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AMERICAN
JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY.
VoL USLEH Vv.
PUBLISHED BY THE
Conchological Section of the Academy of Natural Sciences.
PUBLICATION COMMITTEE: GEO. W. TRYON, Jr., Epiror. S. R. ROBERTS. EDW. J. NOLAN, M.D.
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Published by Tur ConcHoLogicat Section or THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES. N. W. cor. of Broad and Sansom Streets. NEW YORK: LONDON: B, Westermann & Co., No. 440 Broadway. Trubner & Co., No. 60 Paternoster Row.
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Ae ; . - ‘ | + 4 i pc Part 1 published July 6, 1869. an Oct. 7, 1869. Poe aby eel“ Feb. 3, 1870. Jee May 5, 1870.
10:
CON THEN TS:
Part 1—Juty 6, 1869. Page.
. Record of Meetings, ; : 2 J* Slt . Descriptions of some Secondary Fedele vom the Pa-
cific States, by Wm. M. Gabb,_.. ; : et
. Notes on the Genera Alaria, Diarthema, Dicroloma,
&c., being a Supplement to “An Attempt at a Re- vision of the Strombidz and Aporrhaide, by Wm.
M. Gabb, . ‘ 19 . Description of a new Helix fom Utah, i Wun. M.
Gabb, . : : ‘ : : . 24 . Descriptions of new Species of Shnth h edeeibatl Fos-
sils, No. 1 Tertiary, by Wm. M. Gabb, : . 25 . Observations on Melantho, by James Lewis, M.D., . 38
. On Lingual Dentition studied by the Microscope and
etenvenn Se by Wm. G. Binney. With note by
Thos. Bland, : : : : : : 37 Descriptions of Miocene, Eocene, and Grermeeoae Shells, by T. A. Conrad, ‘ ; : , A piee,
. Observations on the Genus Astarte, with Descriptions
of Three other Genera of Crassatellide, by T. A.
Conrad, : 46 Notices and Reviews of New Caubholozital Works by George W. Tryon, Jr., : A ‘ : 49
I. Amertcan.—Geological Survey of Illinois, by Meek and Worthen. Annals of the New York Lyceum.
IJ. Forrren.—English—Annals and Magazine of Natural History. Proceedings of the Zoological Society. Con- chologia Iconica.
French—Revue et Magazin de Zoologie. Journal de Conchyliologie.
German.—Pfeiffer’s Monographia Heliceorum Viventium. Martini & Chemnitz’s Conchylien-Cabinet. Romer’s Monographie der Gattung Venus, etc.
lV CONTENTS.
Part 2—OcrtToBer 7, 1869.
Page.
1. Record of Meetings, ‘ 2. Descriptions of New Species of Marine Ge oaeates inhabiting Polynesia, by Wm. Harper Pease,
3. Remarks on Marine Gasteropode inhabiting the West Coast of America; with Descriptions of Two New Species, by Wm. Harper Pease, '
4. Corrections and Additions to ‘‘ Synonymy of Nain Gasteropode inhabiting Polynesia,’ by Wm. Har- per Pease, ; :
5. Notes upon the Monogr apt of the seis Misting le in Reeve’s Senchnidsia Iconica, by John H. Redfield,
6. Descriptions of New Fossil Mollusca, Pe Cre- taceous, by T. A. Conrad,
7. Notes on Recent Mollusca, by T. A. pet
8. Descriptions of New Species of Terrestrial Mollusca from the Andaman Islands, Indian Archipelago, by George W. Tryon, Jr., :
9. Notices and Reviews of New Coneholeseal Wonka by George W. Tryon, Jr.,
I,.American.—Proceedings of Portland Nat. His. Society. Lea’s Observations on the Genus Unio.
II. Foreren.—British.—Zoological Record.
Frrench.—Revue et Magazin de Zoologie. Journal de Conchyliologie. Actes de la Societie Linneenne de Bor- deaux. Nouvelles Miscellanies Malacologiques, by M. Paladilhe.
German.—Verhandlungen der K. K. Zoologisch-botan- ischen Gesellschaft in Wien. Archiv fur Naturges- chichte.
APPENDIX.
10. Catalogue of the Recent Species of the Family Corbi- culadz, by Temple Prime,
|
61
64
80
85
88
CONTENTS. Vv
Part 8—FEBRUARY 3, 1870.
Page. 1. Record of Meetings, . : Be
2. On the Pterocerz of Lamarck, sind der Mutual Rela- tions, by Theodore Gill, M. D., : » 120
3. Materials for a Monograph of ‘ne Baty Teper by Wm. H. Dall, ‘ . 140
4. On the Land and Fresh- Water Motihieds of Nicarapne by Ralph Tate, . : . 151
5. Descriptions of New Species of Mavitte oltiacn by Wesley Newcomb, M.D., . 163
6. Description of a New stare Hels, ie Wesley Newcomb, M.D., d . 165
7. Catalogue of the Shells of the Coda fever. atpalan by James Lewis, M.D., : : . 166
8. Descriptions of New pia’ of Marine Bivalea Mol- lusca, in the Collection of the Academy of Natural
, Sciences, by George W. Tryon, Jr., _.. . 170 9. Notices and Reviews of New Conchological Works, by George W. Tryon, Jr., ; ; é : . 178
I, Amertcan.—Binney’s Pulmonata of North America.
II. Forricn.—British.—Reports of the British Assoc. for the Advancement of Science, Annals and Magazine of Natural History. Jeffreys’ British Conchology. Wood- ward’s Manual of the Mollusca. Conchologia Iconica.
French.—Cat. des Mollusques des Mers d’Europe, par Pe- tit de la Saussaye. Faune Malacologique de Belgique, par F. de Malzine. Journal de Conchyliologie.
German.—Malakozoologische Blatter. Pfeiffer's Mono- graphia Heliceorum Viventium. Novitates Concholo- gice.
APPENDIX.
10. Catalogue of the Families Porcellanide and Bere a raside, by 8. R. Roberts, . é : . 189
Vi
CONTENTS.
Part 4—Aprit, 1870. Page.
- Record of Meetings, : : . 198 . On a New California Helicoid tere Shell, by J. G.
Cooper, M.D., * ; ; . 196
. Descriptions of Three New ners of Shells, - John
Wolf, . ; : : . 198
. Notes on West ner eer Shells, Mo: PEM egy ee Gc
Cooper, M.D., . 199
. Notices and Revers of Nee Goagholosioal a ons, by
George W. Tryon, Jr., ‘ ; ' . 220
I. American.—Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History. Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History, October, 1869. Canadian Naturalist. Index to Vol. XII. Observations on Genus Unio, by Isaae Lea.
II. Forrren.— English.—Proceedings of the Zoological So- ciety of London. Conchologia Iconica. Memoirs of the Literary and Philosophical Society of Manchester.
French.—Journal de Conchyliologie. Bulletin de l’Acade-. mie Imperiale des Sciences de St. Petersburg. Revue et Magazin de Zoologie.
Italian.—Bulletino Malacologico Italiano (Terrestrial and Fluviatile Mollusca).
German.—Fauna der Land und Susswasser Mollusken Seibenburgens. Archiv fur Naturgeschichte. Novitates Conchologice.
LIST OF AUTHORS
AND THEIR CONTRIBUTIONS.
Binney, W. G. On Lingual Dentition, studied by the Mi-
croscope and Photography, 3T Conrad, T. A. Descriptions of Miocene, Eocene, and Cre- taceous Shells, d 39 Observations on the Genus sntertee ao: desurrpueee of three other Genera of Crassatellide, 46 Descriptions of new Fossil Mollusca, principally Cre- taceous, 96 Notes on Recent Mince . 104 Cooper, J. G. On a new Californian Helicoid Land Shell, 196 Notes on West Coast Land Shells, No. 2, - es Dall, W. H. Materials for a Monograph of the Family Lepetidee, : : ; : F . 140 Gabb, W. M. Descriptions of some secondary Fossils from the Pacific States, ; Lere Notes on the Genera Alaria, Degen Towler &c.; being a supplement to “An Attempt at a Re- vision of the Strombide and Aporrhaide, 19 Description of a new Helix from Utah, 24 Descriptions of new species of South American Fossils, 25 Gill, T. On the Pterocerze of Lamarck and their mutual relations, . 120
Vill LIST OF AUTHORS.
Lewis, James. Observations on Melantho, . oe Catalogue of the Shells of the Coosa River, Alabama, 166 Newcomb, Wesley. ; al of new species of Marine Mollusca, AOS Description of a new Eiirericwn ‘Helix, | 260 Pease, W. Harper. Descriptions of new species of Marine Gasteropode inhabiting Polynesia, . 64 Remarks on Marine Gasteropode inhabiting the West Coast of America, with descriptions of two new species, oe Corrections and Satinons to ene of Maxie Gasteropode inhabiting Polynesia, 85 Prime, Temple. Catalogue of the recent species of the Family Corbiculade, 127 Redfield, J. H. Notes upon the Monograph of the Genus Marginella, in Reeve’s Conchologia Iconica, 88 Roberts, S. R. Catalogue of the Families Porcellanide and Amphiperaside, : 5 : ; . 189 Tate, Ralph. On the Land and Fresh-water Mollusca of Nicaragua, . i : : : . 151 Tryon, George W., Jr. Notices and Reviews of New Con- chological Works, ; x : 49, 112, 173, 221 Descriptions of new species of Terrestrial Mollusca from the Andaman Islands, Indian Archipelago, . 109 Description of new species of Marine Bivalve Mol- lusca in the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences, » 70 Wolf, John. Descriptions of three new species of Shells, 198
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JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY.
INE Wi See eS
PUBLISHED BY THE
CONCHOLOGICAL SECTION of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia
Vou. V: 1869-70. Part 1.
Meeting January Tth, 1869. Eight members present. Dr. W. S. W. RuscHENBeRGER, Director, in the Chair.
Various donations to the Museum and Library were reported.
The following papers were offered for publication :
“Notes on the genera. Alaria, Diarthema, Dicroloma, etc., being a supplement to an attempt ata revision of the Strom- bide and Aporrhaide.’”’ By Wm. M. Gabb.
“ Description of a new Helix from Utah.”” By Wm. M. Gabb.
“‘ Descriptions of new species of South American Fossils, No. 1, Tertiary.” By Wm. M.-Gabb.
A letter was read from Dr. Wesley Newcomb, stating that he had dredged one living specimen of Lingula albida, Sowb., at Monterey, Cal., which is far north of the hitherto ascertained northern limit of the species.
A note from Dr. Lea was also read, in which that gentleman asserted the priority of his name Paludina bimonilifera over Mr. Conrad’s name, P. magnifica, applied to the same species. The subject was referred to a committee.
2 AMERICAN JOURNAL
On motion of Dr. E. R. Beadle, the following resolution was unanimously adopted :
Whereas, Prof. Wm. M. Gabb has, with great liberality, pre- sented his entire private collection of Mollusca to the Concholo- gical Section, thus greatly enriching and enlarging our collection, principally by the addition of a splendid series of authentically named specimens of nearly all the species inhabiting the Pacific States of the Union; Therefore, be it :
Resolved, that the Recorder be directed to convey to Prof. Gabb the thanks of this Section for his valuable donation.
Meeting February 4th, 1869.
Dr. RuscHENBERGER, Director, in the Chair.
Donations to the Library were announced.
The following paper was offered for publication and referred. to a Committee:
‘‘ Observations on Melantho.”” By Dr. James Lewis.
The following resolutions were adopted:
Whereas, Messrs. Parker, Roberts, Ford and Hassler have volunteered their services to arrange the shell collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences: therefore be it
Resolved, that they be constituted a Committee for that purpose.
Resolved, that this Committee be authorized to enter into correspondence with Scientific Societies, Public Museums and individuals, with a view to obtain by donation, exchange, or purchase, such species as may be required to complete our col- lection in those Families or Genera of which Catalogues have been, or may hereafter be published by the Section, provided that no purchases be made at the expense of the Treasury of the Section.
Resolved, that the Committee be authorized to sell duplicate specimens, and apply the funds thus accruing to their pur- chases.
Meeting March 4th, 1869. Ten members present. Dr. RUSCHENBERGER, Director, in the Chair.
Donations to the Museum and Library were announced.
The following papers were presented for publication and referred to Committees:
“Catalogue of the Family Corbiculadex.’’ By Temple Prime.
OF CONCHOLOGY. 3
On Lingual Dentition, studied by the Microscope and Pho- tography.” By Wm. G. Binney and Thomas Bland.
“ Descriptions of Miocene, Eocene, and Cretaceous Fossils.” By T. A. Conrad.
“‘ Qbservations on the Genus Astarte, with Descriptions of two other Genera of Astartide.”’ By T. A. Conrad.
“Notices and Reviews of New Conchological Works.” By Geo. W. Tryon, Jr.
Mr, Tryon, on behalf of a Committee appointed at the Janu- ary Meeting, read the following report :
- Haut or tan Acapemy, February 9th, 1869.
The Committee appointed to ascertain and report to the Con- chological Section whether Dr. Lea’s Paludina bimonilifera has priority, as asserted by him, over Mr. Conrad’s P. magnifica, respectfully repert:
That Dr. Lea’s species was included in a paper read by him before the American Philosophical Society, March 16th, 1832, and published in the “ Transactions”’ of that Society, the title page of the completed volume bearing date 1837. But the volumes of the Philosephical Transactions were issued in Parts, with ne internal evidence of the date of publication of each; nor do the records of the Society furnish these dates.
Dr. Lea claims, and Mr. Conrad has allowed, that the printed date of the species contained in the paper in question, is 1834, and by reference to the Minute-Book of the Academy of Natural Sciences, your Committee find that one of Dr. Lea’s extra copies of his paper, under the title “‘ Observations on the Genus Unio, ete.,”” was presented by the author to the Academy Sept. 16th, 1834.
Mr. Conrad’s Paludina magnifica was first published by him in a small work entitled “New Fresh Water Shells of the United States,” Philadelphia, 1834; and the editor of Silliman’s Amer- ican Journal of Science acknowledges receipt of a copy of this work in the No. of that Journal issued July Ist, 18384.
There is, consequently, ne doubt of the priority of Mr. Con-
rad’s species in printed publication. But Dr. Lea claims priority for his date of reading, asserting that at the early period referred to, Societies published infrequently, and in order to secure to an author the fruits of his labors, by almost universal consent, the date of reading was adopted as date of publication. Sub- sequently, as science became more active and larger numbers of persons became interested in it, this plan was found to be in- convenient, and a more rapid diffusion of discoveries was obtained by the issue by the principal scientific bodies, at frequent inter- vals, of cheap publications entitled “« Proceedings.”” Thus small
4 AMERICAN JOURNAL
papers entire, together with abstracts of larger ones, could be published so rapidly that giving the date of reading became superfluous, and it has gradually fallen into disuse—as it ought todo. + Your Committee find, upon examination, that all the prin- cipal Natural History Societies in the world gave “date of reading ’’ to the memoirs published by them until some years after the period in dispute, (about 1845), and a few of these societies still give this date in their quarto publications, though not in their proceedings in octavo. The Academy of Natural Sciences commenced publishing its Proceedings in 1841, and’ discontinued its 8 vo. Journal in 1842. The last two volumes of this Journal contain numerous papers by Mr. Conrad and others, the date of reading being generally given even to his papers. Your Committee recommend, in view of these facts, that
priority be awarded to Dr. Lea’s species in the proposed new publication of the Conchological Section, inasmuch as the date of reading at the period in question was the almost universal rule for determining priority in publication, and we cannot en- dorse an ex poste facto law; but we cannot refrain from express- ing a hope that the time is not far distant when the date of printed publication sonly shall be universally acknowledged in determining claims of priority.
Geo. W. Tryon, Jr.,)
W. M. Gass, Committee.
E. R. BEADLE, f
Mr. S. R. Roberts reported the oceurrence of Spherium sul- catum near San Antonio, Cal.
Mr. Tryon, referring to Heliz cultellata, Thomson, remarked that it was certainly of European type, and he believed it had been introduced into California by European emigrants, as sur- mised by Mr. Thompson in a recent letter to a member of this Section.
laa OF CONCHOLOGY. 5
DESCRIPTIONS OF SOME SECONDARY FOSSILS FROM THE PACIFIC STATES.
BY W. M. GABB.
Since the publication of the first volume of the Paleontology of California, a few undescribed species of Jurassic and Triassic fossils have been accumulated in the office of the Geological Survey; and the explorations of the Commission have developed the fact of the existence of these rocks over an extensive area in the States of California and Nevada. A large proportion of the stratified rocks of the western slope of the Sierra Nevada appear referable to Jurassic formation, while at least one small tract in Nevada yields fossils of this age in a reasonably good state of preservation.
From the paucity of species, and none being referable to described forms, we were unable, at the time of publication, to do more than designate the great group of the Mesozoic era to which they belonged. The discovery of two Ammonites, closely allied to known European species, together with other character- istic forms, lead us now to believe that all of the at present known Jurassic rocks of the Sierra and its vicinity belong to the Lias. The only known locality of these rocks in Nevada is the now deserted mining district of Volcano, about thirty miles south-east of Walker’s Lake. The spot has never been visited by a geologist, and all we know of it is derived from the meagre and unsatisfactory accounts of uninstructed collectors who, while searching for mines, picked up the fossils incidentally on account of their beauty and novelty. I made two attempts to reach the spot in the fall of 1867, but was both times baffled; first by incorrect information, and again by the exhausted condition of my horses, worn out by several months travel in the inhospitable deserts of Southern Nevada. All of the collections that have been brought in from this locality contain an admixture of neatly equal proportions of Jurassic and Triassic fossils. One of the commonest of the latter is Ammonites Ausseanus, while of
6 AMERICAN JOURNAL
the former, Pecten acutiplicatus, Meek, is by no means rare. In most cases, by carefully studying the lithological characters of recognized forms of the two formations, the new species can be assigned without difficulty to their proper group, though in some instances I am still in doubt.
The present paper is intended to be merely preliminary, it being the purpose of Prof. Whitney, in case of a resumption of the labors of the California Survey, to publish fuller descriptions, illustrated by proper figures of each species.
In addition to the descriptions, I have added a few notes on . previously known forms, in amplification or correction of the original descriptions.
ORTHOCERAS, Brug. QO. BLAKEI, Gabb.—Pal. Cal., vol. I., p. 19, pl. 3, fig. 1.
This species is quite abundant at all of the Triassic localities of Nevada. <A fragment before us, showing the remains of two chambers, has a diameter of 2-3 inches. Its entire absence of all ornament renders it very difficult to describe in such a way as to distinguish it from allied species. It is not unlike 0. dubium of San Cassian, but it seems to be distinguished from that species by the septa being more closely placed, in the specimen just mentioned, the distance between each pair of the three septal margins being ‘8 inch respectively. The septa also appear to be somewhat more concave in the present than in the European species.
AMMONITES, Brug. A. Nevapanvs, Gabb.—PI. 3, fig. 1, la.
Shell large, discoidal, compressed, wany whorled; whorls in- creasing very gradually i in size, sections quadrate, with slightly convex sides ; ; dorsum tricarinate, the middle carina the highest ; whorls in contact by their dorsal and ventral faces only. Sur- face marked by numerous, equal transverse ribs, separated by interspaces of about equal size; on the dorso-lateral margin, each rib bears a more or less distinct, small tubercle, after which the rib bends suddenly forward and merges into the dorsal carina of that side. Septum composed of a dorsal, a ventral, and a single lateral lobe on each side. ‘he dorsal and lateral lobes are all broad, with the sides nearly parallel, and are divided at the ends for about a third of their length, into two branches ; the corresponding saddles are simple and bifur cate; the ventral lobe is unknown.
OF CONCHOLOGY. 7
Dimensions.—Diameter of the largest specimen, with eight vo- lutions, 6°5 inches; section of outer whorl, vertical diameter, 1-2 in., transverse diam., ‘9 in. The inner volutions have the two diameters about equal.
Locality.—Two specimens from Volcano. Jurassic. Col- lected by Mr. Clayton.
A very remarkable peculiarity of one of the specimens before me is represented on plate 16, Journal of Conch., 1868. The figure of the end of a broken whorl shows the position of the siphuncle to be in one of the lateral carinz, the whole septum being carried over with it. The ventral lobe is obliquely oppo- site, on the angle of the umbilicus, and the lateral lobes are equally misplaced. The lateral lobe of one side is much larger than the other, and is much better developed, and the dorsal saddle of that side is nearly twice as wide as the corresponding opposite saddle. The line d@ represents the position of the median Jine of the dorsum; s, the position of the siphuncle, and u uw the umbilical angles. This is, in all probability, only an individual distortion, but I am unfortunately unable, with the material in my possession, to prove my opinion.
As compared with known species, the present one differs from A. bisuleatus, Brug., in having the whorls higher than wide, while in that shell the reverse is the case; in Nevadanus the dorsal grooves occupy nearly the whole dorsum; in disulcatus they take up less than a third of the surface, and in the latter species the dorsal ribs are much more prominent.
A. bisuleatus has a trifurcate superior lateral lobe, while in Nevadanus it is bifurcate.
A. Bonardi, d’Orb., has more numerous whorls, the ribs are curved and the whorls are proportionally narrower ; it also has nearly the same style of septum as A. bisulcatus, but the dorsal saddle is tribolate. It differs from A. Conybeari, Sby., in the whorls being less numerous and wider, the dorsum flatter, and in the ribs being more distinctly bent as they approach the dor- sal margin. Conybeari has lobes wide above, and narrow below, and the dorsal saddle is tribolate.
A. COLFAXII, Gabb.—PI. 4, fig. 2.
Shell many whorled, flat, discoidal, whorls rounded on the sides and dorsum, emarginated on the ventral face, increasing very gradually in size. Surface ornamented by prominent radiating ribs with broad concave interspaces; these ribs start at the umbilical margin and cross the sides, straight or slightly sinuous, and apparently become obsolete on the dorsum. Sep- tum; dorsal lobe unknown; dorsal saddle broad and deeply
8 AMERICAN JOURNAL
bilobate; superior lateral lobe long, narrow and _ irregularly divided at the end into two branches, the lower of which is again divided ; above these branches it has three unequal spurs on each side: lateral saddle divided into two branches ; below these are four small lobes, much smaller than the superior lateral, but with apparently the same general structure.
Dimensions of a very much distorted specimen with eight whorls.—Diameter, 4°5 in., true diameter perhaps about 8:°5-4 in.; height of body whorl, -9 in.
Localities.—From the Jurassic (Liassic ?) slates of the west slope of the Sierra Nevada. One specimen from the cut of the Pacific Rail Road, ‘Station 2777, Sect. 53, one mile west of the town of Colfax ;” another, very compressed, but recog- nizable both from its style of volutions and remains of septum, from Robinson’s Ferry, on the Stanislaus River, given us by Mr. Pomier.
Both these specimens are much injured by distortion, and the septum can be traced only with great difficulty. The dorsal lobe is entirely obliterated, and the portion of the septum from the inferior lateral to the umbilical suture is so imperfectly preserved that I can only,obtain it approximately. It is figured in Jour. Conch. 1868, Pl. 16, the upper of the two septa. The matrix is, in both cases, partially metamorphosed, and in the Colfax specimen the shell lies at right angles to the stratification of the rock, to which fortunate circumstance we are indebted for not having it pressed perfectly flat. In the other case, the shell lying parallel with the slate, it is mashed down to less than a tenth of an inch in thickness, and every rib is obliterated.
The present species is most closely allied to A. solaris, Phil., of the Lias, but it has more numerous whorls; solaris is slightly carinated, and the whorls seem to have been higher and nar- rower. So far as we can decide from the material known, A. Colfaxit is rounded on the back. It has more lobes than solarvs, though of the same general style. The superior lateral in the latter species is more distinctly trifurcate.
A. BILLINGSIANUS, Gabb.—PI. 5, fig. 3, Paleontology of Cal., vol. 1, p. 27, pl. 5, fig. 20.
- When I described this species I could obtain but a very in- distinct trace of the septum. Since then I have had the good fortune of finding a specimen showing the septum with unusual clearness. It consists of a dorsal, two lateral, and three small supplementary lobes. The dorsal lobe is narrow, bifureate for more than half its length, each branch consisting of a simple
bas
OF CONCHOLOGY. 9
long point, bearing a double spur on the outer side; no lateral branches or spurs above. Dorsal saddle rounded, entire ; supe- rior lateral lobe simple above, bifurcate below, the branches unequal, the upper bearing a large spur on the outer side. Lateral saddle narrower than the dorsal and, like all the others, simple and rounded. Inferior lateral lobe of the same general pattern as the superior, but more slender, and the spur on the upper side more strongly developed. Beyond this are one large saddle and three small, spur-like lobes; the first and second placed obliquely to each other, the last, inside of the umbilical angle, being on the same level with its next neighbor.
TURBO. ? T. reatus, Gabb.—PIl. 5, fig. 4.
Shell large, massive, low-turreted, height and width about equal; whorls about six, flattened or slightly sloping on top, sides flattened, base slightly convex. Surface ornamented by large blunt tubercles on the upper angle, about ten to a volution, and by smaller ones, nearly obsolete on the lower angle ; besides these the whole surface is covered by minute, slightly elevated revolving lines. Aperture subquadrate, inner lip slightly en- crusted.
Length and width of body whorl, each, 2°4 in.; length of aper- ture 1:0 in.
Locality.—V oleano, Nevada, associated with Ammonites Neva-
‘danus. Found by Mr. Clayton.
The single specimen, on which I describe this species, is in a pretty fair state of preservation; showing the form and surface markings perfectly, but is somewhat broken about the outer side of the mouth. Enough however remains to show that, if not a true TZ'urbo, it is as closely related to that genus as are any of the so-called Zurbos of the Jurassic formation.
? T. ELEvATUS, Gabb.—PI. 3, fig. 5.
Shell elongate, conical, spire elevated; whorls six or seven, sides converging, top slightly truncated and bearing numerous, regular, small tubercles or nodes, about 20 to a volution, which form a beaded rim, projecting a little laterally ; body whorl flat- tened and converging on the sides, angulated below, base slightly convex and with small nodes on the lower, as well as upper angle. Aperture sub-elliptical, acute above.
Length 1°5 in., width of body whorl 85 in., length of aper- ture ‘605 in.
Found by Mr. Clayton, with the preceding.
10 AMERICAN JOURNAL
While this shell is entirely different in shape from the pre- ceding, it agrees with it in the general style of ornament. Both have Batcened whorls, truncated above and angulated below, and both have heavy tubercles on the upper, and fainter ones on the lower angle. ‘They can be at once distinguished, however, even as internal casts, by their marked dissimilarity of outline. The present shell is slender, and the spire is unusually elevated ; the apical angle being about 37°, while the other bas an angle of about 70° to 80°. In the present species I can detcet no trace of revolving lines, though the surface of the specimen is in a nearly perfect condition, showing minute lines of growth dis- tinctly.
PHOLADOMYA, Sby. P. MULTILINEATA, Gabb.—Pl. 5, fig. 6.
Shell long, gibbous, beaks very prominent and placed about a fourth of the length from the anterior end, which’ is prominently rounded in the middle; base deep, nearly semicircular ; posterior end produced in the middle, retreating above and below; cardinal margin nearly straight, posterior to the umbonal slope. Surface marked by about thirty small, irregular, radiating ribs, less dis-
tinct at the two ends.
Length 2-4 in., width 1-9 in., diameter 1:1 in.
Found at the same locality as the preceding by Dr. A. Blatchley.
This species is not unlike P. elongata, Miinst., of the Neoco- mien, but is deeper from beak to base, is shorter and has more numerous ribs, though of the same general character.
P. Nevapana, Gabb.—PI. 5, fig. 7.
Shell small, very convex; beaks anterior, strongly incurved, umbones broadly rounded ; anterior end sloping outwards, nearly straight above, convex in the middle, retreating below; base nearly straight posteriorly, most prominent directly under the beaks and curving upwards rapidly in advance; posterior end pretty regularly rounded; cardinal margin nearly straight. Sur- face ornamented by eight or ten small, but distinctly marked, radiating ribs, most prominent on the middle, fainter posteriorly, and entirely wanting on the anterior one-fourth; these are erossed by irregular lines of growth, covering the whole surface.
Length 1°8 in., width 1:3 in., diameter of both valves 1-2 in.
Locality—Volcano, Nevada. Mr. J. E. Clayton.
Most nearly allied to P. Hausmanni, Goldf., of the German Lias, but is smaller, has more ribs, and is narrower posteriorly.
OF CONCHOLOGY. 11
GONIOMY A, Agass. G. APERTA, Gabb.—PI. 6, fig. 8.
Shell very thin, subcompressed, gaping posteriorly; beaks small, prominent and placed about two-fifths of the length from the anterior end; cardinal margin rapidly sloping, with a slight convexity in advance, posteriorly concave at first, and running out nearly straight to the posterior end; anterior end narrowly rounded and prominent; posterior subangulated, being obliquely truncated above and below and produced in the middle; base broadly convex. Surface ornamented by numerous concentric ribs, broadly angulated, the angle being a little posterior to the beaks. These ribs are very uniform in size and, commencing at the anterior end, are coincident with the lines of the growth for about a third of their length, they then bend towards the base very slightly, become somewhat undulated and, when nearly one-third of the length from the posterior end, bend up somewhat abruptly, gradually resuming the direction of the strize of growth, and finally disappear near the cardinal margin.
Length 2-4 in., width 1-4 in., diameter of the valves -9 in. Locality.—With the preceding. Mr. Clayton.
This shell is more evenly ribbed, and the angle of the ribs is wider than in any other species with which I am acquainted.
MYACITEKS, Minst. M. pepressus, Meek.
Myacites depressus, Meck, Pal. Cal., vol. I, p. 51, pl. 8, fig. 6, 6 a. A single specimen of this shell was found by Mr. Clayton at Volcano.
CARDIUM, Linn. C. ARCEFORMIS, Gabb.—PI. 3, fig. 9.
Shell of moderate size, very thick, convex, oblique, longer than wide; beaks prominent, strongly incurved, in some cases almost in contact, placed about a third of the length from the anterior end, which is regularly rounded ; posterior end variable, rounded or obliquely truncated; base pretty regularly and broadly convex. Surface ornamented by about 18 to 20 large convex, radiating ribs with interspaces of about equal size, all crossed by fine but distinct lines of growth. From 11 to 12 of these ribs occupy the anterior and lateral portions of the surface; the re- mainder, on the posterior face, are always smaller and, in some
12 AMERICAN JOURNAL
cases, especially on old shells, are entirely obsolete. The inter- nal margin is crenulated by a series of large teeth corresponding with the external ribs; anterior muscular scar enormously deep, posterior not discernible on the internal casts.
Measurements of two specimens:
Length, 1:05 in., width from beak to base, -85 in., diameter of two valves, 9 in.
Length, -95 in., width from beak to base, ‘83 in., diameter of two valves, ‘75 in.
From the Jurassic of Voleano. I have also received a speci- men labelled ‘‘ Uniontown, 40 miles south-west of Austin, Reese River, in the Union District.” This is a deserted mining camp, about ten miles south of Ione. I found no fossils in this range, nor could I learn, while on the spot, that any had ever been discovered there. It is very probable that the shell was taken there from the Volcano District.
The present species is unlike any Cardium with which I am acquainted. At first sight it has all the appearances of an un- usually robust and heavily ribbed Avea. On close examination, however, it shows no signs of an arca; the cardinal margin is rounded down at both ends, and on the internal cast the line of junction between the two valves is marked by an elevated ridge, laterally undulated, showing the outline of the characteristic teeth of the genus to which I have referred the shell.
ASTARTE, Sby.
A. APPRESSA, Gabb.—PI. 5, fig. 10.
Shell very flat, obliquely subquadrate ; beaks anterior, sub- terminal, small; anterior end nearly straight above, lower half convex ; base and cardinal border equally convex, nearly paral- lel; posterior end broadly rounded ; cardinal margin truncated, a narrow flat space, bordered by an angle running to near the posterior end ; lunule long, narrow lanceolate, slightly impressed. Surface ornamented by large, angular, concentric ribs near the beaks, becoming less distinct and finally obsolete towards the base.
Length, 1-1 in. ; width, -9 in; height of single valve, -12 in.
Locality. With the preceding; Mr. Clayton. -
This shell can be at once distinguished from A. ventricosa, Meek, from the same formation, by its longer, quadrate outline
and flatter valves. The -beaks of ventricosa are large, promi- nent, and project beyond the cardinal margin; while in the
OF CONCHOLOGY. 13
present species they are minute, acuminate and point forwards. The truncation of the cardinal margin of our shell is also a marked difference ; while the surface markings of the two species are entirely unlike.
CARDINIA. ? C. PoNDEROSA, Gabb.—PI. 6, fig. 11, 11a.
Shell large, elongate, sub-oval, very thick; beaks a little more than a fourth of the length from the anterior end, very small, placed close together ; ends broadly and nearly equally rounded, anterior a little the narrowest, cardinal margin slight- ly arched; base very broadly convex, nearly straight ; imme- diately under the beaks the outline is very slightly emarginate ; Junule none; ligament moderate in size, narrow, not prominent. Surface marked by rough, irregular lines of growth closely placed. Internal margin entire; pallial line strongly marked ; muscular scars shallow.
Length, 3-7 in.; width, 2°25 in.; diameter of both valves, 1:6 in. ; thickness of shell in the middle of the valve, *28 in.
Found by Dr. A. Blatchley at New Pass, near Austin; Trias. I have seen several impressions in the slates of Star Caiion, which I believe to belong to the present species, but all are more or less distorted and flattened, and in none are there any portions of the shell preserved.
The specimen from which the above description is taken is in a remarkably good state of preservation, the valves are in contact, and, although slightly broken, show the entire outline and all of the other specific characters perfectly. By careful manipulation I succeeded in not only separating the valves, but in detaching most of the shell from the interior mould, although the entire shell substance is extremely friable, being replaced by crystals of dolomite. I was not, however, fortunate enough to see all of the hinge, a portion of it crumbling away. So far as could be ascertained, it possesses more the appearance of Cardinia than any other described genus, and I have therefore so referred the species, despite the very thick shell structure. A marked peculiarity of the crystallization is that the crystals are deposited in two distinct layers, a well-defined plane of separation running parallel with, and about mid-way between the outer and inner surfaces, throughout almost the entire shell.
POSIDONOMYA, Brown. P. BuatcuHLeYI, Gabb.—PI. 6, fig. 12.
Shell large, flattened, obliquely sub-circular; beaks small,
14 AMERICAN JOURNAL
nearly central, cardinal margin not so long as the width of the shell, straight for a short distance both sides of the beaks, then bending down with a regular curve posteriorly, sub-angulated anteriorly; base narrowly rounded, most prominent directly opposite the posterior end of the cardinal line; anterior end, with a portion of the base, forming about a third of a circle ; posterior end less convex. Surface marked by irregular and not very prominent concentric lines and undulations.
Length, 1:45 in. ; width, 1-5 in.
Locality. Found by Dr. A. Blatchley in the Trias at New Pass, west of Austin, associated with many species, character- istic of the St. Cassian group of Europe.
It is most nearly allied to P. Bronnii, Goldf., but is more regularly rounded in outline, and wants the angle at the posterior end of the cardinal line. The surface ribs are also less strongly marked than in that species.
PINNA, Linn. P. . Sp. indet.
Two fragments of a Pinna were obtained by Prof. Whitney, at Mormon Station, Plumas Co., Cal., in the semi-metamor- phosed sandstones of the Jurassic. They are long, slender, and are marked very much in the some manner as P. Brewerti, nob., of the California cretaceous. Both specimens have suffered some distortion, and, until better material shall have been ob- tained, I do not feel warranted in giving a detailed description.
CASSTALNELLA, Beyrich. C. LinauLata, Gabb.—PI. &, fig. 13, 13a, 13b.
Shell very thick, long, narrow, lingueform. Large valve, very convex and ponderous, nearly as high as wide; beak placed in the middle, prominent, strongly incurved, umbone high, rounded ; posterior ear straight, slightly sloping, sub-acuminate, lateral margin slightly concave; anterior ear more elevated than the posterior, separated from the body by a marked groove, top convexly sloping, lateral margin nearly straight ; below the ears the sides are nearly parallel for a short distance, curving into a broadly rounded base. Hinge line broad, widely open, areas of both valves wide, that of the smaller vaive triangular notched opposite the beak of the opposite side. Small valve thin, broadly concave, divided by two radiating ridges into three unequal concave surfaces ; outlines corresponding with those of the opposite valve, where in contact. Surface of both valves
OF CONCHOLOGY. 15
covered by not very prominent lines of growth. Length from beak to base, 1-6 in. ; transverse width below the ears, ‘75 in. ; length of two ears about ‘9 in.
From another specimen the width at the base of the ears is 1-1 in. ; diameter of two valves at same point, ‘9 in.; thickness of large valve in the middle, °35 in.; height of top of umbone above the hinge, ‘4 in.
The length of the hinge line in this specimen has been about 1:6 in., and the total length nearly 2 in. ;
Localities. Casts of this species are common in the Trias of Star Catton, Nevada, whence they were brought in 1863 by Mr. Homfray, but it has only been within a year or two that the shell has been found. One or two mutilated specimens were obtained by Mr. Clayton, at Volcano, which thus give us the means of adding another link to the chain of evidence, of the near synchronism of the Trias of Nevada with that of St. Cas- sian.
The species can be distinguished from its European congeners by its unusually elongate form, being twice as long from beak to base as its width below the expansion of the ears. ( - grypheata, Miinst., its nearest ally, is very much smaller, the length and width are about equal, its umbones are much less prominent, the groove between the body and anterior ear is deeper, and, while it has two radiating ridges on the right valve, these ridges, unlike those of our species, are broad and round, instead of being sharply defined ribs. C. tenuistriata, Miinst., and C. decussata Miinst., are sufficiently distinguished both by their shape and surface sculpture.
LIMA, Brug. L. (PLAgtiostoMA). Sp. indet.
Associated with the Pinna, above mentioned, from Mormon Station, Plumas Co., are the mould and impression of a shell of this genus, showing enough of the surface markings to ally it closely with those smooth, semi-polished and finely radiated species so strongly characteristic of the English Lias. It is about an inch in length, has the anterior ear well developed, and resembles in general shape and convexity the English Plagios- tomas.
MONOTIS, Bronn. M. crrcuLaRis, Gabb.—PI. 7, fig. 14, 14a.
Shell large, flattened, nearly circular, beaks small, median ; anterior side, base and posterior side forming a regular, con-
16 AMERICAN JOURNAL
tinuous and nearly equal curve throughout; cardinal margin nearly straight and two-thirds as long as the width of the shell, ending anteriorly by a slight angle; posteriorly produced into a prominent ear a little longer than high. ‘The lateral face of the ear is slightly emarginate below. Surface closely sculptured by very faint, flat, radiating ribs separated by linear depressions, the whole crossed by numerous minute and very regular con- centric lines. Internally the radiating ribs are even more strongly marked than on the surface.
Length, 3:25 in., width, from beak to base, 3 inches, greatest diameter of the two valves ‘8 in.
Locality.. Rare at New Pass, near Austin, Nev.; from tke Trias ; found by Dr. Blatchley.
This species resembles in outline MW. substriata, Miinst., of the Lias, but is much larger and even more round than that shell. The surface is also entirely different. From M. salinaria, Bronn, and M. sub-ecrcularis, nobis, of the same formation in which it is found, it is distinguished both by outline and surface; though in the presence of the anterior angle it approaches the former of these.
PECTEN, Brug.
Three species of this genus are represented in the collection, each bya single specimen. ‘T'wo of these are flat and character- ized by fine radiating ribs ; the third is convex, and the fragment- ary internal cast resembles strikingly the deep valve of the Cre- taceous genus Weithea. They are all from Voleano, the last undoubtedly from the Jurassic. In regard to the age of the others I am in doubt, whether to refer them to the Jura or Trias.
P. acutiplicatus, Meek, is common at Volcano.
PLICATULA, Lam. P. PERIMBRICATA, Gabb.—PI. 6, fig. lda.
Shell of moderate size, inequivalve, more or less inequilateral, sometimes slightly oblique ; sometimes free, sometimes apparent- ly attached by the flat valve. Sides and base broadly and pretty regularly rounded ; the right side sometimes a little more promi- nent than the left; this rounding continues from a half to two- thirds the length of the shell, after which the sides rapidly con- verge towards the beak. Surface of the upper valve convex, and somewhat prominent in the middle, falling very gradually to the base and convex portions of sides, more rapidly towards the beak and superior lateral margins. Both valves marked by
OF CONCHOLOGY. ie
pretty regular and strong imbricating concentric ridges, and by radiating plications; the latter most marked on and towards the edges of the imbrications. Lower valve variable, flat, shghtly convex or slightly concave. In two instances out of five speci- mens this valve appears to have been attached to another body during the life of the animal; and in one of these cases, where it is now separated, while the characteristic markings are discern- ible, they are blurred, and combined with oblique striation from the other surface. In at least one other case this valve seems to have been entirely free, and the radiating sculpture is even stronger than the concentric.
Dimensions of the largest specimen: length from beak to base, 1:3 in.; width, 1:05 in.; height of deep valve, ‘2 in. From a smaller one: length, as above, 1 in.; width, ‘95 in.; diameter of both valves, 25 in.
Locality. Brought from the Jurassic of Volcano, by both Mr. Clayton and Dr. Blatchley. One specimen is in the same block with the Astarte, above described.
This shell resembles P. spinosa, Sby., of the European Lias, but is less oblique and has many more of the concentric imbri- cating ribs.
SPIRIFER, Sby. S. optusus, Gabb.—PI. 7, fig. 16, a, b.
Shell robust, short, thick, valves very convex ; base regularly convex, nearly semi-circular, lateral angles rounded off and con- verging into the hinge line ; dorsal valve almost as long as wide, deep; beak elevated, somewhat incurved; mesial sinus regularly concave, strongly marked; area shorter than the width of the shell, very broad, foramen large; ventral valve less convex than the dorsal; beak small, incurved; mesial fold elevated, sub-angulated and bearing three ribs on the upper surface and one on each side on the slope. Surface ornamented by about twenty-three or twenty four rounded ribs on each valve, of which three or four belong to the mesial fold and sinus. These ribs are separated by equal, concave interspaces ; all crossed by small, sub-imbricating lines of growth.
Length from apex to base of ventral valve, 1:3 in.; of dorsal valve, 1 in.; width, 1°35 in.; length of area, 1:15 in.; distance between the two beaks, 28 in. ; greatest diameter of two valves, 95 in.
Locality. Two specimens from the Trias of Volcano, from
Dr. Blatchley. 2
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This shell resembles most S. Keokuk, Hall, of the Carboni- ferous of Iowa, (See Geol. Rep. Iowa, part 2, pl. 20, fig. 3, a, b.) but in that species the mesial fold of the ventral valve is composed of two large ribs. ‘The beak of the dorsal valve is not so distinctly incurved in the present species; the area is shorter, broader and higher, and the sides of its dorsal valve, from the beak to the angles, slope more rapidly than in S. [Keo- kuk. The mesial sinus is also more prolonged at the base than in the Iowa shell. The resemblance is rather one of outline than of detail.
INDEX TO PLATES.
Plate 3, fig. 1, la. Ammonites Nevadanus, Gabb. «5. Turbo elevatus, Gabb. “9, 9a. Cardium arceformis, Gabb. “<4, % 2. Ammonites Colfaxii, Gabb. “ 5, “ 38. Septum of Am. Billingsianus, Gabb. “4, Turbo regius, Gabb. “¢ 6. Pholadomya multilineata, Gabb. “ 7. P. Nevadana, Gabb. “ 10, 10a. Astarte appressa, Gabb. “ 6, “ 8. Gontomya aperta, Gabb. “ 11, lla. Cardinia ponderosa, Gabb. “¢ 12. Posidonomya Blatchleyi, Gabb. © 15, 15a. Plicatula perimbricata, Gabb. “ 7, “ 13, 18a, 13b. Cassianella lingulata, Gabb. “14, 14a. DMonotis circularis, Gabb. “ 16, 16a, 16b. Spirifer obtusus, Gabb.
OF CONCHOLOGY. 19
NOTES ON THE GENERA ALARIA, DIARTHEMA, DICRO. LOMA, &C.; BHING A SUPPLEMENT TO “AN ATTEMPT AT A REVISION OF THE STROMBIDZ AND APORR- HAIDA.”
BY W. M. GABB.
In the Jast volume of the Journal of Conchology I published a paper on the two families of alate shells, in which I attempted to arrange all of the genera as nearly in accordance with the views entertained by students of the living forms, based on a study of the animals, as our knowledge of their analogies would permit. I pursued this course, not without some hesitation, because, though the living representatives of both families are sufficiently distinct, when we take up the paradoxical forms of the secondary formations, and especially of the Jurassic rocks, we encounter shells, the relations of which are almost impossible to decide, if, as a basis, we start with the idea of two distinct families. In view of this difficulty, several of the ablest students have preferred to class them together. Pictet (Paléontologie Suisse, 1860), calls them all Strombide, while, more recently, Stoliczka (Pal. Indica, 1867,) proposes the new term Alata, a name very appropriate in its etymology, but not admissible, inasmuch as it has not the termination required by custom for all family names. If we permit these close resemblances to guide us, it is difficult to say where we willstop. Grant that the two families should be consclidated ; the next question that arises is, where are we to draw the line between the family thus consti- tuted, and the Cerithide? The analogies between Aporrhais and Cerithiwm in the animals have been long known, and is there not strong ground for supposing that Piette’s Hustoma should serve as the connecting link? Or further, on the other hand, should not Alaria, Dearthema and Spinigera unite them with Panella 2
A parallel case of two very distinct modern families becoming confused and apparently blending, as we go back in the geolo- gical scale, occurs in the Aviculide and Pectenide. No ene
20 AMERICAN JOURNAL
would be apt to confound Pecten and Avicula, but it is not so easy to decide where to place the carboniferous Aviculopecten or Eumicrotis.
In the present instance the greatest difficulty lies among those shells that have been usually described as Pterocera. Since the establishment of Alarta by Morris and Lycett, many of them have been placed under that genus, hardly more appropriately than under Pterocera, and without contributing at all towards the solution of the difficulty. As originally described, and as accepted by Pictet, Piette and others, A/aria includes all the doubtful forms more or less fusiform and resembling (and many very distinct from) fostellarta, but without a posterior canal. Some of those possess well marked varices, the results of arrests in growth, like those of anella, while others are entirely destitute of them. For the first of these two classes I have pro- posed to retain Morris and Lycett’s name; for the other I sug- gested the name of Dicroloma, This is a division warranted by the views of all Conchologists ; the presence or absence of varices being, in the great majority of cases, a character of even greater than generic value. The authors of the genus proposed to include everything that could be placed in, what they considered, Strom- bide, and that simply differed from their views of Rostellaria and Pterocera, in the absence of the posterior canal running up the spire. In restricting the genus, therefore, itis necessary to follow the usual rule of ascertaining what are the characters of the first species described under the generic name. That species is A. armata, which forms a tri-digitate lip when young, that lip remaining as a varix on the older shell. My name Dicroloma, therefore, must be applied to the allied shells, fusi- form in shape, without posterior canal, and with a bi-, tri- or multi- digitate outer lip and thin inner lip.
Since the publication of the paper above referred to, I have received from my friend, Dr. Ferd. Stoliczka, the first part of his admirable work on the Gasteropods ofthe cretaceous forma- tion of India. He there goes over the question very ably, and proposes what he admits is only an artificial and temporary classification. I cannot concur with the Doctor m all the views he has advanced, and propose, after copying his table, to point out wherein we differ, and my reasons for holding other views. He proposes:
“1st. To restrict the name Alaria to the species with a simple undivided and narrow wing, as the Jurassic Al. hamus, Desh., and Al. rhinoceros, Piette and Desh.
“9d, Species which have the exterior termination of the wing extended in two opposite directions, (as Jtostellaria carinata,
OF CONCHOLOGY. 21
Mont.), and possess a long anterior canal, could form a small group, designated by Conrad Anchura.
“« 3d. Broad winged shells with only a single point to the posterior external termination, as Rost. Orbignyana, Pictet, or Rost. papilionacea, Goldf., might be designated under a separate name.
“ All these three forms are generally ornamented by trans- verse ribs. .
‘“‘4th. Species with slightly dilated wing, soon dividing into two or three long extremities, carinated and usually spirally striated whorls, etcet.—as the long known A/. myurus, Desh., or
Al. levigata, Morris, might be referred to Zessarolax,Gabb.
“5th. To retain under Aporrhais only those species which have a broad dilated wing from the base, terminating exteriorly in as many points as there are keels on the exterior side of the wing, which ought in all cases to extend to the exterior margin of the wing, as in Ap. Dupiniana, D’Orb., or Ap. (Chenopus) atractoides, Desh.
“6th. The Jurassic Diarthema paradoxa, Desh., forms a sepa- rate genus, somewhat allied to Ranella.
Tth. Spinigera, D’Orb., ought probably to be classed here rather than with Ranella.”’
For convenience I shall take up each division seriatim :
1st. As I have already shown, Alaia should be applied only to those species possessing a varix. Neither A. hamus nor A. rhinoceros possess varices, and I do not consider the fact of one rather than two or more processes on the lip of generic value, especially since such species as A. hamus show a very percepti- ble tendency to a second process, in the existence of a carina on the whorl, and an angle on the margin of the lip at the termina- tion of the carina. I shall therefore place these shells in Dv- croloma, at most as a subgeneric division.
2d and 3d. Anchura, Conrad, must include all those creta- ceous shells of a long fusiform shape, without varices or arrests of growth of any kind, with a thickened inner lip, and with the outer lip expanded, broad or narrow, bearing a projecting pro- cess posteriorly, and (or without) one anteriorly on the outer margin. This genus differs from the preceding, as well as from its ally Alaria, in the inner lip being always more or less and usually strongly thickened, while in those genera the inner lip is very thin and generally ‘obsolete.
The details of form of the outer lip must take a "secondary
22 AMERICAN JOURNAL
rank, since this character differs in every species. In fact it is of only specific value. A. carinata and A. abrupta are very closely allied, but they should not be separated as a distinct generic group, because, although we do not possess an unbroken series of gradations from them to such shells as A. papilionacea, yet we have many good links in the chain. A. falezformis, nob., has, in some individuals, a strongly marked angle at the outer anterior margin of the lip, and is not the rounded lobe on. the anterior margin of A. papilionacea or of A. Parkinsonii, the rudiment of the same member? I cannot find any grounds for generic division among such shells as A. abrupta, Con., A. eari- nata, Mant., A. faleiformis, Gabb, A. Requieniara, D’Orb., A. simplex, D’Orb., A. Parkinsonii, Sdy., A. Orbignyana, Pictet, A. Californica, Gabb, A. Robinaldina, D’Orb., A. ros- trata, Gabb, and A. papilionacea, Goldf.
4th. Dr. Stoliczka evidently misunderstands the genus Tessa- rolox. It is adigitate shell, one of the most marked charac- ters being the long, well marked posterior canal running up the spire. It includes but two species with which I am acquainted, both cretaceous— 7’. distorta, nob., in California, and T. bicarinata, D’Orb., (Pterocera) in France. It possesses a peculiar style of ornament in clavate tubercles on the middle of the body whorl, and differs from Helicaulax, nob., in having the spire more or less encrusted with a thin callus, having also a thin inner lip. In the latter genus the spire is naked and the inner lip is covered by an unusually heavy callus, while the outer lip in all the known species is simply hooked, not digitate.
5th. Such shells as Aporrhais atractoides, A. pagodus, Cheno- pus camelus, C. vespa, &c., can hardly be called congeneric with Aporrhats pes-pelicani, and should receive another name.
6th. Diarthema is a good genus, founded on Pterocera para- doxa, Desh., and included by Morris and Lycett in Alaria. It is a comparatively short, sub-fusiform shell, with a short anterior and no posterior canal, no digitations on the outer lip, and two varices like Ranella.
Tth. I proposed to place Spinigera near the true Rostellarias, but am now inclined to the opinion that its true relations may lie nearer to Alaria and Diarthema. It seems not improbable that these shells, bearing varices, may eventually, when we shall know more of the subject, be elevated to the rank of a distinct group.
Dr. Stoliczka considers Hustomu, Piette, as probably more nearly allied to the Cerithide than to the “ Alata.” Its long fusiform shape, the long straight canal, and even the form of the outer lip, seem to me to point to relations with such shells as
OF CONCHOLOGY. . 23
the present group, rather than with Cerithiwm. The manner of junction posteriorly, between the outer and inner lip, and the form of the latter are only exaggerations of what occurs in Anchura. (See for example A. Mexicana, nob.) From Piette’s figures, by which alone I know the genus, it appears to be an Anchura, deprived of its expanded outer lip, and with the stump thickened.
There is yet much to be done before we shall have arrived at a full understanding of the alate and digitate shells of the sec- ondary rocks; but until we shall have become better acquainted with some of the numerous species, as yet only known from fragments, the final classification of the genera must remain an open and perhaps a disputed question. If I have thrown any light on it, or if I only succeed in attracting the attention of other students to the subject, I shall be perfectly content.
24 AMERICAN JOURNAL
DESCRIPTION OF A NEW HELIX FROM UTAH. BY WM. M. GABB.
H. Haypenit, Gabb.—PI. 8, fig. 1.
Shell of moderate size, orbicular; spire slightly elevated; whorls 54, rounded; suture well marked ; last whorl descending very slightly above to the aperture; umbilicus funnel-shaped, perspective, occupying about a fourth of the base; aperture cir- cular, oblique, margins simple or very slightly thickened, con- tinuous, not reflected. Surface covered by prominent, elevated, revolving ribs, acute and with concave interspaces. These ribs vary from nine to ten in number, and, in some specimens, in the interspaces, are faint revolving lines, entirely absent in others. Crossing the revolving sculpture are numerous, irregular, well marked lines of growth. Color unknown.
Figures. Natural size.
Locality. Webber Caiion, near Salt Lake City, Utah, where dead specimens were found in abundance associated with H. Cooperit, by Dr. F. V. Hayden.
Observations. Dr. Hayden collected at the above locality perhaps as many as fifty specimens of this shell, of all ages. The young show that the circular aperture is not a constant character, since, until fully adult, the mouth is of the same shape as in H. Cooperti, which also, in fully mature individuals, not infrequently has a continuous peristome. ‘The apical angle is the same in these specimens as in the unusually flat form of H. Cooperti associated with them.
OF CONCHOLOGY. 26
DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES OF SOUTH AMERICAN FOSSILS.
No. 1. Tertiary. BY WM. M. GABB.
I have received from Dr. Antonio Raimondi, of Lima, Peru, a fine series of fossils of that Republic, one of the results of about eighteen years of explorations and collection in all parts of the country. ‘The series includes suites of Tertiary, Creta- ceous, Jurassic and Carboniferous age, many of them in a beau- tiful state of preservation; many more too imperfect for deter- mination. It is the intention of Dr. Raimondi to publish a large work on the Geography, Geology, Natural History, &c., of his country, and he has placed this material in my hands to enable me to prepare the volume on Paleontology. In view of the long time which may elapse before the appearance of the volume, I propose to describe the new species in the present form, as a preliminary, and hope to be able to hereafter republish them with elaborate illustrations and more extended notes.
The present paper is devoted to a series of fossils collected in the vicinity of Payta, Peru, from some bluffs of Tertiary sands. They vary considerably in lithological character and may belong to two or more different eras. One set of four or five species is made up entirely of extinct forms, while the remainder, more nearly allied in appearance, seem to be, from the balance of living and extinct species, on or near the horizon of the Plio- cene. ‘The notes accompanying the collection are meagre, and indicate little beyond locality.
FUSUS, Lam. F. Paytensis, Gabb. Shell small, broadly fusiform, spire elevated; whorls about
six (extreme tip broken), flattened and sloping above, slightly convex on the sides; body whorl prominently convex above,
26 AMERICAN JOURNAL
concave and regularly tapering below. Aperture broad above, tapering in advance, canal (from line of growth apparently) straight, moderate in length and narrowed to the extremity. Surface ornamented by long, narrow tubercles, most prominent on the angle of the whorl, each sending a faint rib to the suture above and, on the body whorl, suddenly ending with the greatest convexity of the surface. ‘There are eleven of these on each whorl; they are crossed, except on the top of the whorl, by nu- merous moderately large revolving ribs, smaller in advance.
Length about (broken) 3-9 in.; width, 2°8 in. ; height of spire, 2-2 in. : approximate total length, 5-2 in.
Associated with the following. These two shells are of nearly the same size, but the smaller and more numerous tuber-
cles, and the more slender form of the present species will dis- tinguish them at a glance.
TRITONIUM, Link. T. PERNODOSUM, Gabb.
Shell small, very robust ; spire high, longer than the aperture ; whorls six and a half, constricted above and below, close to the suture and bearing large, very prominent tubercles, about seven to a volution. These tubercles are isolated, more or less square, longer than wide, have broad interspaces and are placed on the middle of the upper whorls and on the upper part of the body whorl; on the body whorl they are proportionately smaller and wider apart, and below them the whorl is rapidly narrowed in advance. Besides the tubercles there are about a dozen well marked revolving ribs somewhat alternated in size. In one specimen two large ribs with a smaller one interposed cross the tubercles. Body whorl short and broad; aperture nearly cir- cular, canal very short; inner lip lightly encrusted. Varices obsolete.
Length, 4:5 in.; width, 2:8 in.; height of spire above the suture of the body whorl, 2:3 in.; approximate length of the aperture (broken in advance), 2°2 in.
From a light greyish brown sandstone near Payta.
PURPURA, Brug. P. cHocoLatum, Duclos. Purpura chocolatum, Duclos, Ann. Se. Nat., Vol. 26, pl. 2, haat A single specimen of this species is in the collection. It is from a rock made up entirely of comminuted shells cemented by
OF CONCHOLOGY. - 27
carbonate of lime. No other specimens from this rock were sent. It is labelled “‘ Immediate vicinity of Payta.”’
AMPULLINA, A. OrTONI, Gabb.
Shell of moderate size, sub-pyriform; spire moderately ele- vated; whorls seven, flattened on top, rounded on the angle; suture channelled by a very narrow groove ; body whorl broadly convex above the middle, tapering in advance; marked only by lines of growth. Aperture broad, rounded in front; outer lip simple; inner lip encrusted by a thin plate ending in front at the umbilicus. Umbilicus imperforate or characterized by a very small opening; running into it, and bordering the inner lip in advance is a flattened margin, ending abruptly on the outer side and merging in front into the margin of the aperture.
Length, 2: in.; width, 1:5 in. ; length of aperture, 1-6 in.
Specimens of this species were sent me by Dr. Raimondi, in very imperfect condition; but I have been so fortunate as to have had the opportunity of studying a few fossils brought by Prof. Jas. Orton from the same locality, and among them is an excellent specimen of this shell, from which I obtain the specific characters. As compared with A. mutabilis of the French Eocene, it agrees in general form, in the sub-pyriform shape, the compressed tops of the whorls and in the channeled suture. It differs, however, in the inner lip, which, in our species, is more like a specimen before me labelled A. patula, of the English Eocene. In A. Ortoni, however, the incrustation above and behind the umbilicus is much heavier and more defined on its edges than in A. patula.
4
CERITHIUM, Brug. C. LHVIUSCULUM, Gabb.
Shell very long, slender, whorls numerous, increasing very gradually in size, sub-flattened on the sides, curving in above “and below to the suture which is distinctly impressed. Surface marked only by lines of growth, which are obsolete, except on the last whorl where some are distinctly marked. Aperture sub- quadrate, outer lip sinuous, projecting below; inner lip obsolete- ly incrusted ; canal short, twisted, notch faint.
Length, (less the tip) 4:2 in.; total length about 5-2 in. ; length of aperture, 1°3 in.; width of body whorl, 1-4 in.
From Prof. Orton, associated with the preceding species. Two shells are in Dr. Raimondi’s collection, one from between
28 AMERICAN JOURNAL
Huandoval and Corongo, Proy. of Conchucos, the other from near Ollon, Prov. of Cajatambo, both of which he considers Jurassic, and which, in the imperfect state of preservation, I can- not distinguish from the present species. The shell from Ollon is entirely unlike the recognized Jurassic fossils of that locality, in its lithological characters, and I suspect that there may be a deposit of Tertiary. there, which has been confounded by the Doctor with the other fossiliferous rocks. C. leviusculum is allied to C’. leve, Quoy, from Australia, but its whorls are higher and less numerous, its apical angle is much narrower, the last whorls are more convex, the canal is less twisted and the mouth is longer.
LITTORINA, Fer. L. LAQUEATA, Gabb.
Shell small, elevated trochoid; spire high, whorls five and a half, rounded, converging toward the suture, strongly sculptured by heavy, slightly oblique, longitudinal ribs a little narrower than the interspaces; these ribs commence just below the suture and on the body whorl end at the margin of the base; they are about twelve in number to a volution and are crossed by a few elevated, revolving threads ; base ornamented by closely-placed revolving ribs, showing a slight tendency to alternate in size. Aperture sub-circular; inner lip narrow, flattened.
Length -5 in.; length of aperture -2 in.; width of body whorl -31 in.
Found associated with Fusus Paytensis and Tritonium perno- dosum.
VOLUTILITHES, Swains. V. PLICIFERA, Gabb.
Shell elongate, fusiform, spire elevated, whorls (number unknown, apparently five or six ?) flattened_on the sides. Body whorl with a narrow sloping shoulder near the suture, straight below for a short distance, and then gradually converging in advance. Surface ornamented by about twelve or fourteen straight, longitudinal ribs or folds, starting at the margin of the shoulder and ending at the point where the sides begin to con- verge. Aperture long, narrow; inner lip with two (?) small oblique folds.
This species is described from a number of internal casts, and I should not have-ventured to characterize it, were it not for its close resemblance to a species of the Tertiary of California and Oregon. The most perfect fragment, less a portion of the spire
OF CONCHOLOGY. 29
and anterior end, measures—length 1:8 in.; probable total length a little over three inches; probable length of aperture 2-2 in. ; width of body whorl 1:2 in. ; width of aperture °6 in.
From the casts and impressions, I am satisfied that the shell has had no other surface markings except the plain, rounded, longitudinal ribs, in which character it resembles V. indurata, Con., found in the Miocene and Pliocene of Oregon and Cali- fornia. It differs from that species in having more ribs, in their being straighter, and in the tips of the whorls being regularly sloping. In the North American species I could never succeed in uncovering the columella sufficiently to satisfy myself of the presence of the characteristic plaits. In the present shell I have detached traces of two, if not three, and now suspect that they will eventually be also found in the other.
All the specimens of this species are from a hard, yellowish claystone, containing Pholas Chilensis, Molina, and the Thracia, described below. No other species of this paper appear to have come from the same rock.
TURRITELLA, Lam. T. COCHLEIFORMIS, Gabb.
Shell elongate, slender ; whorls numerous ; concave and slop- ing above and bearing a little below the middle, two sharp, strongly elevated revolving ribs with a concave interspace ; below these is a third rib, less prominent and separated by the same distance as that between the others. On the last volution it forms a part of the base, while on the upper whorls it unites with the upper margin of the succeeding whorl, placing the suture a little above the middle of a regular concave space. Aperture sub-quadrate, base slightly convex and having but the one rib mentioned above.
Numerous fragments of this species are associated with the Fusus, Tritonium, and Littorina. It is closely allied to 7. cochlea, Rve., Icon. Conch., Sp. 29, but differs in the two carinz being close together, and in having but one rib on the base in- stead of the two in Reeve’s shell. ‘The latter is described with- out a locality.
, DACTYLINA, Gray. D. Cuitoensts, Molina. Pholas Chiloensis, Molina, Hist. de Chile, p. 179.
ad. Gmel., Syst. Nat. p. 3217. id. Gay, Hist. de Chile, p. 381, pl. 6, fig. 3.
Dactylina Chiloensis, Chenu, Man. de Conch. y, 2,-p. 4, fig. 14, 15.
30 AMERICAN JOURNAL
A single specimen, still imbedded in the mould of its nest, from the same rock as the Volutihthes and Thracia.
RATA, Gray. R. arpposa, Gabb.
Shell large, thin, gibbous, broadly ovate; anterior end broadly and about equally. rounded ; posterior end narrowly and com- pressedly beaked ; beaks central, small, ineurved; cardinal mar- gin sloping down about equally on both sides ; base broadly and regularly convex. Surface ornamented by irregular concentric folds.
Length 3 inches, width from beak to base 2:5 in., diameter 1:6 in.
From a compact yellowish clay-stone, associated with Voluti- lithes, &e.
Closely allied to R. canaliculata, Say, from the coast of South Carolina, but more equilateral, less produced in advance, the greatest prominence of the posterior end placed higher (or nearer the beaks) and the bases more prominently convex. The surface plications are also finer and more numerous.
STRIGILLA, Turton. S. prora, Hanley, sp.
Tellina prora, Hanley, Zool. Proc. 1844. ad. Hanley, Thes. Conch. p. 248, pl. 60, $e 152. T. (Peronceoderma) prora, H. and A. Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll. p- 396. A single specimen, apparently from the same rock as the Ampullina.
CARDIUM, Linn. S. Gen. LZVICARDIUM, Swains. C. (L.) PERTENUE, Gabb. :
Shell very thin, gibbous, somewhat inequilateral, most pro- duced posteriorly; beaks small, strongly incurved; cardinal margins equally and regularly sloping; base broadly rounded, continuously to the middle of the anterior end, where the curve joins the nearly straight slope from above, with a narrow angle ; posterior end apparently considerably produced (from the lines of growth, the lower part being broken), Surface very smooth, only marked by minute lines of growth.
Length (broken) 1:8 in., total length apparently 2 in., width from beak to base 1°75 in., diameter 1°45 in,
OF CONCHOLOGY. oL
A very convex shell, which, when perfect, seems to have been unusually long on the posterior side, and more convex than any living species with which I am acquainted. It is remarkable for its excessive thinness, which is so marked that the specimen before me shows distinctly the color of the internal coat, through the shell substance.
MYTILUS, Linn. M. uneunatus, Linn. Mytilus ungulatus, Linn., Gmel., Syst. Nat..No. 12. A common species of the Chilian Coast. In a loose sandstone,
probably the same as that containing the first two species of this paper.
ARCA, Linn. S. Gen. ScAPHARCA, Gray.
A. (S.) Rarmonp1t, Gabb.
Shell long, slender, sub-compressed, very inequilateral; an- terior end rounded ; posterior end very obliquely rounded, sub- truncate; base nearly straight ; beaks about a third of the length from the anterior end, approximate, incurved and _ pointed slightly in advance. Area narrow, about two-thirds as long as the shell. Surface marked by about thirty square radiating ribs with flat interspaces of about equal width. Internal mar- gin marked by folds corresponding to the external ribs.
Length 2 in., width 1-2 in., diameter °765 in.
Not unlike A. ima, Rve., Icon. Conch., No. 101, but less rounded in general outline. The base is more straight, the pos- terior truncation more marked and the beaks more prominent.
AXIN AA, Poli. A. Paytensis, D’Orb., sp. peas ne: D’Orb., Amer. Merid. p. 129, pl. 15, Pectunculus Paytensis, D’Orb., Prod. Pal. Strat. Vol. 8, p. 122, No. 2307. One of the most common shells at the locality, judging from
the number of specimens I have seen. Prof. Orton collected humerous specimens, and Dr. Raimondi sent me two fine ones.
32 AMERICAN JOURNAL
PECTEN, Brug. P. purpuratTus, Lam. Pecten purpuratus, Lam., Anim. s. Vert. (Desh. Edit.) vy. 7, p. 154.
A common Peruvian shell, represented by three specimens in the collection.
OSTREA, Linn. O. gaLius, Val.
Ostrea gallus, Valenc., Voy. Venus, pl. 21, figs. 1 a—d.
Compare O: cerrosensis, Gabb, Pal. Cal. v. 2, p. 35, pl. 11, fig. 61.
Two fine specimens imbedded in a gray sandstone, unlike that associated with any others of the specimens.
A few other Tertiary fossils were sent, but they are two im- perfect for satisfactory determination, without additional ma- terial.
OF CONCHOLOGY. 33
OBSERVATIONS ON MELANTHO. BY JAMES LEWIS, M. D.
In the collection of Mr. Chas. M. Wheatley, of Phoenixville, Pa., are many very interesting and valuable specimens illustrat- ing the genus Melantho to a very considerable extent. Through the kindness of Mr. Wheatley I have recently been permitted to examine a portion of his collection of Melantho, and the result of the examination has been to lead me to a better understand- ing of a few points that have until now been perplexities and the cause of error.
In conchological investigations, as well as in any other pursuit, progress sometimes requires the investigator to abandon opinions previously received, that others, based on more numerous and significant facts may take their place. The facts and the opin- ions about to be presented, as having been derived from an ex- amination of a part of Mr. Wheatley’s collection, are such as in some instances require the abandonment of opinions previously entertained, while at the same time they help to simplify and systematize the imperfectly understood literature of that portion of American Conchology to which they relate.
A few weeks since, in a letter to Mr. Geo. W. Tryon, Jr., I gave a brief outline of a system of grouping which I had con- ceived for the genus Melantho.
' I had regarded Melantho as embracing four well characterized groups—as follows:
First.. Shell heavy or solid, more or less globular; opercle gibbous ovate or elongate. Examples: MZ. ponderosa, Say, MW. integra, Say, M. regularis, Lea., M. obesa, Lewis.
Second. Shells a little less solid, more elongate, whorls flattened or compressed below the suture, sub-angular on the middle of the last whorl; opercle gibbous ovate. Examples: MW. coarctata, Lea, MW. exilis, Anth., M. rufa, Hald., M. subsolida, Anth.
Third. Shells of thin texture, whorls usually regularly round- ed, suture well impressed, spire regular in its proportions, and,
34 AMERICAN JOURNAL
when perfect, acute. Opercle gibbous ovate. Examples: I. decisa, Say, M. Miles, Lea, M. fecunda, Lewis, M. lima, Anth.
Fourth. A group embracing only MZ. De Campi, Binney.
My examination of Mr. Wheatley’s collection destroys the sym- metry of this arrangement in some degree, and suggests some new views respecting a few of the species named. Among Mr. Wheatley’s shells were a number from the Coosa River, Ala- bama, which had been labeled by the correspondent from whom he received them M. coarctata, Lea. A hurried glance at these shells would suggest only to the observer their apparent identity with the more mature forms usually regarded as ponderosa. Two of these specimens, however, on careful examination, re- vealed a remarkable resemblance to the figure given by Mr. Binney in connection with his quotation of Mr. Lea’s description of coarctata. They agree also with the description in all essen- tials, and, so far as is known, are the only shells found in “ Ala- bama”’ to which Mr. Lea’s description and the accompanying figures given by Binney will apply. Various shells found in dif- ferent portions of the valley of\the Mississippi heretofore doubt- fully referred to coarctata and to exilis (Anth.) differ enough from the figure.
We will add to this that Mr. Lea, in citing locality, gives only vaguely “‘ Alabama.” The specimen, a single one, was in the collection of Dr. Foreman, whose name at various times appears in connection with species “from the Coosa River,” described by Mr. Lea, in such manner as to give countenance to the suppo- sition that Melantho (Pal.) coarctata, Lea, may have been derived from that prolific stream. All the probabilities of the case point very strongly to the supposition that the true coarctata is a young shell from the Coosa River, which, when mature, re- ceives the name ponderosa.
All the shells from the Coosa River that are regarded as un- questionable ponderosa by collectors, have a peculiar arvearance by which persons familiar with them may separate them from similar shells of the rivers of the Ohio system. The young shells of the ponderosa of the Ohio system do not, so far as I have any knowledge of them, ape those forms that may be identified with coarctata. It is a generally received principle in Natural History that marked differénces in the embryos and young of a class of beings are specific. If we apply this rule to ‘“pon- derosa”’ of the Coosa (referring to the peculiar forms assumed by immature specimens,) it will be a proper inference that those shells are specifically distinct from the ponderosa of the Ohio system.
OF CONCHOLOGY. 35
Without assuming, however, to decide any question of differ- ence or of identity between “‘ ponderosa”’ of the Coosa and of the Ohio system of rivers, I shall take it for granted, in the presence of much convincing evidence and in the absence of all evidence to the contrary, that the true “ Pal. coarctata, Lea,” is the young of a species found in the Coosa River, the adult of which is known as ponderosa. If this is not a correct inference no one will be more ready than myself to accept convincing testimony in the premises.
Having shown, as I think, in a satisfactory manner what may be regarded as M. aetaes: I desire to call attention to other Suggestions derived from an examination of Mr. Wheatley’s specimens. In his collection are numerous specimens, typical specimens as well as those of a more varied character, illustrat- ing two of Mr. Anthony’s species. These specimens, together with others in my own collection, suggest in the most positive manner that MW. exilis and MM. subsolida are extreme varieties of one species. In geographical distribution they seem to range through the sluggish side streams of the Mississippi Valley from Towa to Natchez. How much more extended their distribution may be is not yet known.
So far as the evidence afforded by specimens examined can be relied on, it would seem that the more slender forms known as exilis are comparatively more abundant in the southern portion of the area they are known to inhabit.
Specimens sent to me by Mr. John Wolf of Canton, Illinois, gave a large preponderance of the shells regarded as subsolida. Mr. W. not being perplexed by any queries about species, made the very natural suggestion that the more slender shells (ezxzlis) might be males. But be that as it may, the shells in Mr. Wheatley’s collection, as well as in my own, very generally testify that exzlis and suhsolida are very uniformly associated. They glide into each other by insensible differences in form and size. Other differences they do not appear to possess—or if any are manifested they are evanescent. The bibliographer may decide which of the two names given to the species—ezzlis, sub- solida—shall be retained.
Melantho (Pal.) lima, Anth.,.as represented by the single specimen in Mr. Wheatley’s collection, is a well characterized species, which has no decided affiuities to group it elsewhere than with MW. DeCampi.
Mr. Wheatley’s collection Uiggieaes some of the local influ- ences which at the South give a geniculate character to Melantho, just as in Michigan influences of a local character conspire to impress some species with a clavate, others with a gibbous, form.
36 AMERICAN JOURNAL
There seems to be evidence that, in a variable area extending from the south-eastern angle of North Carolina to the western extremity of West Florida, most of the species of Melantho found therein assume that form known as genicula, Con. Even M. rufa, always readily distinguished by the peculiar color of the interior and by certain appearances in its epidermis, is found in that region having the form of genicula! Whether the same local influence reaches westward to the Coosa, modifying the form of the young of “‘ ponderosa”’ by compressing the whorls below the suture, does not seem clear. Associated species should manifest something of this influence in this instance; as in the case of gibba, Currier, we find an associate species (quite dis- tinct) assuming a gibbous clavate form. But in the Coosa we have an associated MZelantho (species undetermined or new) that does not in any degree exhibit the compressed whorls that develop the form of genicula. This seems to indicate that the Coosa is not within the area that develops genicula.
Among Mr. Wheatley’s shells were a number of specimens from Corinth, Miss., that were labelled “ JZ. coarctata, Lea.”’ These were thin shells, belonging to a group typified by decesa (as found in eastern Pennsylvania). In form these shells are like some of those slender but heavier shells known as ezilis, but destitute of the subangular character so usually impressed on the last whorl of ezilis. There are also shells of the same species from Ohio in Mr. Wheatley’s collection. The same species from Poland, Ohio, has been distributed by Dr. Kirt- land. It is needless to add that this species is not coarctata ; it is one which, in a careful review of this genus, should have a distinct designation.
Many other suggestions, less conclusive, have been presented in Mr. Wheatley’s collection, but as these suggestions are at present merely speculative it is unnecessary to dwell upon them.
OF CONCHOLOGY. 87
ON LINGUAL DENTITION STUDIED BY THE MICROSCOPH AND PHOTOGRAPHY.
BY W. G. BINNEY.
With Note by THomas Buanp. Plate 11.
Through the kindness of Mr. Sam. Powell, I was enabled, during a recent visit to Newport, to study in a most satisfactory way the lingual dentition of many species of terrestrial mollusks. The method adopted by Mr. Powell is to use the microscope together with the photograph. ‘The result is extremely gratify- ing. The picture obtained fixes forever the character of the dentition and enables us to study it at our leisure. It also re- moves all the uncertainty of the ordinary figures, for we have the actual photograph instead of a representation of the teeth as they appear to an observer. This latter point is of extreme value now that it has been shown how little reliance can be placed on many of the published figures of lingual dentition.
I do not propose at this time to speak of the method employed in taking the photographs. That is well understood by the microscopist and photographer. My intention is simply to call attention to the subject, and suggest a very satisfactory way of pursuing a very difficult study. I will add, however, that by using the negatives with the magic lantern, a still more valuable method is obtained.
The specimens figured were loaned me by Mr. Bland. Fig. 1 represents a portion of the lingual membrane of Pupa palanga, showing one-half of several transverse series of teeth.
Fig. 2 shows the jaw of Cylindrella rosea. It will be observed that the edges are in places folded over.
Norr.—The objects shown in the accompanying figures are extremely interesting, not only in themselves, but as evidence
38 AMERICAN JOURNAL
of the value for purposes of classification, of a knowledge of the lingual dentition of mollusks.
Imperfect acquaintance with the form of the teeth, and assumed absence of a jaw in Cylindrella, induced distinguished authors to place that genus in alliance with the vermivorous Testacellea. My late discovery, (Amer. Journ. Conch. iv, 186) of the jaw, with a more perfect knowledge of the teeth, negatives such an arrangement. Well, indeed, may Crosse (Journ. de Conch., Jan., 1869, p. 111,) remark, ‘ Voila done la classification pro- posée pour les Cylindrelles, par MM. Morch, Albers, Von Mar- tens, A. Schmidt, ete., totalement coulée a fond !’’
Pupa palanga, Less., from the form of shell alone, the animal being unknown, has been placed in Pupa, but evidently belongs rather to Hnnea, the teeth of which (#. bicolor) are described by Guppy, (Ann. and Mag. N. H., Jan., 1866,) as “slender, somewhat hooked.’’ I found one example of P. palanga with the animal, among shells sent to the Brooklyn Historical Society from the Mauritius, by Captain Pike, the United States Con- sul. The lingual ribbon photographed was obtained by me from that specimen. I did not find a jaw, and from the Testacella- like form of teeth believe that none existed.
I may add that I have placed many microscopic preparations of jaws and teeth of Cylindrella, teeth of P. palanga, &e., at the disposal of my valued correspondent M. Crosse, for publi-
cation in the Journal de Conchyliologie. T. BLAND.
OF CONCHOLOGY. 39
DESCRIPTIONS OF MIOCENE, EOCENE, AND CRETACEOUS SHELLS.
BY T. A. CONRAD.
Miocene Species.
PECTINIDA. PECTEN, Linn. P. CERINUS, Conrad.—PI. 2, fig. 2. Description.—Subovate, extremely thin, compressed; ears equal; right valve radiately ribbed; ribs very slightly raised
and rounded ; surface ornamented by minute, close divaricating lines, left valve without ribs.
Locality.—St. Charles Co., Md. Prof. Cope.
CALLISTA, Adams, (not Poli). C. VIRGINIANA, Conrad.—PI. 2, fig. 1.
Description.—Ovate, convex, very inequilateral, substance moderately thick; lunule long, lanceolate, defined by two slight grooves and distinctly carinated line; the inner impressed line minute; these two impressed lines form the raised line which does not rise above the surface of the shell; summit obtuse; posterior side produced, subcuneiform; ventral margin rounded profoundly ; posterior extremity obtusely rounded; umbonal slope terminal, suddenly rounded; posterior area depressed opposite the umbo, and inferiorly flattened.
Locality. Petersburg, Va.
ARCIDA. SCAPHARCA, Gray. S. TENUICARDO, Conrad.—PI. 2, fig. 4. Description.—EHlongate-ovate, ventricose; ribs about 24 to
40 AMERICM® JOURNAL
the umbonal slope, which is angular; ribs narrow and divided by a longitudinal sulcus, intervening spaces wider than the ribs ; posterior area obliquely depressed; ribs about seven in number, flattened and little prominent; posterior end obliquely truncated ; hinge area wide, with many closely arranged subangular im- pressed lines; cardinal plate very narrow, almost linear; teeth small, nearly obsolete.
Locality.—Talbot Co., Md. Prof. Cope. I am indebted to Mr. Gabb for the above species, as well as Capsa parilis. SAXICAVA, Bellevue. S. rnsita, Conrad.
Description.—Trapezoidal; posterior hinge margin straight, long and slightly oblique; end margin truncated and slightly oblique, extremity sharply angular; umbonal slope angular.
Locality.—Kastern Shore, Maryland. Prof. Cope.
This small smooth species was found in abundance, perforating a fragment of the large Pecten Jeffersonius. It has bored entirely through the shell, and the valves may be seen from the small round or oval holes on the interior side of the Pecten. Length one-sixth inch.
CAPSA, Brug. C. PARILIS, Conrad.—PI. 2, fig. 3.
Deseription.—Subtriangular, equilateral, ventricose; right valve irregular on the surface, concentrically rugose-striated ; anterior and posterior sides nearly equal in size, rounded on the margins.
Locality.—Eastern Shore of Maryland. Prof. Cope.
Hocene Species.
' PEOTINID ZL.
PECTEN, Linn.
P. KNEISKERNI, Conrad.—PI. 1, fig. 18.
Description.—Ovate, convex, ribs 13, convex, little prominent ; anterior and posterior submargins without ribs; ears equal.
(Cast). Locality.—Shark River, N. J.
OF CONCHOLOGY. 41
CRASSA TELLIDA. CRASSATELLA, Lam. C. LITTORALIS, Conrad.—PI. 1, fig. 3.
Description.—Subovate, inequilateral, convex, anterior margin regularly rounded; posterior end truncated, direct; ventral margin curved ; surface sculptured by numerous impressed lines, obsolete posteriorly ; inner margin minutely crenulated. (Cast.)
Loeality.x—Shark River, N. J.
CRASSINA? Lam. C.? vera, Conrad.—PI. 1, fig. 5.
Description.—Triangular, inequilateral, convex: posterior dorsal margin straight and oblique: anterior extremity angular and situated much above the line of the ventral margin, which is crenulated within ; cardinal pit under the apex of the left valve, triangular, wide, oblique. (Cast).
Locality.—Shark River, N. J.
BUCARDIID. _ BUCARDIA. B. veta, Conrad.—Pl. 1, fig. 2.
Description. Rounded, inequilateral, profoundly ventricose ; summits prominent, rounded ; anterior margin obtusely rounded ; posterior and ventral margins forming a nearly regular curve.
Locality.—Shark River, N. J.
CARYATIS, Romer. C. DELAWARENSIS, Gabb.—PI. 1, fig. 6.
Description.—Subovate, ventricose, very inequilateral, umbo and beaks oblique; posterior hinge margin oblique and slightly curved; posterior end obtusely rounded.
Locality.—Shark River, N. J.
I referred this cast erroneously to Cyprina Morrissii, but for- tunately I obtained a mould of the hinge which proves it to be a Caryatis.
42 AMERICAN JOURNAL
CARDIIDA. : PROTOCARDIA, Beyrich. P. curta, Conrad.—PI. 1, fig. 1.
Description.—Subquadrate, equilateral, ventricose; summits very prominent; umbonal slope angular; posterior slope de- pressed, margin slightly oblique, subemarginate or straight ; ventral margin minutely crenulated. (Cast).
Locality.—Shark River.
This genus, common in the Cretaceous strata, is comparatively rare in Hocene and Oligocene, is absent in the Miocene, and only one recent species has been discovered,—C. Beecheri—odd valves of which were dredged up froma depth of 40 fathoms, one valve in the Yellow Sea.
CARDIUM? C.
Pl. — fig. 21. An imperfect cast, with fine ribs and crenulated margin. Locality.x—Shark River, N. J.
ONUSTID. ONUSTUS, Humph. O. ANNosus, Conrad.—PI. 1, fig. 4.
Description.—Rather elevated; volutions five, rounded, slightly channelled at top, and sculptured with revolving lines, which are obliquely crossed by others, giving the cast a rugoso-tubercu- lated aspect; lines on the last volution 5 or 6 in number; periphery acute.
Locality.—Shark River, N. J.
TEREBRATULIDA. TEREBRATULA. T. gLossa, Conrad.—PI. 1, fig. 22.
Description.—Oblong, sub-ovate, ventricose; biplicated; ven- tral valve flattened medially and with a nearly straight outline throughout ; lateral margins towards the base obliquely trun- cated ; basal margin obtusely rounded.
Locality.—N. Jersey.
Observations.—This shell is nearly allied to 7. biplicata, but differs in the nearly straight line of the ventral valve, and in
OF CONCHOLOGY. 43
the oblique area of the foraminal portion of the beak. It is an Eocene species; the former Cretaceous.
Cretaceous species (Crosswick’s group.) INOCERAMUS, Sowerby. I. PECULIARIS, Conrad.—PI. 1, fig. 13.
Description.—Subequilateral; ? convex, posterior margin rectilinear, very oblique, extremity angular; ribs prominent, concentric.
Locality.—Crosswicks, N. J. A single fragment is all I have seen of this peculiar species.
CRASSA TELLIDA. CRASSATELLA, Lam. C. prorA, Conrad.—PI. 1, fig. 8.
Deseription.—Triangular, length much greater than the height, subequilateral, slightly ventricose; anterior end regu- larly rounded, and nearly equal to the posterior, which is trun- cated; beaks prominent, umbonal slope rounded, undefined ; surface marked by concentric furrows (cast).
Locality.—Crosswicks, N. J.
VETOCARDIA CRENALIRATA, Conrad.—PI. 1, fig. 23. Astarte corbicula, Amer. Journ. Conch. vol. iii, p. 12. Locality.— Haddonfield, N. J.
ARCIDEA. TRIGONARCA, Conrad. T. passa, Conrad.—PI. 1, fig. 17.
Description.—Subovate, elongated, inequilateral, ventricose, anterior end regularly rounded ; umbonal slope sharply angular ; posterior slope depressed, concave ; surface minutely and ob- soletely radiated ; beaks distant from the anterior margin: pos- terior extremity truncated or slightly emarginated.
Locality.—Crosswicks, N. J.
GONIOSOMA, Conrad.
An equivalve bivalve with prominent beaks and entire pallial line? the muscular impressions terminal, posterior one round ; hinge (in the cast) with two prominent cardinal teeth,
44 AMERICAN JOURNAL
and a long anterior lateral tooth, parallel with the hinge margin above it in the right valve. G. INFLATA, Conrad.—PI. 1, fig. 10.
Description.—Length slightly more than height; anterior ventral margin subtruncated; beaks very prominent; umbonal slope angular; posterior slope depressed, with a furrow behind
the angle of the umbonal slope; posterior margin truncated, direct.
Locality.—Crosswicks, N. J.
The anterior end of the lateral tooth is very little above the cicatrix and extends half way across its upper margin.
NUCULANIDA. NUCULARIA, Conrad. N. papyria, Conrad.—PI. 1, fig. 7.
Description.—Shell smooth, oblong-oval, not pearly, thin, an- terior hinge margin oblique, teeth angular, end tooth of the pos- terior line complicated.
Locality.— Haddonfield, N. Jersey.
ARCIDA. AXINEA, Poli. A. Morton, Conrad.—PI. 1, fig. 14. Cast, alluded to by Morton, synopsis, p. 64, No. 3. Locality.—Crosswicks, N. Jersey.
TELLINIDZE. CY PRIMERIA, Conrad. C. spissa, Conrad.—PI. 1, fig. 9. A cast of a comparatively short, thick, subequilateral species. Locality.—Crosswicks, N. J.
DENTALITIDA. DENTALIUM, Linn. D. FALcATUM, Conrad.—PI. 1, fig. 12, 16.
Description.—Faleate, smooth, somewhat expanding towards the base.
Locality.—Crosswicks, N. J.
OF CONCHOLOGY. 45
This much curved form is peculiar to the cretaceous formation. There is one other similar species in India—D. hamatum.
NATICIDA. LUNATIA ? Gray.
L. oBTUSIVOLVA, Gabb.—PI. 1, fig. 11 (Gyrodes, Gabb), Pro- ceed. Acad. Nat. Sc. 1861, p. 321.
CANCELLARIIDA.
TURBINOPSIS Conrad. T. DEPRESSA, Gabb.—Proceed. Acad. Nat. Sc. 1861, p. 321. Locality.—Crosswicks, N. Jersey.
CERITHIID & ? Pl. 1, fig. 15.
This cast cannot be referred to any known genus, unless to Torcula.
VOLUTIDA. Pl. 1, fig. 20.
A common form in the lower beds, too imperfect to charac- terize.
Locality.—N. Jersey.
My apology for publishing the above casts of shells is that they characterize the lower beds of the eastern Cretaceous, in
which I believe no shell has yet been found with the substance preserved,
46° AMERICAN JOURNAL
OBSERVATIONS ON THE GENUS ASTARTE, WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF THREE OTHER GENERA OF CRAS- SATELLIDZ.
BY T. A. CONRAD.
Sowerby described his genus Astarte from Oolitic shells of which he had specimens not well representing the hinge char- acter. In a collection of shells from the Great Oolite, pre- sented to the Academy by Dr. Wilson, are specimens labelled in England, of A. elegans, A. lurida and others, in which the hinge character is well exhibited. I propose to give a new diagnosis of the genus, and to figure the hinges of A. lurida and A. elegans, which prove the genus to be distinct from Crassina, Lam. Astarte, as thus defined, became extinct at the close of the Lower Green Sand epoch, at least so far as our knowledge of the cardinal character of simulating forms extends. The hinges of the species figured by Pictet and Roux, from the “ Gres Vert,’’ near Geneva, are not figured or described, and therefore the shells are but conjectural members of Astarte.
ASTARTE, Sowerby.
Hinge character. Cardinal plate broad; cardinal teeth two in each valve; anterior cardinal margin raised into a distinct lateral tooth as long as the lunule in the right valve, which fits into a corresponding furrow on the opposite valve; posterior lateral tooth or elevated margin in the right valve elongated ; furrow in the opposite valve broad, resembling that of Unio.
A. LuRIDA, Sowerby.—PI. 9, fig. 2. A ELEGANS, Sowerby.—Pl. 9, fig. 13.
In the Chalk period and its equivalents no hinge has been de- scribed or figured answering to the typical Astarte, but there are intermediate forms between Crassatella and Astarte which make a complete chain of genera in the family.
LIRODISC US, Conrad.
Equivalve; disk concentrically ribbed ; posterior side lobed by an impressed line; hinge with two cardinal teeth in each valve; right valve with a small pyramidal lateral tooth near the an- terior cicatrix; left valve with the same posteriorly and distant
OF CONCHOLOGY. 47
from the cardinal teeth; posterior hinge plate broad and entire in the left valve.
It is probable that the Cretaceous A. sinwata, d’Orbigny, is a species of this genus, as the external character is very similar.
ASTARTE TELLINOIDES, Conrad. Eocene.
A peculiarity of L. tellinoides is that the broad flat surface of the posterior cardinal tooth is rugoso-striate transversely. This genus is a link between Crassatella and Astarte.
RADIOCONCHA, Conrad.
Compressed, inequilateral, radiated; hinge without a distinct cardinal pit.
CRASSATELLA GUERANGERI, d’Orbigny.
C. RoBInaLDINA, d’Orbigny.
This genus, though nearly allied to Crassatella, is sufficiently distinct in hinge and sculpture. It existed only in the Cretaceous period.
PACHYTH RUS, Conrad.
This genus of fossil shells is closely allied to Crassatella. The pit behind the cardinal tooth of the right valve is generally much wider than in Crassatella, and there is a small pit behind the posterior cardinal tooth of the left valve not seen in Crassatella, while the inner margin of all the species is densely though finely crenulated. This character marks every species down to the Eocene, inclusive. In the Miocene species the margin is entire, and generally so in the recent, although two or three have subtuberculiform, much larger crenulations than any of the fossils. This difference in’ character between the fossil and recent species is very obvious, and in the Cretaceous species the comparatively smaller cartilage pit and the large triangular pit under it give the hinge a very different aspect from that of the Miocene and recent species of Crassatella ; but in the elongated Kocene forms this character is less obvious, and is nearly the same as in the living genus Crassatella. Type, Crassatella Vindiemensis, d’Orbigny.
According to the above generic character the genus Crassatella originated in the Miocene Period.
CRASSATELLA PTEROPSIS, Gabb, not Conrad.
Mr. Gabb described this species in Part iv, 2d series of Journ. Acad. Nat. Se. by the same name as a species I described in the same No. Both are from the Ripley Group, Mr. Gabb’s species from Tennessee and Alabama. I think Mr. Gabb’s shell is the young of pteropsis, Conrad. I found it at Haddonfield, of a
48 AMERICAN JOURNAL
much smaller size than the Mississippi specimen, and a great deal shorter in proportion.
SCAMBULA, Conrad.
Hinge with two approximate teeth in the right valve, the pos- terior one direct and ending at the apex; a long anterior double tooth parallel with the straight cardinal line ; anterior muscular impression small, rounded.
S. PERPLANA.—PI. 9, figs. 7, 8.
Description.—Elongated, triangular, flat ; disk uneven, faintly striated concentrically; a few prominent, fine concentric ribs on the umbo; anterior margin obliquely truncated ; posterior dorsal margin concave; apex acute, perfectly erect.
Locality. —Haddonfield, N. J.
This singular shell is perfectly flat on the disk, so that the space for the animal was exceedingly small. The ventral mar- gin is carinated anteriorly, and the inner surface of the valves is granulated.
GOULDIA. G. DECEMNARIA.—PI. 9, fig. 4.
Description.—Minute, inequilateral, convex, with about 12
concentric prominent ribs.
Locality.— Haddonfield, N. J. G. DECLIVIS.—PI. 9, fig. 5.
Description.—Minute, triangular, compressed, equilateral, summit acute ; posterior extremity angular ; disk with numerous very regular, close concentric lines.
Locality. —Uaddonfield, N. J.
VETOCARDIA, Conrad.
Trapezoidal or subtriangular, costate; hinge character—one thick pyramidal tooth under the apex of the right valve, either direct or pointing obliquely backwards, a pit on each side; left valve—one long very oblique tooth, directed backwards, and a pit anterior to it.
A small species of this genus in the Ripley Cretaceous, near Haddonfield, New Jersey, has enabled me to obtain a perfect hinge of both valves. The valves in this genus are sculptured with radiating or concentric ribs, and none have been found as much as one inch in length. The genus is known only in Creta- ceous strata, and is easily recognized by external form and sculpture.
V. CRENALIRATA, Conrad, (Astarte), Jour. A. N. S. 2d series,
vol. iv, pl. 46, fig. 22.
V. corbicula ? Conrad.
OF CONCHOLOGY. 4g
NOTICES AND REVIEWS
OF
NEW CONCHOLOGICAL WORKS.
BY GEO. W. TRYON, JR.
I.— AMERICAN.
Museum Arangianum. Catalogue of the extra-Cuban species of Mol- lusks in the Collection of D. Rafel Arango. 8vo. Havana, Cuba, Dec. 1868. 20 pp.
The Canadian Journal of Science, Literature and Arts. XII. No. 1. Toronto, 1868.
Molluscous Animals. No. 3. By Ruv. Pror. HIncks.
In this paper the author commences to review the classifica- tion of the Gasteropoda. :
Geological Survey of Illinois. A. H. Worraen, Director. Vol. 3. Geology (by A. H. Worruen), and Paleontology (by F. B. Meek and A. H. WorTHEN). 4to. Springfield, Ils. 1868.
We do not consider ourselves competent to review the geolo- gical part of this work, and it is out of our province to do so; we therefore leave this duty to others who are better qualified.
A somewhat hasty examination of the paleontological portion of the report enables us to allude to it only on terms of un- qualified praise. Whatever Mr. Meek undertakes in this line is sure to be done carefully and accurately.
Most of the descriptions of new species have been published within the past few years in the Philadelphia and Chicago Academies’ Proceedings. The illustrations from drawings by Mr. Meek are numerous and generally excellently engraved on steel. The volume is in every respect a credit to its authors, engravers, printers, and to the enlightened public sentiment which has prompted its preparation and publication at the ex- pense of the State. .
4
50 AMERICAN JOURNAL
Proceedings Boston Society of Natural History. Pp. 145—160. 1868.
Prof. Bickmore exhibited a specimen of Nautilus pompilius in alcohol, collected by him at Amboina, which is the only speci- men ever brought to this country. It has been commonly believed that the Nautilus occasionally rises to and swims on the surface of the water, but after repeated inquiries of the natives, Prof. B. became satisfied that the animal never rises from the bed of the sea. The Malays collect them for food.
Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History. IX. Nos. 1—4. New York. 1868. Notes on certain Terrestrial Mollusca, with description of new species. By Tuomas Buanp.
This paper details the interesting discovery of the presence of a jaw in the animal of various species of Cylindrellide, so that Crosse’s genus Hucalodium, originally separated from the family on account of the presence of the jaw, must now revert to it again.
Prof. Gabb’s Cyl. Newcombiana, published in this Journal iii, 287, t. 16, f. 3—4, belongs to the genus Hucalodium, which will embrace the large Mexican species. Gabb’s name, however, is a synonym, as the same species was described by Pfeiffer, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1861, 27, t. 2, f. 7, as Clausilia (Balea ?) Taylori.
Descriptions of Twelve New Species of Unionidze from South America, &c., &c. By Isaac Lea, L.L.D. 8vo.,32 pp. Phila. 1868.
This paper contains reprints of all of Mr. Lea’s papers, (14 in number), published in the Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, from March 1866 to June 1868.
II.—FOREIGN.
ENGLISH.
Journal of the Linnean Society. Zoology. Vol. 10. No. 38. London. 1868.
On the Anatomy and Physiology of the Tunicata. By Atpany Hancock, F.L.S.
Annals and Magazine of Natural History. 4th Series. Vol. 2. No. 8. London. Aug., 1868,
On Spirifer cuspidatus. By Dr. W. B. CARPENTER.
OF CONCHOLOGY. 51
On Oliva auricularie, Lam., O. aquatilis, Reeve, and 0. auricularia, D’Orb. By F. P. Marrat.
The author endeavors to unravel the snarl into which these species had become involved. He believes that the second is a synonym of the first, and that D’Orbigny’s species, being distinct, not only from the true auricularia with which it was confounded by D’Orbigny, but also from biplicata, Sowb., with which it has been more recently confounded, should receive the name of its discoverer, D’ Orbignyt. Lamarck’s species is African, the other South American.
No. 9. September, 1868.
On a point relating to the Histology of Rhynchonella. By Pror. W. KIN@.
On some new species of Oliva. By F. P. Marat.
O. lignaria, Borneo. O. notata, Loc.—? O. sabulosa, Loc.—? O. exilis, South America. O. angustata, China. O. pulehra, Loc.—?
No. 10. October, 1868.
On the typical value of the Lingual Dentition in the right distribution of the genera of Gasteropoda into Natural Groups and Families. By Joun D. Macponatp, M.D.
This is an attempt to show that dentition is a sure guide in classification, provided only those species are included, in families where the type of dentition is identical—and that, per contra, the discredit that has been cast on this method of classification origi nated in the fact that Conchologists have persisted in grouping together genera and species in which the dentition is totally dis- tinct. Dr. Macdonald is right in both premises, but we think that his paper will not answer the purpose for which it was de- signed, for the lists of two families arranged by dentition will be sufficient of themselves to demonstrate to all Conchologists the impropriety of uniting in one family mollusca so very dissimilar, merely because they are alike in one character.
On the structure of the Shells of Brachiopoda. By. Dr. Wo. B. CARPENTER.
Last Report on Dredging among the Shetland Islands. By J. Gwyn JEFFREYS.
This paper contains a valuable list of seventy-five species of Mollusca, usually considered northern, which are common to the North Sea and the Mediterranean, with their principal synonyms;
52 AMERICAN JOURNAL
in which a large number of species are reduced to the rank of synonyms.
No. 11. Nov., 1868.
Remarks upon Mr. J. Gwyn Jeffreys’ last Dredging Re- port. By R. MacAnpRew.
On the species of Cecide, Corbulide, Volutide, Cancella- riide, and Patellide, found in Japan. By ARTHUR ADAMS.
Note on Dr. Macdonald’s paper on the Dentition of Gaste- ropods. By Dr. J. E. Gray.
‘“T think that Dr. Macdonald has committed an error that is common to young naturalists—has mistaken an analogy for an affinity. The form of the lateral teeth of the odontophore is, no doubt, a good specific (?) (and may be generic) character, but I think that Dr. Macdonald’s table proves that it is not the character of a family. The character of a family should be derived from the consideration of the whole animal—its form, the form and development of the teeth, and the form of the shell and operculum; and not from any one character, such as the form of the lateral lingual tecth, especially if it brings together in one family such a series of incongruous genera and separates nearly allied genera as they are separated in Dr. Macdonald’s list. Therefore, I cannot agree with him that “the lingual dentition appears to be the only appeal,” or that the best means for arranging the genera and families is according to the form of the lateral teeth. I think if any one will consult Dr. Mac- donald’s plate, he must perceive that the lateral teeth gradually pass from one form to the other; and I cannot conceive any reason why all the forms figured may not belong to the genera of one family.”’
Note on Pompholyx, Lea, anew family of Fluviatile Mol- lusca. By Dr. J. HE. GRay.
This article appears to have been written very hastily—so much so, in fact, as to make one incredulous as to whether the writer really read understandingly the paper by Mr. Dall, pub- lished in the California Proceedings, on which his note is founded. In the first place 1 object to Dr. Gray’s title; he has not used the family termination of zde. Secondly, Mr. Dall did not pro- pose a new family but a sub-family name. I wonder that Dr. Gray should make such mistakes, especially as he proceeds to quote Mr. Dall’s name Pompholinz, which has the proper sub- family termination. ‘The existence of the second pair of eyes
OF CONCHOLOGY. 53
is an anomaly in terrestrial mollusca, and requires confirma- tion.” Who said that Pompholyx was a terrestrial mollusk? It is fluviatile. Prof. Gabb assures me that the animal has two pairs of eyes, as described, but I think with Dr. Gray that black spots have been mistaken for eyes. I object also to the word ‘‘fluviatile’”’ being applied to Auriculade, and would re- mark that if Dr. Gray had seen the shell of the animal he criti- cizes he would never have suspected it to belong to the Auricu- lade. Except in the matter of eyes, the animal appears to be a true Lymnzan, both by general appearance, habitat and shell.
Dredging among the Shetland Isles. Note. By J. Gwyn JEFFREYS.
On the Jaw of Cylindrella. By T. Buanp, (in a letter to Dr. J. H. Gray.)
This announcement is identical, as to facts, with the recent paper with figures published by Mr. Bland in this Journal.
Proceedings Zoological Society. London. 1868. Part 1.
Further descriptions of new species of Shells collected at Mauritius by Geoffrey Nevill, Esq. By Henry ADAms.
Stomatia variegata, Gibbus Barelayt,
Discus vorticella, “< productus.
Nanina cernica, Thyreopsis n. g. (Galeommide.) Pupa exigua, s coralliophila.
Gibbus Mondraini.
Descriptions of some new mee of Land and Marine Shells. By Henry ADAMS.
Macrochlamys tenuicula, Bombay.
Glessula fusca,
Vitrina Angast, Capengo, W. Africa. Nanina suleifera, Barclay MSS. Mauritius. Gibbus clavulus, Mauritius.
Palaina Coxi, Norfolk Isld.
Diplommatina minuta, Hab.—?
Pelopia (n. g. Anatinide) brevifrons, Hab.—
Description of six new species of Shells. By Epwarp THomas Hiearns.
Cyprea castanea, South-east Africa. Helix Farris, Peru. Bulimus rubrovariegatus, Peru. Mycetopus faleatus, Brazil. inl * lamasiPera:
Nanina DeCrespignii, Labnon.
54 AMERICAN JOURNAL Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. Part 2. London. 1868. Description of a new species of Helix from South Australia. By Georce Frencu ANGAs. Helix Silveri, South America.
Notes on some of the species of Land Mollusca inhabiting Mauritius and the Seychelles. By Guorrrey NEVILL.
Description of some new species of Shells collected by Geof- Frey Nevill, Hsq., at Mauritius, the Isle of Bourbon, and the Seychelles. By Henry ADAms.
Conus Bourbonicus, Vertigo Borbonica, Nevillia (N. G. Rissoide, Gibbus Deshayesii,
ee pecta, ‘ Morelets,
“lucida, “ eylindrellus, Stylifer speciosus, Ennea Nevill, Nanina Geoffreyt, Cyathopoma Blanfordi, Discus serratus, Omphalotropis Borbonica, Acicula Mauritiana, Serobicularia (Capsa) rostrata.
Descriptions of some new species of Shells, chiefly from Ceylon. By Henry ADAMs.
Plicifer (N. G. Styliferide), Corbula (Azara) rostrata. “ Nevilli, Nanina Power, Cyclostrema Nevill, Cyclophorus Layardi. y A: CM ms subdisjuncta.
A review of the species of the Genera Melo and Cymba of Broderip. By 'T. G. Ponton.
The author believes JZ. ducalis, M. umbilicata, M. Georginice and M. diadema, to be identical. He also believes C. poreina of Lamarck to be the same as C. proboscidalis and C. patula, Brod., the young of C. Neptund.
A few years since, when arranging the specimens in the Museums of the Academy of Natural Sciences, I arrived at the same conclusions, except as to the last, (patula) of which we had no specimen,
Conchologia Iconica. Parts 274, 275. 4to. London. 1868. Unito.—Plates 85 to 93. Sept., 1868. The great improvement in identification of the species noticed
in our last review of this monograph still continues. The color of the epidermis of Monocondylea rhomboidea is too light in the
OF CONCHOLOGY. 55,
plate, unless it is intended to represent a badly worn specimen. Unio folliculatus is not by any means allied to Shepardianus, but belongs to a group the typical species of which is U. Fish- eTlanus.
TELLINA.—Plate 45. Sept., 1868. T. elevata, Sowerby. West Indies.
‘* cuneolus, *é Coromandel. ‘© armata, ss Hab.— ?
“« equistriata, ‘ By
** striatessima, ** 6
GALATEA.—Six plates (complete). Sept., 1868. G. biangulata, Sowerby. Hab.— ?
“ triangularis, ‘
‘
Conchologia Iconica. Parts 276,277. London. 1868. Unio.—Plates 94, 96 and 1. Completing the genus.
U. scutum, Benson. Tenasserim. 66 parma, 66 6s
Mr. Sowerby says of U. Churchilleanus, Bourg., ‘ Almost a Monocondylea’’—Quite: belongs to the same group as J. rhombovdea.
This monograph is now completed—with 825 species, a num- ber smaller than those indigenous to North America alone. AKERKA—1 plate. DoLABELLA.—2 plates. D. elongata, Sowb., Seychelles. DoLABRIFERA.—1 plate. D. vitrea, Sowb., Fiji Isles. TELLINA.—Plates 46—54. T. producta, Sowb. Hong Kong. “ Myeformis, Sowerby. Coromandel.
** obtusa, Ins. St. Thomas. “* Belcheri, ee Hab.— ?
* ensiformis, gs Australia.
** glabrella, Desh. Hab.—?
‘* Fijensis, Sowerby. ‘Fiji Isles.
** crebrimaculata, ‘ on ik
“* plena, a Hab.—?
‘“* ammaculata, Phil. Sandwich Isles.
.
‘ Mactraformis, Sowb. Australia. ** succined, Manilla.
56 AMERICAN JOURNAL
Catalogue of the Mollusca in the Collection of the Government Central Museum, Madras. By Capt. J. Mircuett, Superintendent. 8 vo., 78 pp. Madras. 1867.
This Catalogue is published for the triple purpose of “ afford- ing a guide to the collection; of making known its deficiencies (which are many) ; and to show what the Museum has to offer in exchange for shells not yet in the collection. The number of speeies enumerated is about two thousand. In consequence probably of careless proof-reading, a large proportion of the names are mis-spelled.
FRENCH. Revue et Magasin de Zoologie. Paris. Oct., 1868.
Mollusques nouveauz, litigieux ou peu connus. By M. Boureuienat. (Continued).
Zonites Issericus, Letourneux. Algiers. Helix Faidherbiana, ES eh is
“© Djebbarica, £6
‘¢ Tlemeenensis, As ee Ferussacia Oranensis, ne .
as diodonta, ss A Clausilia Davidiana, < Syria.
~ prophetarum, ‘* es
To this paper is adjoined a synonymical list of the Syrian Clausiliz. No. 11. Paris. 1868.
Mollusques nouveauz, litigieux ou peu connus. By M. J. R. Boureuienat.
Claustlia Gaudryi, Beyrut.
Bargesi, # Os Judaica, “ Dutaillyana, * ge Pheniciaca, * a sancta, e Z- Hierosolymitana, Jerusalem.
Pomatias atlanticus, Letourneux. Kabylia. Melanopsis Penchinati, Bourg. Aragon, Spain.
Erpetologie Malacologie et Paleontologie des Environs du Mont- Blanc. By M. Venance Payor. 8 vo.,68 pp. Lyons. 1864.
Not quite one-half of this work is occupied with a list (with
fod
OF CONCHOLOGY. 57
synonyms and localities) of the Mollusca. The most interesting facts are those regarding the altitudes at which the species are found.
Journal de Conchyliologie. 3d Ser., IX., No.1. Paris. January, 1869. (112 pp. of text and three plates.
Catalogue des Nudibranches et Cephalopodes des cétes ocean- iques de la France. (1st Supplement.) By P. Fiscusr.
Eolis grossularia. Holis conspersa.
Note sur une nouvelle espéce de Sepia des cotes de France. By A. Larort.
Sepia Filliouzi. Note sur quelques Coquilles de la Nowvelle-Caledonie, et Description d especes nouvelles. By EK. Martz. Cyprea Crosser. Cyprea Noumeensis.
Descriptions de deux nouvelles espéces d’ Helix d’ Espagne. By Dr. J. G. H1pALeo.
Heliz Hbusitana. Helix Bosce.
Note sur le Melaniella Pichardi et ? Helicina Node, Arango. By H. Crosse.
Description d espeéces inédites provenant de la Nouvelle-Calé- donie. By H. Crosse.
Hydrocena Caledonica. Helicina Lifouana. Helix Ferrieziana.
Diagnosis Molluscorum novorum Guatemale et Reipublice Mexicane. By H. Crosse and P. FIscuer.
Genus Streptostyla, (from Sprrazis.)
S. Binneyana, SS. Sololensis,
‘“« Edwardsiana, “* cornea,
“ Sallez, ** Bocourtt,
** cingulata, “* Glandiniformis,
“© Blandiana, Genus Petenia, type,
“© Boyeriana, . Glandina ligulata, Morel. “* fulvida,
Catalogue des Cyprea de la Nowvelle-Calédonie et Des- cription d’especes nouvelles. By H. Crosse.
C. Caledonica. C. Bregeriana.
58
AMERICAN JOURNAL
Description @un Bulimus nouveau de la republique de l Equateur. By J. G. Hidalgo.
Bul. visendus.
Description de deux Hélices nouvelles de Corse. By H. Crosse and O. DEBEAUX.
HZ. insularis. Hi. Cenestinensis.
Description de quelques nouvelles especes terrestres de divers points de Pocean Pacifique et del Australie. By ALBERT Mouvsson.
Zonites Stranget, Australia. Patula biretracta, 3
Helix Pelewana, Ins. Pelew.
“ informis, Australia.
Bulimus Ouveanus, Dotzauer. Ins. Ouvea. Bul. palmarum, N. Hebrides. Laimodonta Anaaensis, Paumotus. Ophicardelus irregularis, Wollongong. ; o minor, ee Helicina Anaaensis, Paumotus. Hydrocena Raiateensis, Ins. Society. Truncatella arctecostata, Paumotus.
Diagnoses Molluscorum novorum. By H. Crosse.
Bul. Souvillei, Morelet. New Caledonia. Melanopsis Mariet, Crosse. a ce Dumbeensis, Description Wesprces inédites de la Nouvelle-Caledonie. By J. B. Gassizs.
6<
Helix Lalannet, Auricula Hanleyana,
Bulimus as 2 oi _ Z ae ss Bacoee . Molanopsis elegans,
baie priate Hydrocena Croseana : a ele Truncatella ee
Auricula Binneyana,
Description de nouveaux Brachiopodes du terrain tertiare du sud-est de la France. By P. Fiscuer.
Descriptions de Coquilles Fossiles des terrains tertiares su- périeurs. (Continued.) By C. Mayer.
OF CONCHOLOGY. , 59
Description du nouveau genre Pyrgidium et de deux especes fossiles des terrains d'eau douce du départment de la Cote- d- Or. By M. R. Tournovrnr.
Bibliographie. Necrologie. Nouvelles.
GERMAN.
Novitates Conchologicz. Supplement III. Nos. 12 and 13. (Mono- graph of Venus, L., with six colored plates.) The present issue is occupied by an account of the species of Dione, by Dr. Edward Romer.
Martini and Chemnitz’s Systematisches Conchylien-Cabinet. Con- tinued by H. C. Kiister. 187th Part. 4to. 6 colored plates. Niirnberg. 1868.
This work is also now occupied with the Veneride.
Monographia Heliceorum viventium. By Dr. Louis Preirrmr. Vol. V. (Third Supplement. Vol. 1.) 565 pp. 8vo. Leipzig. 1868.
This volume gives the additional species and synonymy that have accumulated since the date of the 4th volume, 1859. The same style of treating the subject and the same artificial classi- fication is continued, as in the previous monographs. ‘The pre- sent publication contains the species principally of Helix, of which the numbers amount to 2833 species, being an increase of 735 species since 1859, notwithstanding since-discovered synonyms.
It would be a work of supererogation to write a laudatory notice of such a work as Pfeiffer’s. Its best recommendation is that no Conchologist can undertake to study terrestrial shells without it.
Nachrichtsblatt der deutschen Malakozoologischen Gesellschaft. Nos. land 2. Dec., 1868. No.3. Jan., 1869.
This is a 16-page sheet, issued by a new association intended to encourage and advance the interests of Malacology among the Germans and others. It is a vehicle of communication and a receptacle for stray facts and opinions. It is a sort of Con- chological ‘‘ Notes and Queries,’”—and as such will doubtless become of value. There is as yet no attempt to describe new Species or genera, and we do not know whether or not such papers are contemplated as a feature of the Magazine.
60 AMERICAN JOURNAL
Novitates Conchologice. Suppl. 3. Monographie der Mollus- kengattung Venus, Linne. By Dr. Epw. Romer. 14th, 15th Parts, with 6 colored plates. 4to. Cassel, 1869.
The present issue contains the species (21) of Lioconcha,
Morch, which is treated as a section of Cytherea.
The text is evidently worked out with great care, and the illustrations are remarkably fine specimens of the art of chromo- lithography.
Systematisches Conchylien-Cabinet von Martini und Chemnitz. Continued by H. C, Kisrer, etc. 188th and 189th Parts. Niirnberg. 1868.
The 188th Part commences with a Monograph of. Cardiide, by Dr. E. Romer. C. costatum is the type of a new section— Tropidocardium, Romer, and C. aculeatum of another section— Acanthocardium, Romer. In Isocardia, I. cor is the type of Tychocardia. There is also a continuation of the monograph of Cytherea.
Part 189 continues the Muricide and Purpuride, and con- tains Monographs of Argonauta, Nautilus, Spirula, Lanthina and Recluzia, by the editor.
a3 Sy
Oph
VALUABLE WORKS ON CONCHOLOGY
FOR SALE.
1. American Journal of Conchology, Vol. 1, 1865. Containing 400 pages, illustrated by 31 colored and plain lithographic plates and por- traits and over 293 wood engravings; with contributions by Conrad, Kland, Anthony, Binney, Newcomb, Stimpson, W. Harper Pease, Wheat- ley, Tryon,.etc. Price, in numbers, $12.50, or each number separately $3.75. A few copies beautifully bound in red morocco, gilt, red edges,
at $15.00.
2. American Journal of Conchology, Vol. 2, 1866. Containing 400 pages, illustrated by 27 colored and plain lithographic plates, and nearly 500 wood engravings; with contributions by Newcomb, Bland, Conrad, Gabb, Anthony, Pease, P. P. Carpenter, Mérch, Tryon, etc. Price, in numbers, $12.50, or each number separately $3.75.
x*, Full tables of contents of the above two volumes forwarded to those 1-siring them.
3. Monograph of the Terrestrial Mollusca of the United States. With illustrations of all the Species. By George W. Tryon, Jr. This work is now completed. It contains over 200 pages of text and is illus- trated by 18 lithographic plates crowded with figures. Only 100 copies were printed, which are mostly sold. The work is published in the following styles:
Ist. Plain edition, printed on fine calendered paper, with uncolored
plates, Price, $8.50. 2d. Cclored edition, same paper, plates finely colored, Price, $13.50. 3d. Fine edition, on very heavy plate paper, with duplicate plates, plain on tinted paper, and finely colored, Price, $20.00.
k. TRYON, GEO. W., Jr., Synonymy ofthe Species of Strepoma- tide (Melanians)\ of the United States, with critical observations on their Affinities, and Descriptions of Land, Fresh Water and Marine Mollusca. 8vo, over 100 pp., wi'h lithographic plates. 1865.
Cloth, $2.00. Paper, $1.75.
JONTENTS: Contributions towards a Monography of the Order Pholadacea, with Descriptions of
New Species. Descriptions of two new Species of Fresh Wuter Mollusca from Panama. Des- cription of anew Exotic Melania. Descriptions of new Species of Fresh Wuter Mollusca be- longing to the Families Amnicolidx, Vulvatide and Limnexidex, inhabiting California. De- scriplion of a new Species of Pleurocera. Description of a new Species of Teredo, from New Bedford. Mass, Descriptions of two new Species of Mexican Land Shells. Synonymy of the Species of Strepomatidx, Parts 1, 2,3, 4 and Supplement.
The Edition is very limited—only 75 copies. Early application will, therefore, be necessary to
secure the work.
: : i
> RAPINESQUE, C. S., Complete Writings on Recent and Fossil Conchology. Edited by William G. Binney and Geo. W. Tryon, Jr. 8vo. 1864. With lithographic plates Price, $2.50.
This is the only edition of Rafinesque’s Complete Writings ever published, and contains reprints if many papers, which had been entirely forgotten by naturalists.
3. TRYON, GEO. W., Jr., List of American Writers on Recent Conchology, with the Titles of their Memoirs and Dates of Publication. 8vo. 1860. Printed on fine plate paper. Cloth, $2.00. Paper, $1.75.
7, TRYON, GEO. W., Jr., Monograph of the Order Pholadacea, and other Papers. 8vo, 127 pp., with plates. 1862. Cloth, $2.00. Paper, $1.75.
Contains Monographs of the Families Gastrochenide, Pholadice, and Teredidxw. History of American Conchclogy, and Descriptions of new Species of Fresh Water and Marine Shells.
xy A discount of 20 per cent. will be allowed from the above prices, to Members of the Conchological Section and to Booksellers. Apply to
‘‘ConcHoLogicaL Section ACADEMY OF NaTurat Sciences, Philadelphia,” Or to its Agents—see lst page of this cover.
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I ERECOLG OF MMC LINES! 2 ciceeqssesenss cnessdececseapesaateabecds: scence Set c ame
2. Descriptions of some Secondary Fossils from the Pacific © States. By Wm. M. Gabb,.... ...
See ewww meena e eee enneee teeeee
. Notes on the Genera Alaria, Diarthema, Dicroloma, &c., being a Supplement to ‘‘An Attempt at a Revision of — the Strombideze and Aporrhaide.”’ By Wm. M. Gabb, ......
ist)
}. Description of a new Helix from Utah. By Wm. M. Gabb,....
5. Descriptions of new Species of South American Fossils, Wo. 1 Tertiary. S8y Wm: M. (Gabby... oc. ..:. 25055) csastee es teen
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. Observations on Melantho. By James Lewis, M. D,...............
7. On Lingual Dentition studied by the Microscope and Photography. By Wm. G. Binney. With Note by Thos. Bland,
8. Descriptions of Miocene, Hocene and Cretaceous Shells. By TA. Conrady. sccc:-<ne0 be ae een ee tases n nate ccaeetecad ales Caan nae oh
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Observations on the Genus Astarte, with Descriptions of three other Genera of Crassatellidze. By T. A. Conrad.,......
10. Notices and Reviews of New Conchological Works, by
George W. Tryon, Jr........ Esti sc vejcivs vate 203,502 eee tissesatece ire ones 49
J. American.—Geological Survey of Illinois, by Meek and Worthen. Annals of the , New York Lyceum. aie
IL. Forergn.—English—Annals and Magazine of Natural History. Proceedings of the Zoological Socicty. Conchologia Iconica. .
- French.—Revue et Magazin de Zoologie. Journal de Conchyliologie.
Germon.—Pfeiffer’s Monographia Heliceorum Viventium. Martini & Chemnitz’s Conchylien-Cabinet. Rémer’s Monographie der Gattung Venus, ete.
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JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY.
NEW SERIES.
PUBLISHED BY THE
SONCHOLOGICAL SECTION of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia Orel, 156 va
Wor. V. 1869-70. Part 2.
Meeting April 1st, 1869. Eight members present. Dr. W. 8. W. RuscHenserceER, Director, in the Chair.
Donations to the Museum and Library were read.
The following papers were offered for publication and referred to Committees :—
“‘ Descriptions of new species of Marine Gasteropoda, inhabi- ting Polynesia ;’’ by Wm. Harper Pease.
“‘ Remarks on Marine Gasteropoda inhabiting the West Coast of America, with descriptions of two new species;’’ by Wm. Harper Pease.
“‘ Corrections and Additions to the synonymy of Marine Gas: teropoda inhabiting Polynesia;’” by Wm. Harper Pease.
“Notes upon the Monograph of the genus Marginella in Reeve’s Conchologia Iconica ;”” by John H. Redfield.
“‘ Catalogues of the Families Porcellanidz and Amphipera- side ;” by S. R. Roberts.
G2 AMERICAN JOURNAL
Mr. Tryon announced that our fellow-member, Mr. Wm. M. Gabb, was making collections for the Section in the Island of San Domingo.
Meeting May 6th, 1869. Hight members present. Dr. W. 8. W. Ruscuenpereer, Director, in the Chair.
A number of additions to the Museum and Library were re- ported.
The following papers were offered for publication and referred to Committees :—
‘“‘ Descriptions of New Cretaceous Mollusca ;”’ by T. A. Con- rad.
‘“¢Notes on Recent Mollusca ;” by T. A. Conrad.
Mr. Conrad remarked that during the period that the im- mense Saurians lived whose remains are found in New Jersey, the shells were very fragile, indicating that the waters were still. The shells of the same period from Mississippi are alike fragile.
Mr. Albany Hancock, of New-castle-upon-Tyne, England, and Dr. Edward Romer, of Marberg, Hesse, were elected cor- respondents of the Section.
Meeting June 3d, 1869. Six members present. Dr. W. S. W. Ruscnenperaer, Director, in the Chair.
Donations to the Museum and Library were read.
The following papers were read by title and referred to Com- mittees :—
‘Descriptions of new species of Terrestrial Mollusca from the Andaman Islands, Indian Archipelago ;” by George W. Tryon, Jr.
‘“‘ Notices and Review of New Conchological Works ;” by Geo. W. Tryon, Jr.
The death of Mr. Frederic Cailliaud, of Nantes, late an active Correspondent of the Section, was announced.
Mr. Tryon exhibited a valve of Pecten wradians, Lam., on which were growing specimens of Crepidula unguiformis. The specimen was interesting on account of a recent assertion
made by Dr. J. E. Gray, in the London Zoological Proceedings,
OF CONCHOLOGY. 63
that the species was only a synonym of C. fornicata, and owed its supposed distinctive characters to its habitation within uni- valve mollusca. The specimens now shown are true unguifor- mis, and are growing on the external surface of the Pecten.
Mr. Tryon exhibited specimens of Mercenaria preparea, Say, and remarked that M. Mortoni, Conrad, and M. fulgurans, Tryon, had both proved to be synonyms of it, the latter being the young shell.
Mr. Wm. H. Dall was elected a Correspondent, and Mr. Charles Wilson Peale a member of the Section.
64 AMERICAN JOURNAL
DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES OF MARINE GASTERO- POD: INHABITING POLYNESIA.
BY WM. HARPER PEASE.
TEREBRA.
Thirty-two species of the above genus are known to me as inhabiting the Hawaiian Islands; sixteen of which have not been found elsewhere. Having made lately a critical examination of all specimens collected by me, I am able to add nine species to those previously described.
I discover that the synonymy of 7. Peasii, Desh., as pub- lished by me, was incorrect. I was led into the error by follow- ing the name attached to the typical specimens forwarded me. That species is without doubt a synonym of 7. puncticulata, Desh., and the species mistaken for it is a variety of 7. Swain- sonit, Desh., departing so widely from the type that I distinguish it by a distinct name, as follows:
T. Swainsonii, Desh., var. inflexa, Pease.
The ribs on the type are straight, and interstices, especially on the upper whorls, faintly and remotely striate transversely.
The ribs on the above variety are flexuous, interstices im- pressly striate or grooved throughout, and whorls shorter. The shell is usually longer. The figure and description of T. Swainsonit in Conch. Icon., are taken from a specimen of the above variety.
JT. SCULPTILIS, Pease.
T. elongato-turrita, gracilis; anfr. 15, superne costa, nodosa, conspicua, cingulatis, utrinqgue sulco marginata; anfractibus concavo-excayatis, longitudinaliter arcuato-striatis, superne juxta sulcum nodoso-crenulatis; apertura parva, oblonga, colu- mella contorto-recurva; costa alba, interstitiis pallide straminea.
OF CONCHOLOGY. 65
Long. 25. Diam. 4 mill. Hab. Insl. Oahu.
Shell elongate turrited, slender; whorls 15, encircled round the upper part by a conspicuous nodose rib, which is bordered on either side by a groove, whorls between, concave, finely arcuate, striate longitudinally and nodosely crenulate above, next the groove. Color of rib white, remaining portion of the whorls pale straw color.
Closely allied to 7. nebulosa, Lorois, Jour. de Con. 1858, p. 90, pl. 1, f. 4.
As that name is preoccupied, both by Sowerby and Keiner, the above will take its place, should it prove to be the same species.
T. SUFFUSA, Pease.
T. subulata, pallide carneo suffusa; anfractibus, fere planis, subconvexiusculis, transversim obsolete tenuiter striata, sulco pertuso superne divisis; sutura subacuta, lacerata; apertura oblongo-ovata, subeffusa ; columella subrecta, laminata.
Long. 50. Diam. 9 mill.
Hab. Insl. Oahu.
Shell subulate, suffused with pale flesh color; whorls nearly flat, very slightly convex, transversely obscurely finely striate, divided at the upper part by a pricked groove; suture somewhat acute, ragged within; aperture oblong ovate, slightly effuse ; columella almost straight, laminate.
May be compared with 7. albida, Gray, inhabiting Australia.
T: ROSACEA, Pease.
T. aciculari, gracilis; anfractibus longitudinaliter valde pli- cato-costatis, interstitiis profunde sulcatis, infra suturam leyi- bus; apertura oblonga, parva, angusta; columella subrecta ; costis albidis, interstitiis, columella, aperturaque, rosaceis.
Long. 20. Diam. 4 mill.
Hab. Insl. Oahu.
Shell acicular, slender; whorls longitudinally strongly pli- cately-ribbed, interstices deeply grooved, except a short space beneath the suture, which is smooth; aperture narrow, oblong, small; columella nearly straight; ribs whitish, interstices, colu- mella, aperture rose pink.
Approaches 7. roseata, Ad. and Rve. It is more slender, ribs larger, different in color, and interstices between the ribs grooved, instead of clathrated. The latter character, however, is altered in * Con. Icon.” from the original, which, however, is
66 AMERICAN JOURNAL
frequently the case throughout that work. The aperture, also, is quite different.
T. PROPINQUA, Pease.
T. subulata, cylindrica; anfractibus plano-convexis, longitudi- naliter valde plicato-costatis, costis angulatis, arcuatis, intersti- tiis transversim sulcatis ; superne sulco cingulatis ; apertura elon- gata; columella recurva, parum contorta; aurantio-rubra, infra suturam alba, costis hic et illic albis, anfr. ultimus albo fasciatus.
Long. 27. Diam. 6 mill.
Hab. Ins]. Hawaii.
Shell subulate, cylindrical; whorls flatly convex, longitudi- nally strongly plicately-ribbed, ribs angulate and curved, inter- stices transversely deeply grooved, above beneath suture encir- cled by a groove; aperture elongate; columella somewhat recurved and contorted; orange red, between suture and trans- verse groove, white, ribs here and there white, and the last whorl encircled by a white band.
The above may be distinguished from 7. undulata, Gray, by the angulation of its ribs, shape of its columella, and in wanting red stains in the interstices of its ribs.
T’. COSTELLIFERA, Pease,
T. subulata, spira gracilis; anfr. plano-convexis, levibus, lon- gitudinaliter forte angulate plicato-costatis, infra suturam pro- funde sulcatis; sutura, sulcoque subangulatis; apertura ovata; columella contorto-recurva, laminata; albida, anfr. partem infe- riorem cinereis, infra suturam purpurascente cinerea maculosis ; apice interdum fulvescente. ,
Long. 20. Diam. 5 mill.
Hab. Insl. Oahu.
Shell subulate, spire slender; whorls flatly convex, smooth, longitudinally strongly angularly plicately ribbed; below the suture deeply grooved; suture and edge of groove slightly angulate; aperture ovate; columella twistedly recurved, lami- nate. Whitish, lower part of the whorls pale ash color, blotched or spotted below the suture with purplish ash color, apex some- what yellowish.
The specimens of this species collected do not appear to be mature.
T. LAUTA, Pease.
T. aciculari, levis, coruscata; anfr. planatis, longitudinaliter plicato costatis, costis rectis, angulatis, superne mterstice punc-
OF CONCHOLOGY. 67
tatis; apertura parya, angusta, oblonga, vix obliqua; columella subrecta, callo crasso marginata, ad basin uniplicata, superne levis; plumbeo grisea, infra suturas flavescenti cingulata et rufescente fusca maculata; basin fusca, albida aut flavescente unifasciata; columella aperturaque fusca; interdum omnino pallide grisea, aut cinerea, infra suturas maculata.
Long. 26. Diam. 6 mill. Hab. Insl. Oahu.
Shell acicular, smooth, glistening; whorls flattened, longitu- dinally plicately ribbed, ribs straight, angulate; interstices punctured above; aperture small, narrow, oblong, slightly oblique; columella almost straight, bordered by a laminate cal- losity connecting with outer lip, at base terminated by a fold, smooth above; color variable, generally of a leaden grey, encir- cled beneath the suture by a yellowish band, which is spotted with reddish brown; base dark brown, last whorl encircled by a pale yellowish or whitish band; columella and aperture dark brown; sometimes the whorls are wholly ash or grey color, spotted and marked as above.
In good condition, this species is a perfect gem. It approaches nearest to varieties of 7’. strigillata, Linn. On examination, however, it will be found to agree with that species only in the arrangement of its colors.
T. suncata, Pease.
T. aciculari, nitida; anfr. subangustis, infra suturas sulco cingulatis, longitudinaliter plicato-costatis, interstitils concavis, profunde sulcatis, infra suturas striatis; apertura oblonga an- gusta; columella levis, callo marginata, ad labium juncto; cinereo grisea, infra suturas pallidior, interdum costis pallidis.
Long. 15. Diam. 3 mill.
Hab. Insl. Oahu.
Shell acicular, shining; whorls rather narrow, encircled below the suture by a groove, longitudinally plicately ribbed, interstices concave, deeply grooved transversely, below the suture striated transversely; aperture oblong, narrow; columella smooth, nearly straight, bordered by a raised callosity, connecting with the outer lip; ashy grey, paler below the sutures, ribs occasionally pale ash color.
The above may prove to be a variety of 7. Swansonii, still farther removed from the type than inflexa, Pease.
T’. ASSIMILIS, Pease.
T. aciculari, nitida; anfractibus levis, longitudinaliter angu-
68 AMERICAN JOURNAL
late plicato-costatis, superne, interstitiis punctatis; apertura oblongo-ovata; columella brevi, carinata, contorta; fusca, infra suturas grisea; columella aperturaque fuscis.
Long. 15. Diam. 3 mill. Hab. Insl. Oahu.
Shell acicular, shining; whorls flattened, smooth, longitudi- nally angulately plicately ribbed, interstices punctured above; aperture oblong ovate; columella short, keeled, twisted ; brown, below the sutures greyish; columella and aperture brown.
PLEUROTOMA LIRATA, Pease.
T. fusiformi, turrita, undique carinata, carinis subdistantibus, subeequalis, carina in medio anfractuum paulo maxima, super- ficiis intermediis concavis, carinarum interstitiis tenuiter longi- tudinaliter striatis; sinu profundo; canali brevi; alba, carinis rufescente fusco maculatis.
Long. 85. Diam. 12 mill.
Hab. Ins]. Oahu.
Shell fusiform, turrited, keeled all over, keels nearly of the same size, and almost equidistant, the keel on the middle of the whorls slightly the largest, the intermediate superfices concave, interstices between the keels finely striate longitudinally ; sinus deep; canal short; white, keels spotted with reddish brown.
The above species may be distinguished by the regularity of its keels. The spots are small, oblong, and confined to the edge of the keels.
PLEUROTOMA MONILIFERA, Pease.
T. gracile fusiformi, turrita ; anfractibus medio costa nodulosa cingulatis, nodis lateraliter compressis, vix incisis, infra carina parva marginatis; medio inter costis nodulosis carina elevata cingulata, interstitiis concavis, elevato striatis, longitudinaliter tenuiter striatis ; cinereo-fusca, infra costam pallidior; canali elongato, recto; sinu profundo.
Long. 27. Diam. 8 mill.
Hab. Ins]. Oahu.
Shell slenderly fusiform, turrited; whorls encircled round the middle by a nodulose rib, nodules compressed laterally and slightly indented on their sides, bordered beneath by a small smooth keel, and a more elevated one intermediate between the nodose rib; interstices concave, elevately striate transversely and finely striate longitudinally; canal long, straight; sinus deep; ashy brown, lighter below the ribs, nodulose rib whitish.
A beautiful species, when in good condition.
OF CONCHOLOGY. 69
Mr. Hinds observed that no species of Plewrotoma proper inhabit Polynesia. Such we believe to be the case as regards Southern and Western Polynesia. ‘The above two are the only ones known to me as inhabiting the Hawaiian Islands. Speci- mens have been laying in my collection for several years past, dead and broken, awaiting the discovery of perfect ones, which are very rarely met with.
Mitra Newcompit, Pease.
T. elongata, subcylindraceo-fusiformi; spira brevis, acuta; anfr. plano-convexis, transversim punctato-striatis, interdum striis in medio anfr. ultimo evanidis; anfr. ultimo superne, spi- raque striis impressis decussatis ; basi remote sulcata, vix trun- cata; columella quinqueplicata; alba, remote rufescente fusca punctulata; anfr. ultimo fascia lata fusca cingulata.
Long. 27. Diam. 8 mill. Hab. Insl. Oahu.
Shell elongate, rather cylindrically fusiform; spire short, acute; whorls flatly convex, transversely punctate striate, striz becoming sometimes obsolete on middle of last whorl; spire and upper part of last whorl decussated by longitudinal impressed striz ; base distantly grooved and somewhat truncate ; columella five-plaited. White, remotely punctured with reddish brown dots, last whorl encircled with a broad dark brown band.
Had not Mr. Reeve decided JZ. bicolor, Swain., to be the young of JM. casta, I should have connected the above species with it as a variety. Iam of opinion that the shell figured by M. Kiener, pl. 32, is the above species, especially fig. 106a, though of much smaller size. Ihave specimens of M. casta from both Hastern and Western Polynesia. Those from the west vary in the transverse striz extending over the upper part of the last whorl. It cannot, however, be confounded with the above species, which resembles in shape JW. filwm, Reeve, to which it is also allied in other respects.
ALCYNA LINEATA, Pease.
T. subelevato-turbinata, crassa, anguste perforata, transver- sim lirata; anfr. 4, convexis; apertura ovata; labro intus incrassato; liris rubris, interstitiis albidis, apice columellaque albis.
Alt. 24. Diam. 14 mill.
Hab. Insl. Oahu.
Shell somewhat elevately turbinate, solid, thick, narrowly perforate, transversely ridged; whorls 4, convex; aperture
70 AMERICAN JOURNAL
ovate; lip thickened within; ridges red, interstices whitish, columella and apex white.
ALCYNA STRIATA, Pease.
T. elevato-turbinata, solidiuscula, anguste perforata, trans- versim impresso-striata ; anfr. 4, infra suturam angulatis; aper- tura ovata; labro intus vix incrassato; cinereo, nigroque macu- lata et punctata, ad suturam albida.
Alt. 2. Diam. 1} mill. Hab. Insl. Hawaii.
Shell elevately turbinate, rather solid, narrowly perforate, transversely impressly striate; whorls 4, angulate beneath the suture; aperture ovate; outer lip slightly thickened within, speckled and mottled with black and grey of different shades, whitish beneath the sutures.
Including the above, four species of this genus are known as inhabiting the Hawaiian Islands. They agree in all their char- acters with genus Leptothyra, excepting the distinct prominent tooth at termination of the columella.
LEPTOTHYRA COSTATA, Pease.
T. crassa, turbinata, anguste perforata; anfr. 4, transversim costatis, medio angulatis, costis mediis maximis, longitudinaliter tenui striatis; apertura subobliqua, fere circularis; albo, nigro, fuscoque maculata et punctata, apice alba.
Alt. 8. Diam. 33 mill.
Hab. Insl. Maui.
Shell thick, solid, turbinate, narrowly perforate; whorls 4, transversely ribbed, angulate at the middle, ribs largest at the an- gulation and below, longitudinally finely striate; aperture some- what oblique, nearly circular; mottled and spotted with white, black and brown, apex white.
Nassa NucEA, Pease. Plate viii, fig. 7.
T. crassa, ponderosa, ovata; spira brevis, convexa; anfracti- bus plano-convexis, undique costis longitudinalibus, sulcis trans- versa decussatis, costis parvis, confertis, vix arcuatis; anfr. ultimo convexior, } longitudinis testze superans, basi sulcata ; ad suturas anguste marginata; apertura oblongo-ovata, colu- mella, labroque valde liratis ; labro varicoso ; canali lato; omnino rufescente fusca.
Long. 12. Diam. 7 mill. Hab. Insl. Carolinensis.
OF CONCHOLOGY. 71
Shell stout, heavy, ovate; spire short, convex; whorls flatly convex, decussated throughout by longitudinal ribs and trans- verse grooves; ribs small, close-set, and slightly curved; last whorl convex more than one-half the length of the shell, and grooved at base; whorls narrowly marginate at the suture; aperture oblong-ovate, columella and outer lip strongly ridged, lip varicose on its outer edge; canal broad; wholly dark reddish brown.
The above is an unusual form for a tropical species. I know of none with which it can be compared.
Nassa BALTEATA, Pease. Plate viii, fig. 5.
T. acuminato-turrita, solida; anfr. 6, rotundato-convexis, sutura impressa ; longitudinaliter costatis, costis 11, rotundatis, interstitiis transversim sulcatis; apertura parva, rotundato- ovata; labro intus lirato, extus varicoso; columella callosa, tenuiter lirata; canali angusto; alba, fulvescente bifasciata.
Long. 84. Diam. 4 mill. Hab. Insl. Ebon.
Shell acuminately turrited, solid; whorls 6, roundly convex ; suture impressed, longitudinally ribbed, ribs 11, rounded, inter- stices transversely grooved; aperture small, roundly ovate; lip ridged within, varicose on its outer edge; columella callous, finely lirate; canal narrow. White, encircled by two yellowish brown bands.
ENGINA NODULOSA, Pease. Plate viii, fig. 11.
T. elongato-fusiformi, subturrita; anfr. longitudinaliter cos- tatis, costis 7, parvis, non prominentis, interstitiis concavis, costis transversis decussatis, costis 5, super costis longitudinalibus nodulosis, nodis compressis, interstitiis striis elevatis decussatis ; anfr. superne concavo- angulatis ; labro dentato-lirato ; columella levis; canali vix recurvo; nigricans, anfr. ultimo medio fascia albida cingulata, nodis rufescente fuscis.
Long. 15. Diam. 9 mill. Hab. Ins). Ebon.
Shell elongate-fusiform, somewhat turrited; whorls longitudi- nally ribbed, ribs 7, small, not prominent, interstices concave, crossed*by transverse ribs, five in number, which become nodulous in passing over the longitudinal ribs, nodules compressed, inter- stices decussated by fine raised striz; whorls concavely angulated above, below the suture; lip dentately lirate within; columella smooth; canal slightly recurved; blackish, last whorl encircled by a whitish band round the middle, nodules brownish.
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PLANAXIS ATRA, Pease. Plate viii, fig. 4.
T. elongato-ovata; spira gracilis vix acuminata; anfr. plano- convexis, transversim confertissime, tenuiter impresso striatis ; apertura late ovata; labro intus incrassato, tenui lirato; colu- mella lzevis, infra arcuata, anfr. ultimo partim inferiorem sul- cato; canali angusto; ater, sulcis basalis spadiceis, undique setosa.
Long. 8. Diam. 43 mill.
Hab. Ins]. Marquesas.
Shell elongate-ovate; spire slender, somewhat acuminate, whorls planely convex, very finely and closely impressly striate transversely, lower half of last whorl transversely grooved; aperture broadly ovate, lip thickened within and finely lirate ; columella smooth, arcuate below; canal very narrow; black, grooves chocolate brown, covered all over with very short, tine bristles.
RISsOINA BALTEATA, Pease.
T. elongata, gracilis; anfr. convexis, longitudinaliter tenuiter granoso-costatis, transversim tenui striatis; anfr. ultimo ad basin sulcato; apertura elliptica, vix obliqua; labro extus vari- coso ; alba, fulva unifasciata.
Long. 4. Diam. 13 mill. Hab. Ins). Hawaii.
Shell elongate, slender; whorls longitudinally finely granosely ribbed, transversely finely striate; last whorl grooved at base; aperture elliptical, slightly oblique; lip varicose on its outer edge; white, encircled by a single yellowish brown band.
BULLA CONSPERSA, Pease. Plate viii, fig. 9.
T. ovata, solidiuscula perforata levis, striis incrementis longi- tudinaliter tenuiter notata; apertura superne contracta, infra expansa; labro posteriore vix producto; alba, nigra, fuscaque conspersa, versus basin fascea rubra cingulata, plerumque obsoleta.
Long. 27. Diam. 17 mill.
Hab. Insl. Marquesas.
Shell ovate, rather solid, perforate, smooth, marked faintly with longitudinal striz of growth; aperture contracted above, expanded below ; outer lip slightly produced posteriorly ; white, promiscuously spotted and mottled with white, black and brown of different shades, towards the base encircled with a single red band, which is generally obsolete or altogether wanting.
OF CONCHOLOGY. 73
ATYS COSTULOSA, Pease.
T. elongata,.subcylindrica, postice angustiore, alba, umbilicata, longitudinaliter costata, postice et antice striis elevatis decussata; labro postice valde tortuoso et producto; columella ad basin eversa, planulata, appressa ; apertura angusta.
Long. 54. Diam. 23 mill.
Hab. Ins). Oahu.
Shell elongate, subcylindrical, narrowest posteriorly, white, umbilicate, longitudinally ribbed, crossed at either end by ele- vated striz, which become more remote towards the middle of the shell, and gradually vanish; outer lip posteriorly strongly twisted and produced; columella everted at base, flattened and appressed; aperture narrow. |
I have met with but a single specimen of this interesting spe- cies, the sculpture of which is so distinct that it cannot be con- founded with any heretofore described.
PACHYPOMA VIRESCENS, Pease. Plate viii, fig. 10.
T. conoidalis, imperforata, medio vix tumida; anfr. superne conecavis, oblique, rude, irregulariter rugoso-plicatis, infra ad marginem biseriatim squamatis, squamis nodosis, contiguis, rugosis; suture linearis, undulata; anfr. superioribus profunde foveolatis; anfr. ultimo ad peripheriam acute angulato; basin planulata, conferte squamato-lirata; apertura obliqua, ovalis, interior margaritacea; columella antice tuberculoso dentata ; viridescens, squamis, lirisque albidis, columella czerulea cir- cumdata.
Alt. 25. Diam. 25 mill.
Ha’. Tnsl. Tarawa.
Shell conoidal, imperforate, slightly swollen at the middle ; whorls concave on their upper part, obliquely, rudely, and irregularly rugosely plicate; the lower margin of the whorls encircled by two rows of nodose scales, scales contiguous and rough; suture linear and undulate; upper whorls deeply pitted ; last whorl acutely angulate at its periphery; base planulate, encircled with nine contiguous squamose ridges, unequal in size ; aperture oblique, oval, interior pearly; columella callosity ter- minating in a tubercular tooth; greenish, scales and ridges whitish, encircled by a blue line.
The above species is common at certain localities in Polyne- sia, but invariably thickly coated with lime, except occasionally the young. It was referred several years since, by the late H. Cuming, to 7. confragosus, Gld. Later, however, it was iden-
74 AMERICAN JOURNAL
tified by him, as well as Dr. Carpenter, as 7. twberosus, Phil. In sculpture it agrees in some respects with confragosus. It has, however, a double row of scales at margin of the whorls, and Dr. Gould could scarcely have failed to notice its pitted spire and color around columella, which is persistent on speci- mens the most weathered. Its reference to tuberosus must have arisen from an error in the Cumingian collection. That species, as figured and described by Dr. Philippi, is granulose and tuber- culose, of quite a different shape and belonging to another genus. No species resembling it inhabits Polynesia. I should look for it among species inhabiting the west coast of America. The shell figured for it in “ Conch. Icon.,” from the Cumingian collection, resembles the above species in having two rows of scales, but on the figure they are distant from each other, and in several other respects of sculpture, as well as color, it differs from the species described above, and quite distinct from tube- rosus, Phil. The last whorl of the above species is about one- half the length of the shell, and, with the penultimate whorl, occupies three-fourths of the shell; the whorls above are, conse- quently, quite narrow and deeply pitted.
From the undulating character of the suture, the rows of scales on the penultimate whorl appear to be on opposite sides of the suture, which, however, is not the case.
TRITON INTERMEDIUS, Pease.
T. fusiformi turrita, mterdum ovato-fusiformi, crassa, trans- versim noduloso-costata, costis rotundatis, longitudinaliter sul- cata aut striata, interstitiis costarum transversim liratis; anfr. convexis, univaricatis, superne infra suturam angulatis; aper- tura elliptica ; columella rugoso-albi lirata, interstitiis nigricibus ; labro biseriatim tuberculoso-albidentato, series ad marginem bifurcata, extus valde varicoso; apertura lutea; canali brevi, recurvo, subcontorto; rufescente fusca, anfr. ultimo medio pal- lide fasciata; varicibus albo nigroque fasciatis; epidermide squamosa induta.
Long. 60. Diam. 30 mill.
Hab. Insl. Oahu.
Shell fusiformly turrited, sometimes ovately fusiform, thick, heavy, transversely nodulosely ribbed, ribs rounded, longitudi- nally grooved or striate, interstices between the ribs transversely ridged; whorls convex, one varix on each whorl, angulated above beneath the suture; aperture elliptical, yellow within ; columella ornamented its whole length with white wrinkled ridges, interstices blackish ; lip strongly varicose, furnished with two rows of white tuberculose teeth, the one on the edge of the
OF CONCHOLOGY. 75
lip bifureate; canal short, recurved and slightly twisted; color brownish red, last whorl crossed at the middle with a pale band, varices banded transversely with whitish and black; covered with a scaly epidermis, bearing longitudinal rows of stiff bristles.
The above is intermediate between aquatilis, Rve., and prle- aris, Linn. From the former it differs in wanting longitudinal ribs. Its columella agrees with that of pilearis, while its outer lip resembles that of aquwatilis. In color it differs from both. Aquatilis is a ponderous shell, attaining to six inches in length ; pilearis is lighter and of a more fusiform shape, and intermedius partakes of the shape of aquatzlis, but seldom exceeds three inches in length. The animal of aquatzlis is of a pale straw color, covered with crowded round spots of various sizes, varying from a light to a dark reddish brown; disk of the foot dull pink- ish ash and spotted with reddish brown. JPilearts is of a pale cream color, spotted with black.
The animal of zntermedius, Pse., is covered with spots, irreg- ular in size and shape, of a dark brownish red, margined with yellow, the interspaces of a light reddish fawn; where the spots closely approximate, the interspaces are yellow.
MELAMPUS LUCIDUS, Pease.
T. oblongo-ovali, tenuiscula, pellucida, alba, nitida, imper- forata; spira brevis, acuta; anfr. marginatis, ultimus in medio planulatis ; plicee parietalis 2, supera parva, fere obsoleta, altera prope basin, transversa, compressa, valida, plica columellaris, obliqua, porrecta, in marginem basalem continuata; labro medio subincrassato, postice Vix sinuoso, intus levi; apertura angusta, basi rotundata.
Long. 33. Diam. 2 mill. Hab. Insl. Oahu, ? Annaa.
Shell oblong-oval, rather thin, pellucid, white, shining, imper- forate ; spire short, acute; whorls marginate, last whorl flattened on the middle; two folds on the inner wall of the aperture, pos- terior one small, almost obsolete, the other near the base, prom- inent, transverse, compressed ; columella fold oblique, porrected, continuous with the basal margin ; aperture narrow, rounded at base; outer lip slightly thickened at the middle, and slightly sinuous posteriorly, smooth and simple within.
Two mature and several young specimens were lately found under stones, above high-water mark, at a locality I have fre- quently marched over; it is, consequently, rare. I have con- nected with it specimens which I received from the Island of Annaa (Paumotus), not being able to detect any difference,
76 AMERICAN JOURNAL
except in being more abbreviate in shape, and margination at the suture less distinct, and last whorl more convex.
ScALARIA UMBILICATA, Pease.
T. elongato-turrita, umbilicata, alba; anfractibus decem, rot- undatis, contiguis, politis, sub-lente remote spiraliter impresso- striatis ; varicibus 11, angustis, parvis, vix obliquis, in umbilicum introitis; apertura ovata, postice subangulata.
Alt 10. Diam 34 mill. Hab.—Insl. Oahu.
Shell elongately turreted, umbilicate, white; whorls ten, rounded, polished, contiguous, encircled by fine remote impressed strie; varices eleven, narrow, small, slightly oblique, entering into the umbilicus; aperture ovate, somewhat angulate pos- tericrly.
ENGINA LINEATA, Rve. var. maculata, Pease. Plate viii, fig. 12.
T. elongato-ovata, crassa, solida, longitudinaliter nodoso- costata, transversim sulcata et tenuiter punctato-striata; anfr. infra suturam subangulatis; apertura angusta, recta; alba, anfr. ultimus, nigro trifasciatus, anfr. superioribus unifasciatis ; basi lineis nigris notata; anfr. maculis nigris conspicuis cingulatis.
Alt. 12. Diam. 6 mill. Hab.—Insl. Apaian.
Shell clongately ovate, thick, solid, longitudinally nodosely ribbed, transversely grooved and impressly striate, strize fine and punctured ; spire acute; whorls slightly angulated beneath the suture; aperture narrow, straight; white, last whorl encircled by three, upper whorls by one black line, base marked by oblique black lines; whorls encircled by a single row of conspicuous round black spots.
The above is without a doubt a variety of lineata Rve., although it would be difficult to distinguish the original species from several others, by the short description given by Mr. Reeve.
CERITHIUM TUBERCULIFERUM, Pease. 1865. C. Adansonii, (Rve. non Brug.,) Con. Icon. Species 11.
T. crassa, solida, elongato-pyramidata, spiraliter lirata, in- terstitiis impresso-striatis, tuberculis acutis extantibus armata anfr. 9, medio subangulatis, ultimus subventricosus; apertura parviuscula, callo postico crasso, canali brevi, labro crenulato, alba, rufescento-fusca punctata.
OF CONCHOLOGY. 1
Shell thick, solid, elongately pyramidal, last whorl slightly ventricose, spirally finely ridged, interstices impressly striate, armed with acute standing out tubercles, the row on the middle of the whorls the largest ; whorls 9, somewhat angular at the centre; aperture rather small, posterior callus thick, canal short, outer lip crenulate. White, with occasional reddish brown spots.
Remarks.—Authors do not appear to agree as to the species ficured by Adanson and described by Bruguiere as C. Adanson, inhabiting the West Coast of Africa. The only figure I have met with which agrees with the original, is that in Wood’s Ind. Test., all others together with descriptions refer to other species. Mr. Reeve selected a species, collected by Mr. Cuming at the Paumotus, specimens of which I have received from the same locality, where it is found associated with C. echinatum, Lam., C. columna, Sowb., &c. As it proves to be quite distinct from the Atlantic species, I separate it under the above name, with slight additions to Mr. Reeve’s description.
CERITHIUM SCULPTUM, Pease. Plate viii, fig. 8.
T. elongato-pyramidata, subventricosa, aut cylindracea, spira- liter noduloso-lirata, sutura granulis marginata, longitudinaliter obsolete costata, ubique regulariter et conferte impresso-striata ; anfr. plano-convexis; apertura magna; canali recurvo, subelon- gato; alba, apice purpurascens.
Long. 80, Diam. 12 mill.
Hab.—Insl. Paumotu.
Shell elongately pyramidal, somewhat ventricose or cylindrical, spirally nodulosely ridged, longitudinally obsoletely ribbed, en- graved throughout regularly and evenly with close set impressed striz; whorls flatly convex; aperture large; canal recurved, rather long and oblique; white, apex purple.
Remarks.—In shape the above resembles columna Sowb. The small nodules with which it is encircled are regular in size, and it may be distinguished by the whole surface being engraved with spiral striz. Ihave specimens from Tahiti, which agree In all respects with the above, except in being cylindrical in shape.
CERITHIUM CYLINDRACEUM, Pease.
T. oblonga, cylindracea, anfr. ultimus subventricosus, spiraliter striata ; anfr. supra longitudinaliter nodoso-costatis, costis ad anfractuum ultimum evanascentis; apertura magna; canali ob- liquo, recurvo; labro vix expanso, laqueato; alba, apice, flaves- cente.
6
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Long. 28, Diam. 8 mill. Hab.—Ins]. Paumotu.
Shell oblong, cylindrical, last whorl slightly ventricose, spirally striate; whorls on their upper half nodosely ribbed longtitudinally, ribs becoming obsolete on last whorl; aperture rather large; canal oblique and recurved; outer lip somewhat expanded, fluted; white, apex yellowish.
Remarks.—The above is intermediate between C. columna, Sowb., and salebrosum, Sowb. It may be distinguished by the ribs not passing over the whole length of the whorls, and gene- rally absent altogether on the last whorl, except immediately at the suture.
LITTORINA CINEREA, Pease. Plate vill, fig. 14.
T. subglobosa; spira acuta, parva; anfr. supra acute angula- tis, transversim granoso-liratis, aut levibus, interstitiis striis elevatis cingulatis; columella excavata; cinerea, apice nigres- cente; columella, aperturaque pallide fuscis.
Alt. 7. Diam. 53 mill.
fab. Insl. Marquesas.
Shell subglobose; spire small, acute; whorls sharply angulate above, transversely granosely ridged or smooth, interstices en- circled with raised striz; columella rather broadly excavated ; cinereous or whitish, apex blackish, columella and aperture pale brown.
Remarks.—This species resembles, in some of its characters, Feejeensis, Rve., and also granularis, Gray.
NaARICA GRANIFERA, Pease. Plate viii, fig. 13.
T. ventricoso-ovata, crassiuscula, alba, transversim granoso- lirata, interstitiis tenuissime striatis; spira parva, vix exserta; apertura dilatata, ovato-rotundata; umbilica patulo, canali longi- tudinaliter sulcato et striato, angulo levis aut sublacerato.
Alt. 9. Diam. 83 mill.
Hab. Insl. Jarvis.
Shell ventricosely ovate, rather thick, white, transversely granosely ridged, interstices very finely striate; spire small, slightly exserted; aperture dilated, ovately rounded; umbilicus open, canal longitudinally grooved and striate, at the angle on its edge smooth or slightly ragged.
Remarks.—The above was classed by the late Mr. Cuming as
a var. of N. acuta, Recl. It agrees with that species, however, only in shape. It is thicker, generally smaller, and granose.
OF CONCHOLOGY. 79
TORINIA SULCIFERA, Pease.
T. orbicularis; spira vix exserta, plana; anfr. sulco-sejunctis, noduloso-costatis, costis 4, nodis lzvibus, interstitiis striatis, interstitiis costarum striatis et filo granoso cingulatis; basis plano-convexa; peripheria late sulcata, utrinque costa valida marginata; umbilicus patulus, ad marginem angulatus, intus profunde sulcatus, costa granosa et strils, circumscriptus ; aper- tura circularis; radiatim albo et pallide fusco strigata, apice subnigra, epidermide flavescente.
Alt.12. Diam. 5 mill.
Hab. Ins]. Kauai.
Shell orbicular; spire but slightly exserted, anex flat ; whorls separated by a deep groove or channel, encircled by four nodu- lose ribs, nodules smooth, interstices striate, interstices between the ribs striate and encircled by a granulose thread; base flatly convex; periphery widely grooved, angulate on either side, and bordered by a strong rib; umbilicus open, occupying one-half the diameter of the shell, angulate on its edges and broadly and deeply grooved just within, encircled with a granulose rib and strie; aperture circular; radiately striped with white and light brown, apex dark brown, epidermis yellow.
Remarks.—T. cylindracea, Chem., is probably the nearest allied species to the above, from which it differs mainly in the characters of its umbilicus and periphery.
80 AMERICAN JOURNAL
REMARKS ON MARINE GASTEROPODA, INHABITING THE . WEST COAST OF AMERICA; WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF TWO NEW SPECIES.
BY WM. HARPER PEASE.
TORINIA PERSPECTIVIUNCULA, Chem.
In ‘‘ Monograph of Solarium,’ Thes. Conch., three distinct forms of Yorzna, inhabiting respectively the West Coast of Africa, the Hawaiian Islands, and the East Indies, are united under the above name. Dr. Carpenter, in his last Report on Mollusca of the West Coast of America, adopts the same synonomy.
By comparing a large number of specimens, from various localities, the animals of two of the forms and the operculum of all, I am convinced they are three distinct species, which may be distinguished by the shell as well as the animal.
I would first observe, that there is more than one species of Torinia inhabiting the West Coast; I refer herewith to that figured in Thes. Con., figs. 61, 62, specimens of which I have received from Margarita Bay, and also La Paz, collected alive, in company with another species, rather smaller and more depressed.
At the Hawaiian Islands several species remain to be described. I refer to those formerly distributed by me as J’. variegata, Chem., and latterly as 7’. areola, Desh.
All species of Zorinia may be arranged under three distinct shapes.
1. Trochoidal 7. variegata, Chem., &e. 2. Conoidal 7’. ethiop, Mke, &e. 8. Planulate 7. cylindracea, Chem., &c.
Species of all three of the above shapes are included in the synonomy of 7’. perspecti, &c., Chem., Thes. Con. ,
T. planulata, fig. 63, named as a variety, is a distinct species, as the author suggests. I have received several species of this form from different localities in Polynesia: only two, however, in condition for description, viz., 7. discoidea, Pse., and 7’. sul- cifera, Pse.
OF CONCHOLOGY. 81
The conoidal form, referred to in Thes. Con., from Borneo, is probably also distinct. I received from the late Dr. Gould a specimen of that shape, collected in the Sooloo Seas, resembling ethiopis, Mke.
Separating the planulate and conoidal forms from 7’. perspectt, &c., in Thes. Con., the three species remaining may be distin- guished by the following characters :—
The West Coast species is the largest, most elevated and whorls generally more convex, and rounded at periphery of last whorl. The Hast Indian form is the nearest allied to it in those characters, while the Hawaiian species is depressed and the whorls generally more flat.
The sculpture of the West Coast species agrees more nearly with the Hawaiian. The concentric ribs being flat or planely convex, the intervening groove being light and the radiating striz finer and more continuous; while the sculpture of the Hast Indian form is more coarse and bold, the concentric ribs rounded and more distinct, the grooves intervening being much deeper.
In: color the West Coast and Hawaiian are more plain, the former more brown, the latter darker, and more or less spotted with white at the suture and on the periphery of last whorl, and encircled with white at margin of the umbilicus. The Hast Indian is variegated with white and black, either tessellated or disposed in radiating lines, and generally a white band following the suture.
The operculum of the Hawaiian and East Indian agree, and is well figured in Adams’ “‘Genera.’’ That of the West Coast species differs widely. It is composed of plates disposed in the shape of a screw, of three whorls. The plates are wide apart, and furnished on their edges with short, stout bristles, and the sides coarsely reticulated with raised strive. (Plate viii, fig. 6.)
The animal of the Hast Indian species is fairly represented in Voy. d’Astrolabe, and agrees with my observations, except that the emargination in front is too angular. The dilatation of the anterior corners of the foot is common to all the species I have examined. The animal of the Hawaiian species differs from the above in the tentacles being longer and more slender, ‘the foot widest posteriorly,’ and color pale cinereous. I may as well note here that the animal of 7. Mighelsi, Phil., agrees with the above in general shape. Its tentacles are, however, setaceous, and color pale cream. Both species inhabiting the Hawaiian Islands are found almost invariably on branched coral, and suspend themselves by strong gelatinous threads, one of which will sustain the weight of several shells and can be drawn out four or five inches.
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The geographical range of the West Coast and Hawaiian species is limited. Although the East Indian is widey distri- buted from the Red Sea to the Philippines, and from thence through Polynesia to the Paumotus and south to New Caledonia, it retains its characters, which distinguish it from the Hawaiian, and more widely from the West Coast species. The variation at the Paumotus, noticed by Mr. Hanley, is common to the species of several genera, as remarked by me in this Journal, 1868, page 109.
As to the names by which the several species should be desig- nated, I would first remark, that it is not probable nor possible that Chemnitz ever saw a specimen of Torinia from the West Coast of America. Captain Cook visited the West Coast only on his last voyage, and then at the North-west, the expedition reaching England a short time before the date of Chemnitz’s publication. He described and figured, without doubt, the East Indian form, although his obscure figures and short description has been and may be referred to several species, as well as those of other early authors. All species of Solarium were classed by them as large or small, or as ‘“ perspectives” or “ perspectiviun- culus”’ generically. The specific name of the East Indian species should remain as adopted by Lamarck, Deshayes, and others, 7. variegata, which alludes to the disposition of its colors. The Hawaiian species has been recognised by several of my correspondents as JZ’. areola, Desh., which I have adopted, although the description of that species requires to be somewhat modified, especially as to color and its disposition.
The name of the West Coast species remains to be determined by those more particularly interested in that fauna.
Trocuus Byronianvs, Gray.
Having had opportunity of examining the original figure of the above species in Wood Ind. Test., I discover it to be quite distinct from our common Hawaiian species, Polydonta Sand- wichensis, Soul. No species of Omphalius inhabits Polynesia. The above should be connected with some one of the West Coast species. The type, according to Dr. Gray, is awaiting deter- mination in the British Museum.
COLUMBELLA ROSIDA, Rve.
The above should be discarded from the West Coast fauna. I have received specimens from its original locality, and several others in Southern Polynesia. For my remarks on its variation, refer to page 122 of this Journal, 1868.
A number of species, inhabiting the West Coast or the Galla- pagos and Polynesia, have been confounded, for reason of Mr.
OF CONCHOLOGY. 85
Cuming having collected at two islands of the same name (Lord Hood’s Island), one in the Gallapagos group and the other at the Paumotus.
Lord Hood, when a young man, accompanied Captain Cook on his third voyage as midshipman. Subsequently three islands were named after him. The one at the Gallapagos may retain his name; that in the Paumotus should be designated by its proper native name, ‘“‘Maurukea,” and also the one at the Marquesas, “ Fatu-Haku.”’
NASsA TIARULA, Kien.
A large and beautiful collection of shells, dredged the past year by a gentleman on the West Coast of Mexico, which I have had opportunity of looking over, contained a number of specimens of the above species, which leave no doubt but that it is a variety of WV. tequila, Rve, having light colored specimens in my collection, from La Paz, which closely connect it. The original locality, by Kiener, copied by Reeve, ‘‘ Madagascar,”’ is probably an error. Latirus nopatus, Martyn.
The above should also be struck out of the West Coast fauna. The locality given to it originally by Martyn, “‘ New Holland,” should probably have been “‘ South Seas.”” In Voy. Blossom it is properly credited to the Pacific.
Mr. Reeve, however, in Con. Icon., gives ‘‘ Panama’ (Cuming) as its locality, which has consequently been adopted by several authors. Not one of the numerous collectors that have visited that locality since, so far as I can ascertain, have confirmed it.
It occurs very rarely at the Hawaiian Islands, and I have received it from Southern and Western Polynesia.
MUREX FOVEOLATUS, Pease. Plate viii, fig. 3.
T. acute ovata, crassa, imperforata, spira gracilis, acuta, brevis, $ longitudinis teste haud sequans; anfr. ultimus, varici- bus 5, prominentis, lateraliter profunde et late foveolatis, squamosis, instructus, interstitiis levibus; apertura ovali; colu- mella vix arcuata, levi; labro regulariter arcuato, late varicoso, radiatim costato, costis canaliculatis, interstitiis elegantissime foliaceis, ad limbum acuto; crinulato, intus levi; canali brevis- simi, recurvo, fere clauso.
Alba, interstitiis varicorum, pallide rosacea suffusa, anfr. ultimus, et spira ad suturam, fascia angusta nigra, cingulatis.
Alt. 15. Diam. 9 mill.
Hab.—WUa Paz, in sinu Californico.
Shell acutely ovate, thick, solid, imperforate, spire slender, acute, short, less than one-half the length of the shell; last
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whorl furnished with five prominent varices, which are deeply and openly pitted on the sides and squamose; interstices smooth; aperture oval; columella slightly arched and smooth; outer lip regularly arched, broadly varicose; varix radiately ribbed, ribs canaliculate, interstices beautifully foliated ; edge acute, crenulate, smooth within; canal very short, recurved, nearly closed. White, interstices between the varices suffused with pale flesh color; last whorl just beneath its middle, and spire at the suture, encircled by a narrow black band.
Remarks.—All the specimens of the above received were very much encrusted, with the exception of the one figured.
The species nearest allied is JZ. alveatus, Kien.
OMPHALIUS TURBINATUS, Pease. Plate viii, fig. 15.
T. subdepresso-turbinata, crassa, late et profunde umbilicata ; anfr. supra angulatis, ultimo ad peripheriam obsolete angulato, liris paribus nodulosis cingulatis, basi convexa, levis aut obsolete lirata, regione umbilicali levis; columella ad basim nodoso dentata, dente parvo, vix elevata terminata (non sulcata). Flavescente aut albida, radiatim lineis rufescente-fuscis notata, lineis obliquis et interruptis, base rufescente-fusca maculata, umbilicus, columellaque viridis.
Alt. 18. Diam. 13 mill. Hab.—WUa Paz, in sinu Californico.
Shell somewhat depressly turbinate, thick, solid, openly and deeply umbilicate; whorls angulate above, the last obsoletely angulate at periphery, encircled by small slightly nodulous ridges, interstices elevately striate, base convex; smooth or obsoletely ridged, at the umbilical region smooth; columella at base nodosely dentate, and terminating in a very slightly elevated tooth (not grooved). Yellowish or whitish, radiately obliquely marked with fine reddish brown interrupted lines, base spotted with reddish brown, umbilicus and columella sea green, operculum bright yellow.
The young is more depressed, more sharply angulate, and very finely and closely striate concentrically, and also of a darker color.
Remarks.—The species nearest allied to the above, so far as I am aware, is O. coronulata, C. B. Ad. It may also be com- pared with O. ligulatus, Mke. It may be readily distinguished from either of those species by the shape of its base, the colu- mella tooth projecting much more and no trace of a groove. The umbilicus is also more open, smooth around its outer edge, and colored green as well as the columella. Its sculpture is also much lighter.
OF CONCHOLOGY. 85
CORRECTIONS AND ADDITIONS TO “SYNONOMY OF MARINE GASTEROPODA: INHABITING POLYNESIA.”
(Amer. Jour. of Conch., Vol. 4, 1868, page 103 ) BY WM. HARPER PEASE.
MITRA TURGIDA, Rve.
1845. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 52. “« Con. Icon., species 273. 1860. M. ertcea, Pse., Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 146.
The first specimens collected and forwarded to London were in poor condition; others found since leave no doubt as to the above synonomy.
MITRA LUBRICA, Pse.
1867. M. glabra, Pse., Am. Jour. Conch. p. 272. Name preoccupied ; changed as above. |
CERITHIUM PIPERITUM, Sowb. Thes. Con., species 76. 1854. C. alveolus, Jacq., Voy. au Pol. Sud., vol. 5, p. 105, pl. 24, f. 28, 29. CERITHIUM TUBERCULIFERUM, Pease. 1865. C. Adansonii, Rve. non Brug., Con. Icon., Sp. 11.
The above species, collected by Mr. Cuming at the Paumo- tus, is decidedly distinct from the one inhabiting the west coast of Africa, described by Bruguiere as Adansonz. The figure and description in Con. Icon. refer to the Polynesian species, which I separated as above.
CrRITHIUM MAcULOsUM, Migh.
C. nassoides, Sowb., Thes. Con., Sp. 114. 1865. e Rve., Con. Icon., Sp. 97. The above synonym should be added on page 127 of my previous paper.
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TEREBRA BIPARTITA, Desh.
The above is a small slender species, quite distinct from hastata, Gmel., with which Mr. Reeve has connected it.
TEREBRA PHASEI, Desh.
Is a synonym of 7’. puncticulata, Desh., as classed by Mr. Reeve, and not a variety of 7. Swainsonit, Desh., as noted by me in my previous paper, p. 125. I was led into the error by the typical specimens forwarded me from Europe, being wrongly labelled. The species for which it was mistaken I have described as 7’. Swainsoni, var inflexa.
TORINIA TROCHOIDES, Desh.
In my last paper I suggested that dealbata, Hds., might be a synonym of the above. I discover that Mr. Hanley had already decided it to be so. I am of opinion that 7. conica, Pse., Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1865, is at least a variety, although the late Mr. Cuming supposed it to be distinct.
It differs from the description of trochoides in being concen- trically striate and in having more color. The specimens from which the description of Hinds and Deshayes were drawn up may not have been as perfect as those I received.
MARGARITA ANGULATA, A. Ad.
The above should be erased from the synonymy of Trochus tantillus, Gld., page 151 of my previous paper.
Having noticed it in the catalogue of Australian species by Mr. Angas, classed as Minolta, 1 was led to examine its de- scription, and discover it differs from the Hawaiian species in being ‘‘openly umbilicate’’ and whorls angular above. The locality given by Mr. Adams, “ Sandwich Islands,’’ was prob- ably the cause why Dr. Gould and others adopted the synonymy I followed.
TRITONIDEA UNDOSUS, Rumph.
Buceinum cinctum, Quoy, should be transferred from the synonymy of 7’. fumosus, Dill., to that of the above, in my pre- vious paper, p. 104.
TRITONIDEA FUMOSUS, Dill. 1832. Buccium undosum, Quoy, non Rumph., Voy. d’Astrol., Vol. 2, p. 411, pl. 80, fig. 1—4.
The above should be added on page 104 of my previous paper.
LATIRUS COLUMBARIUM, Chem.
1788. Murex columbarium, Chem., Conch. Cab. vol. 10, p. 284, pl. 169, f. 1637—38.
OF CONCHOLOGY. 87
1789. Murea spinosus, Martyn, Univ. Conch. pl. 4.
1791. “ columbarium, Gme., Syst. Nat. p. 3559.
ESET. ee Dill., Cat. vol. 2, p. 738.
1843. Turbinella spinosa, Desh., An. sans Vert., vol. 9, p. 392. ce 66
1847. Rve., Con. Icon., Sp. 43.
ae fasciata, Sowb., ? feob es columbarium, W ood, Ind. Test., pl. 27, fig. 117. 1S Bé.aes * spinosa, Jacq., Voy. au Pol. Sud. p. 112, pl.
Bort. 20, 20: Remarks.—The Chemnitzian name of the above species, dis- carded by Deshayes and Reed, should be restored.
CYPRAIA CAPUT SERPENTIS, Linn.
1758. Systema Nature, p. 1175, ed. 10. 1770. Hist. Conch., Lister, pl. 701, f. 49 and pl.-704, f. 53. 1849. Var. caput anguis, Phil., Zeitz. fur Mal. p. 24.
Remarks.—The species described by WZ. Philippi as above, is a distinct variety of caput serpentis. Although separated by Lis- ter, it has escaped the notice of authors since.
Compared with caput serpentis, it is smaller in size, not dilated at the sides, darker in color throughout, and dorsal spots smaller. The only description of the animal of caput serpents, published, so far as I can discover, is that in “ Voy. d’Astrol,”’ from which caput anguis differs as follows: Mantle of a deep brown, shaded with dark green, its tentacular processes red or red and white. Siphon dusky, tentacles beyond the eyes light chestnut, base white. Foot pale beneath and dusky above. The tentacular fringe surrounding the end of the siphon is retractible. The colors and their arrangement agree with the type, only darker.
CoNUS NEGLECTUS, Pse.
1860. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 398.
Although considered by the late Mr. Cuming to be distinct, I have classed it as a variety of C. flavidus, Lam. It differs only in the spire being flat or nearly so, occasionally slightly concave, and its epidermis thicker and more rough.
The following corrections should be made in the text of my previous article.
Page 117, 11 lines from bottom, read “Topas ”’ for ‘“ Jopas.”’ oe
TPAD Mates 5 Sy s6 ° << it?’ for “other species.” poets, 1) 7): S4 ge a ee ae eam? fore ss Vammen, soe 2d « 6 ¢ tein Ss lives; tions lies si)
a ie * ie “« “the synonymy of dis- par’ for “the last synonymy.”
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NOTES UPON THE MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS MARGI- NELLA IN REEVE’S CONCHOLOGIA ICONICA.
BY JOHN H. REDFIELD.
We can hardly over-estimate the aid which Mr. Reeve has afforded to Conchological students in the immense store-house of illustrations contained in his series of monographs. In re- gard to the older and better known species of shells, the work has been of great service by bringing within reach of students good figures which would otherwise have to be sought through a host of works, many of which are rare and not readily accessi- ble. And as to more recent and less known species, Mr. Reeve’s access to the magnificent collection of Mr. Cuming has enabled him to introduce to science novelties almost without limit. But it cannot be denied that the very plan of the work, well conceived as it was, and carried out with a wonderful perseverance and regularity—by its inexorable demand of a certain number of figures and descriptions per month, necessarily led to undue haste, and prevented the careful investigation that was ofttimes required. So also the style of lithography adopted, while ad- mirable for large species, failed entirely to do justice to small spe- cies, especially where their distinctive characters were minute or intangible. The frequent errors of statement in regard to habitat are perhaps the most mischievous fault that can be brought against the work, for on them are liable to be based erroneous conclusions in regard to the important questions of geographi- cal distribution, and of permanence in species. Doubtless many of these errors are due, as Mr. Gray has recently observed,* to the wrong or misplaced labels in Mr. Cuming’s cabinet. Mr. Reeve and Mr. Cuming have (alas!) passed away, both de- ceased in the same year in which the monograph of Marginella was completed. No lover of shells can have other than respect for their memory, and gratitude for their labors, and I am sure
* See this Journal, vol. 4, pages 201-203.
OF CONCHOLOGY. 89
that I fail in neither, in here presenting some criticisms upon the monograph of Marginella, which was completed in 1865; for my sole object is to indicate what seem to me errors too impor- tant to pass unquestioned, or to call attention to points which need further investigation.
And I would remark generally, that while the larger species of Marginella are for the most part as well defined in form and marking as are the species of Cyprea, the great number of smaller species which have been brought to light in recent years form groups which from want of positive distinctions of color and pattern, and from the slightness of deviation in form, are most perplexing to the student. For their proper delineation, the highest style of art is required ;* for theic distinction, both back and front views are needed, and their proper characterization should be based only upon fresh, bright and perfect individuals. Mr. Reeve’s plates of the smaller species often fail in all these respects, while his descriptions are vagueand insufficient. Hence of the species which he has for the first time named, many must remain doubtful, especially as in so many of them the habitat is unknown.
Referring to the species in the order of the monograph, I offer the following notes:
Sp, 6. Marginella Petitii, Duval. The habitat of this species is left in doubt by both Sowerby and Reeve, but it is known to inhabit the coast of Senegambia, West Africa.
Sp.13. M. pyrum, Gron. The quoted synonym of Voluta picta should have been referred to Dillwyn instead of Gmelin.
Sp. 14. M. rosea, Lam. I believe that Senegal should be omitted from the habitats of this species, although the authority of both Kiener and Sowerby may be pleaded for it. The re- maining localities given by Reeve, to-wit,—Cape of Good Hope and Natal—are certainly correct, and, so far as I know, it is limited to that region.
Sp. 15. M. Neweombi, Reeve. Isee no reason why Reeve should have considered this a doubtful species. It certainly has very slight affinity to WZ. rosea, Lam.
Sp.17. M. vittata, Reeve. This species has no habitat assigned. It was sent me many years ago by Mr. Cuming, as from Hast Africa, and it has just enough relationship to WZ. pyrum, Gron., to render that habitat probable. Sowerby’s 1. mtermedia, not mentioned by Reeve, is closely allied.
*Even in Kiener’s beautiful plates the smaller species of Marginella are very badly and imperfectly rendered.
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Sp. 44. M. ecineta, Kiener. To say that this “inhabits Mexico,’’ leaves us in doubt whether it be an Atlantic or Pacific species. It doubtless inhabits the Caribbean cost of Mexico, but its province includes the Antilles and the northern coast of S. America. Candé and d’Orbigny quote it from the Antilles, C. B. Adams collected it in Jamaica, I have it from Carthagena, S. Am., Krebs received it from St. Martha, and Newton col- lected it at Maracaibo.
Sp. 45. M. prunum, Gmel. The only locality quoted by Reeve for this species is Panama. The Panama shell of this type is well known to be JM. sapotilla, Hinds, a species so closely allied indeed to WZ. prunum, that some would question its specific validity. Mr. Reeve has, however, adopted the M. sapotilla as a good species, justly as I think, and has correctly assigned it to its proper province—Panama. It is in fact the Pacific analogue of the Caribbean M. prunum, and it is surprising that Sowerby and Reeve should both have neglected to record the latter as coming from the Caribbean province, where it is one of the most abundant species, being indeed the best known and the typical species of the genus. And as they have each blundered in ascribing it to Panama, so it is even more surprising that almost all their predecessors from Gmelin down refer it only to the island of Gorée, West Africa, where I feel confident in asserting that it never occurs. That this locality should have passed un- questioned for more than sixty years may be thus explained. Gmelin’s description confounds two distinct species, viz., the M. amygdala, WKiener, which abounds on the coast of Sene- gambia, and the true MZ. prunum, or what is usually considered such, (M/. caerulescens, Lam.), which is the Caribbean species. Gmelin’s description though vague, best applies to the latter, and the dimension he gives (14 inches long) can only agree with that. Of his cited figures, the first is the Hyowen of Adanson, which Adanson says is only 9 lines in length, and which is clearly Kiener’s M. amygdala. The second figure referred to is that of Lister, which represents an immature MW. prunum, while the third is that of Martini, which is unquestionably M. prunum. Gmelin then copies Adanson’s locality ‘ Gorée ” for the species, which in turn has been blindly repeated by Dillwyn, Wood, Lamarck and Kiener. Petit, in his Catalogue, Jour. de Conch. ii, 53, has been the first to set this matter right, by re- moving Adanson’s Hyouwen to its proper place with Kiener’s species. On the distribution of M. prunwm and M. sapotilla, see also C. B. Adams, in Ann. N. Y. Lyc. Nat. Hist. v, 265.
Sp. 48. M. quadrilineata. Mr. Reeve does not inform us
OF CONCHOLOGY. 91
that this was first named and described by the Rev. Mr. Gaskoin, in Proc. Lond. Zool. Soc. for 1849, p. 17.
Sp. 51. IM. oblonga, Sw. Reeve quotes WM. carnea, Storer, and JZ. amabilis, Redf., as synonyms of this. As regards the latter I am disposed to acquiesce in this opinion, for since my description of it was published, an examination of more exten- sive suites of specimens has shown that it is difficult to define a satisfactory separation. But I still regard Storer’s MM. carnea as a valid species, the pattern and coloring of which are always sufficiently distinct from J. oblonga. The group is, however, a perplexing one, and I have recently seen two or three specimens intermediate between JW. oblonga, Sw., and M. guttata, Dillw., having the form and ground work of color of the former, with the white flecks of the latter, and I suspect that JM. nivosa in like manner connects M. guttata, Dillw., with JZ. pruinosa, Hinds.
Sp. 55. M. angustata, Sow. Ascribed to Brazil, erroneously I think. Sowerby referred it to the Hast Indies. Kiener . (mistaking it for JZ. bullata), says it inhabits the Indian Ocean. My specimens came from Ceylon.
Sp. dT. M. persicula, L. The well marked variety named by Lamarck MW. avellana, is omitted from the synonymy. If dropped as a species, it still deserves mention as a variety.
Sp. 61. M. similis, Sow. This name must give place to IZ. obesa, Redf., which has precedence by eight months, as I have already noted in Ann. N. Y. Lye. Nat. Hist. iv, 494. (The shell which Sowerby at a later date named obesa, for which I proposed (loc. cit.) the name of MW. pyrulata, but which I suspect is only a variety of AZ. labiata, Val., is omitted from Reeve’s Monograph). Although Mr. Reeve figures and describes my M. obesa, (under the name of JZ. similis), he thinks it may probably be only a variety of MZ. interrupta, Lam. I must con- tinue to dissent decidedly from this view, referring to my full description in Ann. N. Y. Lyc. Hist. iv, 164, 165, for a detail of the differences, which are constant and sharp. At Carthagena, S. A., both species occur together, always readily distinguishable. At St. Martha the M. interrupta is found alone.
Sp. 65. MM. maculosa, Kiener. The shells figured under this name are certainly not Kiener’s MZ. maculosa, nor do they hardly answer to M. guttata, Sow., which I have learned to regard as distinct. They are more nearly related to Swainson’s shell than to Kiener’s, but without inspection of the types referred to by Reeve, I do not think proper to propose a new name.
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Sp. 67. M. phrygia, Sow.—If we refer to the figure of Swainson’s M. guttata, in Zoological Illustrations, 2d series, vol. i, pl. 44, f. 2, and then select from Sowerby’s and Reeve’s figures the one which approaches nearest to it, we shall in each case be led to that of MZ. phrygia, Sow., and I think no one can make this comparison without being satisfied that Sowerby, in describing that species, had Swainson’s shell before him. Swainson’s name had long before been preoccupied by Dillwyn, and must hence be dropped. Petit had, therefore, proposed, in 1851 (Journ. de Conch., ii, 55), to change the name to Swain- soniana; but as Sowerby’s phrygia was described in 1846, it may properly be retained, with J. guttata, Sw., and MZ. Swain- soniana, Petit, as synonyms.
Sp. 68. M. DeBurghie, Reeve.—A very distinct species, rare in collections, for the possession of which | am indebted to the
kindness of Mr. D. W. Ferguson, of Brooklyn, N. Y.
Sp. 69. M. murals, Hinds.—This species, carefully described by Hinds in Proc. Lond. Zool. Soc., 1844, p. 76, under the im- pression that it differed from Kiener’s M. maculosa, must, I think, be referred to that species. It agrees well with Kiener’s figure, and is, in fact, the only species figured by either Sowerby or Reeve which does answer to that. Kiener’s description also applies, except as to the “smooth labrum,”’ while both figure and description apply to Hinds’ shell far closer than to the MW. guttata, Sw. If my views be correct, the species must resume the name of WZ. Maculosa, Kiener, and WM. muralis, Hinds, must take the place of synonym.
Sp. 70. M. sagittata, Hinds. Not so well figured as in Sowerby. I cannot distinguish WZ. fluctuata, C. B. Ad. (Contr. to Conch., p. 56), from this.
Sp. 71. M. frumentum, Sow. Here ascribed to the West Indies, and so also in Sowerby’s Thesaurus; but in Sowerby’s original description (Proc. Lond. Zool. Soc., 1832, p. 57) it is said to have been brought by Mr. Cuming from St. Elena and Salanga (Ecuador). I suspect that this is correct, the West Indian species of this type being MW. sagittata, as above.
Sp. 72. M. catenata, Mont. Two species are here con- foundea under this name. Fig. 72, a, 6, represent the true cate- nata, while Fig. 73 is evidently drawn from J. puleherrima, Gaskoin (described in Proc. Lond. Zool. Soc., 1849, p. 21), a species similar in size and form to the catenata, but differing widely in its minute markings.
OF CONCHOLOGY. 93
Sp. 75. M. oryea, Lam. Very properly restored to its place as a species distinct from M. miliaria, L.
Sp. 81. M. lactea, Kiener. As only the back of the shell is figured, the more essential characters are not seen; but as the description states the columella to be three-plaited, it cannot be Kiener’s shell, which he distinctly describes as ‘‘ quadriplicata.”’ Reeve’s shell is doubtless the M. subtriplicata, Orb., closely allied, but differing by having only three plaits, which are also more oblique than in lactea. Reeve’s figure 135, on plate 24, - also represents the M. subtriplicata. Both species are found at various points in the Caribbean province.
Sp. 83. M. avena, Val. The shell here figured is not the usual typical form, but that which Bernardi has described and figured in Petit’s Journ. de Conch., iv, 149, as M. Beyerleana. IT have hitherto regarded this as a distinct species, characterized by the interrupted character of its rose-colored bands; but some specimens have recently been sent me by Mr. D. W. Ferguson, in which these bands—while still of a bright rosy tinge—are free from interruption, and well connect the Beyerleana with the ordinary or more fulvous variety.
Sp. 85. M. teniata, Sow. Neither Sowerby nor Reeve gives the habitat of this species. I have specimens from the Bahama Islands.
Sp. 87. M. conoidalis, Kiener. M. apicina, Menke, which
is quoted as a synonym, should take precedence.
Sp. 88. M. pruinosa, Hinds. This figure approaches the Carolina shell which I have named M. roscida (Proe. Phil. Ac. Nat. Sci., xii, 174), though it shows less angularity of the body whorl. A comparison of the original types may, perhaps, show them to be identical. Mr. Conrad (Am. Journ. Conch., iv, 67) says he is unable to distinguish my MW. roscida from his M. limatula (fossil). In a fossil state the flecking of the MW. roscida would readily disappear, and I think further examination may establish the identity of the two, in which case Mr. Conrad’s name would take precedence over all.
Sp. 90. MM. Sauleyana, Petit. The figure certainly repre- sents, not the Sauleyana, but cincta, so as to fully justify Reeve’s remark that it is ‘very closely allied to VW. cincta, and possibly a variety of that species.” But MZ. Sauleyana, Petit, is, in my estimation, quite a different affair, being identical with MZ. Storerta, Couthouy, referred to in my note on the next species.
7
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Sp. 92. M. erassilabrum, Sow. This is certainly not Sower- by’s shell, which, as figured in Thesaurus Conch., is a small species, only 5 lines in length. Reeve’s shell is a larger, well- known species, inhabiting Brazil and a portion of the Caribbean province, and which was first described by Couthouy in Journ. Bost. Nat. Hist. Soc., under the name of JZ. Storerta. I can- not doubt that it is identical with M. Sauleyana, Petit, not Reeve. The West African MZ. amygdala is allied to it, but is less shouldered, and altogether a less solid shell.
Sp. 98. M. vexillum, Redf. My name is quoted as a MS. name in Cuming’s collection, but my description was published in 1852 in Ann. N. Y. Lyc. Nat. Hist., v, 224. But it was not there figured, as the shell is exceedingly rare; and, as the ex- ample figured by Reeve is far less perfect than my own, I now present a figure of it which better shows the characteristic mark- ings of the species. See plate 8, fig. 2, referring to the above work, for the full description.
Sp. 99. M. bibalteata, Reeve. Habitat blank. This seems to me to be the JY. gracilis, C. B. Ad., from Jamaica, described in 1851 (Ann. N. Y. Lyc. Nat. Hist., v, 46). The late Prof. Adams sent types of his Jamaica species to Mr. Cuming, and they should have been known to those who had charge of the collection.
Sp. 100. MM. hvida, Reeve. Habitat blank. Very near to
the small varieties of W. avena, Val.
Sp. 103. MM. navicella, Reeve. Habitat unknown. Iden- tical, I think, with MZ. rubella, C. B. Ad., in Proc. Bost. Nat. Hist. Soc., ii, p. 1, 1845, from Jamaica.
Sp. 107. MW. alabaster, Reeve. A species without habitat assigned, and of which only the back is figured. Very close to Sowerby’s M. fauna, which is not mentioned by Reeve—the chief difference seeming to be that Sowerby’s shell had a slight tinge of color, while this is perfectly white. Sowerby, in the Thesaurus, says that the habitat of WZ. fauna is unknown; but in his description in Proc. Zool. Soc. he refers it to Curacoa. I have specimens from Cuba which answer very closely to Reeve’s alabaster, which strengthen my impression that JZ. fauna and M. alabaster are one, belonging to the Caribbean province.
Sp. 111. M. monilis (L.). Petit (in Jour. de Conch., ii, 57) has well distinguished two forms which have been confounded under this name. For that figured by Sowerby he has proposed the name of Soverbiana. Reeve’s figure represents the true
OF CONCHOLOGY. 95
monilis, but his description better suits Sowerby’s shell, for he says it is 4-plaited, while the true monilis is 5 and 6-plaited.
Sp. 121. M. chrysomelina, Redf. No relation to M. maecu- losa, as Reeve suggests, but more allied to M. multilineata, Sow.
Sp. 123. M. margarita, Kiener. Repeated from plate 16, but this time with the wrong habitat of ‘‘ India.” In the first description it is correctly given ‘“‘ West Indies.’ See note on M. candida, Sow., farther on.
Sp. 124. M. serrata, Gaskoin. Quoted only as a MS. name, though Gaskoin’s description appeared in Proc. Lond. Zool. Soc. 1849, p. 19. Gaskoin’s habitat, Mauritius, is more likely to be correct than Reeve’s, which is West Indies.
Sp. 126. M. triplicata, Gaskoin. Quoted only as a MS. name, though described in loc. supra cit. It is surprising that Gaskoin’s paper is entirely ignored in this monograph.
Sp. 134. M. candida, Sow. I cannot distinguish this from M. Margarita, Kiener. Had either of Reeve’s figures of the latter given a front view, it might have aided us to decide. I can see no essential difference between Sowerby’s figures of the two species. Kiener’s figure of JZ. Margarita shows a more rounded shoulder, but his figures of the small species in this genus are very inaccurate, as already remarked.
Sp. 145. DM. semen, Reeve. Compare with M. ovuliformis, Orb., which it much resembles.
Sp. 154. M Mhiliaria (.). Very badly figured.
In this monograph Mr. Reeve has added about +40 species (some perhaps doubtful) to those already known, while he has omitted about 50 species previously published, many of the lat- ter being little known or doubtful. Among those omitted are several of the species of Sowerby’s monograph. The MW. triti- cea, Lam. (by some referred to M. exilis, Gm.), is among the omissions, and the group of which that species is a representa- tion needs further elucidation.
Mr. Reeve’s monograph enumerates (deducting some species twice figured) 154 species, which only exceeds by 10 the num- ber given in Petit’s catalogue of 1851, in Jour. de: Conch. ii, pp- 51-56. My own MS. catalogue of published species con- tains upwards of 200 species, but an inspection of the actual types would doubtless reduce this number. When we note that Dillwyn’s Descriptive Catalogue, published in 1817, names but 18 species belonging to this genus, we have an illustration of the great advance which has been made in our knowledge of the species of mollusca generally, within half a century.
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DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW FOSSIL MOLLUSCA, PRINCI- PALLY CRETACEOUS.
BY T. A.’ CONRAD.
PACHYCARDIUM, Conrad.
Elevated, thick, cardinal plate broad; ligament deep and ob- lique; anterior cardinal tooth in the left valve slightly oblique or nearly direct, prominent, compressed, triangular; anterior lateral teeth distant, very prominent, with a pit on the inner side; sculpture, radiating little prominent ribs on the posterior side.
P. SPILLMANI, Conrad.
This genus is as easily recognised as Protocardia, but, unlike the latter, it contains only two species, both of which existed in the Chalk period, one in Mississippi and the other in India. The Indian species, C. bisectum, Forbes, has more numerous wabs, which cover half the surface; but the American shell has fewer ribs, which do not extend so far as the middle of the valves. The former has much more elevated beaks than the latter.
This genus has not been found in any formation later than the Oligocene, and yet one recent shell, P. Belcheri, Adams, lives in the Soloo seas, in deep water.
CARDIUM, Linn. %
C. RreLeYaNum, Conrad.—PI. 9, fig. 6.
Description.—Suborbicular, equilateral, ventricose; ribs 21, broad anteriorly, narrow posteriorly, interstices crossed by pro- minent minute lines.
Locality.—Haddonfield, N. J.
GEMMA? Deshayes. G. CRETACEA, Conrad.—P 1. 9, fig. 19. Description.—Triangular, subequilateral, convex, smooth and
OF CONCHOLOGY. 97
polished; anterior and posterior margins nearly equally oblique ; extremities acutely and nearly equally rounded; beaks not pro- minent or inclined.
Locality.—Tippah Co.? Miss.
NEMODON, Conrad.
Description. Equivalved, thin ; hinge line long and straight, or slightly curved under the umbo; hinge in the left valve with three linear teeth parallel with the anterior cardinal margin; posterior lateral tooth double, very long, linear ; under the apex a few granular teeth.
N. EvuraLensis, Conrad.—Pl. 9, fig. 16.
Description. Trapezoidal, elongated, thin, contracted from umbo to base; summit obtuse ; concentric lines minute and punc- tate ; radiating lines very minute and indistinct; posterior mar- gin oblique, slightly rounded.
Arca (Macrodon) Hufalensis, Gabb. Locality. Waddonfield, N. J.
This genus is related to the older Macrodon, Lycett, and to the Eocene Arca heterodonta, which Deshayes places in a group of 3 species, under the name Cucullaries. I think these 3 spe- cies are not representatives of one genus, but of three. Macro- don characterizes the Jurassic era, Nemodon the Cretaceous, and Cucullaria, as represented by Arca heterodon, Deshayes, the older Hocene.
Arca heterodon, Desh., is a species of this genus, which is ex- clusively Cretaceous.
NEMOARCA, Conrad. N. cretacea, Conrad.—PI. 9, fig. 21.
Description.—Trapezoidal, short, ventricose, subequilateral ; ribs 30 as far as umbonal slope, linear, except 3 or 4 nearest to the umbonal slope, which are wider, and one of them grooved; ribs on the anterior submargin and post umbonal area close and minute; hinge line linear, teeth minute, oblique.
Locality. UWaddonfield, N. J.
This small species more nearly resembles Striarca, Conrad, than any other Cretaceous bivalve; but it has the cardinal teeth oblique. ‘There is no internal plate, and the radiating lines are more prominent than in Trigonarca. No species of this genus has been found in the Eocene or later Tertiaries.
98 AMERICAN JOURNAL
TRIGONARCA, Conrad. T. CUNEIFORMIS, Conrad.—PI. 9, fig. 1.
Description. Trapeziform, inequilateral, elongated, posterior side cuneate; anterior side distinctly radiated; posterior radii very minute, close, obsolete; umbonal slope angulated; post umbonal area depressed, extremity acute; posterior hinge mar- gin oblique.
Locality. Haddonfield, N. J.
The smallest species yet known.
PERRISONOTA, Conrad.
Equivalved, elongated ; posterior hinge line long, curved, lin- ear, with numerous close, transverse teeth, extending nearly to the end margin; anterior hinge area broad, oblique and some- what distant from the hinge margin. No fosset under the apex?
P. PROTEXTA, Conrad.—PI. 9, fig. 24.
Description. Subensiform, smooth, convex; anterior side short, extremity situated nearer the hinge than ventral margin.
Locality.— Haddonfield, N. J. NUCULARIA, Conrad.
N. papyrra, Conrad.—Pl. 9, fig. 25.
For description see p. 44 of this work. The figure represents a larger specimen, with some variation of form from that on pl. no. 0s
Locality.— Haddonfield, N. J.
CY PRIMERIA, Conrad.
C. cRETACEA, Conrad.—Pl. 9, fig. 12.
Dosinia Haddonfieldensis, Lea., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. 1861, p. 149.
This is the only species yet found at Haddonfield, where it is abundant. Young shells are distinctly sculptured over the whole disk with regular concentric lines, but the adult has them only on the umbo, the other lines being those of growth. This species is distinguished by its obtuse front margin, and the ele- vated or less oblique hinge margins, compared with C. depressa, Conrad. The figure in the Journal of the Academy represents the interior; the disk is here figured together with the hinge.
OF CONCHOLOGY. 99
CAMPTONECTES, Agassiz. C. ARGILLENSIS, Conrad.—(Pecten) Journ Acad. Nat. Sci. 2d series, vol. iv, p. 283, pl. 47, fig. 3.
C. BELLISCULPTUS, Conrad.—PI. 9, fig. 11.
Description.—Ovate, compressed, thin and fragile; divaricating radii distinct; concentric lines extremely thin and minute; 1n- terior hinge line crenulated.
Locality.—Haddonfield, N. J.
The above description applies to the lower valve. I have not seen the opposite valve.
SINSYCLONEMA? Meek. S. stmpLicia.—Pl. 9, fig. 20.
The lower valve was represented in the Journ. Acad. vol. iv, pl. 46, fig. 44. The upper valve is here figured. It is remark- able for the prominence of the concentric striez, and has a few obsolete remote ribs.
Locality.— Haddonfield, N. J.
RADULA, Klein,
R. DENTICUTICOSTA.—PI. 9, fig. 17 (Ctenotdes) Gabb, Proceed. Acad. Nat. Sci. 1861, p. 327.
The ribs of the shell, when perfect, are sharply and minutely carinated as well as crenulated.
Locality.—Haddonfield, N. J.
THELLIAINIDA. METIS, H. and A. Adams.
This genus, which H. and A. Adams place as a subgenus un- der Tellinide, is nearly related to Macoma by the hinge charac- ter, but has a shorter and more ventricose and obtuse form. It is readily recognised by its subequal sides, the broad furrow on the middle of the right valve, and angular fold on the umbonal slope. It occurs in a fossil state, and the following species com- prise all that are known to me:
M. biplicata, Conrad ( Tellina), M. medialis, Conrad ( Tellina), > Miocene. M. unda, Conrad ( Tellina), \
M. tumescens, Dixon, Eocene.
Mr. Gabb has made a mistake in referring M. medialis, Con-
100 AMERICAN JOURNAL
rad, a Miocene fossil, to M. alta, Conrad, a recent Californian species. The former is proportionally longer and less ventricose than the latter.
MERCENARIA. M. PLEeNA, Conrad. Description.—Cordate, inequilateral, ventricose, oblique, with close concentric rugose lines ; posterior side subcuneiform ; lunule ovate; inner margin densely crenulated.
Locality.x—Eastern Shore, Md. Prof. Cope. Miocene.
I am indebted to Mr. Gabb for this species. It approximates M. capax, Conrad, but is shorter, less ventricose, more oblique ; the hinge character differs, and the pallial sinus is deeper and more angular.
LIROSCAPHA, Conrad. Beak terminal erect, acute.
L. squamosa, Conrad.—PIl. 9, fig. 28.
Description.— Oblong, ventricose, with unequal squamose or spinulose ribs.
Locality.x— Haddonfield, N. J. Rare.
This is possibly a univalve. It resembles a Crepidula exter- nally, but there is no testaceous lamina within. It may be re- lated to Thylacus, Conrad, figured in the Journal of the Acad- emy, vol. iv, pl. 46, fig. 22.
CANCELLARIA, Lam. C. suBALTA, Conrad.—PI. 9, fig. 22.
Description.—Elevated ; whorls 6, convex, first three smooth ; sculpture prominent; rather close longitudinal ribs crossed by smaller lines, about 12 on the last whorl; these lines more dis- tant between the suture and shoulder; labrum angulated above the middle, thickened, strongly toothed on the inner margin; base slightly produced.
Locality— Haddonfield, N. J.
EULIMA, Risso. K. cRETACEA, Conrad.—PIl. 9, fig. 15.
Description.—Subulate, whorls 11? slightly truncated at base, except the last volution, which is subangular or acutely rounded medially.
Locality. Haddonfield, N. J.
OF CONCHOLOGY. 101
Distinguished by the whorls of the spine suddenly curved in- wards above the suture.
GADUS, Rang.
G. opnutUS, Conrad.—PI. 9, fig. 18.
Description.—Slightly curved, gradually tapering above, more suddenly towards the mouth, which is small.
Locality. Haddonfield, N. J.
CARDITAMERA, Conrad. C. MACROPLEURA, Conrad.
Description.—Trapezoidal, ventricose ; large, prominent, flat- tened on the surface, crossed by prominent lines: ribs 13, grad- ually increasing in size from the anterior extremity to the umbo- nal slope; the adjoining post-umbonal rib large, but smaller than the umbonal, and between it and the dorsal line are 3 small or slender ribs, the marginal one thickest; posterior margin ob- liquely truncated; umbo broad.
Locality.— Virginia. SAXCICAVA, Lam. S. rnorra, Conrad.
Description.—Trapezoidal, inequilateral, convex, with minute concentric lines ; posterior end obliquely truncated, biangulated ; beaks distant from the anterior margin.
Locality.—E. shore, Maryland.
CYPRINOPSIS, Conrad.
Equivalve; two anterior cardinal teeth, and one very oblique bifid tooth in the right valve. Pallial line entire.
Type.—Artemis elliptica, Smith, Journ. Geolog. Soe. vii, pl. 15, figs. 2, 3.
Meretrizx ovalis, Gabb, Palzont. Calif. Cretaceous.
This genus is nearly related to Cyprina, but the two subequal anterior cardinal teeth of the right valve sufficiently distinguish it. It has also a much narrower posterior tooth, bifid, not tri- lobed or broadly channelled as in Cyprina.
PALAZOCORBIS, Conrad.
Equivalve ; hinge with a pit under the beak of the left valve, and an obtuse anterior thick cardinal tooth; an anterior thick
102 AMERICAN JOURNAL
lateral tooth in each valve, in the left valve excavated; poste- rior lateral teeth in the left valve 3, parallel with the cardinal line ; pallial line entire; anterior side gaping.
Corbis cordiformis, D’Orbigny. Cretaceous.
This genus differs essentially from Corbis, Cuv., in the ar- rangement of the hinge teeth, and is not of earlier date than the Necomian Cretaceous. This fossil is common in Egypt as well as France.
Whether Cordis rotundata, D’Orbigny, is a member of this genus is doubtful, as the hinge character differs.
Triassic. SOLEMYA. S. TRIASINA, Conrad.
Description.—Oval, extremely thin; end margins subequal and obtuse. Length 1? inch. Height 1 inch.
Locality.— Near Perkiomen Creek, Penn.
This cast, with portions of the shell remaining, is in a dark, hard slate colored shale. Traces of the extra marginal perios- traca are seen in plications on the stone. Plications are also visible on the posterior side near the extremity on one valve, and other obtuse folds may be the result of pressure on a very thin shell.
My apology for describing this obscure cast is that organic re- mains, especially shells, are comparatively few in the ‘Triassic rock of Pennsylvania, and I wish to call attention to this bivalve that better specimens may be searched for by collectors and nat- uralists.
DON AX, Linn. D. Forni, Conrad.—PI. 9, fig. 27.
Description.—Triangular, inequilateral, ventricose; extremi- ties acutely rounded; radiated by minute, close impressed lines, near the posterior ventral margin a few concentric lines are cre- nulated by the junction with the radiating lines.
Localitykx— Haddonfield, N. J. Mr. J. W. Ford.
ERYCINELLA, Conrad. Woodia levigata, Speyer, is a species of this genus. Rteference.—Dunker’s Palzeont. pl. 30, fig. 8.
OF CONCHOLOGY. 103
SOLEMYA, Lam.
S. VENTRIcOsA, Conrad.
The external form and the rays indicate this shell to be a true Solemya, where it must remain until the hinge has been seen. Mr. Gabb refers it to Siliqua patula, Dixon, but it differs greatly in form, being highest posteriorly, and especially varies by the rayed posterior lines, and it is besides an extinct species.
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NOTES ON RECENT MOLLUSCA.
BY T. A. CONRAD.
PLEIODON MacmurtTreI, Conrad.
Swainson’s original Latin description of Zridina ovata reads “testa leevi, transversim ovata,’’ but his translation reads ‘ trans- versely oval.’’ The form of the shell known as J. ovata is nei- ther the one nor the other ; it is elliptical, whilst the P. Macmur- trei is perovate. Swainson says the umbones are placed nearly in the middle of the hinge margin, in his species, but in the for- mer they are much nearer the anterior extremity. It has been suggested that our shell has received an injury, but this is a slight deformity of a portion of the ventral margins. The broad and prominent umbo, ovate and shorter form distinguish it from P. ovata, independent of any accident.
P. ovatus, Adams, Genera pl. cxix, fig. 2, is a species distinct from either of the above mentioned, and probably undescribed.
Busycon carica, Lam.
By some unexplicable oversight the name of Murex aruana, Rumphius, 1705, was applied by me to B. carica. Linne’s first reference to a figure is that of Murex aruana, Rumphius, but his ~ description and second reference to a figure in Gualteerz apply to B. carica. This singular error is continued in several editions of Syst. Nat.
B. gibbosum, Con., is erroneously given a synonym of B. Kienert. It should stand thus:
B. exiceans, Montfort. B. gibbosum, Con.
CONUS, Lin. C. STEARNSII, Conrad.—Pl. 10, fig. 1.
Description.—Subfusiform; sides nearly straight; spire ele- vated, acute, longitudinally wrinkled; sides nearly rectilinear,
OF CONCHOLOGY. 105
or slightly concave; volutions slightly carinated at base; angle of body whorl carinated; 10 revolving impressed lines on the body whorl; color bluish brown above on the body whorl, with revolving series of whitish spots and a brown dot between each of the lighter ones; carina of body whorl marked by a series of distant brown spots; lower part of body whorl yellowish, clouded with a series of brown dots on the ridges between the impressed lines; spire yellowish and brown spotted; labrum slightly sinu- ous, spotted within.
Locality.—Oyster Bar, Pine Key, W. coast Florida. R. E. C. Stearns.
This little shell belongs to a group of cones with elevated spires, characteristic of the central Pacific and Atlantic coasts. Mr. Stearns obtained 5 specimens, of which some were alive, on Oyster Bar, in a small bayou at Pine Key ;, also on the beach of mainland back of Long Key.
Carpium Nurrauuit, Conrad.
Mr. Carpenter makes this name a synonym of C. corbis, Meusch, or of Martyn. Ihave not seen the description, but I make a comparison of Nuttalliz with the figure given by Martyn:
C. corbis.—85 large ribs, with| C. Nuttallid.— Large ribs 28; an intermediate smaller rib be-| no intermediate rib. tween most of them.
3 wide ribs on posterior slope.| 6 close narrow ribs on poste- terior slope. Ligament narrow. Ligament very wide.
Narrower and much more prominent beaks.
Locality.—Pooloo Condor—} Locality.—Upper California. tropical China seas.
CAPULUS, Mont. C. SHREEVEI, Conrad.—Pl. 13, fig. 3.
Deseription.—Hlevated, profoundly curved, compressed ; back flattened, traces of longitudinal lines near the base, margins an- gular.
Locality.—Long Island, 8. Carolina.
This curious shell is only provisionally referred to Capulus, as it is not sufficiently perfect to classify without some doubt of its generic character.
It was found by a young student of conchology, Miss Lizzie Shreeve, to whom [I dedicate it.
106 AMERICAN JOURNAL
UROSALPINX, Stimpson. U. Frioriwana, Conrad.—Pl. 12, fig. 4.
Description.—F usiform, longitudinal ribs distant, prominent, thick, rounded; spire prominent, scalariform; whorls 6, penulti- mate whorl with 8 prominent revolving lines; last volution profoundly ribbed and having 10 conspicuous prominent revolving lines; caudal ridge prominent, curved; beak recurved, longitu- dinal prominent wrinkled lines are conspicuous over the whole surface; aperture and columella purple; labrum with 7 lines within.
Locality.—Tampa Bay, Florida.
This shell somewhat resembles Murex craticulatus.
It is rough, cinereous in color, and the lower part from labrum summit to extremity of siphonal canal is three-tenths of an inch longer than from the summit of labrum to apex.
RANELLA, Lam. S. Gen. Eupuera, H. and A. Adams. R. TAMPHENSIS, Conrad.—P] 12, fig. 5.
Murex Tampeensis, Conrad, Proceed. Acad. Nat. Sciences, vol. iii, 1846, p. 25.
BUSYCON, Mont. B. ELICEANS, Mont.
Mr. R. E. C. Stearns has presented to the Academy a fine adult specimen from Florida and a young shell, which, compared with a specimen of cartea of about the same stage of development, pre- sents the following differences: thicker than carica, the spines - larger in front, but suddenly becoming very thick, distant and pro- foundly elevated on the back, whilst in the cartca they continue of a comparatively very small size. ‘The color of eliceans is bright reddish brown, having a tinge of purple, with a broad white colu- mella. The columella of carica is striated and has dark purple lines, whilst the general color of the markings is purple black. The lines of distinction between eliceans, carica, Kieneri, perver- sum, coarctatum and candelabrum are strongly defined. If B. carica and B. perversum are one species, how is it that perversum should be abundant in Florida and unknown on the coasts of the Middle and Eastern States, where cartica abounds? The perver- sum attains a far larger size than carica; indeed I have never seen an adult specimen of the latter among Florida shells, nor did I see a specimen of any kind during the two months I was collecting on the southern coast of Florida.
OF CONCHOLOGY. 107
B. eliceans is well represented in Reeve’s figure, Mon. spe- ciés 16, which is misnamed Pyrula arwanum, and also in Chenu’s figure with the same name. Manual, vol. ii, p. 180.
For good figures of B. carica, see Encyc. Method. pl. 488, fig. 3; Lister, t. 880, fig. 3; Gaulteri, pl. 47, fig. B.
MODULUS, Gray. M. Froripanus, Conrad.—PI. 12, fig. 6.
Description.—Suborbicular, whorls 5, channelled at the su- ture; penultimate and last volutions with transverse nodular ribs; a revolving rib at the base of the whorls of the spire, slightly nodular and continued on the last volutions below the transverse ribs; shoulder rounded; revolving ribs of last whorl 8, rounded, slightly nodular; white, with black spots; columellar tooth ob- lique, perfectly straight, tinged’ with purple; umbilicus small; columella concave, purple; operculum round, concave.
Locality.—F lorida.
This pretty species is smaller than JM. lenticularis, Chemn., and differs most obviously in having a rounded shoulder, more numerous and smaller transverse ribs, and a round operculum. The last whorl has conspicuous transverse wrinkled lines between the ribs. The transverse ribs are small and numerous, and be- come obsolete towards the aperture on the last volution. It may possibly be a variety of MW. unidens, Lister.
CYRENA. C. prorexta, Conrad.—PI. 12. fig. 3.
Description.—Longitudinally cuneiform, very inequilateral, thin in substance, elongated, anteriorly ventricose, posteriorly folded or contracted from the umbonal margin, behind the apex, obliquely to ventral margin, which is emarginate in that part; posterior extremity narrowed and obtusely rounded; prominent concentric lines on the umbo; summit prominent, color white, tinged with brown towards the posterior ventral margin and pos- terior extremity ; within white, dark purple towards the posterior end.
Locality.— Tampa Bay.
This species is longer than C. Floridana, and may be readily distinguished by its whitish exterior and posterior dorsal line straight to the extremity, as well as by its longer outline, more prominent beaks, and less ventricose form. The palleal line has a very short, sharply angular sinus. Several living specimens were obtained by Mr. Stearns.
108 AMERICAN JOURNAL
MODIOLARIA, Beck. Young specimens of MW. lateralis, Say, were obtained by Mr. Stearns at Point Penallis and Rocky Point, Tampa Bay. ANOMALOCARDIA, Klein. A. Fuoripana, Conrad.—PI. 13, fig. 2.
Description.—Elongated, rhomboidal, ventricose, inequilateral, beaks remote; summit very prominent and broad, slightly flat- tened; umbonal slope rounded, undefined; ribs 29 to the umbo- nal slope, narrow, flattened, grooved in the right valve; in the left valve the medial ribs are entire; fine, regular waved concen- tric lines cover the whole disks; periostraca brown and woolly ; cardinal line straight; teeth small and numerous.
Locality.—Long Key, Gulf of Mexico; Galveston, Texas. R. K. C. Stearns.
A long white species, allied to A. secticosta, Reeve, but pro- portionally less elevated, with fewer ribs; the muscular impres- sions are barely visible.
HARVELLA, Gray. H. pactFica, Conrad.—Plate 12, fig. 2. For description, see Am. Jour. Conch. ili, p. 192. SPISSULA, Gray. S. CATILLIFORMIS, Conrad.—Plate 13, fig. 1. For description, see Am. Jour. Conch. iii, p. 193.
S. DOLABRIFORMIS, Conrad.—Plate 12, fig. 1. For description, see Am. Jour. Conch. iii p. 193.
OF CONCHOLOGY. 109
DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPHCIES OF TERRESTRIAL MOL- LUSCA FROM THE ANDAMAN ISLANDS, INDIAN AR- CHIPELAGO.
BY GHO. W. TRYON, JR.
The small collection of shells from the above locality I believe are almost the only specimens of the Mollusca of the Andamans which have been seen by any naturalist, as I cannot discover any species attributed to these islands in the various mono- graphs.* In view of this fact, and of the isolation of these is- lands, we may rationally conclude that most of the shells which may be discovered there hereafter will be peculiar to them and new to science.
The Andaman Islands are a densely wooded group, situated in the lower part of the Bay of Bengal, nearly two hundred miles south-west of Cape Negrais, and about the same distance north of the Nicobar Islands. They are scantily populated by barbarous tribes. Area about 38000 square miles. A British naturalist, Dr. Helfer, lost his life, a few years ago, from an at- tack of the natives while endeavoring to investigate their natural history. The mollusca are of course of Indian types.
1. Ruysora (Helix) CHAMBERTINI, Tryon.—PIl. 10, fig. 2.
Description.—-Shell turbinately depressed, rather solid, whorls five, convex, with deep sutures, the last whorl slightly angulate on the periphery. Surface marked with rugose growth lines, decussated by numerous close undulating revolving strie. Aper- ture oblique, oval; lips simple, thickened near the narrow umbi- licus. Color chestnut brown, white within.
Dimensions.—Diam. 31, alt. 21, mill.
* The only conchological mention of the islands is in a paper by Mr. W. 4H. Benson (Annals and Mag. Nat. Hist. 3d ser. vi, 190, 1860), con- taining descriptions of Helix Helferv, Streptaxis Andamanica, and Helv- euna Andamanica, and in the Mal. Blatter is the description of a Helvx from the same locality.
8
110 AMERICAN JOURNAL
Belongs to the group of which HZ. ovum, Val., H. rhea, Pfr., and other well known large species are members.
Named in honor of Capt. W. B. Chambertin, British Army.
2. AMPELITA (Helix) Braspyi, Tryon.—Pl. 10, fig. 3.
Deseription.—Shell depressed trochiform, solid, acutely cari- nate at the periphery; whorls five, flat above, convex beneath, with well impressed sutures. Surface marked by close slight growth lines; color chestnut, without bands; aperture rhomboi- dal, with white, thickened, reflected lip, partly covering the nar- row umbilicus.
Dimensions.—Diam. 25, alt. 15, mill.
Much resembles H. wnicolor, Pfr., but that species is some- what larger, and the margin of the aperture is chocolate colored.
Named after J. J. Bigsby, M.D., a zealous American natura- list and collector.
3. Orosia (Helix) ANDAMANENSIS, Tryon.—Pl. 10, fig. 4.
Deseription.—Shell depressed, thin above, thicker below, shin- ing, with impressed sutures and growth lines; spire but slightly elevated ; whorls five, the last one slightly angulate at the perl- phery, and more convex below; aperture lunate; lip simple, acute, slightly reflected over the minute perforation. Light cor- neous.
Dimensions. —Diam. 12, alt. 6, mill.
Resembles H. vitrinoides, Desh., but is a smaller species, with one less whorl, more convex above, the sutures not margined, and the striz of growth more distinct.
PLECTOPYLIS (Helix) ACHATINA, Gray.
Somewhat smaller, but does not otherwise differ from Indian examples, either externally or in its armature.
4. Orns (Bulimus) PEALEI, Tryon.—Pl. 10, fig. 5.
Description.—Shell turreted, elongate, slender, rather solid ; whorls eight, flatly convex; suture slight; apex papillary ; aper- ture ovate, small; lip simple; columella perpendicular, forming an angle with the lip at the base. Light greenish horn color, white within.
Dimensions.—Length 35, diam. 9, mill. Resembles Bul. elongatulus, Pfr., but’ may be distinguished
OF CONCHOLOGY. gH 19
from it by the whorls being less convex and the columella straight instead of incurved.
Named after Mr. C. W. Peale, of Philadelphia, a gentleman much interested in conchology.
5. ? Cyctostoma Lzat, Tryon.—Pl. 10, fig. 6.
Description.——Shell globosely conic, narrowly umbilicate ; whorls five, convex, closely spirally striated ; aperture oval; lip slightly reflected. Epidermis light brown, crossed by zigzag darker flames, which are most apparent below the sutures. Operculum ?
Dimensions.—Diam. 16, alt. 19, mill.
Hexicina Nricoparica, Phil.
Two specimens which I have carefully examined appear to belong to this species, although the colored band is very indis- tinct in one individual and not visible in the other. Mr. Sow- erby (Thes. Conch. ii, t. 276, f. 381, 382) has confounded H. Andamanensis, Benson, with this species, but Andamanensis is much larger and, I think, distinct.
ScARABUS TRIGONUS, Troschel.
1 AMERICAN JOURNAL
NOTICES AND REVIEWS
OF
NEW CONCHOLOGICAL WORKS.
BY GEO. W. TRYON, JR.
T.—AMERICAN.
Proceedings of the Portland Society of Natural History. Vol. 1. Part 2, 1869.
The Clio borealis on the coast of Maine. By Dr. W. Woop.
This rare arctic visitant of our shores was detected at Port- land from the beginning of April until May 7th, 1868. Its appearance is described to the unusual severity of the season. There is no record of its occurrence in our waters previously since 1838, when it was observed in the vicinity of New York.
Observations on the genus Unio; together with Descriptions of new species in the family Unionide, and Descriptions of new species of the Melanide and Paludine. By Isaac Lea, L.L.D. Vol. xii. (With 26 plates). 1869.
Twelve volumes almost entirely devoted to the description and illustration of new species in a single family of fluviatile mollusca! Over forty years of the life of a gentleman of liberal culture—an active and successful business man withal—almost unremittingly devoted to the study of fresh-water clams! The general public still scoff and cry cwd-bono 2? and men with a smattering of science admit the service done by Dr. Lea as a contribution of facts to the sum of human knowledge, but object that he has ridden his hobby entirely too hard, and has made species where there are no differences. It is unfortunate for Dr. Lea’s popular reputation that these critics have not a better
OF CONCHOLOGY. tis
acquaintance with his subject, but it is a fact that not one pro- fessed conchologist in fifty understands the true specific charac- ters of the Unionide! It is only the very few who are initi- ated that can fairly estimate the great value of Dr. Lea’s writings, and properly appreciate the grandeur of this monumental work.
The species described in Vol. 12 have already been enumer- ated by me in noticing the Proceedings of the Philadelphia Academy where they were first published. They are principally of the United States, although a goodly number are from South and Central America and Asia Minor. The illustrations of course are very accurate and of the highest artistic merit ; indeed nothing inferior in this way would be tolerated by the author, whose careful supervision of all the mechanical details has rendered his volumes in all respects models of accuracy and beauty.
IIl.—FOREIGN.
BRITISH. Zoological Record, iv. 8vo. London, 1868.
Pages 485-602 of this valuable work contains the review of Conchological literature for the year 1867, by Dr. Edw. von Martens. ‘The work as usual, is very thoroughly done :—first the titles of all separate works as well as papers in zoological journals are given, next follow the faunas, and finally the mol- lusca are reviewed by families.
FRENCH.
Nouvelles Miscellanies Malacologiques. By M. Pauapiuun. Parts 2 and 3. 8vo. Paris, 1867-8.
These papers have been noticed by me already, upon their first publication in the ‘“‘ Revue et Magazin de Zoologie,’’ the above title being adopted by the author for his extra copies. There are several lithographic plates.
r]
Revue et Magasin de Zoologie. 1869. No.1.
Descriptions Mespéces nouvelles du genre Pomatias, suivies
dun Apergu synonymique sur les espéces de ce genre. By ALFRED DE SAINT-SIMON.
114 AMERICAN JOURNAL
P. Bourguignati, Pyrennees. P. Paladilhianus, Sicily.
“ Benoitii, Sicily. ‘“« Hispanicus, Bourg. Spain. ** protractus, Parreyss. Sicily, ‘ Madillianus, Pyrennees. “ Ashenarum, Greece. ‘“* Hellenicus, Greece.
A synonymical list of the known species is annexed.
Actes de la Societe Linneenne de Bordeaux. xxvi. Part 4. Mar. 1868.
Note sur le Limnea variabilis Millet et le Limnea glabra, Var. 8, variabilis, Mog.-Tand. By Aspe Lup. BaRrDIN.
De la Classification de certains opercules de Gasteropodes. By Cuas. DESMOULINS.
This paper I have already noticed from the separate copy forwarded by the author.
Journal de Conchyliologie. ix. No.2. Paris, April, 1869. 96 pp. with three colored and one plain plates.
Note sur la distribution géographique des Brachiopodes aux Antilles. (2d article). By H. Crosses et P. Fiscuer.
Note sur la faune malacologique marine de Vile d Elbe. By A. MANzonI.
Note sur la natation du Pecten maximus. By P. FIscHER.
Observations sur les principaux caractéres de la faune Mala- cologique terrestre du Brésil. By A. D. Brown.
Note sur la provenance exacte del Helix Cambojeensis, Reeve. By F. DANIEL.
Sur la synonymie du Loligo vulgaris, Lamarck. By P. FISCHER.
Monographie de la famille des Realica, Pfeiffer. By Wm. HARPER PEASE.
A very valuable catalogue of a family but little known by most of our conchologists—the species being principally of re- cent description.
Liste des espéces supposées appartenir au genre Assiminea
de Leach. By W. H. Pzase.
Omphalotropis macula, Martens, and O. fulvida, Pfr., and Hydrocena fasciolata, Morelet, are all synonyms of A. carinata, Lea.
A. lucida, Pease, n.sp. Isl. Annaa,
OF CONCHOLOGY. 115
Description @espéces nouvelles du genre Helicter, habitant les tles Hawau. By W. Harrver PEAsE.
Leptachatina cylindrata, Labiella pachystoma,
So brevicula, «compacta,
<s tenwicostata, Amastra porphyrostoma,
S simplex, i solida, Partulina compta, Laminella erecta. Diagnoses Molluscorum Nove Caledonie incolarum. By
H. Crosse. Turbinella Mariet, Bulimus scarabus, Albers, var. Cithara Richardi, - Ouveanus, Dotzauer, “© delacouriana, Neritina nucleolus, Morelet.
Pleurotoma Marie, Bulimus Alexander.
Note sur deux monstruosités remarquables del Helix pomatia, et sur deux Paramacella de France. By PAavL GERVAIS.
Diagnoses Molluscorum novorum. By H. Crosse.
Murex Pazi, Antilles. Bulimus Aristeus, Equador. Helix Cyrene, Oceania. Pupa gubernatoria, Bahamas. “ Cymodoce, .* Pterocyclas ? Eudedaleus, Borneo.
Bulimus longurio, Chili. Helicina miltochila. Fe Corydon, Equador. Ostrea Pauluccie. Diagnoses Molluscorum novorum, By J. G. Hipateo. Bul. semipictus, Equador. Bul. Bezensis, Equador. Diagnoses Molluscorum novorum ret publice Mexicane. By H. Crosse and P. Fiscuer. Tebennophorus Sallet. Berendtia, n.
Streptostyla Botteriana. Type Balea Taylori, Pfr.(=Cylindrella, (Urocoptis) Neweombiana, Gabb.)
Observations critiques sur quelques Paludines de U Indo- Chine. By AntHuuR MoRELET.
P. Ingalisiana, of Reeve, Martens, and Frauenfeld, but not of Lea, is made a new species, P. Frauenfeldi.
FP. trochoides, Martens. P. umbilicata, Reeve non Lea, is a synonym.
P. Lyriesti, Morelet, P. Fischeriana, Mab. et Le Mesle, is a synonym.
P. Sumatrensis, Dunker, P. polygramma, Martens, P. kineo- lata, Frauenfeld and Mousson, and JP. filosa, Hanley, are synonyms.
Bibliographie, Nouvelles.
116 AMERICAN JOURNAL
GERMAN.
Verhandlungen der Kaiserlich-Koniglichen Zoologisch-botanis- chen Gesellschaft in Wien, Vol. xviii. Vienna, 1868. Zoologische Miscellen. By Grora RITTER von FRAUEN- FELD. (Helix) Campylea Styriaca.
Beitrige zur Fauna der Nicobaren. By Gkora RITTER von FRAUENFELD. (Contains a list of species.)
Archiv fur Naturgeschichte. 34th year. Part 4th. Conducted by Dr. F. H. Troscuen. 1868.
The conductor reviews at length the Conchological literature published during the year 1867.
CATALOGUE
OF THE RECENT SPECIES OF THE FAMILY CORBICULAD &.
BY TEMPLE PRIME.
Family CORBICULADA:, Gray. Proc. Zool. Lond. xv, 184, 1847. Les Conques (ex parte), Lamarck, Lam. Phil. Zool. i, 318, 1809.
Les Conques fluviatiles, Lamarck, Lam. An. vy, 556, 1818. Veneriade, Leach, in litt. 1818.
Cycladia, Rafinesque, Ann. Gen. Sci. Phys. et Nat. v, 1820. Les Cyclades, Férussac, Tab. Syst. 43, 1822.
Cycladina, Latreille, Fam. Nat. 218, 1825.
Cyclade, Fleming, Hist. Brit. An. 409, 1828.
Cycladea, Deshayes, Encycl. Méth. 1830.
Cyrenide, Gray, Synop. Brit. Mus. 75, 91, 1840. Cycladacea, Hinds, Voy. Sulph. 66, 1844.
Cyclaside, D’Orbigny, Voy. 566, 1846.
GeNus CORBICULA, Megerle. Mag. Gesell. Naturf. Berl. v, 56, 1811.
Tellina (pars), Miller, Verm. ii, 205, 1774. Venus (pars), Chemnitz, Martini et Chemnitz vi, 320, 1782. Cyclas (pars), Bruguiére, Encycl. Méth. 1792. Cyrena, Lamarck, Lam. An. v, 552, 1818. Venulites, Schloth, Petref. 200, 1820. 28
128
1, Corb. Africana, Deshayes. Cyrena Africana, Krauss, Moll. 8. A. 8, pl. 1, f. 8, 1848. Cyrena Gauritziana, Krauss, in litt. 1848. Corbicula Africana, Deshayes, Brit. Mus. Cat. Conchif. 222, 1854. Prime, Cat. Corb. 4, 1863. Ann. Lye. N. H. N. Y. viii, 224, f. 57,1866. Cape of Good Hope, Africa. 2. Corb. Agrensis, Prime. Cyrena Agrensis, Kurr, in litt. Corbicula Agrensis, Prime, Proc. Ac. N. 8. Phila. 128, 1861. Prime Cat. Corb. 3, 1863. Ann. Lyc. N. H. N. Y. viii. 75, f. 24, 1864. Agra, India.
3. Corb. ambigua, Deshayes, Proc. Zool. Lond. xxii, 345, 1854.
Brit. Mus. Cat. Conchif. 223, 1854. R. Euphrates.
4, Corb. Amazonica, Anthony, Ann. Lyc. N. H. N. Y. ix, 1869. Rio Amazon.
5. Corb. amiralis, Prime, Ann. Lye. N. H. N. Y. ix, 1869. Cochin China.
6. Corb. Angasi, Prime, Cat. Corb. 4, 1863. J. Conchyl. xii, 151, pl. vii, f. 6, 1864. Murray River, S. Australia. 7. Corb. Astartina, Martens. Cyrena Astartina, Martens, Malak. Bl. vi, 219, pl. iti, f. 6, 7, 1859. Lake Nyassa, Africa.
8. Corb. Australis, Deshayes.
Cyclas Australis (exclus. var.), Lamarck, Lam. An. yv, 560, 1818.
Cyrena Australis, Deshayes, Wood Index Test. Suppl. 2, pl. xiv. f. 57, 1828. Encycl. Meth. ii. 50, 1830. Lam. An. Desh. ed. vi, 270, 1835.
Corbicula Australis, Deshayes, Brit. Mus. Cat. Conchif. 230, 1854. Prime, Cat. Corb. 4, 1863. Island of Timor.
9. Corb. baronialis, Prime, Ann. Lyc. N. H. N. Y. ix, 1869. Moreton Bay, Australia.
10. Corb. Bengalica, Deshayes, Proc. Zool. Lond. xxii, 344, 1854. Brit. Mus. Cat. Conchif. 224, 1854. Prime, Cat. Corb. 4, 1863. Ann. Lyc. N. H.N. Y. viii, 220, f. 52, 1866.
Bengal. 11. Corb. Bensonii, Deshayes, Proc. Zool. Lond. xxii, 345, 1854
Brit. Mus. Cat. Conchif, 223, 1854. Bengal.
129
12. Corb. Blandiana, Prime, Ann. Lyc. N. H.N. Y. vii, 71, f. 18, 1864. Laos Mountains, Cambodia.
18. Corb. Bocourti, Morelet, I. Conchyl. xiii, 228, 1865.
Cochin China. 14, Corb. borealis, Prime. (Venus borealis, Chemnitz, Martini et Chemnitz, vii, 26, pl. xxxix, f. 412, f. 414, 1784)? Cyclas, Encycl. Meth. pl. 302, f. 8, 1792. Cyclas borealis, Lamarck, Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. vii, 421 1806. Cyrena depressa, Lamarck, Lam. An. v, 553, 1818. Hab.—? 15. Corb. Brasiliana, Deshayes, Brit. Mus. Cat. Conchif. 232, 1854
Smith. Inst. Mise. Coll. Prime, Monog. Corb. 7, 1865. Brazil. 16. Corb. brunnea, Prime, Proc. Ac. N. S. Phila. 126, 1861. Prime, Cat. Corb. 3, 1863. Ann. Lyc. N. H.N. Y. viii, 67, f. 13, 1864. Tasmania.
17. Corb. castanea, Morelet, J. Conchyl. xiii, 228, 1865. Cochin China. 18. Corb. Cashmiriensis, Deshayes, Proc. Zool. Lond. xxii, 344, 1854. Brit. Mus. Cat. Conchif. 224, 1854. Cashmere. 19. Corb. Chemnitziana, Prime, Ann. Lyc. N. H. N. Y. viii, 60, f. 5, 1864. China ? 20. Corb. colonialis, Prime, Ann. Lye. N. H.N. Y. viii, 416, 1867. Java. 21. Corb. compressa, Deshayes.
Cyrena compressa, Mousson, in litt. Corb. compressa, Deshayes, Brit. Mus. Cat. Conchif. 227, 1854.
Java. 22. Corb. consanguinea, Prime, Ann. Lyc. N. H.N. Y. viii, 417, 1867. Tndaa
23. Corb. consobrina, Deshayes. Cyrena consobrina, Cailliaud, Voy. ii, 263, pl. lxi, f. 10, 11,
1826. Cyclas consobrina, Cailliaud, Cat. and Reeve, Nomencl. 29, 1845. River Nile.
24, bord. COusmaaE: Prime, Ann. “Lyc., N. HiwNe Wea Malacea.
130
25. Corb. convexa, Deshayes, Proc. Zool. Lond. xxii, 342, 1854. Brit. Mus. Cat. Conchif. 231, 1854.
Corbicula ventricosa, Prime, in litt.
Corbicula convexa, Deshayes, Prime, Cat. Corb. 8, 1863. Smith. Inst. Mise. Coll. Prime Monog. Corb. 3, f. 1, 1865. Central America and Mexico.
26. C. cor, Deshayes. Cyrena cor, Lamarck, Lam. An. y, 552, 1818. Delessert, Recueil, pl. vii, f. 7, 1841. Corbicula cor, Deshayes, Brit. Mus. Cat. Conchif. 221, 1854. Ann. Lyc. N. H. N. Y. viii, 63, f. 8, 1864.
East Indies.
27. C. crassula, Mousson. Mousson, Bellardi, Cat. 54, f. 12, 1854.
Prime, Cat. Corb. 8, 1863. Ann. Lyc. N. H. N. Y. viii,
216, f. 54, 55, 1866. Syria.
28. ©. Crosseana, Prime, Ann. Lyc. N. H.N. Y. viii, 72, f.
20, 1864. Philippine Islands.
29. C. Cumingii, Deshayes, Brit. Mus. Cat. Conchif. 228, 1854.
Corbicula squalida, Deshayes, Proc. Zool. Lond. xxii, 342, 1854. Brit. Mus. Cat. Conchif. 238, 1854. Corbicula notata, Prime, Proc. Ac. N. S. Phila. 127, 1861. Corbicula Cumingii, Deshayes, Prime, Cat. Corb. 4,° 1863. Ann. Lyc. N. H. N. Y. viii, 217, f. 46—49, 1866. Philippine Islands. 30. C. cuneata, Deshayes. Cyrena cuneata, Jonas, Zeit. Malak. 186, 1844. Philippi, Abbild. Conch. ii, 77, pl. 1, f. 6, 1846. Cyrena globulus, Jonas, in litt. Corbicula incrassata, Deshayes, Proc. Zool. Lond. xxii, 342, 1854. Corbicula cuneata, Deshayes, Brit. Mus. Cat. Conchif. 231, 1854. Prime, Cat. Corb. 3, 1863. Smith. Inst. Mise. Coll. Prime, Monog. Corb 6, f. 5, 1865. Orinoco River, South America. 31, C. Cyreenopsis.
Cyclas Cyrenopsis, Valenciennes.
Cyclas, Encycl. Meth. pl. 301, f. 3, 1792. Hab.—?
32. ©. Cyreniformis, Prime, Proc. Zool. Lond. xxviii, 321, 1860.
J. Conchyl. ix. 41, pl. ii. £ 5, 1861. Hab.—?
i
131
33. C. debilis, Deshayes. Cyrena debilis, Gould, Proc. Soc. N. H. Bost. iii, 293, 1850. U. S. Explor. Expedit. Kil, 42,7, pl., xXxXVigul. 529, a. b.
1852. Corbicula debilis, Deshayes, Brit. Mus. Cat. Conchif. 034, 1854. Hunter River, New Holland.
34. C. eee ane Prime; Ann.) liye,’ N. Hg Ngey. Egypt and Smy ane
30. C. a. Prime, Cat. Corb. 4, 1863. oo wave.,.N. H. No Y. 62, f. 7, 1864. North Africa ?
36. C. ducalis, Prime. Cyrena fluminea, Mousson, Philippi, Abbild. Conch. ii, 76, Dlg £3, 1382%e Moll. Java, 87, pl. xx, f. 3, 1848. Corbicula icles Prime, Proc. Soe. N. H. Bost. viii, 274, 1862. Pans Cat. Corb. 4.1863. Anu. lye: N. o- N. Y. viii, 225, f. 58, 1866. Java. 37. C. episcopalis, Prime, Ann. Lye. N. H. N.Y. ix, 1869. Cambodia. 38. C. erosa, Prime, Proc. Ac. N. S. Phila. 126, 1861. Prime, Cat. Corb. 8, 1863. Ann. Lye. N. I. N,., ¥2 vill, 213, f. 40, 1866. Cambodia.
39. C. fluminalis, Megerle. Tellina fluminalis, Miiller, Verm. ii, 205, 1774. Venus fluminalis, Chemnitz, Martini et Chemnitz, vi, 319, pl. xxx, f. 320, 1782. Cyclas Bruguiere, Encycl. Méth. pl. 301, f. 2, 1792. Cyclas Euphratica, Lamarck, An. Mus. Hist. Nat. vii, 420, 1806. Corbicula fluminalis, Megerle, Mag. Gesell. Naturf. Berlin, v, 1811. Cyrena fuscata, var. Lamarck, Lam. An. v, 552, 1818. Cyrena fluminalis, Bourguignat, Cat. Sauley. 79, 1852. Corbicula fluminalis, Megerle, Brit. Mus. Cat. Conchif, 222 1854. River Euphrates. 40. C. fluminea, Deshayes. Tellina fluminea, Miller, Verm. ii. 206, 1774. Venus fluminea, Chemnitz, Martini et Chemnitz, vi, 321, pl. xxx, f. 822, 323, 1782. Cyclas Chinensis, Lamarck, Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. vii, +21, 1806. Corbicula fluminea, Deshayes, Brit. Mus. Cat Conchif. 226, 1854. Ann. Lyc. N. H.N. Y. viii, 60, f. 4, 1864. China.
132
41. C. fluviatilis, Deshayes. Tellina fluviatilis, Miiller, Verm. ii, 206, 1774. Vorbicula one ee Deshayes, Brit. Mus. Cat. Conchif. 226, 1854 China. 42. C. See Prime. Cyclas, Bruguiére, Encycl. Méth. 302, f. 2, 1792. Cyrena fuseata, Lamarck (exclus. var.), Lam. An. v, 552, 1818. China.
43. C. gubernatoria, Prime, Ann. Lyc. N. H.N. Y. ix, 1869. Saigon, Cochin China. 44, C. gracilis, eas J. Conchyl. x, 389, pl. xiv, f. T, 1862.
' Prime, Cat. Corb. 4, 1863. Java.
45. C. imperialis, rare Ann. lige. N. A. N.Y. ix, £869; Pondicherry, India. 46. C. insularis, Prime, Ann. Lye. N. H. N. Y. viii, 414, 1867. Formosa.
47. C. inequilateralis, Prime, Proc. Ac. N. S. Phila. 128, 1861. Prime, Cat. Corb. 4, 1863. Ann. Lye. N. H.N. Y. viii,
80, f. 80, 1864. Africa. 48. C. gets Prime, Ann. Lyc. N. H.N. Y. viii, 68, f. 15, Japan.
49. C. Kinki, Prime, Ann. Lyc. N. H. N. Y. viii, 66, f. 12, Mozambique, Central Africa:
50. C. eM GEM Prime, Ann. Lyc. N. H. N. Y. viii, 69 f. 16, 1864. Laos Mountains, Cambodia.
51. C. Largillierti, Deshayes. Cyrena Largillierti, Philippi, Zeit. Malak. 163, 1844. Phi- lippi, Abbild. Conch. ii, 75, pl. 1, f. 1, 1847, Corbicula Largillierti, Deshayes, Brit. Mus. Cat. Conchif. 225, 1854. ee Cat. Corb. 8, 1863. Ann. Lyc. N. H. N.Y. vill, 78, f. 27, 1864. China.
52. C. Larnaudieri, Prime, Ann. Lyc. N. H. N. Y. vii, 480, 1862. Prime, Cat. Corb. 8, 1868. Ann. Lyc. N. H.
N. Y. viii, 415, f. 69, 1867. Siam. 53. C. Leana, Prime, Ann. Lyc. N. H. N. Y. viii, 68, f. 14, 1864. Japan.
54. ©. leviuscula, Prime, Cat. Corb. 3, 1863. Ann. Lyc. N. H. N. Y. viii, 64, f. 9, 1864. Cochin China,
133
59. C. limosa, Deshayes.
Tellina limosa, Maton, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond. x, 325, pl. xxiv, f. 8—10, 1809.
Cyrena limosa, Gray, Ann. Phy. 2d ser. ix, 137, 1825.
Cyrena variegata, D’Orbigny, Mag. Zool. vy, 44, 1835.
Cyclas variegata, D’Orbigny, D’Orb. Voy. 567, pl. 82, f. 14—- 16, 1846.
Cyclas limosa, D’Orbigny (error), Loc. sup. cit. pl. 82, f. 14— 16, 1846.
Corbicula semisulcata, Deshayes, Proc. Zool. Lond. xxii, 343,
Corbicula limosa, Deshayes, Brit. Mus. Cat. Conchif. 231, 1854. Prime, Cat. Corb. 8, 1863. Smith. Inst. Mise. Coll. Prime, Monog. Corb. 5, f. 4, 1865.
Uruguay, S. America.
56. C. Linneana, Prime, Ann. Lyc. N. H. N. Y. viii, 70, f.
17, 1864. Laos Mountains, Cambodia. 57. C. lutea, Morelet, Rev. Mag. Zool. 481, 1862. Ann. daye. IN. Ho N.Y. vii, 61, f96, 186. China.
58. C. Lydigiana, Prime, J. Conchyl. ix, 855, 1861. Loe. sup. cit. x, 388, pl. Riv, £.. 8; 1862. Prime, Cat. Corb. 3, 1863. Ann. Lye. N. HN. Y. viii, 214, f. 41, 1866. Siam.
59. C. Malaccana, Deshayes, Proc. Zool. Lond. xxii, 343, 1854. Ann. Lyc. N. H. N. Y. viii, 65, f. 10, 1864. Malacea.
60. C. Manillensis, Prime. Cyrena Manillensis, Philippi, Zeit. Malak. 163, 1841. Cyrena A las Philippi, Abbild. Conch. ii, 77, pl. 1, f. 5, 1847.
nes Manillensis, Prime, Proc. Ac. N. 8. Phila. 271,
1860. Prime, Cat. Corb. 4, 1863. Manilla. 61. C. maxima, Prime, Proc. Zool. Lond., xxviii, 8321, 1860. Hab.—?
62. C. mediocris, Prime, Ann. Lye. N. H. N. Y. vii, 481, 1862.
Prime, Cat. Corb. 4, 1863. Ann. Lyc. N. H. N. Y. viii, 414, f. 68, 1867. India.
63. C. minor, Prime, Proc. Ac. N. 8. Phila. 127, 1861. Prime, Cat. Corb. 4, 1863. Ann. Lyc. N. H. N. Y. viii, 80, f. 29, 1864. New Holland.
134
64. C. per ele Hit Prime, Ann. Lye. N. H. N. Y. viii, 416, Cambodia.
65. C. ee Deshayes. Cyrena orientalis, Lamarck, var. Javanica, Mousson, Moll. Java, 86, pl. xv, f. 2, 1849. Corbicula Moussoni, Deshayes, Brit. Mus. Cat. Conchif. 227, 1854. Java. 66. C. Mulleriana, Prime, Ann. Lyc. N. H. N. Y. viii, 59, f. 1864. Fuh Chan River, ‘China.
67. C. Nepeanensis, Deshayes. Cyrena Nepeanensis, Lesson, Voy. Coquille, ii, 428, pl. xiii, f. 14, 1820. Now Holland.
68. C. nitens, Deshayes. Cyrena nitens, Philippi, Zeit. Malak. 163, 1844. Philippi,
Abbild. Conch. ui, 76, pl. 1, f. 4, 1847. Corbicula nitens, Deshayes, Brit. Mus. Cat. Conchif. 227,
1854. Prime, Cat. Corb. 3, 1863. China. 69. C. obscura, Deshayes, Proc. Zool. Lond. xxii, 342, 1854. Hab.—?
70. C. obsoleta, Deshayes, Proc. Zool. Lond. xxii, 348, 1854. J. Conchyl. ix, pl. 2, f. 4, 1861. Smith. Inst. Misc. Coll. Prime, Monog. Corb. 4, f. 3, 1865. Uruguay...
71. C. occidens, Benson, Asiatic Journal. Brit. Mus. Cat. Conchif. 223, 1854. Prime, Cat: Corb. 4, 1863. Ann.
Lyc. N.H. N. Y. viii, 220, f. 51, 1866. Bengal, India.
72. C. orientalis, Deshayes. Cyrena orientalis, Lamarck (exclus. var.), Lam. An. vy, 552,
1818. Delessert, Recueil pl. vii, f. 8, 1841. Corbicula orientalis, Deshayes, Brit. Mus. Cat. Conchif. 227, 4 China.
73. C. ovalina, Deshayes, Proc. Zool. Lond. xxii, 848, 1854. Brit. Mus. Cat. Conchif. 229, 1854. New Holland.
74. C. ovalis, Prime, Proc. Zool. Lond. xxviii, 321, 1860. J. Conchyl. ix, 42, pl. i, f. 6, 1861. Hab.—?
75. C. Paranensis, Deshayes.
Cyrena Paranacencis, D’Orbigny, Mag. Zool. v, 44, 1835.
Cyclas Paranensis, D’Orbigny, D’Orb. Voy. 567, pl. 88, f. 23, 25, 1846.
Corbicula Paranensis, Deshayes, Brit. Mus. Cat. Conchif. 231, 1854. Prime, Cat. Corb. 3. 1868. Smith. Inst. Mise. Coll. Prime, Monog. Corb. 8, f. 2, 1865.
Parana River, S. America.
135
76. C. parvula, Prime, Proc. Ac. N. 8. Phil. 127, 1861. Prime, Cat. Corb. 4, 1863. Ann. Lyc. N. H. N. Y. viii, 76, f. 25, 1864. India.
77. C. pexplexa, Prime, Monog. Corb. 75, f. 84, 1865. Smith. Inst. Misc. Coll. Prime Monog. Corb. 75, f. 84,
1865. SS. America. 78. C. pexata, Prime, Cat. Corb. 4, 1863. Ann. Lyc. N. H. Neva, 57, f.. 1, 1864. Fuh Chan River, China. 79. C. Pfeifferiana, Prime, Ann. Lyc. N. H. N. Y. viii, 417, 1867. China. 80. C. Pisidiiformis, Prime, Ann. Lye. N. H. N. Y. viii, 215, f. 42, 1866. Siam.
81. C. Primeana, Morelet (non Mérch) Rev. Mag. Zool. 480, 13625 Ann Lyc. Noo. N.Y. vin, 08,622) 1s64. Che Fou River, China. 82. C. prolongata, Prime, J. Conchyl. ix, 356, 1861. Loe. sup. cit. x, 389, pl. xiv, f. 6, 1862. Prime, Cat. Corb. 4, 1863. Eastern Australia.
83. C. pulchella, Deshayes. Cyrena pulchella, Mousson, Moll. Java, 88, pl. xv, f. 4, 1849
Corbicula pulchella, Deshayes, Brit. Mus. Cat. Conchif. 228, 1854. Prime Cat. Corb. 4, 1863. Java. 84. C. pullata, Deshayes. Cyrena pullata, Philippi, Abbild. Conch. iii, 110, 1849. Corbicula pullata, Deshayes, Brit. Mus. Cat. Conchif. 232, 1854. Sumatra. 85. C. purpurea, Prime, Cat. Corb. 4, 1863. Amn. liye, NH: N.Y. viii; 771,.f.. 26,1864. Tigris River. 86. C. pusilla, Deshayes. Cyrena pusilla, Parreys, Philippi, Abbild. Conch. ii, 78, pl.
Lt ie S47. Corbicula pusilla, Deshayes, Brit. Mus. Cat. Conchif. 221, 1854. Prime, Cat. Corb. 4, 1863. River Nile. 87. C. Quilonensis, Benson, 1860. Ann. Lyc. N. H.N. Y., vill, 224, f. 56, 1866. Quilon, India.
88. C. radiata, Deshayes. Cyrena radiata, Parreys. Philippi, Abbild. ii, 78, pl. 1, f. 8, 1847. Corbicula radiata, Deshayes, Brit. Mus. Cat. Conchif. 222, 1854. Prime, Cat. Corb. 4, 1868. fiver Nile,
136
89. C. recurvata, Deshayes. , Cyrena recurvata, Valenciennes. Mag. Zool. 11, pl. 119, f. 2, 1835. Cyrena Gaudichaudii, Valenciennes, (error). Loc. sup. cit. pl. 119, f. 2, 1835. Corbicula recurvata, Deshayes, Brit. Mus. Cat. Conchif. 226,
1854. China. 90. C. regularis, Prime, Proc. Zool. Lond. xxviii, 321, 1860. Prime Cat. Corb. 6, 1868. Deccan, India.
91. C. rhomboidea, Prime, Proc. Ac. N. 8. Phil. 127, 1861. Prime, Cat. Corb. 8, 1863. Ann. Lyc. N. H. N. Y. viii, 66, f. 11, 1864. Malacca.
92. C. rivalis, Deshayes. Cyrena rivalis, v. d. Busch. Philippi, Abbild. ii, 110, pl. 3,
f. 5, 1849. Corbicula rivalis, Deshayes, Brit. Mus. Cat. Conchif. 228, 1854. Prime, Cat. Corb. 4, 1863. Java.
93. C. rotunda, Prime, Proc. Ac. N. S. Phila. 80, 1860. Prime. Cat. Corb 3, 1863. Smith Inst. Mise. Cell., Prime. Monog. Corb. 5, 1865. Guyana S. America.
94, C. ayane, Prime, Ann. Lyc. N. H.-N. Y. vin. (t,o 186 Philippine Islands.
95. C. solidula, Prime. Proc. Ac. N. 8. Phila. 127, 1861. Prime, Cat. Corb. 4, 1863. Ann. Lye. N. H. N.Y. viii, 31, f. 31, 1864. Hab.—? 96. C. Stimpsoniana, Prime. Ann. Lyc. N. H.N. Y. viti, 222, f. 54, 1866. Hab.—?
97. C. striatella, Deshayes, Proc. Zool. Lond. xxii, 344, 1854. Corbicula violacea, Prime. Proc. Ac. N.S. Phila. 128, 1861.
Prime, Cat. Corb. 3, 1863. Corbicula striatella, Deshayes. Prime, Cat. Corb. 3, 1863. Ann. Lyc. N. H.N. Y. viii, 74, f. 22, 1864. India.
98. C. subradiata, Prime. Cyrena subradiata, Kurr in litt. Corbicula subradiata, Prime. Proc. Ac. N. 8S. Phila. 127, 1861. Prime, Cat. Corb. 4, 1863. Ann. Lyc. N. H. N. Y. viii, 75, f. 28, 1864. India.
99. C. suleatina, Deshayes, Proc. Zool. Lond. xxii, 346, 1854. Ann. Lyc. N. H.N. Y. viii, 79, f. 28, 1864. China.
137 100. C. tennis Prime, Proc. Zool. Lond. xxviii, 322, 1860.
J. Conchyl. ix, 40, pl. ii, f. 3, 1861. Hab.—? 101. C. triangularis, Deshayes, Proc. Zool. Lond. xxii, 345, 1854
Prime, Cat. Corb. 4, 1863. Ann. Lye. N. H. N. Y. viii, 215, f. 43, 1866. ‘Habe?
102. C. trigona, Deshayes, Proc. Zool. Lond. xxii, 344, 1854. Prime, Bt. 4, 1868. Ann. Lye N. H.N. Y. viii, "221, 1 53, 1866. India.
103. C. trigonella, Deshayes. Cyrena trigonella, Lamarck. Lam. An. v, 552, 1818. Corbicula trigonella, Deshayes. Brit. Mus. Cat. Conchif, 234, 1854. Hab.—?
104. C. tumida, Deshayes, Proc. Zool. Lond. xxii, 3438, 1854. Prime, Cat. Corb. 4, 1868. Ann. Lyc. N. H. N. Y. viii, 219, f. 50, 1866. Borneo.
105. C. venustula, Prime, Cat. Corb. 4, 1863. Ann. Lye. N. H. N. Y. viii, 73, f. 21, 1864. Philippine Islands.
106. C. pues, Prime, Anc. Lyc. N. H. N. Y. viii, 228, f. 25, 186 Hab.—? 107. C. Woodiana, Deshayes. Cyrena Woodiana, Lea, Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. Phila. v, 110, pl. xviii, f. 55, 1832. Cyrena similis, Gray, Griffith, An. Kingd. xii, pl. xx, f. 2, 1834.
Corbicula grandis, Deshayes, Proc. Zool. xxii, 344, 1854.
Corbicula similis, Deshayes, Brit. Mus. Cat. Conchif. 225, 1854.
Corbicula Woodiana, Deshayes, Loc. sup. cit. 225, 1854.
Corbieula Primeana, Morch, (non Morelet), J Conehyl. ix; 347, 1861.
Corbicula Woodiana, Deshayes, Prime, Cat. Corb. 3, 1863. Ann. Lyc. N. H. N. Y. viii, 226, f. 59, 1866. China.
TO BE EXCLUDED.
Corb. Chilensis, Prime. = Pisid. Chilense. Corb. grandis, Deshayes. = Corb. Woodiana. Corb. hammalis, Férussac. = Undescribed. Corb. incrassata, Deshayes. = Corb. cuneata.
138
Corb. notata, Prime. = Corb. Cumingii. Corb. Primeana, Morch. (non Morelet.) = Corb. Woodiana. Corb. semisuleata, Deshayes. = Corb. limosa.
Corb. similis, Deshayes. = Corb. Woodiana. Corb. squalida, Deshayes. = Corb. Cumingit. Corb. variegata, Deshayes. = Corb. limosa. Corb. ventricosa, Prime. = Corb. convexa. Corb. violacea, Prime. = Corb. striatella.
Genus BATISSA, Gray. Ann. Mag. N. H. n. ser. ix, 34, 1852.
Cyprina, Cyclas, Bruguiére, Encycl. Méth. 1792. Cyrena, Lamarck, Lam. An. v, 553, 1818. Venus, Gray, Wood. Index, Test. Suppl. pl. ii, f. 13, 1828.
1, B. atrata, Deshayes, Proc. Zool. Lond. xxii, 14, 1854. Hab.—? 2. B. Australis, Deshayes, Proc. Zool. Lond. xxii, 346, 1854. Australia.
2. B. Childrene, Deshayes. Venus Childreni, Gray, Wood, Index Test. Suppl. pl. ii, f. 13, 1828. Cyrena Childrene, Gray, Ann. Phily. 2d ser. 117, 1825. Batissa Childrene, Deshayes, Brit. Mus. Cat. Conchif. 237, 1854. Prime, Cat. Corb. 5, 1863. Philippine Islands.
4, B. compressa, Prime, Proc. Zool. Lond. xxviii, 320, 1860. Borneo.
5. B. Corbiculoides, Deshayes, Proc. Zool. Lond. xxii, 14, 1854. New Guinea.
6. B. elegans, Prime, J. Conchyl. x, 385, pl. xiii, f. 1, 1862. Prime, Cat. Corb. 5, 1863. Hab.—?
7. B. elongata, Prime, Proc. Zool. Lond. xxviii, 320, 1860. Act. Soc. Linn. Bord. xxiv, 324, 1863. New Caledonia.
8. B. fortis, Prime, Proc. Zool. Lond. xxviii, 320, 1860. Act. Soc. Linn. Bord. xxiv, 524 1863. New Caledonia,
9. B. fuscata, Prime, Proc. Zool. Lond. xxviii, 319, 1860.
Hab.—? 10. B. gigantea, Prime, Ann. Lyc. N. H. N. Y. vii, 112, 1859. Hab.—?
11, B. gracilis, Prime, Proc. Zool. Lond. xxviii, 319, 1860. J. Conchyl. ix, 38, pl. ii, f. 1, 1861. Hab.—?
139
12. B. humerosa, Deshayes, Proc. Zool. Lond. xxii, 14, 1854. New Guinea.
13. B. inflata, Prime, Proc. Zool. Lond. xxviii, 320, 1860.
Nicobar Islands. 14. B. insignis, Deshayes, Proc. Zool. Lond. xxii, 18, 1854. Prime, Cat. Corb. 5, 1854. | Calamang, Luzon Island.
15. B. Jayana, Deshayes. Cyrena Jayensis, Lea, Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. Phila. v, 108, pl. xvii, f. 52, 18382. Cyrena violacea, Lamarck (var. Javanica), Mousson, Moll. Java, 88, pl. xv, f. 1, 1849. Batissa Jayana, Deshayes, Brit. Mus. Cat. Conchif. 287, 1854.
Batissa sphericula, Prime, Proc. Zool. Lond. 1862. Prime, Cat. Corb. 5, 1863. Sumatra 2—Java. 16. B. Keraudrenia, Deshayes. Cyrena Keraudrenia, Lesson, Voy. Coquille, 429, pl. xi, f. 3, 1829. Batissa Keraudrenia, Deshayes, Brit. Mus. Cat. Conchif. 236, 1854. Prime, Cat. Corb. 5, 1863. Waigiou.
17. B. lenticularis, Deshayes, Proc. Zool, Lond. xxii, 14, 854.
Prime, Cat. Corb. 5, 1863. Philippine Islands. 18. B. megadesma, Deshayes, Proc. Zool. Lond. xxii, 14, 1854. Hab.—?
19. B. minor, Prime, Proc. Zool. Lond. xxviii, 520, 1860. J. Conchyl. xiii, 207, 1865. Fejee Islands.
20. B. obesa, Deshayes. Cyrena obesa, Hinds, Ann. Mag. N. H. n. ser. x, 81, 1842. Voy. Sulph. 66, pl. xxi, f. 6, 1845. Batissa obesa, Deshayes, Brit. Mus. Cat. Conchif. 238, 1854. Prime, Cat. Corb. 5, 1863. Fejee Islands.
21. B. Philippinarum, Hanley. Cyrena Phiippinarum, Hanley, Proc. Zool. Lond. xii, 159, 1844. Hanley, Descrip. Cat. pl. xiv, f. 1844. _ Philippine Eslands.
22. B. ponderosa, Prime, Proc. Soc. N. H. Bost. viii, 273, 1862.
Prime, Cat. Corb. 5, 1863. Ann. Lyc. N. H. N. Y. viii, 231, f. 62, 1866. New Caledonia.
140
23. B. producta, Deshayes, Proc. Zool. Lond. xxii, 18, 1854. J. Conchyl. xiii, 208, 1865. eee Islands.
24, B. rotundata, Deshayes. Cyrena rotundata, Lea, Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. Phila. v, 107, pl. xvii, f. 51, 1832. Hanley, Descrip. Cat. 98, pl. xiv, f. 55, 1844, Java.
25. B. similis, Prime, Ann. Lyc. N. H. N. Y. vii. 112, 1859. Prime, Cat. Corb. 5, 1863. Ann. Lyc. N. H. N. Y. viii, 229, f. 60, 1866. Nicobar.
26. B. solidula, Prime, Proc. Zool. Lond. Prime, Cat. Corb. 5, 1863. Ann. Lyc. N. H. N.Y. viii, 83, f. 32, 1864. Hab.—?
27. B. tenebrosa, Deshayes. Cyrena tenebrosa, Hinds, Ann. Mag. N. H. n. ser. x, 81, 1842. Hanley, Descrip. Cat. pl. xv, f. 2, 1844. Cyrena regulata, Gassies, J. Conchyl. vii, 372, 1858. Batissa tenebrosa, Deshayes, Brit. Mus. Cat. Conchif. 238, 1854. Prime, Cat. Corb. 5, 1863. Fejee Islands.
28. B. triquetra, Deshayes, Proc. Zool. Lond. xxii, 13, 1854. - Prime, Cat. Corb. 5, 1868. Act. Soc. Linn. Bord. xxiv, 323, pl. viii, f. 17, 1863. J. Conchyl. xii, 207, 1865.
Ann. Lyc. N. H. N. Y. viii, 230, f. 61, 1866. Philippine Islands.
29. B. unioniformis, Prime, Proc. Zool. Lond. xxviii, 319, 1860. Prime, Cat. Corb. 5, 1863. Fejee Islands.
30. B. viclacea, Deshayes.
Cyclas, Encycl. Méth. pl. 301, f. 1, a-b.
Cyclas violacea, Lamarck, Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. vii, 421, 1806.
Cyrena violacea, Lamarck, Lam. An. v, 553, 1818. Deles- sert, Recueil, pl. vii, f. 5, 1841.
Batissa violacea, Deshayes, Brit. Mus. Cat. Conchif. 238, 1854. The Islands of the Pactfie.
TO BE EXCLUDED.
Batissa eximia, Deshayes, = Cyrena eximia. Batissa impressa, H. and A. Adams, = Cyrena eximia. Batissa sphericula, Prime, = B. Jayana.
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Genus VELORITA, Gray. Griffith, An. Kingd. xii, pl. xxxi, f. 5, 1834. Cyrena, Gray, Ann. Phy. n. ser. ix, 136, 1825. Venus, Gray, Wood, Index, Test. Suppl. pl. ii, f. 14, 1828.
1, V. Cochinensis, Hanley. Cyrena Cochinensis, Hanley, Proc. Zool. Lond. xxvi, 548, 1858. Cyrena Corbiculiformis, Prime, Proc. Ac. N. S. Phila. 80, 1860. Prime, Cat. Corb. 6, 1863. Velorita Cochinensis, Hanley, Ann. Lyc. N. H. N. Y. viii, 236, f. 66, 1866. Madras Coast, India.
2. V. Cyprinoides, Gray. Cyrena Cyprinoides, Gray, Ann. Phy. n. ser. ix, 136, 1825. Venus Cyprinoides, Gray, Wood, Index, Test. Suppl. pl. ii,
f. 14, 1828. Velorita Cyprinoides, Gray, Griffith, An. Kingd. xii, pl. xxxi, f. 5, 1834. Philippine Islands 2 3. V. parvula, Prime, Ann. Lyc. N. H. N. Y. viii, 418, 1867.
Hab.—2
Genus CYRENA, Lamarck. Lam. An. v, 551, 1818.
Venus, Chemnitz, Martini et Chemnitz, vi, 333, pl. xxxii, f.
336, 1782. Cyclas, Bruguiére, Encycl. Méth. pl. 301, 302, 1792. Cyanocyclas, Férussac, Dict. Sci. Nat. xii, 1818. Polymesoda, Rafinesque, Ann. Gen. Sci. Phys. et Nat. y, 219,
1820. Mactra, Brognart, Mem. Vincent, 81, pl. v, f. 8, 1823. Geloina, Gray, Synop. Brit. Mus. 75, 1844.
1. C. acuta, Prime, J. Conchyl. ix, 355, 1861. Loc. sup. cit. x, 387, pl. xiv, f. 1,1862. Prime, Cat. Corb. 5, 1863. Smith. Inst. Mise. Coll. Prime, Monog. Corb.
22, f. 17, 1865. Central America. 2. C. affinis, Deshayes, Proc. Zool. Lond. xxii, 16, 1854. Australia.
3. ©. anomala, Deshayes, Proc. Zool. Lond. xxii, 21, 1854. Cyrena Peruviana, Deshayes, Brit. Mus. Cat. Conchif. 259, 1854, Cyrena anomala, Deshayes, Prime, Cat. Corb. 6, 1863, Smith. Inst. Mise. Coll. Prime, Monog. Corb. 30, f. 24. 1865. Peru.
142
4, C. arctata, Deshayes, Proc. Zool. Lond. xxii, 20, 1854. Prime, Cat. Corb. 5, 1863. Smith. Inst. Mise. Coll. Prime, Monog. Corb. 16, f. 10, 1865. Lake Maracaibo, S. America.
5, C. Bengalensis, Lamarck.
Venus Bengalensis, Lister, List. Hist. An. pl. 345, f. 182.
Cyrena Bengalensis, Lamarck, An. v, 554, 1818.
Cyclas Bengalensis, Férussac, Cat. 20, 1837.
Oyrena turgida, Lea, Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. Phila. vy, 109, pl. xviii, f. 51, 1832.
Cyrena Bengalensis, Lamarck, Delessert Recueil, pl. vii, f. 6, a, d, 1841.
Cyrena turgida, Lea, Hanley, Descrip. Cat. 93, pl. xiv, f. 50, 1844.
OCyrena Bengalensis, Lamarck, Prime, Cat. Corb. 6, 1865.
Bengal, India.
6. C. Bernardana, Prime, Proc. Ac. N. S. Phila. 126,
1861. Prime, Cat. Corb. 6, 1863. Ann. Lyc. N. H. N. Y. viii, 83, f. 33, 1864. New Caledonia.
7”. C. Boliviana, Philippi, Zeit. Malak. 70, 1851. Smith. Inst. Mise. Coll., Prime Monog. Corb. 27, 1865.
Bolwia. 8. C. brunnea, Prime, Proc. Zool. Lond. xxviii, 321, 1860. Hab.—? 9. C. Buschii, Philippi, Abbild. Conch. iii, 78, pl. u, f. 2, 1849. Brit. Mus. Cat. Conchif. 243, 1854. China.
10. C. Californica, Prime. Cyrena subquadrata, Deshayes (preoc.), Proc. Zool. Lond. xxii, 21, 1854. Cyrena Californica, Prime, Proc. Ac. N. 8. Phila. 276, 1860. Smith. Inst. Misc. Coll., Prime Monog. Corb. 24, 1865. , California.
11. C. Caroliniensis, Lamarck.
Cyclas Caroliniensis, Bosc., Féruss. Meth. Conchyl. 1807.
Cyclas Caroliniana, Bosc., Hist. Nat. Coq. ili, 37, pl. xxin, f. 4, 1810.
Cyrena Caroliniensis, Lamarck, Lam. An. v, 558, 1818. Say, pl. Ixii. Brit. Mus. Cat. Conchif. 254, 1854. Prime, Cat. Corb. 5, 1863. Smith. Inst. Misc. Coll., Prime Monog. Corb. 12, f. 6, 1865. Alabama, Florida and Greorgia.
143
12. C. Ceylonica, Lamarck. Venus , eylonica, Chemnitz, Martini et Chemnitz, vi, 333, pl. xxxii. f. 336, 1782. Venus coaxans, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. 3278, f. 536, 1788. Cyclas, Bruguiére, Encyel. Meth. pl. 302, f. 4, a, b, 1792. Cyclas Zeylanica, Lamarck, Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. vii, 420,
1806. Cyrena Zeylanica, Lamarck, An. y. 554, 1818. Prime Cat. Corb. 6, 1863. Ceylon. 13. C. Chilina, Prime, Ann. Lyc. N. H. N. Y. viii, 418, 1867.
Chili. 14. C. colorata, Prime, Cat. Corb. 5, 1863. Smith. Inst. Mise. Coll., Prime Monog. Corb. 30, f. 23, 1865. Island of New Providence, W. J. 15. C. compta, Deshayes, Proc. Zool. Lond. xxii, 18, 1854. Hab.—?
16. C. conjuncta, Deshayes, Proc. Zool. Lond. xxii, 15, 1854.
Hab.—?
17. C. Cubensis, Prime. Cyclas maritima, D’Orbigny, Sagra, Cuba, Moll. ii, 280, pl. Xx i 47—50, 1853.
Cyrena Cubensis, Prime, Smith. Inst. Misc. Coll., Prime Mo- nog. Corb. 29, 1865. Cuba.
18. C. Cumingii, Deshayes, Proc. Zool. Lond. xxii. 22, 1854. Smith. Inst. Mise. Coll., Prime Monog. Corb. 25, 1865. Central America.
19, C. Cypriniformis, Prime, Cat. Corb. 6, 1863. Ann, Joye: N.. N.oY. viii,,88, £..37, 1864. Northern Australia.
20. C. Cyprinoides, cy, Voy. Astrolabe, iii, 513, pl.
Ixxxu, f. 1—3, 1834. New Guinea. 22. C. decipiens, Deshayes, Proc. Zool. Lond. xxii, 17, 1854. Hab.—?
22. C. divaricata, Deshayes, Proc. Zool. Lond. xxii, 17, 1854.
New Guinea.
23. C. dura, Deshayes, Proc. Zool. Lond. xxii, 20, 1854. Hab.—?
24. C. dmg 2 Deshayes, Proc. Zool. Lond. xxii, 19, Port Essington, Australia. 29
144
25. C. eximia, Dunker, Zeit. Malak. 51, 1852. Cyrena impressa, Deshayes, Proc. Zool. Lond. xxii, 18, 1854.
Batissa eximia, Deshayes, Brit. Mus. Cat. Conchif., 235,
1854.
Cyrena eximia, Dunker, Nov. Conch. livraison 8, p. 8, pl. xxiv, 1857.
Batissa impressa, H. and A. Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll. ii, 448, 1858.
Cyrena eximia, Dunker, Prime Cat. Corb. 6, 1863. Java.
26. C. expansa, Mousson, Moll. Java, 89, pl. xiv. 1849. Brit. Mus. Cat. Gonchift 243, 1854. Java.
27. C. caquisite, Prime, Ann. Lyc. N. H. N. Y.. viii, 417, Panama, New Grenada.
28..C. Ae Deshayes, Proc. Zool. Lond, xxii, 15, 1854. Prime, Cat. Corb. 6, 1865. Australia—Philippine Islands ?
29. C. flava, Prime, Proc. Zool. Lond. xxviii, 820, 1860. Hab.—?
30. C. Floridana, Conrad, Proc. Ac. N. S. Phila. iii, 23, pl. dif, 1; 1846,
Brit. Mus. Cat. Conchif. 257, 1854. Prime, Cat. Corb. 5,
1863. Smith. Inst. Misc. Coll., Prime Monog. Corb. 28,
f. 21, 1865. Tampa Bay, Florida.
31. C. Fontaineii, Carpenter. Cyclas Fontainett, D’Orbigny, Voy. 569, pl. 83, f. 14, 16, 1844. ‘Cyrena Fontainett, Carpenter, Carp. Mazat. Shells, 114, 1857. Prime, Cat. Corb. 6, 1863. Smith. Inst. Mise. Coll., Prime Monog. Corb. 21, f. 16, 1865. South America.
32. C. fortis, Prime, J. Conchyl. ix, 355, 1861. Loe. sup. cit. x, 387, pl. xiv, f. 2, 1862. Prime, Cat. Corb. 5, 1863. Smith. Inst. Misc. Coll., Prime Monog. Corb. i,t. 11, 1865. Ecuador, S. America.
33. C. Galathea, Rheinhardt, Morch, Cat. Kierulf, 82, pl. ii, 1850. Prime, Cat. Corb. 6, 1863. Nicobar Islands.
34, C. be Prime, Ann. Lye. N. H. N. Y. viii, 417,
Tampico, M exico.
30. C, ae Deshayes, Proc. Zool. Lond. xxii, 19, 1854. Hab.—?
145
36. C. inflata, Philippi, Zeit. Malak. 71, 1851. Smith. Inst. Mise. Coll., Prime Monog. Corb. 26, 1865.
Costa Rica.
37. C. inquinata, Deshayes, Proc. Zool. Lond. xxii. 15, 1854.
China.
38. C. insignis, Deshayes, Proc. Zool. Lond. xxii, 20, 1854. I. Conchyl. ix, 39, pl. ii, f. 2, 1861. Smith. Inst. Mise. Coll., Prime Monog. Corb. 15, f. 9, 1865. California.
39. C. isocardioides, Deshayes, Proc. Zool. Lond. xxii, 22,
Smith. Inst. Mise. Coll., Prime Monog. Corb. 25, 1865.
Western Columbia, S. America.
40. C. Jukesi, Deshayes, Proc. Zool. Lond. xxii, 19, 1854. Cape Upstart, Northern Australia.
41. C. levis, Prime, Proc. Ac. N. S. Phila. 125, 1861. Prime, Cat. Corb. 6, 1863. Ann. Lyc. N. H. N. Y. viii,
233, f. 64, 1866. Borneo. 42. C. lauta, Deshayes, Proc. Zool. Lond. xxii, 15, 1854. Prime, Cat. Corb. 7, 1863. Hab.—?
43. C. mactriformis, Prime. Cyrena mactroides, Deshayes (preoc.), Proc. Zool. Lond. xxii,
17, 1854. Cyrena mactriformis, Prime, Proc. Ac. N. 8. Phila. 281, 1860. Hab.—? 44. C. maritima, C. B. Adams, Ann. Lyc. N. H. N. Y. vy, 499, 1852.
Proc. Zool. Lond. xxii, 345, 1854. Brit. Mus. Cat. Con- chif. 258, 1854. Prime, Cat. Corb. 5, 1863. Smith. Inst. Mise. Coll., Prime Monog. Corb. 2‘, f. 20, 1865.
Panama.
45. C. Mexicana, Sowerby, Zool. Jour. 364, 1829.
Cyrena fragilis, Deshayes, Mus. Cuming.
Cyrena cequilateralis, Deshayes, Proc. Zool. Lond. xxii, 20, 1854.
Cyrena varians, Carpenter, in litt.
Cyrena mexicana, Sowerby, Brit. Mus. Cat. Conchif. 260, 1854. (pars), Carp. Mazat. Shells, 115, 1857. Prime, Cat. Corb. 5, 1863. Smith. Inst. Mise. Coll., Prime Monog. Corb. 22, f. 18, 1865. Mazatlan and Panama.
46. C. Morchiana, Prime, Ann. Lye. N. H. N. Y. viii, 232, f. 63, 1866. Habe
146
47. C. Nicaraguana, Prime.
Cyrena solida, Philippi, (preoc.), Philippi, Abbild. Conch. ii, 78, pl. 1, f. 9,1847. Brit. Mus. Cat. Conchif. 254, 1854. Prime, Cat. Corb. 5, 1863. Smith. Inst. Mise. Coll., Prime Monog. Corb. 14, f. 8, 1865.
Nicaragua and Balize.
48. C. nitida, Deshayes, Proc. Zool. Lond. xxii, 23, 1854. Prime, Cat. Corb. 6, 1863. Borneo,
49. C. nitidula, Deshayes, Proc. Zool. Lond. xxii, 23, 1854. Smith. Inst. Mise. Coll., Prime Monog. Corb. 20, 1865. South America ?
50. C. notabilis, Deshayes, Proc. Zool. Lond. xxii, 21, 1854. Smith. Inst. Mise. Coll., Prime Monog. Corb. 28, 1865.
Peru.
51. C. oblonga, Quoy, Voy. Astrolabe, iii, 517, pl. 82, f. 6-8, 1834.
Brit. Mus. Cat. Conchif. 257, 1854. Vanikoro.
52. C. obscura, Prime, Proc. Zool. Lond. xxviii, 321, 1860. Smith. Inst. Misc. Coll., Prime Monog. Corb. 15, 1865. South America.
53. C. olivacea, Carpenter. Cyrena Fontaineti, Philippi, Zeit. Malak. 70, 1851. Brit. Mus. Cat. Conchif. 253, 1854. Cyrena olivacea, Carpenter, Mazat. Shells, 114, 1857. Prime, Cat. Corb. 5, 18638. Smith. Inst. Mise. Coll., Prime Monog. Corb. 17, f. 12, 1865. Mazatlan.
54, ©. oviformis, Deshayes, Proc. Zool. Lond. xxii, 16, 1854. Prime, Cat. Corb. 6, 1863. Port Essington, Australia.
55. C. pallida, Deshayes, Proc. Zool. Lond. xxii, 17, 1854. Hab.—?
56. C. Panamensis, Prime. Cyrena inflata, Deshayes (preoc.), Proc. Zool. Lond. xxii, 28,
1854. Cyrena Panamensis, Prime, Smith. Inst. Mise. Coll., Prime Monog. Corb. 24, 1865. Panama.
57. C. Papuana, Lesson, Mag. Zool. pl. xi, 1832. Prime, Cat. Corb. 6, 1865. New Guinea and Waigion.
58. C. placens, Hanley, Proc. Zool. Lond. xii, 160, 1844. Hanley, Descrip. Cat. pl. xiv, f. 52, 1844. Brit. Mus. Cat. Conchif. 252, 1854. Smith. Inst. Misc. Coll., Prime Monog. Corb. 20, 1865. Honduras.
147
59. C. placida, Deshayes, Proc. Zool. Lond. xxii, 19, 1854. ‘Prime Cat. Corb. 7, 1863. Port Curtis, South Australia.
60. C. ponderosa, Prime, Proc. Ac. N. S. Phila. 80, 1860. Ann, liye. N. H. N. Y. viii, 87, f. 36, 1864. Philippine Islands.
61, C. proxima, Prime, Cat. Corb. 6, 1863. Ann. Lyc. N. H. N. Y. viii, 85, f. 84, 1864. Siam.
62. C. pullastra, Morch, Malak. BI. vii, 194, 1860. Smith. Inst. Mise. Coll., Prime Monog. Corb. 26, 1865.
Nicaragua.
63. C. radiata, Hanley, Proc. Zool. Lond. xii, 159, 1844. Brit. Mus. Cat. Conchif. 254, 1854. Prime, Cat. Corb. 5. 1863. Smith. Inst. Misc. Coll., Prime Monog. Corb. 13; i1, 1860. Nicaragua.
64. C. Recluzii, Prime. ; Cyrena inflata, Deshayes (preoc.), J. Conchyl. iv. 251, pl. vii,
f. 9, 1853 Cyrena Recluzii, Prime, Smith. Inst. Mise. Coll., Prime Mo- nog. Corb. 24, f. 19, 1865. Central America.
65. C. regularis, Prime, Proc. Ac. N. §. Phila. 136, 1861. Prone, Cat. Corb. 6,,1865. "Ann. yc.. Ne He N.Y) ving 90, f. 38, 1864. Hab.—?
66. C. salmacida, Morelet, Test. Nov. 26, 1851. Brit. Mus. Cat. Conchif. 259, 1854. Ann. Lye. N. H.N. Y. vii, 314, pl. vi, f. 1, 1861. Smith. Inst. Mise. Coll., Prime Monog. Corb. 29, f. 22, 1865. Yucatan.
67. C. Siamica, Prime, Proc. Ac. N. 8. Phila. 126, 1861. Prime, Cat. Corb. 6, 1863. Ann. Lyc. N. H. N. Y. viii,
86, £. 35, 1864. Siam. 68. C. similis, Deshayes, Proc. Zool. Lond. xxii, 16, 1854. Prime, Cat. Corb. 6, 1863. Borneo.
69. C. spherica, Prime, J. Conchyl. ix, 354, 1861. Loe. sup. cit. x, 386, pl. xiii, f. 2, 1862. Prime, Cat. Corb. T, 1863. Hab.—?
70. C. sinuosa, Deshayes. Cyrena Zeylanica, Mousson, Moll. Java, 89, pl. xii, 1849. Cyrena sinuosa, Deshayes, Proc. Zool. Lond. xxii, 18, 1854. Prime, Cat. Corb. 6, 1863. Java.
148
71, C. sordida, Hanley, Proc. Zool. Lond. xii, 159, 1844. Hanley, Descrip. Cat. pl. xiv, f. 51, 1844. Brit. Mus. Cat. Conchif. 255, 1854. Smith. Inst. Misc. Coll., Prime Monog. Corb. 18, 1865. Central America.
72. C. sublobata, Deshayes, Proc. Zool. Lond. xxii, 18, 1854. Cyrena Caledonica, Gassies, J. Conchyl. vi, 277, 1857. “« — sublobata, Deshayes, Act. Soc. Linn. Bord. xxiv, 322, pl. viii, f. 16, 1863. Prime, Cat. Corb. 5, 1863. New Caledonia. 73. C. suborbicularis, v. d. Busch, Philippi. Abbild. Conch. iii, 77, pl. ii, f. 1, 1849. Brit. Mus. Cat. Conchif, 251, 1854. Manilla. 74, C. Sumatrensis, Sowerby, Gen. Shells, 1, 1820-24. Philippi. Abbild. Conch. iti, 109, pl. iii, f. 4, 1849. Brit. Mus. Cat. Conchif. 242, 1854. Prime, Cat. Corb. 6,
1863. Sumatra. 75. C. Tennentii, Hanley, Proc. Zool. Lond. xxv, 238, 1858. Ceylon.
76. C. triangula, v. d. Busch, Philippi. Abbild. Conch. iii, 78, pl. ii, f. 8, 1849. Cyrena altilis, Gould, J. N. H. Bost. vi, 400, pl. xvi, f. 5 bis,
1852.
Cyrena triangula, v. d. Busch, Brit. Mus. Cat. Conchif, 253, 1854...
Cyrena varians, Carpenter, (pars.) Carp. Mazat. Shells, 115, 1857.
Cyrena Mexicana, Carpenter, (pars.) Carp. Mazat. Shells, 115, 1857.
Cyrena triangula, v. d. Busch, Smith. Inst. Misc. Coll., Prime Monog. Corb. 14, 1865. Mexico.
77. C. triangularis, Metcalfe, Proc. Zool. Lond. xix, 74, 1851. Brit. Mus. Cat. Conchif. 242, 1854. Prime, Cat. Corb. 6, 1863. Ann. Lyc. N. H. N. Y. viii, 234, f, 65, 1866. Borneo. 78. C. tribunalis, Prime. in litt. Tecames River, Hucador. 79. C. tumida, Prime. Cyrena angulata, Deshayes, (preoc.) Proc. Zool. Lond. xxii, 22, 1854. Cyrena tumida, Prime, Smith. Inst. Misc. Ooll., Prime
Monog. Corb. 26, 1865. Central America. 80. C. Vanikorensis, Quoy, Voy. Astrolabe, iii, 515, pl. 82, f. 4, 5, 1834.
Brit. Mus. Cat. Conchif, 252, 1854. Vanikoro.
149
81. C. ventricosa, Deshayes, Prov. Zool. Lond. xxii, 16, 1854. Prime, Cat. Corb. 6, 1863. Australia and the Philippine Islands.
TO BE EXCLUDED.
O. equilateralis, Deshayes. = C. Mexicana. C. Africana, Krauss. = Corb. Africana.
CO. Astartina, Martens. = Corb. Astartina. C. Ayrensis, Kurr. = Corb. Ayrensis.
C. altilis, Gould. = C. Mexicana.
C. angulata, Deshayes. = C. tumida.
C. Australis, Lamarck. = Corb. Australis. C. Caledonica, Gassies. = C. sublobata.
C. Charpenterianus, Bourguignat. = an Ancylus, typ. error. C. Childrene, Gray. = C. Childrene.
C. chinensis, Ferrussac, undescribed.
C. compressa, Mousson. = Corb. compressa. (. consobrina, Cailliaud. = Corb. consobrina. C. cor, Lamarck. = Corb. cor.
C. corbiculiformis, Prime. = V. Cochinensis. C. cordiformis, Recluz. = C. Recluzti.
C’. crassula, Mousson. = Cord. crassula.
. cuneata, Jonas. = Corb. cuneata.
C. cyclostoma, Bourguignat. = an Ancylus, typ. error. C. Cyprinoides, Gray. = V. Cyprinoides.
O. debilis, Gould. = Corb. debilis.
C. Delalandit, Férussac, undescribed.
C. depressa, Lamarck. — Cord. borealis.
C. Deshayesianus, Bourguignat. = an Ancylus, typ. error. C. Euphratica, Bronn, undescribed.
C. fluminalis, Bourguignat. = Corb. fluminalis.
C. fluminea, Férussac, undescribed.
C. fluviatilis, Philippi. = Corb. fluviatilis.
C. fragilis, Deshayes. = C. Mexicana.
C. fuseata, Lamarck. = Corb. fluminalis.
C. Gaudichdudi, Valenciennes. — Corb. recurvata. C. Gauritziana, Krauss. = Corb. Africana.
C. globulus, Jonas. = Corb. cuneata.
C. impressa, Deshayes. = C. eximia.
C.. inflata, Deshayes. = C. Panamensis.
C. Islandica, Férussac, undescribed.
C. Jayensis, Lea. = B. Jayana.
C. Keraudrenit, Lesson. = B. Keraudrenit.
C. Largillerti, Philippi. = Corb. Largilliertz.
150
C. limosa, Gray. = Corb. limosa.
C. mactroides, Deshayes. = C. mactriformis.
C. Manillensis, Philippi. = Corb. Manillensis.
C. Moquinianus, Bourguignat. = an Ancylus, typ. error. C. nitens, Philippi. — Corb. nitens.
C. obesa, Hinds. = B. obesa.
C. orientalis, Lamarck. — Corb. orientalis.
C. Paranacensis, V Orbigny. = Corb. Paranensis.
C. Peruviana, Deshayes. = C. anomala.
C. Petitianus, Bourguignat. = an Ancylus, typ. error. C. Philippinarum, Hanley. = B. Philippinarum.
C. pulchella, Mousson. = Corb. pulchella.
C’. pullata, Phillipi. = Corb. pullata.
C. purpurea, Lea. = Venus gemma. CO. pusilla, Parreys. = Corb. pusilla. CO. radiata, Parreys. = Corb. radiata.
C. Raymondi, Bourguignat. = an Ancylus, typ. error. C. recurvata, Valenciennes. = Corb. recurvata.
C. regulata, Gassies. — B. tenebrosa.
C. rivalis, v. d. Busch. = Corb. rivalis.
C. rotundata, Lea. — B. rotundata.
C. similis, Gray. = Corb. Woodiana.
C. solida, Philippi. = C. Micaraguana.
C. subquadrata, Deshayes. = C. Californica.
CO. subradiata, Kurr. — Corb. subradiata. C. tenebrosa, Hinds. = B. tenebrosa. C’. triyonella, Lamarck. = Corb. trigonella.
C. turgida, Lea. = C. Bengalensis.
C. variegata, D’Orbigny. = Corb. limosa. C. violacea, Lamarck. = B. violacea.
O. Woodiana, Lea. = Corb. Woodiana.
Genus SPHERIUM, Scopoli. Scopoli, Introduct. 397, 1777. ;
Chama, d Argenville, Hist. Nat. Lithol. Conchyl. 868, 374,
pl. xxxi, No. 9, 1742. Tellina, Linneeus, Linn. Syst. Nat. x, edit. I, 678, 1758. Cardium, Dacosta, Brit. Conch. 173, pl. xiii, f. 2, 1778. Cyclas, Bruguiére, Encycl. Meth. pl]. 801, 1792. Nuxz, Humphrey, Mus. Calonn. 59, 1797. Musculium, Link., Coll. Univ. Bostock. pt. iii, 151, 1807. Cornea, Megerle, Mag. Gesell. Naturf. Berlin, v. 56, 1811. Corneocyclas, Férussac, Dict. Sci, Nat. xu, 277, 1818. Amesoda, Rafinesque, Ann. Gen. Sci. Phys. et Nat. v. 310,
1820.
151
Cycladites, Kriiger, Gesch. Urwelt. ii, 469, 1828. Pisidium, Verany, Descriz. Genova ii, 1846.
1. Sph. Argentinum, D’Orbigny. Cyclas Argentina, D’Orbigny, Mag. Zool. 1835, 568, pl. 83, f. 5-7, 1844. Sph. Argentinum, D’Orbigny, Brit. Mus. Cat. Conchif. 272, 1854. Proc. Ac. N. 8. Phila. 81, 1862. Smith Inst. Mise. ColJ., Prime Monog. Corb. 52, 1865. Montevideo, S. America. 2. Sph. aureum, Prime. Cyclas aurea, Prime, Proc. Soc. N. H. Bost. iv, 159, 1851. Sph. aureum, Prime, Brit. Mus. Cat. Conchif. 268, 1854. Proc. Ac. N. 8S. Phila., 404, 1861. Prime, Cat. Corb. 9, 1863. Smith. Inst. Misc. Coll., Prime Monog. Corb. 35, f. 26, 1865. Lake Superior, U. S. of America. 3. Sph. Bahiense, Spix. Cylas Bahiensis, Spix. Test. Bras. 32, pl. xxv. f. 5, 6, 1827. Mem. Soe. Phys. H. N. Geneva, vii, 414, 1836. Cyclas maculata, Anton. (non Morelet), Wiegm. Archiv. 284, 1837. Pisum maculatum, Deshayes, Brit. Mus. Cat. Conchif. 283, 1854. Pisum Bahiense, Deshayes, loc. sup. cit. 284, 1854. Musculium Bahiense, H. and A. Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll. ii, 451, 1858. Musculium maculatum, H. and A. Adams, loc. sup. cit. il, 451, 1858. Sph. Bahiense, Spix, Proc. Ac. N. 8S. Phila. 32, 1862. Prime, Cat. Corb. 12, 1863. Smith. Inst. Misc. Coll., Prime Monog. Corb. 53, f. 52, 1865. Bahia, Brazil.
4.Sph. Barbadense, Prime, Proc. A. N. S. Phila. 415, 1861.
Prime, Cat. Corb. 12, 1863, Smith. Inst. Misc. Coll.,
Prime, Monog. Corb. 53, f. 53, 1865. Barbadoes, W. Indies.
5. Sph. Brochonianum, Bourguignat, Mem. Soc. Se. phys. et. nat. Bord. i, 1854. Cyclas Corsa, Charpentier, in litt. France.
6. Sph. Capense, Krauss. Cyclas Capensis, Krauss, Moll. S. A. T, pl. 1, fig. 6, 1848. Sph. Capense, Krauss, Brit. Mus. Cat. Conchif. 265, 1854. Cape of Good Hope, Africa.
152
7. Sph. contractum, Prime, Cat. Corb. ii, 1863. Smith. Inst. Misc. Coll., Prime Monog. Corb. 48, f. 46, 1865. Alabama, U. S. of America.
8. Sph. Cooperianum, Prime, in litt. California.
9. Sph. corneum, Scopoli. Chama cinerea, d’Argenville, Hist. nat. Lithol. Conch. 2d edit. 826, 321, pl. xxvii, f. 9, 1742.
Tellina cornea, Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. x, edit. i, 678, 1758.
Tellina rivalis, Miller, Verm. ii, 202, 1774.
Spherium corneum, Scopoli, Introduct. 397, 1777.
Cardium nux, Dacosta, Brit. Conch. 178, pl. xiii, f. 2-2, ATTS:
Nux nigella, Humphrey, Mus. Calonn. 59, 1797.
Cardium amnicum, Pultney, Cat. Dorset. 31, 1799.
Cyclas cornea, Draparnaud, Tabl. Moll. 195, 1801.
Cardium corneum, Montagu, Test. Brit. 86, 1803. °
Cyclas rivalis, Draparnaud, Hist. Moll. 129, pl. x, f. 4, 5, 1805.
Cornea communis, Megerle, Mag. Gesell. Naturf. Berlin, v, 56, 1811.
Cyclas alata, Leach, in litt. in Mus. Brit. 1818-19-20.
Cyclas stagnicola, Leach, in litt. in Mus. Brit. 1818-19--20.
Cycladites corneus, Kriiger, Gesch. Urwelt. ii, 469, 1828.
Cyclas fossarum, Krynicki, in litt. 183—
Cyclas nucleus, Studer, Nouv. Mem. Soc. Helv. Se. Nat. i, 25, - 1837.
Cyclas tumida, Zeigler, in litt. Féruss. Cat. 20, 1837.
Cyclas Leachii, Zeigler, in litt. Villa. Cat. 44, 1841.
Cyclas plumbeus, Villa., loc. sup. cit. 44, 1841.
Cyclas citrina, Brown, lust. Conch. Gr. Brit. ete. 93, pl. xxxix, f. 19, 1842.
lie pee, Macgillivroy, Hist. Moll. An. 208, 246,
Pisidium cornea, Verany, Descriz. Genova, ii, 1846. Cyclas isocardioides, Normand, Dupuy, Hist. Moll. Fr. 668, 1852.
Sph. corneum, Scopoli, Mem. Soc. Se. phys. et nat. Bord. 1. 1854. Prime, Cat. Corb. 12, 1863. Europe.
10. Sph. Creplini, Dunker. Cyclas Creplini, Dunker, Zeit. Malak. 20, 1845. Pisum Creplini, Deshayes, Brit. Mus. Cat. Conchif. 280, 1854. Sph. Creplint, Dunker, Normand. Cycl. Dépt. Nord. 3, 1854.
153
Musculium Creplini, Dunker, H. and A. Adams, gen. rec. Moll. ii, 451, 1858. Sph. Creplini, Dunker, Prime, Cat. Corb. 12, 1863. Europe. 11. Sph. Cubanum, Prime, Cat. Corb. 12, 1863. Smith. Inst. Misc. Coll., Prime Monog. Corb. 58, f. 60, 1863, Cuba, W. Indies.
12. Sph. dingoli, Bivona. Cyclas dingoli, Bivona, Gior. Sci. Lett. ed. Arte. Palermo. Ixvi, 221, 1839. Pisidium dingoli, Bivona, Villa, Cat. 44, 1841. Brit. Mus. Cat. Conchif. 285, 1854. Sicily.
13. Sph. dentatum, Haldeman. Cyclas dentata, Hald., Proc. Ac. N. 8. Phila. i, 100, 1841. Proc. Soc. N. H. Bost. iv, 250, 1852. Sph. dentatum, Hald., Smith. Inst. Mise. Coll., Prime Monog. Corb. 40, fig. 32, 1865. Oregon, U. S. of America.
14. Sph. egregium, Gould. Cyclas egregia, Gould, Proc. Soc. N. H. Bost. iii, 292, 1850. U. 8. Explor. Expedit. xii, 425, f. 526, 1852. Oceaniea. 15. Sph. elevatum, Haldeman. Cyclas elevata, Hald., Proc. Acad. N. 8. Phila. 1, 53, 1841, N. H.N. Y. v, 224, 1843. Cyclas pallida, de Charpentier, in litt, 1851. Sph. elevatum, Hald., Brit. Mus. Cat. Conchif. 269, 1854. Prime, Cat. Corb. 10, 1863. Smith. Inst. Mise. Coll., Prime Monog. Corb. 44, f. 41, 1865. U.S. of America.
16. Sph. emarginatum, Prime. Cyclas emarginata, Prime, Proc. Soc. N. H. Bost. iv, 156, 1851. Sph. emarginatum, Prime, Brit. Mus. Cat. Conchif. 267, 1854. Prime, Cat. Corb. 10, 1863. Smith. Inst. Mise. Coll., Prime Monog. Corb. 43, f. 88, 1865.
U. S. of America. 17. Sph. fabale, Prime. Cyclas fabalis, Prime, Proc. Soc. N. H. Bost. iv, 159, 1851. Cyclas castanea, Prime, loc. sup. cit. iv, 160, 1851. Jyclas sulculosa, de Charpentier, in litt. 1851. Sph. castaneum, Prime, Brit. Mus. Cat. Conchif. 270, 1854. Sph. fabale, Prime, loc. sup. cit. 269, 1854. Prime, Cat. Corb. 10, 1868. Smith. Inst. Misc. Coll., Prime Monog. 40, f. 33, 1865. U. S. of America.
154
18. Sph. ferrugineum, Krauss. Cyclas ferruginea, Krauss, Moll. 8. A. 7, pl. 1, fig. 7, 1848. Pisidium parasiticum, Parreys, in litt. SR ie Krauss, Brit. Mus. Cat. Conchif. 281, 54. Pisum parasiticum, Parreys, loc. sup. cit. 280, 1854. Musculium parasiticum, Parreys, H. and A. Adams, gen. ree. Moll. ii, 452, 1854. Musculium ferrugineum, Krauss, loc. sup. cit. ii, 451, 1858. South Africa. 19. Sph. flavum, Prime. Cyclas flava, Prime, Proc. Soc. N. H. Bost. iv, 155, 1851. Sph. flavum, Prime, Brit. Mus. Cat. Conchif. 268, 1854. Prime, Cat. Corb. 10, 1863. Smith. Inst. Mise. Coll., Prime Monog. Corb. 43, f. 89, 1865. U. S. of America.
20. Sph. inconspicuum, Prime, Proc. Zool. Lond. xxviii, 322, 1860. Asia Minor.
21. Sph. Indicum, Deshayes, Proc. Zool. Lond. xxii, 342, 1854
Brit. Mus. Cat. Conchif. 265, 1854. East Indies.
22. Sph. Jayanum, Prime. Cyclas Jayensis, Prime, Proc. Soc. N. H. Bost. iv, 157, 1854. Sph. Jayanum, Prime. Prime, Cat. Corb. 11, 1863. Smith. Inst. Mise. Coll., Prime Monog. Corb. 46, 47, f. 43,
1865. U. S. America. 23. Sph. Jeannoti, Normand, Cycl. Dept. Nord. 2, 1854. Prime, Cat. Corb. 13, 1868. France.
- 24. Sph. lacustre, Férussac.
Tellina lacustris, Miller, Verm. ii, 204, 1774.
Cardium lacustre, Montagu, Test. Brit. 89, 1808.
Cyclas calyculata, Draparnaud, Hist. Moll. 150, pl. x, f. 14, 15, 1805.
Musculium lacustre, Link., Coll. Univ. Rostock, Part ii, 152, 1807.
Cyclas lacustris, Férussac, Méth. Conchyl. 128, 1807.
Tellina tuberculata, Alten, System, Abhandl. 4, pl. 1, f. 1, 1812.
Tellina tenera, Schrank, Ann. Wetterau. 516, 1814.
Cyclas tuberculata, Klees, Dissert. Tubing. 45, 1818.
Tellina stagnicola, Shephard, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond. xiv, 150, 1828.
Sph. lacustre, Bourguignat, Rev. Mag. Zool. 845, 1858. Brit. Mus. Cat. Conchif. 262, 1854.
155
Cyclas Perezeit, Villa, in litt. 1854. = Sph. lacustre, Férussac, Prime, Cat. Corb. 13, 1863.
25. Sph. lenticula, Gould.
Incina lenticula, Gould, Proc. Soc. N. H. Bost. iii, 256, 1850.
Cyclas lenticula, Gould, U. 8. Explor. Expedit. xii, 413, pl. xxxvi, f. 528, 1852.
Sph. lenticula, Gould, Proc. Ac. N. 8. Phila. 86, 1862. Prime, Cat. Corb. 11, 1863. Smith. Inst. Misc. Coll., Prime Monog. Corb. 51, f. 51, 1865. California.
26. S. maculatum, Morelet.
Cyclas maculata, Morelet, Test. Nov. 25, 1851.
iS. maculatum, Morelet, Proc. Acad. N. 8S. Phila. 33, 1862. Prime, Cat. Corb. 11, 1863. Smith. Inst. Mise. Coll., Prime Monog. Corb. 55, f. 55,1865. Yucatan, Mezico.
27. S. Madagascariense, Tristam, Proc. Zool. Lond. 61, 1863. Near Antanarivo, Madagascar.
Europe.
28. S. Modioliforme, Anton. Cyclas modioliformis, Anton, Wiegm. Archiv. 228, 1837. Pisidium diaphanum, Haldeman, Proc. Ac. N. 8S. Phila. i, 58, 1841. Pisum Modioliforme, Deshayes, Brit. Mus. Cat. Conchif. 283. 1853.
Pisidium Moquinianum, Bourguignat, Rev. Mag. Zool. — 1855.
Cyclas Moquiniana, Gassies, Act. Soc. Linn. Bord, xx, — 1855.
Cyclas striatella, Férussac, Museum of Paris.
Cyclas littoralis, Ferussac, Cabinet of Michaud, Lyons.
Cyclas Venezuelensis, Prime, Museum of Leyden.
Museculium Modiohforme, H. and A. Adams, gen. rec. Moll. ii, 451, 1858.
S. Modioliforme, Anton, Proc. Ac. N. 8. Phila. 82, 1862. Smith. Inst. Mise. Coll., Prime Monog. Corb. 54, 1865.
South America.
29. S. nobile, Gould. Cyclas nobilis, Gould, Proc. Soc. N. H. Bost. v, 229, 1855. U.S. Explor. Expedit. xii, 426, pl. xxxvi, f. 527, 1852. S. nobile, Gould, Proc. Ac. N. 8. Phila. 407, 1861. Prime, Cat. Corb. 10, 1863. Smith. Inst. Mise. Coll., Prime Monog. Corb. 41, f. 85. 1865. U. S. of America.
30. S. Novee-Zelandize, Deshayes, Proc. Zool. Lond. XXii, 3842, 1854.
Brit. Mus. Cat. Conchif. 272, 1854. New Zealand and New Holland.
156
31. S. occidentale, Prime. Cyclas ovalis (preoc), Prime, Proc. Soc. N. H. Bost. iv, 276, 1852.
Cyclas occidentalis, Prime, loc. sup. cit. v, 122, 1855.
S. ovale, Stimpson, H. and A. Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll. ii, 450, 1858.
S. occidentale, Prime, Proc. Ac. N. 8. Phila. 407, 1861. Prime, Cat. Corb. 10, 1863. Smith. Inst. Mise. Coll., Prime Monog. Corb. 41, f. 34,1865. U.S. of America.
32. S. ovale, Ferussac. Cyclas lacustris, Draparnaud, Hist. Moll. 130, pl. x, f. 6, 7, 1805.
Cyclas ovalis, Ferussac, Meth. Conchyl. 128, 136, 1807. Cyclas consobrina, Ferussac, Dict. Sci. Nat. xii, 279, 1818. S. Deshayesianum, Bourguignat, Rev. Mag. Zool. 845, 1853. iS. ovale, Ferussac, Mem. Soc. Sc. Phys. Bord. i, 1854.
S. consobrinum, Ferussac, Brit. Mus. Cat. Conchif. 263, 1854. S. pallidum, Gray, Ann. Mag. N. H. 2d ser. xvii, 465, 1856. S. ovale, Férussac, Prime Cat. Corb. 12, 1863. Hurope.
33. S. partumeium, Say.
Cyclas cornea, Lam., var. 2, An. v, 558, 1818.
Cyclas partumeia, Say, J. Ac. N. 8. Phila. ii, 880, 1822. Gould, Invert. 73, f. 54, 1841.
Cyclas orbicularia, Barrat, Amer. J. Sci. xlviii, 276, 1845.
Cyclas mirabilis, Prime, Proc. Soc. N. H. Bost. iv, 157, 1851.
Cyclas coerulea, Prime, loc. sup. cit. iv, 161, 1851.
S. partumeium, Say, Brit. Mus. Cat. Conchif. 266, 1854.
S. mirabile, Prime, loc. sup. cit. 269, 1854.
S. orbicularium, Barrat, H. and A. Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll. ii, 450, 1858.
iS. ceruleum, Prime, loc. sup. cit. 11, 450, 1858.
S. partumeium, Say, Proc. Ac. N. 8. Phila. 29, 1862. Prime, Cat. Corb. 10, 1863. Smith. Inst. Misc. Coll., Prime Monog. Corb. 45, f. 42, 1865. U. S. of America.
34. S. patella, Gould. Cyclas patella, Gould, Proc. Soc. N. H. iii, 292,1850. U.S. Explor. Expedit. xii, 426, pl. xxxvi, f. 527, 1852. S. patella, Gould, Brit. Mus. Cat. Conchif, 271, 1854. Prime Cat. Corb. 10, 1863. Smith. Inst. Misc. Coll., Prime Monog. Corb. 42, f. 36, 1865. Oregon, U.S. of America.
35. S. perpusillum, Gartner. Cyclas perpusilla, Gartner, Ann. Wetterau. iii, 316. Pisum perpusillum, Gartner, Brit. Mus. Cat. Conchif. 285, 1854 Hanover, Germany.
157
36. S. rhomboideum, Say. Cyclas cornea. Lam., var. 3, An. v. 558, 1818. Cyclas rhomboidea, Say, J. Ac. N. 8. Phila. ii, 380, 1822. Cyclas elegans, C. B. Adams, J. N. H. Bost. iii, 330, pl. iii, f. 11, 1840. Gould, Invert. 74, f. 55, 1841. N. H.N. Y. v, 224, 1843. Cyclas rhomboidea, Say, N. H. N. Y. v, 224, pl. xxv, f. 263, 1848. Ann. Lyc. N. H.N. Y. vi, 66, pl. 1, f. 4, 1853. S. rhomboideum, Say, Brit. Mus. Cat. Conchif. 266, 1854. S. elegans, C. B. Adams, loc. sup. cit. 270, 1854. S. rhomboideum, Say, Prime Cat. Corb. 9, 1863. Smith. Inst. Mise. Coll., Prime Monog. Corb. 39, f. 31, 1865. U. S. of America. 37. S. rivicola, Lamarck. Chama albida, d’Argenville, Hist. Nat. Lithol. Conch. 368 pl. xxxi, f. 9, 1742. Tellina cornea (pars), Schréter, Fluss. Conch. 189, pl. iv, f.
?
’
Cyclas cored, (pars), Draparnaud, Tabl. Moll. 105, var. a, 1801.
Cyclas rivieola, Lamarck, An. v, 558, 1818.
Cyclas sabulicola, Krynicki, in litt. 1883—
Cyclas cequata, junior, Sheppard, in litt. 1840.
S. riviculum, Leach, Morch. Cat. Conch. 30, 1858.
SS. rwvicola, Lamarck, Rev. Mag. Zool. 345, 1853. Mem. Soe. Sc. Phys. et Nat. Bord. i, 1854. Brit. Mus. Cat. Conchif. 261. 1854. Prime Gat. Corb. 12, 1863. Hurope.
38. S. rosaceum, Prime. Cyclas rosacea, Prime, Proc. Soc. N. H. Bost. iv, 155, 1851. S. rosaceum, Prime, Brit. Mus. Cat. Conchif. 270, 1854. Prime, Cat. Corb. 11, 1863. Smith. Inst. Misc. Coll., Prime Monog. Corb. 50, f. 48, 1865. Schuylkill River, U. S. of America. 39. S. Ryckholtii, Normand.
Cyclas Ryckholtii, Normand, Not. Cycl. Valenc. 7, f. 5, 6, 1844
S. Ryckholtii, Normand, Rev. Mag. Zool. 845, 1853. S. strictum, Normand, Cycl. Dépt. Nord. 3, 1854. S. Ryckholtw, Normand, Prime Cat. Corb. 12, 1863. France.
40. S. Scaldianum, Normand. Cyclas Scaldiana, Normand, Not. Cycl. Valence. 5, f. 1, 2, 1844. S. corneum (pars), Bourguignat, Rev. Mag. Zool. 345, 1853. iS. citrinum, Normand, Cycl. Dept. Nord. 1, 1854.
158
S. Scaldianum, Normand, Mem. Soe. Se. Phys. et Nat. Bord. i, 1854. Prime Cat. Corb. 12, 1868. Europe.
41, S. securis, Prime.
Cyclas securis, Prime, Proc. Soc. N. H. Bost. iv, 160, 1851.
Cyclas cardissa, Prime, loc. sup. cit. iv, 160, 1851.
Cyclas securis, Prime, Ann. Lyc. N. H. N. Y. v, 218, pl. vi, 1852.
Cyclas crocea, Lewis, Proc. Soc. N. H. Bost. v, 25, 1854.
S. cardissa, Prime, Brit. Mis. Cat. Conchif. 268, 1854.
S. securis, Prime, loc. sup. cit. 268, 1854. Prime Cat. Corb. 11, 1863. Smith. Inst. Mise. Coll., Prime Monog. Corb. 49, f. 47, 1865. U. S. of America.
42. S. simile, Say. Cyclas similis, Say, Nichols. Encycl. 1st Amer. edit. ii, pl. 1, 1 es Boll Ef Cyclas sulcata, Lamarck, An. v, 560, 1818. Cyclas Sarratogea, Lamarck, loc. sup. cit. v, 560, 1818. Cyclas lasmampsis, Rafinesque, Ann. gen. Sci. phys. et nat. y, ol0, pl Ixxxu, £19, 20.1820. Cyclas striatena, Lamarck, Ferussac, Mag. Zool. 1835. Cyclas suleata, Lamarck, Delessert, Recueil, pl. vii, f. 8, 1841. Cyclas Sarratogea, Lamarck, loc. sup. cit. pl. vii, f. 9, 1841. Cyclas similis, Say, Gould Invert. 72, f. 53, 1831. Cyclas rhomboidea, Say, C. B. Adams, Vermont, 18, 1842. Cyclas solida, DeKay, N. H. N. Y. vy, 229, pl. xxv. f. 265, 18438. Cyclas gigantea, Prime, Proc. Soc. N. H. Bost. iv, 157, 1851. Cyclas ponderosa, Prime, Proc. Soc. N. H. Bost. iv, 157, 1851. S. simile, Say, Brit. Mus. Cat. Conchif. 265, 1854. S. giganteum, Prime, loc. sup. cit. 267, 1854. S. ponderosum, Prime, loc. sup. cit. 268, 1854. iS. suleatum, Lamarck, Prime Cat. Corb. 8, 1863. Smith. Inst. Mise. Coll., Prime Monog. Corb. 88, f. 25, 1865. North America. 43. S. solidulum, Prime. Cyclas solidula, Prime, Proc. Soc. N. H. Bost. iv, 158, 1851. Cyclas distorta, Prime, loc. sup. cit. iv. 158, 1851. S. solidulum, Prime, Brit. Mus. Cat. Conchif. 269, 1854. S. distortum, Prime, loc. sup. cit. 271, 1854. S. solidulum, Prime, Cat. Corb. 9, 1863. Smith. Inst. Mise. Coll., Prime Monog. Corb. 36, f. 27, 1865. U. S. of America. 44, S. solidum, Normand. Cyclas solida, Normand, Not. Cycl. Valence. 6, f. 3, 4, 1844.
159
S. solidum, Normand, Rev. Mag. Zool. 845, 1858. Mem. Soc. Sci. Phys. Bord. i, 1854. Prime Cat. Corb. 12, 1868. Europe.
45. S. sphericum, Anthony.
Cyclas spherica, Anthony, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H. Bost. iv, 275, 1852.
Sph. sphericum, Anthony, H. and A. Ad., Gen. Rec. Moll. ii, 450, 1858. Prime Cat. Corb. 11, 1863. Smith. Inst. Mise. Coll., Prime Monog. Corb. 50, f. 49, 1865.
U. S. of America. 46. S. stamineum, Conrad. eas staminea, Conrad, Amer. J. Sci. xxv, 342, pl. 1, f. 5, 834.
O clas*fuscata, Rafinesque, Prime in Proc. Soc. N. H. Bost. iv, 281, 1852.
Cyclas bulbosa, Anthony, loc. sup. cit. iv. 283, 1852.
Sph. stamineum, Conrad, Brit. Mus. Cat. Conchif. 267, 1854. Prime Cat. Corb. 9, 1863. Smith. Inst. Misc. Coll., Prime Monog. Corb. 58, f. 80, 1865.
U. S. of America. 47. S. Steinii, Schmidt.
Cyclas Steinwi, Schmidt, Zeit. Malak. 118, 1850.
Sph. Steinit, Schmidt, H. and A. Ad., Gen. Rec. Moll. ii, 450, 1858. Germany.
48. S. striatinum, Lamarck.
Cyclas striatina, Lamarck, An. v. 560, 1818.
Cyclas edentula, Say, N. Harm. Dissem. 356, 1829.
Cyclas striatina, Lamarck, Delessert. Recueil. pl. vii, f. 4, 1841.
Cyclas cornea, C. B. Adams, Cat. 29, 1847.
Cyclas albula, Prime, Proc. Soc. N. H. Bost. iv, 155, 1851.
Cyclas tenuistriata, Prime, loc. sup. cit. iv, 156, 1851.
Cyclas acuminata, Prime, loc. sup. cit. iv, 158, 1851.
Cyclas inornata,
Cyclas simplex, Prime, loc. sup. cit. iv, 159, 1851.
Cyclas modesta,
Sph. tenuistriatum, Prime, Brit. Mus. Cat. Conchif. 267, 1854.
Sph. albulum, Prime, loc. sup. cit. 269, 1854.
Sph. inornatum, Prime, loc. sup. cit. 270, 1854.
Sph. neodestum, Prime, loc. sup. cit. 270, 1854.
Sph. simplex, Prime, loc. sup. cit. 271, 1854.
Sph. acuminatum, Prime, loc. sup. cit. 271, 1854.
Pisum edentulum, Say, loc. sup. cit. 282, 1854.
Musculium edentulum, Say, H. and A. Ad., Gen. Ree. Moll. ii, 450, 1858.
30
160
Sph. striatinum, Lamarck, Proc. Ac. N.S. Phila. 405, 1861. Prime Cat. Corb. 9, 1863. Smith. Inst. Misc. Coll., Prime Monog. Corb. 87, f. 29,1865. North America.
49. §. subtransversum, Prime, Proc. Zool. Lond. xxviii, 322, 1860. Smith. Inst. Misc. Coll., Prime Monog. Corb. 52, 1865. Mexico.
50. S. tenue, Prime. “= Cyclas tenuis, Prime, Proc. Soc. N. H. Bost. iv, 161, 1851. _4@Sph. tenue, Prime, H. and A. Ad., Gen. Rec. Moll. ii, 450, 1858. Prime Cat. Corb. 11, 1863. Smith. Inst. Mise. Coll., Prime Monog. Corb. 17, f. 44, 1865. U. 8. of America. $1. §. Terverianum, Dupuy. ~ Cyclas Terveriana, Dupuy, extram. Gall. test. 87,1849. Du- puy Hist. Moll. Tr. 674, pl. xxix, f. 9, 1852. 8. Terverianum, Dupuy, Rev. Mag. Zool. 135, 1853, Mem. Soc. Sc. Phys. Bord. i, 1854. Prime, Cat. Corb. 12, 1868. France.
52. S. transversum, Say. Cyclas transversa, Say, N. Harm. Dissem. 356, 1829. Cyclas detruncata, Prime, Proc. Soc. N. H. Bost. iv, 155, 1851.
Cyclas gracilis, Prime, Loe. sup. cit. iv, 156, 1851.
Cyclas constricta, Anthony, Loc. sup. cit. iv, 274, 1852.
Sph. transversum, Say, Brit. Mus. Cat. Conchif. 267, 1854.
Sph. gracile, Prime, Loc. sup. cit. 268, 1854.
Sph, detruncatum, Prime, Loe. sup. cit. 272, 1854.
Sph. transversum, Say, Proc. Ac. N. 8. Phila. 31, 1862. Prime, Cat. Corb. 11, 1863. Smith Inst. Misc. Coll., Prime Monog. Corb. 48, f. 45,1865. U WS. of America.
53. S. triangulare, Say. Cyclas triangularis, Say, N. Harm. Dissem. 356, 1829. Sph. triangulare, Say, Proc. Ac. N. S. Phila. 28, 1862. Smith. Inst. Misc. Coll., Prime Monog. Corb. 36, f. 28, 1865. Mexico.
54. S. truncatum, Linsley. Cyclas calyculata, Draparnaud, C. B. Ad., Amer. J. Sci. xl, 277, 1841. C. B. Ad., Vermont, 18, 1842. C. B.Ad., Cat. 29, 1847. Cyclas truncata, Linsley, Amer. J. Sci. n. ser. vi, 284, f. 3, 1848.
Cyclas pellucidea, Prime, Stimp. Moll. N. HE. 16, 1851.
161
Sph. pellucidum, Prime, H. & A. Ad., Gen. Rec. Moll. ii, 450, 1858.
Sph. truncatum, Linsley, Proc. Ac. N. 8. Phila. 35, 1862. Prime, Cat. Corb. 11, 1863. Smith. Inst. Misc. Coll., Prime Monog. Corb. 51, f. 50, 1865. U. S. of America.
55. S. Veatleyii, C. B. Adams. Cyclas Veatleytt, C. B. Adams, Contr. Conch. 44, 1849. Pisidium Veatleyit, Petit, J. Conch. ii, 421, 1851. Pisum Veatleyti, C. B. Adams, Brit. Mus. Cat. Conchif. 283, 1854
Musculium Veatleyii, C. B. Adams, H. & A. Ad. Gen. Ree. Moll. ii, 452, 1858.
Sph. Veatleyii, C. B. Adams, Proc. Ac. N.S. Phila. 34, 1862. Prime, Cat. Corb. 12, 1863. Smith. Inst. Misc. Coll., Prime Monog. Corb. 56, f. 56, 1865.
Jamaica, W. Indies.
TO BE EXCLUDED.
Sph. acuminatum, Prime. = Sph. striatinum. Cyclas acuta, Pfeiffer. = P. Henslowianum. Cyclas equalis, Rafinesque. = P. Virginicum. Cgclas equata, Sheppard. = Sph. rivicola. Cyclas alata, Leach. = Sph. corneum.
Sph. albulum, Prime. = Sph.striatinum.
Cyclas altilis, Anthony. = P. compressum. Cyclas Americana, Christofori & Jan.; undescribed. Cyclas amnica, Turton. = P. amnicum.
Cyclas appendiculata, Turton. = P. Henslowianum. Cyclas Australis, Lamarck. = Corb. Australis. Cyclas Bengalensis, Férussac. = C. Bengalensis. Cyclas borealis, Lamarck. = Corb. borealis. Cyclas calyculata, Draparnaud. = Sph. lacustre. Sph. cardissum, Prime. = Sph. securis.
Cyclas Caroliniana, Bose. = C. Caroliniensis. Sph. castaneum, Prime. = Sph. fabale.
Cyclas Chilensis, D’Orbigny. = P. Chilense. Cyclas Chinensis, Lamarck. = Cord. fluminea. Cyclas cinerea, Hanley. = P. casertenum. Cyclas citrina, Brown. = Sph. corneum.
Sph. citrinum, Normand. = Sph. Scaldianum. Cyclas clandestina, DaCosta. ; a marine shell. Sph. coeruleum, Prime. = Sph. partumeium. Cyclas consobrina, Cailliaud. = Corb. consobrina.
162
Sph. consobrinum, Férussac. = Sph. ovale.
Sph. constrictum, Anthony. = Sph. transversum. Cyclas Corsa, Charpentier. = Sph. Brochonianum. Cyclas crocea, Lewis. = Sph. securis.
Cyclas Cychkolzit, Bientina; undescribed.
Cyclas Cyrcenopsis, Valenciennes. = Corb. Cyrcenopsis. Sph. detruncatum, Prime. = Sph. transversum. Sph. Deshayesianum, Bourguignat. = Sph. ovale. Cyclas diaphana, Prime. = Sph. modioliforme. Sph. distortum, Prime. = Sph. solidulum.
Cyclas dubia, Say. = P. Virginicum.
Cyclas dubiosa, Say. = P. Virginicum.
Cyclas duplicata, Pfeiffer. = P. duplicatum. Cyclas Dupontia, Férussac. = Cyrenella Dupontia. Sph. eburneum, Anthony. = Sph. partumetum. Cyclas edentula, Say. == Sph. striatinum.
Cyclas elegans, C. B. Adams. = Sph. rhomboideum. Cyclas errans, Lewis. ; undescribed.
Cyclas elliptica, Férussac. ; undescribed.
Cyclas Huphratica, Lamarck = Corb. fluminalis. Cyclas flavescens, McGillivray = Sph. corneum. Cyclas fluminea, Bose. ; undescribed.
Cyclas fluviatilis, Bosc. ; undescribed.
Cyclas Fontaineti, D’Orbigny. = C. Fontaineit. Cyclas fontinalis, Draparnaud. = P. pusillum. Cyclas fossarum, Krynicki. = Sph. corneum. Sph. fuscatum, Rafinesque. = Sph. striatinum. Cyclas gibba, Alder. = P. obtusale.
Sph. giganteum, Prime. = Sph. simile.
Cyclas globosa, Megerle. = Sph. corneum.
Sph. gracile, Prime. = Sph. transversum.
Cyclas hammalis, Rafinesque ; undescribed. Huglesa Henslowiana, Leach; a Sphertum. Cyclas hermaphrodita, Mart. = Galathea radiata. Sph. Herminu, Wald. = P. casertanum.
Sph. inornatum, Prime. = Sph. striatinum. Cyclas Islandica, Lamarck. = Cyprina Islandica. Cyclas isocardioides, Normand. = Sph. corneum. Cyclas lacustris, Draparnaud. = SpA. ovale. Cyclas levigata, Schumacker, is Corb ?
Cyclas lasmampsis, Rafinesque. = Sph. simile. Cyclas Leachii, Ziegler. = Sph. corneum.
Cyclas lenticularis, Normand. = P. casertanum. Cyclas limosa, D’Orbigny. = Corb. limosa.
Cyclas littoralis, Férussac. = Sph. modiolforme.
163
Cyclas lutea, Ziegler. = Sph. corneum.
Cyclas maculata, Anton. = Sph. Bahiense. Cyclas maritima, D’Orbigny. = C. Cubana. Cyclas minor, C. B. Adams. = P. abditum. Cyclas minima, Studer. = P. obtusale.
Syh. mirabile, Prime. = Sph. partumetum.
Sph. modestum, Prime. = Sph. striatinum. Cyclas Moquiniana, Gassies. = Sph. modioliforme. Cyclas Nepeanensis, Lesson. = Corb. Nepeanensis. Cyclas nitida, Hanley. = P. abditum.
Sph. nitidum, C. B. Adams and Mighles. = P. Adamsi. Cyclas nucleus, Studer. = Sph. corneum.
Cyclas obliqua, Lamarck. = P. amnicum.
Cyclas obtusalis, Lamarck. = P. obtusale.
Sph. orbicularium, Barrat. = Sph. partumetwm. Sph. ovale, Stimpson. = Sph. ocerdentale.
Cyclas ovalis, Nilsson. = P. obtusale.
Cyclas ovalis, Prime. = Sph. occidentale.
Sph. ovatum, Lewis ; undescribed.
Cyclas pallida, Charpentier. = Sph. ovale. Cyclas palustris, Draparnaud, = P. amnicum. Cyclas Paranensis, D’Orbigny. = Corb. Paranensis. Sph. pellucidum, Prime. = Sph. truneatum. Cyclas Perezeti, Villa. = Sph. lacustre.
Cyclas Pfeifferi, Ziegler. = P. amnicum.
Sph. Pisidioides, Gray. = Sph. corneum.
Cyclas plumbeus, Villa. = Sph corneum.
Sph. ponderosum, Prime. = Sph. simile.
Sph. prozimum, Alder.; undescribed.
Cyclas pulchella, Hanley. = P. casertanum. Sph. pulchellum, D’Orbigny. = P. pulchellum. Cyclas punctifera, Guppy. = P. punctiferum. Cyclas pusilla, Turton. = P. pusillum.
Sph. pygmeum, C. B. Adams. = P. Jamaicense. Cyclas quercus, Lewis; undescribed.
Cyclas radiata, Blainville. = Galathea radiata. Cyclas rivalis, Draparnaud. = Sph. corneum. Cyclas rugosa, Whittemore; undescribed.
Cyclas sabulicola, Krynicki. = Sph. rivicola. Cyclas Sarratogea, Lamarck. = Sph. simile. Sph. simplex, Prime. = Sph, striatinum.
Cyclas solida, De Kay. = Sph. simile.
Cyclas stagnicola, Leach. = Sph. corneum. Cyclas Steenbuchtt, Moller. = P. Steenbuchit. Cyclas striatella, Férussac. = Sph. modioliforme.
164
Sph. strictum, Normand. = Sph. Ryckholtit. Sph. suleatum, Lamarck. — Sph. simile. Cyelas suleulosa, Charpentier. — Sph. fabale. Cyclas Sumatrensis, Férussac ; undescribed. Sph. tenuistriatum, Prime. = Sph. striatinum. Cyclas tuberculata, Klees. = Sph. lacustre. Cyclas tumida, Ziegler. = Sph. corneum. Cyclas variegata, D’Orbigny. = Corb. limosa. Cyclas Venezuelensis, Prime. = Sph. modioliforme. Cyclas Virginica, Ferussac. = P. Virginicum. Cyclas violacea, Lamarck. = B. violacea. Cyclas vitrea, Risso. = P. casertanum.
Cyclas Zeylanica, Lamarck. = C. Ceylonica. Sph. zonatum, Prime ; undescribed.
Genus PISIDIUM, C. Pfeiffer. System. Anord., 1821.
Tellina, Miiller, Verm. ii, 205, 1774.
Spherium, Scopoli, Introduct. 397, 1777.
Cardium, Poli, Test. Sicil. i, 65, pl. xvi, f. 1, 1791.
Cyclas, Draparnaud, Tab]. Moll. 106, 1801.
Pera, Cordula, Leach, in litt. in Mus. Brit. 1818-20.
Physemoda, Rafinesque, Ann. gen. Sc. phys. et nat. v, 319,. 1820.
Gallileja, Costa, Corrisp. Zool., 1839.
Pisum, Gray (non Megerle), Proc. Zool. Lond. xv, 184, 1847.
Musculium, Gray (non Link), 1851.
Pisum, Deshayes (non Megerle), Brit. Mus. Cat. Conchif.,. 1854.
Musculium, H. & A. Adams (non Link).
Pisum, H. & A. Adams (non Megerle), Gen. Rec. Moll. ii, 1858.
1, P. abditum, Haldeman.
Pisidium abditum, Haldeman, Proc. Ac. N. 8S. Phila. 1, 53,. 1841.
Cyclas minor, C. B. Adams, Proc. Soc. N. H. Bost. 1, 48,. 1841. J. N.-Gis Bost, iv, 39) pl. vet 2-183
Pisidium tenellum, Gould, Ag. Lake Super. 245, 1848.
Pisidium minus, Stimpson, Moll. N. E. 16, 1851.
Pisidium obscurum, Prime, Proc. Soc. N. H. Bost. iy, 161,. 1851.
Pisidium Kurtzi, Prime, Loc. sup. cit. iv, 162, 1851.
Pisidiwm zonatum, Prime, Loc. sup. cit. iv, 162, 1851.
Pisidium rubellum, Prime, Loc. sup. cit. iv, 163, 1851.
165
Pisidium regulare, Prime, J. N. H. Bost. vi, 868, pl. xii, £ 11, 12, 1852.
Pisidium notatum, Prime, Loe. sup. cit. vi, 365, pl. xii. f. 20— 22, 1852.
Pisidium arcuatum, Prime, Loc. sup. cit. vi, 864, pl. xii, f. j4—16, 1852.
Pisum minus, Deshayes, Brit. Mus. Cat. Conchif. 281, 1854.
Pisum abditum, Deshayes, Loe. sup. cit. 282, 1854.
Pisidium resartum, Ingalls in litt., 1855.
Pisidium rubrum, Lewis in litt., 1855.
Pisidium plenum, Lewis in litt., 1855.
Musculium abditum, H. & A. Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll. ii, 451, 1858.
Musculium minus, H. & A. Adams, Loe. sup. cit. ii, 451, 1858.
Museculium rubellum, H. & A. Adams, Loc. sup. cit. ii, 45%, 1858.
Musculium obscurum, H. & A. Adams, Loc. sup. cit. ii, 452, 1858.
Musculium Kurtzi, H. & A. Adams, Loe. sup. cit. ii, 451, 1858.
Musculium zonatum, H. & A. Adams, Lee. sup. cit. ii, 452, 1858.
Pisum obscurum, H. & A. Adams, Loc. sup. cit. ii, 660, 1858.
Pisum Kurtzi, H. & A. Adams, Loe. sup. cit. ii, 660, 1858.
Pisum rubellum, H. & A. Adams, Loc. sup. cit. il, 660, 1858.
Pisum zonatum, H. & A. Adams, Loe. sup. cit. i1, 660, 1858.
Pisidium abditum, Haldeman, Prime, Cat. Corb. 14, 1868. Smith. Inst. Mise. Coll., Prime Monog. Corb. 68, f. 72, 738, 1865. U.S. of America.
2. P. Adamsi, Prime. Cyelas nitida, Mighles, Proc. Soc. N. H. Bost. i, 48, 1841. JN GELe 0st. i,-o00, ple ii, 1.19, LOL. Pisidium Adamsi, Prime, Stimp. Moll. N. E. 16,1851. Bost. J. vi, 352, pl. xi, f. 1—8, 1852. Spherium nitidum. Deshayes, Brit. Mus. Cat. Conchif. 271, 1854
Pisidium Adams, Prime, Cat. Corb. 18, 1863. Smith. Inst. Mise. Coll., Prime Monog. Corb. 638, f. 68, 64, 1865. U. S. of America. 3. P. equilaterale, Prime. J. N. H. Bost: vi. 366, pl. xii, f. 283—25, 1852. Prime, Cat. Corb. 14, 1863. Smith. Misc. Col., Prime Monog. Corb. 23, f. 65, 66, 1865. U. S. of America.
4. P. amnicum, Jenyns. Tellina amnica, Miiller, Verm. ii, 205, 1774.
166
Tellina striata, Schroter, Fluss. Conch. 193, 1779.
Tellina rivalis, Maton & Racket, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond. iii, 44, "pl. xin, £7 37; 38, 17ST:
Cyclas palustris, Draparnaud, Drap. Tabl. Moll. 106, 1801.
Cardium amnicum, Montagu, Test. Brit. 86, 1803.
Cyclas obliqua, Lamarck, An. v, 559, 1818.
Pera fluviatilis, Leach, in litt. in Mus. Brit. 1820.
Pera Henslowiana, Leach, in litt. in Mus. Brit. 1820.
Pisidium obliquum, C. Pfeiffer, System. Anord. 124, pl. v, f. OOO Tee t.
Cyclas amnica, Turton, Conch. Brit. 250, pl. ii, f. xv, 1822.
Pisidium amnicum, Jenyns, Trans. Phil. Soc. Cambr. iv, 809, pl. xix, fe 2, bead.
Pisidium inflatum, Megerle, Porro. Mal. Comasca, 121, pl. ui, f. 13, 1838.
Cyclas Pfeifferi, Ziegler, Loc. sup. cit. 121, 1838.
Pisidium palustre, Porro., Loc. sup. cit. 121, 1838.
OCordula amnica, Leach, Moll. Brit. Synop. 291, 1852.
Pera amnica, Leach, Loe. sup. cit. 292, 1852.
Pisidium Grateloupianum, Normand. Cyel. Dépt. Nord, 4, 1854.
Pisidium intermedium, Gassies, Act. Soc. Linn. Bord. xx, 1855.
Pisidium suleatum, Parreys in litt.
Pisum amnicum, Deshayes, Brit. Mus. Cat. Conchif. 284, 1854.
Pisidium amnicum, Jenyns, Baudon, Pisid. Fr. 37, pl. iii, J. G. H., 1857.
Pisidium Burgundiacum, Billié in litt., 1858.
Musculium amnicum, H. & A. Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll. il, 451, 1858.
Pisidium amnicum, Jenyns, Prime, Cat. Corb. 15, 1863.
Hurope.
5. P. Angelicum, Rowell, Proc. Calif. Acad. Nat. Sciences.
Angel Island, California.
G. P. Arcaeforme, Malm. Sweden.
7. P. Australe, Deshayes (non Philippi).
Cyclas Australis, Lamarck, (varietas), An. v, 660, 1818.
Pisum Australe, Deshayes, Brit. Mus. Cat. Conchif. 285, 1854.
Musculium Australe, H. & A. Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll. ii, 451, 1858. King George's Sound, New Holland.
8. P. Canariense, Shuttleworth, Mittheil. Naturf. Gesell. Bern. 1852. Pisum Canariense, Deshaycs, Brit. Mus. Cat. Conchif. 281, 1854.
167. Museuliam Canariense, H. & A. Adams, Gen, Rec. Moll. ii,
451, 1858. Pisidium Canariense, Shuttleworth, Prime, Cat. Corb. 17, 1863. Canary Islands.
9. P. Casertanum, Bourguignat.
Cardium Casertanum, Poli, Test. Sicil. i, 65, pl. xvi, f. 1, 1791.
Cardium amnicum, jr. Montagu, Test. Brit. 88, 1803.
Cyclas vitrea, Risso, Hist. Nat. Nice. iv, 338, 1826.
Pera pulchella, Leach, in litt. in Mus. Brit., 1820.
Pisidium pulchellum, Jenyns, Trans. Phil. Soc. Cambr. iv, 306, pl. xxi, f. 1—5, 1832.
Pisidium Australe, Philippi (non Deshayes), Enum: Moll. Sicil. 1, 89, 1836.
Pisidium cinereum, Alder, Trans. N. H. Soc. Northumb. ii, 337, 1837.
Pisidium Lumsternianum, Forbes, Ann. N. H., 255, pl. xii, f. 4, 1839.
Pisidium obtusale, Villa, Cat. 44, 1841.
Cyclas obliqua (pars), Dupuy, Moll. Gers., 91, 1843.
Cyclas puichella, Hanley, Descrip. Cat. 91, 1844.
Cyclas cinerea, Hanley, Loe. sup. cit. 91, 1844.
Cyclas lenticularis, Normand. Not. Cycl. Valence. 8, f. 7, 8, 1844.
Pisidium Joannis, Macgillivray, Hist. Moll. An. 202, 252, 1843.
Pisidium Jenynsii, Macgillivray, Loc. sup. cit. 209, 249, 1843.
Pisidium Australe, Philippi (non Deshayes), Enum. Moll. Sicil. li, 31, pl. xiv, f. 2, 1844.
Pisidium vitreum, Verany, Descrip. Genova, 1846.
Pisidium limosum, Gassies, Moll. Agen. 206, pl. ii, f. 10, 11, 1849.
Pisidium iratianum. Dupuy, Gall. Test. No. 234, 1849.
Pisidium thermale, Dupuy, Loc. sup. cit. No. 238, 1849.
Pisidium caliculatum, Dupuy, Loe. sup. cit. No. 229, 1849.
Pisidium sinuatum, Bourguignat, J. Conchyl. ii, 421, 1851.
Pisidium lenticulare, Dupuy, Hist. Moll. Fr. 680, pl. xxx, f. 2, 1852.
Pisidium Casertanum, Bourguignat, Rer. Mag. Zool. 1854.
Pisum Casertanum, Deshayes, Brit. Mus. Cat. Conchif. 275, 1854.
Pisum vitreum, pars Deshayes, Loc. sup. cit. 276, 1854.
Pisum pulchellum, Deshayes, Loc. sup. cit. 278, 1854.
Pisum Lumsternianum, Deshayes, Loc. sup. cit. 280, 1854.
Pisum lenticulare, Deshayes, Loc. sup. cit. 280, 1854.
Pisum depressum, Deshayes, Loc. sup. cit. 285, 1854.
° 168
Pisidium rotundum, de Cessac Bull. Soc. Sci. Nat. Creuse, 1i,, 1855.
Pisidium globulosum, Gassies, Act. Soc. Linn. Bord. xx, 1855.
Pisidium planum, Pfeiffer, in litt.
Pisidium Casertanum, Bourguignat, Baudon, Pisid. Fr. 380,,
pleat. O85 ls .
Pisidium Stabilect, Schmidt, in litt. 1858.
Musculium Casertanum, H. & A. Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll. ii, 451, 1858.
Musculium vitreum, H. & A. Adams, Loc. sup. cit. ii, 452,. 1858.
Spherium Herminti, Wald, in Collect. Cuming, 1859.
Pisidium Casertanum, Bourguignat. Prime. Cat..Corb. 16,.
18638. Europe..
10. P. Chilense, Deshayes.
Cyclas Chilensis, D’Orbigny, Voy. 568, pl. 83, f. 11-13, 1846.
Pera Chilensis, Gray, Brit. Mus. List Shells. 8. Amer. 69,. 1854.
Pisum Chilense, Deshayes, Brit. Mus. Cat. Conchif. 254, 1854..
Musculium Chilense, H. & A. Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll. ii, 451,. 1858.
Corbicula Chilensis, Prime, Proc. Ac. N. 8. Phila. 269, 1860..
Pisidium angulatum, Prime, Proc. Zool. Lond. xxviii, 322, 1860.
Pisidium Chilense, Deshayes, Prime, Cat. Corb. 15, 1868. Smith. Inst. Mise. Coll., Prime Monog. Corb. 69, f. 76, 1865. Chitt, S. America..
11, P. compressum, Prime.
Cycas altilis, Anthony, in litt, 1847.
Pisidium compressum, Prime, Proc. Soc. N. H. Bost. iv, 164,. 1851.
Pisidium altile, Anthony, J. N. H. Bost. vi, 858, pl. xi, f. 10: —12, 1852.
Pisidium cicer, Prime, Ann. Lyc. N. H. N. Y. vi, 65, pl. 1,. f. 1, 1853.
Pisum compressum, Deshayes, Brit. Mus. Cat. Conchif. 282,. 1854.
Pisum altile, Deshayes, Loe. sup. cit. 280, 1854.
Musculium compressum, H. & A. Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll. ii,. 451, 1858.
Musculium cicer, H. & A. Adams, Loe. sup. cit. ii, 451, 1858.
Pisum cicer, H. & A. Adams, Loe. sup. cit. ii, 660, 1858.
Pisidium compressum, Prime, Cat. Corb. 14, 1868. Smith.. Inst. Mise. Coll., Prime Monog. Corb. 64, f. 67, 68, 1865. U. S. of Amervea..
169
12. P. conicum, Baudon. Baudon. Pisid. Fr. 50, fl. v, f. B, 1857. Prime. Cat. Corb. 17, 1863. Franee. 13. P. consanguineum, Prime. Smith. Inst. Misc. Coll., Prime Monog. Corb. 76, f. 86,
1865. Cuba, West Indies. 14, P. cuneatum, Bielz. Bielz. Moll. Siebenb. 1863. Transylvania.
15. P. duplicatum, C. Pfeiffer. Cyclas duplicata, C. Pfeiffer, System. Arnord. 230, 1821. Musculium duplicatum, H. & A. Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll. ii,
451, 1858. Pisum duplicatum, H. & A. Adams, Loc. sup. cit. ii, 660, 1858. Pisidium duplicatum, ©. Pfeiffer, Prime Cat. Corb. 17, 1863. Germany. 16. P. Ferroense, Morch, Cat. Suenson, 43, 1857. Prime Cat. Corb. 17, 1868. Farroe Islands.
17. P. ferrugineum, Prime. Proe: Soc. N.\H. Bost. iv, 162, 1851. J. N. H. Bost. va 362, pl. xii, f. 8—10, 1852. Prime, Cat. Corb. 15, 1863. Smith. Inst. Mise. Coll., Prime Monog. 71, f. 77, 78,
1865. U. S. of America. 18. P. fuscum, Parreys. Haydinger, Berichte vii, 211, 1851. Germany.
19. P. Gassiesanum, Dupuy. Gassies, Moll. Agen. 207, pl. ii, f. 11, 1849. Pisidium Normandianum, Dupuy, Loe. sup. cit. 206, 1848. Pisidium tetragonum, Normand, Cycl. Dépt. Nord. 5, 1854. Pisum vitreum, Deshayes (pars), Brit. Mus. Cat. Conchif. 277, 1854. Pisidium Baudonianum, de Cessac, Bull. Soc. Sci. Nat. Creuse. ii, 1855. Pisidium Gassiesianum, Dupuy, Baudon Pisid. Fr. 26, pl. i, felt. hea. France. 20. P. Gundlachi, Arango. Cuba, West Indies. 21. P. Harfordianum, Prime. Mendocino Co., California.
22. P. Henslowianum, Jenyns. Pera Henslowiana, Leach, in litt. in Mus. Brit. 1820. Cyclas acuta, C. Pfeiffer, System. Arnord. 230, 1821. Telina Henslowana, Sheppard, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond. xiv,
150, 1823.
170
Cyclas appendiculata, Turton, Man. 15, pl. i, f. 6, 1831.
Pisidium acutum, C. Pfeiffer, Wiegm. Archiv. i, 230, 1831.
Pisidium Henslowianum, Jenyns, Trans. Phil. Soc. Cambr. iv, 308, pl. xxi, f. 6, T, 1832.
Pera appendiculata, Leach, Moll. Brit. Synop. 292, 1852.
Pisidium Jayanum, Gassies, in litt. 1852.
Pisidium Dupuyanum, Normand, Cycl. Dépt. Nord, 5, 1844.
Pisidium solitarium, Gassies, in litt. 1855.
Pisidium pallidum, Gassies, Act. Soc. Linn. Bord. xx, 1855.
Pisidium Bonnafouxianum, de Cessac, Bull. Soc. Sci. Nat. Crense. ii, 1855.
Pisidium Jaudouinianum, Gassies, Act. Soc. Linn. Bord. xx, 1855.
Pisidium pictum, de Cessac in litt. 1855.
Pisum Henslowianum, Deshayes, Brit. Mus. Cat. Conchif. 278, 1854.
Pisidium Henslowianum, Jenyns, Baudon, Pisid. Fr. 46, pl. iv, f. F. 1857.
Musculium Henslowianum, H. and A. Adams, Gen. Ree. Moll. ii, 451, 1858.
Pisidium Henslowianum, Jenyns, Prime, Cat. Corb. 17, 1863. Europe.
23. P. insigne,Gabb. Amer. J. Conch. 69, pl. f. ii, 2, pl. iv, f. 10, 1868. Fort Tejon, California.
24. P. Jamaicense, Prime.
Cyclas pygmea, C. B. Adams, Contr. Conch. 44, 1849.
Pisum Adamsi, Deshayes, Brit. Mus. Cat. Conchif. 284, 1854.
Musculium pygmeum, H. and A. Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll. ii, 452, 1858.
Pisum pygmeum, H. and A. Adams, Loc. sup. cit. ii, 660, 1858.
Pisidium Jamaicense, Prime, Cat. Corb. 15, 1863. Smith. Inst. Misc. Coll. Prime, Monog. Corb. 70, f. 76, 1865. Jamaica, West Indies.
25. P. Moietessieranum, Paladilhe, Rev. Mag. Zool. 1866. Marseilles, France. 26. P. nitidum, Jenyns. Cyclas pusilla, Turton, Conch. Brit. 16, pl. i, f. 7, 1881. Pisidium nitidum, Jenyns, Trans. Phil. Soc. Cambr. iv, 304, pl. xx, ft 7,9, f6o2. Cyclas nitida, Hanley, Descrip. Cat. 90, pl. xiv, f. 46, 1844. Pisidium incertum, Normand, Cycl. Dépt. Nord. 6, 1854. Pisum nitidum, Deshayes, Brit. Mus. Cat. Conchif. 277, 1854.
yet Pisidium nitidum. Jenyns, Baudon, Pisid. Fr. 23, pl. i, f. A.
1857.
Musculium nitidum, H. and A. Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll. ii, 451, 1858.
Pisidium nitidum, Jenyns, Prime, Cat. Corb. 17, 1863.
Europe.
27. P. Nov.-Eboracense, Prime, Ann. Lyc. N. H. N. Y. vi, 66, pl. i, f. 38, 1853. Pisidium amplum, Ingalls in litt. 1855. Musculium Nov.-Eboracense, H. and A. Adams, Gen. Ree. Moll. ii, 451, 1858. Pisum Nov.-Kboracense, H. and A. Adams, Loc. sup. cit. ii, 660, 1858. Pisidium Nov.-Eboracense, Prime, Cat. Corb. 14, 1863. Smith. Inst. Mise. Coll., Prime Monog. Corb. 67, f. 71. 1865. U.S. of America.
28. P. Nov.-Zelandicum, Prime, Cat. Corb. 17, 1863. Ann. live. No ON. Y. viti, 91, £39, 1864. New Zealand. 29. P. obtusale, C. Pfeiffer. Cyclas obtusalis, Lamarck, An. vy, 559, 1818. Pera gibba, Leach, in litt. in Mus. Brit. 1820. Cyclas minima, Studer, Meissner. Anzeig. iii, 83, 1820. Pisidium obtusale, C. Pfeiffer, System. Anord. 125, pl. v, f. 20,21, 8821. Cyclas gibba, Alder, Trans. N. H. Soc. Northumb. 1, 41, 1830. Pisidium obtusale, Jenyns, Trans. Phil. Soc. Cambr. iv, 301, pl. xx, f. 1—38, 18382. Cyclas ovalis, Nilsson, Trans. Phil. Soc. Cambr. iv, 1832. Pisidium mininum, Studer, Nouv. Mem. Soc. Helv. Sc. Nat. 1,25, 1837. Pisidium ovale, Petit, J. Conchyl. 11, 421, 1851. Pisum obtusale, Deshayes, Brit. Mus. Cat. Conchif. 279, 1854. Pisidium obtusale, C. Pfeiffer, Baudon, Pizid. Fr. 18, pl. i, f.
HK, 1857.
Musculium obtusale, H. & A. Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll. ii, 452, 1858.
Pisidium obtusale, C. Pfeiffer, Prime, Cat. Corb. 17, 1863.
Europe. 30. P. occidentale, Newcomb. Proc. Ac. N.S, Calif. ii, 94, 1863. Smith. Inst. Misc. Coll., Prime Monog. Corb. 73, 1865. San Francisco, California.
31. P. parvulum, Benson in litt. Prime, Cat. Corb. 17, 1868. India.
172
32, P. personatum, Malm. Iceland and Sweden.
33. P. pulchellum, Deshayes. . Cyclas pulchella, D’Orbigny (non Hanley), Mag. Zool. 1835. D’Orb. Voy. 568, pl. 83, f. 8—10, 1846. Pisum pulchellum, Deshayes, Brit. Mus. Cat. Conchif. 283, 1854
Musculium pulchellum, H. & A. Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll. ii, 452, 1858.
Spherium pulehellum, Prime, Proc. Ac. N.S. Phila. 297, 1860.
Pisidium pulchellum, Deshayes (non Jenyns), Smith. Inst. Mise. Coll., Prime Monog. Corb. 70, 1865.
Uruguay, S. America. 34. P. pusillum, Jenyns.
Tellina pusilla, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. 8231, 1789.
Cyclas fontinalis (pars), Draparnaud, Hist. Moll. 180, pl. x, fe 1805.
Pisidium fontinale, C. Pfeiffer, System. Anord. 125, pl. v, f. 15, 16, 1821.
Cyclas pusilla, Turton, Man. 16, pl. i, f. 7, 1831.
Pisidium pusillum, Jenyns, Trans. Phil. Soc. Cambr. iv, 302, pl. xx, f. 4—6, 1832.
Gallileja tenebrosa, Costa, Corrisp. Zool., 1839.
Pisidium roseum, Scholtz, Moll. Schl. 140, 1843.
Pisum pusillum, Deshayes, Brit. Mus. Cat. Conchif. 277, 1854.
Pisidium pusillum, Jenyns, Baudon, Pisid. Fr. 20, pl. i, f. C,
1857.
Musculium pusillum, H. & A. Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll. ii, 452, 1858.
Museulium roseum, H. & A. Adams, Loc. sup. cit. ii, 452, 1858.
Pisum roseum, H. & A. Adams, Loe. sup. cit. ii, 660, 1858. Pisidium pusillym, Jenyns, Prime Cat. Corb. 16, 1863. Hurope. 35, P. punctiferum, Guppy. Cyclas punctifera, Guppy, Ann. Mag. N. H. 38d ser. xix, 160, 186—. Proc. Sc. Assoc. Trinidad, 137, 1867. Trinidad, W. Indies.
36. P. retusum, Prime, Proc. Zool. Lond. xxviii, 322, 1860. Honduras.
37. P. rotundatum, Prime, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H. iv, 164, 1851. J.N. H. Bost. vi, 857, pl. xi, f. 19—21, 1852. Musculium rotundatum, H. & A. Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll. ii, 452, 1858.
173
Pisum rotundatum, H. & A. Adams, Loc. sup. cit. 11, 660, 1858. Pisidium rotundatum, Prime, Cat. Corb. 15, 1863. Smith. Inst. Mise. Coll., Prime Monog. Corb. 72, f. 81, 82, 1865. U. S. of America. ‘38. P. semen, Menke, Moll. N. Holl. 40, 1848. Pisum semen, Deshayes, Brit. Mus. Cat. Conchif. 284, 1854. Musculium semen, H. & A. Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll. ii, 660, 1858. New Holland. 39. P. simile, Prime, Cat. Corb. 15, 1863. Smith. Inst. Mise. Coll., Prime Monog. Corb. 69, f. 74, 1865.
Guadeloupe, W. Indies.
40. P. Steenbuchii, Morch. Cyclas Steenbuchii, Moller, Kroyer. Natur. Tids. iv, 76, 1842. Spherium Steenbuchii, Deshayes, Brit. Mus. Cat. Conchif. 264,
1854. Pisidium Steenbuchit, Morch, Prod. Moll. Gronl. 19, 1857. Prime Oat. Corb. 17, 1863. Greenland. 41, P. subtruncatum, Malm. Sweden.
42. P. supinum, Schmidt, Zeit. Malak. 119, 1850. Musculium supinum, H. & A. Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll. ii, 452,
1858. Pisum supinum, H. & A. Adams, Loe. sup. cit. ii, 660, 1858. Germany. 43. P. ultramontanum, Prime, Smith. Inst. Mise. Coll., Prime Monog. Corb. 75, f. 85, 1865. California.
44, P. variabile, Prime.
Cyclas nitida, Linsley (non Mighles), Am. J. Sci. xlviii, 276, 1845.
Pisidium variabile, Prime, Proc. Soc. N. H. Bost. iv, 163, 1851. J.N. A. Bost. vi, 351, pl. xi, f. T—9, 1852.
Pisidium grande, Whittemore, in litt., 1855.
Prisidium palustre, Lewis, in litt.
Musculium variabile, H. & A. Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll. ii, 452, 1858.
Pisum variabile, H. & A. Adams, Loc. sup. cit. ii, 660, 1858.
Pisidium variabile, Prime, Cat. Corb. 14, 1863. Smith. Inst. Mise. Coll., Prime Monog. Corb. 66, f. 69, 70, 1865. U. &. of America.
45, zen Prime, Proc. Soc. N. H. Bost. iv, 68, is
Musculium ventricosum, H. & A. Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll. ii, 452, 1858.
174
Pisum ventricosum, H. & A. Adams, Loc. sup. cit. ii, 660, 1858. Pisidium ventricosum, Prime, Cat. Corb. 15, 1863. Smith. Inst. Mise. Coll., Prime Monog. Corb. 72, f. 79}. 80, 1865. U. S. of America..
46. P. Virginicum, Bourguignat.
Tellina Virginica, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. 3236, pl. clix, f. 15). 1788.
Tellina pusilla (pars), Dillwyn, Cat. ii, 106, 1817.
Cyclas dubia, Say, Nichols. Encycl. 1st Amer. edit. ii, 4, pl.. if. 10, TSU.
Physemoda cequalis, Rafinesque, Ann. gen. Sci. phys. et nat..
ty, 319, 1820.
Cyclas Virginica, Ferussac, Mag. Zool. v, 1835.
Cyclas dubia, Say, Gould Invert. 75, f. 56. 1841.
Pisidium abruptum, Haldeman, Proc. Ac. N. §. Phila. i, 53,, 1841.
Pisidiwm dubium, Haldeman, Loe. sup. cit. i, 103, 1841.
Cyclas dubiosa, Catlow & Reeve, Nomencl. 29, 1845.
Pisidium dubium, Say, J. N. H. Bost. vi, 354, pl. xi, f. 4—6,, 1852.
Pisidium cequale, Rafinesque, Loc. sup. cit. vi, 867, 1852.
Pisidium Virginicum, Bourguignat, Rev. Mag. Zool., 1854.
Spherium dubiwm, Deshayes, Brit. Mus. Cat. Conchif. 266,, 1854.
Pisum Virginicum, Deshayes. Loe. sup. cit. 281, 1854.
Pisum abruptum, Deshayes, Loc. sup. cit. 281, 1854.
Pisum dubium, Deshayes, Loc. sup. cit. 282, 1854.
Musculium dubium, H. & A. Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll. ii, 451,. 1858.
Musculium abruptum, H. & A. Adams, Loe. sup. cit. ii, 451,, 1858.
Musculium Virginicum, H. and A. Adams, Loc. sup. cit. ii, 452, 1858.
Pisidium Virginicum, Bourguignat, Prime, Cat. Corb. 13,, 1863. Smith. Inst. Misc. Coll., Prime Monog. Corb. 61, 62, 1865. U. S. of America..
TO BE EXCLUDED.
Pisidium abruptum, Haldeman. = P. Virginicum. Pisidium acutum, Pfeiffer. = P. Henslowianum. Pisum Adamsi, Deshayes. = P. Jamaicense. Physemoda cequalis, Rafinesque. = P. Virginieum. Pisidium altile, Anthony, = P. compresswm. Pisidium amplum, Ingalls. = P. Nov.-Eboracense.
175
Pisid. angulatum, Prime. = P. Chailense. Pera appendiculata, Leach. = P. Henslowianum. Pisidium arcuatum, Prime. = P. abditum. Pisid. Australe, Philippi, (non Deshayes). = P. Casertanum. Pisum Bahiense, Deshayes. = Sph. Bahiense. Pisidium Baudonianum, de Cessac. = P. Gassiesanum. Pisid. Bonnafouxianum, de Cessac. = P. Henslowianum. Pisid. caliculatum, Dupuy. = P. Casertanum. Pisid. cicer, Prime. = P. compressum. Pisid. cinereum, Alder. = P. Casertanum. Pisid. cornea, Verany. = Sph. corneum. Pisum Creplini, Deshayes. = Sph. Creplini. Pisid. Dingolt, Bivona. = Sph. Dingoli. Pisid. depressum, Pfeiffer ; undescribed. Pisid. dubium, Haldeman. = P. Virginiewm. Pisid. Dupuyanum, Normand. = P. Henslowianum. Pisum edentulum, Deshayes. = Sph. striatinum. Pisum ferrugineum, Deshayes. = Sph. ferrugineum. Pera fluviatilis, Leach. = P. amnicum. Pisid. fontinale, Pfeiffer. = P. pusillum. Pera gibba, Leach. = P. obtusale. Pisid. globulosum, Gassies. = P. Casertanum. Pisid. grande, Whittemore. = P. variabile. Pisid. Grateloupianum, Normand. = P. amnicum. Pisid. incertum, Normand. = P. nitidum. Pisid. inflatum, Megerle. = P. amnicum. Pisid. intermedium, Gassies. — P. amnicum. Pisid. iratianum, Dupuy. = P. Casertanum. Pisid. Jaudonianum, Gassies. = P. Henslowianum. Pisid. Jenynsi, Macgillivray. — P. Casertanum Pisid. Joannis, Macgillivray, = P. Casertanum. Pisid. Kurtzi, Prime. = P. abditum. Pisid. lenticulare, Dupuy. = P. Casertanum. Pisid. limosum, Gassies. — P. Casertanum. Pisid. Lumsternianum, Forbes. = P. Casertanum. Pisum maculatum, Deshayes. = Sph. Bahiense. Pisid. minimum, Studer. = P. obtusale. Pisid. minus, Stimpson. = P. abditum. Pisum modioliforme, Deshayes. = Sph. modioliforme. Pisid. Moquinianum, Bourguignat. = Sph. modioliforme. Pisid. Normandianum, Dupuy. = P. Gassiesanum. Pisid. notatum, Prime. = P. abditum. Pisid. obliquum, Pfeiffer. = P. amnicum. Pisid. obscurum, Prime. = P. abditum. Pisid. ovale, Petit. = P. obtusale.
ol
176
Pisid. pallidum, Gassies. — P. Henslowianum.
Pisid. palustre, Porro. = P. amnicum.
Pisid. palustre, Lewis. = P. variabile.
Pisid. parasiticum, Parreys. = Sph. ferrugineum.
Pisid. perpusillum, Gartner. = Sph. perpusillum.
Pisid. pictum, de Cessac, = P. Henslowianum.
Pisid. planum, Pfeiffer. __ P. Casertanum.
Pisid. plenum, Lewis. = P. abditum.
Pisid. pulchellum, Jenyns. = P. Casertanum.
Musculium pygmeum, H. and A. Adams. = P. Janacana Pisid. Recluzianum, Bourguignat. = ? not a Pisidium. Pisid. regulare, Prime. = P. abditum.
Pisid. resartum, Ingalls. = P. abditum.
Pisid. roseum, Scholtz. = P. pusillum.
Pisid. rotundum, de Cessac. = P. Casertanwm. Pisid. rubellum, Prime. — P. abditum.
Pisid. rubrum, Lewis. = P. abditum.
Pisid. sinuatum, Bourguignat. = P. Casertanum. Pisid. solitariwm, Gassies. = P. Henslowianum. Pisid. splendidum, Parreys. = a Nucula. Pisid. Stabileti, Schmidt. = P. Casertanum. Pisid. suleatum, Parreys. = P. amnicum. Gallileja tenebrosa, Costa. = P. pusillum. Pisid. tenellum, Gould. = P. abditum.
Pisid. tetragonum, Dupuy. = P. Gassiesanum. Pisid. thermale, Dupuy. = P. Casertanum. Pisum Veatleyii, Deshayes. = Sph. Veatleyii. Pisid. vitreum, Verany. = P. Casertanum. Pisid. zonatum, Prime. = P. abditum.
ErratuM.—Under synonymy of genus Spheerium, page 150, place ‘‘ Huglesa, Leach, in litt. in Mus. Brit. 1818—20.”
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London, 1791, 1846. Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond.
Transactions of the Natural History Society of Northumberland,
Durham and Neweastle-on-T'yne. 2 vols. 4to.
Newcastle, 1831-38. Trans. N. H. Soc. Northumb.
Turton, W. Conchylia Insularum Brittanicarum, etc. Ato.
Exeter, 1822. Turton, Conch. Brit.
Turton, W. A Manual of the land and freshwater shells of the British Islands. 8vo. London, 1851.
Turton, Man.
Verhandlungen und Mittheilungen des Siebenbiirgischen Vereins
fiir Naturwissenschaften. 9 vols. 8vo. Hermann-
stadt, 1850-58. Verhand. Mittheil. Ver. Seibend.
187
Villa, Anton and G. B. Dispositio systematica Conchyliorum terrestrium et fluviatilium que adservantur in eorum collectione; 8vo. Mediol, 1841. Villa, Cat.
Voyage of H. M. Ship Sulphur. 2 vols. London, 1843-45,
Voy. Sulph.
Wiegman, A. F. A. Archiv fiir Naturgeschichte. 14 vols. 8vo. Berlin, 1835-41. Wiegm. Archiv.
Wood, William. Index Testaceologicus. 8vo. London, 1825,
Wood, Index Test.
Wood, William. Supplement to the Index Testaceologicus. 8vo.
London, 1820. Wood, Index Test. Suppl. Zeitschrift fiir Malakozoologie; Menke and Pfeiffer. 8vo. Cassel, 1847-53. Zeit. Malak.
Zoologie du Voyage de |’ Astrolabe sous les ordres du Capitaine Dumont d’Urville, pendant les années 1826-29, par Quoy and Gaymard. 5 vols. 8vo. Atlas. fol. Paris, 1830-33. Voy. Astrolabe. Zoologie du Voyage autour du monde exécuté sur la corvette La Coquille par L. Duperrey, commandant de é expe- dition pendant les années 1822-25, par Lesson et
Garnot. 2 vols. 4to. Atlas. fol. Paris, 1829. Voy. Coquille. Zoological Journal, conducted by Th. Bell, J. G. Children, J. de C. Sowerby and J. B. Sowerby, 5 vols. 8vo. Lon- don, 1825-35, Zool. J,
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1. American Journal of Conchology, Vol. 1, 1865. Containing 400 i pages, illustrated by 31 colored and plain lithographic plates and por- ‘ traits and over 293 wood engravings; with contributions by Conrad, 4 Bland, Anthony, Binney, Newcomb, Stimpson, W. Harper Pease, Wheat-
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3. Monograph of the Terrestrial Mollusca of the United States. With illustrations of all the Species. By George W. Tryon, Jr. This work is now completed. It contains over 200 pages of text and is illus- trated by 18 lithographic plates crowded with figures. Only 100 copies were printed, which are mostly sold. The work is published in the following styles:
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CONTENTS: Contributions towards a Monography of the Order Pholadacea, with Descriptions of
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Species of Strepomatid, Parts 1, 2,3, 4 and Supplement. The Edition is very limited—vcnly 75 copies. Early application will, therefore, be necessary to ' secure the work. - 5. RAFINESQUE, C. S., Complete Writings on Recent and Fossil Conchology. Edited by William G. Binney and Geo. W. Tryon, Jr. 8vo. 1864. With lithographic plates. Price, $2.50.
This is the only edition of Rafinesque’s Complete Writings ever published, and contains reprints of many papers, which had been entirely forgotten by naturalists. °
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7., TRYON, GEO. W. Jr, Monograph of the Order Pholadacea, and other Papers. 8vo, 127 pp., with plates. 1862. Cloth, $2.00. Paper, $1.75.
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1. ReCOrd GHIMCetiN 2S)... tecchetasccecck os. ce0eusoesisonancecsuciecmenneieeccete 61
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5. Corrections and Additions to ‘Synonymy of Marine Gas- teropod@ inhabiting Polynesia. By Wm. Harper Pease.. ..... 85
5. Notes upon the Monograph of the Genus Marginella in Reeve’s Conchologia Iconica. By John H. Redfield............... 88
6. Descriptions of New Fossil Mollusca, principally Cretace- ous; By DT. As. ‘Conrad jcc... «.dccecpard wonccscess stlecsstecesisneaneeeiesoreeeee 96
7. Notes on Recent Mollusca. By T. A. Conrad,....... .......0...s0ve 104
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10. Notices and Reviews of New Conchological Works. By GeOree Wie LLYN, dite coreesne geese acini +0 ancea\neme teeth acewaaeaatasan tee ioe 112
I. AmerIcaAn.—Proceedings of Portland Nat. Hist. Society. Lea’s Observations on the Genus Unio. II. Forrign.— British —Zoological Record.
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Numerous donations to the Museum and Library were an- nounced.
The following papers were presented for publication in the Journal, and referred to Committees:
“On the Pterocere of Lamarck and their mutual relations ;”’ by Theodore Gill, M.D.
‘Materials for a Monograph of the Family Lepetide ;” by Won. Ely Wall.
‘On the Land and Fresh-water Mollusca of Nicaragua ;” by Ralph Tate.
“ Descriptions of New Species of Marine Mollusca ;’’ by Wes- ley Newcomb, M.D.
“Description of a new American Helix ;” by Wesley New- comb, M.D.
‘Catalogue of the Shells of the Coosa River, Alabama ;” by James Lewis, M.D.
9
118 AMERICAN JOURNAL
‘“‘ Descriptions of new species of Marine Bivalve Mollusca in. the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadel- phia ;’’ by Geo. W. Tryon, Jr.
“Notices and Reviews of New Conchological Works;’’ by Geo. W. Tryon, Jr.
The following was offered for separate publication :
‘‘Monograph of the Fresh-water Univalve Mollusca of the United States; Parts 1 and 2 (in continuation of Prof. Halde- man’s work) ;’’ by Geo. W. Tryon, Jr.
Mr. Tryon read the following letter addressed to him for the purpose of publication in the Journal :
Dear Str:
On the 6th of June last I found a number of living specimens of what I believed to be the Helicina occulta of Say. Doubting my own judgment, I submitted some of them to Messrs. W. G. Binney and T. Bland. Those gentlemen have confirmed my opinion, and say: ‘“‘ We are both confident about its identity,— thus settling satisfactorily a long mooted point.”
The precise locality where they occur is a fishing station, known as Whitefish Bay, about five miles north of this city, upon the bluff of the lake, which, at that point, is somewhat wet and boggy, and covered with a growth of Tamarack, Arbor- Vite, and Juniper. They were found under dead leaves in considerable quantities, yet could hardly be said to be abundant.
Very respectfully, KE. R. LeLanp.
Milwaukee, Wis., Jucy 19, 1869.
Mr. Tryon remarked that until recently this species was be- lieved to be extinct; but a year or more since, recent specimens were forwarded to the Section from Lexington, Virginia, where they were collected by Prof. McDonald, of the Virginia Military Institute. Prof. McD. reported the shell to be abundant in this locality.
Mr. John Ford exhibited specimens of a Gemma gemma, Tot- ten, remarkable for having fallen during a storm which occurred at Chester, Pa., on the afternoon of June 6th, 1869.
‘hese specimens were apparently adult, though very minute ; measuring one-eighth of an inch in length, by three-sixteenths of an inch in breadth.
Mr. F. stated that he had made inquiry of several gentlemen who had witnessed the storm on the occasion referred to, and that the answers of each of them had so corroborated those of the others as to leave no doubt in his mind as to their having fallen in immense numbers.
OF CONCHOLOGY. 119
Though the most of them were in a broken condition, large numbers of perfect ones were collected in various places sheltered from the heavy rain which followed their descent.
One of the gentlemen referred to,—Y. 8. Walter, Esq., editor of the Delaware County Republican, published at Chester,—as- sured Mr. F. that he noticed the singular character of the storm at its very commencement, ‘“and,”’ to use his own words, ‘‘it ap- peared like a storm within a storm; a very fine rain falling rap- idly, veiled by the shells, which fell slower and with a whirling motion.”
Judging from the remains of animal matter attached to some of the specimens, together with the fresh appearance of the epidermis, it is highly probable that many of them were living at the moment of transition.
120 AMERICAN JOURNAL
ON THE PTEROCERZ OF LAMARCK, AND THEIR MUTUAL RELATIONS.
BY THEODORE GILL, M. D.
From the earliest times of scientific zoology, there has been almost universally recognized as a natural group,* and with its proper affinities as since demonstrated, that group of living Strombide provided with a digitated expanded lip, with which the Lamarckian name of Pterocera has been most generally associated. Whether the mutual relations of the components of that group have been equally well appreciated will be the sub- ject for present inquiry.
§ 1. DIFFERENTIAL CHARACTERS. 1. Primary spines and their homologies.
Accepting the current views, ten recent species of Pterocera, as defined by Lamarck, are distinguishable, and these differ in the number of alar digitations, the direction of the digitations, their distribution, and their relative size, the form of the aper- ture, as well as the presence or absence of rugosities on the lip, and other trivial characters.
As to the number of digitations, the difference would at first appear to be very great, but more extended study demonstrates that it is more apparent than real, and that, in the case of species with an enlarged number of digitations, a distinction should be made between primary and secondary or intercalary ones.
Eliminating for the present such secondary or intercalary digitations, the species of the group are distributable into two minor groups ; one distinguished by the major development of six primary digitations, (exclusive of the canal), and the other by
* To it, however, have been referred species which are not closely re- lated to the species of the natural group, and which have only an analo- gical resemblance to such,
'
OF CONCHOLOGY. tS
the presence of only five ; tracing those digitations to their origin, it is further found that a still more important distinction pre- vails, and that they are very differently grouped and developed from entirely different elements.
In the one group, that embracing the largest number of spe- cies,—those having six digitations, and of which P. lambis is a representative,—the distribution is as follows :
Ist. Just below the suture is a fasciole, (sutural), but little differentiated, which finally trends upwards on the spire, and ter- minates in a single digitation aceumbent on the spire, and con- tinued more or less upwards from its apex. 2d. Between the suture and angle, in the mature shell, a fasciole becomes de- veloped which emits a spine ( post angular) directed backwards. 3d. Around the angle of the cone is a fasciole (angular) gene- rally indistinct, but becoming well developed a short distance from the lip in the adult, and terminating in a digitation. 4th. Below or in advance, another fasciole ( pre-angular) girds the whorl, and also terminates in a digitation ; the distinction between the third and fourth is generally slight, and the angular tuber- cles covering both in common, they may perhaps be considered as forming a compound fasciole. 5th. Another fasciole (medial) girds the whorl around the middle and likewise terminates in a digitation. 6th. Still another ( post-sinual) emits a spine be- hind the sinus ; an ante-sinual fasciole is unarmed; as is also a lobal. The canal terminates in a long tortuous digitation curved towards the right. Finally, reference must not be omitted to an auriform lobe with which the posterior digitation is sometimes furnished towards the left.
In the second group, represented by P. chiragra, a very dif- ferent distribution prevails. Ist. The swtwral fasciole is repre- sented by two diverging branches, one of which (swtwral) con- tinuing its quasi-sutural course, terminates in a spine which at base crosses the spire, and is curved towards the left and up- wards, and the other (swb-sutwral) terminates in a spine pointed backwards ; 2d, the angular fasciole is undivided, and terminates in a single spine, curved outwards and backwards; 3d, the medial fasciole is also simple, and terminates in a single recurved spine ; 4th, the postsenwal fasciole is simple, and edigitate ; 5th, the ante-sinual fasciole is well developed, and the lobal terminates in a large recurved spine; the siphonal canal is cornuform and recurved towards the left.
As to the homologies between the digitations of the species of this group and those of the preceding, there can be no doubt, after due study.
The large posterior digitation recurved to the left represents
122 AMERICAN JOURNAL
the sutural one of P. lambis, P. pseudoscorpio, P. elongata, P. violacea, ete.
The angular digitation is homologous with the (median) angu- lar of P. lambis, Xe.
The lobal digitation has no developed homologue in front of the inflected lobe of P. lambis or its associates, although the fasciole may be distinctly developed.
Of course, no doubt can exist as to the homologies of the si- phoniferous canal, however much the lobal digitation of the one and the anterior one of the other may correspond in apparent position or curvature, and the difference in direction of the si- phonal canal, and its simple trend towards the left in P. chiragra is therefore to be regarded in some manner as the reflection of the development of the post-lobal digitation and formative element in that type.
The relations and differences between the armature of the two groups thus distinguished, may be expressed in a concise man- ner by the following formula :
P. lambis, ge. Spines. P. chiragra, $e. Sutural. Subsutural. Postangular. Angular.
1 0 i ik 1 | Preangular. 1 1 0 il
Medial. Postsinual. Lobal. Siphonal. | 1, curved toward left.
Eo et
Inclined towards right,
2. Secondary spines.
While in most of the Lamarckian VPteroceras, the primary spines enumerated are the only ones developed, in one of the groups there are species which possess, in addition, smaller spines interposed between, and more rarely, such intercalary
* Pathology, which has furnished such aid to Physiology and Anatomy, may be invoked with advantage in Conchology. A malformed specimen of P.lambis exhibits a peculiar arrangement of the sutural digitations and perhaps furnishes a hint as to the possible manner of diver- gence of the two types so distinct at the present day. The last whorl, at its commencement, is rapidly deflected and thence regularly continued much below the suture, but trends upward as usual towards the matured lip ; instead of a single digitation concurrent with the spire, there is a primary malformed one, which trends backwards like the subsutural of P. chiragra, and another diverging from and crossing the spire towards the left, as the sutural in P. chiragra. An excessive deposit of callus has obliterated the canals at the base.
OF CONCHOLOGY. 123
spines are nearly as large as the primary ones. In order to appreciate the value of this character, it will be advisable to pass all the species in review.
Ist. P.dambis and its nearly related congeners, P. crocata, and P. bryonia, have a perfectly entire lip between the primary digitations.* (Digitations 8.1, A.1-+141. M. 1. P.1.)=—6.
2d. P. scorpio and P. pseudoscorpio are provided with small dentiform processes, caused by the expansion of the larger re- volving striz at their ends.
In P. pseudoscorpio there are two, one between the pre-angu- lar and medial spines, and another between the medial and post- sinual. Digitations (S. 1. A. 1--1--1. (r). M1. (7). 'P. Lj= 6+2 r. ;
In P. scorpius, however, not only do the corresponding striz and those on each side thus terminate, but those diverging and running out on the sides of the digitations expand and are abruptly truncated, thus producing the nodose appearance of the digitations of that species so characteristic of it. Digitations (Stee) vant yet. (re). NE. es) PoE) 6 are
3d. P. millipeda, P. elongata, and P. violacea exhibit, at the margin of the lip, in place of dentiform processes like those of P. scorpius, more or less developed and channelled digitations, and the fascioles corresponding to them are generally developed, and almost as well defined as the primary ones. In P. millipeda, however, they are sometimes no more defined than in P. lambis.
In P. elongata three angular spines are alone developed, (at least generally,) as in P. lambis and P. scorpio and their allies. Diewations (S. 1. A. t4-1--i. (1) Mot. (1) P. 1.)=8.
In P. millipeda an intercalary digitation is interposed between the sutural and post-angular.{ Digitations (8. 1. (I.) ae tier) Mi, 2. Gi.) 8.
* Refereuce is had only to the margin behind the sinus in all cases.
+ In this connection it may be remarked that a specimen of P. scorpzus, in the collection of the Smithsonian Institution, exhibits intercalary spines like P. millipeda ; one between the lower angular and median, and another between the latter and postsinual; the lip had been broken after having commenced to send forth its spines ; the primary spines are thrown farther out from the lip, and the median one is smaller than the secon- daries. The characteristic cedematous condition of the spines has not been developed, and the specimen was referred by Dr. P. P. Carpenter to “ P. pseudoscorpio,” but the left basal lobe of the posterior spine, the elevated white ridge below the hollow of the dorsal tubercle, and the armed lip (features characteristic of S. scorpvus, but hitherto unnoticed) unequivocally point out the true relations.
¢ The supernumerary digitation is sometimes undeveloped, as in P. elongata ; there is, it may be added, no connection between such atrophy and that of the intercalary fascioles.
124 AMERICAN JOURNAL
In P. violacea there are three angular (including post- and pre-angular) digitations as in P. millipeda, and instead of one median fasciole there are two. Digitations(S.1. A. 1-++-1-+-1. (1) Bone. Me -aLyCAS NT Cee ee t0:
3. Aperture.
Two quite different forms of aperture are recognizable in the Lamarckian genus. In P. lambis, &c., the aperture is linear, _ about equally wide from front to rear, and almost coequal in length with the whorl, and the cavity of a large tubercle which generally exists in the angular fasciole is open to view; a trans- verse fold is, however, on the columella behind and combines with a similar one generally developed on the opposite lip, be- hind or in front of the cavity, to form a constriction between the aperture proper and a canal emptying into the posterior or marginal digitation. All the species resembling P. lambis in the number and distribution of the primary spines agree likewise in the form of aperture.
P. chiragra and P. rugosa have an ungufform or claw-shaped aperture, but little curved, and the region of the angular tuber- cle and cavity is concealed by the contraction of the aperture, produced by longitudinal plication of the columella and a corres- ponding development of the labral surface.
4. Character of lip surface.
The species of the group exhibit much difference in the char- acter of the surface of the lips, some having a very smooth and polished callous surface, while in others the surface is much wrinkled and folded. They may be considered in order of de- velopment.
1st. In P. lambis P. bryonia and P. crocata, the lips are covered with a perfectly smooth callous coat.
2d. In P. chiragra the margins of the aperture are delicately wrinkled, the wrinkles being white.
3d. In P. violacea the surface of the outer lip is delicately wrinkled, while the rugze of the inner are still fainter.
4th. In P. millipeda the wrinkles are about equally devel- oped on the surface of both lips, but they are comparatively little raised. } (
5th. In P. scorpio, P. pseudoscorpio and P. elongata as well as P. rugosa, the wrinkles are very prominent, and pearly white, strongly contrasting with the purple intervals.
§ 2. Taxonomic DEDUCTIONS.’
Having thus examined the modifications of the principal dif ferential characters which distinguish the species of Pterocera,
OF CONCHOLOGY. 125
it remains to apply the information gained to the combination of the several forms.
Ist. In the number, position and direction of the primary spines, and in the form of the aperture, there is a close and essential similarity between P. lambis, P. bryonia, P. crocata, P. scorpius, P. pseudoscorpio, P. millipeda, P. violacea and P. elongata.
2d. On the other hand, in all such respects, P. chiragra and P. rugosa differ very much from the others and equally closely agree with each other.
As to the intercalary spines, the extreme species of the first of such groups differ widely, but are connected by a series of species exhibiting intermediate character.
As to lip surface, there is likewise a considerable difference between the extreme species of the same group, but between such are interposed the species P. violacea and P. millipeda.
In the second group the two species exhibit almost equally great difference in the character of the lip surface, although in other respects so closely allied.
It will be apparent that there is no coincidence between the development of the wrinkled lip surface and of the intercalary spines, unless indeed it be admitted that the dentiform labral lobes of P. scorpius and P. pseudoscorpio are spines. Such an admission would, however, be a virtual confession of the insig- nificant value of the development of the intercalary spines. On the other hand, the comparison of P. violacea with P. millipeda, and of P. chiragra with P. rugosa, attest to the slight value of the presence or absence of the rugosities as distinctive of natural groups.
Full consideration would therefore appear to necessitate the combination of P. dambis and those already enumerated as asso- ciates in one natural group, and of P. chiragra and P. rugosa, in another, and in accordance with the prevalent valuation of groups, such would seem to be well entitled to generic rank. What names such genera should bear must be a subject for special investigation, and a review of the literary history is requisite.
§ 3. History.
The founder of the binomial nomenclature associated all the species known to him, as well as representatives of the genus Aporrhais and of Rostellaria in the genus Strombus, in a sec- tion (the first or “ Digitati’’), characterized by the digitated lip. The genus was first subdivided by a binomial systematist, in 1797,—Humphrey, in the “ Museum calonnianum,’’ published in that year, combining together the species of the section Digi- tati of Linné, and reserving for it the name Strombus, while for those with a simple lip he proposed the name Alatus, but neither
s
126 AMERICAN JOURNAL
name was accompanied with a diagnosis or remarks of any kind, and their extent are only determinable by their contents and the synonymy given of the included species.
Lamarck subsequently (in 1799) subdivided the same Linnzan genus, reserving the name Strombus for the species with a simple alated lip, and bestowing that of Pterocera on those character- _ ized by a digitated labrum, (excepting, however, the S. pespele- cant and JS. fusus) each genus being circumscribed and defined by an appropriate diagnosis and reference to specific types. The Strombus lambis of Linné was named as the type of Ptero- cera. The genera thus limited were, as is well known, very generally accepted by succeeding naturalists, and without modi- fication for a long period.
In 1851, however, Dr. O. Morch, in the catalogue of the Yoldi collection, while retaining the name Pterocera in the Lamarckian sense, subdivided the group, but without accompanying diagnoses, or limitation by any remarks, into three subgenera, for which he adopted the Kleinian names Harpago, Millipes and Hepta- dactylus ; he included in the first the ‘‘chtragra,” and “ ar- thritica,” as well as ‘‘ pseudoscorpio ;”’ in the second ‘ millipeda”’ and “ scorpius ;” and in the last ‘‘ dambis’”’ and its near associ- ates. The association of ‘‘ pseudoscorpio”’ with ‘‘ehiragra”’ and “zugosa,’’ was perhaps inadvertent, the result of a printer’s error or a lapsus calami. The brothers Adams, with the amend- ments so required, accepted the three subgenera, and at the same time supplanted the name Pterocera by Harpago, as that of the including genus. ‘The ‘‘ genus ’’ was defined so as to in- clude all the species; the “ sub-genus Millipes, Klein,”’ was char- acterized by the “ outer and inner lips corrugated, digitations of outer lip numerous,”’ and the “‘sub-genus Heptadactylus, Klein,”’ by the “ outer and inner lips smooth ; digitations not numerous ;” the typical sub-genus was not defined, and would therefore re- ceive the residuum,* covered by the generic diagnosis, and eli- minated by the diagnoses of the other sub-genera—a course con- ducive to economy of time and thought, but of doubtful expe- diency.
A still different association of species has lately been pro- posed by Mr. Gabb (American Journal of Conchology, iv, 139), who has also adopted the Lamarckian genus in its integrity, and with the same limitation by diagnosis as Lamarck had provided, but he has subdivided it into two subgenera, Péerocera and the “‘sub-genus Millipes, H. & A. Adams,”’ distinguishing the latter by the “margins of aperture transversely wrinkled and corru-
* Such a residuum would include a large number of extinct forms, some of which have been actually referred to the genus by Chenu.
OF CONCHOLOGY. 127
gated,” and leaving the residuum eliminated by such diagnosis in the remaining and otherwise not restricted sub-genus.
It is also necessary to recall that Klein had, as early as 1753, proposed for species of this group the pseudogeneric names Radix-bryonie, Harpag JO, Heptadactylus and Millipes.
“Radix bryonie”’ formed “genus xii”’ of his ‘classis i, (Voluta longa,)’’ and the others, respectively, genera ii, iii and iv of his *‘ classis iv, (Alata)”’ of his “ sectio ii, Cochlis composita,’”’—the latter being one of two groups into which Klein divided the univalve shells, and whose only common character was (applica- ble toa limited extent only), based on the obconic or cylindroid form of the large body whorl, and the comparatively small spire,* which conveyed to Klein the idea of two spiral shells having a common base. His class ‘ Voluta longa’’ was based on the obconic or oblong form capped by a little prominent spire,} and his ‘* Alata,’’ accepted from Rumphius, on the alation of the outer lip, and the sinus with which that lip is furnished towards the front.{ The characters of these groups not being comparable or contrasted, it isnot to be wondered at that a man like Klein should have referred the same form to two classes [7@. e. families] especially if that form possessed the characters of each. And in truth Klein’s genera Radix bryonie and Heptadactylus are based on the same form, but then they really have the characters of the classes in which they are respectively placed! Radix bryonie has the obconic form (and so does Heptadactylus) of the Voluta longa, and Heptadactylus has the alate and sinuated lip of the Alata (but which likewise Fadix bryoniw possesses) ! Klein’s failure to perceive the relations in this case may be supposed to have resulted from the immature condition of Radix bryonie, the digitations being little developed ;§ Harpago was distinguished by its six spines, of which one, the largest, followed the direction of the spire, and two, one on each side of the first,
* Klein’s diagnosis was as follows: ‘‘ Cochlides composctas dicimus, in quibus duplex test circumvolutio, ita ut quasi ex duabus cochlidibus videatur composita.” P. 59.
t ** Cochlides volute dicuntur longe, que, preter ventris oblongi gyros internos, alios ex basi producunt externos.” P. 64.
{‘ Alatas dicimus, cum Rumphio, cochlides compositas, que labium in- signiter expandunt, & ad anteriorem canaliculum sinum exscissum habent. Si labium in murices abit, dicuntur speciali nomine: Cornuta.” p. 97.
The class Alata corresponds to the Alata or Strombide of modern naturalists, after the exclusion of the Rostellarze, and Klein’s acceptance of so natural an assemblage does not permit one, as so often tempted, to utterly deny him any judgment or power of appreciation and valuation of characters.
2‘ Genus xii. Radix bryonia. 2211. Huic radici assimilamus volutam conicam in decurrente mucrone radiatam.” p. 79.
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were curved towards each other like the horns of a cow.* Hepta- dactylus was distinguished by the development of seven spines, and Millipes of ten or eleven.t The genus Harpago would be equivalent, so far as the diagnosis and known species are con- cerned, to the natural group of which P. chiragra and P. rugosa are the representatives. Hepta-dactylus includes the species P. lambis (Kleinian species 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5,) and P. scorpio or P. pseudoscorpio (K. s. 6,) as well as one of the chiragra group (IX. s. 7,) to which, it is almost needless to say, the diagnosis is not applicable ; finally, MiZ?ipes includes two nominal species identifiable with P. millipeda.
The Kleinian names Harpago, Heptadactylus, and Millipes, were adopted for groups, as already indicated, by Morch and the Adams brothers, but with modified limits, so far as the species enumerated were concerned; at the sacrifice, however, in the case of the Adams, of conformity between the characters of the species and the diagnosis.
The facts that Montfort, in 1810, applied the modified name Pteroceres to the Lamarckian genus, and that in 1822 Fabricius gave the new name Digitata, are only of historic interest.
§ 4. REVIEW.
The rules of the British and American associations for the advancement of science are provisionally, at least, adopted.
Under one of those rules, the pseudogeneric names connected with species of this group by Aldrovandi, Klein and others will be at once eliminated from consideration as ante-Linnzan and not binomial.
Under another rule, Humphrey’s limitation of the genus Strombus to the present forms cannot be accepted, as neither the genus itself nor those eliminated from it were in any manner characterized.§
* « Genus ii. Harpago. 3 252. Ab uncis dicitur Trocho-Conus, labiosus, torosus, tympanosus, in sex murices acutos & aduncos fissus. Ultimus ad mucronem longissimus; duo sequentes & sibi oppositi sunt recurvi, instar cornu bovini; reliqui tres breviores, valde adunci. Testa ab extra alba; maculis fuscis picta. Pentadactylus, Plinz.” p. 98.
+“ Genus iii. Hepta-dactylus, 2254. Kst. Trocho- Conus, labio in septem murices diviso.” p.99. { ‘ Genusiv. Millipes. 2256. Est Trocho-Conus labiosus & cornutus; ex labio 10. vel 11. murices curvos protendens ; super dorso nodoso lineis rufis & nigris pictus.” p. 99.
2 This rule is here adopted, as on another occasion, under protest. It is doubtless the duty of an author to state the reasons tor such changes from an accepted method as he may deem advisable, and neglect to cha- racterize such genera or other groups to which he first applies names, at least gratuitously transfers the labor of interpreting his own thoughts on another, and, it may be, is too much like obtaining credit on false pre-
OF CONCHOLOGY. 129
Lamarck’s name Pterocera having been the first one proposed that was binomial and accompanied by a diagnosis, must therefore be adopted; and as it was especially typified by P. lambis, it must be retained for the group represented by that species.
Having repeated the diagnoses of the several subdivisions of Pterocera proposed by authors, it will be apparent that none have been hitherto based on more than the number of spines and the absence or presence of labial rugosities. It may further be re- marked that previous authors have equally failed in their spe- cific descriptions or otherwise to recognize any other than numeri- cal differences, or those of form in the digitations.
With respect to the subdivisions of the Lamarckian genus, March, first of the moderns who subdivided it, gave no diagnoses, and, if he should be judged by his distribution of the species, it would be difficult to surmise his views; but, as already remarked, his chief error was probably typographical or inadvertent.
The diagnoses of the Adams brothers are not consistent with the contents of the genera, two of the five species of Millipes ( pseudo-scorpio and scorpio) not having the “ digitations of outer lip numerous,” but ‘not numerous,” as in Heptadactylus, from which they differ, however, by having the ‘outer and inner lips corrugated.” The typical species of Harpago have the outer and inner lips corrugated, and digitations not numerous; consequent-
tences. But would not the sperzt of the rule cited require that the diag- nosis should also, besides being correct in its original application, be even strictly applicable to the groups with which the name should afterwards be associated? Little consideration would be sufficient to show what confusion would be the result of such interpretation, however. In the group under review, for example, the Linnean diagnosis of Strombus is inapplicable to any group to which an author would now apply the name ; Pterocera, as characterized by Lamarck, is quite different from that now characterized, and still more apposite are the Adamsian diagnoses of Harpago, Millipes, and Pterocera. The diagnoses of those groups (in one case by implication) are by no means characteristic of their contents. The diagnoses are simply transmutations in combination of two characters ; that of Mll¢pes really excludes two of the five species referred to, and those two would be relegated to Harpago! Inthis case the authors were more happy in their appreciation than in their verbal limitation. The question naturally recurs then, is a diagnosis that is actually erroneous, and that misleads better than none at all? Butif we reply in the nega- tive, and yet accept the rule, how many rejections of accepted names, and what countless changes would the logical application of such a rule en- tail! The rule, however, has the merit of conveying the sense of natural- ists generally, that one has no right to shirk a duty, even should he fail, and that if his time be insufficient, or his power of expression be not ade- quate to those of appreciation, silence should be his course, unless he can make arrangement with another wedleng to assume the labor he is un- able to perform. He, ora recognised representative should, at least, with a new name, reveal the knowledge of which it may be supposed to be the expression,—or perhaps, the ignorance.
130 AMERICAN JOURNAL
ly, so far as the characters given would indicate, the species do not differ subgenerically from those forms of Heptadactylus. As it might be replied that the dentiform lobes between the digitations were also considered as digitations, it is not superfluous to add that the species of Harpago have similar dentiform lobes. The Adams- ian groups are indeed natural, but in spite of their diagnoses. The value of those groups is by no means equal, however. It is quite true that there may be great inequality in the value of natural genera, and that some naturalists would recognize genera in the Pterocere of the lambis form on the one hand, and those of the scorpio and millipeda on the other, or, indeed, in each form. This would be asimple question of appreciation of values; the present writer is indisposed to regard the differences as of generic im- portance.
Mr. Gabb’s combination of the rugose Pterocere with the spe- cies of Harpago in a single genus contradistinguished from the Pterocerc with smooth lips, it must be confessed, was not a happy modification, as that able naturalist, on reconsideration, would doubtless admit.
In pursuance of the views explained, the Lamarckian Pterocere will therefore be re-distributed among two genera, on the bases already indicated and as set forth in the following diagnoses.
The differences in the dentition of the radula between the genera are immaterial, but so are those between the Pterocere and the Strombz, as defined; it is possible that the apparent differences between the two may be still further reduced or altogether nullified by the examination of other species.
§ 5. DESCRIPTIVE. PTEROCERA, Lamarck.
Historical Synonymy. Aporrhais, sp. Aldrovandi, De Test. pp. 343, 344. Radix bryonie, sp. Klein, Tent. Meth. Ostrac. 17538, p. 79. Heptadactylus, sp. Klein, op. cit. p. 99. Millipes, sp. Klein. op. cit. p. 99. Binomial Synonymy. <Strombus, Humphrey, Mus. Calonn. 1798, p. 39. (Not limited by description.) <Pterocera, Lam., Prod. 1799, p. 72; Syst. An. sans Vert. 1801, p. 80. (P. lambis.) <Pteroceres, Montf., Conch. Syst. ii, 1810, p. 606. (P. scorpio) <Digitata, Fabr., Fort. 1822, p. 86. > Pterocera (Millipes), Mérch, Cat. Yoldi, i, 1852, p. 60. (Not described. )
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> Pterocera (Heptadactylus), Moérch, op. cit. p. 60. (Not de- scribed.) > Harpago (Millipes),* H. and A. Adams, Gen. Moll. i, 1858, . 261.
> Harpago (Heptadactylus),* H. and A. Adams, op. cit. p. 261.
<Pterocera (Pterocera), Gabb, Am. Jour. Conch. iv, 1868, p. 139.
Strombus, sp. Linn. et al.
Lambis, sp. Bolten.
Pterocera ( Millipes), sp. Gabb.
Animal stromboid; radula (8. lambis, bryonia) with the rhachi- dian teeth two and a half to three times as wide as long, some- what narrowed towards base, with a large convex median tooth, and two or three smaller on each side; inner plate oblong rhomboidal, with a heel developed on the inner part of the basal border, and a process near the base and from the external edge; cutting margin with a large inner pointed tooth and three or four smaller ones; lateral plates very long, narrow and curved, armed on the anterior margin near the point with from three to six teeth; outer lateral plate broader at base than inner.
(Troschel.)t
Shell obconoid, with the spire moderately elevated, the canal produced into a long involute digitation, tortuous and inclined towards the right, the labrum much alated and produced into spiniform digitations, and with the sinus deep and entirely lateral.{ Whorls concave between the angle and the suture, coarsely spirally striated, and with six§ more or less developed primary fascioles, emitting as many involute primary digitations, of which the sutural or posterior is accumbent on the spire and continued backwards from the apex, three radiate from and near the angle, and two are between the latter and the sinus; second- ary fascioles and spines are, in some species, interposed between the primary; antesinual lobe unarmed. Aperture linear, con- tinued to the posterior boundary of the whorl.
* The Messrs. Adams called these subgenera, but they always employ their subgenera in a generic sense.
+ Dr. Troschel refers to a figure of P. Jambzs, but the one cited repre- sents Aporrhazs, under which reference is again made to the same figure.
{The “entirely lateral” sinus contrasts with the anterior position characteristic of the genus Huprotomus (St. auris-diane, etc.), in which the expansion of the lip and deflection of the anterior portion of the shell and revolving strie throw it entirely forwards.
2 The exceptional number of seven is developed in P. violacea.
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SPECIES.
Eight distinctly marked species are distinguishable among the forms that have heen described or indicated. These may be naturally grouped with reference to the development of certain ‘characters. Of primary importance seems to be the condition of labial surface, some being smooth and others rugose at that re- gion; those having rugose lips differ again in the development of the processes between the primary labral spines, such processes being generally simple lobes in some species, while in others they are extended into involute spines. The general form, orna- mentation, development of the lip, and especially of the spines, in their respective variations furnish other excellent characters for the discrimination of the species. As several important dif- ferences seem to have hitherto been generally overlooked, the following synopsis and amended but incomplete diagnoses of the species may be acceptable:
Synopsis. I. Lips smooth. Ia. Body whorl tuberculated at the angle. Lip eflected ; columella with callus diffused, P. lambis. Lip inflected; columella with callus stratified, P. crocata. Ib. Body whorl unarmed at angle, P. bryonia. II. Lips rugose.
Ila. Intercalary digitations none.
Posterior digitation with a basal lobe, P. scorpius.
Posterior digitation simple, P. pseudoscorpio. IIb. Intercalary digitations developed.
Posterior digitation simple, P. millipeda. |
Posterior digitation with a basal lobe. Labral digitations 8; labral wrinkles very
distinct, P. elongata. Labral digitations 10; labral wrinkles faint, P. violacea.
A. Aperture smooth within. Primary digitations of labrum only developed; six, or exceptionally seven in number.*
1. P. tampBis, Lam. ex Linn.
Strombus lambis, Linn., Syst. Nat. ed. 12, p. 1208. Pterocére scorpion, Blainy., Malac. pl. 26, f. 3, 4. (not Lam.)
*In a specimen of P. bryonza in the collection of the Smithsonian In- stitution, there are four angular spines, the lower of which is forked, as in an example mentioned by Humphrey.
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Pterocera lambis, Lam., Prod. p. 72; Hist. Nat. An. sans Vert. ed. 2, ix, 672. Reeve, Mon. Pterocera, sp. 8.
Pterocera (Heptadactylus) lambis, Mérch, Cat. Yoldi, p. 60.
Heptadactylus lambis, Ad. f. Gen. Moll. i, p. 261.
Harpago lambis, Ad. f. Gen. Moll. Atlas, pl. 27, f. 2
Angular fasciole carinated on spire, on the last whorl provided — with two enlarged tubercles ; labium with the callus diffused ; la- brum with the margin (normally) eflected, with the spines eflected outward and rather small, and with the ante-sinual lobe undu-
lated. Lips whitish, more or less sanguineous within and be- hind.
Hab.—Philippine Islands and Ceylon. 2. P. crocata, Link.*
Pterocera crocata, Link, Verz. Nat. Samml. Rostock ?
Pterocera aurantia, Lam., Hist. Nat. An. sans Vert. ed. 2, ix, 675. Reeve, Mon. Pterocera, sp. 7.
Pterocera (Heptadactylus) crocata, Morch, Cat. Yoldi, i, p. 60.
Heptadactylus crocatus, Ad. f. Gen. Moll. i, p. 261.
Angular fasciole carinated on spire, and on the last whorl armed with two enlarged tubercles ; labium with the callus con- centrated, and stratified or folded near aperture; labrum with its margin inflected, the digitations successively more recurved, and the antesinual lobe tridentate. Lips more or less orange or saffron-colored.
Hab.—Philippine Islands. 3. P. BRyonta, Reeve ex Gmel.
Strombus radix was Chem., Conch. Cab. x, p. 227, pl. 159, f. 1512-15.
Strombus bryonia, Gmel. in Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 13, p. 8520.
Strombus truncatus, Dillw., Cat. ii, p. 659.
Pterocera truncata, Lam., Hist. Nat. An. sans Vert. ed. 2, ix, p- 671. Kuiener, Spec. Gen. Pterocére, p. 3, pls. 1 and 10.
Pterocera bryonia, Reeve, Mon. Pterocera, sp. 1.
Pterocera Sebe, Kiener (ex Val.), Spec. Gen. Pterocére, p. 4, pl. 2, and pl. 4, f. 2
Pterocera radix bryonie, Morch, Cat. Yoldi, p. 60.
Heptadactylus radiz-bryonie, Ad. f. Gen. Moll. i, p. 261.
Young. Pyrula bengalina, Grat., 1840.
Angle coronated or tubereuligerous on spire, unarmed
*This name is accepted on authority of Mérch and Adams,
10
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on the last whorl; labium with the callus diffused; labrum with its margin erect, with six moderate digitations, and with the antesinual lobe little undulated. Lips whitish or lurid.
Hab.—Society Islands.
B. Aperture corrugated within. (Millipes, Mirch, Ad. f.) 1. Digitations of labrum six, between the median of which are dentiform processes.
4. P. scorprus, Lam. ex Linn.
_ Strombus scorpius, Linn., Syst. Nat. ed. 12, p. 1208.
Pterocera nodosa, Encycl., pl. 410, f. 2. Swains., Exotic Conch. App. p. 32.
Pterocera scorpio, Lam., Hist. Nat. An. sans Vert. ed. 2, ix, p- 674.
Pterocera scorpius, Reeve, Mon. Pterocera, sp. 3.
Pterocera (Millipes) scorpio, Morch, Cat. Yoldi, p. 60.
Millipes scorpio, Ad. f. Gen. Moll. i, p. 261.
Pterocera (Millipes) scorpio, Gabb, Am. Journ. Conch. iv, p. 140.
Labrum with a prominent transverse white ridge in front of the concavity of the dorsal tubercle; laterally inflected, ribbed between the spines, and with a dentated margin; the spines no- dose, and the posterior furnished with a compressed auriform lobe at the left base.
Hab.—Philippine Islands. 5. P. psEuDOscoRPIO, Lam.
Pterocera pseudo-scorpio, Lam., Hist. Nat. An. sans Vert. ed. 2, 1x, p. 674. Reeve, Mon. Pterocera, sp. 4.
Pterocera (Harpago) pseudoscorpio, Mérch, Cat. Yoldi, p. 60.
Millipes pseudoscorpio, Ad. f. Gen. Moll. i, p. 261.
Labrum with no distinct ridge behind, and with the concavity of the tubercle mostly in advance of the columellar fold ; mode- rately inflected, with single dentiform lobes between the angular and median, and median and postsinual spines; with spines vbso- letely or not at all nodose, and the posterior simple and with no
basal lobe. Hab.—ZLanzibar, ete.
This very distinct species has hitherto only been distiuguished from P. scorpius by the larger size and larger and less nodose spines, and consequently it was natural that Reeve and others should have been of the opinion that ‘it is extremely doubtful
OF CONCHOLOGY. 135
whether this is anything more than a local variety of the fore- going species.” Kiener, acting on this opinion, united it with P. scorpio, adding that the only difference he could perceive were the slight superiority in size, and the thicker and less nodu- lose digitations.
2. Digitations of labrum separated by secondary ones inter- calated at the right margin.
The validity of three species of this section is now no longer questioned, but it must be confessed that, however readily they may be recognized, some of their most distinctive characters have not been alluded to in the diagnoses published. Without repeat- ing characters generally given, they may be additionally dis- tinguished as follows:
6. P. mitiipepa, Lam. ex Linn.
Strombus millipeda, Linn., Syst. Nat. ed. 12. p. 1208.
Pterocera millipeda, Lam., Hist. Nat. An. sans Vert. ed. 2, ix, p. 673; Reeve, Mon. Pterocera, sp. 10.
Pterocera (Millipes) millipeda, Morch, Cat. Yoldi, p. 60.
Millipes millipeda, Adams, f. Gen. Moll. 1, p. 261.
Angle armed with four digitations, the uppermost (rarely nuil) being an intercalated one; posterior digitation simple; lateral digitations, especially the primary, much recurved; lips with wrinkles moderately developed.
Hab:—Philippine Islands.
7. P. ELoNGATA, Swains.
Strombus novem-dactylis instructus, Chem., Conch. Cab. x, p.
, 207, pl. 155, f. 1479, 1480.
Strombus millipeda, var. B., Dillw., Cat. ii, p. 660.
Pterocera millipeda, part Lam., Hist. Nat. An. sans Vert. ed. 2, ix, p. 673 (Syn. part ; not desc.)
Pterocera elongata, Swains., Exotic Conch, App. p. 32. Reeve, Mon. Pterocera, sp. 9.
Pterocera crocea, Sowb., Thes. Conch. p. 11, f. 4.
Millipes elongatus, Ad. f. Gen. Moll. i, p. 261.
Angle armed with the three normal digitations ; posterior digitation furnished with a lobe at its left base; lateral digita- tions straight ; lips with wrinkles well developed.
Hab.—?
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8. P. vioLAcEA, Swains.
Strombus multipes, Chem., Conch. Cab. x, p. 216, pl. 157, f. 1494-5 (not binomial author). ;
Pterocera millipeda, part Lam., Hist. Nat. An. sans Vert. ed. 2, ix, p. 673 (Syn. part ; not desc.)
Pterocea violacea, Swains., Exotic Conch., App. p. 88.
Pterocera multipes, Desh., in Lam. Hist. Nat. An. sans Vert. ed. 2, ix, p. 677. Reeve, Mon. Pterocera, sp. 5.
Millipes multipes, Ad. f. Gen. Moll. i, p. 261.
Angle armed with three digitations ; a posterior and an ante- rior median fasciole in place of the normal single fasciole ; pos- terior digitation with an elongated lobe at its left base; lateral digitations straight or little curved; all. the digitations are channelled and not involute; wrinkles on the labium anteriorly faint or obsolete.
Hab.—Kast Coast of Africa, fide Reeve.
HARPAGO, H. and A. Adams ex Klein.
Synonymy. — Harpago, Klein, Tent. Meth. Ostrac. 1758, p. 79 (not bino- mial). — Pterocera (Harpago), Morch, Cat. Yoldi, i, 1852, p. 60 (not described).
—Harpago, H. and A. Ad., Gen. Moll. i, 1858, p. 60. > Harpago, Gabb, Am. Journ. Conch. iv, 1868, p. 140. Strombus, sp. Linn., Humphrey, &ce.
Lambis, sp. Bolten.
Pterocera, sp. Lam., &e.
Animal stromboid ; radula (7. ehtragra) with the rhachidian teeth transversely oblong, about twice as wide as long, and con- tracted towards the base, with a large median and two smaller teeth on each side; inner plates oblong-rhomboidal or trapezoi- dal, with a continuous, but sinuous hinder margin, with very large inner tooth, followed by three smaller ones and a cutting ledge ; lateral plates very long, narrow and curved, armed with about five teeth on the anterior margin near the tips. (Troschel.)
Shell obconoid, with the spire moderately elevated, the canal produced into a long involute digitation boldly recurved towards the left, with a sinus at its base; the labrum much alated and produced into spiniform digitations, and with the sinus deep and entirely lateral. Wahorls concave between the angle and suture, coarsely spirally striated, and with fascioles (except sutural) well developed, the subsutural emitting a spine not accumbent on the
OF CONCHOLOGY. ton
spire, directed backwards, and the sutural a second accumbent on and crossing the spire, and recurved towards the left and back- wards; angular and median emitting single recurved spines ; postsinual unarmed ; lobal emitting a large recurved spine in advance of the middle of the ante-sinual lobe.
Aperture unguiform, contracted behind by the development of longitudinal callous ridges, which are almost applied on each other, the columellar being outermost.
The two species may be briefly distinguished as follows :
1. Harpago CHIRAGRA, Adams f. ex Linn.
Strombus chiragra, Linn., Syst. Nat. ed. 12, p. 1207. Pterocera chiragra, Lam., Hist. Nat. An. sans Vert. ed. 2, ix, p- 675. Reeve, Mon. Pterocera, sp. 2.
Pterocera (Harpago) chiragra, Morch, Cat. Yoldi, 1, p. 60.
Harpago chiragra, Ad. f. Gen. Moll. i, p. 261.
Fascioles, angular tuberculated, others almost unarmed, ante- sinual with a compressed tubercle near the base of the digitation ; lips rosaceous, with very faint and almost obsolete wrinkles ; sutural digitation with a canal open at base, the outer border being bent outwards and attached above the angle of the body whorl, on which the digitation is chiefly bent and accumbent. Large.
Hab.—Society Islands.
2. Harpago RuGOSA, ex Sowerby.
Pterocera chiragra, part Lam., Hist. Nat. An. sans Vert. ed. 2, ix, p. 675 (Syn. part ; not desc.)
Pterocera rugosa, Sowb., Thes. Conch. part 2, pl. 11, f. 9, 10. Reeve, Mon. Pterocera, sp. 6.
Pterocera (Harpago) arthritica, Morch, Cat. Yoldi, p. 60.
Harpago arthriticus, Ad. f. Gen. Moll. i, p. 261.
Fascioles, except sutural and ante-sinual, with prominent tu- bercles ; ante-sinual smooth; lips with very prominent white wrinkles, contrasted strongly with the deep purplish or blackish ground; basal posterior digitation with its canal closed by the reflection of its margins, and accumbent on the middle of the spire. Size moderate.
Hab.—Kastern seas.
§ 6. Extinct ASSOCIATES.
To the genus Pterocera have been referred numerous species by various authors, most of which, however, have been success-
138 AMERICAN JOURNAL
ively eliminated therefrom by others, and have served as con- stituents of new genera, or been associated with previously es- tablished ones. The propriety of the elimination of the forms which have been referred to the genera Aporrhais and its dis- memberments, Alaria, Diarthema, Pterocerella, Dicroloma, and Tessarolax, may be at once admitted. With equal propriety has Mr. Gabb eliminated P. speciosa, P. Dupiniana, and P. marginata, all described by d’Orbigny, from the residuum, but the propriety of combining those three together in one subgenus, to be con- sidered as of Pterocera, is questionable, especially as the typical species is not provided “ with a straight or recurved canal ante- riorly, and a canal ascending the spire posteriorly; or an “outer lip digitate;” its relations, indeed, appear to be rather with the typical Strombide.
After all these eliminations, as Mr. Gabb has remarked, “in the cretaceous and jurassic formations are many shells with all the characters called for in the commonly received definition of Pterocera, but having a peculiar ‘facies’ of their own,”’ yet from which, ‘except in general appearance [he] can find no difference,’ and thus, by the latest reviser of the group, they are left in Pterocera. This residuum, however, contains no spe- cies to which the amended diagnoses of Pterocera and Harpago are applicable, and it is by no means certain that any are at all related to those genera. There are, however, two types which have at least considerable superficial resemblance to them, and which may possibly belong to the Strombide, but such appears to the writer improbable, and provisionally, at least, they may be more advantageously retained among the Aporrhaide. ‘They do not appear to have the sinus characteristic of the Strombide ; in one, indeed (Pt. Moreausiana, d’Orb.), a sinus might be con- sidered to exist, on faith of the illustration, but the appearance is rather produced, there is reason ‘to believe, by the extension of the anterior fasciole into an aborted lobe or digitation, and a consequent emargination between it and the median digitation. In order to secure for the forms in question due attention and re-examination, it seems advisable to especially designate them, but I have not had the opportunity of examining them, and de- rive my information respecting them solely from d’Orbigny’s ‘“‘ Paléontologie Francaise.”’
HARPAGODES, Gill.
Pterocera, sp. d’Orb., ete.
Shell obconic or ovate-conoid, with the spire moderately ele- vated, the canal produced into a long digitation boldly recurved towards the left, and the labrum m
OF CONCHOLOGY. 139
spiniform digitations. Whorls convex or flat between the angle and suture, spirally ribbed, with larger rib-like angular, median, and anterior fascioles (and sometimes post-angular), each emitting long spiniform digitations; and with a sutural canaliculate digitation accumbent on the spire, continued and recurved back- wards. Cretaceous and Jurassic.
Type H. PeEnaet. Piterocera Pelagi, d’Orb., Pal. Franc., T. cret. ii, pl. 212.
CERATOSIPHON, Gill.
Shell fusi-conic, with the spire considerably elevated, the canal produced into a long digitation recurved towards the left, -and the labrum much alated and produced into spiniform digita- tions. Whorls concave or flat between the angle and suture, spirally striated, and with rib-like angular, median, and anterior fascioles, of which the two former, at least, emit spiniform digita- tions, the sutural emitting a digitiform canal accumbent on the spire and directed backwards.
Type C. Moreausiana.
Pterocera Moreausiana, d’Orb., Pal. Frane., T. cret. 1, pl. Zi, ifs
Distinguished by the elongated hamiform siphonal canal and
the posterior canal co-ordinated with the ‘facies’ of Aporrhais.
§7. APPENDIX.
As the useful ‘‘ Manuel de Conchyliologie” of Dr. Chenu is the guide of many conchologists, the species figured therein may be here identified with propriety, especially as some of the species have been misunderstood. Fig. 1612 represents ZH. rugosa, not “P. chiragra”’; 1618, “* P. lombis”’ correctly ; 1614, “ P. multipes”’ = P. violacea correctly ; 1615, P. pseudoscorpio, not ‘‘P. scorpio’’; 1616, P. violacea, not ‘“P. millipeda”’; 1617, “ P. elongatus”’ =P. elongata correctly.
140 AMERICAN JOURNAL
MATERIALS FOR A MONOGRAPH OF THE FAMILY LEPETIDZ.
BY WM. H. DALL.
I have to thank Dr. Stimpson, of the Chicago Academy of Sciences, for the use of material, and am much indebted to the Smithsonian Institution for the use of the specimens in their cabinet, for the purposes of comparison.
Any contribution to science, tending to clear up the uncer- tainty which hangs over many shells, supposed to be circumbo- real, or otherwise, is not without value, and perhaps for this family in particular, which has been more or less misunderstood and confused by every author who has mentioned it, principally
from the habit of copying from one author to another, without original verification.
Family LHEPETID. Syn. Lepetide, Gray, Guide, p. 172. Patellea, *** Lovén, p. 199. Patellide, (pars), Auct. _ Tecturide, (pars), Jeffreys, Adams. Characters.—Branchiz none. Eyesnone. Rostrum provided with labial tentacles. Dental formula 31;. Rhachidian tooth
rhomboidal, cuspidate. lLaterals slender, cuspidate. Shell pa- telliform.
Genus LEPETA, Gray, P. Z. 8. 1847, p. 168.
Syn. Patella (pars), auct.
Cryptobranchia (pars), Midd., Sib. Reise, p. 183, 1851. Schrenck, R. v. Amurl. p. 291, 1867.
Propilidium, Gray, Guide Moll. p. 172. H.and A. Ad., Gen. R. Moll. p. 462. (Not Forbes and Hanley.)
Pilidium, Stimps., Shells of N. E. (Not Forbes and Hanley, nor Middendorf.)
Scutellina, Chenu, Manual, p. 375 (pars).
OF CONCHOLOGY. 141
Subgenus Lepera, Dall ex Gray.
Gen. ch.—Apex erect; shell slightly colored, or uncolored, sculpture more or less strongly striate, reticulate or papillose. Mantle edge entire, simple. ‘Tentacles setaceous. Rhachidian tooth tricuspid, central cusp much larger than the other two ; shape rhomboida]l. Laterals broadly simply cuspidate, pointed at their bases.
Type. Lepreta czHca, Gray. Plate 15, fig. 1, a, b, ¢, d.
Syn. ?? Patella ceca, O. F. Muller, Pr. Z. Danica 1766, p. 237; Zool. Dan. vol. i, p. 25.
Patella ceca, Loven, Ov. K. v. Ak. For. p. 199, pl. vi, 1847.
2? Patella ceca, var. genuina, Midd., Bull. Phys. Math. Ac. Sci. St. Petersb. vol. vi, No. 20, 1847 ; Sib. Reise, p183,, pl. xvi fig:.0.
2? Lepeta ceca, Gray, P. Z. S. 1847, p. 168; Guide Moll. p- 172, fig. 108. H. and A. Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll. voll 1,, ps 462 (not fig.) Jeffries, Brit. Conch. vol. in, p- 251, pl. 5, fig. 6.
Patella cerea, Moller, Moll. Gronl. p. 16.
Patella candida, Couthouy, Bost. Jour. Nat. History, vol. ii, p. 86, pl. iii, fig. 17, Feb. 1838. Gould, Inv. Mass. p-. 152 , 1841.
Pitediuah. candidum, Sces Shells of New England, p. 29, 1851.
? Lepeta Frankhini,* Gray, Guide Moll. pl (2.
Not Propilidiwm ancyloide of Forbes and Hanley, as affirm Gray, Guide Moll. p. 172, ard H. and A. Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll. vol. i, p. 462.
Sp. ch.—Shell patelliform. Apex erect, situated in the cen- tral third. Nucleus sinistral, deciduous. Sculpture fine radiating elevated striz, rendered nodulous by the intersection of imbri- cated concentric lines of growth, forming a beautifully reticulated series of papillee, stronger toward the base. Anterior and pos- terior planes sometimes arched, often straight, and very frequent- ly somewhat concave, giving a peculiar prominence to the apex, which is generally eroded. Color white, generally concealed by a brown epidermis, and sometimes having a pinkish or rufous tinge. Shape somewhat elongate oval. Long. °45, lat. 34, alt. °22 in. Defl. 100°. Number examined, 38 specimens.
* In none of the works at hand on the Mollusca can I find any other reference to this (?described) species than the original one of Dr. Gray. 1 therefore place it doubtfully in the synonymy of ‘this species,
142 AMERICAN JOURNAL
Soft parts. Body whitish, foot oval, thin, mantle entire, edge thickened. Rostrum with two tentacular appendages; anus opening over the neck, also ? genital duct. No eyes; tentacles setaceous, short, thick; no external gills. Rhachidian tooth tricuspid ; central cusp long, pointed, black; lateral cusps cen- trally indented, giving the aspect of two denticles, on each side of the central cusp. Shape rounded rhomboidal ; base delicately impressed with longitudinal lines, thickened. Outer laterals alated posteriorly, shafts pointed at the base. Inner laterals similar, not alate; cusps moderately broad, simple. Jaw simple, edge entire, divided into two parts by an impressed median line. Number examined, 20 specimens.
A shell resembling this was described by Miller in 1766, as having the apex inclined posteriorly, and his statement has been referred to this species, and copied by all subsequent authors. On a careful inspection of many authentic specimens, some of which still preserved the nuclear whorl, I am unable to find any grounds for the statement. ‘The apex is in almost every case erect; in a very few strongly inclined forward. In none does it exhibit any tendency backward. It is true Miiller’s specimen may have been abnormal, but more probably he had in view a specimen of Propilidium, in which the apex is reversed, but which belongs to another family, although it has by Adams, Gray, and others, since been confounded with our shell. Stimp- son, and later, Jeffreys, very properly separated them, though, pending the examination of the dentition, the precise position of Propilidium is doubtful. It has, however, distinct gills on the back of the neck, which, as well as the apical septum, exclude it from the Lepetide.
Loven’s figure of the dentition of this species is correct in general effect, but incorrect in detail. ‘This was doubtless due to the imperfection of his microscope, or other similar circum- stances. ‘The figure represents the ribbon obtained from a dried specimen from Norway, through Prof. Sars; now in the Smith- sonian collection.
Specimens from Norway, Finmark, Greenland, Nova Scotia (L. candida, Couth.), Gaspe, and Grand Menan, have been ex- amined, and no essential differences observed.
Middendorff reports it from the Ochotsk, and Schrenck, copy- ing him, from North Japan seas, but they probably refer to va- rieties of the succeeding species, the shells having much general resemblance; though the anatomy of the animals shows them to be generically distinct.
Dr. Gray gives a copy of Miiller’s original figure from the Zool. Danica which shows no labial appendages, which strength-
OF CONCHOLOGY. 143
ens the probability that he referred to Propilidiwm (Forbes and Hanl.), which is figured by them also without them; and their figure has been copied by Adams and others as Lepeta ceca. But these appendages are present, and even conspicuous, in specimens from Grand Menan in the Smithsonian Cabinet, and also were perceptible in Prof. Sar’s dry specimen, from which the ribbon was obtained ; they are also present in the two species of Crypto- branchia from the Pacific and Behring Strait. Hence it is hardly probable that they could have been overlooked.
Subgenus CryproBRANcHta, Dall ex Midd.
Syn. Cryptobrancha, Midd. (pars), Sib. Reise, p. 183. Idem, Schrenck (pars), Reise von Amurl. Moll. p. 291. Lepeta, Carpenter, Suppl. Rep. pp. 603 and 651 (not Gray). Diag. Apex incl. anteriorly; shell slightly or not colored, striated. Rhachidian tooth provided with three nearly equal denticles. Uncini broadly hooked.
Type. CRYPTOBRANCHIA CONCENTRICA, Dall ex Midd. Plate 15, fig. 2, a to g.
Syn. Patella (Cryptobr.) ececa, var. (8) coneentrica, Midd., Sib.
Reise, p. 183, pl. xvi, fig. 6. Sept., 1851.
Patella ceca, Idem, Bulletin Phys. Math. Acad. St. Pe- tersburg, Vol. vi, No. 20, 1847. Schrenck, R. v. Amurl. Moll. p. 291, 1867.
Lepeta eecoides? n.s., Cpr., Suppl. Rep. Br. Ass. pp. 603 and 651, 1868.
Lepeta ceecoides, J. G. Cooper, List. Cala. Moll. p. 24, No. 459. Carpenter, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. April, 1865, p. 60.
Sp. ch.—Shell patelliform, of a light brownish or greenish hue, even when weathered. Apex anteriorly directed,—conspicuously so in young individuals; situated in the anterior fourth. Ante- rior and posterior planes of the shell somewhat arcuate. Surface smooth, with delicate uniform elevated strive radiating from the apex, like threads upon the surface of the shell; slightly, if at all, interrupted by the concentric lines of growth, which last, in some individuals, are strongly impressed at intervals, but other- wise hardly evident. The number of these impressed lines seldom exceeds three or four. Epidermis extremely thin, brown- ish, generally lost except in very young specimens. Interior smooth, polished, white, often with a greenish tinge. Palleal line complete. Muscular impression narrow, only interrupted
144 AMERICAN JOURNAL
above the head. Length of adult specimen 84 in., breadth -64 in., altitude -26 in. Defl. of apex 110°, of ant. slope, 54°.
Length of most elevated specimen °56, breadth -45, alt. -26 in. Shell broadest posteriorly, making the outline somewhat of an egg-oval shape. Number examined, 107 specimens.
Soft parts. Foot oval, thin. Head broad, rostrum short, above rounded; below, produced on each side into a tentacular filament, somewhat longer and slenderer than the tentacles. Eyes absent ; tentacles short, thick, with concentric wrinkles setaceous on either side of the rostrum. Mantle edge simple, thickened, slightly striate on the inner side, continuous in front of the head. Over the head extremely thin, varicose. Behind the head on right side are two papille, being the openings of the generative duct or ovary, and to the left of it, of theanus. Liver and ovary (which fills the apex) of a dark green, completely encircled by the intestine, which is of adark brown color. Buccal mass large. Jaw thin, translucent, divided by an impressed median line into two portions ; edge entire, simple.
Rhachidian tooth broadly cordate, bearing three nearly equal black cusps with orange bases. Base thickened ornate, like an ancient lyre with five strings. Inner lateral simple, cusp not much wider than the shaft. Outer lateral posteriorly alate, sim- ple, strong. Base pointed. Shaft wider than the inner lateral, and as wide as the cusp. (See fig. 2, a.) Number examined, 13. | Cabinets Smiths. Inst., McGill College, Chic. Ac. Sci., Bost. Soc. Nat. History.
This shell differs from the Lepeta ceca of Europe and Eastern America in its sculpture, so that, even without a knowledge of the animal, the conservative but accurate Middendorf separated it as a permanent variety, under the name concentrica. A more thorough knowledge reveals differences in the anatomy which the simplicity of the shells would not lead us to suspect, render- ing a subgeneric separation necessary. Middendorf, ignorant of the genus Lepeta, which had not been characterized, but only indicated by Dr. Gray, proposed the genus Cryptobranchia for its reception, which, restricted as above, is here adopted. This species is the L. cecoides of Dr. Carpenter.
Middendorf’s specimens came from the Ochotsk Sea; Dr. Carpenter’s from California and Puget Sound. I have it from St. George’s Island, Behring Sea; Ounalashka, Ounga Id., 4 fms., Kadiak 6 fms., and 10 fms. shelly mud, Sitka harbor, on stones and dead shells. Also Monterey, which is probably its most southern station.
Very young specimens of ? Seurria mitra, Esch., might be
OF CONCHOLOGY. 145
mistaken for this shell, but are more elevated, and the apex is erect and nearly central. ;
The absence of a gill is a remarkable feature in this family. The most careful dissection revealed none internally, nor is there ingress for water, except through the ovarian duct, anus, or mouth. The edge of the mantle is thick and slightly striate, and if this does not perform the office of a gill, possibly it may be done by the hood, or portion of the mantle immediately over the head and neck. There is quite a large extent of this thin vari- cose membrane, and it is possible that this may be its office. (Fig.
3, d.) CRYPTOBRANCHIA ALBA, Dall, n.s. Plate 15, fig. 3, a, b, ¢, d.
Sp. ch.—Shell pure white, smooth, or with extremely faint strie: solid; interior pure white, apex anteriorly directed, in- conspicuous ; shell arcuate before and behind. Length of adult ‘96, width -70, alt. -40 in. Number examined, 15 specimens.
Soft parts as in the last species, but tentacles much smaller, and also the labial tentacles. , Rhachidian tooth with longer cusps proportionately than concentrica, somewhat rhomboidal; base lightly ornate; anterior corners produced, rounded; laterals with shafts simple, sinuous, cusps three times (or more) as broad as the shafts, barely denticulate along the edge, and finely striate beneath. Bases of shafts pointed. Number examined, 7 speci- mens. Seniavine Strait, Stimpson. Plover Bay, E. Siberia,
Dall.
This species differs from the last in its smooth shell, greater “size, pure whiteness, greater lateral compression, and generally more rounded back, from the less prominent apex. The tentacula in a specimen twice the size of a concentrica were not half as large. The teeth especially differ in the shape of the central tooth, and the greatly broader cusps of the laterals and their striation, resembling those of Pilidiuwm fuluum (Loven). These strie are what Lovén terms “ cilia,’”’ which misapprehension pro- bably arose from a poor microscope, as those instruments in 1847 were very far from their present perfection.
Cabs. Smithsonian Inst., Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist.
? CRYPTOBRANCHIA INSTABILIS, Dall, nom. prov. Plate 15, fig. 6.
Sp. ch.—Shell patelliform, depressed, broad, smooth or lightly striate (young). Apex inconspicuous, in the anterior fourth. Sculpture in the adult only of the concentric lines of growth, which are occasionally impressed. Plane of the base of the shell curved upward anteriorly and posteriorly, without compression of
146 AMERICAN JOURNAL
the sides. Shell very thick, solid, muscular impression deeply impressed. Long. -56, lat. -52, alt. -20 in. Defl. apex 120°. Number examined, 6 specimens.
Soft parts unknown. Sitka, 10 fms. shelly mud, dead.
In the absence of the animal it is impossible to refer this sin- gular form definitely. Its affinities appear to be with Crypto- branchia, as far as can be judged, except that the sides are com- pressed ; it resembles a little Macedla instabilis, a much larger and more elevated shell, from California.
Spurious SPECIES.
22 Lepeta puntarenensis, Trosch. (ex Mirch), Wiegm. Arch. 1860.
Syn. Lepeta puntarene! Mérch, Mollusk-fauna Centr. Am. Malak. Blit. Dec. 1860, p. 175, No. 215.
Sp. ch.— Testa ovalis, apice elevata excentrica, intus lactea, extus flavescens ; lineis exilibus, radiantibus et concentricis sub- zequalibus, crebrerrimis; confertim decussata intersectionibus nodosis. Margine integro. Facies L. cece, Mulleri. Long. 6, lat. 4, alt. 2 mill. Punta Arenas (Pacific coast Central Amer.) 1 specimen. Differs from LZ. ceca in the very thick and strong concentric lines and delicate radiating lines.”
This shell is probably not a Lepeta, its habitat being tropical ; it may be a Seutellina, or even an Aemea ; it is quite impossi- ble to determine the generic affinities from the shell alone.
Geaus PILIDIUM Forbes.
Syn. Pilidium (fulvum), Forbes, Athenzeum, Oct. 6, 1849, p. 1018. Forbes and Hanley, Br. Moll. vol. ii, p. 440, 1849. Wood, Ind. Test. pl. 38, fig. 83.
Tothia, Gray (not Forbes), Syst. An. figs.; Moll. An. 1854, p. 93; Guide Moll. p. 172. H. and A. Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll. (Fam. Tecturidee), vol. 1, p. 461.
Pilidiwn, Stimpson, Check List E. C. Shells.
Scutellina, Chenu (pars), Man. de Conchy.
Not Pilidium, Midd. (P. commodum), Sib. Reise, 1851, p- 214 = ? Velutina, sp. jun., nor
Pilidium, Stimpson, Shells of N. Eng. = Lepeta, pars, nor
Jothia, Forbes = err. typ. for Lottia.
(The circumstances under which this genus was named having been a subject of discussion, and few naturalists in this country having the opportunity of consulting the newspaper report in which it was originally published, the extract is given verbatim.)
OF CONCHOLOGY. 147
Report of Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science. London Atheneum, Oct. 6, 1849, p. 1018.
“ Section D. Natural History.
‘Papers presented. ‘On the Genera of British Patellacea,
by Prof. H. Forbes.’
“Tn the course of the researches undertaken by the author and Mr. Hanley for their joint work on the History of the Brit- ish Mollusca, a fresh inquiry was required to be made into the propriety with which the British Patellacea had been assigned to known genera. It resulted that among our species we had two new forms for which it became necessary to construct new generic types,—viz.: the so-called Jothia [misprint for Lottia] fulva, and Lothia [do.] ancyloides. Neither of these belong to Acmea, with which Jothia [do.] is synonymous, but differs essentially in characters of head, mantle and dentition,—and in the latter case, position of body in relation to the shell. As no established ge- nus can receive them, for the former a new genus, Pilidium, is proposed, * * * and for the latter, a new genus, Prop?- lidium.”
The words enclosed in brackets are ours. Admitting the validity of a misprint, which is doubtful, the grounds for refer- ring the first species to any other generic name than Pilidiwm are not apparent ; and especially as Prof. Forbes says “ ¢t differs essentially’? from the “ so-called Lothia,” the reference of it to that generic name afterwards by several authors seems entirely gratuitous. *
Gen. ch.—Shell patelliform. Apex anterior, generally deep colored. Mantle fringed with cilia. Rhachidian tooth long, rhomboidal, bearing a very large black cusp, with a simple denti- cle on each side. Laterals with broad cusps, striated beneath and obliquely bent. Shafts slender. (Lovén.)
Type. PILIDIUM FULVUM, Forbes. Plate 15, fig. 4, 4a.
Syn. Patella fulva, O. F. Muller, Prod. Zool. Dan. p. 227; Zool. Dan. pl. 24, figs. 1, 2, 8. Lovén, Ov. K. y. Ak. Fora pi ldd. ples: Pilidium fuloum, Forbes, Athenseum, Oct. 6th, 1849, p- 1018. Forbes and Hanley, Hist. Brit. Moll. vol. ii, p. 441, pl. 62, figs. 6, 7, pl. AA, fig. 3. Patella Forbesii, J. Smith, M. Wern. Soe. vol. viii, p. 107, pl. ii, fg. 8. Brown, Ill. Con. Gt. Brit. pl. 57, figs.
)
* See Woodward’s Manual Recent and Fossil Shells, p. ii.
148 AMERICAN JOURNAL
Tectura (Iothia) fulva, H. and A. Adams, Gen. Ree. Moll. vol. i, p. 461, pl. hi, fig. 6.
Tectura fulva, Jeffreys, Br. Conch. vol. iii, p. 250.
Lothia fulva, Gray (not Forbes), Syst. An. Figs. Moll. An. p. 98, 1854; Guide to Moll. p. 172.
Patella rubella, O. Fabr., Fauna Gronl. p. 386, No. 3883.
Pilidium rubellum, Stimpson, Check List East Coast Shells, No. 812.
Sp. ch.—Shell patelliform, orange-fulvous, rarely paler, or even white; apex anterior, pointed, prominent. Sculpture, elevated radiating strize, crossed by concentric imbricating lines of growth, forming reticulations of greater or less strength, and sometimes almost entirely absent. Interior smooth, polished, particularly European specimens. Long. *30, lat. -18, alt. -10 in. Apical defl. 108°. ‘Ten specimens examined.
Soft parts. Body whitish; no eyes; tentacles short, stout, foot oval. Rostrum provided with short triangular appendages. Mantle entire fringed with short transparent cilia. No external branchie. (Jeffreys and Lovén.)
Rhachidian tooth long, narrow rhomboidal, provided with a heavy central cusp and two small denticles. Laterals with slen- der shafts pointed at the bases; cusps broad, obliquely bent, striated beneath. (Loven.)
I have not been able to obtain specimens of the soft parts of this species, and quote Jeffreys and Loven.
Patella rubella, O. Fabr., seems to be a coarser, paler variety of the above, from authentic specimens.
N. B.—This species has been referred to the Tecturide by « Jeffreys, apparently under the misapprehension that the denti- tion resembled the typical T'ectura, from which it is widely re- moved. He states that 7ectura has elongated and hooked later- als, and two central or rhachidian teeth; which is a mistake.
The dental formula of Zectwra is 335 in the diagonal series, and there are no central teeth. It almost identically agrees with Aemcea mitra, Esch., which, according to Philippi, is (from the. original specimen) the type of EHschsholtz’ genus Acmaa, his Acmea mammilaris being an eroded specimen of the same species. It is certainly not the same as Sowerby’s Lottia pallida, which is certainly the same as Scurria scurra, d’Orb., from which S. mitra is likely to differ generically. It does not possess the re- markable frills between the mantle edge and the foot, figured by d’Orbigny and particularly noticed by Gray (Guide Moll. p. 172).
OF CONCHOLOGY. 149
The foot of Seurria mitra, Esch., is oval, thin, smooth, and, like all the soft parts in life, of a livid white color. The edge of. the mantle is complete, thickened and simple. The hood is generally perforated over the gill. There are no papille, ten- tacule, or anything of a like nature between the edges of the foot and mantle. The tentaculz are long, rounded, with small black eyes on the outer bases. The eae or rostrum is short, provided with a well developed sucking disk around the mouth, with a rough surface and a continuous edge. Outside of this edge the outer edge of the rostrum forms a fold, which is termi- nated at either side by a round and conical papilla. The gill is laminar, triangular, thick ; under the hood, out of sight; but points across the neck from right to left diagonally.
For details of dentition see fig. 5, A, from a specimen dredged in 4 fms. stony mud; Coal Harbor, Ounga Island, Alaska. Soft parts fig. 5, c, from a specimen from Monterey, Cal. Fig. 5, b, shell. -
Puiate 15.—Explanation of figures. Fig. 1. Lepeta ceca, Gray.
a, dentition (specimen from Norway).
b, profile of do.
ce, extremely young magnified four times linear, showing the nucleus lying flat on the apex.
d, shell, profile and outline, natural size.
Fig. 2. Cryptobranchia concentrica, Midd.
a, dentition (specimen from Sitka).
b, profile of do.
c, animal in situ from below.
d, animal removed from shell, from above.
0, mantle edge ; p, muscle ; 2, in- testine ; y, liver and ovary; 2, genital and anal papilla.
e, profile and outline of shell, natural size.
f, buccal plate, magnified. g, muzzle from in front, magnified.
(Posterior a little fore- shortened.)
Fig. 38. Cryptobranchia alba, n. s.
a, dentition.
b, profile and outline, natural size.
c, animal in situ, natural size.
d, front view, mantle raised, magnified. Lt
150 AMERICAN JOURNAL
Fig. 4. Pilidium fuluum, Forbes.
a, dentition, laterals on one side removed to show form of Rhachidian tooth. 4 a, shell, natural size.
Fig. 5. Seurria mitra, Esch. (not Gray, Adams).
a, dentition, from a specimen dredged in 4,fms. N. Harbor, Ounga Island, Alaska.
b, outline and profile of small specimen.
c, soft parts, with mantle raised up.
Fig. 6. 2? Cryptobranchia instabilis, n. s. Shell natural size, outline and profile.
OF CONCHOLOGY. 151
ON THE LAND AND FRESH-WATER MOLLUSCA OP NICARAGUA.
BY RALPH TATE.
I. INTRODUCTION.
The district in which the species enumerated in this paper were collected comprises much of the south and central portions of the republic of Nicaragua.
Nicaragua presents two distinct types of soil, vegetation, and climate, and, in a limited degree, the land shells are restricted to one or other of the districts. ‘These are:
(1) astern District.—A low mountain chain trends in a north-west and south-east direction through the central part of the country; it is composed of diorites and schistoze rocks, yielding by decomposition a stiff argillaceous soil, which is clothed with a dense forest. ‘This region extends to the Atlantic seaboard, the climate of which is excessively humid. I collected during a period of five months in that portion of this region known as Chontales, which is situated at from 1500 to 3000 feet above the sea level.
(2) Western District.—Two parallel chains of volcanic moun- tains occupy the western portion of Nicaragua. Here, from the absorbent nature of the rocks and the comparatively little rain, the chief vegetation is grass, but on the margins of the streams and on some of the alluvial flats there isa limited growth of timber trees. The general aspect of this region is that of sa- vannas interspersed with wood.
The mountain range bordering the Pacific is the primary di- viding ridge, and between it and the median chain extends alow valley stretching from the Gulf of Fonseca on the north into Costa Rica on the south; within this longitudinal valley is
152 . AMERICAN JOURNAL
situated the group of Central American lakes. The river San Juan, which discharges the surplus water of Lake Nicaragua, flows through a transverse valley to the Atlantic at Greytown.
All the species enumerated in this paper were collected to the east of the Pacific coast range.
The land shells which are limited to the voleanic country are Helix griseola, Glandina rosea, Bulimus unicolor, B. discrepans, Helicina rostrata, &e.; Bulimus castus, Helix Parkeri, H. cce- cowdes, Tebennophorus auratus, Krynickia Americana, and Helt- cina denticulata, are confined to the mountain forests.
All the Unionide, Ampullarie, Tryonic, Planorbes, Neritine and Phys were collected in the basin of the Lake Nicaragua and the San Juan; Melania, Amnicola and Spherium being confined to the Chontales District.
If. ENUMERATION OF THE SPECIES.
I would acknowledge here that I am under great obligation to Mr. Tryon for the majority of the specific determinations. The species enclosed within brackets are extra-limital. Excepting Tebennophorus auratus, all the species have been Aleposited in the Museum of the Society.
1. Pomus pyrum, Phil.
Occurs in the river San Juan, its tributaries and creeks; in the river Panaloya, and in Lake Nicaragua at Grenada.
This species usually lives on the muddy bottom of still-water courses, and though sometimes observed floating on the surface of the water, yet if surprised in that position it immediately sinks to the bottom. The eggs are deposited in semi-pyriform masses on the stems of Cyperus and small trees growing in or at the margin of the water ; the capsules are shelly, greenish-white, numerous, and by compression hexagonal. In every instance the aggregation of capsules was placed from a few inches to two and three feet above the highest level of the water, and it is be- yond a doubt that the parent molluse leaves the water for the purpose of nidification. The species of Pomus observed by me in South America have the same habit, whilst Marissa deposits its gelatinous ege-masses always below the surface of the water.
2. MELANIA GASSIESII, Reeve.
Lives on stones in the rocky beds of the clear, rapid-flowing streams taking their rise in the Chontales Mountains. The species is confined to Central America.
OF CONCHOLOGY. 1533
3. AMNICOLA PANAMENSIS, Tryon.
Collected at the roots of aquatic plants in a swampy pool near Javali, in the Chontales, at an elevation of 1750 feet.
4, TRYONIA ORNATA, Morelet.
On the muddy shores of Lake Nicaragua and in the pools by the margin of the same, La Playa, Grenada.
Of the desiderata to our knowledge of this genus I can only furnish that of the operculum, which is corneous, thin, subspiral, and radiately marked.
T. ornata is the third species of the genus ; the others inhabit California.
5. NeRITINA LISTERI, Ch.
Very abundant on the rhizomes of aquatic plants throughout the river San Juan. In Greytown harbor, where this species and Planorbis tumidus live, the water is alternately brackish and fresh, according as to whether the tide is flowing or ebbing.
6. NERITINA VIRGINEA, Lam.
With Cyrena solida, Phil., on sandy bottom, brackish water pools, Punta-Arena, Greytown; nidifying on dead shells of Cyrenc and on each other; very abundant. Also at Salt Creek,
Costa Rica, and Boca del Toro, Panama. ‘This species is truly estuarine.
[NERITINA INTERMEDIA, Brod.
On the bottom of asmall fresh-water stream by the railway terminus, Panama City. |
T. TEBENNOPHORUS AURATUS, Tate.
Animal elongated, slender, attenuated behind, convex, shining, smooth ; mantle reaching to nearly the edge of the foot, from which it is separated by a groove; yellowish-grey, with numer- ous small white and gold spots, and fewer and larger black ones, the last forming a black streak on the upper lateral margin ; foot narrow, extending a little beyond the mantle, pointed be- hind, truncated in front, where it is of a reddish-yellow color, other portion whitish-grey ; tentacles four, upper black, one-tenth of an inch in length, lower tentacles very short.
Dimensions.—Extended length, -8 inch; breadth when ex-
tended, -1 inch; respiratory orifice, from the front, -15 inch; contracted length, -d inch.
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This species is not uncommon under stones and on decaying timber, Javali, Chontales.
8. KryNiIcKIA AMERICANA, Tate. Plate 16, fig. 1.
Animal slender, pointed behind, back convex, granulated; mantle 275 inch in length, free as far as the respiratory orifice, brownish-black and smooth; color of body grey, with black in the grooves, giving the general appearance of a brownish- black ; head and tentacles of a lighter color; edge of foot with defined crenulated border; foot grey, and divided into three bands. Jaw horse-shoe shaped, with a median projection ; it is analogous to that, less the posterior plate, of Succinea putris. Lingual dentition consists of straight rows of about fifty plates ; the median plate obscurely tricuspid ; the laterals bearing two subulate or symmetrical cusps. Shell represented by a thin semi-opaque membrane.
Inhabits under stones and about houses, Javali, Chontales, where it is not uncommon. ‘This slug is very active, moving about at night, and can suspend itself by its mucus.
Though this animal resembles Limaz agrestis and L. campes- tris, and so much the latter as to give rise to doubt as to their specific distinctness, yet the character of the mantle, which de- termines its position in the old-world genus Arynickia, alone distinguishes my species.
GUPPYA, Tate.
Stenopus, Guilding (name preoccupied). Conulus, Guppy (1868), non Moquin-Tandon. Examples.—Helix Gundlachi, Pfr.; Conulus vacans, Guppy.
Animal related to that of Zonites ; foot truncated, furnished with a mucus pore and retractile appendage; median part of foot defined. ‘* Lingual dentition in G. vacans 30° 5:0:5- 30; teeth broad, subequal, first five laterals symmetrical, with a large rounded cusp having a smaller cusp of similar shape on each side; outer laterals bicuspid, resembling the teeth of Testacellus,’—Guppy. Shell small, trochiform, subperforate, thin, shining, finely and longitudinally striated, lip acute.
Mirch, misreading the author’s description of the lingual den- tition of Conulus vacans, Guppy, writes that it “doit former un genre a part, le genre Guppya; les dents ressemblent a celles des Testacella,” whereas the laterals only resemble those of that genus. However, I have adopted Mérch’s name with much pleasure in compliment to my friend,—a most accurate and zeal-
® OF CONCHOLOGY. 155
ous observer in Natural History, and who has so extensively contributed to our knowledge of the molluscan fauna, recent and fossil, of the Antilles.
The genus Guppya occupies a determinate position among the genera to which it is related, either by the lingual dentition or the pedal characters ; in a few words, it has the shell of Conulus, with the pedal peculiarities of Nanina, the animal of which pre- sents many distinguishing features.
9. Guppya GUNDLACHI, Pfr. sp.
Whatever specific name should be applied to the species under consideration, it undoubtedly belongs to the generic group having G. vacans as a type.
The foot is white underneath, light grey, with a bluish-black streak above, truncated, but slightly acuminate inferiorly, cau- dated superiorly, and provided with a mucus pore; eye tentacles blackish-red, the inferior tentacles grey.
Living among moss on trees, Chontales forest and forest by the river San Juan, Toro Rapids; it inhabits Cuba.
10. HeLix GrisEoua, Pfr.
Common throughout the savanna region, Masapa, Grenada, San Ubaldo, &c., living on the blades of grass, and resembling in its habit H. virgata, &c. It is quoted from Texas and Mexico, but is not enumerated among the Guatemalan species by ‘Tris- tram.
11. HeLix cacorpEs, Tate. Plate 16, fig. 2.
Shell small, conoidally globose, minutely perforate; whorls four, convex, suture deep ; the epidermis somewhat shining, horny brown, rising into distant equal rugulose oblique lamellee ; aperture nearly circular, a little oblique; peritstome acute. Diameter and height one-tenth of an inch.
The shell of this species is closely related to H. cwca, Guppy, H. Jerensis, Guppy, and, with H. bracticola, Guppy, and Hf. n. sp. (San Lucia, Tate), constitute a group which has H. lamellata in Europe, and H. labyrinthica, in North America, for analogues.
H. ccecoides lives among moss on trees, in company with Guppya Gundlachi, Chontales forest. 12. HeLix BuaKkeANA, Tate. Plate 16, fig. 3.
Shell depressed, small, semitransparent, shining; epidermis greenish, strongly and regularly concentrically costulate, inter- stitial spaces obscurely striated; whorls four, rounded, rapidly
156 AMERICAN JOURNAL ¢
enlarging ; swtwre deeply impressed; spire slightly elevated ; umbilicus wide, deep, exposing all the whorls; outer lip sharp. Diameter 0-125 inch; height 0-075 inch.
The shell of this species has great affinity to that of H. minu- tissima, Lea, and H. miliwm, Morse.
H. Blakeana inhabits the Chontales forest; one specimen only was preserved. It is dedicated to Dr. C. Carter Blake, my late colleague in Nicaragua, in pleasing remembrance of his assistance and genial companionship in many excursions.
? HeLix sp. “As large as H. Pomatia, at Acota.” Blake.
[Heiix piicata, Born. Forest, north shore of Naval Bay, Colon. ]
13. Butimus zEBRA, Miller.
Throughout the country; living in small isolated colonies on the trees in the Chontales forest. 14. Butimus Brrenptt, Pfr.
Forest on the banks of the river San Juan, Castillo, and Toro Rapids. Recorded from Bolivia. 15. Butimus unicotor, Sowerby.
In copses in the savanna region, Grenada, Masapa, and San Nicolas. Also occurs in Panama. 16. Butimus parvus, Lea.
Living with B. wnicolor.
17. Butimus castus, Pfr. ? (juvenis.)
Javali and on Petia Blanca, at about 2500 feet elevation; in the Chontales forest. 18. Butimus macuLatus, Lea.
Copses in the savanna region, San Nicolas. Recorded from New Grenada. 19. BULIMUS DISCREPANS, Sowb.
Savanna region, Grenada, Masapa, San Nicolas. 20. BULIMUS cosTaTo-sTRIATUS, d’Orbigny.
At the bases of trees in the savannas, San Nicolas, and Gre- nada, and in the moist forest on the San Juan, Toro Rapids. This species also inhabits Cuba.
OF CONCHOLOGY. n L575
21. BULIMUS MIMOSARUM, d’Orb.
On wet rocks and among weeds in the fossé to the fort at Castillo; very abundant. Recorded from Bolivia.
[Butimus Tryonranus, Tate. Plate 16, fig. 4.
Shell conically subulate, semipellucid, not umbilicated, whorls seven in number, rather flattened, shouldered at the suture, orna- mented with numerous nearly straight longitudinal coste, inter- stitial spaces smooth’; suture somewhat impressed ; columellaa little thickened; aperture elliptical; outer lip straight and sim- ple.
Total length of shell -22 inch; breadth 0:075 inch ; height of last whorl 0:075 inch.
In the forest on an island in the lagoon of Boca del Toro, on the borders of Panama and Costa Rica. ]
[BuLimus PLICATELLUS? Guppy (Stenogyra).
The examples collected appear to be young shells of this West Indian species. Living with B. Tryonianus, &c. Boca del Toro. ]
22. ACHATINA OCTONA, Chem.
Throughout the savanna region, Grenada, San Ubaldo, and at Castillo and Greytown, Nicaragua. Also at Boca del Toro, Naval Bay, and Matachin, Panama.
[ToRNATELLINA INTERSTRIATA, Tate. Plate 16, fig. 5.
Shell acuminately oblong, subdiaphanous, light horn color, shining, ornamented with many sinuate longitudinal coste, the interstitial spaces with about three costelle; whorls T—8, con- vex, suture well defined; apex blunt, smooth; aperture ellipti- cal; outer lip thin, simple, straight; columella obliquely trun- cate, twisted, reflexed, forming an umbilical fissure ; no parietal plait ; last whorl forming nearly half the length of the shell.
Dimensions.—Total length of shell, “O10 30 Height of last whorl, 175 “LT Breadth of shell, 175 “Li
Living in company with Bulimus Tryonianus, &c. Boca del Toro, Panama. |
23. TORNATELLINA HYALINA, Tate.
Related to J. interstriata, hyaline, with a higher and more inflated body whorl. Total length -23 inch; height of last whorl -12; breadth :15.
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One specimen only was obtained with Bulimus Berendtt, Toro Rapids. 24. GLANDINA
Woods near Grenada. 25. GLANDINA ROSEA, Fer.
Throughout the savanna region, sheltering under the leaves of pinnellas (Bromelia pinguis). Grenada, Masapa, San Ubaldo, &e. 26. GLANDINA Dysont, Pfr.
With Bulimus mimosarum in the fosse to the Castillo Fort, also in the forest near Toro Rapids.
27. SuccINEA INFLATA, Lea.
Dead shells, San Nicolas and San Ubaldo. It inhabits also the southern States of the American Union.
28. SUCCINEA RECISA, Morelet.
On the marshy borders of the river San Juan and Lake Nica- ragua, at San Carlos; on wet rocks at the waterfall, Javali brook, Chontales. It is recorded from Panama.
29. Vaarnutus Fiormanvs, Binney.
Under stones, Javate, Chontales; probably the same species, but twice the size; Toro Rapids. Inhabits Florida. 30. PHysa squaLipaA, Morelet.
Pools bordering Lake Nicaragua at Grenada, and in a creek of the San Juan, ‘Toro Rapids.
31. PHYSA PURPUROSTOMA, Tristram. Var. ventricosa. Ina small stream at San Nicolas. 32. VELLETIA EXCENTRICA, Morelet.
Pools and streams, on aquatic plants, Chontales district, San Nicolas, and San Augustin.
33. PLANORBIS TUMIDUS, Pfr.
Lake Nicaragua, and the river San Juan to its mouth. The above localities mark for the present the southern limit of this species, which ranges through Gautemala and Mexico to Texas, and occurs in Cuba.
34. PLANORBIS KERMATOIDES, d’Orb.
Planorbis Duenasianus, Tristram. Marshy pools, San Augustin, near Acoyapa.
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35. PLANORBIS DECLIVIS, Tate.
Shell orbicular, depressed, light horn colored, somewhat shining, strongly and regularly wrinkled across ; whorls four to - five, rounded, suture deep, the last two whorls flat above and be- low, concealing the others; the spire and umbilicus. deeply and abruptly impressed ; last whorl suddenly deflected at the aper- ture, which is horizontal and nearly circular; peristome united all round; outer lip slightly reflected.
Dimensions of adult shell: greater diameter :25 inch; height ‘075 inch.
Marshy pools San Augustin near Acoyapa, living in company with Planorbis kermatoides and Velletia excentrica. 36. PLANoRBIS FieLpr, Tryon.
Distinguished from P. Havanensis, Pfr., by being more de- pressed, and in the white opacity of the under side of the shell. Diam. -35 inch; height °1 inch.
Pools by margin of Lake Nicaragua at Grenada. Panama (Field).
37. CYCLOTUS TRANSLUCIDUS, Sow.
In the Chontales forest, where it is not uncommon, ascending the Petia Blanca to an elevation of nearly 3000 feet; it is sparsely distributed in the savanna region.
38. C. ———
San Nicolas. 39. HELICINA DENTICULATA, Pfr.
The operculum is solid, purplish-brown, granulated. Ascend- ing trees, Chontales forest, where it is rare; it is known in Honduras.
40, Heicina rostrata, Morelet.
Syn.—H. Salvini, Tristram. In the savanna region, San Diego; it is a Guatemalan shell.
41. Henicrina TURBINATA, Wiegm.
Forest, Toro Rapids; hitherto only known from Mexico. [ HELICINA SEMISTRIATA, Sow.
In the woods and cocoanut groves about Boca del Toro.] 42. SPHH RIUM MERIDIONALE, Prime.
Marshy pool near Jayali, Chontales. Panama (Prime).
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The method I have employed to collect the shell of this and other species, which are too minute to be taken by a scoop, is by pulling up by the roots the submerged plants, and washing them in a large bottle of water. The finer mud being removed by agitation of the water, the shells were searched for in the coarser sediment.
S. meridionale is very active, and climbs the sides of a vessel with great facility.
43. CYRENA SOLIDA, Phil.
With Neritina virginea in brackish water pools, Greytown, burrowing to a depth of one or two inches in the sandy bottom. Recorded from Belize.
44. Unto Rowettt, Lea.
Rivers Malacatoya and Estar, Nicaragua. Chagres river, New Grenada (Lea).
45. Unto GApBpraNna, Lea. North shore of Lake Nicaragua.
f000 <0. —<—<—<—— North shore of Lake Nicaragua.
47. Unio River Tipitapa (or Panaloya).
48. Anoponta Bripe@ssit, Lea.
River Tipitapa, and sand-bar north of river Estar, Lake Nicaragua,
The largest specimen collected measures four and a half inches in length.
49. ANODONTA INAQUALTS, Lea.
Lake Nicaragua, near San Ubaldo, and River Malacatoya. 50. ANODONTA LUTEOLA, Lea.
River at Tierra Blanca and River Malacatoya. 51. Mycretopus WEDDELLI, Hupe.
The genus Mycetopus, hitherto limited in the western hemi- sphere to tropical South America, is represented in Nicaragua by one species, the identity of which with the Brazilian form is somewhat doubtful in the absence of specimens for comparison. The Central American analogue appears to present differences
OF CONCHOLOGY. 161
in size and coloration, but which alone cannot be regarded as of specific value. The color of the Nicaraguan shell is yellow horn, without green bands, shining, and marked with faint radiating lines. The dimensions of the largest specimen are as follows: Total length 3°35 inches; height ‘95 inch; thickness °5 inch ; length of anterior side -9 inch. ‘x
M. Weddelli was collected on the muddy margins of the river Tipitapa.
Collecting Unionide in tropical countries can only be success- fully pursued during the dry season, as during the rainy season the species are in comparatively deep water, and cannot be gath- ered except by means of a dredge, the employment of which under such circumstances I would recommend. An examination of rivers and lakes at the two seasons will give widely different results as regards the presence and abundance of these forms of molluscan life. The Unionide inhabiting large sheets of water are presumed to be littoral; certainly in Lake Nicaragua the upper limit of their distribution is that of low-water mark, but their extension in’ depth is not known. All the species I have recorded are littoral, but whether they are confined to this zone, or that other species replace them in deep water, are unsolved problems. The thin-shelled species are largely preyed upon by herons and other birds, and often much to the annoyance of the collector. During my travels in Venezuela once only did I meet with Unionide,—on the margins of a lake-like expansion of the river Carichapo; but not a single perfect shell did I secure, though innumerable fragments strewed the shore, they having broken all the valves left by the lowering of the level of the water.
The following molluses recorded from Nicaragua did not oceur tome: Helix Parkeri, Helicina merdigera, Cyrena sordida, Unio aratus, Unio cyrenoides, Unio Newcombianus, Anodonta Nica- ragua.
III. RELATION TO OTHER FAUNAS.
The molluscan fauna of Nicaragua presents no marked facies, and is characterized by the absence of, rather than the presence of peculiar genera. The geographical position of Nicaragua leads us to infer that the species of shells would be in common with those of the Mexican province on the one hand, and with those of the Columbian province on the otber, and such is the case. Thus, whilst Bulimus Berendti, B. unicolor, B. maculatus, B. mimosarum, Planorbis Fieldii, Cyclotus translucidus, Amnicola
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Panamensis, Unio Rowelli, Spherium meridionale, and Myceto- pus Weddelli ally the fauna specifically to that of tropical South America, Helix griseola, Glandina Dysoni, Succinea inflata, Vaginulus Floridanus, Planorbis tumidus, Helicina tuberculata and H. turbinata are more northern forms, which in Nicaragua commingle with those of a more southern origin. Bulimus zebra, Achatina actona and Cyclotus translucidus are common to Cen- tral America, South America and the Antilles; Guppya Gund- lachi and Bulimus costato-striatus are Cuban species. The only “species common to Nicaragua and the neighboring State of Gautemala are Melania corvina, Bulimus zebra, Achatina octona, Physa purpurostoma, Planorbis tumidus, Planorbis Kermatoides, Cyclotus translucidus, Helicina rostrata, and H. merdigera. Generically Tebennophorus is North American, Glandina Cen- tral American, whilst Mycetopus and TYornatellina are South American.
The land snails of Gautemala, Honduras, Yucatan and Mexico resemble those of the West Indies in the prevalence of Cylin- drella, Macroceramus, Adamsiella, Megalomastoma, Chondropo- ma, Cistula, and Tudora, none of which genera have been ob- served in Nicaragua and south to the Isthmus of Darien. This circumstance, viewed in connection with the distribution of the Nicaraguan species, points to a different origin for the fauna, and I am thereby induced to regard Nicaragua as comprised within the Columbian Region of the distribution of land shells, and not within that of Mexico.
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DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES OF MARINE MOL- LUSCA.
BY WESLEY NEWCOMB, M.D.
Mirra Wiiitamsi, Newe.—Plate 17, fig. 1.
M. testa elongato-ovata, crassa, undique transversim costata ; inter costas sublente in longitudinem striata ; anfr. 6, subplanis ; ultimo in longitudine reliquis zquali; apice obtusula; sutura obscura impressa; columella subtorta indistincte quadriplicata ; colore alba cum flammeus lineis irregulariter in longitudinem
Long. ‘6 pol. ; lat. -2 pol. ; long. aper. °3 pol.; lat. aper. :05 Hab.—Philippine Islands. ?
Shell elongately ovate, thick, wholly transversely costate, under the lens longitudinally striate between the ribs ; whorls 6, flattish, the last equal to the rest in length; apex somewhat obtuse ; suture slightly impressed; columella scarcely twisted, with 4 plications, the last indistinct. Color white with orange flammules arranged longitudinally.
Remarks.—This little shell collected by Captain Saml. J. Mas- ters at the Philippines or at Guam, has been submitted to the critical eye of Mr. Cuming, who pronounced it new; and not being able to find it in any of the great Huropean collections, I have, after a delay of some 12 years, decided to describe it :—I take pleasure in attaching the name of Prof. Williams, of Ithaca, to this beautiful species.
MopioLa Peaser, Newce.—Plate 17, figure 2.
M. testa tenui, polita, luteo albida, tenuissime striata; parte postera cum lineis et fasciculis fuscis inosculatisque picta; intus margaritacea-alba.
Long. 8-10 pol.; lat. 4-10 pol.
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Shell thin, polished, yellowish-white, finely striated ; posterior portion with brown lines in bundles crossing and connecting with each other.
Hab.—Sandwich Islands, dredged in 12 fathoms, outer har- bor of Honolulu.
This is one of the most beautiful species of the Genus Modiola of Lam. The peculiar color and fine brown markings are sufficient characteristics of the species, which otherwise is most simple in its characters. Only a solitary specimen was dredged in the outer harbor of Honolulu, and I take pleasure in attaching to it the name of one of our most industrious and enterprising living naturalists.
Proto CoRNELLIANA, Newe.—Plate 17, figure 3.
P. testa elongata, solida, alba, nitida, sublente longitudin- aliter costata et transversim subtiliter striata; apice sinister ; anfr. octo, orbiculatis, quarto et septimo cum obscura varice ; sutura fere transversa sub-profunda, lata, et obscure dentata; apertura rotunde ovata; labro crasso et obscure bilabiato.
Long. 4-10 pol.; Lat. 1-10 pol. ; apertura 1-20 pol.
Shell elongate, solid, white, shining, under the lens longi- tudinally ribbed and very finely transversely striate; apex sin- istral ; whorls 8, rounded, the 4th and 7th with an obscure varix; suture nearly transverse, wide, rather deep and obscurely den- tate; aperture entire, roundly ovate; lip thickened and indis- tinctly bilabiate.
Remarks.—The genus Proto was made in 1824, by Defrance, for the reception of a species (P. Maraschini,) with claims more decided, so far as the shell is concerned, than hundreds of the re- cently manufactured artificial Genera which encumber our pre- sent nomenclature. Its “restoration,” or re-union with Turri- tella, as declared by Chenu, is not fortunate, for its affinities are much nearer Chemnitzia (Turbonilla) than to Turritella. I have taken the liberty of attaching the name of Mr. Cornell to this beautiful species, which was dredged in twelve fathoms of water outside the reef near Honolulu, Sandwich Islands.
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DESCRIPTION OF A NEW AMERICAN HELIX.
BY WESLEY NEWCOMB, M. D.
Hetix Hempuitiit, Newe.—Plate 17, fig. 4.
H. testa sub-lenticulare, late umbilicata, tenuiuscula, corneo- albida cum fuscis lineis obscuris picta, transversim rugoso- striata, apice obtusa ; anfr. 5, supra convexa vel planulati, ulti- mus acute carinatus vel bicarinatus, descendens, basi convexus et in longitudinem tenuissime striatus ; umbilico profundo per- spectivo ; peristoma simplex ; apertura diagonalis, fere rotunda.
Juniores—acute carinate, basi perconvexee, omnino hirsutze cum brevissimis setis.
Diam. major (adulta) -625 pol. ; diam. minor °55 pol. ; altitude ‘40 pol.
Shell nearly lens shaped, widely umbilicate, thinish; white horn color masked with obscure brownish lines (or without), transversely roughly striated, with an obtuse apex, Whorls five, either convex or flattened above, the last one acutely carinate, or bicarinate, descending in front, base convex with fine longi- tudinal striz; umbilicus deep and perspective; lip simple ; aperture diagonal, nearly round.
Hab. White Pine Mining District, at an altitude of 8000 feet.
The above, collected by Henry Hemphill, Esqr., bears some analogy to H. strigosa, Gould, and to H. Cooperi, Bland, but is readily distinguished from either of those species. The hirsute character of the young shell, the larger size and more compressed form, distinguish it from Cooperi ; its strong carination, flattened form and less size, together with the variation in the young, separate it from strigosa.
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CATALOGUE OF THE SHELLS OF THE COOSA RIVER, ALABAMA.
BY JAMES LEWIS, M.D.
Among the Rivers of the United States noted for the number of species of Mollusca that inhabit them, the Coosa River, in Alabama, may be considered first. The following list of species was compiled from various sources ; principal among them may be mentioned the ‘‘ Observations’’ of Mr. Isaac Lea, in which will be found descriptions and figures of by far the greater part of the species. Much aid has also been derived from specimens furnished by Dr. EH. R. Showalter, of Uniontown, Ala., who has also kindly furnished much valuable information. The manu- script has also been submitted to the criticism of Dr. W. D. Hartman, of West Chester, Pa., and to Mr. Chas. M. Wheatley, of Phoenixville, who have likewise offered valuable suggestions.
The nomenclature of the Unionide in the following tables is that adopted by Mr. Isaac Lea; that of the Strepomatide, with a few trifling deviations, will be found in accordance with the synonymy of this family as given by Mr. G. W. Tryon, Jr. It is possible that some known species have been either inad- vertently omitted or unjustly excluded by reasons of erroneous views of synonymy ; and on the other hand it is probable that the number of species, when carefully studied, will be found to be really less than the tables indicate, as there are very urgent reasons for suspecting that many of the nominal species are really only varieties. But the subject is beset with too many difficulties to warrant any attempt to reduce synonymy in con- nection with this compilation.
SS: CRI Stites Gee BS et
OF CONCHOLOGY.
UNIO, Brug.
U. acutissimus, Lea. “ arctatus, Lea.
‘¢ asperatus, Lea.
“ atro-costatus, Lea. “© Blandianus, Lea. “« Boykinianus, Lea.
cornutus, Barnes. ‘ decisus, Lea. ‘decumbens, Lea.
. “ dolosus, Lea. . “ excavatus, Lea. . * fibuloides, Lea.
germanus, Lea. glandaceus, Lea.
Hartmanii, Lea. interventus, Lea.
. “ Johannis, Lea. "Tens, Lea:
. © Lewisii, Lea.
. “ medius, Lea.
. * metanever, Raf.
“ metastriatus, Lea. nucleopsis, Con.
. “ ornatus, Lea.
. * parvulus, Lea.
. pauperculus, Lea. . penitus, Con.
. “ perovalis, Con.
? perplicatus, Con.*
. * plancus, Lea.
porphyreus, Lea. pulvinulus, Lea. pustulosus, Lea.
. “ pyramidatus, Lea. . “ rubidus, Lea.
. © Showalterii, Lea. . “ stabilis, Lea.
. <* trinaeris..2ea-
41. 42,
‘¢ unicolor, Lea. “ verus, Lea.
*Possibly atro-costatus, Lea. * The genera of the Univalves are alphabetically arranged.
consanguineus, Lea.
Foremanianus, Lea.
167
MARGARITANA, Schum.
43. M. Holstonia, Lea.
ANODONTA, Lam. 44, A. Showalterii, Lea.
ANCULOSA, Say.*
45. A. 46. “ Asia, S$ 48. “ oo ie oie. oe oa: .° gone.
ampla, Ath. contorta, Lea.
? Downiei, Lea. ligata, Anth. rubiginosa, Lea. Showalterii, Lea. teeniolata, Con. vittata, Lea. zebra, Anth.
ACROLOXUS, Beck.
54. A. filosus, Con.
ANCYLUS, Geoffroy. 55. A. elatior, Anth.
EURYCCLON, Lea.
56. E. midas, Lea. 57. “* nubila, Lea.
GONIOBASIS, Lea.
58. G. 5s Aare OG." ol Oza "™ 63. Gla 65.
eequa, Lea.
ampla, Anth. arctata, Lea.
bellula, Lea. Binneyana, Lea. bullula, Lea. calculoides, Lea. * capillaris, Lea. carneola, Anth. clausa, Lea. Coosaensis, Lea. crenatella, Lea.
Alabamensis, Lea.
auriculzformis, Lea.
168 AMERICAN JOURNAL
72. G. crepera, Lea. 117. G. variata, Lea. lack culta, Led. 118. “ Vauxiana, Lea. 74. “ decorata, Anth. 119. “ virgulata, Lea.
75. * ellipsoides, Lea. 120. “ Wheatleyi, Lea. 76. ‘ elliptica, Lea.
17. “ expansa, Lea. LIOPLAX, Troschel. if " aa 121. L.cyclostomatiformis, Lea. 80. ‘* fascinans, Lea.
Bios game Ter LIP ASL A Haldeman. 82. “ furva, Lea. 122. L. brevis, Lea.
83. “ Gerhardtii, Lea. 123. “ cylindracea, Lea. 84. “ glandaria, Lea. 124. “ fusiformis, Lea. 85. ‘* gratiosa, Lea. 125. “ nuclea, Lea.
86. “ harpa, Lea. 126. “ vittata, Lea.
87. “ Haysiana, Lea. 127. ‘“* Wheatleyi, Lea. 88. ‘ impressa, Lea. : 89. “ lata, Jay. MELANTHO, Bowditch. 90.“ Lewisii, Lea. 128. M. ponderosa, Say. 91. “ luteola, Lea.
92. i mellea, Lea. NERITELLA, Humphrey. ee ae 129. N. Showalterii, Lea. 95. *“ osculata, Lea.
96. “ ovalis, Lea. SCHIZOSTOMA, Lea. 97. “ pergrata, Lea. 130. s. Alabamense, Lea. 98. “ perstriata, Lea. 131. “ amplum, Anth.
99. “ propria, Lea. 132. “ Anthonyi, Reeve. 100. ‘ pudica, Lea. 133. “ Babylonicum, Lea. 101. “ punicea, Lea. 134. “ Buddii, Lea.
102. “ pupeformis, Lea. 135. ‘ bulbosum, Anth. 103. “ quadricinata, Lea. 136. “ cariniferum, Anth. 104. “ quadrivittata, Lea. 137. “ castaneum, Lea. 105. “ rara, Lea. 138. “ constrictum, Lea. HOG. * rubicunda, Lea. 139. “ demissum, Anth. 107. ‘* Shelbyensis, Lea. 140. “ ellipticum, Lea. 108. ** Showalteri, Lea. 141. “ excisum, Lea. 109. “ solidula, Lea. 142. “ glandulum, Lea. 110. “ spurca, ‘Lea. 148. “ glans, Lea.
111. “ straminea, Lea. 144, « globosum, Anth. as > teeta, bee 145. “ incisum, Lea.
113. “ tenera, Anth. Aga’ ikem Lea.
114. “ tenebro-vittata, Lea. | 147. “ Lewisii, Fee 115. “ Vanuxemensis, Lea. 116. “ varians, Lea. *Manuscript.
148. 149. 150. 151. 152. 153. 154. 155.
OF CONCHOLOGY.
. nuculum, Anth.
pagoda, Lea. pumilum, Lea. salebrosum, Anth. Showalterii, Lea. sphzricum, Anth.
Wetumpkaense, Lea.
Wheatleyi, Lea.
SOMATOGYRUS, Gill. 156. 8.
? species.
STREPHOBASIS, Lea. 157. S. pumilum, Lea.
TRYPANOSTOMA, Lea. 158. T.
159. 160. 161. 162. 163.
annulifera, Con. Brumbyi, Lea. canaliculatum, Say. canalitum, Lea.
Chackasahense, Lea.
Christyi, Lea.
164. 165. 166. LGW. 4 168. £69: E70. yal 172. 173. 174. 175. 176. at TS: LES, 180.
ai
66
169 Conradii, Tryon. Currierianum, Lea. cylindraceum, Lea. dignum, Lea. excurvatum, Con. filum, Lea. Foremanii, Lea. gracilis, Lea. Hartmanii, Lea. incurvum, Lea. prasinatum, Con. Roanensis, Lea. Showalterii, Lea. Troostii, Lea. Tuomeyi, Lea. validum, Anth. viridula, Lea.
TULOTOMA, Haldeman. 181. T. bimonilifera, Lea.
VIVIPARA, Lamarck. 182. V. Coosaensis, Lea.
170 AMERICAN JOURNAL
DESCRIPTION OF NEW SPECIES OF MARINE BIVALVE MOLLUSCA IN THE COLLECTION OF THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES.
BY GEORGE W. TRYON, JR.
PHOLADIDA.
1. CYRTOPLEURA EXILIS, Tryon.—Plate 14, fig. 2.
Description.—Shell long and narrow, covered with numerous scabrous radiating ribs, except a narrow surface parallel with the posterior dorsal margin which is smooth. Widely gaping anteriorly, acuminate posteriorly. Dorsal lamina ?
Length 10, width 30 mill. Hab.—Ins. St. Croix, West Indies.
Remarks.—This species, collected and presented to the Acad- emy by the late Dr. R. E. Griffith, has heretofore been con- founded in our collection with C. crucigera, Sowerby, a Panama species ; it is, however, smaller and narrower, and belongs, it will be perceived, to a different fauna.
MACTRIDA.
2. Mactra GAssi, Tryon.—Plate 16, fig. T.
Description.—Shell oval, nearly equilateral, thin, depressed, beaks narrow, not prominent, with a slight raised line radiating to the margin, smooth, light corneous.
Length 31, width 40 mill. Hab.—ULower California. Wm. M. Gabb.
Remarks.—This species I cannot approximate closely to any other in the genus; its equilateral regularly oval form, small umboes and thin texture will serve to distinguish it. Two speci- mens are in our collection.
OF CONCHOLOGY. Pig e!
3. LuTRARIA costTaTa, Tryon.—Plate 16, fig. 6.
Description.—Shell elongately ovate, rather arcuate, middle surface compressed, broadly rounded at the end margins, irreg- ularly concentrically ribbed, thin, white.
Length 27, width 52 mill.
Hab.—Senegal.—Dr. R. HE. Griffith.
Remarks.—This shell is most nearly allied to LZ. impar, Des- hayes, from Australia, which has the same concentric wrinkles
or ribs, more prominent at the ends, but that species is wider and the ends are truncately squared.
TELLINID. 4, HIATULA NITENS, Tryon.—Plate 16, fig. 9.
Description.—Shell ovately transverse, somewhat inequila- teral, convexly flattened over the umboes, sides and ventral margin well rounded, thin, purple, with a very thin shining horn- colored epidermis, purple within.
Length 26, width 50 mill.
Hab.—New Zealand.—Dr. T. B. Wilson.
Remarks.—We possess a single specimen of this beautiful species. It has some of the characteristics of H. nitida, Gray, from the same locality, but is more swollen, and is not angled and acuminated posteriorly.
5. SANGUINOLARIA RoBertsil, Tryon.—Plate 16, fig. 8.
Description.—Shell ovately transverse, rather thin, swollen, impressed flexuously from the umboes to the posterior ventral margin; beaks prominent, narrow. White, tinged with delicate rose color under an extremely thin, fugatious horn-colored epidermis.
Length 24, width 37 mill.
Hab —Philippines.
Remarks.—This species is nearly related to 8. sangucnolenta, of the West Indies, but is smaller, more delicate and more con- vex.
PECTINIDA.
6. PecTEN RUSCHENBERGERI, Tryon.—Plate 14, fig. 1.
Description.—Shell suborbicular, somewhat inequilateral,
pg. AMERICAN JOURNAL
rather thin and compressed, beaks very narrow and pointed, not. prominent. Surface covered with about thirty not very proml- nent rounded ribs from which spring sharply-vaulted scales, a smaller smooth rib between each pair of scaly ribs, and occa- sionally separated from them by one or two raised lines. Color uniform brownish red.
Length 77, width 72 mill. Hab.—Bay of Muscat.—Dr.W. S.W. Ruschenberger, U.S.N.
Remarks.—This very fine species belongs to a group em- bracing P. asperrimus, Lam., P. prunum, Reeve, ete. ; it is dis- tinguished from all of them by the pattern of its ribbing. I take great pleasure in dedicating this species to the presiding officer of the Conchological Section of the Academy of Natural Sciences, in recognition of the intelligent zeal with which he has, through a long series of years, labored to augment our collections.
OF CONCHOLOGY. Te
NOTICES AND REVIEWS
OF
NEW CONCHOLOGICAL WORKS.
BY GEO. W. TRYON, JR.
I.—AMERICAN.
Land and Fresh Water Shells of North America. Parr 1. Pul- monata Geophila. By Wm. G. Binnny and Tuomas Buanp. 8vo., 316 pp. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C., February, 1869.
This work is in many respects a decided improvement on the former volumes of the series, prepared by Mr. Binney for the
Smithsonian Institution. The descriptions are full and accurate,
and the wood-cut illustrations, numbering over 500, are entitled
to the strongest commendation. The gravest objection which can be urged against the book is that Mr. Binney’s well-known
(and in many cases commendable) conservatism having induced
him to place in the synonymy of the older species many of those
recently described, instead of quoting in such cases the de- scriptions, and giving figures of such supposed synonyms, as in his former works, he has omitted both, thus compelling most of his readers to accept his decisions as final, because no opportu- nity is afforded for the exercise of individual judgment. I must also protest against the practice of many authors to write spe- cific names, complimentary to individuals, with small initial let-
ters, when those who gave the names used capitals: thus I
object to being quoted for Succinea greerit, because I wrote it
Greer. If Mr. Binney thinks the use of the small initial
174 AMERICAN JOURNAL
more correct and more elegant, let him use it by all means, and however his readers may be shocked upon reading, for instance, Sue. hayden, W. G. B., they will not hesitate to concede his right to print it so if he pleases. But I submit that an author has no more right to alter the fashion of my specific name to suit his own taste than he has to dictate to me the style or fashion of coat that I shall wear. There is no “law’’ or “rule’’ on this subject to sanction Mr. Binney’s proceeding. Such a “rule’’ was promulgated some years since, but found so few ad- herents that it has always been an eaception ; and the last Com- mittee of the British Association very wisely and graciously granted to authors the privilege of doing as they please in the matter—for which we ought to be grateful. I now give warning to Mr. Binney, as well as all others, that I will not recognize any specific names thus altered, and I emphatically deny that I ever described such a species as the one I have quoted from Mr. Binney for illustration. That species can only be quoted as Suc. greerit, W. G. Binney.
It is unnecessary to criticise at length the genera, species and synonymy of Mr. Binney’s work, because my views are fully expressed in my “‘ Monograph of the Terrestrial Mollusca of the United States,” published in the American Journal of Con- chology, and also separately.
Mr. Binney is in error in quoting Helix Cronkheitet as a synonym of striatella, ‘‘from the description alone.’’ Such a course 1s dangerous at all times, and doubly so when the species are so minute. The former is very different.
The figures of Helix reticulata and H. Bridgesit, intended by the author to prove that those two species are identical, will scarcely convince any one that such is the fact.
The shell figured by Mr. Binney as Helix Carpenteri, New- comb, appears to be a fair representation of that species, but it is not specifically the same as my Helix Remondi. Dr. New- comb admits the two to be distinct. The shells collected by Prof. Gabb, in Lower California, are H. Remondi, and not Carpenteri.
To the description of Bulimulus pilula should have been added that the periphery is sometimes encircled by a brown band.
A very valuable feature in Mr. Binney’s work is the large number of figures of jaws and lingual dentition, those of nearly all the species being original to this work. The study of den- tition has at length so far advanced as to cause many, even of those who at first supposed it would furnish us with an infallible classification, to waver in their faith. I never had much faith in
OF CONCHOLOGY. 175
it, and Mr. Binney’s figures assist my conviction that, as a basis of classification, it is utterly unreliable.
The book is a very valuable contribution to the study of American Conchology, and cannot fail to enjoy a wide circula- tion and enviable reputation among students. No working naturalist can conveniently dispense with it, and I particularly commend it to those who possess my own work on the same sub- ject, in order that they may become acquainted with the views of a gentleman who has made the study of our terrestrial species a specialty, and whose decisions, differing in so many cases from my own, are, at least, entitled to the most careful consideration.
List of the Shell-Bearing Mollusca of Michigan, especially of Kent and adjoining Counties. By A. O. Currier, Grand Rapids, Mich., 1868.
The locality furnishing the collections catalogued above is one of the most prolific in the United States in specific forms of ter- restrial and fluviatile Mollusca, and, accordingly, we find that our correspondent has been able to make a list numbering nearly two hundred species.
American Journal of Science and Arts. March, 1869. Are Unios sensible to light? By C. A. WHITE.
Same Journal. May, 1869. Are Unios sensible to light? By Isaac Lea.
American Naturalist. Vol. ili., No.5. July, 1869. Salem, Mass.
Notes on the Argonaut. By W. H. Datu.
The Haliotis, or Pearly Ear-Shell. By R. HE. C. Stearns. A Chapter on Cuttle Fishes. By Lucie L. Harrr. Shell-Dredging. By Epwarp 8. Morse.
This is decidedly a jubilee number of the Naturalist to those of its readers having conchological tastes. The three last papers are well illustrated.
First Annual Report of the Trustees of the Peabody Academy of Science. Salem, Mass., 1869.
Report on the Mollusca. By HE. 8. Morss, Curator. Actinobolus Novanglie, Morse. Massachusetts.
176 AMERICAN JOURNAL
II.—FOREIGN.
BRITISH.
Report of the Thirty-fifth Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science. Held at Birmingham, in September, 1865. London, 1866.
Report on Dredging among the Channel Islands. By J. GWYN JEFFREYS.
Accompanying this paper is a list of eighty-one species of Mollusca found in the Channel Isles, but not extending north- ward to Shetland, and of fourteen species whose northern limit seems to be these islands.
Report on the Cultivation of Oysters by Natural and Arti- ficial Methods. By FRANK BUCKLAND. Report of the Committee appointed to explore the Marine
Fauna and Flora of the South Coast of Devon and Cornwall. No. 1.
Report on Dreding the Coast of Aberdeenshire. By Rev. WALTER GREGOR and Ropert Dawson.
On the scope of Conchological Inquiries ; on the Classifi- cation of the Mollusca ; on the Zoological Affinities of the Mollusca. By O, A. L. Morcu.
Report of the Thirty-sixth Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science. Nottingham Meeting, (1866.)
Report on Dredging among the Hebrides. By J. Gwyn JEFFREYS.
Montacuta tumidula, Jeffreys, nov. sp. Notices of some Invertebrata, in connection with the Re-
port of Mr. J. Gwyn Jeffreys on Dredging among the Hebrides. By JosHua ALDER.
On Oyster cultivation. By F. BucKLAND.
Report of the Thirty-seventh Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science. Dundee, (1867.) Report of the Committee appointed to explore the Marine Fauna and Flora of the South Coast of Devon and Cornwall. No. 2.
OF CONCHOLOGY. pi)
Fourth Report on Dredging among the Shetland Isles. By J. Gwyn JEFFREYS.
Dr. James C. Cox’s Exchange List of Land and Marine Shells from Australia and the adjacent Islands. 81 pp., 12 mo. Sydney, N. S. W. 1868.
This extensive and useful catalogue contains—
Species of Marine Mollusca found in Port Jackson Harbor, UNS W., Cbc.
List of Land and Fresh Water Shells of New Caledonia.
List of Land Shells from the South Sea Islands.
Species of Auriculacea found on the Australian Coasts and South Sea Islands.
List of Land Sheils of New Zealand.
List of Australian Land Shells.
. List of Australian Volutide.
=
eso be
WUD
Annals and Magazine of Natural History. 4th Series. Vol. ii, No. 12. London, December, 1868.
Description of Fairbankia bombayana, a new genus and species of Rissoide, from Western India. By Wm. T. BLANFORD.
On the Habits of the Volutes. By Dr. R. O. Cunnine- HAM.
‘“‘In the April number of the ‘ Annals and Magazine of Nat- ural History,’ which I received not long since, I find at p. 310 a note by you on the habits of Volutes, in which you remark that they are rarely collected with their animals, except when they are accidentally thrown ashore after a storm, and that this is owing to their sand-burrowing propensities. This I have found to be the case as regards the species of the genus inhabi- ting the Strait of Magellan. During the first season I spent in that region, I only succeeded in obtaining two live specimens of Voluta magellanica, till the occurrence of a violent easterly gale caused numbers to be thrown on the beach in the neighbor- hood of the Chilian settlement at Punta Arena. That they only existed in comparatively shallow water I considered sufficiently proved by the fact that I never succeeded in dredging any, though they were evidently far from rare, judging from the num- bers of dead shells to be picked up in most localities in the east- ern part of the Strait. I obtained a second species of Volute, of which there is no specimen in the collection of Magellanic shells in the Museum at Santiago, at low water at Cape Posses-
178 AMERICAN JOURNAL
sion in January, 1867. I found it burrowing iv considerable numbers in the fine sand of the beach ; and a few occurred upon clusters of live Mytili attached to stones, and, I believe, were . feeding on them after the fashion of our Purpura lapillus, though I could not be certain of the fact. The body of the animal in this species, which was of a most beautiful color, was always very much extended from the shell, and the foot was of enormous size. The animal of Voluta magellanica is also purple, but of a much paler tint than that of the other volute. I regret I was unable to make drawings of the animals while alive; but nu- merous specimens of both species were included in the collection of marine animals in spirit which I sent to the British Museum last year.”
A mature Shell of Cypreea fusco-dentata, Gray. By F. P. Marrat.
“‘Mr. R. Keen, of Edge Lane, Liverpool, has recently pro- cured a very interesting series of this shell, numbering nine or ten varieties ; they fully exhibit the different stages of growth, from the earlier states to the finely colored adult individual. The question formerly advanced, of this being a ribbed species resembling Cypraea Capensis, Gray, is now completely and defi- nitely settled. All the specimens hitherto obtained of this rare shell have been either young or decorticated; and it would ap- pear that the species is extremely rare in a perfect state. This series includes the first and only example known to be so.
“The shell is a very fine one, measuring 1,% inch, with the teeth fully developed. The color is dirty drab, similar to the shells usually figured ; but the back is covered with rufous-brown close spots like those on Cyp. errones, Linn., and nearly as glossy, but has them larger, more confluent, and more suffused. The slightly raised ribs, usually seen in young examples, are not entirely obliterated by having the extra coat of enamel deposited over them.”’
On Capillary Vascular Systems in the Gasteropoda. By Prog. C. WEDL.
Fourth Series. Vol. iii, No.14. February, 1869.
On the Homologies of the Dental Plates and Teeth’ of ~
Proboscidiferous Gasteropoda. By J. D. McDonatp, M. D.
No. 15. March, 1869.
On the Animal and Operculum of Greorissa, and on its relations to Hydrocena; with a Note on Hydrocena
OF CONCHOLOGY. 179
tersa, Bens., and H. milium, Bens. By Ww. T. BLANFORD.
On the Species of Venertde found in Japan. By ARTHUR ADAMS. Dosinia gibba, A. Ad.
I do not believe that Gemma gemma, Totten, is found in Ja- pan. Mr. Adams has probably mistaken an undescribed allied species for it.
Nudibranchs in Fresh Water. By J. HE. Gray.
Mr. Kent described, at the last meeting of the Zoological So- ciety, a new Wudibranch under the name of Hmbletonia Grayii, discovered in the Victoria Docks at Rotherhithe. When I men- tioned the circumstance to Dr. Mobius, at Kiel, he observed :
“Tt was very interesting to me to find that a mollusk of the family Aolidide had been discovered in brackish water near London Bridge. In the Baltic Sea, Hmbletonia pallida extends as far as East Prussia, near Konigsberg, where the water has only 7 of salt in 1000. In like manner, Protolimax capitatus (= Limapontia nigra) endures almost fresh water at Bornholm and Gothland, in the Baltic.”
Mr. Kent informs me that Hmbletonia Grayit is nearly allied to EL. pallida, and it has been found in company with Daphnia, Floscularia, and many other fresh water Hntomostraca and
Rotifera. No. 16. April, 1869. Lamarek’s Collection of Shells (Notice of). By Dr. J. HE. Gray. No. 17. May, 1869.
Notes on some Indian and Mascarene Land-Shells. By Wo. T. BLANFORD. ;
1. On the Lingual Ribbon of Realia (Omphatotropis). 2. On Cyclotopsis.
3. On the Genus Cremnoconchus (olim Cremnobates). 4. On the Alyceine and Diplommatinine.
Notes on some recent Mediterranean species of Brachio- poda. By Tuomas Davipson.
In this paper Risso’s species are determined from the exami- nation of the types in his collection. Prof. O. G. Costa’s genus Platidia has three months priority over Morrista, Davidson.
Are Unios Sensitive to Light 2? By C. A. WuiTE. (From
Silliman’s Journal.)
180 AMERICAN JOURNAL
British Conchology, or an Account of the Mollusca which now inhabit the British Isles and the surrounding seas. By J. Gwyn JErFreys. Vol.iv. Marine Shells, in continuation of the Gasteropoda (from Rissoa) as far as the Bulla family. 8 vo. 490 pp. 9 pl. London, 1867.
This latest and best of the British Conchological manuals is drawing to its conclusion; another volume (5th) will complete it and furnish the colored illustrations of all the species described. Like Weinkauff’s Mollusca of the Mediterranean Sea, and Brot’s Melanide, Mr. Jeffreys’ work is a monument of the learn- ing, accuracy, and exhaustive research distinguishing the best of the present generation of conchologists. The work is, of course, indispensable to all public and private libraries.
Aporrhais Macandree, Jeffreys, is proposed instead of A. pes-carbonis, F. & H., the species being different from the fossil species described under the Jatter name by Brongniart.
Cerithiopsis Barleet, n. sp.
Buccinopsis, n. gen. Type Buccinum Dalei, J. Sowerby. Nassa nitida, Jeffreys, n. sp.
Columbella Haliceeti, n. Sp.
Utriculus ventrosus is proposed in place of U. globosa, the latter name being preoccupied by Loven.
Philine angulata, Jeffreys, BSD ee nitida,
British Conchology, or an Account of the Mollusca which now inhabit the British Isles and the surrounding seas. Vol. v. Marine Shells, Supplement and Plates. By Joun Gwyn Jerrreys. 12mo. 360 pp. and 103 lithographic plates. London, 1869.
It is impossible to do justice to the merits of this great work within the time and limits at my disposal. Never before has the molluscous fauna of any country been treated so learnedly and so thoroughly, and yet one knows not which most to admire, the vast knowledge displayed in its pages or the simple, unob- trusive manner in which it is conveyed in words suitable to the thorough comprehension of all classes of readers. I cannot even take the time to advert to many changes of nomenclature of genera and species here adopted. I may mention, however, that Mr. Jeffreys adopts the Auricula bidentata of Montagu into the genus Melampus, and thus preoccupies Say’s name for the American species, which, he says, must receive the name given to it by Deshayes in 1830—M. corneus ; but the fact is, that the two species do not belong to the same genus.
Odostomia Warrent, Thompson, previously quoted as a variety of O. obliqua, is now described as a new species.
OF CONCHOLOGY. 181
The illustrations of all the species by Sowerby are generally very life-like, although not finely executed.
There is no doubt that the publication of this work will be as great a success pecuniarily to its liberal publishers as it is scien- tifically to its author.
A Manual of the Mollusca: A Treatise of Recent and Fossil Shells. By Dr. S. P. Woopwarp. Second edition. With an appen- dix of Recent and Fossil Conchological Discoveries to the Present Time. By Ratpo Tate. 12mo. 518 pp. and 85 pp., and 24 plates. London, 1868.
A new edition of this, the most valuable of the smaller works on the classification of shells, was much wanted, and Mr. Tate has supplied the want in a manner that, on the whole, may be considered satisfactory. It is, perhaps, expecting too much to ask for entire accuracy in a work of this character, and, accord- ingly, we find some errors in the arrangement of the genera, occurring in the United States and its coasts. It is scarcely worth while to particularize these errors and omissions, however, as they are not of great importance. The work has been care- fully prepared, and gives evidence of a large acquaintance with the subject. It will receive a warm welcome from conchological students.
Conchologia Iconica. By G. B. Sowersy. Parts 278, 279. London, April, 1869. Tellina, plates 55—58, concluding the Monograph, which em- braces 345 species, many of which are, however, only nominal.
T. Braziert, Sowb. Port Jackson.
“ Shanghensis, Sowb. Shanghai. compressissima, “* Japan.
‘“* erasseplicata, ‘ Sandwich Isles. ““ semi-inflata, ec Loc? semiaspera, Deshayes. Australia? ‘¢ parva, Sowb. Loc. ?
politissima, Sowb. Loc. ?
“ amphidesmoides, Sowb. Loe. ? lenticularis, Sowb. Japan.
Atys. 5 plates, complete.
A. amygdala, Sowb. Loc.? “ Guilding, “ St. Vincents. ““ attenuata, “ Loe? “* poreellana, Guilding. Hab. ‘‘Kagosima, Western States.” We have not yet annexed Japan. 13
182 AMERICAN JOURNAL
Hyria. .5 plates, complete.
Hf. exasparata, Sowb. British Guoyana. “ latialata, a 4: “© rugosissima, ‘* Amazon.
These are all synonymous with the well-known H. corrugata. HT. recta, Sowerby. Hab.—
i alata. 7 Guayana.
These are both synonymous with H. avicularis. Castalia, 3 plates, complete.
C. Schombergiana, Sowb. Guayana.
“* Hanleyana, Sowb. Hab.—
“ Carolinensis, Sowb. ‘South Carolina. But for the localities, this little shell might be thought a young specimen of Castalia retusa.’ I can assure Mr. Sowerby that if his species was ever in South Carolina it was sent or brought there from the Amazon; it is nothing but an ambigua.
cy
C’. quadrata, Sowerby. Hab.—? ‘“* cordata, Humphrey, MSS. Guayana. ‘* dolabella, Sowb. Hab.—?
Of all these so-called new species the first and last only are in my opinion distinct.
Proceedings of the Zoological Society. Part 3. London, 1868.
On Pelagic Shells, collected during a voyage from Vancou- vers Island to this country. By Commander Hue H. Knocker.
Lanthina nitida, A. Ad.
This paper contains tables of latitude and longitude at which the various species were collected.
ERRATUM.
In noticing the 2d part of Zool. Proc. for 1868, by one of those errors which are more readily committed than accounted for, I made Mr. Ponton to decide that Cymba patula, Brod., is the young of (. Meptuni, whereas he stated the former to be dis- tinct.
OF CONCHOLOGY. 183
FRENCH.
Catalogue des Mollusques Testaces des Mers d'Europe. By M. Pavir DE LA SAUSSAYE. 8 vo., 312, pp. Paris, 1869.
This is an exceedingly valuable volume, and its author has performed a good work in preparing and publishing it, for which he will receive the thanks of his brother Conchologists not only of Europe but throughout the world. Its principal contents are:
1. Complete list of authors cited.
2. Classification of Families and Genera.
3. Systematic Catalogue. This part of the book occupies 150 pages, and contains a list of 1150 species, with the synonyms carefully worked out. The print is large, so that the names can be cut out and used as labels if deemed desirable. The attachment of numbers to the names I think would also have been desirable, as it would have enabled those who prefer it to label their collec- tions with corresponding numbers only.
4. Geographical Distribution, tabulated into Polar, Boreal, British, Celtic, Lusitanian, Mediterranean and Algerian Zones and Special Localities.
5. Notice of the exotic species cited as living in the Seas of Europe.
6. Explanatory and critical notices of many of the European Species.
7. Instruction to collectors of shells.
8. Republication of the Diagnoses of Shells published by Requien in his Catalogue of the shells of Corsica.
Mollusques nouveaug, litigleux ou peu connus. By M. J. R. Bour- GuieanAT. 1l0thliv. Paris, 1868. With 4 plates.
We have already noticed the species herein contained, in re- viewing the ‘‘ Revue et Magasin de Zoologie,”’ where they were first published.
Catalogue of the Shells and Crustaceans of Guadeloupe, sent to the Universal Exposition of 1867 by the Administration of the Colony. Determined by M A. Scuramm. 2d edition. 27 pp.8vo. Basse-Terre, 1869.
This catalogue of Mollusks is very complete, extending to 781 numbers.
184 AMERICAN JOURNAL
Revue et Magasin de Zoologie. 1869. Nos. 2—5. 8vo. Paris.
Catalogue des Mollusques terrestres et fluviatiles recueillis dans le departement de la Vendée, etc. By M. Lerour- NEUX.
Geomalacus Vendeanus, Helix Vendeanus. Valvata Bourguignati.
Essai sur la Faune Malacologique de Belgique, ou Catalogue des Mollusques qui trouvent dans ce pays. By F. pm Mauzine. Brus- sels, 1869. 8vo, 98 pp. 3 col’d plates.
This work includes the enumeration of the land, fresh-water and marine’‘species of Belgium, with their synonymy. ‘The fol- lowing are described as new:
Pisidium minimum, Helix Villersit,
Unio Lambottet, Limnea pseudostagnatis, Unio Ryckholtii, me linearis,
Unio Robianoi, Cardium Belgicum, Succinea Colbeauiana, Limax niger.
Journal de Conchyliologie. 3d Ser. IX, No. 3, July, 1869, Paris. 112 pp. and 4 plates.
Anatomie del Anostome. By Dr. P. FIscHer.
Note sur le ruban lingual du Gonospira palanga, Lesson. By H. Crosse and P. Fiscuer.
Gonospira, N. G., type Pupa palanga.
Sur la Famille des Cardiade. By THomas GRAHAM Pon. TON.
With list of species arranged under the modern genera. Note sur le Mitra Desetangsti, Kiener. By E. LizNarp.
Description @un Dolium Mediterranéen noweau. By T. ALLERY DE MONTEROSATO.
Gastéropodes nouveaua de l Adriatique. By SPIRIDIONE
BRUSINA, Nassa encaustica, Eulima Staliol, Mangelia Stosiciana, “¢ Petitiana, Odostomia intermedia, ‘¢ microstoma, i turbonilloides, Letostraca Jeffreysiana, es monozona, Scalaria Kuzmiet, # Nardot, Setia ochroleuca,
ok Erjaveciana, Brochina Chierghiniana.
OF CONCHOLOGY. 185 Diagnoses Molluscorum novorum reipublica Mexicane et Americe centralis. By H. Crosse and P. FIscHEr. Glandina guttata, Helicina Bocourtt.
Description de plusieurs Hélices inédites, de France et d Es- pagne, suivie ad observations et de rectifications concernant deux autres especes. By P. RamBur, M. D.
These species were all described in the Journal de Conch. 1868.
Diagnose dun Bulime inédit de la Nouvelle Calédonie. By H. Crossz and Dr. SouvERBIE.
Bul. Bondeensis.
Diagnoses Molluscorum Nove Caledonie incolarum. By Dr. SouUVERBIE.
Bulimus submariet, Bul. Mariei, Crosse.
Description d’espeéces nouvelles de la Méditerranée. By T. ALLERY DE MoNTEROSATO.
Homalogyra Fischeriana, Cerithium Benottianum. Helix Doderleiniana.
Diagnose Mune espéece nouvelle de Voluta. By H. Crosse. Voluta Hamillet. Solomon’s Islands.
Description d espéces inédites provenant de la Nouvelle Cale- done. By H. Crosses.
Turbinella Mariei, Melanopsis Mariet. Melanopsis Dumbeensis.
Description de Coquilles fossiles des terrains tertiares supéri- eures (continued). By C. Maynr.
Description de Coquilles fossiles des terrains tertiares inféri- eurs (continued). By C. Mayer.
Bibliographie. By H. Crosse.
GERMAN.
Malakozoologische Blatter. Conducted by Dr. Louis Pruirrer. Vol. 14, 240 pp. 3 plates. Cassel, 1867.
Ueber die neueren systematischen Anordnungen der Helica- ceen. By Dr. L. PFEIFFER.
Ueberblick der Najaden des Indischen Archipels. By Dr. Epw. von MARTENS. 13*
186 AMERICAN JOURNAL
Anodonta exilis, Lea. A. polita, Mouss., and A. séliqua, Kiister, are made synonyms. A. purpurea, Val. A. Burroughiana, subcrassa, tenuis, crepera, and gracilis, and Unio Bengalensis, Lea, and Unio verecundus, Gould, are made synonyms. I do not agree to this wholesale synonomy, by any means. The author thinks it not unlikely that U. Bengalensis is from the Philippine Islands rather than from Bengal, but I can assure him that the specimens in our col- lections are from Bengal. Pseudodon Vondembuschiana, Lea, A. Zollingeri, Mousson, and Monocond. Cumingi, Lea, are considered synonyms. Pseud. crispata, Mousson, Monocond. planulata, Lea, and M. fragilis, Kiister, are made synonyms. U. superbus, Lea. U. macropterus, Dunker, is made a syno- nym.
U. caudiculatus, nov. sp. Borneo. U. cucumoides, Lea. U. Cumingianus, Dunker (non Lea), is a synonym. Ueber einige Muscheln des oberen Nilgebietes. By Dr. Ep. von MARTENS. Unio Abyssinieus, Martens. Abyssinia. Unio tricolor, Kiister ? ie
Kritische Uebersicht aller Arten der zur Gattung Venus gehirenden Untergattung Cryptogramma. By Dr. Epw. R6MEx.
Kritische Uebersicht aller zum sub-genus Chione gehorenden Arten von Venus. By Dr. Epw. Romer.
'wo valuable papers, in which the species are carefully studied, the synonymy worked out and diagnoses corrected.
Neuer Bulimus. By E,. von Martens. B. involutus, Martens. Brazil. Line neue Helix. By Dr. Louts Preirrer. HI. revoluta, Pfr. Andaman Islands.
Descriptio brevis molluscorum quorundam terrestrium, a ela- ressimo viro Antonio Raimendii Perwvia lectorum. By R. A. PHILIppt, with appendix by Dr. Louis PFErFFEr.
OF CONCHOLOGY. 187
Helix Raimondi, Bulimus ignobilis, ‘“ Huanueensis, Chenu, “* pellis-colubre, “ Prugillensis, “ Tschudiana, “ delicatulus, “¢ alsophila, <e malhiaris, Bulimus crenellus, sf stigmaticus, “« eygneus, Soy steernt, Cy eurystomus, Pupa Limensis, “¢ hamadryas, Bulimus Canarius, auris-ratti, “< peliostomus, “ — alsophilus, “< productus, es morbidus, ¢ scalarioides, 8 tarmensis, ‘6 nemorensis, ff Troscheli, Balea Peruviana, sf tapadordes, Succinea Peruviana, cS) <> serena; Helix Cuyana, Strobel.
H. Andium for H. Andicola, Phil., non Pfeiffer. H, Minviellet for H. Pazi, preoccupied by Poey.
Diagnosen neuer Heliceen. By Dr. L. PFEIFFER.
Helix Milleri, Pfr. Bahamas. ‘© Salvatoris, Pfr. ¢ “© subacuta, Pfr. Jamaica. «¢ Julia, Fer. (dese. emend.) ae Pupa Milleri, Pfr. Bahamas. “° Bryaniti, Pfr. a Ctenopoma Bryanti, Pfr. a
LInmax variegatus, Kosmopolitisch. Notice by F. D. HEYNEMANN.
Ueber einige Landschnecken des oberen Amazonen-strom- gebiets. By Epw. von Martens.
Bulimus (Borus) accelerans. Bul. (Drymeeus) interpictus. Bulimulus ehrysomelas.
Die Zungen von Partula und Achatinella. By F. D. HEYNEMANN.
Hin neues Cyclostoma von Cuba. By Dr. L. Preirrer. Choanopoma Humboldtianum. Iiteratur. By Dr. E. von Martens.
Drei neue West Indische Pnewmonopomen. By Dr. L. PFEIFFER.
Helicina Rawsoni, Ins. Inagua. Chondropoma Rawsoni, Ins. “ Bryanti, Ins. Inagua. Inagua.
188 AMERICAN JOURNAL Rinige Japanesische Konchylien aus der Bucht von Jedo. By ©. EH. Liscuxe.
Remarks are made upon fifty-five species, of which some are undetermined, but none are described as new.
Neecrology :—Rossmissler. By ADOLF SCHMIDT.
Oopelta, Mérch, neue Nacktschnecken gattung. By F. D. HEYNEMANN.
Oopelta nigropunctata, Morch. Guinea. Beschreibung eweter neuen Peruanischen Clausilien. By
Dr. R. A. PHILIPPI. Cl. malleolata. Ol. Raimondiz. Neue Heliceen. By Dr. L. PFEIFFER.
Helix elegantula. Mexico. Bul. Landaueri. “ subhyalina. a Oleacina incisa. ‘* Henschet. New Caledonia. Tornatellina Blandiana. “* seollaris. Hab.—?
Beschreibungen und Kritik neuer Mollusken. By Dr. C. AGARDH WESTERLUND.
Vertigo tumida. Pehrsborg, near Ronneby, Sweden. 6 66
Planorbis limophilus. “ fe : Zwet neue Siisswasser-Muscheln aus Afrika. By W. DUNKER. Galatea truncata. Guinea. Fischeria curta. Guinea.
Zur Molluskenfauna von Cuba. By Dr. L. PFEIFFER. (Continued. )
Cylindrella macra, Wright. Chondropoma ewrratum, Wright.
Ueber die Ost-Asiatischen Limneaceen. By KE. von MARTENS.
Planorbis infralineatus. Java. Planorbis calathus, Benson. Japan. “© aberrans. China. Physa Philippina. Luzon. ‘6 Largilliertt. “ Limneus pervius. China.
Malakozoologische Blatter. Vol. xv, 226 pp. 8vo. 5 pl. Cassel, 1868.
Versuch einer Geschichte der conchyliologischen Nomen- clatur. By O. A. L. Morcu.
Die Nacktschnecken von der Prinzeninsel. By F. D. HEYNEMANN.
OF CONCHOLOGY. 189
Dendrolimaz, N. Gen. G. Heynemannt, Dohrn. Veronicella myrmecophila.
Literatur. By L. Prerrrer. Diagnosen einiger noch unbeschreibenen Heliceen. By Dr. L. PFEIFFER.
Helix Gobanzt, Frauenfeld. Tirol. Clausilia tichobates, Parreyss. Dalmatia. ¢ Gobanzi, $f Styria. System der Europtischen Clausilien und ihrer niiechsten Verwandten. By ApdoL¥ ScHMIpt.
Zur Anatomie von Trigonia margaritacea, Lam. By Dr. Emin SELENKA.
Ueber einige Schnecken der Abruzzen. By. Dr. Epw. von MARTENS. Diagnosen neuer Heliceen. By Dr. L. PFEIFFER.
Helix crypta, Parreyss. Dalmatia. ‘¢ Chameleon, ‘“ Cavinthia. Spiraxis tenuis, Pfr. Mexico.
Bemerkungen tiber einige Arten von Cardium. By Dr. K. Romer.
Die Munitheile einige Brazilianischen Land und Stisswas- serschnecken. By. F. D. HEYNEMANN.
Studien tiber die Familie der Veneraceen oder Venus- muscheln. By Dr. L. PFEIFFER.
Zwet neue Landschnecken aus Costarica. By Dr. E. von MARTENS. Felix triplicata. Bulimulus rhodotrema. Ueber einige Heliceen vom Himalaya. By Dr. EH. von MARTENS. : Helix elatior. Helix pettos. Ueber drei Philippinische Cochlostylen. By HE. von MARTENS. Cochlos. chloroleuca, nov. spec. Aufruf an die Malakologen Deutschlands. Ueber siid-
brasilische Land-und Stisswasser Mollusken. By Epw. von MARTENS.
Bulimus tudiculatus, Succinea convexra, Bulimulus Henselii, Chilina pavoa, Streptaxis apertus, Planorbis purus.
190 AMERICAN JOURNAL
Diagnosen neuer Meeres-Konchylien von Japan. By Dr.
| C. HE. Liscuxe. Fusus inconstans, Acmea Schrenckii, Murex Troscheli, Mytilus crassitesta, Triton Dunkeri, Spondylus cruentus,
Nassa Japonica. Conchylia nova potissimum Magellanica. By Dr. R. A.
PHILIPPI.
Buccinum Antarcticum, Modiola Antarctica,
‘i Actonis, Patella ? emarginulordes, Columbella ebenum, Rissoa Schythet, Daphnella magellanica, Trophon antareticus, Fusus uniearinatus, Venus Australis,
Hydrobia Antarctica.
Monographia Heliceorum viventium. Vol. sextum. Auct. Ludovico Pfeiffer, Dr. 8vo. 598 pp. Leipzig, 1868.
This is the second volume of the third supplement to the monograph of Helicidee:—The first, noticed by me recently, contained Helix proper, while the present issue is devoted to Bulimus, Achatina, Pupa, Cylindrella, Clausilia, ete.
The last issue of the monograph of these genera was in 1859, and I give below the number of species contained in each genus, both of that and the present volume, in order to exhibit the pro- digious advance of our knowledge of these genera during ten years.
No. of species of Bulimus, Achatina, Pupa, Cylindrella, Clausilia. 1859, 1490, 334, 239, 164, 395, = 2622. 1868, 1782, 458, 326, 274, 585, = 3420.
Novitates Conchologice. Land-Conchylien. Part 33. By Dr. Louis PreirFer. 4to.3 col. plates. Cassel.
The figures illustrate Cylindrella 1 plate, Cs 'yclostonude 1 plate, and a plate of Helix and Achatina. Part 34. 4to, 3 colored plates.
Illustrates Cylindrellide, Helix and Bulimus. Part 35. 4to, 3 colored plates.
The plates illustrate sixteen species of Unionide and two of Corbiculade, from Chili, described by Philippi in the Malako- zoologische Blatter, 1869.
OF CONCHOLOGY. 191
Novitates Conchologice. Supplement III. Monographie der Mollusken gattung Venus. By Dr. Epw. Romer. 16-17 parts, 6 colored plates.
The present issue is a monography of the section Crista, DE of the sub-genus Cytherea. C. adunca, Romer. Indian Ocean.
Parts 38,19. With 6 colored plates.
The present issue is occupied with descriptions of the species of Circe. ‘
Novitates Conchologice. Mures-Conchylien. By Dr. Wm. Duyxer. Part 15, 4to, 3 colored plates.
Fusus Meyert, Dunker, n. sp. Hab.—? diudolpht, °° mn. sp. ~ *
Solen Lappeanis, ‘* Carribean Sea.
Solen Morchii, Dunker, n. sp. Hab.—?
Siliquaria centralis, Conrad. Coast of Georgia.
The shell here figured is nothing but the S. gibba, Spengler, with which Dr. Dunker believes it to be “nearest allied.” Mr. Conrad never described a species under the name of S. centralis.
Part 14. 4to, 3 colored plates. Murex depresso-spinosus, Dkr., n. sp. Loe. ? The plates illustrate species of Arca and Murez.
Systematisches Conchylien Cabinet von Martini und Chemnitz. Continued by H. C. Kistmr. Vol. 3, part 27, 4to. Nurnberg, 1869.
Contains continuation of monograph of Murex, with six colored plates. Vol. x, part 3d.
Continues Roémer’s monograph of Cardiide with six colored plates. Vol. xi, part 7th.
Contains continuation of Rémer’s monograph of Veneride, with six colored plates.
Cyclina intumescens, Romer, n. sp. Northern Europe.
Systematisches Conchylien-Cabinet von Martini und Chemnitz. Conducted by H. C. Kistnr. 191st part. Nurnberg, 1869.
This part contains the continuation of the monographs of the Veneride and of Cardium, and has a colored plate.
Cardium glabratum, Romer, is proposed instead of C. levigatum, Reeve, non Linn.
Ae 7 en Ks
iy nr s ‘tee as ai,
CATALOGU ES
OF THE
FAMILIES
PORCELLANIDA AND AMPHIPERASIDA.
By S. R. ROBERTS.
It has been the aim of the writer, in the compilation of these Cata- logues, as far as possible to recognize the services of old authors wher- ever they were benomeal. This will meet with some opposition, especially from those who wish to adhere to the rules laid down by certain Associa- tions, which ignore the claims of all Authors prior to Linnzus.
The families have been subdivided according to H. and A. Adams; although but little importance can be attached to some of these subdivi- sions; yet as they serve to lessen the labor in arranging the Catalogues, they are here adopted. Some difficulty has been experienced regarding dates of publication, especially where the monographs were published in parts. As an illustration, Kiener’s Monograph was published in this manner, no dates being given to indicate when each part was issued. When these dates are known correctly, some of his species may have priority. Sowerby’s Monograph in Conch. Illus. was completed in 1837, and that date has been taken for his species in some cases.
The writer here returns thanks to Messrs. John G. Anthony, G. W. Tryon, Jr., and others, who have aided him in compiling these Catalogues, and to Mr. John H. Redfield, who has made some valuable additions to the geographical distribution of the species.
MoNOGRAPHS REFERRED TO:
C. Ic. = Reeve’s Conchologia Iconica.
C. Ill. = Sowerby’s Conchological Illustrations. Thes. = Sowerby’s Thesaurus Conchyliorum. Cog. Viv. = Kiener’s Coquilles Vivantes, &c.
190
Family PORCELLANID/:.
Genus PORCELLANA, Rumph.
Amb. Rarit. p. 113, 1705. Klein, Tent. Method. p. 88, 1758.
Cyprea, Linn., Syst. Nat. p. 1172, 1767.
1. P. argus, Rumph., Amb. Rarit. pl. 38, f. D, 1705. C. argus, Linn., Syst. Nat. p. 1173, (12th ed.) 1767. C. Ie. pl. 3, sp.-6. CLI. 25. “Coq. Viv: p. 171, pl. 31, 38) ee Indian Ocean and Malayan Archipelago.
2. P. aselli, Rumph., Amb. Rarit. pl. 39, f. M, 1705. C’. asellus, Linn., Syst. Nat. p. 1178, 1767. C. Ic. pl. 18, sp. 98... Ci. di.gp..61,f. 98. Coq. Vix, p./98, plot tee. Indian Ocean and Malayan Archipelago.
3. P. carneola, Rumph., Amb. Rarit. pl. 38, f. K, 1705. C. carneola, Linn., Syst. Nat. p. 1174, 1767. C. Ic. pl. 6, f.19. C. Ill. sp..14, £165. Cog. Viv.-p. 83, pl ai, ia. O. crassa, Gmel., Syst. Nat. p. 8421, 1788. C. Otahettensis, Sch. et. Wag. p. 108, pl. 228, f. 4029-30, 1829. Indian Ocean, Otaheite ?
4, P. cervinetta, Kien., Coq. Viv. p. 74, pl. 6, f. 1, 2, ? Mazatlan—Panama. 5. P. cervus, Linn., Mantissa, p. 548, 1771. C. Ic. pl. 2, sp. 6. C. Il. sp. 22, £175. Coq. Viv. p. 72, Dh ho, ete tk. C. occulata, Gmel., Syst. Nat. p. 3408, 1790. C. cervina, Lam., An. sans Vert. vii, p. 875, 1822. Panama, Pacifie Ocean.
6. P. chrysalis, Kien., Coq. Viv. p. 92, pl. 54, f. 4.
Hab.—? 7”, P. clara, Gask., Proc. Zool. Soc. p. 18, 1851. Hab.—?
8. P. cribellum, Gask., Proc. Zool. Soc. p. 22, 1849.
Mediterranean. 9, P. Crossei, Marie, Jour. de Conch. xvii, p. 16, pl. 1, f. 3, 1869. Noumea.
10. P. cylindrica, Born., Mus. p. 184, pl. 8, f. 10, 1780. C. Ie. pl. 14, sp. 64. C. ll. sp. 74, f. 101. Cog. Viv. p. 89, pl. 16, f. 3. Philippines.
11. P. Erythreensis, Beck MSS. C. Ic. pl. 14, sp. 63, 1845. C. De® £61. Zanzibar.
191
12. P. exanthema, Linn., Syst. Nat. p. 1172, 1767. C. Ic. pl. 5, sp. 16. OC. Ill. sp. 21, f. 170. Cog. Viv. p. OL, pl. 4,6, {1 C. zebra, Linn., Syst. Nat. p. 1174. C. plumbea, Gmel., Syst. Nat. p. 8408, 1790. C. bifasciata, Gmel., Syst. Nat. p. 8405. C. dubia, Gmel. Syst. Nat. p. 3405. West Indies.
13. P. exusta, Sowb., C. Ill. sp. 25, f. 2*, 1837. Ctcopl. 2 sp..4. .cog. Viv. p. ol, pl.1d, fey edSea-
14. P. felina, Gmel. (non Gray), Syst. Nat. p. 8412, 1790. C. Ie. pl. 19, £. 105, b.., G. I.-f. 185, 187. Coq. Viv. p. 96, pl. 33, f. 3. Indian Ocean. 15. P. fimbriata, Gmel., Syst. Nat. p. 3420, 1790. C. Ic. pl. 18, sp.92. C. Ill. sp. 98, f. 188,140. Cog. Viv. p- 98, pl. 51, f. 4. Polynesia.
16. P. fuscomaculata, Pse., Proc. Zool Soc. p. 515, 1865. Am. Jour. Conch. iv. pl. 11, f. 10, 11, 1868. Central Pacific.
17. P. Helene, Roberts, Am. Jour. Conch. iv, p. 250, pl. 15, f. T-10, 1868. Sandwich Islands ?
18. P. hirundo, Linn., Syst. Nat. p. 1178, 1767. C. Ic. pl. 19, sp. 104. C. Ill. sp. 64, f. 174. Cog. Viv. p95; pl.82; f 1. C. Owenit, Sowb.* (non Gray,) C. Ill. sp. 64, f. 12**. Indian Ocean. 19. P. interrupta, Gray, Zool. Jour. i, p. 876, 1824. C. Ic. pl. 19, sp. 108. C. Il. sp. 68, £15. Cog. Viv. p. 94, pl. 43, f. 2. Philippines. 20. P. irrorata, Sol. MSS., Zool. Jour. iv, p. 80, 1828. C. Ic. pl. 22, sp. 126. C. Ill. sp. 82, f. 25. Coq. Viv. p. 101, pl.5T, f..4. Elizabeth Island. 21. P. Isabella, Rumph., Amb. Rarit. pl. 39, f. G, 1705. C. Isabella, Linn., Syst. Nat. p.1177, 1767. ©. 1c. pl. 12, sp. 51. C. Ill. sp. 29, f. 98. Coq. Viv. p. 87, pl. 48, f. 3. _C. controversa, Gray, Zool. Jour. i, p. 144; iv, p. 71, 1824. Indian Ocean, Sandwich Islands. 22. P. lurida, Linn., Syst. Nat. p. 1175, 1767. C. Ic. pl. 9, sp. 32. C. Ill. sp. 31, f. 82. Cog. Viv. p. 82, ples, ta L. Mediterranean. 23. P. microdon, Gray, Zool. Jour. iv, p. 71, 1828. C. Ic. pl. 24, sp. 189. C. Ill. sp. 82, f. 8. Coq. Viv. p. 102, pl. 56, f. 5. Philippines.
* This species was cancelled by the author, but as Dr. Jay has it no- ticed in his Catalogue, it is here inserted as a synonym.
192
24, P. neglecta,* Sowb., C. Ill. sp. 66, f. 12,* 1837. C. Ic. pl. 19, sp. 100. Mauritius.
25. P. notata, Gill, An. Lyc. N. H. vi, p. 255, pl. 9, f. 1—38, 1858. E. Indies.
26. P. parvula, Philippi, Zeit. fur Malak, p. 24, 1849. Hab.—?
27. P. pulchra, Gray, Zool. Jour. i, p. 143, pl. 7 & 12, f. 9, 1824.
Cte pl opsp. 34. @. Tl. sp. 2858126. Coq. Vir: S5spl? 19,°7... Red Sea, Persian Gulf.
28. P. pulicaria, Reeve, Proc. Zool. Soc. p. 28, 1846. Proc. Zool. Soc. p. 97, 1848. C. Ic. pl. 17, sp. 84. Hab.—? 29. P. quadrimaculata, Gray, Zool. Jour. i, p. 876, 1824. C. Ic. pl. 19, sp. TOT. C. TIE sp. 62, f. 83. Coq. Vivap: 90, pl. 3, f. 3. (. pallidula, Gask., var., Proc. Zool. Soc. p. 97, 1848. East Indies. 30. P. rhinoceros, Souv., Jour. de Conch. p. 156, pl. 5, f. 1, 1865. Caledonian Archipelago.
31. P. scurra, Chem., Conch. Cab. x, p. 103, pl. 144, f. 1338, 1788. C. Te.'pl. 11, sp: 45. --C. Til. /spo'27, f° T0306" Gen: Vivep:. 107, pl. 5) f.. 2.pl.50; 7. 1: C. Indica, Gmel., Syst. Nat. p. 3412, 1790. Indian Ocean.
32. P. stolida, Linn., Syst. Nat. p. 1180, 1767. C. Ic. pl. 14, sp. 67. C. Ill, sp. 65, f. 91, 92. Coq. Viy. p20, plot, fa: CO. ferruginea, Humph., Cab. Cat. No. 113. C. rubiginosa, Gmel., Syst. Nat. p. 3420, 1790. Ceylon. 33. P. tabescens, Sol., MSS. Dillw. Cat. i, p. 463, 1817. C. Ic. pl. 14, sp. 66. C. Ill. sp. 73, f. 14. Cog. Viv. p. 88, pl. 5, f. 3. Pacifie O.
34. P. talpa, Rumph., Amb. Rarit. pl. 38, f. i, 1705. Linn., Syst. Nat. p. 1174, 1767. C. Ic. pl. 2, sp. 5. _C.
Minsp:, 24,17 11. Cog. Vive palo, Diat a, tee Indian and Pacific Oceans.
35, P. teres, Gmel., Syst. Nat. p. 3405, 1790. ©. Ie. pl..18, sp. 93. C: Ill. sp.-72, f° 56. ’-Cog. Viv-"p. 91; pl. 39, £3. Hab.—?
* Closely allied to P. hirundo, Linn.
193
36. P. testudinaria, Linn., Syst. Nat. p. 1173, 1767. Co lenpl: os speoy iC. Ill. £ 152° -Coq. “Viv. psy 1, pl. a ES ES EG rae C’. testudinosa, Perry, Conch. pl. 22, f. 7, 1811. Indian Ocean.
37. P. unifasciata,* Mighels, Proc. Bost. Soe. ii, p. 24, 1848. Oahu.
38. P. ursellus, Gmel., Syst. Nat. p. 3411, 1790. Coq. Viv. p. 99, pl. 33, f. 4. Indian Ocean.
Genus LUPONIA, Gray. Desc. Cat. Cyp. 1832.
1, L. albuginosa, Mawe, Zool. Jour. i, p. 510, 1824. C. Ic. pl. 18, sp. 94. C. Ill. sp. 45, f. 102. Coq. Viv. p 49, pl. 32, f. 2. California.
2. L. Algoensis, Gray (non Sowb.), Zool. Jour. i, p. 498, 1824.
Cie. pl. Uigsp: 90: CzAlL sp. 100, £26... Coq. Vive p.
44, pl. 42, f. 2. Algoa Bay.
3. L. angustata, Gmel. (non Gray), Syst. Nat. p. 3421, 1790.
C. Ie. pl. 1, sp. 91.01 C.Tlgspis99))f.y105: .Cog..Viv.ip:
43, pl. 35, f. 2. New Holland.
4, L. aurantia, Martyn, Univ. C. ii, f. 59, 1782. Cole. pl. 4, sp. 11. C. aurora Solandri, Chem., Conch. Cab. xi, pl. 180, f. 1787,
1738, 1795. ©. Ill. sp. 8, £41. Coq. Viv. p. 8 pl. 27, 28, £1. Taheite. 5. L. Barclayii, Reeve, Proc. Zool. Soc. p. 208, pl. 38, f. 4, 1857. Diego Garcia. 6. L. Beckii, Gask., Proc. Zool. Soc. p. 205, 1835. @. Ic. pl. 22, sp. 125. C. Ill, £, 97. Red Sea.
7. L. bicallosa, Gray, C. Ill. sp. 50, f. 10, 1837. C. Ic. pl. 16, sp. 79. Cog. Viv. p. 111, pl. 16, f. 2. St. Vincent.
8. L. bicolor, Gask., Proc. Zool. Soc. p. 92, 1848. Australia. 9. L. Boivinii, Kien., Coq. Viv. p. 66, pl. 18, f.2. Hab.—?
* This species may prove to be only a variety of P. fimbriata, Gmel.
194
10. L. Broderipii, Gray, Desc. Cat. p. 3, No. 18, 1832. C. Ic. pl. 5, sp. 18. C. Til. sp. 20, f. 2. Madagascar.
11. L. Bregeriana, Crosse, Jour. de Conch. xvi, p. 277, 1868. Jour. de Conch. xvii, pl. 1, f. 2, 1869. New Caledonia.
12, L. camelopardalis, Perry, Conch. pl. 19, f. 5, 1811. C. Ill. sp. 16, f. 64, 65. Coq. Viv. p. 13, pl. 24, f. 1. C. melanostoma, Leathes, Tank. Cat. App. p. 31, 1825. C. Tespl6, sp. 17. Red Sea.
13. L.? candida, Pse., Proc. Zool. Soc. p. 515, 1865. Am. Jour. Conch. p. 95, pl. 11, f. 12, 138, 1868. Central Pacific.
14. L. castanea, Higgins, Proc. Zool. Soc. p. 178, pl. 14, f. 1, 1868. Hab.—? 15. L. caurica, Linn., Syst. Nat. p. 1179, 1767. Gite. pl. 11, sp: 46) “C. TWD£. 15s) TOU? *"Goqe-V ive 54, pl. 10, f. 2, 3. C. dentexz, Humph., Cab. Cat. No. 116, 1779. C. draceena, Born., Mus. p. 189, 1780. C’. corrosa, Gron., Zooph. p. 129, 1783. C’. derosa, Gmel., Syst. Nat. p. 3416, 1790. C’. elongata, Perry, Conch. pl. 22, 1811. Indian O, and Malayan Archipelago.
16. L. cinerea, Gmel., Syst. Nat. p. 3402, 1790. C. Ic. pl. 22, sp. 124. C. Ill. sp. 15; f. 168... Cog. Viv. p- 84, pl. 26, f. 2. C’. sordida, Lam., An. sans Vert. vii, p. 3887, 1822. C’. translucens, Gmel., Syst. Nat. p. 3404, 1790. W. Indies.
17. L. citrina, Gray (non Kiener*), Zool. Jour. i, p. 509, 1824.
Cy Te: pl 16, sp. 78. C.-Ilsp. 48, f. 9. Madagascar.
18. L. clandestina, Linn., Syst. Nat. p. 1177, 1767. C. Te.. pl. 19, sp. 106..° CTE sp.°94, 8 81> “Cag? Viv. p- 30, pl. 31, f. 4. C. moniliaris, Lam., An. sans Vert. vii, p. 396, 1822. Ceylon.
19. L. compta, Pse., Proc. Zool. Soc. p. 189, 1860. Jarvis I.
* The figure given in Kiener’s monograph is an L. helvola, Linn,
195
20. L. contaminata, Gray, Desc. Cat. p. 11, 1832. Cole. pls 22; sp. 121. C. Ill. sp. 96; £21, Cogs Viv. p. 101, pl. 57, f. 5. Hab.—?
21. L. cribraria, Linn., Syst. Nat. p. 1178, 1767. Ca te: pi. 16, sp: $1. ©. Til. ep. Td, f. 63: Coq. Vive p: 20s pl 20,4... C. comma, Perry, Conch. pl. 21, f..5, 1811. Ceylon.
22. L. Cumingii, Gray, Desc. Cat. No. 41, 1832. Caco 1o.sp. 17. C. Ul sp.. 77, £9. Cog. Vive ns 28s Hie 20,: ts 3. Soctety Islands.
23. L. dama, Perry, Conch. pl. 28, f. 3, 1811. CG. U1. sp. 195 f. 200.2 Cog. Viv. p. Td; plz Spf d. C’. nivosa, Brod., Zool. Jour. iii, p. 84, pl. 4, f. 1, 1827. C. Te. ph. 7 psp.s25. Hab.—?
24, ©. Seo Barnes, An. Lyc. N.‘H. i, p. 183, pl. 9, f. 2, 1824.
C. Te. pl. 19, sp. 85.. Caq.. Viv. p. 60, pl. 8, f. 3, Philippines. 25. L. erosa, Linn., Syst. Nat. p. 1179, 1767. Colerps 1 sp. 43: -C. Ill. sp, Sa pie no,r 1g ay. Cog: Viv. p: 09, pls 9; 8:2, 3. Indian O. and Malayan Archipelago. 26. L. errones, Linn., Syst. Nat. p. 1178, 1767. C. Ic. pl. 18, sp. 56. C. Ill. sp. 80, f. 124, 128, 129, 132. Coq. Viv. p. 56, pl. 29, f. 4, 4a. C. ovum, Gmel., Syst. Nat. p. 83412, 1790. C’.. subflava, Gmel., Syst. Nat. p. 3413, 1790, C. olwvacea, Lam., An. sans Vert. vii, p. 392, 1822. Indian Ocean. 27. L. esontropia, Ducl., Mag. Zool. p. 26, 1833. Cite pl AlG, sp. 80, Cog: Vix. p. 2m plea, f, 2. Philippines. 28. L. flaveola, Linn., Syst. Nat. p. 1179, 1767. ler. ta. speOo. | 6C. Til sp.752. f 11. C. labrolineata, Gask., var., Proc. Zool. Soc. p. 97, 1848. West Indies. 29. L. fusco-dentata, Gray, Zool. Jour. i, p. 499, 1824. C. Ic. pl. 17, sp. 88. C. Ill. sp. 104, f. 28. Cog. Viv. p. 46, pl. 36, f. 3. Cape of Good Hope.
*Mr. Sowerby has combined the three species, Lamarckii, miliaris and eburnea, calling the latter two varieties of the former. They are all, however, quite distinct.
196
30. L. gangrenosa, Sol. (non Gmel.,) MSS. Dilw. Cat. 1, p. 465, No. 19, 1817. C. Ic. pl. 18, sp. 96. C. Ill. sp. 47, f. 8. Cog. Viv. p. 50, pl. 50, f. 2. C. poraria, Mart. (non Linn.) Conch i, p. 304, pl. 30, f. 324, 325, 1768. CO. scabiosa, Humph., Cab. Cat. No. 103. CO. Reentzit, Dkr., var., Menke and Pfr. 1852, p. 189, and
Nov. Conch. pl. 11, f. 8, 4, 1858. China. 31. L. Gaskoinii, Reeve, Proc. Zool. Soc. p. 23, 1846. C. Ie. pl. 22, f. 122. js ee
32. L. Goodalii, Gray, Desc. Cat. p. 10, 1882. C: Ie. pl. 22, sp. 120: C: Ill. sp.176, £16. Lord Hood’s Island.
33. L. gracilis, Gask., Proc. Zool. Soc. p. 93, 1848. Bourbon.
34. L. guttata, Rumph., Amb. Rarit. pl. 38, f. A, 1705. C. tigris, Linn., Syst. Nat. p. 1176, 1767. C. Ic. pl. 4, sp. 12. C. Ill. sp. 4, f. 90. Coq. Viv. p.4,
pls ale, 20,°6 5 fel
C. flammea, Gmel., Syst, Nat. p. 3408, 1790.
CO. tigrina, Gmel., Syst. Nat. p. 3404, 1790.
OQ. guttata, Gmel., p. 8402, reference to fig. Lister, pl. 676, f. 23. Indian O. and Malayan Archipelago.
35. L. helvola, Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 1189, 1767. CG. Ic. pl. 15, sp 72. -CO I. sp: 49; f.121-. Cog. Viv..p- OOF pl. 28. CO. citrina, Kien. (non Gray) Coq. Viv. p. 70, pl. 43, f 4. Ceylon—Indian Ocean—Sandwich Islands.
36. L. Jenningsiana, Perry, Conch. pl. 19, f. 4. 1811. CO. guttata, Gmel. (non Gray) Syst. Nat. p. 8402, reference to fig. Mart. Conch. i. pl..25, f. 252, 258. °C. Te. plo, sp. 80. C. Ill. sp. 48, f. 176. Coq. Viv. p. 52, pl. 43, aw Hab. —— ?
37. L. Lamarckii, Gray, Zool. Jour. i, p. 506, 1824. CG. Te-vpl. 10, sp. 37., C. Tl. isp..54,, f.. 12. Coq. Viviane 58, pl. 30, f. 2. Indian Ocean.
38. L. lentiginosa, Gray, Zool. Jour. i, p. 489, pl. 7, 12, f. 1, 1824.
C. Ic. pl. 12, sp. 49. C. Ill. sp. 95, f. 139. © Coq. Viv. p. Sy ple ks 2: Ceylon.
197
39. L. leucodon, Brod., Zool. Jour. iv, p. 168, pl. 6, 1828. Cilerpidspe co. Ob iil. sp." 9) £17 7=—8. "Cog. Viv: po ra; pl. op, ft. 1. Hab. —— ?
40. L. Listerii, Gray, Zool. Jour. i, p. 507, 1824. C. Ic. pl.. 16, sp. 88. C. Ill. sp. 46, f. 114. Cog. Viv. p. 65, pl. 83, 41, f. 2. Bengal.
41, L. lutea, Gronov., Zoophylac. fasc. 3, pl. 19, f. 17, 1781. C. Ic pl. 20, sp. 110.
C. Humphreysii, Gray, Zool. Jour. i, p. 489, 1824. C. Ill.
spilt, f..99,,,) Coq. Viv: p. 40;:pl., 14.1.4 pl..57, fale
Hab. 2
42. L. lynx, Linn., Syst. Nat. p. 1176, 1767. Coleapl Oo eprsien) Cs Ul. saps 12 f LOT. Cogs Views me 10, pl. 25, 38, f. 2. C. Vanelli, Linn., Syst. Nat. p. 1175, 1767. C. squalina, Gmel., Syst. Nat. p. 8420, 1790. C. Caledonica, Crosse., var., Jour. de Conch. xvii, p. 41, pl. F£..1,\ 4869. Indian Ocean, Pacifie O.
43. L. margarita, Sol., MSS. Zool. Jour. iv, p. 87, 1828. C. Ic. pl. 22, sp. 1238. C. Ill. sp. 87, f. 6. Coq. Viv. p.
100, pl. 56, f. 4. Annaa I, 44, L. Menkeana, Desh., Conch. I. Reunion, p. 139, pl. 13, f. 21, 22, 1863. Bourbon.
45. L. miliaris, Gmel., Syst. Nat. p. 3420, 1790. C. Ic. pl. 10, sp. 36. Coq. Viv. p. 59, pl. 8, f. 2. Japan.
46. L. montosa, Rumph., Amb. Rarit, p. 114, pl. 38, f. B, 1705.
C. mappa, Linn., Syst. Nat p. 1178, 1767. ©. Ic. pl. 6. sp. tse C; Me sp...2, £.76;,7 Coq. Viv.p. 9> pl. 20) frat 2 C. alga, Perry, Conch. pl. 23, f. 1, 1811. Annaa I.
47. L. nigropunctata, Gray, Zool. Jour. iv, p. 81, 1828. C. Ic. pl. 18, sp. 59. C. Ill. sp. 89, f. 22. Cog. Viv. p. elypl. 2, £5 2: C. ira, Kien., Coq. Viv. p. 35, pl. 56, f. 2. Gallipagos I.
48. L. ocellata, Linn., Syst. Nat. p. 1180, 1767. C. Ie. pl. Layisp. 1320 Coqix Vive pa67; pl) 49:80 S56: Tl. sp. 55, f. 67. Ceylon.
49. L. onyx, Linn., Syst. Nat. p. 1177, 1767. C. Ic. pl. 10, sp. 39. C. Ill. sp. 84, f. 17. Cog. Viv. p. 16, pl. 44, f. 1.
198
C. adusta, Chem. (non Lam.) var., Conch. Cab. x, p. 106, pl. 145, f. 1841, 1790. :
C. nymphea, Ducl. 2
C. pulla, Gmel., Syst. Nat. p. 8412, 1790.
C. suceincta, Linn., Syst. Nat. p. 1177, 1767. San Diego 1.
50. L. pallida, Gray, Zool. Jour. i, p. 887, 1824. C. le. pl, is; sp. 64.. (Cl spego ft: 19 76: “Cog. Vine p. 64, pl. 51, f. 1. Hab. 2
51. L. pantherina, Sol., MSS. Dilw. Cat. i, p. 499, 1817. Ci lcepl. oi ep: To C0: Nl spi 6, ease. C. guttata, Lam. (non Rumph.) An. du Mus. xv, p. 458, 1810. C. tigrina, Lam., An. sans Vert. vii, p. 883, 1822. Red Sea—Indian O. 52. L. physis, Brocchi, (in aet. fos.) Conch. foss. Subap. ii, p. 284, pl. 2, f. 3, 1814. C. Ic. pl. 12, sp. 47. C. achatidea, Gray, (non Sowb.) C. Ill. f. 179, 18387. C. Grayt, Kien., Coq. Viv. p. 20, pl. 26, f. 3. Mediterranean Sea. 53. L. a Gray, Zool. Jour. i, p. 389, pl. 7, 12, f. 10, 824.
Gite. pl. 18, sp. 57. C. Il. sp. 86,4. 162. | Coge Viv. p- 34, pl. 56, f. 6. Gambia. 54. L. piperita, Sol., MSS. Zool. Jour. i, p. 498, 1824. Osic. pl. 11, sp..81.- Collitep: 100 ft 2 C. Comptoni, Gray, var. Proc. Zool. Soc. p. 170, 1865.
; Australia. 55. L. polita, Roberts, Am. Jour. Conch. iv, p. 70, pl. 15, f. 1—3, 1868. Sandwich Islands.
56. L. poraria, Linn., Syst. Nat. p. 1180, 1767. C. Ic. pl. 18, sp. 99. C. Ill. sp. 44, f. 68. Cog. Viv. p. 51, pl. 49, f. 2. Sandwich I.
57, L. pulchella, Swn., Phil. Mag. 1xi, p. 376, 1823. C. Ic. pl. 11, sp. 42. OC. Ill. sp. 28, f. 40. Coq. Viv. p. 25, pl. 23, f. 2. China Sea.
58. L. punctata, Linn., Mantissa. p. 548, 1771. C. fe, plo 19s apo dol. GP Ills ap. 6040127. CO. atomaria, Gmel., Syst. Nat. p. 3412, 1790. C. stercus-muscarum, Lam., An. sans Vert. vii, p. 396, 1822. Philippines. 59. L. punctulata, Gray, Zool. Jour. i, p. 387, 1824. C. fe. pl. 13, sp. 61. -C. Til. sp. 20, f 20. Coq.. Viv. p. del Satan. Mazatlan—Panama.
199
60. y pyriformis, Gray, Zool. Jour. i, p. 871, 1824. . ies pl¥d2espyo25 C. Til. sp. 69; v3 23. Coq. Viv. p. cide pl. 55, Pd, New Holland— Ceylon.
61. L. pyrum, Gmel., Syst. Nat. p. 3411, 1790. C. Ic. pl. 8, sp. 96. °C. TIL. sp. 85, f. 72. Coq. Viv. p. 13, pl. 28, f. 2 C. rufa, Lam., “An. sang Vert. vil, p. 888, 1822. C. flaveola, Born. (non Linn.) Mus. p. 190, 1778. Mediterranean Sea. 62. L. Reeveii, Gray, C. Ill. sp. 15*, f. 52, 1837. C. Ic. pl. 11, sp. 41. Cog. Viv. p. 86, pl. 37, f. 2. E. Indies. 63. L. salita, Rumph., Amb. Rarit. pl. 38, f. L, 1705. C’. vitellus, Linn. , Syst. Nat. p. 1176, 1767. ©. Ie. pl. 5, sp. 14. (C. Ill. sp. 13, f. 66. Cog. Viv. p. 12, pl. 19, f. 1. C. dama, Humph., Cab. Cat. No. 118, 1779. C. fulva, Gmel. , Syst. Nat. p. 3413, 1790. Indian Ocean.
64. L. sanguinolenta, Gmel., Syst. Nat. p. 3406, 1790. Ic. pl. 19, sp. 102. C. Ill. sp. 97, £ 108. Cog. Viv. p. 32, pl. 33, f. 1.
C. purpurascens, Swn., Phil. Mag. lxi, p. 376, 1823. Gambia. 65. L. Sauliz, Gask., Proc. Zool. Soc. p. 23, 1843.
G.. temple f4'sp. 62: Bay of Manilla. 66. L. semiplota, Mighels, Proc. Bost. Soe. ii, p. 24, 1848. Oahu.
67. L. similis, Gray, Zool. Miscel. p. 36. C. Ic. pl. 17, sp. 89. C. Ill. sp. 108, f. 27. Cog. Viv. p. 17, pl. 19; f. 2. C. of Good Hope.
68. L. Sowerbyii, Kien., Coq. Viv. p. 38, pl. 7, f. 3. C. Ie. pl. 10, sp. 40. C. ferruginosa, Kien., Coq. Viv. p. 87, pl. 56, f. 3. C. zonata, Lam., (non Gray,) An. sans Vert. p. 886, 1822
69. L. spadicea, Swn., Phil. Mag. 1xi, p. 376, 1823. Use. ply Tsp. 215+ °C. Ll..sp. 83, f. 95. Coq. Viv. p. 14, pl. 22, fault. New Holland.
70. L. spadix,* Mighels, Proc. Bost. Soe. ii, p. 24, 1848. Oahu.
* This species has very much the appearance of an immature L. semz- plota, but with my present knowledge of it I do not feel safe in placing it in the synonymy of the latter.
200
71, L. spurca,* Linn., Syst. Nat. p. 1179, 1767. C. Ie. pl. 14, sp. 68. ©. Ill. sp. 51, f. 53, 81, 104. Coq. Viv. p. 61, pl. 30, £. 1. C. acicularis, Gmel., Syst. Nat. p. 3421, 1790. C. flaveola, Lam. (non Linn.), An. sans Vert. vii, p. 394, 1822. West Indies.
72, L. subviridis, Rve., C. Ic. pl. 12, sp. 48, 1845. Co TM. f7LS0. OCbqe Vivivp: 48; plads; fo2. Australia.
73. L. Thomasi, Crosse, Jour. de Conch. p. 57, pl. 6, f. 3, 1865. Ha
74, L. umbilicata, Sowb., Tank. Cat. app. p. 30, 1825. Cir 169. Australia.
75, L. undata, Lam., An. sans Vert. vii, p. 893, 1822. Ceili tsp: 93 yf. 109. 9. Coq... Viv. p.i2iplii30) f. 3. C. diluculum, Rve., C. Ic. pl. 14, sp. 65, 1845. Philippines.
76. L. Valentia, Perry, Conch. pl. 23, f. 2, 1811. C. princeps, Gray, Zool. Jour. i, p. 75, 1824. C. Ic. pl. 6, spe2d. SC.fT. £2055 Cog. Viv.ip) iT, aol, Girtoe. Persian Gulf.
77. L. variola, Rumph., Amb. Rarit. pl. 38, f. O, 1705. C. eruenta, Gmel., Syst. Nat. p. 3420, 1790. C. Ic. pl. 10, Sp.oe.. Caelllisp. 19, £ 112. C. morbillosa, Sol. MSS., Dillw. Cat. 1817. C. variolaria, Lam., An. sans Vert. vii, p. 887, 1822. Kien. Coq. Viv. p. 57, pl. 27, f. 2, 3. New Guinea.
78. L. Walkerii, Gray, Desc. Cat. p. 11, 1832. Clevo t2, sp..50. C. Ill. sp, 70;-f. 225%. Coggey imp 38, pl. 14, f. 2. New Holland.
79. L. Xanthodon, Gray, Desc. Cat. p. 10, 1832. C. Ie.) plals,-sp..55:, \C. Til. sp.,88, 918... Cog. Viurexp: 39, ple of, f..2. Hab. ?
80. L. zigzag, Linn., Syst., Nat. p. 1177, 1767. OR os pl. 18, sp. 97. C. IL f. 143. Coq. Viv. p. 22, pl. reat shed CG. dntuleta, Wood, Supp. p. 87, pl. 17, f. 16. Mozambique.
81. L. zonata, Chem., Conch. Cab. x, pl. 145, f. 1842, 1788. CO. Templ) 13)-45.08... Cog. Vive p. los ple 48, to C. nebulosa, Kien., var., Coq. Viv. p. 63, pl. 32, f. 3. C. zonaria, Gmel., Syst. Nat. p. 8414, 1788. Gambia.
*The C. lota of Linn. (non Lam.), is probably a worn C. spurca.
201
Genus GASKOINIA,* Roberts.
1. G. edentula, Sowb., C. Ill. sp. 102, f. 26,* 1837. Cle: pioiT,-sp. So, a, b. Cog. Viv. p. 50, pl. 9, £2, 3: South Africa.
Genus ARICIA, Gray. Desc. Cat. Cyp., 18382.
1. A.? Anne, Roberts, Am. Jour. Conch., iv, p. 250, pl. 15, f. 4—6, 1868. Sandwich Islands.
2. A. annulus, Linn., Syst. Nat. p. 1179, 1767. G Te pals; spl 1CLUIE sp.co8) f. Ths.” Cog. Viv. p- 124, pl. 34, f. 2. C. Noumeensis, Marie, var. Jour. de Conch. xvii, p. 18, pl. 2, f. 6, 1869. Indian Ocean.
3. A. Arabica, Linn., Syst. Nat. p. 1173, 1767. Colcrpl isp. 2. C. Ill sp. 3, f. 85. Coq. Viv. peavey plilifil, 2. C. amethystia, Linn., Syst. Nat. 1174, 1767. C. fragilis, Linn., Syst. Nat. 1175, 1767. C’. elegantina, Ducl., var., Guer. Mag. p. 28, 1833. Indian Ocean. 4. A. arabicula, Lam., An. sans Vert. vii, p. 899, 1822. U.Ic. ply is; ispt.60: fo Cy Ti Yspitt, i i ean. Miva. 115, pls28,, f 8: Acapulco.
5. A, arenosa, Gray, Zool. Jour. p. 147, 1824. Coles pleas, sp..2t: OC) TN sp. thst. fo... Cog: Viv.np:
1S. ols 11, £4. Annaa Island. 6. A. caput-anguis, Philippi, Menke & Pfr. p. 24, 1849. Hab.
7. rr ie se ‘Lier Linn., Syst. Nat. p. 1175, 1767. Ic. ap. 442° .C. Tl spear, if. 127, 130) Gane ae 2 ‘112, pk. 49; f.-1. C. albella, Dien An. sans Vert. vil, p. 404, 1822 C. reticulum, Gmel., Syst. Nat. p. 8407, 1790. Indian Ocean—Taheite. 8. A. ? fabula, Kien., Coq. Viv. p. 97, pl. 54, f. 3. C. Ic. pl. 19, sp. 105a. Indian Ocean.
* Shell entirely devoid of teeth; in other respects resembling Luponza. This genus is respectfully dedicated to Mr. J.S. Gaskoin, of England, who has devoted many years to the study of this family.
+ Probably a variety of A. caput-serpentzs, Linn.
202
9. A. histrio, Meusch, (non Gmel.) Mus. Gevers, p. 404, 1787. Coq. Viv. p. 04 pl 1828 se. TIL gf. 80:
C. arlequina, Chem., Conch. Cab. x. p. 145, f. 1346-7, 1790.
Indian Ocean.
10. A. leucostoma, Gask., Proc: Zool. Soc. p. 25, 1843. C. Ic. pl. 7, sp. 22s Mocha.
11. A. marginata, Gask., Proc. Zool. Soc. p. 91, 1848. Hab. 12. A. Mauritiana, Linn., Syst. Nat. p. 1176, 1767. Cries pi 1, sp. 1. 0. Ill. ap.6, £164.) Coq: Viv. p. 10m pl. 89, 40, 41, f. 1. O. fragilis, Born., Mus. p. 179, pl. 8, f. 6, 1780. C. regina, Chem., Conch. Cab. x, p. 101, 1788. CO. trefasciata, Gmel., Syst. Nat. 8405, 1790. C. turbinata, S os “* 3404, “* C. undulata, Gmel (non Wood), Syst. Nat. 8406, 1790. Indian Ocean—Mauritius. 13. A. moneta, Linn., Syst. Nat. p. 1178, 1767. C. Ic. pl. 15, sp. 74. C. Ill. sp. 60, f. 128, 180. Cog. Viv. p. 122, 128, pl. 34, f. 1, 3. C. icterina, Lam., An. sans Vert. vii, p. 887, 1822. C. Barthelemy, Bernardi, var. Jour. de Conch. p. 48, pl. 1, 1861. Fejee Islands—N. Caledonia.
14. A. mus, Linn., Syst. Nat. p. 1176, 1767. . C. Ic. pl. 7, sp. 24. C. Ill. f. 156, 157. Cog. Viv. p. 120, pl. 25, fd. C. autumnalis, Perry, Conch. pl. 21, f. 2, 1811. West Indies.
15. A. obvelata, Lam., An. sans Vert. vii, p. 401, 1822. C. Ic. pl. 15, sp. 69. C. Ill. sp. 59, f. 18. Coq. Viv. p.
2
125, pl. 34, f. 4. Pacific Ocean. 16. A. pardalina, Dunker, Zeit. fur Malak. p. 126, 1852. Hab.—?
17. A. reticulata, Martyn, Univ. C. pl. 15, 1782.
C. Ic. pl. 1, sp. 3. C. Ill. f. 166. Cog. Viv. p. 104, pl. bc }h oad
C. maculata, Barnes, An. Lyc. N. H. i, p. 182, 1824. C. intermedia, Gray, var. Zool. Jour. i, p. 77, 1824. Polynesian Islands, Pacifie Ocean.
18. A. Scottii, Brod., Zoo]. Jour. v, p. 330, pl. 14, 1831. C. Ic. pl. 14, sp. 10. C. Ill. sp. 88, f.44. Cog. Viv. p. 110, pl. 14, f. 1. C. Friendit, Gray, Desc. Cat. p. 5, 1882. New Holland.
203
19. A. Stercoraria, Linn., Syst. Nat. p. 1174, 1767. C. Tele isp: Ip.; C. TL sp..t,f. 167... :Coq. Viv. p: Hepat i p. 108, pl. 1, ft. 1: 2. C. cauteriata, Chem., Conch. Cab. x, pl. 144, f. 1332, 1788. C. fasciata, m «6 ge Ke 1334, <“ C. conspureata, Gmel., Syst. Nat. p. 3405, 1790. 0. gibba, 66 13 66 6G 3403, 66 C. olivacea, e ee oH thr AOS. re C. nebulosa, Gmel. (non Kien.), Syst. Nat. p. 3413, 1790. C. grummulus, Humph., Cab. Cat. No. 112, 1779. C. rattus, Lam., An. sans Vert. vii, p. 380, 1822. Africa.
20. A. sulcidentata, Gray, Zool. Jour. i, p. 148, 1824. C. Ic. pl. 8,.sp. 29. C. Ill. sp. 10, f..110. Coq. Viv. p. LIT; pl. 214. 3. South Seas.
21. A. tessellata, Swn., Zool. Jour. i, p. 150, 1824. C. Ic. pl. 12, sp. 53. C. Ill. sp. 55, f. 94. Coq. Viv. p. AT spl. 22, f. 3. New Zealand.
22. A. thersites, Gask., Proc. Zool. Soc. p. 90, 1848. Hab.—?
23. A. turdus, Lam., An. sans Vert. vii, p. 392, 1822. C. Ic. pl. 9, sp. 31. -:C. Ill:* sp. 56, f. 1738. Cog. Viv. p. 62, pl. 4, f. 2. C. nivea, Gray (non Sol.), Zool. Jour. i, p. 511, 1824. Proc. Zool. Soc. p. 98, 1848. C. ovula, Perry, Conch. pl. 21, f. 8, 1811. Persian Gulf.
24. A. ventriculus, Lam., An. du Mus. xvi, p. 452, 1810. C. Ic. pl. 8, sp. 28. Cog. Viv. p. 116, pl. 38, f. 3. . C achatina, Sol. MSS. Dilw. Cat. i, p. 446, 1817. C. carneola, Martyn (non Linn.), Univ. C. pl. 14, 1782. Pacifie Ocean.
Genus CYPRZOVULA, Gray. Zool. Jour. i, p. 75, 1824.
1. C. Adamsonii, Gray, Desc. Cat. p. 7, 1882. C. Ic. pl. 24, sp. 135. C. Hil. sp. 107, f.'7. Cog. Viv. p. 159, pl. 46, £. 3. L. Capul.
2. C. Capensis, Gray, Zool. Jour. iii, p. 573, 1828. C. Ie. pl. 17, sp. 862°C. MI. L012" "Coq. Viv. p. 158, ple to; f. 2: Cape of Good Hope.
* Figure 54 in Sowerby’s monograph looks very much like a young shell, and is no doubtthe L. eburnea, Barnes. It is not a turdus.
204
Genus EPONA, H. and A. Adams. Genera Recent Mollusca, i, p. 269, 1858.
1. E. annulata, Gray, Zool. Jour. iv, p. 88, 1829. ©. te. pl. Z1,sp. 114. 6 C. Dla. 4. Coq. Viv padiot pe 14, f. 2. Annaa Island.
2. E. cicercula, Linn., Syst. Nat. p. 1181, 1767. C. Ic. p. 21, speal6.. C. HI sp. 38,'f. 84. -'Coqo Vane np: 156, pl. 50, f. 3. Malayan Archipelago.
3. E. globuli, Rumph., Amb. Rarit. pl. 39, f. L, 1705. C. globulus, Linn., Syst. Nat. p. 1181, 1767. C. Ic. pl. 21, pp. li8l 1. lsep..39, fe: C. affinis, Gmel., Syst. Nat. p. 3420, 1790. Asiatic Ocean.
Genus PUSTULARIA, Swainson. Man. Malacology, p. 325, 1840.
1, P. granulata, Pse., Proc. Zool. Soc. p. 278, 1862. Pacifie Ocean. 2. P. limacina, Lam., An. sans Vert. vii, p. 400, 1822. Coq. Viv. p. 47, pl. 35, f. 1; pl. 22, f. 2. C’. interstincta, Wood, Index Supp. pl. 3, f. 9, 1828. Philippines. 3. P. Madagascariensis, Gmel., Syst. Nat. p. 3419, 1790. C. Ic. pl. 15, sp. 75. — C. Ill. sp: 42) 14016." ‘Cog: Vine p: 126, pl. 3, f. 4. Pacific Ocean—Madagasear ?
4. P. nucleus, Linn., Syst. Nat. p. 1181, 1767. ©. Ic. pl. 15, sp. 70. C. Ill. sp. 41, f. 86. Cog. Viv. p. 1 7 0 Bs es C. gemmosa, Perry, Conch. pl. 28, 1811. Indian Ocean.—Polynesia. 5. P. pustulata, Lam., An. du Mus. xv. p. 101, 1810. Cle. pl. dos sp.ii6.¥ Cy dlsp.zL06 £741. Coq: Vivoge 128, pl. 2, £638; Mazatlan—Panama.
6. P. Staphylea, Linn., Syst. Nat. p. 1181, 1767. Colespl. 46, sp. 82. Ci Tl. sp+40, f° 83. Cog. Miveape 48, pl. 36, f. 2. Sandwich Islands—Indian Ocean.
Genus TRIVIA, Gray. Desc. Cat. Cyp. 1882.
1. T. acutidentata, Gask., Proc. Zool. Soc. p. 201, 1835. Bay of Guyaquil.
205
2. T. affinis,* Marratt (non Gmel.), An. Mag. N. H. xx, p. 214, 1867. West Indies ?
T. armandina,{ Duclos, Coq. Viv. p. 140, pl. 46, f. 2. West Indies.
. T, Australis, Lam. (non Gray), An. sans Vert. vii, p. 404, BY
A
a_i de
he pl. 245 spadss.c7C. W ispad12;\f., 29. Cog. Viv.
p- 138, pl. 48, f. 2. New Holland. 5. T. Californica, Gray, Zool. Jour. iii, p. 365, 1827. Cte pl. 23, f 1285 ACs. 42: California.
6. T. candidula, Gask., Proc. Zool. Soc. p. 200, 1835. Crip 26, fot. C. T.<£ 149. Cogs: Viv. per 18; pkeoseay 1: Western Islands, Mexico. T. Childreni, Gray, Zool. Jour. i, p. 618, 1824. Oiler ainsi i it. CTF. 1690 6" Com?" Vive do, pl. 40, f. 3. Annaa Island.
. T. corrugata, Pse., Am. Jour. Conch. iv, p. 95, pl. 11, f. 14, 15, 1868. Paumotus.
. T. costata, Gmel., Syst. Nat. p. 8418, 1790. Co lelpi-20)sp. 109% ° Co IN? fist. “Cage Vive tela, pl. 47, f. 4. C’. rosea, Wood, Index Supp. pl. 38, f. 15, 1828. C’. triticea, Dufr., Blainv. Dict. p. 48, pl. 25, 1824. C’. carnea, Gray, Zool. Jour. iii, p. 569, 1828. West Indies.
10. T. depauperata, Sowb., C. Ill. sp. 180, f. 49, 1837. Ue le. pl. 23; sp. 1383. “Coq. Viv. p.. 131; pl. 47, £2. California. 11. T. Europea, Montague, Test. Brit. Supp. p. 88, 1808. Cr lcnly 2o,.sp. 129. °C. Wl. f 142, 142*, C. pediculus, var., Mont., Test. Brit. i, p. 200, 1803. C’. bullata, Mont., Test. Brit. i, p. 202, 1803. C’. Arctica, Mont., Test. Brit. i, p. 201, 1803. C’. eoccinella, Lam., An. sans Vert. vii, p. 404, 1822. Coq. Viv. p. 189, pl. 52, f. 4—6. Britain. 12. T. exigua, Gray, Desc. Cat. Cyp. p. 15, 1832. CSE epe 118, si. 35. C. tremeza, Ducl., Mag. de Zool. pl. 25, 1833. C. Ic. pl. 26, sp. 148. Cog. Viv. p. 154, pl. 55, f. 4. C. gemmula, Gld., Proc. Bost. Soe. ii, p. 27, 1845. Sandwich I.—Caledonia.
=
@
ie)
* Closely allied to 7. producta, Gask. t The distinctness of this species is somewhat doubtful.
33
206
13. T. formosa, Gask., Proc. Zool. Soc. p. 198, 1835. Ce Te.pl. 23, sp. 182-- C. T. £. 151. Con: Virzep: 43870
pl. 52, f. 3. Cape of Good Hope. 14. T. fusca, Desc. Cat. p. 15. Gr he, pl 24. ap. 134. 2C. Mt. 87. Gallipagos I.
15, T. Gaskoinii, Roberts. C. suleata, Gask. (non Dillw.), Proc. Zool. Soc. p. 95, 1848. Manilla. 16. T. globosa, Gray, Desc. Cat. p. 14, 1832. Cile: pl. 26, sp. 152) CML aa) C. pilula, Kien., Coq. Viv, p. 151, pl. 54, f. 2. West Indies—China Seas ?
17. T. grando, Gask., Proc. Zool. Soc. p. 96, 1848. Manilla.
18. T. insecta, Mighels, Proc. Bost. Soe. ii, p. 24, 1845. C’. hordacea, Kien., Coq. Viv. p. 149, pl. 54, f. 5. Sandwich Islands. 19. T. Maugeriz, Gray, Desc. Cat. p. 18, 1832. Cle pl 2d sp. 119, -C:. tl f 20. Gallipagos.
20. T. napolina, Ducl., Coq. Viv. p. 144, pl. 53, f. 8. C. Ic. pl. 26, sp. 149. C. obscura, Gask., Proc. Zool. Soc. p. 94, 1848. Senegal.
21. T. oniscus, Lam., An. du Mus. xvi, p. 103, 1810.
> fe. pl. 20, & 111. -CeTikysp. LOOSE 132 Googe Vav- p- 134, pl. 51, f. 2. C aperta, Swn. (non Gray), Zool. Jour. iii, p. 571, 1827.
Cape of Good Hope.
22. T. ovula, Lam., An. sans Vert. vii, p. 898, 1822. Coie! pl: 20,.sp. 112... C. Tl. £145." “Coqa Viv. p. tsa, plybd, ts Cape of Good Hope.
23. T. Pacifica, Gray, Desc. Cat. p. 15, 1832. C. Te. pl. 25,eep.1143.) (C. ay f.989., Coq: Viv. tp eee pl. 45, f. 2. Gallipagos.
24. T. pediculus,* Rumph., Amb. Rarit. pl. 39, f. P, 1705.
*The shell C. nivea, figured by Reeve, C. lc. pl. 24, sp. 136, is the C. oryza, Lam., which is 7. pediculus, Rumph. The C. oryza figured by Reeve, C. Ic. pl. 24, sp. 140, is the 7. scabriuscula, Gray. The same error occurs in Sowerby’s Conch. Illus. M. Kiener has confounded the two species 7. scabriéuscula, Gray (Coq. Viv. pl. 43, f. 3), and 7. oryza, Lam. (Coq. Viv. pl. 52, f. 2); the figures should be reversed. The true C. nzvea, Gray (Zool. Jour. i, p. 511), is a white variety of C. turdus, Lam., and has been placed in the synonymy of the latter species, see Proc. Zool. Soc. 1848, p. 98.
207
C. oryza, Lam. An. du Mus. xvi, p. 104, 1810. QO. nivea, Sol., Dilw. Cat. i, p. 466, 1817. (1. pediculus, Linn. (in part), Syst. Nat. p. 1180, 1767.
Ticao. 20. . pellucidula, Gask., Proc. Zool. Soc. p. 23, 1846. = ic pl., 26, sp. los. South Pacific. 26. ‘ pisum, Gask., Proc. Zool. Soc. p. 24, 1846. C. Ie. pl. 26, sp. 154. Hast Indies. ie, producta, Gask., Proc. Zool. Soc. 1835, }. 200; 1848, p. ¥8 C. lie pl. Blspe lorry. tn tbo. | Cogn Wi. p.) keos pl. 53, f. 5. Hab.—?
28. T. pulex, Sol., Zool. Jour. iii, p. 368, 1827. Cote: pl. 20, sp. 145. ©. Til. sp. 123, f. 32. Cog. Viv. p. LEZ eps oe. f. 1. Mediterranean.
29. T. pulla, Gask., Proc. Zool. Soc. 1846, p. 24; 1848, p. lle
Cle pl. 26, sp: 150. Gallipagos Islands. 30. T. quadripunctata, Gray, Zool Jour. iii, p. 368, 1827. Cie ples), sp.ito.. CO: I spe it6. 4. 33. C’. rotunda, Kien., Coq. Viv. p. 141, pl. 53, f, 2 “West Indies. ob T. pact Lam., An. sans Vert. vii, p. 402, 1822. Crile pk Al: sp. ir Cent Sp.wlogs te 146. Coq. Viv.
p. 129, pl. 3, f. O8 Masala teas 32. T. rubescens, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. p. 185, 1832. GF fer pl.:25, sp: 141. Gallipagos Islands.
33. T. rubinicolor, Gask., Proc. Zool. Soc. p. 200, 1835. Come. ple zo. sp. 140." Cf 150: 04, T. sanguinea, Gray, Desc. Cat. p. 14, 1832. Oeil spe lls; £32. °C. Tc. pl. 23, f. 127. C’. lathyrus, Dutr. , Cog: Viv. p. 146, pl. 22, °f. A. Mazatlan—Ecuador. 30. T. scabriuscula,* Gray, Zool. Jour. iii, p. 364, 1827. C. intermedia, Wien., Coq. Viv. pl. 54, f. 1. African Coast.
36. T. Solandri, Gray, C. Ill. sp. 128, f. 43, 1837. C. Ic. pl. 21, sp. 113. Cog. Viv. p. 180, pl. 47, f. 3. Pacifie Ocean. o7. T. spherula, Mighels, Proc. Bost. Soe. ii, p. 24, 1848. Oahu.
* See remarks ander 7. pedzculus, Rumph.
208
38. T. subrostrata, Gray, Zool. Jour. iii, p. 363, 1827. C. Ic, pl. 26, sp. 147. :2G@. 1s £7386. Coq: Virespadag: pl. 45, f. 3. West Indies. 39. T. suffusa, Gray, Desc. Cat. Cyp, p. 16, 1882. Gell. sp. 126, f. 41. C. Te. pl. 25, sp. 142: West Indies. 40. T. sulcata, Dilw. (non Gask.), Cat. i, p. 466, 1817.
C’. pediculus, Linn. (in part), Syst. Nat. p. 1180, 1767. C. Ic. pl. 23, sp. 181. C. Ill. sp. 124, f. 148,153. Coq. Viv. prts2, pl 40, ff. 2. '
C’. labiosa, Gask., Proc. Zool. Soc. p. 202, 1835.
West Indies. 41, T. vesicularis, Gask., Proc. Zool. Soc. p. 203, 1835. Grltcapl.20, sp: 108." 'C. Tot. 120) toe: Cape of Good Hope. 42. T. vitrea, Gask., Proc. Zool. Soc. p. 95, 1848. Philippines.
Fam. AMPHIPERASIDAi.
Genus AMPHIPERAS, Gron. Zoophylacium, 1781. Ovulum, Brug., Eneye. Meth. 1791. Simnea,* Risso, Hist. Nat. Europe. Merid.
1, A. Adamsii, Sowb., C. Ic. pl. 5, sp. 24, 1865. O. marginatum, Ad. (non Sowb.), Proc. Zool. Soc. p. 30, 1854. New Caledonia.
9, A. alabaster, Sowb., C. Ic. pl. 5, sp. 23, 1865. — Senegal. 3, A. bimaculata, Ad., Proc. Zoul. Soc. p. 131, 1854.
Gs ter pl-ossp. 11. New Caledonia. 4, A. brevis, Sowb., Thes. ii, p. 469, pl. 101, f. 70, 71, 1855.
©.le. pls 2; sp... Cog. Viv. p- 12) pia, a. 3: . Australia.
*T agree with Mr. Tryon in his statement in the Am. Jour. Conch , Vol. i, p. 95, and consider the genus Simnea, Risso, as a synonym of Amphipe- ras, Gron. ‘I'he two species referred to it, viz., S. aperta, Sowb., and S. patula, Pennant, are undoubtedly young shells.
The former closely resembles V. berostris, jun., Linn., and has been placed in its synonymy, and the latter, A. patula, with A. Adriatica, Sowb., as its synonym.
209 5. A. bulla, Ad. and Rve., Mol. Voy. Sam. p. 21, pl. 6, f. 5, 1850.
Gr lerpl. 5,sp: 20. China Seas. 6. A. bullata, Ad. and Rve., Mol. Voy. Sam: p. 25, ;pl00s 13, 1850.
—
OMica pl. 6) sp: 2
@. A. carnea, Poiret, Voy. En. Barb. ii, p. 21, 1789. Coic.-pl. 4, sprit CogiViy..p. 10) pl. & £, 29 Pes
O: Singapore.
Hep ACL pl. 101, fyvaed. 7. Mediterranean Sea. 8. A. concinna, Ad. and Rve., Mol. Voy. Sam. p. 22, pl. 6, f. 8; 1850. C.cle. pl. 5; sp. 21... Thes. it, p:,461, pl. 1015 £86) 87. Philippines. 9. A. dentata, Ad. and Rve., Mol. Voy. Sam. p. 21, pl. 6, f. 4, 1850.
€; te: pl 8; sp. 364 -Thes: ii; p.'478, pl: LOT, £/ 208, 102: Caramenta Passage.
10. A. dorsuosa, Hinds, Mol. Voy. Sul. p. 47, pl. 16, f. 3, 4, 1844.
C. Ic. pl. 6, f. 27. Thes. ii, p. 473, pl. 101, f. 97, 98. Straits of Malacca. 11. A. frumenta, Sowb., Spec. C. pt. 1, p. 7, f. 3, 1880. Cyler pl. 6, sp. 255, Coq. Viv. p: /20s9nl6;'h b= - Thee yp. 444, pl. LO 103, 104. Hab.—? 12. A. frutica, Ad., MSS. C. Ic. pl. 4, f. 16, 1865. Malacca.
13. A. lactea, Lam., An. sans Vert. vii, p. 368, 1822. Cplexpiel, ££. Cog. Viv. p./8, pl.'6, f. 1 Dhesaaape
468, pl. 101, f. 67—69. Philippines. 14. A. margarita, Sowb., Thes. ii, p. 469, pl. 101, f. 93, 94, 1855. Crlewpls, spe 10. Cog. Vivi-p: 11) plsitifiae Philippines.
15. A. marginata, Sowb. (non Adams), Spee. C. pt. 1, p. 5, f. 15, 16, 1830. Cr le-plZ.2p-'3;, Cog. Viv. p. 1, phate. eee a4
16. A. nubeculata, Ad. and Rve., Mol. Voy. Sam. p. 23, pl. 6, f. 12, 1850. C. Ie: pli 3; sp. 12.. ‘Thesf pa 47, pl, 101). 80,).Sile Eastern Seas.
210
17. A. ovum, Rumph., Amb. Rarit. pl. 38, f. Q, 1705. O. coum, Minn., Syst. Nat.p. 103171767. C. Teopl sp pun Phes. ii, p. 467, pl. 9954) 13. O. alba, Schum., Nouv. Syst. p. 258, 1817. O. oviformis, Lam., An. du Mus. xvi, p. 110, 1811. Moluceas.
18. A. patula, Pennant, Brit. Zool. iv, p. 117, pl. 70, f. 86, MEE:
C: te. pl. 7; sp: 80> "Cage Viv. p. 6, ples, f. 4: Thess p. 479, p. 101, f. 105—113.
O. Adriaticum, Sowb., Thes. ii, p. 470, pl. 99, f. 18, 14,
1855. Torbay—Sicily.
19. A. PURE tat Ducl., Guer. Mag. p. 7, pl. 7, f. 1, 1830. Gxle: pl..o,sp. 22. Coq.Viv. .p. 13, pl. 5, f..38. 9 Thes:
tip. Ai teepl LO4, f. 90—92. Isle of Bourbon. 20. A. pudica, Ad., Proe. Zool. Soc. p. 181, 1854. C.cke.. pl. 2, sp. 0: New Caledonia. 21. A. pyriformis, Sowb., Spec. C. pt. 1, p. 5, f 21-23, 1830.
Gvlesipl: 2isp. 9. <Thes. ii, ps 470, ple 101, haar. New South Wales.
22. A. pyrulina, Ad., Proc. Zool. Soc. p. 131, 1854. C. Ie. pl. 4, sp. 19. Jew Caledonia.
23. A. rhodia, Ad., Proc. Zool. Soc. p. 130, 1854. C. Ic. pl. 4, sp. 18. Japan.
24. A. scitula, Ad., Proc. Zool. Soc. p. 131, 1854. C. Ferpl:.65 £2.29; New Caledonia.
25. A. semistriata, Pse., Proc. Zool. Soc. p. 241, 1862. C.tc. pl. o,sp. 13, ° Am. Jour. Conch. ‘iy, p. 96, pl. Ula 16; Sandwich I.
96. A. striatula, Sowb., Spec. C. pt. 1, p. 7, pl. 88, 1830. Cy tetrcpl. 6, sp. 28. "Dhesy u, p. 472, pl l0la£. 8835: Batanzas—Philippine I.
27. A. tortilis, Martyn, (on Desh.), Univ. c. pl. 60, 1782.
etc: ply sl sspe. 4.
. angulosum, Lam., An. sans. Vert. vii, p. 367, 1822. Thes. is pe4od, pl Oot -4os4 Cog. Vivepety plea. ar. aie
. columba, Schub. et Wag., pl. 228, f. 4013-4.
. costellata, Lam., An. du Mus. xvi, p. 110, 1810.
.imperialis, Dilw., Cat. p. 478, 1817, EE. Indies.
So 9 =O
211
28. A. triticea, Lam., An. du Mus. xvi, p. 111, 1810. Cyc pe a epate. | Whes: 11, 474, pl. 100; f, 20) 20. Cogs Virap: fo, pl. 6,rf.:3. O. lepida, Dilw., Cat. p. 474, 1817. 29. A. umbilicata, Sowb., Proc. Zool. Soc. p. 135, 1848. C. Ic. pl. 3, sp. 14. Thes. ii, p. 469, pl. 101, f. 88, 89. Philippines. Genus CALPURNUS, Montf. Conch. Syst., 1810. 1. C. verrucosus, Linn., Syst. Nat. p. 1182, 1767. C. le. pl. A, sp..2.. Cog. Viv. p. 5, pl. 2, 1.3. .Rhess aap 468, pl. LO0ef..78, 12: Philippines. Genus CYPHOMA, Bolten. 1798, teste Ad. Genera 1, p. 271. 1. C. emarginata, Sowb., Spec. C. pt. 1, p. 7, f. 54, 55, 1830. Cr tere, sp: o4.- Coq. Viv. p. 18) ply sy; i 2.) lies: i peste, pl. 99.7%. 11,12. St. Hlena. 2. C. gibbosa, Linn., Syst. Nat. p. 1183, 1767. C. Te. pl. 7, sp. 32:, Cog. Viviep.27, pl. & f 2. hes, ii, p. 479, pl. 99, f. 15, 19. West Indies—Coast of Brazil. 3. C. hordacea, Lam., An. du Mus. xvi, p. 112, 1810. C. Ic. pl. 8, sp. 37. Coq. Viv. p. 16, pl. 6, f. 6, 6*. Thes. i, py 21a, pl. LOt et. 110—112. HE. Archipelago. 4. C. intermedia, Sowb., Spec. C. pt. 1, p. 9, 1830. C. Ic. pl. 7, sp. 33. Cog. Viv. p. 25, pl. 4, f. 2. Thes.
li, p. 479, pl. 100, f. 61, 62. Brazil. 9. C. Traillii, Ad., Proc. Zool. Soe. p- 222, 1855. Cle. pl. 8, sp. a8. Malacea.
Genus VOLVA, Bolten, 1798. 1, V. acicularis, Lam., (non Sowb.), An. du Mus. xvi, p. 102, 810.
C. Ic. pl. 12, sp. 53. Thes. ii, p. 477, pl. 100, f. 48—46.
Coq. Viv. p. 21, pl. 5; f. 2. W. Indies. 2. V. acuminata, Ad. and Rve., Mol. Voy. Sam. p: at, pie f. 1, 1850.
C. Ic. pl. 8, sp. 35. Thes. ii, p. 276, pl. 100, f. 49, 50. Hastern Seas. 3. V. equale, Sowb., Proc. Zool. Soc. p. 174, 1832. Conch, Ill. Cat. Cyp. p. 18, f. 61. Panama.
219 4. V. Angasi, Ad., MSS. C. Ie. pl. 10, sp. 43, 1865.
Australia.
5. V. Antillarum, Sowb., C. Ic. pl. 14, sp. 64, 1865. W. Indies.
6. V. arcuatum, Sowb., C. Ic. pl. 13, sp. 58, 1865. Hab.—? 7. V. avena, Sowb., Proc. Zool. Soc. p. 178, 1832. Conch. Ill. Cat. Cyp. f. 59. St. Barbara—Panama.
8. V. birostris, Linn., Syst. Nat. p. 1182, 1767. Cle. 20, a 45. Thes. ii, p. 480, pl. 100, f. 65, 66. Coq: Vive pe 24, pl." o, 7.71. O. brevirostris, Gala Nouv. Syst. p. 259, 1817. O. aperta, Sowb., Thes. 11, p. 478, pl. 10t, 2. eG, aOR.
Singapore.
9. V. Borbonica, Desh., Cat. Moll. I. Reunion, p. 156, pl. 13, f. 18—20, 1863. Bourbon.
10. V. Californica, Sowb., MSS., C. Ie. pl. 11, sp. 50, 1865. California.
11. V. coarctata, Ad. & Rve., Mol. Voy. Sam. p. 21, pl. 6, f.
2, 1850. C.' Te: pl. 13, sp: oT.’ Thes. 1, p..475, pl. 101, 4. 108 som: Str. of Sunda. 12. V. deflexa, Sowb., Proc. Zool. Soc. p. 186, 1848. Ce Tewpl. 12,'sp: 56. Thes, ii, p. 478, pl. 100, f. 37, 38. Ticao. 13. V. formicaria, Sowb., Spee. C. pt. 1, p. 8, 1880. Clea plel2icspwd2s Phes. pip. 476; ipl. 100; 477 43: Eastern Seas. 14. V. formosa, Ad. & Rve., Mol. Voy. Sam. p. 22, pl. 6, f. 6, 1850. O. Ie. pl. 8, sp. 39. Thes. ii, p. 474, pl. 101, f. 99, 100. Borneo. 15. V. gracilis, Ad. & Rve., Mol. Voy. Sam. p. 22, pl. 6, f. 11, 1850. C. Te. pl. 18, sp. 61. Thes. ii, p. 481, pl. 100, f. 51, 53. Borneo. 16, V. Indica, Sowb., C. Ic. pl. 11, sp. 47, 1865. Bombay. 17. V. inflexa, Sowb., Proc. Zool. Soc. p. 173, 1832. Conch sill, CatoCyp. p. 13, £60: Gulf of Dulce.
18. V. lanceolata, Sowb., Proc. Zool. Soc. p. 135, 1848. C. Ic. pl. 13, sp. 59. Philippines.
215
19. V. livida, Sowb., C. Ic. pl. 14, sp. 63, 1865. — Panama.
20. V. longirostrata, Sowb., Spec. C. pt. 1, f. 46, 1830. C. lcm, sp. 40. -Thes. i, p..481, pl. 100, f. 59, 60.
Coq. Viv. p. 25, pl. 5, f. 5. Adriatic Sea. 21. V. neglecta, C. B. Ad., An. Lyc. N. H.,v, p. 255, 1852. wer pl. 145sps 62. Panama.
22. V. Nicensis, Risso, Eur. Merid. iv, p. 235, f. 150, 1826.
Mediterranean Sea.
23. V. obtusa, Sowb., Spec. C. pt. 1, p. 1, f. 34, 1830. C. Ic. pl. 7. sp. 31. Thes. ii, p. 475, pl. 100, f. 22—24.
China.
24. V.‘Philippinarum, Sowb., Proc. Zool. Soc. p. 136, 1848. C. Ie. pl. 10. sp. 46. Thes. ii, p. 481, pl. 100, f. 57, 58 Philippines.
25. V. purpurea, Risso, Eur. Merid. iv, p. 235, 1826. 26. V. recurva, Ad. & Rve., Mol. Voy. Sam. p. 21, pl. 6, 1850. C. Ic. pl. 12, ‘sp. 54. Thes. ii, p. 481, pl. 100, f. 54—56. China Sea.
27. V. rosea, Ad., Proc. Zool. Soe. p. 180, 1854.
C. Ic. pl. 10, sp. 44. China Sea. 28. V. rufa, Sowb., Proc. Soe. Zool. p. 173, 18382. Conch. Ill. Cat. Cyp. p. 17, f. 58. Caraceas.
29. V. secale, Sowb., Spec. C. pt. 1, f. 36, 1830. C. Ic. pl. 14, sp. 66. Thes. ii, p. 475, pl. 100, f. 25—27. Eastern Seas. 30. V. seminula, Sowb., Spec. C. pt. 1, f. 40, 1830. C2 le--pl.11, sp. 48. Thes. ti, p: 475, pl. 100, 1,41, 42. ~ Friendly Islands. 31. V. similis, Sowb., Proc. Zool. Soc. p. 136, 1848. Cale pl ii sp: 49. “'Thes. 11; p..475, pl. 100,128) 29: Hab.—?
32. V. spelta, Linn., Syst. Nat. p, 1182, 1767. C. Ic. pl. 10, sp. 42. Thes. ii, p. 480, pl. 100, f. 68, 64. Coq. Viv. p. 22, pl. 5, f. 4.
Mediterranean Sea—Pacifie Ocean.
33. V. subreflexa, Ad. & Rve., Mol. Voy. Sam. p. 22, pl. 6, f. 10, 1850. C. Ic. pl. 12, sp. 55. Thes. ii, p. 480, pl. 100, f. 83, 34. Bilaton.
214
34. V. subrostrata, Sowb., Proc. Zool. Soc. p. 186, 1848.
C. Ic. pl. 14, sp. 65. Thes. ii, p. 477, pl. 100, f. 39, 40. Honduras.
35. V. uniplicata, Sowb., Proc. Zool. Soe. p. 135, 1848.
C. Ic. pl. 11, sp. 51. Thes. ii, p. 478, pl. 100, f. 30—S2. So. Carolina—Creorgia. 36. V. variabilis, C. B. Ad., An. Lyc. N. H. v. p. 255, 1852. G. Te.; pl. L3,<sp. 60. Cape St. Lucas.
37. V. volva, Linn., Syst. Nat. p. 1182, 1767. C. Ic. pl. 9, sp. 41. Thes. ii, p. 482, pl. 99, f. 6—8. Coq. Vay. p26, pl. 4,-4. 1, Philippines.
VALUABLE WORKS ON CONCHOLOGY
FOR SALE.
1. American Journal of Conchology, Vol. 1, 1865. Containing 400 pages, illustrated by 31 colored and plain lithographic plates and por- traits and over 293 wood engravings; with contributions by Conrad, Bland, Anthony, Binney, Newcomb, Stimpson, W. Harper Pease, Wheat- ley, Tryon, etc. Price, in numbers, $12.50, or each number separately $3.75. A few copies beautifully bound in red morocco, gilt, red edges,
at $15.00.
2. American Journal of Conchology, Vol. 2, 1866. Containing 400 pages, illustrated by 27 colored and plain lithographic plates, and nearly 500 wood engravings ; with contributions by Newcomb, Bland, Conrad, Gabb, Anthony, Pease, P. P. Carpenter, Mérch, Tryon, ete. Price, in numbers, $12.50, or each number separately $3.75.
x» Full tables of contents of the above two volumes forwarded to those desiring them.
3. Monograph of the Terrestrial Mollusca of the United States. With illustrations of all the Species. By George W. Tryon, Jr. This work is now completed. It contains over 200 pages of text and is illus- trated by 18 lithographic plates crowded with figures. Only 100 copies were printed, which are mostly sold. The work is published in the following styles:
Ist. Plain edition, printed on fine calendered paper, with uncolored
plates, Price, $8.50. 2d. Colored edition, same paper, plates finely colored, Price, $13.50. 3d. Fine edition, on very heavy plate paper, with duplicate plates, plain on tinted paper, and finely colored, Price, $20.00.
4. TRYON, GEO. W., Jr., Synonymy ofthe Species of Strepoma- tide (Melanians) of the United States, with critical observations on their Affinities, and Descriptions of Land, Fresh Water and Marine Mollusca. 8vo, over 100 pp., with lithographic plates. 1865.
Cloth, $2.00. Paper, $1.75.
CONTENTS: Contributions towards a Monography of the Order Pholadacea, with Descriptions of
New Species. Descriptions of two new Species of Fresh Water Mollusca from Punama. Des- eription of anew Exotic Melania. Descriptions of new Species of Fresh Wuter Mollusca be- longing to the Families Amnicolidx, Valvatide and Limneide, inhabiting California. De- scription of a new Species of Pleurocera. Description of a new Species of Teredo, from New Bedford. Mass. Descriptions of two new Species of Mexican Land Shells. Synonymy of the Species of Strepomatidx, Parts 1, 2,3, 4 and Supplement.
The Edition is very limited—only 75 copies. Early application will, therefore, be necessary to
secure the work.
5. RAFINESQUE, C. S., Complete Writings on Recent and Fossil Conchology. Edited by William G. Binney and Geo. W. Tryon, Jr. 8vo. 1864. With lithographic plates. Price, $2.50.
This is the only edition ot Rafinesque’s Complete Writings ever published, and contains reprints of many papers, which had been entirely forgotten by naturalists.
6. TRYON, GEO. W,., Jr., List of American Writers on Recent
Conchology, with the Titles of their Memoirs and Dates of Publication. 8vo. 1860. Printed on fine plate paper. Cloth, $2.00. Paper, $1.75.
7. TRYON, GEO. W., Jr., Monograph of the Order Pholadacea, and other Papers. 8vo, 127 pp., with plates. 1862. Cloth, $2.00. Paper, $1.75. Contains Monographs of the Families Gastrochwnide. Pholadidz, and Teredid. History of American Conchology, and Descriptions of new Species of Fresh Water and Marine Shells.
x*y A discount of 20 per cent. will be allowed from the above prices, to Members
x
of the Conchological Section and to Booksellers. Apply to
‘“ConcHoLogicaL Section ACADEMY or Natura Sciences, Philadelphia,” Or to its Agents—see Ist page of this cover.
co
Cc CO NaN nee PAGE 1. Record of Meetings: D backin cros sieence sss a'.eeess dele /sicteet can chichde te ae ee ete 117 _2..0On the Pterocere of Lamarck, and their Mutual Relations. Seems) PHeedore- Gill, IW We cate ecko rede vesia sere nad. scceee sédeeds smcceeeceene 120 . Materials for a Monograph of the Family Lepetide. By Win. Ee Dalles oes b, Sp edistesaede SeeeMess eabsnouslnsit ess unaiveese _asagmaleceane 140 4. On the Land and Fresh-Water Mollusca of Nicaragua. By aI PH DAG ss <2 se swoasls ccle=te vas os'esanneeeeetenes cide (DOOEAAOL SCCOUDCOROESEED Gacd2 151 5. Descriptions of New Species of Marine Mollusca. By Wes- ley, Newcomb, M. Dr... ssa... Erinjciee so hicisiessoeieseacleoscsee ea teeeeeeee eee 163 6. Description of a New American Helix. By Wesley Newcomb, uh) D BAR aa dnspoatyis ldnnecpdecnawbedssadbiacencubets sussnngadstsee eetee eam eae at 7. Catalogue of the Shells of the Coosa River, Alabama. By | James Le Wis MD sacks cca vcees owe newaoacesac cece ddciecclereaeaneese tacecm eee 166 8. Descriptions of New Species of Marine Bivalve Mollusca in the Collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences. Byw Georgie n Ws cUryOuytysccsscsescon -odecdenoeesertestetseeerces aie eee eee 170
9. Notices and Reviews of New Conchological Works. By George Wer Lryvomaditcs.-sccces 2 GES DHBOCCDCOSENGOOO Bricaaeed Bese ecaoe said bon 173
I, AMERIcCAN.— Binney’s Pulmonata of North America.
IL. Forriey.—British—Reports of the British Assoc. for the Advancement of Science. Annals and Magazine of Natural History. Jeffreys’ british Conchology. Wood- ward’s Manual of the Mollusca. Conchologia Iconica.
French.—Cat. des Mollusques des Mers d’Europe, par Petit de la Saussaye. Faune Malacologique de Belgique, par F. de Malzine. Journal de Conchyliologie.
German.—Malakozoologische Blatter. Pfeiffer’s Monographia Heliceorum Viyen- tium. Novitates Conchologice.
APPENDIX. 10. Catalogue of the Families Porcellanidw# and Amphiperaside. By sy DoMOD ORGS escsss-sececc00 cose slaces see sede) kis ncoe’e’s sals'e aves ree eae mm eR — = : < =
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The subscriber offers FOR SALE his private collection of the Shells and Mollusks of California and the adjacent States. The series embraces about six hundred and fifty species, carefully named and neatly mounted, and is the best collection of West Coast Shells extant, except the California State Cabi- net. Address
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FOR SALE, 2 very large collection of BOOKS relating to Conchology ; also several thousand named species of SHELLS. The above being duplicates, we are anxious to dispose of them at very low prices. For particulars, address EK. J. NOLAN, M. D., Conservator of Conch. Sect. Acad. Nat. Sciences, Cor. Broad and Sansom Streets, Phila.
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CONHOLOGICAL SECTION of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.
Vor V. 1869-70. Part 4,
Meeting Nov. 4th, 1869. Ten members present. Dr. RuscHENBERGER, Director, in the Chair.
Donations to the Museum and Library were announced.
The following papers were offered for publication in the Jour- nal, and referred to committees:
‘“Notes on West Coast Land Shells, No. 2.” By J. G. Cooper, M. D.
‘““Qn a new Californian Helicoid Land Shell.” By J. G. Cooper, M. D.
Mr. Tryon called attention tospecimens of Amnicola grana, Say, from Carter Co., Missouri, presented to the Section by Mr. John Wolf, of Canton, Ills. This very minute species was apparently unknown to Prof. Haldeman, who, in his monograph of the genus, merely quotes Say’s original description and citation of locality, and does not figure it. The species was for years considered a doubtful one, until Mr. Tryon had re-discovered it, some six or eight years since, in considerable numbers in ditches in the southern part of the City of Philadelphia, near League Island,
14
194 AMERICAN JOURNAL
Specimens were sent to most of the prominent American Con- chologists, many of whom informed him that it was new to their collections. The specimens presented this evening indicate that the species has a large area of distribution.
Meeting Dec. 2d, 1869. Seven members present. Dr. RUSCHENBERGER, Director, in the Chair.
Several donations to the Museum and Library were announced.
The following papers were presented for publication :
“ Descriptions of three new species of shells.’”’ By John Wolf.
‘Notices and Reviews of new Conchological Works.’ By Geo. W. Tryon, Jr.
The Annual Reports of the Recorder, Secretary, Conservator, Librarian and Publication Committee were read. (See Ap- pendix.)
The following gentlemen were elected to serve as Officers and Committees of the Section during the ensuing year : .
OFFICERS.
DrREctoR, . : W.S. W. RUSCHENBERGER, M.D. Vice DIREcToR, . GEO. W. TRYON, Jr.
RECORDER, . : S. R. ROBERTS. TREASURER, . WM. L. MACTIER. SECRETARY, . ; REV. E. R. BEADLE.
CONSERVATOR, : K. J. NOLAN, M. D.
COMMITTEES. 1. Library. 7. Terrestrial Mollusca, (oper- E. J. Nouan, M, D., Librarian, culate.) C. F. PARKER, JoHN H. REDFIELD, Ch’n, Gro. W. TRYON, JR. E. R. BEADLE, - Wm. L. Mactrer. 2. Publication. 8. Fluviatile Grasteropoda. Gro. W. Tryon, JR., Editor, C. M. WuEatuEy, Ch’n, S. R. Rorerts, S. S. HaLpremay,
K. J. Nouan, M. D. F. A. Hassuur, M. D.
OF CONCHOLOGY. 195
3. Finance. 9. Fluviatile Acephala. W.S.W.RuscHENBERGER,C’hn,Isaac Lea, Ch’n, W.S. Vaux, Wo. L. Mactizr, W. P. Witstacu. Cuas. M. WHEATLEY.
4. Embryology and Anatomy. 10. Marine Gasteropoda. Jos. Lerpy, M. D., Ch’n, S. R. Rozerts, Ch’n,
EK. D. Cops, C. F. Parker,
S. B. Howe tt, M. D. JOHN Forp.
5. Cephalopoda, Pteropoda and 11. Marine Acephala. Brachiopoda. T. A. Conrad, Ch’n,
S. B. Howe, M. D., Ch’n, Joun 8. PHILLIPS,
T. A. Conrad, -Samu. Lewis, M. D.
Gro. W. Tryon, JR.
6. Terrestrial Mollusca, (non- 12. Paleontology. operculate.) T. A. Conrad, Ch’n,
Wm. G. BINNEY, W. M. Gass,
C. F. Parker, K. D. Cope.
C. W. PEALE.
13. Lectures and Prizes.
JosEPH Leipy, M. D., Ch’n, W.S. W. RuscHEenBereer, M. D., Isaac Lia.
196 AMERICAN JOURNAL
ON A NEW CALIFORNIAN HELICOID LAND SHELL. BY J. G. COOPER, M.D.
DapaLocuita Harrorpi1aNna, Cooper.—Plate 17, fig. 8.
Sp. ch. D. testa levi, discoidea, planulata, translucente, luteo- cornea; anfr. 6, superne planatis, lente accrescentibus, ult. an- tice breviter deflexo; umbilico lato, ad apicem pervio, anfr. 5- monstrante ; apert. obliqua, lunato-ovali; perist. superne de- presso, albo, incrassato, dentibus duobus inflectis, uno supra medium parietis externi, altero basali; marginibus callo valido junctis; dente crasso triangulari in medio parietis interni, ob- lique inflecto, subhorizontaliter sito; diam. maj. 0-40, min. 0°35, alt. 0-16 cent. poll. Angl.
Animal albidum, dorso tentaculisque oculiferis nigris, pede longo postice cuneiformi.
Hab.—Fresus County, California, in sylvis Big Trees dictis, alt. 6500 ped. Angl. supra mare, lat. 87° N. Invenit beatus W. G. W. Harford.
Specific characters.—Shell smooth, discoid, flattened, translu- cent, yellowish corneous ; whorls six, flat above, slowly increas- ing, the last a little deflexed near the end; umbilicus broad, pervious to the apex, showing five whorls; aperture oblique, lunate-oval; peristome depressed, white, thickened, with two in- flected teeth, one above the middle of the external wall, the other basal; margin joined by a thick callus; a strong triangu- lar tooth on the middle of the body-whorl ; obliquely inflected and nearly horizontal ; diam. maj. ete.
Animal white, the ee and eye-bearing tentacles black, foot long, posteriorly wedge-shaped. Remarks.—This is the first of the genus found in California,
and is very interesting in many particulars. Above and be- neath it almost exactly resembles D. polygyrella, Bld. and Cp.,
OF CONCHOLOGY. 197
excepting a flatter and smoother upper surface, one whorl less, and a slightly narrower umbilicus. It has, however, no trace of internal teeth, as proved by an immature specimen; the parietal tooth differs in form, and it has two labial teeth situated as in Triodopsis. These connect it with D. Behrii, Gabb, of Guay- mas, which has only five whorls, stronger teeth and a non-pervi- ous umbilicus, showing but 14 whorls.
The animal does not differ externally from that of Trtodopsis loricata from the same region, except that this is black.
The great altitude at which this is found is remarkable for the genus, as snow falls there several feet deep. It is interesting also in connection with the occurrence of the allied polygyrella in lat. 47° and alt. about 3000 feet. Its chief distribution is probably more southern, as only two were found, one immature.
198 AMERICAN JOURNAL
DESCRIPTIONS OF THREE NEW SPECIES OF SHELLS. BY JOHN WOLF.
VERTIGO TRIDENTATA, Wolf. Plate 17, fig. 1.
Description.—Shell narrowly ovate, amber-colored, highly polished; whorls 5, smooth, with three teeth in the mouth, one on the middle of the lower lip and one on each side, forming a a regular triangle.
Canton, Illinois.
Abundant in shady copses on green weeds, climbing as high as three feet from the ground. I collected 12,000 from standing weeds and not one from the ground, although it was searched well to find them.
PYRGULA SCALARIFORMIS, Wolf. Plate 17, fig. 3.
Description.—Shell turrited, slender ; whorls 6, chalky white ; suture deeply impressed ; carinate its entire length on the lower edge of the whorls; mouth small, ovate, but slightly connected with the last whorl. Length ths of an inch.
Post Pliocene: abundant on the Tazewell shore of the Illinois River.
This is the first American species of the genus. LimngeA TAZEWELLIANA, Wolf. Plate 17, fig. 2.
Description.—Shell turrited, slender; whorls 7, convex; su- ture deeply impressed, umbilicate; mouth elliptical, small. Length 3 of an inch.
Post Pliocene, Tazewell side, Illinois River.
Allied to L. caperata, Say, but more slender and turrited.
OF CONCHOLOGY. 199
NOTES ON WEST COAST LAND SHELLS.
Not. EE: BY J. G@. COOPER, M. D.
The last article by me on this subject, published in Vol. IV, Part 4, p. 211, gave a sketch of the distribution of Helicoid land shells as known to me up to August, 1868, with some notes on other relations of the species.*
I now propose to give such additional information on all the land shells as has accumulated since the writing of previous articles.
My synopsis in the Proc. Cal. Acad. Sciences, Sept., 1867, gave 50 species of Helicoid shells west of the Rocky Mountains, between latitudes 49° and 35° north. I can now add two new species from Nevada and Utah, two from California (one of a new genus), two more new to this State, and also define five well-marked varieties or subspecies. The recent annexation of Alaska has also added one or two to the west-coast fauna, besides a Vitrina and a Zua, first enumerated as such by R. E. C. Stearns in the Proc. Cal. Acad. ili, 884, and published May, 1868. <A new Californian Leucocheila is also indicated.
The measurements here given are in hundredths of an inch, as in my Synopsis.
Additions to the west-coast list since 1867 have their names printed in small capitals.
With respect to the classification of mollusca by characters derived wholly from their soft parts or the internal organs, [ may remark that too much importance seems to be attached to
* Previous papers by me, relating to them, are, the “ Geographical Catalogue of West Coast Mollusca,” April, 1867, and others in Proc. Cal. Acad. Sciences, vol. ii, pp. 62, 259, 294, 331.
+ The map accompanying the article on Distribution in Vol. IV was engraved without my seeing a proof, and the artist has omitted most of the reference marks given in the explanation on p.238. A close attention to the account of localities, etc., will, however, generally make up for this unfortunate omission.
200 AMERICAN JOURNAL
their being herbivorous, carnivorous or omnivorous, as shown by the lingual dentition or jaws, since it is well known that these divisions are characteristic chiefly of the higher animals of each class. Many land species feed on fungi which are nearly as much animal as vegetable in nature, and nearly all devour each other when starving.
As to the caudal mucous gland, it is certainly of much less importance than the shell, and if made the basis of some family divisions, why not found all the families on the mucous glandular system only ?
Succinea Stretehiana, Bland. Specimens found by Harford and Dunn at Clark’s Ranch, near the forks of Merced river, Mariposa Co., at 4270 feet elevation, are more elongated than the type figured, resembling small specimens of Oregonensis, Lea. Its first discovery west of the Sierra Nevada.
Suceinea Silimani, Bland. Found at Stockton by Mr. Dunn, and at Marsh’s Ranch, east of Mt. Diablo, by Mr. Rowell, not rare. Small ones are very like S. NMuttalliana, Lea, which has before been reported from San Joaquin valley. Before found only at Humboldt Lake.
Succinea lineata, W. G. Binney. Bleached specimens from near Salt Lake City found by Dr. Beraz, cannot be distinguished in form from the above, but show no spiral lines. They are un- commonly heavy.
VITRINA PELLUCIDA, Mill. ?
Whorls 3, greenish, spire more elevated, but base flatter than in V. Pfeiffert ; diam. 0°20, axis 0-05, alt. 0-075. Lower and broader than V. angelice or limpida.
Specimens brought from Ounalaska by Mr. Harford differ as above from both the western form and the eastern V. limpida. Although smaller than most Kuropean specimens, they appear to agree otherwise, and Middendorff gives that species as circum- polar (Sibiriens Reise, pp. 273—308, 1851). He also mentions Succinea putris, but no species of the genus has been found in Alaska recently. According to Morch, he includes S. Gren- landica.*
Vitrina Pfetfferi, Newe. Has been found by Mr. C. D. Voy in Shasta Valley, Siskigon Co., and in Klamath Co., at 6000
feet elevation on Coast Mts. Also by Mr. Harford at Big Tree Meadows, Mariposa and Fresno counties, about 6500 feet high.
* This Journal, iv, p. 31.
OF CONCHOLOGY. 201
Binneya notabils, Cp. The colored copies of Mr. Tryon’s Monograph represent the white mucous summer envelope as colored, instead of the figure of the animal in motion. I madea careful colored drawing of it when alive, which may yet be pub- lished.
Hyalina arborea, Say? Given in the Geograph. Catal., but accidentally omitted in the Synopsis. : Numerous specimens found by Harford and Dunn at Clark’s Ranch differ from New York examples only in being slightly higher, and flatter beneath, but the range of variation in this species is enough to include them. I found a few in rotten stumps west of Johnson’s Pass, lat. 39°, at an elevation of 3650 to 5000 feet (this Journal, iv, p- 226), but confounded them with H. Breweri, supposing the difference due to difference of station, the latter living on sticks In open swamps.
Hyalina Breweri, Newe. Specimens found by me at Hunter’s Point, San Francisco Co., differ from the types from near Lake Taho only in being smaller and flatter. Having found them in- side dead shells of A. arrosa, I suspect that they sometimes de- vour the dead animals of the large species. The Binneya, hav- ing a shell like Yestacella, may also be found hereafter in dead snail shells.*
Conulus fulvus, Drap.? The specimens brought by Harford from Ounalaska and Sitka were referred by Stearns to this in- stead of C. chersinus, Say, supposing them the same. Midden- dorf also calls it cireumpolar, but I have none for comparison.
PSEUDOHYALINA MazaTuAnica, Pfeiff. (Tryon.)
Whorls 4, larger, smoother and less elevated than P. conspecta, Bld. Diam. 0°10, axis 0°03. (The larger diameter given by me in the Synopsis belongs to this species.) My attention was first called to the difference in the two by Rev. J. Rowell. Both occur together in rotten oak stumps near San Francisco (Lone Mountain).
Ps. milium, Morse. Pronounced identical with his species by Mr. Morse, though I could not detect “revolving grooves” in our specimen with the highest magnifiers.
*Hyalina pura, Alder, is given by Middendorf as circumpolar, but the species has not yet been detected in Alaska as far as known. Vallonia pulchella, Miill., is also given by him, perhaps confounding V. menuta, Say, from the American side. The minute circumpolar genera may have migrated from one continent to the other, but the higher Helicoids of the temperate zone could not, during the present forms of the continents.
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PATULA RUDERATA, Studer ?
Whorls 4, dark corneous brown, subdepressed, umbil. moderate, growth-ribs strong; diam. 0-20, height 0°12. Narrower than P. striatella, much rougher, and higher in proportion; umbil. narrower and color darker. Specimens from Ounalaska, brought by Harford, were referred doubtfully to this species, which is given by Middendorf as Siberian. They differ from Gould's “H. pauper” of Japan, which he supposes to be the Siberian ‘“‘ruderata,” but I have none of the latter for comparison.
P. striatella, Anth. The elevation given in my Synopsis as 0:15 should be 0:10. P. Cronkhitet, Newe., found only near Klamath Lake and Mt. Shasta, is more strongly ribbed, flatter, and almost subcarinate in the periphery.
** Hetix HaybDeENII,” Gabb (this Journal, v, p. 24), appears from the description to be of the same group as Ldahoensis (Anguispira?). ‘Helix Hemphillii,’’ Newe., allied to Coopert, has, I learn, been lately described from White Pine, Nev.
AMMONITELLA YATESII, Cp.
The figures in Amer. Jour. of Conchology (vol. iv, part 4, pl. 18, f. 1, 2, 3) are incorrect in being reversed, having been copied from the necessarily reversed drawing made by me on wood. The smaller one is also distorted, and the enlarged one of the mouth made angular instead of uniformly rounded.
Another dead specimen has been received from the same cave
by Mr. H. P. Carlton.
Genus HELIX, Linn.
Although H. and A. Adams, like others, give pomatia as the type of this genus, it cannot strictly be considered so since the division of the Linnean genus, unless he used it as such in some work published before 1760, for the Systema Naturz makes the first section of the genus consist of species ‘‘ angulated on both sides”’ (including Planorbis and such forms). That genus hav- ing been previously named by Guettard, must be eliminated, and then the first terrestrial species described is H. cornu-militare, which thus becomes the type of the genus. It has been put in Helicogena, Fer., Eurycratera, Beck, and Liostoma, Sw. (teste Jay’s Cat.), but the law of priority seems to demand its restora- tion to the head of the genus and family.*
* Since writing the above I have received this Journal, Vol. iv, Part 4, in which my inquiry, “‘ What is the type of Helix?” is partly answered by Mr. Tryon by saying that in the 12th Ed. of the Syst. Nat. the first species under Helzx belongs to Scarabus, the second is lapzcida. He
OF CONCHOLOGY. 203
To use Helix for all Helicoid species collectively, as is done now by many even eminent authors, is quite inadmissible by the rules of scientific nomenclature, even when the vast group thus included is divided into numerous subgenera. These should pro- perly be called genera, at least in most cases, even when the differences depend only on characters of the shells.
If some one having the authorities at command will publish a table of all the generic names ever given to them, with the date of each, and name of first species, or of any other specified as type, itis probable that nearly all may yet become of use in making classifications or arranging cabinets. Our species cer- tainly do not belong to Helix, and it is necessary to use some other generic names for them. For Aglaia (thrice preoccupied) H. and A. Adams use Lysinoe, of which the type seems to be L. Ghiesbreghti, Nyst, of Mexico, very much like fidelis.
Arionta (arbustorum), though differing from the nearest allied of our species in its contracted mouth and want of rough sculp- ture, is near enough to be used for them until distinctions are. found in the animals.
At the time of writing the Synopsis of West Coast Helicoid Land Shells, I had not seen Morch’s articles in the Journal de Conchyliologie for 1865.~ Mr. Bland has called my attention to them, and I find that my mode of grouping the species is con- firmed by that eminent authority, whose remarks I quote as briefly as is consistent with the nature of the subject:
‘‘Ist. The form of the lip is important chiefly as a generic character. The teeth are specific only (but form good subgenera among American species).
“2d. The umbilicus, very variable according to the shell’s age, has scarcely even a specific value.
“3d. The color, number, and position of the bands have, con- trary to all expectation, a systematic and generic value of the pa rank, being always in relation with the form of the jaws and
arts.’’*
then says that Lamarck’s first Planorbis is an Ampullaria, apparently forgetting that Guettard founded the genus before Linneus, who merged it in Helv. This, therefore, does not prevent us from adopting the first terrestrial Helzw of Linn. as the type, whether given in the 12th Ed. or previously. Unfortunately I cannot refer either to his Museum Ulrice or to Hanley’s Linn. Conch., which may clear it up. Even his first writ- ings in which the name Helix occurs may have to be consulted to settle the point.
* Morch finds the angled, umbilicated Chzlotrema lapicida closely allied to the 3—4-banded, sometimes hirsute and angled group of Campylea eongulata, trigona, setosa, ete., which seem very like our Angudspira?2 soletarva, Coopert, and strigosa. ‘ Lapiccda sometimes has four bands like its allies.” It is not very distantly related to.A. arbustorwm, but less nearly to Hygromea rufescens, &c.
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No laws of climatology will account for all the differences ob- servable in the various forms I include in these two genera. Pale or colorless specimens may be caused by deficient food or moist- ure, and dwarfs or thin shells by cold or absence of lime; but we find ours, though nearly allied, preserving their characters under the same circumstances where several live in the same lo- cality. The following table gives at one view the several species and varieties, with their chief characteristics, differing from the Synopsis only as more recent examinations require amendments. Explanatory notes follow, giving the reasons for these amend- ments. The Sections were first used by me in the article in Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. 1866, p. 259, and correspond to the Groups of the Synopsis, 1867, p. 331.
In all our Artontas I have examined I find 4—6 ribs on the jaw, as in arbustorwm (Albers). In Lysinoe mormonum and facta
I find 8!
LYSINOE. §A (= Gr. XIII). § B (= Gr. XIV). Shining, smooth, or with re- Young hirsute and subangled, volving grooves; band usually | adult often rounded, grooves light-margined. faint or none, bands hidden in a. Whorls 7 to 8, colors | YOURS, obsolete in No. 9. mostly dark. a. Whorls 6 to 64, dark. 1. L. fidelis, Gray. 9. L. infumata, Gld. 2. L. Dupetithouarsi, Desh. 10. L. seqguotecola, Cp. 3. L. Ayresiana, Newe. — 11. L. mormonum, Pf.
b. Whorls 5—61, paler, band $2: do, Hillebrandt, Newe. often single in No. 7. 4. L. Traskii, Newe. 5. L. Remondii, Tryon ? 6. L. rufocincta, Newe. ho io eis eisai ; 2, pale. Ae ke Aret 2) BAN, NOME, slog, a, Bgaoattee New!
facta, Newe. 14, L. (var. ?) Lohrit, Gabb. Whorls 44.
L. Remondii, Tryon (type).
OF CONCHOLOGY. 205
ARIONTA. § C0 (=Gr. X and XI). Si Gras): Dull brown or yellow, rugose, Brownish or variegated,
wrinkled or malleated, band | smooth, with revolving grooves, pale-margined in young, often | band single, often obscure or single in adult. none in adult; subimperforate.
a. Whorls 7 (6 in No. 2).
1. A. arrosa, Gld. 2. A. (var. ?) arboretorum, Val. oA. eraratd, PE: a. Whorls 5 to 6. 4, A.? Diabloensis, Cp. 14. A. Kellettii, Fbs. b. Whorls 5 to 61. 1D. As (var. Z )Stearnsiana Gabb
dD. A. Nickliniana, Lea. 16. A. ea, W. G. B. 6. A. (var. ?) Bridges, Newc. 17. A. (var. t) crebristriata, T. A. (var. 7) nemorivaga, Val. Newe. 8. A. ramentosa, Gld. 18. A. Carpenteri, Newc. 9. A. (var. ?) reticulata, Pf. 19. A. Tryoni, Newe. 10. A. tudiculata, Binn. 11. A. Californiensis, Lea. 12. A. (var. ?) vincta, Val. A. (var.?) redimita, Binn.
LYSINOE, H. & A. Adams.*
L. Traskii, Newe.? A dwarfed, very thin variety, showing want of lime and heat, was found common by Harford and Dunn last year between 5000 and 6000 feet elevation, in Mariposa Co. It has but 43 whorls, and diam. 0°75, axis 0:30 inch, but the form and faint revolving grooves distinguish the species, es- pecially from other specimens of A. tudiculata of similar size found with these, while the light corneous hue and height in- dicate that it is not L. mormonum. It may be a thin northern variety of LZ. Remondii, but does not agree with the specimens determined as Carpentert by Dr. Newcomb, though I am in- formed by Mr. Harford that Dr. Newcomb calls these by that name. In flattened spire and rounded base many of them ap- proach nearer to L? Rowelli or Lohri.
L. Remonpu, Tryon.
This is to be added to our fauna if the specimens from the peninsula and San Diego are really the same as the Guaymas
* Several authors describe L. fidelis as red-banded, but the band is really black, with red or yellow margins, that above often masked by the pale color of the upper surface.
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shell. The larger size and possession of one to two more whorls make it, however, somewhat doubtful, as we find the number usually very constant in dwarfs of other species. The type is much more globose than the form of Traskii (2) just mentioned.
LL. Mormonum, Pf. The bristle-marks seen on the first whorls in young specimens of this shell are not always perceptible, even in those living. I have, however, found some with both these and fine revolving grooves as in most others of § A. It con- nects this with § B, not only by the bristles but by the angled form of many specimens, running into L. Hillebrandi, L. infu- mata, Gld. The angled and black specimens of fidelis found at Humboldt Bay are probably hybrids with this, as Mr. Gabb has found it there. (Vol. IV, p. 224, note.)
L. ? Rowell, Newe. Ihave removed this from Group XII, placing it donbtfully in § B, as the type showed only faint marks of bristles which were possibly erosions, and Mr. Gabb in Vol. IV, p. 235, contradicts his statement made in Vol. III, p. 286, that the shell of Léhrii shows “ minute punctations, as if the live shell were hirsute,” because he has since “seen fresh speci- mens.’ Yet both statements may be correct, as in LZ. mormo- num the bristle-marks are visible only in very young or quite unworn shells. L. ? Lohrii may be the peninsular representative of Lowellit, which was more probably from Sonora, Mex., than ** Arizona,’ thus removing both from the proper Californian list. They seem to be the subcarinate allies of the forms of Remondit, found living with or near them, although varying from the simi- lar instances observed in § B, a, in relation with § A, a, 0.
ARIONTA, Leach.
A. arrosa, Gld. The var. 8. of W. G. Binney (Proc. Philad. Acad. N. 8., Oct., 1857,) is only a dwarfed form, common on the cold treeless peninsula of San Francisco, and still smaller in dry localities in Napa Co., having the typical seven whorls but proportionally more elevated. ‘The form mentioned by me in a foot note to the ‘* West Coast Helicoids,” as resembling Pomatia in form, and in this Journal, vol. IV, p. 222, as approaching tudiculata, deserves more special mention.
It appears to be the form figured by Valenciennes and copied by W. G. Binney, as Helix arboretorum, which has usually been considered a var. of Nickliniana. ‘The figure is brownish-yellow, dotted as if malleate or indented, and seems umbilicate; band single, diam. 1:05, axis 0°68, alt. 0-92, (I give both the avis of the spire, and the altitude of apex above the general plane of the base, as these differ in many species, and it is often difficult
OF CONCHOLOGY. 207
to know which the author means by “ height,’’ in descriptions). The Mendocino specimens are much larger, but similarly shaped and swollen in the body whorl. Some measure, diam. 1:20, axis 0-70, alt. 0-90.
Dr. Newcomb, in this Journal, I, p. 545, gives four “ varieties of Nickhiniana,”’ of which a seems to be this, though it may be a hybrid of the two species, (‘from Santa Cruz Co.’ "yet GELS
varieties, 6. and d, are perhaps the true NWickliniana and var. nemorwaga to be mentioned hereafter.
A. exarata, Pf., 1857. Specimens obtained by H. P. Carlton near the head of §. F. Bay in damp meadows, are nearly all damaged by the annual fires, but good ones differ from those of Santa Cruz in being smoother, and the wrinkles more recticulate, lips less developed and color paler, agreeing well with Pfeiffer’s description. I collected specimens in the same locality in 1855, which may have been Pfeiffer’s types, perhaps sent through Mr. Bland. So little were the west coast forms then known that my father could only consider them, from published descriptions, a var. of L. Dupetithouarsi !
A subfossil specimen found by Mr. Rowell near Cape Men- docino, is apparently of this species, and though of good size has only 6 whorls, the number found in a very small fossil specimen . from Santa Cruz. I have one from the latter place of uncom- mon large size, (the extreme given in my Synopsis), which may be a hybrid between this and A. arrosa, being also darker colored than usual.
A.? Diabloensis. This form, named by me in this Journal, IV, p. 221, still remains unique, though I have young specimens from “the crossing of the Salinas river, Monterey Co., which look like it. Its resemblance to L. mormonum makes its posi- tion uncertain, and it may prove a hybrid.
A. Nickliniana, Lea, 1839. “ Whorls 5, umbilicus small, yellowish-brown, band single, granulated; diam. 0°90, alt 0-70 inch.” These are the essential characters of Lea’s description, which was probably intended to represent the average size of his specimens, but his figure is much larger, having diam. 1-05, axis 0-58, alt. 0°70. Tryon’s figure, probably from the same specimen, measures the same, but he gives the size in the text as in Lea’s description, adding one whorl (6), the number five being undoubtedly an error. I think that the figures and de- scriptions belong to the marked varieties, of which the smaller may be called
C. nemorivaga, Val. Itis represented in Dr. Binney’s plate as
208 AMERICAN JOURNAL
the typical Micklintana, and is the commoner form near San Francisco, nearly or quite imperforate, yellowish or brown, diam. (of Val’s. figure) 0-90, axis 0.55, alt..0-70, whorls 52; pale margins of the band usually visible.
Dr. Newcomb considered this the typical form, in describing H. Bridgesii and his var. a, ‘ double the normal size.’’ Others are intermediate between this and the large var., while one from Napa Co. measures only diam. 0°58, axis 0-48. The large var. is rare near 8. F. Bay, and the best I have seen were from Bodega, where Nuttall probably obtained the type in 1835, as he sailed along the coast in a trading vessel, touching at the few points then inhabited by white men.
C. Bridgesti, Newe., 1861. Differs from the larger form of Nickliniana figured by Lea and Tryon, only in being “ grayish corneous, thinner, band broader, umbil. wider (?); diam. 1-00, alt. 0-73.” Tryon’s figure, though “ from a type,’’ is smaller, diam. 1-00, alt. 0-62, but seems the same. It is the variety found east of 8. F. Bay, in a warmer and drier climate than the type. Dr. Newcomb compares it to ramentosa, which seems to hybridize with it but is quite distinct. The sculpture is similar but fainter, and like Lea’s type it may be called “ granulated.’’ The wrin- kled epidermis found in many specimens of Wickliniana from near the coast, seems caused by a thickening of the surface ob- scuring the normal reticulate granulation, which is usually found on the upper whorls and in young specimens. I mentioned it in the Synopsis as a specific character of Mickliniana, but it is not constant, and the types do not seem to have shown it. Var. Bridgesti always shows the pale margins to band.
A. ramentosa, Gld., 1856. The typical small form, figured by Tryon, with 53 whorls, is found chiefly on Mare Island, near Benicia.* Some specimens show two narrow dark lines above and two below the pale margined band. Those from southward of there are larger, with one more whorl but the same form. Those approaching Bridges? are much more elevated.
C. reticulata, Pf.,1857. This is doubtless merely a thickened variety in which the band becomes single, the pale margins dis- appearing, and the file-sculpture stronger. ‘The color is de- scribed as yellowish, that of ramentosa reddish, but intermediate shades are found, the thinnest being darkest, as in the varieties of Micklintana. Yates has brought specimens from Mission Peak, Alameda Co. exactly like reticulata but larger, together with numerous typical ramentosa. Mr. Carlton, however, dis-
* Dr. Newcomb sent Gould the types from Benicia.
OF CONCHOLOGY. 209 covered a small colony on the “ Potreso,” a point four miles from San Francisco, and on the west side of the bay, which may have furnished the type of this form, being small and exhibiting its characters more or less strongly.
A. tudiculata, Binn., 1843. This species, the only one in the Sierra Nevada, has great extremes of variation in size, oc- clusion of umbilicus and elevation, but the normal number of whorls, 54, with more or less of the malleated sculpture, are always perceptible. Those found by Voy, in Nevada Co., at about 3500 ft. elevation, measure, diam. 0°86, axis 0-42. Ex- cept in being slightly malleate instead of reticulated, they are scarcely distinguishable from the specimens of ramentosa from the Potreso near San Francisco. A few of a still smaller varie- ty, with the umbilicus nearly closed, were found by Harford and Dunn with the dwarf Z. Frankii in the mountains of Mari- posa; diam. 0°70, alt. 0°38. This form still has 54 whorls and approaches nearer Carpentert as described, than the other form found there though still far smaller and lower in proportion, without revolving grooves.
In explanation of the reference of this species to the Columbia river in my father’s report on the shells in Pacific R. R. Rept., vol. XII, part 2, 1859, I think poor specimens of arrosa were found by me near Santa Clara, Cal., in 1855, which might easily have been mistaken for the former, the description of the latter (subnom. eruginosa) not having been seen. Dr. Gould himself apparently confounded them at first, as he gives tudzculata as collected in ‘“‘ Oregon,” by the U. 8. Expl. Exped., which did not explore this coast south of Monterey, though possibly they might have found it in the Northern Sierra Nevada. (Brit. As- soc. Rept. 1856, p. 211). In his description of eruginosa he points out the differences between the two, (Feb. 1855).
A. Californiensis, Lea., 1839. The original type figured is evidently not the Monterey shell, but the northern form men- tioned by me in this Journal, IV, p. 222, 224, and referred by Dr. Newcomb to Californiensis before he saw the Monterey form. lLea’s figure measures, diam. 0°85, axis 0°50, alt. 0-60. The description gives diam. 0-70, alt. 0°60, but as in Miekliniana was apparently drawn from a smaller specimen than that fig- ured, and not very accurately measured either. It is rare near San Francisco Bay and extends north to Klamath Co., (Voy.)
A. vincta, Val. This is the Monterey shell, which seems to have been considered a more perfect form of the preceding by the Binneys, who figure it under that name. It is much more convex above and below, measuring, diam. 0:90, axis 0-60, alt.
15
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0-80. Many specimens even appear higher than wide, which is not the case with any other of the group. Whorls 5 to 53.
A. redimita? W.G. Binn., 1857. This form connects the last with var. nemorivaga, Val., differing from both in being ob- liquely depressed, so that the mouth approaches the horizontal position, and from the last in being quite imperforate and the band not edged with paler color. Whorls 6, imperforate, thin, granu- lated, reddish-brown, body-whorl swollen ; diara. 0-80, axis 0°48, alt. 0-55, are the essential characters of the description. I have found the most typical specimens at Santa Cruz, but 5} is the usual number of whorls. It perhaps ought to be considered rather a var. of Micklintana, as it was by Dr. Binney, but that is always perforate.
A similar variety of erebristriata, Newc., is found on Clemente I., being in fact the thin form of which the thick, rough, and obscurely banded types are an extreme. Mr. Binney in letters identified this with redimita, but it has the spire more or less mottled and the faint revolving grooves usually perceptible. *
The nine forms included in § C, 4, are thus seen to graduate insensibly into each other excepting tudiculata, which, however, has varieties imitating nearly all the others. They approach nearer Arionta arbustorum than § C, a, which have more of the form of Lysinoe, with the colors and sculpture of the others. I find their jaws agree with that of Arionta, but each distinct.
The locality, ‘* San Diego,” given by Dr. Lea for Californi- ensis and Nicklintana, was 10 more incorrect than many others furnished by Nuttall, but may in part have arisen from his having found imperfect specimens of SCellettéi and tudieulata, these, which at that time would naturally be considered varieties of the more perfect shells from near San Francisco Bay. Dr. Binney gives ‘ Sacramento river, U. 8. Expl. Exped.,” with
Jickliniana, but the only species found near its banks are ra- mentosa and tudieulata.
A. Kellettii, Fbs., 1850. Forbes’ locality “San Juan del Fuaco,” (see Brit. Assoc. Rept., 1856, p. 239), confounded by some with the Straits of Juan de Fuca, and by others with a
* As Mr. Binney insists on the identity of redzmzta with the shell from Clemente Island, although I am not fully satisfied of it, there is no need of retaining the name for the San Francisco form, so called, as the latter is scarcely a variety of nemorivaga, Val., and both are forms of the true Californiensis, Lea, which I have recently found living within the city limits. All three are distinguished from Nicklincana by the character mentioned, although some come very near it, and, if united, Calzfornzensis has priority.
San Francisco, Feb. 7, 1870.
OF CONCHOLOGY. 911
San Juan in Central America, near Lake Nicaraugua. Many other localities given by Kellett and Wood were confused, as “* H. Pandore and aspersa, Sta Barbara.’’ The latter, I am told by Dr. Newcomb, was obtained at the Sandwich Is., where it is naturalized. H. Pandore is also credited to “San Juan del Fuaco,’’ which makes it probable that the place of that name near Cape St. Lucas, lat. 26° 5’, was the locality, as the latter species is confined to the peninsula. Forbes’ figure also repre- sents a small, highly colored form, quite different from that of the northern shell, and indicating a southern habitat. A con- siderable range of variation is seen in those from the various localities it is known to inhabit.
A. intercisa, W. G. Binn. As this species probably came from San Miguel Island, it is very possible that erebristriata, Newe., from Clemente I., is but a variety of it, both being scarcely more than extreme local varieties of Kellettii, growing abnormal toward the north. ‘This is shown by many specimens of crebristriata being thin and faintly sculptured, when they show a mottled coloring like the latter. Small ones have been called redimita by W. G. Binney, but differ in this coloring and in having but 5} instead of 6 whorls. It is much more likely that the latter was from the more often visited region of Nickliniana, near 8. F. Bay.
A. Tryoni, Newe. This, although put by some in another genus, is too near Kellettit to be properly separated.
In my Synopsis, the phrase ‘“‘{. Colors light, often palest below. Inhabit dry or treeless regions, lat. 32° to 86°,” should have included Group XII, just mentioned, as well as the first part of Group XIII, (here made § A, 6.) They resemble that section also in sculpture, but their affinity is plainly with Ardonta, as indicated by form and band, though approaching the sub- tropical group of the peninsula referred by various authors to Euparypha and Polymita. I have retained Carpenteri, Newe., in this section with doubt, on account of the Joss of the type and the imperfection or disagreement of specimens identified with it by Dr. Newcomb.
It appears that Ferussac and Deshayes (Hist. des Moll., I, p- 216,) considered one or more of the Californian species a mere variety of A. arbustorum! (Binney, Bibliog. part I, p. 143.) Other Europeans have done the same.
MISODON, Raf.
Although so generally adopted, the diagnosis of this genus by the author in 1831—“ differs from Helix by lower lip with a
212 AMERICAN JOURNAL
tooth ’’—if applied to any North American species, would not ap- ply to M. ? profunda, Say, which has such a tooth or tubercle, because, as Mr. Tryon points out in this Journ. IV, p. 175, Mesodon could not have an umbilicus, for ‘‘ Odomphium differs in having an ombilic.” His type, JZ. maculatum, judging from the name, was spotted, variegated, or by a stretch of the term, striped, and the only species having stripes and no umbilicus found “in Kentucky ”’ is multilineata, Say, which may then be adopted as the type of the genus.
But he had previously made a genus Odotropis (toothed whorl) which had ‘lip reflected, umbilicus covered, tooth upon colu- mella,’’ (meaning paries, as is evident from his description of Triodopsis). Although without a type mentioned, it is plain that this could apply only to the evoleta group among Kentucky species.
I adopted the name as including H.? devia, at first as a section of Mesodon, Auct., to include those with a parietal tooth and a tooth or tubercle on the lower lip also, near the trwe colu- mella, being satisfied, like Mérch, that these teeth were chiefly specific or subgeneric characters only. I am now pretty well satisfied that it ought to take precedence of Mesodon as a gene- ric name, having twelve years priority; and should of course include many toothless or umbilicate Eastern species, for which, however, Mesodon, Odomphium, and perhaps Trophodon, of same date, may become subgenera.
I was wrong, however, in adopting “‘umbilicus covered” as a character of devia, though my specimen had it so; for the spe- cies is usually umbilicate, showing the uncertainty of this character even as a specific mark.
I did not include Zownsendiana in the same genus in the Geog. Catalogue, because it shows in the shell much affinity to Arionta, through arrosa, anachoreta, etc., and has even been put unhesitatingly in that genus by Europeans, though differing so much from A. arbustorum. I now incline to think that it should be put in Odotropis, and that the surface characters linking it with the more southern Artontas are merely similative, Just as we find the latter simulating or approaching Polymita as they come from nearer its region of habitat.
O. ? anachoreta, W.G. Binn. ‘This can scarcely be the band- less variety of arrosa, as suspected by Tryon, for it has one whorl less (6), and specimens of arrosa quite as small have 7 ; the lip also seems broader in proportion, like that of Dr. New- comb’s var. ce of Nickliniana from Klamath Co., ‘‘ without band, umbilicus closed, not malleated ; lip broadly expanded.”’ ‘This
OF CONCHOLOGY. ie
cannot be the same, but Mr. Rowell’s specimens from “ Oregon ” agree very well with anachoreta, and Dr. Newcomb’s is either an extreme variety or a new species, I cannot say which, having none of either form to compare.
“HT. pedestris,’ Gould, 1846 (animal excl.), wrongly credited to New South Wales, but in “ Otia,” p. 243, made a synonym of Townsendiana, describes a small variety almost of the size and proportions of anachoreta. It may do for the var. of the former without wrinkles.
APLODON, Raf. In my “ West Coast Heliccid Land Shells” I considered this
also a subgenus of Odotropis, as it was formed in the same year, having supposed that the type A. nodosum was H. ? monodon, var. Leazi, which appears to answer the description of both genus and species. The genus, “‘aperture rounded, columella with a single tooth, umbilicated,’’ was thus contrasted with Stenotrema, which had been just described, and of which the type S. convez- um (= H. stenotrema, Fer., two years later) nearly resembles monodon externally. A. nodosum has ‘‘ 3 [upper] whorls em- ‘bossed, lightly wrinkled concentrically beneath,” the ‘‘ emboss- ing” referring to the tubercles left by the bristles in worn spe- cimens, and the ‘concentric’ wrinkles probably meaning ra- diating growth lines.
H. monodon has been until lately considered a close ally of Columbiana, but the discovery of an internal ‘ fulcrum” in Stenotrema,* also found in monodon, has induced many to put it in that genus in spite of its wider mouth. If this character is to be the essential one of the genus (which is very improbable), Columbiana cannot be congeneric with monodon, nor germana either, according to Bland’s testimony. The two forms so named by me as inhabiting this State both seem to want the fulcrum, but otherwise appear distinct, a few only being found intermedi- ate as in other groups.
If the name Aplodon is not wanted for the monodon group, it may do for the bristly section of Odotropis to which Columbiana seems to belong.
A. Columbianus, Lea (Cp.) Many large typical specimens brought from Sitka by Mr. Harford have the animal uniform
* Raf. altered this to Stenostoma in 1819 and 1831, having used the for- mer name in 1815 differently.—Binney’s Bibliography, ii, 283.
214 AMERICAN JOURNAL
smoky-black like ours. The jaw is strongly arched, with eight broad ribs.f
Very thin and nearly smooth ones have been found near An- tioch, at the junction of the San Joaquin and Sacramento rivers, with Arvionta ramentosa, the most eastern point for both.
Some found near San Francisco have a parietal tooth, but the lip and umbilicus are so unlike the next that they are easily distinguished.
A. ? germanus, Gld. (Cp.) A few typical specimens have been found lately by Harford and Dunn, near the Columbia river.
Triodopsis loricata, Gld. Harford and Dunn found large ones at Clark’s Ranch, Mariposa Co., 4000 feet alt., thus extending its southern range in the Sierra Nevada to lat. 38° 30’, the same as on the coast. |
Mr. C. J). Voy has connected its range in the two mountain chains by discovering it at Shasta City, lat. 40° 37’, on the Sacramento river, which may be one locality of its discovery by the U. S. Expl. Exped. as given by Gould. The northern and eastern form is, however, much larger than the type, and this probably came from 8. F. Bay, the same place as Lecontii of Lea, so that it 1s scarcely allowable to use this for the small form only.
DADALOCHEILA.
One perfect dead specimen, and one immature, but living, found by Harford and Dunn “at the Big Trees of Fresno Co.,” 5000 to 9000 feet above the sea, are the foundation for adding another genus to our fauna, as well as a new species. It is nearest allied to D. Behrii, Gabb, of Guaymas, but differs from that and most others in its perspective umbilicus, and in the want of pits over the labial teeth. In form, size and umbilicus it closely resembles the polygyrella of Montana, thus curiously connecting that anomalous species with Dedalocheila. (See des- cription of D. Harfordiana, this Journal, p. 196.
D.? polygyrella, Bld. (Cp.) In the Synopsis I placed this in ‘“¢ Helicodiscus ?’’ on account of its internal teeth, but the pre- ceding species suggests an idea that it is really a northern type of the same genus, in which the labial teeth have been ‘ swal- lowed.” Mr. Bland mentions one specimen in which the first
yj Among those figured in Binney and Bland’s “ Geophila,” it is between that of “H. (Polygyra) ventrosula” and “H., (Stenotrema) monodon,” those of Mesodon all having 10 to 16 ribs.
OF CONCHOLOGY. 215
row is ‘immediately behind the parietal tooth, and visible through the shell just within the aperture.’’ Others may be found unfinished, showing whether the internal teeth are labial at any stage of growth, and if they ever come opposite the parietals.
Its far northern habitat, and station in damp moss under for- ests, indicate that the animal will be found to differ enough, at least, to put it in a peculiar subgenus.
ZUA SUBCYLINDRACEA, Chem. (/ubrica, Miill.) Was found by Harford in Alaska. Found in Ohio, ete.
LEUCOCHEILA ?
Mr. Voy informs me that on the summit of the coast range, near lat. 41°, where he discovered Mac. Voyana, he obtained a number of specimens of Pupa-like shells which resembled the eastern J. fallax, but unfortunately lost them all while travel- ing. » This year, Mr. Samuel Beannan, Jr., has found a single bleached subfossil specimen very near San Francisco, more like LL. fallax than L. Arizonensis or hordacea (the only species yet found west of the Rocky Mountains), but probably distinct.
A “‘Pupa, sp. indet. jun.,” was found at Lake Osoyoos, lat. 49°, Wash. Terr., by J. K. Lord, of the Brit. N. W. Boundary Survey (see Carpenter, Brit. Assoc. Rep. 1863, p. 606). This far northern shell may possibly prove the same with Voy’s sub- alpine specimens, if not with the fossil from this vicinity.
Vertigo corpulentus, Morse, was also found common at Clark’s
Ranch by Harford and Dunn.
As mentioned by me in vol. iv, p. 223, no locality along this coast has furnished as many species as the neighborhood of 8. F. Bay. Northern and southern forms here meet also in larger numbers than elsewhere, though it does not form the limit in either direction for many of them.
Two species of Zimacide still undetermined are also common, one resembling L. campestris, Binn., and found in nearly all parts of the State, the other like Z. flavus, Linn., but distinct, its shell one-fourth of an inch long.
The following table shows the species occurring here, as well as their marked varieties, with the sides of the Bay on which they occur.
It will be noticed that all of the §C except one are found here, making it the metropolis of Arzonta on this coast. That hybrids and varieties should be met with is therefore not aston- ishing.
216 AMERICAN JOURNAL
Name of species or variety. Side of S. F’. Bay.
1. Succinea Oregonensis, Lea, . : . |N(EIS|W 2. ¢ rusticana, Bld., : : de Oe a ego 3. 4 Sillimani, Bland, ¢ : : ae
4. Hyalina Breweri, Newe., . 4 : , 5 | 5. Pseudohyalina milium, Worse, . 4 ot ar 6. a conspecta, Bld., 4 : gcd: its 3 Mazatlanica, Pf : : :: 8. Patula Durantii, Vewe., . ; : « i 9. Lysinoe infumata, Gig... : : Es ak
10. Arionta arrosa, Gld., d : Baill tes Beal: at: es Cs 2 arboretorum, Val, : oe aoe . 12. ‘turexarata, fs t : : : ? S 13. a Diabloensis, Cp., : : E Varn 14. “ Nickliniana, Lea, i ‘ Sra Ashen 15. « _-var. Bridgesii, Wewe., . i ; RSs dee 16. “« nemorivaga, Val., ; : sete’ Ae | oe ye ‘¢ ramentosa, Gld., . ‘ ‘ oh] ae ee 18. od var. reticulata,2 04 4 : : Bh UR IRS 19. ‘« tudiculata, Binn., : . ; 20. = Californiensis, Lea, bin ail gee sige | 21. “var. redimita?, W. @. Binney ‘ bs ee 22. Aplodon Columbianus, ‘Lea, ot), #6. Gl 23. “ germanus ¢, Gid., : . ohts tains SS gent 24. Triodopsis loricata, Gld., j 4 = tite eae eae 25. Leucochila ——— (extinct ?), . ; Bee ies o 26. Pupilla Californica, Rowell, . : : AL PALE “ Rowelli, Newe., . : : : Seales
Notes on Binney and Bland’s PutMonata GEOPHILA.—Smiths. Inst., Feb., 1867.
Having just received the above work, I can only make a few of the most important corrections as to West Coast species in addition to what is stated in the preceding paper, differing from the work in some particulars.
The extreme conservatism observable throughout is disappoint- ing to those who looked for a new and thorough re-arrangement of the land shells, as the result of several years’ study of the animals of nearly all the species. It seems as if consistency was sometimes sacrificed to the fear of innovation, as, for in- stance, on p. 69, where the jaw of “Genus Heliz’’ is described, while that of the “ Subgenus Patula,’’ as given on pp. 75 and 86, is shown to differ very essentially. Also on pp. 88, 85, 157, 159, 184.
OF CONCHOLOGY. DNF
Many shells are grouped most arbitrarily, without any refer- ence to the animals and without any regard to their form.
Thus, on p. 72, ‘“ H. Ayersiana”’ (misspelt) is put between solitaria and strigosa, for what possible reason is a mystery! Compare it with fig. 8301 and Dupetithouarsi (not with the copy of Deshayes’ fig.)
Why “ Hyalina conspecta,” p. 41, and “‘ Helix (Patula) Ma- zatlanica,”’ p. 82, while the animals are undescribed? The jaw of “Binneia’’ (misspelt), p. 68, and teeth also, are more like those of Arion, p. 276, than of Limaz, p. 59, but because Arion has an additional mucous gland these closely related slugs are put far apart, and the Binneya connecting them with Helicide is misplaced because no record was made of its having such a mu- cous gland! Why is Townsendiana, p. 164, in Arionta? Co- lumbiana and devia, pp. 150 and 152, in Mesodon ? No mention made of jaws or teeth.
Compare fig. 285 with 251, p. 147, or 260, p.152. “ Colum- bia R.” for ““H. arrosa”’ is one of the many errors of locality which the authors have not seen fit to correct by the latest and best authorities.
“Helix cypreophila, Newe.” (MS.), p. 166, the umbilicate va- riety, need not have been mentioned, as Dr. N. admitted its identity with tudiculata, and never published a description. The specimens are mentioned by me in vol. iv, pp. 215 and 227, as a variety.
The “H. Nickliniana”’ figured on p. 166, and by Dr. Binney, is not the typical form, and is considerably narrower than the size given in text, or Lea’s shell, but higher, measuring 1:00, 0:55, 0°80 inch. It appears, however, to be a link between this type and the small var. called nemorivaga, and is found near San Francisco.
“H. redimita,” p. 167. The description and figure represent the northern form like Californiensis, but Mr. Binney adheres to the habitat as ‘San Clement I.,’’ against which opinion I have already given reasons. Greater diam. is ‘21, not °51 millim.
I have nothing to add to the notes on cntercisa, crebristriata, exarata, reticulata, Bridgesii, ramentosa or Californiensis already given, except that the locality, “interior of California, Com. Wilkes,” given with the last, is certainly wrong, the var. vincta which is figured being confined to Monterey, and the type to the coast northward. Jaw figured with 5 ribs; ‘only 4”’ in text.
“H. Carpenteri, Newe., including Remondii, Tryon,” p. 171. The shell figured appears like a var. of rufocincta, and does not agree with the dimensions given, which would form a much more elevated shell, like the Remondi of Guaymas. Dr. Newcomb
218 AMERICAN JOURNAL
did not recognize the large San Diego variety as Carpenteri, though much like the shell figured, but referred it to rufocincta, some of which are as large as the figure.
It would please collectors here to find “H. Dupetithouarsi”’ at all the localities given on p. 174, but we find it only at Mon- terey. The authors seem to have confounded with it varieties of fidelis and mormonum elsewhere, while Benicia and San Diego must be mistakes in labeling by collectors.
“H. tenuistriata,’’ MS. name, p. 175, was unnecessarily pub- lished, but the figure is useful as showing one of the fossil links between Gabbi and rufocincta, mentioned by me in vol. iv, pp. 218 and 235.
“H. facta,’ Newe. The fossil form only is figured, twice as large as the living.
“H. (Euparypha) Tryont, Newe.,”’ p. 178. This, of § D, as shown by jaws and teeth, is not very distantly connected with arrosa, of § C, while the type of Huparypha (pisana) has only 2—5 ribs (Albers)! It otherwise resembles Arionta much more nearly. The variations in the jaws of this species (ribs normally 6), as figured, are evidently imperfections, and cannot be taken as invalidating their specific value. As far as I have examined, the jaws furnish excellent specific differences even in species as nearly allied as those of Artonta, §C. In Lysinoe, § A and B, I find the jaw of mormonum closely resembling that ef facta in form and number of ribs (8).
“H. (Ampelita) Rowelli, Newe.,’”’ p. 185, including Lohri, Gabb. I cannot believe that the resemblance of this to sepul- eralis of Madagascar is more than analogical. Its true affinity is as stated in vol. iv, p. 255, and in the preceding article. (Sepuleralis is 3-banded.)
“* Succinea Oregonensis, Lea,” p. 270, including “ S. Grabbit, Tryon.” The figure looks too much like Nuttalliana on the pre- ceding page, while it differs entirely from Tryon’s figure both of this and of Gabbi. Tryon’s figure agrees best with Oregonensis of Lea, but on the other hand he gives a poor one of rusticana, Gld., of which Binney and Bland copy the original. Unfortunately Lea’s types do not seem to have been figured, unless Tryon used them in preparing his work.
““Zonites Newberryana, W.G. Binn.,” p. 282. The reference to this genus seems premature, the animal being unknown. Com- parison with “Z. cultellata’’ opposite shows enough difference in the shell to separate it, though probably it is not a Macrocyclis either.
Z. cultellata, Thoms., if really found in California, must have
OF CONCHOLOGY. 219
been an accidentally introduced colony, as the locality has since been carefully searched in vain.
Norre.—The following corrections are required in my article printed in vol. iv, 4, p. 209, &c.:
P. 209, line 16. For callosi tateni; tenud; read callositata tenut. . 215, line 15 from bottom, at end. Add form as in. . 226, line 20. For cross read crop. . 252, line 17 from bottom. After mountains add southward. . 255, line 5. For distinction read distribution. . 235, line 5. For the read that. . 236, at bottom. Add 216. . 240, line 11. For the sign || read =.
In some, if not all copies of the map, most of the signs used are very faintly printed, if not omitted entirely. The localities may usually be determined by the context.
acBarHasBacla-Rachac|
220 AMERICAN JOURNAL
NOTICES AND REVIEWS
OF
NEW CONCHOLOGICAL WORKS.
BY GEO. W. TRYON, JR.
I.—AMERICAN.
Annals of the New York Lyceumof Natural History. Vol. ix, No. 5. 1869.
Note on Bulimus ciliatus, Gould. By A. D. Brown.
Mr. Brown states that this Brazilian species has a reflected lip when mature, and as Gould’s description contains the words ‘labrum simplex,” he evidently described from an immature shell.
Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History. October, 1869. On a new species of Pedipes, from Tampa Bay, Florida. By Rozert EH. C. STEARNS.
P. naticoides, Stearns.
Molluscan Fauna of New Haven. A critical review of all the Marine, Fresh-water and Land Mollusca of the region, with descriptions of many of the living animals and of two new species. By Grorce H. PERKINS.
Part 1. Cephalopoda and Gasteropoda. Nassa Fretensis, Perkins, n. sp. The author says of the ova-capsules of Crepidula unguiformis, Lam., (C. plana, Say,) that they “‘are similar to those of C. Ffornicata, but are broader, shorter and thinner, and the ova are
OF CONCHOLOGY. 221
differently situated.’ This is important, in view of the fact that Dr. J. E. Gray (Zool. Proc., 1869), has recently considered the two species identical. The ova-cases of Fulgur carica and Sycotypus canaliculatus are described at length.
Canadian Naturalist. New Series. III, No. 1, Montreal, Mar., 1869. On the Marine Mollusca of Eastern Canada. By J. F. WHITEAVES.
Contains, besides the list of species, frequent remarks on syn- onymy, etc.
Index to Vol XII, and Supplementary Index to Vols. I to XI of Observations on the Genus Unio, &c. By Isaac Lna. 4to. pp. 23. Philadelphia, 1869.
A continuation of Dr. Lea’s very useful index, and including an index of subject matter contained in the twelve volumes other than names of genera and species.
I1.— FOREIGN.
—
ENGLISH. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. Part 1, 1869.
Descriptions of twelve new species of Land and Marine shells from Australia and the Solemon Islands. By GEOKGE FRencH ANGAS.
Hahotis Brazieri, Helix Donna Isabelle, Triton Bassi, ‘* — eudora,
“ Braziert, “Howard, Helix deiopeia, Minolia pulcherrima,
‘“¢ Rossiteri, “© bellula,
“© Dampieri, Thracia speciosa.
Ona new species of Haliotis, from New South Wales. By J. C. Cox, M. D.
: Haliotis Hargravest, Cox.
Descriptions of the Animals of certain genera of Auricu- lide. By Wm. Harper Pras.
Additional Notes on the Land Shells of the Seychelles Islands. By Grorrrey NEVILL.
Several new species are named, but none described in this paper.
222 AMERICAN JOURNAL
On a new British Nudibranch. By W.S. Kent. Embletonia grayi, Kent.
Observations on the Distribution of Bulimus miltocheilus in the Solomon’s Archipelago. By JouHN BRAztIER.
Conchologia Iconica. Parts 280, 281. By G. B. Sowersy. Anodon. Plates 21 to 24. Aug., 1869. Sp. 83. “A. decora, Lea”’ is A. grandis, Say. A. fluviatilis is drawn and colored from a specimen that is
not at all characteristic either in form or color. The species should be credited to Dillwyn, not Lea.
Sp. 88. A. biangulata, Sowerby, nov. sp. Hab.—? Sp. 95. A. Amethystus, Sowerby, nov. sp. Hab.—?
Aplysia. 10 plates. Aug., 1869. Complete. A. gigantea, Sowb. Australia. A. fimbriata, Adams and Reeve.
“* trigona, “* Hab.—? Siberia.
“© hyalina, ‘‘ Australia. ‘ Sandwichensis, Sowb. Sand-
“© Japonica, ‘* Japan. wich Isles.
“* Guadaloupensis, Sowb. Gua- ‘ orientalis, Sowb. Chinese S. daloupe. * anguilla, Cuming Mss. Hab.—?
“¢ bipes, Pease. Pacific O. ** Stnensis, Sowb. China. “© Sydneyensis, Sowb. Aust’lia. “ grandis, Pease. Pacific O. “ Angast, Sowb. Australia. ‘“ similis, Sowb. Hab.—? “ eornicera, ‘ Philippines. ‘* Norfolkensis, Sowb. Nor- “ ercavata, Sowb. Australia. folk Island.
A. subquadrata, Gould. United States.
Dr. Gould never published this species; it is not distinct from A. punctata, Cuv.
Pleurobranchus. 1 plate, complete. Aug., 1869. Cucullea. 1 plate. Aug., 1869. Complete.
Memoirs of the Literary and Philosophical Society of Manchester (England). Vol. 3, (third series) 1868. Notes on Marine Shells found in Stratified Drift near Macclesfield. By R. D. Darpisuire. ‘
FRENCH.
Journal de Conchyliologie. 3d Ser. IX, No.4. Paris, Oct., 1869. 132 pp. and 4 plates. Sur la mdchoire et Varmature linguale des Cylindrelles. By H. Crosse and P. Fiscuer.
OF CONCHOLOGY. pays
Faune Malacologique terrestre et fluviatile des Iles Samoa, publicé dapres les envois de M. le Dr. HE. Greeffe. By Ausert Mousson. (8d Article.)
Nanina perpolita, Melampus semisulcatus, Gastrodonta ensifera, Ostodes adjunctus, Endodonta Greffei, Melania bifasciata, Trochomorpha tuber, “<i Taam,
Partula abbreviata, “< peregrina, Tornatellina conica, “« acute-spira, Cassidula crassiuscula, Theodoxus Godeffroyanus, Pythia Savaiensis, Clithon propinquus,
Clypeolum planissimum. Trochomorpha subtrochiformis, Mousson, is proposed for the
Helix trochiformis, Gould, (non Fer.) = H. Eurydice, Mousson, (non Gould.)
Description d espéces nouvelles. By H. Crosss.
The species, all previously described, are now remarked upon and figured.
Description de trois Fusus nouveaux du Groénland. By O. A. L. Mércn.
Fusus Lachesis, Fusus Hbur, Fusus togatus.
Liste des especes de Coquilles terrestres et fluviatiles re- cueillies dans la vallee de Baréges en 1868, et nayant pas encore été signalees dans cette localité. By Capt. L. More.er.
Observations critiques sur quelques Paludines de I’ Indo- chine. By ARntHUR MoRELET.
Diagnoses Molluscorum novorum. By H. Crosse. Murex Hidalgot. Nassa Tryoni. Description despeces nouvelles. By Dr. J. G. Hipateo. Helix quadrivittata, Rep. Equa- Orthalicus Pfeifferi. Rep. Kqua- dor. dor. “ Martinezt. Brazil. Pupa Pazi. Peruto Panama.
“ Amancezensis. Peru. Clausilia Crosset. Equador. ‘© Bezensis. Equador,
Diagnoses Molluscorum Nove Caledonie incolarum. By H. Crosse.
Helix calliope, Helix Perroquiniana, “ Alleryana, Melania Lamberti.
224 AMERICAN JOURNAL
Diagnoses de Mollusques inédites provenant de la Nou- velle Caledonie. By Dr. SouvERBIE.
Helix Ouveana, Adeorbis striatella. Montrouzier. Bulimus Annibal, Lambettia. N. Genus.
3 Boulariensis, L. Montrouziert, Souverbie. Pleurotoma dentatum, Caledoniella. N. Genus. Turbinella scabra, C. Montrouziert, Souverbie.
Diagnoses Molluscorum novorum. By U. Crosse.
Helix votiva. Madagascar. Bulimus Pluto. Peru. Bulimus Prometheus. Peru.
Diagnoses Molluscorum novorum Guatemale et Repub- lice Mexicane. By H. Crosse and P. Fiscuer.
Orthalicus leucochilus, Glandina Nympha, Stenogyra Colimensis, ¥ bellula, a Bocourtiana, difficilis. Description dune nouvelle espéce de Volute du terrain oligocene. By O. A. L. Morcn.
Description dune espece nouvelle de Rotella fossile du S. E. de la France. By P. Fiscuer.
Bibliographie.
Bulletin de l’ Academie Imperiale des Sciences de St. Petersbourg. XIII, No. 4.
Le Systeme nerveux de la Patella vulgaris. By Dr. Epw. Branpt (with a plate.)
Le Syst?menerveux du Chiton (Acanthochites) fascicularis. By the same (with a plate.)
Revue et Magasin de Zoologie. Conducted by Guurin-MENEVILLE. Nos. 6, and 7, 1869.
Descriptions de quelques Paludinidées, Assiminidées et Meélanidées nouvelles. By Dr. PALADILHE.
Bythinia Bourguignati. Per- Amnicola Sarahe. Nantes.
pignan. “« — Melitensis. Malta. Amnicola Maceana. Barcelona. ‘¢ Balearica. Balearic I. ‘« lanceolata. Pyrenees. “© mamillata. Italy. “ Emiliana es Paludinella Armorica. France. Italy, Ke. cs turgidula. France. “© spirata. Pyrenees, Xc. pupotdes. France. “ eanaliculata, “ ee turriculata. 4
*¢ compacta. Spain. Belgrandia cylindrica, =
OF CONCHOLOGY. 225
To the genus Belgrandia, founded by Bourguignat in 1868, upon fossil species from the inferior diluvium of the vicinity of Paris, are assigned the following living species: Hydrobia gibba, Dupuy, H. Moitessieri, Bourg., H. Lusitanica, Paladilhe, Palu- dina varica, Paget.
ITALIAN.
Bulletino Malacologico Italiano (Terrestrial and fluviatile Mol- lusca.) Vol.I,8vo. Pisa, 1868.
This new conchological publication consists of 16 pages, issued bi-monthly, making six numbers per annum, with a lithographic plate for each number.
Dei Molluschi terrestri e d’acqua dolce raccolti nello Ar- chipelago di Malta. By A. Issuu.
Clausilia Lucensis, n. sp. Physa Pisana, n. sp. Zonites Mortilleti, n. sp. Pupa Mortilleti, Martens ; Synonymical study. By J. STABILE.
Hsistenza dello Zonites Leopoldianus nell Italia Setten- trionale. By STROBEL.
Clausilia Lucensis, Mihi, e Claus. Comensis, Shuttle. By C. GENTILUOMO.
Specie Nuove. By VILua. Clausilia Isseli, Villa. Osservazioni sulla Clausilia Mofellana, Parreyss. By C. GENTILUOMO.
Intorno ad aleune Conehiglie degh Abruzzi Zonites Grer- falchensis, olim Mortilleti. By V. PEccuto.xt.
Intorno ad una forma speciale del? Helix Gobanzi, Frau- enfeld. By C. GENTILUOMO.
Unio Lavvleyianus, Specie Nuove. By C. GENTILUOMO.
Catalogo det Molluschi terrestri e fluviatili della Toscana. By C. GENTILUOMO.
Limax Etruscus, Issel, n.sp. Testacella Becarii, Issel, n. sp. Clausilia Apennina, “ Bythinia Isselii, Gentil.
Besides the above, the volume contains extracts from con- temporary conchological publications, and bibliographical notices. 16
226 AMERICAN JOURNAL Bulletino Malacologico Italiano. Vol. 2, 1869. Nos. 1, 2,3. (Including Marine Mollusca. The Numbers enlarged to 32 and 48 pp.) Nota dei Molluschi terrestri. By A. VILua. Le Conchiglie del Mar Tirreno. By F. 8. Appettus. Aturia Spinellit, specie nuove. MENEGHINI. Mactra Peechiolii, specie nuove. By R. LAWLEY.
Note addizionali all’ Articolo del Signor Ed. V. Martens ** Intorno ad Alcune Conchighe degli Abruzzi.” By D. N. TrBerti.
Helix Orsinit, Porro. Helix Martensiana, Tiberi.
Sulle Neretine fossili dei terreni terziari superiort dell’ Italia centrale—Nota paleontologica. By C. D. An- CONA.
Nassa Italica, specte nuove. By Isseu.
DT? Habitat det Molluschi Marini, Saggio eritico. By Dr. A. MANZONI.
Sul modo di conservare vive le Elicit. By Pror. As. G. STABILE.
Mutamente nella condizioni esterne della dimora det Mol- luschi, qual causa di modifi cazioni nella conchigha di una stessa specie. By C. GENTILUOMO.
Fauna Malocologica Marina dell Isola d’ Elba. By OC. GENTILUOMO.
GERMAN.
Fauna der Land und Susswasser Mollusken Seibenburgens. By E. A. Breuz. 2d Edition, 216 pp., 8 vo. Hermannstadt, 1867.
The first edition of this very complete local catalogue was published, I think, in 18638, and the present issue adds descrip- tions of the soft parts of most of the species, together with many critical remarks, details of habitat, &&. There are a few new species described, as follows :
Vitrina plicosa, Bielz. Bythinia Troscheli, Paasch. Pisidium cuneatum, Bielz.
Hyalina vitrea, Bielz, is substituted for Helix hyalina, Fer.,
because the word Hyalina has become generic.
I cannot recommend the adoption of this changed name, as I believe that the best interests of Natural Science are concerned in preserving inviolate specific names, with the addition of the name of the describer of the species. If Hyalna hyalina be
OF CONCHOLOGY. oD
entirely objectionable to Mr. Bielz he had better alter the gen- erie name.
Archiv fur Naturgeschichte. 34th year, 5th part. Berlin, 1868. Bericht tiber die Leistungen in der Naturgeschichte der Mollusken wihrend des Jahres, 1867. By TRroscuHeEL. (Concluded.) This review includes from the terrestrial species (partly) through the fluviatile genera and the marine bivalves to the end.
Novitates Conchologicee. Supplement IV, Japanische Meeres Conchylien. A contribution to the knowledge of the Mollusks of Japan, with various observations upon their geographical distribution. By Dr. C. E. Liscuxe, 1—4th Parts, with 7 colored plates.
The preliminary pages are devoted to an exhaustive review of the geographical distribution of the species of mollusca occurring in the Japan Seas.
The following species are described as new :
Drillia Japonica, Lampania multiformis, Vermetus nodoso-rugosus.
The author has corrected a number of errors in the diagnoses and assigned habitats of previously described species. Quite a number of American West-Coast species extend from California northward across to the Asiatic side, and from Kamschatka southward to the Japanese Archipelago.
ERRATA TO Mr. CONRAD’S PAPERS PUBLISHED IN THIS VOLUME OF THE JOURNAL. P.101 Exclude Carditamera macropleura. For Gadus obnutus, read Gadus obrutus. Donax Forbesn, for fig. 27, read fig. 25. P. 96. P. Spillmani. The second paragraph under this head refers to the genus Protocardia, not Pachycardium. P. 105. Capulus Shreevei is a tooth of Pholas costata. P. 107. Cyrena protexta is a synonym of CO. Floridana.
ERRATA TO Vou. LV.
P. 275. Astarte veta. The reference should be to figure 4, and that of V. annosa to fig. 5.
228 AMERICAN JOURNAL
APPENDIX.
RECORDER’S REPORT FOR 1869.
During the year ending Dec. 2d, 1869, there have been elect- ed one member and three correspondents.
One member has resigned.
Papers have been accepted for publication in the Journal, by the following authors :
T. A. Conrad, i) John H. Redfield, 1 G. W. Tryon, Jr., 9 S. R. Roberts, 1 W. M. Gabb, 5 Theo. Gill, M.D., 1 W. Harper Pease, 3 W. H. Dall, ; a. Jas. Lewis, M.D., 2 Ralph Tate, 1 Temple Prime, 1 Wesley Newcomb, M.D., 2 Binney and Bland, 1 J. G. Cooper, M.D., 2
Respectfully submitted, S. R. Rosperts, Recorder.
CORRESPONDING SECRETARY’S REPORT.
To the Conchologieal Section of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia:
The Corresponding Secretary would respectfully report that letters have been forwarded and received as follows, viz. :
Dee. 31st, 1868.—To Dr. Leopold von Schrenck, St. Peters- burg, with publications.
Jan. 5th, 1869.—To Hugh Nevill, F.R.A.S., Galle, Ceylon, accepting proposals for exchange.
OF CONCHOLOGY. 229
May 13th.—To Luigi Benoit, Messina, letter of acknowledg- ment.
May 21st.—To Dr. H. E. v. Rijgersma, St. Martins, W. I., soliciting collections.
To W. B. Pryor, Esq., Shanghai, China, soliciting collections.
June 11th.—To Prof. Joseph Henry, Smithsonian Institution, soliciting publications.
June 22d.—To the Société Malacologique de Belgique, Brux- elles, exchange of publications.
To H. A. Bielz, Hermannstadt, Transylvania, exchanges.
To Bulletino Malacologico Italiano, Pisa, for exchange of publications.
June 23d.—To R. J. Lechmere Guppy, Trinidad, exchange of specimens.
Nov. 5.—To Sylvanus Hanley, Middlesex, England, letter of
acknowledgment.
The following letters have been received ; Dec. 29th, 1868.—-M. de Malzine, Bruxelles, with publica-
tions.
Mons. Terver, Lyons, France, acknowledgment of election.
Dr. Leopold von Schrenck, St. Petersburg, with publications.
Jan. Tth, 1869.—D. F. Heynemann, Frankfort, with publi- cations.
Arthur Morelet, Dijon, France, letter of acknowledgment.
Mons. H. Crosse, Paris, with publications.
Frederick Calliaud, Nantes, France.
Feb. 4th.— J. R. Bourguignat, acknowledgment.
Feb. 16th.—F. M. Souverbie, Bordeaux, acknowledgment of election.
Capt. J. Mitchell, Madras, with publications.
March 4th—lL. H. Abbott, Boston, letter of acknowledg- ment.
Philip Lutley Sclater, London, letter of acknowledgment.
Zoological Society, London, letter of acknowledgment.
March 30th.—¥. de Malzine, Brussels, proposals for ex- change.
May 6th.—-B. Westermann & Co., New York, publications.
8. L. Abbott, Boston, with publications.
E. C. Bolles, Portland, Me., acknowledgment of publications.
Leon Vaillant, Paris, acknowledgment of election.
Philip Lutley Sclater, London, acknowledgment of publica- tions.
L. Chenu, Paris, acknowledgment of election.
230 AMERICAN JOURNAL
_ Prof. O. A. L. Mérch, Copenhagen, with paper for publica- tion.
May 12th.—Luigi Benoit, Messina, acknowledgment of case of shells. |
August 5th.—D. C. Gentiluomo, Pisa, exchange of publica- tions.
Oct. 16th.—Sylvanus Hanley, Middlesex, Eng., with case of shells.
E. A. Bielz, Hermannstadt, with publications.
Oct. 29th. W.B. Pryor, Shanghai, China, information as to collecting shells.
All of which is respectively submitted, KE. R. BEADLE, Philad., Dec. 1st, 1869. Corres. See.
CONSERVATOR’S REPORT For 1869.
The Conservator of the Conchological Section respectfully reports that the donations to the Cabinet during the year have been as follows :
From Isaac Lea. Nineteen species of Unionide from Ouachita, Arkansas, Chamostrea albida, Roissy, with oscicle, from New South Wales, and twelve species of shells from the island of Andaman, Bay of Bengal.
E. R. Beapue. Three species of Unio, Auricula aurismide, Lin., and two unknown species from Asia; also a Zrochus from the West Indies, and Zrivia sulcata, Dillw.
JoHN Forp. Seven specimens of Busicon aruanum from At- lantic City, fine specimens of Natica heros from Brigantine Beach, N. J., and types of Astarte nubigena, Ford.
F. V. Haypen, M.D., Numerous specimens of Helix Cooperi, Bland, and H. Haydeni, Gabb, from Weber Canon, near Salt Lake City.
GxEO. W. Tryon, Jk. Eleven species from O. A. L. Morch, of Copenhagen.
J. L. LeConte. Type specimens of five species of Melania de- scribed by Isaac Lea.
OF CONCHOLOGY. 231
Wm. M. Gaps. Eleven species of Unio from Central America and twenty-four species of land shells from San Domingo personally collected, including several undescribed species.
Ratpn Tate. Seventy-seven species, numerous specimens of land and fresh-water shells from Central America, Venezuela, Guayana and Nicaragua, including types of several new species described in our Journal; also nineteen species of land shells from Venezuela and the island of San Lucia, W. I., mostly undescribed.
W. H. Pease. Seventy-nine species of marine shells from the Polynesian Seas, including types of new species.
R. E. C. Stearns. Sixty-four species of marine, fresh-water and land shells, principally from California, Oregon, South Carolina and Florida, and seven species from Tampa Bay.
F. A. Hasstur, M.D. Fine specimen of Marginella carnea Storer, fine series of Zimneea columella, and embryos of Vivi- para Nolani and Busycon ecariea.
W.H. Datt. Five species of Lepitide, types of descriptions published in the Journal.
W.S. W. RuscHenBerGER. ‘Two hundred and seventy-seven species, principally marine mollusca, personally collected by the donor.
Dr. J. C. Cox. Two hundred and twenty-three species, land, fresh-water and marine shells of Australia, New Caledonia and adjacent islands, including types of many new species.
W. H. Pease. Sixty-three species of marine shells from the Polynesian seas including types of new species published in the Journal.
CuicaGo ACADEMY OF NATURAL ScrEeNcES. Thirty-four species of Japanese mollusca, collected by F. Bischoff.
Rev. ALDEN Grout. Eight species of land shells from Port Natal.
SMITHSONIAN INstITUTION. Five hundred land, fresh-water and marine shells, carefully named by Mr. P. P. Carpenter.
Luici Benoit. One hundred and eighty-six species of land shells from Sicily, including types of most of his descriptions.
J. H. Toomson. Cyprea picta, C. zonata, C. annulus, C. 06- velata and C. Beckit; Trivia eandidula and T. pulex.
Sytvanus Hanuey. Four hundred and four species of land, fresh-water and marine shells, principally European, but in-
Jez AMERICAN JOURNAL
cluding a number of rare East Indian shells, some of them undescribed.
Pauu TervER. One hundred and seventy-six species of Euro- pean land and fresh-water shells.
Smaller collections have been received from Gabriel Duqué, E. H. Jenks, Prof. J. Powell, Edw. D. Cope, G. A. Lathrop, Mrs. Lewis, Dr. Jos. Leidy, OC. W. Peale, Dr. James Lewis, Dr. Samuel Lewis, A. H. Smith, John Wolf, J. R. Willis, Dr. Harrison Allen and W. L. Mactier.
The number of species presented during the year amounts to about 2150, many of them new to the collection, and a yet greater number from localities not heretofore represented.
The systematic arrangement of the collection has proceeded from the Pholadide to the end of the Tellinide. The thanks of the section are due to Messrs. Parker, Roberts and Hassler, who have devoted a considerable amount of time to this work, and have succeeded in perfecting an arrangement of the specimens which has been much admired for its neatness, as well as for the opportunity it gives the student of studying, without disturbing the shells.
During the year we have continued to receive collections from many of our foreign correspondents, as will be seen by refer- ence to the list of donations given above. The following collec- tions have been sent in exchange by the Section: One hundred species of American shells to Luigi Benoit, accompanied by a list of Sicilian, species desired by us; eighty species to Aug. Brot, and types of Mr. Gabb’s new species to H. Crosse. A collection of our duplicate Veneride has been forwarded to Dr. Edw. Romer, to assist him in preparing for the Section a cata- logue and synonymy of the Veneride, which work he has kindly undertaken to perform.
All of which is respectfully submitted.
Epwarp J. NoLAN, Conservator.
OF CONCHOLOGY. 233
LIBRARIAN'S REPORT.
The Librarian respectfully reports that there have been pre- sented during the past year to the library of the Conchological Section 10 volumes, 91 pamphlets and 1 map. Of these 34, were received from authors, 20 from editors, 30 from Societies, 5 from the Publication Committee, 1 from Wm. M. Gabb, 1 from Don Rafael Arango, 10 from Geo. W. Tryon, Jr., and 1 from the Smithsonian Institution.
In addition, thirty-two pamphlets, volumes and continuations of Conchological works have been received through the Academy.
During the year the Catalogue has been carefully revised, and the books numbered, with the effect of greatly lessening the labor of those referring to them.
Epw. J. Nouan, Lrbrarian.
DONATIONS TO LIBRARY.
1869.
Adams, A. On the Veneride, Czecide, Corbulide, Volutide, Cancellaride, Patellidee, Mitride, &c., found in the seas of Japan. 5 pamphlets. From the Author.
Bielz, HE. Albert. Fauna der Land und Siiswasser Mollusken Siebenbiirgens. Zweite Auflage. Hermannstadt. From the Author.
Bland, Thomas. Additional notes on the Geographical Distri-
i bution of Land Shells in the West Indies. From the Author.
Blanford, Wm. F. On the Animal and Operculum of Georissa, W. Blanf., and on its relations te Hydrocena, Parreyss ; with a note on Hydrocena tersa, Bens. and H. milium, Bens. From the Author.
Contributions to Indian Malacology. No. ix. Descrip- tions of new Diplommatine from Darjinng and the Khasi Hills. From the Editor. Boston. Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History. Vol. XII, pp. 112 et seq., and Vol. XIII, pp. 1—128. From the Society.
234 AMERICAN JOURNAL
Memoirs read before the Boston Society of Natural His- tory. Vol. I, Part IV, 1869. From the Society.
Bourguignat, M. J. R. Mollusques Nouveaux, litigieux ou peu connus. Q9me and 10me Fase. Paris, 1868. From Geo. W. Tryon, Jr.
Brown, A. D. Supplement to A. D. Brown’s Catalogue. Dec., 1868. From the Author.
Cox, Dr. J. 8. Exchange List of Land and Marine Shells from Australia and the adjacent islands. From the Author.
Crosse, H. et P. Fischer. Diagnoses Molluscorum Novorum Guatemale et Republice Mexicane. From the Authors.
Currier, A. O. Kent Scientific Institute, Miscellaneous Publi- cations. List of the Shell-bearing Mollusca of Michi- gan, especially of Kent and the adjoining counties. Grand Rapids, 1868. From the Author.
Frankfort A. M. Nachrichtsblatt der deutschen Malakozoolo- gischen Gesellschaft. Nos. 1,2 and 8. Dec., 1868. Frankfort A. M. From the Society.
Frauenfeld, Geo.-Ritter von. Zoologische Miscellen. XIV. From the Author.
Beitrige zur Fauna der Nicobaren. II. From the Author.
Lea, Isaac, LL.D. Observations on the Genus Unio. Vol. XII. From the Author.
Index to Vol. XII of Observations on the Genus Unio. Vol. Il. From the Author.
Descriptions of twelve new species of Unionide from South America, &c. Philadelphia, 1868. From the Author.
London. Proceedings of the Scientfic Meetings of the Zoologi- cal Society of London for the year 1868. Part II. Index, 1848—1860. From the Society.
Malzine, F. de. Essai sur la Faune Malacologique de Belgique. Bruxelles, 1869. From the Author.
Map of North America, to illustrate the geographical distribution of life. From the Boston Society of Natural History.
Martens, EH. v. Die Preussische Expedition nach Ost-Asien Zoologischer Theil. 2er Band. Die Landschnecken. Berlin, 1867. From the Author.
Uebersicht der Land und Siisswasser Mollusken des Nil- Gebietes. From the Author. On Mexican Land Shells. From the Author.
Mitchell, J. Catalogue of the Mollusca in the collection of the Government Central Museum, Madras. From the Author.
OF CONCHOLOGY. 935
Museum Arangianum Moluscos. Las especies de la isla de Cuba estan excluidas. From Don Rafael Arango.
Museum Godeffroy. Catalog IV. Hamburg, 1869. From the Author.
Nevill, G. and H. Descriptions of Marine Gasteropoda from Ceylon. From the Authors.
Descriptions of a new genus and five new species of ma- rine Univalves from the Southern Province, Ceylon. From the Authors.
New York. Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History of New York. Vol. IX, Nos. 1 to 7, 1869. From the So- ciety.
New Bianca The American Journal of Sciences and Arts. Second Series. Nos. 189—143. From the Editors.
Paleontology of California. Vol. II, from p. 39 to end. From Wm. M. Gabb.
Paris. Journal de Conchyliologie. Tome VIII and Tome IX,
‘Nos. 1—4. From the Editor.
Philadelphia. American Journal of Conchology. Vol. IV, Parts 4 and 5, and Vol. V, Parts 1 and 2. From the Publication Committee.
Catalogue and Synonymy of the Genera, Species and Varieties of recent Mollusca described prior to Jan. 1, 1867. Parts 2 and 38,1869. From the Publication Committee.
Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. Nos. 4 and 5, 1868, and Nos. 1 and 2, 1869. From Geo. W. Tryon, Jr.
Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences. New Se- ries. Vol. VI, Part 4, 1869. From Geo. W. Tryon, Jr.
Pisa. Bullettino Malacologico Italiano. Anno I and Anno II, Nos. 1, 2 and 3. 1868—69. From the Editor.
Poey, Felipe. Memorias sobre la historia Natural de la Isla de Cuba. 8vo. Habana, 1851. From the Author.
Poulsen, C. M. Fortegnelse over de i Flensborgs naermeste Omegn forekommende skalbaerende Landog Fersk- vande-bloddyr. From the Author.
Roberts, 8. R. Catalogue and Synonymy of Porcellanidze and Amphiperaside. From the Author.
Descriptions of three new species of Cypreea. From the Author.
Salem. The American Naturalist. Vol. Il, Nos. 1—12, Vol.
“III, Nos. 2—9. From the Editor.
Proceedings of the Essex Institute. Vol. V, No. 8.
1868. From the Society.
236 AMERICAN JOURNAL
Bulletin of the Essex Institute. Vol. I, Nos. 1—4, 1869. From the Society. First Annual Report of the Trustees of the Peabody Academy of Sciences. 1869. From the Academy. Saussaye. Catalogue des Mollusques Testaces des Mers d’ Europe, par M. Petit de la Saussaye. 1869. From the Author. Schrenk, Dr. L. V. Reisen und Forschungen in Amur-Lande in der Jahren 1854—1856. 2er Band, 3e Lief. St. Pe- tersburg, 1867. Stearns, R. E. C. Conchological Memoranda, No. 4. On a new species of Pedipes from Tampa Bay, Florida. From the Author. Catalogue of California Shells offered for exchange. By R. E. C. Stearns. From the Author. Vienna. Verhandlungen der K. K. Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien. XVIII Band. Wien, 1868. From the Society. Washington. Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution for 1868. From the Institu- tion.
The following have been received by the Academy:
Binkhorst, J. J. T. Monographie des Gasteropodes et des Cephalopodes de la Craie Superieure du Limbourg. Bruxelles, 1861.
Cassel. Malakozoologische Blatter. 15er Band, 6—11 Bog. Pp. 177 to 226.
Novitates Conchologice. 1 Abth., 38—35 Lief. III. 12—15. Venus, pp. 137—145. Lfg. 16—19. IV, 1 —4 Lief.
Jeffreys, J. Gwynn. British Conchology. Vol. IV and V. Ma- rine Shells. London, 1867.
Lea, Isaac. Observations on the Genus Unio. Vol. XII.
Martini und Chemnitz. Systematisches Conchylien-Cabinet. 10 Band, Heft IV. ller Band, Heft V. Lief 188 to 193.
Paladilhe, Mr. Nouvelles Miscellanées Malacologique. 2me and 3me Fase.
Pfeiffer, Ludovico. Monographia Heliceorum viventium. Vol. 5 and 6. Lipsiz, 1868.
Reeve, L. Conchologia Iconica. Parts 274 to 281.
Schramm, M. A. Catalogue des Coquilles de la Gaudeloupe. 2d Kd.
Woodward, Dr. 8. P. A manual of the Mollusca. 2d Ed. Lon- don, 1868.
OF CONCHOLOGY. 237
REPORT OF PUBLICATION COMMITTEE.
HALL OF THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES, Philadelphia, Dec. 2d, 1869. \
The Publication Committee of the Conchological Section re- ports its operations for the current year as follows :
Parts 4 and 5, Vol. FourTH, American Journal of Conchology, containing 227 pp. and ten plates, of which four are colored, were issued Feb. 4th and May 6th, respectively. Of the new (5th) volume, two Parts have been published, embracing 176 pp. and thirteen plates, of which four are colored. The third Part of the Volume is now in press, and will be issued about the close of the year ; it contains a number of valuable papers and four colored plates. Part 4, completing the Volume, will include the papers and reports presented this evening.
The Committee congratulate the Section upon the large num- ber of valuable papers which have been published this year, and also, upon a further slight increase in our sabscription list.
Besides the Journal, we have published the following numbers of the ‘‘ Catalogue of Recent Mollusca :”’
Part 2. Anatinide, by T. A. Conrad; Saxicavide, Myide, Corbulidze and Tellinide, by G. W. Tryon, Jr.; Pandoride, by P. P. Carpenter. 76 pp. May, 1869.
Part 5. Corbiculade, by Temple Prime. 60 pp. Oct., 1869.
Part 4. Porcellanidee and Amphiperaside, by 8. R. Roberts. 25 pp. Nov., 1866.
In our last report we announced that a sufficient number of subscribers’ names had been obtained to cover the expense of re-issuing Haldeman’s Monograph of American Fresh Water Shells, and a continuation of that work embracing species de- scribed since its publication. We have been actively employed this year in preparing these books, and have had twelve or fif- teen plates drawn and colored for them. They will be issued within the next few months.
A new edition of the Catalogue of Conchological works offered for sale by the Section has been published, and more than half of the works have been sold and the proceeds handed over to the Treasurer.
Respectfully submitted by
Gro. W. Tryon, oe
S. R. Roserts, Committee.
Epw. J. Nouan,
INDEX
TO THE GENERA AND SPECIES DESCRIBED.
Achatina octona, 157 Alaria 19, 20 Alcyna lineata, 69 striata, 70 Ammonitella Yatesii, 202 Ammonites Colfaxii, if Billingsianus, 8 Nevadanus, 6
Amnicola grana, 198 Panamensis, 153
Ampelita Bigsbyi, 110 Ampullina Ortoni, eH | Anodonta Bridgesii, 160 inzequalis, 160
luteola, 160
Anchura, 21 Anomalocardia Floridana, 108 Aplodon, 211 Aporrhais, 21 Arca Raimondii, dl Arionta arrosa, 206 Californiensis, 209 Diabloensis, 207 exarata, 207 intercisa, 211 Kellettii, 210 Nickliniana, 207 nomorivaga, 207 ramentosa, 208 redimita, 210
Tryoni, 211 tudiculata, 209
vincta, 209
Astarte appressa, 12 tellinoides, 4T Atys costulosa, 73 Avicula, 20 Axinexa Mortoni, 44 Paytensis, 31 Binneya notabilis, 201 Bucardia veta, 41 Bulimus Berendti, 156 castus, 156 costato-striatus, 156 discrepans, 156 maculatus, 156 mimosarum, 157 parvus, 156 plicatellus, 157 Tryonianus, 157 unicolor, 156 zebra, 156 Bulla conspersa, 12 Busycon ¢arica, 104 eliceans, 104, 106 Callista virginiana, 39 Camptonectes argillensis, 99
bellisculptus, 99
Cancellaria subalta, 100 Capulus Shreevei, 105 Capsa_ parilis, 40 Cardinia ponderosa, 13
Carditamera macropleura, 101 Cardium, 42
INDEX TO GENERA AND SPECIES.
Cardium arceformis, ata Nuttallii, 105 pertenue, 30 Ripleyanum, 96
Caryatis Delawarensis, 4}
Cassianella lingulata, 14
Ceratosiphon Moreausiana, 139 Cerithium cylindraceum, 77
leeviusculum, 27
maculosum, 85
piperitum, 85
sculptum, ie
tuberculiferum, 76,85
Columbella rosida, 82
Conulus fulvus, 201
Conus neglectus, 87
Stearnsii, 104
Corbis cordiformis, 102
Crassatella Guerangeri, AT
littoralis, 41
prora, 43
pteropsis, 47
Robinaldina, 47
Crassina veta, 41
Crepidula fornicata, 63
unguiformis, 62
Cryptobranchia alba, 145 concentrica,
143
instabilis, 145
Cyclostoma Leai, 111
Cyclotus translucidus, 159
Cylindrella rosea, 37
Cyprea caput-serpentis, 87
Cyprimeria cretacea, 93
spissa, +4
Cyprinopsis, 101
protexta, 107
solida, 160
Cyrtopleura exilis, 170
Dactylina Chiloensis, 29
Deedalocheila, 214
Harfordiana, 196
Dentalium falcatum, 41
Diarthema, Dicroloma, Donax Fordii,
Engina lineata, nodulosa, Erycinella,
Eulima cretacea, Fusus Paytensis,
Gadus obnutus, Gemma cretacea, gemma, Glandina rosea, Dysoni, Goniomya aperta, Goniosoma inflata, Gouldia decemnaria, declivis,
Guppya Gundlachi, Harpago chiragra,
rugosa, Harpagodes Pelagi, Harvella pacifica, Helicina denticulata, Nicobarica, occulta, rostrata, semistriata, turbinata, Helix arrosa, Blakeana, ceecoides, Carpenterl, cornu-militare, cultellata, cypreophila, Dupetithouarsi, facta, griseola, Haydenii, Hemphillii,
Mazatlanica,
24
i) =) ho
240
Helix Nickliniana, plicata, redimita, Rowelli, tenuistriata, Tryoni,
Hiatula nitens,
Hyalina arborea,
Breweri, conspecta,
Inoceramus peculiaris,
Latirus columbarium, nodatus, Lepeta czeca, Leptothyra costata, Leucocheila Arizonensis, fallax, Lima (Plagiostoma) Limnea Tazewelliana, Lirodiscus, Liroscapha squamosa, Littorina cinerea, laqueata, Lunatia obtusivolva, Lutraria costata, Lysince Mormonum, Remondii, Rowellii, Traskii,
Mactra Gabbi, Margarita angulata, Marginella, Melampus lucidus, Melania Gassiesii, Melantho, Mercenaria plena, preeparca, Mesodon, Metis, Mitra lubrica, Newcombii, turgida,
217 156 217 218 218 218 171 201 201 217
43
INDEX TO GENERA AND SPECIES.
Modiola Peasei, 163 Modiolaria lateralis. 108 Modulus Floridanus, 107 Monotis circularis, 15 Mitra Williamsi, 163 Murex foveolatus, 83 Myacites depressus, 11 Mycetopus Weddelli, 160 Mytilus ungulatus, 31 Narica granifera, 78 Nassa balteata, (Gs nucea, 70 tiarula, 83 Nemoarca cretacea, 97 Nemodon Eufalensis, 97 Neritina intermedia, 153 Listeri, 153 virginea, 153 Nucularia papyria, 44, 98 Omphalius turbinatus, 84 Onustus annosus, 42 Opeas Pealei, 110 Ostrea gallus, 32 Orobia Andamanensis, 110 Orthoceras Blakei, 6 Pachycardium Spillmani, 96 Pachypoma virescens, 73 Pachytheerus, 47 Paleocorbis, 101 Paludina bimonilifera, 3 magnifica, 3
Patula ruderata, 202 Pecten acutiplicatus, 16 cerinus, 39 Kneiskerni, 40 purpuratus, 32 Ruschenbergerii, 171 Perrisonota protexta, 98 Pholadomya multilineata, 10 Nevadana, 10,
Photocardia curta, 42 Physa purpurostoma, 158
INDEX TO GENERA AND SPECIES.
Physa squalida, 158 Pilidium fulvum, 147 Pinna, 14 Planaxis atra, (P Planorbis declivis, 159 Fieldii, 159 kermatoides, 158 tumidus, 158 | Plectopylis achatina, 110 | Pleiodon Macmurtrei, 104 Pleurotoma lirata, 68
monilifera, 68 Plicatula perimbricata, Pomus pyrum, 152 Posidonomya Blatchleyi, = 15
Protocera bryonia, 123, 133
16 |
| Scalaria umbilicata, 76 Scambula verplana, 48 | Scapharea tenuicardo, 39 'Scarabus trigonus, 111 _Sinsyclonema simplicia, 99 | Spinigera, 19, 2 | Saxicava insita, 40 incita, 101
'Solemya triasina, 102 | ventricosa, 103 | Spirifer obtusus, 17 | Spissula catilliformis, 108 dolabriformis, 108
Strigilla prora, 30 _Succinea lineata, 200 inflata, 158 recisa, 158
Sillimani, 200 Stretchiana, 200
Tebennophorus auratus, 155
chiragra, 121 | crocata, 125. 133 elongata, 123, 135 | lambis, 122 1334] millipeda, 123, 135 pseudoscorpio, | 135. tot | scorpio, 123, 134 violacea, 124, 135
Proto Cornelliana,
milium, 201
pura, 201
Pterocera, 20
Pupa, 38
Pupa palanga, of
Purpura chocolatum, 26 Pyrgula scalariformis, 198 Radioconcha, 47 Radula denticuticosta, 99 Reeta gibbosa, 30 Ranella, 20 Tampeensis, 106 Rhysota Chambertinn, 109
12 20
Rissoina balteata, Rostellaria,
Sanguinolaria Robertsii, 171
164 Pseudohyalina Mazatlanica,201
Terebra assimilis, 67 bipartita, 86 costellifera, 66 ! lauta, 66 Peasei, 86 propinqua, 66
rosacea, 65 sculptilis, 64
suffusa, 65
suleata, 67 -Terebratula glossa, 42 | Toreula, 45 Tornatellina hyalina, 157
interstriata, 157
_Torinia perspectiviuncula, 80 sulcifera, 79
trochoides, 86 | Trigonarca cuneiformis, 98 | passa, 45 | Triton intermedius, 74. | Tritonidea fumosus, 86 undosus, 86 _Tritonium pernodosum, 26 | Trochus Byronianus, 82
242 INDEX TO GENERA AND SPECIES.
Tryonia ornata, 153 , Vaginulus Floridanus, 158 Turbinopsis depressa, . 45 | Velletia excentrica, 158 Turbo elevatus, 9 | Vertigo corpulentus, 215 regius, 9 tridentata, 198 Turritella cochleiformis, 29 | Vetocardia crenalirata, 48, 48 Vitrina pellucida, 200 Unio Gabbiana, 160 Pfeifferi, 200 Rowelli, 160 | Volutilithes plicifera, 28 Urosalpinx Floridana, 106
‘Zua subcylindracea, 215
VALUABLE WORKS ON CONCHOLOGY
FOR SALE.
1. American Journal of Conchology, 1865-1868. Four volumes, 8vo Containing over sixteen hundred pages, illustrated by one hundred litho- graphic plates of shells, many of them finely colored, several portraits of distinguished conchologists, and about a thousand wood engravings. The articles are contributed by all the prominent American Gonchologists. Published at $40. Price reduced to $16 for the set.
2. American Journal of Conchology, Vol. 5, 1869-70. Containing 350 pages of valuable articles by Wm. M. Gabb, James Lewis, M.D., Wm. G. Binney, Thomas Bland, T. A. Conrad, Wm. Harper Pease, John H. Red- field, Theo. Gill, Wm. H. Dall, Ralph Tate, Wesley Newcomb, M.D Sake Roberts, J: G: Cooper, M.D, John Wolf. and George W. Tryon, qies tne: illustrations con-ist of 17 lithographic plates, partly colored, and wood engravings. Price $10.00.
3. Monograph of the Terrestrial Mollusca of the United States. With illustrations of all the Species. By George W. Tryon, Jr. This work is now completed. It contains over 200 pages of text and is illus- trated by 18 lithographic plates crowded with figures. Only 100 copies were printed, which are mostly sold. The work is published in the following styles:
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4. TRYON, GHO. W., Jr., Synonymy ofthe Species of Strepoma- tidz (Melanians) of the United States, with critical observations on their Affinities, and Descriptions of Land, Fresh Water and Marine Mollusca. 8vo, over 100 pp., with lithographic plates. 1865.
Cloth, $2.00. Paper, $1.75.
CONTENTS: Contributions towards a Monography of the Order Pholadacea, with Descriptions of
New Species. Descriptions of two new Species of Fresh Water Mollusca "from Panama, Des- cription of anew Exotic Melania. Descriptions of new Species of Fresh Water Mollusca be- longing to the Families Amnicolidx, Valvatide and Limnxidz, inhabiting California. De- seription of a new Species of Pleurocera. Description of a new "Species of Teredo, from New Bedford. Mass. Descriptions of two new Species of Mexican Land Shells. Synonymy of the Species of Strepomatidx, Parts 1, 2,3, 4 and Supplement.
The Edition is very limited—only 75 copies. Early application will, therefore, be necessary to secure the work. 5. RAFINESQUE, C. S., Complete Writings on Recent and Fossil Conchology. Edited by William G. Binney and Geo. W. Tryon, Jr. 8vo. 1864. With lithographic plates Price, $2.50.
This is the only edition of Rafinesque’s Complete Writings ever published, and contains reprints of many papers, which had been entirely forgotten by naturalists.
6. TRYON, GEO. W., Jr., List of American Writers on Recent Conchology, with the Titles of their Memoirs and Dates of Publication. 8vo. 1860. Printed on fine plate paper. Cloth, $2.00. Paper, $1.75.
7. TRYON, GEO. W., Jr., Monograph of the Order Pholadacea, and other Papers. 8vo, 127 pp., with plates. 1862. Cloth, $2.00. Paper, $1.7 Contains Monographs of the Families Gastrochwnidz, Pholadide, and Teredid. eget Ee American Conchology, and Descriptions of new Species of Fresh Water and Marine Shells.
y A discount of 20 per cent. will be allowed from the above prices, to Members he 2 es Section and to Booksellers. Apply to
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CORSE E N ie:
[St RREC Ord! Ot Were grees Sinn as 04h. ie sabes Fagetsvon none sedan me dasa tewa dante 193
2, On a New Californian Helicoid Land Shell. By J. G. DOO er MWK six... Stet: ae Mkn doieonedunealnn Bee eeeaise : 196
Smee enews Me ewe eaneee
3. Descriptions of Three New Species of Shells. By John Wolf. 198
4. Notes on West Coast Land Shells, No. 2. By J. G. EG ODEL Muar vecteve atessetene sepmeaas aS coadennnebasasceaee siedeneeer sa ecoModo 199
5. Notices and Reviews of New Conchological Works. By
I. AmericaAn.—Annals of New York Lyceum: Proceedings Boston Soc. Nat. History, etc,
II. Forrign.—S#ritish—London Zoological Proceedings: Reeve’s Conchologia Ieconica. French—Journal de Conchyliologie; Revue et Magazin de Zoologie, ete. [talian.—Bulletino Malacologico Italiano.
German.—Fauna der Mollusken Siebenburgens ; Archiv fur Naturgeschichte; Novi- tates Conchologice,
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Uncolored plates at 3 cents each, or colored plates 12 to 18 cents each. Contributions, as well as Papers and Works for Review or Exchange, should be directed to
Conchological Section, Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia.
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American Journal of Conchalogy—S364 Plate 16.
Tale, Shells of Necaragua. Tryon, On New Marine Motlusec.
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