenitates academice, vii. p. 326. Philos. botanica, ¢ 155.
OF CONCHOLOGY. a
I. “The typical group contains the most perfectly organized animals.” (Sws. 1. c. p. 242. § 301 and 802.)
II. “Subtypical groups exhibit an intermediate character between typical and aberrant groups. They do not comprise the largest individuals in bulk, but always those which are the most powerfully armed, either for inflicting injury on their own class, for exciting terror, producing injury, &c.; they are
symbolically the types of evil and comparatively not very fer- tile.”
III. The aberrant groups depart much more from those which belong to pre-eminent types than these latter do from the sub- typical. The aberrant groups are naturally divided into three distinct types—aquatic, suctorial and rasorial—names used in ornithology, the only division of zoology wherein they have been accurately traced. These collectively form the aberrant circle of every group in the animal kingdom.
Expl. Typical. 1. Mammalia. 1. Unguiculata. 1. Rodentia. 1. Digitigrada. Subtyprcal. ) 2. Marsupialia. 2. Ungulata. 2. Insectivora. 2.- Plantigrada. Aberrant. 3. Birds. 3. Mutilata. 3. Cheiroptera. 3. Pinnigrada.
Typical : 1. ‘Ox;, Horse, Lion. Subtypical: 2. Bison, Zebra, Tiger. Aberrant: 3. Cat.
1. “The natatorial, aquatic or apod type; enormous bulk, the disproportionate size of the head and the absence or very slight development of the feet. Seize the food with the mouth alone.”’
Expl.—Aquatic Birds, Whales, Fishes, Acalepha, Cephalo-
poda, Elaniosauri.”
These characters are entirely dependent upon the physical properties of the water; a ship, for instance, can thus be con- structed much larger than a carriage or a balloon.
2. “The suctorial type; these are always the smallest in point of size, the mouth feeble and defenseless in structure, and the most defective in the organs of mastication. In such as belong to the vertebrated circle, the feet are always fully developed, for these animals are peculiarly active, and enjoy, in a remarkable degree, the power of running and leaping. | The head is always very small, generally prolonged into a pointed snout, and the mouth, as adapted for sucking, is uncommonly small ; in some few
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instances it is not, in fact, apparent. All animals belonging to this type are shy, and evince little or no offensive disposition ; but nature, as if to screen them from their enemies, has endowed them with great caution, uncommon vitality, and in many cases has protected them either with hard skin or a coating of bony armor. (Sws. p. 255.)
Expl.—Tennirostral type among birds, Gliriforms among Quadrupeds, Birds, Haustellata, Dasypus.
3. The rasorial type. These are, in general, remarkable for their size, being inferior only to the natatorial type. From these they are further to be distinguished by the strength and perfection of their feet, the toes of which are never united so as to be used for swimming. ‘This perfection, however, is of a very peculiar kind, since it is confined to the powers of walking on dry land, or of climbing among trees. This is the type so re- markable for the greatest development of tail; and of those ap- pendages, for ornament or defence, which decorate the head.
Hxpl._—Ruminantia, Gallinacea, Lamellicornia.
Swainson’s works contain numerous systematic observations of the highest’ value, but the general results are nearly always erroneous, chiefly because he overlooked the fact that Rasorial, Suctorial and Aquatic, in reality, are the same things as Typical, Subtypical and Aberrant. Of still greater consequence was it that Swainson did not observe that the Vertebrata form two dis- tinct series or, as he would call it, circles, and that the Marsu- pialia have the same claims to be considered a class as the Am- phibianis. The Quinary arrangement, discovered in 1817 by Macleay in considering ‘‘a small portion ’’ of Coleopterous Insects, was chiefly supported by this erroneous division of the Vertebrata in five classes. Quinaryism may be considered en- tirely arbitrary, although Friis, Oken* and DeCandolle indepen- dently found the same number to be the clue to all natural groups. Kaup} has advanced that not more than five species could be found in a subgenus “ only,’’ founding this law on the study of the Falconidz, but seems afterwards to have abandoned this theory in studying the graminivorous birds, probably discovering that ‘‘ nature seems to make up by number what she withholds in size,’ (Sws. 1. c. p. 245.)
Cuvier was the greatest adversary of the physiophilosophical classification, considering these researches as only idle specula- tions. It was chiefly against the doctrine of the homologies of the Vertebrate skeleton as put forth by Shelling, Oken and
* Chiefly founded on the five senses. } Archiv fir Naturg. 1851, 17, p.92. Isis 1847, p. 39.
OF CONCHOLOGY. 123
Geoffroy St. Hillaire, that his sneering satire was directed. This doctrine has now, chiefly through the labors of Prof. Owen, be- come universally adopted as one of the main principles of natural science. Perhaps the comparison of analogical species of different groups will some day take the same rank in the science.
On the embryological systems.
Redi and Schwammerdam founded, in 1669, a system for the lower animals according to their development, (chiefly of the Insects.) It was only in this century that the development of the marine animals became sufficiently known that it could serve as a base for a system.
M. Edwards,* Owen and Van Beneden, considered the develop- ment of an animal to indicate its place in the system, and that the various forms represented the different stages of fetal de- velopment. Later discoveries have, however, shown that animals nearly of the same genus have different modes of development, for instance Astacus, Homarus, Asteridz. The development proves only relative superiority and inferiority between animals of the same group and living under the same circumstances, but not the limits of higher systematic divisions. Marsupialia and Amphibia are very natural groups, although many of the former want the pouch, and the development of the young of the latter group is rather variable. Prof. Danaf has lately based a new classification on the different arrangement of the locomotive organs and introduced a corresponding nomenclature which may prove of great use if applied to Preeordines or to Subclasses, but not to higher divisions. Thus, Neuroptera are removed from Orthoptera to Pteroprosthenica (Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera) whilst Hemiptera are associated with Orthoptera and Coleoptera in the group Pterometasthenica, notwithstanding their oral parts !
On the guiding laws of zoological classification.
The principal aim of taxonomy is to decide the rank and rela- tive relations of the various systematic divisions. These relations are generally determined entirely arbitrarily, without reference to zoology in general; chiefly because most naturalists content themselves with studying single groups without comparison of the alterations and reciprocal relations of the organs throughout extensive suites. Great vitality or special development of a single organ are frequently erroneously considered characters of superiority chiefly among the lower animals, although a com
* An. Sc. Nat., 3 Ser. t. 2, 1844, p. 162. Owen Lectures, 1843. 7 The American Journal of Science and Arts, ix. p. 369.
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parison with the higher animals would prove the contrary. The following principles are those which I have found most useful_as a guide in systematic inquiries :
I. “ There is but one system, and that is to be read in nature, and was not devised by man. The essential divisions of that system cannot be arbitrary.” Agassiz on Classification, p. xix.
II. ‘‘ There will be no scientific evidence of God’s working in nature until naturalists have shown that the whole creation is the expression of a thought and not the product of physical agency.” Agassiz’ Lake Superior, 1850, p. 195.
Many varieties and subspecies owe no doubt their existence to the influence of exterior physical agents, but all higher divisions may be considered created in concordance with the physical cir- cumstances under which the individuals are destined to live; at least the contrary is not yet proved.
III. Each systematic division may be considered an indepen- dent body, whose subordinate divisions or parts may be arranged according to a common consequent plan in each Subkingdom.
Expl.—lf, for instance, the presence of a male organ or lungs is considered a character of superiority among Vertebrata, it must be so in the other Subkingdoms also, until the contrary can be proved.
IV. The greatest resemblance between two divisions is always found in the lowest species or groups of a series. The highest species cr group in a division is that which differs most from the lowest in the preceding division. ‘Thus only the lowest plants have locomotion and copulation (budding) in common with ani- mals. ‘*The highest plant, as a plant, is that which differs most from animals,” Buguoi. The struthious birds are not the highest birds, although most resembling the mammalia.
V. The relation between two divisions may be either direct or collateral*. The first kind may be indicated as superior or in- ferior, the latter kind of relation as macrosthenic and micro- sthenic.t Dana has proposed the following terms in place of superior and inferior, viz: Hypertypic (Homo), Alphatypic (Ca- tarrhina), Betatypic (Platyrhina), Gammatypic (Strepsirhina), Hypotypic (Carnivora) Hemitypic or Degenerative (Pinnigrada.)
Lzxpl.—Mammalia and Birds are macrosthenic ; Herpethia and
* Milne Edwards’ Sur la Classification Nat. des Animaux. An. des Sc. 1844, i. p. 80.
+ These terms are used herein a somewhat different sense from that originally proposed by Dana (American Journal of Science, &., 1863, vol. 36, p. 1.)
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Fishes microsthenic ; Placentalia and Reptilia are macrosthenic ; Aplacentalia and Amphibia microsthenic, &c.
VI. Each Subkingdom is founded on a different fundamental plan, which is modified in an analagous manner according to their manner of feeding and element of habitation.
Expl.—Talpa, Gryllotalpa, Lepidoptera, Birds; Fera, Carabi.
VII. The nervous system affords characters for distinguishing the Subkingdom ; but only among Mammalia is it sufficiently known to afford the base for Subclasses, (Gyrencephala, Lissen- cephala, Owen.) The Androgyna have among Mollusca the greatest number of nodules upon the nervous ring, which may be considered a character of superiority.
VIII. The plan of the circulatory system indicates the limits of the Prezeclasses, although it may undergo considerable degrada- tions, for instance, in Leptocardii, or even be wanting without the general plan of organization being changed in a considerable degree, as T'eniz among Platyhelmata, Rhizocephala among Crustacea.
IX. The generative organs afford characters indicating rela- tive rank aud probably the limits of the classes, but are not yet sufficiently investigated from a systematic point of view.
1. Sexes are separated, with external copulatory organs, which either are a male intromittent organ or an organ of re- tension, homologous with the locomotive organs.
2. The functions of both sexes are united in each individual. Male organ retractile, e.g. Hirudines, Lumbrici; Mollusca andro- gyna,* Platyhelmata.t
3. Sexes are separated, but without copulatory organs. Teli- osts, Acephala, Annelida.
4, Hermaphroditism is only a character of specific value. Serranus (Dufossé), Pecten (M. Edw.), Chrysaora (Derbes, Ar. Wright.)
X. The state in which animals produce their young is of the highest importance to distinguish the relative rank, although it rarely agrees exactly with the limits of divisions higher than orders. Not all the Marsupialia are provided with a pouch. Not all the Batrachians have the same manner of development, but still it is one of the fundamental characters of the division.
* The male organ of Pulmonata can scarcely be considered an intro mittent organ, as it only serves as an organ of retension, whilst the sper- matophores are mutually introduced.
+ The Lemniscus of Owen may be considered the male organ.
2
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1. The young are born in a helpless state (often blind) but the parents are able to nurse and educate their progeny. Educabilia (Bonap.), Mammalia; Altrices,* Owen, among Birds.
Among the lower animals nursing is probably replaced by metamorphosis. The animals which are nursed with the greatest care, or undergo the greatest number of phases in their develop- ment, may be considered the highest in their respective classes, e. g., Coleoptera among Mandibulata, Hymenoptera and Lepi- doptera among [austellata.
Metamorphosis through a nurse may be considered as indica- ting inferiority of the adult state.
2. The young make their appearance ina state of adolescence (freely moving) and need no metamorphosis to reach the mature state. This kind of propagation may be considered a character of inferiority.
Expl.—Ineducabilia (Bonap.) among Mammalia, Przecoces (Owen) among Birds, Ametabola among Mandibulata and Haus- tellata.
Propagation by budding is a character of inferiority, e. g., Aphides, Tunicata, Bryozoa, Acalepha.
XI. The different kinds of food and the manner in which it is
seized and prepared afford the principal characters limiting orders and families.
I. Manducabilia, which divide the food in morsels.
1. Zoophaga, animals which have means of catching and kill- ing other animals; only few divisions are composed of species living exclusively upon animal food. (Ursus, Zabrus.)
2. Necrophaga; feeding upon dead bodies is a character of inferiority and indicates only the limits of families. Carnivora are generally considered the highest in their respective divisions, as it requires considerable skill in catching their prey; yet the frugivorous and insectivorus, Quadrumana and Scansores are con- sidered superior to the carnivorous groups.
3. Insectivora and Frugivora are very natural groups among Quadrumana, Bats, Edentata, Scansores, Xe.
4, Phytophaga, feeding upon vegetable matter, chiefly leaves, e.g., Ungulata, Lamellicornia, Helicea, which contains the largest terrestrial forms.
*Gymnogenous. Hestogenous of Newman (Proc. of the Zool. Soc., 1850, p.46.) These divisions are not analogous to Placentalia and Apla- centalia, which probably are not represented in birds, unless the habit of Sthruthious birds depositing some eggs for food of the young, may be considered an analogy of marsupialism.
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II. Suctorial. Live either on vegetable or animal juices. Haus- tellata, Rhachiglossata, Toxoglossata, and, according to Swainson, most birds. Agassiz considers the suctorial in- sects superior to the mandibular. (Am. Journ. of Science, 1850, p. 383.)
Cataphages swallow the food entire, as most fishes, Acephala Actiniz.
The teeth are chiefly destined to divide the food in morsels, but are often only prehensile organs. The want of teeth is counterbalanced by the muscular structure of the intestinal channel (Birds), by hard plates in the stomach (Bulla, Gryllo- talpa), or by swallowing purposely gravel for triturating the food (Myrmecophaga, Sthruthio), or unusually strongly de- veloped salivary glands and liver. The want of teeth is only of generic value,—e. g., Myrmecophaga, Balena, Cirroteuthis, Doridopsis, Thetys, Odostomia. The teeth are probably always present in quite young animals (e. g., Baleena, Odobana), and are lost in the adult state.’ No example to the contrary is as yet known.
XII. According to the elements in which animals live, they are either Terrestrial (Arial) or Aquatic.
Lungs and gills afford no limits for the higher systematic di- visions, but only relative rank.
1. Perterrestrial (Dana) live in all stages of their life upon land, and are nearly exclusively pulmonary (Cyclostoma).
a. Arboreal or scansoreal, with prehensile organs,—hands, tail, or suckers, (Quadrumana, Bradypus, Chameleo, Hyla, Limax).
f. Rasorial, Ungulata, Gallinacea.
7. Cursores.
0. Saltatores (Halmathurus Rana, Locusta Strombus, Onus- tus).
) Herpetometra (Geometra, Pedipes, Stoastoma).
¢. Repentes, Serpentes, Gastrzeopoda.
7. Fodientia, Talpa, Gryllotalpa.
c. Voliantia (Birds, Bats, most Insects).
Divisions composed of flying animals are always analogous to divisions containing swimming animals. Locomotion in air and water is performed in an analogous manner (Birds, Fishes, Bats, Seals).
2. Semiterrestrial animals undergo their first metamorphosis in the water, or are much dependent upon water; Rana,
Auricula. Amphibious animals are, according to their respiratory organs,
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aquatic, but live along time in the air; Anabas, Land-crabs, Anthocole, Hirudines, Neritina, Littorina.
Endoparasites (Entozoa), living in the juices of terrestrial animals, or burrowing in their tissues, may be considered aquatic animals.
3. Aguatalia, animals whose existence entirely depends on water; Fishes, Crustacea, Worms, Branchiferus Mollusca.
Pelagic animals are generally gelatinous, pellucid, and need in most cases no hard covering, as they rarely come in contact with hard bodies; except species living on sea-weeds, which may be considered islanders. They are either swimming, as Cepha- lopoda, Acalepha, Pteropoda, Heteropoda, or floating, as Jan- thina, finless Heteropoda, Sagitta and Salpee.
‘In comparing animals of the same natural group, we always find the terrestrial to be more perfectly organized than the aquatic.”’"—McLeay. Agassiz has treated this question most elaborately in a paper entitled ‘“‘ The Natural Relations between Animals and the Elements in which they live.’’*
XIII. Zoogeographical provinces and geological periods afford some of the safest guides in discovering natural affinity. Ter- restrial and fluviatile animals are often divided according to their habitation in the old and new world, into very natural groups,—e. g., Quadrumana, Scansores, Marsupialia, Kdentata, Humivage. Nearly all divisions of land and fresh water Mol- lusca agree with zoogeographical provinces.| ‘The circumpolar regions show no notable difference between species, being in- habited by closely allied species of the same genera.
Swainson has first pointed out that the typical groups in each division are European.{ The reason cannot be that the European species are more familiar to most authors, but, in reality, animals of the new world have nearly always characters considered to indicate inferiority ; for instance, the long tails of American Monkeys and Parrots; greater number of teeth of Platyrhina. ‘Tropical forms stand generally highest in their respective classes.’ —Agassiz, ]. c. p. 121. “Species of generally cold climes are inferior.’’-—Dana, Am. Journ. of Science, 1863, p. 330. No mammal with a thumb is found in the northern hemi- sphere (Kaup). Alf. De Candolle considers the lower plants more widely distributed than the higher ones, but this arises
* American Journal of Science and Arts, ix. 1850, p. 369, and Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist.
t+ Mérch, Malacozoologische Blatter, 1859, p. 102. Journal de Con- chyliologie, 1865, p. 265.
} Europe is in zoogeographical respect limited by Sahara and Hima- laya. Palearctic region of Glinther.
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probably from the circumstance that lower organisms offer fewer specific characters.
The marine animals are less influenced by the continents than the terrestrial are. Thus the Atlantic coast of the old world has nearly all the genera represented in closely allied species on both sides of America. Many West Indian species are exceed- ingly difficult to distinguish from East Indian. The same rela- tion is to be seen among species of the faunas of different geolo- gical periods. Agassiz* has chiefly shown the relation of the fossil forms to the living, and introduced a particular nomen- clature.
Prophetic types indicate the relations between Ichthyosaurust and Cetacea, or between Pterodactylus and Bats of the present era; but this resemblance is scarcely anything but common analogy, like the relation between Testudo and Dasypus, Xe. This expression must therefore be ‘understood in the manner that the Ichthyosauri performed in the Liasic period the same part in the house-keeping of nature as the Dolphins or Seals in the present sea.
Embryonic types (Ag.) indicate the relation between Mastodon and Elephant, Pentacrinus and Antedon, Sertularians and Me- dusze.
Hypembryonie types (Ag.) indicate animals with embryonic characters strongly developed, as the webbed hands of Bats and Seals.
XIV. According to the time in which animals seek their food, are several very natural groups established, chiefly characterized by the construction of the eyes and the colors of the body. Ferze, Rapaces, Fissirostres, Lepidoptera are thus divided into Diurnal, Crepuscular and Nocturnal. The latter division may - always be considered the lowest in rank.
XV. The different means of protection against attack of enemies or injuries from physical causes, offer often a good guide to distinguish relative rank.
1. Defensive arms, which are also used as offensive weapons : teeth, claws, hoofs, horns, bills, poison-darts, cnidze of Actiniz,t{ pedicellaria of Echinodermata, aviculariz of Bryozoa.§$
* On the difference between Progressive, Embryonic and Prophetic Types.—Am. Ass. Adv. Sc. 1849, p 432.
+ As these animals have four limbs, the analogy is perhaps still closer to the seals.
{ The cnidz, or urticating filaments of the Eolide, appear to be quasi-foecal collections of the thread cells of the Hydractiniw (Str. Wright, Quar. Journ. of Microsc. Science, 1863, vol. 3, p. 52), reminding one of the hair-balls of animals of prey, some Insectivora, as the Cuckoo,
2 F. A. Smith, Ofversigt af Kgl. vel. Acad. Forh., Stockholm, 1865.
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2. Strongly developed senses to discover the danger, and swiftness of movement in order to avoid the attack of enemies ; nocturnal or spelunchal habits.
3. Hard covering of the skin, as Dasypus, Testudo, Ostracion, shells of Mollusca and Echinodermata, or spines, as Erinaceus, Hystrix, Diodon, Murex, Echinus, &c.
4, Forming nests or cells for the protection of the offspring ; digging holes, or forming tubes, as the larva of Phryganea, or the shell of the female Argonauta. The difference between con- structions formed by the mouth or by the skin seems not to be very considerable.
5. By imitation of the colors of the ground where they live: moulting polar animals, most Insects; or by shape resembling lifeless bodies, as twigs (Phasme, larva of Geometre).
6. Great fertility, by which the species is protected from de- struction, but is a proof that the individual is not provided with skill to provide for its offspring: Entozoa, Plants.
The want of hard protective skin or caleareous plates may in general be considered a character of superiority. The greatest number of species with hard covering is found among the lowest classes of the Vertebrata: Reptilia and Fishes. Among Mol- Jusca all the Diat cardia are provided with a shell or tube. Among Exophillia a few (pelagic!) Heteropoda and Onchidiop- sis only are naked.
The Androgyna offer the greatest number of naked forms; as Aplysiz, Gymnobranchia, Pellibranchia, and the only naked terrestrial Mollusca (Limax, Veronicella, &e.) Among Cepha- lopoda, the Tetrabranchiata, which are provided with the most developed shells, are considered the lowest. It seems, therefore, that in general, species which need no hard protecting covering are of a superior stamp, if they are not degenerative forms pro- tected by the means indicated under 6.
Expl. 1. Limax. Aplysia. Octopi. Holothuriz. Bradypus. Sphargis. 2. Vitrina. Philine. Dibranchiata. Echini. Manis. Chelonia 3. Helix. Bulla. Tetrabranchiata. Crinoidea. Dasypus. Testudo.
The naked Mollusca appear always to be the largest in size in their respective groups.
XVI. The degree of mutual dependence of individuals affords good characters for indicating relative rank.
1. Individuals free, never attached or radiated (holozoic Dana).
a, Living in pairs, taking charge of their young.
OF CONCHOLOGY. 181
8. Living in herds ; polygamous (Ruminantia, Gallinacea).
0. Living together in colonies bound together by instinct. The nursing of the young and the defence of the colony is often pur- veyed by a sexual individual, which seems to indicate a defective organization of the sexual individuals (Hymenoptera).
y. Thytoid colonies, composed of individuals united together bodily, and performing various duties ; feeding, generating, de- fence.
¢. Colonies in which some of the individuals are reduced to organs: Zoites, Zonites, Duges,* Teenie, Hydra, Worms, Acephala.
XVII. According to the form of the body, L. Glaser} has distinguished two principal forms: ¢nvolute animals (as Mam- malia, Reptilia, Mollusca), and evolute animals (as Birds, Fishes, Insects, Zoophytes). The classes of the former division are al- ways the highest in their respective series, although they exter- nally are of less importance in appearance. The Mole, e. g., looks externally more degenerated than any bird. The same is to be observed relative to Ceecilia and Amphisbeena, in opposi- tion to Fishes.
1. Latero symmetrical animals, with the intestinal generative openings in the median line. Vertebrata, Insecta, Crustacea, Acephala, Cephalopoda, Chitons, have lateral generative open- ings. All spiral Mollusca have the anus, urethral, generative and respiratory openings lateral, except Onchis, which have only the male organ lateral.
Danat has formed the following nomenclature, according to the position of the locomotive organs: Prosthenic (Birds, Hy- menoptera, Lepidoptera); Methasthenic (gallinaceous Birds, Coleoptera) ; Urosthenic (Thysanura).
2. Radiated animals are—
a. Free (Anthoidea), in most directions symmetrical (Medusa), or only apparently radiated symmetrical: Echinodermata, Cephalopoda.
8. Dendroid or phytoid forms are always aquatic.
XVII. According to size, the higher animals offer the largest individuals, and never so minute as the lower; but the largest: species are never the highest in rank in their respective classes. Aquatic and paludestrine animals are always larger than terres- trial or arboreal. Insectivora and Carnivora can never reach
* Conformités Organiques Lam., ed. 2, p. 53. 7 L. Glaser, Isis, 1842, p. 6. t Dana, Am. Journ. of Science, 1863, p. 321.
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the size of Phytophaga. Enhydra Odobcena; Succinea oblonga, S. amphibia.
Among cold-blooded terrestrial animals, the largest species are always tropical, although the largest Mollusca in general are tropical—( 7’ridacna, Cassis, Fusus incisus, Martyn) ; this is, however, not the case in each family ; thus the largest Solen, Modiola, Plagiostoma, Pecten, Haliotis, or Mytilus are found in sub-polar seas. ‘The Mediterranean, although only a sub-tropi- cal sea, offers species much larger than the truly tropical seas, as Ranella, Pinna. ‘ Animals whose chief metropolis is in a temperate climate, become smaller when they extend their limits into a warmer region, and vice versa.’’—Sws. on Classification,
p. 285.*
XIX. “ Multiplicity of organs indicates inferiority in struc- ture.”’—Owen. Hexapods are inferior to Quadrupeds—Multi- peds inferior to Hexapods. Suckers of Echinodermata may be considered the lowest kind of locomotive organs; Polyommatous inferior to binocular.
XX. Color and its various patterns offers some of the most important means of distinguishing species, and even genera. The same color is often common to animals of the most different orders and classes living in the same province.t The land shells in the rainless regions are thus always white. The Tro- choidea in the Chilian province are predominately black. The oceanic animals are nearly all bluish and pellucid. Whether the different colors indicate relative superiority or inferiority, is not yet made out. Okent considers the yellow color of flowers to indicate inferiority. The following table shows the concordance of the colors with the form in various families of shells:
1. Spondylus. Pterocera, Ranella, Melo. Harpa. Desmoulea. 2. Pecten. Strombus. Cyprea. Triton. Voluta. Oliva. Nassa. 3. Lima. Rostellaria. Ovula. Distorsio. Yetus. Ancillaria. Bullia,
The third line contains genera with unicolor species, com- paratively few in number; but nearly every three species are established as a subgenus.
The second line affords genera very numerous in species with a variegated pattern, and very difficult to divide into natural subgenera.
The genera in the first line are composed of species few in number, generally with undulated lines, and often spinous.
* And Jeffrey’s British Mollusca.
+ Synontological Relations of Lorenz Wiener, Sitzungsbericht, 1858, eg.
t Oken, Naturphilosophie, p. 188.
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ON GREEN OYSTERS.
BY ARTHUR W. E. 0’ SHAUGHNESSY,, OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM.
From Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Vol. XVIII., No. 105. London, Sept., 1866, page 221.
Pliny tells us of red oysters being found in Spain, of others of a tawny hue in Illyricum, and of black ones at Circeii, the latter being, he says, black, both in meat and shell. Moreover, these black oysters seem to have borne the palm of excellence in ancient times, being mentioned by various writers, amongst whom we may cite Horace; and, in spite of Mucianus, who tries hard to puff the oysters of Cyzicus as “larger than those of Lake Lucrinus, fresher than those of the British coasts, sweeter than those of Medullz, more tasty than those of Ephesus, more plump than those of Lucus, less slimy than those of Coryphas, more delicate than those of Istria, and whiter than those of Circeii,”’ Pliny records it as an ascertained fact that there were no oysters fresher or more delicate than those of Circeii. So much for black oysters, which we have never seen, and do not wish to deal with at present. Green oysters seem to be a more modern invention, and, as far as we can learn, are, in many cases, thoroughbred ‘“‘ young natives’’—that is, Britishers, which appear to have made a rather unfavorable impression on the palates of our neighbors across the channel.
Some time ago, a considerable excitement was created in France by the story of certain luckless individuals, who, having eaten of poisonous green oysters in the market at Rochefort, suffered accordingly. Upon inquiry, it was found that these oysters came from Marennes, on the west coast of France. Now, Marennes has long been famous for green oysters ; but, by the united exertions of the Mayor of Marennes and his Secre- tary, M. Bourricaud, the fact was elicited that poisonous green oysters came from Falmouth, in Cornwall. In a letter to the
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“ Moniteur’’ on this subject, M. Bourricaud showed how “the enormously-increased demand for the green oysters of Marennes, so justly renowned for their delicacy, had rendered the oyster banks of that coast insufficient to supply the beds;” how, under these circumstances, it had become necessary to have recourse to Spain, Brittany, England and Ireland; and how the young natives from Falmouth were not deemed presentable until they had been subjected to about six months’ sojourn in the com- pany of their French brethren. Coming, after this prefatory information, to the case in point, he related how a certain tradesman, actuated by the lawless desire of premature ag- grandizement, had been guilty of selling, in the market of Rochefort, oysters from Falmouth, which had remained only three weeks in the French beds. By a prompt analysis of the remaining individuals belonging to this poisonous batch of oysters, made by M. Cuzent, it was found that an average of “twenty-three centigrammes (about 34 grains) of salt of copper was yielded by a dozen of these oysters ’’—a dose which, as M. Crosse remarks in the “Journal de Conchyliologie,” is more than sufficient to account for the evil effects which are said to have manifested themselves.
The presence of so extraordinary a product as copper in these oysters was soon accounted for by the discovery that the part of the Bay of Falmouth whence they were brought was in the immediate vicinity of a mine of copper, then in process of working. The waters which continually washed the bank being strongly impregnated with the salts of copper, communicated a similar seasoning to the oysters, which, thanks to their obtuseness of organization, seem to have been very little affected by it themselves, and to have become in some sort acclimatized.
Very different, however, was the effect produced on the un- suspecting dupes of the Rochefort merchant. According to all accounts, it would appear to have been a veritable case of poisoning, although, we believe, fatal consequences were averted; and, in spite of the assurances of M. Bourricaud, that a ‘“‘complete poisoning’’ by means of these oysters would
_be impossible, we agree with the editor of the ‘‘ Journal de Con- chyliologie,” that an incomplete one is a sufficiently disagreeable affair.
In order to ascertain the presence of copper in the oyster, M. Cuzent recommends that a sufficient quantity of pure ammo- nia be poured upon the flesh, which will soon declare its poison- ous qualities by assuming the dark blue tint which distinguishes ammoniacal salts of copper. Another method is to plunge a sewing-needle into the green parts of the oyster, and immerse
OF CONCHOLOGY. BS |
it, so transfixed, in vinegar. In a few seconds the parts of the needle in contact with the flesh will become covered with a coat- ing of red copper reduced to the metallic state. It appears that an oyster in which the green tint is peculiarly clear is especially to be avoided, while those which are of a bluish green color are not only fit to eat, but are considered very choice.
Now, the green tint frequently observable in the oyster has attracted the attention of scientific men from time to time, long before the serious occurrences just mentioned, which took place in the spring of 1862; and it would seem that, in nearly all the cases on record in which fatal consequences have followed their use as an article of food, there is reason to suspect that copper has been the chief cause of the evil.
So far back as the year 1713, mention is made of a certain luxurious supper, given by an ambassador at the Hague, who, in order that no delicacies might be wanting, procured green oysters from England. All who ate of them are said to have been immediately seized with severe colics, and to have been cured with great difficulty. Lentilius, on whose authority this account rests, states that it was afterwards ascertained that the merchant, whom he anathematizes with his whole race, had palmed upon the ambassador some common oysters, tinted with copper, for the true greens.*
Another case is recorded by Dr. Chisholm in the ‘‘ Edinburgh Medical and Surgical Journal,’ Vol. IV., p. 400. He was informed by Mr. William Newton, of St. Croix, that some time after the British frigate ‘“‘ Santa Monica ’’ was cast away on the coast of the Island of St. John, (one of the Virgin Islands,) oysters grew on her bottom, which was coppered. Many people ate of those oysters, and, although the consequence was in no case fatal, it was dangerous, and unpleasant in a very great degree, producing cholera and excruciating torment.
With regard to those oysters in which the green tint is not due to any such deleterious cause, but, on the contrary, rather enhances their value as a delicacy, many very different explana- tions have been offered of the manner in which that color is acquired. It has been said that the water in the artificial beds, remaining stagnant in warm weather, becomes green, and soon communicates the same color to the oysters themselves ; and Dr. Johnston, speaking of the French oysters, says that, in order to communicate to them a green color, which, as with us, enhances their value in the market and in the estimation of the epicure, they are placed for a time in tanks or “ parks,” formed in par-
* Dr. Johnston’s “ Introduction to Conchology,” p. 19.
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ticular places near high-water mark, and into which the sea can be admitted at pleasure by means of sluices; the water being kept shallow, and left at rest, is favorable to the growth of the green Confervze and Ulve; and with these there are generated at the same time innumerable minute crustaceous animalcules which serve the oysters for food, and tincture their flesh with the desirable hue. le
In 1820, M. Benjamin Gaillon made a series of observations upon this subject, which he communicated to the Académie des Sciences de Rouen, and which led him to the conclusion that the green color of oysters is due to the absorption of microscopic animalcules allied to the Vibrio tripunctatus of Miiller, for which he proposed the name of Vibrio ostrearius. These crea- tures he described as gelatinous, linear in shape, pointed at the extremities, rounded in the middle, being also contractile in that part, and charged with a quantity of green fluid. He says that they inhabit the water of the tanks or “parks,” in which the oysters are preserved, in such immense abundance at certain seasons of the year, that they can only be compared to the grains of dust which rise in clouds, and obscure the air in dusty weather.
In a resumé of his observations on this subject, which he con- tributed to the ‘Journal de Physique,” Tome XCI., (1820,) p. 222, he observes that the change of color takes place only in the ‘parks ”’ or reservoirs of salt water, where the oysters are kept on being brought from the sea. These “ parks,’’ which are about 4 feet in depth, 200 to 250 feet in length, by about 50 feet in breadth, are capable of containing from 500,000 to 600,000 oysters: such are those of Marennes, Oleron, Cour- seulles, Caen, Havre, Dieppe, Treport, &&. At certain seasons of the year, particularly from April to June, and again in Sep- tember, the water becomes, in some of these reservoirs, of a dark green tint; even the small. stones at the bottom of the tanks are covered with small green points or excrescences. Then, says M. Gaillon, the oysters which are destined to assume the same color are placed, with great care, one by one and side by side, in order that none may rest upon any of the others, and the supply of fresh currents of water is suspended for a longer or shorter period, according to the required intensity of the green.
M. Gaillon rejects the supposition that the change of color is the result of disease, on the ground that, having compared the green oysters with those of the normal tint, he found all the organs quite as healthy in the former as in the latter.
To the opinion which has often been entertaincd, that the
_OF CONCHOLOGY. 137
green color is due to the numerous minute particles of marine plants which either themselves form the food of the oyster or communicate their color to the water absorbed by it, he objects that the plants which most commonly find their way into the reservoirs are the Ulva compressa and the Conferva littoralis, which are known to turn yellow with age, and which, if macer- ated and left for several days in jars of salt or even fresh water, will not communicate the least tint of green to the fluid, whereas both the mouth and stomach of the oyster are totally unfitted for such food as Ulvee or Conferve.
By the aid of the microscope, M. Gaillon discovered that the little green excrescences with which the stones at the bottom of the tank were constantly studded were nothing more than a heap of the tiny animalcules which filled the water in myriads, and which, when thus collected together in a lump, become visible to the naked eye. He says that, on placing a drop of the water under the microscope, he perceived thousands of Vibrios sporting about with every possible kind of motion— sometimes with a sudden jerk or impulsion forwards or back- wards, sometimes spinning round on their own axis, like the needle of a compass, sometimes standing straight upon one end, or darting off with astonishing velocity at some other animal- cule, and sticking one of their pointed extremities into him, as if it were a lance.
That the green color which makes its appearance in the oyster is really due to the absorption of these living atoms, M. Gaillon has expressed his firm conviction, both in the ‘ Journal de Physique,” above cited, and in the “* Memoirs of the Linnzean Society of Calvados.” He assures us that as soon as the fresh water is again allowed to have free access to the reservoir, the oysters gradually lose both the green hue and the altered flavor which accompany it, although they are sometimes so thoroughly impregnated with the green matter, that they do not quite lose it even in the winter, consequently long after the disappearance of the Vibrios; there is, however, a gradual and _ sensible diminution in the tint. It is this duration of the green color so long after the animalcules have ceased to exist, says M. Gaillon, which accounts for the assertion that green oysters may be obtained all the year round. Those, he observes, who have never witnessed the intensity of the color at certain seasons of the year would probably designate as green oysters any which showed the faintest remnant of that tint. According to all observers, it is the region of the branchie or gills which ex- hibits this peculiarity the most strikingly. Now, M. Gaillon assures us, from having examined these organs with the micro-
138 AMERICAN JOURNAL
scope, and compared the orifices of the tubular filaments with the size of the animalcules, that the latter could not possibly enter the system of the oyster in that region.
Perhaps one of the most significant facts recorded by M. Gaillon, as the result of his laborious observations, is that, at different seasons of the year, the water of the oyster ‘park ”’ presents very different tints, being sometimes brown, at others green or yellow, both the brown and the yellow being equally the result of the abundant presence of microscopical animalcules of a different species from the green Vibrio ostrearius. The brown species, we are told, has as striking an effect on the color of the oyster as the green one, and greatly improves its flavor ; whereas the yellow are considered prejudicial.
With reference to these so-called animalcules, we need scarcely state that the atoms hitherto referred to the genus Vibrio are now recognized as being of a vegetable nature. The species ostrearius appears in the last edition of Pritchard’s work on the Infusoria as a Navicula.
In spite of the detailed observations and experiments of M. Gaillon, we find M. Valenciennes remarking, at the commence- ment of a paper on the same subject in the ‘‘ Comptes Rendus de Académie des Sciences”’ for 1841: “On sait combien les explications données jusqu’ a ce jour sur la coloration des huitres laissent encore a désirer.”’ The object of this paper is to prove that the green color is due to an animal matter which must be quite distinct from all green organic substances hitherto known.
M. Valenciennes says that the only externally visible organs which display this color are the four leaflets of the branchie. On lifting the upper part of the mantle, the inner surface of the labial palps alone appear colored; and on extending the ex- amination to the internal organs, the intestinal canal beyond the stomach is seen to be of a bright green color. The liver is of a blackish green tint instead of the usual red; but neither the muscles, heart, nor even the juices of the body exhibit any change of color.
According to M. Valenciennes, the coloring matter offers no- thing remarkable when viewed under the microscope; but when examined chemically it is found to possess certain properties which led him tothe conclusion above quoted. His observations were made on the large green oysters of Marennes ; but he says that like results have followed the application of the same chemi- cal tests to the so-called green oysters of Ostend, which are less strongly colored.
M. Dumas made some experiments in order to discover if the green matter might not owe much of its color to Prussian blue
OF CONCHOLOGY. 139
The result is stated to have been in the negative. However conclusive the observations of M. Valenciennes may appear, Prof. Bizio, in a memoir read before the Institute of Venice in the year 1845, calls attention to the fact that some ten years previously he demonstrated the existence of copper in the branchial organs of the Ostrea edulis, at the time when a similar discovery was made with reference to the spire of the Murex. He says that he then hinted at the possibility of the green color observed in the branchiz being the effect of the copper which enters into the composition of that organ, and that he has been confirmed in that opinion by these very experiments of M. Va- lenciennes, which, he says, tend to make it evident to anybody who knows anything about copper, that the coloring matter is neither more nor less than that metal combined with, and dis- guised in the organic substance of the oysters.
It might be somewhat tedious to the reader were we to give a detailed account of the experiments made by Prof. Bizio with a view to prove this assertion. ‘These experiments, he tells us, were begun in June, and continued till the month of September. They appear to have been conducted with great care and preci- sion, and we would refer those anxious to pursue the investiga- tion of this curious and interesting subject at greater length than we have space to do at present, to Prof. Bizio’s paper, which will be found in the fourth volume of the “ Transactions” of the above named Academy.
Suffice it to say that ammonia, which was one of the principal tests employed by M. Valenciennes in his experiments, is also the agent on which Prof. Bizio most relies; and the results re- corded by M Valenciennes as having been produced by ammonia on the colored portions of the oysters, were, in part, due to the presence of copper.
It is remarkable that, while M. Valenciennes particularly mentions the presence of the coloring matter in the intestinal canal and liver of the oyster, Prof. Bizio’s remarks refer only to the branchiz. Whether he would imply thit the green color, wherever it shows itself in the oyster, is due to the presence of — copper, is a query we are not prepared to answer, but should like very much to have answered for us, as, bearing in mind the cases at Rochefort, we cannot but think this green oyster ques- tion rather a serious one.
Fortunately there appears to be very little call for green oysters in the English markets, and the great bulk of them are, we believe, shipped over to France. Perhaps it is a good thing they are so sparingly appreciated in this country.
It is singular that so little should be definitely known of the
140 AMERICAN JOURNAL
cause of a phenomenon which. takes place in a creature so easily accessible to observation as the oyster. However, public atten- tion has lately been so frequently drawn to this “ illustrious bi- valve,’ that we have no doubt there will soon be some new light thrown upon this subject. We understand that Mr. Frank Buckland, in reply to a question addressed to him by the House of Lords some time since, stated that a professional chemist, to whom he had submitted specimens of the green oyster, had al- ready found out the true cause of the coloration.
This, whatever it be, does not seem, however, to have been as yet made public. Mr. Buckland himself seems to incline to the opinion that a growth of green weed of some kind or other during certain times of the year only is the cause. It is now well known that we have real green oysters, or rather green- bearded oysters, in England. These have been long exported to various countries, where the taste for such delicacies was more advanced than with us. It would seem that the greenness in the oysters from the river Roach in Essex is, however, entirely confined tothe beard. The fact that another river (the Crouch), running into the Roach, possesses oysters with white beards, only renders the whole question all the more curious and puzzling.
Meanwhile, until the actual properties of green oysters which are neither plucked from the keels of ships nor fished up near the copper mines at Falmouth shall be discovered, we advise any of our readers who are at all inclined to be nervous on the sub- ject to remember the valuable test afforded by ammonia, and add a small bottle of it to the usual pepper and vinegar accessories, to be used in a case of doubt,—though, if they have a mind to eat the oyster in case their suspicions should prove groundless, we would recommend the simple ordeal of the sewing needle as the more suitable.
OF CONCHOLOGY. 141
ON THE GENUS FULGUR AND ITS ALLIBS. nis BY THEGDORE GILL, M. D.
Attention having recently been drawn to the genus Fulgur, or Busycon, all the recent and fossil species at my command were examined, and the results of such examination are herewith sub- mitted. It has now been definitively shown by Dr. Stimpson that Fulgur is a true representative of the Buccinide, and re- lated to Chrysodomus (Neptunea, Bolt), and kindred forms, the animals agreeing in all essential characters ; nor is there any distinction exhibited by the shell alone te contradict the teach- ings of Anatomy. The genus, as represented by the types F. eartca and EF. canalculatus, appears, however, to be divisible into two natural genera, which are indeed very closely related, but exhibit diversities in characters which with less reason have been employed to distinguish other genera; the two genera so indicated are therefore adopted and characterized. In order to exhibit the affinities to, as well as contrasts between a closely allied form which has been billetted frem place to place, and very widely separated from its kindred, the diagnosis of the ge- nus Zudicla is likewise offered.
Perhaps the Fasciolaria (Lyrosoma) sulcosa, Conrad (Fusus sulcosus, olim), may prove to be nearly related to Fulgur. Mr.‘Conrad has referred the “‘subgenus’’ to Fasciclaria, with the following characters:
“‘Subpyriform ; ribbed, beak narrow and produced, slightly recurved; one long, very oblique plait at the angle of the colu- mella.”
As the conchological distinction hitherto made between Fascio- laria and Fulgur, or Busycon, is the presence in the one of several oblique linear “plications,” and in the latter of a single very ob- lique plait at the angle or inferior margin of the columella, the rea- sons for referring the species in question to Fasctolaria are not
10
142 AMERICAN JOURNAL
evident, as the only character assigned which distinguishes it from Busycon is the “‘ribbed”’ surface. Examination of speci- mens, however, show that the nucleus is depressed helicoid, and the columella straight towards the front: the whorls are longi- tudinally plicated and crossed by revolving ribs. The general form, the whorls being angular and plane behind and ventri- cose below the angle, as well as the marginal columellar fold, nevertheless appear to indicate affinity to Fulgur.
It is necessary to remark, in conclusion, that the notation in- dicating the comparative value of Synonyms proposed by Strickland has been adopted;* that reference has been made only to such authors as have modified the genus or its charac- ters, and that when a specific type has been mentioned, it is in- dicated in parentheses after the reference to the authority. Finally, the laws of nomenclature originally sanctioned by the British and American Associations for the Advancement of Sci- ence have been obeyed, although in some respects repugnant to the views entertained by the author.
Futeur Montfort.
< Busycon, Bolt, Mus. Bolt, 1798 (undescribed).
< Busycon, Mirch, Cat. Yoldi I., 1852, p. 104.
< Busycon, Adams, f. Gen. Moll. L., 1853, p. 151.
< Busycon, Stimps., Am. Journ. Conch. I., 1864, p. 60.
= Fulgur, Montf, Conch. Syst., II., 1810, p. 502, (cartiea and perversus).
< Fulgur, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1847, p. 185; Guide, 1857,
Bolg Bixee, sp. Linn., Xe. Pyrula, sp. Lam, Petit, &e.
Etym. Fulgur, lightning; in allusion to the coloration indi- cating periods of increase simulating streaks of lightning.
Animal rather small, retractile with its operculum within the shell for about a third of a volution from the aperture. Radula with the rachidian tooth 5—6 dentate; lateral 5—6 dentate, (Ff. carica ; perversus fide Stimpson).
Operculum with the nucleus apical.
Shell with a simple very thin periostraca; with little raised revolving lines; pyriform, with the whorls wound tightly round the axis, leaving no umbilicus, angular behind, with the upper
* = equal to; < indicates a more extended group; > a more re- stricted one.
OF CONCHOLOGY. 48
surface shelving towards the angle; and the whorls below the angle ventricose and thence gradually contracted and terminat- ing in a moderately elongated canal, generally little or no longer than the aperture, concurrent with and proximal to the siphonal fasciole, and correspondingly tortuous. Siphonal fasciole coin- cident with the columellar plait: spire variable in evolution, with a papillary nucleus; sutures plane; aperture rhombo- ovate; outer lip in youth striated within; columella covered with a thin callous coat, decidedly and regularly concave, and with a wide oblique marginal fold.
The genus Fulgur is thus restricted to species destitute of a sutural canal and ciliated periostraca. It was originally estab- lished by Montfort for F. eliceans [=F carica and J’. perversus], and was distinguished by the armed spire and fold of the colu- mella. It embraces only the typical species of the genus Busy- con of recent authors. From it must be eliminated in the first place the subgenus Zaphon Ad. f.,* established for the P. striata, Gray, and which evidently has no affinity to Fulgur. The “‘ erassicauda, Phil.,”’ is at least very closely allied to the “ He- mifusus tuba, Gmel.,”’ of the same authors.¢ Of the other spe- cies B. canaliculatum is transferred to the genus Sycotypus. B. Kienert, Phil., probably represents a monstrosity of F’. per- versus, and has lately received a new name (B. gibboswm) from
Mr. Conrad.t
The three recent species herein admitted appear to be well entitled to such rank; the F’. coarctatus is, however, little known, and the identification and characters are accepted solely on the data furnished by Petit, as I am not able to consult Sowerby’s description at present. The habitat is said, with doubt, to be Florida; it certainly requires confirmation; and the species it- self, although apparently very distinct, may be accepted for the present with reservation.§ The #. carica and F. perversus inhabit different geovraphical areas, which, however, overlap. While #’. cartca is abundant on the eastern coast south of Cape Cod, the #. perversus is unknown so far north, but occurs along
* Op. cu. &yp: lor.
7 Op. cit. i., p. 83. The identification of the species in question has been made by M. Petit de la Saussaye.
{ A dextral specimen of Fulgur in the writer’s collection exhibits the same gibbous revolving ridge, and appears to be referable to #’. carica.
2 It may be recalled that the young of /. carica exhibits a similar rela- tively-elongated canal, and possibly the F”. coarctatus may represent a form of that species in which the characteristics of the young have been abnormally persistent; the latter, however, is much more veutricose than. such young.
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the coast of North America, southwards at least as far as Yu- catan,* where it is very common.
As doubt is sometimes entertained whether /’. perversus is not a variety of F. carica, the writer examined the embryos in the ovicapsules of F. carica, and, among over 500 specimens,. no sinistral example was detected. The direction of increase seems, therefore, to be coincident with structural characters in those species, and consequently of specific value.
Several of the extinct species are accepted solely on the authority of Mr. Conrad, no specimens of F. maximus, F. scalarispira and the eocene species being at present accessible. Of those seen by me, I have ventured to refer to the J. contra- rius, the B. adversarium, Conrad, and am also much inclined to consider both identical with /. maximus. The two forms differ only in the direction of growth; but, as that character has been found constant in the living representatives of the genus, it has been deemed advisable, for the present, to retain the two as dis- tinct. It may be here remarked that observers often urge that a sinistral form is more obliquely wound than a dextral one; such appearance, however, is generally illusive, the eye being unac- customed to reversed shells; the reflection of a reversed form, as seen in a mirror, corrects the impression, and renders more easy the comparison of sinistral with dextral shells.
Although the views of Mr. Conrad have, from a certain necessity, heen adopted in some cases, I have had no hesitation in refusing to admit such a nominal species as ““Busycon stri- atum,’’t as no character has been given to distinguish it from ‘the young of other species of the genus, nor probably can any satisfactory diagnosis be given; the ‘“‘species’’ has been based on a specimen little more than an inch long.
The diagnosis of the genus by Montfort was quite satisfactory ; the armature of the spire, mentioned as a generic character, 1s, indeed, not common to all the species; but the introduction of that.eharacter by Montfort was legitimate, in view of the mate- rials at his command. His figure, though very rude, is char- acteristic, and represents the columellar fold, which more artistic figures have failed to exhibit. His figure illustrates F”. carica, but he has confounded under the name J. eliceans both F. carica and F. perversus, and maintained that the dextral shell was perfectly identical specifically with . perversus.
The genus, after long neglect, was revived by Dr. J. E.
* J have examined a number of specimens collected in Yucatan by Mr. Arthur Schott. + Conrad Am. Journ. Conch , 1866, p. 69, pl. 3, f. 8.
OF CONCHOLOGY. 145
Gray, and has been retained by him in his ‘‘ Guide,”’ (1857), in which he has referred it to the Cassidulide, giving, as characters, ‘shell like Casstdulus,* [= Melongena,] but spire shorter ; last whorl very large; mouth very open. Teeth? Operculum very small, ovate or claw-shaped.”’
F. canaliculata and F. carica being the only species enumer- ated, the characters assigned to Fulgur might, with perfect pro- priety, be transferred to ‘ Cassedulus’”” melongena, the type of “ Cassidulus,” as distinguished from Fulgur! It might, there- fore, be supposed that some transposition of diagnoses had been made, but other species enumerated as Casszduli forbid the sup- position. However this may be, the diagnosis of Fulgur, cited, is neither applicable to the species, nor is a distinctive generic character introduced, and finally, Fudgur does not belong to the family Cassidulidee even, but to the Buccinide.t
Under the name of Pyrula, all the living species of the genus Fulgur and Sycotypus were enumerated by M. Petit de la Saus- saye in a valuable memoir on the Lamarckian Pyrule,{ and the limits of the group embracing those two genera were well appre- ciated, although the distinguishing characters were not given. The name Pyrula cannot, however, be retained for either genus, as Lamarck mentioned, as the type of his genus in establishing it, the P. ficus of Linnzeus, and no other species; and, in accordance with the law of priority, the name is only applicable to the group represented by that species, as has been perceived by Gray, Woodward, &c.
A list of the known species of the genus is now submitted.
1. F. carica.
Murex aruanus, L. (misnomer) 8. N., 1766, p. 1222.
Murex carica, Gmel., Syst. Nat. Linn., 1788, p. 3545 ; Catsu 181%. a22:
Fulgur eliceans, Montf., Conch. Syst., ii., 1810, p. 503, fig.
Pyrula carica, Lam., An. sans Vert., vii., 1822, p. 138.
Pyrula candelabrum, Uam., An. sans Vert., vi., 1822.
Pyrula aruana, Desh. in Lam., An. sans Vert, 2d ed., ix., 1543, p. 449, 505.
Pyrula Kieneri, Phil.
Busycon spinosum, Conr., Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Phil., 1862, p. 583.
Recent.—East coast U. 8., southward of Cape Cod.
* Cassidulus is an erroneous substitution for Casszdula, the name intro- duced by Humphrey.
+ Dr. Gray, however, was excusable in referring Fulgur to the Cassidu- lide, as the characters of the animal were unknown till revealed by Dr. Stimpson. ;
} Petit Journ. Conch., III., 1852, pp. 140—159.
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2. F. PeRVERSUS. Murex perversus, L. 8. N., 1766, p. 1222. Pyrula perversa, Lam. An. sans Vert., vii., 1822, p. 137. Busycon gibbosum, Conr., Proc. Ac. N. Se. Phil., 1862, p. 286.
Recent.—Kast coast N. A., south of Cape Hatteras. 3. F. COARCTATUS.
Pyrula coarctata, Sowb., App. Cat. Tankerville, p. 17, (fide Petit ;) Petit, Journ. Conch., 1852, p. 145, 155, pl. vii., £19.
Recent.—Florida ? 4, F. FILOSUS.
Busycon filosum, Conr., Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Phil., 1862, p. 286. Mioe.—Yorktown, Virginia.
5. F. maximus, Conr., Tert. Foss., U. S., (1839,) pl. 47.
Miocene.
6. F. conrrarius, Conr., Am. Journ. Sc., xxxix., 1840, p. 387.
Busycon perversum, Tuomey and Holmes, Plioc. Fossils 8. C., 1855, p. 145, pl. 23, fig. 3.
Busycon adversarium, Conr., Proc. Ac. N. Sc., Phil., 1862, p. 560, 584.
Mioe.—N. and S, Car.
7. F. ScALARISPIRA. Busycon scalarispira, Conr., Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Phil., 1862, p. 584. Mioc.—Shiloh, Cumberland County, N. J.
8. F. tuBERcULATUS, Conr., Bull. Nat. Inst., i, 1842, p. 185 ;* Tert..Foss., pl. 46, f. 2.
Mioe.—Mary land. 9, F. rusirormis, Conr., Bull. Nat. Inst., i., 1842, p. 187. Mioe.—Maryland.
10. F. cARINATUS. Busycon carinatum, Conr., Proc. Ac. N. Sc., Phil., 1862, p- 286.
Mioc.—Virginia.
* Not described in, Bulletin.
OF CONCHOLOGY. 147
11. F. sprnicEr, Conr., Journ. Ac. N. §., Phil., n. s. i., (1849,) p- 207. Fusus spiniger, Conr. op. cit., i., (1848,) p. 117, pl. ii, f. 82.
“‘Oligocene.”’—Vicksburg, Miss.
12. F. nopunatus, Conr., op. cit., i., (1849,) p. 207. “‘Olagocene.”’—Vicksburg.
SycotyrPus, Gill ex Browne.
= Sycotypus, Browne, Nat. Hist. Jam., 1756, p. 406, (canali- culatus.) > Pyrula, Petit., Journ. Conch., 1852, p. 142, 144, (canalicula- tus.) Pyrula, sp. Lam., &c., Busycon, sp. Mérch, Ad. f., Stimpson, G:
Etym. oxo, fig.; toc, form.
Type.—S. canaliculatus.
Animal rather small, retractile, with its operculum within the shell for about a third of a volution from the aperture. Radula with the rachidian tooth 3-dentate; lateral 4—5-dentate (S. canaliculatus, S. pyrum, fide Stimpson.)
Operculum with the nucleus apical.
Shell with a ciliated periostraca ; with little raised revolving lines; pyriform; the whorls wound tightly round the axis, leaving no umbilicus, angular behind, with the surface shelving towards the angle; below the angle ventricose and thence gradually contracted and terminating in a moderately elongated canal (generally somewhat shorter than the aperture) concurrent with and adjoining the siphonal fasciole, and correspondingly tortuous ; spire variable in evolution, with a papillary nucleus; suture canaliculated; siphonal fasciole coincident with the colu- mellar fold; aperture rhombo-ovate ; outer lip in youth striated within ; columella covered with a thin callous coat, decidedly concave, and with a wide marginal fold.
The genus Sycotypus is extremely closely related to Fulgur, but the living species are constantly distinguished by the associated characters of a canaliculated suture and a ciliated periostraca. The extinct species of the same form having a channelled suture may be inferred to have possessed the same association of charac- ters ; some slight difference exists, however, in the solidity of the shells and especially in the armature of the angle which has in- duced Dr. Stimpson to believe that the indications as to generic differentiation afforded by the recent species are contradicted, and it must be admitted that there is a very wide difference be-
148 AMERICAN JOURNAL
tween adults of S. pyrum and S. coronatus ; if young specimens of those species are examined, however, the differences are found to be comparatively unimportant. It may be remarked that in early youth the shells of all the species of the genus are very similar, all having the whorls angulated and crenulated, while the whorls themselves are more or less evolved behind the suture. But at an early period a deviation takes place in several types.
The S. canaliculatus and its allies continue the normal plan of growth through life, only losing the crenulated margin of the angle, while on the one hand, in S. coronatus and its kindred, the crenulated margin is soon developed into a nodose or dentate one which is continued to maturity ; on the other, in W. elon- gatus not only is the crenulation of the ridge soon discon- tinued, but the ridge itself becomes obsolete, the whorls at the same time become somewhat more exposed. Finally, in S. py- rum as in S. elongatus the crenulations and ridge are soon lost, and the latter is even entirely obliterated in the end, but the whorls in progress of growth encroach more and more on the preceding, so that in the adult the form of Pyrula (ficus, &e.) is simulated so exactly that the two types can only be distinguished by structural characters, such as the periostraca, channelled suture, plicated columella, sculpture, &c.
As the name Sycotypus of Browne is retained for this genus, notwithstanding the claim of it for the genus Pyrula, Lam., an explanation of such course is demanded.
As Browne’s work is accessible to few, his remarks on Sycoty- pus are here reproduced.*
“The Sycotypus or Fig-shell comes next in order, having its aperture in a line with the axis, and terminated in a narrow pro- duced bill like the foregoing; [Purpura, Browne = Murices sp.] but it is neither lipped nor toothed, and stretches commonly from a large spiral main. The opening of these shells runs gen- erally about two-thirds of the whole length, and the body, which is roundish and swelling, terminates in a moderately prominent apex. _ ;
“Sycotypus 1. Tenuis substriatus et leviter tuberculatus.
“¢The smaller hairy Fig-shell.”
Such is the description of the type which has been identified with Pyrula by Dr. J. E. Gray! Sycotypus of Browne has a ‘‘ narrow produced bill,” while Pyrula has a broad patulous one, the one has an aperture about two-thirds of the whole length, while the other has one extending nearly the whole length; the one is slightly tuberculated or crenulated and “hairy,” while the other is unarmed and the mantle being partly reflected over
* (Browne, Civil and Nat. Hist. of Jamaica, 1756, p. 406.)
OF CONCHOLOGY. 149
the shell, the latter is of course not “hairy ;’’ in other words, every character which is not common to almost all forms decidedly opposes the identification of Dr. Gray, and we can only suppose that the gentleman completely ignored the description and identified it by means of part of the name, overlooking that part which negatived it !
It has been deemed advisable, in view of the perfect concord- ance of Browne’s notice with young specimens of S. canaliculatus, to retain his name for the genus, but had another been given to it, we should not have felt justified in so doing. As Sycotypus of Gray is merely a synonym of Pyrula, Lam., no existing genus bears the name, and although in most cases the employment of names that have already been used in another sense is inadvisa: ble, in this it may be justifiable.
The following species are members of the genus Sycotypus. The S. canaliferus, S. incilis and S. alveatus, are not at present accessible for autopsy and are adopted solely on the authority of Mr. Conrad. To the list of doubtful related species must be added the Cassidulus Conradii, Tuomey and Holmes, (Plioc. Fossils 8. C., p. 147, pl. 29, f. 4).
a. S. CORONATUS. Fulgur coronatus, Conr. Bull. Nat. Inst., i. p. 187. Miocene.—Maryland.
S. RUGOSUS. Fulgur rugosus, Conr. Proc. Ac. N. Se. Phil., i. 307. Mioe.—Ma. b. S. CANALIFERUS. Busycon canaliferum, Conr. Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Phil., 1862, p. 560.
B. carolinense, Conr. op. cit. 1862, p. 584. Mioc.—N. and 8. Carolina.
S. INCILIS. Fulgur incile, Conr. Am. Journ. Se., xxiii., 1833, p. 343. Mioc.—Virg., (Yorktown.) S. ALVEATUS. ° Busycon alveatum, Conr. Proc. Ac. N. Se. Phil., 1862, p. 585, Am. Journ. Conch., ii., 1866, p. 68, pl. 3, f. 7. Mioe.—Mad., (St. Mary’s River.)
S. CANALICULATUS. Murex canaliculatus, . Syst. Nat., ed. 12, p. 1222. Pyrula canaliculata, Lam. An. Sans Vert., vil., 1822, p. 187.
Recent.—Kast Coast U. S., northward to Cape Cod.
150
S. PyYRuUM.
AMERICAN JOURNAL
Cc.
Bulla pyrum, Dillw. Cat., i. 1817, p. 485.
Pyrula spirata, Lam. An. Sans Vert., vii., 1822, p. 142. Fulgur pyruloides, Say, Journ, Ac. N. Sc. Phil., ii. 237. Busycon plagosum, Conr. Proc. Ac. N. Se. Phil., 1862, p.
583.
Recent.—Gulf of Mexico and East Coast U. S., northward to
Cape Hatteras.
S. EXCAVATUS.
i
Fulgur excavatus, Conr. Am. Journ. Sce., xxxix., 1840, p. 387, (Fossils Tert. U. S., pl. 45, f. 12.)
Cassidulus carolinensis, Tuom. and Holmes, Plioc. Fossils 8. C., 1855, p. 147, pl. 30, f. 1.
Busycon excavatum, Conr. Proc. Ac. N. S. Phil., 1862, p.
560.
Busycon carclinense, Con. Ib., p. 560, (not 584.) Mioe.—N. Car., (Duplin Co.)
S. ELONGATUS, Gill, n. s. Mioc.—N. Car.
SYCOTYPUS ELONGATUS, Gill.
Description.—Shell fusi-pyri- form, with seven whorls, the spire much evolved and forming more than a fourth of the total length; with the posterior angle obsolete on the last two whorls, which are consequently convex or rounded; sutural channel moderate, little deeper than wide, triangular in section, with the external wall inclining regu- larly inwards from the defining angle, and forming an acute angle with the inner wall; surf- ace with rather broad revolving raised lines, whicn on the body are faint except on the con- stricted portion, but on the spire are very distinct; first whorls with the angle moniliform.
* In this group the channel, instead of being bounded on both sides by vertical walls, slopes regularly inwards from the external bounding ridge,
OF CONCHOLOGY. 151
Dimensions.—Length of specimen 137 mill.; of spire 31 mill.; greatest width 66 mill.; width of aperture 33 mill.; angle of di- vergence 80°.
Observations.—This species is represented by a single speci- men in the collection of the Smithsonian Institution, and was presented by Prof. 8. S. Haldeman, who obtained it from a Mr. Hodge, of North Carolina. It is most closely related to the S. excavatus (Conrad) but is at once distinguishable by its more evolved spire, the flatness and striation of the whorls above the angle, and the comparatively shallow sutural channel; the raised revolving lines are also broader and more approximated.
It is possible that this species may have been confounded with the ‘“Cassidulus carolinensis’ of Tuomey and Holmes,* but the figure published by those authors happily permits the identifi- cation of the individual illustrated with the S. excavatus. It is unnecessary to compare the present with any other species (if the descriptions or comparisons are correct), as it belongs to a group of which the one described and S. excavatus are the only known American species. Its slender form and elevated spire recall to mind the Fasciolaria tulipa.
TupicLaA Link ex Bolten.
< Tudicla, Bolt., Mus. Bolt. 1798 (spiriila).
= Tudicla, Link, Besch. Nat. Samml. Rostock, iii. 1807 p. 120 (spirila).
< Tudicla, Ad. f., Gen. Moll. i. 1853, p. 151.
= Busycum (Tudicla) Mérch, Cat. Yoldi i. 1852, p. 104.
= Haustellum, a, Schum, Hss., 1817, p. 218.
= Pyrella, Swains., Malac, 1840, p. 213.
= Spirilla, Sowb., Jr., Conch. Man., 1842, p. 248.
= Spirillus, Sowb., Jr., op. cit., p. 806.
= Murex (Pyrenella), Gray, Guide Moll. B. M. i., 1857, p. 11.
Shell with a thin simple periostraca, tenui-pyriform, the whorls wound tightly round the axis, leaving no umbilicus; with the whorls convex above the posterior angle; below the angle some- what ventricose, abruptly contracted and attenuated into a narrow canal, which is much longer than the aperture ; siphonal fasciole developed at the terminal half of the siphonal canal, which is consequently tortuous ; spire depressed, with a papillary
* These authors, for some inscrutable reason, have referred to Casse- dulus the species above alluded to and the Sycotypus pyrum, while in “* Busycon” they retain the species of Fulgur and two species of Syco- typus of the type of S. canaliculatus.
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nucleus, and a trenchant angle in the young; aperture oblong rhomboid; outer lip in youth striated within; columella with a callous deposit in front, forming a plate, convex in front and with a well-defined fold.
This genus, if we may judge from the shell, is decidedly most nearly related to Fulgur, and may in brief be described as a Fulgur with abruptly contracted whorls, trenchant at the angle (in the young), depressed spire, and convex intracarinal surface. In the texture of the shell, the columellar fold, the tortuous canal, and the papillary nucleus, the genus agrees with Fulgur, and has even been united with that genus by so rigid an ana- lyst as Dr. Morch. The /. coarctatus Sowb. lessens the gap be- : tween Mulgur and the genus in question. Yet Dr. J. E. Gray, whose differentiation of genera is often carried to an extreme, treats the type as a Murex! giving to it however, in 1857, the new sectional name Pyrenell/a, which is doubtless a substitution, through lapsus memoria, for Pyrella. He claims for Murex “shell ovate; spire short, with three or more rounded or spinose varices on each whorl; mouth ovate; canal elongate, tubular, spinose externally.” As his “ A. Spirilla’’ has not a “shell ovate,’ nor “three varices on each whorl,” nor ‘‘ mouth ovate,”’ nor “‘canal tubular, spinose externally,” we are left to wonder why it has in this last, as in all the other memoirs of Dr. Gray, been referred to Murex. We are indeed told that it has “ vari- ces rudimentary, unarmed,” which, though somewhat contradic- tory to the diagnosis, might be accepted as a modification ; but by the term rudimentary is generally understood a development, however faint, of the character with regard to which the term is used. In the present case, cognizance can be taken of the “ va- rices’’ only by the eye of faith, for they are certainly not evi- dent to the physical one. Dr. Gray may, however, claim that he only followed Schumacher, whose work was published in the year 1817.
It will be observed that the genus is restricted to the 7. spz- villa. The so-called Fasciolaria porphyrostoma, Ad. and Reeve, referred to the genus by the Messrs. Adams, appears indeed to be closely related to it, but the subfusiform shell, with the con- cave upper surface of the whorls, coronated angle, suboval aper- ture, and the regular concavity of the columella, appear to indi- cate that it should be considered as the type of a distinct genus, which he named Streptostphon.
OF CONCHOLOGY. 153
ON THE SYSTEMATIC POSITION OF BUCCINUM ALTILE AND B. ESCHERI.
BY THEODOKE GILL, M. D.
While examining the collection of Tertiary fossils in the Muse- um of the Smithsonian Institution, I was at a loss to appreciate the affinities of the miocene Buceinum altile or Tritia altilis of Conrad. Further study of the species rendered it probable that it represented the type of a genus hitherto unrecognized, and that the Buccinum Hscheri of Mayer, froma nearly contempora- neous formation in France was congeneric with it ; the following exposition of the characters of the genus are ther efore submitted.
PTYCHOSALPINX, Gill.
Buccinum, sp. Conrad, Mayer.
Tritia, sp. Conrad. Etym. [10 (by0¢) fold; oddénev, quasi Buccinum. Type.—P. altilis.
Shell ovate, buccinoid, with the whorls regu- larly rounded and ventricose; the spire moderate (about as long as aperture ;) ae nished with equal revolving linear ridges, siphonal canal very short, very obliquely twisted, and concurrent with the siphonal fasciole; aperture rhombo-
3 ovate, oblong; labrum entire, not sinuous, smooth a auhin ; columella inversely sigmoidal, concave near the middle, with a very thin callous deposit, and with a revolving mar ginal linear plait in front.*
This genus is related to Buecinum, with which its species have been confounded, but differs in too many respects to be properly associated with B. wndatum and its allies in a natural genus; it
* It may not be superfluous to add that there is no posterior transverse columellar fold.
154 AMERICAN JOURNAL
is distinguished from Buecinum as represented by the type named, by the more oblique canal and its concurrence with the siphonal fasciole,* the linear fold in front of the columella, the esinuate labrum as well as by the sculpture. The American species have recently been referred to Trit¢a, a subdivision of Nassa, but pro- bably through inadvertence. The known representatives of the genus are extinct and characteristic of the later Tertiary forma- tion, one being found in the Miocene beds of Yorktown, Virginia, and a second in the Upper Tertiary beds at Monthelan in Tour- aine, (France.) 1. PrYCHOSALPINX ALTILIS.
Buceinum ailtile, Conrad. Tert. Foss., p. 19, pl. iv., f. 6.
Tritia altilis, Conrad. Journ. Ac. N.S. Phil., 1862, p. 5€2. 2. PrYCHOSALPINX MULTIRUGATA.
Buccinum multirugatuy, Conr. Am. Journ. Sce., xli., 345; qT. &. H..Plioc..Foss..8.. C.,.p. 133, pl..28, £.:2, Tritia multirugata, Conr. Proc. Ac. N. 8. Phil., 1862, p. 562.
Miocene.—N. and 8. Carolina.
. PTYCHOSALPINX PORCINA.
Buccinum poreinum, Say. Journ. Ac. N. 8. Phil., iv., p. 126 ; t. & H./Plioc. Foss. S.C. plas, pl. 23, t. 1. Tritia porcina, Conr. Proc. Ac. N. 8. Phil., 1862, p. 562.
Miocene.—Maryland ; N. and 8. Carolina.
(SY)
. PrycHOSALPINX EscHERI.
Buccinum Escheri, Mayer. Journ. Conch., vii., 1858, p. 82, pli iveyef a6.
Other species confounded with Buccinum, &c., appear to be-
long to the genus, but cannot be referred to it with the certainty
desirable, and the preceding are given as typical examples.
Hoe
* The s¢phonal fascrole is the zone generally differentiated by sculpture which at its end forms the internal boundary of the siphonal notch or canal. As its modifications and relations are often of considerable im- portance and serve to distinguish genera and higher groups, it is deserv- ing of a distinctive name, and that here proposed is sufficiently sugges- tive.
OF CONCHOLOGY. 155
MONOGRAPH OF THE TERRESTRIAL MOLLUSCA OF THE UNITED STATES.
BY GEORGE W. TRYON, JR.
[Continued from page 68. ]
** Aperture expanded, ear-shaped, its margin continuous ; up- per lip tooth hook-shaped.
20. Deedalochila auriformis, Bland. Plate 11, figures 1, 2, 3.
Depressed and ribbed-striate above, periphery subangular, convex and smooth beneath; whorls 54—6, suture moderate, the last one slightly deflected and expanded at the aperture into an ear-shaped lip, behind which it is constricted; the base shows nearly two whorls, and a minute perforation, and a deep groove revolving on the inner side of the whorls; aperture ear-shaped, the peristome continuous and expanded, parietal tooth linguiform, two lip teeth, the upper one of which is a submarginal perpen- dicular lamella, and the basal one an oblique fold. White or brownish horn color.
Diam. 10, alt. 5°5 mill. Alabama; Texas. Differs from D. avara in having an umbilical groove.
21. Deedalochila avara, Say. Plate 11, figures 4, 5, 6. Spire depressed, periphery slightly angular; whorls 5,
slightly convex above, with moderate suture, coarsely ribbed, hirsute, convex below, and ribbed only for a short distance be-
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hind the lip, the balance of the base nearly smooth; base with- out groove, showing a little more than one whorl, and with a minute perforation; aperture with reflected lip, the extremities of which are joined by a callus, forming a large Y-shaped tooth ; right margin with two teeth, one of them basal and oblique, the other submarginal and lamellar.
Diam. 7, height 3 mill. Florida.
22. Deedalochila espiloca, Ravenel. Plate 11, figures 7, 8, 9.
Spire slightly elevated and a little convex, periphery suban- gular, well rounded below; whorls 5, thin, ribbed-striate above, finely striate below, suture moderate; the last whorl a little deflected and contracted behind the aperture; base showing 14 whorls, the umbilical region bounded by an angle; margin of aperture continuous, the parietal tooth linguiform, the upper lip tooth hook-shaped at its lower termination, the basal tooth ob- lique. Horn color, shortly hirsute.
Diam. 8, alt. 8°5 mill. Sullivan’s Island, South Carolina.
23. Deedalochila Postelliana, Bland. Plate 11, figures 10, 11, 12.
Spire slightly elevated, conical; whorls 5, ribbed-striate above, finely striate below, periphery subangular; aperture ear- shaped, much contracted, the margins joined by a large lingui- form parietal tooth entering the aperture, right margin with a deep-seated lamella terminating below in a hook, basal margin with a prominent oblique lamella extending to the edge of the lip. Brownish horn-color, thin, pellucid, aperture white.
Diam. 9°5, alt. 5 mill. Georgia.
OF CONCHOLOGY. 157
24. Dedalochila auriculata, Say. Plate 11, figures 13, 14.
Spire low, conical ; whorls 5, ribbed-striate above and below, the periphery slightly angulate; last whorl suddenly deflected to the aperture, and very strongly scrobiculate behind the middle of the right margin, and also at the base; aperture oblique, auriform, the parietal tooth large, irregular, projecting inwards and upwards, the right margin with a perpendicular lamellar tooth, and the base twisted into a large oblique tooth; base showing 14 whorls, the umbilical region bounded by a carina.
Diam. 18, height 7-5 mill. St. Augustine, Florida.
Larger than the other species, and distinguished by the ribs on the base.
25. Dedalochila uvulifera, Shuttleworth. Plate 11, figures 15, 16.
Spire depressed conical; whorls 5, ‘vith close ribs extending entirely across the base; periphery subangulate, lower surface convex; last whorl deflected at the aperture and scrobiculate ; aperture oblique, much contracted by teeth, with the lip very much expanded, parietal tooth quadrately linguiform, extending into the aperture, the upper lip tooth situated far within the aperture, the basal lip tooth an oblique plication ; umbilical re- gion subcarinate. Horn color.
Diam. 12. alt. T mill. Florida; Corpus Christi, Texas. Smaller, with differently formed aperture from D. auriculata.
POLYGYRA, Say.
This is a tropical genus, containing many flat, wheel-shaped species which inhabit the shores of the Gulf of Mexico, the West Indies and Mexico. The southern limit of the group extends to the vast regions of the empire of Brazil, whence come the curious P. heligmoidea and P. helicycloidea. Unlike Deedalochila, the
11
158 AMERICAN JOURNAL
aperture is simple and small, the lip reflected but not expanded, and not dentate, while the parietal tooth is small. The aspect of the shell is singularly like that of Planorbis, and reminds one strongly of several of the species of that fresh water genus in- habiting Europe. <A thin, thread-like lamina occasionally re- volves upon the inner wall of the aperture, and is visible through the whorl; it has been detected in most of the species, and probably is at times developed in all of them, though many spe- cimens are without it.
1. Polygyra anilis, Gabb. Plate 11, figures 17, 18.
Spire nearly flat, whorls 43, the last descending to the aper- ture, and a little constricted, suture well impressed, surface microscopically striate above and below; base showing about 12 whorls, with a minute central perforation. White.
Diam. 18, height 6 mill. Gugymas, Mexico.
This is scarcely a typical Polygyra, as it does not exhibit so many whorls on the base as the other species. The aperture, however, is that of a Polygyra.
2, Polygyra cereolus, Muhlfelt. Plate 11, figures 19, 20, 21.
Shell lenticular, the spire very nearly flat, under surface flat or slightly concave, periphery subangulate; whorls 7, flattened and closely ribbed above; base smoother, showing 5 whorls, with a narrow umbilicus; aperture small, subtriangular, the margins connected by a slight callus, developing in the middle into a small triangular tooth. Light horn color.
Diam. 14, alt. 3:5 mill., var. major. oe ity vt anne RO. Wes * minor.
East Florida.
Differs from P. septemvolva principally by its umbilicus being much narrower. (Compare fig. 19 with fig. 22.)
OF CONCHOLOGY. 159
3. Polygyra septemvolva, Say. Plate 11, figure 22.
Shell discoidal, with seven whorls, which are closely ribbed- striate above, the periphery subangular; smooth below, and ex- hibiting about four whorls besides those forming the walls of the rather large umbilicus. Horn color.
Diam. 14, height 3°5 mill. Florida.
ee eee
4. Polygyra Carpenteriana, Bland. Plate 11, figures 23, 24.
Subdiscoidal, spire slightly elevated; whorls 54 to 63, thin, shining, closely obliquely ribbed above, smooth beneath the angular periphery ; base showing 24 whorls, with a minute per- foration. Light horn color or rufous, with frequently opaque irregular bands crossing the whorls.
Diam. 8—10, alt. 8—4 mill. Kast Florida.
5. Polygyra volvoxis, Parreyss. Plate 11, figure 25.
Spire a little elevated; whorls 7, flattened above, convex be- neath, the periphery carinate; upper surface and base near the aperture closely ribbed, the balance of the base smooth; over two whorls visible below, besides a narrow umbilicus. Horn color, with frequently white blotches or bands running across the whorls.
Diam. 9, alt. 4 mill. East Georgia and Florida.
This is perhaps a young state of P. septemvolva, Say.
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6. Polygyra Febigerii, Bland. Plate 10, figures 30, 33.
Depressed, spire scarcely raised; whorls 51—6, ribbed-striate above, finely striate below, periphery angulate ; aperture subtri- angular, with a small parietal tooth; base exhibiting about 13 whorls, with a central perforation. Pale reddish horn color.
Diam. 8:5, alt. 3°5 mill.
New Orleans.
Differs from the other species of the genus by having no ex- cayation in the whorl behind the lip.
7. Polygyra polygyrella, Bland and Cooper. Plate 11, figure 26.
Discoidal, ‘shining, translucent; spire slightly elevated ; whorls (—8, ribbed above, smooth below ; aperture armed with two rows of three teeth each, visible through the whorl, margins joied by a V-shaped tooth ; base widely umbilicate, exhibiting about 8 whorls. Yellowish horn colored.
Diam. 11°5, alt. 5 mill.
Coeur d’Aléne Mountains.
It is very doubtful whether this species is properly placed. in Polygyra; it differs in the teeth arranged in’ rows within the aperture. ,
Descriptions of additional species of Helhices, and notes on some of those already described.
Aglaja sequoicola, Cooper- Plate 11, figure 27.
‘‘ Shell rounded, umbilicate, spire depressed, last whorl some- times subangulate, whorls 6 to 63, peristome oblique, little de- flected above; labium thin, reflexed, thickest below; acute. Color dark brown or olivaceous, with a broad black band be- tween two yellow ones, half hidden on the spire, lips white ; within a fine purple with two white bands. Epidermis shining, polished below, the lines of growth faintly visible, sometimes very lightly malleated, and with spiral ridges; above with crowded scars bearing very short bristles in the young shell which fall off in the adult.
OF CONCHOLOGY. 161
Animal slate colored, body cylindrical, rugose, tentacles moderate; foot elongated, behind wedge-shaped.
Shell—large diameter 0°96 to 1:20; smaller diameter 0-76 to 0-96; height 0:42 to 0-54 hundredths of an inch.
Santa Cruz, Cal., among decayed trees in the dampest places.
This beautiful species is quite rare, only nine adult and twelve young specimens having been found after long searching. It will probably occur more commonly in some part of the red- wood forests which I have been unable to explore. It approaches nearest to H. Dupetithouarsi and H. fidelis, being between them in form and size as well as color, but the pilosity at once dis- tinguishes it. Its distinct bands and rounded whorls separate it from H. infumata and Hillebrandii, the latter when perfect having also much longer hairs. The animal is lighter colored than those of H. arrosa, Nickliniana, redimita, ramentosa, tudicu- lata (which are all very similar), but much darker than that of Dupetithouars?, and I believe also of fidelis and infumata. The form of the shell is a link connecting these with Mormonum.’’— Proceedings California Acad. Nat. Sct., April, 1866.
Through the kindness of Dr. Wesley Newcomb, of Oakland, California, I am enabled to give figures from his types of several
species, which I was not able to illustrate at the time they were described.
Aglaja Ayresiana, Neweomb, sp. 7. Plate 11, fig. 28.
This species comes from the Island of Sta. Cruz; the locality originally given by Newcomb is incorrect. It is thus a sub- tropical, and not a boreal species.
Aglaja Bridgesii, Newcomb, sp. 11. Plate 11, fig. 29.
Aglaja Rowellii, Newcomb, sp. 18. Pi. 11, fig. 30.
Aglaja Gabbii, Newcomb, sp. 17. Plate 11, fig. 31.
I re-figure this species from a specimen received from Dr. Newcomb, the original figure, pl. 6, fig. 19, being unsatisfactory and more like the following species, to which Gabba is closely allied.
162 AMERICAN JOURNAL
Aglaja facta, Newcomb. Plate 11, figure 32.
‘“‘ Shell with perforation nearly covered, depressed orbicular, solid, compact, smooth, whitish, zoned with a brownish-red band ; whorls 5 to 54, somewhat convex, the last descending; suture slightly impressed ; aperture oval ; lip thick, reflected, yellowish.
Diam. 10, height 5 mill.
{slands of Sta. Barbara and San Nicolas, off the coast of Cali- fornia.” —Proe. California Acad. Nat. Sez., iii., 1864.
Polymita levis, Pfeiffer. Plate 5, figure 21.
Plate 6, fig. 6, erroneously referred to this species, is a variety of Arionta Veitehii, Newcomb, from Cerros Island (not Bay of Monterey, Cal., as stated in description). The type of Vedtehi is figured in pl. 5, fig. 19.
Conulus chersinella, Dall. Plate 11, figures 33, 34, 35.
“Shell small, somewhat elevated, smooth, except that the lines of growth are occasionally indented ; umbilicus minutely perforate ; aperture semi-lunar and slightly oblique ; whorls ro- tund, 44 to 5 in number; sutures impressed, not deep; lip not thickened or reflected. Color yellowish, translucent.
Diam. -14 in., height -09 in. Big Trees, Calaveras Co., California.
This small species has relations with H. chersina, Say, and H. indentata, Say. It resembles the former in its small size and many whorls, but differs in color and depressed spire, though sometimes almost as acute. It is related to the latter in its color and indented lines of growth, but differs in its greater number of whorls and much smaller size, and in the proportional size of the last whorl.’’—American Jour. of Conchology, ii. p.
528, 1866.
OF CONCHOLOGY. 163
Hyalina Hornii, Gabb. Plate 11, figures 36, 37, 38.
“Shell small, openly umbilicate, depressed ; covered with an opaque brown epidermis, which, under the glass, shows minute oblique striations, and a few small, scattered hairs; whorls 44, the first 33, forming a very low, nearly flat spire, the last de- scending much more rapidly ; suture strongly marked, especially between the last and penultimate whorl; umbilicus occupying about a third of the inferior surface, indistinctly perspective ; ‘aperture oblique, subcircular ; lip simple, inner margins approxi- mating.
Height -09, diam. -16 inch.
Fort Grant, junction of Arivapa and San Pedro Rivers, Arizo- na.’’—Am. Jour. of Conchology, ii. p. 830, 1866.
Gastrodonta significans, Bland. Plate 11, figures 39, 40, 41.
‘¢ Shell umbilicate, depressed, discoidal, thin, with fine irregular striz, which are almost obsolete at the base, shining, pale horn- colored, spire little elevated; suture slightly impressed; whorls 6, subplanulate, the last roundly inflated, rather flat at the base, excavated around the umbilicus, which is pervious, and equal almost to one-fifth the diameter of the shell; aperture oblique, depressed, lunate ; peristome simple, acute.
Diam. 4:5, alt. 2 mill.
Fort Gibson, Indian Territory.
It is especially allied to G. multidentata, Binney, from which it differs in being of larger size, with wider umbilicus, and in the absence in the last whorl of the series of numerous small teeth which characterize Binney’s species.
In a young specimen of G. significans, having four whorls only, there are, however, three small teeth, one by itself, and at some distance from it two others, situated as the teeth are in @. multidentata. Whether these teeth are or not constant in the ante-penultimate whorl of G. s¢gnificans, | am unable to deter- mine.’ —Am. Jowr. Conch., ii. p. 8372, 1866.
Spurious Species.
HELIX HARPA, Say, belongs to the family Pupade. HELIX IRRORATA, Say,— H. lactea, Miill., a Spanish species. Hewrx TrRuMBULLI, Linsley, = Skenea serpulocdes.
164 AMERICAN JOURNAL
Family ORTHALICID/.
Shell oval or elongated, with elevated spire, much longer than its width; aperture oval, entire below, the columella sometimes truncate at its termination; lip either sharp and simple, ex- panded or reflected, with or without teeth (none in North American genera), umbilicus generally covered.
Sub-families.
AcHATININE. Shell oblong; aperture oval, angulated above, rounded below, the lip sharp and not reflected, columella truncate below. Colors generally bright and variegated. Size large.
ORTHALICINS. Shell oblong, thin, imperforate; aperture oval, large, angulate above, rounded below, columella arcuate, thickened in the middle. Gaily painted in longitudinal reddish flames. Size moderate.
BuLiMuLiInz. Shell oblong-turrited, moderately thick ; aper- ture oval, small, outer lip generally expanded or reflected, inner lip reflected, axis perforate, rimate, or sometimes covered. Color white or brownish, sometimes variegated. Size small.
_ ACHATININ Z. LIGUUS, Montfort.
Shell elongate-conical, spire elevated, apex acuminate, im- perforate, solid, whorls 7—8, well rounded, the last about one- third of the total length; aperture semi-oval, margin thin, straight, columella obliquely subtruncate below. Gaily fasciate.
This is the only genus of the subfamily inhabiting the Western Continent, and the few species may be regarded as insular in origin, inhabiting principally Cuba, whence the two following have extended to the southern part of the adjacent coast of Florida.
a6 a a,
OF CONCHOLOGY. 165
1. Liguus fasciata, Miiller. Plate 12, figures 1, 2, 3, 5, 6.
- Shell elongate-conical, striate by growth lines, solid, smooth, shining; spire elevated, apex acute, suture not deeply im- pressed; whorls 8, slightly convex, the last large, equalling from one-half to three-fifths of the total length of the shell; aperture semi-oval, generally pure white within, columella arcu- ate, and truncate at the base, with a rose-colored callus. Color white, variously ornamented with broad or narrow bands of yel- low, green or purple, the apex, and sometimes the whole shell also, flamed with brown longitudinal zig-zags.
Length 55, diam. 25 mill. Florida. (From Cuba.)
It is impossible to designate by description the extreme varia- tion of coloring in this beautiful species ; the variety with numer- ous green bands, and that with broad, yellow bands, (the latter the Achatina solida of Say,) are the most numerous in Florida.
2. Liguus picta, Reeve. Plate 12, figure 4.
Shell ovate-conical, striate by growth lines, solid, smooth, shining ; spire elevated conical, suture moderately impressed ; whorls 7, the last large; aperture semi-oval, small, columella nearly perpendicular, truncate at base. Yellowish white, varie- gated externally by a double band of irregular brown spots upon the periphery, and above and below each sutural line, and also surrounding the columella, apex of spire and columella pink, whorls of spire with brown flames.
Length 44, diam. 24 mill. Florida. (From Cuba.)
Differs from the foregoing principally in the pattern of coloring.
ORTHALICIN ©. ORTHALICUS, Beck. Shell ovate, imperforate, thin, striate, fasciate; whorls 6—8,
the last inflated; aperture large, oval, lip thin and straight, columella sub-receding, obsoletely folded, rather thin.
166 AMERICAN JOURNAL
This genus, together with the others comprising the subfamily, is of South American origin. In the northern part of that con- tinent, the species are numerous, but one only inhabits the West Indies and the circumjacent North American coast. The Orthalicus zebra, distinguished by all American authors from the undatus, is scarcely even a variety of it, while the true 0. zebra of Miiller, a very different shell, inhabits the western parts of South America.
1. Orthalicus undatus, Ferussac. Plate 13, figures 1, 2, 3.
Shell subconical, striated by growth lines, thick; spire ele- vated, suture moderate, slightly crenated; whorls 6, convex, the last about two-thirds of the total length of the shell; aperture large, ovate. White, with longitudinal undulated or zig-zag chocolate-colored flames, intersected by three narrow revolving lines of the same color; inner surface marked the same as the external.
Length 45, diam. 27 mill. Southern Florida.
BULIMULIN 2.
All the genera of this subfamily are of South American origin, and only a few species of them extend into the subjacent parts of North America.
1. Drymaus, Albers. Elongate-conical, perforate or rimate, thin, diaphanous, variegated; aperture large, oblong ovate, columella more or less twisted, peristome thin, expanded, columellar margin reflexed.
bo
Lrostracus, Albers. Oblong-conical, perforate, thin, smooth, fasciate; aperture obliquely semi-oval, lip thin, more or less expanded, the columellar margin dilated, reflexed.
OF CONCHOLOGY. 167
3. Musemprinvs, Albers. Ovate-conical, rimate, rather thin, striate, white, generally variegated with brown; aperture oblong-oval, small, lip thin, and not reflected, columellar margin more or less dilated, reflected and appressed, colu- mella slightly twisted.
4. Tuaumastus, Albers. Shell oblong-conical, imperforate or rimate, nearly smooth, white, sometimes variegated with brown flames; aperture oblong-oval, lip obtuse, straight or slightly expanded, columellar margin reflexed, more or less appressed, columella distinctly twisted.
5. Mormus, Albers. Shell oblong-conical, striate or subcos- tate, thin, whitish or variegated with brown, upper whorls flattened, the body whorl very convex, inflated ; aperture subovate, the lips simple, sharp, columellar margin dilated and reflected.
for)
. Scutatus, Albers. Ovate-conical, perforate or umbilicate, roughly striate, whitish or brownish white, seldom varie- gated, last whorl ventricose, compressed at the base; aperture ovate-oblong, peristome more or less expanded, slightly thickened within.
7. Peronaus, Albers. Oblong-turrited, perforate, white, some- times variegated with brownish, spire elevated, the last whorl one-third of the total length; aperture oblong-oval, lip expanded, not thickened, columellar margin dilated ; columella receding or obsoletely arcuate.
DRYMAUS, Albers.
1. Drymeeus serperastrus, Say. Plate 13, figure 4.
Shell ovate-fusiform, umbilicate, thin, translucent; spire acuminate, suture moderately impressed; whorls about 7, a little convex; aperture elongate-lunate, the lip expanded a little, and reflected upon its columellar margin; umbilicus moderate. Yellowish white, with about six interrupted bluish black bands on the body whorl, which sometimes coalesce ; the internal coloring is the same, except near the lip margin, where the bands disappear.
Length 87, diam. 17°5 mill. Texas and Mexico.
168 AMERICAN JOURNAL
2. Drymeus Mexicanus, Lamarck. Plate 13, figure 5. Ovately acuminate, narrowly umbilicate, thin, pellucid, with
thin incremental striz. White with two brown zones on the last whorl, and maculations of the same color on the others.
Length 28 mill.
Cinaloa, North-western Mexico.
LIOSTRACUS, Albers.
1. Liostracus Ziegleri, Pfeiffer. Plate 13, figure 6.
Shell ovate-conical, narrowly perforate, slightly striate, de- cussated by nearly obsolete spiral lines; spire conical, acute ; whorls 6, slightly convex, the last subangulate in the middle ; aperture oval, the lip simple, slightly reflexed on the columellar margin, columella scarcely receding. White, sometimes with chestnut bands, and interruptedly maculate upon the spire.
Length 21, diam. 10 mill.
Cinaloa, North-western Mexico.
2. Liostracus Floridanus, Pfeiffer. Plate 13, figure 7.
Ovately turrited, perforate, rather smooth, hyaline with white opaque lines and maculations; spire elongate, acute ; whorls 63, slightly convex, the last scarcely one-half of the total length of the shell, subangulate below the middle, and attenuated at the base; aperture oval, oblique, columella receding, a little twisted, columellar margin of the lip expanded and reflected. Inter- ruptedly fasciate with brown.
Length 16, diam. 8 mill. Florida.
OF CONCHOLOGY. 169
3. Liostracus Dormani, W. G. Binney. Plate 13, figure 8.
Ovately turrited, perforate, smooth; spire elongate, acute, suture impressed; whorls 6, slightly convex, with minute revolving lines, last whorl convex, with a very obtuse carina on the periphery; aperture semi-oval, columella perpendicular. Shining white, with several revolving rows of perpendicular, reddish-brown patches.
Length 29, diam. 12 mill.
St. Augustine, Florida.
MESEMBRINUS, Albers.
1. Mesembrinus multilineatus, Say. Plate 13, figures 11, 12.
Ovate-conic, smooth; spire elevated, suture distinct, but not deep ; whorls 7, slightly convex, the last three-fifths of the total length; aperture small, oval, columella perpendicular, perfora- tion partly covered. Yellowish-white, with chestnut longitudi- nal lines, a dark infra-sutural line, and a black apex, umbilical area and lip.
Length 17, diam. 8 mill.
East Florida.
The markings are not unlike those of M. virgulatus, Fer., of West Indies.
2. Mesembrinus Humboldti, Reeve. Plate 13, figure 13.
Ovately turrited, thin, smooth, narrowly umbilicated; spire elongate, acute; whorls 7, somewhat convex, the last three-fifths of the total length; aperture oblique, oval, lip sharp, not re- flected, columellar margin dilated and appressed. White or yellowish, with narrow, interrupted brown bands, sometimes not banded.
Length 31, diam. 15 mill.
Cinaloa, North-western Mexico.
This species is described from Peru, and the identity of the Mexican specimens may be regarded as questionable.
170 AMERICAN JOURNAL
3. Mesembrinus inscendensgs, Binney. Plate 14, figure 21.
Shell rimate, thin, narrowly turrited, suture well marked ; whorls 7, with minute revolving lines, the apex ribbed; aperture narrowly ovate, oblique, lip simple, columellar margin reflected. Reddish-brown.
Length 36, diam. 10 mill. Lower California.
THAUMASTUS, Albers.
1. Thaumastus pallidior, Sowerby. Plate 13, figure 9.
Elongate-ovate, rimate, striate by growth lines; spire elevated, acuminate, whorls 6, convex, the last two-thirds the total length; aperture subovate, lip reflexed, its extremities approaching and connected by a slight callus. White, yellow- ish white within.
Length 87, diam. 23 mill.
San Juan, Gulf of California; Cape St. Lucas, Lower Cali- fornia.
2. Thaumastus Californicus, Reeve.
Plate 13, figure 14.
Ovately turrited, thin, scarcely umbilicated; spire elevated- conical; whorls 6, smooth; aperture oval, lip sharp, expanded, columellar margin reflexed. White, with transverse bluish-black zones.
Length 19, diam. 10 mill. California (Reeve). Probably from Lower California. Very closely allied to ser- perastrus, Say.
OF CONCHOLOGY. 171
3. Thaumastus excelsus, Gould. Plate 13, figure 10. Elongate-ovate, acuminate, somewhat solid, smooth; spire elevated, acute; whorls 7, the last two-thirds the total length; aperture small sub-ovate, lip reflexed, columellar margin much
expanded, lip extremities joined by a slight callus; axis rimate. Fulvous with white strigations, lip white.
Length 44, diam. 19 mill.
Lower California.
4. Thaumastus patriarcha, W.G. Binney. Plate 13, figure 15. .
Shell ovate, perforate, solid, rugosely striate ; whorls 6, con- vex, the last ventricose and two-thirds of the total length ; aperture ovate, lip thickened within, and its extremities joined by a heavy white callus, columellar margin slightly reflected over the umbilicus. White.
Length 35, diam. 19 mill.
Texas and Mexico.
Larger and more rugose than the allied species.
5. Thaumastus alternatus, Say.
Plate 13, figure 16. Plate 14, figures 10, 12. Ovate-conic, rather thick, umbilicated; suture slightly im- pressed; whorls 6, lip simple, expanded, thickened within, columellar margin reflected. White, yellowish or grey, with
brown oblique longitudinal irregular or jagged bands, sometimes confluent.
Length 50, diam. 17 mill. Texas and Mexico. Fig. 16 represents the typical form, and fig. 12 a not quite adult, highly colored form; fig. 10 is a small and more numer-
ous variety, if it be not indeed specifically distinct, It is the shell described by Menke as Bulimus lactarius.
172 AMERICAN JOURNAL
6. Thaumastus Schiedeanus, Pfeiffer. Plate 14, figures 1, 2, 4, 5.
Ovate-conic, thick, irregularly longitudinally striate, narrowly umbilicate; whorls 63, shghtly convex, the last large ; aperture oblong-oval, lip simple, a little expanded, thickened within, columellar margin reflected, columella more or less plicate. White, brownish inside.
Length 51, diam. 17 mill.
Texas and Mexico.
This species appears to vary considerably in form, some spe- cimens being longer and less inflated than the type, and being obtusely angulated on the periphery. A young shell of this character is copied from W. G. Binney (fig. 2), who proposes, should it prove to be distinct, to call it Mooreanus. Ladd an older specimen, of the same form (fig. 4), but without the coloration of Mr. Binney’s shell; it is from Brownsville, Texas. Fig. 5 repre- sents a not unusual variety with distinct columellar tooth, which Pfeiffer supposed distinct, and proposed to call Bulimus Binney- anus. ‘The examinaticn of many shells showing the transition from a smooth to a toothed columella, convinces me that they are all of one species.
7. Thaumastus Marie, Albers. Plate 14, figure 3.
Oblong conical, solid, rather smooth, narrowly umbilicate ; spire conical, acute; whorls 63, slightly convex, attenuate at the base; aperture acuminately oblong, oblique, lip sharp, columellar margin dilated and reflected, columella with a small tooth. White, with obsolete brown spots and dashes, brown within.
Length 88, diam. 14 mill.
Texas.
MORMUS, Albers.
1. Mormus sufflatus, Gould. Plate 14, figure 6.
Ovate, slightly striate, thin, slightly perforate; spire short ; whorls 53, the last elliptical, and equalling three-fourths of the total length; aperture lunate, lip simple, columella reflexed. White.
Length 33, diam. 17 mill.
Lower California.
OF CONCHOLOGY. 173
2. Mormus pilula, W. G. Binney. Plate 14, figure 7.
Shell globular, thin, inflated, umbilicated; spire short-conical, suture well impressed; aperture rounded, lip thin, columellar margin broadly reflected. White, with two brown revolving bands.
Long. 12, lat. 9 mill.
Lower California.
SCUTALUS, Albers.
1. Scutalus proteus, Broderip. , Plate 14, figure 8. This is a Peruvian species, of which a number of young speci- mens have been collected in Lower California. It may not be more than an adventitious inhabitant of that peninsula.
2. Scutalus dealbatus, Say. Plate 14, figure 9.
Shell ovate-conical, thin, ventricose; whorls 7, striate, with growth lines which are more apparent on the spire, the last whorl subglobose; aperture ovate, lip thin, the columellar mar- gin reflected, umbilicus narrow. White, with interrapted oblique longitudinal grey or yellow streaks. '
Length 18, diam. 11 mill.
North Carolina,«Alabama, Texas, Missouri, Arkansas.
A very abundant species, which will probably be found to inhabit all the far southern States.
_—_—.
3. Scutalus Kantusi, W. G. Binney. Plate 14, figure 11.
Shell ovate-oblong, longitudinally striate, with minute re- volving lines; spire elevated, suture impressed; whorls 52, slightly convex; aperture ovate, lip simple, columella arched, parietal wall covered by a slight callus. White (bleached ”).
Length 21, diam. 8 mill.
Lower California. 12
174 AMERICAN JOURNAL ~PERONAUS, Albers.
1. Peronzus artemesia, W. G. Binney. Plate 14, figure 22.
Shell subcylindrical, rimate; whorls 8, gradually increasing in size, flattened, suture well impressed ; ; surface smooth, except first whorl and a half of spire, which are ribbed ; aperture small, obliquely oval, its margins approaching and connected by a heavy callous deposit. White, almost transparent.
Length 23, diam. 6 mill.
Lower California.
Addenda. Bulimus (Leptomerus) Marielinus, Poey. Plate 14, figure 23.
Ovate-conical, thin, imperforate; whorls 5, slightly convex, transparent, with several sub-interrupted brown bands on the lower portion of the body whorl; aperture oval, columella per- pendicular, lip thin, not reflected.
Long. 8 mill. A Cuban species, recently found in South Florida.
Spurious Species.
ACHATINA (CoLUMNA) CALIForNICA, Pfeiffer, quoted from Mon- terey, California, is a South American species.
BULIMUS DECOLLATUS, Linn., } Butimus. acicunta, Miller,
BuLIMUS suBULA, Pfeiffer,
BuLimus Lusricus, Miiller, | BULIMUS GRACILLIMUS, Pfeiffer, ‘ Butimus Gosset, Pfeiffer, Butimus Kieneri, Pfeiffer, BULIMUS HARPA, Say,
Are all to be referred to the family Pupade.
Sa
BuLIMUs MARGINATUS, Say,
OF CONCHOLOGY.
HELICIDA.
SYNONYMY AND REFERENCE TO Per, AoT ee ad
DADALOCHILA.
Figs. 1, 2, 3. D. aurirormis, Bland. Ann. N. Y.
ee
.
4
66
_
¢
6c
Lye., vii., p. 87, Dec., 1858. EH. auriculata, Binney. Terr. Moll., ii, (part,) t. 40, f. 1, (right hand) 2, 1851. H. avara, Reeve. Conch. Icon., t. 121, No. 720, 1852. H. auriculata, Reeve. Conch. Icon., t. 119, No. 700, 1852.
4,5, 6. D. avara, Say. Nicholson’s Encycl., 1st Am. Kdit., 1816. Journal Acad. Nat. Sci, i., p. 277, 1818. W. G. Binney, 1. ¢. iv., p. 74, 1859. Bland, Anu. N. Y> live. vir, p. 00; Vee:, 1858.
7, 8,9. D. msprtoca, Ravenel. Bland. Ann. N. Wodlive:, vil., to 45.00 02) Apr. 60,
10; 11,12. D. Postentiana, Bland. Ann. N. Y. Lyc., vii., p. 80, Dec., 1858.
18, 14. D. aurtcuLATA, Say. Nicholson’s Encyel.,
Edit. 1, 1816.
Journal Acad. Nat. Sciences, i., p. 277, 1818.
Binney, Terr. Moll., ii., p. 186, (part,) t. 40, Fig. 1, (left hand,) 1851.
Bland yAnns N. Y. Lye. vii., p. 26, Dec., 1858.
W. G. Binney, I. ¢. iv., p. 73, 1859.
15, 16. D. wuvoutirera, Shuttleworth. Bern. Mittheil., p. 199, Aug., 1852. Chemnitz, 2d Hdit., ii., p. 426, t. 148, f. 19, 20, 1853.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
175
176 AMERICAN JOURNAL
Binney, 1. ¢. iii., p. 20, 1857. W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., iv., p. 75, 1859. Bland, “Amn. NOY. liyc., ‘vil, p. 34, Dec. 1858, H. florulifera, Reeve. Conch. Icon., No. 699, Aug., 1852. No. 25.
POLYGYRA.
Figs. 17, 18. P. antx1s, Gabb. American Journal of Con- chology, i., p. 209, t: 19, f. 1—4, July, 1865. . No. i
“ 19, 20, 21. P. cureotus, Mihlfelt. Berlin Maga- zine, Viii., p. 41, t. 2, f. 18, 1816. Bland, Ann. N. Y. Lye., vii., May, 1860. (Part) W. G. Binney, 1. c. iv., p. 90, t. 77, f. 23, 1859. H. septemvolva, (Part) Binney, Terr. Moll., i, p. 196, 1851. No. 2.
«© 92, P. sEPTEMVOLVA, Say. Nicholson’s Encyc., 1st Edit., 1816. (Part) Binney, 1. ¢. ii., p. 196, t. 38, t. 39, f. 1, 1851. Bland, Ann. N. Y. Lyc., vu., May, 1860. H. planorbula, Lamarck. Ann. 8. Vert., vi.,
; p. 89. H. cereolus, Muhlf., (Part) W. G. Binney, 1. c. iv., p. 90, 1859. No. 3.
«© 93,94, P. CARPENTERIANA, Bland. Ann. N. Y. Lye., vii., May, 1860. H. microdonta, Desh. W. G. Binney, 1. ¢. iv., p- 91, t. 78, f. 23, 1859. H. plana, Dunker. Phil. Icon., 1., p. 51, t. 3, f. 11, 1845. : No. 4. “© 95, P. votvoxis, Parreyss. Pfeiffer Symbole, 1i1., p. 80, 1846. W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll.,iv., p. 92, t. 78, f. 17,.1859. H. septemvolva var., Bland. Ann. N. Y. Lyc.,
vii., 1860. No. 5.
“© 26. P. POLYGYRELLA, Bland and Cooper. Ann. N. Y. Lyc., vii., t. 4, f. 13—15, June, 1861. No. 7.
“ x
n nw
“ a
OF CONCHOLOGY.
AGLAJA. (See also Plates 5 and 6.)
SEQUOICOLA, Cooper. Proc. California Acad. Nat. Sciences, Apr., 1866.
AyreEsIANA, Newcomb. (See reference to pl. 5.)
Bripgrst, Newcomb. (See reference to pl. 5.) RoweE.Luit, Newcomb. (See reference to
pl. 6.) GaxBBil, Newcomb. (See reference to pl. 6.)
FAcTA, Newcomb. Proc. California Acad. Nat. Sciences, i1., 1864.
CONULUS.
33, 384, 85. C. CHERSINELLA, Dall. Am. Jour.
36, 37,
39, 40,
Conch., ii., p. 828, t. 21, f. 4, Oct., 1866.
HYALINA.
88. H. Hornir, Gabb. Am. Jour. Conch., il., px do0;, 6. 2lt..5, Oct., 1866.
GASTRODONTA.
41. G. sia@niFIcaANs, Bland. Am. Jour. Conch:, up: 072, 4. 2151.9, Oct., 1866.
ORTHALICIDL.
SYNONYMY AND REFERENCE TO PLATE 12.
LIGUUS.
Figs. 1, 2, 3, 5, 6. L. Fascrata, Miller. Hist. Verm.,
ii., p. 145, 1774.
Binney, |. c. ii., p. 266, t. 55, (not. 56,) 57, 1851.
17
178
Fig. 4.
AMERICAN JOURNAL
W. G. Binney, 1. c. iv., p. 188, 1859.
Bulimus vevillum, Brug.
Achatina solida, Say. Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., y.; Pp. aan 1825;
A. crenata, Swainson.
A. pallida, Swainson.
Bulla virginea, B. Linn. Syst. Nat., Edit. 12, p- 1186.
A. lineata, Valenciennes. Recueil d’Observ., p- 248, t. 55, f. 2, 1833.
A. murrea, Reeve. Conch. Icon., t. T, f. 22, a, D.
A. anais, Lesson.
A. lutea, Weigmann.
Bulimus zebra, Orb. Moll. Cuba.
L. prota, Reeve. Conch. Icon., t. 10, f. 34. Bulimus fasciatus, (Part) Binney, |. ¢. il, p. 266, t. 56, 1851. WG. Binney, lvc.iv.;p-., 138, 4309.
ORTHALICID A.
SYNONYMY AND REFERENCE TO PLatE 13.
ORTHALICUS.
Figs. 1, 2,3. O. uNDATUS, Ferussac. Hist. des Moll.,
pool, a. 21d; F104 fate fo, 6. Shuttleworth, Notitiz Malacol, p. 63, t. 3, f. 4, 5, 1856. Bulimus zebra, (Not of Miuller,) Binney, 1. ¢. ii., p. 271, t. 54, 1851. WG. Binney, 1.1c. 1v.,-p..120, t..17, £. 13, 4. fet. 12, 1859:
DRYMAUS.
“4, D. SERPERASTRUS, Say. New Harmony Dis-
seminator, Dec. 28, 1831.
No: ae
No. 2.
OF CONCHOLOGY.
Binney, |. ¢. u., p. 274, t. 50, f. 2, 1851. WG. Binney, Ec: iv. p. 126, 1859.
Fig. 5. D. Mexicanus, Lamarck. Anim. 8S. Vert.,
ce
6c
Vili., p. 252, 1838. - Reeve, Conch. Icon., t. 40, f. 244. Carpenter, Mazatlan Cat., p. 177, 1857.
LIOSTRACUS.
6. L. Zieg eri, Pfeiffer. Proc. Zool. Soe., p. 113, 1846. Reeve, Conch. Icon., t. 58, f. 389. Carpenter, Mazatlan Cat., p. 177, 1857.
T. L. Fuoripanus, Pfeiffer. Zool. Proc., p. 330, 1856. W:. G.; Binney, |. csiv.,.p. 134, .ts (95 f.23, 1859. 8. L. Dormant, W. G. Binney. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 188, 1857. Terr= Moll.,-iv., p. 192,,t..80, 7. 105: 1859:
THAUMASTUS.
9. T. pattipior, Sowerby. Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 108, 1832. Reeve, Conch. Icon., t. 55, f. 565. Bul. vegetus, Gould. Bost. Jour., vi., p. 375, Oe neh . Gould, Otia Conchologica, p. 184, 1862. 10. T. ExcELsus, Gould. Bost. Jour., vi., p. 376, t. 1402.3, Octs, Spa: We G- Binney, cvs pe 24, toi 2 1859.
MESEMBRINUS.
11,12. M. muritingatus, Say. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., v., p. 120, 1825. W. G. Binney, 1. ¢. iv., p. 132, 1859. Bul. virgulatus, (not of Fer.,) Binney, 1. ¢. il., Wa 218, t. 00, 151.
13. M. Humsouptt, Reeve. Conch. Icon., t. 58, f. 391.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No,
No.
bo
bo
180 AMERICAN JOURNAL
THAUMASTUS.
(See also figs. 9, 10.) Fig. 14. T. Catrrornicus, Reeve. Conch. Icon., No. 378, Dec., 1848. We Gx Binney. le: p24, t.. 69, f., Lo, 1859.
«© 15. T. patrrarcHa, W. G. Binney. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 116, 1858. W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., iv., p. 180, t. 80, two, lige:
“16. T. atteRNatus, Say. New. Harmony Dis- seminator, Dec. 28, 1831. W. G. Binney, |. ¢. iv., p. 126, t. 80, f. 1, 3, 1859. Bul. dealbatus, Say, (Part) Binney, 1. ¢. ii., p. 276, t. Ol, f. 2, t. 51 a, (exel. other fig- ures,) 1851. Bul. lactarius, Menke.
ORTHALICIDA.
SYNONYMY AND REFERENCE TO PLATE 14.
THAUMASTUS. (See also pl. 13.)
Figs. 1, 2, 4, 5. T. Scurupnanvs, Pfeiffer. Symb. ad Hist. Hel., i., p. 48, 1841. W. G. Binney, I. ¢. iv., p. 129, t. 80, f. 8, 15, 1859. Bul. Binneyanus, Pfr. W. G. Binney, 1. ¢. iv., p. 128, 1859. Bul. dealbatus, (Part) Binney, |. ¢. i., p. 276, t. 51, b., (excl. other figures,) 1851.
No. 5.
No. 6.
OF CONCHOLOGY. Fig 3. T. Marta, Albers. Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 28, 1848
Chemnitz, Conch. Cab., t. 48, f. 7, 8. 10, 12. T. atrerNatus, Say. (See plate 13, fig. 16.
. an
- MORMUS. “‘ 6. M. surFLAtUS, Gould. Otia Conchologica, p. 184, 1862. Bul. vesicalis, (pre-oc.,) Gould. Bost. Jour., vi. p- 375, t. 14, f. 1, A’pr., 1852. .”
“ (. M. prruta, W.G. Binney. Froc. Acad. Nat. Sciences, p. 832, 1861.
SCUTALUS. ‘<8. S. proteus, Broderip. Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 107, 1832.
Bul. sordidus, Reeve. Conch. Iconica, Buli- mus, f. 100.
‘‘ 9. S. DEALBATUS, Say. Jour. Acad. Nat. Sciences, lig ps loo, Jan., LO2L: W.-G. Binney, J:.c. av. p. 130, 4. 804..6,.7, 1859.
Bul. dealbatus, (Part) Binney, 1. ¢. ii, p. 276, t. 51, f. 1, (excl. other figures,) 1851.
“11. 8. Xanrusi, W. G. Binney. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sciences, p. 331, 1861. MESEMBRINUS. (See also pl. 13.) “6 21. M. inscenpENs, W. G. Binney. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sciences, p. 832, 1861. PERON AUS.
«¢ 22. P. Arntemusta, W. G. Binney. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sciences, p. 851, 1861.
No.
No.
No.
No.
181
=}
bo
bo
182 AMERICAN JOURNAL
SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA SYCOTYPUS, BROWNE, AND BUSYCON, BOLTEN.
BY T. A. CONRAD.
The name of Sycotypus is applied to the genus Ficus, Klein, (Ficula, Swainson,) by Adams and Hermannsen on the authority of Gronovius, who quotes it with a mark of doubt. There is no shell of the West Indies that answers to the simple designation of “smaller hairy fig shell, lightly tuberculated,”’ but it is very probable that the shell known as Bulla canaliculata, Lin., was in the collections in Jamaica, and regarded as a native. The description does not apply to any species of Ficus, for the sim- ple designation “hairy” would alone distinguish Browne's genus from Ficus. We have no knowledge of any anatomical characters by which to separate this genus from Busycon, Bolten, which was founded on Murex aruanus, Lin., but as the two groups have very characteristic differences in the shells, one being spinous and the other channelled and tuberculated, the one having reversed species, the other never reversed, it is most convenient to regard them as distinct genera, especially as the embryo in the egg pouches of B. aruanum have a long fissure, parallel with the columella, which exhibits the interior to the apex, and the embryo of S. canaliculatus is always entire. I do not think the partial union of the characters of the two groups, as represented by the Miocene fossils, should decide us to retain the whole group under one generic term ; for, otherwise, very many recent genera would have to be eliminated for the same reason. But it is remarkable that this trenchant distinc- tion between Sycotypus and Busycon should have taken place so soon after the Miocene period, in which several species of
shells can scarcely be distinguished from living shells of the coast.
OF CONCHOLOGY. 183
The geographical distribution of these two genera of large univalves, both in the recent and fossil state, is very interesting, inasmuch as the recent forms belong exclusively to the coasts of the West Indies, the Gulf of Mexico and the North Atlantic, and the fossils to the tertiaries of the Atlantic slope.
Whilst the distinction between spinous and tuberculated forms is quite decided amongst the recent shells of the two genera, it is less marked in the fossils, and all are alike, when young, in having tubercles only. The difference.is that in one genus the tubercles remain in the adult, but in the other, in a certain stage of growth, they become, though not invariably, open or foliated spines. ‘This fissure is in the direction of the shell’s growth, and is the only difference between the spines of B. aruanum and the tubercles of S. coronatus. The spines some- times appear to be a prolongation of certain prominent lines of growth in the shell. This character seems to have suggested the name arwanum applied to the typical species.
Quite young shells of the canaliculate group, as S. coronatus and rugosus, are not canaliculate.
There is no prominent fold on the columella of these genera, but only a slight oblique groove.
The first of this group of genera or subgenera appears to have originated in the Eocene, but it is only in the Miocene that it assumes its maximum development and marked diversity of characters and forms.
The species of Sycotypus, figured by Lister, t. 878, is un- known to me. Dillwyn refers it to canaliculatus, but the adult, young shell, embryo and ovaries are all very different from those of canaliculatus.
SYCOTYPUS, Browne, Gill, (not Gronovius).
Recent species. Miocene species.
S. CANALICULATUS, Lin. ‘| S. pLagosus, Conrad. var. elegans, Conrad. 2, S. PyruM, Dillwyn. Fulgur pyruloides, Say.
. ALVEATUS, Conrad.
. CORONATUS, Conrad.
. CAROLINENSIS, Conrad.
CANALIFERUS, Conrad.
INCILIS, Conrad.
. EXCAVATUS, Conrad. Cassidulus carolinensis,
Tuomey and Holmes. S. RuGosus, Conrad.
MNNMN WM
184 AMERICAN JOURNAL
BUSYCON, Bolten.
Recent species. Miocene species. °, B. anvanum, Lin. B. FILosuM, Conrad. Pyrula carica, iam. 7, B. Maximum, Conrad. B. spinosum, Conrad. B. TRITONIS, Conrad. 6. B. ELICEANS, Montfort. B. CANDELABRUM, Lam. B. coaRcLatum, Sow. Reversed species. Oligocene species.
B. Krenert, Phillippi. 8. B. SPINIGER, Conrad. B. gibbosum, Conrad. °, B. ADVERSARIUM, Conrad. B. Perversum, Lin.
Subgenus Sycopsis, Conrad. Tuberculate, not canaliculate.
Miocene species. Hocene species.
. CARINATUM, Conrad. 1, B. NODULATUM, Conrad. . FUSIFORME, Conrad.
. SCALASPIRA, Conrad.
. STRIATUM, Conrad.
. TUBERCULATUM, Conrad.
10
woHlecHlooleehes
Reversed species. . CONTRARIUM, Conrad.
od
In this subgenus there are seven species which have no living representatives, or forms possessing the same subgeneric char- acters.
Notes.
1. S. plagosus. The reference to Lister in Proceedings of Academy, 1862, is an error. It should be to Chemnitz, iii., 738. It is figured by Kiener as a variety of S. canaliculatus, pl. 10, fig. 2. S&. elegans, Conrad, is a variety.
2. S. pyrum. The tubercles ate only in the young shell, or near the apex in the adult.
3. iS. incilis. Tuberculated like the preceding. It is the only thick and ponderous shell of the genus.
4, S. excavatus. Tuberculated like the preceding. In this species the spiral channel assumes the character of a profound canal, which eminently distinguishes it from all the other species.
OF CONCHOLOGY. 185
5. B. aruvanum. Linne’s original description and references to figures in Rumphius and Gualteri apply to the same species described by Lamarck as Pyrula carica, and by myself as B. spinosum.
6. B. eliceans. This shell is usually confounded with the preceding, but it is evidently distinct, and inhabits the southern coast exclusively, whilst the arwanwm ranges as far north as Massachusetts. It is represented in Montfort’s figure; in Reeve’s Mon. of Pyrula, pl. 5, fig. 16; in Chemnitz, fig. 744, 756—T ; Tuomey and Holmes, Post-Pliocene of 8. C., pl. 11, fig. 1; Kiener. Mon. of Pyrula, pl. 3, fig. 1.
7. B. maximum. Chiefly distinguished from Tyitonis by the absence of spines in the adult.
8. B. spiniger. In this species the armature is similar to that of Sycotypus coronatus, and forms a connexion between the tu- berculated and spinous shells of the two genera.
9. B. adversarium. This species is the only reversed form with tubercles instead of spines.
10. B. striatum. This shell, though young, is a very distinct species; even the just excluded young of Sycotypus canalicu- latus can be easily recognized, so as not to mistake it for that of any other species.
11. B. nodulatwm, Conrad. In this, the oldest known spe- cies, there are tubercles and no channel; so that Sycotypus dates no further back than the Miocene, which contains seven species.
S. canaliculatus. As Dr. Gould remarks that there is some uncertainty of the species described by Linne under this name, I would refer to the Syst. Nat., 1758, where the habitat Canada is given, and the reference to Gualteri, pl. 48, removes all doubt. That is an excellent figure of the shell known as canaliculatus, and is placed by Linne in the genus Murez.
186 AMERICAN JOURNAL
DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW MIOCENE SHELLS.
BY T. A. CONRAD.
SYCOTYPUS, Browne.
S. PYRIFORMIS, Conrad.
More acutely angular on the shoulder than S. pyrum. The body whorl does not swell out beyond the line of its summit, as in pyrum.
Cassidulus pyrum, Tuomey and Holmes, Pliocene Fossils of South Carolina, pl. 30, fig. 2. FICID A. FICUS, Klein. F. Hotmesii, Conrad.
Much less ventricose and more closely striated than reticu- datus, and having a longer beak.
Sycotypus reticulatus, Tuomey and Holmes, (not Say.) Phocene Fossils of South Carolina, pl. 30, fig. 38. FASCIOLARIDA? FASCIOLINA, Conrad.
Fusiform ; columella nearly straight to the extremity of the beak; one prominent oblique fold on the columella, situated above the middle of the aperture.
Fasciolaria Woodii, Gabb.
This is a small, thick, very fusiform shell, with a fold situated
more remote from the beak than in any other uniplicate genus,
except Cuma, Humph.
OF CONCHOLOGY. 187
BUCCINID A.
TORTIFUSUS, Conrad.
Fusiform; ribs revolving; columella with a slight oblique groove as in Sycotypus ; beak long, twisted; lip entire within.
Lirosoma curvirostra, Conrad, Pioc. Acad. Nat. Sciences, 1864, p. 212.
This shell differs from Lirosoma in being without longitudinal ribs or varices, and without a prominent fold on the columella, which is very similar to that of Sycotypus with its oblique, slight groove. It differs from the species of the latter genus in its prominent equal revolving ribs, and want of lines on the interior of the labrum.
188 AMERICAN JOURNAL
NOTES ON FOSSIL SHELLS AND DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES.
BY T. A. CONRAD.
SOLENIDA. LEPTOSOLEN, Conrad.
This genus is very nearly allied to Solena, Browne, but, hay- ing obtained a more complete view of the interior since the generic character was published, I find that the anterior mus- cular impression is chiefly anterior to, though its posterior end nearly covers, the rib, which is prominent in the umbonal region, truncated behind, sloping anteriorly, and situated behind the line of the apex. The upper margin of the muscular im- pression is on a line with the interior hinge line. In Solena the tooth is narrowest on the hinge plate, and there is a small pit before it; but in Leptosolen the tooth is broadest on the hinge plate, and tapers to a very acute edge, which is expanded in the direction of the shell’s diameter.
ANATINID A. PERIPLOMA, Schum.
The Anatina alta, C. B. Adams, proving to be a Periploma, it is necessary to substitute another name for P. alta, Conrad, figured in Am. Journ. Conch., vol. ii, pl. 4, fig. 10. I propose the name P. peralta, Conrad.
MACTRA, Lin.
M. Vir@iniana, Conrad.
Description.—Triangular, elongated, hatchet-shaped, equi- lateral, compressed; anterior subcuneate, obliquely truncated at
OF CONCHOLOGY. 189
the extremity; umbonal slope very oblique, straight, carinated, margined by a wide angular depression ; posterior side flattened ; dorsal margins oblique, straight; lunule profoundly elongated, impressed, with angular margins, but not defined by an impressed line; ventral margin equally rounded, and the extremities much above the line of the base; hinge teeth compressed, elevated ; fosset large, oblique; pallial sinus acutely rounded.
Dimensions.—Length 4? inches; height 3 inches.
Locality. —Yorktown, Virg.
Observations.—This species has been considered a variety of S. delumbis, Con., from the same locality, but it is compressed, whilst the latter 1s ventricose, and its rounded ventral margin, straight posterior dorsal line, narrower umbo, &c., give it a dif- ferent external character; the hinge plate is broader, thinner, and the posterior tooth longer than in S. delumbis. It has, per- haps, the most graceful form to be found in the family.
List of Miocene Species of Hemimactra, Swainson.
H. congesta, Conrad. H. subparilis, Conrad.
Hf. confragosa, “ H. modicella, «6
H. subcuneata, * H. medialis, eS PECTINIDA.
PECTEN, Lin. P. TRICARINATUS, Conrad.
Description.—Right valve slightly ventricose; left valve slightly convex, posterior ear sinus not profound; ribs 15, narrow, square, elevated, each with three prominent equal scaly lines; interstices much wider than the ribs, with six or seven minutely scaly lines, the middle one generally largest; in the left valve, the three lines on the ribs have an intermediate line and the ribs are rather wider. Height 33 inches; length the same.
Locality.— Virginia. Miocene.
PECTEN YORKENSIS, Conrad.
Description.—Orbicular, thin, depressed; umbonal region convex; ribs 21, subquadrate, little prominent; interstices about as wide as the ribs, with transverse wrinkles, which are obsolete on the ribs. Height 1? inches; length 1] inches.
Locality.—Yorktown, Virginia. Miocene. 13
190 AMERICAN JOURNAL
Closely resembles P. crradians, Lam., but has much less prominent ribs, and is not ventricose.
VENERICARDIA, Lam. V. Moornana, Conrad.
Description.—Cordate, thick, ventricose; ribs 27 or 28, flat- tened on the back, prominent, square, broader on the back than beneath, or the interstices are narrowed at the surface by a slight lateral carination of the ribs; ribs prominent to the ven- tral margin; narrow, close and prominent on the anterior and posterior slopes; crenulated on the beak and umbo. Length 1% inch.
Locality.—Texas. Dr. Francis Moore. LHocene.
Distinguished from planicosta and densata by its size, by the prominence of the ribs on the margin of the.valves, and on the -
anterior and posterior slopes, and by the interior marginal teeth which are not carinated on the margins.
@F CONCHOLOGY. ge 191
DESCRIPTION OF A NEW GENUS OF ASTARTIDZ). BY T. A. CONRAD.
CYCLOCARDIA, Conrad.
Rounded, equivalve, radiately costate, covered with a rough epidermis ; hinge with two robust teeth in the left valve, directed obliquely backward, the posterior one elongated and slightly curved ; anterior tooth of the right valve rudimentary ; pallial impression entire.
Cardita borealis, Conrad.
This genus differs from Cardita in being of a less dense structure of the valves, which are often eroded on the ribs, and in having a rough, brown epidermis covering a white unspotted shell. The anterior cardinal tooth is directed obliquely back- ward, unlike that of Cardita, and the anterior muscular im- pression is comparatively longer than in that genus, whilst its northern habitat is very different from that of the Cardite which inhabit the Mediterranean and tropical seas.
The epidermis, when magnified, shows fine close lines follow- ing the direction of the ribs.
C. ventricosa, Gould, has a similar form and epidermis, and inhabits Puget Sound, thus agreeing in every essential character with its congener C. borealis.
192 AMERICAN JOURNAL
DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW WEST COAST SHELLS. BY T. A. CONRAD.
MACTRIDA.
HARVELLA, Gray. H. pacrrica, Conrad.
Description.—EHquilateral, ventricose; posterior extremity situated midway between the summit and ventral margin, which is regularly and profoundly rounded ; post umbonal area narrow and depressed.
Inhabits Panama.
Observations.—Differs from the Florida species, H. elegans, in being less ventricose, having much finer and closer ribs on the umbo, in having the posterior angle situated much higher, in having a narrower post-umbonal area; in the anterior cardinal cavity being much wider, and in the ribs being less distant.
I have no doubt of the independent origin of these two species, nor do I believe that the Isthmus faunz of the two oceans con- tained originally, if they do now, any identical species. C. B. Adams thought there was one shell common to both oceans — Crepidula unguiformis—but as that shell is occasionally rayed in the Panama specimens, and never in the Atlantic species, I have no doubt of their being distinct. It has been supposed that the two oceans communicated in the Miocene Period, but, in that case, there would have been little distinction between the shells of each ocean; but, in fact, the Miocene analogues are of the Pacific type on the west, and of the Atlantic type on the east, where they resemble recent American shells. Since the Miocene period, there is no evidence of a subsidence, and I be- lieve that it was the elevation of land at the close of the Oligocene Period that separated the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. I find
OF CONCHOLOGY. 193
several Eocene shells common to the Atlantic and Pacific slopes, among which is the well-known Venericardia planicosta, Lam.
The shells of the Isthmus Tertiary are different from Eocene or Miocene shells of N. America.
SPISSULA, Gray. S. CATILLIFORMIS, Conrad.
Description.—Suboval, inequilateral; anterior side slightly flattened or contracted ; posterior side with an oblique shallow groove or fold; lines of growth coarse and prominent; lunule very long, elliptical; ventral margin tumid posteriorly ; cardinal pit oblique, large ; pallial sinus extending beyond the middle of the valve. Length 43 inches; height 3% inches.
Inhabits Panama.
SPISSULA DOLABRIFORMIs, Conrad.
Description.—Triangular, equilateral, slightly ventricose, an- terior side somewhat produced, subcuneate, rounded at the end; ventral margin regularly rounded anteriorly and medially ; umbonal slope with a slight carinated line, and a distinct fold anterior to it; post umbonal area with an angular groove; epi- dermis yellow olive, much wrinkled on the carinated line and post-umbonal slope; posterior end obliquely truncated, sub- emarginate ; pallial sinus extends not to the middle of the valve, but opposite the posterior end of the fosset.
Inhabits Panama.
Somewhat like Mactra exoleta in outline, but less elevated, and not so ventricose.
SILIQUA Miblfeldt.
SILIQUA CALIFORNICA, Conrad.
Description.—Oblong, equally rounded at the ends, com- pressed, umbo with a broad dark violet ray; the rib represent- ing a yellowish ray distinct to the apex ; posterior to the umbonal ray is a broad yellow ray which is terminated suddenly at a violet concentric line; rib oblique; cardinal teeth diverging in the right valve; 3 in the left ; the two anterior teeth direct and approximate ; pallial sinus angular at the extremity.
Inhabits Body Bay, Calif. George Davidson. Length 17 in.
The ray on the umbo, the more oblique rib, and especially the angular sinus of the pallial line, will suffice to distinguish this beautiful shell from WS. patula of the Sandwich Islands.
194 AMERICAN JOURNAL
DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF LIMNEA. BY S. S. HALDEMAN.
LIMNEA TECHELLA, Hald.—Plate 6, fig. 4.
Test& curta, inflata, perforata, diaphana, pallide viridi-ochra- cea, polita; anfractibus 5 convexis; aperturd ampla, interne subangulata. Long. 3—4 lin. (6—10 millim.) Texas.
Surface smoother than in L. bulimoides, Lea, of Oregon, with the lines of accretion less apparent, and the labium more angu- lar. In some individuals the shell is thick enough to be cor-
roded.
NOTICES AND REVIEWS OF NEW WORKS.
BY GEORGE W. TRYON, JR.
T.—AMERICAN.
Land and Fresh Water Shells of North America. Part 2. Pulmo- nata, Limnophila and Thalassophila. By Wma. G. Binney. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections. 8vo. Washington, 1865.
This work, which professes to monograph all the species of Auriculide, Limneeide, and Siphonariidee inhabiting the United States, published prior to 1864, forms a volume of 161 pages, illustrated by over 250 excellent wood engravings, made from drawings from nature, by the experienced pencil of Mr. Edw. S. Morse.
The exceeding conservatism which characterizes all of Mr. Binney’s writings, in the present instance is greatly to be de- plored, as many perfectly good species, acknowledged to be such by all other American conchologists who have studied our fresh water shells, are degraded from that rank to synonyms only. It must be conceded to Mr. Binney’s fairness in his work that he has been quite as conservative in his study of new forms as of those already described: thus, he leaves in Physa heterostropha all the various species from every section of the country, which, labelled by collectors under that convenient all-embracing name, have passed through his hands, instead of anticipating Mr. Isaac Lea and myself in the description of them. A naturalist who confounds (and in the name and under the authority of the Smithsonian Institution) twenty to thirty species in one, can scarcely be considered a safe exponent of the subject, particu- larly for that class of conchologists for whom this book is princi- pally designed—the beginners in the science. In order to cor- rect as nearly as possible the false impressions which may be given by this work to such persons, we will briefly rectify what we conceive to be its more glaring errors. (Practised concholo-
196 AMERICAN JOURNAL
gists will not need to follow us in this, for they will know how to extract the very valuable information which the book contains without accepting its conclusions.)
We agree with Mr. Binney in uniting Limnea umbrosa with L. reflera. He has confounded with them LZ. Rowellit and L.
zebra, nob.
We believe L. Swmassi, Baird, to be correctly represented by figs. 56 and 57, but the following figure (58) is a very doubtful representation : we call it L. ampla, Mighels.
LL. macrostoma, Say, is surely distinct from L. columella. To the synonymy of the latter must be added Succinea pellucida, Lea.
L. Nuttalliana, Lea, is not a synonym of L. palustris ; and L. obrussa, Say, is very different from L. desidiosa, of the same author.
Of the synonyms of desédiosa it may be remarked that L. Phi- ladelphia, Lea, is certainly a synonym, but a personal examina- tion of Mr. Lea’s LZ. acuta leaves me in considerable doubt whether it is not a distinct species; but a few specimens of acuta were obtained, and I have never seen any shells like them _in collecting in the vicinity of the locality where they were dis- covered. Mr. Lea’s species should at least have the benefit of the doubt, since it has been described as new. L. fusiformis, of Lea, is certainly a synonym of L. obrussa. L. Jamesi, Lea, is a distinct species, belonging to this group.
L. catascopium, Say. LL. pinguis, Say, is distinct. L. Vir- giniana, Lam., is certainly an exotic, probably an Indian spe- cies. Fig. 86, doubtfully referred to this species by Mr. Bin- ney, represents L. Brownii, nob., originally described from Elyria, Ohio.
L. humilis, Say. LL. modicella is distinct. L. parva and exigua, Lea, are synonyms of the former, and L. curta and plica, Lea, of the latter; while L. Griffithiana, Lea, is very distinct.
L. platystoma, Haldeman. ‘This species is evidently LZ. imosa, Linn. I have specimens exactly like the figure.
It would be useless to enter into a review of Mr. Binney’s list of admitted species of Physa, as his views differ so entirely from my own. Suffice it to say that he does not admit more than thirty species, while I extend the number beyond sixty published species, besides many unpublished ones in my cabinet, and that most of these additional species are forms of what Mr. Binney considers P. heterostropha and P. gyrina.
Planorbis glabratus, Say, “is said to be found in Oregon.” I do not know who is authority for this assertion, which is cer-
OF CONCHOLOGY. 197
tainly incorrect, as the species is southern in distribution. Pos- sibly the Oregon species thus referred to is the P/. subcrenatus, of Carpenter, which is closely related in general appearance.
Pi. corpulentus, Say. I agree with Mr. Binney in considering this shell synonymous with P27. trivolvis, and that the West Coast shells usually referred to corpulentus constitute a new species. As Mr. Binney has indicated this species, but neglected to name it, I propose for it the following name and synonymy:
Pu. Binneyi, Tryon. Pl. corpulentus (not of Say). Gould, U. 8. Expl. Exped., p. 114, f.1380. 1852. Haldeman, Monog. Limniades, p. 19, t. 8, f. T-9. 1844. W. G. Binney, Monog., p. 114, f. 191, 192. 1865.
Mr. Binney’s figure 193 does not represent a form of this species, but rather of P. Ammon, in my judgment.
Pi. regularis, Lea, is a shell totally distinct from Pl. trivolvis; it is a higher species, subcarinate, with the umbilicus very shal- low. It exists abundantly wherever ¢rivolvis and bicarinatus are found. The California and Oregon shells referred by Mr. Bin- ney to trwvolvis are probably tenuis, Phil., as trivolvis is not an inhabitant of the West Coast.
Pl. exacutus, Say. Pl. Buchanensis, Lea, is not a synonym of this species but = dilatatus, Gould.
Land and Fresh Water Shells of North America. Part 3. Ampulla- riida, Valvatide, Viviparide, Fresh Water Rissoide, Cyclopboride, Trun- catellide@, Fresh Water Neritidw, Helicinide. By Wu. G. Binney. Smith- sonian Miscellaneous Collections. S8vo. Washington, 1865.
This volume contains 120 pp. 8vo, and is illustrated, like the former one, with numerous wood engravings, by Mr. Morse.
The species belonging to these operculate families being more readily distinguishable than those of the Lymneans, I have fewer criticisms to make. My Vivipara Texana, confounded by Mr.
Binney with V. subpurpurea, of Say, has already been recog-
nized as distinct in Mr. Reeve’s Monograph of the genus Vivi-
para, recently published in his Conchologia Iconica. V. multe-
carinata, Haldeman, is certainly an Indian, not an American species. Mr. Binney recognizes our so-called V. vivipara as distinct from the European species, but for very insufficient rea- sons substitutes the specific name contectoides for lineata, Kiis- ter (not Valenciennes). The name in Kiister of cowrse is a mis- print for “éneata, and his description and figure are accurate.
The Florida specimens referred to V. contectoides are perhaps
my V. Waltont. Vivipara obesa, Lewis, genicula, Conrad, and
198 AMERICAN JOURNAL
subsolida, Anth., are all distinct from V. integra, Say. If V. Milesii, Lea, is not also a distinct species, it is a synonym of subsolida rather than of decisa. V. Bengalensis, Lam., said to be found in Florida, is my V. Walton.
The portion of the work referring to Fresh Water Rissoide is in its arrangement identical with Dr. Stimpson’s classification of these shells.*
The figure of Tryonta clathrata is not at all characteristic. Somatogyra integer and pumilus are different species.
Melantho De Campi, Currier, is figured and described in the Appendix, with the following observation: “‘About a dozen spe- cimens were collected. All but the one drawn in fig. 227 could not be distinguished from Melania without the presence of the operculum, thus furnishing another example of the impossibility of ascertaining from the shell alone the generic position of the species. It is probable that other species of Melantho have been described as Melanize.”
When Mr. Binney received specimens of this species he showed them to me without the opercula, and asked me to assign their generic position. I instantly referred them to Melantho. He then called my attention to their extraordinary resemblance to Melania, but this resemblance I entirely failed to perceive. In fact they no more resemble the latter genus than does any other species of Viviparidz, and I am certain that no person acquainted with the two genera would confound them. Mr. Binney’s illustration of the impossibility of determining genera by the shell alone is thus quite as unfortunate as those given by Dr. J. E. Gray, in an elaborate memoir published many years since, and every one of which are readily distinguished by the shell only.
Gillia ? from Stephenson, Ala., and Powel’s River, Tenn., is G. parvula, Tryon, published in Vol. I. of this Journal.
—
Catalogo de los Moluscos Terrestres y Fluviales de la Isla de Cuba. By Raraget ArANnGo Y Mouina. 8vo., 78 pp. Havana, 1865. This is a very complete catalogue, with copious synonomy, localities and notes, and an introduction by Dr. Felipe Poey. The paper is extracted from the “ Repertorio Fisico-natural, de la Isla de Cuba.”
* See my review of Dr. Stimpson’s work, Am. Jour. Conch., ii., p. 152, 1866
OF CONCHOLOGY. 199
II.—FOREIGN.
BRE LES es Generic Forms of Shells Illustrated.
Mr. G. B. Sowerby (45 Great Russell Street, Bloomsbury, London) announces for early publication a work with the above title. The price is not yet fixed, but is expected to be about £3 3s. “The illustrations will be copious andvof full size, em- bracing every marked form, whether recent or fossil, and whether adopted as a genus or not.”
Memoirs of the Literary and Philosophical Society of Manches- ter. 3d Series. Vol. 2. 8vo. London, 1865.
On the Tongues of Mollusca. By Tuomas Aucock, M. D.
An excellent paper, of a semi-popular character. Illustrated by 4 plates, drawn by the Author.
Thesaurus conchyliorum, or Figures and Descriptions of Recent Shells. By G.B.Sowrrsy. Parts 24, 25. 8vo. London: published by the author, 1866. (Price 50s. stg.)
These parts complete the third volume, and the present series of the ‘‘Thesaurus.”* The following are the contents of the present parts :-—
Second Monograph of the genus Helicina, including the genera Trochatella, Lucidella, Helicina, Schasicheila and Alcadia, of authors.
This monograph contains 13 plates with 479 figures. The following are the new species :—
H. semistriata, Hab.—? ZH. subconica, Hab.—? “* erassicostata, Kee 2 | tren ualaores aay OB “ tricarinata, HE ithe SE gobovalea, Jamaica. “ unicarinata, EC ow. h irs Cuba.
“ inconspicua, Pfr. “ 2? “ aurantio-viridis, Hab.—? “ subturrita, . Ro Tire, € Lect, SUNY Lic
Monograph of the genus Carinaria, with 1 plate. Monograph of the genus Donaz, Linn., 4 plates, 117 figures. The following are new :—
* A new series is announced for early publication, commencing with a monograph of Cyprea.
200 AMERICAN JOURNAL
D. acuticarinatus, Siam.
** curtus, Caraccas Bay. ** angustatus,* United States. ‘* tneonspicuus, Hab.—
Monograph of the genus Typhis, Montf., 1 plate, with 21
figures.
Monograph of the genus Trichotropis, 1 plate, with 17 figures.
Appendix to Monograph of the genus Conus, 4 plates. The following are new :—
C. compressus, Hab.—? (. quadratomaculatus, Hab.—? ** oseo-tinctus, ‘ 2? “ aeutimarginatus, oC Naat “ excavatus, co 2 turriculatus, bitin). :: nigrescens, et concmnns, ee a “ mroximus, cog ae 2 CE POrneenss, Borneo. “ Tasmanic, Sowb., Tasmania ‘‘ complanatus, Australia.
Monograph of Cerithium. Supplementary Plate. The following are new species :—
C. tenuifilosum, t Enilippines: C’. coarctatum, Hab.—? “ undatum, Hab.— “© Afrum, ee eg ** tenuipunctatum, “*
Monograph of Eburna. Supplementary Plate. The following are figured, all new /—
E. semipicta, Sowb., Hab.— “¢ Borneensis, ‘ Borneo. ‘“¢ chrysostoma, ‘ Ceylon. ‘¢ Formose, ee Formosa.
Annals and Magazine of Natural History. XVIII, No. 105. Sept., 1866.
On Green Oysters. By Artuur W. HE. O'SHAUGHNESSY, of the British Museum.
This paper we copy in the present number of this Journal: It will be found well worthy of perusal.
XIX., No. 109. January, 1867. | On the Perforate Structure of the Shell of Spirifer cuspi- datus. By Wm. B. CARPENTER.
= D. fossor, Say, which Sowerby has not identified. sees of C. filosum, Conch. Icon. 82, which is aaa
OF CONCHOLOGY. 201
In this communication Prof. Carpenter emphatically denies that the above species zs punctate, as asserted by Prof. F. B. Meek in the Am. Jour. Science for May, 1866, and suggests that the shells examined by Prof. M. belong to a different genus.
Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. 1866. Part 2. Calcutta. Contributions to Indian Malacology, No. VIL. List of spe-
cies of Unio and Anodonta, described as occurring in In- dia, Ceylon and Burma. By Wm. T. BLANForD.
The above paper is by no means so complete as its title indi- cates,—the omissions of species are numerous and important, and the synonymy in many cases incorrect. The list of autho- rities quoted by Mr. Blanford is so meagre that we are not surprised at this result, but we are astonished that a good con- chologist should undertake to decide upon the validity of genera and species whereof he has not seen even descriptions or figures, much less specimens. We much doubt whether Mr. Blanford has ever seen as extensive a collection of Unionide from the countries named as can be produced at this moment by a few gentlemen residing in Philadelphia and its environs.
The paper of Mr. Blanford is, however, despite these defects, an excellent one, and, by directing inquiry to the subject at home, will doubtless stimulate research and elicit truth. There are many valuable notes on synonymy and distribution, and one of the latter is curious. In speaking of Unio Wynegungaensis, Lea, Mr. Blanford remarks: ‘The locality given by Lea is Wynegunga river, east of Nagpoor in the Deccan, Bengal, which is equivalent to talking of Philadelphia, in New England, Vir- ginia. ~ We do not consider the names of Indian shells given by Ra- finesque so entirely worthless as supposed by Mr. Blanford. The genus Diplasma, proposed by Rafinesque,* is surely distinct from Unio. It comprises a large number of Southern Asiatic Unionidee.
It is a mistake to confound U. erispatus, Gould, with U. cris- pisulcatus, Benson. The difference of form is as great as that between U. nasutus and U. rubiginosus. Mr. Blanford has not seen the former, but in the United States neither of them is un- common; while the species described by Morelet, U. pellis- lacerti, and not mentioned by Mr. Blanford, has also found its
* Complete Writings of Rafinesque. Binney & Tryon’s Edition. New York, 1863.
202 AMERICAN JOURNAL
way here. We suppose Mr. Blanford would eall this last a va- riety, only, of U. crispatus.
It seems scarcely necessary to reply to Mr. Blanford’s criti- cisms of Monocondylea crebristriata, M. Peguensis, Melania glo- riosa, or of the genus Trigonodon (all published in the first vol- ume of this Journal), because he acknowledges that he has not seen the descriptions, figures or shells, and asserts that he can- not distinguish satisfactorily Margaritana and Monocondylea from Anodonta, and even insists that among fresh water shells forms pass into one another to such an extent that species in the ordinary acceptation of the term have no existence. Under these circumstances we congratulate Mr. Blanford upon the reti- cence which caused him to refrain from publishing the ‘20 or 30 forms of Unio and nearly as many more of Melania, with as
ood claims to distinction as one-half at least of those already published from India and Burma.”
FRENCH.
Journal de Conchyliologie. Third Series. Vol. VII, No. 1. Paris, Jan- uary, 1867. The present number contains 100 pages and two plates. Its contents are— Catalogue des Nudibranches et Cephalopodes des cotes ocean- iques de la France. By P. Fiscumr.
Doris derelicta is proposed and described as a new species. It is stated to be possibly the D. verrucosa of Philippi and of Verany, but not the species described under the latter name by Cuvier.
Note sur lV animal de U Helix constricta, Boubee. By J. B. GASSIES.
Observations sur la nomencla By hy de quelques especes de la Nowvelle-Calédonie. MakRIE.
The following changes are ee in names of species :—
Helix Lombardot, Montrouzier, should be H. Lombardeaut. Seissetz, “ “© Saisseti. “ Infuana, “ ei “ Lifeuana.
Faunule malacologique de la vallée de Bareges (Hautes- Pyrénées. By QO. DEBBAUX.
Descriptions de deux nouvelles especes de Streptaxis. By Dr. Louis PFEIFFER. ;
S. Crosset, Corcobado, near Rio Janeiro, Brazil. “© Paivana, Macahe, Brazil.
OF CONCHOLOGY. 203
Descriptions d’especes nouvelles de Cecile. By L. de
Four. C. phronimum, Port-au-Prince, Haiti. ryssotitum, Antilles, Venezuela, Brazil. “ wregulare, Bahia, Brazil. “ paradoxum, Pear! Isles, Bay of Panama. “ wuncinatum, i a ‘“* coronatum, Jamaica. “ insigne, - “ breve, as “ lava, Guadeloupe. “© mirificum, San Miguel, Pacific Ocean. Brochina Somert, Pernambuco, Brazil. “¢ _ achirona, Bahia, Brazil.
Description dun Helix de la Nouvelle-Calédonie. By H. CrossE and EK. Marin.
HA. Vieillardi.
Diagnoses d'especes inedites de la Nouwvelle-Calédonie. By J. B. GAssiEs.
Helix opaoana. Melampus sordidus. Melampus morosus. a cassidulus. cinereus. Hydrocena pygmea. Descriptions d’especes nouvelles. By H. Crosse. Cassis Coronadoi, Crosse, Matanzas, Cuba. Conus Blanfordianus, * Hab.—?
Descriptions @ especes nouvelles de coquilles terrestres et flu- viatiles Américaines. By Dr. A. Brot.
Ln yihogl yphus tricostatus, Uruguay. conicus, os Vitrina Sumichrastt, Mexico.
Description @espéces terrestres nouvelles de la République del Kquateur. By J. Gonzaues Hipa.eo.
Helix Amore. Bulimus Junguarinot.
Description dun genre nouveau de la famille des Fissurel- lide. By H. Crosse.
Genus Semperia; type S. Paivana, Crosse, Madeira. Bibliographie. Necrologie. Nowvelles.
Under the latter heading it is mentioned that marine aquaria have been established at Arcachon (Gironde) and Boulogne, in
204 AMERICAN JOURNAL
France, and stocked with interesting and rare mollusks, such as Octopus, Loligo, Sepia, Doris, Kolis, Aplysia, and various uni- valve and bivalve shells, so that the habits of these creatures may be observed with facility. We highly commend these undertakings, and hope they will be imitated on this side of the Atlantic.
The discovery of Mr. W. T. Blanford of an operculum in a second species of his genus Opisthostoma, places that genus in the family Diplommatinacea. The first species of Diplommatina discovered in New Caledonia has just been communicated to M. Crosse by Mr. E. Marie; it will be described under the name of D. Mariet.
Revue et Magasin de Zoologie. 1866. No.11. By GouErin-MENEVILLE.
List des Mollusques Ptéropodes observés sur les cotes du Maroc, de? Algérie et de la Tunisie. Par MM. le doc- teur FrepéRIc MERCIER et HENRI AUCAPITAINE.
Revue et Magasin de Zoologie. Par Guerin-MEneEvitLE. 1867. No 2.
Nouvelles Miscellanées Malacologiques. By Dr. Pata- DILHE, of Montpellier.
ITT, Le genre Assiminea, en France. A. gallica, Paladilhe.
IV. Esptces inédites, nouvelles on peu connues, du departe- ment de UV Hérault.
Hydrobia entrepha. Valvata planorbulina. “ Mabilliana. Sen MED IEss Paladithia conica. Archives Malacologiques. Par M. JuLes MaBILe.
I. Le genre Geomalacus, en France.
G. Andrewsi. G. Paladilhianus. “ Bourgugnate. ‘© Mottessierianus.
GERMAN.
Wurttembergische naturwissenschaftliche Jahreshefte 21st Year. Parts 2 and 3. 8vo. Stuttgart, 1865.
Ueber die Molluskenfauna Wirttembergs. By Epwarp von MARTENS.
Containing full particulars af localities and geological duration of the species.
OF CONCHOLOGY. 205 Die Binder der Hain und Gartenschnecke. By Dr. GEORGE MARTENS. Malakozoologische Blatter. Conducted by Dr. Louris Prrirrer. Vol. 13. 7—9th Sheets. Sept., 1866. Ueber einige Africanische Binnenconchylien. By Ep. Von MARTENS. Paludina Abyssinica, Abyssinia. Physa (Physopsis) Abyssinica, ae Unio Abyssinicus, Pupa (Ennea) infrendens, Natal. Anatomie von Amphibola nux-avellana, Gmel. By Dr. LEHMANN, of Stettin.
Hine neue Nanina aus West Africa. By H. Donrn.
73
Nanina Thomensis, Isl’d St. Thomas. Beschreibung einer neuen Helix. By Dr. L. PFErrrer. Helix macroglossa, Great Inagua, Bahamas. Die Binneneconchylien von Ilha do Principe. By Dr. H Donen. Vibrina dumeticola. Stenogyra (Subulina) angustior. Nanina aglypta. Streptostele Moreletiana. Buliminus (Rhachis) Burnayt. Truncatella princeps. Stenogyra (Opeas) pauper. Neritina Manoelt.
Streptostele, n. gen.*
Miscellanies. By H. Dourn. On Helix Monrovia, Rang., with Remarks by Li. PFEIFFER. Beschreibung einiger neuer Landschnecken von Cuba. By Dr. L. PFEIFFER. Oleacona incerta, Reeve. Oleacina teres, Pfr. “ Gundlachi, Pfr. Spiraxis Moreletiana, Pfr. “© Poeyana, “ Succinea Arangoi, eS Wrights. es Ueber Limneus papyraceus und Ampullaria rosea Spix. By Dr. KrigecupauMeEr, of Munich.
Ueber die Auriculaceen der Madera-Gruppe. By Dr. L. PFEIFFER.
* Allied to Ennea and Streptaxzs. Their differences are expressed in three words: Streptawis is helicoid, Hnnea pupoid, and Streptostele achatinoid.
14
206 AMERICAN JOURNAL Novitates Conchologice. Parts 24, 25. Edited by Dr. Louis PF5irrer. 4to. Cassel, 1866. (With six colored plates.)
This issue completes the second volume of the series of the Novitates devoted to terrestrial shells. It contains a monograph
of the genus Lanistes, by Dr. E. von Martens, including the fol- lowing new species :—
L. ellipticus, Martens, Mozambique.
Full descriptions and figures of a number of species of Helicide, the original diagnoses of which have been published recently in the London Zool. Proceedings, and Malakozoologische Blatter.
Novitates Conchologicze Supplement III]. Monographie der Mollusken- gattung Venus. Parts 5,6. By Dr. Epwarp Romer. 4to. Cassel, 1866. (With six colored plates.)
The present Parts are devoted to species of Callista, Poli. The following is new :—
C’. guttata, Romer, Hab.—?
It is a mistake to quote amongst the localities of C. gigantea, Chemn., New Jersey and Maryland; it has never been found nearly so far north.
ITALIAN.
Catalogue of the Collection of Shells, classified according to the Lamarckian System, belonging to Jean Rigacci. Part 1, Recent Mollusca. 8vo. Rome, 1866.
This Catalogue contains the names and localities of 5167 species. It is published for the purpose of making exchanges.
NORWEGIAN.
Forhandlinger i Videnskabs-Selskabet i Christiania, Aar, 1864. 8vo. Christiana (Norway), 1865.
Malacozoologiske Jagttagelser. By M. Sars. I. On Dyret at Cryptodon Sarsti (Axinus) Philippi. With full anatomy of the species illustrated by two plates. IT. Nye Arter af Slegten Siphonodentalium. S'. Lofotense, pars. S. subfusiforme, Sars.
“ affine, “* pentagonum, ‘* With illustration of the shells and anatomy.
OF CONCHOLOGY. 207
SCIENTIFIC INTELLIGENCE.
New Locatity FoR GLANDINA TRUNCATA.—This species has been detected living at Macon, Georgia, where Mr. T. C. Dow- nie, of that city, assures the Editor that he has collected it. Further observation of the habits of this species is promised by Mr. D. during the coming collecting season. Its occurrence so far from the coast is a very curious discovery.
SHELL-COLLECTING IN Brazit.—Mr. A. D. Brown, a zealous conchologist residing at Princeton, N. J., has just departed for Brazil, where he proposes to spend a year in collecting shells in the interior provinces of Goyaz and Matto Grosso, which have never before been conchologically explored.
Felicina circumlineata, Tryon, published in this Journal, i1., p. 805, t. 20, f. 13, is a species of Trochatella.
The Collections of the late Dr. Gould have not become the property of the Boston Society of Natural History, as stated p- 107. They have been placed in the Geological Rooms at Albany, N. Y. The price paid for them was $6000.
J ‘ ro ea) > : bs . . Px.) aye at | 1 Ee aye 4 i ’ enh 4 Mate 5 Ary ! et / > u
BY-LAWS ESTABLISHED FOR THE GOVERNMENT
OF THE
CONCHOLOGICAL SECTION
OF THB
Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.
CHAPTER I.
Art. I. The exclusive purposes of the society, instituted under the name of the Conchological Section of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, shall be the cultivation and study of Conchology (recent and fossil) by the publication of dis- coveries, by collecting a cabinet of specimens, a library, &c., by extending and utilizing a knowledge of the science, through the agency of popular lectures.
Art. II. The Section shall consist of members and corres pondents.
Art. III. The right of voting, of holding office, and of trans acting business belongs to members only; correspondents are entitled to all other privileges of membership.
Art. 1V.. The seal of the Section shall be the name of the association, surrounding the words,
Instituted December 26th, 1866.
Art. V. The Section shall grant to each member and corres- pondent a certificate, as follows :
The Conchological Section of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia has elected , this — day of
Secretary. Direc or. Recorder. [u. s.] Vice- Director.
2
and upon payment of a diploma fee of five dollars, a handsomely engraved diploma shall be furnished in lieu thereof.
Art. VI. The library and museum shall be exclusively for reference; all donations made to either are regarded to have been presented on condition that they shall not be loaned for any pur- ° pose, unless otherwise directed by the donor ; but books may be presented to the library, reserving to the donor only, the right to borrow them.
Art. VII. The officers of the Section shall be a Director, a Vice-Director, a Recorder, a Secretary, a Treasurer, and a Con- servator, who shall be elected by ballot at the stated meeting in December.
CHAPTER II. OF MEMBERS AND CORRESPONDENTS.
Art. I. No person is eligible to become a member or corres- pondent of this Section, unless already a member or corres- pondent of the Academy of Natural Sciences.
Art. II. Any member or correspondent of the Academy may become a member or correspondent of the Conchological Section, either by addressing a written notice to its Director or by election.
Art. III. Every candidate for admission into the Section by election shall be nominated in writing at any meeting, by at least two members of the Section, who shall record his name and place of residence appropriately, and he shall be balloted for at any one of the three meetings next subsequent, but after that time the nomination shall be considered void.
Art. 1V. No member shall be entitled to the privileges of membership until he shall have paid to the Treasurer or Recorder the fee of initiation, and signed the following obligation :
In becoming a member of the Conchological Section of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, I promise to conform myself to its laws and regulations, and in testimon y thereof I hereunto subscribe my name.
Art. V. If any member shall not sign the above declaration, and pay the fee of initiation within six months after the date of his admission; or when any member shall neglect to pay his
3
semi-annual contributions, unless satisfactory reasons be assigned for non-payment, the treasurer shall report the case at a meeting for business, and, if a majority of the members present concur, his membership shall be considered forfeited.
Art. VI. If any person shall be balloted for and rejected, or his name be withdrawn previous to ballot, no note of said rejection or withdrawal shall be made on the minutes of the Section.
Art. VII. No candidate thus rejected shall be proposed again before the expiration of one year; nor shall any one whose name has been withdrawn previous to ballot, be proposed again until the expiration of six months after the date of said withdrawal. '
Art. VIII. Any member shall have leave to resign upon written application therefor, accompanied by a certificate from the treasurer that all arrears due from him to the Section have been discharged.
Art. IX. Any member may be expelled from the Section for any flagrant act of disrespect to the officers or members of the Section, or wilful violation of its laws or rules, or for dishonorable conduct.
Art. X. A motion to expel must be accompanied by a charge or charges and specifications signed by at least two members; and on the adoption of such motion, the Secretary shall, without delay, notify the member that a proposition to expel him will be considered at the next meeting of the Section.
Art. XI. No member shall be expelled unless three-fourths of the members present agree thereto, provided that at least six members vote, and then not without having an opportunity afforded him to defend himself.
Art. XII. No person thus expelled shall be eligible for membership under any circumstances.
Art. XIII. No person residing in Philadelphia, or within a circuit of thirty miles around it, unless he be an officer of the army or navy, shall be elected a correspondent; nor shall any correspondent continue to be such after he shall have become permanently domiciled within the said circuit. But any corres- pondent may become a member without an election, provided
4
that, within six months after removing within said circuit, he shall pay the fee of initiation and sign the same obligation, (Art! LV, Chap. II,) as a member.
Art. XIV. Correspondents may be chosen without limit as to number, but it is recommended that their qualifications shall in all cases be either great scientific attainments, or the special benefits which they may have conferred by the donation of money, books or specimens of value. The first class shall be designated ‘“ Scientific Correspondents,”’ the latter ‘“ Contribu- ting Correspondents.” From the first class, the Section may yearly select not exceeding five persons, who shall be elected “Honorary Scientific Correspondents.’’ The total number of these shall not exceed twenty five, and after attaining that num- ber, only vacancies caused by death shall be filled by election.
CHAPTER III. OF OFFICERS AND THEIR DUTIES.
Art. I. The Director shall preside at the meetings of the Section, preserve good order and decorum, regulate debates, nominate the chairman of all committees, other than those es- pecially excepted, and call special meetings of the Section at such times as he shall deem necessary; and, also, on a written request of five members.
Art. II. In the absence of the Director, the Vice-Director is charged with the performance of his duties.
Art. III. The Recorder shall note and correctly record the transactions of the Section during its meetings, and prepare ab- stracts of the same for insertion in the authorized publication of the Section; inform members of their election, and notify members of their appointment on committees; keep a cor- rect list of the members of the Section, with their places of residence, date of admission, resignation or death, an: give timely notice of each to the Treasurer; report to the Section the name of every member, who may have failed to comply with (Art. IV, Chap. II, of) these by-laws. He shall have charge of the seal of the Section; and, at the meeting in December, he shall submit a written report of the transactions of the Section during the year. He shall give every member, on paying the
5
fee of initiation, and signing the obligation required (Art. IV, Chap. II), a copy of the by-laws.
Art. IV. The Secretary shall conduct the correspondence and preserve correct copies of all letters written on the business of the Section; acknowledge the receipt of all donations from persons who are not members of the Section, and keep a correct list of the correspondents, with the dates of their admission, res- ignation or death, and their postal address or residence. He shall have charge of the certificates of membership, and cause one to be properly filled up, signed, sealed and delivered to every member qualificd to receive it, and forward to every cor- respondent, a copy of the by-laws, at the time he shall notify him of his election, or as scon afterwards as practicable. He shall make a statement of his transactions at every meeting, and shall, at least once in three months, report to the Academy of Natural Sciences the proceedings of the Conchological Section.
Art. V. The Treasurer shall have charge of the funds of the Section, and keep a clear and detailed statement of all re- ceipts and expenditures, which, with the names of those members who are in arrears, he shall lay before the Section at the stated meeting in December. He shall collect and pay monies ; but he shall pay no money except on an order of the Section, vouched for by the signature of the Director, (or, in his absence, of the Vice- Director), and the Recorder.
Art. VI. The Conservator shall have charge of the special collections of the Section. He shall purchase all articles required, if instructed by the Section, report when repairs of any kind are needed, and when ordered, see that they are properly ex- ecuted. He shall report all additions to the museum at each meeting and its condition at the stated meeting in December He shall be employed continually in preparing, labelling and arranging specimens in the museum, and in making exchanges, under the direction of the standing committees of the museum; and he shall also perform such other duties as may be assigned to him from time to time by vote of the Section.
To compensate the Conservator, he shall receive a salary in quarterly payments, the amount of which shall be fixed annually by the Section at its stated meeting in December.
6
CHAPTER IV. OF SPECIAL FUNDS.
Art. I. The Conchological Section hereby creates separate funds for the following specific purposes: The Conservator’s Fund, the Museum Fund, the Library Fund, and the Pub- lication Fund. The principal of each fund shall be kept in- vested in the name of the Section always in good lawful secu- rities—the loans of the United States, of the State of Penn- sylvania, or of the city of Philadelphia, or such sound real estate securities as the Section may direct, and shall be held by the Section in trust for the special purposes for which each fund may be created.
Art. Il. All money which may accrue in the process of changing the investment of a trust fund shall be invested again without delay for the same trust, but no investment shall be changed without the consent of the Section.
Art. III. The Treasurer shall open and keep in the appro- priate books of the Section a separate and distinct account of each fund which may be created, and record all payments and contributions or donations made to it, as well as all expenditures of interest money authorized on its account, and report the condition of each annually.
CHAPTER V. THE CONSERVATOR’S FUND.
Art. I. The Section has created a permanent fund called the Conservator’s Fund, of which the ultimate amount shall not excced $30,000, and the interest of which is to be used in com- pensating its Conservator.
Art. II. All monies realized by lectures, drawings, or duties performed by the Conservator, as well as the receipts from diplo- mas of membership and all life memberships, shall be invested in this fund.
Art. III. Any person who shall contribute $50 or upwards to this fund, shall receive the following certificate.
A. B., has contributed dollars to the Conservator’s Fund of the Conchological Section of the Academy of Natura)
ii
Sciences of Philadelphia, in consideration of which he or any person to whom he may assign or bequeath this certificate, or who may inherit it, is hereby entitled to free admission to all public lectures which may be delivered under the direction or authority of the Section from [insert date].
This certificate is transferrable through the office of the treasurer of the Section by bequest or otherwise.
— Treasurer. —Director.
[seal ]
On the reverse of this certificate Chapter IV of these by- laws shall be printed.
CHAPTER VI. OF THE PUBLICATION FUND.
Art. I. The Section has created a permanent fund, called the Publication Fund, (the principal of which should amount to $20,000), and the interest accruing therefrom shall be appro- ‘priated exclusively to the payment of the expenses of printing and publishing such matters, stated or occasional, as the section may direct or authorize to be issued.
Art. II. Any person shall be entitled to receive a copy of every issue of the ‘American Journal of Conchology” during life, on the payment of such sum as the Section may fix from time to time, provided that the sum shall never be less than one hundred dollars.
Art. III. To each person whose contribution to the publi- cation fund entitles him to receive a copy of the “Journal,” a certificate shall be issued as follows :
, has contributed to the publication fund dollars, and therefor is entitled to receive, free of cost during life, one copy of the “American Journal of Conchology.”’
— Director. — Treasurer.
[seal ]
On the reverse or back of the above certificate this chapter and also chapter IV of the by-laws shall be printed.
8
CHAPTER VII. OF THE LIBRARY FUND.
Art. I. The proceeds of the sales of duplicate works belong- ing to the Section shall be invested in a fund, the interest of which shall be expended exclusively in additions to the library of conchological works and to binding the same.
Art. II. Separate account shall be kept of the donations of each person to the library, which may be thus sold, and works purchased with the interest of the proceeds of such sales, shall be regarded as presented by him.
Art. III. Persons who contribute a sum of money to this fund, shall receive the following certificate :
, has contributed to the Library Fund of the Con- chological Section of the Academy of Natural Sciences,
dollars, the interest of which is to be expended only in the purchase of books, which shall be labelled as presented by him to the library. During his life these purchases shall consist of such books as he shall designate.
— Director. — Treasurer. [seal ]
Art. [V. <Any person who shall contribute money to be ex pended at once for the purchase of specified works on Con- chology, shall be entitled to borrow such works from the library at pleasure, upon giving the Library Committee an acknowlege- ment therefor.
CHAPTER VIII. OF THE MUSEUM FUND.
Art. I. The interest arising from this fund shall be ex- pended in purchasing specimens which cannot be obtained by exchange or donation; and proceeds of the sales of duplicate specimens, shall be thus invested.
Art. II. To contributors to the above fund the following certificate shall be given:
—, has contributed dollars to the Museum Fund of the Conchological Section of the Academy of Natural Sciences. He has the privilege of designating the specimens
9
which shall be purchased with the accruing interest of the above sum, and is entitled to select such specimens as he may desire from among those offered for sale by the Section, to an amount not exceeding one fourth of the above sum annually, upon pay- ng for them one half the affixed price of specimens.
— Director. — Treasurer. [seal ]
Art. III. In addition to the above, temporary funds may be established from time to time for specific explorations and col- lections. Of the results of these, the first series will be retained for the museum, and when numerous, a few series will be sold for its benefit, while the balance, properly labelled, will be divided pro-rata among the subscribers.
CHAPTER IX. FEES, CONTRIBUTIONS, ETC., PAYABLE BY MEMBERS.
Art. I. Every member elect shall pay to the Treasurer am initiation fee of two dollars, prior to signing the obligation.
Art. II. Every member shall be subject to a semi-annual contribution of one dollar, payable at the stated meetings in June and December.
Art. III. But any member who shall pay to the Treasurer twenty-five dollars, shall be exempt from all future semi-annual. contributions.
Art. IV. The Treasurer, with the sanction of the auditors, shall be authorized to exempt any member, on his application, from the payment of such semi-annual contributions as may become due from him, while absent from the district including Philadelphia, and thirty miles around it, during any period of not less than six months. But no member who at the time of his admission is domiciled beyond the limits of said district, shall be exempt from the payment of semi-annual contributions.
Art. V. No pecuniary contributions shall be required from correspondents.
Art. VI. But no engraved diploma of membership shall be issued to either members or correspondents, except upon pay-- ment of a diploma fee of five dollars.
10
CHAPTER X. OF THE MUSEUM.
Art. I. No specimen in charge of the Conchological Section of the Academy shall be loaned from the hall under any pre- tence whatever, and all specimens presented to the Academy by or through this Section are given strictly upon this condition, unless otherwise stipulated by the donor. This restriction shall not apply to unarranged duplicates.
Art. II. The keys of the cases containing the collections in charge of the Section shall be kept by the Conservator and the members of the standing committees; they only have au- thority to open the cases, and they are responsible for all articles confided to their care.
Art. III. If any member desires to inspect very closely any specimen in the collection for the purpose of study or descrip- tion, he can do so on application to the Conservator or members of the committee having it in charge.
Art. IV. All articles in the collection must be properly labelled as far as practicable. And the Conservator shall make and publish an accurate and minute catalogue, naming every specimen confided to his care.
Art. V. Specimens or articles presented to the collection shall be properly labelled and placed therein before the stated meeting next succeeding the date of presentation, if possible.
Art. VI. Collections bequeathed or given on condition that they are not to be broken or distributed or the labels altered, if accepted, may be kept in separate cases or in separate apart- ments, and shall be designated and known by the name of the donor or testator, or as he or she may direct; and when ac- companied by an endowment of a special curatorship it also shall be officially designated by the same name as the collection to which it may pertain.
Art. VII. The Conservator shall dispose of duplicate speci- mens by exchange or sale, only when authorized by a vote of the Section ; but no specimen belonging to any collection specially accepted by the Section under the provisions of the preceding
il
Article shall be regarded as a duplicate, although previously in the collection, unless so directed by the donor or testator.
Art. VIII. It shall be the duty of the Conservator and of the committees having charge of the collection, to report to the Section at every meeting all newly published species, in order that measures may be taken to procure them.
CHAPTER XI. COMMITTEES AND THEIR DUTIES.
Art. I. There shall be a standing committee of three mem- bers on each subject herein named, as follows ;
1. On Embryology and Anatomy. 6. On Fluviatile Acephala.
2. “ Cephalopoda, Pteropoda 7. “ Marine Gasteropoda. and Brachiopoda. Sore «< Acephala,
3. “ Terrestrial Mollusca—non- 9. “ Paleontology. operculate. 10. “ Lectures and Prizes.
4, “ Terrestrial Mollusca—oper- 11, “ The Library. culate. 12. “ Publication.
5. “ Fluviatile Gasteropoda. 13. “ Finance.
Art. II. All standing committees shall be elected at the stated meeting in December, and in the same manner as officers.
Art. II. In appointing all other committees, unless other- wise ordered by the meeting, the Director is to nominate the first member of it as chairman, who is to nominate a second, the second a third, and in like manner successively, until the number agreed on be completed.
Art. IV. The final reports of all committees must be in writing; and every report must be signed by a majority of the committee offering it; but partial reports or reports of progress may be verbal.
Art. V. All special committees shall report at the meeting of business next succeeding their appointment, unless otherwise directed by the Section.
Art. VI. The members of the committee of finance in con junction with the Treasurer have the superintendence of the funds of the Section; they shall audit accounts, examine all bills and report upon them; examine the treasurer’s books and accounts and report their condition at the stated meeting in
12
January, stating the number of members who have failed to pay their semi-annual contributions.
Art. VII. The committee on publications shall conduct the printing and publishing of the * Journal,” ete., under the rules of the Section and report at the stated meeting in December.
Art. VIII. The committee on the library, the chairman of which shall act as Librarian, shall have supervision of the books which belong to the Conchological Library, of which it shall pre pare and publish a catalogue. It shall report to the Section at each meeting the names of all newly published works, in order that they may be obtained for the library; it shall purchase books, negotiate exchanges and sales of duplicates thereof as directed by the section ; keep a correct record of all their trans- actions, and report at the stated meeting in December.
ArtIX. The standing committees, numbered from one to nine inclusive, in Article I, Chapter XI, in conjunction with the conservator, have charge of the collections in their respective departments. They shall cause to be arranged, labelled and kept in order all articles presented and deposited, make and preserve accurate catalogues of them, with the name of the donor or depositor of each article, and at the stated meeting in December each committee shall report to the Section the con- dition of its department.
And each of the committees, from one to nine, in the order named in Art. I, of this chapter, may read at any meeting, every three months, a summary of the general progress of its department, embracing announcements of discoveries and pub- lications. Such periscopic summaries shall be given to the com- mittee on publication, to be printed or not, in the “ Journal,” entire or in part, as the committee may determine.
Art. X. The committee on lectures and prizes shall have the immediate business management of public lectures delivered under the auspices of the Section, and provide a verbal communication for each meeting, to be announced when practicable at the pre- ceding meeting. They shall also report the names and claims of persons entitled, in their opinion, to receive the prize medals of the Section, and present the same upon their adjudication. They shall also propose subjects for competition for prizes, and
13
upon a selection being made by the Section shall properly adver- tise the same.
Arr. XI. Each standing committee shall meet at least quarterly. The place of any member who is absent from his committee during six months may be considered vacant, and filled by the Section till the next regular election.
CHAPTER XII. COMMMITTEE ON PUBLICATIONS.
Art. I. Immediately after its election the committee on pub- lications shall appoint from its members a Secretary, a Distributor and Treasurer, and keep correct minutes of the financial and other concerns of the “ Journal,” and other printing.
1. The Secretary shall be the editor of all matter referred to the committee to be published or printed.
2. The Distributor shall be charged with the prompt distribu- tion and transmission of all issues by the committee to subseri- bers, as well as to socicties, individuals, and periodicals with which exchanges are authorized, and also for a correct and sep- arate record of the distribution of each of the Section’s publi- cations.
» 8. The Treasurer shall have charge of the finances of the committee. He shall keep a correct account of all receipts and expenditures, in connection with each publication, sepa- rately; and he shall report at the meeting in December the number of each publication printed, the number distributed to subscribers, and the number exchanged, with the aggregate of each remaining, together with a statement of his accounts for the year, which shall be referred to the. finance committee for examination.
Art. II. The committee shall ‘receive and cause to be pub- lished as early as possible all papers ordered for publication by the Section and print them, as far as practicable, in the order in which they have been referred. And it shall also print abstracts from the minutes of the meetings of the Section, and summaries of verbal communications made, but only from notes furnished by their authors, which the committee may modify or decline, subject, however, to an appeal to the Section.
14
Art. III. No author shall be permitted to make other than verbal alterations in his paper while it 1s in the hands of the publication committee without the consent of the Section ; nor is the publication committee authorized to make any alteration in any paper committed to it without the consent of its author. All alterations proposed to be made (other than verbal) must be submitted to the special committee which recommended its pub- lication.
Art. IV. Drawings shall be considered the property of him who furnishes them, and shall be returned on demand.
Art. V. It is a duty of the committee to read the proof- sheets of all papers, and, when practicable, they shall be sub- mitted for correction to the author also.
Art. VI. Descriptions of new species shall always be illus- trated by figures, and when of recent species they shall be colored; and in aJl other cases where illustrations will add to the value of an essay, they shall be furnished at the cost of the Section.
Arr. VII. Every author is entitled to receive one copy of the number or numbers of the issue in which his paper appears, and, on timely application to the committee, twenty extra copies of his paper, without re-arranging, re-paging, or illustrations, at the cost of the Section. But he may obtain any additional number of copies arranged as he may desire, with or without illustrations, at his own expense, on such terms as may be deter- mined upon and advertised by the committee.
Axvt. VIII. The committee on publications is hereby author- ized to fix trom time to time, with the concurrence of the Section, the prices at which its publications shall be sold to members, correspondents and others ; and also to exchange its publica- tions for any work which it may estimate to be of sufficient value, provided that the Section may at any time direct the dis- continuance of such exchange.
Art. IX. The committee shall be responsible for the proper arrangement of the matter of all publications and for the prompt issue of the ‘“‘ Journal’? whenever there is enough to complete thirty-two pages; and if, in the opinion of two-thirds of the mem- bers present at the meeting next succeeding the publication, any
15
portion of it has been negligently prepared, the same shall be reprinted at the cost of the committee.
Art. X. The actual date of publication of any issue of the “ Journal,” shall be determined by the published record of its presentation at a meeting of the Section.
Art. XI. No alteration in the quality of the paper, type, or other details of mechanical execution of the ‘‘ Journal,” shall be made without the consent of the Section.
Art. XII. The price of the “Journal” is directed to be for the present eight dollars per annum to members subscribing and paying in advance, as well as to booksellers—and ten dol- lars to others, as well as for completed volumes in all cases.
Art. XIII. The Academy of Natural Sciences shall be fur- nished with as many copies of the ‘‘ Journal’’ as it may require for its exchanges, upon paying proportionate share of cost of publication.
CHAPTER XIII. COMMUNICATIONS, &C.
Art. I. Every written communication read before the Sec- tion, and intended for publication, shall be referred to a special committee, which shall report thereon at the meeting next after its appointment [unless otherwise ordered by the Section. ]
Art. II. Every such communication becomes the property of the Section.
Art. IIT. But all written communications which shall not be accepted for publication, or not published within a reasonable time, shall be returned to their authors when requested,
CHAPTER XIV. OF PRIZE MEDALS.
Art. I. The Conchological Section of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, founds the following prizes, to be awarded to distinguished talent in the cultivation of the sci- ence of conchology, and to commemorate remarkable discoveries or laborious original researches,
Art. Il. These prize-medals shall be one of bronze, another of silver, and a third of gold.
16
Art. III. The bronze medal shall be annually awarded by the Section to any person whom it may consider entitled to the honor.
Art. IV. The silver medal shall be presented annually to the person who shall submit for that purpose the best essay for publication in the “Journal.’’ The Section reserves to itself the right to designate, upon the recommendation of the committee on lectures and prizes, the subject of competition for this prize.
Art. V. The gold medal shall be awarded once in five years upon the decision of a special committee, which shall take into consideration the merits of persons to be nominated by each scientific standing committee. It is not necessary that the re- cipient of this prize shall be an American citizen, or that his paper shall be published in the first instance in the ‘‘ Journal” of this Section; it is intended to reward, by this recognition, the highest merit, wherever found.
CHAPTER XV. MEETINGS.
Art. I The stated meetings of the Section shall be held on the first Thursday evening of each month, at eight o'clock.
Art. II. Special meetings may be convened by resolution of the Section, or by public notice from the Director, or at the writ- ten request of five members.
Art. III. Three members shall constitute a quorum.
Ant. IV. Strangers may be introduced at meetings of the Section.
Arr. V. The order of business at meetings shall be:
1. Minutes of the last meeting shall be read.
2. Donations to the museum read, and report of new species wanted for the museum, and action thereon.
3. Donations to the library read, and report on new books wanted for the library, and action thereon.
4. Written communications to be made. 1. Correspondence. . 2, Papers read and referred to committees.
EeaOsPeCcrus
OF A
CATALOGUE AND SYNONYMY
OF ALL THE
GENERA, SPECIES AND VARIETIES
OF
ol a 2 El SS el a As WD gS Pe | Ye Described prior to January Ist, 1867.
Compiled and published under the authority of the Conchological Section of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadeiphia.
In the year 1845 Miss Agnes Catlow, assisted by Lovell Reeve, published a volume entitled “The Conchologist’s No- menclator: a Catalogue of all the recent Species of Shells.” This work, although necessarily, as a first attempt, very im- perfect, proved extremely useful, not only as an index to the volumes containing the original descriptions and figures, but also as a catalogue for private collections, for conducting ex- changes, etc. Some of the copies of this work were printed on’ one side of the leaf only, so that they could be cut into labels. The only extensive general catalogue of species which has appeared since the publication of Miss Catlow’s work is that of Dr. Jay’s collection of shells, fourth edition, 1850. Like the former, it contains about ten thousand specific names, but it gives the synonymy at greater length, besides localities. Both these works are based on the Lamarckian system.
Many smaller catalogues of private collections have since been published, as well as monographs of particular families and genera, including among the latter Pfeiffer’s “ Terrestrial Mollusca,” Kiener’s ‘“ Monographie. des Coquilles Vivants,” Chenu’s “ Illustrations Conchy lologiques,” Kuister’s “ Conchy- lien Cabinet von Martini and Chemnitz, continued,” Reeve’s great work, the ‘“ Conchologia Iconica,” Sowerby’s “ Concho-
2
logical Illustrations ” and ‘Thesaurus Conchyliorum,” Hanley’s “Descriptive Catalogue of Recent Bivalve Mollusca ;” and the pages of the various Natural History Journals and Transactions of learned societies contain very many papers of like character and of great importance, such as Lea’s “Synopsis of Naiades,” Frauenfeld’s ‘ Monography of Paludina,” Mohrenstern’s “Monograph of Rissoide,” Tryon’s ‘‘Monography of the Order Pholadacea,” and ‘Synonymy of Strepomatidz.” There are, besides, hundreds of smaller papers describing species and genera, particularly in the ‘“ Proceedings” of the Zoological Society of London, the ‘“ Proceedings” and ‘ Journal” of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, and in the three periodical works exclusively devoted to the advancement of Conchology,—the “ Malakozoologische Blatter,” the ‘Journal de Conchyliologie,” and the ‘“‘ American Journal of Conchology.”
Through the above and other publications, the ten thousand species known to conchologists in 1845 have been increased to ever twenty-five thousand, and a much better knowledge of the genera and higher groups has also been attained. It is therefore evident that the publication at the present time of a complete Catalogue of Recent Mollusca, and their synonymy, based on the critical study of actual specimens, as well as of descriptions and figures, would be exceedingly useful as a directory for the use of students in this. science.
The Conchological Section of the Academy of Natural Sct- ences of Philadelphia, having nearly twenty thousand well authenticated species under its charge, with access to the many splendid collections belonging to its members, and possessing a hbrary containing nearly every book or pamphlet ever published on the subject of Conchology, has peculiar facilities for publish- ine such a Catalogue. It proposes to avail itself freely of all Catalogues and Monographs heretofore published, giving in such cases full credit to their respective authors, and adding all additional species described to the close of the year 1866. A supplement may be issued in 1875, and thereafter every five or ten years, as the number of described species may require it. The work of compilation will be intrusted, as far as practicable, to those who have made a special study of their respective subjects; and families or genera will be published as fast as completed, without following any systematic order: the work to include an index to the genera when completed.
Gentlemen who are willing to assist in the preparation of this great work are requested to make known their wishes as early as possible.
The arrangement of the work will be as follows:
3
The families, genera, and sub-genera will be printed in large, heavy-faced type, with references to authorities and dates in smaller type; the synonyms in italics.
The specific names (in heavy-faced type) will be arranged alphabetically, preceded by numbers, and followed by authori- ties and references to the original descriptions. It is intended to include among the references to each species, the monographs in which it is figured.
The principal synonyms will be printed in italics, with full bibliography. Finally, the localities will be given.
The following example will give a better idea of the plan of the work than can be conveyed by description.
GeNus BRECHITES, Guettard. Mem. de |’Academie, Paris, ii. 18, 1774. Aspergillum, Bruguiere, Encyc. Meth. Vers. 1789.
Sub-genus WARNEA, Gray. London Zool. Proce. 309, 1858.
4. B. Australis, Chenu, Illust. Conchyl. 3, t. 3, f. 1.
Aspergillum Cumingianum, Chenu, Tlust. Conchyl. 3, t. 5, f. 4. Reeve, Conch. Icon., Monog. Aspergillum, t. 2, f. 7, 1860.
Aspergillum incertum, Chenu, 1. c. 4, t. 4, f.4, 5. Reeve, 1. ¢. td, £09, 1860:
After printing the Catalogue, the types composing the cur- rent number, name and authority, will be taken out and in- serted within stereotyped borders, for the purpose of printing, on fine heavy card-board, labels for collections, thus :—
Genus BRECHITES, Guettard.
Aspergillum, Bruguiere.
Brechites Australis, Chenu. | (Variety or Remarks.)
+
The labels will be printed on white card-board, and will be of the above appearance and size, so as to fit readily within the ordinary three-inch-wide shell trays. The number in the lower centre serves as a reference to the Catalogue, so that the biblio- graphy, etc., can be examined instantly. The Catalogue, it is believed, will answer admirably as a check list of public or private collections, as well as for making exchanges, by simply attaching a mark to each species possessed or wanted, or, for the latter purpose, by quoting numbers from it. To the stu- dent it will serve a higher purpose, in saving the vast amount of valuable time heretofore expended in searching for descrip- tions, by indicating at once, not only where they are to be found, but also the entire number of species described in each genus, thus facilitating and encouraging the description of new species, and preventing the inadvertent re-description of species already characterized.
It is proposed to meet the expense of this publication by the sale of Catalogues and Labels, and it is hoped that both will be extensively adopted by collectors and museums, so as to make throughout the world one principal standard of nomenclature and numbering.
The entire Catalogue will be completed within about five years.
TERMS.
Subscriptions will be received at the following rates for each 16-page form, payable on delivery:
To one address. lcopy. 2 copies. 3 copies. 5 copies.
To subscribers to the whole
Catalogue, 5 5» CAs 20; 18, 15 To subscribers to any por-
tion, such as Land Shells,
Fr esH: water Shells, He-
lix, Cypreea, or any sae
or genus, : 32, Pills oR aly)
** Special and very liberal arrangements will be made with gentlemen who may require a large number of copies for - their exchanges, etc.
The following estimate is probably approximately correct :
Entire Catalogue, 2500 pp., $40. Land Shells, 1000 pp., $20. Fresh-water Univalves, 250 pp., $5. Fresh-water Bivalves, 150 pp., $3. Marine Shells, 1100 pp., $22
4) LABELS.
To one address. * 1 copy. 2 copies. 3 copies. 5 copies.
Per 100, if the whole are sub-
scribed for(genericand specific) .50, 45, 40, 80 Per 100, for separate families or
genera, y ; : RYO: 167, 60, foil) Per 100, for selected species, or
for generic labels only, . $1.00
Per 100, for blank labels, for writing the names of addition- BINS DEGIeS, | 1: ; LOD
x» It will be noticed that the above arrangement gives purchasers the advantage of selecting, besides entire suites, such additional labels as they may require; all of them at much cheaper rates than the mere blank labels would cost when printed in small quantities.
A discount of 20 per cent. will be made to members of the Conchological Section, to booksellers, and to Natural History dealers.
Address PUBLICATION COMMITTEE, Concholagical Section Acad. Nat. Sei., Cor. Broad and Sansom Sts., Philadelphia.
Or,
BAILLIERE BROTHERS, 520 Broadway, New York, TRUBNER & Co., 60 Paternoster Row, London,
J. B. BAILLIERE ET Fins, Rue Hautefeuille. Paris. C. BAILLY-BAILLIERE, Calle del Principe, Madrid, ASHER & Co., 20 Unter d. Linden, Berlin.
x, All booksellers, secretaries or curators of scientific so- cieties, and:editors of Natural History journals, are authorized and requestsd to act as agents for the sale of this work,—and will receive a discount of 20 per cent. from the prices, on all orders they may transmit.
(Name) .: P.@. Address. <2
Gentlemen can, if they prefer it, send their orders through any bookseller. ‘ts
ae We ee
CATALOGUE AND PRICE LIST
OF
RARE AND VALUABLE
CONCHOLOGICAL WORKS,
@resented to the “ Conservator’s Fund” of the Conchological Sec- tion of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, and ordered to be sold for its benefit.
The following Catalogue comprises about three hundred vol- umes on Conchology, forming the largest collection ever offered for sale in the United States. The books are all in excellent order, and many of them finely bound. The attention of Societies, Public Library Companies, naturalists, and amateurs in rare books, is particularly directed to its items. “The result of many years’ assiduous search of the Catalogues of second-hand booksellers all over the world, it presents very many rarities, which, if not now
secured, may never again be found.
Application to he made to W. L. MACTIER, Treasurer,
Conch. Sect. Acad. Nat. Sci,, No. 62! Spruce St.,
or to E, J; NOLAN) M.B;,
At the Academy, corner Broad and Sansom Sts., Philadelphia, Pa.
10.
1l.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
Nee
Crag AT, O.G UE.
. Albers, I. C. Die Heliceen, nach natiirl. Verwandtschaft system.
geordnet. 8vo. Berlin, 1850
Tee eee eee e setae see e et asec eseeesseseseee
. Albers, J. C. Die Heliceen, etc. 2d edition, 8vo. Berlin, 1860...
. Argenville. Hist. Nat. eclaircie dans une de ces parties princi-
pales. La Conchyliogie. 4to. Paris, 1742. With 33 plates of SG lS iecesmeeritonnancatamenwar sen cal iaceasy- scr iicommieawattlsactnsteetahe ee cease
. Adanson. Hist. Nat. du Sénégal. Coquillages. 4to. Paris, 1757,
AO GPERGGS asc. daniel et vortanarsevtinersekcassa suaccaese etc acs vas adovessecsece waneecss
Adanosn. The same work in better binding.........
. Adams, Prof. C. B. Catalogue of shells collected at Panama. 332
BE OV Os CNOW) MOEK.) OO tsa ccarescnnweeseennscaus ranean. se ah anennees vee
. Adams, Prof. C. B. Contributions to Conchology. 250 pp., 8vo.
1849—52. (Out.of print and Very rare. )......cccseccseceeceseeseoees
. Antelme, A. Hist. Natur. des Insectes et des Mollusques. Publ.
by Geoffroy St. Hilaire. 2 vols., 8vo., plates. Paris, 1841.....
. Annals of the New York Lyceum of Natural History. Vol. viii.
US GS==6 Gaacsasesctnncaccoelecnscse cll eeiecesl ccoseseenlonoteseacteenstccaviaceatecas
Argenville. Hist. Nat. eclaircie dans une de ces parties princi- pales. L’Oryctologie. (Minerals and Fossils,) 560 pp., 4to. Paris, 1755. (Calf, gilt edges, in fine order, with many plates. )
Bourguignat, J. R. Malacologie de l’Algérie. Hist. Nat. complete des Mollusques recueillis au nord de Afrique. 2vols., folio. Paris, 1863—4. One of the most magnificent conchological works ever published. 60 plates............sscseseececceceecce sen seeees
Bourguignat, J. R. Amenites Malacologiques. Descriptions of new shells. 2 vols., Svo., with fine plates. (Published at 25 GI@INETR5)). scencea-BS' St Babodstocs poncesnaSOsCGnU coon eC Lea OSE ONT bo dO Ge onde RANOOE
Bourguignat, J. R. Mollusques Nouveaux, Litigieux on peu con- TMEIES, (NYO) ssaacdnos Soscococd S$coeSCO GS DOGOO SCO RCCOGOSD cdebo.nooStpeccocstsSacroncr
Burrows, E. J. Elements of Conchology, according to the Lin- nean System. 8vo. london, 1815. 29 colored plates..... ......
Barbut, J. The genera Vermium exemplified by various speci- mens of the animals contained in the orders of the Intestina and Mollusca. 2 vols., 4to., 25 colored plates. London, 1783—9. (Oren, Gi jeraayis WGI EROS) adcoossococodan taboo! Hess ecocu sede aess0000C
Bonanni. Recreatio mentis et oculi in Observ. aanine Tes- taceorum. 4to., velum. Rome, 1684. 270 pp., with 143 plates.
Born, J. A. Testacea Musei Caes. Vindobonensis. Folio. Vienna, 1780. 450 pp., with plates ........: ..-c.00. OAR Bane eeeneoaRns coca:
8 00
50 00
15 00
8 00
3 00
11 50
5 00
18.
19.
20.
21.
22,
23.
24
25.
26.
27
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30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
4
Brot, A. Catalogue Systematique des Melaniéns. 8vo. seuevide: 1862
Bernardi, A. C. Mepreeute du genre Cone. 4to., 2 colored plates
FORO E EO ee CHO ee HHH EEE EEE EE EET ESESE Bi EE EEEES HEH EEESEH HEHEHE SEO EEEEESS “SHEEE
PRR e eee HOOT SCORE HEREC E EEO HEHEHE CHES SEE EH EOE EE SESE HHOE SHEE SH EEEe
Bergen, C. A. Classes Conchyliorum. 4to. Nuremburg, 1760. 130 pp
Brown, A. D. Catalogue of shells in his collection, Ist and 2d editions. 8vo., 160 pp. Princeton, N. J., 1861—6......0.. e000
Binney, Amos. The Terrestrial Air-breathing Mollusks of the United States. 3 vols., 8vo., cloth. Boston, 1851—7. pp. 650, S9icolored plates. (Outiof print) )ceccsnasesevicse sen s-stvese-ceonasernsee
Binney, Wm. G. Terrestrial Mollusks of the United States. 8vo. (Continuation of the work of A. Binney.) 8vo. Boston, 1859.
Binney, Wm. G. Bibliography of North American Conchology. 2 large 8vo. vols
SER PRO ORE H OH EEE RHEE EE EEE EEE EEEEEE SFO EHEDEEEEEEES EOE S EE EEE HSH EEE SHS EEEEt
POOR O eee ce RR ee Ree eee EES TORTS EES SHEE EE HESEEE SHEE EEE SHEE EEEED
Brookes, S. Einleitung in der studium der Conchylien-lehre.
Edit. Carus. 4to. Teipatg, 1823. With colored plates, pub- lished at 24 dollars.. on KapcASaaaandase space
Brown, Thomas. Ilastrations of the Land and Fresh-water Con- chology of Great Britain and Ireland. 8vo., cloth, new. Lon- den, 1845, 2a CGlOred Plates. «<cces0ccn csdusacccanssoe sens accuduacsiewae
Cubieres, S. ZL. P. Hist. abrégé des Coquillages de mer, de Jeurs moeurs et de leurs Amours. 4to. Versailles, 1800. With
PER ee OOO! COREE OHHH EE EEE EES HEHE EES EO EEES EEE EEEEEHEEEE EEL EESES OS SEEES CEEES
Chenu, J. C. Bibliothéque Conchyliologique. 5 vols., 8vo., new binding. Paris, 1845, as follows :—Vol. 1, Donovan, 118 pp., 48 plates; Vol. 2, Martyn, 32 pp., 56 plates; Vol. 3, Leach, Conrad, Rafinesque, Say, 140 pp., 34 plates; Vol. 4, Montagu, 364 pp., 12 plates; Vol. 5, Transactions of the Linnean Society of London, 576 pp. 43 plates
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Chenu, J. C. Manuel de Conchyliologie et de Paleontologie Con- chyliologique. 2 vols., finely bound in morrocco, red edges. Paris, 1860—2. With over 5000 engravings
Chenu, J. C. Illustrations Conchyliologiques, on descriptions et figures de toutes les coquilles connues, vivantes et fossiles, classées suiv. le syst. de Lamarck, modifié d’aprés le progrés de la science et comprenant les genres nouveaux et les espéces recemment découvertes. Large Folio. 84 parts with 482 pl., beautifully colored. Paris, 1842—1854, complete. (The most magnificent of Conchological works. Published at 1790 francs, BUOIG ollarsicuTlLencye) eereeisessasgeencetase sp cecsess= ese teates =:stieceraenaes
eres eresesescescssssese
Columna, Fabii. De Purpura, etc. 4to. Rome, 1616. (A very rare work on shells.)
Reece ee eee eee ee: CHE HEHE SEH OH SEEDS! BeEeeee DES EEEEED
Cuvier. Le Régne Animal, Ist edition. 4 vols., 8vo. Paris, 1817.
Carpenter, P. P. Catalogue of the Reigen of Mazatlan Mollusca. 12mo. Warrington, 1857
PR eee ee. Coes tee ees tenses ee teeeeee 40888 C8 seesese
Catlow and Reeve. The Conchologists Nomenclator. A catalogue of all the recent species of shells. 8vo. London, 1845, (pub- Lighediatrhos) seccteesesese ses cteesscteeetereeeres PEsoadgadgpcnaticoous .caonboc ctr
Catlow and Reeve. Another copy of the same WOrk......--ssseecerer
3 C0
37 00
20 00
300 00
4 00 3 50
2 00
5 00 5 00
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38.
39.
40.
4l.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
51.
52.
5
Conrad, T. A. Monography of the Family Unionide. 8vo., mor., (iO. craikorrel TORNIE ScngeGaencoasdéccedsan Eeapeleosced encoeD sdecooD aso Sceann baboee
Deshayes, G. P. Traité élémentaire de Conchyliologie avec l’ap- plication de cette science 4 la géognosie. 8vo., 2 vols. of text, 1576 pp., and one containing 130 beautifully colored plates. Paris) 183909. (Published! at pl00: nero cove cccsacecncenscors
Delessert, Benj. Recueil des Coquilles décrites par Lamarck, dans son histoire des animaux sans vertébres, et non encore figurées. Large folio. Paris, 1841. With 40 fine colored plates. (Pub- SV aWe(e! ith. BAELDCUL)) nesocacho deco O80 caascabcHobnons nooner necacerpadoaocCaEGeoen:
Duclos, P. LZ. Monographie du genre Olive. Folio, half mor., 33 colored plates. (Published at $55.00.).. ......cecseseree sececeees
Dupuy, D. Histoire Naturelle des Mollusques terrestres et d’eau douce qui vivent en France. 4to. Paris, 1848—51. 770 pp., 36 plates. In splendid morocco binding..... 2.1... .csesseeseeeeeeeeee
Donovan, E. The Natural History of British Shells, including figures and descriptions of all the species hitherto discovered in Great Britain. 5 vols., 8vo., bound in one, half morocco. London, 1804. 180 colored plates. (Published at $60.00.).....
Dunker, Wm. Index Molluscorum que in Itinere ad Guineam Inferiorum Collegit. New Edition, 4to. Cassel. With colored plates...... JGotibacquicotbucéstungdba uoopeante nacocacde Sr adon0 ,cpouconeananbocdocdic
Dunker, Wm. Novitates Conchologice. Descriptions des Mol- lusques Marins. 10 numbers, 4to., with 30 fine colored plates.
Forbes and Hanly. History of British Mollusca and their Shells. Illustrated by a figure of each known Animal and of all the Shells, engraved on 203 copper plates. 4 vols., 8vo. (Pub- lished. At SOOSOO. pecvtacsececenesteaaeccscicies scavees ssevadccnsscescccs te cteses
Ferussac. Tableau Sytamatiue des Animaux Mollusques, classés en familles naturelles. Folio. Paris, 1822...............6.
Ferussac et D’ Orbigny. Bistoire Naturelle et particul. des Cépha- lopodes acetabuliféres vivants et fossiles, contain. la descript. zoolog. et anatom. de ces Mollusques. 2 vols., folio, cloth, with 144 colored plates. Paris, 1835—45. (Published at SAO OOO) hectete te aicuat ss eancdenatts’s sweater agscenausesss ec yess seecany teeese
Gualtierii, Nichol. Index Testarum Conchyliorum que asser- vantur in Mus. N. Gualtieri, et meth. exhib. 110 plates, folio, OMAR LOOM COM Atcossceccccseeacceacassnenccrestacecel eecccsastincnsests
Gould, A. A. Mollusca of Wilkes’ Exploring ixpedition. 1 vol., 4to., cloth, 500 pp. ; 1 vol., folio, 52 colored plates, morocco. 1852—6. (No more copies for sale Very Scarce.) .....-2e.seseeee
. Hartmann, J. D. W. Erd und Siiss-wasser Gasteropoden der
Schweiz. 8vo., morocco, 84 colored plates. St. Gallen, 1840—44. (Published at "930. QO acewee heen cheese eel lescastesasese
Herrmannsen, A. F. Indicis Generum Malacozoorum et ate 2 vols., 8vo., pp. 1337. Cassel, 1846—55. (Published at PVG 00S) ecceteseenc-ccevceuees aU Ris detioteiseMaditeedtesn access sbaisadedaaoncuen seatceas
Haldeman, S. S. A Monograph of the Limniades and other
Fresh Water Univalve Shells of North America. 8vyo., mor., 40 fine colored plates. 1840—3. (Out of print.)..... 0.1.0...
40 00
40 00
27 00
28 00
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15 00
30 00
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10 00
13 50
53.
59.
60
61.
62.
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Hanley, S. Illustrated Descriptive Catalogue of Recent Bivalve
Shells. 8vo, morocco gilt, pp. 392, colored plates. London, Det costs binne ino hee cbin pS! Jans ie ened ghticiasinige ban meee met ei < Recados y umnaoes
. Journal de Conchyliologie. Published by Crosse & Fischer. Vols.
xi. xii. xiii., 1863—5. Mor. bound, with numerous plates.....
- Journal de Conchyliologie. Vol. xiv. (anbownd) 1866... ...seeeeeee
- Kammerer, C. L. Beschreibung der Conchylien in Fiirstlichen
Cabinette zu Rudolstadt. Two parts, 12mo, colored plates. DTS noi cater sacyinap psec Mine rsdan went hMe eels simad'ndasalacetis dons haces
. Kiener, L. C. Species général et iconographie des Coquilles vi-
vants. 8vo. mor., 17 vols. (138 parts) bound with great eare, 826 colored plates. Complete, (published at $385)........ css
. Kiener, L. €. Monographie du genre Cone. 111 colored plates
and text. Incomplete, (published at $45)..........scccceee ceeeeeee se
Klein, J. E. Tentamen methodi ostrocologice, s. dispos. natur, Cochilidum et Concharum in suas classes, genera et species, ete, Ato, plates, Gadd? LBS tac. <ccsonnssdnsksisetsieewe <acitannte Gs «ehnawe
Krauss, Ferd. Die Siid-Afrikanischen Mollusken. 4to, 140 pp., 6 pl. Stuttgardt, 1848............ 000. saceenseiiccaercenmesen cen tteees
Knorr, G. W. Vergniigen der Augen u. d. Gemiiths in Vors- tellung allgem, Sammlung. v. Muscheln und ander Geschopfen welche in meer gefunden werden. 6 vols. 4to bound in 3, mor. gilt, 190 beautiful colored plates. Nurnburg, 1758—72.
CEWDUSRGR At Sia eeccce ccs ccccsteressO sce oecean trees Jsseceeactocsecceenere Lamarck. Histoire Naturelle des Animaux sans Vertebres. lst edition, complete, 7 vols., sheep, 8vo. Paris, 1815—2z2.........
. Lamarck. Histoire Naturelle des Animaux sans Vertebres. 2nd
edition, by Deshayes & Milne-Edwards, 11 vols., 8vo, sheep. Paris, 1835—45, (Published at $45, rare)........c.csscsssscsesseees
Linneus, C. Systema Natur. 13th edition (Gmelin’s) : Mammalia, Aves. 8vo0, 1032 pp. 1788.........0.sseeceees dee Amphibia, Pisces. 8vo, 500 pp. 1788..........2. scccescossee Insecta, 2':vols.,; Svo,“b00ipp, WS8r...cseec.cse- eee ozveceee Minerals. | 8v0, 475 pps | PTDBK..2.0ieecribvednacoten ene betes cater
. Lister, Mart. Historia Conchyliorum. New edition, folio, 3 vols.
in], mor. Oxford, 1770. (Many hundred plates) ....... ....
- Leach, W. E. Synopsis of British Testacea. 8vo, cloth. Lon-
LR STGL 2 A Ne ag RL OP ped eg Ack abn pe et
. Lea, Isaac. Observations on the genus Unio, with Descriptions
of Land and Fresh water Shells. And Synopsis of the Family of Naiades. 4to, 12 vols. bound in 8, red mor. (2 vols. un- bound). Philada-., 1832—66. - A full and complete set of this very rare work, several volumes of which are out of print. Many hundred plates, some of them colored. The above set is the only one advertised for many years: it is doubtful whether another could be obtained at any Price........0..ssecessesseerseeeees :
. Lea, fsaac. Synopsis of the family of Naiades. Ist edit., 8ve,
Clothe hoobssesaseuaer shgpectaesaoue Ss antesnoscaoewpasaaoEc Resceaaesener ees .
Morelet Arthur. Description des Mollusques terrestres et fluvia- tiles du Portugal. 8vo, mor., 14 colored plates. Paris, 1845...
Morelet, Arthur. Series Conchyliologiques, i. ii. iii. 8vo, col’d
PALES ...... creveeevene eveweeee vorerressssee-vererwrsercereersceseenreeeens eect
3 0
30 00
9 00
38 50
2 00 1 50 3 U0 1 00 36 60
5 00
6 0O
81.
87.
88.
89.
90.
91.
92.
93.
if
. Morel:t, Arthur. Mollusques des Iles Agores. Col’d plates, 8vo.
BAIS eO I Orem evececssaee cesismsi sata: Gbic! <e'eaciceniaidriese oeWionetat adeseleh edb siese
. Morelet Arthur. Testacea Novissima Cubanz et Americe Centra-
IIStee Cup Ants OVO ALIS MOO ——Oiltehas cm: Uosinsesa=ceeoneea eles tenes de
. Macgillivray, Wm. History of the Molluscous Animals of Aber-
deenshire, Kincardine, and Banff. 12mo, mor. 1543............
. Mérch, O. A. LZ. Catalogus Conchyl. qne reliquit A. d’Ag. et
G. comes de Yoldi. 2parts. Hafnie, 1852—3............. ce
. Muller, Theo. Synopsis Nov. Spec. et Generum Testaceorum in
1834 promulgatorum. $8vo. Berlin, 1836..............:.ceceeeeeeee 3
. Moquin-Tandon, A. Histoire Naturelle des Mollusques terrestres
et fluviatiles de France. 3 vols., 8vo, mor., with 54 plates. Panis Lebo Ceublished) ati gaa)\ sesscslsstecssdsiworeona += ei kewieieaise
. Martini and Chemnitz. Systematisches Conchylien Cabinet. In
Verbindung mit Philippi, Pfeiffer und Dunker neu heraus gegeben und vervollstindigt von H. C. Kiister. 4to, over 1100 col’d plates. Nurnburg, 1837—66. Complete, (published at PXOWD))no acocnseke SedcocaqscopeacAgSebeg & BanecBocEeabadhe vlosc- onbodbocabocds act
TN PAPA agehcdan Saddeo bbneago0 6 BaasGeda0 SootdebdS <iodasse JodpadadannocsucuanisdesJoudoe
Orbigny, A. d’. Mollusques vivants et fossiles; conten une étude générale des Mollusques. Svo, 29 pl. colored. Paris, SHS) seedou cnocgasspigcdobe 55 Gan tas ceconqcceoadsao Jeubenodo 3308 Sibi eles cables
. Pfeiffer, Dr. Louis. Monographia Pneumopomorum Viventium,
et Supplement i. 8vo, 688 pp., mor. Cassel, 1852--8.........
. Pfeiffer, Dr. Louis. Ditto. Supplement ii. S8vo, mor., 284 pp.
SGD eccecssceses eiedenssciee deaaiaaisnceleseeet inde st nades O60 960 Su Cenodde -haspascucc
. Pfeiffer, Dr. Louis. Monographia Heliceornm Viventium. 4
vols., 8vo, mor., 2600 pp. 1848-59. (Published at $37)......
. Pfeiffer, Dr. Louis... Monographia Auriculaceorum Viventium.
SVOn MOL e200Mpp.) 1CaSsel ewe SD Ginvatemsetbecsmeenteeer-isee steer sch sacts
}. Pfeiffer, Dr. Louis. Symbole ad Historia Heliceorum. 3 parts
in 1 vol., 8vo, mor. 1841—6. The above (Nos. 82—86) are uniformly bound in ZreeN MOFOCCO.....ceeecceeesseeeeescecesesecee scone
Pfeiffer, Dr. Louis. Malacozoologische Blitter. Vols. 1—8 bd. in 2, 8vo, mor. Cassel, 1854—62. (Published at $30).... ....
Potiez et Michaud, Galerie des Mollusques du Museum de Douai. 2 vols. text, and 1 cont. 60 plates, mor. Douai, 1838—44......
Pfeiffer, Char es. Naturgeschichte Deutscher Mollusken. 3 parts, 4to, bound in 2 vols., mor., 24 col’d plates. Cassel, 1821—28. GCHublistedtatiaa0))eeccsisy4): devenetsesvesiisccesesenscismendasesececsasersloes
Plancus, J. De Conchis minus notis. Ist edition, 4to. Venice,
Planecus, J. De Conchis minus notis. 2nd edition, 4to. Rome, Nie Vsedcabeeco10) cbadeoquee BeObE RR OPeOODE “Heeb ee ce DMeereo Ge aie éstituaguet ude viene
Philippi, R. A. Beschreibung und Abbildung, neuer oder wenig bekannter Conchylien. 3 vols. bound in 2, 4to, mor., 144 col. USES VSMCONAL 1.2) oconxcasegitasnseus)jaceeeaansacees-chsenvacantes
Rémer, Dr. Edw. Monographie der Molluskengattung Dosinia. BLOs AM COMME DIALOM ss ctar aes andcinaadeviaslacceduoncesshocteverewage vanecea ade
300
10
20
20
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
G0
00
00
50
94.
8
Rémer, Dr. Edw. Monographie der Molluskengattung Venus. ALO Si COMA Mpl ates ecpesteceledecossitee cleats aceleccememesieene sates fie tee Racienene
. Regenfuss, F. M. Choix de Coquillages peintes d’apres nature.
Elephant folio, with col’d plates. Copenhagen, 1758 .............
Rafinesque, C. S. Complete Writings on Recent Conchology. Edited by Binney & Tryon. 8vo. New York, 1865...... .....+
. Rafinesque, C. S. Monograph of the Fluviatile Bivalve Shells of
the River Ohio. Translated by C. A. Poulson. 12mo. 18332...
. Réssmassler, E. A. Iconographie der Land und Siisswasser Mol-
lusken Europa’s. 3 vols. 4to, mor., 90 oo plates. Leipzig, 1835—59. (Published at $63) DoeCaeEEDObEROD - Gspeuneee Happede oacecaentc
99. Rumphius, G. £. D’Amboinsche Rariteitkamer. 60 plates, vel- HumMytolionecAmsterdam, s/Odesseewn-ceteecees scecel vero ceianieracennstens
100. Rang, P. C. A. L. Manuel des Mollusques. 18mo, 1 vol. text ANGMAOtsplates mMALis, MUGAY seomessecia-sccaneetelecas:/kedascsledasssilseies
101. Rang et Souleyet. Histoire Naturelle des Mollusques Pteropodes. Holo; colid plates. | baris, Log cvccscslecroctccasie-sbern=dere cecert=siian
102. Rang, P. C. A. L. Histoire Naturelle des Aplysiens. Folio, 25 os pole nisisige Mlkmipiss Ulsvdo}shateancnsbhno ane asmicosnconancndcqOsae: acceicnands¢
103. Reeve, Lovell. Conchologia Ivonica. Monograph of Melania. AGO, 09 COL’ PIAUOS <...ciansceecscves tecercosseseeracienuctnls assessiisst=snse} se
104. Reeve, Lovell. Monograph of Hemisinus, 6 colored plates
105. “ie fe Monograph of Io, 3 “4
106. as ss Monograph of Melatoma, 3 sf
107. ss ts Monograph of Anculotus, 6 ss
108. ey ae Monograph of Carinaria, 1 ‘
109. oe fs Monograph of Cerithidea, 4 ‘é
110. sf es Monograph of Erato, 3 4s
111. oy “ Monograph of Lampania, 2 st
112. fs ss Monograph of Leiostraca, 3 a
113. rf of Monograph of Niso, it fs
114. BS ss Monograph of Ovulum, 14 ss
115. KS te Monograph of Potamides, iL es
116. ae ss Monograph of Pyramidella, 6 “s
11%. eh of Monograph of Pyrazus, 1 fs
118. ee a Monograph of Tornatella, 4 ss
HG a ae Monograph of Tympanotnos, 2 ss
120. ff «s Monograph of Eulima, 6 aS
121. ee oe Monograph of Cerithium, 20 ue
122. ° et Monograph of Telescopiuim, 1 re
123. fe eS Monograph of Vertagus, 5 ue
Ae es Monograph of Unio, plates 19—46..... ..... seeseees
M25 ne or Monograph of Tellina, plates 1—10 .................
2G re 5 Monograph of Marginella, plates 14—27............
127. Schmidt, A. Kritischen Gruppen der Europaischen Clausilien. Atos Licol di plates Wielp Zio lS Dijecenadaceasc- eet vss ecledalisacesn secon
9 00
18 00
2 50
1 50
40 00
3 75
* The additional plates completing these monographs can le imported at an expense of about 75 cis, each.
128.
129.
130.
131.
132.
9
Schumaker, C. F. Essai @’un nouveau systéme des Vers testacés. 4to, 22 plates. Copenhagen, 1817. (Published at $20)..........
Spix, J. B. Testacea fiuviatilia que in itinere per Braziliam coll. et pingenda cur., digess., descripsit et observat. Illustr. J. A. Wagner. Folio, 1827, with 29 cel’d plates. (Published AUPE eserer meee cniaacen Yen seue os ancceorrcaenihewaciosebescnorehtaese-< cose sscaenes
Say, Thomas. Complete Writings on the Concholegy of the United States. Edited by W.G. Binney. Half calf, gilt, 8vo, pp. 248, 75 col’d plates. New York, 1859..............sssecee sees
Say, Thomas. American Conchology. 8vo, half-mor., 50 col’d Plates (NOL Quite COMpPlEty) m0... ace-ccdeseee, sascciecvarccccucseeaqraacsss
Sowerby, G. B. Catalogue of Shells contained in the Collection of the Earl of Tankerville. Small 4to, 8 col’d plates. London, DA2D = (PUGS Red AU OS )acasersccssatanacts dexsaaccsisctenste” vane o euceantee
133. Sowerby, G. B. Conchological Illustrations; or colored figures
134.
135.
136.
137.
138.
139.
140.
141.
142.
143.
144,
145.
146. 147.
148.
of all the hitherto unfigured recent shells. 2 vols., 8vo, half- mor., 200 fine colored plates. London, 1832. ‘@ublished at
Sowerby, G. B. Conchological [lustrations. Another copy. UBIO leavevastassensteets seme kendeetied casaeneliosoracasiccasecss pare -acnicoeee
Scilla, A. De corporibes marinis. 4to, mor., 31 pl. Rome, TOO Ewe a Epi ON TNR ier ape. kT
Sellius, G. Hist. Natur. Teredinis s. Pophaeen Marini, etc. ALO l acoder eid (OOcocmattccrtecescescencstes secs ehenencctece rete eteomenente
Schreibers, K. Versuch einer vollstiind. Conchylienkenntniss nach Linnés System. 2 vols., 8vo. Vienna, 1793..........cssse0
Schréter, J. S. Geschichte der Flussconchylien. 4to, 24 col’d Plates Va Wey Ui Gcccosecccccccacatsccece sacndeste votuscagh wae oss tesaueseice
Schréter J. S. Einleitung in der Conchylienkenntniss. 3 vols., SMO. PHalle Wy Bd——-GoswcssuN cocciseinatsenacteds ances. seedaslcceseates stomeus
Schréter, J. S. Ueber der Erd-Conchylien. 12mo. Berlin. DNA awe sentaeteph tenn atiy oats do ad Usaan sine spasittaas aes yan ct adacanst etdantecctag ss
Thorpe, C. British Marine Conchology. 12mo, cloth, 8 Le London, 1544
Troschel, F. H. Gebiss der Schnecken. 4to, mor., 20 plates. Berlina (5). O—— GAeccoscass qaicotclnnsiaducocn cost asoges ces vesis cace san eseseinesce cs
Turton, W. Manual of the Land and Fresh Water Shells of Great Britain. New edit. by Gray. 8vo, cloth, 12 col’d pl. London, MOA Oisaiessjemeciejisc abled ca se sasieses silsanemetasdsseasieisgasoncesisc seen senesne ae s4ciecs
Turton, W. The Bivalve Shells of the British Islands. 8vo, 20 col’d plates. London, 1822. (Published at $10)...
Tryon, G. W., Jr. List ef American Writers on Recent Con-
SPSS eee ER EEEEEESS TEESE SESE HEEEEES ESTES ESSE SESEESHEEEES OE EED
CHOLO Ay pmECVO MeL Ulllcaveceinestreecciesscacaeccaiesen cacivassvacee iossereee = Tryon, G. W., Jr. Monograph of Pholadacea. 8vo. 1862...... Tryon, G. W., Jr. Synonymy of the Species of Strepomatide
(Melanians) of the United States. S8vo0. 1865..........4. cesses
Wood, Wm. General Conchology, or Descriptions of Shells, with 60 sides colored plates. London, 1835. (Published at PE PAU eS Pe 2 a SS aM al da eg a cay ee
145.
10
ADDENDA.
Natural History of New York, complete, 19 large 4to. vols., newly bound in half morocco, with many hundred colored plates, containing as follows :—
Mammalia, 33 plates; Ornithology, 141 plates; Herpe- tology and Ichthyology, 2 vols., 101 plates ; Conchology and Crustacea, 60 plates ; Entomology, 47 plates; Agri- culture, 3 vols., 140 plates; Botany, 2 vols., 160 plates ; Geology, 4 vols., 200 plates; Paleontology, 2 vols., many plates; Mineralogy.
A complete and perfect set of this rare and costly work...
Mosses,jete: 'Svo., half morocco.) 285 8.ccceeseseck se scccacdeseacesiene
. Gray, A. Bioko and Systematic Bees 8vo., half Mor-
OCCOSMP LOO Os ccwsrcidacoccvesisewersauesectatodeldcccouni tes cusectreccst sateaecoorer
. Ameriean Journal of Conchology. Vol. i., 8vo., half morocco,
red edges, 400 pp., 30 colored plates. Philada., 1865 ...........
. American Journal of Conchology. Vol. ii., 8vo., in numbers,
400 pp., 25 colored plates. Philada., 1866. ............sessseseceses
. Alten, J. W., von. Erd and Fliiss, Conchylien. 8vo. Augs-
burg, 1812. Colored plates. (Published at $6.00)..............
. Bourguignat, J. R. Mollusques nouveaux, litigieux ou peu con-
nus. (Another copy.) $8vo., plates. (only one hundred DUINUCW))-cocescuciececcseneveciccrsscssstrstccosrseececstuenen sien aseneeen esse
- Bourguignat, J. R. Testacea Novissima de Saulcy in itinere per
Orientem, anno 1850—51, coll. 8vo. 1852.............cece0 cee eeeee
. Baudon, A. Essai Monografique sur les Pisidies Frangaises.
GVO.) Pariss USD 7e 9 OM DIAtES--ctcensscaracaccnceinsesaecincect sires or eecene
. Baudon, A. Catalogue des Mollusques de l’Oise. 1855..........4
. Brard. Hist. des Coquilles terr. et fluv. qui vivent aux en-
virons de Paris. 8vo. Paris, 1815. 10 colored plates............
. Beau. Catalogue des Coquilles recueill. 4 la Guadeloupe. 8vo.
IPATIS> TLS DS. ce secessccces tales csteisa cera shlcsenach cmmtantentinncciseeendescesteece einer
. Froreip. Lamarck’s Neues System der Conchylien. 12mo.
TE}O7/Saonnarencadsde socdbacno dea dooSe boL a aOuCAecoeSe) seccnsen ecodor dsncccsumaesocss
. Ferussac, le Baron. Monographie du genre Melanopside. Folio.
Amlates.) Mearis wUS2s. lu G@VONyALALC.)) tecccsPeceseierectentcenaskes ones
. Forbes, Edward. Malacologia Monensis, a Description of the
Mollusca of the Isle of Man. évo., cloth. London, 1838........
. Gassies, J. B. Mollusques de l’Agenais. 8vo., 214 pp., 4
colored plates. Paris, 1849...........cssssscsssees covereeecees spocchoae
. Geoffroy. Avhandlungen der Conchylien welche um Paris
gefunden werden. Nurnberg, 1767.........-..-.sscsosccssscesssecnsees
. Herbigny, Favart, de. Dictionnaire d’hist. nat. des Testacés. 3
WOLS eS VOR AMR NIE, MLW Tenet cas spac nc teaes phalt sen ve vain nncn ston heties Ree
. Klein, J. E. Descriptionis Tubulorum Marinorum. 4to., plates.
NB ilipenien sic telocsensteeeeeeeealecsnec sar sicne aces sizataansee) essiol es else cence oteueeners
. Muller, O. F. Historia Vermium terr. et fluv. testaceor. 2
VOIS-,, 400.) ElafnicadiO—Awcceccecistccerevedsssas'ciecnscssnlereecuevteevs
. 125 00 . Gray, A. Botany of the Northern United States, including
1 00
12 00
10 00
4 00
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- Puton. Hist. Nat. des Mollusques des Vosges ........ Soopaceacionoaee . Roux, Polydor. Iconographie Conchyliologique. 4to., colored
jOGEE. CTRBAlS— Uis-t3 is jecoscogne dao Gaadoduppoode 1sesoubocdooonne Sacouiscob ant
. Schroter, J. S. Ueber der innern Bau der See und einiger sus-
landischer Erd und Fluss Schnecken. 4to. Frankfort, 1783. IPE Blacdoees cdecoa leocoot ansboossudeoneccod “ced edo bbaucooBsbenoontedunpasbencoee Terver. Catalogue des ate lieecues: terr, et fluv. de 1’Algiers. ILgr@nms, NSS), THRE St hsagcedts bocodcoue. Soncopomonosodaccudoorecdsencs Hooogce
. Troschel, F. H. De Limnaceis, s. de Gastar pes pulm. que
MOSCHISANUAGUISEVIV Unt. | Benlimy U Sik norccccotscesc\sdeacel «sleesercee
Boston Journal of Natural History. 8vo., vols. i. to v., with many plates. (Imperfect; the papers on shells extracted. Published at $40. Vol. i. not to be had of the Society.) $2.50
177. American Journal of Science and Arts. Vol. i. 1818. 8vo., SHOZEFD). panied nocd Soodounbsonqgnaons0o0 ococaddncrasopccode lzisoncodsn codnes bbbechnedee 178. American Journal of Science and Arts. Vols. Xvii., xviii. 1830. 2 vols., 8vo., newly bound in sheep, $2 each........ smosdenoooéooee 179. American Journal of Science and Arts. Vol. xxviii., No. 1. 1835 180. ee ue ff & Vol, xxx., No.1. 1836. 181. es ee uw New Series. Vols. i. and ii. 1846. Newly bound in sheep. (Not quite perfect; a few ASCs MIsSID ps) MeHAChy Hie) Onasace nsec eatcliccsdes-sJseecececeseicesssusseeecne c 182. American Journal of Science and Arts. New Series. Vols. iii.—
184,
190.
BYE
ix. 1847—50. Newly bound in Sheet Perfect, 7 vols. Hucheh2-OUMorion themwilOlOcssecsccsdscauecteiesercsscesenccieceeseesesaete
. American Journal of Science and Arts. New Series. Vol. x.,
DOL, sy PADG TUSXOS ALE, UXO {0 opconpaddar ndconsbyonanesoeéoncoonunabeeeose
American Journal of Science and Arts. New Series. Vols. xxxi. to xl. 1861—1865. Perfect, 10 vols., newly bound in sheep. BACH PLOOMEAOL THE WHOLG.. cccsnceucccae’ Cosces sncmnceseecccccata esate
. American Journal of Science and Arts. Vols. xli., xlii. 1866.
hots a\ hin] yee oncosecarana cor aO Hose RFnC AR GnOCIeRDEOnG Ter LeSCURr aCe Letoarer secs
. American Journal of Science and Arts. New Series. Vols. v.
QUO avieee Ss oD ouMdeim ls vol Sheep racadtsescscsicssoncsecemerentics
Proceedings Boston Society of Natural History. Vol. i. 1841—4. (Not quite perfect. Shell papers extracted.) Newly bound in sheep....... > tO. detmndccoCONIChOSEcSUDO Ludo -ao0dd CEO COHSOUBO OdHOSCOE Hoc eEEcan Oe
- Proceedings Boston Society of Natural History. Vol. viii.
1861—2. (Not quite perfect.) Newly bound in sheep..........
- Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. 1st
Series. 8 vols., 8vo., new binding, numerous plates. (Not quite perfect ; the shell papers extracted.) Publication price SAA COMMU OU diamen teeter aceon eas shite acte cae soars aceseeslicssauadsacess
Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences. 1st Series. 1841—57. 8 vols., newly bound. (Publication price, un- bound, $24.00. Not quite perfect. Shell papers extracted.)...
Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philade!phia. New Series. 1858—62. 5 vols., Svo., newly bound. (Not quite perfect. Publication price $15.00, unbound.)......... ......
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10 00
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192.
193.
194.
195.
196.
197.
198.
199.
200.
201.
202.
204.
205.
207. 208.
12
Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences. Ege 2 vols., newly bound. Perfect, $2.50 per volume... Fecnenes
Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences. 1865—6. 2 WOIS., a members.) pHa $2.50 pec ncacssceciusvwntivestslssvesasncersiotecne
Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences. 2d Series, 4to., Vol. i., half morocco binding. (The shell papers—a few pages only—extracted. Publication price, unbound, $10.C0.)..
Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences. Vol. ii. In same CONAILTION AN As DINGIN 5.0.5: ede swcls ciserdcwccewor cee seeds jasob te cuceueosecteee
Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences. Vol. iii. In same COBUMIOH) ATO y OIG OIHO sctlaessneo-'cse coves ooeslsesens covets odeessecie suaeNeens
Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences. Vol. Same binding. All the shell Peete ee one-half the aie extracted...... .... SiGe Spc eacioes
Journal of 1 the Lae of Natural Sciences. Vol. v. Same binding. Parts 2, 3,4 are complete. Part 1 not complete, (but can be obtained of the Academy at $3.75,) contains ex- tensive papers on Unionide and Melanide, with plates, by Tsai) Mie dises-cscstaclanmasdle.e- on cddioven: cates cd eawecWer sere side scee melee ane eee
Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences. Vol. vi., Part 1. (All published.) Complete. Contains ‘‘ New Unionide,’’ by AS ARC MUCHA seas, coscitnacansciecccneces:slascescuiiounaeeerasctsstisereulddessseaaneeen
*,* The above are bound uniformly. The series Nos. 194— *199 can be had for $20.00. All the papers but those on shells are perfect.
Transactions of the American Philosophical Society. New Series. Vol. i., complete, new binding. 4to. 1818............%
Transactions of the American Philosophical Society. Vols. iii., iv., v., viii. New binding. Mr. Lea’s papers on Unio ex- tracted. Each, $3.00, or for the whole.......... nodnbaeicodaunccopex bac
Smithsonian Report. 1859—52, 63, 64, 65. 8vo., cloth. 5 TIES "LOBYELNS 9(Jencsosobccdoscasdadncsastcs Gadnocoun ecsecoosecacens busadecoenas
Winchell, Alex. Geological Survey of Michigan, 1860...........
Humboldt. Cosmos; a Description of the Universe. 4 vols., SVO0., ClOtD......ceccssecernscccescrssceeensce senses seeneeccsecses eucensseesenes
Comstock. Treatise On Mineralogy........cssecssecccecesceescoecscrecerse Leconte, J. L. Classification of the Coleoptera of North America.
LIBRARY FURNITURE.
One Large Varnished Walnut Book-case, new, with glass doors, 7 feet 6 inches high, 4 feet wide, lower part 24 inches, the upper part 14 inches ‘deep, with shelves on ratchets, and two drawers. Will hold 250 to 300 bOOKS..........c005 sseecsene seeecene
One Varnished Walnut Book-case, new, with glass doors, 6 feet 6 inches high, 3 feet 6 inches wide, 10 inches deep. Shelves on ratchets. Will hold 200 booKS.........cess-ceeececees secnes eeeeeice
5 00
2 00
4 00
8 00
3 75 50
2 00 25
50
60 00
EPRICE Lis £f
OF
RARE AND VALUABLE SHELLS,
(Duplicates, from the Collection of C. A. Poulson, dec’d.).
For Sale by the Conchological Section of the Academy of
Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.
Bulimus oblongus, Mill., Brazil,
tostoma, Sowb., Peru, Luzonicus, Sowb., Philippines, coneinnus, **
pudicus, Gmel., Brazil, Fulgetrum, Brod., Philippines, Woodvanus, Leas’
zebra, Mull, West Indies,
melanostomus, Swainson, Brazil,
Fulguratus, Say, Fiji Isles,
cincinniformis, Sowb., Philippines,
chrysallidiformis, Brod., = (74 66
74
Mindoroensis, as .
goniostoma, Fer., Brazil, Reevet, Brod., Philippines, malleatus, Jay, Fiji Isles, flammeus, Brug., Africa, Ticaonicus, Brod., Philippines, Shongit, Lesson, New Zealand, decollatus, Miull., Europe, Cuyoensis, Pfr., Philippines, detritus, Mull., France, elongatus, Bolton, St. Thomas,
var.
No. of Specimens.
1
— OOH OR Re DPD DM Hee powdDpoHeHebd oe
Price each.
2
Bulimus reversalis, Bielz, Transylvania,
perversus, Linn., Moluccas, albus, Sowb., Valparaiso, pseudosuccinea, Moric, Brazil, rosaceus, King, Valparaiso, conspersus, Sowb., Peru, obscurus, Miill., Europe, . exilis, Gmel., West Indies, planidens, Rang, Brazil, pardalis, Brug., Brazil, Numidicus, West Africa, papyraceus, Mawe, Brazil, Taunaysii, Fer., - acutus, Brug., Dalmatia, Helix resplendens, Phil., India, Sulgens, Sowb., Philippines, dentifera, Binney, Pennsylvania,
Glandina truncata, Gmel., South Carolina,
Texasiana, Texas,
Achatina bicarinata, Lam., West Africa,
purpurea, ‘* ne zebra, ee -
variegata, ‘* (young) W. Africa,
Hasciata, Miuill., Cuba,
(74
virginea,
Achatinella Byroni, Gray, Oahu, wanietice,
turritella, Fer., ‘
perversa, Swainsoa, Oahu, wae: ae
adusta, Reeve, 4 Stewartiz, Green, “ lorata, Fer., ‘ olivacea, Reeve, oe ecolorata, ‘
Cyclostoma involvulus, Pfr., Ceylon,
white var., Cuba,
Woodianum, Lea, Philippines,
Ceylanicum, Sowb., Ceylon,
oeclusum, Mérch, Mada gascar,
tigrinum, Gray, Philippines,
elegans, Miill., Europe,
megacheila, Potiez, Curagoa,
mamillare, Lam., Spain, Pomatias auritum, Turkey, Leptopoma , Canton,
POTD PR DOH HATO OHDwHe
ii
heal beh Pion e HORE RE eH OOMHDOOMKREHE OND we wWHH OF
i
3
Megalomastoma tortum, Wood, Cuba,
auriculatum, Orb., Cuba,
Cassidula mustelina, Desh., Borneo, Paludina Bengalensis, Lam., Bengal,
lecythoides, Benson, China, Burroughiana, Lea, India, carinata, Swainson, ‘“ quadrata, Benson, “
olivacea, Swainson, Zanzibar, subpurpurea, Say, Indiana, decisa, Say (reversed specimen), integra, Say, Ohio River, intertexta, Say, New Orleans, incrassata, Lea, Alabama River, subcarinata, Say, Ohio River, magnifica, Conrad, Alabama Riv lineata, Val., Ohio River, achatina, Lam., Hungary, ponderosa, Say, Louisville, Ky.,
DPD OOH
bo
“5
Bithinia tentaculata, Linn., Austria, cerameopoma, Benson, Bengal, Pomatiopsis lapidaria, Say, Pennsylvania, Amnicola porata, se ef Valvata tricarinata, ac “ Anculosa dissimilis, Be ¢ numerous Neritina Philippinarum, Sowb., Philippines,
HEN WOoONWANOWWOHHEHS
(vars.,)
Neritina viridis, Linn., West Indies,
punctulata, Lam., Cuba,
Nerita polita, Linn., Philippines (vars.),
peleronta, Lam., Cuba, picea, Recluz., Ascension Island, Chemnitzii, Recluz., Timor,
Sigaretus perspectivus, Say, South Carolina,
Grayt, Desh., Chili,
Natiew solida,
fluctuala, Jay, Philippines, helvacea, Lam., India, vitellus, es ee
canrena, Linn., West Indies, uber, Val., Panama,
lineata, Lam.,
melanostoma, Sowb., New Zealand,
millepunctatq, Lam., albumen, Linn., Philippines,
Se POP DD HH PD AD Dw Qe oa
Natica Broderipiana, Recl., Panama,
aurantia, Lam.,
rufa, Born, Isle of France,
Lanthina communis, Risso.,
globosum, Sowb., Pacific Islands, bifida, Nuttall, Sandwich Isl., Cyprina islandica, Linn., Ireland,
Capsa levigata, Lam.,
Donax anatinum, Lam., Medfterranean,
trunculus, Linn.,
variabilis, Say, South Carolina,
scortum, Linn., Java,
denticulatus, Lam., West Indies, Cardium apertum, Chem., Jamaica, subelongatum, Sowb., St. Thomas,
Cyclina Sinensis, Desh., China,
Modiola plicatula, Lam., New Jersey, tulipa, “¢ West Indies,
Lucina Jamaicensis, Lam., Jamaica, Pennsylvanica, Lam., Jamaica,
columbella, Liberia, Machera costata, New Jersey,
Astarte castanea, Say, New Jersey, Chama lobata, Br., West Indies,
Solen vagina, Linn., England,
ensis, «New Jersey, cultellus, “* England, ambiguus, Lam., Gaudaloupe, stliqua, Linn., England, legumen, ‘ tf
brevis, Gray, Africa, acutidens, Manilla,
viridis, Say, South Carolina,
purpuratus, Lam., Tennessee,
multiradiatus, lea, e Zig-2a], <SeOhni0, asper, i is circulus, ce af sulcatus, ge ee
apiculatus, Say—fine specimens,
spinosus, Lea, Georgia, Murchisonianus, Lea, Canton, Leai, Gray, Canton,
Solecurtus coarctatus, Gmel., South Carolina, Unio patelloides, Lea, Uruguay,
Cal
Nn Pee YH
numerous
al
PWE DDH DOH HE WOOPRRRE ESE DHE ODPDNNMNMDRPHERF KR RRERE Kr pPpOblbyrH
Unio lamellatus, Lea, India, olivarius, * oF batavus, Lam., Europe, ceruleus, Lea, India, angustatus, Lea, South Carolina, Paranensis, Lea, Amazon River, ellipticus, Wagner, Brazil, flavidens, Benson, India, Grayt, Lea, China, Balonnensis, Conrad, Australia, pictorum, Retz., Europe, delodonta, Lam., La Plata, Cumingii, Lea, China (young), Anodonta latomarginata, Lea, Brazil, Moricandii, a a Wahlamatensis, Lea, Oregon,
Margaritana complanata, Say, Tndiama,
marginata, “
‘ Iridina rubens, Lam., ee Mile (lar ge),
dubia, Gmel.,
Mycetopus siliquotdes, Orb., Brazil,
Pleiodon ovata, Lam., Senegal,
Hyria avicularis, Lam., Brazil, ambigua, Schum., ‘“ corrugata, Lam., “
Dipsas discoideus, Lea, China, magnificus, ‘ S
Etheria Lamarckii, Fer., Senegal,
Galathea radiata, Lam.,
Corbicula squalida, Desh., East Indies,
Cyrena fluminates, Adams, China,
Carolinensis, Bose., South Carolina,
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American Journal of Concholo éyv 1867 Plate 6
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1 Fhysa deformis. Gurier 3. Melantho groba. CUurTver: 2Bulinus Tryont — ,. 4 Lannea techella. Haldanan jb Anodonta subcartata Currier
Drawn. by E.J Nolan
Plate 1.
ped C167 Pl.
Bowen & C° lith. Philada.
Drawn by E. J Nolan, M D.
7. ie Gime Col yr eal Plate 1L | | | |
Bowen & Go.lith: & col. Philada .
Abt yi avid
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-
Ag, C1867 E19 Plate 15,
5 VN, 2.»
Drawn by E. J Nolan, M D.
ASC 1867. PLO:
Drawn by E. J Nolan, MD
Plate 14.
bowen & C° ith Philada.
VALUABLE WORKS ON CONCHOLOGY
FOR SALE.
1. American Journal of Conchology, Vol. 1, 1865. Containing 400 pages, illustrated by 31 colored and plain lithographic plates and por- traits and over 293 wood engravings; with contributions by Conrad, Bland, Anthony, Binney, Newcomb, Stimpson, W. Harper Pease, Wheat- ley, Tryon, ete. Price, in numbers, $12.50, or each number separately $3.75. A few copies beautifully bound in red morocco, gilt, red edges,
at $15.00.
2. American Journal of Conchology, Vol. 2, 1866. Contaiming 400 pages, illustrated by 27 colored and plain lithographic plates, and nearly 500 wood engravings; with contributions by Newcomb, Bland, Conrad, Gabb, Anthony, Pease, P. P. Carpenter, Mérch, Tryon, etc. Price, in numbers, $12.50, or each number separately $3.75.
y*, Full tables of contents of the above two volumes forwarded to those desiring them.
3. Moncgraph of the Terrestrial Mollusca of the United States. With illustrations of all the Species. By George W. Tryon, Jr. This work will be completed in five quarterly parts, each containing about 32 pp. 8vo text, and four lithographic plates crowded with figures. Three parts have been published. Only 100 copies will be printed, so that an early application will be necessary to secure it. There are already about 60 subscribers. The work is published in the following styles :
Ist. Plain edition, printed on fine calendered paper, with uncolored -
plates, at $1 25 per part. 2d. Colored edition, same paper, plates finely colored, $2.00 per part. 3d. Fine edition, on very heavy plate paper, with duplicate plates, plain or tinted paper, and finely colored, $3.00 per part.
4. TRYON, GEO. W., Jr., Synonymy ofthe Species of Strepoma- tidz (Melanians) of the United States, with critical observations on their Affinities, and Descriptions of Land, Fresh Water and Marine Mollusca. 8vo, over 100 pp., with lithographic plates. 1865.
Cloth, $2.00. Paper, $1.75.
CONTENTS: Contributions towards a Monography of the Order Pholadacea, with Descriptions of
New Species. Descriptions of two new Species of Fresh Water Mollusca From Panama, Des- cription of anew Exotic Melania. Descriptions of new Species of Fresh Water Mollusca be- longing to the Families Amnicolidex, Valvatide and Limnexide, inhabiting California. De- scription of a new Species of Pleurocera. Description of a new Species of Teredo, from New Bedford, Mass. Descriptions of two new Species of Mexican Land Shells. Synonymy of the Species of Strepomatidex, Parts 1, 2,3, 4 and Supplement.
The Edition is very limited—only 75 copies. Early application will, therefore, be necessary to secure the work.
5. RAFINESQUE, C. S., Complete Writings on Recent and Fossil Conchology. Edited by William G. Binney and Geo. W. Tryon, Jr. 8vyo. 1864. With lithographic plates Price, $2.50.
This is the only edition of Rafinesque’s Complete Writings ever published, and contains reprints of many papers, which had been entirely forgotten by naturalists.
6. TRYON, GEO. W,., Jr., List of American Writers on Recent Conchology, with the Titles of their Memoirs and Dates of Publication. 8vo. 1860. Printed on fine plate paper. Cloth, $2.00. Paper, $1.75.
7. TRYON, GEO. W., Jr., Monograph of the Order Pholadacea, and other Papers. 8vo, 127 pp., with plates. 1862.
Cloth, $2.00. Paper, $1.75.
Contains Monographs of the Families Gastrochwnide. Pholadic@, and Teredidx. History of American Conchology, and Descriptions of new Species of Fresh Water and Marine Shells.
x*y A discount of 20 per cent. will be allowed from the above prices, to Members of the Conchological Section and to Booksellers. Apply to
‘ ConcHOLOGICAL SecTION ACADEMY OF NaTurRAL Sciences, Philadelphia,” Or to its Agents—see lst page of this cover.
1. Record of Mieetines:... .:..ccazecsce: o+scs+0-0-0<o00cesies ince sote tee eee ‘
bo
3. On the various principles of Zoological Classification, by O. Ay Tas MO nis coaestscwap ccs van Wericeren ce wockeaaaks, :0'sas ocestre cote pee eee . 4. On Green Oysters, by A. W. E. O’Sbaughnessy...... «einen eee 5. On the Genus Fulgur and its Allies, by Theodore Gil!, M. D...... 141 6. On the Systematic Position of Buccinum altile and B. Esch- eri) by ‘Pheodore Gilg! De c.5.tter.c. cots es-aso0 «4000 cecie echoes 153 7. Monograph of the Terrestrial Mollusca of the United States, hy, George: Wo) diryon, dre, (Continted)r.. ... 2... 2.02. 0.32. seas scatiaentee sens 155 8. Synopsis of the Genera Sees Browne, and Busycon, BOLO: byeks oa. CONTAC .crssess Sorcte roma cer cecss-cctece sac cine ane tesoeee eae 182 9. Descriptions of New Miocene Shells, hy T.A.., Conmad:...cnesaes 186 10. Notes on Fossil Shells and Descriptions of New Species, by Ree WOODAG sc ves iscwencs ovecccus rosea seeep sgberedercsd asuaecmarean Tene tr aetetntae 188 11. Description of a New Genus of Astartide, by T. A. Conrad.... 191 12. Descriptions of New West Coast Shells, by T. A. Conrad....... 192
18.
19:
7, Prospectus of a Catalogue and Synonymy of all the Genera,
CO eas T'S.
. Description of New Species of Fresh Water Shells from Michigan, “by Al OV Currier. ss. jc.2.. .coseecsss20s aces oteeite Ret pee
. Description of a New Species of Limnea, by S. S.Haldeman.... 194 . Notices and Reviews of New Works, by George W. Tryon, Jr., 195
American.—Land and Fresh Water Shells of North America, Parts 2 and 3, by Wm. G. Binney. Catalogo de los Moluscos de la Isla de Cuba, by Rafael Arango.
British —Generie Forms of Shells, by Sowerby. Alcock on the Tongues of Mollusca. Sowerby’s Thesaurus Conchyliorum. Annals and Magazine of Natural History. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal.
French.—Journal de Conehyliologie. Revue et Magasin de Zoologi+.
German.— Malakozoologische Blatter. Novitates Conchologice, etc.
Italian.—Rigacci’s Catalogue of Shells.
Norwegian.— Journal of the Scientific Society of Christiana.
. Scientific Intelligence...... abddvieteleblbas swiss. ese sdescctoe sees dieee eae 207
New Locality for Glandina truncata. Shell-Collecting in Brazil. Dr. Gould’s Cabinet
of Shells, etc. APPENDIX. . By-Laws of the Conchological Section of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.
Species and Varieties of Recent Mollusca.
Catalogue and Price List of rare and valuable Conchological Works.
Price List of Shells from the Poulson Collection.
tions furnished without expense to them.
th
16 8 2
sh
NOTICE TO CONTRIBUTORS.
Authors sending specimens with their papers, can have colored illustra-
Twenty copies of every contribution (without re-paging or illustration) is at
e service of its author, if applied for in season. Extra copies, re-paged, can be had on the following terms :
25 copies. 50 copies. 100 copies. 250 copies. pages, $4 00 $5 00 $6 75 $10 00 pages, 3 00 Sanco 525 7 50 to 4 pages, 2 50 3 12 4 25 6 25
Uncolored plates at 3 cents each, or colored plates 12 to 18 cents each. Contributions, as well as Papers and Works for Review or Exchange, © ould be directed to
Conchological Section, Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia.
va)
* a = =
‘in Advance.
? Spt a te OT ea ea SIS | at $10 per Annum—Payable
: Vol. 3. publ Sa2h. [868 Part
AMERICAN
‘TOURN AL
| CONCHOLOGY
Lee /- ‘ia, |
PUBLICATION COMMITTEE: GEORGE W. TRYON, Jr., Editor, ISAAC LEA, LL. D.,
C. F. PARKER.
Ay: PHILADELPHIA : Published by Tue ConcHoLocicaL Section oF THE ACADEMY oF NATURAL SCIENCES, N. W. corner of Broad and Sansom Streets.
NEW YORK: BOSTON: BAILLIERE BROTHERS, No. 520 Broadway. * LitTLe, Brown & Co. LONDON: TRUBNER & Co., No. 60 Paternoster Row. PARIS: MADRID: J.B. BAILLIERE ET Fits, Rue Hautefeuille. C. BAILLY-BAILLIERE, Calle del Principe.
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FRESH WATER SHELLS WANTED.
Concuo.togists or Dealers having FRESH WATER SHELLS from any part
en
1 t
| | id. ; | Pibrary of the Museum Bee r is OF as Yfala- ‘COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY, ae alers. Part AT HARVARD COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE, MASS. , Sea ind 6 alers. 2 Founded by private subscription, in 1861. and alers. 4. oO neient th 15 ! Deposited by Louis Agassiz. pie No. JL ie > | 4 San == ; Pass 6 mos. 8vo. 2 Vols.
MONOGRAPH OF THE LIMNIADES,
And other Fresh Water Univalve Shells of North America.
By Prof. S. 8S. Haldeman.
Published in 8 Nos. 8vo, with 40 beautifully colored plates ; illustrating the genera Lymnea, Planorbis, Physa, Paludina, Amnicola, Ancylus, &c. A few copies of this rare and valuable work for sale by the Conchological
Section of the Academy of Natural Sciences.
‘
AMERICAN
JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY.
NEW SERIES.
PUBLISHED BY THE
CONCHOLOGICAL SECTION of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia,
Vou. III. 1867. No. 3.
Meeting, May 2d, 1867. Nine members present. Mr. Tryon, Vice-Director, in the Chair.
Donations to the Museum and Library were announced.
The following papers were offered for publication, and referred to committees :
Catalogue of the Recent Mollusca belonging to the Order Pholadacea. By Geo. W. Tryon, Jr.
Reviews of New Works. By Geo. W. Tryon, Jr.
Descriptions of new species of Gasteropods inhabiting Polyne- sia. By W. Harper Pease.
Synopsis of the genera Sycotypus, Brown, and Busycon, Bol- ten, By T. A. Conrad.
Notes on and descriptions of Fossil Shells, and of a new genus of Mactride. By T. A. Conrad.
15
210 AMERICAN JOURNAL
Descriptions of a new genus of Astartide, and of new species of Venericardia and Pecten. By T. A. Conrad.
Description of a new species of Limnea. By Prof. 8. 8. Haldeman.
Mr. Mactier read a Prospectus of the Catalogue of the de- scribed species of Recent Mollusca, to be published by the Con- chological Section: which was ordered to be printed.
Dr. Geo. H. Horn made some remarks on the localities of shells in the Colorado Desert, and in Arizona.
It was resolved that all duplicate books belonging to the Sec- tion be sold, and the proceeds invested in the ‘‘ Conservator’s Fund.”
It was also resolved that the thanks of this Section be tendered to Messrs. Thos. Watson & Sons, and Messrs. 8. & W. Welsh, of Philadelphia, for their liberal offers to transmit packages by their respective steamship lines, free of charge.
A letter was read from G. W. Tryon, Jr., announcing that, upon certain conditions, he had deposited in the Library about one hundred bound, and sixty unbound volumes and pamphlets on Conchology, all of which were desiderata to the Library.
With this addition, the Conchological Library contains nearly every paper or book published on the subject.
Dr. E. J. Nolan, of Philadelphia, and Prof. §. F. Baird, of the Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C., were elected members; and Col. F. F. Cavada, U. S. Consul at Trinidad,
Cuba, and J. R. Willis, D. C. L., of Halifax, N.8., were elected correspondents.
Meeting, June 6th, 1867. Eight members present. Mr. Tryon, Vice-Director, in the Chair.
Donations to the Museum and Library were read.
A letter was read from Prof. 8. 8. Haldeman, of Columbia, Pa., accompanying the donation of the entire remaining copies of his ‘ Monograph of the Limniades.”’
Messrs. Alpheus Hyatt, of Salem, Mass., and Alex. Winchell, of Ann Arbor, Mich., were elected correspondents.
=
OF CONCHOLOGY. pA:
DESCRIPTIONS OF MARINE GASTEROPODA, INHABITING POLYNESIA.
BY W. HARPER PEASE.
MITRID A.
Mirra AsstmtLts, Pease.—Plate 15, fig. 1.
Description.—T. fusiformi, crassa, solida, basi subtruncata, leevigata, striis remotis, punctatis, cingulata, ad basin sulcata; spira brevis; labro crenulato; columella quadriplicata; rufo- castanea, linea unica aut fascia flavescente, infra suturam, cinc- ta, apertura pallide purpurea.
Dimensions.—Long. 17, diam. 63 mill.
Shell fusiform, solid, thick, base somewhat truncate, smooth, encircled with rather distant punctured striz; spire short; lip crenulated on its edge; columella four-plaited; reddish-chest- nut, encircled with a single yellowish line or band a short dis- tance below the sutures; aperture light purple.
Remarks.—Allied to M. coronata. There is not, however, the slightest evidence of crenation at the sutures, and it is found associated with the typical coronata at several localities. My collection comprises an extended series of the latter species, in which the variation chiefly extends to size, prominence of the crenation, and in being more or less blotched or spotted with white. They are all more or less roughened longitudinally by coarse irregular striz.
The description in Conchologia Iconica should be made to con- form with that of Lamarck, as regards the transverse striz.
Genus MITROPSIS.
T. fusiformi, longitudinaliter plus minusve costata seu plicata ; apertura angusta; labro dentato, superne sinuato; columella plicata, callo marginata.
212 AMERICAN JOURNAL
MITROPSIS FUSIFORMIS, Pease.—Plate 15, fig. 2.
Deseription.—T. fusiformi, utrinque attenuata, nitida, spira gracilis; anfr. longitudinaliter costatis, costis subremotis, rotun- datis, e suturas descendentibus, anfr. ultimo gibboso, transversim tenuiter striatis; sutura sulcata; basi transversim sulcata; ca- nali recurvo; omnino alba; columella quadriplicata.
Dimensions.—Long. 7, diam. 3 mill. Habitat.—Paumotus.
Shell fusiform, much attenuated at both ends, white, shining, spire small, slender ; whorls longitudinally ribbed; ribs rather remote, rounded, descending from the sutures, last whorl gibbous on its right side; transversely finely striate ; sutures widely and deeply grooved; base grooved, transversely; canal recurved ; columella four-plaited.
Remarks.—We have no doubt but that the above species is a Mitrid, although its sculpture and the distinct sinus on outer lip connect it with the Pleurotomide. The callosity bordering the inner lip gives it a Columbelloid appearance.
TURRICULA MODESTA, Pease.—PI. 15, fig. 6.
Description.—T. fusiformis, subharpzformis, levis, polita, longitudinaliter plicato-costata ; costis 11, superne, vix tuber- culatis, interstitiis longitudinaliter, leviter striatis; spira tur- rita, acuta, longitudinis teste haud equans; anfr. superné ob- lique angulatis; canali brevi, vix recurvo; columella quinque plicata ; apertura intus lirata; alba, lineis tribus, rufo-fulves- centis cincta, apice purpurascente.
Dimensions. —Long. 254, diam. 12 mill.
Shell stoutly fusiform, somewhat harpzform in shape, smooth, shining, longitudinally plicately ribbed, ribs eleven, subtubercu- late above, interstices concave, irregularly and finely striate longitudinally ; spire rather less than one-half the length of the shell, turrited, acute; whorls obliquely angulated above; canal short, slightly recurved; columella five-plaited; aperture lyrate within.
Color white, encircled by three reddish-yellow lines; apex purplish- black.
MITRA FLAMMULATA, Pease.
Description.—T. solida, levigata, nitida, ovato-fusiformi, utrinque vix attenuata, transversim subtilissime striata, basi sulcata, apice acuta, tenuiter longitudinaliter costata; anfr. 9,
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convexis, contiguis, vix tumida; columella prominenter quadri- plicata; labro sulcato; basi producta vix contracta, contorto- recurva; apertura recta, subangustata, longitudinis teste dimi- diam squans; albida flammis flexuosis rufescente fuscis picta, apertura alba.
Dimensions.—Long. 25, diam. 10 mill. Habitat.—Sandwich and Paumotus.
Shell solid, smooth, shining, ovately-fusiform, somewhat attenuated at both ends, finely striated transversely, grooved at base; apex acute and finely ribbed longitudinally; whorls 9, convex, contiguous, somewhat swollen; columella prominently four-plaited, with a slight callosity at top; outer lip regularly groved within its whole length; base slightly produced, some- what contracted, and recurved in a twisted manner; aperture straight, rather narrow, one-half the length of the shell; whitish, longitudinally painted, with broad, somewhat flexuous, reddish- brown flames ; aperture white.
Remarks.—The above species is allied to AZ. semen, Rve.
TURRICULA (COSTELLARIA) FORTIPLICATA, Pease.—PI. 5, fig. 3.
Description.—T. fusiformi, utrinque attenuata, longitudinaliter plicato-costata, interstitiis transversim suleata, spira granulosa ; basi transversim granuloso-costata, subrecurva; labro intus lirato; columella forte triplicata, superne callosa; apertura longitudinis testze dimidiam haud zequans, luteo-castanea, anfr. ultimo inferne, apiceque albis.
Dimensions.—Long. 8, diam. 5 mill.
Habitat.—P aumotus.
Shell fusiform, attenuated at both ends, longitudinally strongly plicately ribbed, interstices grooved transversely ; spire granu- lose; base slightly recurved and granosely ribbed transversely ; lip lirate within; columella three-plaited, with a callosity at top, plaits prominent and large; yellowish-chestnut, lower half of last whorl and apex white.
TURRICULA (COSTELLARTA) PLICATULA, Pease.—Plate 15, fig. 4.
Description.—T. fusiformi, utrinque attenuata, longitudinaliter irregulariter plicato-costata, transversim tenui striata, basi con- tracta, recurva, transversim granuloso-costata ; columella quadri- plicata; rufo-castanea, fasciis duabus aut tribus, lutescentibus cincta.
Dimensions.—Long. 8, diam. 8 mill.
Habitat.—Paumotus.
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Shell fusiform, attenuated at both ends, longitudinally irregu- larly plicately ribbed, ribs becoming obsolete on back of last whorl, transversely very finely striate ; contracted and recurved at base; base encircled by granulose ribs; columella four- plaited ; reddish-chestnut, encircled by two or three yellowish bands.
TURRICULA (PustIA) NoDULOSA, Pease.—Plate 15, fig. 5.
Description.—T. crassa, oblongo-ovata, turrita, longitudinali- ter nodoso-costata, costis rotundatis, remotis, vix obliquis, anfr. ultimi inferne subevanidis, transversim confertim elevato-striata ; anfr. rotundatis; columella quadriplicata, superne vix callosa ; alba, striis in parte inferiori rufo-castaneis.
Dimensions.—Long. 10, diam. 44 mill. Habitat.— Paumotus.
Shell thick, oblong ovate, longitudinally nodosely ribbed, ribs round, prominent, remote, somewhat oblique and curved, on the spire and upper part of the last whorl swollen, becoming obsolete on the lower part of the body whorl, transversely encircled with close set elevated striz; whorls rounded; spire turrited ; columella four-plaited, slightly callous at top; white; striz on lower half of the whorls, reddish-chestnut.
Remarks.—The above species in shape and sculpture resem- bles some varieties of MZ. rubra, Brod.
The latter species, answering to the original description by Broderip, occurs only at the Paumotus; those of Reeve’s de- scription inhabit both the Hawaiian Islands and Paumotus. There is still another distinct variety, lineated transversely,—a perfect gem, when alive and in good condition.
TURRICULA (S. G. PusiIa) PUTILLUS, Pease.—Plate 15, fig. 24. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1865.
Description.—T. abbreviato-fusiformi, subventricosa, sulcis angustis decussata, sulcis longitudinalibus tenuiter striatis ; spira breviuscula; acuta, suturis valde impressis; apertura intus valde lirata; labro denticulato ; columella quadriplicata ; nigra; spira et anfractu ultimo superne, albo maculatis ; interdum fascia in- terrupta albo cingulatis, sulcis transversis rufo-fuscis.
Dimensions.—Long. 10, diam. 5 mill. Habitat.—Central Pacific.
Shell abbreviately fusiform, somewhat ventricose, whole surface decussated by narrow grooves, longitudinal grooves finely stri-
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ated; spire rather short and acute, sutures well impressed ; aperture strongly lirate within ; lip denticulate ; columella four- plaited; black, spire and upper part of body whorl spotted with white, occasionally encircled with a single narrow white band, transverse grooves reddish-brown.
Remarks.—This species is allied to M. alveolus, Rve., and more distantly to W. puella, Rve.
STRIGATELLA BRUNNEA, Pease.—Plate 15, fig. 7.
Description.—T. subobeso-ovata, crassa, solida, basi, spira et anfr. ultimo, parte superiori, transversim tenuiter striatis, striis remotis; spira brevis ; labro simplici, superne calloso, vix sinu- ato; apertura superne angusta, ad basim effusa; columella quadriplicata, castanea, apice alba, apertura alba, polita, epider- mide tenui induta.
Dimensions.—Long. 21, diam. 10 mill.
Shell somewhat stoutly ovate, solid, thick; base, spire and upper part of last whorl transversely, rather remotely finely striate, most distinct on base; spire short, about one-third the length of the shell; outer lip simple, callously thickened above and slightly sinuate, just below the junction with body whorl; aperture narrow above, effuse at base; columella four-plaited ;
chestnut color, apex tipped with white, aperture polished, white ; covered with a thin epidermis.
Remarks. Belongs to the group represented by M. columbel- liformis.
STRIGATELLA NIGRICANS, Pease. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1865.
Description.—T. fusiformi, elongata, levigata, transversim ten- uiter striata, striis subdistantibus, punctatis ; epidermide tenui in- duta; spira gracili, elongata, acuta; labro simplici; columella quadriplicata; nigrescente, fascia angusta, castanea cincta, apertura plumbea.
Dimensions.—Long. 20, diam. 7 mill.
Shell fusiform, elongate, smooth, finely striated transversely, striz somewhat remote, punctured; covered with a thin epider- mis; spire slender, elongate, acute; lip simple ; columella four- plaited; black, encircled by a narrow chestnut band, aperture lead color.
THALA ALBA, Pease.—Plate 15, fig. 8.
Description.—T. elongata, gracilis, fusiformi, tenuiscula,
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transversim striata, striis minutissimis decussata ; labro in medio incrassato ; columella quadriplicata ; alba.
Dimensions.—Long. 74, diam. 2 mill. Habitat.—Paumotus.
Shell elongate, slender, fusiform, rather thin, striated trans- versely, decussated with very fine longitudinal striz; aperture slightly effuse at base, somewhat contracted and thickened in the middle; columella four-plaited; color none, white.
THALA ANGIOSTOMA, Pease.—Plate 15, fig. 9.
Description.—T. elongata, attenuata; anfr. plano-convexis, granulatis ; labrodentato; apertura angusta, columella quinque- plicata ; canali elongato, recurvo; alba.
Dimensions.—Long. 12, diam. 34 mill. Habitat.—Paumotus.
Shell elongate, slenderly fusiform, attenuated at both ends, whole surface evenly granulated; whorls flatly convex ; outer lip dentate its whole length ; columella five-plaited ; aperture very narrow; canal long and recurved; wholly white.
Remarks.—The sculpture of this species resembles 7. recurva, Rve.; its shape is similar to that of 7. mirifica, Rve.
THALA SALTATA, Pease. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1865.
Description.—T. fusiformi, subulata, elongata, tenul, nitida, pellucida, cornea; basi subtruncata, transversim striata, longi- tudinaliter subtillissime striata; anfr. planis seu subconvexis, marginatis; columella tri seu quadriplicata, plicis obliquis ; apertura ampliore, dimidium longitudinis teste squante; labro tenul.
Dimensions.—Long. 7, diam. 2 mill.
Shell fusiform, elongate, subulate, rather thin, shining, pellu- cid, corneous ; base subtruncate, transversely striate, longitudi- nally very finely striated; whorls plane or flatly convex, marginated; columella three or four-plaited, plaits oblique ; aperture rather open, about one-half the length of the shell; lip thin.
Remarks.—To the above three species should be added Pleurotoma todilla, Migh., Proc. Bost. Soc., 1845; and we are of opinion that Z'hala should be raised to the rank of a genus.
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PLEUROTOMID. ,
CITHARA DECUSSATA, Pease.—Plate 15, fig. 10.
Description.—T. fusiformi, ovata; anfr. superne angulatis, longitudinaliter plicato-costatis, costis e suturis descendentibus, ad angulum subnodosis, transversim elevato striatis, striis minutissimis decussatis ; apertura dimidium longitudinis teste zequante.
Dimensions.—Long. 10, diam. 43 mill. Habitat.—Paumotus.
Shell fusiformly ovate, whorls somewhat concavely, widely angulated around the upper part, longitudinally plicately ribbed, ribs descending from the sutures, nodulous at the angle, trans- versely elevated, striated, decussated by very fine longitudinal striz ; aperture one-half the length of the shell; white.
CITHARA BREVIs, Pease.—Plate 15, fig. 11.
Description.—T. ovata, spira brevi, subobtusa; anfr. longitu- dinaliter forte costatis, costis rotundis, ad suturas erectis, trans- versim elevato-striatis; sutura profunda; alba, fasciis fuscis cincta.
Dimensions.—Long. 8, diam. 4 mill. Habitat.—Paumotus.
Shell ovate, spire short, obtuse ; whorls longitudinally strongly ribbed, ribs rounded, erect at the sutures, and slightly overlapping each other, transversely encircled by very fine striz, sutures deep; aperture more than one half the length of the shell; white, banded (apparently) with brown.
CITHARA PAUCICOSTATA, Pease.
Description.—T. oblongo-ovata, spira turrita, acuta, brevius- cula: anfr. ad suturas angulatis, longitudinaliter costatis, costis 7, prominentibus, compressis, suturam incurrentibus, interstitiis concavis, transversim subtilissime conferte striatis; suturis profundis ; omnino alba.
Dimensions.—Long. T, diam. 3 mill. Habitat.—Tahiti.
Shell oblong ovate, spire rather short, turrited, acute ; whorls angulated at the sutures, longitudinally ribbed, ribs 7, very prominent, compressed, running into the sutures, interstices concave, finely, regularly and closely striate transversely ; sutures deep; wholly white.
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CiTHARA D#DALEA, Pease.—Plate 15, fig. 13.
Description.—T. elongato-fusiformi, spira turrita; anfr. ad suturas angulatis, longitudinaliter costatis, costis 10, compressis vix recurvis, e suturas descendentibus, transversim tenuiter lirata; alba, anfr. ultimo castanea tincto.
Dimensions.—Long. 6, diam. 2 mill. | Habitat.—Paumotus.
Shell elongately fusiform, spire turrited; whorls angulated at the suture, longitudinally ribbed, ribs about LO in number, com- pressed, somewhat curved, descending from the sutures, trans- versely finely and closely ridged; white, back of the last whorl stained with chestnut.
CLATHURELLA TUMIDA, Pease.——Plate 15, fig. 14.
Description.—T. oblonga, subcylindrica, transversim, tenuiter, conferte lirata ; longitudinaliter costata, inferhe costis evanidis ; spira brevissima ; anfr. spire tumidis ; labro incrassato ; apertura breviuscula; sinu lato, profundo ; canali brevi, lato; alba, inter- dum liris transversis rufo-castaneis.
Dimensions.—Long. 8, diam. 8 mill. Habitat.—Paumotus.
Shell oblong, somewhat cylindrical, light, faintly and closely ridged transversely ; spire very short, the two last whorls com- prising three-fourths the length of the shell; longitudinally ribbed, ribs obsolete or disappearing altogether on the two last whorls; whorls five, those of the spire inflated, last whorl rather out of the centre; sutures well impressed; outer lip thickened externally ; aperture rather short; sinus broad and rather deep ; canal short and open; white, transverse ridges occasionally reddish-chestnut.
Remarks.—In sculpture and general shape the above species resembles the Daphnelle. The inflation of the whorls of the spire and the extreme shortness of the upper whorls distinguish it. On young specimens the inflation is scarcely perceptible.
CLATHURELLA VIOLACEA, Pease.—Plate 15, fig. 15.
Description.—T. gracilis, elongata, nitida, subcylindrica, liris creberrimis, undique eleganter clathrata; apertura parva; sinu profundo; canali brevissimo; violacea, fasciis duabus albis cingulata.
Dimensions.—Long. 54, diam. 2 mill.
Habitat.—Paumotus.
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Shell slender, elongate, shining, somewhat cylindrical ; whole surface beautifully closely clathurated by longitudinal and trans- verse ridges, granulated at their intersection; aperture small ; sinus deep; canal very short; violet color, encircled with two white bands, tip of apex yellow,
Remarks.—Nearly allied to B. pumila, Migh., inhabiting the Sandwich Islands.
CLATHURELLA MACULOSA, Pease.—Plate 15, fig. 16. Proce. Zool. Soc. London, 1862.
Description.—T. oblonga, fusiformi-ovata, longitudinaliter costata, costis 8, rotundis, confertis, transversim lirata; anfr. plano-convexis, spira acuminata; apertura dimidiam longitudinis teste haud eequante; alba, nitida, costis rufo-castanea maculatis.
Dimensions.—Long. 5, diam. 2 mill. Habitat.—Paumotus.
Shell oblong, fusiformly ovate, longitudinally ribbed, ribs round, close set, descending from the sutures, about eight in number, transversely strongly ribbed; whorls flatly convex; spire acuminate ; aperture rather less than one-half the length of the shell; white, shining, ribs sparsely spotted with reddish- chestnut, the color extending sometimes the whole length of the shell.
Remarks.—This species may be compared with (. tessedlata, Hinds, which occurs at the same locality. It is, however, smaller than the latter species, and is strongly ribbed and ridged.
CLATHURELLA CANALICULATA, Pease.—Plate 15, fig. 17.
Description.—T. oblongo-ovata, spira subacuminata; longitu- dinaliter costata, costis 14, rotundatis, e suturis descendentibus ; transversim lirata, interstitiis striis minutissimis decussatis ; ad suturam conspicue canaliculata; canali brevi, subrecurvo; labro forte dentato; columella lirata; rubida, fascia alba cincta, infra fasciam, linea fusca marginata, sutura fusca.
Dimensions.—Long. 11, diam. 4} mill.
Habitat.—Paumotus.
Shell oblong ovate, ribbed longitudinally, ribs about 14 in number, rounded, descending from the sutures, very prominent on the spire and middle of last whorl, transversely ridged, in-
terstices decussated by microscopic striz; spire somewhat acuminate; sutures widely and deeply canaliculate; canal short,
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slightly recurved ; lip strongly dentate ; columella ridged; dark rose red, encircled by a single white band, which is bordered beneath by a dark redilish-brown line, sutures stained with the same color.
Remarks.—The above species is allied to C. rudéda, Hinds. Its chief peculiarity is the canaliculation of the suture, which we find on all specimens, from the young to mature age. The longitudinal ribs are more numerous.
DRILLIA LAUTA, Pease.—Plate 15, fig. 18.
Description.—T. turrita; aafr. in medio nodosis, ad suturas late concavo-angulatis, nodis longitudinalibus, prominentibus ; sinu lato, profundo; canali lato; flavo-castanea, anfr. ultimo fasciis tribus albis cingulata, spira unifasciata, fasciis in medio linea rufo-castanea cincta.
Dimensions.—Long. 9, diam. 4 mill. Habitat.—Paumotus.
Shell turrited, whorls nodose on the middle, nodules rather prominent, longitudinally disposed, beneath the sutures widely concavely angulated, on the spire the angulation occupying one- half of the whorls; canal short, open; sinus broad and deep; yellowish-chestnut, last whorl encircled with three white bands and the spire with one, through the centre of which passes a line of reddish-chestnut.
Remarks.—The most beautiful species of the group repre- sented by D. leta, Hinds, nodifera, Pease, nodulosa, Pease, &c. We have several additional species, in too bad condition for de- scription.
DRILLIA EXILIS, Pease.—Plate 15, fig. 19.
Description.—T. gracilis, levigata, elongata, subcylindrica ; spira elongata, longitudinis teste dimidiam equante; anfr. sub- planulatis, longitudinaliter plicato-costatis, costis parvis, confer- tis, e suturas descendentibus; apertura brevis; canali lato, brevi; rufo-castanea, costis, interdum interstitiis, pallide cinereis.
Dimensions.—Long. 53, diam. 2 mill. Habitat.—Tahiti.
Shell slender, smooth, elongate, somewhat cylindrical, spire long, one-half the length of the shell; whorls nearly plane, plicately ribbed longitudinally, ribs small, close, descending from the sutures; aperture very short; canal short and open; reddish-chestnut, ribs and sometimes the interstices pale ash color.
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DAPHNELLA CRENULATA, Pease.—Plate 15, fig. 20.
Description.—T. elongata, cylindrica, alba, transversim tenui- ter lirata, interstitiis transversim striatis, longitudinaliter obsolete et irregulariter costata ; sutura utrinque costis crenulatis, mar- ginata; apertura breviuscula; sinu lato, profundo.
Dimensions.—Long. 7, diam. 2 mill.
Shell elongate, slender, cylindrical, white, transversely finely ridged, interstices striated transversely, longitudinally faintly and obsoletely irregularly ribbed ; sutures bordered on each side by a crenulated rib, the crenulations connected obliquely by a small ridge; aperture rather short, sinus broad and deep.
Remarks.—Nearly allied to P. avis, Reeve.
DAPHNELLA VARICIFERA, Pease.——Plate 15, fig. 21.
Description.—T. elongata, recto-acuminata, tenui, liris longi- tudinalibus et transversis decussata; anfr. 6, plano-convexis, varice hic illis instructis; apertura lata; canali brevi; alba, rufo-castanea tincta.
Dimensions.—Long. 17, diam. 6 mill. Habitat.—Paumotus.
Shell elongate, straightly acuminate, rather light, thin, decussated by longitudinal and transverse ridges; whorls six, flatly convex, furnished here and there with somewhat indistinct varices; aperture wide; canalshort; white, stained with reddish- brown.
Remarks.—The Daphnelle have so many characters in common, that it is difficult to determine the limits of the species. The above is closely allied to D. delicata, Rve.
DAPHNELLA CuURTA, Pease.—Plate 15, fig. 22
Description—T. abbreviata, ovata, transversim regulariter granuloso-lirata, longitudinaliter indistinete striata ; spira curta ; apertura latiuscula, dimidium longitudinis test sequante ; ; alba.
Dimensions.—Long. 43, diam. 2 mill.
Habitat.—Paumotus.
Shell abbreviate, ovate, transversely, regularly finely granu- losely ridged; longitudinally indistinctly striate; spire short ; aperture rather open, about one-half the length of the shell; wholly white.
Rtemarks.—The above may be mistaken for the young of other species ; but the lip denotes maturity.
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PLEUROTOMA BICARINATA, Pease.—Plate 15, fig. 23. Proce. Zool. Soc. London, 1862.
Description.—T. turrita, elongata, alba; anfr. 6, undique striis elevatis clathratis, anfr. ultimo carinis duabus, spiraque unica ornatis, carinis eminentioribus, anfr. e carinis ad suturas obliquis, juxta suturam vix angulatis, anfr. ultimo inter carinis plano; labro expanso, crenulato; canali tortuoso, recurvo ; sinu perangusto, profundo, rima rotunda terminato.
Dimensions.—Long. 10, diam. 5 mill. Habitat.—Kingsmill Is.
Shell turrited, elongate, white; whorls 6, clathrated through- out by longitudinal and transverse elevated strie, the last whorl ornamented with two and the spire with one keel, keels very prominent, crenulated on their edge, the whorls descending ob- liquely from the keels to the suture, the middle of the last whorl between the keels plane, at the sutures slightly angulated ; lip expanded, on its surface radiately ridged; canal twisted, re- curved; sinus a very narrow deep slit, terminating in a round hole.
Remarks.—This bold and exquisitely sculptured species is unlike any of the Family. Its chief peculiarity is the form of its sinus. :
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DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES OF LAND SHELLS, INHABITING POLYNESIA.
BY W. HARPER PEASE.
PARTULA OBESA, Pease.~-Plate 15, fig. 12.
Description.—T. umbilicata, abbreviata, conico-ovata, tenui- scula, transversim confertim minutissime undulato-striata ; anfr. 44, ultimus magnus, inflatus, oblique productus, longitudinis tes- te 3-4 subequans, basi rotundatus; spira brevis, conica, acu- tiuscula; apertura obliqua, ovata; labro valde planulatim ex-
panso, alba; columella superne vix dilatata; virescente-flavida, infra suturas fascia alba cingulata.
Dimensions. —Long. 20, Diam. 14 mill.
Hab ?
Shell umbilicate, abbreviate, conically ovate, rather thin, light, transversely very finely, closely and undulately striated ; whorls 43, the last very large, comprising nearly three-fourths the length of the shell, somewhat inflated and produced obliquely, rounded at base; spire short, conical, rather acute; aperture oblique, ovate; lip widely flatly expanded, white on both its outer and inner sides; columella slightly expanded above;
greenish yellow, encircled with a broad white band beneath the suture.
Observations.—We have no locality for the above species. It appears to approach the Marquesan type, and may be allied to lilacina, Pfr. It is covered with a thin epidermis, which, when worn off, would probably leave the shell without color, as
is the case with Ganymedes, Pfr. We have but a single specimen.
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PARTULA AFFINIS, Pease.
Description.—T. elongato-ovata, solidiuscula, haud nitens, compresse umbilicata, dextrorsa; anfr. 5, plano-convexis, ultimus 2 longitudinis teste subeequans, sutura impressa, interdum sub- marginata; longitudinaliter tenui rugosim irregulariter striats transversim minutissime striata; apertura ovata; labro angu*te calloso, interdum margine columellari adnato; columella den tata; castanea, interdum longitudinaliter straminea strigata, 10° omnino straminea.
Var.; fasciis tribus fuscis cingulata.
Dimensions.—Long. 16, diam. 9 mill. Habitat.—Tahiti.
Shell elongately ovate, rather solid, compressly umbilicate, dextral, finely, roughly and irregularly striated longitudinally, transversely very minutely striate, sutures impressed, sometimes faintly marginated; lip narrowly thickened, occasionally con- nected with the columella by a thin callosity ; columella dentate. Color light or dark chestnut brown, sometimes striped with darker or wholly of a straw color.
Var.; encircled with three dark reddish brown bands, on middle of last whorl, at the umbilicus, and just beneath the suture.
Observations.—The above species is allied to P. Otaheitana. It is, however, smaller and less elongate.
PARTULA LINEOLATA, Pease.
Description.—T. abbreviato-ovata; solida, umbilicata, haud nitens, transversim tenuiter et confertim striata, longitudinaliter striis incrementis rugosa; anfr. 5, plano-convexis, sutura im- pressa; apertura rotundo-ovata; perist rotundo-calloso, mar- ginibus callo junctis; columella dentata; rufescente-fusca, apice purpurascente, longitudinaliter strigis cinereis irregulariter ornata.
Dimensions.—Long. 15, diam. 10 mill. Habitat.—Tahiti.
Shell shortly ovate, solid, umbilicate, rather dull, transversely finely, closely and regularly striated, somewhat roughened longi- tudinally by lines of growth; whorls 4, planely convex, suture impressed ; aperture roundly ovate, lip roundly thickened and united by a callus over the body whorl; columella dentate; color dark reddish brown, with light-colored longitudinal lines,
OF CONCHOLOGY. 225
which appear to be formed by the abrasure of the epidermis ; apex brownish purple. Var. ; pale straw color or light reddish brown.
Observations.— Allied to P. filosa, Pfr., inhabiting the Samoa Islands. Classed by Mr. Reeve as var. of Otaheitana. Con. Teon., fig. Ble.
REALIA cosTaTA, Pease.
Description.—T. ovato-turrita, umbilicata, longitudinaliter costata, costis ad anfr. ultimum obsoletis; anfr. 6, rotundatis, suturis profundis; perist continuo, vix everso, anfr. penultimo disjuncto; apertura rotundato-ovata, intus aurantia; albida vel dilute cornea.
Dimensions.—Long. 6, diam. 34 mill. Habitat.—Tahaa.
Shell ovately-turrited, umbilicate, longitudinally ribbed, ribs becoming obsolete on the last whorl; whorls 6, rounded, sutures deep; peristome continuous, slightly everted, not joining the penultimate whorl; aperture roundly ovate, orange color within. Color white or light horn color.
Remarks.—The above species, together with R. Tahitensis, Pease, and scalariformis, Pease, differ from all other species of the genus, in being prominently ribbed.
We proposed to unite them under the generic name of Scali- nella. They present the following characters :—Scalariform in shape, the forms being rounded and separated by a deep suture ; peristome continuous, disconnected from the penultimate whorl, and somewhat porrected ; longitudinally strongly ribbed.
The operculum is of the Realia form.
REALIA ELONGATA, Pease.
Description.—T. elongata, turrita, solida, umbilicata; anfr. 7, convexis, ad marginibus vix rotundato-angulatis ; cireum umbili- cum rotundata; suturis valde impressis; spira elevata, acuta ; apertura rotundato-ovata, intus crocea, vel aurantia; perist continuo, vix everso, anfr. penultimo adnato; albida, aut pallide rosacea.
Dimensions.—Long. 104, diam. 4 mill. Habitat.—Raiatea.
Shell elongate, turrited, solid, umbilicate, rounded at umbilical region; whorls 7, convex, somewhat roundly angulate at their 16
226 AMERICAN JOURNAL
margins; suture well impressed ; spire elevate, acute; apeiture roundly ovate, yellowish orange within; peristome continuous, adhering to the penultimate whorl. Whitish or pale flesh color.
HELICINA DISCOIDEA, Pease.
Description.—T. depressa, tenuiscula, vix nitidula, oblique tenuiter et irregulariter rugoso-striata ; spira breviter conoidea ; anfr. 5, plano-convexis, ultimus depressis, ad peripheriam cos- tato-carinatus; apertura triangulari-lunaris, perist simplici acuto, vix reflexo, ad basim acute angulato, subemarginato, super basim callo continuato; columella callum copiosum, sub- granulosum, circumscriptum ; callo sulco arcuato marginato. Subrufa, interdum straminea vel cornea.
Dimensions. —Diam. maj. 53, min. 5, alt. 3 mill. Habitat.—Tahaa.
Shell depressed, rather thin and dull, obliquely, finely and irregularly roughly striate ; spire depressedly conoidal; whorls 5, flatly convex, the last depressed and ribbed; carinate on the periphery; aperture triangularly lunate; peristome simple, acute, slightly reflected, acutely angulate at base and slightly emarginate, continued over base by a callosity ; columella region covered with a copious, depressed subgranulose callosity, which is margined on its outer edge by a groove. Color reddish, some- times of a straw or horn color.
Remarks.—The above species, together with our MSS. faba and tenuiscula, have been referred, by Mr. Cuming, to albo- labris, Hom. and Jacq. The latter, tenuiscula, is, without doubt, the albolabris, having been collected at the same island, and agrees with the description of that species.
The above is, however, distinct, and the faba is an analogous form, inhabiting a neighboring island.
HELICINA OCEANICA, Pease.
Description.—T. parva, tenuiscula, nitida, depressa; spira vix elevata, plano-convexa, oblique subtilissime striata; anfr. 4—5, ultimus ad peripheriam acute carinatus, umbilicum callo induta, sulco marginatum; apertura lunaris; labro, simplici acuto; flavescens aut albicans, utrinque lineis aut fasciis undu- latis rufo-fuscis vel fuscis radiatim ornata.
Dimensions.—Diam. 8, alt. 14 mill.
Habitat.—Ins. Kingsmill.
Shell small, thin, shining, depressed; spire scarcely elevated, planely convex, obliquely, very minutely striate; whorls 4 or
OF CONCHOLOGY. 920
5, acutely carinate at periphery; umbilical region covered with a callosity, which is margincd by a groove; aperture lunar, lip simple, acute. Color whitish or yellowish, ornamented with un-
dulating, radiating lines or bands of a reddish brown color.
Remavks.—Allied to H. articulata, Pfr., inhabiting the New Hebrides.
HetictnA Mavgerim, Gray. Var., RUBICUNDA, Pse. Our MSS. species, H. rubicunda, has been classed by Mr.
Cuming as a var. of Maugerie. It is, however, larger and more solid. The color of the basal callosity of the type is bright yellow, and the whorls encircled by two broad reddish bands.
The basal callosity of the above var. is of a deep blood red, and the whorls of the same color, with a white line encircling them at either edge. The above variations are constant and distinct.
Habitat.—Raiatea.
SUCCINEA LABIATA, Pease.
Description.—T. oblongo-ovata, solidiuscula, longitudinaliter striata, transversim sparsim sulcata; spira mamillata; anfr. 2; apertura amplissima, ovata, testam fere adeequans; perist con- tinuo; labro incrassato; rufescente succinea.
Dimensions.—Long. 19, diam. 12 mill.
Habitat.—Raiatea.
Shell oblong ovate, solid, longitudinally striate, transversely sparsely suleate; spire mamillate; whorls 2; aperture ovate, widely open, nearly the size of the shell; peristome continuous; lip thickened on its edge; color reddish.
Remarks.—S. ovata, Pse. MSS., is the S. papiilata, Pfr. The above we hold to be distinct.
HELIX CONSIMILIS, Pease.
Description.—T. depressa, sublenticularis, tenuiscula, utringue confertim radiatim costellata, supra fusco et luteo testellata, infra rufo-castanea, interdum rufo-fusca strigata, late umbili- cata; anfr. 5, convexis, suturis impressis, interdum subangu- latis; anfr. ultimus medio interdum subdepressus, ad umbilicum et peripheriam rotundatus; apertura rotundato-lunaris, lamella unica volvente instructa; labro simplici, acuto.
Dimensions.—Diam. 4, alt. 2 mill.
Habitat. —Yahiti.
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Shell sublenticular, depressed, rather thin, closely radiately ribbed, on the base ribs rather more close and smaller ; tessel- lated above with reddish chestnut and yellowish ; base reddish chestnut, sometimes radiately striped with reddish chestnut ; openly umbilicate; whorls 5, convex, sutures impressed, whorls occasionally slightly angulated at their edge; last whorl slightly depressed above; in the middle, at the umbilicus, and on the periphery rounded; aperture roundly lunate, furnished with a single lamina, revolving within ; lip simple, acute.
Remarks.—Allied to H. radiella, Pfr., inhabiting the Island of Rapa, Austral Group.
NANINA VERTICILLATA, Pease.
Description.—T. orbicularis, tenuis, fragilis, lucida, pallide fusco-cornea, imperforata; spira vix elevata; anfr. 5, convexis, conferte marginatis, sutura impressa; anfr. ultimo ad peri- pheriam rotundato, in foveam centralem devexo; apertura transversalis, semilunaris; labro simplici tenui.
Dimensions.—Diam. 6, alt. 4 mill. Habitat.—Moorea.
Shell orbicular, thin, glassy, fragile, shining, light brownish horn color, imperforate, slightly imdented at the umbilical region; spire slightly elevated, obtuse; whorls 5, convex, nar- rowly marginate, the last rounded at periphery, sutures im- pressed ; aperture transverse, semilunar, lip thin, simple.
Remarks.—The above differs in several respects from H. brunnea, Anton, to which species it was referred by Mr. Cuming.
It belongs to the Nanina family in common with all the small glassy species inhabiting Polynesia. The animal of the above is pale, with stout blackish tentacles, foot narrow, rounded behind, and during locomotion does not project beyond the shell. Mucus papilla conical.
HELICINA FLAVESCENS, Pease.—Plate 15, fig. 25.
Description.—T. depresse conoidea, subsemiglobosa, solida, sublente concentrice striata, distantioribus brevissimz pilosis munita, straminea ; spira obtusa ; anfr. 4, convexiusculi, ultimus ad peripheriam carinatus, infra marginatus, basi convexus; colu- mella simplex, callum albidum, circumscriptum retrorsum emit- tens; perist simplex, brevissime reflexiusculum, crassiusculum ; apertura late semilunaris, subtriangularis.
Dimensions.—Diam. 6, alt. 3 mill.
Habitat.—In Insula Mangaia.
4 —
OF CONCHOLOGY. 229
Shell depressly conoidal, somewhat globose, solid, concen- centrically striate, striz distant, very fine, and furnished with short hairs; spire obtuse; w horls 4, flatly convex, the last cari- nate at the periphery, and margined beneath by a slight groove, base convex; columella simple, spreading out in a thin light- colored callosity ; peristome simple, very slightly recurved, ‘and its edge somewhat callous, especially at its base ; aperture widely semilunar, subtriangular. Bright or pale straw color.
Remarks.—The above species is apparently allied to H. Kiisteriana, Pfr., collected by Mr. Cuming at Tahiti. Several species of this type inhabit Polynesia, which we will review hereafter. The short hairs on this species follow the stria, and easily rub off, when the striz become very indistinct.
HELICINA ZIGZAG, Pease.—Plate 15, fig. 26.
Description.—T. trochiformis, solidiuscula, tenuiter oblique striata; spira depresse conoidalis; flavida, flammis aut lineis rufescentis, undulatis ornata; anfr. 4, convexiusculi, ultimus ad peripheriam costato-carinatus, basi convexus; columella ver- ticalis, brevis, basi angulata, callum tenuem flavidum, sublente granulatum, emittens ; perist vix reflexiusculum; apertura late semilunaris ; opere. semilunaris, tenuisculum, rubellum.
Dimensions.—Diam. 63, alt. 4 mill.
Habitat.—In Insula Oualan.
Shell trochiform, rather solid, finely striated obliquely ; spire depressly conoidal; yellowish, ornamented with oblique, undu- lating, reddish flammules or lines; whorls 4, slightly convex, the last rib carinate at its periphery, base convex; columella short, vertical, angulated at its Junction with outer lip; basal callosity thin, yellowish, very minutely granulated; peristome slightly reflexed; aperture widely semilunar; operculum semilunar, rather thin, reddish.
TAHEITEA PALLIDA, Pease.
Description.—T. non rimata, cylindracea, scalariformis, decol- lata, tenuiscula, levigata, nitida, subtranslucida, albida; anfr. 4, rotundato-convexis, ad suturum vix rotundato- angulatis ; : sutura bene impressa; costis prominentis, rectis numero apud 20; apertura verticalis, ovalis, vix porrecta ; perist continuum, margine dextro leviter expansum tenuisculum latere columellari incrassatum,
Dimensions.—Diam. 64, alt., 24 mill.
Habitat.—Ins. Tahiti et Huaheine.
Shell imperforate, cylindrical, scalariform, decollate, rather
230 AMERICAN JOURNAL
thin, white, shining, translucid; whorls 4, roundly convex at the suture, somewhat roundly angulate; suture well impressed ; ribs prominent, straight, vertical, about 20 in number ; peristome Continuous, on its outer edge rather thin, slightly expanded, on the columella side callously thickened; aperture vertical, oval, very slightly porrected.
TRUNCATELLA PaciFica, Pease.—Plate 15, fig. 27.
Description.—T. subrimata, cylindracea, truncata, sursum leviter attenuata, solidiuscula, nitidula; costis verticalis, promi- -nentis, paulum curvatis, numero apud 25; sutura impressa ; anfr. 4-5, subconvexis, ultimus basi rotundato-carinatus; aper- tura verticalis, angulato-ovalis; perist continuum expansius- culum, adnatum; alba, aut pallide rosacea.
Dimensions.—Diam. 8, alt. 8 mill.
Habitat.—In Insula Oualan.
Shell subrimate, cylindrical, truncate, spire slightly attenuate, rather solid, shining; ribs vertical, prominent, slightly curved, in number about 25; suture impressed; whorls 4-5, somewhat convex, the last roundly carinate at base, at the umbilical region; aperture vertical, angulately oval; peristome con- tinuous, slightly expanded, united with the penultimate whorl. White or pale flesh color.
PARTULA ASSIMILIS, Pease.—Plate 15, figs. 28, 29. Description.—T. elongato-ovata, tenuiscula, nitida, anguste umbilicata; anfr. 43, rotundato-convexis, sublente spiraliter striatis, striis confertis, vix undulatis, ultimus leviter inflatus ; sutura impressa; apertura ovalis, obliqua; pallide straminea, apice rufo-fuscescente, interdum longitudinaliter flammis cas- taneis picta et labro colore tincto. :
Dimensions.—Diam. 9, alt. 17 mill. Habitat.—In Insula Roratonga.
Shell elongate ovate, rather thin, shining, narrowly umbili- cate ; whorls 44, roundly convex, minutely concentrically striate, strie close and somewhat undulating, the last whorl slightly inflated ; suture impressed; aperture oval, oblique; pale straw color; apex dark reddish brown, sometimes ornamented with longitudinal reddish brown flammules or stripes, and the lip colored.
Remarks.—This species can scarcely be distinguished from a certain variety of P. varia, Brod., which inhabits Huaheine (Tahitian Group). Comparing large numbers, the above is more abbreviate, whorls more convex, and the aperture narrower.
OF CONCHOLOGY. 25%
NOTES ON THE REMARKS OF DR. P. P. CARPENTER (PUBLISHED IN PROC. ZOOL. SOC. LOND., 1865,*) ON CERTAIN SPECIES OF MARINE GASTEROPODA, NAMED BY W. HARPER PEASE.
BY W. HARPER PEASE.
The species referred to were forwarded to London, with many others, during the year 1863, for identification, accompanied with descriptions for publication, in case they should prove to be new. So many years have passed by since they left me, that I have detected the synonymy of a few; and having collected more perfect specimens of others, have altered their names, not supposing my MSS. names would ever appear in print.
“ Atys debilis, Pse., appears to be identical with A. suceisa, Ehr., and simply a slender var. of A. alieula, (? A. Ad.,) Ehr.”
The above determination was sent me several years since by Mr. Cuming. I have retained my name, as the animal does not agree with that of succisa, Ehr.
The two species of Ehrenberg may be varieties of each other. It is impossible to decide on species of Bullide from the shell alone. ‘T'wo species of Hamnea inhabit the Sandwich Islands, the shells of which cannot be distinguished the one from the other; the animals, however, are not only specifically but generically distinct. The group of species represented by B. ampulla, Australis, etc., cannot be separated from each other without a knowledge of their animals. The one inhabiting the Sandwich Islands I have described as B. marmorea. The shells of genera Lophocercus, Volvatella and Cylindrobulla resemble each other so closely that they cannot in some cases be dis- tinguished.
* Reprinted in American Journal of Conchology, ii., 379, 1866.
232 AMERICAN JOURNAL
“ Fissurella granifera, Pse., is a good species of Glyphis.”
I will take opportunity of examining the animal of the above species, and report. I have frequently found it alive on the Sandwich Islands.
Rimula fenestrata not in my collection. “ Conus fusiformis, Pse., is a small species of Conella.”’
I have collected live and perfect specimens of the above. The whole surface is granulose, resembling much larger species of Cones, inhabiting Polynesia, which belong to genus Hermes, Mont. Conella is a connecting link between the Conoid and Columbelloid families. It is of little consequence with which it is associated.
“ (ithara costellifera, Pse. MSS., = atomella, Sby., var.”
The above name I have changed to ornata. I have collected perfect specimens of this species. It is quite distinct from the West Indian form.
“ Borsonia corrugata, Pse. MSS., = Clathurella nebulosa, Pse.”
An error, probably, in labels. I have found but one speci- men of the corrugata, which is a peculiar shell, in several respects, and has never been out of my collection. |
‘6 Natica undulata, Pse. MSS. Young of Marroeceana, Chem.”
Mature and perfect specimens of the above have been lately found. Iagree with Mr. Cuming that it is distinct from the West Coast form. Species of this type inhabit all the Polynesian islands. It has been customary to class them together, under the name of Marroecana. It will require an examination of their animals, to determine their relation. I have separated another species on the shape and color of its operculum.
“¢ Nassa plicata, Pse. MSS., = dwarf var. of olivacea, Brug., = tenia, Gme.”’
The above name being pre-oceupied, has been changed to approzimata. The aperture of this species belongs to tenia, Gme. ; other parts of the shell to approximata, Pse. I have no faith in cosmopolite species, or those common to widely separate and distinct Faunas.
“« Nassa microstoma, Pse., = a white var. of dermestina, Gld.”’
I have collected perfect specimens of the above within the past few years. The following characters will serve to dis- tinguish it from dermestina: Transversely strongly ribbed, columella ridged, with a callosity at top. Outer lip not denticu- late, but lyrate within. Banded with dark chestnut, interstices between transverse ribs same color; whorls few in number.
OF CONCHOLOGY. 233
‘“‘ Nassa turricula, Pse. MSS., = var. of paupera, Gld.”
Correct. TZurricula, Pse., represents the full characters of the species. Those collected by Am. Ex. at the Samoa’s are dwarf varieties.
“ Columbella flammea, Pse. MSS., = var. of teniata Ad. and Rve.”’ $
I have discovered that the above species is the C. Marquesa, Gask., and not teniata. My specimens were collected at Tahiti and the Paumotus, a short distance from the Marquesas.
“ Oolumbella like Australis, Pse. MSS.” I will not venture to express an opinion on such a species.
’
“ Sistrum sentinodosum, Pse. MSS., = elatum, Blain.’ So named in my collection, several years since.
“© Mitra brunnea, Pse. MSS., = Strigatella fuscescens, Pse.”
An error has probably occurred from change of labels in the ‘Cumingian Coll. The brunnea belongs to the group represented by Columbelleformis, while the fuscescens is nearly allied to Ticaonica. The two species have not a character in common; they belong to different genera.
“ Mitra tessellata, Pse., MSS., = puella, Rve.”’
I have no species in my collection of the above name, except. ing the one figured by Martyn. Dr. C. probably refers to MW. putillus, Pse., Proc. Zool. Soc., London, 1865. That species approaches puella, but is more closely related to JZ. alveolus, Rve.
““ Triton erenulatus, Pse. MSS., = antiquatus, Hinds.” So named in my collection several years past.
A group of small shells inhabit Polynesia, represented by Cithara ornata, Pse., varia, Pse., etc., which have been referred by Dr. Carpenter to genus Anachis, A. Ad. Species also occur on West Coast of America and in the West Indies, which differ but slightly from the Polynesian. Perfect specimens are rarely met with. Having collected a few of each species, I find they present the following characters: Smooth, shining, colors some- times iridescent, more or less closely ribbed longitudinally, and striated transversely; ribs continuous; aperture narrow, outer and inner lips denticulate or lyrate within, inner lip bordered by a slight callosity, outer lip sinuated at or near its junction with the body whorl.
The denticulations are often worn off, and the sinus is shal- cei or entirely disappears, as the edge of the lip is sharp and thin.
234 AMERICAN JOURNAL
IT agree with Dr. Carpenter that they should be classed with Columbelline, but not with Anachis, A. Ad., which appears to be a conglomerate genus. C. miser, Pacifica, ete., are not very closely related to the strongly-ribbed Panamic forms, nor to the small iridescent species of Polynesia. I would therefore pro- pose that the latte® should be separated under the name of Seminella.
I take this opportunity to correct an error in “ Report on Mollusca of the West Coast of America,’ 1863, by Dr. Car- penter. He remarks that Phasianella rubra, Pse. MSS., p. 568, belongs to Aleyna, A. Ad. <Alcyna rubra, Pse., is so described in Proc. Zool. Society, London, 1860., I have received from Dr. Carpenter a worn specimen from the washings of shells collected by the Am. Ex. Ex. at our islands, labelled Phasianella. It isthe Collonia variabilis, Pse., Proc. Zool. Soe., London, 1860—the ummbilical fissure worn off. The generic characters of C. variabilis, Pse., are precisely the same as those of Turbo phasianellus, C. B. Ad., which Dr. C. has classed with Collonia. (Vide Carpenter’s Review of C. B. Ad. Cat., ete.)
OF CONCHOLOGY. ; 235
DESCRIPTION OF NEW SPHCIES OF LAND SHELLS FROM LOWER CALIFORNIA.
BY W. M. GABB.
HeELix STEARNSIANA, Gabb.—Plate 16, fig. 1.
Description.—Shell subglobose, thin, nearly imperforate ; whorls five and a half, rounded, last whorl descending slightly at the suture, towards the aperture; spire elevated, suture dis- tinct, not impressed; aperture large, regularly rounded on the outer and lower sides; outer lip white, very slightly thickened and reflected; not continued over the body whorl; umbilicus almost entirely hidden by a reflection of the thickened lip. Surface covered with a very delicate epidermis, sculptured by rather coarse irregular lines of growth crossed by very delicate, revolving, impressed lines, sometimes obsolete and most persist- ent on the under side. Color beautifully mottled by cloudings of white and brown, irregularly disposed but having a tendency to disposition in an oblique radiating manner; the brown some- times running together so as to produce imperfect revolving lines; a little above the middle of the shell is a zone of darker brown, with usually a lighter band below, broken and irregular by the white patches and specks.
Animal lead gray, foot whitish.
Observations.—As compared with H. Kellett’, Fbs., this shell has not the peculiar flat sloping top to the whorls so characteristic of Forbes’ species, the mouth is much less oblique, the umbilicus is not covered, nor are the ends of the lip connected by either callus or plate over the body whorl.
I have made minute comparisons of a large series of the present species, with specimens in the collection of Dr. Newcomb labelled Aedletti, Fbs., and sent to him by Hugh Cuming.
Another point of difference is in the locality. Forbes’ species
236 AMERICAN JOURNAL
has never been found farther south than San Diego, and its true habitat is probably on one of the islands of the coast, while our species is essentially a Lower Californian, being found under stumps of Maguey from Sto. Tomas to a little beyond Rosario.
Heix Liéari, Gabb.—Plate 16, fig. 2.
Description.—Shell discoidal, flattened above, resembling in form H. sepulchralis of Ferussac, apex very flat, or in some spe- cimens slightly elevated; whorls four to four and a half; flat- tened on the upper side, rounded or slightly subangulated above and sloping inwards underneath; suture impressed ; body whorl sloping a little on the upper side towards the mouth; aperture broad, oblique, and bordered by a rather heavy and pretty strongly reflected lip not continuous on the inner side, except by an almost imperceptible coating on the body whorl; umbilicus broad, showing all of the whorls. Surface showing, under a glass, besides the ordinary lines of growth, minute punctations, as if the live shell were hirsute; color (all the specimens dead) whitish, with a revolving brown band on the margin of the upper side.
Observations.—This shell differs from sepulchralis in its apex being less elevated, and the umbilicus being more open; from Rewellit, Newe., it can be distinguished by being less elevated, having the mouth more elongated laterally and the lip more ex- panded. It is a large species.
Locality.—From the higher table lands near Moleje. All of the specimens found were dead.
H. Remonpt, Tryon.
Dead specimens of this species were not rare in the mountains, associated with the preceding, and I was fortunate enough to find a living one at Trinidad, on the west coast, near San Borja, north of the range of Léhri. It overlaps the habitat of that species, and extends farther north, but always in the mountains. It is not improbable that the species given us by Mr. Rémond may have been carried from Moleje to the opposite port of Guaymas, where he obtained them.
The shell is a beautiful translucent horn color, with a strongly marked, dark brown band. The animal is dark grey above, shading into a delicate yellowish-brown on the margin of the foot.
BuLIMus sPiRirER, Gabb.—Plate 16, fig. 5.
Description.—Shell slender, tapering, minutely perforate ; spire high ; whorls seven, rounded; suture slightly impressed ;
OF CONCHOLOGY. 237
aperture broadly ovate, slightly oblique and subangulated above; peristome broadly expanded, thickest on the outer lip, continued on the body whorl by a plate which becomes a heavy callus in old shells, columella having a very prominent spiral fold in the middle; umbilicus small; color, a delicate whitish horn color, lip white ; surface sculptured by irregularly undulating lines of growth crossed by numerous revolving impressed lines, only visible under a magnifier.
Locality.—Found in the mountains, among rocks from San Antonio, below La Paz, to near San Borja, and in the highest mountains perhaps even farther north. -
Observations.—This is a strongly characterized species; the fold in the columella separates it from all of the other species found on the peninsula, and a glance at its exterior is also suffi- cient to distinguish it ; it is one of the slenderest of the group, and the lower part of the body whorl has a peculiar obliquity, setting the mouth off to one side in a manner that can hardly be characterized, except by a figure.
BULIMUs VESICALIS, Gould.—Plate 16, fig. 6.
Found dead in the low lands about La Paz; no living speci- mens were encountered. ‘The specimens differ a little from Gould’s figure.
CYLINDRELLA (Urocoptis) Newcompiana, Gabb.—Plate 16, fig. 3.
Description.—Shell moderately large, not decollate, slender, tapering more rapidly below than near the apex, the first three whorls being of the same size; whorls eleven and a half, flatten- ed on the side, body whorl subangular below, detached from the penultimate whorl for a short distance, and acutely angular above; suture impressed; aperture slightly advanced and sur- rounded by broadly expanded lips, producing a trumpet-shaped appearance ; inner margin straight, and ending in an angle above and below; outer margin curved, wider in advance than behind, lips continuous, broadly expanded, and somewhat thickened; surface light horn color, marked by fine, irregular, undulating and occasionally broken ribs, radiately and obliquely disposed, and with the interspaces crossed by microscopic re- volving lines.
Animal light grey, equalling in length the aperture and penultimate whorl; foot short, and regularly rounded posteri- orly.
238 AMERICAN JOURNAL
Dimensions.—Length 1-9 in., length of aperture ‘45 in., width of aperture ‘4 in., width of body whorl -85 in.
Locality.—Hidden under loose voleanic rocks in the high table lands of the interior of Lower California, especially about Moleje. This, and its congener, are essentially mountain species, being only found in the highest regions.
Observations.—This shell resembles U. costata, Gould, as figured by Adams in Gen. Recent Moll., pl. 76, fig. 7. It differs, however, in being more regularly tapering, and in being pro- portionally more slender.
CYLINDRELLA (UROCOPTIS) IRREGULARIS, Gabb.—Plate 16, fig. 4.
Description.—Shell about an inch long, slender, spire irregu- larly tapering, the first three whorls being of the same diameter, the next five to seven whorls increasing steadily, after which the remainder are nearly of the same diameter; apex not always exactly in the axis of the shell; whorls sixteen to eighteen, rounded on the side, body whorl slightly subangulated below ; suture impressed; umbilicus minutely perforate, and bordered by a slight angle; aperture irregular in outline, angulated in- ternally, above and below; outer lip but slightly expanded; inner lip curved internally, and expanded so as to hide the um- bilical region in part, most expanded in the middle, and in some specimens distinctly subangulated at this point. Surface sculptured by small longitudinal, slightly arched ribs; color light horn brown.
Observations. —This shel] seems at first glance nearly a miniature of U. Newcombiana, but has many more whorls, de- spite its smaller size; it also differs in many other less import- ant details. Found in similar localities, and often associated with that species.
The present shell and U. Newcombiana are without doubt congeneric, and an examination of the animal of the latter shows it to be a true Urocoptis. The former species, however, so closely resembles the shell described by Adams and Angas as Subulina (sub. gen. Ceeliaxis) Layardi, trom South Africa, that I am led to believe that these authors, in founding the sub-genus, and in the reference of their shell to Swbulina, have been led into error by external resemblances. Our shell differs from Layardi in its smaller size, more slender form, and in the de- tails of the mouth.
OF CONCHOLOGY. 239
DESCRIPTION OF TWO NEW SPECIES OF CEPHALOPODS. BY S. B. HOWELL, M. D.
LoLigo HEMIPTERA, Howell. Plate 13.
Description.—Body short, thick, cylindrical, obtuse posteri- orly, rounded at the extremity, soft fleshy.
Length of the sac 2 inches, diameter at its ecpening 9 lines, width at the middle of the fins 114 lines, distance between the fins 9 lines, length of the fins 10 lines.
Fins or caudal appendage short, very narrow, rounded, thick, fleshy, distant, not half the length of the body.
Siphuncle long, with valve, broad at the base. Eyes lateral, of large size, covered by a continuation of the common integu- ment, and destitute of lachrymal emargination. Head short, medium, not as wide as the body, flattened anteriorly, 5 lines in length; width 7 lines. Neck narrowed. Arms ten, small, compressed, furnished with cupules or suckers, becoming smaller as they approach the tips. ‘The superior pair or dorsal arms are # the shortest and smallest, length 6 lines; the second pair simi- lar in shape, more robust, length 10 lines; the third pair very robust, exceeding in length the sceond pair, length 12 lines; the fourth pair not so robust as the third pair, but of the same length. The tentacular arms, or the fifth pair, slender, flattened at the extremity, length 3 inches, terminating in a point.
Cupules, with ligamentous attachment or foot-stalks, small, rounded, without teeth, and without marginal ring, sphincter- form. ‘The cups are arranged in two rows along the arms, be- coming smaller as they approach the tip.
Beak moderately prominent, horny, of a dark brown on the superior and inferior surfaces; the angular membrane surround- ing the beak without cupules, though with six short elongations, resembling arms in miniature.
240 AMERICAN JOURNAL
The surface of the body covered with purple points, more es- pecially on the dorsal surface, sparsely on the ventral side of the body, or that on which the funnel is placed.
During the life.of the creature, the change of color is very curious, appearing at times to vary its tints according to the surrounding nature of the ground over which it passes. This play of color being very rapid, changing from deep purple to violet and blue, with all their delicate gradations of tint, as far as I have had the opportunity of examining the skin of the Lo- ligo. ‘This phenomenon appears to be due to the contraction and dilatation (pupil-like) of vesicles or globules containing fluids of various colors. This dilatation and contraction, I have noticed, continues for some time after death, although with much less vigor.
The shell or bone is pennate; moderately dilated posteriorly ; narrow in front; oblong, with a central keel.
This species is found in the Gulf of Mexico and along the Florida coast, but has not been met with north of the coral reefs.
In the form and position of the fins it is allied to the sepiole. It differs from Lesueur’s brevipinna in the general figure of the body, in the position and size of the fins, in the figure and character of the cupules, in the shape of the shell or bone,—it being narrower. ‘There is but a slight, if any cartilaginous or membranous internal support, with the exception of the shell.
Octopus FILOSA, Howell. Plate 14.
Description.—Body large, oval, purse-shaped, longer than broad, cartilaginous, rounded at the base; surface smooth, with dorsal beards; aperture of sac large.
Length of head and body 13 inch; diameter 10 lines.
Head narrow, with a depression between the eyes, short, smooth; ocular beards six. Eyes very prominent, covered with a very thin membrane, eyelids four, iris silvery, pupil: narrow, dark blue.
Nape of neck or medial fleshy band narrow. Siphonal tube elongate, truncate; no valve or superior bands. Length of si- phon 8 lines.
Arms moderately compressed laterally, robust for about half their length, becoming abruptly attenuated.
Length of stout portion of ee pair of arms, 1 inch 10 lines; of the filament of the arms, 2 inches 2 lines; length of stout portion ¢ ce second pair of arms, 23 inches; of second pair of fila- ments, 34 inches; of stout portion of third pair, 3 inches; of
OF CONCHOLOGY. 241
third pair of filaments, 5} inches ; fourth or ventral pair of arms the same dimensions as the third.
Web of medium breadth. Mouth very small, not entirely concealing the beak. Cupules sessile, large, with cartilaginous ring, not crowded, in two regular rows. ‘The number of cupules nearest the mouth in a single line are unequal on the different arms. On the dorsal pair, 5 cups in a single line; on the right arm of the second pair, 8 cups; left arm, 4 cups; on the third pair of arms, 7 cups in a single line; on the ventral pair, 3 cupules.
On the filamentous portion of the arms the cupules are in a single row at regular intervals apart, distinct quite to the tips of the arms. .
Color reddish; around the mouth and the inner surface of the arms white, approaching a cream color. It changes the color of its spots with great rapidity.
Found along the coast of Santa Cruz Island. Very active; caught with difficulty.
The above description is from the largest specimen of the species that I have seen. This animal is remarkable for the long and thread-like terminations to the arms; in no other de- scribed species have I met with this peculiar tentacular forma- tien.
242 AMERICAN JOURNAL
NOTICES AND REVIEWS OF NEW WORKS.
BY GEORGE W. TRYON, JR.
. I.—AMERICAN.
Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History of New York. VIII, Nos. 13,14. October—December, 1866. Remarks on some Species of West Indian Marine Shells in the Cabinet of Amherst College, Mass. By UWesnry Kress, of St. Thomas, W. I.
This paper is principally a critique on the species of Jamaica marine shells, named by the late Prof. C. B. Adams.
American Journal of Science and Arts. XLIV., No. 130. July, 1867. On the Classification of the subdivisions of McCoy’s Genus
Athyris, as determined by the laws of zoological nomen- clature. By H. BILuines.
Memoirs read before the Boston Society of Natural History. Vol. I., part 2. Boston, 1867. On the Parallelism between the different stages of Life in the Individual and those in the entire Group of the Mol- luscous order Tetrabranchiata. By AupHeus Hyarv.
Observations on the Glacial Phenomena of Labrador and Maine, with a View of the recent invertebrate Fauna of Labrador. By A. 8. Packarp, Jr., M. D.
The following recent species are new :— Margarita campanulata, Morse. Fusus Syrtensis.
American Naturalist. Published by the Essex Institute, Salem, Mass. 1867.
The first six monthly numbers of this valuable new popular
OF CONCHOLOGY. 243
magazine of Natural History are before us, and contain a paper on the “Land Shells of New England,” from the experienced pen and pencil of Mr. Edw. 8. Morse. The illustrations are excellent. There is also, in the sixth number, a paper “On the Preparation of Snails’ Tongues for the Microscope,” by E. 8S. Morse.
Repertorio Fisico-Natural de la Isla de Cuba. Conducted by F. Pory. Vol. 2, No. 4. March, 2867. Conspectus Molluscorum Terrestrium et Fluviatilium Insule Cube. By RapHaEL ARANGO. A very complete list of Cuban species. (See a paper on the “Synonymy of Cuban Shells,’ by the same author, noticed p. 198 of this Journal.)
IIl.—FOREIGN. BRITISH.
Catalogue of the Specimens of the Australian Land Shells in the Collection of James C. Cox, M.D. 16mo., 50pp. Sidney. 1864. (From the Author.)
The following new species are described :
Helix Blomfieldi. ed Murphyi. Mitchelle. lirata.
‘“ Mastersi. Marie. “¢ Stroudensis. “¢ assimilans. ‘6 marmorata. “¢ umbraculorum. “ Strangeoides. “ Graftonensis. “ Parramattensis. Bulimus Wall. “¢ Lyndhurstensis. + Onslowt?. “¢ microscopica. = Jacksonensis. “ econoidea. Suceinea Nortoni. “< paradoxa. “ Macgillivrayi. B Krejfi. “¢ rhodostoma. ‘Belle. “ Eucalypti. “Mort. Pupa Kingi. “ Leichardti. “ Ramsayt. “ Saturni. “¢ Nelsoni. “Alexandre. ‘¢ = Masters. “6 Scotti. Pupina Wilcoxi. “Mae Leayi. Pupinella Mac Gilhivrayi. ‘6 cerea. a Whartoni. “< Sydneyensis. Helicina Gladstonensis.
The following remarks are made respecting synonymy, ete. :
244 AMERICAN JOURNAL
Helix Jervisensis is probably a local variety of H. Grayi, and Hi. lesa and Mastersi are intermediate between, and varieties of Jervisensis and Grayi.
Helix ptychomphala, Pfr. Reeve’s figure, Conch. Icon., sp. 76, does not represent this shell.
Helix capillacea, Fer. = probably H. brevipila.
Bulimus trilineatus, Quoy. Reeve’s figures 310 and 597, Conch. Icon. ‘I would suggest that this (fig. 397) be changed to Quoyi; but are they not the same species, and both, as Pfeiffer suggests, only varieties of B. Kingii of Gray?” The name Quoyi has already been used by Pfeiffer.
Contributions to a Natural History of the Teredide. By Prof. E. PercivaL Wricut. (Linnean Transactions, London. Vol. 25.)
Prof. Wright suggests that probably I was premature in mak- ing a subfamily Kuphinz for Teredz “‘ without valves, clavately cylindrical, sunk horizontally in sand, never penetrating timber, because Dr. J. E. Gray supposes that two large alcoholic speci- mens received by him, with pallettes resembling those of Auphus and valves attached, but without tubes, are probably the &. arenarius.’ The question must still remain unsettled. If I generalized on insufficient data, the evidence to the contrary of my conclusion as to the non-existence of valves is still less satisfactory.
Mr. Wright believes Zeredo Furcelloides (even Dr. Gray hes- itates to assert positively that his alcoholic specimens are Kuphe = Furcella,) Gray = and is a synonym of Calobates thoracites, Gould.
The following new species are published and illustrated :
Calobates Australis, Western Australia. ‘
I can discover no distinctive characters to separate this from O. thoracites.
Kuphus? Manni, Singapore. (= Calobates ?) Nausitoria Saulit, Australia.
The genus Wausitoria was instituted by Dr. Wright, (Linn. Trans. Vol. 24, 1864,) for a curious fresh water Z'eredo from Comer River, a branch of the Ganges, British India. The generic characters were founded on the non-development of the auricle of the valves. In a review of Dr. Wright’s paper (Am. Jour. Conch. II., 165) I doubted whether this would prove to be a permanent character, as only two specimens were examined, and I had frequently seen valves of Teredos with the auricle not developed. In describing the second species, which has slightly developed auricles, Dr. W. modifies his generic characters and
OF CONCHOLOGY. 245
founds them on the structure of the palettes. The pallettes of NV. Sault resemble very closely those of the genus Xylotrya; while those of WV. Dunloped are very much like those of an old Teredo, like a large Norvagica for example.
Annals and Magazines of Natural History. 3d series. London. No. 110. Fersruary, 1867. Description of a new Madeiran Pupa. By R. T. Lows. Pupa (Alwearella) Wollastoni, Lowe. Remarks on the History of Dreissena polymorpha. By Dr. Orto A. L. Mércu. Nor tit. MARCH, 1807- Description of anew Fresh water Bivalve found in Trinidad. By R. J. LecuMere Guppy. Cyclas punctifera, Guppy. No. 112. Apriz, 1867. Description of a new Land Shell from Trinidad. By R. J. LECHMERE GUPPY. Helicina lamellosa.
A new sub-genus Perenna is characterized for this species. “ Operculum thin, sub-oval, concentrically striate ; nucleus sub- central. Shell like Helicina, depressed; whorls lirate and earinate. Animal like Helicina.”
No. 113. May, 1867.
On the Genus Plectostoma, H. Adams, and on the Animal of Diplommatina, Benson. By Wm. T. BLANFoRD.
Plectostoma is surmised to be identical, or at most only sub- generically different from Opisthostoma. No. 114. June, 1867. Description of some Indian and Burmese Species of As- sinunea. By Wm. T. BLANrForp. The genus Optediceros, Leith, is claimed to be identical with Assinunea. Leith’s species are re-characterized also: A. rotunda, Fairbank, MS. A. rubella, Blanford. Description of anew Species of Rissoa from Maderia. By J. GWYN JEFFREYS. Lt. picta.
246 AMERICAN JOURNAL
Conchologia Iconica. By Lovert Reve. Parts 260, 261.
Unio, plates 47 to. 54. November, 1866.
Sp. 254. Unio Hainesianus, Lea, may be that species, but certainly does not come from ‘Little Arkansas.’’ The correct locality is Siam.
Sp. 257. Unio leptodon, Rafinesque = U. velum, Say, and U. tenuissimus, Lea.
Sp. 258. Uuio semiquadrata, Sowerby. This species, herein first described, appears to be only the young state of U. Hainest- anus. It is undoubtedly only a young shell.
Sp. 260. Unio Housei, Lea. “ Georgia, in America.” This figure does not represent House?, which inhabits Siam, and is described in ‘ Observations,” VI., p. 11, t. 23, f. 3, and not in vol. 2, p. 71, t. 22, f. 69, as quoted by Sowerby. The figure looks like a Dipsas plicatus.
Sp. 262. Unio crispisuleatus, is described by Benson; Sow- erby has the authority. ‘Lea MSS.”
Sp. 264. U. Cuming git is wrong in identification, locality and reference. It is a Chinese species, described by Mr. Lea. Obs. VII. p. 58, t. 35, f. 120. Mr. Sowerby’s reference is VI., p. 9, t. 21, f. 1. “Uphanpec Creek, Ala.”’ This is also a Dipsas pleatus.
Species 265. U. Myersianus, Lea. The reference should be p- 10, t. 22, f. 2, instead of p. 9, t. 21, f. 1, and the shell figured is certainly American, and not Siamese.
Species 266. U. complanatus is not an Unio, but a Mar- garitana. Mr. Barnes’ description is accessible to English naturalists (Am. Jour. Science, 1817) and therefore there is no excuse for quoting ‘‘ Barnes, Lea on Unio, &e.”
Sp. 267. U. marginatus, Lea, is Margaritana marginata, Say. The authority quoted would be rather difficult to consult, because the description was never published by Lea. The Mya rugulosa of Wood, quoted as a synonym, is a very different shell belonging to the pustulose section of Unios.
Sp. 258. U. Von Buschea should be U. Vondem Buschiana.
Sp. 277. U. percoarctatus, Lea, MS. Hab. —? The lo- cality is North an olina.
Sp. 278. M. Conradicus, Lea. The locality is Tennessee.
Sp. 280. U. plicatus. The authority given is “Say, Ency- clopedia Americana.” The species is a Dipsas plicatus from China, and Mr. Sowerby has confounded it with Unio plicatus Lesueur, described by Say in Nicholson’s Encyclopzedia.
OF CONCHOLOGY. 247
Tellina, plates 10—18; August, 1866. The following is new: Tellina Melo, Malaga.
Conchologia Iconica. Parts 262, 263.
Tellina. Plates 19 to 26. March, 1867. The following we suppose are new: = _ inflata, Sowerby, Hy ? T. longirostrata, Sowb. Hab.—?
“< caseus, ef “ Malaccana, “Malacca. + ORCUGLE, 4 Jamaica. ‘* corbis, ee ? “* occidentalis, Morch, W. Ind. “ tenwzstriata, & ? “‘ tumida, Sowerby, Jamaica. “ gracziis, ‘* Australia. “ M’ Andrei, “ Madeira. “ excavata, g ?
T. inequivalvis, Sowb., Moreton Bay, Australia.
Anodon. Plates 2 to 9. April, 1867.
Sp. 4. A. rostratus, the author’s name is Kokeil, not Rokiel, and the shell is figured in Rossmassler’s Iconog.
“A: herculeus, Gertsford ? Hab. ? The author’s name referred to is correctly Gersfeldt, who in a work on the Mollusca of the Amoor country, describes it, but the real author is Mid- dendorff, who described and figur ed it years previously.
Sp. 8. A. hians, Sowerby. Hab. ?
Sp. 11. A. suborbdiculatus, Say. Loc. Tennessee, instead of “ River Oregon.”
Sp. 14. A. subdsinwatus, Sowb. Hab.
Sp: 15. A. Gesneri, Lea, does not = cataractus, Say.
Sp. 18. A. Pallegoivi, Cuming. Siam.
Sp. 20. A. complanatus, Ziegler. Fox River? This is scarcely an American species.
FRENCH.
Faune Conchyliologique Marine du Departement de la Gironde et des Cotes du sud-ouest dela France. By Dr. Paun Fiscuer. (Ex- tracted from the Acts of the Linnean Society of Bordeaux, xxv. pt. 4.) 8vo, 88 pp. Paris, 1865.
This valuable little work contains the following chapters:
1. A description of the Uttoral of the Gironde.
2. History of the production of Oysters in that department. Decadence of the pares (years 300 to 1854).
3. Replenishment of the Oyster beds. Present state of the oyster fishery (1854-65).
248 AMERICAN JOURNAL
4, On the enemies of the Oyster and their ravages. 5. Oyster-culture in the Charente-inférieure. 6. On Mussels (Mytilus) and their culture. 7. On the introduction of exotic mollusks into the basin of Arcachon. Among the species thus introduced and thriving are Venus mercenaria, Ostrea Virginica. 8. On other species of edible mollusks of the Gironde. 9. Catalogue of Marine Mollusks. 10. Geographical Distribution.
Journal de Conchyliologie. Edited by Messrs. Crosse and Fischer. Third Series, Vol. VII, No. 2. Paris, April, 1867. Note sur en genre intermédiaire entre les Ascidiens et les Mol- lusques lamellibranches. By H. Crosses. The genus indicated by the title of this paper is Rhodosoma, Ehrenberg, 1828 — Schizascus, Stimpson, Proc. Philada. Acad. 1855. A list of the species and their bibliography is given.
Sur le byssus du Pecten varius. By P. FiscHer. Note sur le Dreissena fluviatilis, Pallas. By Junes MaBILye.
Quelques mots sur Vacclimatation des Dreissena en France.
By P. Fiscuer.
Note complémentaire sur U Helix Celebensis, Pfeiffer. By M. SouveRsieE.
Catalogue des Mollusques testaces marins des cétes de UV Es- pagne et destles Baleares. By Dr. J. GONZALES HIDALGO.
Note complémentaire sur le Pisidium Watsoni et 0 Helix Lu- seana, de Madere. By the Baron DO CASTELLO DE Palva.
Description dun genre nouveau et de plusictirs especes inédt- tes provenant de la Nowvelle-Calédonie. By H. Crosse. Marginella Mariet, Geostilbia Caledonica, Diplommatina Mariet, Bulimus Mariei, Crosse & Fischer. Hyérocena coturniz, f pseudocaledonicus, Montrouzier. Geostilbia, n. g., allied to Cacilianella.
Description dune nouvelle espece de Kellia des mers d’Hurope. By P. FIscHEr. Kellia Mac-Andrewt, North coast of Spain.
Descriptions despeces nouvelles. By H. Crosse. Voluta Tissotiana, Hab.—? Cylindrella Swiftiana, Hab.—? Bulimus Mabillei, Columbia, Streptaxis Deshayesianus, ‘“ Helix Xanthochroa, Hab.—? ae decipiens, Chili.
OF CONCHOLOGY. 249
Description d'esprces nouvelles de Cochin-Chine. By H. CROSSE.
Cyclophorus Annamiticus, Cyclotus Gasstesianus, Helix Saigonensis.
Piegnoe d'une espice nouvelle d’ Helix. By J. G. HIDALGO. Helix Cardone, Minorca.
Diagnoses Molluscorum novorum. By H. Crosse. Helix Bigoti, Ins. Mayotte. Helix Mariei, N. Caledonia.
Journal de Conchyliologie. Conducted by Messrs. Crosse & Fischer. Third Series. Vol. VII., No.3. July, 1867.
A fine number of this most excellent journal, containing 134 pages and 4 plates. The following is its very attractive bill of fare:
Anatomie de deux mollusques pulmonés terrestres apparte- nant aux genres Xanthonyx et Hyalimar. By P. Fis- CHER.
Note sur le nouveau genre Xanthonyx et Catalogue des espe- ces quil comprend. By H. Crosse and P, FiscHur. This genus has for its type Vitrina Sumichrasti, Brot.; V. Salleanus and Cordovanus, Pfr., also belong to it.
Observations sur le Catalogue des Coquilles Marines des céotes de l’ Espagne et des tles Baleares de M. Hidalgo. By J. GWYN JEFFREYS.
Abrégé de U histoire de la classification moderne des Mollus- ques baseée principalement sur Varmature linguale. By O. A. L. Moércu.
This important paper by our distinguished contributor we will present to our readers in a translation at some future time, if we can spare the necessary space without curtailing our original articles; we will not therefore review it at present.
Catalogue des Mollusques testaceés marins des cotes de 0 Es- pagne et les tles Baléares—(continued). By Dr. Joaquin GONZALEZ HIpA.eo.
Réponse & une observation de M. Mérch sur le Valvata Jelskii. By H. Crosse.
In this paper Mr. Crosse defends the validity of his species, which Dr. Mérch (this Journal, p. 106) states to be the embryo- nic state of a Lithoglyphus.
250 AMERICAN JOURNAL
Observations sur quelques Mollusques de la Nouvelle-Cale- donie. By E. Martz.
No new species are described. iy Note sur le Syndosmya segmentum. By P. Fiscuer.
Description @ especes nouvelles des Archipels Samoa et Viti. By H. Crosse.
Mitra Greeff, Erato Schmeltziana,
Leiostraca Samoensis.
Diagnose du nouveau genre Mediterranéen Gyriscus. By N. TIseri.
Gyriscus Jeffreysianus.
Description dune espece nouvelle des tles Chusan. By P. FISCHER.
Mathilda Sinensis. Description d@ especes nouvelles. By Dr. J. GonzatEz H1-
DALGO.
Cyclotus Fischeri, Republic of Equador. Psammobia Pazi, Hab.—? ; Helix Aiquatoriana, Equador.
Description dune espece nouvelle d’ Helix de Vile de Corse. By O. DEBEAUX.
Helix Revelieret.
Eclaircissements sur une question danteriorte relative a U Helix Revelieret. By H. Crosse and P. FIscHer.
This name is proven to have twenty-two days’ priority over H. Cyrniaca, Dutailly, published for the same species.
Description d'un genre nouveau et de plusieurs especes inédi- tes provenant de la Nowvelle Calédonie. By H. Crosse.
Helix Marie, Leucorhynchia, n. g. “¢ Cabrite, ee Caledonica, Schismope Ferriezt.
Description de deux especes fossiles du genre Neritina. By O. SEMPER.
Neritina Mayeri, Neritina Hornesana.
Variétiés. Promenade malacologique & 0 Exposition Unwer- selle de 1867. By H. Crosse.
Bibliographie. Announcements.
OF CONCHOLOGY. 951
Revue et Magasin de Zoologie. By Gusrin-MENEVILLE. 1867. No 3. Nouvelles Miscellanées Malacologiques. By M. PALADILHE.
Hydrobia Ligurica, Liguria. Ss Etrusca, Florence. pe Macet, Cannes. FS Charpyt, Saint-Amour (Jura). cu Lusitanica, Portugal.
Descriptions de quelques esprces nouvelles du groupe de V He- liv Raspail. By GustaNe DUTAILLY.
H. Brocardiana, Corsica. H. Cyrniaea, Corsica. “© Romagnolit, YF “ omphalophora, *
Malacologie du Départment de U0 Hérault. By PRosPER- ANTOINE MOITESSIER.
No. 4. Aprin, 1867.
Malacologie du Département de U Hérault (continued). By M. P. A. MorrsssiEr.
GERMAN.
Novitates Conchologice. Part 1, Land Shells. By Dr. Louis Preirrer. 26th No. 4to. Cassell, 1867.
This part contains, as usual, three colored plates, illustrating principally recently described species.
WNovitates Conchologicz. Part 2, Marine Shells. By Dr. W. Duaxmr. 11th and 12th Nos. 4to. Cassel, 1867.
The following new species and varieties are described and figured:
Barbatia venusta, Dunker. Hab.—? sb mollis, &é Ins. Viti. ‘ Grayana, * Pacific Ocean. Arca angusta, ss Ins. Viti. cS ansignis, Fe Hab.—? Fasciolaria purpurea, Jonas var. Natal. “ Andouini, ‘ Red Sea.
Nassa semisulcata, Dunker, in place of semiplicata, Zeitsch. f. Malak. 1853, the latter name being preoccupied by
Adams.
Fusus tenuiliratus, Dunker. Wab.—? ‘* — nodoso-plicatus, ‘ Japan. “ Paeteli, es Hab.—?
Ricinula speciosa, & (f. clathrata, Lam., var. B.)
252 AMERICAN JOURNAL
Turritella celata, Mérch. Guinea ?
ss Widuwa, << var. Realejo. Fusus pirulatus, Reeve, var. Van Diemens Land. Dolium Japonicum, Dkr. Japan.
The illustrations consist of 6 colored plates.
Novitates Conchologicz, Supplement. Monograph of the Genus Venus, Linne. By Dr. Epwarp Romer. The present number contains the conclusion of the Calliste, with three colored plates. There are no new species.
Dr. H. G. Bronn’s Klassen und Ordnungen des Thier-Reichs, etc. Fortgesetzt von Wm. Krrerstein, M.D. Vol. 3. Malacozoa, 2d Part. 8vo, about 1000 pp. Leipzig and Heidelberg, 1866. Illustrated by 92 lithographic plates and 102 wood cuts.
This is one of the best, if not the very best compendium of Conchology ever published, and as such we earnestly commend it to the patronage of our subscribers. The amount and variety of information upon the subject here gathered together is extra- ordinary, and reflects great credit on the assiduity and learning of its author and compiler.
Zeitschrift fiir die Gesammten Naturwissenschaften. Herausg. v.d, Naturw. Vereine fur Sachsen und Thiiringer in Halle. Edited by C. GinBEL und M. Sirwerr. 8vo. Berlin, 1866. Formenrethe fiir Helix nemoralis, L., und H. hortensis, Mull, wnd deren graphische Darstellung. By P. H. Bruun.
Memoires de l’Academie Impériale des Sciences de St. Petersburg. X. No. 8. 1866.
Ueber Geschlechtsorgane und entwickelung von Ancylus fluviatilis. By Pau STEPANOF.
OBITUARY. JOSHUA ALDER.
This veteran Conchologist died on January 21st, 1867. He was the author of numerous papers upon the Mollusca and Zoophytes of Great Britain, including a beautiful and valuable monography on its Nudibranchiate Mollusca, written in conjunc- tion with Mr. Albany Hancock, and published by the Ray Society. Mr. Alder was a most excellent collector, and very much endeared to English naturalists by his unassuming manners and the kindly assistance always afforded to those engaged in pursuits similar to his own.
we hs ? " ° ¥ ; Ditre t nr } re pat oN 7 ¢ Me HVE rt. A
CATALOGUE
OF
RECHNT MOLULUSCA,
BELONGING TO THE
Orper PHOLADACHEA.
] ‘
By GEORGE W. TRYON, Jr.
>
The following Catalogue is compiled principally from a work published by me in 1862, entitled “‘ Monograph of the Order Pholadacea, and other Papers,”’* to which the student is referred for full synonymy, descriptions and remarks,
The species published since the issue of this work, have all been included in the present list, and a few changes have been made in nomenclature and synonymy, the result of a more mature consideration of the subject.
One hundred and forty species are admitted as valid, and the synonymy embraces several hundred more.
Family PHOLADIDA,, Carpenter. Lectures on Mollusca, p. 99, 1861.
Sub-family PHOLADINA, Tryon. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sciences, 1862, Monog. 72.
GENus PHOLAS, Linn. Syst. Nat. 1757.
1. P. costata, Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 1111, 1757. Chenu, Man. ii. f. 1, 2,3. Sowerby, Thes. Conch. ii. t. 102, f. 8, 9. Wood, Gen. Conch. t. 15, f. 1,2. Adams’ Ge- nera, t. 89, f. 1. Blainville, Malacol. t. 79, f. 6. Bru- guiere, Encye. Meth. t. 169, f. 1, 2. Chemnitz, Conch. Cab. viii. t. 101, f. 863. Deshayes, Traite Elem. t. 3, f.10. Favanne, Conch. t. 60, f.1. Gualtieri, Index
* 8vo, cloth, 127 pp. Price $2. Bailliere Bros., New York, London and Paris, Publishers.
2
Test. t. 105, f.9. Mawe, Conch, t.1, f.4. Lister, Hist. t. 434, f. 277. Reeve, Conch. Syst. t. 23. Wood, Index Test. t. 2, f.4. Wyatt, Conch. t. 3, f. 4.
United States, W. Indies.
Sub-genus CYRTOPLEURA, Tryon. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sciences, 1862, Monog. 73.
2, P. crucifera, Sowerby, Zool. Proc. p. 69, 1834. Chenu, Man. ii. f. 5. Sowerby, Thes. Conch. ii. t. 104, f. 2426. Philippi, Monog. t. 2. f. 4. W. Indies ? Panama.
3. P. latissima, Sowerby, Zool. Proc. p. 162, 1849. Chenu, Man. ii. f. 4, 6. Sowerby, Thes. Conch. i. t. 103, f. 15,16. Philippi, Monog. t. 2, f. 1. P. Patula, Gould, Boston Proc. p. 214, 1850. Moll. U.S. Expl. Exped. p. 384. Manilla.
4, P. truncata, Say, Jour. Philad. Acad. ii. p. 821, 1822. Dekay, Moll. N. York, t. 34, f. 2238. Hanley, Desc. Cat. t. 9, f. 56, Sowerby, Thes. Conch. ii. t. 104, f. 29, 30. Coast United States.
Genus DACTYLINA, Gray. Proc. Zool. Soc. p. 187, 1847.
1D. dactylus, Linn., Syst. Nat. p. 1110, 1758.
Forbes & Hanley, Brit. Moll. i. p. 108, t. 5, and other Bri- tish Authors. Sowerby, Thes. Conch. 11. t. 102, f. 10, 11, t. 105, f. 47. Argenville, Conchyl. t. 8, f.k,m. Bo- nanni, Recreatio pt. 2, f. 25, 26. Born, Test. t. 1, f. 7. Bose. Hist. des Coq. ii. t. 5, f. 1—5. Brookes Conch. t.1,f. 7,8. Bruguiere, Encyc. Meth. t. 168, f. 2.—4. Chemnitz, Conch. Cab. vii. t. 101, f. 857. Chenu, En- cyc. Nat. Hist. Moll. t. 33, f. 4,5. Deshayes, Expl. Sci. Algerie, t. 9, f. 1—38. Favanne, Conchyl. t. 60, f. a i. Gualtiert, Test, 4,105;-f.D. Herbst, Kinlapas t. 26, f.1. Lister, Conch. t. 483, f. 276. Mawe Conch. t. 3, f. 3. Murray, Fund. Test. t. 2, f. 10. Poli,-Test. Sicil. i. t. 7, f. 1—11. Reeve, Conch. Syst. t. 24. Reich-. enbach, Conchyl. t. 725, 726. Seba, Mus. iii. t, 16, f 6. Sowerby, Genera, Pholas, f.1. Wood, Gen. Conch. t. 13, f. 1—3. Wood, Index Test. t. 2, f. 1. Woodward, Man. f. 22. Wyatt, Conch. t. 3, f. 3. Gray, Figs. Moll. Anim. t. 237, f. 4, t. 238, f. 7. Adams’ Genera, t. 89, f. 2. Chenu, Man. Conch. i. f. 10, 11, 18.
2 0
Pholas callosa, Lamarck, Anim. sans Vert. v. p. 445, 1818. Crouch’s Cuvier, t. 113. f. 1.
Pholas hians, Pultney, Dorsetshire Catalogue p. 26, 1799.
Pholas muricata, DaCosta, Brit. Conch. p. 244, t. 16, f. 2. 1778. Hurope.
Sub-genus GITOCENTRUM, Tryon. Proc. Philad. Acad., Monog. 76.
2. D. Campechensis, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. p. 3216, 1790. Hanley, Desc. Cat. t. 9, f. 44. Lister, Hist. Conch. t. 432. Pholas oblongata, Say, Jour. Phil. Acad. 11. 820, 1822. Pholas Candeana, D’Orbigny, Moll. Sagra’s Cuba, 215, t. 25, i, 18,19: Southern United States, W. Indies. 3. D. Chiloensis, King., Zool. Jour. v. 854, 1852. Sowerby, Thes. Conch. ii. t. 102, f. 1,2. Philippi, iii. t. 1, f. 4,5. Chenu, Man. i. f. 14, 15. Pholas laqueata, Sowerby, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1849. Thes. Conch. il. 486, t. 103, f. 19, 20. Dactylina retifer, Mérch, Mal. Blitter vii. 177, 1860. Peru, Chili. Genus MONOTHYRA, Tryon. Proc. Philad. Acad. 1862, Monog. 77.
1. M. orientalis, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. p. 3216. Sowerby, Thes. Conch. ii. 486, t. 102, f.3,4. Wood, Gen. Conch. t. 14, f. 1, 2. Bruguiere, Encyc. Meth. t. 168, f. 10. Chemnitz, Conch, Cab. viii. t. 101, f. 860. Han- ley, Desc. Cat. t. 2, f. 20. Lister, Hist. Conch. t. 431,
f. 247. Wood, Index Test. t. 2, f. 1. Chenu, Manual, Hos. 16.
Pholas Stamensis, Spengler.
Pholas dactylus, Solander, MSS, teste Gray, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 2 ser. viii. 382. India.
Genus XYLOPHAGA, Turton. Conch. dithyra Brit. 253, 1822. 1, X. cardissa, Gould, Otia Conchologica, 241, 1862. : Mergive Islands. 2. X. dorsalis, Turton, Conch. dith. Brit. 253, t. 2, f. 4, 5, 1822.
Chenu, Man, ii. f. 20, 21. Sowerby, t. 108, f. 103, 104. Forbes & Hanley, t. 2, f. 8, 4, and British Authors.
4
Adams’ Genera, t. 89, f.4. Chenu, Eneye. Hist. Nat. Moll. f. 241—4. Reeve, Conch. Syst. t. 22. Pholas xylophaga, Deshayes, Anim. s. Vert. vi. 47, 1835. England. 3. X. globosa, Sowerby, Zool. Proc. 110, 1835. Sowerby, Thes. ii. t. 108, f. 101, 102. Chenu, Man. ii. f, 22, 23. Pholas gibbosa, D’Orbigny, Voy. Am. Merid. 501. Chil.
Genus TALONA, Gray. ¢ Synopsis Brit. Mus. 1840. 1, T. explanata, Spengler, Skrivt. Nat. ii. pt. i. 1791. H. & A. Adams, iii. t, 9, f..2, 2a. Pholas clausus, Gray, Bowdich’s Elem. 1822. Sowerby, Thes. ii. t. 107, f. 74, 75. Hanley, Desc. Cat. t. 11, f. 8. Chenu, Man. ii. f. 34, 35. Pholas candidus, Chemnitz, Conch. Cab. viii. f. 862, 1785. W. Africa.
Genus BARNEA, Leach. Risso, Hist. Nat. Europ. Merid. iv. f. 3876. 1826.
1, B. Australasiz, Gray, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 2d ser. vill. 381. Sowerby, Thes. Conch. ii. t. 106, f. 73. Australia. 2. B. Burmanica, Philippi, Neuer Conchyl. iii. Pholas. t. 1, f. 1. Pholas Bakeri, Deshayes, Woodward’s Manual, t. 23, f. 19. Burmah. 3. B. candida, Linn., Syst. Nat. p..1111. Sowerby, Thes. ii. t. 103, f. 21—23. Wood, Gen. Conch. t. 14, f. 8,4. Forbes and Hanley, t. 4, f. 1, 2, and Bri- tish Authors. Bruguiere, Encyc. Meth. t. 168, f. 11. Burrow, Elem. t. 3, f. 4. Chemnitz, Conch. Cab. viii. t. 101, f. 861. Crouch, Introd. Lamarck, t. 2, f. 11. De- shayes Expl. Algeris, t. 9, f. 4,5. Deshayes, Traite Elem. t. 3, f. 18, 14. Gualtiere, Test. t. 105, f. 8. Han- ley, Desc. Cat. t. 2, f. 8. Mawe, Conch. t. 8, f. 2. Poli, Test. Sicil. t. 7, f. 12, 18. Wood, Index Test. t. 2, f. 3. Wyatt, Conch. t. 3, f.2. Gray, Figs. Moll. Anim. t. 338. f. 6. Chenu, Man. Conchyl. i. f. 17, 18. Pholas dactyloides, Della Chiaje, Mem. iv. A. 65, f. 4. Pholas papyracea, Spengler, Skrivt. Nat. i. pt. 1, t. 1, f. 4, NiOL Pholas Stlicula, Deshayes, Lamarck, Anim. s. Vert. vi. 45, 1835. Europe.
5 4, B, Erythrea, Gray, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 2 ser. viii.
382, 1851. Red Sea. 5. B. lanceolata, D’Orbigny, Voy. Am. Merid. 497, t. 77, f. 18, 19. Patagonia.
Sub-genus ANCHOMASA, Leach. Moll. Gt. Britain, p. 253.
6. B. Manillensis, Philippi, Zeit. fiir Malak. 72, 1847. Sowerby, Thes. ii. t. 103, f. 17, 18. Philippi, Neuer Con- chyl. iii. Pholas t. 1, f. 2. Pholas BR Sowerby, Zool. Proc. 161, 1849. Thes. ii. t. 108, f. 92 Pholas Manillie, Sowerby, Zool. Proc. 161, 1849. Manilla.
7. B. parva, Pennant, Brit. Zool. iv. 77, t. 49, f. 18, 1777. Sowerby, Thes. ii. f. 31, 32. Forbes and Hanley, t. Deas
t. 4, f. 1, 2, and British authors. Philippi, Neuer Con- chy]. i 2, f. 2. Hanley, Desc. Cat. t. 2, f. 6. Wood, Index Test. t. 2, f.6. Adams, Gen. t. 89, f. 3. Chenu, Man. ef. 19.
Anchomasa Pennantiana, Leach, Moll. Gt. Brit., 253, 1852.
Pholas crenulatus, Spengler, Skrivt. Nat. i. pt. i. 92, 1792.
Pholas dactylus, var., Deshayes, Lamarck, Anim. s. Vert. vi. 45.
Pholas dactyloides, Lamarck, Anim. s. Vert. v. p. 445, 1818.
Pholas ligamentinus, Deshayes, Traite Elem. 80, t. 1, f. 11, 12.
Pholas tuberculatus, Turton, Conch. dithyra, 5, t. 1, f. 7, 8, 1822. Chenu, Illus. Conchyl. t. 3, f. 8. Wood, Index Test. Suppl. t. 1, f. 3. England.
8. B. similis, Gray, In. Yates’ New Zealand. Sowerby, Thes. ii. t. 103, f. 12—14. Pholas antipodum, Philippi, Zeitschr. fiir Malak. 71, 1847. New Zealand.
9. B. pabimliceta, Sowerby, Zool. Proc. 69, 1834. Pholas lamellosa, D’Orbigny, Voy. Am. Merid. AOS te Ug bs 20, 21. Peru, Isle Plata, Patagonia.
Genus NAVEA, Gray. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 2 ser. viii. 885.
1, N. Newcombii, Tryon, Am. Jour. Conch. i. 39, 285 f. 1—3, 1865. Lower C alifor nia.
2. N. nucifera, Fabricius, Spengler, Skrivt. Nat. iv. 40, t. 104, 42.9, E798. 18
6
3. N. subglobosa, Gray, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 2 ser., vill. 385, 1851.
Chenu, Man, u. £28, 29., He and-A. Adamgigin., tae0: f. 6. California.
4, N. tenuis, Gray, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 2 ser. viii. 385, 1851. ?
Genus ZIRPHEA, Leach. H. and A. Adams’ Genera, ii.
1, Z. constricta, Sowerby, Zool. Proc. 161, 1849. Sowerby, Thes. Conch. ii. t. 104, f. 27, 28. Straits of Sunda.
2. Z, crispata, Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 1111.
Sower by, Thes. 11. t. 104, f. 37. Forbes & Hanley, t. 4, f. 3, 4,5, and British authors. Bruguiere, Encye. t. 169, P57. Chemnitz. Conch. Cab. viii. t. 102; f- 872874. De Kay, Moll. N. Y. t. 32, f. 306. Wood, Gen. Conch. t. 15, £ 4,°5. Wood, ) Index - Test. t. 2, f,. 6) \ Adame: Genera, t. 89, f. 5. Chenu, Man. ii. f. 26,27. Gray, Figs’ Moll. Anim. t. 338, f. 5, t. 839, f. 5.
Pholas bifrons, Da Costa, Brit. Conch. 242, t. 16, f. 4, 1777. Solen crispus, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. p. 8228, 1790. acl parva, Da Costa, Brit. Conch. 247, 1777.
Northern Europe and U. 8.
3. Z. Gabbii, Tryon, Proc. Philad. Acad. May, 1873, t. i, f. 1. Japan? California.
4, Z. Julan, Adanson, Hist. Nat. Senegal, 260, t. 19, f. 1, fot. S enegal.
Sub-family JOUANNETINA, Tryon. Proc. Philad. Acad. 1862, Monog. 84,
GENUS PHOLADIDEA, Turton. Conch. Dict. 147, 1819.
1, P. ovoidea, Gould, Boston Proce. vi. 238, t. 15, f. 1. ’ Lower California.
2. P. papyracea, Su MSS. Turton, Conch. dithyra, 2, t. 1, f. 4, 1822 Chenu, Tilust. ‘ohawiw Pholas, t. 3, f. 1. Mawe, Conch. ey ae Ber Philippi, Neuer Conchyl., Pholas, t. 2, f. 3. Sowerby, Thes. Conch. ii. t. 106, f. 66. H. and A. Adams, iii. t. 90, f. 1. Chenu, Man, 3 ii. f. 30, 31. Reeve,
7
Conch. Syst. t. 2, f. 8. Sowerby, Genera Pholas, f. 3. Wood, Index Test. Suppl. t. 1, f. 3. Forbes & Hanley, Brit. Moll. t. 5, f. 3—6, and British authors. Wood- ward, Manual, t. 23, f. 20.
Pholas lamellata, Turton, Conch. dithyra, 4, t. 1, f.5, 6, 1822. Chenu, Illust. Conchyl. Pholas, t. 5, f. 2. Wood, Index Test. Suppl. t. 1, f. 3.
Pholas striata, Blainville, Malacol. t. 8 bis, f. 7, 1825. Grif- fith’s Cuvier, t. 8, f. 1. Henderson’s Cuvier, t. 41, f. 1. Wyatt, Conch. t. 3, f. 5.
Pholadidea Loscombia, Turton, Conch. Dict. 147, 1819.
Pholadidea Goodalhi, Blainville, Dict. Sci. Nat. xxxvii. 532,
1826. Cadmusia Solanderiana, Leach, Moll. Gt. Britain, 254, t. 12, 162: Hurope.
3. P. spathulata, Sowerby, Zool. Proc. 162, 1849. Sowerby, Thes. Conch. ii. 497, t. 106, f. 69, 70. New Zealand. 4. P. sulcata, Brown, Ill. Conch. Gt. Brit., 115, t. 48, f. 17, 18, 1844. England.
Sub-genus TALONELLA, Gray. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 2 ser. viii. 385, 1851.
5. P. tridens, Gray, Sowerby, Thes. Conch. ii. 498, t. 106, f. 60, 61, 1849. Monte Christo.
Sub-genus HATASIA, Gray. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 2 ser. viii. 385, 1851.
6. P. melanura, Sowerby, Zool. Proc. 70, 1834. Sowerby, Thes. i. t. 107, f. 78, 79. Chenu, Man. ii. f. 32, 33. Penitella Wilsonii, Conrad, Proc. Philad. Acad. 156, 1849. Jour. Philad. Acad. 2 ser. i. 279, t. 39, f. 4. Lower California. @. P. quadra, Sowerby, Zool. Proc. 71, 1834. Thes. ii. t.
106, £62; 631 Monte Christo. 8. P. tubifera, Sowerby, Zool. Proc. 71, 1834. Thes. ii. t. 106, f. 64, 65. Panama.
Sub-genus NETTASTOMELLA, Carpenter. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1865. 9. P. Darwinii, Sowerby, Thes. Conch. ii. 490, +. 107, f. 76,77. Chenu, Manuel de Conchyl. ii. f. 39, 40. Ins. Chiloe, California.
Genus PARAPHOLAS, Conrad. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 121, 1848.
1. P. Californica, Conrad, Proc. Philad. Acad. 121, 1848. Jour. Philad. Acad. vii. 236, t. 18, f. 5. pge ee ii. t. 102, f. 6, 7. Hanley, Desc. Cat. t. , f. 43.
Pholas Janelli, Deshayes, Zool. Proc. 357, 1839. Guerin’s Magazine, t. 14, 15, 16, 1840. Chenu, Illus. Conch., Pholas, t. 3, f. 5. Chenu, Man. ii. f. 41, 42. California.
2. P. quadrizonalis, Spengler, Sowerby, Thes. Conch. ii. 492, t. 108, f. 88, 89.
Pholas Incti, Sowerby, Zool. Proc. 1849. Thes. Conch. ii.
491, t. 105, f. 45, 46. Torres Straits.
Genus PENITELLA, Valenciennes. Voyage Venus, atlas, t. 24. 1. P. curvata, Tryon, Am. Jour. Conch. i. 40, t. 2, f. 6—8, 1865. Sts. of Fuca. 2. P. parva, Tryon, Am. Jour. Conch. i. 39, t. 2, f. 4, 5, 1865. Lower California.
_ 38. P. penita, Conrad, Jour. Philad. Acad. vii. 237, t. 18, f. 7, 1837.
Pholas coneamerata, Deshayes, Rev. Zoologique, 359, 1839. Guerin’s Mag. t. 17, 1840. Chenu, Ill. Conch. t. 3, f. 4. Sowerby, Thes. ii. 497, t. 106, f. 67, 68, 1849. Chenu, Man. ii. f. 48, 44.
Pholas cucullata, Gray, Syn. Brit. Mus. 1840.
Penitella Conradi, Valenciennes, Voy. Venus, t. 24, f. 1.
Pholas cornea ? Sowerby, Zool. Proc. 12, 1834.
Genus JOUANNETIA, Desmoulins. Bull. Linn. Soe. Bordeaux, 11. 244.
1. J. Cumingii, Sowerby, Zool. Proc. 161, 1849. Sowerby, Thes. ii. t. 106, f. 56, 57. Chenu, Man. ii. f. 38.
Philippines. 2. J. Duchassaingi, Deshayes, Fischer, Jour. de Conchyl. 37d, t. 15, f. 3, 1862. Panama.
3. J. globosa, Quoy, Mollusques, Voy. Astrolabe, 549, t. 85,
f. 16—18, 1832. Sowerby, Thes. ii. t. 106, f. 54,55. Chenu, Man. ii. f. 36. Gray, Figs. Moll. Anim. t. 388, f. 3. Philippines.
9
4. J. i ame Fischer, Jour. de Conchyl. 376, t. 15, f. 4, 186 Wy. Coast Ajraen
Sub-genus PHOLADOPSIS, Conrad. Proc. Philad. Acad. 156, 1849.
d. J. pectinata, Conrad, Jour. Philad. Acad. 2d ser. i. 279,
t. 39, f. 8, 1850. Triomphalia puleherrima, Sowerby, Zool. Proc. 161, 1849. Thes. ii. t. 106, f. 58, 59. California, W. Columbia.
Genus MARTESIA, Leach. Blainville, Dict. Sci. Nat. 1824.
1. M. branchiata, Gould, Boston Proc. 290, 1849, Sowerby, Thes. Conch. ii. 493, t. 108, f. 82, 83. Africa.
2. M. calva, Sowerby, Zool. Proc. 69, 1834. Sowerby, Thes. t. 105, f. 51—53. Chenu, Man. ii. f. 45— 47. Pholas acuminata, Sowerby, Zool. Proc. 70, 1834. Thes. ii. t. 105, f. 48—50. Hanley, Desc. Cat. t. 9, f. 30. Che- nu, Man. ni. f. 56. Parapholas bisuleata, Conrad, Jour. Philad. Acad. 2d ser. i. t. 89, f. 5, 1850. California, Mazatlan, Panama.
3. M. curta, Sowerby, Zool. Proc. 71, 1834. Sowerby, Thes. ii. t. 104, f. 35, 34. Chenu, Man. ii. f. 51.
Panama.
4. M. intercalata, Carpenter, Cat. Mazatlan Shells, Pats: 1859. Mazatlan.
5. M. multistriata, Sowerby, Thes. Conch. ii. 494, t. 104, f, 35, 36, 1849. ‘Australia.
6. M. eerie Sowerby, Thes. Conch. ii. 496, t. 108, f. 80, 81, 1849. Philippines.
7. M. ovum, Gray, Wood’s Index, Test. Suppl., f. 4, 1844. Pholas ovata, Gray, Sowerby, Thes. ii. 493, t. 107, f. T1—72, 1849, West nities.
8. M. aperta, Sowerby, Thes. ii. 491, t. 108, f. 99, 100, 1849. Straits of Sunda. 9. M. Australis, Gray, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 2d ser. vill. 384, 1851. Vg NK Australia, 10. M. corticaria, Adams, Sowerby, Thes. ii. 495, t. 108, f. ‘ 94—96, 1849. Tryon, Monog. ., 93, 1862.
10
Pholas Beauiana, Recluz, Jour. de Conchyl. iv. 49, t. 2, f. 1, : 2, 8, 1853. Pholas Caribea, D’Orbigny, Moll. Sagra’s Cuba, 216, t. 25, f. 20—22, 1853. Pholas Hornbeckit, D’ Orbigny, Moll. Sagra’s Cuba, 217, t. 25, f. 283—25, 1853. West Indies. 11. M. cuneiformis, Say, Jour. Philad. Acad. ii. 322, 1822. Sowerby, Thes. ii. 495, t. 104, f. 38, 39, t. 108, f. 86, 87. Pholas Edwardsii, Gray, Syn. Brit. Mus., 1820. Pholas rudis, Gray, Syn. Brit. Mus., 1820. Southern United States, West Indies. 12. M. rivicola, Sowerby, Thes. ii. 496, t. 108, f. 90, 91, 1849. Adams and Reeve, Voy. Samarang, 84, t. 23, f. 5. Pantai River. 13. M. striata, Linneus, Syst. Nat., p. 1111, 1758. Chemnitz, Conch. Cab. t. 102, f. 867, 868. . Gualtieri, Test. t. 105, f. F. Mawe, Conch. t. 8, f.1. Reeve, Conch. Syst. t. 24, f. 2. Rumpkin’s Mus. t. 46, f. 8. Sowerby Genera, Pholas, f. 2. Sowerby, Thes. 11. 494, t. 104, f. 40—42. Chenu, Man. ii. f. 48, 50. Wood, Gen. Conch. t. 16, f. 1—4, 8. Wood, Index Test. t. 2,°% 7. Adams, Genera, t. 9057. 56> "Woodward: Manual, t. 23, f. 21, and British Authors. Pholas pusilla, Linneus, Syst. Nat. p. 1111, 1758. Don- oman, ay. t. if, 1709. Pholas elavata, Lam., Anim. s. Vert. v. p. 446, 1818. Encyc. Meth. t. 170, f. 1—3. Pholas conoides, Fleming, Brit. Anim. 457, 1828. Pholas lignorum, Spengler, Berl. Ges. Nat. iv. Pholas nana, Pultney, Dorset. Cat. 27, 1799. Pholas falcata, Wood, Gen. Conch. t. 16, f. 5—T, 1855. Index Test. Pholas, t. 2. f. 8? Pholas terediniformis, Sowerby, Thes. ii. 490, t. 108, f. 97, 98;, 1819. Pholas semicostata, Lea, Bost. Proc. t. 24, f. 1, Nov., 1844. Sowerby, Thes. Conch. ii. t. 108, f. 84, 85. England, West Indies, Philippine.
Genus DIPLOTHYRA, Tryon. Proc. Philad. Acad., Sept. 1862, May, 1863.
1. D. Smithii, Tryon, Philad. Proc., Sept. 1862. Tottenville, Staten Island, N. Y.
11 Genus SCHROTERIA, Tryon. Philad. Proc., Apr., 1862.
1. S. cordata, Schréter, Conch. iii. 544, t. 9, f. 22—24, 1786. Bruguiere, Encyc. Meth. t. 169, f. 8—10. Loe.—?
Family GASTROCHAINIDA, Tryon. Philad. Proc., Dec., 1861, Monog. 38.
Sub-family GASTROCHANINA, Tryon. Philad. Proc., Dec., 1861.
Genus GASTROCH ZENA, Spengler. Nov. Act. Soe. Se. Havn. ii. 1780. Chena, Retzius, Nov. Test. Genera, 19, 1788.
1. G. cera Deshayes, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 830, Philippines.
2. G. md Deshayes, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 330, 1854.
Philippines.
3. G. mumia, Spengler, Nov. Act. Sc. Havn. ii. 174, f. 17, 1783.
Deshayes, Traite Elem. 32, t. 2. Adams’ Genera, iii. t. 91, f. 1,,.la. Woodward Manual, t. 23, f. 16.
Fistulana clava, Lamarck, Anim. sans Vert. v. 435, 1818.
Cuvier, Regne Anim. Edit. Audouin, t. 116, f. 1. Sower-
by Genera, No. 27, f. 1—5. Blainville, Malacol t. 81,
f. 3, 1825. Hanley, Dese. Cat) 3, t, 11, f) 5, 1842. Reeve, Conch. Syst. t.19. Wyatt, Conch. t. 33. f. 5.
India, Philippines.
Genus ROCELLARIA, Fleuriau de Bellevue. Journ. de Phys., 1802.
1. R. apertissima, Deshayes, London Zool. Proc. 326, 1854. Philippines. 2. R. brevis, Sowerby, London Zool. Proce. 21, 1834. Gallapagos Is. 3. R. cucullata, Deshayes, London Zool. Proe. 329, 1854. West Indies.
4. R. cuneiformis, Spengler, Nov. Act. Sc. Soc. ii. 179, f. 8—11, 1783.
12
Sowerby, Genera, f. 3,4, 5. Blainville, Man. de Malacol. 574, t. T9, f.5. Reeve, Conch. Syst. t. 20, f. 4, 5. Pholas hians, Chemnitz, Conch. Cab. x. 364, t. 172, f. 1678,
1679, 1788. Wood, Index Test., 2d edit., t. 2, f. 11. Fistulana rupestris, Bose. Hist. Nat. des Coq. ii. 205, 1824. West Indies.
5. R. denticulata, Deshayes, London Zool. Proc. 827, 1854. Columbia.
6. R. dentifera, Dufo, Ann. des Sc. Nat. 221, 1840. Seychelles and Admiral Is.
7. R. difficilis, Deshayes, London Zool. Proc. 328, 1854. Western India.
8. R. dubia, Pennant, Brit. Zool. iv. 82, t. 44, f. 19, 1777. Donovan, Brit. Shells, ii. t. 108. Wood, Gen. Conch. 102, +. 25, f. 2, 3.. Wood, Index Test., edit. 2, t. 2, f. 23. Deshayes Traite Elem. i. pt. il. 34, t. 2, f. 4, 5. Philippi, Wiegmann’s Archiv. t. 7, f. 1 Adams’ Genera, fs, t. 2. Pholas pusilla, Poli, Test. utr. Sicil. i. 50, t. 7, f. 12, 13, ALIASA S Gastrochena Pholadia, Turton, Conch. Dithyra, 18, t. 2, f. 8, 9, 1822. Brown, Brit. Conch. t. 48, f. 13, 14. Chama parva, Da Costa, Brit. Conch. 234, 1778. Pholas faba, Pultney, Dorsetshire Cat. 27, 1779. Mytilus ambiguus, Dillwyni, 304, 1817. Gastrochena hians, Fleming, Brit. Anim. 458, 1828. Gastrochena cunetformis, Philippi, Enum. Moll. Sicil. i, 2, 1836. Gastrochena Polit, Philippi, Enum. Moll. Sicil. ii. 5, 1844. Gastrochena modiolina, Lamarck, Anim. s. Vert. v. 447, 1818. Sowerby, Genera, f. 1,2. Sowerby, Conch. Man. f. 52. Crouch, Introd. Lamarck, t. 2, f. 12. Guerin’s Magazine, t. 69, T0, 71, 1848. Reeve, Conch. Syst. t. 50, f. 1, 2. Leach, Moll. Gt. Brit. t. 3, f. 38. Forbes and Hanley, Brit. Moll. t. 2, f.5—8. Woodward, t. 23, f. 15. England, Mediterranean. 9, R. humilis, Deshayes, London Zool. Proc. 327, 1854. Philippines. 10. R. hyalina, Sowerby, London Zool. Proc. 22, 1834. Lord Hood's I.
11, R. impressa, Deshayes, London Zool. Proc. 527, 1854. Hab.—?
12. 18. 14, 15. 16. 17,
18,
19.
20. 21, 22. 23. 24. 20.
26.
27,
13 R. indistincta, Deshayes, London Zool. Proc. 328, 1854.
Singapore. R. interrupta, Deshayes, London Zool. Proc. 329, 1854. Philippines. R. intersecta, Deshayes, London Zool. Proc. 327, 1854. Hab.—?
R. levigata, Deshayes, London Zool. Proc. 326, 1854. Hab.—? R. lamellosa, Deshayes, London Zool. Proc. 328, 1854. Philippines. R. macroschisma, Deshayes, London Zool. Proc. 326, 1854. Hab.—?
R. ovata, Sowerby, London Zool. Proc. 21, 1834. Hanley, Desc. Cat. 10, t. 9, f. 42. Panama, I. Plata, W. Indies, Charleston, S. C. R. Philippinensis, Deshayes, London Zool. Proc. 328, 1854. Philippines. R. pupina, Deshayes, London Zool. Proc. 326, 1854. Morton Bay. R. rugulosa, Sowerby, London Zool. Proc. 22, 1834. Gallapagos Is. R. Rupellii, Deshayes, London Zool. Proc. 328, 1854. Red Sea. R. spathulata, Deshayes, London Zool. Proc. 329, 1854. Philippines. R. Stimpsonii, Tryon, Proc. Philad. Acad. Dec. 1861. Beaufort, N. C. R. tenera, Deshayes, London Zool. Proc. 327, 1854. Philippines. Sub-genus SPENGLERIA, Tryon. Proc. Philad. Acad. 1861, Monog. 40.
R. Mytiloides, Lamarck, Anim. sans Vert. v. 447, 1818. Hanley, Desc. Cat. 10, t. 9, f. 87. Rumphius, Amb. Rar.
t. 45, f. P. Isle of France. R. plicatilis, Deshayes, London Zool. Proc. 329, 1854. Philippines.
28. R. rostrata, Spengler, Nov. Act. Sc. Soe. ii. 1783. Gastrochena callosa, Philippi, Wiegmann’s Archiv. 1845. Gastrochena Chemnitziana, D’Orbigny, Moll. Cuba, 229, t.
29, {. 29, 30: W. Indies.
14
29. R. truncata, Sowerby, London Zool. Proc. 21, 1834. Hanley, Desc. Cat. 10, t. 9, f. 40. Panama, Mazatlan.
Genus CUCURBITULA, Gould. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. viii. 22, 1861.
1. C. cymbia, Spengler, Nov. Act. Se. Soc. ii. 1783. Fistulana lagenula, Lamarck, Anim. sans Vert. v. 436, 1818. Hanley, Dese.. Cat. 8, t. 13, f. 59. Red Sea, Hong Kong.
Sub-family BRYOPINA, Tryon. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1861, Monog. 40.
Genus BRYOPA, Gray. Syn. Brit. Mus. 1840. Clavagella, Lamarck (partim), Anim. sans Vert. v. 450, 1818.
1, B. aperta, Sowerby, Genera of Shells, No. 18, f. 1—4, 1820-24.
Crouch, Introd. to Lamarck, t. 2, f. 7. Deshayes, Expl. de Algerie, 15, t. 1, f. 1. Adams’ Genera, iii. t. 91, f. 3. Gray, Figures Moll. Animals, v. t. 340, f£ 6—8. Cuvier, Audouin’s Edit. Mollusca, t. 117, f. 2. Reeve, Conch. Syst. t. 18. Cailleaud, Guerin’s Mag. t. 49—51, 1842. Chenu, Illust. Conch. Clavagella, t. 1, f. 8—6. Clavagella vivens ? Rang, Man. Moll. 342, 1829. Clavagella sicula, Della Chiaje, Memorie, t. 83, f. 19, 23, t. 84, f. 18, 22, 23. Mediterranean Sea.
2. B. lata, Broderip, Zool. Proc. iii. 1834.
Broderip, Zool. Trans. i. t. 30, f. 8—10. Owen, Zool. Trans. i. t. 8, f. 11—16. Hanley, Desc. Cat. t. 11, f. 4. Deshayes, Traite Elem. t. 1. f. 12—14. Chenu, Ilust. Conch. t. 8, f. 7. Indian and Pacific Occan.
3. B. Melitensis, Broderip, Zool. Proc. 116, 1834.
Broderip, Zool. Trans. 1. t. 55, f. 5—8. Cuvier, Audouin’s Hdit. t. 117, f. 1. Hanley, Desc. Cat. t. 11, f. 3. Gue- rin’s Mag. Zool. t. 50, f. 4. Chenu, Illust. Conch. t. 1, f. 5, t. 38, f. 1—6. Deshayes, Expl. de |’ Algerie, t. 1, f. 2. Gray, Figures Moll. Anim. v. t. 840, f. 9, t. 341,
ve Clavagella angulata, Philippi, Enum. Moll. Sicil. ii. 2, t. 13, f. 3, 1844. Greece to Stcily.
15
Sub-genus DACOSTA, Gray. London Zool. Proc. 315, 1858.
4, B. Australis, Sowerby, Appendix Stutchbury Cat. t. 1, f. 1.
Hanley, Desc. Cat. t. 9, f. 22. Adams’ Genera, iii. t. 91.
Clavagella elongata, Broderip, Zool. Trans. 1. 265, t. 55, f. 1—4,
1835. Hanley, Desc. Cat. t. 11, f. 1, 2. Guerin’s Mag.
t. 50, f. 3. Chenu, Illust. Conch. Clavagella, t. 1, f. 4.
Pacific Ocean.
5. B. balanorum, Scacchi, Philippi in Weigman’s Archives, i. 181, t. 3, f. 1—6, 1840.
Cailliaud, Guerin’s Mag. t. 52, f. 1—5. Chenu, Tlust. Conch. t. 1, f. 7. Hanley, Desc. Cat. t. 10, f. 21. Phil- ippi, Enum. Moll. Sicil. t. 18, f. 2. Gray’s Figures Moll. Anim. y. t. 840, f. 1—5. Naples.
—_—___—_——.
Sub-family PENICILLINA, Gray.
GENUS BRECHITES, Guettard. Mem. de l’Academie Paris, ii. 18, 1774. Aspergillum, Bruguiere, Encyc. Meth. 1789. 1. B. annulus, Deshayes, Reeve Monog. Asperg. t. 1, f. 1, 1860. Singapore. 2. B. Javanus, Lamarck, Anim. s. Vert. v. 439, 1818. Blainvi!le, Malacol. t. 81, f. 2. Crouch, Introd. Lam. t. 2, f.5,6. Cuvier, Audouin’s Hdit. t. 119, f.2. Wyatt, Conch. t.. 33, f. 8. Reeve, Conch. Syst. t. 17, f. 8—S. Reeve, Monog. Aspergillum, t. 1, f. 8. Deshayes, Traite Elem. f. 1—3. Chenu, Ill. Conch. t. 2, f. 1,2. Bose, Hist. del Moll. v. t. 41, f. 1. Adams’ Genera, t. 91, f. 4a. Aspergillum Listeri, Gray, Annals of Philosophy, 1825. Java. 3. B. pulchrus, Deshayes, Reeve Monog. t. 3, f. 13, 1860. Singapore. Sub-genus WARNEA, Gray. London Zool. Proc. 309, 1858.
4. B. Australis, Chenu, Illust. Conch. 8, t. 8, f. 1. Aspergillum Cumingianum, Chenu, Illust. Conch. 8, t. 8, f. 4. Reeve, Monog. Aspergillum, t. 2, f. 7, 1860. Aspergillum incertum, Chenu, Illust. Conch. 4, t. 4, f. 5. Reeve, Monog. Aspergillum, t. 4, f. 19, 1860. Australia.
16
5. B. vaginiferus, Lamarck, Anim. s. Vert. v. 430, 1818.
Sowerby, Genera, f. 1, 2. Hanley, Desc. Cat. t. 9, f. 23.
Ruppell, Reise, N. Africa, t. 12, f. 2. Savigny, Expl.
Egypt, t. 14, f.9. Guerin, Iconog. du Reg. Anim. t. 33,
f. T. Reeve, Conch. Syst. t. 17, f. 1, 2. Chenu, Hlust. '
t. 1, f. 1, t. 4, f. 9, t. 5, f. 1—8. Gray, Figures Moll.
Anim. t. 341,, f.2. Reeve, Monog. Asperg. t. 1, f. 2. Adams’ Genera, lii. t. 91, f. 4.
Aspergillum Delessertianum, Chenu, Conch. Illust. 3, t. 1, f. 2.
Reeve, Monog. Asperg. t. 2, f. 6. Red Sea.
Genus PENICILLUS, Gray. London Zool. Proc. 312, 1858.
1. P. aquaria, Burrow, Elem. 166, t. 22, f. 3. Aspergillum sparsum, Sowerby, Genera, No. 27, f. 8—6. Aspergillum semifimbriatum, Chenu, Ilust. Conch. 4, t.3, f. 6. Reeve, Monog. Asperg. t. 2, f. 5. “Red Sea.
2. P. dichotoma, Chenu, Illust. Conch. 3, t. 2, f. 6. Reeve, Monog. Asperg. t. 3, f. 9. Aspergillum disjunctum, Reeve, Monog. Asperg. t. 3, f. 12, 1860. Singapore. 3. P. radix, Deshayes, Reeve, Monog. Asperg. t. 3, f. 11, 1860.
Amboina.
Sub-genus CLEPSYDRA, Gray. London Zool. Pioc. 312, 1858.
9
4. C. strangulata, Chenu, Ilust. Conch. 3, t. 2, f. 4. NN. E. Australia.
Genus FCEGIA, Gray. Synopsis Brit. Mus. 1840.
1, F. agglutinans, Lamarck, Anim. s. Vert. v. 430, 1818. Cuvier, Audouin’s Edit. t. 119, f. 1. Hanley, Desc. Cat. t. 10, f. 19. Chenu, Illust. Conch. Asperg. t. 3, f. 2. Reeve, Monog. Asperg. t. 4, f. 18.
Aspergillum Nove Zelandic, Lamarck, Anim. s. Vert. v. 430, 1818. Hanley, Desc. Cat. t. 9, f. 54. Chenu, lust. Conch. t. 2, f. 6—9. Reeve, Monog. Asperg. t. 4, f. 17.
Aspergillum Nove Hollandie, Chenu, Ulust. Conch. 4, t. 4, f. 8. Australia.
2, F. Zebuense, Chenu, I[llust. Conch. 3, t. 3, f. 3. Reeve, Monog. Asperg. t. 3, f. 8. Aspergillum Philippinense, Chenu, Illust. Conch. 3, t. 4, f. 7. Reeve, Monog. Asperg. t. 3, f. 10. Philippines.
17
Sub-genus ARYTENE, Gray. London Zool. Proc. 313, 1858.
3. F. Recluziana, Chenu, Illust. Conch. Asp. 4, t. 4, f. 1. Aspergillum incrassatum, Chenu, Ill. Conch. Asp. 4, t. 4, f. 2. Reeve, Monog. Asperg. t. 4, f. 15. Hab.—? 4, F. tuberculata, Chenu, Illust. Conch, Asp. 3, t. 2, f. 3. Reeve, Monog. Asperg. t. 3, f. 16 Aspergillum ornatum, Chenu, Illust. Conch. Asp. t. 4, f. 3. Aspergillum clavatum, Chenu, Ilust. Conch. Asp. 4, t. 4, f. 4. Reeve, Monog. Asperg. t. 4, f. 14. Moluceas.
Genus HUMPHREYA, Gray. London Zool. Proc. 316, 1858.
1. H. Strangei, A. Adams, hope Zool. Proc. 91, 1852. Reeve, Monog. Asperg. t. 2, f.4. Sydney Bay, Australia.
Family TEREDIDA, Carpenter. Lectures on Mollusca, 100, 1861.
Sub-family TEREDINA, Tryon. Proc. Philad. Acad. 193, 1862.
Genus TEREDO, Linneus. Syst. Nat. 10th Edit. 651, 1758.
ES i bipartita, Jeffreys, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 3d ser.
vu. 123. England. ae ooo Stimpson, Proc. Boston N. H. Soe. iv. 113, 185 Mass. to S. Car. 5 ae ie Pet Deshayes MS. Fischer, Jour. de Conchyl. 2d ser. i. 187, t. 7, f. T—9. Sicily.
4. T. elongata, Quatrefages, Ann. des Sc. Nat. 3d ser. xi. 33
A Senegalensis, Fischer, Mel. Conchyl. 19, t. 4, f. 2—6. T. Petitii, Recluz, Rev. et Zool. 2d ser. i. 64. E. Coast Africa. 5. T. excavata, Lukis MS. Jeffreys, Ann. and Mag. N. Hist. 3d ser. vi. 123. Guernsey and Sussex.
6. T. fusticulus, Jeffreys, Ann. and Mag. N. Hist. 5d ser. vi. 124. Leith.
18 7. T. malleolus, Turton, Conch. Dithyra, 225, t. 2, f. 19, 1872
Brown, Conch. Gt. Brit. 116, t. 50, f. 16. Hanley, Desc. Cat. t. 11, f. 23. Forbes and Hanley, Brit. Moll. i. 84,
t. 1, f. 12—14. Sowerby, Ilust. Brit. Shells, t. 1, f. 5. ‘England, Ireland, Sumatra.
OBS ie megotara, Hanley, Brit. Conch. i. 77, t. 1, f. 6, t. 18, f. 1, 2, 1853. Sowerby, lust. Brit. Shells, t. 1, f. 3. England.
9. T. nana, Turton, Conch. Dithyra, 16, t. 2, f. 6, 7, 1822. Brown, Conch. Gt. ah 116, t. 50, f. 14, 15. Hanley, Desc. Catt, LL T. navalis (not of Linn.), Miter Moll. Grien, 1842. T denticulata, Gray, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 2d ser. viii.
386, 1851. England, Northern Ocean, Greenland. 10 T. otal Sellius, Hist. Nat. Teredinis, t. 2, f. 2, 3, 6, 1733.
T. navalis, Linn., Syst. Nat. Edit. 10, 651, 1758. Bose. Conch. t. 5, f. 4—T. Chenu, Encye. Nat. Hist. Moll. f. 245—7. Cuvier, Edit. Griffith, xu. t. 8, f. 2. Cuvier, Edit. Audouin, Moll. t. 114, f. 2. Della Chiaje, Mem. iv. t. 54, f. 2, 8. Deshayes, Traite Hlem., t. 3, f. 1—9. Forbes and Hanley, Brit. Moll. t. 1, f. 7, 8, t. 18, f. 3, 4. Guerin, Iconog. Regne Anim. Moll. t. 83, f. 2. Poli, Test. Utr. Sicil. t. 57, f. 45, 46. Sowerby, Illust. Brit. Shells, t. fetpi.
Teredo Batava, Spengler, Skrivt. Nat. ii. pt. 1, 103, t. 2, f. CG elro2.
Teredo vulgaris, Lamarck, Syst. des Anim. s. Vert. 128, 1801.
England, Holland, Senegal, Mediterranean Sea, United States.
11. T. navium, Sellius, Hist. Nat. Ter. t. 1, f. 1, 5, 1733.
Teredo Norvegica, Spengler, Skrivt. Nat. i. pt. 1, 102, t. 2 f. 4—6, 1792. Forbes and Hanley, Brit. Moll. t. 1, f. 1—5. Adams’ Genera, t. 90, f. 6. Chenu, Man. de Conchy]l, ii. f. 60, 61. Sowerby, Illust. Brit. Shells, t. ly, eee. Woodward, Manual, t. 23, f. 26, 27.
Teredo Br yaa: Della Chiaje, Memorie, iv. 28, 32, t. 54, f. J—12, 1836.
Jeredo Deshayesii, Quatrefuges, Ann. des Sc. Nat. 3d ser. xi. 26.
Teredo fatalis, Quatrefuges, Ann. des Sc. Nat. 3d ser. xi. 23, te Lee by, Teredo nigra, Blainville, Dict. Sci. Nat. lii. 267, 1828.
19
Teredo Senegalensis, Laurent, Jour. de Conchyl. i.
Teredo navalis (not of Linnzeus), Brown, Conch. Gt. Brit. 116, t. 50, f. 1—T, 1844. iss Elements, t. 22, f. 4. Crouch, Introd. to Lamarck, t. 2, f. 10. DeKay, Moll. N. York, t. 34, f. 325. Donovan, Brit. Shells, v. t. 145. Encye. Meth. t. 167, f. 1—5. Mawe, Conch. t. 35. Paltney, Dorset. Cat. 58, t. 18, f. 21. Reeve, Conch. Syst. t. 21. Sowerby, Conch. Man. f. 48. Turton, Conch. dithyra, t. 2, f. 1—8. Wood, Index Test. t. 38, f.2
Septaria Mediterranea, Matheron, Ann. des Sci. du Midi. France, i. T7, ii. 812, t.1. Deshayes, Traite Elem. t. 2, f. 9,10. Cuvier, Edit. Audouin, t. 114, f. 3, 1836.
Fistulana coniformis, Lamarck, Anim. s. Vert. v. 435, 1818. Blainville, Man. Malacol. t. 81, f.4. Chenu, Man. de Conchyl. ii. f. 63.
Teredo utriculus, Gmel., Syst. Nat. 83748, 1790. Kammerer, Cab. Rudolstadt, t. 1. Wood, Index Test., t. 38, f. 3. British Channel, Senegal, Mediterranean, United States.
12.5 7; peace ata, wage Ann. des Se. Phys. 3d ser. a6 iy idee I ‘British Channel, Spain, Algiers.
18. “I. gee iouee, Blainville, Dict. Sci. Nat. lii. 267, 1828. Adanson, Hist. Nat. du Senegal, 254, t. 19. Adanson, Mem. de l’Acad. des Se. t. 9, fier; LO: Senegal.
14, T, pete, Jeffreys, Ann. and wae Nat. Hist. 3d ser. vi. 124 Guernsey.
15.:T. Perils. Macgillivray MS., Jeffreys, Ann. and Mag. N. Hist. 3d ser. vi. 122. Great Britain.
16.°°'F: err Sat Tryon, Philad. Proc. Nov. 1863, t. 2, f. New Bedford, Mass.
Piaek, trans, Quatrefages, Ann. des Sc. Nat. 3d ser. xi.
nee Jour. de Conchyl. 2d ser. i, 135. Amboina.
Sub-genus CALOBATES, Gould. Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. viii. 280, 1862.
18. T. Australis, Wright, London Linnean Trans. xxv. W. Australia. 19. T. Manni, (Kuphus) Wright, London Linnean Trans. xxv. Singapore. 20. T. thoracites, Gould, Boston Proc. vi. 15. Teredo Furcelloides, Gray. Burmah.
20
Genus NAUSITORIA, Wright. Linnean Trans. London, xxiv, pt. 3, 1864.
1, N. Dunlopei, Wright, Linn. Trans. xxiv. pt. 3, 1864. Comer River, India.
2. N. Saulie, Wright, Linn. Trans. xxv. Australia. Genus UPEROTIS, Guettard.
Memoirs, ii. 128.
Fistulana, Blainville, Dict. Sci. Nat. xvii. 82, 1820.
1, U. clava, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. 3748, 1790. Guettard, Mem. iii. t. 7, f. 6—9. Wood, Index Test. t. 38, f. 4.
Fistulana gregata, Lamarck, Anim. s. Vert. v. 435, 1818. Encyce. Meth. t. 167, f. 6—14. Griffith’s Cuvier, xii. t. 8, f. 3. Guerin, Iconog. Moll. t. 33, f. 8. Schroter, Kinleit. ii. t. 6, f. 20.
Teredo nucivorus, Spengler, Skrivt. Nat. i. pt. 1, 105, t. 2, f. D, 1792. Cuvier, Audouin’s Edit. t. 114, f. 4. De- shayes, Traite Elem. t. 2, f. 15—18.
Tranquebar, Pondichery, fe.
Genus XYLOTRYA, Leach. Adams’ Genera, li. 333, 1856.
1, X. bipennata, Turton, Conch. Dict. 184, f. 88—40, 1819. Hanley, Desc. Cat, t. 9, f. 50. Forbes and Hanley, Brit. Moll t. 1, f. ‘Maen Xx. pennatifera (part.), Gray, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 2d ser. vill. 386 Teredo carinata, Leach, Blainville, Dict. Sc. Nat. li. 269, 1820. Teredo navalis, Home, Philos. Trans. 276, 1806. England, Sumatra.
2. X. cucullata, Norman, Jeffreys, Ann. and Mag. N. Hist. dd ser. vi. 125. Guernsey, Belfast.
3. X. fimbriata, Jeffreys, Ann. and Mag. N. Hist. 3d ser. vi. 126.
X. palmulata (not of Lamarck nor Philippi), Forbes and Han- ley, Brit. Moll. i. 86, t. 2, f. 9—11, 1853. Sowerby, Illust. Brit. Shells, t. 1, f. 6.
Teredo bipalmulata (not of Lamarck), Thompson, Ann. and Mag. N. Hist. 1847. England. New Bedford, Mass.
21
4, X. minima, Blainville, Dict. des Sc. Nat. lii. 268, 1820. Teredo bipalmulata, Chiaje, Mem. iv. 28, t. 54, f. 18, 22—24. Teredo palmulata, Philippi, Enum. Moll. Sicil. i. 3, i. 2, t. 1,
. 8, 1836-44. Teredo Philippi, Gray, Ann. and Mag. N. Hist. 2d ser. viii. 386. Mediterranean.
5. X. palmulata, Lamarck, Anim. s. Vert. v. 440, 1818. Blainville, Malacol. t. 80 bis, f. 8. Chenu, Man. Conchyl. ii. f. 64, 65. Griffith’s Cuvier, xii. t. 7, f. 5. Hanley, Dese. Cat. t. 11, f. 18. Adams’ Genera, t. 90, f. 6H. Teredo bipalmulata, Lamarck, Syst. Anim. s. Vert. 126, 1801. East Indies.
6. X. pennatifera, Blainville, Dict. Sc. Nat. lii. 269, 1820. A. palmulata, Leach, Gray, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 2d ser. vil. 386. British Channel.
7. X. setacea, Tryon, Philad. Proc. 1863, t. 1, f. 2—3.
San Francisco, Cal.
KUPHINA, Tryon. Proc. Philad. Acad. 1862, Monog. 124.
Genus KUPHUS, Guettard. Mem. iii. 139.
Furcella, Lamarck, Syst. Anim. s. Vert. 104, 1801. Septaria, Lamarck, Anim. s. Vert. v. 436, 1818. Clausaria, Menke, Syn: Meth. Edit. i. 1828.
1. K. arenarius, Linneus, Syst. Nat. ed. 10, 787, 1758. Rumphius, Mus. t. 41, f. D, E. Serpula gigantea, Schroter, Hinleit, ii. 557, 1784. Furcella gigantea, Gray, Zool. Proce. pt. 25, 2438, t. 39, f. 1—3. Teredo gigantea, Home, Philos. Trans. 276, t. 10, 11, f. 1—7 1806. Wood, Index, Text. t. 38, f. 1. Serpula polythalamia, Linneeus, Syst. Nat. Edit. 12, 1766. Serpula anguina, B., Gmelin, Syst. Nat. 8, 743, 1790. Philippines, Van Dieman’s Land.
>
19
oOo wo
[)
CATALOGUE
OF THE
eA VET Y . SOND eee
By T.. A. CONRAD.
——————
Family SOLENIDA.
Genus NOVACULINA, Benson. Gleanings in Science, 63, 1830.
WN. constricta (Solen), Lam., An. sans Vert. v. 455, 1838.
China, Japan.
. N. Gangetica, Benson, Glean. in Science, ii. 63, 65, 1830.
Ganges.
. N.? olivacea, Metcalfe, H. and A. Adams, Gen. of Shells,
ii. 848, 1858.
India.
Genus SILIQUARIA, Schum. Kssai, 129, 1817.
. §. affinis (Solecurtus), Adams, Panama Shells, 800, 1852.
Panama.
_S. ealiforniana (Cultellus), Conrad, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci.
vii. 283, pl. 18, f. 8, 1884.
California.
3. S. Carpenteri, Dunker, Zool. Proc. 426, 1861.
4
South Carolina, Caraccas.
. S. Dombeii (So/en), Lam., An. sans Vert. v. 454, 1838.
Ency. Method. pl. 224, f. 1.
Glycimeris rufa, Bose., Hist. Nat. de Coq. iii. 6, pl. 17, f. 5,
1824.
South America.
23
5. §. gibba (Solen), Spengler, Skrivt. Nat. Sels. iii. 104, 1793.
North America, Carribean Sea. 6. S. nitidissima, Dunker, Zool. Proc. 426, 1861. Peru. 7. 8. Peruana, Dunker, Zool. Proc. 426, 1861. Peru. 8. S. Platensis (Solecurtus), D’Orbigny. Voy. dans l’Amer. 523, pl. 81. f. 23. 1835. _H. coast meridional America. 9. 8. polita, Carpenter. 10. S. pulchra, Gould.
11. S. tagal (Solen), Adanson, Nat. Hist. Senegal, 255, pl. 19, fiz. 1, 1759. S. Guineensis, Chem., Conch. Cab. xi. 202, f. 1937, 1795. S. Adansonii, Bosc. Hist. Nat. de Coq. 1824. Senegal.
Genus AZOR, Gray.
1. A. coarctatus (Solen), Gmelin, 3224. Forbes and Hanley, Brit. Moll. i. 259, pl. 15, f. 3, 1853. Azor antiquatus, Brown, Illust. Conch. G. Brit. 113, pl. 47, f. 6, T, 1844. Europe.
2. A. minutus, Dunker, Zool. Proc. 425, 1861. Philippines. 3. A. oblongus, Dunker, Zool. Proc. 425, 1861. Philippines. 4, A. Scheepmakeri, Dunker (Macha scheepmakeri? Dunker). 9. A. solidus, Dunker, Zool. Proc. 425, 1861. Philippines.
GENUS MESOPLEURA, Conrad, MSS. 1. M. bidentata (Solen), Spengler, Skrivt. Nat. Sels. iii. 104. S. didens, Chem., xi. pl. 203, f. 1939, 1795. S. fragilis, Pultney, Cat. of Dorsetshire, 1799. S. centralis, Say, Jour. A. N. §. ii. 316, 1822. S. Floridanus, Conrad. Nicobar Isles 2 West Indies. 2. M. Javanica (Solen), Lam., An. sans Vert. v. 454, 1818. Java. 3. M.? subteres (Cultellus), Conrad, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. vil. 233, pl. 17, f. 10, 1834. California.
Genus MACHA, Oken. 1, M. abbreviata (Solecurtus), Gould, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. viii. 26, 1862. Hong Kong. 2. M. alba (Solen), Martyn, Univ. Conch. pl. 157, 1782. 3. M. australis, Dunker.
24
4, M. candida, Rinieri, Cog. de Adriatic. Deshayes, Traite Elém. pl. 6, f. 12, 18, 1835. Solen strigillatus, var., Chemnitz. Var. B., Philippi. 5. M. Cumingiana, Dunker, Zool. Proc. 425, 1861. Antilles.
6. M. debilis, Gould, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. viii. 26, 1862. Loo Choo.
7. M. exarata, Philippi. H. and A. Adams, Gen. of Shells, 11. 846, 1858.
8. M. Quoyi (Solen), Deshayes. Lam., An. sans Vert. vi. 63, 1818. S. candidus, Quoy, Voy. Astrolabe, pl. 83, f. 11, 12, 1830.
Tongataboo. 9. M. Sanctze-Marthe (Solen), Chem., Conch. Cab. xi. 203, i a8; ATO0. Cuba.
10. M. Scheepmakeri, Dunker, Zeit. Malak. 56, 1852.
11. M. strigilata (Solen), Linn., Syst. Ed. xii. 1115, 1767. Lister, Conch. t. 416, f. 260, 1685. Encye. Method. pl.
224, f. 3. Mediterranean and Atlantic. 12. M. strigosa (Soleeurtus), Gould, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. viii. 26, 1862. Whampoa.
Genus SILIQUA, Miihlfeldct. Entw. 44, 1811. Aulus, Oken, 1815. 1. S. alba (Solen), Martyn, Univer. Coneh. pl. 157, 1782.
Valenciennes, Cat. Mus. Voy. Astrolabe, pl. 26,f. 6, 1830. Borneo.
2. S. borealis, Conrad. Machera costata, Middendorff, Malac. Ross. pt. 3, p. 78, pl.
21, f. 4, 1847. ‘ithe.
3. S. californica, Conrad, Amer. Jour. Conch. iii. 193, 1867. Body Bay, California.
4. S. costata (Solecurtus), Say, Four. Acad. Nat. Sci. ii. 315, 1821. Amer. Conch. pl. 8.
Machera eostata, Gould.
Great Egg Harbor, N. J., Atlantie United States. 5. S. exarata, Philippi. 6. S. Grayanus (Aulus), Dunker, Zool. Proc. 427, 1861. 7”. S. inflexa (Solen), Wood, Gen. Conch. pl. 32, f. 1, 2, 1815.
25 8. S. Japonicus (Aulus), Dunker, Zool. Proc. 427, 1861.
Japan.
9. S. lucida (Solecurtus), Conrad, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. vii. 231, pl. 17, f. 8, 1834. California.
10. S. media, Gray, Zool. Buchey’s Voy. 153, pl. 44, f. 2,
1839. 11. S. minutissima (Solen), Chem., Conch. Cab. 1795. S. minima, Gmel. 12. S. patula (Soden), Dixon, Voyage around the World, 334, f. 2, 1789. S. maximus, Wood, Gen. Conch. pl. 31, f. 2, 1815. Solecurtus Nuttall, Conrad. Sandwich Islands. 13. S. polita (Solen), Wood, Desc. Cat. Supp. pl. 1, f. 6, 1836. . Red Sea. 14. S. pulchella (Aulus), Dunker, Zeit. Malak. 58, 1863. Japan. 15. S. radiata (Solen), Linn., Syst. Nat. Ed. xii. p. 1114.
Sumatra. 16. S. rostratus (Awlus), Dunker, Zool. Proc. 427, 1861. Arctic Region. 17. S. sodalis (Machera), Gould, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. vill. 26, 1862. Hakodadi Bay. 18, S.? squama, Blainville. H. and A. Adams, ii. 345, 1858.
19. S.? violacea, Deshayes. H. and A. Adams, ii. 3845, 1858.
20. 8S. Winteriana, Dunker, Zeit. Malak, 57,1852. Jawa.
Genus CULTELLUS, Schumacker. Kss. 130, 1817.
1, C. attenuatus, Dunker, Nov. Conch. 72, pl. 24, f. 4, 1858.
Philippines. 2. C. australis, Dunker, Zool. Proc. 422, 1861. Philippines. 3. ©. concinnus, Dunker, Zool. Proc. 423, 1861. Philippines. 4. C. cultellus (Solen), Linn., Syst. Nat. Ed. xii. 1114, 1758.
Kne. Method. pl. 228, f. 4. Indian Ocean. 5. C. Cumingianus, Dunker, Zool. Proc. 422, 1861. Philippines.
6. C. Hanleyi, Dunker, Zool. Proc. 421, 1861.
26
@. C. lividus, Dunker, Zool. Proc. 423, 1861. Philippines.
8. C. marmoratus, Dunker, Zool. Proc. 423, 1861. peg 9. C. pee aes (Solen), Pennant, Brit. Zool. iv. pl. 46, f. 3, Europe.
10. C. ‘a Dunker, Zool. Proc. 422, 1861. River Gambia.
11. C. subellipticus, Dunker, Zool. Proce. 421, 1861. Malacea.
12. C. vitreus, Dunker, Zool. Proc. 422,1861. Singapore.
Genus PHARELLA, Gray.
1. P. acuminatus (Solen), Hanley, Zool. Proc. 122, 1842. Novaculina acuminata, H. and A. Adams, Gen. of Shells, it.
347, 1858. India. 2. P. acutidens, Broderip and Sowerby, Zool. Jour. iv. 361, 1855.
Gray, Zool. Beechey’s Voy. 153, pl. 43, f. 2, 1831. Sumatra, Loo Choo, India.
P. orientalis (Cultellus), Dunker, Zeits. f. Mal. 31, 1850. Nov. Conch. 10, pl. 3, f. 8, 1858. East Indies.
4, P. ovalis, Dunker, Zool. Proc. 423, 1861. Singapore.
oo
Genus PHARUS, Leach. Syn. Brit. Mus. 1840.
P. legumen oe olen), Linn.. Syst. Nat. Ed. xii. 1114, 1767. Chem., vi. t. 5, f. 832—4. Ency. Method. pl. 225, f. 38. Mediterranean, Atlantic.
2. ©. scalprum (Solen), Gould, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. iii. 214, 1848. Molluse. Explor. Ex. pl. 83, f. 6. Obtained at Singapore.
l=
GeNuS ENSIS, Schumacker. Ess. 143, 1817. 1, E. Americanus, Beck. H. and A. Adams, Gen. of Shells, ii. 842, 1858. E. asperus, Dunker, Zool. Proc. 420, 1861. Australia.
E. ensis (Solen), Linn., Syst. Nat. Ed. xii. 1114.
Ency. Method. pl. 23, ee ‘Europe, and Atlantic North America.
oe
27 4. E. Gaudichaudii (So/en), Ency. Method. pl. 223, f. 1, 2, 1792.
Chenu, Illust. Conch. Monog. pl. 2, f. 7. d. E. Lischeanus (Solen), Dunker, Noy. Conch. 70, pl. 24, f. 1; 1858. Red Sea. 6. E. Luzonicus, Dunker, Zool. Proc. 421, 1861.
Philippines. 7. E. macha, Molina. H. and A. Adams, Gen. of Shells, ii. 342, 1858.
8. E. minor (Solen), Linn., Syst. Nat. Ed. xii. 1114. 9. E. Pfeifferi, Dunker, Zool. Proc. 420, 1861. Caraccas. 10. E. pictus (Solen), Chenu, Conch. Illus. Monog. pl. 1, f. 6. 11. E. scalprum (Solen), King, Zool. Jour., v. 355, 1835. D’Orbigny, Voy. dans Amer. Moll. pl. 77, f. 22. Patagonia. 12. E. siliqua (So/en), Linn., Syst. Nat. Ed. xii. 1113, 1767. Ene. Method. pl. 222, f. 2. Europe. 13. E. vaginoides (Solen), Lam., An. sans Vert. yv. 451, 1838. Australia. 14, E. Woodwardii (olen), Dunker, Proc. Zool. Soc. 420, 1861.
Nov. Conch. 70, pl. 24, f. 2. Philippines.
GeNuS SOLENA, Browne. Nat. Hist. Jamaica, 412, 1756.
1. S. obliqua (Solen), Spengler, Scrivt. Nat. Sels. iii. 104, 1793. Solen ambiguus, Lam. Cuba.
2. S. Phillippinara (So/en), Hanley, Zool. Jour. 101, 1843. Desc. Cat. 337, pl. 12, f. 42. Philippines. 3. 8. rudis (Solen), C. B. Adams, Shells of Panama, 300, 1852.
Panama.
GeNus SOLEN, Linn. Syst. Nat. Hd. x. 672, 1758. 1, S. abbreviatus, Philippi, Abbild. i. 35, pl. 1, f. 1, 1845. Hast Indies. 2. S. acinaces, Hanley, Zool. Proc. 101, 1843. 3. 8. Becki, Philippi, Abbild. 5, pl. 2, f. 1, 1845.
28 4. §S. brevis, Gray, Hanley’s Sp. Shells, 12, pl. 13, f. 42, 1842. American Seas. 5. §. Chemnitzii, Chenu, Conch. Illust. Monog. pl. 1, f. 5. 6. S. corneus, Lam., An. sans Vert. v. 451, 1838. Java. 7. S. cylindraceus, a Zool. Proc. 101, 1843. Dese. Cat. 337, pl. 12, f. 41, 1856. 8. S. Deshayesii, Peis Conch. Illust. Monog. pl. 1, f. 10. 9. S. exiguus, Dunker, Zool. Proc. 419, 1861. Borneo. 10. S. Jonesii, Dunker, Zool. Proc. 419, 1861. Australia. i. ss. pindiolug, Gray, Zool. Beech, Voy. 153, pl. 43, f. 4, 1831 South America, 12. S. Gouldii, Conrad = gracilis, Gould, Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. viii. 26, 1862. Hakodadi Bay. 13. S. gracilis, Dunker, Zeits. fiir Mal. 12, 1847. Dunker. Nov. Conch. 71, pl. 24, f. 8. Philippine Isles. 14. §. grandis, Dunker, Nov. Conch. 71, pl. 24, f. 5, 1858. Philippine Isles. S. Guineensis, Gray, Hanley’s Desc. Cat. 12, pl. 15, f. 28. S, intermedius, Koch., Philippi, Abbild. i. 37, pl. 1,£.5, 1845. Hast Indies. 17. S. Lamarckii, Chenu, Conch. Illust. Mon. pl. 1, f. 2. 18. S. Leanus, Dunker, Zool. Proc. 419, 1861. Philippine Islands. 19. S. linearis, Chemnitz, Conch. xi. pl. 198, f. 1931-2, 1795. Nicobar Isles. 20. S. Malaccensis, Dunker, Nov. Conch. 72, pl. 24, f. 6,
15. 16.
1858. Malacca. 21. S. marginatus, Koch. Philippi, Abbild. 37, pl. 1, f. 6, 1845. Africa.
22. S. niveus, Hanley, Desc. Cat. 336, pl. 12, f. 40.
23. S. regularis, Dunker, Zool. Proc. 419, 1861. Malacca.
24. S. rostriformis, Dunker, Zool. Proc. 421, 1861. S. S.
20. 26.
rostrum anatis, Dunker. Zoo). Proc. 420, 1861.
ae al eeoens, Dunker, Nov. Conch. 70, pl. 24, f. 1, "Near Lisbon.
29 27. S. sicarius, Gould, Moll. Exp. Exp. 387, f. 501, 1852. Townsend's Harbor and Straits of De Fuca. 28. S. Sloanii, Gray, Hanley’s Desc. Cat. 12, pl 1d, f. 16s
29. S. strictus, Gould, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. viii. 26, 1848. Hakodadi Bay.
30. S. Tehuelca, D’Orbigny, Hanley’s Desc. Cat. 13, phe) f. 30. (Patagonica ? D’ Orb.) Patagonia.
ol. S. Timorensis, Dunker, Zeit. Malak. 56, 1862. Timor.
32. S. truncatus, Sowerby, Gen. of Shells, 1847. Reeve, Conch. Syst. pl. 24, f. 1. Senegal, Ceylon.
33. 8S. vagina, Linn. Syst.
34, S. versicolor, Philippi, Abbild. iii. pl. 2, f. 3, 1845.
au. S. viridis, Say, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. ii 316, 1821. Atlantic United States.
36. S. vitreus, Dunker, Zool. Proc, 420, 1861. Malacea.
37. 8S. Zeylanensis, Leach. H. and A. Adams, Gen. ii. 341, 1858.
CATALOGUE
OF THE
Pee EY IVE AOR Ro
- By T. A. CONRAD.
ae
Family MACTRIDA,
GENUS RANGIA, Desmoulins. Bull. Soc. Linn. Bord., t. v. p. 48, Febr. 1832.
1. R. Cyrenoides, Desmoulins, Act. Lin. Soc Bord., iv. 58, 1830.
Gnathodon cuneata, Gray, Mag. Nat. Hist., 576, f. 84, 1837. Florida, Alabama. 2. R. flexuosa, Conrad, Amer. Journ. Sci., O. 8S. xxxvili. 92.
1839. Florida.
3. R. parva, Petit, Journ. de Conch., iv. 358, 1853. Gnathodon parvum, Petit, Jour. Conch., iv. 358, 1853. Moreton Bay, Australia.
4. R. rostrata, Petit, Journ. de Conch., iv. 84, pl. 6, f. 1, 2, 3, 1853. Florida.
* Sub-genus RANGIANELLA, Conrad.* 5, R. trigona, Petit, Journ. de Conch., iv. 84, pl. 6, f. 13, 14, 15, 1853. Gnathodon trigonum, Petit, Journ. Conch., iv. 84, 1853. Mazatlan.
* Lateral teeth straight, subequal, not elongated, entire.
31
Genus MULINEA, Gray. Mag. Nat. Hist., 376, 1837. M. angulata, Gray, Brit. nie NSd5a. Reeve’s Conch. Icon. Monog. Mactra, f. 34, 1854. Gulf of California. 2. M. Byronensis, Gray, Loudon’s Mag. Nat. Hist., 376, sek
=
-Reeve’s Conch. Icon. Monog. Mactra, f. T7, 1854. Pacific, So An . M. carinulata, Deshayes, Zool. Pro., 67, 1854. Reeve’s Conch. Icon. Monog. Mactra, f. 38, 1854. 4, M. donaciformis, Gray, Mag. Nat. Hist., 876, 1837. Beech, Voy., pl. 44, f. 18, 1831. Reeve’s Conch. Icon. Monog. Mactra, f. 62, 1854. Panama.
i)
St
M. edulis, King, Zool. Journ., v. 335, 1835. Port Famine, Straits of Magellan. . M. exalbida, Gray, Brit. Mus., 1853. Reeve’s Conch. Icon. Monog. Mactra, f. 78, 1854. Pacific, S. Am. . M. Isabelliana, d’Orbigny, Voy. dans Am. Moll., 509, pl. TT, f. 25, 26, 1835—43. Mouth of the La Plata River. 8. M. lateralis, Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc., ii. 309, 1821. Mactra rostrata, Philippi, Abbild. in. 138, pl. 3, f. 6, 1845. Mactra corbuloides, Desh., Reeve’s Conch., f. 103. Atlantic U. States, Galveston. 9. M. Patagonica, d’ Orbigny, Voy. dans l’Am. Moll., 509, pl. 77, f. 27, 18385—43. Between the mouth of Rio Negro and Bay of San Blas, Pata-
gonia.
i=)
=3
10. M. puteuls, Crosse and Fischer, Journ. de Conch., vi.
Australia. 11. M. Portoricensis, Shuttleworth, Journ. de Conch., i. 174, 2d ser. 1856. Porto Rico.
12. M. Rodatzi, Dunker.
13. M. typica, Gray, Mag. Nat. Hist., 375, 1837. Reeve’s Conch. Icon. Monog. Mactra, fi. “45, 1854.
14, M. ventricosa, C. B. Adams, Shells of Panama, 293, 1852.
Lutraria ventricosa, Gould, Prog Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., iv. 89, 1851. Panama.
Genus MACTRA, Linn. Syst. Nat., ed. xii. 1125, 1767.
1, M. Gaudelupensis, Recluz, Journ. de Conch., ili. 249, 1852. M. grandis, Lam., An. sans Vert. (Desh. ed.), vi. 99, 1835. M. Lamarckii, Philippi, Abbild. ii. 78, 1845. — Guadaloupe.
2. M. maxima, Chemnitz, Conch. Cab., vi. 229, pl. 23, f. 288, 1782. M. grandis, Gmel., p. 3259, Philippi, Abbild. ii. 73, 1845.
3. M. nitida, Schroéter, Hin]. Conch., iii. pl. 8, f. 2, 1783. Reeve’s Conch, f. 46. M. straminea, Lam.
4, M. Spengleri, Linn., Syst. Nat. (12th ed.), 1125, 1767. Reeve Conch. Icon. Monog. Mactra, f. 40, 1854. Cape of Good Hope.
5. M. tumida, Chemnitz, Conch. Cab., vi. 218, f. 210, 212, 1782. Reeve’s Conch. Icon. Monog. Mactra, f. 21, 1858. Island of St. Thomas.
Genus HEMIMACTRA, Swainson.
1, H. aspera, Sowerby, Tankerville Cat. Appen. 2, 1825. Reeve, Conch. Icon. Monog. Mactra, f. 65, 1854. Spizula tenera, Humph.? Gray, Loudon’s Mag. Nat. Hist. 1857. Philippines. 2. H. Dysoni, Deshayes.
3. H. elliptica, Brown, Il]. Conch. Brit. 109, pl. 41, f. 6, 1845. Reeve, Conch. Icon. Monog. Mactra, f. 101, 1854. British and French Seas.
4, H. elongata, Quoy and Gaim., Voy. Astrolabe, pl. 111, f. 5, 8, 1834. Reeve, Conch. Icon. Monog. Mactra, f. 45, 1854. Spizula elongata, Gray, Loudon’s Mag. Nat. Hist. 1887. New Zealand.
5. H. Marie, A. Adams. 6. H. rostrata, Spengler, Skrivt. Nat. Selskab. v. 115, 1799.
Reeve, Conch. Icon. Monog. Mactra. f. 104, 1854. Moreton Bay, Australia.
33 7. H. rufescens, Lam., An. sans Vert. (Desh. ed.) vi. 102, 835
Reeve, Woneh: Icon. Monog. Mactra, f. 9, 1858. Van Dieman’s Land. 8. H. Sayi, Gray, Mag. Nat. Hist. 373, 1837. Reeve, Conch. Icon. Monog. Mactra, f. 33, 1858. Spizula Sayi, Gray, Mag. Nat. Hist. 373, 1837, Florida. 9. H. solida, Linn., Syst. Nat. (12th ed.) 1126, 1767. Chemnitz, Conch. Cab. vi. f. 230, 1782. Europe, European Seas. 10. H. solidissima, Chemn., Conch. Cab. x. 170, f. 1656, 1788
Reeve, Conch. Icon. Monog. Mactra, f. 8, 1854. Atlantic Coast of United States.
11. H. sublanceolata, Deshayes, Zool. Proc. 66, 1854. Reeve, Conch. Icon. Monog. Mactra, f. 74, 1854.
12. H. subtruncata, Da Costa, Brit. Conch. 198} 1778. Reeve, Conch. Icon. Monog. Mactra, f. 90, 1854. Trigonella subtruncata, Da Costa, Brit. Conch. 198, 1778. Spizula subtruncata, Gray, Loudon’s Mag. Nat. Hist. 373, 1837. European Seas.
13. H. tellinoides, Deshayes.
14. H. triangula, Reneire. Philippi, Hna. Sicil. 11, 1856—44. Reeve, Conch. Icon. Monog. Macetra, f. 94, 1854. M. Huxinica, Krynicki, Bull. de Moscou, No. 2, 68, 1837. Mediterranean. 15. H. truncata, Montagu, Test. Brit. Supp. 34, 1808. Reeve, Conch. Icon. Monog. Mactra, f. 42, 1854. Trigonella Tonaria, Da Costa, 1788. M. crassatella, Lam., An. s. Vert. vi. 107, 1835. Spizula truncata, Gray, Loudon’s Mag. Nat. Hist. 373, 1837. Europe.
Sub-genus OXYPERAS, March.
16. H. equilateralis, Deshayes, Zool. Proc. 17, 1854. New Zealand. 17. H. transversa, Deshayes, Zool. Proc. 66, 1854. Reeve, Conch. Icon. Monog. Mactra, f. 88, 1854. 18. H. triangularis, Lam., An. sans Vert. vi. 103, 1835. Reeve, Conch. Icon. Mong. Mactra, f. 1, 1854. Spizula triangularis, Gray, Loudon’s Mag. Nat. Hist. 1837.
34
Genus HARVELLA, Gray.
1, H. elegans, Sowerby, Tankerville Cat. No. 116, App. 2, pledpi.sS; ESZ5, Reeve, Conch. Icon. Monog. Mactra, f. 89, 1854. Harvella elegans, Gray. Panama.
Genus MACTRELLA, Gray. Mag. Nat. Hist. 872, 1837.
1, M. alata, Spengler, Skrivt. Nat. Selsk. v. pt. 2, 99, 1799. Reeve, Conch. Icon. Monog. Mactra, f. 29, 1854. Mactra carinata, Lam., An. s. Vert. (Desh. ed.) 98, 1835. West Colombia. 2. M. exoleta, Gray, Mag. Nat. Hist. 872, 1837. Reeve, Conch. Icon. Monog. Mactra, f. 16, 1854. Mactra exoleta, Gray. Panama.
Genus MACTRINULA, Gray.
1, M. angulifera, Deshayes, Zool. Proc. 70, 1854. Reeve, Conch. Icon. Monog. Mactra, f. 83, 1854. Philippines. 2, M. angusta, Deshayes, Zool. Proc. 67, 1854. Reeve, Conch. Icon. Monog. Mactra, f. 93, 1854. Panama.
3. M. complanata, Deshayes, Zool. Proc. 14, 1853. Reeve, Conch. Icon. Monog. Mactra, f. 64, 1854. Indian Ocean. 4. M. dolabrata, Deshayes, Zool. Proc. 66, 1854. Reeve, Conch. Icon. Monog. Mactra, f. 107, 1854.
5. M. egena, Deshayes, Zool. Proc. 68, 1854. Reeve, Conch. Icon. Monog. Mactra, f. T1, 1854
6. M. explanata, Deshayes, Zool. Proc. 66, 1854. Reeve, Conch. Icon. Monog. Mactra, f. 70, 1854. Swan River, Australia. 7”, M. falcata, Gould, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. iii. 216, 1851. Puget Sound.
8. M. leevis, Chemnitz, Conch. Cab. vi. pl. 21, f. 205, 206, 1782.
Reeve, Conch. Icon. Monog. Mactra, f. 27, 1854. Mactra subplicata, Lam., An. sans Vert. (Desh. ed.) vi. 103, 9)
Bd.
35
9. M. nasuta? Gould, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. iv. 88, 1854. Molluse. Explor. Exp. pl. 34, f. 506, 1852. San Pedro, California. 10. M. ovalina, Lam., An. sans Vert. (Desh. ed.) vi. 104, 1835.
Reeve, Conch. Icon. Monog. Mactra, f. 66, 1835.
11, M. plicataria, Linn., Syst. Nat. (12th ed.) 1125. Chemn., Conch. Cab. f. 202—4, 1782. Reeve, Conch. Icon. Monog. Mactra, f. 26, 1854. Indian Ocean.
12. M. Reevesii, Gray, An. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 372, 1837. Reeve, Conch. Icon. Monog. Mactra, f. 92, 1854. Malacca.
13. M. striatula, Linn., Syst. Nat. (12th ed.) 1125, 1767. Mediterranean Sea.
14. M. vitrea, Gray, An. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 872, 1837. Reeve, Conch. Icon. Monog. Mactra, f. 44, 1854. Moluccas.
Genus TRIGONELLA, Da Costa. Pest: Brit.,, 1018:
1, T. abbreviata, King, H. and Adams, Genera iii. 375, 1858.
2. T. achatina, Chemnitz, Conch. Cab., ii. 218, f. 1957, 1773. Reeve Conch. Icon. Monog. Mactra, f. 51, 1854. Mactra maculosa, Lam., An. sans Vert., vi. 100, 1835. M. adspersa, Dunker. M. maculata, Hanley, Desc. Cat., 30, 1842. Philippine Isles. 3. T. Adansonii, Philippi, Zeits. fiir Malac., 152, 1848. Reeve Conch. [eon. Monog. Mactra, f. 49, 1854. Senegal. T. alba, Lam., An. sans Vert. (Desh ed.), vi. 104, 347, 1835. Indian Seas.
~
5. T. alta, Deshayes, Zool. Pro., 847, 1854.
6. T. amydala, Crosse and Fischer, Journ. de Conch., 349, 1s64. Australia.
tor
. antiquata, Spengler, Skrivt. Nat. Selsk., v. 102, pt. 2, 1799.
Reeve Conch. Icon., f. 22. Bay of Manilla. 8. T. Aphrodina, Deshayes, Zool. Pro., 62, 1854. Reeve Conch. Icon. Monog. Mactra, f. 105, 1854. ‘ China Seas.
36
9. T. apicina, Deshayes, Reeve Conch. Icon. Monog. Mactra, f 111, 1854.
10. T. Artensis, Montrouzier, Journ. de Conch., 2d ser. iv. 111, pl: 2) £.:4,°1860. Caledonia Archipelago.
11. T. attenuata, Deshayes, Zool. Pro., 62, 1854. Reeve Conch. Icon. Monog. Mactra, f. 97, 1854.
12. T. Bonneaui, Bernardi, Journ. de Conch., 2d ser. iii. 92, pli 2,8. 2, 1858: Gulf of Tartary. 13. T. contraria, Deshayes, Zool. Pro., 62, 1854. Reeve Conch. Icon. Monog. Mactra, f. 86, 1854.
14. T. corallina, Linn., Syst. Nat. (12th ed.), 1125. Reeve, Conch. Icon. Monog. Mactra, f. 50, 1854. Mactra lactea, Chemnitz, Conch. Cab., vi. 1782. Venice, Sicily. 15. T. corbiculoides, Deshayes, Zool. Pro., 62, 1854. Reeve, Conch. Icon. Monog. Mactra, f. 98, 1854. Ceylon.
16. T. cordiformis, Deshayes. Reeve, Conch. Icon. Monog. Mactra, f. 6, 1854.
17. T. cornea, Deshayes, Zool. Pro., 16, 1855. Reeve, Conch. Icon. Monog. Mactra, f. 75, 1854.
18. T. Cumingii, Deshayes. Reeve, Conch. Icon. Monog. Mactra, f. 24, 1854. Moluccas. 19. T. cuneata, Chemnitz, Conch. Cab., vi. 221, pl. 22, f. 215, 1782. Reeve, Conch. Icon. Monog. Mactra, f. 109, 1854. Mactra pupurea, Spengler. Nicobar.
20. T. cygnea, Chemnitz, Conch. Cab., vi. f. 207, 1782.
21. T. decora, Deshayes, Zool. Pro., 63, 1854. Reeve, Conch. Icon. Monog. Mactra, f. 80, 1854.
92. T. discors, Gray, Fauna of N. Zealand, 251, 1844. Mag. Nat. Hist., 371, 1887. Reeve, Conch., f. 17. Mactra discors, Gray. New Zealand.
93. T. dissimilis, Deshayes, Zool. Pro., 63, 1854. Reeve, Conch. Monog. Mactra, f. 59, 1854. Australia.
24. T. epidermia, Deshayes. Reeve, Conch. Monog. Mactra, f. 11, 1854. Faro, Portugal. 95. T, eximia, Deshaycs, Zool. Pro., 16, 1854. Reeve, Conch. Icon. Monog. Mactra, f. 51, 1854. Morgton Bay, Australia.
37
1835. Reeve, Conch., f. 52.
27. T. gibbosula, Deshayes. Reeve, Conch. Monog. Mactra, f. 79, 1854. Indian Seas. 28. T. glabratra, Linn., Syst. Nat. (12th ed.), 1125, 1767. Mactra polita, Chemnitz, 1782. M. Australis, Lam., An. s. Vert., vi. 101, 1835. African Ocean. 29. T. glauca, Born., Mus. Ces. Vind., 51, pl. 3, f. 11, 12, 1780. M. Neapolitane, Poli, Test. Sic., 1826.
30. T. goniata, Gray, Brit. Mus., 1854. Deshayes, Zool. Pro., 70, 1854.
81. T. Guadelupensis, Recluz, Journ. de Conch., 2d ser. iii.
26. T. fasciata, Lam., An. sans Vert. (Desh. ed.), vi. 101, 5)
249, pl. 10, f. 4, 1858. Guadaloupe. 32. T. helvacea, Lam., An. sans Vert. (Desh. ed.), vi. 99, 1835.
M. glauca, Gmel., not Born.
33. T. hepatica, Deshayes, Zool. Pro., 63, 1854. Reeve’s Conch. Icon. Monog. Mactra, 110, 1854. Island of Negros, Philippines. 34, T. hians, Philippi, Abbild. Mactra, pl. 2, f. 1, 1845. Reeve’s Conch. Icon. Monog. Mactra, f. 28, 1854. Island of Mindanao, Philippines. 30. T. incarnata, Deshayes. Reeve’s Conch. Icon. Monog. Mactra, 61, 1854. Swan River. 36. T. incongrua, Deshayes, Zool. Pro., 64, 1854. Reeve’s Conch. Icon. Monog. Mactra, f. 100, 1854. Island of Luzon, Philippines. 37. T. inequalis, Deshayes, Zool. Pro., 64, 1854. Reeve’s Conch. Icon. Monog. Mactra, f. 87, 1854. China Sea. 38. T. intuspicta, Deshayes, Zool. Pro., 64, 1854. Manilla, China. 39. T. kanakina, Souverbie, Journ. de Conch., 2d ser. iv. 204, ciiepl, 11. f. 1, 1860. Caledonian Archipelago. 40. T. Largilliertii, Philippi, Zeits. fir Malak., 162, 1848. Abbild. 11. 135, pl. 8, f. 1. Reeve, Conch. Icon. Monog.
Mactra, f. 23, 1858. Gaboon, West Africa. 20
38
41. T. lilacea, Lam., An. sans Vert. (Desh. ed.), vi. 106, 1835. Reeve, Conch. Icon. Monog. Mactra, f. 49, 1854. Lisbon ?
42. T. lizor, Adanson, Hist. Nat. Senegal, pl. 17, f. 16, 1757. Senegal. 43. T. lurida, Philippi, Abbild. Mactra, 136, pl. 3, f. 8, 1845. Reeve’s Conch. Icon. Monog. Mactra, f. 96, 1854. Liewkiew, China Sea, Island of Negros, Philippines. 44, T. Luzonica, Deshayes, Zool. Pro., 64, 1854. Reeve’s Conch. Icon. Monog. Mactra, f. 81, 1854. Island of Luzon, Philippines. 45, T. Pla, Chemnitz, Conch. Cab., vi. 217, f. 208, 209, 1782. Reeve’s Conch. Cab., f. 56, 1782. Maetra squalda, Lam., An. sans Vert. (Desh. ed.), vi. 105, 1855. M. setosa, Quoy. Philippines. 46. T. mera, Deshayes, Zool. Pro., 16, 1853. Reeve’s Conch. Icon. Monog. Mactra, f. 82, 1854. China Sea. 47. T. Meretriciformis, Deshayes, Zool. Pro., 16, 1853. Reeve’s Conch. Icon. Monog. Mactra, f. 18, 1854. Port Essington. 48. T. mitis, Deshayes, Reeve’s Conch. Icon. Monog. Mactra, f. 41, 1854. Mouth of Gambia, W. Africa. 49. T. Murchinsoni, Deshayes, Zool. Pro., 64, 1854. Reeve’s Conch. Icon. Monog. Mactra, f. "6, 1854. NV. Zealand. 50. T. nitida, Schroéter, Hinl. Conch. iii. pl. 8, f. 2, 1783. Reeve’s Conch. Icon. Monog. Mactra, f. 46, 1854. M. straminea, Lam., An. s. Vert., vi. 100, 1835.
51..T. obesa, Deshayes, Zool. Pro., 16, 1853. Reeve’s Conch. Icon. Monog. Mactra, f. 19, 1854. Torres Straits, N. Australia. 52. T. olorina, Philippi, Abbild. 11. 72, pl. 2, f. 2. Reeve’s Conch. Icon. Monog. Mactra, f. 35, 1854. Red Sea. 63, T. opposita, Deshayes, Zool. Pro., 65, 1854. Reeve’s Conch. Icon. Monog. Mactra, f. 95, 1854. Luzon, Philippines.
39
04. T. ornata, Gray, An. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 371, 1837. Reeve’s Conch. Icon. Monog. Mactra, f. 58, 1854. China Seas. 55. T. Petitii, d’Orbigny, Voy. dan Am. Moll., 509, pl. 77, f. 23, 24. Brazil. 56. T. polita, Chemnitz, vi. 222, f. 216, 217. T. glabratra, Schroéter. T. Australis, Lam., An. s. Vert., vi. 101, 1855. Australia.
57. T. pulchra, Gray, An. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 872, 1837. Reeve’s Conch. Icon. Monog. Mactra, f. 60, 1854. Red Sea. 58. T. pura, Deshayes, Zool. Pro., 15, 1853. Reeve’s Conch. Icon. Monog. Mactra, f. 53, 1854. Australa.
59. T. pusilla, A. Adams, Zool. Pro., 226, 1855. Moreton Bay. 60. T. quadrangularis, Deshayes, Zool. Pro., 15, 1853. Reeve’s Conch. Icon. Monog. Mactra, f. 8, 1854. = China.
61. T. radiolata, Deshayes, Zool. Pro., 65, 1854. Reeve’s Conch. Icon. Monog. Mactra, f. 91, 1854. Zebu, Philippines. 62. T. Reevei, Deshayes, Zool. Pro., 11, 1853. New Caledonia. 63. T. rufescens, Lam., An. sans Vert. (Desh. ed.), vi. 102, 1835. Australia. 64. T. Sauliana, Gray, An. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 29, 1838. Reeve’s Conch. Icon. Monog. Mactra, f, 68, 1854.
65. T. scalpellum, Deshayes, Zool. Pro., 65, 1854. Reeve, Conch. Icon. Monog. Mactra, f. 106, 1854. New Zealand.
66. T. semistriata, Deshayes. Reeve’s Conch. Icon. Monog. Mactra, f: 55, 1854.
67. T. semisulcata, Deshayes. Reeve’s Conch. Icon. Monog. Mactra, f. 48, 1854. Australia. 68. T. sericea, Deshayes, Zool. Pro., 65, 1854. Reeve, Conch. Icon. Monog. Mactra, f. 10, 1854.
69. T. Splengleri, Linn., Syst. Nat. (12th ed.), 1125. Reeve’s Conch. Icon. Monog. Mactra. f. 40, 1854. Cape of Good Hope.
40
70. T. stultorum, Linn., Syst. Nat. (12th ed.), 1126. Cardium, Linn., (10th ed. ) Tellina radiata, Pennant. Europe.
71, T. subrostrata, Deshayes. Reeve’s Conch. Icon. Monog. Mactra, f. 25, 1854. Moluccas.
72. T. suleataria, Deshayes, Zool. Pro., 15, 1853. Reeve’s Conch. Icon. Monog. Mactra, f. 5, 1854.
73. T. symmetrica, Deshayes, Zool. Pro., 17, 1853. Reeve’s Conch. Icon. Monog. Mactra, f. 84, 1854. Jew Caledonia. 74. T. tristris, Deshayes, Zool. Pro., 69, 1854. Reeve’s Conch. Icon. Monog. Mactra, f. 69, 1854. Moreton Bay, Australia. 7d. T. veneriformis, Deshayes, Zool. Pro., 15, 1853. Reeve’s Conch. Icon. Monog. Mactra, f. "2. 1854. China Sea and Japan. 76. T. violacea, Chemnitz, Conch. Cab., vi. 220, f. 213, 214, 1782. Reeve’s Conch. Icon. Monog. Mactra, f. 57, 1854. Walacea. 77. T. virgo, Deshayes, Zool. Pro., 66, 1854 Reeve’s Conch. Icon. Monog. Mactra, is 63, 1854. China.
Sub-family LUTRARIINA.
GENUS HETEROCARDIA, Deshayes. 1. H. Cumingii, Deshayes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 339, 1854.
Manilla. 2. H. fabagella, Deshayes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 340, 1854. Philippines. 3. H. gibbosula, Deshayes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 340, 1854. Manilla.
Genus ANATINELLA. 1. A. candida (Mya,) Chemnitz, Conch. Cab. vi. 29, f. 17, 18, 182.
2. A. dilatata, A. Adams, Proc. Zool. Soc. 41, 1850. Philippines.
3. A. ventricosa, A. Adams, Proc. Zool. Soc. 41, 1850. Philippines.
ox 2 oe P wN SB & > Cie (OSG. 7c
2
C.
10. C.
1. R.
4]
Genus CQACELLA, Gray.
. Chinensis, Deshayes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 334, 1854.
Chinese Seas.
. convexa, Deshayes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 334, 1854. . Cumingiana, Deshayes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 334, 1854.
Philippines.
. lata, Deshayes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 834, 1854.
Chinese Seas.
. oblonga, Deshayes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 335, 1854.
Chinese Seas.
. tenuis, Deshayes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 336, 1854.
Philippines.
. transversalis, Deshayes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 335, 1854. . turgida, Deshayes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 333, 1854.
Philippines. Zebuensis, Deshayes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 334, 1854.
Philippines. Zelandica, Deshayes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 335, 1854.
GEeNus RAETA, Gray.
canaliculata (Lutraria), Say, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. ii. 310, 1821. (Binney’s ed. 102).
Mactra canaliculata, Reeve, Conch. Icon. Monog. Mactra, f.
122, 1854.
M. Campechensis, Gray. Wood, Index Test. Sup. f. 8, 1818.
R.
. R. Sie . R. . R.
So OH
Georgia, South Carolina. lyrata, Hinds. papyracea, Chemnitz, Conch. Cab. vi. 233, f. 230, 1782. pellicula, Deshayes, Reeve, Conch. Icon. Monog. Mac- tra, f. 124, 1854. Japan. pulchella, Adams and Reeve, Genera, ii. 386, 1858. rostralis, Deshayes, Zool. Proc. 69, 1854.
Reeve, Conch. Icon. Monog. Mactra, f. 119, 1854.
China Seas ?
7. R. tenera, Deshayes. Reeve, Conch. Icon. Monog. Mactra, f. 123, 1854.
42
8. R. tenuis, Hinds. H. and A. Adams, Genera, ii. 886, 1858.
9. R. undulata, Gould, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. iv. 89, 1851. Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist. vi. pl. 15, f. 7, 1853 La Paz, Lower California.
Genus LABIOSA, Schmidt. 1. L. anatina, Spengler, Skrivt. Nat. Hist. Selsk. v. 120, Lig.
Mactra anatina, Spengler.
2. L. cyprina, Gray. Wood, Index Test. pl. 1, f. 1, 1818. Reeve, Conch. Icon. Monog. Mactra, f. 37, 1854.
3. L. lineata, Say, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. ii. 310, 1821. Amer. Conch., Binney’s ed., 102, 158, pl. 9. Mactra Nuttallii, Reeve (not Lutraria Nuttall, Conrad), Conch. Icon. Monog. Mactra, f. 125, 1854. Mactra recurva, Wood, Index Test. Sup. f. 2. South Carolina. 4. L. pepy races, Lam., An. sans Vert. (Desh. ed.) vi. 93, 1835. Sowerby’s Genera, f. 2, 1847. 5, L. ventricosa, Gould, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. iv. 89, 1851. Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist. vi. 390, 18583. Mazatlan.
Genus VANGINELLA, Gray.
1, V. Taylorii, Gray. Resania lanceolata, Gray, MSS. Reeve, Conch. Icon. Monog. Lutraria, f. 17, 1854. New Zealand.
Genus ZENATIA, Gray.
1. Z. acinaces. Quoy. Reeve, Conch. Icon. Monog. Lutraria, f. 14, 1854. New Zealand. 2. Z. Cumingiana, Deshayes, Zool. Proc. 14, 1854. Reeve, Conch. Icon. Monog. Lutraria, f. 13, 1854. New Zealand. 3. Z. Solenoides, Deshayes, Zool. Proc. 72, 1854. Lutraria Deshayesti, Reeve, Conch. Icon. Monog. Lutraria, f. 1, 1854. New Zealand.
43
Genus LUTRARIA, Lam. An. s. Vert. vi., 88, 1835.
1. L. arcuata, Deshayes, Zool. Proc., 70, 1854. Reeve, Conch. Icon. Monog. Lutraria, f. 6, 1854. Luzon, Philippines. 2. L. Australis, Deshayes, Zool. Proc., 71, 1854. Reeve, Conch. Icon. Monog. Lutraria, f. 12, 1854. Australia. 3. L. Capensis, Deshayes, Zool. Proc., 71, 1854. Reeve, Conch., f. 9. Cape of Good Hope.
4, L. curta, Deshayes, Zool, Proc., 71, 1854. Reeve, Conch. Icon. Monog. Lutraria, f. 5, 1854. Philippines. 5. L. dissimilis, Deshayes, Zool. Proc., 72, 1854. Reeve, Conch. Icon. Monog. Lutraria, f. 8, 1854. Australia. 6. L. elongata, Gray, Mag. Nat. Hist., 374, 1837. Reeve, Uonch. Icon. Monog. Juutraria, f. 2, 1854. 7. L. impar, Deshayes, Zool. Proc., 70, 1854.
Reeve, Conch. Icon. Monog. Lutraria, f. 10, 1854. Moreton Bay, Australia.
8. L. intermedia, Deshayes, Zool. Proc., 71, 1854.
Madagascar. 9. L. lucida, Gould, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., viii., 29, 1S625 0 — Kagosima.
10. L. lutraria, Linn., Syst. (12th ed.), 1126, 1767. Mactra elliptica, Lam., An. sans Vert., (Desh. ed.), vi., 90, 1835. Reeve, Conch. Icon. Mong. Lutr., f. 3, 1854. Mactra lutraria, Dillwyn. European Ocean, European Seas.
11, L. maxima, Jonas, Reeve, Conch. Icon. Monog. Lutraria, fad 54, Lutraria larga, Reeve. China.
12. L. oblonga, Gmelin, Reeve, Conch. Icon. Monog. Lutr., 453, f. 7, 1854. Mya oblonga, Gmel., Syst. Nat. Lutraria solenoides, Lam. Mactra hians, Solander, Dillwyn. European Seas.
18. L. Philippinarum, Deshayes, Zool. Proc., 71, 1854. Reeve, Conch. Icon. Monog. Lutraria, f. 4, 1854. Luzon.
44 14, L. planata, Chemnitz, Conch. Cab., vi., 238, f. 258, 259.
Mactra complanata, Gmelin, 3261. M. oblongata, Solander, 1786. Indian Ocean, Tranquebar, Nicobar.
15. L. rhynchena, Jonas, Reeve Conch. Icon. Monog.. Lu-
traria, f. 16, 1854. Swan River. 16. L. Senegalensis, Gray, Loudon’s Mag. Nat. Hist., 374, 1837. Senegal.
17. L. Seiboldtii, Deshayes, Zool. Proc., 71, 1854. Reeve, Conch. Icon. Monog. Lutraria, f. 15, 1854. Vancouver's Island.
Genus EASTONIA, Gray. 1. E. rugosa, Chemnitz, Conch. Cab., vi., 236, pl. 24, f. 236, 1782. Gmelin, 3261. Reeve, Conch. Icon. Monog. Mactra, f. 115, 1854. : Mactra rugosa, Chemn., Gmel., Conch. Cab., vi., 236, 1782. Guinea.
GeNuS SPISULA, Gray. Loudon’s Mag. N. H. new ser. 1. 3870, 1837.
Standella, Gray. Loudon’s Mag. Nat. Hist. 1837.
1. §. Adelaide, Angus., Zool. Proc. 645, 1865. Australia, 2. S. bilineata, C. B. Adams, Reeve, Conch. Icon. Monog.
Mactra, f. 72, 1854. Jamaica. 3. 8. Californica, Conrad, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. vii. 240, pl. 18, f. 12, 1834. Near Santa Barbara.
4. S. catilliformis, Conrad, Amer. Jour. Conch. iii. 1867.
5. S. depressa, Spengler, Skriv. Nat. Selsk. v. 118, 1799. Reeve, Conch. Icon. Monog. Mactra, f. 64, 1854. Australia.
6. S.-dolabriformis, Conrad, Amer. Jour. Conch, iii. 1867.
7. S. elongata, Quoy, Voy. Astrolabe, Zool. iii. 518, pl. 83, f. 1, 2, 1884. Reeve, Conch. Icon. Monog. Mactra, f. 43. Spisula elongata, Gray, Loudon’s Mag. Nat. Hist. 376, 1857. New Zealand.
45
8. S. fragilis, Chemnitz, Conch. Cab. vi. 286, pl. 24, f. 235, 1782. Reeve, Conch. Icon. Monog. Mactra, f. 47, 1854. Mactra Braziliana, Lam., An. s. Vert. vi. 106, 1835. M. oblonga, Say, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. ii. 310, 1821. Spisula fragilis, Gray, Loudon’s Mag. Nat. Hist. 1837. Honduras, Florida.
Sub-genus MACTROMERIS.
9. S. ovalis, Gould, Amer. Jour. Sci. (2d ser.) xxxviii. 196, 1840. Inverteb. of Mass. 53, f. 32, 1841. SS. ponderosa, Philippi, Abbild. iii. 1845. S. similis, Gray, not Say. S. grandis, Deshayes, not Chemnitz.
10. S. ovata, Gray, Fauna of New Zealand, 251, 1843. Reeve, Conch. Icon. Monog. Mactra, f. 30, 1854. Spisula ovata, Gray, Loudon’s Mag. Nat. Hist. 1837. New Zealand. 11, S. planulata, Conrad, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. vii. 240, 1834. Sta. Barbara. 12. S. Sayi, Gray, Mag. Nat. Hist. 373, 1837. Spisula Sayt, Gray. Florida. 13. S. silicula, Deshayes, Zool. Proc. 69, 1854. Reeve, Conch. Icon. Monog. Mactra, f. 108, 1854. Luzon, Philippines. 14. S. striatella, Lam., An. sans Vert. vi. (Desh. ed.) 98, 1835. Reeve, Conch. Icon. Monog. Mactra, f. 12, 1854.
15. 8. velata, Philippi, Zeits. f. Malak. 153, 1848. Abbild. in. 1387, pl. 3, f. 5, 1845. Reeve, Conch. Icon. Monog. Mactra, f. 20, 1854. Panama.
Sub-genus MEROPH, H. and A. Adams.
16. 8. Agyptiaca, Chemnitz, Conch. Cab., ii., 218, pl. 200, f. 1955-6. Reeve, Conch. Icon. Monog. Mactra, f. 112, 1854. 17. S. Anatinoides, Reeve, Conch. Icon. Monog. Mactra, f. 1238, 1854. 18. S. capillacea, Deshayes, Zool. Proc., 69, 1854. Reeve, Conch. Icon. Monog. Mactra, f. 117, 1854. Philippines, and mouth of Indus.
46
19. S. Deshayesii, Conrad. Mactra Valifornica, Deshayes, Zool. Proc., 68, 1854. Reeve, Conch. Icon. Monog. Mactra, f. 114, 1854. Gulf of California. 20. S. Nicobarica, Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 3261. Nicobar Islands.
21. S. pellucida, Chemnitz, Conch. Cab., vi., 235, pl. 26, t. 234, 1782. Reeve, Conch. Icon. Monog. Mactra, f. 118, 1854. Mactra depressa, Lam., An. s. Vert., vi., 108, 1835. Bay of Manilla
22. 8. plicatilis, Deshayes, Zool. Proc., 69, 1854. Reeve, Conch. Icon. Monog. Mactra, f. 121, 1854. Philippines. 23. S. Senegalensis, Philippi, Zeits. fiir Malak., 27, 1849. Reeve, Conch. Icon. Monog. Mactra, f. 120, 1854. Senegal.
24. S. Solanderi, Gray, Mag. Nat. Hist., 873, 1857. Reeve, Conch. Icon. Monog. Mactra, f. 113, 1854. Moluccas.
29. 8S. Thraciodes, Adams and Reeve, Zool. Voy. Lamarang, Moll., 81, pl. 23, f. 8, 1848. Reeve, Conch. Icon. Monog. Mactra, f. 116, 1858. Eastern Seas.
Genus DARINA, Gray. 1. D. Solenoides, King.
Gunus SHIZOTHARUS, Conrad. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. 199, 1852.
1. S. Nuttallii (Cryptodon), Conrad, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. vii. 2395, pl. 18, f. 1, 1837. Sta. Barbara.
Genus TRESUS, Gray, 1849.
1. S. maximus (Lutraria), Middendorf, Malac. Zool.Russ. pt. 3, 66, pl. 19, f. 1—4, 1848. L. inflata, Dunker. Mactra maxima, Reeve, Conch. Icon. Monog. Mactra, f. 4, 1854, California.
47
Genera undetermined.
Genus MACTRA, Linn. . amygdala, Crosse and Fischer, Jour. de Conch. iv. 3d ser. 549, 1864. Australia.
. eequilateralis, Deshayes, Zool. Proc. 17, 1853. Reeve, Conch. Icon. Monog. Mactra, f. 14, 1854. New Zealand.
. angulifera, Deshayes, Zool. Proc. 70, 1854. Philippines. . Cumingiana, Petit, Jour. Conch. iv. 359, pl. 12, f. 1, 2, 1855. Mouth of the Gambia River, Africa. . pulchella, Philippi, Abbild. ii. 71, pl. 2, f. 3, 1845.
China.
American Journal of Concholo sy 1867 Plate 13.
= = ree = ee — hm, na inaaiasinaclarwsinctrein SRLSO Ieee ee >
Drawn by E.J Nolan. Bowen& Co. hth Philada,
Loligo hemiuplera ._ Howell.
American Journal of Conchology 1867 Plate 14.
Drawn by E.J Nolan, M D. Bowen & C° ith. Philada..
Octopus tilasa, Howell,
a
i
a
ry i a) J ag ie aay, he
Plate 15.
wv 1867.
8)
American Journal of Concholo
(7
NINE EE
Bowen & C° lith. Philada.
Drawn by E. J Nolan. MD
American Journal of Conchology 1867. Plate 16.
Bowen. & C° th. Philada.
figl Helix. Stearnesiana, Gabb
» & 4, —Lohru, Gabb.
mu ylindrella Newcombiana, Gabb ae ie ke wregularts, Gabb.
» I Bultnus spirtter, Gabb.
A es suttlatus, Gould.
’ Gen eo ae ead a lie .
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.*, Full tables of contents of the above two volumes forwarded to those desiring them.
3. Monograph of the Terrestrial Mollusca of the United States. With illustrations of all the Species. By George W. Tryon, Jr. This work will be completed in five quarterly parts, each containing about
2 pp. 8vo text, and four lithographic plates crowded with figures. Three parts have been published. Only 100 copies will be printed, so that an early application will be necessary to secure it. There are already about 60 subscribers. The work is published in the following styles:
Ist. Plain edition, printed on fine calendered paper, with uncolored plates, at $1.25 per part. 2d. Colored edition, same paper, plates finely colored, $2.00 per part. 3d. Fine edition, on very heavy plate paper, with duplicate plates, plain or tinted paper, and finely colored, $3.00 per part.
4. TRYON, GEO. W., Jr., Synonymy ofthe Bneotes of Strepoma- tide (Melanians) of the United States, with critical observations on their Affinities, and Descriptions of Land, Fresh Water and Marine Mollusca. 8vo, over 100 pp., with lithographic plates.. 1865. ;
Cloth, $2.00. Paper, $1.75.
CONTENTS: Contributions towards a Monography of the Order Praca with Descriptions of New Species. Descriptions of two new Species of Fresh Water Mollusca from Panama. Des- cription of anew Exotic Melania. Descriptions of new Species of Fresh Water Mollusca be- longing to the Families Amnicolidx, Valvatide and Limneide, inhabiting California. De- scription of a new Species of Pleurocera. De. scription of a new Specirs of Teredo, from New Bedford. Mass. Descriptions of two new Species of Mexican Land Shells. Synonymy of the Species of Strepomatid, Parts 1, 2,3, 4 and Supplement.
The Edition is very limited—only 75 copies. Early application will, therefore, be necessary to secure the work.
5. RAFINESOQUE, C. S., Complete Writings on Recent and Fossil Conchology. Edited by William G. Binney and Geo. W. Tryon, Jr. 8vo. 1864. With lithographic plates Price, $2.50.
This is the only edition of Rafinesque’s Complete Writings ever published, and contains repaints of many papers, which had been entirely forgotten by naturalists.
6. TRYON, GEO. W., Jr., List of American Writers on Recent Conchology, with the Titles of their Memoirs and Dates of Publication. 8vo. 1860. Printed on fine plate paper. Cloth, $2.00. Paper, $1.75.
7. TRYON, GEO. W., Jr., Monograph of the Order Pholadacea, and other Papers. 8vo, 127 pp., with plates. 1862. Cloth, $2.00. Paper, $1.75.
Contains Monographs of the Families Gastrochmnice. Pholadide, and Teredidz. History of American Conchology, and Bick ini of new SS of Fresh Water and Marine Shells.
*y A discount of 20 per cent. will a altomed from the above prices, to Members of the Conchological Section and to Booksellers. Apply to ‘““ConcHOLOGICAL Section AcADEMy or Narurat Sciences, Philadelphia,” Or to its Agents—see Ist page of this cover.
PerrcCOrd OF Wieetin eg Sy.cc. 3 casa edesn cece caeat ossekes We ueaste aye RAE: Jace 2De
2. D2scription of Marine Gasteropoda, inhabiting Polynesia, TVW tan p CL PCA SOvearacs. cr eetdesasneoatees. rete strseee teeeseeeee cease ¢ 21
3. Description of a New Species of Land Shells, inhabiting Pee MESA Dy Wie Her per CASE ac. c.a0s e062. 0 2 tes vies +n. Ure selena eteende 223
4. Notes on the Remarks of Dr. P. P. Carpenter (Pullished in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1865,) on Certain Species of Marine Gas- teropoda, named by W. Harper Pease, by W. Harper Pease.. 231
5. Descriptions of New Species of Land Shells from Lower Salto Tea Dy, Wi. Ns Grae occ, cop oseues vosheczs ela sneasccstis cc saacneeenes 235
6. Description of two New See of Cephalopods, by S. B. MEET WOU NT, IDOLS 5 JSen\ oSscuvse s \Scess Saedeseuy esoecceavtavcagn ooteet wine sontmesseete 239
7. Notices and Reviews of New Works, by George W. Tryon, Jr., 242.
I. Americon.—Annals of the N. Y. Lyceum of Nat. Hist. Am. Jour of Science and Arts. Memoirs read before the Boston Suciety of Natural History. American Naturalist. II. Foreicn. British —Cox's Catalogue of Australian Land Shells. Wright on the Natural [His- = tory of the Teredide. Annals and Magazine of Nat. History. Conchologia Teonica. French.—Fischer’s Faune Conchyliologique Marine du Department de la Gironde, etc. Journal de Conchyliologie. Revue et Magasin de Zoologie. German.—Novitates Couchologice. Bronn’s Klassen des Thier-reichs, ete.
AEYPAN DIS: 8. Catalogue of Recent Mollusca, belonging to the Order Pholadacea, by George, W.. Tryon, Uir,2:--ssact erase tatsem nemtesoetet as Ls 9. Catalogue ofthe Family Solenide, by T. A. Conrad................ 22 10. Catalogue of the Family Mactride, by T. A. Conrad............... 30
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A few copies of this rare and valuabie work for sale by the Concnological Section of the Academy of Natural Sciences.
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also several thousand named species of SHELLS. The above being duplicates, we are anxious to dispose of them at very low
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CONCHOLOGICAL SECTION of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia
Vion, 111. 1867. No. 4.
Meeting August 1st, 1867.
Donations to the Museum and. Library were read.
The following papers were offered for publication in the Jour- nal, and referred to committees :
Reviews and Notices of New Conchological Works. By Geo. W. Tryon, Jr.
Notes on the remarks of Dr. P. P. Carpenter, on certain Species of Marine Gasteropoda named by Wm. Harper Pease ; and Descriptions of New Species of Land Shells, inhabiting Polynesia. By Wm. Harper Pease.
The death of Mr. August Rémond, of California, late a Correspondent of the Section, was announced.
21
254 AMERICAN JOURNAL
Meeting September 5th, 1867. Seven members present. Mr. Tryon, Vice-Director, in the Chair.
Donations to the Museum and Library were read.
The following papers were read and referred to Committees :
Catalogue of the Families Mactride and Solenide. By T. A. Conrad.
Descriptions of two Species of Cephalopods. By 8. B. Howell, M. D.
Thirty-eight gentlemen were elected Correspondents of the Section. (See Appendix.)
Meeting October 3d, 1867.
Donations to the Museum and Library were read.
The death of Joshua Alder, of England, late a Correspondent of the Section, was announced.
Mr. G. W. Tryon, Jr., presented the following paper, which was referred to a Committee: ‘‘ Monograph of the Terrestrial Mollusca of the United States, continued.”
A communication was read from Mr. Tryon, depositing his entire Conchological collection in the Museum of the Academy, subject to the control of this Section. The collection embraced about 10,000 species, including over 100,000 mounted speci- mens.
Mr. A. O. Currier, of Grand Ranids, Michigan, was elected a Correspondent.
Meeting November Tth, 1867. Seven members present.
Donations to the Museum and Library were read.
The following papers, intended for publication in the Journal, were read and referred to Committees.
Descriptions of New Species of American Miocene Shells, &e. By T. A. Conrad.
Descriptions of New Species of Marine Gasteropoda inhabi- ting Polynesia. By Wm. Harper Pease.
Mr. Cope made some observations on Mesodon major, Binney. He had found it abundantly on the summits of the Salt Pond and neighboring ridges in Giles and Bland Counties, Virginia, being a much more northern habitat than hitherto observed in
OF CONCHOLOGY. Ag i
the Alleghany region. He said that it was often found climbing the forest trees. It did not occur in the deeper valleys and lower country of the same region, and co-existed with the M. albolabris. The latter, he said, was very abundant in the same localities, and maintained its distinctive characters perfectly, though large specimens were more common there than in the neighborhood of Philadelphia.
Mr. 8. R. Roberts exhibited a specimen of Conus prometheus, presented to the Academy many years since by Mr. John Cas- sin. The shell is of interest on account of its immense size, being 8 inches in length, and four inches and eight lines in diameter.
Meeting, December Sth, 186T. Eight members present. Mr. Lua, Director, in the Chair.
Various donations to the Museum and Library were read.
The following papers were offered for publication :
Descriptions of New Species of American Miocene Shells, by T. A. Conrad.
Notices and Reviews of New Conchological Works, by Geo. W. Tryon, Jr.
Osbert Salvin, of London, was elected a Correspondent.
The annual reports of the Recorder, Secretary, Librarian, Conservator, Treasurer and Publication Committee, were read and referred for publication. (See Appendix.)
The following Officers and Committees were elected to serve for the ensuing year.
OFFICERS.
Director—Isaac Lra, LL.D. Vice-Director—Guo. W. Tryon, JR. Recorder—S. R Roperts. Treasurer—W mn. L. Mactier. Secretary—Rerv. E. R. BEADLE. Conservator—E., J. Notan, M. D.
COMMITTEES. 1. Library. 2. Publication. K. J. Nouan, M.D., Librarian, Gro. W. Tryon JR., Editor, Jos. JEANES, Isaac Lua,
Gro. W. Tryon, JR. E. J. Nouan, M.D.
256 AMERICAN JOURNAL 3. Finance. 8. Fluviatile Gasteropoda. W.S.W. RuscHenpercer,Ch’n C. M. WueEatLey, Ch’n, We oO.) VAUK, ‘S. S. HaLpEmMay, JOSEPH JEANES. Gro. W. Tryon, JR. 4. Embryology and Anatomy. 9. Fluviatile Acephala. JOS. LEIDY, M.D;, Ch’n, Isaac La. Ch’n E. D. Cops, Wo. L. Mactier, S. B. Howenn, M.D. Cuas. M. WHEATLEY, 5. Cephalopoda, Pteropoda and i Brachiopoda, 10. Marine Gasteropoda. S. B. Howext, M.D., Ch’n, 8. R. Roserts, Ch’n, TT. A. CoNRAD, C. F. PaRKER, G. W. Tryon, JR. Joun Forp. 6. Terrestrial Mollusca, (non- l1. Marine Acephala. pr orcnlote. T. A. Conran, Ch’n, Gro. W. Tryon, JR., JOHN S. PHILLIPs, Wy. G. BINNEY, Samu. Lewis, M.D.
C. F. PARKER.
7. Terrestrial Mollusca, (oper- culate.)
12. Paleontology.
F. V. Haypen, M.D., Ch’n,
T. A. ConRAD Joun H. Reprrerp, Ch’n, E. D. (ae. ;
EK. R. BEADLE, Wm. L. MactIier.
13. Lectures and Prizes.
JosEPH Lrrpy, M.D., Ch’n, W.S. W. Ruscuensercer, M.D., Isaac LEA. .
OF CONCHOLOGY. 257.
DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW GENERA AND SPECIES OF MIO- CENE SHELLS, WITH NOTES ON OTHER FOSSIL AND RECENT SPECIES.
BY T. A. CONRAD.
CYLICHNA, Forbes and Hanley. C. virginica, Conrad.—P]. 21, fig. 2.
Description.—Narrow-cylindrical ; shoulder slightly rounded ; spire slightly prominent, sides straight ; apex exserted; labrum slightly contracted or nearly straight in the middle; aperture gradually widening from the summit; columellar plait distinct and rather thick.
Locality.—Virginia.
Observation.—This is a narrow, more graceful species in out- line than C. eylindracea ( Tornatina) Emmons, a Miocene species
of N. Carolina. Say has described a recent species, C. canalicu- lata (Bullina) Say.
ZIZY PHINUS, Leach, Gray, 1840. Calliostoma, Swainson, 1840. Z. puNCTATUS, Conrad —PI. 21, fig. 5. Description.—Depressed-conical ; periphery rounded; base slightly convex ; umbilicus small, minutely carinated on the margin; whorls 5, with straight sides ; body whorl slightly con-
cave laterally ; spire equal to base; shell with unequal impressed, punctate lines.
Locality.—Virginia ?
The specimen described is in the cabinet of the Smithsonian Institution.
258 AMERICAN JOURNAL
Z. BRIANII, Conrad.—Pl. 21, fig. 9.
Description.—Conical-depressed ; with smooth convex whorls ; periphery acutely rounded; base flat; umbilicus small, nearly filled with a deposit on the reflexed lip; base with very minute revolving lines.
Localityx—Charles Co., Md.
I am indebted to Prof. Cope for this species, who obtained it and suggested that it be named in compliment to Oliver N. Brian.
TURRITILLIDA. TURRITELLA, Lamarck.
T. BIPERTITA, Conrad.—PI. 21, fig. 1. Proceed. Acad. Nat. Sci., vol. i, p. 326. Locality.—Petersburg, Va.
T. INDENTA, Conrad.—PI. 21, fig. 13.
Deseription.—Broad at base; whorls each with two revolving obtuse lines, the inferior one largest, subtuberculated and mar- gins the suture, and an impressed line marks its upper margin ; the other revolves on the upper margin of the whorls; suture profoundly excavated, sides of volutions slightly concave; re- volving lines rugose, minute.
T. indenta, Conrad.—Journ. Acad. Nat. Science, vol. viii., p. 188.
Locality.x—Calvert Cliffs, Md.
Professor Cope obtained numerous specimens of this hitherto rare species, one of which is represented in the figure. There are three species with this remarkable excavation of the suture. Turritella secta, Conrad, is the third, a small species from the Eocene of Maryland, but the most deeply impressed of the group.
NATICIDA. LUNATIA, Gray.
J. CATENOIDES? PI. 23, fig. 5. Natica catenoides, Wood.
This is probably the young of WV. catenoides, a very abundant species in the bank of St. Mary’s River, Md.
OF CONCHOLOGY. 259
NATICA, Lam. N. PLICATELLA, Conrad.—Pl. 24, fig. 3.
NV. canrena, Conrad (not Lam.), Amer. Jour. of Science and Arts, vol. xh. p. 344.
NEVERITA, Risso. N. Emmonsi1.—Pl. 24, fig. 2.
Thick ; spire depressed ; umbilicus perfectly closed by a thick rugose callus.
Natica
Emmons. Geol. of N. Carolina, p. 267, fig. 151. N. pensata. PI. 24, fig. 5.
Description.—Ovate, thick, prominent and pyramidal by com- pression of the whorls; surface marked by very minute obsolete revolving lines; umbilicus nearly closed by a thick rugose callus.
Natica duplicata, Conrad (not Say), Emmons, Geol. of North Carolina, p. 266, fig. 150.
MELANIIDA. MELANOPSIS, Ferussac.
The three species of a genus which I supposed to be marine and named Bullopsis, are probably fresh water shells of the genus Melanopsis. These and one species of Vivipara are all the fresh water shells yet found in the Atlantic slope Miocene.
M. Marylandica, M. quadrata, and M. integra. See vol. ii, p- 65 of this Journal. CASSIDA. SEMICASSIS, Klein. S. cHLATA.—PI. 21, fig. 3.
Journal of the Acad. Nat. Science, Vol. vi., p. 218, pl. 9, fig. 14.
This is a very rare shell of a genus unknown on the Atlantic coast, the species chiefly inhabiting the eastern seas.
SCALARIDA. SCALARIA, Lam. Subgenus STHHNORYTIS, Conrad. S. PACHYPLEURA.—PI. 21, fig. 4. Descripition.—Short, conical, whorls 83; spire acuminate ;
260 AMERICAN JOURNAL
body whorl very large comparatively, the ribs thick, acuminate at the summit, prominent, profoundly recurved ; aperture nearly round, with a thick margin.
S. pachypleura, Conrad. Journ. Acad. Nat. Science, Vol. viii., 1862, p. 565. Locality.—Calvert Cliffs, Md.
Observation.—I found one specimen, very perfect, but the figure represents a specimen presented to the Academy by Pro- fessor Cope. This and the fragment of another were all he ob- tained in a large collection of Miocene fossils from Charles Co., Md.
ARCHITECTONICID.
ARCHITECTONICA, Bolten. Solarium, Lam.
A, TRILINEATA.—PI. 20, fig. 5. .
Description._Depressed conical, whorls 5, convex, an impressed revolving line below the suture and a raised line above the suture slightly crenulated ; on the 3 upper whorls a crenulated line runs in the impressed or canaliculate sutural space ; body whorl cari- nated and crenulated on the periphery, above which runs another broader, less prominent crenulated line with a concave canal between them, and 5 or 6 obsolete revolving lines above ; whorls crenulated at the upper sutural line and striated obliquely ; base flattened, with a prominent revolving line near the periphery and near it an obsolete line; umbilicus wide, crenulated on the margin and margined by a deeply impressed line.
Locality.—Calvert Cliffs, Md.
A. trilineata, Conrad. Journal Acad. Nat. Science, Vol. vili., p. 186. . A. NUPERA.—PI. 19, fig. 8.
Description.—Discoidal ; spire slightly convex, flat in young shells; suture canaliculated ; whorls with close, unequal crenu- lated revolving lines, one on the periphery, another near it and one on the summit of the whorls larger than the others; base- convex, with 10 crenulated revolving lines, three or four most prominent; the one nearest the umbilicus largest and crenate ; umbilicus moderately wide.
Solarium nuperum, Conrad. Journ. Acad. Nat. Science, vol. vil., p. 141.
Locality. Suffolk, Va.
Observation.—Species of this genus chiefly inhabit the eastern geas.
OF CONCHOLOGY, 261
DACTYLIDA. DACTYLUS, Klein. D. 1ponEus, Conrad.—PI. 22, fig. 1.
Amer. Jour. of Arts and Science, vol. xli., p. 344. Proceed. Acad. Nat. Science, 1863, p.
Locality.—National Well, Dauphin Co., N. C.
A beautiful species of Dactylus lives in great abundance in Tampa Bay, Florida, very closely allied to the Miocene fossil D. carolinenses, Conrad. There is no other large recent species on the Atlantic or Florida coasts, but there are in all four Miocene species over 14 inches in length.
D. EBorEvs, Conrad.—PI. 21, fig. 11.
SS. eborea.—Proe. Acad. Nat. Science, 1862, p. 287. Locality.— Virginia.
PLEUROTOMID. BELLASPIRA, Conrad. Description.—Subfusiform, longitudinally ribbed ; canal very short, labrum obsoletely and widely notched, curved outwards, simple ; labium reflexed, entire; columella straight. C. VIRGINIANA.—PI. 21, fig. 12.
Mangelia virginiana, Conrad.—Proceed. Acad. Nat. Science, 1862, p. 286.
Locality.— Yorktown, Va.
Observation.—This shell does not agree in characters with any of the genera or subgenera of Pleurotomidx. It is a beau- tiful and graceful shell with distant ribs and very minute, close revolving lines, which become gradually more distinct on the body whorl. The labium is slightly callous near the upper extremity.
Family BUCCINIDZ. Subfamily NASSIN. PTYCHOSALPINX, Gill.*
Dr. Gill has published the diagnosis of a group of Miocene fossil’ shells which he observes is related to Buccinum, but it obviously comes within the subfamily Nassine, and is much more nearly related to Massa or Tritia. The general thickness
*Jour. Conch., iii., p. 153, 1867.
262 AMERICAN JOURNAL
of the shells, the narrower aperture, the downward slope of the labrum, the columella without a twist and the prominent plait at base are all characters of the Nassinz and not of Buccinum. Dr. Gill in his diagnosis states that the labrum is ‘smooth within,’ and yet quotes Buccinum porcinum, Say, as a species, though it has prominent lines within. The fact is there are two groups, in one of which the labrum is smooth within and not thickened on the submargin as in P. fossulata, Con., P. multiru- gata, Con., and the other has a slightly thickened labrum near the margin and is striate within, as Buccinum porcinum, Say. These again are linked with J/yanassa, Stimpson,* the typical spe- cies of which has astriated labrum and is not thickened, and has the plait at base very like B. porcinum, which plait is thicker than that of the typical species, and the shell is more elongated. This is related to Tritia trivittata, Say, which is still more elon- gated, so that it is difficult to separate all these genera or subge- nera by invariable characters. I have a new Miocene shell closely related to 7’. trivittata, which has a striate labrum like that shell, whilst another, equally near to that species, 7’. peralta, Con., has the labrum entire. ‘These genera or subgenera are all alike in having a plait at the base of the columella.
Dr. Stimpson, in his generic character of J/yanassa has “inner lip smooth,” but specimens which I found at Jersey City have it very distinctly striate. It will be proper to accept Ptycho- salpinx as a genus or subgenus; if the latter, Buccinum poret- num, Say, will constitute the type of a subgenus. The differences may be thus stated.
PrycHOSALPINX.—Labrum not thickened, entire; species P. altilis, Conrad, P. laqueata, Con., P. fossulata, Con., P. biliz, Con., P. lienosa, Con., P. multirugata, Con., P. scalaspira, Con., P. Tuomeyt, (Buceinum,) H. C. Lea. Bucemnum lampas, Brocchi is probably a speties of this genus as well as B. Escheri,
Mayer.
Subgenus PARANASSA, Conrad.
Description.—Shell with the submargin of labrum slightly thickened within and striate-; siphonal canal shorter than in the above group. Species Bucc. porcinum, Say, B. aratum, Say, Tritia harpuloides, Con., Paranassa granifera, Con., Tritra seadentata, Con., and Buccinum elongatum, Sowerby, an Ko- cene shell. This group is well represented in the environs of Dax, as may be seen in Grateloup’s Conch. Fossil, pl. 1, fig. 4, 5, 27. The group of which Nassa trivittata, Say, is an example,
* Jour. Conch. i., p. 61, 1866.
OF CONCHOLOGY. 263
referred to Tritia by H. and A. Adams, is also represented in that locality and species are figured by Grateloup on his plate of Buccins, fig. 16, 36, 40, and by Brocchi, pl. v., fig. 4, 9, 12. Shell elongated, comparatively small. Species, 7’. trivittata, Say ; TZ’. varicosa, Con.; JT. peralta, Con.; Buccinum quadrulatum, H. C. Lea; Zritia impressa, Con. The siphonal canal as in the last group almost undefined, and the interior of the labrum either entire or striated, but not thickened.
ILYANASSA, Stimpson.
The shells of this group are often varicose, some having this character prominent, as in fig. 86 of Grateloup’s Buccins. This character is also slightly developed in Nassa obsoleta, Say, and P. wrrorata, Con.
J. rrRoRATA.—PI. 19, fig. 10. Proceed. Acad. Nat. Science, 1862, p. 562.
Buccinum obsoletum. Tuomey and Holmes, (not Say.)
Distinguished by the sculpture being more prominently gran- ulose than in that of the recent species; it is also a thicker shell with a much thicker labrum. The minute granulations on the polished inner lip of the J. obsoleta, are obscurely traced on the weathered lip of the fossil.
PTYCHOSALPINX, Gill. R. scALASPIRA.—PI. 19, fig. 4.
Description.—Ovate ; body whorl profoundly ventricose, spire scalariform, acute ; ribs small, numerous, oblique, not very prom- inent, revolving lines obsolete on the penultimate and upper part of the body whorl; columellar fold very prominent.
Locality.— Virginia. Collection of the Academy. One specimen.
P. trenosa, Conrad.—(Tritia,) pl. 19, fig. 9. Proceed. Acad. Nat. Science, 1845, p. 308.
Subgenus PARANASSA, Conrad. VP. GRANIFERA.—PI. 19, fig. 6.
Description.—Ovate, thick, with numerous oblique granulated ribs and distinct impressed lines, about 9 on the body whorl; one or two filiform lines between the larger lines near the suture ; spire short, whorls slightly turrited ; aperture with 6 prominent lines within ; beak carinated on the back.
Locality. —Virginia.
264 AMERICAN JOURNAL
P. HARPULOIDES.—PI. 19, fig. 7.
Proceed. Acad. Nat. Science. 1843, p. 308. Locality.— Petersburg, Va.
Subgenus TRITIARIA, Con.
Description.—Elongated, subturrited, labrum not thickened within.
P. PERALTA.—PI. 19, fig. 5.
Description.—Elongated, turrited, whorls 8, longitudinally ribbed and with revolving impressed lines, about 5 in number on the penultimate volution ; above near the suture on all the whorls there is a broader impressed line, which divides the ribs and forms a tuberculous ridge around the summits of the whorls ; ribs narrow, numerous ; spire acuminate.
T’. trivittata, Conrad, (not Say.) Proceed. Acad. Nat. Science, 1862, p. 562.
TRITONIID A. BURSA, Bolten, 1798. Ranella, Lam. B. centrosa.—Pl. 21, fig. 10.
Description.—Turritted ; spire elevated; whorls with granu- lated revolving unequal lines, and a series of rounded, promi- nent, closely arranged nodes on the angle which is situated below the middle of the whorls ; body whorl with three distant nodular revolving ribs, the lower one small; columella with transverse irregular plaits.
Locality.—Charles Co., Md. Prof. Cope.
MURICIDA. BUCCINOFUSUS, Conrad.
Description.—Fusiform longitudinally undulato-costate ; re- volving ribs prominent, distant, narrow, with intermediate lines ; columella concave, entire; siphonal canal widest at base; beak not produced, shorter than the spire, slightly recurved ; labrum sulcate within ; sulci corresponding to the external ribs.
Fusus PARILIS, Conrad. Tert. Foss.
This genus contains but few species, and originated in the Miocene formation. Perhaps Fusus sulcatus, Lam.; may be a recent species. The form of the shell is more that of a Fasciolaria than a Fusus, but the columella is entire. There
OF CONCHOLOGY. 265
is no recent American shell that approaches the B. parilis. The genus is readily distinguished from Fusus by its compara- tively short canal, and from Weptunea by its longer beak and the sudden contraction of the aperture where it joins the canal. Per- haps Buccinum Balteatum and B. fusoides, Reeve, may be spe- cies of this genus. SF. Berniciensis, King, can more confidently be referred to it.
SYCOTYPUS, Browne, Gill. S. PYRIFORMIS.—PIl. 20, fig. 1.
Description.—Pyriform, rather thin in substance; volutions 63; spire prominent, exserted, not elevated; angles of whorls rather below the middle, tuberculated, the tubercles gradually becoming obsolete on the back of the penultimate volution ; summits of volutions oblique, slightly concave ; a carinated ridge borders the sutural margin of the three larger volutions, and between these and the apex the canal is obsolete; body whorl ventricose, slightly rounded towards the angle which is not car- inated; surface marked with numerous filiform, rugose, revoly- ing lines, between which are usually three minute lines, the middle one being most prominent; aperture wide; columella flattened about the fold.
Locality.—Natural Well, Dauphin Co., N. Car.
Observation.—This species is nearly allied to S. pyrum, but can be distinguished by its more prominent and distinctly tu- berculated spire and by the spiral lines being filiform and ru- gose. The aperture is not so lorg in proportion as it is in 8. pyrum.
BUSYCON, Bolten. B. Tritonis, Conrad.—PI. 20, fig. 2.
This species is figured for comparison with B. maximum in the Miocene Fossils of the U. S., pl. 47. It is much more ventricose than that species and has very prominent spines, whilst the maximus is without spines, except in young shells, and they are always distant and rudimentary. <A comparison of several specimens of each species shows marked differences.
B. Tritonis, Con. Proceed. Acad. Nat. Science, 1862, p. 583.
B. cAnINATUM.—PI. 19, fig. 2. Proceed. Acad. Nat Science, 1862, p. 286.
266 AMERICAN JOURNAL
The specimen figured is the only one I have seen, and belongs to the collection of the Smithsonian Institution.
Pl. 20, fig. 83. Young shell of Sycotypus canaliculatus before exclusion from the pouches. Enlarged.
Pl. 20, fig. 4. Young of Busycon aruanum, enlarged.
The former shell is entire ; the latter has a longitudinal fissure on the body whorl which divides the columella, and it is covered by so delicate a membrane that it is generally broken or absent. If this difference should be found to exist in all the
young species of the two genera, it will confirm the generic dis- tinction.
B. pumosum.—PI. 19, fig. 3.
Description.—F usiform, rather thick in substance ; whorls 7 ; slightly concave above; spire prominent, angle near the suture, carinated and tuberculated on the smaller volutions and spin- ous on the back of the penultimate whorl; body whorl with prominent, distant spines, not dilated at base; surface with prominent filiform revolving lines, with very minute interme- diate lines, generally three in number; body whorl rather ab- ruptly rounded or subangular inferiorly where there is a space without revolving lines, but longitudinally subcostate ; beneath this space the shell has more prominent, closer rugose lines ; aperture with sharp prominent lines within, terminating in irreg- ular, more elevated and thicker rib-like lines.
B. Frnosum, Conrad.—PI. 21, fig. 7. Proceed. Acad. Nat. Sciences, 1862, p. 286.
The figure represents asmall specimen. It attains to 6} inches in length.
B. CONTRARUM, Conrad.—PI. 23, fig. 2.
Observation.—This species has been referred to B. perversum, Lin., but it is greatly inferior in size, and, except in its reversed aperture, has no very near affinity with that species.
Fulgur contrarius, Conrad. American Journ. of Science and Arts, vol. xxxix. p. 387.
Busycon contrartum, Conrad. Miocene Fossils, pl. 45, fig. 11.
B. TUBERCULATUS.—P]. 238, fig. 1.
Fulgur tuberculatus, Conrad. Bulletin of the National Insti- tution, p. 185.
Busycon tuberculatus. Miocene Fossils, pl. 46, fig. 2.
OF CONCHOLOGY. 267
B. FUSIFORME, Conrad.—PI. 23, fig. 4. Fulgur fusiformis, Conrad. Bullet. of National Inst., p. 187. Miocene Fossils, pl. 46, fig. 3. SYCOTYPUS, Browne. S. excavatus, Conrad.—Pl. 23, fig. 6. Fulgur excavatus, Conrad. Amer. Jour. of Science and Arts, vol. xxxix. p. 887. Miocene Fossils, pl. 45, fig. 3. S. cornonatus, Conrad.——P]. 24, fig. 1. Fulgur coronatus, Conrad. Bulletin of the National Institu- tion, p. 187. Miocene Fossils, pl. 46, fig. 1. S. Ruagosus, Conrad.—PI. 24, fig. 4. Fulgur rugosus, Conrad. Proceed. Acad. Nat. Sciences, vol. i. p. 807. Miocene Fossils, pl. 46, fig. 4. MEGANEMA, Conrad.
This genus differs from Busycon in being without a trace of tubercles or spines, and in having prominent regular ribs ; the whorls are flattened on top, and slightly canaliculated.
Proceed. Acad. Nat. Science, 1864, p. 212. LIROSOMA CURVIROSTRA.—PI. 19, fig. 1.
This shell was incorrectly referred to Lirosoma, which is more hike a Fasciolaria with a prominent plait and straight siphonal canal, whilst M. curvirostra is nearly related to sycotypus and has a similar fold or groove on the columella.
CALATOCONUS, Conrad. C. PROTRACTUS.—PI. 20, fig. 6. Proceed. Acad. Nat. Science, 1862, p. 566.
FASCIOLARIDA ? LIROSOMA. L. suLcosa.—PIl. 23, fig. 3.
Fusus suleosus, Conrad. Journ. Acad. Nat. Sciences, vol. vi. p. 220, pl. 9, fig. 8.
MYTILIDA. MODIOLARIA, Beck. M. virGinica.—Pl. 22, fig. 38. Description.—Oblong, subarcuate, ventricose anterior side
\
268 AMERICAN JOURNAL
without radiating lines ; umbonal slope raised, rounded with close, crenulated, radiating lines, extending to the posterior margin and disposed to bifurcate towards the base; beaks nearly term- inal.
Locality.— Yorktown, Va.
ASTARTIDA. ERYCINELLA, Conrad. E. ovais, Conrad.—PI. 22, fig. 2. Miocene, Fossils, p. 42, pl. 42, fig. 5 Locality.—Yorktown, Va. The figure represents the shell of the natural size.
MACTRID A. MAOTRA, Lin.
T have followed H. and A. Adams in selecting the first species Linneeus described under the head of Mactra—M. spengleri— which was made the type of a new genus by Dr. J. E. Gray, to which he gave the name of Seissodesma. Where a group of genera are described as one genus, the diagnosis must necessarily be general, and therefore Linneeus did not give attention to minute characters which may nevertheless indicate some important ana- tomical difference. If we reject the first described species as the type of a genus we must be guided by fancy alone in mak- ing another species of the group the generic type. In this case, as few authors would agree upon the selection, inevitable confu- sion must follow. In MM. spengleri there is an oblique triangular groove opening into the upper edge of the cartilage pit, whichis made an essential character in distinguishing Mactra from Tri- gonella, Mulinea, &e. In geographical distribution this subdivi- sion of Linnzean genera presents remarkable and important facts. Thus only one species of true Mactra has been found in the waters of the Western Hemisphere—the MZ. Guadeloupensis, Recluz—whilst the others inhabit China and Africa and the eastern seas. J. tumida, Reeve, inhabiting St. Thomas, is not the tumtda of Chemnitz, which inhabits China. As I have not seen the former shell I do not know that it is a Mactra.
M. contracta.—PI. 22, fig. 6.
Description.—Triangular, inequilateral, subcompressed, con- tracted from beak to base; anterior extremity acutely rounded; umbonal slope carinated; posterior hinge margin oblique, nearly straight, obliquely subtruncated above the extremity.
Locality.—N. Carolina ?
=
OF CONCHOLOGY. 269
Observation.—This small species has the sagittate ligament fissure very distinct and almost as large in proportion as in JZ. spengleri.
M. virGinrana.—PIl. 22, fig. 4.
American Journ. of Conch.
MULINIA, Gray.
M. PARILIS.—PIl. 22, fig. 5.
Description.—Triangular, equilateral, slightly ventricose ; an- terior extremity subacutely rounded; posterior hinge slope very oblique, slightly convex, extremity truncated considerably above the line of the base.
Locality.— Virginia.
ANATINIDA.
PANDORA, Lam.
P. arenosa Con. (Pandorella Con.) is a true Pandora, and therefore the genus Pandorella is eliminated.
P. crassa, Con.,is a species of Cletdiophora, Carpenter.
CORBULIDA. CORBULA, Lam.
Cremer Pl 28s fies 603:
Description.—Triangular ; height rather more than the length ; summits very prominent and post-medial ; posterior extremity truncated, direct ; sides flattened posteriorly, with an abruptly- rounded, obscurely-ridged umbonal slope.
Locality.~-Charles Co., Md. Prof. Cope.
The surface of the valves is somewhat disintegrated, showing conspicuous lines as of growth, but it was probably finely lined, as I infer from the less worn portions of the larger valve.
Approximates C. elevata, Con., of the Calvert Miocene, but is larger, much more ventricose, shorter, and the concentric lines are much finer and less distinct.
Locality.—Charles Co., Md. Prof. Cope.
The Miocene shells from Prof. Cope, described in this paper, are part of a collection obtained in Charles Co., Md., by James
J. Thomas. 22
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CRASSATELLA, Lam.
The two species of Crassatella, described and figured in vol. ii., p. 104, as C. peralta and C. planata Ihave since found in the Cretaceous marl near Barnsboro’. They are not fount in Miocene, as I supposed from the locality named on the specimens in the collection of the Academy.
Recent Species.
VENUS, Lin. V. PULICARIA, Brod.
A specimen from Cape St. Lucas, Lower California, marked by Mr. Carpenter pulicaria with a mark of doubt, and labelled var. ilacina isin the Academy’s collection. It is closely rela- ted to I”. intapurpurea, Con., from Florida, but differs in the fol- lowing characters: The ribs are thin, and fimbriated; but in the Florida shell they are thick, not fimbriated and more pro- foundly imbricated. It is also a comparatively shorter shell and less ventricose.
PURPURA, Lam. Purpura FiLoripana, Conrad. P. hemostoma, var. Dunker not Lin. Index Moll. pl. 3, fig. 14. P. NEBULOSA, Conrad. Dunker, ib. fig. 15.
This species is readily distinguished by its large distant tuber- eles, and it is a thicker shell than the former.
OF CONCHOLOGY. 271
DESCRIPTIONS OF SIXTY-FIVE NEW SPECIES OF MA- RINE GASTEROPODA, INHABITING POLYNESIA.
BY W. HARPER PEASE.
CYLINDRA FORMOSA, Pease. Plate 23, fig. 1.
Description.—T. cylindraceo-oblonga, oliveeformi, levigata, polita, transversim regulariter punctato-striata; spira_brevi, acuta ; columella quadriplicata; pallide rosacea, longitudinaliter alba strigata aut maculata, apertura lutea.
Dimensions.—Long. 14, diam. 6 mill. Locality.—Ascension.
Shell cylindrically oblong, olive-shaped, smooth, polished transversely regularly striated, striz punctured, rather distant ; columella four plaited; light flesh color, spotted or striped long- itudinally with white, aperture yellowish.
Allied to M. filum, Wood.
MITRA SECTILIS, Pease.
Description.—T. fusiformi, transversim lirata, liris parvis, planulatis, augustis, striis longitudinalibus rugulosis, interstitis punctatis, basi truncata; spira acuta, acuminata; columella quadriplicata, alba, maculis quadratis luteis picta.
Dimensions.—Long. 24, diam. 8 mill. Locality.—Insl. Hawaii.
Shell fusiform, transversely ridged, ridges flat, close-set and small, somewhat roughened by longitudinal striae, interstices punctured; base truncate; spire sharply acuminate; columella four-plaited; white, checkered with square yellow spots.
The above may be immature. The spots were originally of a brownish color possibly. I believe it to be extinct, at least on the Sandwich Islands.
272 AMERICAN JOURNAL
MITRA GLABRA, Pease. Plate 23, fig. 2.
Description.—T. oblongo-ovata, crassa, laevigata, polita, long- itudinaliter costata, costis rotundis, ad anfr. ultimo obsoletis ; columella quadriplicata ; cinereo-fusca, anfr. ultimo inferne, cast- aneo-fusca, fascia unica, angusta, lutea, cingulata.
Dimensions.—Long. 15, diam. 7 mill. Locality.—Insl. Ascension.
Shell oblong-ovate, solid, smooth, shining, longitudinally ribbed, ribs rounded, becoming obsolete on back of the last whorl; columella four-plaited; color greenish brown, lower half of last whorl chestnut brown; encircled by a single, narrow, yellowish band.
NassA APPROXIMATA, Pease. Plate 23, fig. 3.
Description.—T. fusiformi-ovata, longitudinaliter costata, costis vix flexuosis, interstitiis transversim striatis, spira acuta ; anfr. plano-convexis ; labro varicoso, antice muricato-denticulato, intus brevi lirata; columella calloso-laminata, juxta marginem tuberculata, superne unilaminata; apertura oblonyo-ovalis, su- perne vix emarginata. ufo fuscescenti, linea unica fulves- cente cingulata.
Dimensions.—Long. 27, diam. 14 mill.
Shell fusiform ovate, longitudinally ribbed, ribs slightly flex- uous, interstices impressly striated transversely, spire acute ; whorls flatly convex; lip varicose, prickly denticled before, shortly ridged within ; columella callously laminated, closely and evenly tuberculated near its margin, above a single short lamina; aperture oblong oval, slightly emarginate above. Color dark chocolate or reddish brown, a single yellowish line on the middle of the whorls.
The above species has been heretofore confounded with WV. tenia, Gm.
It was first collected in the Pacific, by Quoy and Gaimard, who described the animal. A good figure of it may also be found in Voy. au Pol Sud, from specimens collected at the Samoa and Solomon Islands.
Having had opportunity of examining a large number of spe- cimens, I hold it to be quite distinct fron the West Indian spe- cies. It is strongly ribbed throughout and transversely striated. The granules bordering the sutures, mentioned in Voy. au Pol Sud, are formed by the marginal striz, and are very indistinct on most of the individuals.
OF CONCHOLOGY. 273
NASSA GRACILIS, Pease. Plate 23, fig. 4.
Description.—T. crassa, ovata, acuminata, longitudinaliter plicato-costata, interstitiis concavis, transversim sulcatis, ad suturas marginata; spira gracilis, acuta; apertura parva; colu- mella cum callo luteo tecto, valde dentata; labro valde incrassa- to, fauce valde lirata; castaneo-fusca.
Dimensions.—Long. 15, diam. 8 mill. Locality.—Insl. Ascension.
Shell solid, acuminately ovate, longitudinally finely plicately ribbed, interstices concave and distantly grooved transversely, marginated at the sutures; spire slender, acute; aperture small; columella covered with a yellowish callosity, extending on to the penultimate whorl, strongly dentate on its edge and furnished with a laminate callosity above; lip much thickened and strongly ridged within its whole length; color dark chest- nut brown.
May be compared with varieties of V. thersites, Brug.
ENGINA FUSIFORMIS, Pease. Proc. Zool. Soc., London, 1865. Plate 23, fig. 5.
Description.—T. fusiformi, utrinque attenuata, medio angu- lata, longitudinaliter nodoso-costata, transversim sulcata et striata; basi contracta; spira acuminata, acuta; anfr. superne parum concavis; columella superne vix excavata et plicata; apertura dimidium longitudinis testee zquanti, purpureo-rufes- cente; nigra, luteo irregulariter maculata et fasciata.
Dimensions.—Long. 6, diam. *34 poll. Locality.—Insl. Howland.
Shell fusiform, attenuated at both ends, angulated at the mid- dle, longitudinally nodosely ribbed, ribs 11-12, rounded, most prominent on the angulation, almost obsolete on the upper part of the whorls, beneath the suture, at which part the whorls are somewhat concavely depressed; spire acuminate, apex acute; contracted at base and slightly recurved; grooved and striate transversely, the striz fine, regular, covering all’ parts of the shell; columella excavated above and furnished with one or more lamine ; aperture narrow, purplish red, about one-half the length of the shell; color black, spotted and banded with light straw color, occasionally the above colors are reversed ; the black color is mostly confined to the longitudinal ribs or nodules.
In sculpture this species resembles H. lauta, Rve, and some- what H. forticostata, Rve, both of which species inhabit Poly- nesia.
’
274 AMERICAN JOURNAL
ENGINA ovATA, Pease. Proc. Zool. Soc., London, 1865. Plate 28, fig. 6.
Description.—T. abbreviato-ovata, utrinque acuta, medio sub- angulata, longitudinaliter costata, costis 10-12, rotundatis, trans- versim irregulariter nodoso-lirata et striata; apertura superne regulariter arcuata, infra contracta; basi vix recurva; nigra liratum interstitiis albis vel pallide luteo-fuscis, denticulis aper- turee albis.
Dimensions. —Long. *5, diam. *32 poll. Locality.—Insl. Howland.
Shell abbreviately ovata, short, stout, acute at both ends and somewhat angulate at the middle, longitudinally ribbed, ribs 10- 12, rounded, encircled transversely with nodose ribs of irregu- lar size and fine striz ; aperture regularly arched above and con- tracted below; canal short and slightly recurved; black inter- stices between transverse ribs, whitish, or pale yellowish brown, denticulations of the aperture white.
A short, stout, obese shell, differing in shape from any de- scribed species.
ENGINA TUBERCULOSA, Pease. Proc. Zool. Soc., London, 1862.
Description.—T. fusiformi, utrinque attenuata, transversim sulcata, longitudinaliter tuberculato-costata, transversim minu- tissime striata; columella postice corrugata; denticulis parvis ; apertura albida, longitudinis testes dimidium haud equans; nigra, anfr. ultimo albo-fasciata.
Dimensions.—Long. 9, diam. 4 mill. Locality.—Insl. Baker.
Shell fusiform, attenuated at both ends, spire somewhat acuminate, acute, longitudinally tuberculately ribbed, trans- versely grooved and very minutely striate, longitudinal ribs 12- 15, rounded and not prominent ; aperture less than one half the length of the shell; columella corrugate and plicate posteriorly ; denticulations small; color black, last whorl encircled with a white band, aperture and apex whitish, the lower part of the last whorl and spire are occasionally spotted with white.
ENGINA NoprIcosTaTA, Pease. Plate 28, fig. 8.
Description.—T. fusiformi-ovate, utrinque attenuata, longi- tudinaliter, obsolete nodoso-costata, costis 10-12, transversim nodoso-costata, costis tribus, striis minutissimis granuloso-de- cussata; collumella levis; labro intus tridentato; apertura
OF CONCHOLOGY. 275
dimidium longitudinis testee aequante; alba, costis transversalis nigra, apertura alba.
Dimensions.—Long. 64, diam. 3 mill. Locality.—Paumotus.
Shell fusiformly ovate, attenuated at both ends, longitudinally obsoletely nodosely ribbed, ribs 10-12, encircled transversely with three nodose ribs, whole surface very minutely granulosely decussated by striz; columella smooth, outer lip tridentate within; aperture about one-half the length of the shell; white transverse ribs black, aperture white.
This species may be compared with #. zonata, Rve. Most of the specimens we have seen are much worn, in which state the color of the transverse ribs is reddish and no trace of the decus- sating striz remains.
ENGINA VARIABILIS, Pease. Plate 23, fig. 9.
Deseription.—T fusiformi, utrinque attenuata, longitudinaliter sulcata, costis duabus nodosis cingulata, interstitiis sulcatis, un- dique transversim striata; spira acuta; apertura dimidium long- itudinis testze equante, angusta, recta; nigra, nodis albis, inter costis luteo maculata, apertura violacea.
Dimensions.—Long 9, diam. 5 mill. Locality.—Paumotus.
Shell fusiform, attenuated at both ends, longitudinally grooved, encircled by two nodose ribs, of which the upper is much the most prominent, interstices grooved, the whole surface trans- versely striate; spire sharp; aperture one-half the length of the shell, narrow, straight; color black, nodules white, between the ribs spotted with yellow, aperture purplish.
ENGINA STRIATA, Pease. Plate 23, fig. J.
Description.—T. fusiformi-ovata, utrinque acuta, in medio sub- angulata, longitudinaliter obsolete costata, transversim costis, duabus nodulis cingulata, utrinque transversim inciso-striata; columella recta; alba, costarum longitudinalium latere sinistro fusco strigatis, apertura pallide violacea.
Dimensions.—Long. 8, diam. 5 mill. Locality.—Paumotus.
Shell fusiform ovate, sharp at both ends, somewhat angular at the middle, obsoletely ribbed longitudinally, transversely en- circled by two prominent nodose ribs, somewhat compressed, the
276 AMERICAN JOURNAL
whole surface deeply and regularly striate transversely, forming close set ribs; columella straight; white, left side of the longi- tudinal ribs striped interruptedly with dark brown, aperture light purple.
I found a single specimen of the above associated with £. variabilis ; although not apparently mature, I venture to de- scribe it, being so distinct in its shape and sculpture.
ENGINA PARVA, Pease. Plate 23, fig. 11.
Description.—T. fusiformi-ovata, utrinque attenuata, trans- versim nodoso-costata, costis 5, longitudinaliter sulcata, nodis superioribus spinosis; undique scabriuscula aut corrugata ; labro valde quadridentato ; columella infra tuberculata ; alba, nodulorum seriebus alternatim albis et rufescente-fuscis.
‘Dimensions.—Long. 6, diam. 3% mill. Locality.—Paumotus.
Shell fusiformly ovate, attenuated at both ends, transversely nodosely ribbed, ribs about five in number, longitudinally grooved, grooves distant and shallow ; nodules or upper part of last whorl produced into spines, whole surface scabrous or wrinkled ; denticles on outer lip large, four in number, columella with two or three small tubercles at base; white, rows of no- dules alternately white and reddish brown or black.
The few specimens received of this species are imperfect. I describe it for reason of its striking peculiarities, combining the characters of Hngina and Ricinula. In sculpture, general form and aperture it is an Hngina, while its spines and rough- ened surface connect it with Recinula.
SISTRUM STRIATUM, Pease. Plate 23, fig. 12.
Description.—T. cylindraceo-ovata, longitudinaliter costata, interdum transversim obsolete tricostata, costis subnodulosis, un- dique transversim inciso-striata ; apertura angusta, longitudinis dimidium teste zequante; alba, costis longitudinalibus, fusces- cente nigris, apertura violacea.
Dimensions.—Long. 16. diam. 8 mill. Locality.—Insl. Kingsmill.
Shell cylindrically ovate, longitudinally ribbed, sometimes with three indistinct transverse ribs, ribs smooth, somewhat no- dulous, the whole surface engraved with deep strie; aperture narrow, one half the length of the shell; white, longitudinal ribs brownish black; aperture violet.
OF CONCHOLOGY. rary fl
After examining over a thousand specimens, in good condi- tion, of S. morus and its varieties, and comparing them with the figures and descriptions of S. asperum, 1 am convinced the latter is a variety of the former, contrary to the opinion of Deshayes and Reeve. Mr. Reeve, in his description of S. aspe- rum, omits the character ‘“scabriuscula’’ given to it by Lamarck. His description of S. morum is correct, and agrees more strictly with the type than that of Lamarck. From it the variation extends beyond S. asperum. The species above described is distinctly ribbed longitudinally and invariably smooth, the whole surface is deeply striate transversely, and the shape is elongate. It may be hereafter connected with S. morum by intermediate varieties, in which case, however, it should retain its name and also S. asperum, as varieties.
SISTRUM AFFINE. Proc. Zool. Soc., London, 1862. Plate 23, fig. 13.
Description.—T. crassa, solida, ovata, transversim quinque costata, interstitiis liratis, longitudinaliter irregulariter sulcata ; anfr. superne vix excavatis ; apertura subangusta, oblongo-ovata; nigricans aut intense fusca, columella albida aut chocolato- fusca.
Dimensions.—Long. 20, diam, 12 mill. Locality.—Insl. Kingsmill.
Shell thick, stout, ovate, transversely ribbed, ribs five, longi- tudinally irregularly grooved, forming oblong nodules, interstices between the ribs filled by two or three small ribs or ridges, transversely striated, whorls slightly concave around the upper part; aperture rather narrow, oblong ovate; color black or dark brown, edge of lip black, columella whitish or chocolate brown.
Since the original description was published, I have received more perfect and mature specimens. I still retain it, although the young especially approach near S. atromarginata, Blain., and albomarginata, Desh. It may prove eventually to be a variety of one of those species. Neither, however, are connected with tuberculatum, Blain., as supposed by Mr. Reeve. It will require large collections, from all localities, to define with any degree of accuracy the relative value of the several spe- cies of the above type.
SISTRUM SQUAMOSUM, Pease. Plate 23, fig. 14.
Description.—T. crassa, abbreviato-ovata, longitudinaliter et transversim nodoso-costata, costis transversis 4; lira angusta
278 AMERICAN JOURNAL
Squamosa interveniente ; costis longitudinalibus 7 ; spira brevi, acuta; apertura oblongo- -ovata; costis transversim alternatim albis et fuscis ; apertura chocolato-fusca.
Dimensions.—Long. 12, diam. 9 mill. Locality.—Kingsmill.
Shell thick, solid, abbreviately ovate, longitudinally trans-. versely stoutly nodosely ribbed, transverse ribs four in number, a narrow squamose rib running between them, longitudinal ribs about seven in number; spire short, acute ; aperture oblong- ovate; transverse ribs alter nately white and dark brown; aper- ture chocolate brown.
Another species of the same type as the preceding. The whole surface on young specimens is covered with fine scales. There are traces of transverse strize on the nodules.
SISTRUM TRIANGULATUM, Pease. Plate 23, fig. 15.
Description.—T. triangularis-ovata, longitudinaliter costata, costis 6-8, costis parvis decussata, interstitiis excavatis; anfr. superne angulatis, basi contracta, attenuata, undique squamosa ; apertura ovata; columella leevis; pallide cinerea, costis trans- versis luteis, apertura violacea.
Dimensions.—Long. 22, diam. 15 mill.
Locality.—Ins]. Hawaii.
Shell triangularly ovate, longitudinally ribbed, ribs 6-8, de- cussated by transverse ribs, interstices excavated, whorls angu- lated above, at the base contracted, attenuated and slightly re- curved, whole surface covered with scales; aperture ovate ; columella smooth; denticles on lip seven, extending its whole length; color light ashy gray, transverse ribs saffron yellow, aperture violet.
The above species is Muriciform in shape. In sculpture and somewhat in shape resembles J. fenestratus, Chem. The color is seldom preserved, even in live and perfect specimens.
LaTIRUS SQuUAMOSUS, Pease. Proc. Zool. Soc., London, 1862. Plate 23, fig. 16.
Description.—T. fusiformi, turrita, transversim lirata, sulcis longitudinalibus distantibus nodulosis, ‘nodis compressis, oblongis, interstitiis squamatis, transversim minute liratis, longitudinaliter subtilissimi striatis ; anfr. ultimo subventricoso, infra contracto ; spira turrita, acuta; anfr. ad suturas spinis squamiformibus, prominentibus, erectis, ordinatim ornata; fuscescente-rufa, liris
OF CONCHOLOGY. 279
super costas lutescente, squamis basique lutescente alba, aper- tura alba.
Dimensions.—Long. 45, diam. 20 mill. Locality.—Ins]. Baker’s.
Shell fusiform, transversely ridged, noduled by distant longi- tudinal grooves, nodules compressed, oblong, interstices squa- mate, finely ridged transversely and minutely’ striate longitudi-
nally, grooves becoming obsolete on base; last whorl somewhat ventricose, suddenly contracted at base; spire turrited, acute ; whorls otilamierted at the suture with arow of prominent, er ect,
squamate spines.
Color brownish red, nodulous portion of transverse ribs yellowish, spines and base, between the transverse ridges, yellow- ish white, aperture white.
a a ornamented species, quite distinct from any de- scribed.
LaTIRnus Gipeus, Pease. Plate 23, fig. 17.
Description.—T. fusiformi, crassa, levi, spira acuminata, gra- cili, acuta; longitudinaliter nodoso- costata, costis 5, magnis, obliquis, compressis, valde elevatis ; transyersim obsolete costa- ta, costis tribus, rotundatis, irregularibus; labro tenui, simplici ; costis albidis, interstitiis purpureo-violaceis, interdum iridescent- ibus, apertura, violacea.
Dimensions.—Long. 15, diam. 8 mill.
Locality.—Insl. Howland.
Shell fusiform, thick, solid, smooth; spire acuminate, slender, acute ; longitudinally nodosely ribbed, ribs five, large, oblique, compressed and much elevated ; transversely obsoletely ribbed, ribs three, round and irregular ; lip thin, simple ; ribs white, in- terstices pale purple- violet, sometimes iridescent, aperture deep violet.
An aberrant form, quite distinct.
LATIRUS GRANULOSUS, Pease. Plate 23, fig. 418. / LA
Description.—T. elongato-fusiformi, longitudinaliter costata, costis 9, rotundatis, transversim lirata, interstitiis lira parva granulosa cingulata; anfr. superne angulatis, Vix excavatis, angulis granuloso-lirata ; labro intus lirata ; anfr. convexo-rotun- datis ; ; rufescente-fusca, er anulis pallidis, apertura violacea.
Dimensions.—Long. 22, diam. 12 mill. Locality.—Paumotus.
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Shell elongately fusiform, longitudinally ribbed, ribs nine, rounded; corded with transverse ridges, with a small granose ridge encircling the interstices; whorls angulated and slightly excavated at the upper part, angulation encircled by close set granulose ridges; outer lip lirate within; whorls convexly rounded ; color reddish brown, granules lighter, aperture violet.
MARGINELLA POLITA, Pease. Plate 23, fig. 19. - (M. cylindracea, Pease, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1862.)
Desecription.—T. cylindrica, levigata, polita, alba, fasclis tri- bus luteis ornata, et ad basim macula lutea; labro subincrassato, albo medio vix incurvato et contracto; spira brevissima; aper- tura linearis, inferne latiuscula; columella infra vix curvata; quadriplicata.
Dimensions.—Long. 11, diam. 43 mill.
Locality.—Insl. Tarawa.
Shell cylindrical, smooth, polished, white, ornamented with three broad yellowish bands, and a spot of same color at base; outer lip slightly thickened externally and white; somewhat involute and slightly contracted in the middle; spire very short ; aperture linear, slightly expanded at base; columella very slightly curved below, and four-plaited.
MARGINELLA Pactrica, Pease. Plate 23, fig. 20.
Description.—T. oblongo-ovata, polita, alba, lineis uteis sagit- tatis transversis ornata; spira brevissima; labro extus, vix in- crassato, medio subinflexo, intus lirato; apertura vix curvata ; columella quadriplicata.
Dimensions.—Long. 5, diam. 3 mill. Locality.—Paumotus.
Shell oblong ovate, smooth, polished, white, ornamented with transverse rows of fine yellowish arrow-headed lines; spire very small, not exserted; lip slightly thickened externally and in- flexed at the middle, lirate within; aperture slightly curved ; columella four-plaited at base.
Quite distinct from MW. sagittata, Hds. The arrow-headed lines are turned to the left.
MARGINELLA PYRIFORMIS, Pease. Plate 23, fig. 21.
Description.—T. oblongo-pyriformi, lvigata, nitida; spira brevis; labro extus incrassato, intus denticulato; apertura an- gusta linearis; alba, fasciis tribus luteis ornata, ad suturam, medio et ad basim.
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Dimensions.—Long. 6, diam. 3 mill.
Locality.—Paumotus.
Shell oblong pyriform, smooth, shining, white, with three yel- lowish bands at the suture, in the middle and at the base; spire short; outer lip thickened externally, denticulate within its whole length; aperture narrow linear.
MARGINELLA PAUMOTENSIS, Pease. Plate 23, fig. 22.
Description.—-T. oblonga, subcylindrica, polita, levigata, alba, luteis trifasciata; spira brevissima; labro medio inflexo, intus leevigato; columella ad basim laminato callosa, triplicata.
Dimensions.—Long. 5, diam. 24 mill.
Locality.—Paumotus.
Shell oblong, somewhat cylindrical, polished, smooth, white, with three faint yellowish bands; spire very short; lip inflexed at the middle, smooth within; columella laminately callous at base, three-plaited.
The above may possibly belong to genus Volutella. It has somewhat the appearance of MW. polita, Pease. The columella folds will serve to distinguish it. It is also much smaller and more slender.
VOLUTELLA ELONGATA, Pease. Plate 23, fig. 23.
Description.—T. elongata, subcylindrica, levigata, alba, lutea pallide fasciata ; spira brevissima; labro subincrassato, involuto ; apertura angusta, linearis, infra subdilatata; columella quadri- plicata, ad basim Jaminato-callosa.
Dimensions.—Long. 94, diam. 83 mill.
Locality.—Insl. Fanning.
Shell elongate, somewhat cylindrical, smooth, white, faintly banded with yellowish; spire very short, outer lip slightly thick- ened externally, involute; aperture narrow, linear, slightly ex-
panded at base; columella four-plaited, laminately callous at base.
OLIVELLA (CALLIANAX) SIMPLEX, Pease. Plate 23, fig. 24.
Description.—T. subfusiformi, ad basim truncata, levigata, alba; anfr. 4 ad suturam marginatis subangulatis, spira vix pro- ducta; labro levigato; apertura lata; columella callosa, vix curvata.
Dimensions.—Long. 44, diam. 2 mill.
Locality.— Paumotus.
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Shell somewhat fusiform, truncate at base, smooth, white; whorls four, marginated and slightly angulate at sutures; spire somewhat produced; outer lip simple, smooth within; aperture wide; columella slightly curved and callous.
The generic characters of the above are doubtful. It may prove the type of a new genus. If correct, it is the first species of Olivella described from Polynesia.
NARICA DELICATA, Pease. Plate 23, fig. 25.
Desecription.—T. ventricoso-globosa, tenui, fragilis, alba, apice roseo; transversim costis ligata, costis parvis, confertis, promi- nentis, subflexuosis, interstitiis longitudinaliter striatis; apice acuto, vix elevato; labro tenui; umbilico magno, profundo, striis eancellato.
Dimensions.—Diam. 9, long. 8 mill. Locality.—Paumotus.
Shell globose, ventricose, thin, fragile, white, apex rose-col- ored; corded transversely by fine, close-set, somewhat wrinkled prominent ribs, interstices barred by longitudinal raised striz ; apex acute, rather elevated; lip thin; umbilicus open, deep, ex- tending to the apex, finely cancellated by strie.
The above differs from Cuvieriana, Recl., principally in its sculpture.
NERITOPSIS INTERLIRATA, Pease. Plate 23, fig. 26.
Description.—T. vix oblique-ovata, ad suturas depressa, solida, alba; spiraliter nodoso-costata, lira minore intercurrente, inter- Stitiis, striis elevatis, tenui clathratis ; apertura subcircularis.
Dimensions.—Diam. 13, long. 10 mill. Locality.—Insl. Annaa.
Shell somewhat obliquely ovate, depressed at the sutures, solid, white, spirally granosely ribbed, with an intermediate smaller rib, interstices barred by fine, close raised striz; aper- ture nearly circular.
I have hesitated to separate the above species from WV. radula for reason of the great variation that many marine species of Gasteropode undergo at the Paumotus.
There is also a remarkable resemblance between the fossil species of this genus and the radula in sculpture.
My collection comprises specimens of the latter from four localities in Polynesia, which surely differ from the above. There appears to be a regular gradation from the fossil species, through
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the radula, to the above, in site prominence of the granules and the depth and size of the longitudinal striz.
EUCHELUS ANGULATUS, Pease. Plate 23, fig. 27.
Description.—T. turbinato-globosa, solida, alba, imperforata ; anfr. ultimo in medio biangulato, angulis costis acuto-granulosis marginatis, supra uniangulato, infra biangulato, interstitiis pro- funde foveolatis, ad suturam, concaviter depresso ; labro denticu- lato.
Dimensions.—Diam. 5, alt 4 mill. Locality.—Ins]. Annaa.
Shell globose, somewhat turbinated, solid, white, last whorl biangulate on the middle, angulation bordered by stout, prickly granulose ribs, encircled by one rib above the angulation and two below, instertices deeply pitted, concavely depressed beneath the sutures; imperforate, (the young narrowly perforate) ; den- ticulations on outer lip small.
Operculum horny, many-whorled, nucleus central.
Closely allied to H. foveolatus, A. Ad., specimens of which I have from Tahiti. The above may be recosnized by the strong angulations at the middle of last whorl, aad less number of ribs. The operculum differs from the figure given in ‘‘ Adams’ Genera.”
GENA L&VIS, Pease. Plate 23, figs. 7, 28, 29.
Deseription.—T. oblonga, supra plano-depressa, infra rotun- data, levi, solida, transversim striis incrementis signata; labro recto, labrum incrassatum ; apertura oblongo- ovalis ; spira pos- tica, vix prominula; viridescens olivacea, albida, fusca et rubra varie maculata aut marmorata, interdum omnino viridula.
Dimensions.—Long. 11, diam. 63 mill. Locality. —Tahiti.
Shell oblong, flatly depressed on its upper side, rounded on its lower edge, smooth, solid, marked transversely with striz of growth; outer lip straight, inner lip thickened on its edge; aperture oblong oval; spire posterior, small, slightly elevated ; greenish olive, variously spotted or mottled with white, brown or red, sometimes wholly of a dark green color.
The figures and descriptions of the animals of two species of this genus have been published—G@. planulata, Lam., and nigra, Quoy.
The animal of the above species was drawn from life by Mr.
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Garrett, and may be relied on as correct. He had opportunity of observing a number of individuals in their natural habitat, and examining them confined. The animal lives in the upper region of the laminarian zone, on branched coral, but usually found under loose stones, on mud and sandy bottom, at low water mark. The color of the above is similar to that of its shell, of an oliva- ceous or brownish olive, reticulately veined with dusky, locomo- tive disk and tentacular appendages pale. ‘The first is large, and cannot be wholly retracted beneath the shell, it is oblong, rounded behind, thick and fleshy, ciliated around the margin, and slightly tuberculated on the posterior upper portion.
When expanded, three hirsute cylindrical tapering cirrhi pro- ject from each side of the shell, which are attached to the upper surface of the foot, and at the outer base of each is a minute arborescent appendage.
The mantle is margined, with a single series of pinnate cirrhi, which, when the animal is in motion, are recumbent on the mar- gin of the shell. Head proboscidiform, well developed, lips wrinkled, mouth elliptical.
Tentacles very long, slender, tapering and hirsute. Two arbo- rescent appendages in front of the tentacles. Eyes on hirsute pedicels, at the hinder base of the tentacles. A siphon projects on each side of the neck, the left incurrent and the right excur- rent.
GENA ROSACEA, Pease. Plate 24, fig. 1.
Description.—T. oblongo-ovali, convexa, supra prope apicem subdepressa, tenuiscula, concentrice striata, striis elevatis, dis- tantibus, transversim minutissime striata; labro recto; spira postica; anfr. angulatis, vix elevatis; rubro alboque varie picta ; striis concentricis rubris, spira albida aut flavidula.
Dimensions.—Long. 64, diam. 4 mill.
Locality.—Paumotus.
Shell oblong oval, convex, somewhat depressed, on upper side near the apex rather thin, concentrically distantly and elevately striate, transversely very minutely striate; outer lip straight ; spire posterior, whorls angulated, slightly elevated; variously mottled with pink and white; concentric strie red, spire yellow- ish or white.
CAPULUS LIBERATUS, Pease. Plate 24, fig. 2.
Description.—T. pileiformi, elevata, crassa, alba, transversim tenuiter costata, longitudinaliter striata; spira oblique convo- luta, disjuncta.
Dimensions. —Long. 9, diam. T mill.
Locality. —Paumotus.
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Shell cap-shaped, much elevated, thick, white, transversely finely ribbed, longitudinally striate ; spire obliquely convolute, free, detached.
NERITINA DISPAR, Pease. Plate 24, fig. 3.
Description.—T. globosa, solida, levigata, nitida; anfr. su- perne concavis, longitudinaliter, tenuiter et irregulariter striata ; area columellari plana, callosa; spira vix exserta ; nigra, punc- tis albis angulatis maculata, interdum in seriebus ordinatis, aut rubris fasciata; aut lineis nigris longitudinalibus, flexuosis no- tata; columella aperturaque luteo-olivacea.
Locality.—Insl. Roratonga.
Shell globose, solid, smooth, shining, whorls concave around the upper part, very finely and irregularly striate longitudinally ; columella area flat and callous; spire rather exserted; black, freckled with small angular white dots, sometimes disposed in bands, seldom banded with pink, sometimes marked with fine longitudinal wrinkled black lines ; columella and aperture yellow- ish-olive.
This species is allied to Oualanensis and lentiginosa. It is smaller than either. From the first it may be distinguished by the spire being exserted and concave beneath, and painted with a smaller pattern. It differs from the last principally in shape, and also color of the aperture.
NERITINA RUDIS, Pease. Plate 24, fig. 4.
Description.—T. ovata, crassa, solida, spiraliter confertim striata; spira depressa; area columellari levigata, plana, vix concava, medio denticulata; labro intus polita; nigra, alboque fasciata aut maculata, apertura lutescente.
Dimensions.—Diam. 12, alt. 9 mill. Locality. —Ponape.
Shell ovate, thick, solid; spire depressed, spirally rather closely striate ; columella area smooth, flat, slightly concave, denticulate on the middle; outer lip smooth, polished within ; banded or spotted with black and white, aperture pale yellow.
The above agrees in size and shape with WV. pea (Gld., non Chenu).
NERITINA RUBIDA, Pease. Plate 24, fig. 5.
Description.—T. ovata, rotundato-convexa, tenuiscula, striis incrementis rugulosa; spira depressa; area columellari, cinerea, 23
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leevigata, plana, latissima ; colore rufescente-succinea, interdum nigro strigata, aut omnino-nigra.
Dimensions.—Diam. 5, alt. 3 mill. Locality. —Tahiti.
Shell ovate, roundly convex, rather thin, roughened by lines of growth; spire depressed ; columella area of an ash color, smooth, plane, very wide; reddish-amber color, sometimes streaked with black or wholly black.
Closely allied to WV. suceinea, inhabiting the West Indies. It is shorter and more convex than that species, and the columella area broader.
NERITA MACULATA, Pease. Plate 24, fig. 6.
Description.—T. globosa, rotundata, solida, crassa, spiraliter tenuiter et creberrime, lineari sulcata; spira plano-depressa ; area columellari vix concava, granulata et corrugata, fortiter dentata; labro intus valde crenato et dentato; nigra, punctis luteis lentiginosa.
Locality.—Tahiti.
Shell globose, rounded, solid, thick, spirally finely linearly grooved throughout; spire flatly depressed; columella area slightly concave, granulated and wrinkled, strongly toothed, teeth three, of which the upper is very broad; lip strongly cre- nated and toothed ; black, speckled with yellowish dots.
It is surprising this species should not have been noticed be- fore. It approaches WV. argus, Recl., but is more round and compact, also regularly grooved throughout.
TROCHUS EXILIS, Pease. Plate 24, fig. 7.
Description.—T. imperforata, elato-conica ; anfr. plano-con- cavis, ad marginem granoso-costatis, utrinque tenuiter transver- sim striata ; basi convexa, lirata et striata; apertura ad basim vix effusa ; alba, castanea transversim lineata et longitudinaliter strigata, basi castaneo-punctata.
Dimensions.—Alt. 74, diam. 5 mill. Locality.—Paumotus.
Shell imperforate, elevately conical; whorls flatly concave, encircled at their lower margin with a granose rib, transversely minutely striate throughout ; base convex, ridged and striated ; aperture slightly effuse at base of columella; white, finely line- ated transversely and striped longitudinally with chestnut-brown, base dotted with brown.
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Of the same character as 7’. fastigiatus, Ad., and Cumingit, Ad.
TROCHUS CONOIDALIS, Pease. Plate 24, fig. 8.
Description.—T. acuto-conica, anguste perforata; anfr. plano- declivibus, transversim sulcatis, longitudinaliter plicato-corruga- tis, inferne ad marginem plicato-squamatis ; basi plano-convexa, tenuiter sulcata; albida, luteo aut purpureo tincta.
Dimensions.—Alt. 5, diam. 4 mill.
Locality.—Paumotus.
Shell sharply conical, narrowly perforate; whorls flatly slop- ing, transversely grooved, plicately wrinkled longitudinally and plicately scaled at the margin ; base flatly convex, finely grooved ; whitish, stained with saffron-yellow or purple.
TROCHUS MARMOREUS, Pease. Plate 24, fig. 9.
Description.—T. acuto-conica, solida, crassa, anguste perfo- rata, transversim regulariter sulcata; anfr. planulatis aut sub- convexis; anfr. ultimo ad basim angulato; basi convexa, circu- lariter sulcata et striata ; labro intus lirato; columella truncata, ; rubro alboque marmorata.
Dimensions.—Alt. 8, diam. 5 mill. Locality. —Paumotus.
Shell sharply conical, solid, thick, narrowly perforate, trans- versely regularly grooved throughout ; whorls plane or slightly convex; last whorl angulate at base; base convex, circularly grooved and finely striate; lip lirate within ; columella truncate at base; marbled with white and rose color.
Of very doubtful generic characters.
OPERCULATUM AURANTIUM, Pease.
Description.—T. ovata, solida, depresso-convexa, latere dextro rotundato-convexo, latere sinistro plano-convexo, supra concen- trice tenui striata, radiatim obsolete et late costata, subtus costis parvis radiatim rugulosa ; supra alba, epidermide membranacea induta, subtus medio castaneo-fusca, impressione musculari ful- vescente fascia castanea concentrice marginata, extus fulves- cente.
Dimensions. —Long.-54, diam. 4 inches.
Locality. —Uawaii.
Shell ovate, solid, depressly convex, right side roundly con- vex, left side flatly convex, upper side concentrically finely
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striate, and also marked by lines of growth, radiately, obsoletely, broadly and distantly ribbed, interior roughened by small radia- ting ribs; upper side white, covered with a thin membranaceous epidermis, beneath in the centre dark chestnut-brown, muscular
impression yellowish, bordered by a concentric band of chestnut- brown, outer edge yellowish.
Dr. Gould, in “‘ Report Am. Expl’g. Exp.,” proposed to adopt the name of O. wmbellatum, Gm., for the above species. Gmelin’s description, however, does not apply, and was undoubtedly drawn up from a specimen of O. Indicum. No specimens of shells had reached Europe from the Hawaiian Islands in his day. This species is distinct both as to shell and animal. The latter when living is of an orange-yellow, the whole surface covered with tu- bercles, a character not mentioned in any description of O. In- dicum. 'The shell on its upper side is finely striate concentri- cally, not radiately as U. Jndicum, as well as more prominently marked by lines of growth. The radiating ribs are scarcely perceptible. The right side is much more elevated than the op- posite, probably to accommodate the branchize. The color of the interior differs from both O. Indicum and O. Cumingii, Desh., of which I have specimens. The latter is more nearly connected with the Mediterranean form.
The animal of the above attains the size of eight inches in length, of which the shell covers five and a half.
SCALARIA PERPLEXA, Pease.
Description.—T. pyramidali-elongata, solida, imperforata, ni- tida, alba, fascia fusca ad suturas; anfr. 9-11 rotundatis, leevi- bus; anfr. ultimo costa spiralis ad inferiorem partem; sutura profunde impressa; varicibus 9-10, prominentis, irregularis, compressis ; apertura abbreviato-ovalis.
Dimensions.—Long. 32, diam. 13 mill.
Locality.— Hawaii.
Shell pyramidally elongate, solid, imperforate, shining, ivory white, dark brown at the sutures ; whorls 9-11, rounded, smooth, rather rapidly enlarging, the last with a spiral rib encircling the axis ; suture deeply impressed; varices 9-10, prominent, com- pressed, irregular in size, more or less continuous; aperture abbreviately oval.
We attach the above name to this species for reason of its having been so long confounded with S. clathrus. The whorls are more rounded, and it differs in color from that species. Very
rarely the whole space between the varices is colored dark purplish-brown.
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ScALARIA DECUSSATA, Pease. Plate 24, fig. 10.
Description.—T. elongata, gracilis, crassiuscula, imperforata, alba; anfr. 7, rotundatis, anguste separatis ; varicibus 7, con- tinuis, laminatis, crassis, interstitiis striis minutissimis decussatis ; apertura subrotundata.
Dimensions.—Long. 9, diam. 4 mill. Locality.—Hawaii.
Shell elongate, slender, rather thick, imperforate, white ; whorls six, rounded, narrowly separate; varices seven, stout, regular, continuous, laminate, interstices decussated by very minute raised striz ; aperture nearly round.
ScaLARIA PAUMOTENSIS, Pease. Plate 24, fig. 11.
Description.—T. pyramidali, acuminata, crassa, imperforata, levi, alba; anfr. 6, rotundatis, anguste separatis ; varicibus 7, crassis, continuis, recurvis; apertura subcircularis.
Dimensions.—Long. 9, diam. 5 mill. Locality. —Paumotus.
Shell pyramidal, acuminate, thick, imperforate, smooth, white ; whorls six, rounded, narrowly separate: varices seven, stout, regular, continuous, recurved ; aperture nearly circular.
The above species was found associated with S. replicata, Sow. The latter species is not umbilicate, as was described.
SCALARIA CRISPATA, Pease. Plate 24, fig. 12.
Description.—T. tenui, elongata; anfr. ultimo, subventricoso ; alba, imperforata; anfr. 8-9, convexis, contiguis, transversim minute striata; sutura profunda; varicibus numerosis, parvis, tenuis, crenulatis, crispatis, super suturam continuis ; apertura, magna, ovalis.
Dimensions.—Long. 20, diam. 10 mill.
Locality.—Paumotus.
Shell light, thin, elongate, imperforate, white; last whorl slightly ventricose ; whorls 8-9, convex, contiguous, finely striate transversely ; sutures deep; varices numerous, small, thin, beautifully crisped and crenulated, continuous over the sutures ; aperture large, oval.
Somewhat allied to S. dubia. A variety of the above occurs at the same locality, much smaller, last whorl more ventricose, the varices thicker, and the transverse striz more distinct, some- times also very narrowly perforate.
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ScaALARIA CRENULATA, Pease. Plate 24, fig. 18.
Description.—T. solidiuscula, abbreviato-turrita, lzevi, umbilicata, pallide rosacea; anfr. 4, rotundatis, late separatis ; varicibus 6, laminatis, crenulatis ad suturam irregulariter junctis, albis; apertura circularis.
Dimensions. —Long. 5, diam. 4 mill.
Locality. —Tahiti.
Shell rather solid, abbreviately turrited, smooth, umbilicate ; whorls 4, separated by a wide and deep suture ; varices 6, lami- nate, crenulate, erect, irregularly connected at the suture, white; aperture circular.
This beautiful little species is very rare, I having met with but a single specimen. It may be classed with genus Cirsotrema, and is somewhat allied to C. hyalina, Sow.
ScCALARIA SYMMETRICA, Pease. Plate 24, fig. 14.
Description.—T. elongata, acuminata, imperforata, crassa, alba ; anfr. 6, contiguis, convexis, transversim striatis ; varicibus 16, crassis, vix recurvis, ad suturam continuis; columella ad basim crassa, VIX expansa; apertura subcircularis.
Dimensions.—Long. 8, diam. 3 mill.
Locality. —Tahiti.
Shell elongate, acuminate, imperforate, solid, white; whorls 6, contiguous, convex, striated transversely; varices 16, thick, slightly recurved, continuous over the sutures; columella thickened and somewhat expanded at base; aperture nearly circular.
A solid little shell, of simple characters.
FASTIGIELLA SQUAMULOSA, Pease. Plate 24, fig. 15.
Description.—T. elongato-turrita, subfusiformi, longitudinali- ter costata, costis 7, rotundatis, transversim lirata, interstitiis profunde excavatis ; undique squamulosa; columella levigata, recta; labro intus levigata; canali vix producta et recurva; alba, apice basique rosaceis.
Dimensions.—Long. 28, diam. 11 mill. Locality.—Paumotus.
Shell elongate, turrited, somewhat fusiform, longitudinally ribbed, ribs 7, rounded, transversely ridged, interstices deeply excavated, whole surface covered with small scales; columella
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smooth, straight; outer lip smooth within; canal slightly pro- duced and recurved ; white, base and apex rose color.
So far as I am aware, the only species heretofore known is the one on which the genus was founded, F. carinata, Rve. The above corresponds to and confirms the generic characters estab- lished by Mr. Reeve.
The peculiar sculpture and color of this species separates it distinctly from any other genus of Cerithiide.
ODOSTOMIA STRIATA, Pease. Plate 24, fig. 16.
Description.—T. elongata, cylindraceo-turrita, subpellucida, transversim conferte et tenui striata; anfr. 7, plano-convexis, ad suturam vix angulata; sutura bene impressa; apertura parva, ovata; alba, spira interdum flavescente aut pallide castanea.
Dimensions.—Long. 5}, diam. 1} mill. Locality.—Paumotus.
Shell elongate, cylindrically turrited, subpellucid; whorls seven, planely convex, transversely closely and finely striated, slightly angulate at the suture ; suture well impressed; aperture small ovate; columella fold distinct; white, spire sometimes yellowish or light chestnut brown.
ODOSTOMIA POLITA, Pease. Plate 24, fig. 17.
Description.—T. elongata, cylindracea, laevigata, glabra, albida aut flavescente; anfr. 8, planis; sutura subimpressa; apertura parva, oblongo-ovata, plica magna; columella callosa.
Dimensions.—Long. 6, diam. 2 mill. Locality.—Tahiti.
Shell elongate, cylindrical, smooth, glabrous, whitish or yellowish ; whorls eight, plane, suture slightly impressed; aper- ture small, oblong ovate; columella fold well developed ; colu- mella callous.
ODOSTOMIA RUBRA, Pease. Plate 24, fig. 18.
Description.—T. elongata, cylindracea, rosacea, longitudinaliter striata, transversim obsolete striata; anfr. 9-10, planis, ad sutu- ram marginatis ; apertura oblongo-ovata; columella vix callosa.
Dimensions.—Long. 10, diam. 2 mill. Locality.—Paumotus.
Shell elongate, cylindrical, light rose color, longitudinally striate, and indistinctly striate transversely; whorls 9-10,
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plane, marginate at the suture; aperture oblong ovate; columella slightly callous.
ODOSTOMIA ROSACEA, Pease. Plate 24, fig. 19.
Description.—T. oblonga, cylindracea, solida, leevigata, nitida ; anfr. 5, plano-convexis, obsolete marginatis ; apertura elongato- ovata; rosacea, ad basin pallida aut alba, maculis albis aut lineis, infra suturam ornata.
Dimensions.
Long. 7. diam. 2 mill. Locality.— Paumotus.
Shell oblong, cylindrical, solid, smooth, shining; whorls five, flatly convex, indistinctly marginated; aperture oblong ovate ; rose color, pale or white at base, ornamented with a row of longitudinal spots or lines beneath the suture.
ODOSTOMIA GRACILIS, Pease. Plate 24, fig. 20.
Description.—T. gracilis, elongata, tenui, subturrita, trans- versim tenui striata, alba; anfr. 6, plano-convexis, ad suturam acute angulatis ; apertura elongato-ovata.
Dimensions.—Long. 4, diam. 14 mill. Locality. —Hawaii. Shell slender, thin, elongate, somewhat turrited, finely striate
transversely ; whorls six, flatly convex, acutely angulated at the suture ; aperture elongate ovate.
ODOSTOMIA DEBILIS, Pease. Plate 24, fig. 21.
Description.—T. gracilis, elongata, lanceata, solidiuscula, longitudinaliter striata, transversim minutissime striata; anfr. 9, planis, ad suturam acute angulata; apertura oblongo-ovalis ; spira rosea, infra albida.
Dimensions.—Long. 9, diam. 2 mill. Locality.—Insl. Howland.
Shell slender, elongate, lance-shaped, rather thick, longitudi- nally striate and also transversely very minutely ; whorls nine, flat, acutely angulate at the sutures; aperture oblong oval ; spire rose color, lower part and base whitish.
The above are the first of the genus described from the Pacific Islands. They are rare, though no doubt numerous in species.
OF CONCHOLOGY. 2195
TURBONILLA ELONGATA, Pease. Plate 24, fig. 22.
Description.—T. elongata, turrita, gracilis, alba; longitudi- naliter regulariter criberrime costata, transversim striata ; anfr. 14, convexis, univaricosis; sutura bene impressa; columella infra tortuosa; labro extus late varicoso, intus forte lirato; apertura quadrato-ovalis.
Dimensions.—Long. 19, diam. 4 mill. Locality.—Paumotus.
Shell elongate, turrited, slender, white, longitudinally regu- larly and closely ribbed, transversely striate; whorls fourteen, convex, furnished with a simple varix on each whorl; suture well impressed ; columella twisted below; lip widely varicose on its outer edge, strongly lyrate within; aperture squarely oval.
The above species approaches 7. grandis, Ad. and Rve. Its characters are not developed until it attains maturity ; such may be the case with 7. grandis. he lip of large sized specimens is thin and simple, similar to that of most species of this genus. The ridges within are not formed until after the lip is thickened externally by a varix. At the base of columella the aperture is upparently slightly effuse.
In sculpture, general shape and form of aperture, it is a true Turbonilla. For reason of its peculiarities I propose to separate it from the Zurbonilla proper, under the subgeneric name of Lancea.
T. grandis probably included.
STYLIFER DEFORMIS, Pease. Plate 24, fig. 23.
Description.—T. tenui, levigata, nitida, pellucida, alba, long- itudinaliter obsolete striata; anfr. 6-10, rotundato-convexis, ad suturam anguste marginatis, ultimo ventricoso ; spira parva, contracta, distorta, apertara oblongo-ovata, subeffusa; labrum ad basim vix reflexum.
Dimensions.—Long. 12, diam. 4 mill.
Locality.—Paumotus.
Shell light, thin, smooth, shining, pellucid, white, indistinetly striated longitudinally ; whorls 6-10, roundly convex, narrowly marginate at the suture, the last swollen; spire usually much contracted, very slender, distorted; aperture oblong ovate, slightly effuse at base; inner lip slightly reflected.
A light, fragile species. The shape of the columella can
294 AMRICAN JOURNAL
be seen its whole length, through the shell. Scarcely two speci- mens agree in shape. The last whorl is always swollen, and those above, on most specimens, becomes suddenly contracted and run out in needle shape; others are of a cylindrical shape, the whorls retaining their size to the apex.
EuLima veNusta, Pease. Plate 24, fig. 24.
Description.—T. solidiuscula, polita, vitrea, subulata, sub- inflexa, cinereo-alba; anfr. 9-10, plano-convexis, marginatis ; apertura ovata.
Dimensions.—Long. 6, diam. 2 mill.
Locality.—Tahiti.
Shell rather solid, polished, vitreous, elongate, subulate, some- what curved and distorted, ashy white; whorls 9—10, flatly convex, distinctly marginated ; aperture ovate.
Dimensions. —Long 6, diam. 2 mill.
Locality. —Tahiti.
The above occurs, associated with acieula, Gld. = vitrea, Ad., at Tahiti. The latter are widely distributed, most common. and largest in size at Tahiti. The above is closely allied to acicula, but oa solid and slender, smaller and more curved and dis: torted.
HULIMA EXILIS, Pease. Plate 24, fig. 25.
Description.—T. solidiuscula, elongata, gracilis, polita, nitida, alba; anfr. planis, obsolete marginatis; columella vix callosa ; apertura parva, oblongo-ovata.
Dimensions.—Long. 9, diam. 24 mill. Locality. —Paumotus.
- Shell rather solid, elongate, slender, shining, polished, white ; whorls plane, indistinct, marginated; columella slightly callous ; aperture small, oblong-ovate.
EULIMA INFLEXA, Pease. Plate 24, fig. 26.
Description.—T. solida, subulata, inflexa, distorta, nitida, alba; anfr. marginatis, ultimo ventricoso, oblique producto ; spira gracilis; apertura parva; columella callosa.
Dimensions.—Long. 10, diam. 4 mill. Locality.x—Paumotus.
Shell solid, subulate, curved, distorted, white, shining; whorls marginated, last whorl swollen, somewhat produced obliquely ; spire slender; aperture very small; columella callous.
OF CONCHOLOGY. 295
A distinct species, easily recognized from its curved shape and character of last whorl.
MUCRONALIA GRACILIS, Pease. Plate 24, fig. 27.
Description.—T. solida, polita, nitida, elongata, turrita, alba; anfr. 7, rotundato-convexis; sutura bene impressa; apertura oblique ovata; columella subcallosa.
Dimensions.—Long. 4, diam. 2 mill.
Locality —Tahiti.
Shell solid, polished, shining, elongate, turrited, white ; whorls 7, convexly rounded, suture well impressed; aperture obliquely ovate; columella slightly callous.
The most slender of this genus.
& RISSOINA COSTULATA, Pease. Plate 24, fig. 28.
Description.—T. elongata, fusiformi, gracilis, longitudinaliter valde costata, transversim striata; anfr. plano-convexis; sutura bene impressa, sulcata ; apertura parva, ovata; alba, anfr. medio fascia castaneo-fusca cingulatis.
Dimensions.—Long. 5, diam. 2 mill. Locality. Paumotus.
Shell elongate fusiform, slender, longitudinally prominently ribbed, striate transversely ; whorls flatly convex ; suture deeply impressed, grooved; aperture very small, ovate; white, encir- cled by a chestnut brown band on middle of whorls.
RISSOINA SEMIPLICATA, Pease. (Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1862). Plate 24, fig. 29.
Description.—T. subulata polita, nitida, subpellucida, alba ; anfr. 6, plano-convexis; spira longitudinaliter-plicata; apertura ovata, subeffusa; columella vix callosa.
Dimensions.—Long. 83, diam. 1} mill.
Locality.—Insl. Howland.
Shell subulate, white, shining, polished, subpellucid; whorls 6, flatly convex; spire longitudinally plicate; aperture ovate, slightly effuse ; columella slightly callous.
RISSOINA TENUISTRIATA, Pease. Plate 24, fig. 30.
Description.—T. solida, subulata, alba, longitudinaliter cre- berrime tenuistriata; anfr. 6—T, convexis, ad suturam vix de- pressis marginatis; anfr. ultimo magno, dimidiam longitudinis
296 AMER.JAN JOURNAL
testee equante ; apertura obliquata, semilunaris, subeffusa; colu- melia callosa.
Dimensions.—Long. 9, diam. 4 mill. Locality.—Paumotus.
Shell subulate, solid, white, longitudinally, finely, closely and regularly striate; whorls 6—7, convex, somewhat depressed at the suture and marginated ; last whorl large, one-half the length of the shell; aperture oblique, of a semilunar shape, slightly effuse ; columella callous.
RISSOINA STRIATULA, Pease. Plate 24, fig. 31.
Description.—T. crassa, subulata, alba, transversim tenui et creberrime striata; anfr. convexis, ad suturam vix depressis, anfr. ultimo magno; apertura obliquata, oblongo-ovata; colu- mella vix arcuata, callosa; ad basim subeffusa.
Dimensions.—Long. 9, diam. 83 mill. Locality.—Paumotus.
Shell solid, subulate, white, transversely finely and closely striate; whorls convex, slightly depressed at the suture, last whorl large; aperture oblique, oblong-ovate, slightly effuse at base of columella; columella slightly arched and callous.
The two last above-described species, with R ambigua, Gld., form a group resembling each other in shape and form of aper- ture, which is oblique, large and open.
Ambigua is the smallest, distinctly ribbed, tenwistriata is finely striate longitudinally, and striatula striate transversely. All the species of this genus, heretofore described by me, from the Hawaiian Islands, also inhabit. the Islands of Southern Polynesia.
RissoA SEMICOSTATA, Pease. Plate 24, fig. 32.
Description.—T. oblongo-ovalis, subcylindracea, solidiuscula, albida, aut pallide flavescens, transversim tenuistriata, longitudi- naliter creberrime tenui costata, costis ad anfr. ultimum evanes- centibus ; anfr. 5—6, convexo rotundatis ; sutura valde impressa ; apertura parva, ovalis.
Dimensions.—Long. 38, diam. 13 mill.
Locality.—Insl. Caroline.
Shell oblong-oval, somewhat cylindrical, rather solid, whitish
or pale yellow, transversely finely striate, longitudinally finely and closely ribbed, ribs obsolete or disappearing on back of last
OF CONCHOLOGY. 297
whorl; whorls 5—6, convexly rounded, suture deeply impressed ; aperture small, oval.
RissoA FLAMMEA, Pease. Plate 24, fig. 33.
Description.—-T. oblonga, subfusiformi, crassa, transversim tenui sulcata, anfr. planis ; sutura valde impressa ; spira acuta; columella arcuata ; apertura oblongo-ovata, albida, longitudina- liter strigis cinereis picta, sulcis pallide fusca interruptim line- atis.
Dimensions.—Long. 3, diam. 34 mill. Locality.—Insl. Caroline.
Shell oblong, subfusiform, solid, transversely finely grooved ; whorls plane, suture well impressed ; spire sharp; columella arched; aperture oblong- ovate ; whitish, painted with broad longitudinally ashy grey stripes, running into each other ; grooves lined interruptedly with light brown.
The above two minute species of /tzssoa are the first discovered on the Pacific Islands. They lately made their appearance from the extreme west,
298 AMERICAN JOURNAL
MONOGRAPH OF THE TERRESTRIAL MOLLUSCA OF THE UNITED STATES.
BY GEORGE W. TRYON, JR.
[Continued from page 174.]
Family PUPADA.
Shell cylindrical, with generally obtuse apex, the whorls numerous and nearly equal; aperture small, rounded, with expanded or reflected lips, and generally armed with teeth or laminee within. Minute in size in most of the North American species.
Animal.—Tentacles very small or wanting; foot short, obtuse or pointed behind.
Remarks.—These shells are the smallest of all the terrestrial mollusca inhabiting the United States (except P. incana, which is a large species, but belongs to a West Indian group). They are so minute, indeed, that it requires the strictest scrutiny of the damp ground, moss, or decayed wood inhabited by them, in order to detect their presence, a difficulty which is much increased by their color, which is dull and earthy.
Genera.
1. CronnLua, Jeffreys. Oblong-acuminate, smooth, polished ; aperture small, oval, with a short, arcuate, more or less truncated columella.
2. Stenogyra, Shuttleworth. Cylindrically turrited, generally truncate at apex, epidermis corneous, shining; aperture small, oval, columella truncate.
OF CONCHOLOGY. 299
3. Macrocuramus. Turrited or conical, apex attenuated, last whorl angulated around its base; aperture oval, peristome not continuous nor reflected, except over the columella. Generally white with stripes or spots of darker markings.
4. Pura, Draparnaud. Cylindrical, minutely perforate, size very small, aperture small, lip expanded or reflected, gene- rally toothed within. Animal with superior and inferior tentacles.
Srropura, Albers. Shell large, with obtuse apex. the whorls generally covered with transverse ribs. Lip thickened and
reflected, its extremities connected by a thick callus; colu- mella dentate.
on
West Indian.
6. Vertiao, Miller. Minute, cylindrical apex acuminate, obtuse; lip expanded, white. Animal without inferior tentacles.
7. Zoogenttes, Morse. Minute, turrited, conical, acutely ribbed longitudinally. Ovoviviparous.
CIONELLA. Subgenera.
Zua, Leach. Ovate-oblong, imperforate, smooth, pellucid, golden, shining ; aperture small; lip obtuse, its extremities joined by a callus; columella more or less truncate.
AcicuLa, Leach. Elongate, imperforate, white, vitreous, spire turrited, apex slightly obtuse; aperture oblong, lip simple, acute; columella subarcuate, truncate at base.
eee
ZUA, Leach.
1. Zua subcylindrica, Chemnitz. Plate 14, figure 14. Shell oblong-oval, thin, polished, transparent; whorls 6, slightly convex, apex obtuse, sutures well marked; aperture
oval, longitudinal, lip thickened but not reflected; umbilicus impervious. Bright amber color.
Length 7°65, diam. 2-5 mill.
Inhabits from New England and the Middle States to Lake of the Woods and the far Western Territories.
300 AMERICAN JOURNAL
ACICULA, Leach.
1. Acicula acicula, Miiller. Plate 14, figure 13.
Cylindrical, acicular, spire attenuated, apex obtuse, suture narrowly margined; whorls 6 or 7, flat; aperture narrow, lip acute, columella arcuate. Hyaline, polished.
Length 4, diam. 1 mill.
European; introduced with imported plants, and sparingly distributed in afew places in the vicinity of greenhouses. Becoming naturalized.
This is an Huropean species, introduced originally with im- ported plants; it has been found frequently in greenhouses, and
lately, by Mr. A. D. Brown, of Princeton, N. J., in his garden.
STENOGYRA.
Subgenera.
Rumina, Risso. Cylindrically elongate, truncate at apex, whorls remaining 4 or 5, smooth, shining; aperture semi- oval, lip margined within, not expanded, its extremities joined by a callus, columella not truncate; rimate.
Opgas, Albers. Elongated, thin, striate, shining; whorls 6—8, the last compressed, perforate; aperture ovate oblong, equalling one-third to one-fourth of the total length, lip simple, acute, columellar margin reflexed.
MELANIELLA, Pfeiffer. Elongated, imperforate, costate; aper- ture ovate, effused at base, peristome simple, subcontinu- ous.
—_—_———__—
1, Rumina decollata, Linnzus. Plate 14, figure 15.
Shell cylindrically turrited, rather thick, smooth, semitranspa- rent; apex truncated, leaving 4 or 5 nearly flat whorls; aper- ture oval, angular above; outer lip thickened but not reflected, columellar lip reflected; umbilicus imperforate. Bright amber color.
Length (truncated) 25, diam. 10 mill.
Charleston, 8. C.
OF CONCHOLOGY. 301
This is a common European specics, which has been introduced into various parts of the old and new world. In Charleston it is very numerous, though not found elsewhere in the United States.
2. Opeas subula, Pfeiffer. Plate 14, figure 17. Sheil elevated, transparent: whorls 8, well rounded, the apex
obtuse; aperture small, oval; base minutely perforated. White or yellowish.
Length 12, diam. 2°5 mill. Florida (from Cuba).
3. Melaniella gracillima, Pfeiffer. Plate 14, figure 16.
Elongated cylindrical, thin, with 20 to 30 sharp longitudinal ribs on each whorl; whorls 8, flattened, the suture deeply im- pressed, apex obtuse; the last whorl is angular below the mid- dle; aperture small, elongated, oval, lip and columella both nearly perpendicular. White.
Length 7:5, diam. 1:6 mill.
Florida (from Cuba).
MACROCERAMUS, Guilding.
This genus belongs peculiarly to the West Indian fauna, and the species mentioned below are only stragglers from it into the subjacent parts of the United States.
1, Macroceramus Pontificus, Gould. Plate 14, figure 20.
Fusiformly cylindrical, apex acuminate; whorls 9 to 12, slightly rounded, closely obliquely costulate: suture impressed, crenulate; aperture small, obliquely rounded, lip slightly reflected; base with a raised or carinated revolving line. White with brown and bluish clouds or bands crossing the whorls ob- liquely, and a colored band upon the carine.
Length 13, diam. 5 mill.
Florida.
24
302 AMRICAN JOURNAL
2. Macroceramus Gossei, Pfeiffer. Plate 14, figures 18, 19. Fusiformly cylindrical, obliquely costulate; whorls 6, convex, sutures crenulate; aperture obliquely rounded, the lip slightly expanded; base subangulate, rimate. White with curved ob-
lique dark bands and corneous dots; sometimes the markings are obsolete.
Length 11, diam. 3-6 mill. Texas (Coll. Menke).
PUPA, Draparnaud. Subgenera.
Pupriua, Leach. Cylindrical, apex obtuse; whorls 5—29, cor- neous, somewhat shining; aperture rounded, lip expanded, scarcely reflected, armed with teeth within or without teeth.
Leucocuina, Albers. Cylindrically ovate, apex somewhat ob- tuse, smooth, pellucid, shining; aperture semioval, edentu-
lous, or armed with teeth or plications, lip thickened, re- flexed ; rimate.
Genus PUPILLA, Leach.
1, Pupilla badia, Adams. Plate 15, figure 2.
Shell subcylindrical, with an obtuse apex; whorls about 6, moderately well rounded, with well-marked suture; aperture small, rounded, with a small tubercle on the parietal wall, and occasionally a tooth on the base of the lip; umbilicus perforate. Dark chestnut color.
Length 3, diam. 1:5 mill.
New England States.
It has been confounded with P. muscorum, of Europe, by some
American and foreign naturalists, but differs in being larger with a less thickened lip.
OF CONCHOLOGY. 303
2. Pupilla Hoppii, Moller. Plate 15, figure 3.
Obtusely fusiform, whorls 5, very much rounded, with deep suture ; aperture small, quadrately oval, with a small tooth on the parietal wall, and a tubercular thickening on the columellar portion of the lip; surface coarsely striate.
Greenland.
I have never seen this species, and the above description is made up from the only published figure of it. Méller’s descrip- tion is very short and meagre.
3, Pupilla Blandi, Morse. Plate 15, figure 4,
Ovately cylindrical, apex obtuse; whorls 6, well rounded, with deep suture; aperture rounded, small, the lip subreflected, with a tooth on the parietal wall, one on the columellar portion, and a third remote within the base.
Length 3, diam. 1°5 mill.
Drift on Missouri River, near Fort Berthold.
4, Pupilla variolosa, Gould. Plate 15, figure 5.
Ovately conical, apex obtuse, whorls 5, well rounded, with a profound suture; surface thickly and irregularly pitted with small round indentations, aperture small, obliquely oval, with lip slightly reflected, with a revolving lamellar tooth, a tooth on the columella and another on the base. Yellowish green.
Length 2 mill. East Florida.
5. Pupilla pentodon, Say. Piate 15, figure 6. Ovately conical, with subacute apex, whorls 5, well rounded with deep suture; aperture small, obliquely rounded, lip ex panded, but not reflexed, with a white callous inner margin
304 AMERiJAN JOURNAL
armed with two teeth on the columella, of which the upper one is largest, and from two to seven teeth on the outer lip, while one to two teeth are situated on the parietal wall. Light horn color. Length 2 mill. Maine to Ohio and southwards to Georgia.
The number of teeth developed on the lip increases with age from the minimum to the largest number mentioned above.
6. Pupilla decora, Gould. Plate 15, figure 7.
Ovately cylindrical, apex obtuse; whorls 6, well rounded, with deep sutures; surface shining; aperture small, rounded, armed with 4 teeth, one on the parietal wall, one on the colu- mella, the third on the base and the fourth on the outer lip; perforate ; light amber color.
Length 2:5, diam. 1:3 mill.
Vicinity of Lake Superior.
7. Pupilla Rowelli, Newcomb. Plate 15, figure 8.
Ovately fusiform, apex subacute; whorls 5, moderately rounded, with impressed suture; aperture small, oval, with a parietal, a basal, a columellar and an outer lip tooth; of these the basal is largest, and that on the parietal margin the next largest.
California.
8. Pupilla Californica, Rowell. Plate 15, figure 9.
Ovately cylindrical, apex obtuse, whorls 5, slightly convex, with rib-like striz; aperture quadrately oval, with a tooth on the parietal margin, another on the columellar, a third on the basal, and a fourth on the outer margin.
California.
Distinguished from P. Rowellit by its more obtuse outline, raised striz and smaller basal tooth. Its striz distinguish it principally from P. decora, Gould.
OF CONCHOLOGY. 305
Genus LEUCOCHILA, Albers.
1, Leucochila marginata, Say. Plate 15, figure 11.
Ovately turrited, spire rather obtuse, whorls 6, well rounded, smooth; aperture rounded, with widely reflected lip; perforate. Dark brown.
Length 6, diam. 2°5 mill. Eastern, Middle and Western States.
More cylindrical than the following, with wide-margined white lip.
2. Leucochila fallax, Say. Plate 15, figure 10. Ovately turrited, apex acuminate; whorls 6, well rounded,
smooth; aperture rounded, large, lip expanded but not reflected, without teeth ; umbilicus perforate. Dark brown.
Length 5, diam. 2°5 mill. Eastern and Middle States.
This species, described by Mr. Say as distinct from his P. marginata, has since been confounded with it. I was luckily able to point out the difference between them in Am. Jour. Con- chology, i. p. 285.
3. Leucochila Arizonensis, Gabb. Plate 15, figure 12.
Pupoid or cylindrical, with obtuse apex, suture well impressed ; whorls 53, convex, smooth, translucent; aperture suboval, eden- tate, lip thickened, strongly reflected, slightly emarginate near the posterior termination; imperforate. Corneous, lip white.
Length 5, diam. 2 mill. Fort Grant, Arizona. Pike’s Peak in the Rocky Mountains.
306 AMERICAN JOURNAL
4, Leucochila hordacea, Gabb.
Cylindrical, apex obtuse; whorls 6, convex, with well im- pressed suture, smooth, thin; aperture small, edentulous; lip narrowly reflected and white; base umbilicate, the umbilicus
bounded by an angle. Length 2°8, diam. 1:1 mill. Fort Grant, Arizona.
5. Leucochila modica, Say. Plate 15, figure 14.
Ovately conical, fragile, spire acute; whorls 5, convex; aper- ture small, oval, lip turned over but not flattened, without teeth ; imperforate. Pale horn color.
Length 2:5, diam. 1°5 mill.
Florida.
6. Leucochila armifera, Say. Plate 15, figure 15.
Subfusiform, smooth, apex obtuse; whorls 6 to 7, with mode- rately impressed sutures; aperture small, oval, with widely re- flected lip, much thickened within, its extremities nearly joined, connected by a callus deposit on the parietal margin; teeth generally four in number, namely, a parietal tooth, which is lamellar, large, and has one or more projecting points or is sometimes bifid, a rounded tooth on the left side, remote from the margin, and two others on the outer lip near its base; base of shell keeled, umbilicus perforate. Light horn color.
There are occasionally, in addition to the above, a distant tooth in the base of the aperture, and a marginal one near the top of the outer lip.
Length 5, diam. 2°5 mill.
Vermont to Kansas and southward to Kentucky.
OF CONCHOLOGY. 307
7. Leucochila contracta, Say. Plate 15, figure 16.
Subconical; whorls 6, with moderately impressed sutures ; aperture small, trigonal, the margin continuous, reflected, much thickened within, the throat nearly filled by the large teeth which include an irregular one on the parietal margin, project- ing into the aperture and concave on its right side, a tubercle on the umbilical side and another in the base, and a raised tooth on the outer margin of the lip; base keeled, minutely perforate. Light horn color.
Length 2-5, diam. 1:3 mill. Maine to Iowa and southward to Florida and Texas.
8. Leucochila rupicola, Say. Plate 15, figure 17.
Narrow, cylindrically fusiform, apex obtuse; whorls 6, slightly convex ; aperture small, oval, the lip thickened within and widely reflected : teeth five in maneaben namely, one on the parietal wall, large and emarginate (sometimes deeply), a conical one, some- times divided, on the umbilical margin, the third at the base, the fourth on the outer lip, and the fifth deeply seated within the outer lip; frequently all the teeth but the first two are wanting ; umbilicus minutely perforate. Brownish.
Length 2:5, diam. 1:2 mill. Pennsylvania to Florida, Arkansas.
9. Leucochila corticaria, Say. Plate 15, figure 18.
Subcylindrical, apex obtuse, whorls five, convex, with well- impressed sutures; aperture small, rounded, with white, re- flected lip, on the*parietal wall is a small tooth, or rarely two teeth, and the umbilical side of the lip is also partially dentate, although occasionally both teeth are wanting. Substance thin and translucent, whitish,
Length 2:5, diam. 1:3 mill. Northern, Middle and Western States ; Mississippi.
308 AMERICAN JOURNAL
10. Leucochila pellucida, Pfeiffer. Plate 15, figure above 24,
Cylindrical, thin, shining, pellucid, apex obtuse ; whorl five, convex, aperture semi-oval, five-toothed, one on the parietal wall, one on the columella, two on the middle of the outer lip, and a minute one on its base; lip simple, expanded. Light corneous.
Length 2, diam. 1 mill.
Texas ?
This is a Cuban species, quoted from Texas by Riemer. It may be doubted whether the specimens collected by this gentle- man were really the same as the Cuban shell.
STROPHIA.
1, Strophia incana, Binney. Plate 15, figure 19.
Cylindrical, thick, opaque, apex obtuse; whorls eight to twelve, flattened, suture not deep; more or less heavily striate, sometimes almost smooth; aperture small, rounded-oval, lip white, thickened and reflected with a callus deposit bearing a tooth on the parietal wall and on the columella; base imper- forate, carinate, with the striz well developed. White, with sometimes irregular black flames or zig-zag markings.
Length 25—31, diam. 10 mill.
Florida and Cuba.
This is the only representative in our country of a numerous group of large species, inhabiting several West India Islands, but attaining their greatest development in Cuba.
VERTIGO.
1, Vertigo Bollesiana, Morse. Plate 15, figure 25.
Ovate-cylindrical, apex obtuse; whorls four, well rounded, with impressed suture; aperture sub-trigonal, with a curved parietal tooth, two columellar teeth, the lower one the smallest, and two transverse lamelliform teeth within the outer lip and at its middle and base; lip thickened and subreflected; axis per- forate.
Length 1:7, diam. 9 mill.
OF CONCHOLOGY. 309
Maine, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, New York, Norfolk, Va.
Smaller than V. Gouldi, which it much resembles ; it differs in the outer lip not being smooth in the middle.
2. Vertigo corpulenta, Morse. Plate 15, figure 24.
Ovate, striate, polished, translucent, apex obtuse; whorls four, very convex, with deep suture; aperture rounded, trun- cated by the parietal wall, lip slightly thickened and reflected ; teeth four, small and obtuse, one on parietal wall, one on the columellar margin, one on the middle of the labrum and one near its base.
Length 2°5, diam. 1°3 mill.
Little Valley, Washoe Co., Nevada, Eastern slope of Sierra Nevada, alt. 6500 ft.
3. Vertigo Gouldi, Binney. Plate 15, figure 20.
Ovate-cylindrical, apex obtuse; whorls four, convex, with well marked sutures; aperture semi-oval, truncated above by the parietal wall, the outer lip sub-reflexed, and incurved in the middle; there are two sharp teeth on the umbilical lip, two more within the outer lip and one on the parietal wall; umbilicus per- forate. Chestnut color.
Length 2, diam. 1 mill. New England and Middle States.
4, Vertigo milium, Gould. ° Plate 15, figure 21.
Ovate with obtuse apex; whorls five, well rounded, with deep sutures ; aperture semi-oval, truncated above, outer lip incurved in the middle, lp white and reflected, parietal wall covered with callus ; there are two sharp teeth on the parietal wall, a broad tooth on the umbilical margin, with occasionally one or two little tubercles near its base, one in the base of the aperture and two
310 AMERICAN JOURNAL
se the outer lip; umbilicus open, rather large. Chestnut color.
Length -90, diam. °65 mill.
Inhabits nearly the whole country east of Mississippi River.
———-
5. Vertigo ovata, Say. Plate 15, figure 22.
Ovate conical, ventricose, apex conical, whorls five, very con- vex, with deep suture; aperture half round, truncate above, lip thickened within and reflected, marked externally by a groove, outer lip incurved in the middle; teeth six to eight, a large sharp one and a small one on the parietal wall, two on the columellar margin, one of them at its base, and two on the labrum, one of which is also basal; umbilicus open. Dark amber colored, shining.
Length 1:8, diam. 1 mill.
Northern United States.
6. Vertigo simplex, Gould. Plate 15, figure 23.
Cylindrical, apex obtuse ; whorls five, well rounded, with deep suture ; aperture rounded, peristome nearly continuous, scarcely reflected, without teeth; umbilicus nearly covered by the lip. Dark brown.
Length 1:6, diam. °8 mill
Maine to Pennsylvania.
7. Vertigo ventricosa, Morse. Plate 15, figure 26.
Ovate-conic, smooth and shining, apex obtuse; whorls four, very convex, with deep suture ; aperture small, rounded triangu- lar, the middle of the outer lip incurved, lip widely reflected and thickened within ; there is one large tocth on the parietal wall, another occupies the columellar lip, with a smaller one near its base, and there are two large teeth on the outer lip, making five in all; umbilicus smooth. Light chestnut color.
Length 1-6, diam. 1 mill. Maine, New Hampshire, Mohawk and Greenwich, New York.
OF CONCHOLOGY. 311 ZOOGENITES, Morse.
1. Zoogenites harpa, Say. Plate 15, figure 1.
Ovate-conic, apex acute, thin, translucent, covered with sharp, thin, blade-like longitudinal ribs, apex acute and smooth, whorls four, convex, with impressed suture; aperture large, obliquely semi-circular, without teeth, lip not reflected ; umbilicus minutely perforated. Light horn color.
Length 5, diam. 5°d mill.
Maine to Iowa.
This is a boreal species, and has not been met with south of the above localities, I believe. It much resembles, except in size, Helix Idahoensis, Newcomb.
Family CYLINDRELLID.
Shell cylindrical, multispiral, truncate, frequently costate ; aperture small, subcircular, edentuous, peristome expanded, con- tinuous.
CYLINDRELLA, Pfeiffer. Subgenera.
GoneyLostoma, Albers.—Cylindrically fusiform, apex attenuate, costulate or striate, whorls 9—20, the last more or less pro- tracted, obsoletely angulate; aperture circular, lip expanded.
Hoxosprra, Albers.—Shell turrited or fusiform, apex conical, not truncate; whorls 1i—14, the last not protracted, base cari- nate; aperture subquadrangular, peristome expanded, colu mella plicate.
Genus GONGYLOSTOMA, Albers. 1. Gongylostoma Poeyana, Pfeiffer.
Plate 15, figure 27. Elongate, thin, longitudinally sharply striate ; spire very long, acuminate and truncate at the apex; whorls eleven, slightly con-
812 AMERICAN JOURNAL
vex ; the last carinate at base; aperture rounded with continu- ous, acute lip. Corneous.
Length 15, diam. 4 mill. Florida.
——ny
2. Gongylostoma jejuna, Gould. Plate 15, figure 28.
Small, fusiformly elongate, solid, attenuate and truncated at apex; whorls about nine remaining, convex, with well impressed suture, the last whorl carinate at base; aperture campanulate, the lip continuous and not in contact with preceding whorl. Light horn color, with narrow longitudinal white lines.
Length 10, diam. 2°5 mill.
Florida.
3. Gongylostoma Coahuilensis, W. G. Binney. Plate 15, figure 29.
Cylindrical, ventricose, thin, apex conically obtuse ; whorls twelve, the upper ones smooth, the middle ones striate, the last two strongly ribbed, attenuated at base and not carinate; aper- ture subquadrate, with continuous peristome. White.
Length 29, diam. 7, mill.
Coahuila, Mexico.
——
Genus HOLOSPIRA, Albers.
1, Holospira Remeri, Pfeiffer.
Subcylindrical, apex obtusely conical, not truncate, substriate ; whorls fourteen, flattened, the last carinate at the base, twisted downwards and free from the preceding whorl; the aperture with narrowly expanded lip, which is continuous, with a plica within. Pinkish white.
Var. f. smaller, more ventricose, whorls 12, the last less free. Length 13—14, diam. 4°5 mill. New Braunfels, Texas.
OF CONCHOLOGY. ilies
2. Holospira Goldfussi, Menke. Plate 15, figure 31.
Elongate, swelled in the middle; apex conic, not truncated; thin, translucent, lightly striate; whorls twelve, flat, narrow, the last carinated at base; aperture obliquely sub-triangular, lip slightly expanded, continuous. Light horn color.
Length 11, diam. 4-4 mill. Texas.
3. Holospira Remondi, Gabb. Plate 15, figure 32. Oblong-elliptical, subtruncated, whorls twelve, the first two and a half smooth, the rest densely obliquely striate, the last
whorl convex at the base, aperture round, with reflected lip ; umbilicus minute. White.
Length 11, diam. 3 mill.
Sonora, Mexico.
4. Holospira Pfeifferi, Menke. Plate 15, figure 34, Oblong-ovate, thin, pellucid, densely obliquely striate ; spire oblong, conical, apex obtuse; whorls twelve, convex, subcom-
pressed at the base; aperture rounded, peristome shortly reflect- ed. White.
Length 17:5, diam. 5°6 mill. Sonora, Mexico.
Larger, with fewer and larger strie than H. Rémondi; the the whorls also are more rounded.
9. Holospira irregularis, Gabb. Plate 15, figure 30.
Cylindrical, slender, whorls sixteen to eighteen, slightly con- vex, the last one subangulated below; suture slightly impressed ; minutely umbilicate; aperture small, subquadrate, lip slightly expanded; surface with small longitudinal ribs. Color light brown.
Length 25, diam. 5 mill. Lower California.
314 AMERICAN JOURNAL
6. Holospira Newcombiana, Gabb. Plate 15, figure 33.
Large, slender, tapering ; whorls eleven and a half, flattened, the last subangular in the middle ; aperture with widely expand- ed lip which is continuous; surface with fine irregular, undula- ting and occasionally broken ribs, radiately and obliquely dis- posed, the interstices crossed by microscopic revolving lines.
Length 1:9 inch, diam °365 in. Lower California.
Family LIMACIDK.
This Family includes the so-called naked snails or slugs, which possess a small shield-like shell concealed beneath the
mantle of the animal.
The following Family, Artonide, possesses a few calcareous agglomerated granules only, instead of the shell; and the third family of Snails, the Philomycenide, have no vestige of a shell.
ee
LIMAX. Subgenera.
EULIMAX, tncludes species Nos. 1, 2, 3 and 4. AMALIA, zncludes species No. 5.
—_—_———
1, Limax flavus, Linn. Plate 16, figure 3.
Yellowish brown, covered with lighter colored longitudinally- disposed spots ; surface granulate, the granules smaller and con- centrically arranged upon the mantle; posterior termination acute and keeled. Base dirty white.
Length 3 to 4 inches when fully extended.
Seaports, (introduced from Europe) inhabiting cellars.
OF CONCHOLOGY. 815
2. Limax maximus, Linn. Plate 16, figure 2.
This very large French Snail has been found recently in cel- lars in Philadelphia, in such numbers as to warrant the belief that it has become a permanent addition to our mollusca. The figure is from a living specimen.
3. Limax agrestis, Miiller. Plate 17, figures 14, 15, 16.
Much smaller than the preceding ; color varying from white through all shades of yellowish and grayish to brown or black, with or without small black dots, the mantle sometimes mottled with lighter color, white beneath. Upper surface somewhat ru- gose.
Length 1 to 2 inches.
Cities on the coast and their vicinity. (From Europe).
oe
4, Limax campestris, Binney. Plate 17, figures 11, 12, 13.
Cylindrical, elongated, thin; color black, lead or brownish, without spots; mantle finely concentrically striated, back prom- inently tuberculated.
Length one inch.
Northern and Western States. Indigenous.
5. Limax Columbianus, Gould. Plate 16, figure 1. Thick, carinated and obtusely pointed behind ; foot wide, margining the body and furbelowed, with transverse oblique strie, body longitudinally corrugated, mantle finely granulated ;
color dark greenish yellow, sometimes with large purplish black blotches.
Length five inches. Neighborhood of Puget’s Sound, Oregon.
3816 AMERICAN JOURNAL
Family ARIONID. ARION.
Subgenera. PROLEPIS. Species No. 1. ARIOLIMAX, Mérch. Species No. 2.
1. Arion fuscus, Miiller. Plate 17, figures 9—10.
Light ash color, sometimes obscurely banded lengthwise ; body cylindrical, narrow, its posterior extremity flat and rounded ; upper surface longitudinally corrugated; head darker than the body, tentacles blackish.
Length one to two inches. Maritime cities and their vicinity. (From Europe).
2. Arion foliolatus, Gould. Plate 17, figure 1.
Reddish fawn color, coarsely obliquely reticulated with slate- colored lines; mantle concentrically marked with slate color, foot projecting around and forming a border to the body which is obliquely lineated ; tentacles small and short.
Length three and a half inches. Neighborhood of Puget’s Sound, Oregon.
Family PHILOMYCENID. TEBENNOPHORUS, Binney.
1, Tebennophorus Carolinensis, Bosc. Plate 17, figure 6.
Whitish or yellowish-white, sometimes unmarked, but gene- rally with clouds or spots of brown or black, forming three ill- defined longitudinal bands ; tentacles blackish, surface longitud- inally rugose.
Length three to four inches.
New England States to South Carolina, and westward to Missouri.
OF CONCHOLOGY. 317
2. Tebennophorus dorsalis, Binney. Plate 17, figures 7, 8.
Cylindrical, ashy blue with a black band on the middle of the back, tentacles black ; surface minutely longitudinally rugose. the posterior termination acute.
Length 18 mill. Found in woods. Vermont, near Boston, near Philadelphia,
(Tryon).
Family VERONICELLIDK. VERONICELLA.
1. Veronicella Floridana, Binney. Plate 17, figures 2—5,
Hlongate oval, extremities rounded; back arched, slightly wrinkled, dark ashy gray mottled with black, with a white line in the middle and an ill-defined black band at a little distance on each side of it; tentacles short, annulated, the lower ones indistinctly bifurcate ; drab color below.
Length 56 mill.
Meta-lee-chee Key, Charlotte Harbor, West coast of Florida,. under moist earth.
ed
Family ONCHIDIID &. ONCHIDIUM.
1, Onchidium Carpenteri, W. G. Binney. Plate 18, figure 39. Lower California.
20
318 AMERICAN JOURNAL
ACICULA.
Fig. 13. A. actcuna, Miller. Hist. Verm. ii. p. 150. Reeve, Conch. Icon. t. 20, f. 111. Forbes and Hanley, Brit. Moll. iv. p. 130, t. 128, f. 4,
ZUA.
“14, Z. SUBCYLINDRACEA, Chemnitz. Conch. Cab. ix p. tot. Loo, f. 1230. Achatina lubrica, Miiler. Binney, Terr. Moll. li. p. 283, t. 52, f. 4 (1851). Bulimus lubricoides, Stimpson. Shells of New England, p. 54.
RUMINA.
“© 15. R. DECOLLATA, Linneeus. Syst Nat. p. 1247. Binney, Terr. Moll. ii. p. 280, t. 50, f. 1 (1851). Bulimus mutilatus, Say. Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci.
li. p. 373. MELANIELLA.
“6 16. M. q@racttiima, Pfeiffer. Wiegman’s Archiv. fiir Naturgesch. 1. p. 552 (1859). Binney, Terr. Moll. ii. p. 293, t. 53, f. 3 (1851). Achatina striato-costata, D’Orbigny. Moll. Cuba, Lops albtOset: Aiok oa
OPEAS
“617. O. supuLA, Pfeiffer. Wiegman’s Archiv. fiir Naturgesch. i. p. 352 (1839). Binney, l. c. p. 285, t. 53, f. 4 (1851).
Bulimus octonoides, D’Orbigny. Moll. Cuba, i.
peuliijts Ltt. 23, 24, MACROCERAMUS. “¢ 90, M. Krenent, Pfeiffer. Proc. Zool. Soc. p. 40
(1846).
Reeve, Conch. Icon. Bulimus, t. 66, No. 463.
Pupa pontifica, Gould. Bost. Proc. iii. p. 40 (1848).
Oylindrella pontifica, Gould. Binney, 1. ¢. ii. p. 306, t. 69, f. 1 (1851).
No.
No.
No.
No.
Fig. 18, 19. M. Gossut, Pfeiffer. Proc. Zool. Soc. p. 137
OF CONCHOLOGY.
(1845). Reeve, Conch. Icon. Bulimus, t. 66, f. 462.
PUPADA.
SYNONYMY AND REFERENCE TO
Puate 15. ZOOGENITES. . Z. HARPA, Say. Exped. St. Peters, ii. p. 256 (1824). Bulimus harpa, Binney, 1. c. ii. p. 290, t. 52, f. 3 (1851). Zoogenites harpa, Morse. Shells of Maine, p. 32 (1864).
Pupa costulata, Mighels, Bost. Proe. i. p. 187. BUPIUILA.
2. P. papa, Adams. Bost. Jour. iii. p. 331, t. 18,
fous: Binney, 1. ¢. i. p. 328, t. 70, f. 3 (1851). = Pupa muscorum, Linn. teste Pfeiffer. Monog.
Helic. Viv.
. P; Hopp, Méller. Index Moll. Greenl. p. 4
(1842). WG. Binney, |. ¢. iv. p. 147; t. 78,4. 20, 1859.
. P. Buanpi, Morse. Ann. N. Y. Lyc. Nat. Hist.
vil. p. 211 (1865).
. P. vaRIoLosa, Gould. Proc. Bost. Soc. iii. p. 40
(1848). Binney, 1. c. ii. p. 331. t. 72, f. 2 (1851).
. P. pentopon, Say. Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. ii. p
376 Binney, l. ¢. ii. p. 328, t. 72, f. 1 (1851). Pupa curvidens, Gould. Invert. Mass. p. 189. Pupa Tappaniana, Adams. Moll. Vermont.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
9 me
(i
320 AMERICAN JOURNAL
Fig. 7. P. Decora, Gould. Bost. Proce. ii. p. 263 (1847). Binney, |.je. 1. -p, 827, t. (4; f..3 (185k), No. 6. “ 8. P. RoweLii, Newcomb. Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. vil. p. 146. Bland, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. viii. p. 166 (1865). No. 7. “9. P. Catirornica, Rowell. Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. Vil. p. 297. Bland, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. viii. p. 166 (1865). No. 8.
LEUCOCHILA.
41. L. Mareinata, Say.
Cyclostoma marginata, Say. Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. ii. p. 72.
Bulimus marginatus (pars), W. G. Binney, 1. e¢. iv. p. 136 (1859).
Bulimus fallax, Gould (pars). Binney, 1. ¢. ii. p- 288 (1851).
Pupa albilabris, Adams. Moll. Vermont.
Bulimus marginatus, Say. Tryon, Am. Jour.
Conch. i. p. 286 (1865). No. 2. 10. L. ratzax, Say. Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. v. (1825).
Bul. marginatus (pars), W. G. Binney, 1. ¢. iv. p. 136 (1859). Pupa fallax, Gould (pars). Binney, 1. ¢. il. p. 288 (1851). Bulimus fallax, Say. Tryon, Am. Jour. Conch. i. p. 286 (1865). No.2, ‘¢ 12. L. ARIzoNENSIS, Gabb. Am. Jour. Conch. ii. p. 331, t. 21, f. 6 (1866). No. 8. « _. Tj, HornpDACEA, Gabb. Am. Jour. Conch. ii. p. 331, t. 21, f. 7 (1866). No. 4. “ 14, L. mopica, Gould. Proc. Bost. Soc. ii. p. 40 (1848). Binney, 1. ¢. ii. p. 819, t. 52, f. 2 (1851). No. 5. «615, L. ARMIFERA, Say. Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. ii. p. 162. Binney, |. c. ii. :p. 320, t. 70, f. 4 (1851). No. 6. ¢ 16. L. conrracta, Say. Jour. Acad. Nat. Sei. i. p- ol. Binney 1. c. ii. p. 824, t. 70, f. 2 (1851). Pupa deltostoma, Charpentier. Chemnitz, Conch. Cab. nov. edit. p. 181, t. 21, f. 17—19. No. 7;
ca
OF CONCHOLOGY. 321 Fig. 17. L. rupicoua, Say. Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. ii. p. 163
Binney, 1. c. ii. p. 41, t. 70, f. 1 (1851). Pupa procera, Gould. Bost. Jour. iii. p. 401, t. Sh,
Pupa carinata, Gould. Cover of Bost. Jour. iv.
Part 1. iM Pupa gibbosa, Chemnitz. Edit. 2, p. 123, t. 16, f. 13—16. Pupa minuta, Say. Pfeiffer, Monog. Hel. il. p. 356 (1848). No. 8.
“18. L. corticarta, Say (Odostomia). Nicholson’s Encye. iv. t. 4, f. 5. Binney, l. ¢. ii. p. 839, t. 72, f. 4 (1851). Now 9:
26. L. petiucrpa, Pfeiffer. Symbole, i. p. 46. Kiister, Chemnitz Conch. Cab. p. 89, t. 12, f. 24, 25. No. 10.
STROPHIA.
19, 5. INcANA, Binney. ‘Terr. Moll. i. t. 68 (1851). W. G. Binney, I. c. iv. p. 141 (1859). Pupa maritima (not of Pfeiffer). Gould in Terr. Moll. 1. ¢. ii. p. 816 (1851). Pupa detrita, Shuttleworth. Bern. Mittheil. Now 'I.
na n
VERTIGO.
<2). V.sGourpi, binney.. Bost. Proc.) 1p. 105 (1843). Binney, Terr. Moll. ii. p. 332, t. 71, f. 2 (1851). No. 3.
“ 21. V. mitium, Gould. Bost. Jour. ni. p. 402, t. 3,
f. 23. Binney, |. ¢. i. p. 337, t. T1, f. 1 (1851): No. 4. «© 22. V. ovata, Say. Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. i. p. 370.
Binney, l. c. ii. p. 334, t. T1, f. 4 (1851). modesta, Say. Pupa ovulum, Pfeiffer (olim). Symbolee, i. p. 46. No.
Or
“6 23. V. SIMPLEX, Gould. Bost. Jour. iii. p. 403, t. ait. 21. Binney, |. c. ii, p. 343, t. 72, f. 3 (1851). No. 6.
322
AMERICAN JOURNAL
Fig. 24. V. corpuLtenta, Morse. Ann. N. Y. Lye. viii.
(74
a n
25
26
27
28
29
p- 210 (1865). . V. Bouuesrana, Morse. Ann. N. Y. Lye. viii. p- 209 (1865).
. V. ventTRIcosA, Morse. Ann. N. Y. Lye. viii. p- 207 (1865).
GONGYLOSTOMA.
. G. Poryana, D’Orbigny. Moll. Cuba, i. p. 185, t. 12, f. 24—26. Cylindrella lactaria, Gould. Binney, 1. c. iil. t. 09 4:2. C. lactaria of text in Binney, il. p. 809 = varie- gata, Pfeiffer. . G. sEJUNA, Gould. Bost. Proc. iii. p. 41 (1848). Binney, 1. c. ii. p. 310, t. 69, f. 3 (1851. . G. CoaAHuILENsIS, W. G. Binney. Am. Jour. Conch. i. p. 50. t. T, f. 4, 5 (1865.)
HOLOSPIRA.
—— H. Rormenrt, Pfeiffer. Monog. Hel. Viv. ii. p.
ce
ce
383.
30. H. rrREGULARIS, Gabb. Am. Jour. Conch. iii.
51
32
p. 238, t. 16, f. 4 (1357). W. G. Binney, le. iv. p. 150 (1859). . H. Gotprussi, Menke. Zeit. fiir Malak. p. 2 (1847). W. G. Binney, l.c iv. p. 151, t. 79, f. 33 (1859). . H. Remonpt, Gabb. Am. Jour. Conch. i. (1865).
33. H. Newcomprana, Gabb. Am. Jour. Conch.
34
il. pawer, t. 16, f. 3 (1367): . H. Preirrer, Menke. Zeitsch fiir Malakologie, pe Lay):
No.
No.
bo
OF CONCHOLOGY. oad
SNAILS.
SYNONYMY AND REFERENCE TO PLATE LG:
Fig. 1. Limax Contumpranus, Gould. Binney, 1. ¢. ii. p. 43, t. 66, f. 1 (1852). Mollusca, Wilkes’ Expl. Exped. p. 3, f. 1, a, b, ¢
(1852). No. 5. «¢ 2. Limax Maximus, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 10, 1. 652 (1758). No. 2.
“¢ 3. Limax FLAvus, Linneus. DeKay, Moll. New York, p. 21, t. 1, f. 5 (1848). Limax variegatus, Draparnaud, Binney, 1. ¢. i. p. 34, t. 65, f. 1 (1852). No: &
——_——____—_—_
SNAILS.
SYNONYMY AND REFERENCE TO PLATE 17.
Fig. 1. ARIoN FOLIOLATUS, Gould. Binney, 1. c. ii. p. 30, t. 66, f. 2 (1852). Mollusca of Wilkes’ Expl. Exped. p. 2, f. 2, a, b
(1852). No. 2: “¢ 2—5. VERONICELLA FLORIDANA, Binney. Terr.
Moll. ii. p. 17, t. 67 (1852). No. 1. ‘¢ 6, TEBENNOPHORUS CAROLINENSIS, Bosc. p: 80
(1830).
Binney, |. ¢. il. p. 20, t. 63, f. 1, 2 (1852). Limax togata, Gould. Invert. Mass. p. 3 (1841). No. 1.
324 AMERICAN JOURNAL
Fig. 7, 8. TEBENNOPHORUS DORSALIS, Binney. Lima- cide, p. 14, Bost. Jour. iv. p. 174 (1842). Binney, Terr. Moll. ii. p. 24, t. 53, f. 3 (1852).
‘¢ 9,10. Arion Fuscus, Miller. A. hortensis, Ferussac. Binney, 1. ¢. ii. p. 27, t. 64, f. 1, t. 65, f. 2 (1852).
“© 11, 12, 13. Limax campestris, Binney. Limacide, p- 9 (1842). Boston Journal, iv. p. 169 (1842). Binney, Terr. Moll. ii. p. 41, t. 64, f, 3 (1852).
«614, 15, 16. Limax acrestis, Miller. Hist. Verm. Part 2, p. 8. Binney, l. c. ii. p. 36, t. 64, f. 2 (1852).
No.
No.
No.
No.
bo
[o)
OF CONCHOLOGY. 325
NOTICES AND REVIEWS
OF
NEW CONCHOLOGICAL WORKS.
BY GEO. W. TRYON, JR.
I.—AMERICAN.
Index to Vols. I. to XI. of Observations on the Genus Unio, to- gether with Descriptions of New Species of the family Unionide, and Descriptions of New Species of Melanide, Paludine, Heli- cide, ete. By Isaac Lma, LL. D.
The above title indicates sufficiently the contents of this very valuable aid to the student of the Unionidae. Both Dr. Lea and Dr. Jas. Lewis, of Mohawk, N. Y., the compiler of this work, deserve the best thanks of malacologists for the thorough manner in which their labor has been performed.
The American Naturalist. No.7. September, 1867. Artificial Oyster cultivation in France. By F. W. FELLOWEs.
Proceedings of the California Academy of Natural Sciences. III.
Remarkable Instance of Vitality ina Snail. By R. EH. C. STEARNS.
The species mentioned is Helix Veatchii, which was discovered to be living stx years after it was collected.
The West Coast Helicoid Land Shells. By J. G. Coopsr, MoD.
This paper is an attempt at a new arrangement into sub- genera of the terrestrial mollusca of the Pacific States. The author rejects my genera, as adopted from Albers, in my mono- graph of Terrestrial Mollusca, because ‘the types of these sub- genera differ so much from our species, that it is easy to separate the shells by good subgeneric characters; and as they inhabit
326 AMERICAN JOURNAL
respectively South America, Hiatope and Cuba, it is very proba- ble that the animals differ still more.’
I agree entirely with Dr. Cooper that it would be best to take the shells only to guide us, while we continue ignorant of the animals; but I am entirely unable to perceive the differences in the shells to which he alludes. Dr. Cooper lays great stress upon the importance of the colored band upon the shells of many California Helices, relying upon it principally as a subgeneric distinction. As to form, H. arrosa and H. redemita have been found with exactly the form of H. pomatia of Europe, the type of the genus Pomatia !
The author further remarks that the Californian species are generally sufficiently distinct, although hybrids undoubtedly occur, and Dr. Wesley Newcomb, of Oakland, has raised many specimens in his garden which combine the characters of several species, so that ‘it is impossible to determine their names. ‘This is all truly lamentable, and tends to strengthen a suspicion that I have long entertained, that many of the so-called Californian species are really untenable.
It may be remarked that while Dr. Cooper refuses to consider the genera Aglaja, Arionta and Polymita to be represented in California, because their types belong to other geographical provinces, yet he unhesitatingly adopts Hyalina, Conulus and Patula, the types of which are European.
The species are all described, and grouped in a natural man- ner, forming a very useful paper.
Shells collected at Santa Barbara by W. Newcomb, M. D., in January, 1867. By Ropert i. C. STEARNS.
List of Shells collected at Purissima and Lobitas, California, October, 1866. By Roserr KH. C. STEARNS,
Description of a New Species of Pisidium. By J. RowBtt. Pisidium Angelicum, Rowell. Angel Island.
Il.—FOREIGN.
BRITISH.
Conchologia Iconica. By Lovett Reve. 4to. Pts. 264, 265, with 16 colored plates.
UNIO. Plates 55, 56. June, 1867.
The following are described as new species :
U. Mexicanus, Sowerby. Mexico. “© Angas, Lea, MS. Strangways River, Australia.
OF CONCHOLOGY. Bers
Unio gigas, Swainson, is described and figured as distinct from Margaritana complanata. In our opinion the species is identical-
Tellina. Plates 27 to 34. June. 1867.
The following appear to be new (that is, there are no refer- ences to descriptions) :
T. rotundata, Sowerby. Hab. ?
“* cuneata, oe ss
‘“¢ brevirostrata, °° St. Blas.
aS umiupasciata,. °° Hab. ?
‘* subovata, New Zealand. “ Taylori, # Mexico.
So pacta, ¢ Hab. ?
** planulata, ,
‘“* ampressa, e ss
“ Belcheriana, “ ee
“* costata, os Philippines.
Anodon. Plates10to 15. June, 1867.
The following are described as new:
A. areolatus, Sowb. Hab.? (Probably 8. American.) A. simplicidus, Parr. xe (European, and not new.) A. atrovirens, Shuttl. Lago di Mosano. (Same remark ap- plies.) A. Bengalensis, Sowerby. Bengal. A. subreniformis, ‘ Lake Nyassa. Sp. 30, A. undulatus, Say, is a Margaritana. “* 47, A. subcylindracea. Lea. Oak Orchard Creek is in New York, not ‘‘ New Orleans.”’
Contributions to Indian Malacology. No.8. List of Estuary Shells collected in the delta of the Irawady, in Pegu, with descriptions of the new species. By Wm. T. Buanrorp. (With three plates.) From the Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, xxxvi. 1866.
Assiminia rubella,
Travadia, n. g. (Rissoide),
Travadia ornata, Neritina Peguensis, Larina ? Burmana, Sphenia perversa,
Annals and Magazine of Natural History. No. 115.
Tectura fluviatilis, Auricula nitidula, Plecotrema Cumingiana, Amphibola Burmana, Martesia fluminalis, Scaphula delte.
July, 1867.
Remarks on Pyrula (Fulgur) carica (Lamarck), and Pyrula
(Pulgur) perversa (Lamarck).
By T. Grauam Ponton,
328 AMERICAN JOURNAL
The author, for reasons given, “reluctantly ’”’ concludes that the above two species are identical. We can relieve his mind by assuring him that they are very distinct, and that he has apparently confounded with the carica other American species in his vars. # and 7.*
On the Shell Structure of Spirifer cuspidatus, and of certain allied Spiriferide. By Wm. B. Carpenter, M. D.
In the last issue of this Journal (vol. iii p. 201, 1867) we noticed a paper by Dr. Carpenter, on the shell structure of Spz- rifer cuspidatus, published in the Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., London, Jan., 1867; and stated that he there emphatically denies that this 7s a punctate shell, and says he thinks that the specimens examined by Mr. Meek belong to another genus. Al- though this is correct, so far as regards Dr. Carpenter’s state- ments in the paper noticed, he has since published another paper on this subject, from which it is evident that our notice of the first one alone may, without further explanation, do both of these gentlemen some slight injustice, by leaving on the minds of those who may not see their papers the impression that there is a con- flict of opinion between them, which is not the case, as may be seen from the following statement of facts:
In the first place, Mr. Meek published a paper in the Proe. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philada. for December, 1865, p. 275, in which he says he has found the shells of several American species very similar to Spirifer cuspidatus, Sowerby (some of which were formerly generally referred to that species), to show under the microscope, by transmitted light, a distinctly punctate structure, the punctures being very minute and irregularly scattering. He also stated that, in the few examples of these shells of which he had been able to see the interior, they were found to possess a curious internal tube attached to the inner side of a kind of deep- seated pseudo-deltidium, precisely as in a genus Syringothyris, proposed by Prof. Winchell, for similar shells supposed by the latter gentleman to be without traces of punctures. Mr. Meek, however, suggested that he was much inclined to think that specimens of the typical Syringothyris, in a more nearly perfect state of preservation than those examined by Prof. Winchell, would yet be found to be punctate.
Mr. Meek further states that, on examining a specimen sent by Mr. Thomas Davidson to Mr. Wor then, from Melicent, Ireland, as a typical example of Spurifer cuspidatus, he found it to be also punctate, like the American shells. He did not, however, conclude from this that Dr. Carpenter had been mistaken in all
* For a list of the species of Busycon, see Am. Jour. Conch. iii. p. 184.
——
OF CONCHOLOGY, 829
his numerous examinations of that species, which he had pro- nounced without punctures, but suggested that there might be two very similar, but really quite distinct forms in the British carboniferous rocks, confounded under the one name S. cuspzda- tus,—that is, one with a punctate structure, and one without it, ~-and stated that some one provided with duplicate British spe- cimens ought to examine them carefully, to see if any were punctured, and if so, to make sections across the beak to see if this structure is coincident with the presence of the internal tube of Syringothyris ; stating at the same time that such differences, if they really exist, would show this type to differ from Spirifer proper (supposing the latter to be impunctate and without the internal tube), upon as important characters as those separating Spiriferina from Spirifer, and Cyrtina from Cyrtia.
On seeing a notice only of this paper, Dr. Carpenter supposed Mr. Meek had called in question the accuracy of his original investigations of the structure of WS. cuspidatus, and re-ex- amined all his old preparations, as well as numerous fragments of other specimens sent to him from various British localities, and found them all, as he had long since published, without traces of punctures. Hence he published the paper first noticed by us, and expressed the opinion that Mr. Meek had either mistaken little specks on the surface of the shells examined by him for punctures, or that they belonged to another genus. Mr. Meek, however, after a careful examination, not only of the species first investigated by him, but of several other closely allied species not previously examined, including Prof. Winchell’s typical speci- mens of Syringothyris, still maintained that all of these shells arereally punctate (Am. Jour. Sci. May, 1867, p. 407).
On receiving chippings from all of these shells from Mr. Wor- then, Prof. Winchell and Mr. Meek, Dr. Carpenter at once satisfied himself that they are all unquestionably punctate. He then obtained several specimens of the shells always regarded as the typical S. euspidatus, from Melicent, Ireland, and found some of them punctate, and others not ; and on making sections across the beak, as suggested by Mr. Meek, he ascertained that those with the punctate structure also possess the internal tube and false deltidium of Syringothyris; while those without the punctate structure have neither the tube nor the internal lamina (see Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. July, 1867, p. 68). So it will thus be seen that at the same time that these developments fully confirm Dr. Carpenter’s original examinations of the true S. cuspidatus, they also fully and completely establish not only all of Mr. Meek’s statements of facts, but equally confirm his deductions from analogy respecting the existence of two types amongst the British shells usually referred to S. cuspidatus.
330 AMERICAN JOURNAL
Dr. Carpenter very justly remarks in his last paper, referred to above, that ‘it would be difficult to find a more significant proof of the value of microscopic tests than these results afford.” We may also add, that it would be exceedingly difficult to con- ceive of a more forcible illustration of the necessity for the ut- most caution in identifying specimens from distant localities, or widely different geological horizons, under the same specific names. If two types associated together in the same beds are so exceedingly alike, that even the very highest authorities have always regarded them as being specifically identical, turn out, upon careful microscopical investigation, to be not only distinct species, but even to belong to different genera or subgenera, how much more probable is it that most, if not all, of those few forms thought by some to be mere varieties of the same species, ranging from the silurian to the carboniferous, or farther, would be found specifically distinct, if we could only know all the details of their anatomical structure, now forever lost through agency of the process of fossilization ?
Note on Assiminea Francesie. By Dr. J. HE. Gray.
On the species of the genera Latiaxis, Faunus and Melana-
tria. By Dr. J. HE. Gray.
Latiaxis Maire and L. purpurata, and L. pagoda, textilis, Eugenie and nodosa, are respectively said to belong to two spe- cies only.
Faunus ater, terebralis, Cantori and pagoda, are asserted to belong to one species.
Melanatria fluminea and plicata are only varieties of WZ. spi- nosa. “* A series of specimens from the same locality show the variations in the surface on which these dealers’ species are pro- fessed to be distinguished, which should be treated as the names given to flowers by nurserymen and florists are by the botanist, as they are scarcely worthy the attention of the scientific con- chologist. ‘The effect of this needless multiplication of names has been to almost entirely prevent conchology being studied as a science.”
—
No. 116. August, 1867.
On Waldheimia venosa, Solander, sp. By Tuomas Davip- SON.
On the Occurrence of Diplommatina Huttont in Trinidad. By R. J. LEcCHMERE GUPPY.
This is the second Indian Land Shell found inhabiting the West Indies,—the other species being Hnnea bicolor. As it is
OF CONCHOLOGY. 331
exceedingly unlikely that these species have been introduced by man, and flourished since, for years, the author suggests their migration by means of a supposed tertiary continent of Atlantis. (Questionable.)
Conchological Gleanings. By Dr. E. Von Martens.
V. On the different ages of Trochus neloticus L., and Tr. maximus, Koch.
VI. On the species of Argonauta.
Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. 1866. Part II.
Descriptions of fifteen new Species of Land and Fresh-water Shells from Formosa, collected by Robert Swinhoe. By Henry ADAMS.
Nanina ( Acusta) assimilis, Ennea (Elma) Swinhoet, Helix (Plectotropis) fulvicans, Cyclotus Swinheet, “< (Camena) Bairdi, ‘ minutus, o gs succincta, Alyceus (Dioryx) Swinhoe?, Bulimus (Amphidromus) For- Pupinella (Pupinopsis) Swin- mosensis, hoet,
Clausilia (Laciniaria) exilis, Limneea Swinhoei, “© (Pheedusa) Formosen- Segmentina Swinhoet, sis, Unio Swinhoei.
Characters of Six New Australian Land Shells. By JAMES C2 Cox, MD.
Helix Porteri, Helix corticicola, “ conscendens, Helicina diversicolor, “¢ fenestrata, Pupina pineticola.
List of Shells collected by Samuel White Baker, E'sq., dwring his recent Explorations in Central Africa. By Henry
ADAMS. Unio Bakeri, H. Ad. Lake Albert N’yanza. ** acuminatus, H. Ad. ee as Parr III.
List of Land and Fresh-water Shells collected by Mr. E. Bartlett on the Upper Amazons, and on the River Ucayalk, Eastern Peru, with descriptions of new Species. By Henry ADAMS.
Rumina (Obeliscus) pusilla, Aperostoma connivens, Clausilia (Nenia) Bartlettii, Bartlettia, nov. gen. (Family Otostomus pulcherrimus, LHtheriide).
es Bartlettit, Bartlettia Stephanensis, Mori-
se seitus, cand.
332 AMERICAN JOURNAL
Descriptions of Six New Species of Shells, and Note on Opisthostoma de Crespignn. By HENRY ADAMS.
Nassodonta, n. g., Clausilia (Phedusa) similaris, i insignis, Riv. Peiho, Formosa, China, Diplommatina (Diancta) Mar- Frembleya, n. g. (Chitonide), tensi. Hab.? “6 egregia, Hab. ? Anodonta Swinhoet, Formosa.
Spatha Baikit, River Niger.
On Opisthostoma, H. Blanford, with the description of anew Species from the neighborhood of Bombay, and of the ani- mal and operculum. By Wm. T. BLANFoRD.
O. Fairbanki.
FRENCH.
Memoires de l’Academie Imperiale des Sciences de St. Peters- bourg. 7th Series, XI. No.3. 1867. Ueber das Centralnervensystem und das Gehérorgan der Cephalopoden. By Pu. Owssannikow and Dr. A. KowALEosky. (With five plates.)
Journal de Conchyliologie. 3d Ser. VII.,No. 4. Paris. Oct., 1867. (With two plates.)
Surl Anatomie des Lyria. By Dr. P. Fiscuer.
Catalogue des Mollusques testaces marins des cotes de UV Ks- pagne et des tles Baleares (continued). By Dr. J. G. HI1DALGo.
Purpura Bareinonensis.
Notes sur quelques especes de Mollusques fluviatiles de l Amérique du Nord. By W. G. Binney.
The following are the most important of Mr. Binney’s Notes, which are principally made from the examination of specimens in the collection of the Museum at Paris, and from very complete manuscript lists of species and synonymy, compiled by and in possession of M. Deshayes :
Limnea strigosa, Lea. Preoccupied by Brongniart, 1810. columellarts, Adams. Preoccupied by Sowerby. ‘© mavicula, Val. The type is a L. columella, Say. ‘* subulata, Dunker. Preoccupied by Sowerby, 1837. “* cornea, Val. Likewise employed by Brongniart. ‘¢ Jabrosa is a variety of L. catascopium.
“© gracilis, Jay. Preoccupied by Ziethen, 1830-34.
OF CONCHOLOGY. 333
M. Deshayes proposes to change the name to L. Haldeman.
Physa globosa, Hald. Since employed by Morelet (Journ. de Conch.), 1866.
Physa scalaris, Jay. This name is also employed by Dunker, 1845. Jay’s species undoubtedly constitutes the type of a new
enus. : Planorbis Liebmanni, Dunker. This species, or a closely re- lated one, is labelled at the Jardin des Plantes with the ticket “<< Pl. rotundatus, Jan, Texas. Coll. Ferussac.”’
Pl. regularis, Lea. Preoccupied by Marcel de Serres, 1818.
Ancylus Drouetianus, Bourg., is an Algerian species.
Ampullaria borealis, Val. = Natica heros, by Valenciennes’ own writing upon the margin of a copy of his work in the pos- session of M. Crosse.
Paludina multicarinata, Haldeman. Valenciennes gave Mexico as the habitat, but the type specimens have the locality ‘¢ Philippines ’’ attached, in his own handwriting. In the present age no conchologist would be misled on such a subject, because the relations of genera, as well as groups of species of lesser value, to the countries which they inhabit, are more clearly un- derstood.
Paludina lineata, Kiister, is restored by Mr. Binney in place of his own P. contectoides. He explains the cause of the mis- take, into which he was led by a typographical error.
Paludina lineata, Valenciennes (not Kiister). Valenciennes writes on the margin of the copy of his work above alluded to, respecting the locality,—‘“ C’est faux, elle vient de l’Inde.”
Paludina cornea, Val. The type specimens are marked iden- tical with decisa, Say, by Valenciennes himself.
Paludina castanea, Val., is nothing else but a very large P. achatina.
Description d’especes inedites provenant de la Nouvelle- Caledonie. By H. Crosse.
Succinea Montrouzierr, Melanopsis Gassiesiana.
Description de trois nouvelles esptces de Cylindrella. By Dr. L. PFEIFFER.
C. Crosseana, Mexico. CO. Gassiesi, Mexico.
C. Tryoni, Mexico. Diagnoses de Coquilles nouvelles de (tle Maurice. By A.
MoRELET. Pupa brevis, Pupa Modiolinus, * Caldwelli, Physa cernica,
Neritina Mauritiana. 26
334 AMERiJVAN JOURNAL
Description de deux Helices nouvelles d’ Espagne et des tiles Baleares. By J. G. Hipareo.
Heliz Velascot, ~ Helix Cardone. Description dune Helice nouvelle de Mayotte.- By H.
CROSSE. Helix Bigot.
Diagnoses Molluscorum novorum.. By H. Cross. Voluta Riickeri. Swan River, Australia. Nassa Morelett. Hab. ? Bulimus Membielinus. Rep. Equador. Limicolaria Hidalgot. Africa ? Helix leucolena. Vitian Archipelago. Succinea Wrighti. China. Plecotrema Binneyt. Shark Bay, Australia. Melampus flexuosus. “ a Diplommatina paradoza. Oceanica ?
Note sur trois especes fossiles de Toscane. By O. Semper.
Variétes. Promenade malacologique al Exposition Univer- selle de 1867 (second article). By H. Crosse.
Bibliographie. Under the title ‘“‘ Nouvelles,’ Mr. Crosse informs us that the
magnificent collections of Deshayes have been purchased by the Ecole des Mines, for one hundred thousand franes.
Mollusques Nouveaux, Litigieux ou Peu Connus. By M. J. R. Boureuienat. 6th part. January, 1866.
Arion Mabillianus, France. Ferussacia Bugesi, France, “ — tenellus, 6 «s Paladithi, “és “ anthracius, “© Hydrobia Mottessieri, 6 Helix Paladitha, “« Masclaryana, vi Ferussacia Mottessiert, “Anodonta elachista, s6
7th Part. February, 1866.
Letourneuxia Numidica. Zonites Paz. Spain.
Limax Xanthius. Nassau. Ancylus Isseli. Egypt. Krynickillus eustrictus. Beyrut. Pomatias Letourneuxi. Algiers. Milax Barypus. Nazareth. Hydrobia Reboudi, “A Daudebardia Letourneuxi. Bone. Unio Maccarthyanus. es
OF CONCHOLOGY. 335 Revue et Magasin de Zoologie. By M. F. E. Gunriy-Menrvitur. Vol. xix., 2d series, No. 10. August, 1867.
Malacologie du Département de Herault. By M. ProspEr- AnTOINe MorressrEr (continued).
Cecilianella lactea, n. sp.
Actes de la Societe Linnienne de Bordeaux. xxvi. Part i. 1867. Malacologie terrestre et deau douce de la Région Intra- Littorale de ? Aquitaine. By J. B. Gasstzs.
The following are new:
Liimax arenarius, Succinea stagnalis, Bythinia Baudoniana, Unio Danielis.
GERMAN.
Archiv fur Naturgeschichte. By Dr. F. H. Troscuet and Dr. R. Leuckart. 32d year. 5th part. Berlin, 1866.
Bericht tiber die Leistungen in der Naturgeschichte der Mollusken wiihrend des Jahres 1865. By Dr. F. H. TROSCHEL.
A very complete notice of the conchological publications of the year, embracing over fifty pages.
Archiv fur Naturgeschichte. 33d year. Part 1. Berlin, 1867. Anatomie von Helicina titanica. By Dr. Caspar Isen- KRAHE.
Ueber die Gattung Cremnobates, Blanf. By Dr. F. H. TROSCHEL.
ERRATA TO MR. CONRAD’S PAPERS.
For ‘“‘ Body Bay ”’ read Bodega Bay, p. 193.
In Catalogue of Mactride,
Add—la. Mactra qgranpis, Lamarck, over the syononym J. grandis, p. 32. Add Harve.ia Pactrica, Conrad, next to H. ELEGANS, p. 34. Leave out “31. T. GUADELUPENSIS,” p. 37. os 69. T. SPENGLERI,” p. 39.
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INDEX
TO THE GENERA AND SPECIES DESCRIBED.
Abra nuculiformis, Achatina Californica, Acicula acicula, Aglaja Ayresiana, Bridgesii, facta, Gabbii, Rowellii, sequoicola, Anodonta subcarinata, Architectonica nupera, trilineata, Arion foliolatus, fuscus, Astarte corbicula, Aturia Mathewsoni,
Bellaspira Virginiana, Bulimus acicula, decollatus, Gossei, gracillimus, harpa, Kieneri, lubricus, Marielinus, marginatus, spirifer, subula, vesicalis, Bulinus Tryoni, Bursa centrosa,
Page. 14 174 300 161 161 162 161 161 160 113
Busycon adversarium, aruanum, carinatum, contrarium, dumosum, eliceans, filosum, fusiforme, maximum, spiniger, striatum, Tritonis, tuberculatus,
Ceelatoconus protractus, Capulus liberatus, Cardium Carolinensis, Emmonsii, Cardita Austriaca, Cithara brevis, Deedalea, decussata, paucicostata, Clathurella canaliculata, maculosa, tumida, violacea, Conulus chersinella, Corbicula densata, Corbula curta, Crassatella peralta, planata,
338
rN Dee, Page. Page. Cyclocardia borealis, 191 | Engina ovata. 274 ventricosa, 191 parva, 276 Cylichna Virginica, 257 striata, 275 Cylindra formosa, 271 variabilis, 275 Cylindrella irregularis, 238 | Hrycinella ovalis, 268 Newcombiana, 237 | Euchelus angulatus, 283 Cyprimeria cretacensis, 9 | Eulima exilis, 294 inflexa, 294 Deedalochila auriculata, 157 venusta, 294 auriformis, 155 avara, 155 | Fasciolaria Woodil, 186 espiloca, 156 | Fasciolina, 186 Postelliana, 156 | Fastigiella squamulosa, 290 uvulifera, 157 | Ficus Holmesii, 186 acute-dentata, 65 | Fulgur carica, 145 Ariadne, 66 carinatus, 146 Behrii, 64 coarctatus, 146 Dorfeuilliana, 66 contrarius, 146 fastigans, 67 filosus, 146 Hazardi, 68 fusiformis, 146 Hindsi, 63 maximus, 146 hippocrepis, 68 nodulatus, 147 Jacksoni, 67 perversus, 146 leporina, 61 scalarispira, 146 Loisa, 65 spiniger, 147 pustula, 62 tuberculatus, 146 pustuloides, 61 | Fusus parilis, 264 Mooreana, 64 Texasiana, 62 | Gastrodonta significans, 163 Troostiana, 67 | Gena leevis, 283 tholus, 64 rosacea, 284 triodontoides, 62 | Gongylostoma Coahuilensis 312 ventrosula, 63 jejuna, 312 Dactylus idoneus, 261 Poeyana, 311 Daphnella crenulata, 221 | Grateloupia irregularis, 14 curta, 221 varicifera, 221 | Harvella Pacifica, 192 Drillia exilis, 220 | Helicina discoidea, 226 lauta, 220 flavescens, 228 Drymeus Mexicanus, 168 Maugerie, 227 serperastrus, 167 Oceanica, 226 zigzag, 229 Engina fusiformis, 273 | Helix Bridgesil, — 106 nodicostata, 274 consimilis, 227
INDEX. 339 Page, Page. Helix hortensis, 105 | Liostracus Dormani, 169 Lohrii, 236 Floridanus, 168 Mormonum, 105 Ziegleri, 168 Parkeri, 106 | Lirosoma curvirostra, 187, 267 Remondi, 236 sulcosa, 267 Stearnsiana, 255 | Loligo hemiptera, 239 Holospira Goldfussi, 313 | Lucina densata, 13 irregularis, 313 | Lunatia catenoides, 258 Newcombiana, 314 | Lyropecten crassicardo, 6 P feiffer, 313 intermedius, a
Remondi, 313 Roemeri, 312 | Mactra contracta 268 Hyalina Hornii, 163 virginiana, 188, 269 Macroceramus Gossei, 302 Ilyanassa irrorata, 263 ‘ Pontificus, 301 Inoceramus Nebracensis, 5 | Marginella Pacifica, _ 280 problematicus, 5 Paumotensis, 281 Sagensis, 5 polita, 280 Tsognomostoma inflecta, 54 pyriformis, 280 Rugeli, 55 | Meganema, 267 Melaniella gracillima, 501 Latirus gibbus, 279 | Melanopsis integra, 259 granulosus, 279 Marylandica, 259 squamosus, 278 quadrata, 259 Leptomya, 15 | Melantho gibba, q BB Leptosolen, 15, 188 | Mercenaria percrassa, 13 Leucochila Arizonensis, 305 Mesembrinus Humboldti, 169 armifera, 506 inscendens, 170 contracta, 307 multilineatus 169 corticaria, 307 | Mesodon albolabris, 39, 44 fallax, 305 bucculenta, 4] hordacea, 506 Christyi, 40 marginata, 305 clausa, 47 modica, 506 Columbiana, 42, 46 pellucida, 308 dentifera, 39 rupicola, 307 devia, 42 Liguus fasciata, 165 divesta, 45 picta, 165 Downieana, 47 Limax agrestis, 315 exoleta, 39 campestris, 315 major, 45 Columbianus, 515 Mitchelliana, 45 flavus, 314 multilineata, 45 maximus, 315 Pennsylvanica, 44 Limnea techella, 194 Roemeri, 40, 43
340
Mesodon thyroides, Townsendiana Wheatleyi,
Mitra assimilis,
flammulata, glabra, sectilis,
Mitropsis fusiformis,
Modiolaria virginica,
Montacuta Gouldi,
Mormus pilula,
sufflatus,
Mucronalia gracilis,
Mulinia parilis,
Nanina verticillata, Natica densata, Emmonsil, plicatella, Narica delicata, Nassa approximata, gracilis, Neritina dispar, rubida, rudis, Nerita maculata, Neritopsis interlirata,
Octopus filosa, Odostomia debilis, gracilis, polita, rosacea, rubra, striata, Olivella simplex, Onchidium Carpenteri, Opeas subula, Operculatum aurantium, Orthalicus undatus,
Pandora arenosa, crassa, Paranomia,
INDEX.
Page. Page. 41 | Paranassa grandifera, 262 46 granifera, 263 40 harpuloides, 264
211 peralta, 264 212 | Partula affinis, 224 272 assimilis, 230 271 lineolata, 224 212 obesa, 223 267 | Pecten tricarinatus, 189 33 yorkensis, 189 173 | Periploma applicata, 15 172 alta, 188 295 peralta, 188 269 | Peronzeus artemesia, 174 Physa deformis, 112 228 | Placunanomia Saffordi, 8 259 | Planorbis Binneyi, 197 959 | Pleidon Macmurtrii, 4 259 ovatus, 4 482 | Pleuromeris decemcostata, 12 272 | Pleurotoma bicarinata, 222 273 | Polygyra anilis, 158 285 Carpenteriana, 159 285 cereolus, 158 285 Febigerii, 160 286 polygyrella, 160 282 septemvolya, 169 volvoxis, 159 240 | Polymita levis, 162 292 | Prisconaia ventricosa, 10 292 | Ptychosalpinx altilis, 154 291 bilix, 262 292 Escher, 54 291 fossulata, 262 201 laqueata, 262 281 lienosa 262, 263 317 multirugata,
301 154, 262 287 porecina, 1654
166 scalaspira, 262, 263
269 Tuomeyi, 269 | Pulvinites argentea, 9 8 | Pupilla badia, 302
Pupilla Blandi, Californica, decora, Hoppii, pentodon, Rowelli, variolosa,
Purpura Floridana,
nebulosa,
Realia costata, elongata, Rissoa flammea, semicostata, Rissoina costulata, semiplicata, striatula, tenuistriata, Rumina decollata,
Scalaria crenulata, crispata, decussata, pachypleura, Paumotensis, symmetrica,
Semele Carolinensis,
Semicassis celata,
Scutalus dealbatus, proteus, Xantusi,
Siliquaria biplicata,
Siliqua californica,
Sistrum affine, squamosum, triangulatum,
Spirifer cuspidatus,
Spissula catilliformis, dolabriformis,
Stenotrema barbigera,
Edgariana, Edwardsii, germana, hirsuta,
fN Die X. d41 Page. Page. 303 | Stenotrema labrosa, 59 304 maxillata, oT 504 monodon, 56 303 spinosa, 58 303 stenotrema, 56 304 | Strigatella brunnea, 215 303 nigricans, 215 270 | Strophia incana, 308 270 | Stylifer deformis, 293 Succinea labiata, 227 225 Sycotypus alveatus, 149, 183 225 canaliculatus, 297 149, 188 296 canaliferus, 295 149, 183 294 Carolinensis, 183 296 coronatus, 295 149, 183, 267 300 elongatus, 150 excavatus, 290 150, 183, 267 289 incilis, 149, 183 289 plagosus, 183 259 pyriformis, 186, 265 289 pyrum, 150, 188 290 rugosus, 14 149, 183, 267 259 173 | Taheitea pallida, 229 173 | Tebennophorus Carolinensis, 173 516 15 dorsalis, 317 193 | Thala alba, 215 277 angiostoma, 216 PAG saltata, 216 278 | Thaumastus alternatus, 171 328 Californicus, 170 193 excelsus, 171 193 Marie, 172 60 pallidior, 170 59 patriarcha, 171 59 Schiedeanus, 172 58 | Tortifusus, 187 oT fallax, 51
27
342 INDEX, Page.
Tortifusus Hopetonensis, 52 | Vallonia minuta, introferens, 51 | Valvata Jelksii, loricata, 54 | Venericardia Mooreana, Mullani, 53 | Venus pulicaria,
Tridopsis tridentata, 50 | Veronicella Floridana,
vultuosa, 53 | Vertigo Bollesiana, Yucatanea, 52 corpulenta, Trigonoarca Maconensis, 9 Gouldi, Trochus conoidalis, 287 milium, exilis, 286 ovata, marmoreus, 287 simplex,
Truncatella Pacifica, 230 ventricosa,
Tudicla spirella, 152 | Volutella elongata,
Turbonilla elongata, 293
Turricula fortiplicata, 213 | Xolotrema appressa,
modesta, 212 elevata, nodulosa, 214 Clarkii, plicatula, ots obstricta, putillus, 214 palliata, Turritella bipartita, 258 indenta, 258 | Yoldia albaria, Ulostoma profunda, 87 | Zizyphinus punctatus, Sayi, 88 | Zoogenites harpa, Unio Edwardsii, 11 | Zua subeylindrica, scamnatus, 92
Page.
36 106 190 270 317 308 309 809 309 810 310 310 281
17
REPORT OF RECORDER.
During the year there have been elected six members and seventy-three correspondents.
Two members have resigned and one correspondent has died.
Twenty-one papers have been accepted for publication, by the following authors.
AL Conrad, 5 Geo. W. Tryon, Jr. 6 W.H. Pease, + Prof. Theo. Gill, 2 Dr OA. ib. Moreh, 1 Prof. 8. 8S. Haldeman, 1 A. O. Currier, 1 Dr. 8. B. Howell, 1 Wm. M. Gabb, 1
The section now numbers 27 members and 73 correspon- dents.
By-laws for the government of the section were adopted March 19th, 1867.
Respectfully submitted, S. R. Roperrs,
Recorder. MEMBERS. Those marked with a * are founders, ~ ected. * Brown, A. D., Princeton, N. J. Dec. 26, 1866. Baird, Prof. 8. F., Washington, May 2, 1867. * Binney, W. G., Burlington, N. J., Dec. 26, 1866. - * Beadle, Rev. E. R. , Philadelphia, é 63 Conrad, PA, Ss = Cope: E. D., se a C.J. Gleborne, Map Unies March 7, 1867. * Ford, John, Philadelphia, Dec. 26, 1866. * Howell, S. B., M.D., Philadelphia, y * Hayden, F. V., M.D., a «< * Haldeman, Prof. 8. 8., Columbia, Pa., “ * Jeanes, Joseph, Philadelphia, ¢s *
* Lea, Isaac, LL.D: te
18 * Leidy, Joseph, M.D. » Philadelphia,
Lewis, Samuel, M.D.
me Mactier, Wn. a Nolan, E. J., M._D., . * Parker 00 B a * Phillips, John 8., °F * Ruschenberger, W. S. W., M. D., Phila; * Roberts, S. R. , Philadelphia, * Redfield, J. rai * Swift, Robert, o * Tryon, Geo. W., Jr., 6 Vaux, Wm. &., Wilstach, Wm. P., re
* Wheatley, Chas. M., Phoenixville, Pa.,
CORRESPONDENTS.
Adams, Arthur, London, Adams, Henry, London,
Agassiz, Prof. Louis, Museum of Comparative
Anat. Angas, Geo. F., Port Jackson, Australia, Anthony, John G., Cambridge, Mass.,
Baudon, Aug., M. D., France, Benoit, ‘Luigi, Messina, Benson, He, England,
Bland, Thos., New York, Bourguignat, J. R., Paris, Busch, G. von dem, Bremen,
Carpenter, P. P., Montreal, C. E., Castello de Paiva, Baron de, Lisbon, Cailliaud, Fredk., Nantes,
Cavada, Col. F. F., Trinidad,
Chenu, J. C., M.D., Paris,
Chitty, Hon. Edw., Kingston, Jamaica, Chittenden, Hon. ie E., New York, Cooper, J. es M.D., San Francisco, Can is C., M.D., Sidney, Ne Se W.. Crosse, H., Paris,
Currier, A. O., Grand Rapids, DeCamp, Wm. H., M.D., Grand Rapids, Deshayes, G. P., Paris,
Drouet, Henry, Troyes,
Dunker, Wm., Marburg, Hesse,
\
Dec. 26, 1866. April 4, 1867. Dee. 26, 1866.
May 2, 1867. Dec. 26, 1866.
66
Aug. 1, 1867. Dec. 26, 1864.
Elected.
Aug. 1, 1867.
March 7, 1867. Aug. 1, 1867. March 7, 1867.
Aug. 1, 1867. Aug. 1, 1867.
March 7, 1867. Aug. 1, 1867. Aug. 1, 1867.
March 7, 1867. Aug. 1, 1867. Aug. 1, 1867. May 2, 1867. Aug. 1, 1867. Aug. 1, 1867.
March 7, 1867. Aug. 1, 1867. Aug. 1, 1867. Aug. 1,.1807, Oct. 3, 1867.
March 7, 1867. March 7, 1867.
Aug. 1, 1867. March 7, 1867.
19
Fischer, Paul, M.D., Paris, _ Frauenfeld, G. Ritter von, Vienna,
Gabb, Wm. M., San Francisco, Gassies, J. B., Bordeaux,
Gill, Theo., Washington,
Gray, J. H., London,
Gonzales, H. Hidalgo, Madrid, Hall, Jas., Albany,
Hanley, Sylvanus, Middlesex, Holmes, F. S., Charleston, 8. C., Hyatt, Alpheus, Salem, Mass.,
Jay, John C., M.D., Mamaroneck, N. Y.
Jeffreys, J. Gwyn, London,
Kirtland, J. P., M.D., Cleveland, Krauss, Fredk., Stuttgardt, Kister, H. C., M.D., Cassel,
Lewis, Jas., M.D., Mohawk, N. Y.,
Mabille, Jules, France,
Meek, F. B., Washington, Mohrenstern, G. 8. von, Vienna, Montrouzier, R. P., New Caledonia, Mérch, O. A. L., Copenhagen, Morelet, Arthur, Dijon, France, Morse, Edw. S., Portland, Mousson, Albert, Zurich,
Newcomb, Wesley, M.D., Oakland, Cal.,
Paz, Patricio Maria, Madrid,
Pfeiffer, Louis, M.D., Cassel, Phillippi, R. A., M.D., Santiago, Cuba, Poey, F., Havana, Cuba,
Prime, Temple, New York,
Recluz, M. C., Paris,
* Remond, Aug., San Francisco, Salvin, Osbert, London,
Saussaye, Petit de la, Paris,
Stabile, Abbe Jos., Milan,
Souverbie, M., Bordeaux,
Sheldon, Prof. D. 8., Davenport, Iowa,
Showalter, KE. R., M.D., Uniontown, Ala.,
Stearns, RK. HE. C., San Francisco,
* Deceased.
Aug. 1 1867, March 7, 1867. March 7, 1867.
Aug. 1, 1867. March 7, 1867. March 7, 1867.
Aug. 1, 1867"
March 7, 1867. Aug. 1, 1867. March 7, 1867. May 2, 1867.
March 7, 1867. Aug. 1, 1867.
March 7, 1867. March 7, 1867. Aug. 1, 1867.
March 7, 1867.
Aug. 1, 1867. March 7, 1867. Aug. 1, 1867. Aug. 1, 1867. Aug. 1, 1867. Aug. 1, 1867. March 7, 1867. March 7, 1867.
Aug. 1, 1867.
March 7, 1867. Auge 1, 13867. nies 1. 1860. Ae WoSGG:
March 7, 1867.
Aug. 1, 1867.
Dec. 5, 1867. Aug. 1, 1867. Aug. 1, 1867. Aug. 1, 1867. March 7, 1867. March 7, 1867. Aug. 1, 1867.
Stimpson, Wm., Chicago,
Terver, A. P., Lyons, Thomson, John H., New Bedford, Troschel, Prof. F. H., Bonn,
Vaillant, Leon, M.D., Paris, Van Beneden, P. J., Bruxelles,
Willis, J. R.,. Halifax, Winchell, Alex., Ann Arbor,
March 7, 1867.
Ang. 11861, March 7, 1867. Ang.1- Son,
Aug. 1, 1867. March 7, 1867. May 2, 1867. May 2, 1867.
REPORT OF THE CORRESPONDING SECRETARY.
Letters have been addressed to the following gentlemen,
announcing their election as Correspondents :
Prof. Louis Agassiz, Cambridge, Mass. John G. Anthony, Cambridge, Mass. Geo. French Angas, Australia.
Henry Adams, London.
Arthur Adams, London.
Thomas Bland, N. Y.
H. Benson, Cheltenham, England.
J. R. Bourguignat, Paris.
Dr. August Baudon, Bauvais, France. Luigi Benoit, Messina, Sicily.
Hon. L. E. Chittenden, New York. Dr. P. P. Carpenter, Montreal, C. W. Col. F. F. Cavada, Tr. de Cuba.
M. H. Crosse, Paris.
Dr. J. C. Chenu, Paris.
Hon. Edward Chitty, Jamaica.
Fredk. Cailliaud, Nantes, France.
Dr. J. C. Cooper, San Francisco.
Dr JG: Cox Sidney, N.S: W.
M. G. P. Deshayes, Paris.
Prof. Wm. Dunker, Marburg, Hesse. Wm. H. De Camp, M. D., Grand Rapids, Mich. Henri Drouet, Troyes, France.
Dr. Paul Fischer, Paris.
Prof. Theo. Gill, Washington, D. C.
21
Wm. M. Gabb, San Francisco.
Prof. J. E. Gray, London.
J. B. Gassies, Bordeaux, France.
Dr. J. Gundlach, Havana, Cuba.
Prof. James Hall, Albany, N. Y.
Prof. F. S. Holmes, Charleston, 8. C. Alpheus Hyatt, Salem, Mass. Sylvanus Hanley, Middlesex, England. J. Gonzales Hidalgo, Madrid, Spain. Jo C: Jay; M.D: Rye, N. Y:
J. Gwyn Jeffreys, London.
J.P. Kirtland, M. D., Cleveland, Ohio. Frederick Krauss, Stuttgard.
Dr. H. C. Kiister, Cassel.
James Lewis, M. D., Mohawk, N. Y. Prof. Albert Mousson, Zurich, Sw. Edward F. Morse, Salem, Mass.
Prof. F. B. Meek, Washington, D. C. R. P. Montrouzier, New Caledonia. Arthur Morelet, Dijon, France.
Prof. O. A. L. Mérch, Copenhagen. Jules Mabille, Dinan, France.
Wesley Newcomb, M. D., Oakland, Cal. Temple Prime, New York.
Patricio Maria Paz, Madrid, Spain.
Dr. Louis Pfeiffer, Cassel.
Prof. F. Poey, Havana, Cuba.
Baron de Castello de Paiva, Lisbon. Dr. R. A. Phillippi, Santiago, Cuba. M. C. Recluz, Paris.
Wm D. Stimpson, M. D., Chicago.
E. R. Showalter, M. D., Uniontown, Ala. G. B. Sowerby, London.
Prof. D. 8. Sheldon, Davenport, Iowa. Petit de la Saussaye, Paris.
R. E. C. Stearns, San Francisco.
Abbe Joseph Stabille, Milan.
M. Souverbie, Bordeaux, France.
J. H. Thompson, New Bedford, Mass. Prof. F. H. Troschell, Bonn, Prussia. A. P. Terver, Lyons, France.
Prof. Geo. Ritter von Frauenfeld, Vienna. Prof. P. J. Van Beneden, Bruxelles, Belgium. Prof. Von Mohrenstern, Vienna.
Dr. Leon Vaillant, Paris.
22 :
Prof. Von den Busch, Bremen. J. R. Willis, Halifax. Alexander Winchell, Ann Arbor, Mich.
Letters have also been written to the following gentlemen : April 22d, 1867.—W. T. Blanford, Calcutta, proposing an
exchange of publications and specimens.
Dr. Paladilhe, Montpelier, France ;
Jules Mabille, Paris; proposing exchanges.
May Tth.—D. Rafael Arango, Cuba, proposing an exchange of specimens.
Sept. 11th.—Hon. L. E. Chittenden, N. Y., accepting propo- sals to send shells.
Sept. 19th.—-Sylvanus Hanley, accepting proposals for an exchange.
W. T. Blandford, Calcutta, accepting proposals for an ex- change.
Letters have been received from the following gentlemen, ac- knowledging their election as correspondents :
May 9th.—D. 8. Sheldon, Davenport, Iowa.
May 11th.—James Lewis, M. D., Mohawk, N. Y. Wm. Stimpson, M. D., Chicago.
May 15th.—K. R. Showalter, M. D., Alabama.
May 18th.—J. G. Anthony, Cambridge, Mass.
May 23d.—Temple Prime, N. Y.
May 29th.—J. C.. Jay, M. D., Rye, N.Y. E. S. Morse, Salem, Mass.
June 1st.—Thos. Bland, N. Y.
June 28th.—Alexander Winchell, Mich.
July 12th.—Prof. Theo. Gill, Washington, D. C.
July 31st.—Col. F. F. Cavada, Cuba.
August 12th.—Prof. F. B. Meek, Washington, D. CO.
Letters have been received from the following gentlemen, offering to send shells, or exchange specimens : 1867. Sept. 4th.—Hon. L. E. Chittenden, N. Y. Sylvanus Hanley, Middlesex, Eng. Sept. 5th.—Prof. J. HE. Gray, British Museum. W. T. Blanford, Calcutta.
All of which is respectfully submitted. E. R. BEADLE, Corres. Sec’y. December 5th, 1867.
CONSERVATOR’S REPORT,
For 1867.
The following donations to the Conchological Cabinet have been received during the year.
From G. A. Laturop, Michigan. Eighty-four species of shells from Saginaw River and its vicinity.
Dr. E. W. Hupparp, Staten Island, N. Y. Helix Jacksonit, Bland.
Joun Kriper, Philadelphia. Six species of 8. American Land Shells.
Gro. W. Tryon, JR., Philadelphia. Six specimens of shells exhibiting internal structure; Magzlis antiquus, from the Red Sea, Helix Parkeri ; 95 species selected from the Poulson Collection, and about 200 additional duplicate species from the same collection. Four specimens of Cephalopods in spirits, and 48 species, numerous specimens of Australian shells, together with a collection of Cephalopods and other naked mollusks in spirits.
J. H. Tuomson, New Bedforl, Mass. Helix Stuartie, Sowb. Philippines, and Mortacuta Gouldi.
A. O. Currier, Grand Rapids, Mich. Four types of new species and thirty-nine species, numerous specimens from Grand Rapids, Mich.
J.B. EsHLEMAN, Lancaster Co., Penn. Melania altilis, Lea.
J. R. Wiis, Halifax, N.S. Twenty species of marine shells from Nova Scotia.
C. F. Parker, Camden, N. J. Fifteen species and eleven sec- tions of shells.
S. R. Rogerts, Philadelphia. Six species.
Sytvanus Hantey, Middlesex, England. One hundred and eighty-four species of marine shells, from Italy.
F. H. Aupricu, Troy, N. Y. Twenty-eight species of land and fresh water shells, collected in the vicinity of Troy, New York.
Dr. H. C. Woop, Jr., Philadelphia. Four species of land shells from Texas.
24
Rev. E. R. Beavis, Philadelphia. Mavea Newcombii ; perfora- ting Haliotus from Lower California; three species of Cuban shells and two specimens of Pinna squamosa from the Medi- teranean Sea; Mactra lateralis, Say; Voluta Turneri; a large collection of Solens, Mactrx, &c., and five species of terrestrial shells from Syria and Java.
Cou. F. F. Cavapa, Trinidad, Cuba. Thirty-one species, nu- merous specimens of Cuban land shells.
E. R. SHowatter, M. D., Uniontown, Ala. One hundred and fifty-six species, 3900 specimens of Unionide and Melania, chiefly from Alabama.
Isaac Lea, LL.D., Philadelphia. Septifer Trautwiniana, type ; Columna Hainesii, and Helix Peliomphila, from Japan.
W. H. Prass, Honolulu, Sandwich Islands. Types of sixty- four species of Polynesian shells described by him.
Gro. ScarBoroucH, Atchison, Kansas. ‘Two species.
Wma. M. Gasp, San Francisco, Cal. Fifteen species from Cali- fornia.
O. A. L. Mércu, Copenhagen, Denmark. One hundred and six species, numerous specimens of shells from Canary Islands, Greenland, Arabia and Chili.
S. S. Hatpeman, Columbia, Penn. His type specimens of the Genera Limnea, Planorbis and Physa.
W. H. Hartman, M. D., West Chester, Penn. Three species.
Dr. Gro. H. Horn, Philadelphia. Five species from Texas.
Dr. Jos. Lumpy, Philadelphia. One species of Sphaorium, and eleven species of land and fresh water shells, from Western Virginia.
E. Haut, Athens, Ill. One hundred and four species of Amer- ican terrestrial and fluviatile shells.
JOHN CaAssIN, Philadelphia. Purpura patula.
THos. BLhanp, New York. Three species of Heliz.
Dr. J. C. Cox, Sydney, Australia. One hundred and twenty- two species, numerous specimens of Polynesian shells.
W. P. Witstacu, Philadelphia. Ninety-one species of shells from Australia, S. America, Palestine, Xe.
W. Newcomps, M. D., Oakland, Cal. Six species, fifteen speci- mens of shells.
F. A. Ranpauu. Ten species from Alleghany River.
Wm. S. Vaux, Philadelphia. Bulimus, from Peru.
R. E. C. Stearns, San Francisco, Cal. Seven species from California.
25
Pror. E. D. Corps, Philadelphia. A collection of Unios, Mela- nix, &c., from Virginia.
JoHN Forp, Philadelphia. Beautiful suites of specimens of Unio nasutus, U. complanatus, U. heterodon, U. ochraceus, Margaritana undulata, Anodonta undulata and Spherium transversum.
Miss AnnA Appott. One good specimen of Venus intapur- purea, Conrad, from Florida.
Dr. Ava. Brot. Geneva. One hundred and forty species, nu- merous specimens of land and fresh water shells.
J.L. Junius. Cassis, from Trinidad. J. H. RepFrexp, Philadelphia. Four species of Marginella.
Anp. J. Bennett. Twenty-three species of Unionide, from the Sciota River.
Jas. Lewis, M.D., Mohawk, N. Y. Four species of Amnicola, from Mohawk, N. Y.
Jacop Ennis. Vivipara lineata, Val., from St. John’s River, Florida.
Types of Rafinesque’s Unios, with the original labels in his handwriting, were obtained from the collection of the late
Chas. A. Poulson, by purchase.
In addition to the above, the magnificent collection of over one hundred thousand specimens, of ten thousand species, de- posited by Mr. Geo. W. Tryon, Jr., has been received and in- corporated with the main collection, making our cabinet richer than any other in the world in specimens, and the richest in species, with one exception—that of the British Museum.
A collection of one hundred and eight species of American Shells has been sent to Dr. J. C. Cox, of Sydney, Australia,i exchange for Polynesian shells, received from him. A simila. collection has been sent to M. Luigi Benoit, of Sicily, and a smaller one to M. Spiridione Brusina.
The various collections received during the year have been arranged, labelled and deposited in their proper places in the cabinet, by Messrs. Geo. W. Tryon, Jr., Chas. F. Parker, 8S. R. Roberts and others, who have devoted much time and labor to the work. The proper systematic arrangement has been some- what interfered with in consequence of the very limited accom- modation afforded our magnificent collection in our present build- ing, nor can any remedy for this inconvenience be at present suggested.
Dr. 8. B. Howell has kindly undertaken the arrangement of
3
26
our alcoholic collection, and has made considerable progress therein.
Opportunity having offered to acquire about 1000 species, not yet in our museum, ineluding a portion of the collection of shells belonging to the late Hugh Cuming, of London, a subscription list was opened, and our appeal having been answered encoura- gingly, the shells were ordered, and some of them are now on their way to the Academy.
Although the Conchological Section of the Academy has been in existence but a little over a year, yet an observation of its present condition cannot, we think, fail to be gratifying to all interested in the science for the encouragement of which it was instituted. While the augmentation of the collection during that time has been beyond all precedent, a reference to the list of our contributors will prove that the interest taken in the de- partment is not confined to our members alone, but is manifested by others who are not so intimately connected with us, both at home and abroad.
In conclusion, we beg leave to congratulate those present that, through their instrumentality, the interest heretofore manifested in our science has been greatly increased, and to hope that their efforts may be still farther successful in the future, in gaining for Conchology that prominent position among the natural sciences which it so well deserves.
Respectfully submitted by JosEPH LEIDY, Conservator.
LIBRARIAN’S REPORT.
There have been presented during the past year to the Con- chological Section of A. N. 8., 140 volumes, and 298 periodi- cals, pamphlets, &c. Of these works, 195 are from Authors, 12 from Editors, 14 from Societies, 12 from Smithsonian Institu- tion, 5 from Publication Committee of Conchological Section A. N. 8., and 140 bound volumes, and 60 pamphlets, &c., from G. W. Tryon, Jr.
In addition to the above, there have been presented to the A. N.S., 21 volumes, pamphlets, &c.
Respectfully submitted, C. F. Parker, Labrarian.
27
DONATIONS TO THE LIBRARY.
——_
Adams, A., F.L.S., and G. French Angas. Description of new Species of Fresh-water Shells collected by Mr. F. G. Waterhouse, during J. McDonald Stuart’s Overland Journey from Adelaide to the North-west coast of Aus- tralia. Svo. pamphlet, 1863. From A. and H. Adams.
Adams, Arthur. On the Species of Muricinz found in Japan. 8vo. pamphlet. From the Author.
Descriptions of some new Species of Limopsis from the Cu- mingian Collection. 8vo. pamphlet, From the Author.
On the Species of Obeliscinze found in Japan. 8vo. pam- phlet. From the Author.
On Microstelma and Onoba, two forms of Rissoid Gastero- pods ; with notices of new species of the latter from Japan. 8vo. pamphlet, 1863. From the Author.
Description of a new Genus, and of twelve new Species of Mollusca. 8vo. pamphlet, 1863. From the Author.
On the animal and affinities of Fenella; with a list of the Species found in the seas of Japan. 8vo. pamphlet, 1864. From the Author.
On some new Genera and Species of Mollusca from Japan. 8vo. pamphlet, 1860. From the Author.
On the animal of Umbonium vestiarium. 8vo, pamphlet, 1860. From the Author.
Notes on the animals of certain Genera of Mollusca. 8vo. pamphlet, 1860. From the Author.
Mollusca Japonica. 8vo. pamphlet, 1860. From the Author.
On the animal of Alyczus, and some other Cyclophoroid Genera. 8vo. pamphlet, 1861. From the Author.
On some new Species of Acephalous Mollusca from the Sea of Japan. 8vo. pamphlet, 1862. From the Author.
On a supposed new Genus, and on some new Species of Pelagic Mollusca. 8vo. pamphlet, 1861. From the Author.
28
On some new Species of Mollusca from Japan. 8vo. pam- phlet, 1826. From the Author.
On some new Species of Cylichnidee, Bullidee, and Phili- nid, from the seas of China and Japan. 8vo. pamphlet, 1862. From the Author.
On the Japanese Species of Siphonalia, a proposed new Genus of Gasteropodus Mollusca. 8vo. pamphlet, 1863. From the Author.
On some new Genera and Species of Mollusca from the seas of China and Japan. 8vo. pamphlet, 1864. From the Author.
On the Species of Nezra found in the seas of Japan. 8vo. pamphlet, 1864. From the Author.
On the Species of Pyramidelline found in Japan. 8vo. pamphlet. From the Author.
Notes on some Molluscous Animals from the seas of China and Japan. 8vo. pamphlet, 1863. From the Author. On the Genera and Species of recent Brachiopods found in the seas of Japan. 8vo. pamphlet, 1863. From the
Author.
On the Animal and Float of Ianthina. 8vo. pamphlet, 1862. From the Author.
On some new Species of Scissurellidee from the seas of China and Japan. Eight pamphlets, 1862. From the Author.
On the Species of Mitridee found in the seas of Japan. 8vo, pamphlet. From the Author.
On the Genera and Species of Liotiinz found in Japan. 8vo. pamphlet, 1865. From the Author.
On the Animal and affinities of the Genus Alaba, with a review of the known Species, and descriptions of some new Species. 8vo. pamphlet, 1862. From the Author.
On some new Genera and Species of Umboniidz from the seas of Japan. 8vo. pamphlet, 1863. From the Author.
On the Genera and Species of Fossaridz found in Japan. 8vo. pamphlet, 1863. From the Author.
Adams, H. and A. Description of new Species of Shells, chiefly from the Cumingian Collection. 8vo. pamphlet, 1863. From the Authors.
Adams, Henry. Description of a new Genus, and some new Species of Mollusks. 8vo. pamphlet, 1865 and 1866. From the Author.
Description of a new Genus of Shells from the collection of Hugh Cuming. 8vo. pamphlet, 1861. From the Author.
Descriptions of fifteen new Species of Land and Fresh-water
29
Shells from Formosa, collected by Robert Swinhoe at Tauvan, in that Island. 8vo. pamphlet. From the Author.
List of the Shells collected by Samuel White Baker, during his recent explorations in Central Africa. 8vo. pamphlet, 1866. From the Author.
Adams, Henry, and G. F. Angas, Z.S. Descriptions of new Genera and Species of Chitonide from the Australian seas. 8vo. pamphlet, 1864. From A. and H. Adams.
Adams, C. B. Description of New England Shells. Presented to the Academy.
Agassiz, L. Nomenclatoris Zoologici, Index Universalis, 1846. Presented to the Academy.
Albers, John Christ. Die Heliceen nach Natiirlicher Verwamtt- schaft systematisch geordnet. Zweite Ausgabe. Von Edward Van Martins. 8vo. Leipzig. From Geo. W. Tryon, Jr.
Arango, Rafael. Catalogo de los Moluscos Terrestres 1 Fluvia- les de la Isla de Cuba. 8vo. pamphlet. Havana, 1865. From the Author.
Argenville, M. D. L’Histoire Naturelle eclaircie dans une de ses parties principales, l’Oryctologie. Paris, 1755. Ato. From Geo. W. Tryon, Jr.
Conchyliologie. Folio. 1772. From Geo. W. Tryon, Jr.
Barbut, James The Genera Vermium. 4to. London, 1788. From Geo. W. Tryon, Jr.
Barrande, Joachim. Cephalopodes Siluriens de la Bohéme. From the Author to the Academy.
Berge, F. Conchylienbuch. Stuttgart, 1855. From Geo. W. Tryon, Jr.
Bielz, Albert. Verzeichness der Mollusken und Conchylien. Sammlung. 8vo. Hermannstadt, 1865. From Geo. We tryen,. dr
Bielz, E. A. Fauna der Land und Suswasser Mollusken Sieben- birgens. 8vo. Hermannstadt, 1865. From Geo. W. Tryon, Jr.
Binney, W. G. Bibliography of North American Conchology. Parts 1 and 2. Washington, 1863. From the Smithso- nian Institution.
Land and Fresh-water Shells of North America. Parts 2 and 8. From the Smithsonian Institution.
Blanford, W. T. Contributions to Indian Malacology. No. 8. List of Estuary Shells collected in the delta of the Irra- waddy in Pegu, with descriptions of the new species. From the Author.
30
Boston. Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History. Vols. 9 and 10, 1862 to 1866; Vol. 11 to page 80. From the Society.
Condition and doings of the Boston Society of Natural His- tory. 1867. From the Society.
Boston Society of Natural History, Memoirs. 4to. Vol. 1, part 1, 1866. From the Society.
Boston Journal of Natural History, containing papers and communications, read before the Boston Society of Natur- al History. Vol. 7, in four parts. 8vo papers. From the Society.
Bourguignat, J. R. Mollusques nouveaux, litigieux ou peu connus. 6me and Tme Fasc. 1867. From Geo. W. Tryon, Jr.
Malacologia de la Bretagne. 8vo. 1860. From Geo. W. Tryon, Jr.
Malacologia de la Grande Chartreuse. 8vo. 1864.
Les Spicileges Malacologiques. 8vo. 1862. From Geo. W. Tryon, Jr.
Etudes des Mollusques des Alpes. Malacologie du Cha- teau (If. Malacologie d’Aix les Bains, Malacologie du lac des Quatre-Cantons. 1 vol., 8vo. Paris, 1861. From Geo. W. Tryon, Jr.
Monographie des Genera Paladilhia et Montrousieria, Mol- lusques de San Julia de Loria, Mollusques du Sahara, Methodus Conchyliologicus, Testacea Novissima de Saul- cy. Ll vol., 8vo. Paris, 1865. From Geo. W. Tryon, Jr.
Brot, Dr. A. Materiaux pour servir a l’etude de famille des Mélaniens. Catalogue systematique des espéces qui composent la Famille des Mélaniens. Geneve, 1862. From the Author.
Brusina, Spiridione. Contribuzione della Fauna dei Molluschi Dalmati. 8vo. Vienna, 1866. From the Author.
Cailliaud, Fred’k. Catalogue des Raidiares des Annelides, des Cirrhipedes et des Mollusques marins, terrestres et flu- viatiles recuellis dans le Department de la Loire Inferi- eure. Nantes, 1865. From the Author.
Procédé employé par les Pholades dans leurs perforations. Supplement par F. Cailliaud. From the Author.
Notice sur le Genre Clausilie. From the Author.
Mémoire sur Jes Mollusques Perforants. From the Author.
Des Monstrosites chez Divers Molusques. 8vo pamphlet. “From the Author.
Voyage a Méroe et au Fleuve Blane. 4 vols., 8vo paper. From the Author.
31
Observations sur les Oursins Perforants de Bretaque. 8vo pamphlet and supplement. From the Author.
Cantraine, F. Malacologie Mediterraneenne. Bruxelles, 1840. Geo. W. Tryon, Jr.
Carpenter, P. P. Check list of Shells of North American West Coast, Oregonian and Californian Province. From the Smithsonian Institution.
Cassel. Malakozoologische Blitter. 13 Band, T—9 Bogen, and 14 Band, 3—6 Bog. and to p. 144. From the Library Fund of the Academy.
Catalogue and price list of rare and valuable Conchological Works. From the Publication Committee.
Catalogues of Natural History Books. 4 vols., 8vo. From Geo. W. Tryon, Jr.
Chenu, J. C. Lecons-elementaires d’Histoire Naturelle. 8vo. Paris, 1847. From Geo. W. Tryon, Jr.
Clark, W. A History of the British Marine Testaceous Mol- lusca, distributed in their natural order, on the basis of organization of the Animals. 8vo cloth. London, 1855. From Geo. W. Tryon, Jr.
Conte, Angelo. Il Monte Mario ed Isuoi Fossili Subappennine de Ferrara. 8vo pamphlet. Rome, 1864. From Jean Rigacci.
Cooper, J. G. The West Coast Helicoid Land Shells. From the Author.
Geographical Catalogue of the Mollusca found west of the Rocky Mountains, between lat. 33° and 49° N. San Francisco, 1867. From the Author.
Cox, Jas. C. Catalogue of the specimens of Australian Shells in the collection of Jas. C. Cox, M. D. Syndey, 1864. 12mo tract. From the Author.
Debeaux, D. Diagnosis d’une Espece Nouvelle d’Helix de VTle de Corse. From the Author.
Drouet, Henri. Etudes sur les Naiades de la France. 1'¢ Par- tie, Anodonta; Seconde Partie, Unio. 8vo. ‘Troyes, 1857. From Geo. W. Tryon, Jr.
Essai sur les Mollusques terrestres et fluviatiles de la Guyane Francaise. 8vo. Paris, 1859. From Geo. W. Tryon, Jr.
Dunker, Dr. W. Novitates Conchologice. II. Abth. Meers- Conchylien. Hearausgegeben von Dr. W. Dunker. 11 und 12 Lief.
Index Molluscorum quz in itenere ad Guineam Inferiorum collegit. “Cassellis, 1853. From Geo. W. Tryon, Jr.
Encyclopedie Methodique. Vers, vols. 1, 2 and 3; Plan
32
ches, vols. 1 and 3. 4to. Paris, 1792. From Geo. W. Tryon, Jr.
Engelmann’s Bibliotheca Zoologica. Band 1 and 2. 8vo. Leip- zig, 1861. From Geo. W. Tryon, Jr.
Fifty Conchological pamphlets. From Geo. W. Tryon, Jr.
Fischer, Dr. Paul. Faune Conchyliologique Marine du Departe- ment de la Gironde et des Cotes du Sud-Ouest de la France. Paris, 1865. From the Author.
Frauenfeld, Geo. Ritter von. Zoologische Miscellen. VIII.— X. 8vo tracts. From the Author.
Gabb, W. M. On the subdivisions of the Cretaceous formation in California. From the Author.
Synopsis of Cretaceous Mollusca and papers from Proc. A. N.S. 1 vol., 8vo. From Geo. W. Tryon, Jr.
Gassies, J. B. Faune Conchyliologique terrestres et fluvio lacustre de la Nouvelle Caledonie. 8vo. Paris, 1863. From Geo. W. Tryon, Jr.
Gevens, Nicolaus Geo. Belustung im Reiche der Natur. Ham- burg, 1790. 4to. From Geo. W. Tryon, Jr.
Gould, Aug. A. Otia Conchologice. 8vo. Boston, 1862. Classes Conchyliorum. Auctore C. A. de Bergen. 4to. Norimberge, 1760. By Geo. W. Tryon, Jr.
Hancock, A. and D. Embleton, M. D. On the Anatomy of the Doris. From Geo. W. Tryon, Jr.
Hartmann. System der Gasteropoden Europa’s. Voith, sys- tem der Weighthiere. 1 vol., 12mo. From Geo. W. Tryon, Jr.
Herbst’s Conchylien. 8vo. Geo. W. Tryon, Jr.
Herbigny, M. Abbe Favart d’. Dictionnaire d’Histoire Naturelle, qui concerne les Testaceis ou les Coquillages de Mer, de Terre et d’Eau-douce. 8 vols.,12mo. Paris, 1775. From Geo. W. Tryon, Jr.
Humbert, A. Etudes sur quelques Mollusques Terrestres nou- veaux ou peu connus. From the Author.
Etudes sur Quelques Mollusques Terrestres Parmarion, Triboniophoris, Vaginula. From Geo. W. Tryon, Jr.
Jeffreys, J. Gwyn, F.R.S. On the Corbicula (or Cyrena) flu- minalis, geologically considered. S8vo pamphlet. From the Author.
Report on dredgings among the Hebrides. 8vo pamphlet. 1866. From the Author.
Epitome of a Lecture, delivered on the 6th of January, 1863, on “ The Glacial Epoch.”’ 12mo tract. From the Author.
Remarks on Stilifer, a genus of quasi-parasitic Mollusks ;
53
with particulars of the European species 8. Turtoni. 8vo pamphlet. From the Author.
The Upper Tertiary Fossils at Udevalla, in Sweden. 8vo pamphlet. From the Author.
Report of the results of deep sea dredging in Zetland; with a notice of several species of Mollusca new to science or to the British Isles. 8vo pamphlet. London, 1561. From the Author.
Notes on British Mollusca, in answer to Mr. Wm. Clark’s Remarks on ‘Gleanings in British Conchology.” 8vo pamphlet. 1859. From the Author.
Remarks on Mr. McAndrews note on the comparative size of Marine Mollusca in various latitudes of the European Seas. 8vo. pamphlet, 1860. From the Au- thor.
On the origin of Species. From the Author.
On an abnormal form of Cyathina Smithii, 8vo. pamph- let. From the Author.
Report of the committee for Dredging on the North and East Coasts of Scotland. London, 1862. Pamphlet. From the Author.
Report of the dredging among the Channel Isles. 8vo. pamphlet. London, 1865. From the Author.
A supplement to the ‘“ Synopsis of Testaceous Pneumono- branchous Mollusca of Great Britain.” 4to pamphlet, 1851. From A. and H. Adams.
Report on Shetland Dredgings. Pamphlet. London, 1865. From the Author.
Johnston, Geo., M.D., An Introduction to Conchology; or Elements of the natural history of Molluscous Animals. 8vo. cloth. London, 1850. From Geo. W. Tryon, Jr.
Einleitung in die Konchyliologie, oder Grundzuge der Naturgeschichte der Weichthiere. ‘Translated into Ger- man, by Dr. H. G. Bronn. 8vo. cloth. Stuttgart, 1853. From Geo. W. Tryon, Jr.
Jordan, Henry R., F.G.S. A Catalogue of British Mollusca, comprising the Land and Fresh Water, the Brachiopoda, Conchifera, Solenoconchia and the Gasteropoda, to the end of the Littorinide. Compiled from vols. I, I and Iil of British Conchology. Jeffreys. 8vo. pamphlet. Bristol, 1866. From J. Gwyn Jefireys.
Jeffreys, John Gwyn, F.R.S. British Conchology, or an account of the Mollusca which now inhabit the British Isles and the surrounding seas. 38 yols.,12 mo. London, 1862.
From Geo. W. Tryon, Jr.
34
Lamarck. An illustrated enlarged edition of Lamarck’s spe- cies of Shells. 12mo. cloth. London, 1862.
Lea, Isaac. Observations on the genus Unio, &e. 4to, 1866, vol. 11th. From the Author.
Index to Vols. I—XI of Observations on the Genus Unio. From the Author.
Lessers, Friedrich Christian. Testaceo-Theologia. 12mo. Leipzig, 1756. From Geo. W. Tryon, Jr.
Lewis, James. Suggestions to Collectors. 8vo. paper. From the Author.
London. Proceedings of the Scientific Meetings of the Zoolog- ical Society of London, for the year 1866. Parts II and III. 1867 Part I. From the Society.
Loven, S. Berattelse om framstegen i Molluskernas, Crusta- ceernas och de ligre Skelettlésa djurens Naturhistoria under Aren 1845—1849 till. K.Vetenskaps-Akademien. 8vo. Stockholm, 1852. From Geo. W. Tryon, Jr
McAndrew, R. Note of the Mollusca observed during a short visit to the Canary and Madeira Islands in the months of April and May, 1862. 8vo. pamphlet. From the Author.
On the geographical distribution of Testaceous Mollusea in the North Atlantic and neighboring seas, 1854. 8vo. pamphlet. From the Author.
Notes on the Distribution and Range in depth of Mollusca and other Marine Animals observed on the coasts of Spain, Portugal, Barbary, Malta and Southern Italy, in 1849. 8vo. pamphlet. From the Author.
Report on the Marine ‘Testaceous Mollusca of the North- east Atlantic and neighboring seas, and the physical con- ditions effecting their development. 8vo. pamphlet, 1856. From the Author.
Meek, F. B. Check List of the Invertebrate Fossils of North America. Eocene and Oligocene, by T. A. Conrad. Miocene, Cretaceous and Jurassic, by F. B. Meek. From the Smithsonian Inst.
Paleontology of the Upper Missouri. Invertebrates, by F. B. Meek and F. V. Hayden, M.D. Part 1.. From the Smithsonian Inst.
Geological Survey of California. Palaeontology. 4to, 1864. From Geo. W. Tryon, Jr.
Mighels, J. W. Catalogue of Shells of Maine. One vol., 8vo. From Geo. W. Tryon, Jr.
Milne, Edwards. Sur la Circulation chez les Mollusques. From Geo. W. Tryon, Jr.
35
Nouvelles observations sur ]a Constitution de L’appareil de la circulation chez les Mollesques. One vol. From Geo. W.Tryons dr:
Montfort, Denys. Histoire Naturelle generalle et particuliere des Mollesques. Four volumes in two, 8vo. From Geo. W. Tryon, Jr.
Mérch, O. A. L. Forty-one works and pamphlets on Conchology. From the Author.
Moricand, Stefano. Note sur Quelques Especes, Nouvelles de Coquilles Terrestres. From Geo. W. Tryon, Jr. Muller, Otho F. Vermium terrestrium et fluviatilium seu ani- malium infusoriorum. Heiminthicorum et testaceorum.
Havnize et Lepsiz 1773. From Geo. W. ‘Tryon, Jr.
New Haven. American Journal of Science and Arts. Second series, Vol. XLIV. No’s 130, 131 and 132. From the Editors.
New York. Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History of New York. Vol. VIII, No’s 13 and 14. From the Society.
Papers on Shells. 1 vol., 8vo. From Geo. W. Tryon, Jr.
Papers from Boston Journal of Nat. History. 8vo. From Geo. W. Tryon, Jr.
Paris. Journal de Conchyliologie. Vol. II, No’s 1—4. Vol. 6, No’s 8 and 4. Vol. 7, No’s 1 and 2. From the Edi- tors.
Pfeiffer, Louis, M.D. Novitates Conchologice. Land Conchy- lien. 26 Lief. From the Library Fund of the Academy.
Philadelphia. seer Teen Journal of Conchology. Vol’s 1 and 2, and vol. 3, Parts 1 and 2, 1867. Philadelphia, 1867. From the HP abliuavioll Committee.
Photograph Album, quarto. From Geo. W. Tryon, Jr.
Poey, F. Repertorio fisico-natural de la Isla de Cuba direc- tor Felipe Poey. Tomo II. No. 4. Habana, 1867. From the Editor.
Prestwich, Joseph, F.R.S. On the occurrence of the Cyrena fluminalis, together with Marine Shells of recent species, in beds of sand and gravel over beds of boulder-clay.near Hull; with an account of some borings and well-sections in the same district. 8vo. pamphlet, 1861. From J. G. Jeffreys.
Price list of rare and valuable shells. From the Publication Committee.
Prime, Temple. Monograph of American Corbiculade. From the Smithsonian Inst.
Putman, G. P. Bookbuyer’s Manual. 8vo. From Geo. W. Tryon, Jr.
36
Quoy, M. et Gaimard. Mollusques du Voyage de 1’ Astrolabe. Vol’s II and III, 8vo, and Atlas Fol. Paris, 1832. From Geo. W. Tryon, Jr.
Reeve, Lovell, F. L. 8., F.G.S. Elements of Conchology; an introduction to the Natural History of Shells and of the Animals which form them. In two vols. 8vo. cloth. London, 1860. From. Geo. W. Tryon, Jr.
The land and fresh-water Mollusks indigenous to or natu- ralized in the British Isles. 12mo, cloth, 1865. From Geo. W. Tryon, Jr.
Conchologia Iconica, Tellina and Anodon. Parts 260 to 263. From the Library Fund of the Academy.
Report on the Invertebrata of Massachusetts, comprising the Mollusea, Crustacea, Annelida and Radiata. Pub- lished, agreeably to an order of the Legislature, by the Commissioners on the Zoological and Botanical Survey of the State. 8vo. Cambridge, 1841. From Geo. W. Tryon, Jr.
Rigacci, Jean. Catalogo delle Conchiglie componenti la colle- zione Rigacci. Parte Prima, Della Conchiglie Veventi. 8vo. Rome, 1866. From the Author.
Romer, Dr. E.D. Novitates Conchologice. Monographie der Molluskengattung Venus L.. 7 Lief. From the Library Fund of the Academy.
Rumphius, Geo. Everhardus. D’Amboinsche Rariteitkamer, behelzende eene Beschryvinge van allerhande zoo weeke als harde Schaalvisschente weeten raare Krabben, Kreef- ten, &c. Folio. Amsterdam, 1705. From G. W. Try- On, «) E?
Sagra, Ramon de la. Molusques L’Ile de Cuba. Folio. Paris. From Geo. W. Tryon, Jr.
Histoire Physique, Politique et Naturelle de L’Ile de Cuba. 2 vols. 8vo. Paris, 1853. From Geo. W. Tryon, Jr.
Schroter, J. S. Neue Litterature und Beytrage zur kenntniss, der Naturgeschichte vorzuglich der Conchylien und Fos- silien. 4 vols. 8vo. Leipzig, 1784—87. From Geo. W. Tryon, Jr.
Versuch einer systematischen Abhandlung uber die Erdkon- chylien. 12mo. Berlin, 1771. From Geo. W. Tryon, Jr.
Scoperta di nuovi Pteropodi Fossili nella base marnosa del Monte Mario. 8vo. pamphlet. Rome, 1866. From Jean Rigacci.
37
Souleyet M. et M. Eydoux. Mollusques du Voyage de la Bo- nite. S8vo. with Atlas, Folio. From Geo. W. Tryon,
Jr.
Sowerby, G. B., Jr. Conchological Manual. 1st and 2d Edi- tions. 8vo. London, 1839—42. From Geo. W. Try- on, Jr.
Stabile, Jos. Fossiles des Environs du Lac de Lugano. From the Author.
Description d’un nouveau genre du Mollusque Pulmone Terrestre de Ceylon. From the Author.
Fauna Elvetica. Delle Conchiglie terrestri e fluviali del Luganese. From the Author.
Description de quelques Coquilles nouvelles ou peu connues. From the Author.
Prospetto sistematico-statistico dei Molluschi terrestri e flu- viali viventi nel territorio di Lugano. From the Author.
Mollusques terrestres vivants du Piémont. 1864. From the Author. .
Stearns, R. E. C. Conchological Memoranda. No. 2. From the Author.
Stimpson, Dr. Wm. Researches upon the Hydrobiinze and allied forms. From the Smithsonian Institution.
Tate Ralph, F. G.. The Land and Fresh-Water Mollusks of Great Britain. 12mo. cloth. London, 1866. From Geo. W. Tryon, Jr.
Troschel, F. H. De Limnzaceis seu de Gasteropodis pulmonatis quze nostris in aquis vivunt. Berolini, 1834. From Geo. W. Tryon, Jr. Sixteen pamphlets on Conchology. From the Author. Das Gebiss der Schnecken zur Begriindung einer Natur- lichen Classification. From the Author. Trubner’s American and Oriental Literary Record. No. 28. Sept. 2, 1867. From the Publishers. Tryon, Geo. W., Jr. A Monograph of the Terrestrial Mol- lusca inhabiting the Uunited States. Parts 2, 8 and 4. From the Publication Committee. Vienna. Verhandlungen der k. k. Zoologisch-botanischen Ge- sellschaft in Wien. Jahrg. 1866, xvi. Band. Wallace, A. R. List of the Land Shells collected in the Malay Archipelago, with Descriptions of the New Species. By H. Adams. 8vo pamphlet. 1865. From H. and A. Adams. Waller, E. On anew species of Rissoa. Pamphlet. London, 1864. From J. Gwyn Jeffreys.
38
Willis, John R. A Catalogue of Nova Scotia Shells. Halifax, Nova Scotia. From the Author.
Wood, W. Index Testaceologicus. A new edition, edited by Sylvanus Hanley. 8vo. London, 1856. From Geo. W.. Tryon, Jr:
Woodward, 8. P. A Manual of the Mollusca, or a rudimentary treatise on Recent and Fossil Shells. London, 1840. From Geo. W. Tryon, Jr.
Wright, E. Percival, M.D. Ona new Genus of Teredinine. 4to tract. From the Author.
39
REPORT OF PUBLICATION COMMITTEE.
The Publication Committee report, that during the year 1867 they have published for the Section three Nos. of the ‘‘ Ameri- can Journal of Conchology,’ and three Nos. of the ‘“ Mono- graph of Terrestrial Mollusca,” besides ‘‘the By-Laws of the Conchological Section,” and “ Price Lists of Books and Speci- mens for sale,” and part of the “Catalogue of Recent Mol- lusca.’’ As the subscription to the Journal, for the year, will necessarily include our proceedings of this evening and any papers that may on this occasion be ordered to be printed, and as the committee have several unpublished papers as well as printed lithographic plates in hand, they prefer to include in the exhibit of their transactions an estimate of Part 4 of the Journal.
Two hundred and fifty copies of the Journal, Parts 1, 2 and 3, have been printed, aggregating over three hundred octavo pages, and it is probable that the 4th and concluding part of the current volume will embrace about one hundred pages, making in all 400 pages.
Two hundred and fifty extra copies of the By-Laws, 25 pp. 8 vo. and one hundred copies each of the “ Price List of Shells,”’ that of duplicate books, and the ‘“‘ Monograph of Terrestrial Mollusea ;’’ also, fifty copies of part 1 of the ‘Catalogue and Synonymy of the Genera, Species and Varieties of Recent Mollusea,”’ have been issued.
Fifty-two copies of the Journal have been sold by subscrip- tion, and seventeen copies have been distributed in exchange or by resolution of the Section to the following institutions of learn- ing and individuals :
Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia.
H. Crosse and J. Fischer, Editors Journal de Conchyliologie, Paris, 2 copies.
Edward 8. Morse, Salem, Mass.
American Journal of Science and Arts, New Haven, Conn.
Arthur Morelet, Dijon, France.
KE. R. Showalter, M.D., Uniontown, Ala.
Zoological Society, London.
Dr. F. H. Troschel, Bonn, Prussia.
K. K. Zoologisch-botanischen Gesellschaft, Wien, (Austria).
N. Y. Lyceum of Natural History.
Boston Society of Natural History.
Prof. F. Poey, Havana, Cuba, Conductor of the ‘‘ Repertorio fisico-natural,’’ Xe.
Dr. P. P. Carpenter, Montreal, Canada.
Prof. O. A. L. Mérch, Museum, Copenhagen, Den.
Essex Institute, Salem, Mass.
40
Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.
A number of copies of the Journal have also been distributed to authors of papers contributed to its pages, no charge being made for them in such cases; many authors have also availed themselves of the privilege of obtaining 20 copies of their vapers, at the expense of the Publication Committee. Your committee do not mention this, however, as matter of regret, because they believe the circulation of the Journal and substan- tial interest of the Section will be much advanced by a liberal policy in this respect.
Forty-seven copies of the Monograph of Terrestrial Mollusca have been sold by subscription.
Following the direction of the By-laws, every paper describ- ing new species has been fully illustrated, so that the present volume of the Journal will contain twenty-six lithographic plates, crowded with figures, (of which there are over four hundred). Of these plates 6 have been carefully colored by hand for the Journal, and 11 for the Monograph.
Your committee respectfully suggests to members the impor- tance, by using the most strenuous personal influence, of giving to the Journal a circulation which, while lightening the responsibility of the Publication Committee, will at the same time make the Section better known at home and abroad, and more extensively interest naturalists in its welfare. In this connection, we are sorry to inform the Section that, so far from increasing, the circulation of the Journal has declined to the ex- tent of 18 subscribers during the present year, and considerably more than half of the subscriptions yet remain unpaid. As a very large portion of the time of the acting Conservator was other- wise unoccupied, the Publication Committee have availed them- selves of his skill in drawing on stone, and have taken upon themselves in return to pay three-fourths of the Conservator’s salary for the present year.
Some time since, as many of the members are aware, Prof. S. S. Haldeman, of Columbia, Pennsylvania, generously presen- ted to the Section, for the benefit of its Conservators’ Fund, the entire remaining edition of his splendid work on the Lim- neides of North America. We have collated the Parts and Plates of this work, and find that a slight expense will be ne- cessary to render it available for sale. We propose shortly to present an estimate of this cost, and await the direction of the Section. Perhaps the expense might be paid out of the fund which will be benefited by its sale.
Respectfully submitted by Gro. W. Tryon, JR., C. F. Parker, For Committee.
TO CONCHOLOGISTS.
ee
The Conchological Section of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, in announcing the commencement of the Fourth annual Volume of the American Journal of Con- chology, now published under its auspices, desires to impress upon you the importance of this Journal to all working Con. chologists as well as to Collectors and Amateurs and those interested in Natural History generally.
The ‘“ Journal” is the only publication of its kind in the English language, and is so universally acknowledged to be the chief exponent of the science, that its pages contain the entire contributions of nearly every American Conchologist, thus uniting into one publication, what was previously scattered through numerous Natural History Journals, and bringing within the reach of all, the means of keeping fully posted in the progress of this useful, elegant and popular science.
Its contributors include all the distinguished Concholo- gists of America, as well as many Huropeans of distinction. Besides papers of strictly scientific character, the “ Journal” has always included original and selected matter of a more popular description, not omitting monographs of Families or Genera of American Shells, fully illustrated and specially de- signed to assist the local collector in identifying his species. The three volumes of the ‘* Journal” already published, contain a monograph of the Melanians of the United States, with nearly a thousand illustrations on wood, and a monograph of our Terrestrial Species, with eighteen lithographic plates. Other papers of the same useful character will be published hereafter, as opportunity offers. The reviews of new books, contain a complete bibliographical record—every new fact in Conchology is quoted and commented upon—and every new genus and spe- cies is catalogued, and when practicable and necessary, criticised.
The volume (8d) of the “Journal” just completed, con-
tains over £00 pages, and twenty-six beautiful colored and plain lithographic plates and portraits.
The ‘“ Journal” has been published heretofore at Ten Dol- lars per annum, which has not repaid the cost. It has been suggested that at a lower price, a very much larger subscrip- tion list can be obtained, and in order to test this, your sub- scription is solicited, either with or without Limitation of price.
We hope to have a reply at your earliest convenience. _
ISAAC LEA, L.L D., of the
GEO. W. TRYON, Jr.,) Pub. Com. of the Conchological Section E. J. NOLAN, M. D., Academy of Natural Sciences.
N. W. Cor. Broap anp Sansom Sts , Puruapa., Pa.
TERMS:
Ten Dollars per annum, payable in advance, for colored copies.
Provided the number of subscribers shall reach— 200 | 300 400 500 600
$2 50
750
The price of a Plain copy shall be meduced tor si222.4.2. 3. 1 $5 00 The price of Colored copy shall Ie Mem WCE mtOkeee. sc) cectmesn as
$4 00
$3 50
$3 00
$2 00
$6 00 Ss aa] Sec! sean ea nen
FORM OF SUBSCRIPTION.
Dr. EK. J. NOLAN: Acad. Nat. Sciences, cor. Broad and Sansom Sts., Philada:
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VALUABLE WORKS ON CONCHOLOGY
FOR SALE.
American Journal of Conchology, Vol. 1, 1865. Containing 400 pages, illustrated by 31 colored and plain lithographic plates and por- traits and over 293 wood engravings; with contributions by Conrad, Bland, Anthony, Binney, Newcomb, Stimpson, W. Harper Pease, Wheat- ley, Tryon, etc. Price, in numbers, $12.50, or each number separately $3.75. A few copies beautifully bound in red morocco, gilt, red edges,
at $15.00. American Journal of Conchology, Vol. 2, 1866. Containing 400 pages, illustrated by 27 colored and plain lithographic plates, and nearly 500 wood engravings; with contributions by Newcomb, Bland, Conrad, Gabb, Anthony, Pease, P. P. Carpenter, Mérch, Tryon, etc. Price, in numbers, $12.50, or each number separately $3.75.
yy Full tables of contents of the above two volumes forwarded to those desiring them.
3. Monograph of the Terrestrial Mollusca of the United States. With illustrations of all the Species. By George W. Tryon, Jr. This work will be completed in five quarterly parts, each containing about 32 pp. 8vo text, and ‘our lithographic plates crowded with figures. Three parts have been published Only 100 copies will be printed, so that an early application will be necessary to secure it. There are already about 60 subscribers. The work is published in the following styles: Ist. Plain edition, printed on fine calendered paper, with uncolored plates, at $1.25 per part. 2d. Colored edition, same paper, plates finely colored, $2.00 per part. 3d. Fine edition, on very heavy plate paper, with duplicate plates, plain or tinted paper, and finely colored, $3.00 per part.
4. TRYON, GEO. W., Jr., Synonymy ofthe Species of Strepoma- tidz (Melanians) of the United States, with critical observations on their Affinities, and Descriptions of Land, Fresh Water and Marine Mollusca. 8vo, over 100 pp., with lithographic plates. 1865.
Cloth, $2.00. Paper, $1.75.
CONTENTS: Contributions towards a Monography of the Order Pholadacea. with Descriptions of New Species. Descriptions of two new Species of Fresh Wuter Mollusca from Panama. Des- eription of anew Exotic Melania. Descriptions of new Species of Fresh Water Mollusca be- longing to the Families Amnicolidex, Valvatide and Limnzidez, inhabiting California. De- scription of a new Species of Pleurocera. Description of a new Speci-s of Teredo, rom New Bedford. Mass. Descriptions of two new Species of Mexican Land Shells. Synonymy of the Species of Strepomatide, Parts 1, 2,3, 4 and Supplement.
The Edition is very limited— nly 75 copies. Early application will, therefore, be necessary to
5. RAFPINESQUE, C. S., Complete Writings on Recent and Fossil Conchology. Edited by William G. Binney and Geo. W. Tryon, Jr. 8vo. 1864. With lithographic plates Price, $2.50.
This is the only edition of Rafinesque’s Complete Writings ever published, and conta‘ns reprints
of many papers, which had been entirely forgotten by naturalists.
6. TRYON, GEO. W., Jr., List of American Writers on Recent
Conchology, with the Titles of their Memoirs and Dates of Publication.
8vo 1860. Printed on fine plate paper. Cloth, $2.00. Paper, $1.75.
TRYON, GEO. W. Jr., Monograph of the Or/er Pholadacea,
and other Papers. 8vo, 127 pp., with plates. 1862.
Cloth, $2.00. Paper, $1.75.
Contains Monographs of the Families Gastrochwnide. Pholadicaw, and Teredide. History of American Conchology, and Descriptions of new Species of Fresh Water an-! Marine Shells.
x* A discount of 20 per cent. will be allowed from the ubove prices, to Members
of the Conchological Section and to Booksellers. Apply to
‘“ConcHoLogicat Section AcapeMy or NaTuraL Sciences, Philadelphia,” Or to its Agents—see Ist page of this cover.
RD I aL eS
PAGE. 1. Record of Meetings.........
weet bela adeiveeWelaccvscscos’ tilsctestuend@asetneserdeea eae
2. Description of New Genera and Species of Miocene Shells, with Notes on other Fossil and Recent Species, by T. A. COnrahles..ss sc sehseee ealicnes) Sas Sec eeceienineenes aaeeReaen tenes rae Giasmen eaees jens: 2OT
3. Description of Sixty-five New Species of Marine Gastero- pode, inhabiting Polynesia, by W. Harper Pease................. 271
4. Monograph of the Terrestrial Mollusca of the United States, Diy? GeO Wer LryOn JT. cocteswccesoweliost ou shise soe hameemeeeren naga veins seacees 298
qn
.. Notices and Reviews of New Works, by George W. Tryon, Jr., 325
I. American.—lLudex to Vols. I to XI of Lea’s Observations on the Genus Unio. The American Naturalist, No7. Proceedings of the California Academy of Natural Sciences, III.
II. FoREIGN. British.—Conchologia Iconica., Parts 264, 265. Blanford’s Contributions to Indian Malacology, No.8. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Nos. 115,116. Pro- ceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1860, Parts IL and III.
French.—Memoires de Academie Imperiale des Sciences de St. Petersbourg, 7th Se- ries. XI, No. 8, 1867. Journal de Conchyliologie, 3d Series, No. 4. Mollusques Nou- veaux, Litigieux on Peu Conuus, Parts 6 and 7, January and February, 1866. Re- vue et Magasin de Zoologie, Vol. XIX, 2d Ser., No. 10, August, 1867. Actes de la Societe Linnienne de Bordeaux, XXVI, Part i, 1867.
German.— Archiv fur Naturgeschichte, 5th part, 1866, part 1, 1867.
6. Errata to Mr. Conrad’s Paper............ ba BAS, SaS Eee Sek yehece 334 . APPENDIX. i
ieuecorder 8) ReEpOre,, Dy5..R- RODeTES: = .2...5: ccnseseosdsless gaeeeeinenss ooo Jqrdan
8. Secretary's Report, by Rev. E. R. Beadle........ .......4 eSeak ranean ewt aa
9. Conservator's Report, by Joseph Leidy, M.D............. apace deca 23
10. Librarian’s Report, by Chas. F. Parker...........s.seeeseceeee seers eceees 26
11. Publication Committee’s Report.............. tie cesseneeeeeteges weeeeee 39
NOTICE TO CONTRIBUTORS.
Authors sending specimens with their papers, can have colored illustra- tions furnished witheut expense to them.
Twenty copies of every contribution (without re-paging or illustration) is at the service of its author, if applied for in season.
Extra copies, re-paged,; can be had on the following terms :
25 copies. 50 copies. 100 copies. 250 copies. 16 pages, $4 00 $5 00 $6 75 $10 00 8 pages, 3 00 3 75 5 25 7 50 2 to 4 pages, 2 50 3 12 4 25 6 25
Uncolored plates’ at 3 cents each, or colored plates 12 to 18 cents each. Contributions, as well as Papers and Works for Review or Exchange, Should be directed to
Conchological ction, Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia.