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THE LIBRARY

OF

THE UNIVERSITY
OF CALIFORNIA

BEQUEST OF

Alice R. Hilgard

EARTH

SCIENCES

LIBRARY

AMERICAN

MARINE CONCHOLOGY:

OR,

DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHELLS

ATLANTIC COAST OF THE UNITED STATES

FROM MAINE TO FLORIDA.
BY

GEOEGE W. TEYON, JR.,

MEMBER OP THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA.

PHILADELPHIA:

PUBLISHED BY THE AUTHOR

No. 19 NORTH SIXTH STREET.

COLLINS, PRINTER.

T76'

EARTH
SCJENCES

LIBRARY

TO THE

MEMORY

OP

THOMAS SAY, AUGUSTUS A. GOULD,

WILLIAM STIMPSON.

M857041

1 The Almighty Maker has throughout
Discriminated each from each, by strokes
And touches of his hand with so much art
Diversified, that two were never found
Twins at all points."

COWPER.

To ask or search I blame thee not ; for Nature
Is as the book of God before thee set,
Wherein to read his wondrous works.
But what created mind can comprehend
Their number, or the wisdom infinite
That brought them forth, but hid their causes deep."

MILTON.

' There is a pleasure in the pathless woods,
There is a rapture in the lonely shore,
There is society, where none intrudes,
By the deep Sea, and music in its roar ;
I love not Man the less, but Nature more."

BYRON.

PEEFACE.

IN preparing the present work, it was my purpose to furnish to Concho-
logical students and to sea-shore collectors succinct and plain descriptions,
illustrated by characteristic figures of the American Marine Mollusks in-
habiting our coast from Maine to Florida. I could not undertake, within the
limits of a single volume, to give a complete portraiture of each species, or
to present its entire bibliography, and I have therefore cultivated brevity —
I hope in no case at the expense of lucidity.

Following the plan adopted in my previous memoirs on American Con-
chology I have prepared copious analytical tables of families, genera, and
species, presenting their prominent distinctive characters at a glance, and
thus greatly facilitating their correct determination. In my classification I
have not always followed the most approved modern systematists, simply
because it appeared to me to be very unnecessary in a work of such partial
character as the present one to introduce a host of systematic divisions, where
an older, more simple, and more generally comprehensible method would sub-
serve my purpose. .

Space could not be found for full notes of the habits of all of our species
heretofore observed, but I think that I have described a sufficient number of
them to give the reader a reasonably good idea of their appearance, mode of
life, etc., and to incite collectors to observe and to study the living specimens.
The limits of bathymetrical as well as of geographical distribution of the
species have been carefully stated, and collectors may expect their occurrence
in suitable situations at all intermediate localities and depths.

With regard to the geographical limits which I have assigned to my work,
I would explain that, northward of the Canadian waters, the coast has not
been sufficiently explored to lead to the conjecture that we have been made
acquainted with the moiety of its species ; moreover it is very unlikely that

VI PREFACE.

collectors will be supplied with many of these Arctic species. Of those
known to science a considerable portion extend southwards to Cape Cod, and
are consequently herein described. Our southern limit, on the other hand,
will include a considerable number of tropical forms which, dispersed and
protected by the warmth of the Gulf Stream, have spread to various por-
tions of our southern coast. I could not extend my limits southward to the
southern coast of Florida or that of the Gulf of Mexico without including
the great West Indian province, which would have enlarged my work to five
or six times its present bulk. , This portion of our marine molluscous fauna,
like that of our Pacific coast, may be advantageously presented in separate
treatises.

It gives me great pleasure to acknowledge my obligations to many friends
for their active interest in my work ; I am particularly indebted to Mr. JOHN
H. THOMSON, of New Bedford, Mass., and Dr. H. C. YARROW, of Fort
Macon, N. C., for extensive collections from localities rich in species. I
have dedicated my work to the memory of the three deeply lamented natu-
ralists to whom we are principally indebted for our knowledge of American
Marine Mollusca. Two of them, Dr. GOULD and Dr. STIMPSON, were per-
sonal friends, and from the time when they fostered my first efforts in natural
science almost to the period of their deaths I never applied to them in vain
for assistance and advice in my Conchological studies.

The generic and specific descriptions used in this book are principally
copied from " Woodward's Manual of the Mollusca," Adams' " Genera of
Recent Mollusca," De Kay's " Mollusca of New York," Gould's " Inverte-
brata of Massachusetts," and from the original diagnoses of Say, Adams,
Mighels, Stimpson, and others. I think that it is unnecessary to make any
apology for using so extensively the language of other writers in preference
to preparing original descriptions — the latter course I have adopted when-
ever I believed that I could improve or correct the original description. T
trust that this general acknowledgment will save me from the reproach of
egotism in avoiding the use of cumbersome and unsightly quotation marks.

Upon the completion of each of my former volumes I have promised
myself that it should be my last book ; that pledge I am again impelled to
violate. Those alone, who labor in a similar field, can understand how im-
peratively science requires her votaries to publish her truths for the instruc-
tion of the world.

GEO. W. TBYON, JR.

JANUARY 1, 1873.

MARINE MOLLUSCA OF THE UNITED STATES.

CLASS CEPHALOPODA.

HEAD large, separate from the body ; eyes large, complex, lateral:
ears developed; mouth armed with two horny or shelly jaws edged
with fleshy lips, surrounded by eight or ten fleshy arms and fur-
nished with an entire or slit tube or siphuncle. Body ovate, round-
ish or cylindrical, open in front, containing the viscera and one
or two pairs of internal symmetrical gills ; naked ; surrounded by
a thin shell with a single cavity ; or partly or entirely contained
in the last chamber of a chambered shell furnished with a siphon
passing from chamber to chamber. Unisexual. Animal free,
walking head downwards by means of its arms, or swimming in
the sea, propelled by the water from the siphon tube.

ORDER OCTOPODA. — Body naked ; head separate, with eight
fleshy arms, furnished with sessile cups or suckers, without any
horny rings ; eyes fixed in the skin. Siphuncle entire ; gills two.
No internal or external shell.

ORDER DECAPODA. — Body naked ; head separate, with ten fleshy
arms, two of them longer, furnished with pedunculated cups or
suckers, with horny rings ; eyes free in their orbits. Siphuncle
entire ; gills two. Having an internal shell or pen.

ORDER OCTOPODA.

Family OCTOPODID^E.

Arms subulate. Mantle supported by fleshy bands. No cephalic
aquiferous apertures.

In the genera comprising this family the arms are similar,
elongated, and united at the base by a web. The animal is chiefly
littoral, inhabiting the temperate and tropical zones. It escapes

8 AMERICAN MARINE CONCHOLOGY.

capture by varying its tints according to the nature of the ground
over which it passes, and eludes its enemies, when pursued, by
discoloring the water around it with the contents of its ink-bag.

Synopsis of Genera.

Arms with two rows of cups. Body round, without fins. OCTOPUS.
Arms with one row of cups, bearded and united by a broad web. Body
finned. CIKBHOTEUTHIS.

Genus OCTOPUS, Cuvier.
Regne Animal, ii. 1817.

1. 0. RUGOSUS, Bosc. Fig. 1.

Act. de la Soc. d'Hist. Nat., t. 15, f. 1, 2. 1792.
Sepia granulosa, Bosc. Buff., Vers. i. 47. 1802.
Sepia granulatus, Lamarck, Mem. Soc. Hist. Nat., i. p. 2. 1799.
Octopus Barkeri, Ferussac, Orb. Sal. Ceph. 54, No. 3. 1826.
Octopus Americanus, Blainville, Diet. Sc. Nat. xliii. 185. 1826.

Body oval, purse-shaped, large, with a deep groove above. Head,
arms, and upper part of the body covered with roundish tuber-
cles. Head short, warty; ocular beard, one, elongated. Arms
short, thick, conical, their proportional lengths 4, 3, 2, 1. Cups
large, of upper part of arm rather smaller, lowest one-rowed. Web
short. When alive, violet-brown, white beneath ; side of the arms
netted with brown lines.

North Carolina to South America ; also Indian Ocean. ?

Genus CIEEHOTETJTHIS, Eschricht.
Nov. Act. Nat. Cur., xviii. 625. 1836-8.

1. C. MULLERI, Eschricht. Fig. 2.

Nov. Act. Nat. Cur., xviii. 1836-8.

Body smooth, oblong, three-lobed. Fins longer than broad,
blunt, depressed. Eyes very small. Arms equal, quadrangular.
Cups very small, oval, about thirty ; beards between the cups fili-
form.

Arctic America.

ORDER DEC APOD A.
* Shell internal, solid, horny.

Family LOLIGOPSID^E. Eyes naked. Mantle supported by two
internal fleshy bands. Siphuncle simple. Fins semicircular.
Family ONYCHOTEUTHID^E. Eyes naked, with a sinus above.

MARINE MOLLUSCA OF THE UNITED STATES. 9

Mantle furnished with three internal cartilages, one dorsal and
two ventral. Siphuncle with a valve. Fins angular.

Family LOLIGINID^E. Eyes covered with skin, simple. Mantle
with three internal cartilages, one dorsal and two ventral.

* Shell internal, calcareous, spiral, chambered, siphunculated.

Family SPIRULID^-E. Eyes covered with the skin, with a lower
eyelid. Mantle free all around.

Family LOLIGOPSHXE.

The members of this family have the eyes pedunculated and
not covered by a skin ; the fins are caudal, terminal, and semi-
circular ; the body is membranaceous, semipellucid, elongate, and
tapering behind. They inhabit the high seas, and are powerful
swimmers.

Genus LOLIGOPSIS, Lamarck.
Extr. de Cours. 1812.

Leachia, Lesueur, Journ. Philad. Acad., ii. 89. 1821.

Body very long, conical, attenuated. Shell flexible, slender,
keeled above; very narrow, lanceolate, thickened at the tip.

1. L. PAVO, Lesueur. Fig. 3.

(Loligo.) Journ. Philad. Acad., ii. 9.6. 1821.

Body smooth, spotted with red. Fins terminal, short, soft,
narrow, outline together heart-shaped, not notched in front. Ses-
sile arms slender, short, three upper pairs rounded. Cups much
depressed, broad, oblique ; rings smooth exteriorly, inner edge
divided into square teeth. Tentacular arms slender. Shell elon-
gate, very .thin, nearly gelatinous, attenuated anteriorly, lanceo-
late posteriorly.

Arctic Seas, New England, New York, Madeira.

Family ONYCHOTEUTHID^E.

Synopsis of Genera.

* Tentacular Arms with Hooks. Sessile Arms with Cups and Rings.
Club of tentacular arm with hooks. Shell lanceolate, pennate, sides thin.

ONYCHOTEUTHIS.

Club of tentacular arm with hooks on the centre, and with two rows of

small cups on each side. Shell lanceolate, pennate. ONYCHIA.

* Tentacular and sessile arms with cups and horny rings.

10 AMERICAN MARINE CONCHOLOGY.

Fins rhombic, posterior, caudal. Internal cartilage of mantle dilated below.
Shell narrow, dilated in front with one central and two marginal ribs.

OMMASTREPHES.

Genus ONYCHOTEUTHIS, Lichtenstein.
Berl. Acad. 1818.

,Body elongate, subcylindrical, smooth, acuminated behind.
Mantle with an elongated, narrow, prominent, longitudinal ridge,
fitting into a similar groove on the base of the siphuncle. Head
large, rather depressed, with three to eleven longitudinal ridges,
and edged behind by a transverse ridge. Eyes large, lateral; ses-
sile arms angular ; third or fourth pair with a keel or fin ; cups in
two alternating lines ; rings convex and toothless. Tentacular
arms partly retractile, strong ; club enlarged, with a rounded
group of small sessile cups at each end, and two series of claw-
like hooks, the outer series largest. Siphuncle very short, lodged
in a cavity, with two superior muscular bands.

1. 0. BANKSII, Leach. Fig. 4.

(Loligo.) Zool. Miscel., iii. 141, sp. 4. 1817.

Onychoteuthis Bergii, Licbtenstein, Zool. Mus. Berlin, 1592, 1. 19, f. a. 1818.

Sepia loligo, Fabricius, Faun. Grcenl. 359.

Onychoteuthis Fabricii, Lichtenstein, Isis. t. 19. 1818.

OnyJca angulata, Lesueur, Journ. Philad. Acad., ii. 99, t. 9, f. 3, 184 ; ii.

296, fig. 1822.

Loligo felina, Blainv. Diet. Sc. Nat.; xxvii. 139. 1823.
Onychoteuthis Molina, Leach, Berl. Trans., t. 4. 1818.
Loligo uncinatus, Quoy & Gaimard, Zool. Uranie, i. 410, t. 66, f. 7. 1838.
Onychoteuthis Lessonii, Fer. Orb. Ceph. 61», No. 6. 1825.
Onychoteuthis Fleurii, Renaud. Lesson, Centurie Zool. 61, t. 17.

Head, with eleven longitudinal, small, prominent ridges. Fins
rhomboidal. Sessile arms unequal, in length, 2, 3, 4, 1. Cups
pear-shaped. Tentacular arms very extensile, with double series
of hooks ; the basal group consisting of seven or eight open, and
the same number of closed cups. The special group of sixteen or
seventeen cups all open ; hooks twenty to twenty-two, in two rows,
those of the outer row largest.

Arctic Seas to West Indies, Africa, Indian Ocean.

2. 0. BARTLINGII, Lesueur. Fig. 5.

(Loligo.) Journ. Philad. Acad., ii. 95, fig. 1821.
Onychoteuthis Lesueurii, Ferussac, Cepli. Acet., t. 4.

MARINE MOLLUSCA OF THE UNITED STATES. 11

Body elongate ; back with a central, transparent line over the
keel of the shell. Fins rhombic. Sessile arms slender ; dorsal
pair rounded externally, with a slight fin on the upper part ; the
second, third, and fourth pairs finned on the outer side nearly the
whole length. Tentacular arms with six large hooks. Shell dark-
brown, lanceolate, pennate, with a short central keel above and
ridge beneath, thin. »

Gulf Stream, Indian Ocean, New Zealand.

Genus ONYCHIA, Lesueur.
Journ. Pliilad. Acad., i. 98, 1821 ; ii. 296, 1822.

In this genus the body is red and spotted ; the tentacular arms
scarcely enlarged at the ends. Like most other genera of this
family, and other pelagic forms, it is crepuscular, darting along
the surface of the ocean toward nightfall, and preying upon small
fishes, floating Crustacea and acalephse that swim near the surface.

1. 0. CARDIOPTERA, Pe'ron. Fig. 6.

(Loligo.) Toy. Atlas, t. 60, f. 5. 1804.

Sepiola cardioptera, Lesueur, Journ. Pliilad. Acad., ii. 100. 1821.
OnycMa caribaa, Lesueur, ibid., ii. 98, t. 9, f. 1, 2. 1821.
Onychoteuthis LeacMi, Ferussac, Cepli. Acet. Onych., t. 5, f. 4, 7.

Body large, oblong, narrowed and prolonged behind. Sessile
arms unequal, relative lengths 3, 2, 4, 1 ; cups in two alternating
lines. Shell rather broad, sides rounded.

Southern Atlantic Ocean ; Gulf of Mexico.

Genus OMMASTKEPHES, Orbigny.
Moll. Viv. et Fos., i. 412. 1845.

In this genus the sessile arms are conical, subulate, upper and
lower quadrangular, the others triangular, compressed, unequal ;
relative lengths 3, 2, 1,4; the cups are very oblique, flesl^, dis-
tinct ; the rings oblique and toothed. Tentacular arms not re-
tractile, short, strong, thick, with a slight longitudinal ridge,
scarcely enlarged at the end, webbed at the tip.

Living in the high seas in large troops, nocturnal ; the food of
cetacea and pelagic birds. The sailors call them " sea-arrows" or
" flying-squids," from their habit of leaping out of the water, often
to such a height as to fall on the decks of vessels.

12 AMERICAN MARINE CONCHOLOGY.

1. 0. SAGITTATUS, Lamarck. Fig. T.

(Loligo.) Mem. Soc. Hist. Nat., Paris, xiii. 1799.
Loligo illecebrosa, Lesueur, Journ. Philad. Acad., ii. 95, plate. 1821.
Loligo harpago, Ferussac, Diet. Class. Hist. Nat., iii. 67. 1833.
Loligo Brongniartii, Blainv., Diet. Sc. Nat., xxvii. 142. 1823.
Loligo piscatorum, La Pylaie, Ann. Sc. Nat., iv. 319. 1825.
Loligo Coindetii, Verany, Mem. Acad. Sc. Torino, t. 1, f. 4. 1837.

0

Head large. Body elongate, cylindrical, opaque, fleshy, smooth
above and below. Tentacular arms with eight rows of numerous
small cups at the extremities. Shell narrow, elongate; lateral
ribs largest ; apical cone large.

This beautiful animal is occasionally seen on all parts of the
shore of Massachusetts. But it is especially abundant about
sandy shores, as at Cape Cod. At Provincetown I have seen them
stranded upon the beach at low tide, in great multitudes. Their
usual mode of swimming is by dilating their sack-shaped body
and filling it with water. The body is then suddenly contracted
and the water forcibly ejected, so as to propel them backwards
with great rapidity. So swift and straight is their progress that
they look like arrows shooting through the water. Whenever
they strike the shore they commence pumping the water with in-
creased violence, while every effort only tends to throw them still
further upon the sand, until they are left high and dry. The body
is beautifully spotted with colors, which seem to vary with the
emotions of the animal. At one moment they are a vivid red, at
the next a deep blue, violet, brown, or orange. They devour im-
mense numbers of small fish, and it is amusing to watch their
movements and see how, at a distance of several feet, they will
poise themselves, and in an instant, with the rapidity of lightning,
the prey is seized in their long arms and instantaneously swal-
lowed. They, in their turn, are devoured by the larger fishes, and
are extensively used for bait in the cod-fishery. (Gould, Invert.
Mass.)

Atlantic Ocean from Newfoundland southwards ; Mediterranean.

2. 0. BARTRAMII, Lesueur. Fig. 8.

(Loligo.) Journ. Philad. Acad., ii. 90, t. 7. 1821.
Loligo sagittatus, Blainv., Diet. Sc. Nat., xxvii. 140. 1823.
Loligo vitreus, Bang, Mag. Zool. 71, t. 36. 1837.
Ommastreplies cylindricus. Orb. Voy. Am. Merid. 54, t. 3, f. 3, 4.

MARINE MOLLUSCA OF THE UNITED STATES. 13

Head short. Body elongate, cylindrical, acuminate posteriorly,
truncated anteriorly, longitudinally adorned above with a violet
zone. Tentacular arms with tivo series of small cups at the ex-
tremities. The second and third pairs of sessile arms with a
broad membranaceous fin on the inner edge of the ventral side.
Shell thin, elongated.

Atlantic Ocean, Mediterranean, Cape of Good Hope.

Family

The eyes are covered by the skin, without lids. Sessile arms
with two rows of cups. Rings not convex externally, provided
with a narrow, prominent edge on the middle of their width.
Tentacular arms only partly contractile.

Synopsis of Genera.

Head separate from the body. Fin terminal, rhombic.

Cups of sessile arms in two rows ; lateral membranes with cups on the

angles. Shell as long as the back. LOLIGO.

Head attached to back of mantle by a band. Fins short, dorsal, not ter-

minal. Shell narrow, with a central and two marginal ribs. SEPIOLA.

Genus LOLIGO, Lamarck.
Mem. Soc. Hist. Nat. 1799.

These animals pursue their prey on the bosom of the ocean,
swimming with great rapidity ; fish and pelagic crustaceans,
ianthinse and other oceanic mollusca, constitute their food ; many
individuals frequently unite and hunt in companies ; their favorite
•time for scouring the surface being the" evening after sunset. It
is the favorite food of the cod, and with it one-half of all the cod
taken at Newfoundland is caught. When the European species,
L. magna, approaches the coast in vast shoals, five hundred sail
of English and French ships engage in the fishery for bait.
During violent gales hundreds of tons of them are often thrown
up together in beds on the English coast. There are numerous
species, inhabiting all seas.

1. L. BREVIS, Blainville. Fig. 9.

Journ. de Phys. 1823.
Loligo brevipinna, Lesueur, Journ. Philad. Acad., iii. 282, t. 10, f. 1-3.

1824.

14 AMERICAN MARINE CONCHOLOGY.

Body cylindrical, obtuse posteriorly. Fins short, transversely
oval. Shell dilated, very broad, central keeled, narrow in front.

Delaware Bay (Lesueur), Fort Macon, North Carolina;

Southern Atlantic Ocean to Brazil.

2. L. PUNCTATA, De Kay. Figs. 10, 11.

Moll., New York, 3, t. 1, f. 1. 1843.

Body cylindrical, thick, somewhat tapering posteriorly. Fins
broadly rhomboidal, nearly half the length of the body. Cups
irregularly placed, numerous.

This beautiful squid is nearly allied to the L. Pealiiof Lesueur,
but this latter has the suckers arranged in two regular series. It
has also a membrane along the lateral edges of the arms, and an
acute termination of the caudal extremit}^.

Fig. 11 represents a bunch of egg-cases and an embryo, highly

magnified. (Copied from De Kay.)

New York; Connecticut.

3. L. PEALII, Lesueur. Fig. 12.

Journ. Plrilad. Acad., ii. 92, t. 8, f. 1, 2. 1821.

Body elongate, subconical, acuminated posteriorly. Fins rhom-
boidal, thick, occupying about three-fifths of the length. Sessile
arms long ; cups very oblique, in two rows. Shell lanceolate,

narrow.

Entire Atlantic Coast.

Genus SEPIOLA, Rondelet.
Piscis et Aquat., i. 510. 1554.

The body in this genus is round and purse-like, and the short
dorsal fins are rounded and contracted at the base. Distribution
universal.

1. S. ATLANTICA, Orb. et Ferussac. Fig. 13.

Cephal. Apet., 235, t. 4, f. 1-12. 1839. '
Sepiola vulgaris, Gervais & Van Beneden, Bull. Acad. Bruxelles, iv. No. 7.

1849.
Sepiola oceanica, Orb. Moll. Viv. et Foss, t. 10, f. 13. 1845.

Fins oval, far apart. Sessile arms short, unequal, with two
rows of cups; the lower pair with eight rows of smaller cups at
the tip; proportionate lengths 3, 2, 4, 1; cups small, oblique, in
two series; lateral arms larger. Tentacular arms long. Shell
linear, narrow, gradually enlarged upwards and spathnlate behind
the tip ; sides thickened.

Atlantic Ocean.

MARINE MOLLUSCA OF THE UNITED STATES. 15

Family &PIRULIDJ3.

This family differs from those preceding it in having a calca-
reous spirally coiled and concamerated shell. There is but one
recent genus, Spirula, and only one species.

Genus SPIETJLA., Lamarck.
Extr. de Cours. 1799.

1. S. PERONII, Lamarck. Figs. 14, 15.

Anim. sans Vert., vii. 601. 1822.
Spirula fragilis, Stimpson, Check List, 6. 1860.

Shell white, nacreous, coiled in two or three turns, which do not
touch each other, something like a ram's horn. The surface ex-
hibits constrictions, at short intervals, each of which corresponds
to an internal partition, so that the whole shell is divided off into
chambers, having a tube at one side, so that the whole are in com-
munication. Inhabits the open sea all over the world, and is cast
upon the shores during storms.

CLASS GASTEROPODA.

Head distinct, furnished with eyes and tentacles. Body usually
protected by a conical or spiral shell. Lower part of body formed
into a thickened, expanded, creeping disk or foot.

ORDER I. PROSOBRANCHIATA.

Animal creeping or swimming, protected by a shell usually large
enough to contain it. Branchiae plume-like, situated in advanll of
the heart. Sexes distinct.

A. Siphonostomata. Animal provided with a siphon and having
a canaliculated shell. Carnivorous. The shell is spiral, and its
axis is usually imperforate. Operculum lamellar, horny.

B. ffolostomata. Respiratory siphon wanting, or represented
by a mere lobe in the collar of the mantle. Shell spiral or limpet-
shaped, generally somewhat globular, and with an entire rounded
aperture. The gills are plume-like, placed obliquely across the
back, or attached to the right side of the neck. These mollusks
inhabit the sea or fresh water, and all of the latter, as well as a
portion of the former, are phytophagous.

16 AMERICAN MARINE CONCHOLOGY. f

ORDER II. PULMONIFERA.

Lung breathers. Land and fresh-water snails.

ORDER III. OPISTHOBRANCHIATA.

Shell rudimentary or wanting. Branchiae arborescent, not pro-
tected, but more or less completely exposed, on the back or sides
of the body near the rear end. Sexes united.

A few species, Bulla for example, have a shell enveloped in the
mantle.

ORDER IY. PTEROPODA.

Marine animals swimming by the aid of a pair of wing-like fins
proceeding from the sides of the mouth or neck. Shell glossy
and translucent. Sexes united. Pelagic.

ORDER I. PROSOBRANCHIATA.

Section A. SIPHONOSTOMATA.

Carnivorous Gasteropoda. Shell spiral, axis usually imper-
forate ; aperture notched or produced into a canal in front. Oper-
culum horny, lamellar.

* Lip of aperture expanded.

Family STROMBID^. Shell with an expanded lip, deeply notched
near the canal. Operculum claw-shaped, serrated on the outer
edge.

** Lip of aperture not expanded.

Family MURICID^E. Shell with a straight anterior canal ; aper-
ture entire behind.

Family BUCCINID^I. Shell simply notched in front ; or with a
short canal abruptly reflected, producing a kind of varix on the
front of the shell.

Family CONID^. Shell inversely conical or subfusiform ; aper-
ture long and narrow; outer lip notched at or near the suture.
Columella without plaits.

Family YOLUTID^. Shell porcellanous, turreted or convolute ;
aperture notched in front ; columella obliquely plaited.

Family CYPR^Enxas. Shell porcellanous, convolute ; spire con-
cealed ; aperture as long as the shell, narrow, channelled at each
end ; outer lip of adult thickened, inflected.

MARINE MOLLUSCA OF THE UNITED STATES. 17

Family STROMBID^E.

Animal furnished with large eyes, placed on thick pedicels ;
tentacles slender, rising from the middle of the eye-pedicels. Foot
narrow, ill-adapted for creeping.

The strombs are carrion-feeders, and for molluscous animals,
very active ; they progress by a sort of leaping movement, turn-
ing their heavy shells from side to side. Their eyes are more
perfect than those of the other gasteropods, or of many fishes.

Genus STBOMBUS, Linn.
Syst. Nat., edit. ii. 64. 1740.

Shell rather ventricose, tubercular or spiny ; spire short ; aper-
ture long, with a short canal above and truncated below ; outer
lip expanded, lobed above, and sinuated near the notch of the
anterior canal.

The fountain-shell of the West Indies, S. gigas, L., is one of
the largest living gasteropods, weighing sometimes four or five
pounds. Immense quantities of it are annually used for the manu-
facture of cameos, and for the porcelain works; 300,000 were
brought to Liverpool from the Bahamas in one year. There are
about seventy -five species ; inhabiting all tropical seas.

1. S. ALATUS, Gmelin. Fig. 16.

Syst. Nat. 3513. 1790.
Strombus pyrulatus, Lamarck, Anim. s. Vert. vii. 205. 1822.

Shell ovately conical, rather stout, spire acuminated, whorls
smooth, conspicuously grooved at the base and towards the apex,
concave round the upper part, noduled at the angle, nodules
rather small, columella very callous, lip winged, interior of the
aperture wrinkled towards the lip ; chestnut-brown, columella, and
interior of the aperture deep blackish-chestnut, sometimes carne-

lian-red.

Beaufort, North Carolina, to West Indies.

Genus APOKRHAIS, Dillwyn.*
Philos. Trans., ii. 395. 1823.

Shell with an elongated spire; whorls numerous, tuberculated;
aperture narrow, with a short canal in front ; outer lip of the adult
expanded and lobed or digitated ; operculum pointed, lamellar.

* On the authorship of this name see W. M. Gabb in Am. Journ. Conch. ,
iv. 143. 1868.
2

18 AMERICAN MARINE CONCHOLOGY.

Animal with a broad short muzzle; tentacles cylindrical, bear-
ing the eyes on prominences near their bases, outside ; foot short,
angular in front; branchial plume single, long.

Subgenus Arrhoges, Gabb.
Am. Journ. Conch., iv. 145. 1868.

Shell fusiform, anterior canal nearly obsolete, no posterior canal,
outer lip expanded, simple.

1. A. OCCIDENTALS, Beck. Fig. 125.

Guerin, Mag. Zool., t. 72. 1836.

Whorls eight to nine, convex, with numerous waving vertical
folds and regular conspicuous revolving lines; lip expanded, with
a blunt process above. Epidermis thick and dusky; beneath

bluish-white. Length 2.25 ; width 1.5 inches.

Maine, northwards.

Family MURICHXE.

Animal with a broad foot ; eyes sessile on the tentacles, or at
their base ; branchial plumes two. Lingual ribbon long, linear.
Teeth in three series (I'I'I) the central broad, the lateral versatile.
Mantle inclosed, the margin producing varices at intervals across
the shells, and extended in front, forming a straight, more or less
elongated siphon. Foot simple in front.

Synopsis of Genera.

1. Not umbilicated. Outer lip thickened.
Lip without folds ; whorls with varices.

Shell ornamented with three or more continuous longitudinal yarices ;
aperture rounded ; beak often very long ; canal partly closed ; operculum
concentric ; nucleus sub-apical. MUBEX, Linn.

Shell with two rows of continuous varices, one on each side.

RANELLA, Lam.

2. Not umbilicated. Golumellar lip with folds ; no varices.

Shell fusiform, elongated ; not cancellated ; whorls round or angular ; canal
open ; columellar lip tortuous with several oblique folds. Operculum
claw-shaped. FASCIOLABIA, Lam.

Shell cancellated ; aperture channelled in front ; columella with several
strong oblique folds ; no operculum. CANCELLARIA, Lam.

3. Umbilicated. Shell spirally furrowed ; columella without folds.

Thin, umbilicated ; spirally furrowed ; the ridges with epidermal fringes ;

columella obliquely truncated ; operculum lamellar, nucleus external.

TRICHOTROPIS, Brod.

MARINE MOLLUSCA OF THE UNITED STATES. 19

4. Not umbiticated. Shell pear-shaped ; fusiform ; outer lip thin; columella

smooth.

Pear-shaped ; spire short ; whorls angular above ; canal long, curved, open ;
operculum with apical nucleus. SYCOTYPUS, Browne.

Pyriform, light, ventricose, ribbed, and cancellated ; spire very short ; aper-
ture large ; columella simple ; canal straight, elongated ; outer lip thin,
entire. Ficus, Klein.

Fusiform ; spire conical ; canal straight, long ; operculum ovate, curved ;
nucleus apical. Fusus, Lamarck.

Genus MUEEX, Linn.
Syst. Nat., edit, x., 746. 1758.
The murices appear to form only one-third of a whorl annually,

ending in a varix, but some species form intermediate varices of

less extent. There are over two hundred species, of world-wide

distribution.

1. M. SPINICOSTATA, Valenciennes. Fig. IT.
Kiener, Icon. Coq., 49, t. 41, f. 1.

Shell pear-shaped, sometimes oblong, sometimes shorter and
ventricose; whorls biangulated at the upper part, transversely
ridged and striated ; ridges minute, narrow, rather superficial ; six-
or-seven varicose veins armed with frond-like spines throughout ;
spines canaliculated, slightly curved, the basal, and those upon
the posterior angles, longer, sharp-pointed ; white, ridges reddish-
brown, stained here and there with small crescent-shaped spots of
a deeper color; interior of the aperture white, stained in places
with ruddy spots; canal rather elongated; sometimes shorter,

recurved.

Beaufort, North Carolina, to Gulf of Mexico.

The North Carolina specimens are generally worn, evidently
dead shells. This is probably the most northern limit of the

species.

Subgenus Urosalpinx, Stimpson.

Am. Journ. Conch., i. 58. 1865.

Shell elongated, oval or short fusiform, longitudinally ribbed or
undulated and spirally striated; aperture with a short canal-
Operculum semi-cordate, with the nucleus at the outer edge a lit-
tle below the middle.

1. U. CINEREUS, Say. Fig. 42.

Fusus. Journ. Phil. Acad., ii. 236. 1821.
Buccinum plicosum, Menke, Synopsis, 2d edit. 59. 1830.

Shell oval, fusiform, with five or six convex volutions crossed

20 AMERICAN MARINE CONCHOLOGY.

by a dozen rib-like undulations, and with numerous revolving
lines ; mouth oval, brownish within, canal short. Low water to
fifteen fathoms.

Length 25 ; diam. 15 mill.

Inhabits the whole coast.

Genus EANELLA, Lam.
Extr. d. Cours. 1812.

Shell ovate or oblong, compressed, with two rows of continuous
varices, one on each side; aperture oval; columella arcuated;
canal short, recurved ; outer lip crenulated.

The species are mostly tropical. They crawl with considerable
animation and rapidity.

1. K. GAUD ATA, Say. Fig. 18.

Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philad., ii. 236. 1822.
Fusus pyruloides, Be Kay. Moll., New York, 147, t. 9, f. 191. 1843.
Eupleura caudata, Say. Stimpson, Arn. Journ. Conch., i. 58. 1865.

Shell solid, whorls five, with nine stout, vertical ribs, besides the
varices, crossed by numerous revolving lines. Lip thick, bordered
within by raised granules. Reddish-brown, white or bluish-white
within. Operculum chestnut.

Length 1 inch ; width .65 inch.

The head and tentacles and the siphon are nearly white, the

foot light yellow.

Massachusetts to Georgia.

Genus FASCIOLAKIA, Lamarck.

Prodr. 1799.

Shell fusiform ; spire acuminated ; aperture oval, elongated, as
long as the spire ; siphonal canal straight ; columella smooth, with
a few oblique plaits at the forepart ; outer lip internally crenate.
Operculum claw-shaped.

There are over one hundred species; tropical or subtropical in
distribution.

•1. F. GIGANTEA, Kieuer. Fig. 19.

Icon. Coq., Viv. Fasciolaria, p. 5, t. 10 and 11.

Shell symmetrically fusiform, spire acuminately turreted ; whorls
somewhat obsoletely obtusely ridged throughout, scarcely angu-
lated around the upper part, armed with large swollen tubercles ;
fleshy-white, covered with a subtransparent yellowish-chestnut
horny epidermis, columella and interior of the aperture reddish.

MARINE MOLLUSCA OP THE UNITED STATES. 21

This is the largest species of gasteropod known, attaining to
the length of from one to two feet.

Southern Coast, from North Carolina to Florida.

2. F. TULIPA, Linnaeus. Fig. 20.

(Murex.) Syst. Nat., edit. xi. 754. 1758.

Fusiform, ventricose, spirally, irregularly grooved, suture cre-
nated. Bluish-white, variegated with chestnut or olive blotches,
sometimes spirally encircled with black lines ; flesh color within.

North Carolina (rare] to West Indies.

3. F. DISTANS, Lamarck. Fig. 21.

Anim. sans Vert. vii. 119. 1822.
<
Fusiform, ventricose, smooth, polished, spirally ridged at the

base ; whitish, variegated with chestnut blotches, and encircled
with distant black lines.

Distinguished from F. tulipa by its smaller size and more dis-
tant revolving black bands. It is probably not distinct.

North Carolina to West Indies.

4. F. LIGATA, Mighels and Adams. Fig. 22.

Bost. Journ. K Hist., iv. 51, t. 4, f. 17. 1842.
Ptychatractus ligatus, Stimpson, Am. Journ. Conch., i. 590. 1865.

Shell elongate, fusiform, thick, reddish; whorls six, convex,
with revolving ribs ; spire acuminate, suture strongly impressed ;
aperture ovate-elongate ; lip crenate ; columella with two folds.

Gulf of St. Lawrence.

This is certainly an aberrant/ form, -and its pertinence to the
genus is extremely doubtful.

Genus CANCELLARIA, Lamarck.

Prodi-cm. 1799.

According to M. Deshayes, the Cancellaria is a vegetable feeder.
The typical species have strong oblique plaits on the columella ;
they range from low water to forty fathoms and inhabit warm
latitudes. About seventy-five species have been described.

1. C. RETICULATA, Linnaeus. Fig. 23.

(Voluta.) Syst. Nat., edit. xii. 1190. 1767.

Shell oblong-turbinated, imperforated, solid, spire exserted;
whorls convex, everywhere obtusely reticulated; whitish, banded
and variegated with red-brown ; aperture rather narrowly ovate,
interior strongly ridged, plaits two, very prominent.

Southern Coast from North Carolina {rare} to West Indies.

22 AMERICAN MARINE CONCHOLOGY.

Subgenus Admete, Kroyer.
Moller, Naturhist. Tidskr., iv. 88. 1842.

Shell ovate, thin, covered with. an epidermis; spire acute, last
whorl ventricose ; aperture oval, chanelled anteriorly ; columella
with a few obsolete rudimentary folds ; outer lip thin, simple,
acute.

This group appears to represent Cancellaria in the northern
seas in the same manner that Troplion represents Hurex, and
Bela certain species of Mangelia.

2. C. VIRIDULA, Fabricius. Fig. 24.

(Tritonium.) Fauna Grcenlandica, 402. 1780.

Cancellaria buccinoides, Couthouy, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., ii. 105, t. 3, f. 3.
Cancellaria Couthouyi, Jay, Cat. 1839.
Admete viridula, Stimpson, Check Lists, No. 6.

Shell oblong, longitudinally obscurely ribbed, spirally lined,
spire acuminated; whorls rounded, suture strong; aperture short,
smooth, columella obsoletely plaited; white, under a pale green

epidermis. Ten to forty fathoms.

Massachusetts to Arctic Ocean.

Genus TKICHOTKOPSIS, Brod. & Sowb.

Zool. Journ., iv. 373. 1826.

Shell thin, ventricose, keeled, .umbilicated; aperture longer than
the spire, compressed into a partial canal in front ; epidermis
horny, rising into hairs at the angles of the shell ; operculum
horny, nucleus at one side.

There are about a dozen species, principally of arctic distribu-
tion.

1. T. BOREALIS, Sowerby. Fig. 25.

Zool. Journ., iv. 373, t. 9, f. 6, 7. 1826.
T. costellatus, Couthouy, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. ii. 108, t. 3, f. 2.

Shell ovate-rhomboidal ; whorls four, the last very broad, and
encircled by four or five, and the others by two prominent, fringed
ribs, and crossed by minute and regular elevated lines. Fifteen
to twenty fathoms.

From Massachusetts northward, Northern British Coasts.

MARINE MOLLUSCA OP THE UNITED STATES. 23

Genus SYCOTYPUS, Browne.
Nat. Hist., Jamaica, 406. 1756.
Busycon, Bolten, Morck, Yoldi, Cat. 104. 1852.
Fulgur, Montfort, Concli. Syst., ii. 502. 1810.
Pyrula, Lam. (part.) Prodr. 1799.

Shell pyriforrn, thin, last whorl large, nodulous or spinose ; spire
very short; aperture large, subtriangular ; canal open, elongated,
entire at the forepart ; inner lip concave, with a single fold ante-
riorly ; outer lip internally •triated.

The species are mostly American and are principally southern.
Recent authorities have separated the shells with canaliculated
sutures under the generic name Sycotypus, leaving the other spe-
cies to constitute the genus Fulgur = Busycon. As I fail to ap-
preciate the necessity for this division I have reunited them under
the name of Sycotypus.

* Canaliculate around the suture.

1. S. CANALICULATUS, Linnaeus. Figs. 26, 21.

(Murex.) Syst. Nat., edit. xii. 1222.

Pyrula canaliculata, Brug., Ency. Meth. Vers. iii. 866, t. 436, f. 3.
Pyrula spirata, Kiener, Iconog., t. 10, f. 1.
Sycotypus canaliculatus, Gill., Am. Journ. Conch, iii. 149. 1867.

Shell large, pear-shaped, covered with revolving lines, and a
hispid epidermis ; lower whorl tumid, ending in a long canal ; a
nodular keel crowns the flattened summit of each whorl, and there
is a deep and broad channel at the suture. «

Fig. 21 represents a string of egg cases.

Cape Cod, Massachusetts, to Georgia.

2. S. PYRUM, Dillwyn. Fig. 28.

(Bulla.) Desc. Cat., i. 485. 1817.

Pyrula spirata, Lamarck, Anim. s. Vert., vii. 142. 1822.
Fulgur pyruloides, Say, Journ. Philad. Acad. , ii. 237.
Busycon plagosum, Conrad, Prov. Acad. Nat. Sciences, Pliilad. 583. 1862.

Shell with spiral striae alternately larger; whorls white, trans-
versely lineated with ferruginous lines, interrupted or obsolete on
the middle ; above flattened, unarmed ; spire short, suture pro-
foundly canaliculate.

Southern Coast, Gulf of Mexico.

** Suture not canaliculate.

3. S. CARIOUS, Gmelin. Figs. 29, 30, 31 (reversed variety).

(Murex.) Syst. Nat., 3545. 1788.

24 AMERICAN MARINE CONCHOLOGT.

Murex aruanus, Linn. (Misnomer), Syst. Nat., edit. xii. 1222. 1766.

Fulgur eliceans, Montfort, Conch. Syst., ii. 503, fig. 1810.

Pyrula carica, Lamarck, An. sans Vert., vii. 138. 1822.

Pyrula candelabrum, Lamarck, ibid.

Pyrula Kieneri, Philippi.

Busy con spinosum, Conrad, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philad. 583. 1862.*

Busy con gibbosum, Conrad, ibid., 262. 1862.

Shell large, solid, pear-shaped ; whorls six, flattened at the sum-
mit and the angle raised into a series of compressed tubercles,
generally about nine in number, on e%ch volution. Young shell
striate within the aperture, striae becoming obsolete when full
grown.

A figure of the egg-case is given for comparison with that of
S. canaliculatus.

Fig. 31 represents a reversed shell of this species from the
southern coast, where it rarely occurs. It is the var. of perversus
of Kiener, and the Kieneri of Philippi, gibbosus of Conrad.

Cape Cod, Massachusetts, to Florida.
4. S. PERVERSUS, Linnaeus. Fig. 32.

(Murex.) Syst. Nat, edit. 12, p. 1222. 1766.

Shell sinistral, pyriform, ventricose, canal elongated ; whorls
encircled with slightly waved rather distant striae, angulated round
the upper part, coronated round the angle with tubercles indicating
slight folds of the surface. Yellowish banded or longitudinally
streaked with brown ; interior white.

9 Southern Coast.

Genus FICUS, Klein.
Tent. Method. Ostracol. 1753.
1. S. PAPYRACEUS, Say. Fig. 33.

(Pyrula.) Journ. Philad. Acad., ii. 238. 1822.
Shell inflated,*thin ; spire not elevated; suture slightly impressed,
not shouldered, yellowish with small rufous spots; within dull
fulvous ; whorls with numerous spiral striae, which are alternately
larger, crossed by smaller striae.

Georgia to West Indies.

Genus FTJSUS, Bruguiere.
Encyc. Meth., i. 15. 1789.

Shell fusiform ; spire many-whorled ; canal straight, long ; oper-
culum ovate, curved, nucleus apical.
There are nearly two hundred species ; distribution universal.

MARINE MOLLUSCA OF THE UNITED STATES. 25

* Shell ventricose, rounded. Nos. 1, 2, 3.
* Shell angulated by revolving ribs. ISTos. 4, 5.

1. F. ISLANDICUS, Ginelin. Fig. 34.

(Murex.) Syst. Nat., 3555. 1790.

Murex corneus, Pennant, Brit. Zool., iv. 124, t. 76, f. 99. 1777.
Fusus corneus,S&j, Amer. Conch., t. 29.

Shell elongated, symmetrically fusiform ; spire regularly atten-
uated to the apex; volutions eight, slightly convex ; body-whorl
equally inflated, its surface covered with between forty and fifty
small revolving ribs which are conspicuous through the epidermis ;
these become almost effaced towards the outer lip, when the ver-
tical, sinuous striae appear in their place. These ribs, or revolving
elevated lines, are reduced to fifteen on the next whorl above, dimi-
nishing in numbers as they ascend, the intervening furrows becoming
more profound, with very faint traces of vertical lines. Aperture
oblong-ovate, half the length of the shell ; canal short, sinuous and
wide. Callus on the columella broad ; lip sharp, very minutely
impressed by the terminations of the revolving lines. Color —
Epidermis horn-colored or soiled brown ; surface beneath whitish
opalescent ; within, pearly white.

Length of shell 2.9 inches.

Animal white, with irregular black spots ; foot rounded, rectan-
gular ; eyes black.

Massachusetts, northward. .

2. F. PYGM^EUS, Gould. Fig. 35.

Invert. Mass., 1st edit., 284, f. 199. 1841.

Shell same shape and similarly marked as F. Islandicus^ but
having only'six whorls and only one-fourth the size, being about
three-quarters of an inch in length. Animal pure white, with large
foot, broadly truncate in front.

Maine, northward.

3. F. VENTRICOSUS, Gray. Fig. 36.

Zool., Beechy's Voyage, 117.
Fusus Islandicus (Yar.), Kiener, Sp. t. 15, f. 2.

Shell subfusiform, ventricose ; whorls five, rounded, rapidly at-
tenuating to a blunt apex ; body-whorl much inflated, composing
the greater part of the shell. Surface covered with a velvety
epidermis, under which numerous minute and regular revolving
lines, with a few vertical wrinkles, are apparent. Spire short, not
exceeding .4 above the body-whorl ; lip simple, smooth ; colu-

26 AMERICAN MARINE CONCHOLOGY.

mella with a broad callus ; canal slightly recurved. Epidermis
chestnut-color ; beneath, white.

Length nearty 2 inches.

Much more ventricose than F. Islandicus, with proportionately
larger aperture, and more numerous and smaller revolving lines.

Newfoundland, etc.

4. F. TORNATUS, Gould. Fig. 3T.

Am. Journ. Science, xxxviii. 197.

Shell large, coarse, turreted; whorls eight, very convex, rather
ventricose, with distant elevated revolving ribs; on the upper
whorls, two of these, more prominent than the rest, give them a
bicarinated appearance. Suture deep. Incremental striae dis-
tinct, but otherwise the shell has a smooth and worn appearance.
Aperture rather less than half the length of the shell, broad-oval,
and somewhat dilated; lip sharp, and somewhat angulated by the
prominent revolving ribs; in adults the columella margin covered
with a callus. Canal short, much recurved. Color faint brown-
ish horn-color; ribs light chestnut-color.

Length 2J, width 1£ inches.

Newfoundland.

5. F. DECEMCOSTATUS, Say. Fig. 38.

Journ. Acad. Philad., v. 214.
Fusus carinatus, Kiener, Species, t. 19, f. 1.

Shell large, robust, solid, somewhat ventricose, oval; whorls
six or seven, obliquely flattened above the shoulder, and with
stout, coarse revolving ribs ; there are about ten of these ribs on
the body-whorl, gradually diminishing below. On the upper
whorls, the ribs are reduced to two or three large and coarse ones,
which give a turreted appearance to the spire ; between these ribs
are smaller revolving lines, and the whole surface is coarsely
wrinkled by the .lines of growth. Aperture ovate; lip festooned
by the termination of the revolving ribs ; pillar lip arched, and
with abroad callus; beak cancellate externally; canal short and
curved. Brownish-white or ash-colored ; pearly white within,
grooves on the lip chestnut-colored.

Length 2.5 inches.

This is the F. carinatus of Kiener, but not of Lamarck. It is
figured by Reeve (Iconog.) as Buc. lyratum, Mart. (Murex
glomus cereus, Chemn.) from Australia ; but Martyn's species is
certainly distinct from ours.

Massachusetts, northwards.

MARINE MOLLUSCA OF THE UNITED STATES. 2T

Subgenus Trophon, Montfort.

Shell fusiform, varices numerous, lamelliform or laciniated;
spire prominent ; aperture ovate ; canal open, usually turning to
the left ; columella smooth, arcuated.

These animals inhabit deep water in the Arctic Seas ; they are
distinguished from the typical Fusidse by their smaller size and
lamellar varices.

1. T. TRUNCATUS, Strom. Fig. 39.

(Buccinum.) Norsk. Vid. Selsk. Skr., iv. 369, t. 16, f. 26.
Trophon clathratus, Forbes & Hanley, Brit. Moll., iii. 436, t. Ill, f. 1, 2.

(not Murex clathratus, Linn.)
Murex Bamffius (part.), Donovan, Brit. Shells, v. 169, f. 2.

Shell small, brownish, with six rounded whorls ornamented with
numerous sharp lamellar longitudinal ribs ; aperture rounded,
columella arcuated, canal turned to the left.

Length 13, diam. 6 mill.

Maine, northwards ; England.

2. T. SCALARIFORMTS, Gould. Fig. 40.

(Fusus.} Sillinian's Journ. Sci., xxxviii. 197.
Murex Bamffius (part.), Donovan, Brit. Shells, v. t. 169, f. 1.

Shell reddish-brown ; whorls seven, convex, with deep sutures ;
fifteen to twenty blade-like ribs disposed longitudinally on the
surface ; aperture rounded, canal slightly turned to the left.

Length 43, diam. 20 mill.

Massachusetts, northwards.

Larger, with one more whorl than T. truncatus.

3. T. MURICATUS, Montagu. Fig. 41.

(Murex.) Test. Brit. 262, t. 9, f. 2.

Shell small, yellowish or white; whorls seven, very convex;
with ten conspicuous ribs crossed by elevated revolving lines,
canal long and straight.

Length IT, diam. t mill.

Massachusetts, Europe.

Family BUCCINID^E.

Shell notched in front ; or with the canal abruptly reflected,
producing a kind of varix on the front of the shell. Carnivorous.

Synopsis of Genera.

Shell ovate, few-whorled, with a corneous epidermis ; whorls ventricose ;
aperture large, oval, emarginate in front ; canal wide, truncated, dorsally

28 AMERICAN MARINE CONCHOLOGY.

more or less tumid ; columella smooth, inner lip expanded ; outer lip
usually thin, smooth internally. Operculurn lamellar, nucleus external.

BUCCINUM, Linn.

Shell ovate, small, few-whorled ; aperture moderate ; columellar lip callous,
expanded, forming a tooth-like projection near the anterior canal. Oper-
culum ovate, nucleus apical. NASSA, Lam.

Shell striated, imbricated, or tuberculated ; spire short ; aperture large,
with a slight oblique channel in front ; inner lip much worn and flat-
tened. Operculum lamellar, nucleus external. PURPUKA, Lam.

Shell very small, limpet like ; with a large aperture, channelled in front,
and a minute lateral spire. No operculum. PEDICULAKIA, Swains.

Shell oblong, small, thick, with a long, narrow aperture ; outer lip thick-
ened, especially in the middle, dentated ; inner lip crenulated. Opercu-
lum very small, lamellar. COLUMBELLA, Lam.

Shell obconic, ventricose, with irregular varices ; spire short ; aperture long
and narrow ; outer lip reflected, denticulated ; inner lip spread over the
body-whorl ; canal sharply recurved, producing a varix on the back of
the shell. Operculum small, elongated ; nucleus in the middle of the
straight inner edge. CASSIS, LAM.

Shell oval, ventricose, thin, spirally furrowed, without varices ; spire small ;
aperture very large ; outer lip crenated. No operculum.

DOLITJM, Lam.

Shell long turreted, dextral, many-whorled, granulated ; aperture subro-
tund ; inner lip broadly reflected ; outer lip acute, arcuated and produced
anteriorly ; aperture anteriorly sinuated ; canal short. Operculum cor-
neus, concentric ; apex terminal. CERITHIOPSIS, Forbes & Hanley.

Shell long pointed, many-whorled ; aperture small ; canal short. Oper-
culum pointed, nucleus apical. Acos, Humphrey.

Shell cylindrical, polished ; spire very short, suture channelled ; aperture
long, narrow, notched in front; columella callous, striated obliquely;
body -whorl furrowed near the base. No operculum.

OLIVA, Lam.

Genus BUCCINUM, Linnaeus.
Syst. Nat,, edit. x. 734. 1758.
Tritonium, O. Fabricius (not Link), Faun. Groen. 395. 1780.

Shell ovate or oblong, covered by a horny epidermis ; spire
elevated, apex acute ; aperture large, oval, emarginate in front ;
canal wide, truncated, dorsally more or less tumid; columella
smooth ; inner lip expanded ; outer lip usually thin, smooth in-
ternally.

Animal with eyes on slight eminences at the outer bases of the
tentacles.

The genus contains few species, of Arctic distribution.

MARINE MOLLUSCA OF THE UNITED STATES. 29

Synopsis of Species.

A. Body-whorl angulated or carinated. No. 1.

B. Body- whorl not angulated.

a. Aperture narrow ; a strong, tootli-like plait on the columella. No. 2.

b. Aperture broad.

Shell thick, coarsely striated ; with longitudinal folds. No. 3.
Shell thin, finely striated ; with longitudinal folds. No. 4.
Shell thin, finely striated ; longitudinal folds obsolete. No. 5.

1. B. DONOVANI, Gray. Fig. 43.

Zool., Beechey's Voy. 128. 1839.

Stimpson, Review of Northern Buccinums, Canad. Nat. Oct. 1865.

Buccinum glaciale, Donovan (not Linn.), Brit. Shells, v. t. 154. 1799.
Buccinum tubulosurn, Reeve, Icon. f. 105. 1847.

Shell elongated, thick ; spire long and tapering ; whorls 9, con-
vex, with an obtuse carina at the middle of the body-whoil, some-
times obsolete. , This carina commences at the upper angle of the
aperture. Longitudinal folds about thirteen, most distinct near
the sutures, and often obsolete on the body-whorl except at the
suture. Primary spiral grooves always double or triple in fresh
and good examples. Primary ridges not much flattened, with
fine secondary grooves upon them, but the middle groove is often
somewhat deeper tha'h the others. Aperture about two-fifths as
long as the shell, and rounded. Columellar lip incurved above,
and projecting below. Outer lip somewhat thickened and reflected,
patulous, and broadly sinuated above about half-way between the
suture and the junction of the carina. Periostraca very thin and
not ciliated.

Length 68, diam. 53 mill.'

Banks of Newfoundland, northwards.

2. B. CILIATTJM, 0. Fabricius. Fig. 44.

(Tritonium.) Fauna, Grcenlandica, 401. 1780.

Buccinum ciliatum (Fab.), Stimpson, Rev. of Buc. 1865.

Buccinum cyaneum, Hancock (not Brug.), Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1

ser. xviii. 328. 1846.

Buccinum Nblleri, Reeve, Icon. Buc. Errata. 1846.
Tritonium (Bucc.) tenebrosum, var. borealis, Middendorff (not Hancock),

Mai. Ross. 162, t. 3, f. 7, 8. 1849.

Shell rather small and solid, becoming very thick with age,
elongated, oval, or sub-elliptical, appressed. Sutures not im-
pressed ; spire short ; body-whorl elongated, and constituting
seven-tenths of the length of the shell. Whorls not convex, not

30 AMERICAN MARINE CONCHOLOGY.

carinated, plicated ; longitudinal folds thirteen to eighteen in
number, more or less oblique, variable in number and prominence,
but never entirely obsolete at the suture. Primary spiral ridges
narrow and distant, about thirty in number on the lower whorl,
but somewhat variable in strength and distance ; sometimes
double or divided in two by a groove. Secondary ridges alter-
nate with the primaries singly or by groups of two, three, or four ;
they are distinguished from the primaries by being less prominent,
and occupying the depressions constituting the primary grooves.
In some specimens the primary and secondary ridges and grooves
can scarcely be distinguished from each other. Aperture elliptical,
elongated and narrow, a little more than half the length of the
shell, not patulous, but somewhat canaliculated and projecting
below; outer lip scarcely at all sinuated. Columella with a dis-
tinct tooth or projection near its anterior or lower extremity.
This projection corresponds to the second fold of the columella
seen in several species, such as B. tenue and B. undatum, but it
is more tooth-like than in any other species of the genus, and
constitutes an important and easily recognized specific character.
Periostraca ciliated.

Length 38, diam. 20 mill.

This is not the ciliatum of Gould's " Invertebrata of Massa-
chusetts." That species is B. Humphrey sianum, Bennett.

Nova Scotia, Newfoundland Banks, northwards.

3. B. UNDULATUM, Moller. "Fig. 45.

Kroyer's Tidsskrift, iv. 84. 1842.

Stiinpson, Review of Buccinum. 1865.

Buccinum undatum, Gould (not Linn.), Invert. Mass. 305. 1841.
Tritonium undulatum, Morch, Rink's Greenland. 84. 1857.
Buccinum Labradorense, Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 5. 1846.

Shell thick, ovate-conic, ventricose, grayish or brownish-white,
encircled by prominent primary raised lines and minute inter-
vening secondary striae; with twelve or thirteen longitudinal,
obliquely waved, elevated ribs or plaits on the spire and upper
portion of the body-whorl ; epidermis velvety, yellowish-brown ;
whorls six, regularly convex ; aperture oval, about one-half the
length of the shell, golden yellow within ; minute striae extend
some distance within the mouth and produce faint crenulations of
the outer lip ; this is somewhat everted and arched so as often to
produce a conspicuous notch at about its posterior third ; colu-

MARINE MOLLUSCA OF THE UNITED STATES. 31

mella with a broad callus, somewhat flattened and twisted at its
lower portion ; not extending so far as the lip on the opposite
side of the canal.

Length YSj'diain. 4t mill.

New Jersey (rare}, northwards.

This is the American prototype of the B. undatum of Europe,
which it closely resembles. It is distinguished by the following
differences : the whorls are more convex, the spire is shorter, and
the diameter of shell proportionally greater ; the aperture is smaller
and more circular ; the sinus of the outer lip is broader and shal-
lower, and nearer the middle of the lip ; the aperture is (in fresh
specimens) golden within, while in undatum it is white or choco-
late-colored ; the columella is shorter ; the ciliation of the perios-
traca is short and sparse, never long and furry as in good speci-
mens of the European species; finally, it never reaches the size
or number of whorls of the latter.

4. B. TOTTENI, Stimpson. Fig. 46.

Review of Northern Buccinums, p. 23. 1865.

Dawson, Canad. Nat., ii. 415, t. 7, f. 5. 1857.
Buccinum ciliatum (part.), Gould., Invert. Mass. 307. 1841.

Shell of moderate size, white, thin; spire acute; suture im-
pressed ; whorls seven, regularly convex, neither carinated nor
angulated. Longitudinal folds about twenty-two, very regular,
straight, not at all oblique, and about equalling their interspaces
in width, becoming obsolete on the body-whorl except occasion-
ally at the suture. Transverse striation sharp and regular, the
grooves narrow and deeply cut. The primary ridges are very
numerous and crowded, the narrower and less prominent ones
usually alternating by threes or fours with the stronger ones.
The primary grooves are much narrower than the corresponding
ridges. The secondary grooves are few in number, occurring for
the most part only on the greater ridges. Aperture rather broad,
half as long as the shell; outer lip thin, effuse, projecting below,
with its superior sinus very broad and shallow or obsolete ; folds
of the columell'a* little prominent. Periostraca light-yellowish,
short-ciliated with, triangular fimbrise at the intersections of the
growth lines with the transverse striae. Color within the aperture
white,' or pale-yellowish.

Length 53, diam. 33 mill.

Banks of Newfoundland,

32 AMERICAN MARINE CONCHOLOGY.

Allied to B. Humphrey sianum, but differs in its plicated and
more convex whorls, deeper transverse sculpture and want of
color. It might be taken for a thin and delicate form of B. undu-
latum, but is easily distinguished by the number and straightness
of the longitudinal plications of the spire-whorls, the more nume-
rous and sharply-cut transverse ridges, and the wider mouth.

5. B. HUMPHREYSIANUM, Bennett. Fig. 47.

Zool. Journ., London, i. 398, t. 22, upper figures. 1825.
Stimpson, Rev. of Buccinums, Canad. Nat. 1865.
Buccinum ventricosum, Kiener, Iconog. Buc., iv. t. 3, f. 7. 1841.

(not of Lamarck.)

Buccinum ciliatum, Gould, Invert. Mass. 307, f. 209. 1841.
(not of Fabricius.)

Shell rather below the medium size, very thin, translucent, pale-
brownish, with fulvous or reddish markings, sometimes obsolete.
Spire conic ; whorls 7, somewhat flattened abo,ve and regularly
convex below, so as to be faintly shouldered above the middle.
They are neither plicated, carinated, nor angulated, and the sur-
face is much smoother than in most species of the genus. The
primary ridges are to be distinguished from the secondaries only
at the obsolete angle or shoulder of the whorl, where there are
generally two or three small ridges on each side of the more pro-
minent ones and the corresponding sulcus. On the middle and
lower part of the body-whorl, where the transverse ridges are for
the most part equal in size and strength, and equal to the inter-
vening grooves, the latter are crossed by well-marked though mi-
croscopic lines of growth. The aperture is almost one-half the
length of the shell and about three-fifths as broad as long. The
outer lip is very little thickened and scarcely at all projecting
below, and it has no sinus at the middle. Periostraca ciliated.

Length 3*7, diam. 20 mill.

Gulf of St. Lawrence, northwards ; Northern Europe.

It may be recognized by its thin structure, superior flattened
whorls, and the total absence of plications.

Genus NASSA, Martini.
Yerzeich. e. Ausserl. Samml. 1773.

Shell ovate, ventricose ; body-whorl variously sculptured ; aper-
ture ovate, with a short, reflected, truncated anterior canal ; inner
lip smooth, often widety spread over with enamel, with a posterior

MARINE MOLLUSCA OF THE UNITED STATES. 33

callosity or blunt dentiform plait; outer lip dentated, internally
crenulated. Operculum ovate, the margin serrated or entire.
Eyes on the middle of the tentacles. Foot large, expanded, fre-
quently bifurcate at its posterior extremity.

The animal is exceedingly active in its movements, feeding on
bivalves, which it pierces with its proboscis, extracting the con-
tents through a small, round aperture. There are over two hun-
dred species, of world-wide distribution ; ranging from lo\y water
to fifty fathoms.

1. N. OBSOLETA, Say. Figs. 48, 49, and 50.

Journ. Philad. Acad. Nat. Sciences, ii. 232. 1822.

Ilyanas&a obsoleta, Stimpson, Am. Journ. Conch. , i. 61. 1865.
Buccinum Nov-Eboracensis, Wood, Index Test, Suppl., t. 4, f. 26.
Buccinum oliviforme, Kiener, Iconog., t. 25, f. 99.

Shell ovate, solid; apex eroded; spire short; whorls six, flat-
tened, convex, reticulated, the ridges flattened ; aperture rather
less than half the total length of the shell, outer lip simple, stri-
ated within. Dark reddish-brown, purplish within, with frequently
a white revolving band. Operculum obovate, broadest below-;
nucleus a little within the margin at the outer side near the base;
margin entire, not serrated.

Animal variously mottled with slate-color ; foot as long as the
shell, its anterior angles prolonged and turned backwards, and
without caudal bifurcation ; head not extending beyond the shell ;
eyes black, on the exterior side of the tentacula, and above the
base ; above the eyes the tentacula are suddenly diminished and
bristle-shaped ; proboscis cylindrical, half the length of the shell,
channelled beneath.

Ova-capsules (fig. 50) rounded, erect, slightly compressed, with
the anterior and upper surface covered with facettes formed by
reticulating ridges or crests, the angles of which are spinous.

This is the type of Stimpson's genus Ilyanasa, differing from
the typical Nassse in the form of the operculum and the want of
caudal bifurcation.

Littoral, living on mud-flats in bays and harbors ; very abun-
dant.

Entire Coast from Maine to Florida.
2. N. TRIVITTATA, Say. Fig. 51.

Journ. Philad. Acad. Nat. Sc., ii. 231. 1822.

Shell robust, ovate-conic ; spire elevated, acute,~longer than the
3

34 AMERICAN MARINE CONCHOLOGY.

body-whorl. Whorls six or seven, flattened; surface granulated
by prominent vertical lines and about ten revolving impressed
lines. Suture impressed, with a prominent shoulder on the whorl
near it. Aperture oval; lip sharp, sculptured with revolving
striae; columella, with a slight fold, white; with, unfrequently,
three brownish bands. Operculum subtriangular, dentate around
the margin.

Length 13 to 19 mill., diam. 6 to 8 mill.

The animal is whitish with light purple dots, and its foot is
bifurcate behind. Very common from low-water mark to fifteen
fathoms.

New Sfagland to Georgia.

3. N. VIBEX, Say. Figs. 52, 53.

Journ. Philad. Acad. Nat. Sc., ii. 231. 1822.

Nassa fretensis, Perkins, Bost. Proc., 117. 1869.

Shell solid, ovate, short ; whorls six ; body-whorl with from ten
to twelve vertical, undulating and prominent costae, which are
continued to the apex ; and about the same number of revolving
lines, which are most prominent on the costae ; suture moderate.
Aperture oval; lip thickened without and within, with two to
four prominent teeth internally ; pillar lip arched, with a broad
flat callus, which forms a process directed upwards towards the
suture on the upper portion of the body-whorl, and is slightly
granulated at the base. Spire short, rapidly attenuated to an
acute apex ; canal very short. Color ashy-white to pale reddish-
brown, with darker colored revolving bands.

Length 13, diam. 8 mill.

The animal has a large foot, auriculate in front, and narrowed
behind, about one-half longer than the sheik The broad head is
maculated with .dark gray, and the upper part of the body with
snow-white, and a broad longitudinal median band of the same
color ; beneath, whitish.

A rather larger variet}', with less acute spire, more numerous
and narrower ribs, more prominent revolving lines, thinner and
smaller callus and darker color, has been recently described as
N. fretensis. I give a dopy of the figure (fig. 53). From low
water to fifteen fathoms.

Cape Cod, Massachusetts, to West Indies.

MARINE MOLLUSCA OF THE UNITED STATES. 35

4. N. ACUTA, Say. Fig. 54.

Journ. Philad. Acad., ii. 234. 1822.

Conic-acute, cancellate, so as to appear granulate ; granules
prominent, somewhat transverse, inequidistant. Spiral grooves
six in number; spire longer than the body-whorl, slender, acute.
Beak distinguished by a depression from the body-whorl, and
slightly reflected; lip thickened, with elevated lines on the fauces,
not attaining the margin. Color whitish.

Length 13 mill.

Southern Coast.

5. N. UNICTNCTA, Say. Fig. 55.

Journ. Philad. Acad., v. 211. 1826.

Shell sub-ovate, conical. Whorls eight, with ten to twelve re-
volving lines and transverse undulations ; apex acute ; lip with
ten revolving striae within ; pillar lip concave in the middle ; two
obsolete striae, and a deeper one at the base. Color yellowish-
white or ash-gray ; body-whorl with a brown band.

Length 23 mill.

South Carolina.

6. N". CONSENSA, Ravenel.

Proc. Acad. Nat. Sciences, Philad. 43. 1861.

Shell ovate-conical, ribbed and crossed by numerous revolving
striae ; whorls seven, and the apex ; whorls rounded, with eleven
strong ribs ; suture deep, scalloped by the ribs ; revolving striae
crossing the ribs, as well as the interstitial spaces.

Aperture nearly oval, outer lip much thickened, denticulate
within, the largest tooth being in the form of a ridge next the
canal ; pillar much hollowed, with slight callus above, much thick-
ened to form the canal, which is short, oblique, and turned back-
wards; lower portion of the pillar white, covered with crowded,
inconspicuous, revolving striae, with a deep groove at the edge of
the canal.

Color of the shell generally yellowish-brown, with a narrow
deep-brown band immediately next the white projection at the
canal; next to this, on the body-whorl, is a much wider band of
lighter brown, which revolves at the suture to the apex of the
shell ; all other portions of the surface are marked by delicate
lines, more or less grouped, of yellowish-brown. On the thick-
ened portion of the outer lip these lines are here and there more
deeply colored in spots.

36 AMERICAN MARINE CONCHOLOOY.

It is a very pretty shell ; a single specimen was found in a fish
off Charleston bar ; fourteen fathoms. It resembles N. incrassata
of England, and we have seen it in collections labelled " N. am-
bigua, Mor., West Indies."

This species I have not been able to identify. It has never
been figured, and, as only a single specimen was obtained, it may
be considered a doubtful species.

Genus PURPUBA, Bruguiere.
Encyc. Method., i. 15, 241. 1789.

Shell oblong-oval, last whorl large ; spire short ; aperture ovate,
large, with an oblique channel or groove at the forepart ; colu-
mella flattened; outer lip simple.

There are about one hundred and fifty species ; inhabiting the
seas of temperate and warm climates.

1. P. LAPILLUS, Linnaeus. Figs. 56, 57.

(Buccinum.) Syst. Nat., edit. xii. 1202.

Shell ovate, thick and solid ; spire short and very acute, suture
impressed ; whorls five, with deep revolving furrows and inter-
vening ribs, and transverse raised scale-like wrinkles. Aperture
ovate ; lip arched and subacute, with obscure revolving ridges
within the margin. Pillar lip pr'oduced, concave externally at the
base ; canal short. Operculum horny, oval. Color from white,
through various shades of yellow, to dark red, sometimes with a
white band.

Length 31, diam. IT mill.

Inhabits rocky shores. It is a very variable species in coloration
and form, and is equally common on both sides of the Atlantic.
Entire Coast, Greenland to Florida. (Europe. )

2. P. FLORIDANA, Conrad. Fig. 58.

Journ. Philad. Acad. Nat. Sci., vii. t. 20 f. 21. 1837.
Shell oblong-ovate, conspicuously attenuated at both ends, spire
sharp; whorls depressed and finely noduled around the upper part,
transversely very closely ridged and grooved throughout, interior
of the aperture deeply grooved. Bluish-gray, indistinctly and
irregularly encircled with narrow yellow zones, and rather indis-
tinctly painted with blackish longitudinal waves, columella and
interior of the aperture orange-yellow, frequently banded within.

North Carolina to Florida.

MARINE MOLLUSCA OF THE UNITED STATES. 37

Genus PEDICTJLARIA, Swainson.

Man. Malacol. 245, 357. 1840.

Shell very small, limpet-like; with a large aperture, channelled
in front, and a minute lateral spire. The following species is the
second in the genus, the typical species being a small shell para-
sitic on corals in the Mediterranean; in the latter there is no
operculum. The genus is closelj' allied to Purpura.

1. P. DECUSSATA, GrOuld.

Proc. Host. Soc. Nat. Hist., v. 126. 1855.

Shell solid, variable, generally oval, decussated by radiating
and revolving striae; apex lateral, obtuse; aperture crescent form ;
lip thickened, considerably expanded ; columella straight, acute,
sulcate.

Length 4, diam. 3 mill.

Dredged at a depth of 400 fathoms.

Coast of Georgia.

Genus COLTJMBELLA, Lamarck.
Anim. sans Vert. yii. 292. 1822.

Shell ovate-oblong, triangular or fusiform; spire acute at the
apex; aperture long, narrow, contracted in the middle; inner lip
curved, crenulated or denticulated ; outer lip dentate, gibbous,
thickened in the middle.

There are nearly two hundred species of this genus, inhabiting
temperate and warm seas. They crawl on the surface of sand-flats
in shallow water, or live on stony beaches, where they congregate
about and under stones.

1. C. AVAEA, Say. Fig. 59.

Journ. Philad. Acad., ii. 230. 1822.

Shell thick, small, elongate-ovate; spire elevated and acute.
Whorls six or seven, very slightly convex, almost flat; suture
distinct. Surface with spiral impressed lines, and vertical obtuse
ribs or folds; these latter, consisting of about twelve or fourteen
in number on. the body-whorl, do not descend, beyond the middle
of that whorl, leaving only revolving lines beneath. Columella
with a plate of enamel, which is toothed within and truncated
beneath the margin; lip toothed within. Color whitish, reticu-
lated or spotted with rufous; often of a yellowish hue.

Length 12, diam. 4 mill.

Cape Cod, Mass., to Georgia.

38 AMERICAN MARINE CONCHOLOGY.

2. C. ROSACEA, Gould. Fig. 60.

Am. Journ. Sci., xxxviii. 197. 1840.

C. Holbbllii, Beck. Moll. 1842.

Shell small, elongated, closely covered by very minute revolving
lines ; spire acute, about as long as the body-whorl, the suture
distinct, but faintly impressed ; aperture narrow ; outer lip sharp,
smooth within; columella arcuated, smooth, a little flattened.
White tinged with rose-color, whitish within the aperture.

Length 7.5, diam. 3.75 mill.

Massachusetts northward to Newfoundland. (Europe.)

3. C. LUNATA, Say. Fig. 61.

Journ. Philad. Acad., v. 213. 1826.
C. Gouldiana, Agassiz, Stimpson, Shells of K England, 48. 1851.

Shell very small, conic-oval. Whorls six, nearly smooth, slightly
convex: a single revolving line below the suture, and a few around
the base; suture not deeply impressed. Aperture narrow, slightly
angulated above, and with a short channel beneath. Columella
with a callus; lip simple, dentate on its inner margin ; those above
most prominent. Color reddish-brown or yellowish, with one or
more series of sublimate white spots on the body-whorl; occa-
sionally uniform reddish-brown, or with longitudinal dark lines.

Length 5, diam. .2.5 mill.

Animal pale whitish; the foot linear, nearly as long as the shell,
acute behind, truncate before; proboscis more than half the length
of the shell, obtuse at tip with a brown annulation and another at
the base ; tentacula short, cylindrical, annulate with blackish on
the middle; eyes black, at the base of the tentacula.

Cape Cod, Mass., to Georgia.

4. C. WHEATLEYI, DeKay. Fig. 62.

(Buccinum.) Moll. K York, 132, t. 7, f. 162. 1843.
Shell minute, small, ovate-cylindrical. Whorls six, nearly flat,
or at most very slightly convex, with a small and distinct suture;
surface smooth, with no revolving lines. Aperture narrow, sub-
linear with a small notch above and a short canal beneath. Body-
whorl, on its lower portion, near the canal, has from eight to ten
minute impressed revolving striae, becoming more distant above.
Lip simple, thin, with a ridge of minute teeth within its inner
edge, which are entirely wanting in the young. Callus on the
columella elevated, not much reflected.

MARINE MOLLUSCA OF THE UNITED STATES. 39

Color light horn, with numerous undulated vertical reddish
dilated lines.

Length 0.23 ; of aperture, 0.1.

New York Harbor.

The above is a copy of DeKay's description. The species has
not occurred to any other collector, and it is therefore impossible
to decide upon its distinctness. DeKay himself, in describing C.
lunata, suggests that this species is a variety of it, and the same
opinion has been advanced by several marine conchologists.

5. C. DISSIMILIS, Stimpson. Fig. 63.

Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., iv. 114. 1851.
Buccinum eonale, Linsley, Am. Journ. Science, O. S. xlviii. 285.

Shell small, ovate-conical, solid, longitudinally sub-striate, fus-
cous, often with three white zones; whorls five, flattened; aperture
small, sub-equalling half the spire. Animal white.

Length 5, diam. 2.5 mill.

New England.

6. C. SIMILIS, Ravenel. Fig. 64.

Proc. Acad. Nat. Sciences, Philad., 41. 1861.

This has generally been considered the young or immature shell
of C. avara. The latter is a larger shell, and has fewer and much
larger ribs on the upper portion of the body-whorl. It has about
eleven ribs ; whereas this shell has often as many as twenty ribs,
but the number varies; the ribs are also smaller and more regular
generally, occupy more of the whorl, and generally are continued
on the spire to its apex. White mottled with rufous.

The principal distinction between this species and G. avara con-
sists in its narrower form and generally more numerous ribs.
Although frequently confounded with the latter — with which it
inhabits, it appears to be quite distinct.

Massachusetts to Georgia.

7. C. TRANSLIRATA, Ravenel.

Proc. Philad. Acad. Nat. Sci., 42. 1861.

Shell elevated conic, apex sharp; whorls nine, nearly flat, rather
closely ribbed, ribs and interspaces about equal, with five equi-
distant revolving striae, from the anterior canal to the apex; body-
whorl angulated in the middle, and above this angle the ribs are
about half as many as on the whorl immediately preceding it and
nodulous at the suture; the nodules being white. Below the

40 AMERICAN MARINE CONCHOLOGY.

angle the ribs are again more numerous but not so prominent, with
numerous revolving striae. Color varying from light straw-yellow
to dark-brown, the ends of the ribs at the suture and on the angle
of the body-whorl, white.
Length one inch.

Beaufort, N. C., Charleston, S. C.

I am not acquainted with this species.

8. C. IONTHA, Ravenel.

Proc. Philad. Acad. Nat. Sci., 42. 1861.

Shell fusiform, strong, small, with nine flat, ribbed whorls, white
with brown blotches and lines. Suture deep and distinct, both
the upper and lower edges of the whorls being chamfered ; the
ribs on the body-whorl near the aperture less distinct than on
other parts of the shell; anterior portion of this whorl with
numerous revolving striae; these impressed striae give place to
colored lines as they ascend, and these are continued more or less
distinct to the apex, being visible only as they cross the ribs and
not in the intermediate spaces except here and there, where, being
more deeply colored and descending between the ribs, they pro-
duce the blotches which mark the shell. Aperture small, rather
wide in proportion, pillar lip much hollowed above, suddenly
becoming straight to form the canal ; outer lip considerably en-
larged, denticulated sparsel}' within; length a little over one-fourth
of an inch.

A pretty little shell, allied to the group which embraces C. pul-
chella, Sowb. and C.jaspidea, Sowb. of West Indies; this species
being more elongated.

A single specimen obtained from the stomach of a black fish.

Charleston, S. C.

9. C. NIVEA, Ravenel.

Proc. Philad. Acad. Nat. Sci., 43. 1861.

, Shell small, delicate, elongated-conic, white, immaculate, smooth,
polished, prett% striated on the outer part of the canal, body-
whorl longer than the spire, suture distinct, with a white revolving
line a little below it on the whorls; pillar covered with callus,
much hollowed, suddenly becoming straight to form the canal ;
callus ending in a distinct edge; outer lip a little thickened,
sparsely denticulated within, the posterior tooth being decidedly
the most prominent.

MARINE MOLLUSC A OF THE UNITED STATES. 41

Allied to rosacea, Gould, and lunata, Say. A single specimen

taken from the stomach of a fish.

Charleston, 8. C.

This, as well as C. translirata and C. writha, is a doubtful species.

10. C. SPIZANTHA, Ravenel.

Proc. Elliott Soc. Nat. Hist., 281. 1858.

Shell small, ovate-conic; smooth, except at the base, where
there are a few revolving lines ; whorls seven in mature specimens ;
nearly flat, with the suture distinct ; color brown, with a series of
irregular triangular spots, of a dull yellow. There is considerable
variation, in the coloring, sometimes the general color is of the
dull yellow, with brown, waving lines, marking off the whorls with
the irregular spots. Aperture oval, about one-third the length of
the shell, with a slight recess at the posterior angle, and a short
canal in front ; brown, with a few teeth within the outer lip and
a smooth slight callus on the pillar. Length about one-sixth of an
inch.

Animal white; proboscis half the length of the shell, foot a little
longer than the shell, narrow, wider in front; posterior end quite
narrow, but not pointed, head projecting from the foot, with ten-
tacles one-third the length of the shell, very delicate almost hair-
like, with small black eyes at the base. Animal active, keeping
the proboscis in constant motion, while the tentacles are little used.

Wando Biver, S. Carolina.

This species is unknown to me.

11. C. MERCATORIA, Linnaeus. Fig. 65, 66.

Syst. Nat. Edit. xii. 1190. 1767.

Shell obovate, thick, spirally grooved throughout, body-whorl
swollen, obtusely shouldered, contracted below ; whorls six ; spire
short, conic, apex acute ; aperture long and narrow, sinuous, the
outer lip thickened, very callously denticulated in the middle.
Shell variously colored with longitudinal blotches of brown on a
white ground, sometimes with white bands bearing black articula-
tions.

This well-known species is chiefly characterized by its somewhat
tumid growth and grooved sculpture, and by its painting, which
is generally sparingly articulated.

North Carolina to West Indies.

42 AMERICAN MARINE CONCHOLOGY.

12. C. ORNATA, Ravenel. Fig. 66, a.

Proc. Elliott Soc. Nat. Hist., i. 281. 1858.

Shell small, dirty white, ovate conic ; whorls seven, nearly flat, -
with longitudinal ribs extending almost to the apex; revolving
lines interrupted at the ribs, except near the base, where the ribs
become obsolete, and the revolving lines are uninterrupted and
more decided than elsewhere ; suture distinct, with the revolving
line next below it more deeply impressed than the others; aper-
ture nearly half the length of the shell, narrow, with a rather deep
sinus at its posterior angle, ending in a short canal in front; outer
lip thickened and smooth on the outside, being free from the ribs
and lines of the whorls, within strongly toothed ; pillar covered
with smooth callus, the outer edge of which is elevated and sharp.

Length 5 mill.

South Carolina.

I have not seen this species.

Genus CASSIS, Lamarck.
Ann. du Mus., ii. 168. 1801.

Shell obtriangular or obovate ; spire short ; last whorl large,
with irregular varices: aperture linear, long, with a short, sharply
recurved, sinistral canal in front; inner lip forming a lar,ge, trans-
versely wrinkled plate spread over the body-whorl; outer lip
thickened, reflected, plicate or toothed.

The Cassides are active and voracious, living in sandy localities
where bivalves abound, and upon which they prey. There are
about forty species, principally tropical.

1. C. CAMEO, Stimpson. Fig. 67.

Am. Journ. Science, n. s., xxix. 443. 1860.
Cassis Madagascariensis (part.) Lam. Anim. sans Vert., vii. 219. 1822.

Shell ovately triangular, ventricose, irregularly coarsely striate
by elevated growth lines, more prominent on the spire, encircled
by rounded riblike elevations, of which, on the body-whorl, three
are elevated occasionally into nodules, the most prominent being
the upper one, which forms the superior angle of the body-whorl ;
the spire is very short and sutures not deep ; between the revolving
ribs are grooves of equal width. Columella greatly expanded,
conspicuously ribbed ; outer lip expanded and thickened with
lamellifonn teeth within. Flesh colored, the lips and callus of

MARINE MOLLUSCA OF THE UNITED STATES. 43

deeper shade, teeth and wrinkles of mouth white, interstices and
interior deep purple-brown.

Length 6, diam. 4 inches.

North Carolina to West Indies.

2. C. GHANULOSA, Bruguire. Fig. 68.
Encyc. Metli., No. 5. 1792.

Shell somewhat globosely ovate, rather thin, extremity ventri-
cose, spire sharp; whorls rounded, inflated, smooth, transversely
obsoletely grooved, reticulately striated towards the apex ; colu-
mella smoothly plicated and conspicuously granose ; lip reflected,
thickened and dentate within. Bluish-white, encircled by five
bands of somewhat square and irregularly interrupted reddish-
brown spots.

Length 4, diam. 2j inches.

North Carolina to West Indies.

Genus DOLIUM, Lamarck.

Philos. Zool. 1809.

Shell thin, roundly oval, ventricose, inflated ; spire small ; whorls
transversely furrowed; aperture very large, with a short, poste-
rior reflected canal ; inner lip thin, widely expanded ; outer lip
fimbriated or crenated. No operculum.

About twenty species ; distribution tropical.

1. D. GALEA, Linnaeus. Fig. 69.

(Buccinum.) Syst. Nat., edit. xii. 1197. 1767.

Shell very large, extremely ventricose, umbilicated ; spire short,
a little sunk in ; sutures deeply impressed ; whorls seven in num-
ber, swollen around the upper part, with revolving ribs ; ribs con-
vex, close-set, upper ones with most frequently an intervening
ridge ; columella somewhat twisted ; whitish or pale fulvous, apex
blackish, columellar lip white, lip stained with brown.
Length 8, diam. 6 inches.

North Carolina to W. Indies ; Mediterranean.

2. D. PERDIX, Linnaeus. Fig. 70.

(Buccinum.) Syst. Nat., edit. xii. 1197. 1767.
Dolium plumatum, Green, Trans. Albany Inst., i. 131. 1830.

Shell ovately oblong, thin, inflated, obliquely effused towards
the base, umbilicated; spire somewhat exserted ; whorls six in
number with revolving ribs and grooves ; ribs about twenty in
number, contiguous, flatly convex, scarcely raised ; columella

44 AMERICAN MARINE CONCHOLOGY.

arched, lip simple; fulvous brown or light-reddish bay, marked,
more or less plentifully, with white lunate spots, interior of the
aperture bluish-white or brownish.
Length 6j, diam. 4^ inches.

Southern Coast, W. Indies.

Genus CEBITHIOPSIS, Forbes and Hanley.

Brit. Moll., iii. 864. 1853.

Shell turreted, many-whorled, dextral, granulated; aperture
subrotund ; inner lips broadly reflected ; outer lip acute, arcuated
and produced anteriorly; aperture anteriorly sinuated ; canal
short. Operculurn corneous, concentric, nucleus terminal.

1. C. EMERSONII, Adams. Fig. Tl.

(CeritMum.) Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., ii. 284, t. 4, f. 10.

Shell long, conical; whorls seventeen, flat, each with three rows
of granules ; suture very deeply impressed ; aperture small, sub-
quadrate, about one-sixth the length of the shell; columella
spirally twisted; canal less than half the length of the aperture.
Color dark reddish-brown.

Length 13, diam. 3 mill.

Animal with a long small foot, truncate in front, and notched
behind, pale with white flecks; head broadly rounded, dark flesh-
color in front.

New England.

2. C. TEREBRALIS, Adams. Fig. 72.

Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., iii. 320, t. 3, f. 7. 1841.
Elongated ; whorls ten to twelve, flattened, with three or four
elevated revolving ridges on each, with numerous fine longitudinal
lines between the ridges. Base abrupt ; aperture oval, about one-
eighth of the total length of the shell. Color reddish-brown.
Length 12, diam. 3 mill.

Animal whitish, with flakes of opaque-white, tentacles clouded

Massachusetts. (Eur.)

According to Gwyn Jeffrej's this is a synonym of trilineata,
Phil. (1836).

Genus ACTJS, Humphrey.
Mus. Calonn. 1797.
Terebra (part.). Lamarck, Prodr. p. 71. 1799.

Shell subulate, solid, porcellanous ; whorls numerous, simple ;
aperture small, emarginate anteriorly, not produced into a canal;

MARINE MOLLUSCA OF THE UNITED STATES. 45

columella simple, incurved, not tortuous; outer lip simple, acute,
without a sinus at the forepart. Operculum annular, nucleus
apical. Tentacles very short, with eyes at their tips. Mantle
inclosed, with an elongated siphon. Foot small.

1. A. DISLOCATUS, Say. Fig. 73.

Cerithium. Journ. Philad. Acad., ii. 235. 1822.
Terebro Petitii. Kiener, Spec. Gen. 37, t. 13, f. 32.

Shell small, polished, attenuated; whorls with numerous, mi-
nute, impressed revolving lines, and fifteen to eighteen transverse
ribs to each whorl, which are dislocated or interrupted near the
summit of each whorl by a revolving groove as deep as the suture;
color chocolate-brown with a pale revolving band, ribs white.
Length 44, diam. 8 mill.

Maryland, southward.

2. A. CONCAVUS, Say.

(Turritella.) Journ. Philad. Acad., v. 207. 1826.

Shell subulate, white; volutions more than ten, concave in the
middle, and sculptured with from two to four obsolete, impressed
revolving lines, and with an apical and basal band of about fifteen
longitudinal undulations on each volution; the basal band passes
round the middle of the body-whorl; suture very slightly im-
pressed, interrupting the continuity of the undulations in the
adjacent bands ; canal rather prominent.

Length 13, diam. maj. 3 mill.

South Carolina.

t Genus OLIVA, Brugutere.

Encyc. Meth., i. 15. 1789.

Shell cylindrical, polished ; spire very short, suture channelled ;
aperture long, narrow, notched in front ; columella callous, stri-
ated obliquely ; body-whorl furrowed near the base. No opercu-
lum in the typical species.

Animal with a very large foot, in which the shell is half im.
mersed ; mantle-lobes large, meeting over the back of the shell,
and giving off filaments which lie in the suture and furrow. The
eyes are placed near the tips of the tentacles.

About one hundred and twenty species ; subtropical.

46 AMERICAN MARINE CONCHOLOGY.

1. 0. LITERATA, Lamarck. Fig. 14.

Ann. du Mus., xvi. 315. 1811.
Say, Am. Conch., i. pi. 3. 1830.

Shell with a pale yellowish-white ground color, thickly covered
with cinereous-rufous angulated lines, leaving distinct triangles of
the ground color; on each side of the middle is a broad band, oc-
casioned by the angulated lines being there of a deeper or chestnut-
brown color ; the angulated lines at the upper edge of the volu-
tions are fasciculated and of the same color as the bands.

Length 50, diam. 17 mill.

Southern Coast.

A rather large shell, with longer spire, of lighter texture, and
more cylindrical than 0. reticularis of the West Indies, which it
much resembles.

2. 0. MUTICA, Say. Figs. 75, 76.

Journ. Philad. Acad., ii. 228. 1822.

Shell suboval, white, or yellowish-white ; body-whorl with about
three revolving maculated bands of pale rufous, of which the su-
perior one is continued upon the spire, the intermediate one is
dilated so as to be sometimes confluent with the inferior one, which
is the narrowest; spire short; suture very narrow; columella des-
titute of striae.

Length 10 to 15, diam. 5 to 7 mill.

North Carolina, southwards.

A very common species, generally of the smallest dimensions
stated. In coloring it is infinitely variable, the ground color run-
ning through all shades from white to dark chocolate, with or with-
out bands.

Family CONID^E.

Shell inversely conical or fusiform; aperture long and narrow,
outer lip notched at or near the suture; columella without plaits.
Operculum minute, lamellar.

Synopsis of Genera.

Shell turreted, fusiform ; spire elevated ; aperture oval ; canal long and
straight; columella smooth ; outer lip notched anteriorly and with a deep
slit near the suture. Operculum ovate, nucleus apical.

PLEUROTOMA, Lamarck.

Shell turreted ; spire raised ; aperture oval ; canal short, recurved ; inner
lip thickened; outer lip inflexed, with a deep posterior sinus, and a small
•inus at the forepart. DKILLIA, Gray.

MARINE MOLLUSC A OF THE UNITED STATES. 47

Shell ovate, fusiform, small ; surface dull, smooth or longitudinally ribbed ;
spire elevated, shorter than the body -whorl ; columella flattened ; canal
short; outer lip with a small sinus at its junction with the body-whorl.
(This genus may be known by its flattened columella.) Operculum as
in Pleurotoma (Boreal). BELA, Leach.

Shell turreted, apical whorls nearly smooth, the others ribbed. Posterior
sinus of lip very large. No operculum. Animal without eyes.

PLEUROTOMELLA, Verrill.

Shell solid, subfusiform, smooth or longitudinally ribbed ; aperture linear,
with scarcely any canal in front ; columella smooth, simple; outer lip
acute, with a slight sinus posteriorly, near the suture. No operculum.
(Tropical.) MANGELIA, Leach.

Genus PLEUROTOMA, Lamarck.
Prodromus. 1799.

1. P. BICARINATA, Couthoiiy. Fig. 77.

Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., ii. 104, t. 1, f. 11. 1838.

Shell minute, tapering at both extremities, turreted ; whorls six,
convex, with numerous revolving ribs and smaller ones inter-
vening; about the middle a deep groove, with a prominent re-
volving rib on each side ; sutures clearly defined. Aperture nar-
row, elliptical, ending in a short canal slightly inclining to the
left; lip thin, toothed by the revolving ribs, with a slight notch
above ; pillar-lip arched at its upper third. Whitish, slate-color
or dusky-brown.

Length 7.5, diam. 3.75 mill.

Massachusetts (rare), Eur.

2. P. BRUNNEA, Perkins. Fig. 78.

Bost. Proc. 121. 1869.
P. plicata, Adams (not Lamarck), Bost.Journ. Nat. Hist., iii. 318, t. 3, f. 6.

1840.
P. declivis, Love"n, 1846. (Jeffreys.)

Shell minute, thick, fusiform ; whorls six, convex ; body-whorl
with about twelve prominent oblique folds, crossed by ten or more
revolving threads, rendering the folds somewhat nodulous; suture
deeply impressed; whorls above with folds and revolving lines;
spire pointed, somewhat turreted. Aperture narrow, less than
half the length of the shell ; lip arched, thickened by one of the
folds; notch above deep, distinct and smooth. Canal short. Epi-
dermis ashen-brown; beneath this, white; lip brownish within.

Length 6, diam. 3 mill.

Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York (rare).

48 AMERICAN MARINE CONCHOLOGY.

Prof. Adams' name being preoccupied by Lamarck, Mr. Per-
kins has changed it to brunnea, as above.

3. P. CERINA, Kurtz and Stimpson. Fig. 79.

Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., iv. 115. 1851.

Shell fusiformly turreted, waxy or cinereous, with about ten
longitudinal elevated plicae, and numerous transverse striae ; whorls
seven, flattened ; aperture oblong, about half equal to the spire ;
lip simple.

Length 7.5, diam. 2.25 mill.

Massachusetts ; Connecticut ; North and South Carolina.

Genus DEILLIA, Gray.
Jardine's Ann. Nat. Hist., i. 28. 1838.
1. D. ELOZANTHA, Ravenel.

Proc. Philad. Acad., 43. 1861.

Shell robust, conic cylindrical, with ten whorls, which are bi-
carinate by being deeply grooved immediately above the suture
and again in the upper half of the whorl. The ridge left between
these grooves is ornamented by ten strong, yellow, smooth, shining
tubercles; the upper edge of the whorl is again bevelled, forming
the second carina, which is not at all nodulous. Below the nodu-
lous carina on the body-whorl there are obsolete ribs, crossed by
four nodulous ridges, and below these there are eight others, some
of which are obscurely nodulous ; on all parts of the shell not
occupied by the tubercles or carina there are numerous fine equi-
distant striae, requiring the glass to bring them to view. Aper-
ture small, outer line made oblique by the deep sinus of the thick
outer lip just below the suture ; pillar nearly straight, with a
strong callus. Color deep brown, with a lighter colored band
near the extremity of the canal ; beyond that, to the extremity is
again almost bfack. Allied to P. ornata, Orb.

Three specimens obtained from stomachs of fish. (Ravenel.)

Charleston, 8. 0.

Genus BELA, Leach.
Gray, Ann. xx. 1847.

1. B. TURRICULA, Montagu. Fig. 80.

(Murex) Test. Brit. 262, t. 9, f. 1. 1803.
B. nobilts et scalaris, Holier.
B. Americana, Packard.
B. angulata, Reeve.
B. exarata, M tiller (Morch.)

MARINE MOLLUSCA OF THE UNITED STATES. 49

Shell turriculated, thin, with seven or eight shouldered whorls,
apex acute ; surface with twelve to fourteen oblique, compressed
ribs, becoming obsolete below the middle of the body-whorl, and
numerous, elevated, spiral lines ; outer lip sharp, canal short, open,
columella smooth, arcuate. White or yellowish.

Length 16, diana. 6 mill.

Massachusetts and northwards ; England.

Differs from the next species by being broader, more delicate,
and by its angulately shouldered whorls.

2. B. HARPULARIA, Couthouy. Fig. 81.

(Fusus.) Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., ii. 106, t. 1, f. 10. 1838.
Shell ovate-oblong ; whorls six to eight, round-shouldered, with
about eighteen oblique rounded ribs, crossed by fine revolving
lines, ribs becoming obsolete on lower part of body-whorl. Brown-
ish flesh color. Aperture narrow, outer lip sharp, inner lip white,
smooth, moderately arched, canal very short.

Length 12, diam, 6 mill.

Massachusetts, northward. (Eur.)

It is constant in its color, which differs from both the preceding
and following species.

3. B. PLEUROTOMARIA, Couthou}'. Fig. 82.

(Fusus.) Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., ii. 107, t. 1, f. 9. 1838.
Fusus rufus, Gould (non auct.), Invert. Mass. 1st edit. 290. 1841.
B. pyramidalis, Strom.
B. VahUi, Beck.

Shell elongated-fusiform, apex acute ; whorls eight, slightly
convex, with eighteen to twenty undulating longitudinal ribs and
equal interstices covered by very fine spiral striae; body-whorl
more than half the length of the shell, slightly shouldered, the
ribs obsolete, but spiral striae more conspicuous on the lower por-
tion ; aperture small and narrow, canal very short ; reddish-fawn
colored.

Length 12, diam. 3.25 mill.

Cape Cod, Mass., northward.

4. B. CANCELLATA, Mighels and Adams. Fig. 83.

(Fusus.) Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., iv. 52, t. 4, f. 18. 1842.
Shell turreted, slender; with seven convex whorls, decussated
by twenty longitudinal ribs crossed by numerous raised revolving
lines, giving the surface a cancellated appearance ; spire acuinin-
4

50 AMERICAN MARINE CONCHOLOGY.

ate, apex acute ; aperture small, narrow, the outer lip crenated by
the revolving striae ; white, or tinged with purple.
Length 9, diam. 4 mill.

Casco Bay, Maine (rare), northwards.

5. B. TREVELYANA, Turton. Fig. 84.

(Pleurotoma.) Mag. Nat. Hist., vii. 351. 1834.

Pleurotoma decussata, Couthouy. Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., ii. 183, t. 4, f. 8.
1839.

Shell ovate-fusiform ; whorls five or six, convex, with twenty-
five or more minute longitudinal ribs or folds, and numerous fine
revolving striae, suture well marked ; body-whorl two-thirds the
length of the shell, the ribs becoming obsolete on its lower part ;
aperture narrow, oval, one-half the length of the shell ; white or
flesh color.

Length 10, diam. 5 mill.

Massachusetts, northward.

6. B. VIOLACEA, Mighels and Adams. Fig. 85.

(Pleurotoma.) Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., iv. 51, t. 4, f. 21. 1842.
Defrancia Beckii. Moll. 1842. (Jeffreys.)

Shell ovate-fusiform ; whorls six, convex, longitudinally slightly
plicated, spirally finely striate ; the body-whorl slightly shouldered
and folds becoming obsolete at its middle, spire-whorls with a
median revolving carina ; aperture small and narrow, canal very
short and wide. Dark purple, under a pale-brown epidermis.
Length 7.5, diam. 3 mill.

Massachusetts Bay, northward (Eur.).

7. B. UNDATELLA, Gould.

Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., viii. 281. 1862.

Shell ovately rhomboidal, transparent, white, shining, slightly
spirally striate ;«apex mamillate ; whorls four tabulate (angulately
rounded) with a subsntural impressed line and about eight opaque
longitudinal undulations ; aperture about half the length of the
shell.

Length 3, diam. 1.5 mill.

The transparency and mamillated tip of the minute shell renders
it plausible that it may be the young of some larger species.
Dredged in 400 fathoms.

Coast of Georgia.

MARINE MOLLUSCA OP THE UNITED STATES. 51

Genus PLEUKOTOMELLA, Verrill.
Am. Journ. Science, v. 15. 1873.
1. P. PACKARDII, Verrill.

Am. Journ. Science, v. 15. 1873.

Shell thin, fragile, translucent, pale flesh-colored, moderately
stout, with an acute, somewhat turreted spire; whorls nine, the
apical whorls, for about two and a half turns, nearly smooth, regu-
lar, convex, chestnut-colored; below this the whorls are shoul-
dered, strongly convex in the middle, but with a smooth concave
band below the suture, corresponding to the posterior notch in the
outer lip; the whorls are crossed below the subsutural band by
about sixteen strong, prominent, rounded, somewhat oblique ribs,
most prominent on the middle of the whorl, but not angnlated ;
on the last whorl these ribs become very oblique below the middle,
and follow the curve of the edge of the lip, nearly filing out an-
teriorly; the surface between the ribs is marked by faint lilies of
growth, and by fine, unequal, slightly raised revolving lines, which
pass over the ribs without interruption. They become more evi-
dent on the lower part of the last whorl, and are very faint on the
subsutural band, which is more decidedly marked by receding,
strongly curved lines of growth. The aperture is rather broad
above, elongated below, sub-oval, outer lip very thin, sharp, pro-
minent above, separated from the preceding whorl by a wide and
very deep sinus, extending back for about one-fifth of the circum-
ference of the whorl ; the anterior border of the lip is incurved
near the end and obliquely truncate, forming a short, straight
canal. Columella simple, nearly straight, its inner edge towards
the end sharp and obliquely excurved.

Length 22, diam. 12 mill.

Bay of Fundy, etc.

Genus MANGELIA, Risso.
Moll. Eur. Merid. f. 101. 1826.
1. M. RUBELLA, Kurtz and Stimpson.

Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., iv. 115. 1851.

Shell ovately fusiform, longitudinally costate, ribs elevated,
acute, spirally finely striate; whorls seven, angulate, the last
three-fourths the length of the shell; aperture narrow, one-half the
total length, lip thickened, scarcely sinuate; ribs wax-colored,

52 AMERICAN MARINE CONCHOLOGT.

interstices darker, suture porcellanous, last whorl numerously
fasciate.

Length 10, diam. 4.5 mill.

Oak Island, North Carolina.

This species I have not seen, and it has not been figured.

2. M. FILIFORMIS, Holmes. Fig. 86.

Post-Pliocene Foss. So. Car. 69, t. 11, f. 9. 1860.
Shell fusiform, costate, transversely striate; costae smooth,
somewhat angulated at the periphery of the middle whorls ; the
third whorl cancellate; apex smooth; base without ribs; striae
transverse, numerous, slightly waved, filiform.

South Carolina.

In general outline this little shell resembles the young of Fusus
cinereus. Say, but the smooth ribs, nodulous and angulated peri-
phery of the middle whorls and beautiful filiform striae, readily
distinguish it from that species.

3. M. LABECULA, Gould.

Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., viii. 281. 1862.

Shell small, ovate fusiform, waxy, with chestnut markings
within and without the lip, thinly spiralty striate, with sixteen
longitudinal plications which become evanescent on the body-
whorl ; whorls seven to eight with a subsutural impressed line ;
aperture small, oval ; lip gibbous, thickened without and granu-
late within. Sinus scarcely perceptible.

Length 7, diam. 3 mill.

(Dredged. ) Coast of Georgia.

Family YOLUTIDJ3.

Shell turreted or convolute ; aperture notched in front ; colu-
mella obliquely plaited. No operculum (typically). Animal with
a recurved siphon ; foot very large, partly hiding the shell ; man-
tle often lobed and reflected over the shell, eyes on the tentacles
or near their base.

Synopsis of Genera.

Shell ventricose, thick ; spire short, apex mammillated ; aperture large,
outer lip not thickened, deeply notched in front ; columella with several
plaits. YOLUTA, Linnaeus.

Shell fusiform, thick ; spire elevated, acute ; aperture small, notched in
front ; columella obliquely plaited ; operculum very small.

MITRA, Humphreys.

MARINE MOLLUSCA OF THE UNITED STATES. 53

Shell smooth, bright ; spire short or cancelled ; aperture truncated in front ;
columella plaited ; outer lip of adult with thickened margin.

MARGINELLA, Lamarck.

Genus VOLUTA, Linnaeus.
Syst. Nat., edit. x. 729. 1758.
1. V. JUNONIA, Chemnitz. Fig. 87.

Conch. Cab., xi. t. 177, f. 1703, 4. 1799.

Shell fusiformly ovate, spire short, obtuse at the apex ; whorls
smooth or minutely decussately striated, rather swollen around the
upper part; columella strongly four-plaited; aperture rather
long ; lip simple ; cream color, regularly painted with rows of deep

red spots.

Georgia, Florida.

This is the most rare and valuable American marine shell ; spe-
cimens in good condition sell for fifty to one hundred dollars. Its
occurrence has been noticed at a number of localities, but it is
never plentiful.

Genus MITBA, Humphreys.

Mus. Gallon. 1797.
1. M. GRANULOSA, Lamarck. Fig. 88.

Anim. s. Vert., vii. 304. 1822.

Shell oblong, ovate, spire acuminately turreted, sutures rather
deep ; whorls closely decussated with granular ridges ; columella
four-plaited, slightly umbilicated ; aperture rather short.

North Carolina, W. Indies.

Genus MARGINELLA, Lamarck.
Prodr. 1799.

1. M. GUTTATA, Dillwyn. Fig. 89, a, b.

(Voluta.) Desc. Cat. 526. 1817
Marginella longivaricosa, Lamarck, Anim. s. Vert., vii. 358. 1822.

Shell somewhat pyriformly oblong, flesh-colored, obscurely two-
banded, flaked throughout with opaque white spots ; spire small,
scarcely exserted, callous ; whorls rather gibbous around the upper
part ; lip broadly thickened, white, distantly spotted with reddish-
fawn.

North Carolina to West Indies.

2. M. ROSOIDA, Redfield. Fig. 90.

Proc. Acad. Nat. Sciences Philad., 174. 1860.
Marginella apicina of American authors (not Menke).

Shell rhombic-ovate, polished, grayish-brown, minutely flecked

54 AMERICAN MARINE CONCHOLOGY.

with white ; towards and upon the spire the white spots tend to be
confluent in longitudinal lines. Lip white, thickened, obtusely
reflected, slightly denticulated within, with three external brown
spots. Spire moderate, four whorls visible, the last one shouldered
beneath the suture ; columella four-plaited.
Length 14, diam. 8 mill.

North Carolina to Georgia.

Resembles M. apicina of West Indies, but distinguished by the
white flecked lines ; the spire is also more developed and body
more angular.

3. M. LACHRYMULA, Gould.

Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., viii. 281. 1862.

Shell small, ovate, white, translucent, shining, very finely longi-
tudinally striate ; apex scarcely prominent, vitreous ; aperture nar-
row, crescentic ; lip obtuse, varicose without and widely arcuate
behind, crenulate within ; columella four-plaited.
Length 1.5, diam. 1 mill.
Dredged in 400 fathoms.

Coast of Georgia.

This may be distinguished from one or two other minute species
found in the W. Indies by its transparency and its veutricose form.

Family PORCELLANIDJE.

Shell convolute, enamelled ; spire concealed ; aperture narrow,
channelled at each end ; outer lip of adult thickened, inflected.
No operculum.

Animal with a broad foot, truncated in front ; mantle expanded
on each side, forming lobes, which meet over the back of the shell ;
these lobes are usually ornamented with tentacular filaments ; eyes
on the middle of the tentacles or near their base ; branchial plume
single.

Synopsis of Genera.

Shell convolute, smooth, inner lip crenulated. PORCELLANA, Rumph.
Shell covered with transverse ribs, inner lip crenulated. TRIVIA, Gray.
Shell smooth, each end produced into a canal ; inner lip smooth, outer lip
reflected, thickened externally. VOLVA, Bolten.

MARINE MOLLUSCA OF THE UNITED STATES. 55

Genus PORCELLANA, Rumphiua.

Amboin. Rarit. 113. 1705.
Klein, Tent. Method., 83. 1753.
Cypraa, Linn., Syst. Nat., 1172. 1767.

The Cowries or Cyprseas, as they are generally called, are gene-
rally medium or large size shells with a handsomely painted en-
amelled surface, covering and concealing the spire in the adult.
This enamel is derived from the lobes of the mantle, which envelop
the shell, meeting on the back, where the contact of the margins is
indicated by a line of lighter color. In the young shell the spire
is prominent, the outer lip thin, and the general appearance is
much like that of an Oliva. The animal has the power of par-
tially dissolving, and then breaking its shell across the back when
it is necessary to provide room for its growth ; it is, in fact, easier
to do this than to absorb the immense thickness of the lips previ-
ously to adding to the circumference in the ordinary manner of
shell-growth.

There are about one hundred and fifty species, inhabiting shal-
low water near the shore, in warm latitudes, and feeding on zoo-
phytes.

1. P. EXANTHEMA, Linnaeus. Fig. 91.

Syst. Nat., edit. xii. 1172. 1767.

Shell elongately ovate, rather thick, extremities slightly trun-
cated; back fulvous-brown, ornamented with round white spots;
base pale fulvous, teeth chestnut-brown.

Worth Carolina, West Indies.

A single specimen has been found at Fort Macon, N. C. It will,
doubtless, be discovered at other points on the southern coast.

Genus TRIVIA, Gray.
Desc. Cat. Cypr. 1832.
1. T. QUADRTPUNCTATA, Gray. Fig. 92.

Zool. Journ. iii., 368. 1827.
C. rotunda, Kiener, Coq. Viv., 141, t. 53, f. 2.

Shell rotundately ovate, extremities obtuse, transversely very
finely ribbed, with a linear dorsal groove ; light rose color, back
ornamented with four conspicuous red dots, two on each side of a
dorsal groove, alternating one with the other.

North Carolina to West Indies.

56 AMERICAN MARINE CONCHOLOGY.

i

Genus VOLVA, Bolten.

Museum. 1798.
1. Y. UNIPLICATA, Sowerby. Fig. 93.

(Ovulum.) Proc. Zool. Soc., 135. 1848.

Shell narrowty oblong, rather thin, whitish or orange-rose, ex-
tremities rather produced, blunt, back transversely minutely stri-
ated ; lip moderately thickened, flexuous, widely sinuated at the
lower part ; columella plicate above.

South Carolina, southwards.

ORDER I. PROSOBRANCHIATA.

Section B. HOLOSTOMATA. Sea-snails.

Shell spiral or limpet-shaped ; rarely tubular or multivalve ;
margin of the aperture generally entire ; operculum horny or
shelly, usually spiral. Animal with a short non-retractile muzzle;
respiratory siphon wanting, or formed by a lobe developed from
the neck ; gills pectinated or plume-like, placed obliquely across
the back, or attached to the right side of the neck ; neck and sides
frequently ornamented with lappets and tentacular filaments.
Mostly phytophagous. Aperture channelled in front, with a less
distinct posterior canal.

I. Aperture entire. Shell globular or turbimform.
Family I. NATIGIDJE. Shell globular, few-whorled ; spire .small,
obtuse ; aperture semilunar ; lip acute ; pillar often callous.

II. Shell elongated.

Family II. PYRAMIDELLID^E. Shell spiral, turreted; nucleus
minute, sinistral ; aperture small ; columella sometimes with one
or more prominent plaits ; operculum horny, imbricated ; nucleus
internal.

Family III. CERITHLAJLE. Shell spiral, elongated, man y-whorled,
frequently varicose ; lip generally expanded in the adult ; opercu-
lum horny and spiral.

Family V. TURRITELLID^E. Shell tubular or spiral, upper part
partitioned off; aperture simple; operculum horny, many whorled.

Family VI. LITTORINID^E. Shell spiral, turbinated, or depressed,
never pearly ; aperture rounded ; peristome entire ; operculum
horny, pauci-spiral.

Family IX. TURBINID^B. Shell spiral, turbinated, or pyramidal,

MARINE MOLLUSCA OP THE UNITED STATES. 5T

nacreous inside ; operculum calcareous and pauci-spiral, or horny
and multispiral.

III. Shell ear or limpet shaped, scarcely spiral; aperture basal, very large.

Family X. JANTHINID^E. Shell spiral, turbiniform; fragile;
aperture large ; outer lip notched in the middle ; no operculum.

Family XL FissuRELLnx<E. Shell conical, limpet-shaped; apex
recurved ; nucleus spiral, often disappearing in the course of
growth ; anterior margin notched or apex perforated ; muscular
impression horse-shoe shaped, open in front.

Family XII. CALYPTR^EID^E. Shell limpet-like, with the apex
more or less spiral ; interior simple or divided by a shelly process,
variously shaped, to which the adductor muscles are attached.

Family XIII. PATELLID^E. Shell conical, limpet-shaped, the
apex entire and turned forwards ; muscular impression horse-shoe
shaped, open in front.

Family X Y. CHITONID^. Shell oval, composed of eight transverse
imbricating plates, lodged in a coriaceous mantle, which forms
an expanded margin round the body.

IV. Shell tubular, symmetrical, open at both ends ; not spiral.
Family XIY. DENTALIAD^E. (The tooth shells.)

Family I. NATICID.E.

The Natices, although possessing shells with entire apertures,

are carnivorous animals, feeding principally on small bivalves,

boring small round holes through their shells and rasping out the

meat.

Synopsis of Genera.

Shell sub-globose ; spire rather elevated ; aperture semilunar ; columella
adherent to and spirally produced into the umbilicus ; apex more or less
dilated and truncate ; more rarely convex or rounded ; operculum horny,
with a calcareous outer layer. ' NATICA, Adanson.

Shell oval, subglobose ; spire rather elevated ; aperture semiluuar ; inner
lip thin or with a moderate callus; umbilicus wide, pervious, not funicu-
late. Operculum simple, cartilaginous. LUNATIA, Gray.

Shell orbicular, depressed ; spire flattened ; aperture wide, semilunar ; inner
lip straight, callous ; columella adherent to and spirally contorted into
the umbilicus ; apex more or less dilated and truncate, Operculum .simple,
cartilaginous. NEVERITA, Risso.

Shell ovate or subovate, solid, smooth, usually without epidermis ; spire
small, acute, whorls simple ; aperture semicircular ; inner lip oblique,
thickened, callous ; umbilicus funiculate ; aperture adherent to and

58 AMERICAN MARINE CONCHOLOGY.

spirally contorted into the umbilicus, the apex more or less dilated, con-
vex, and rounded. Operculum large, horny, simple. MAMMA, Klein.

Shell ventricose, imperforate ; spire with the apex acute ; whorls smooth,
without epidermis ; aperture very wide ; inner lip with a large smooth
callus covering part of the body-whorl and concealing the umbilicus.

BULBUS, Bronn.

Shell longitudinally oval, thin, smooth, white, not umbilicated, covered with
a light-brown epidermis ; spire elevated, suture canaliculated ; aperture
oval, produced in front. Operculum pauci-spiral, horny, thin.

AMAUKOPSIS, Morch.

Shell oval, flattened, ear-shaped, striated ; spire minute, depressed ; aper-
ture very wide, oblique ; umbilicus none ; inner lip curved posteriorly and
spread thinly over the body -whorl. Operculum very small and rudi-
mentary. SIGARETUS, Lamarck.

Shell thin, small, ear-shaped, pellucid, fragile ; spire very small ; aperture
large, patulous ; inner lip receding. No operculum.

MARSENINA, Gray.

Shell thin, small, subglobose, composed of two rapidly enlarging volutions ;
aperture large, subovate ; lip thin, not joined behind ; usually covered
with a velvety epidermis. No operculum. VELUTINA, Blainville.

Genus NATICA, Adanson.
Hist. Nat. Senegal, 172. 1757.

1. N. AFFINIS, Gmelin. Fig. 94.

(Nerita.) Syst. Nat., 3675. 1790.
N. dausa, Brod. et Sowb. Zool. Journ., iv. 360. 1829.
JV. consolidates, Couthouy, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., ii. 89, t.3, f. 14. 1838.

Shell subglobose ; whorls four or five, subconvex, partially
flattened or even concave near the sutures ; spire very short, ob-
tuse ; suture distinct ; aperture oval, widest above ; lip sharp,
thickened, and rounded towards the umbilicus ; callus depressed,
enlarged at the upper angle, and in mature specimens quite con-
cealing the umbilicus ; epidermis thin, greenish-brown. Opercu-
lum and throat milk-white.

Length 12.5, diameter 14 mill.

Obtained from stomachs of fishes.

Cape Cod, Mass., northwards (Eur.).

2. N. PUSILLA, Say. Fig. 95.

Jour. Philada. Acad. Nat. Sciences, ii. 257. 1822.
Shell thin, suboval, cinereous, or rufous, with sometimes one
or two obsolete, dilated, revolving bands ; columella callous ;
callus pressed laterally into the umbilicus, whitish ; umbilicus

MARINE MOLLUSCA OF THE UNITED STATES. 59

nearly closed and consisting only of an arcuated, linear, vertical,
aperture.

Length about 6 mill.

Buzzard's Bay. Dredged in three to eight fathoms. (Stimpson.)

Massachusetts to N. Carolina.

Genus LUNATIA, Gray.
Zool. Proc. 1847.

1. L. HEROS, Say. Fig. 96, 97 (triseriata), 98 (Nidus*), 99 (Ani-

mal).

(Natica.) Journ. Plrilada. Acad., ii. 248. 1822.
N. catenoides, S. Wood, 1848 (teste Jeffreys.)
Var. N. triseriata Say. Journ. Phila. Acad., v. 209.

Shell large, thick, globular-ovate; whorls five, convex; spire
considerably elevated. Aperture oval ; the callus reflected over a
small portion of the large, patulous, and coarsely wrinkled um-
bilicus. Epidermis thin and yellowish; beneath this, ashen gray.
Aperture dark reddish-brown occasionally tinged with yellowish.

Occasionally grows to the length of five inches. The young
shell is sometimes marked by three revolving series of parallel
oblong brown spots, twelve or fourteen in each row (N. triseriata).
These markings are lost on the subsequent whorls.

The nidus is composed of sand agglutinated into a bowl-shaped
mass, open at the top. The eggs are attached to the interior sur-
face.

This ma}'' be the N.ampullaria of Lamarck, as surmised by some
of our conchologists, but the description does not sufficiently
characterize it.

New England, southward to New Jersey.

2. L. GRCENLANDICA, Moller. Fig. 100.

(Natica.) Faun. Groenl., 7. -1842.
Nalica pusilla, Gould (not Say), Invert. Mass., edit. i. 237, f. 166. 1841.

Shell suboval, smooth, glossy or with faint incremental and re-
volving lines; whorls four, regularly rounded ; spire moderately
elevated, obtuse ; suture distinct and deep ; lip sharp, acute ; callus
pressed laterally into the umbilicus, leaving a narrow curved linear
opening. Epidermis ash-colored, beneath bluish-white.
Length 12.5, diam. 11 mill.

Massachusetts northwards.

60 AMERICAN MARINE CONCHOLOGY.

Genus NEVEEITA, Risso.
Moll. Eur. Merid., iv. 149. 1826.

1. N. DUPLICATA, Say. Fig. 101.

(Natica.) Journ. Phila. Acad. Nat. Sci., ii. 247. 1822.
Shell solid, subglobose ; whorls five, somewhat convexly flat-
tened above; aperture oval, oblique; umbilicus irregular, with a
deep furrow, and almost entirely covered by a thick callus.
Color ashen-gray, within deep chestnut-brown; callus of the same
color.

Length 25-50, diam. 2T-55 mill.

New England to Georgia.

Genus MAMMA, Klein.
Ostracol. 21. 1753.
1. M. IMMACULATA, Totten. Fig. 102.

(Natica.) Amer. Journ. Sci., xxviii. 357 f. 6. 1835.
Shell small, solid, longitudinally suboval. Whorl about five,
the upper ones very slightly convex; apex short and pointed, su-
ture not impressed ; the body-whorl convex and elongated be-
neath. Aperture narrow, regularly and somewhat acutely curvett
at the base. Umbilicus rounded and deep, scarcely modified by
the callus, which is not very copious, but forms a deposit under
the upper part of the lip, and causes a white spiral line to appear
externally just below the suture. Epidermis thin, greenish-yellow,
beneath milk white.

Length 7, diam. 5.5 mill.

Maine to New York.

Genus BTJLBUS, Brown.
Proc. Geol. Soc., iii. 119. 1839.
1. B. SMITHII, Btown. Fig. 103.

Natica flava, Gould, Am. Journ. Science, xxxviii. 196. 1840.
Natica aperta, Loven, Index Moll. Scand. 1846.

Shell globular, inflated, thin and light ; whorls four, rounded,
slightly compressed above near the suture, with very minute in-
cremental and revolving striae ; spire little elevated ; pillar-lip
with a curve in its middle ; the callus contracting and obliterating
the umbilicus, which is deeply indented ; epidermis light yellowish,
white underneath ; callus ivory white.

Maine northwards (Eur.).

MARINE MOLLUSC A OP THE UNITED STATES. 6

Genus AMATJBOPSIS, Morch.

1. A. ISLANDICA, Gmelin. Fig. 104.
(Nerita.} Syst. Nat. 3675. 1790.

Natica hettcoides, Johnston, Trans. Berw. Club, i. 69, 266. 1835.
Natica canaUculata, Gould, Am. Journ. Sci., xxxviii. 197. 1840.

Shell subglobose, rather ponderous, dingy-white, nearly smooth
and somewhat gloss}', covered with a dark gamboge-colored epi-
dermis ; whorls four, the upper portion of each turning before it
joins the preceding whorl, so as to form a broad, shallow canal at
the suture, and giving the spire a turreted appearance ; aperture
about two-thirds the length of the shell, nearly semicircular ; lip
sharp, a little spreading in front, the inner margin nearly a straight
line, and overspread with a thick callus j interior white ; umbilical
opening a mere slit, generally none.

Length 27.5, diam. 18 mill.

Resembles in shape Paludina pon derosa.

Massachusetts northwards (Eur.).

Genus SIGABETTJS, Lamarck.

Prodr. 77. 1799.

H. and A. Adams, and others, use the generic name Catinus,
Klein, in preference to that given by Lamarck, but Klein's genus
is named "Catinus lactis," and is, therefore, not admissible.

1. C. PERSPECTIVUS, Say. Fig. 105.

Am. Conch., iii. t. 25. 1831.

Shell ovate, elongate, depressed. Surface with numerous im-
pressed, transverse, slightly undulated lines, crossed by revolving
striae which become obsolete beneath. Aperture more than three-
fourths the entire area of the shell. Whorls three ; spire de-
pressed, smooth; suture distinct, but not deeply impressed.
Milk-white, sometimes tinged with brown; within smooth and
polished, and faintly iridescent.

Length 3t, of aperture 24 mill.

New York, southwards.

2. C. MACULATUS, Say. Fig. 106.

Am. Conch., iii. t. 25. 1831.

Shell with numerous transverse hardly undulated impressed
lines and longitudinal wrinkles; spire scarcely prominent, slightly
convex ; whorls about three ; suture a simple impressed line.

62 AMERICAN MARINE CONCHOLOGY.

Color whitish, with two bands of pale rufous spots and a rufous
baud near the suture.

Southern Coast.

A doubtful species ; has not been recently detected.

Genus MARSENINA, Gray.

1. M. PERSPICUA, Linnaeus. Fig. 107.

(Helix.) Syst. Nat., edit. xii. 1260. 1767.
Helix haliotoidea, Linn. Syst. Nat., edit. xii. 1250. 1757.
Sigaretus haliotoideus, Lamarck, Anim. s. Vert., vi. 208. 1822.
Oxynoe glabra, Couthouy, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., ii. 90, t. 3, f. 16. 1838.

Shall small, obliquely ovate, pellucid, white, compressed,
smooth ; aperture very large ; whorls two.
Length 12.5, diam. 10 mill.

Coast of Massachusetts ; Northern Europe.

Genus VELTTTINA, Blainville.
Malacol. 468. 1825.

1. Y. L.EVIGATA, Linnaeus. Fig. 108.

(Helix.) Syst. Nat., edit. xii. 1250. 1767.
Helix haliotoidea, Fabricius, Fauna Grcenl. No. 387. 1780.
Sulla velutina, Mailer, Zool. Daii. iii. t. 101, f. 1-4. 1789.
Velutina capuloidea, Blainville, Malacol. t. 42, f. 4. . 1825.
Velutina rupicola, Conrad. Journ. Phila. Acad. Nat. Sci., vi. 266. 1831.

Shell small oval, very thin and fragile. Whorls three; the
body-whorl with faint concentric striae ; spire slightly raised,
smooth at the apex. Aperture regularly oval. Epidermis, when
not abraded, thick and raised, more conspicuous on the concentric
lines. Dusky brown with numerous revolving raised rufous lines.

Length 7.5, diam. 6.25 mill.

. .•-* Cape Cod, Massachusetts, northwards (Eur.).

This shell is extremely fragile, seeming to consist principally
of epidermis. European specimens attain larger dimensions and
are more solid.

2. Y. ZONATA, Gould. Fig. 109.

Invert. Mass., edit. i. 242, f. 160. 1827.

Shell small, ovate, moderately thin ; spire not raised. Whorls
three; the two upper ones scarcely distinct; suture deeply im-
pressed, striated with revolving lines and superficial concentric
furrows. Aperture regularly oval; lip expanded, exceedingly

MARINE MOLLUSCA OP THE UNITED STATES. 63

thin and fragile ; pillar lip flattened, and with a small superficial
fold. Epidermis whitish or reddish-brown, with numerous bands
of brown ; pillar white.

Length 10, diam. 12.5 mill.

Generally covered with a calcareous incrustation ; underneath
zoned or frequently entirely white or flesh color.

Coralline, on stones, dredged in 14 to 40 fathoms.

Massachusetts northwards (Eur.).

Family PYRAMIDELLID^E.

The animal, in this family, is provided with broad, ear-shaped
tentacles which are often connate, with eyes behind them at their
bases; proboscis retractile; foot truncated in front; the tongue
unarmed.

Synopsis of Genera.

Shell subulate, tnrreted, many-whorled, smooth; spire pointed, nucleus
sinistral ; aperture semi-oval, entire, rounded anteriorly ; columella
straight, plicated ; outer lip acute. OBELISCUS, Humphrey.

Shell slender, elongated, many-whorled, longitudinally ribbed; apex of
spire with a persistent, embryonic, sinistral nucleus ; aperture oblong or
subquadrate, peristome incomplete ; columella straight, simple, edentujate
and without a plait. TURBONILLA, Risso.

Shell turreted, subulate or ovate, smooth or transversely striated ; apex of
spire sinistral ; aperture ovate, peristome not continuous ; columellar lip
with a single tooth-like fold. ODOSTOMIA, Fleming.

Shell turreted, many-whorled, whorls smooth or spirally striated ; aperture
oval or rounded ; inner lip simple, without plaits or teeth, base often per-
forated. ACLIS, Loven.

Shell elongated, imperforate, many-whorled, transversely striated ; aperture
small, ovate, entire in front ; columellar lip smooth or obscurely plaited.

MENESTHO, Moller.

Shell elongated, white, smooth, polished ; spire produced, many-whorled,
frequently with an interrupted varix on one side, apex acute ; aperture
oval, pointed behind ; inner lip reflected over the pillar ; axis imperforated ;
outer lip thickened internally. EULIMA, Risso.

Shell subulate or subglobose, thin, pellucid, smooth, polished, many-
whorled ; apex of spire produced and styliform, with a sinistral nucleus ;
aperture sub-ovate, pointed behind, rounded and entire in front ; inner lip
smooth, arcuated ; outer lip thin, simple. STYLIFER, Broderip.

64 AMERICAN MARINE CONCHOLOGY.

Genus OBELISCUS, Humphrey.
Mus. Calonn. 1797.

1. 0. CRENULATUS, Hglmes. Fig. 110.

Post Pliocene Foss. So. Car. 88, t. 13, f. 14. I860.
Shell subulate, smooth, angularly channelled at the suture, which
is crenulated on the lower whorls only ; columella with three folds,
the superior one large and acute, the others small; outer lip with
four small teeth internally; whorls fourteen to sixteen; with two
indistinct opaque revolving bauds, which are sometimes obsolete.

North and South Carolina.

Genus TTJREONILLA, Risso.
Hist. Nat. Eur. Merid., iv. 224. 1826.
Chemnitzia, Orb. Webb and Berthol. Hist. Nat. lies Canaries. 1839.

1. T. INTERRUPTA, Totten. Fig. 111.

(Turritella) Am. Journ. Science, xxviii. 352, f. 7. 1834.
Shell small and slender, whorls ten, almost flat, on which are
twenty to thirty transverse obtuse ribs, crossed by about fourteen
subequal revolving lines interrupted by the ribs; these are
arranged in pairs, so closely applied as often to be confounded in
one; below the middle of the body-whorl, the ribs become obsolete,
and the revolving lines are uninterrupted ; a slight shoulder on
each whorl causes the sutures to be quite distinct. Aperture
ovate, sharply angular above; inner lip slightly everted. Whitish-
brown or amber-colored.

Length 6.25, diam. 2.4 mill.

Mass, to North Carolina.

2. T. NIVEA, Stimpson. Fig. 112.

Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., iv. 114. 1851.

Shell aciculated, sub-cylindrical, white shining ; whorls eleven,
flattened, longitudinally plicate ; folds straight, interstices per-
fectly smooth.

Length 7, diam. 1 mill.

Animal white ; head short ; tentacles triangular, very broad,
with the eyes at nearly the middle of their bases ; foot elongated,
with an arcuated indentation at its anterior terminus.

This species differs from T. interrupta in being more slender, in
wanting revolving lines, and also totally in its station, tlie deeper
parts of the Coralline Zone. Taken in forty fathoms, on a muddy
and gravelly bottom.

Grand Manan Island, Bay of Fundy.

MARINE MOLLUSCA OF THE UNITED STATES. 65

3. T. ELEGANS, Yerrill. Fig. 113.

Am. Journ. Science, 3d ser. iii. 282, t. 6. f. 4. 1872.

Shell light yellowish, elongated, moderately slender, acute.
Whorls ten or more, well rounded, not distinctly flattened; suture
rather deeply impressed ; surface somewhat lustrous, with numer-
ous rounded vertical costse, narrower than the concave interspaces,
fading out below the middle of the last whorl ; and with numerous
fine revolving grooves, interrupted on the costse; on the upper
whorls there are about five ; and on the lower half of the last whorl
usually five or six distinct and continuous ones. Aperture broad
oval, anteriorly rounded and slightly effuse ; outer lip thin, sharp ;
columella nearly straight at base within, slightly revolute, out-
wardly, regularly curved anteriorly where it joins the outer lip,
and not forming an angle with it. The epidermis is thin, light
yellow, sometimes with a darker, yellowish revolving band on the
middle of the last whorls, and also with the revolving striae darker.

Length 5, diam. 1.7 mill.

Less slender than T. interrupts with more rounded whorls.
(Dredged in 8-10 fathoms.)

Vineyard Sound.

Doubtful and Undetermined Species.

4. T. TEXTILIS, Kurtz.

Cat. Mar. Shells, 8. 1860.

Whorls six or seven, shouldered, thick-set with prominent,
smooth, longitudinal ribs, the interspaces crossed by impressed
revolving lines. White, waxy or chalky.
Length 3, diam. 1.15 mill.

Fort Johnson, S. C.

5. T. SPIRATA, Kurtz and Stimpson.

(Chemnitzia.) Bost. Proc., iv. 115. 1851.

Shell ovate-conical, umbilicate, white, shining; with minute
transverse striae ; whorls six, flat, angulate in front ; suture pro-
found ; aperture small, ovate ; columella edentulous.
Length 2.5, diam. 8 mill.

North Carolina.

6. T. CURTINA, Gould.

(Chrysallida.) Bost. Proc., viii. 280. 1862.

Shell minute, ovately turreted, whitish; whorls six to seven,
convex, cancellate by four series of granules ; last whorl about
5

66 AMERICAN MARINE CONCHOLOGY.

half the total length ; aperture narrow, produced in front ; colu-
rnella with a minute posterior plica.

Length 5, diam. 2 mill.

South Carolina.

It has the aperture, and in general the sculpture of Chemnitzia,
with the columellar fold of Odostomia.

7. T. SUTURALIS, Gould.

(Dunkeria.} Bost. Proc., viii. 280. 1862.

Shell minute, ivory white, turreted ; whorls seven to eight, con-
vex, with ten to twelve longitudinal plications (evanescent above)
and thin revolving striae, of which a subsutural one is well im-
pressed; last whorl less than half the total length; aperture
lunate, small.

Length 3, diam. 1 mill.

Fort Johnson, Charleston, 8. C.

Genus ODOSTOMIA, Fleming.
Brit. Anim. 297, 310. 1828.

This genus consists of small, usually white, smooth, solid and
enamelled shells, with the inner lip always toothed ; they range
from low-water to forty fathoms.

1. 0. PRODUCTA, Adams. Fig. 114.

(Jaminea.) Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., iii. 322, t. 3, f. 8. 1840.
Shell small, conic-cylindrical ; whorls eight, nearly flat ; epi-
dermis light-brown ; columella flexuous.
Length 5 millimetres.

More slender than 0. fusca, with one or two more whorls,
which are less convex and with no approach to an umbilicus.

Massachusetts.

2. 0. PUSCA, Adams. Fig. 115.

(Pyramis.) Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., ii. 282, t. 4, f. 9. 1839.
Shell small, subelongate, conical ; spire truncate, obtuse ; whorls
six, convex ; suture strongly impressed, and with a revolving line
below it, causing it to appear double. Aperture broadly ovate,
acutely angular above, dilated in the middle. Fold on the pillar-
lip far within, occasionally double, and in some cases obsolete ; an
umbilical indentation about the middle of the left lip. Epidermis
shining brown.

Length 6 mill.

New England; New York.

MARINE MOLLUSC A OP THE UNITED STATES. 6t

Closely allied to 0. bisuturalis, but is shorter, and spire less
acute ; whorls flatter and color darker.

3. O. DEALBATA, Stimpson. Fig. 116.

(.Ohemnitzia.) Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., iv. 114. 1851.
Shell ovate-conic, white, smooth, pellucid ; whorls six, rather
convex; aperture ovate, hardly effuse; furnished with a small in-
conspicuous fold.

Length 4, diam. 1.5 mill.

It is broader than 0. bisuturalis, but has not so sharp an apex,
and wants the revolving line.

Dredged in three fathoms, on a shelly bottom.

Boston Harbor.

4. 0. MODESTA, Stimpson. Fig. lit.

(Chemnitzia.) Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., iv. 16. 1851.
Shell small, conic, white, smooth ; whorls four, flattened, the
last medially sub-angulated ; suture impressed ; aperture unipli-
cate, sub-rhomboid.

Length 3.5, diam. 1.5 mill.

This species is more angular than 0. bisuturalis, and has no
revolving line just below the suture as in that shell. It is very
like the British 0. unidentata. It inhabits the Coralline Zone.

St. George's Banks.

5. 0. BISUTURALIS, Say. Fig. 118.

(Turritella.} Journ. Pliilad. Acad., ii. 244. 1821.
CTiemnitzia bisuturalis, Stimpson, Shells of N. England, 42. 1851.
Jaminea exigua, Couthouy, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., ii. 92, t. 2, f. 7. 1838.
Odostomia exigua, Gould, Invert. Mass., 1st Edit. 272, f. 77. 1841.
Rissoa rupestris, Forbes, Ann. Nat. Hist., ii. 107, t. 2, f. 13.

Shell ovate-conical, apex rather obtuse, smooth, light-green,
epidermis brownish ; whorls five or six, flattened, with an im-
pressed line revolving below the suture, giving the appearance of
a double suture ; columella with a transverse fold.

Length 5, diam. 2 mill.

New England.

6. 0. TRIFIDA, Totten. Fig. 119.

(Actceon.) Am. Journ. Science, xxvi. 368, t. 1, f. 4, a, b. 1834.
Shell small, elevated, pointed, smooth and glossy ; whorls eight,
flat, with about six impressed revolving lines; the one above and
the two next below the suture wider and more distinct ; ten or

68 AMERICAN MARINE CONCHOLOGY.

twelve very minute lines at the base of the body-whorl. Spire
gradually tapering to an acute apex. Aperture elongated, about
one-third the length of the shell, acutety angular above, produced
and rounded below. Outer lip sharp and thin, entire; pillar lip
with a single sharp, oblique fold ; opercule horny ; ivory or soiled
white.

Length 5, diam. 2 mill.

Mr. Gwyn Jeffreys believes this to be a variety of 0. impressa,
Say.

New England; New York.

1. 0. SEMINUDA, Adams. Fig. 120.

(Jaminea.) Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., ii. 280, t. 4, f. 13. 1839.

Shell small, acute, conic. Whorls seven, convex; upper whorls
and half of the body- whorl longitudinally rugose, crossed by three
equidistant revolving lines, presenting a granulated appearance.
At the base of the lower whorl are four revolving lines, beginning
on the middle, where the folds abruptly terminate. Suture dis-
tinct, divided by an indistinct spiral ridge. Aperture oval ; the
outer lip very thin, and scalloped by the revolving lines ; the pil-
lar lip with an inconspicuous fold. Glossy white, translucent.

Length 3.75, diam. 1.75 mill.

New England, southwards.

8. 0. IMPRESSA, Say. Fig. 121.

(Turritella.) Journ. Philad. Acad., ii. 244. 1822.
Odostomia insculpta, De Kay, Moll. N. Y. 115, t. 31, f. 297. 1843.

Shell elevated, thick, opaque, regularly tapering to the apex.
Whorls seven, flat, with a deeply impressed suture; body-whorl
with ten deeply sculptured closely approximated revolving striae
on the lower half, and five distant revolving lines on the upper
half; about four on the next whorl, and gradually diminishing in
number above. Aperture ovate, acute above, effuse beneath. Lip
simple ; fold on the pillar-lip near the middle, distinct under the
lens, and deepening within. Soiled white, the sculptured lines
rufous.

Length 5, diam. 2 mill.

New England, southwards.

Genus ACLIS, Loven.
Ind. Moll. Scand. 16. 1846.
The animal has a linguiform foot, much produced anteriorly,

MARINE MOLLUSCA OP THE UNITED STATES. 69

tentacles cylindrical, much swollen at their tips. The species are
few in number and small, though exceedingly elegant.

1. A. POLITA, Yerrill. Fig. 122.

Am. Journ. Science, 3d series, iii. 282, t. 6, f. 5. 1872.

Shell white, elongated, regularly tapering, slender, acute.
Whorls thirteen or more, convex, rounded, scarcely flattened ;
surface smooth, polished, shining, with faint or scarcely distinct
striae of growth. Aperture broad oval ; outer lip sharp, slightly
effuse ; columella slightly curved, without a fold.

Length 8, diam. 2 mill.

Dredged in twenty fathoms.

Eastport Harbor, M*.

Genus MENESTHO, Moller.
Index Moll. Scand. 1842.
1. M. STRIATULA, Couthouy. Fig. 123.

(Pyramis.) Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., ii. 101, t. 1, f. 6. 1838.
Menestho albula, Moller, Moll. Scand. 1842.
Menestho striata, Chenu. Man. Concbyl., i. 229, f. 1311.

Shell smooth, subulate, imperforate, usually polished. Whorls
seven to nine, nearly flat, marked by twelve to fifteen minute
regular revolving strise, diminishing in number to the apex ; suture
linear and rather deeply impressed. Aperture ovate acute, angular
above ; base very slightly effuse ; outer lip sharp, smooth, without
any sinus or groove at its junction with the body-whorl; pillar
lip arched regularly throughout. Pale bluish-white, milk-white
within.

Length 15, diam. 5 mill.

New England.

Genus ET7LIMA, Risso.
Hist. Nat. Eur. Merid., iv. 123. 1826.

The Eulimse crawl with the foot greatly in advance of the head,
which is usually concealed beneath the margin of the shell ; many
of them have distorted shells, the upper whorls being often curved
or inclined to one side.

1. E. OLEACEA, Kurtz and Stiinpson. Fig. 124.
Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., iv. 115. 1851.

Shel e-mail, subulate, solid, very shining, white, marked with
light-brown transverse bands ; whorls twelve, flattened, closely
coiled ; suture inconspicuous ; aperture small, ovate.

Length 6.25, diam. 1.5 mill.

70 AMERICAN MARINE CONCHOLOGY.

The animal is white, hyaline; tentacles almost joining each
other at their bases, where, on the external sides, are the eyes,
which may be seen through the shell, when, as is usually the case,
the head does not project beyond it. Foot short, broad, slightly
produced at the anterior angles; the lobe above projecting a little
beyond it.

Dredged in eight fathoms, on a muddy bottom.

New England, North Carolina.

2. E. CONOIDEA, Kurtz and Stimpson.

Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., iv. 115. 1851.

Shell conic-lanceolate, white, very shining; with thirteen flat
whorls, the last subangulate ; aperture rhomboidal.
Length 9, diam. 2.5 mill.
Dredged on muddy bottoms, shallow water.

North and South Carolina.

The above is a copy of the original description. The species
has not been figured, and I have never seen a specimen.

Genus STYLIFEK, Broderip.

1. S. STIMPSONII, Verrill.

Ain. Journ. Science, 3d ser. iii. 283. 1872.

Shell white, short, swollen, broad-oval ; spire short, rapidly en-
larging. Whorls four or five, the last one forming a large part of
the shell ; convex, rounded, with the suture impressed, surface
smooth, or with very faint striae of growth ; a slightly impressed
revolving line just below the suture. Aperture large and broad.

Length 3.75, diam. 3 mill.

Parasitic on Euryechinus Drobachiensis, Y, in 32 fathoms.
« New Jersey, New England, northwards.

Family III. CERITHIAD^E.

Shell spiral, elongated, many-whorled, frequently varicose ; aper-
ture channelled in front, with a less distinct posterior canal ; lip
generally expanded in the adult ; operculum horny, pauci-spiral.

Animal with a short muzzle, not retractile ; tentacles distant,
slender; eyes on short pedicels, connate with the tentacles; man-
tle margin with a rudimentary siphonal fold.

MARINE MOLLUSCA OF THE UNITED STATES. U

Synopsis of Genera.

Shell turreted, many-whorled, generally reticulate or granular with indis-
tinct varices ; canal produced in front and slightly recurved ; columella
thickened, with a callosity at the hind part. CERITHIUM, Adanson.

Aperture with a slight canal in front, not produced or recurved ; inner lip
acute, not reflexed or expanded. BITTIUM, Leach.

Shell sinistral ; aperture round, produced anteriorly into a closed, tubular
canal, sometimes with a posterior, closed canal. TRIPHOBIS, Deshayes.

Genus CEBITHIUM, Adanson.
Hist Nat. Senegal. 153. 1757.
1. C. FERRUGINETJM, Say. Fig. 126.

Am. Conch., t. 49, f. 3. 1832.

Shell oblong-conical, with longitudinal ribs rendered nodulous
by revolving elevated striae ; ribs about twenty on the body-whorl,
almost interrupted by the interstices of the striae ; striae about
seven with intermediate smaller ones on the body-whorl, and but
three on the second whorl ; volutions seven, suture inconspicuous ;
aperture oblique, oval, whitish within ; labrum slightly thickened
on the exterior margin and with obsolete impressed lines on the
inner side corresponding with the exterior striae ; color ferrugi-
nous.

North Carolina to Florida.

Genus BITTIUM, Leach.
Gray, Zool. Proc. London. 1847.

This group includes several northern forms, smaller than the
typical Cerites, and resembling dextral Triphores; they range frota
low water to eighty fathoms.

1. B. NIGRUM, Totten. Fig. 127.

(Pasithea') test. juv. Am. Journ. Sci., xxvi. 369, t. 1, f. 7. 1834.
CeritMum reticulatum, Totten, ibid, xxviii. 352, f. 8. 1835.
Cerithium Sayi, Menke, Gould, Invert. Mass. 1st Edit. 278, f. 183. 1841.

Shell small, acute, conic, thin. Whorls from six to eight with
a distinct shoulder formed by a series of granules. Surface granu-
lar from the crossing of slightly elevated folds with elevated spiral
lines ; about twenty of these ribs, which disappear on the lower
half of the body-whorl leaving there only about six slightly elevated
revolving lines. Suture deeply impressed. Aperture about a
fourth of the length of the shell, elongate, subovate, acutely an-

72 AMERICAN MARINE CONCHOLOGY.

gular above, widely rounded below, slightly effuse. Lip sharp,
modified by the revolving lines ; the canal, an oblique fissure.
Operculum horny, ovate, concave externally, inultispiral. Bluish
to reddish-black.

Length 5, diam. 2.5 mill.

Cape Cod, Mass., to North Carolina.

2. B. GREENII, Adams. Fig. 128.

(Cerithium) Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., ii. 287, t. 4, f. 12. 1839.
f Cerithiopsis tubercularis, Mont, (sp.) 1803, teste Jeffreys.

Shell very small, cylindrical ; beneath deeply rugose, with lon-
gitudinal ridges and revolving lines. Canal very deep and short,
slightly curved. Aperture one-eighth the length of the shell, nearly
circular. Reddish-brown.
Length 5, diam. 1.25 mill.

Mass, to North Carolina (Eur.).

Genus TRIPHORIS, Deshayes.

Animal. The tentacles are clavate at the tips, united at their
bases by a sinuated veil.

The species are very numerous, inhabiting all seas, but princi-
pally tropical. The sculpture of the whorls is very varied, beauti-
ful, and constant.

1. T. NIGROCINCTUS, Adams. Fig. 129.

(Cerithium) Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., ii. 288, t. 4, f. 11. 1839.
Shell conic-cylindrical, with three revolving series of granules.
Whorls reversed, suture broad, carinate ; aperture small, subellip-
tical, ending in a twisted canal about one-third as long as the
aperture. Reddish-black ; columella black ; a black spiral belt
in faded shells.

Length 7.5, diam. 1.75.

Massachusetts to North Carolina.

Family Y. TURRITELLID^E.

Synopsis of Genera.

Shell elongated, many-whorled, spirally striated ; aperture rounded, mar-
gin thin ; operculum horny, many-whorled. TUKBITELLA, Lamarck.

Shell tubular, attached ; sometimes regularly spiral when young ; always
irregular in its adult growth ; tube repeatedly partitioned off ; aperture
round ; operculum circular, concave externally. VERMETUS, Adanson.

MARINE MOLLUSC A OF THE UNITED STATES. 13

Shell at first discoidal, becoming decollated when adult ; tubular, cylindri-
cal, arched ; aperture round, entire ; apex closed by a mammillated
septum ; operculum horny, many-whorled. CAECUM, Fleming.

Shell mostly pure white and lustrous ; turreted ; many-whorled ; whorls
round, sometimes separate, ornamented with numerous transverse ribs ;
aperture round ; peristome continuous ; operculum horny, few-whorled.

SCALARIA, Lamarck.

Genus TURRITELLA, Lamarck.

Prodr. 74. 1801.

The animal in this genus has long, subulate tentacles ; eyes
slightly prominent; foot truncated in front, rounded behind,
grooved beneath ; branchial plume very long ; lingual ribbon
minute, denticulated. Carnivorous ?

The species range from low water mark to 100 fathoms ; their
geographical distribution is extensive, embracing most tropical
and temperate seas.

1. T. EROSA, Couthouy. Fig. 130.

Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., ii. 103, t. 3, f. 1. 1838.
T. polaria, Moller, Ind. Moll. Scand. 1843.

Shell turreted, elongated ; whorls nine to eleven, rather flat,
smooth, sloping towards the suture ; from three to five abruptly
revolving grooves, most prominent and numerous on the lower
whorls ; striae of growth wrinkling the shell longitudinally ; apex
often eroded; aperture circular; lip thin and impressed by the
termination of the costae ; coluinella with a slight callus and
angular base ; reddish-brown.

Length 12.5, diam. 3.75 mill.

Massachusetts, northwards (Eur.).

2. T. RETICULATA, Mighels and Adams. Fig. 131.

Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., iv. 50, t. 4, f. 19. 1842.
T. lactea, Moller, Ind. Moll. Scand. 1842.

Shell turreted, slender, grayish-white ; whorls eleven or twelve,
convex, with irregular longitudinal folds, and three to five re-
volving striae, making the surface appear reticulated; aperture
small, orbicular ; labrum thin ; operculum horny.

Length It, diam. 5 mill.

Allied to T. erosa, but easily recognized by the longitudinal
ribs, and by its more slender form.

Gulf of St. Lawrence.

74 AMERICAN MARINE CONCHOLOGY.

3. T. COSTULATA, Mighels and Adams. Fig. 132.

Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., iv. 50, t. 4, f. 20. 1842.

Shell whitish, translucent ; whorls nine or ten, nearly flat or
very slightly convex ; suture well impressed ; last two whorls
nearly smooth, the others longitudinally plicate, with microscopic
transverse striae; last whorl subcarinate; aperture rather less than
one-fourth the length of the shell, subovate, produced anteriorly;

Length IT, diam. 6. mill.

Casco Bay.

4. T. ACICULA, Stimpson. Fig. 133.

Bost. Proc., iv. 15. 1851.

Shell small, turreted, subulate, white, thin ; whorls ten, very
convex, longitudinally striate and transversely ribbed ; aperture
rounded, effuse anteriorly ; peristome acute.

Length 5, diam. 1.5 mill.

Distinguished from the young of T. erosa by its much more
convex whorls and prominent ribs. The operculum appears not
to be fimbriated at its edges.

From fishes.

Cape Cod to Grand Manan Island.

5. T. AREOLATA, Stimpson.

Shells of New England, 35. 1851.

Shell small, subperforated, turreted, red, with four distant re-
volving elevated ribs ; aperture effuse in front ; lip acute ; whorls
six, convex.

Length 5, diam. 2.5 mill.

Probably a young shell, but appears distinct from any of our
species. Approaches T. reticulata, but the transverse ribs are
more prominent, and the longitudinal ones less so than in that
shell. Fifteen to fifty fathoms.

Massachusetts Bay,

This is a doubtful species.

Genus VEEMETTJS, Adanson.
Hist. Nat. Senegal, 160. 1757.

1. V. RADICULA, Stimpson. Fig. 134.

Shells of New England, 37. 1851.
V. lumbricalis, Gould (not Lamarck), Invert. Mass., edit. i. 1841.

Shell conic tubular, with numerous unequal raised lines or ribs
along its entire length ; the spiral portion consists of eight or ten
closely revolving whorls, biangulate.

MARINE MOLLUSCA OF THE UNITED STATES. 15

Length of spiral portion from one-half to one inch ; the irregu-
lar prolongation or tube sometimes eight or ten inches. Animal
light brown, spotted with black ; mantle margin fringed ; bran-
chial plume large and long, nearly in the middle of the back ;
foot very short and broad, dilated into rounded auricles ante-
riorly; the muzzle is broad, not cleft; tongue small; tentacles
short, conical; the eyes at their external bases. An elevated
ridge runs along the back, becomes flattened into a membrane at
the head, and passes round under the right tentacle, forming a
kind of canal, near which is the anus. Operculum corneous, con-
centric, black, and hard on the inner, and lamellated on the outer
surface.

Eggs deposited in July ; soft, slightly cohering in the form of
an elongated cone, bent into a half circle.

Massachusetts ; North Carolina.

Genus CJECUM, Fleming.
Edinb. Encyc., vii. 1824.

Shell minute when young, discoidal when adult, decollated,
tubular, cylindrical, arcuated; aperture round, entire; apex closed
by a mammillated septum, marking the point at which the origi-
nal spire has been cast off.

The animal has a long and flat rostrum ; tentacles short, sub-
clavate at the tips ; eyes sessile behind the bases of the tentacles;
mantle thick, fleshy, circular, closely embracing the neck; a single
branchial plume ; foot short, narrow, truncate in front, obtuse
behind.

1. C. PULCHELLUM, Stimpson. Fig. 135.

Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., iv. 112. 1851.

Shell clavate, arcuated, contracted at both extremities, and
angular on its dorsal line; thick, pale yellowish-brown, with about
twenty-five strong, rounded ribs.

Length 2.5, diam. .375 mill.

The head projects but little in advance of the foot, which is
short ; the muzzle is cleft and transversely wrinkled, with two
black spots above, just in front of the tentaculae, which are thick,
curved, and covered with large vibrilhe ; eyes conspicuous, black,
oval, near the middle of the bases of the tentaculge.

Low water to 15 fathoms.

New Bedford Harbor.

76 AMERICAN MARINE CONCHOLOGY.

2. C. COSTATUM, Verrill. Fig. 136.

Amer. Journ. Science, 3d ser. iii., 210, 283, t. 6, f. 6. 1872.
C. Cooperi, S. Smith (not Carpenter), Ann. N. Y. Lye., ix. 394, f. 3. 1870.

Shell white, moderately curved, solid, with twenty-four rounded
longitudinal ribs, crossed by numerous rings, rather obscure about
the middle of the shell, but very distinct at the two extremities,
where the longitudinal ribs become indistinct. There is a slight
constriction near the mouth of the shell, which swells out again
beyond it. Plug mucronate, with the apex inclining to the left;
operculum concave.

Length 3, diam. 7 mill.

New England ; New York.

Genus SCALARIA, Lamarck.
Syst. Anim., 88. 1801.

The animal of the " Wentle-trap" has a retractile, proboscis-like
mouth ; tentacles close together, long and pointed, with the eyes
near their outer bases; mantle-margin simple, with a rudimentary
siphonal fold; foot obtusely triangular, with a fold in front.
Exudes a purple fluid when molested. Range from low water to
80 fathoms.

Nearly one hundred species have been described, chiefly from
tropical seas.

1. S. NOV-ANGLI^E, Couthouy. Fig. 137.

Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., ii. 96, t. 3, f. 5. 1838.

Shell with the whorls scarcely in contact ; whorls ten, crossed
by about eleven delicate ribs, each forming a little spine in the
suture above ; intervening spaces with numerous minute revolv-
ing lines; umbilicus small; glossy white.
Length 17.5, diam. 6.25 mill.

New England.

2. S. LINEATA, Say. Fig. 138.

Journ. Philad. Acad., ii. 242. 1822.

Shell brownish or white, elongated, with about seven volutions ;
ribs robust, obtuse, little elevated, and from seventeen to nineteen
on the body-whorl ; the body- whorl with generally a blackish,
more or less dilated line, which is nearly concealed on the volu-
tions of the spire \>y the suture ; margin of the mouth robust,
white, dilated below.

New England to North Carolina.

MARINE MOLLUSCA OF THE UNITED STATES.

3. S. GRCENLANDICA, Chemnitz. Fig. 139.

S. subulata, Couthouy, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., ii. 93, t. 3, f. 4. 1838.
8. planicosta, Kiener, Iconog., t. 7, f. 21. 1838.

Shell tapering to a fine point, imperforate; whorls nine or ten,
contiguous, slightly convex, with eight to fifteen stout compressed
oblique ribs, with intervening coarse rounded vertical ridges, and
seven or eight revolving striae ; the ribs not ending abruptly at
the suture, but flowing along the sutural region to the preceding
ones ; aperture nearly circular, bordered by a rib which is einar-
ginate at the base ; operculum horny, shining.

Length 25, diam. 8.75 mill.

Animal yellowish-gray with whitish spots; mouth rather large,
rounded, corrugated.

Arctic America (Eur.).

4. S. ANGULATA, Say. Fig. 140.

(8. dathrua, Linn, var.), Amer. Conch., iii. t. 27. 1831.

5. Humphrey sit, Kiener, Iconog. 1838.

Shell conic, turreted, imperforate, white, immaculate; whorls
six to eleven, touching each other only by the ribs, but with a
very narrow interval ; ribs nine to each volution, prominent, sim-
ple, a little oblique, somewhat recurved, and with a more or less
obvious, obtuse angle or shoulder above, near the suture ; aper-
ture suborbicular ; base a little angulated ; labium distinct.

Length 15 to 20 mill.

Described by Mr. Say as a doubtful variety of 5. clathrus, from
which it is distinct.

New England to Florida.

5. S. TURBINATA, Conrad. Fig. 141.

Journ. Philad. Acad. Nat. Sciences, vii. 263, t. 20, f. 26. 1837.
Shell with the body-whorl dilated ; ribs lamellar, strong, very
prominent, slightly reflected, terminating above in a prominent
angle ; color white.

Beaufort, North Carolina.

6. S. MULTISTRIATA, Say. Fig. 142.

Amer. Conch., iii. t. 27. 1831.

Shell conic, turreted, tapering to an acute apex, white, immacu-
late, imperforate ; whorls about eight, in contact ; costae regular,
simple, not reflected, equidistant, moderately elevated ; spaces
between the costae with very numerous, approximate, equidistant,

78 AMERICAN MARINE CONCHOLOGY.

impressed lines ; suture well impressed ; body-whorl with about
sixteen costse.
Length 13 mill.

Massachusetts, southwards.

7. S. BOREALIS, Beck. Fig. 143.
Acirsa borealis, Morch. 1841.
S. Eschrichtii, M oiler. 1845.

Shell white or pale flesh-color, elongated, turreted, acute; whorls
ten, convex, with numerous revolving striae; the upper whorls
with slight transverse undulations or faint costse, which are want-
ing on the lower ones; last whorl slightly carinated; aperture
roundish, effuse, and slightly angulated in front.

Length 19, diam. 6.5 mill.

Dredged, ten to forty fathoms.

Maine, northwards.

Family YI. LITTORINID^E.

Shell spiral, turbiniform or depressed, never pearly ; aperture
rounded; peristome entire; operculum horny, paucispiral.

Animal with a muzzle-shaped head; eyes sessile at the outer
bases of the tentacles ; tongue denticulated ; branchial plume
single ; foot with a linear duplication in front and a groove along
the sole ; mantle with a rudimentary siphonal canal ; operculum
lobe appendaged. Littoral, feeding on algae. Distribution uni-
versal, inhabiting sea or brackish wrater.

Synopsis of Genera.

Shell turbinated, thick, pointed, few-whorled ; aperture rounded ; outer lip
acute ; columella rather flattened, imperforate ; operculum paucispiral.

LITTORINA, Ferussac.

Shell obicular, depressed ; umbilicus wide and deep ; aperture rhombic ;
peristome thin ;* operculum horny, subspiral.

ARCHITECTONICA, Bolten.
Shell turbinated, thin ; aperture semilunar ; columella flattened, with an

umbilical fissure ; operculum paucispiral. LACUNA, Turton.

Shell minute, thick, white or horny ; conical, pointed, many-whorled ;
smooth, ribbed or cancellated ; aperture rounded ; peristome entire, con-
tinuous ; outer lip slightly expanded and thickened ; operculum subspiral.

RISSOA, Fremenville.

Shell minute, thin, subglobose or conical, transparent ; peristome thin,
entire ; operculum annular, regular, with an internal process.

RISSOELLA, Gray.

MARINE MOLLUSC A OP THE UNITED STATES. 19

Shell minute, orbicular, depressed, few-whorled ; peristome continuous,
entire, round ; operculum paucispiral. SRENEA, Fleming.

Shell minute, discoidal, convex above, concave beneath, umbilicated ; sur-
face glossy ; operculum thin, flexible, pellucid.

COCHLIOLEPIS, Stimpson.

Genus LITTOEINA, Ferussao.

The periwinkles are found on the sea-shore in all parts of the
world ; they can exist for a lengthened period out of water, and
usually inhabit situations which are only covered by the sea at
high tide. The species are numerous, and the genus is represented
in all parts of the world.

1. L. DILATATA, d'Orbigny. Fig. 144.

Moll. Cuba, 207, t. 14, f. 20-23.

Shell subpyramidally conical, rather thick, imperforated, livid-
gray, encircled with white nodules; whorls slanting at the upper
part ; columella broadly concavely dilated, purplish-brown.

Chiefly remarkable for the broadly excavated purple-brown
columella, and conspicuous white nodules upon a livid-gray ground.

Beaufort, North Carolina to West Indies.

2. L. RUDIS, Donovan. Fig. 145.

(Turbo.) Brit. Shells, i. t. 33, f. 3. 1800.
T. obligatus, Say, Journ. Philad. Acad., ii. 241. 1822.

Shell very strong and coarse, subovate, ventricose ; whorls five
to six, convex, tapering rapidly to a little elevated spire, and
covered with revolving elevated lines and grooves; body- whorl
with ten to twelve revolving costae, the intervening spaces finely
reticulated ; lip plaited by the termination of the costse ; about
four of these on the next whorl, and obsolete above; base of the
lip broadly bevelled ; pillar-margin also broadly flattened ; aper-
ture regularly oval; color obscurely brownish, sometimes orange
or olive, occasionally banded with white.

Length 12.5 mill.

New England and Middle States (N. Europe).

3. L. TENEBROSA, Montagu. Fig. 146.

(Turbo.) Test. Brit., 303, t. 20, f. 4. 1803.
T. vestitus, Say, Journ. Philad. Acad., ii. 241. 1822.
L. rudis (part), Stimpson, Shells N. E., 33. 1851.

Shell small, conic, not as stout as rudis ; spire elevated and
pointed, as long as the aperture ; whorls five to six, rounded, with

80 AMERICAN MARINE CONCHOLOQY.

faint revolving lines ; suture deeply impressed ; lip thin, acute ;
color black, brown, green, or reddish, sometimes reticulated or
striped with colored lines.

Length 12.5, diam. 7.5 mill.

Animal with a dark olive head, and an olive stripe on the ten-
tacles from the eye ; sides of the foot lined with the same.

New England and Middle States (N. Europe).

4. L. LITOREA, Linnaeus. Fig. I4t.

(Turbo.) Syst. Nat., edit. xii. 1232.
T. ustulatus, Lam., Anim. s. Vert., edit. Deshayes, ix. 214.
L. vulgaris, Sowb., Genera of Shells. Littorina, f. 1.

Shell ovately turbinated, imperforated, thick, smooth or with
elevated spiral strise ; whorls sometimes concavely impressed round
the upper part ; olive, ash, or red, sometimes banded and lineated
with black ; columella broadly callous, slightly excavated, white.

New England (N. Europe).

5. L. PALLIATA, Say. Fig. 148.

(Turbo.) Journ Philad. Acad. Nat. Sci., ii. 240. 1822.
?T. neritoides, Linn., Syst. Nat., edit. xii. 1232. 1767.
L. littoralis, Forbes and Hanley, Brit. Moll. 1853.

Shell semiglobose, very solid, spire flatly depressed; whorls
obliquely convex, smooth or very obscurely striated ; yellow, some-
times broadly brown-banded; aperture circular, very much con-
tracted ; columella broadly excavated.

Well distinguished by its oblique, obtuse growth and depressed
spire, varying in color from yellow, more or less banded, to freckled-
brown.

New England and Middle State* (N. Europe).

6. L. IRRORATA, Say. Fig. 149.

(Turbo.). ^ Journ. Philad. Acad., ii. 239. 1822.
Shell solid, robust, pyramidal, with numerous, elevated, obtuse,
equal lines ; suture not indented ; spire acute ; pillar-lip thickened ;
lip stout, bevelled to a moderately thin edge, which is everted
below ; aperture oval, angulated above ; color pale ash or cinere-
ous or deep brown ; pillar-lip umber-brown ; lip on its margin with
purple abbreviated lines.

Length 25, diam. 13 mill.

Whole Coast.

Reeve's figure (Icon. x. f. 56) does not represent this species,
and it does not occur at Sitka as stated by him.

MARINE MOLLUSCA OF THE UNITED STATES. 81

Genus ARCHITECTONICA, Bolten.

Mus. Bolt. 1798.
Solarium, Lamarck, Prodr., 74. 1801.

The species of this genus are fancifully called "stair-case shells"
from the appearance of the spiral edges of the whorls in the per-
spective umbilicus. Distribution tropical.

1. A. GRANULATA, Lamarck. Fig. 150.

(Solarium.) Anim. s. Vert., vii. 3. 1822.

Shell conoid, yellowish flesh-color, stained with livid-purple,
sparingly belted with -distant chestnut-red spots and dots ; whorls
spirally grooved and granosely warted ; base many crenated ; um-
bilicus rather small.

North Carolina to West Indies.

Genus LACUNA, Turton.
Zool. Journ., iii. 190. 1827.

The Lacunae feed upon sea-weed, and Lovdn observes that when
the fuci are of a brown color these animals become green, but if
red they assume a rosy tint. They principally inhabit the shores
of northern countries, and several species are common to both
continents.

1. L. DIVARICATA, Fabricius. Fig. 151.

(Turbo.) Fauna Grcenl., 392. 1780.
T. mncta Montagu, Test. Brit., 307, t. 20, f. 3. 1803.
T. quadrifasciatus, Fleming, Brit. Anim., 299. 1828.
L. pertusa, Conrad, Journ. Philad. Acad., vi. 266, t. 11, f. 19. 1830.

Shell small, thin, ovate-conic ; spire pointed ; whorls five, very
convex, with faint incremental lines; suture deep ; aperture nearly
circular; lip sharp and simple; pillar-lip with a wide and deep
groove behind, ending in a profound umbilicus ; color yellowish,
with sometimes four or five dark purplish or reddish bands.

Length 7.5 mill.

New England to New York. ( England. )

2. L. NERITOIDEA, Gould. Fig. 152.

Amer. Journ. Science, xxxviii. 197. 1840.
?L. pallidula, Turton (var.), Zool. Journ., iii. 190. 1827.

Shell small, thin, hemispherical, or obliquely ovate ; whorls
three and a half, regularly convex, minutely wrinkled near the
suture, and with an occasional transverse scratch, otherwise
6

82 AMERICAN MARINE CONCHOLOGY.

smooth, and covered with a rough, greenish-yellow epidermis;
sutural region depressed and sub-channeled ; the spire scarcely
prominent above the very large lower whorl, and placed a little to
one side ; aperture oblique, semicircular.

. Length 5, diam. 6 mill.

New England.

Genus BISSOA, Fremenville.

Desmarest, Bull. d. Sc., par la Soc. philom., 7. 1814.
Cingula, Fleming, Brit. Anim., 297, 305. 1828.

The animal has large, slender tentacles^ with eyes on small
prominences near their outer bases ; the foot is pointed behind ;
the operculigerous lobe has a wing-like process and a filament on
each side.

Universally distributed, but principally in the north temperate
zone. They range from high water to one hundred fathoms, but
abound most in shallow water, near the shore, on beds of fucus
and zostera.

1. R. MINUTA, Totten. Fig. 153.

(Turbo.) Anier. Journ. Science, xxvi. 369, f. 7. 1834.

Shell minute, conic, thin, polished, elevated to an obtuse apex ;
whorls five, convex, with very fine transverse striae ; suture dis-
tinct, with a round shoulder on the whorl ; aperture oval, entire,
rounded at the base, very slightly angular above; lip sharp; lower
portion of the pillar-lip slightly recurved, with a loosely attached
enamel which rises before an umbilical pit ; operculum horn}', sub-
spiral; yellowish-brown, usually covered by a dark green pigment.

Length 3.75, diam. 1.5 mill.

Animal dusky -brown ; tentacles, and a line on each side the

neck, light drab. Very active in movement.

New England.

2. R. LATIOR, Mighels and Adams. Fig. 154.

(Cingula.) Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., iv. 48, t. 4, f. 22. 1844.
Shell minute, ovate-conic, smooth, pale horn -color; whorls more
than four, convex ; suture much impressed ; last whorl broad,
larger than the rest of the shell ; aperture ovate-orbicular, left
margin with a lamina.

Length 2, diam. 1.25 mill.

Maine.

MARINE MOLLUSCA OF THE UNITED STATES. 83

3. R. ROBTJSTA, H. C. Lea. Fig. 155.

(Cingula.) Bost. Proc. 288, t. 24, f. 4. 1844.

Shell ovate-acuminate, perforated, smooth, thick, white ; spire
short, subacute; suture impressed; whorls five, somewhat angled
at the superior suture ; last whorl round ; base smooth ; perfora-
tion narrow, profound ; mouth ovate, large.

Length 2.5, diam. 2 mill.

Cape May, N. J.

This is a somewhat doubtful species : it (as well as the next) is
perhaps only the young of a form of R. latior. Only one speci-
men was obtained.

4. R. MODESTA, H. C. Lea. Fig. 156.

(Cingula.) Bost. Proc. 288, t. 24, f. 5. 1844.

Shell ovate, imperforate, smooth, thin, diaphanous, greenish
horn-color; spire short, ovate, not acute; suture small; whorls
four, flattish; last whorl round ; base smooth ; mouth ovate ; acute
above, rounded below.

Length 2,6, diam. 1.8 mill.

Quite common on the under surface of stones below high-water

mark.

Long Island (near Brooklyn).

6. R. TURRICULA, H. C. Lea. Fig. 157.

(Cingula.) Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 289, t. 24, f. 6. 1844.
Shell elevated, conic, perforate, smooth, thick, tawny; spire
very much exserted, conical, obtuse, sutures small ; whorls six,
convex ; last whorl slightly bullate ; base smooth ; perforation
small, narrow, lunate; mouth ovate; columella thick, almost dis-
joined from the last whorl.

Length 3, diam. 1.3 mill.

South Carolina.

This species has not been detected or identified by subsequent
collectors.

6. R. ACULEUS, Gould. Fig. 153.

(Cingula.) Invert. Mass. Edit. 1, 266, f. 172. 1841.

Shell minute, subcylindrical, elongated, fragile; whorls six, very
convex, with a deep suture; with numerous revolving lines and
traces of longitudinal folds towards the apex. Aperture small,
suboval, oblique. Light horn-color.

Length 5 mill.

84 AMERICAN MARINE CONCHOLOGY.

The animal is white, with moderately produced head and foot
slightly dilated at the anterior angles ; eyes black.

New England. (Europe.)

According to Mr. Gwyn Jeffreys, this species = striata, J.
Adams, 1795.

7. R. MULTILINEATA, Stimpson. Fig. 159.

Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. iv. 14. 1851.

Shell minute, oblong-ovate, blunt, white; whorls five, convex,
marked with about twenty minute, transverse stride ; aperture or-
bicularly ovate, peristome not thickened, effuse.

Shorter than aculeus, with the whorls more compactly coiled
and stronger striae. The latter are more numerous than in the
following species.

Length 2.5, diam. 1 mill.

New England.

8. R. MIGHELST, Stimpson. Fig. 160.

Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. iv. 15. 1851.

Cingula arenaria, Mighels and Adams (not Montagu). Bost. Journ. iv.
49, t. 4, f. 24. 1842.

Shell minute, white, subcylindrical, subplicate longitudinally
and minutely striate trans versely ; spire elongated, conical; whorls
six, convex ; suture impressed ; aperture moderate, suborbicular.

Length 2.5, diam. 1.2 mill.

Maine.

9. R. EXAEATA, Stimpson. Fig. 161.

Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. iv. 15. 1851.

Shell small, ovate, fuscous, rather solid, imperforate; whorls
five, rather convex, subplicate posteriorly, and with inequidistant,
elevated, transverse ribs, three on the upper whorls. Aperture
small, ovate, peristome thickened.

Length 2.6, diam. 1.2 mill.

Massachusetts.

10. R. CARINATA, Mighels and Adams. Fig. 162.

(Cingula.) Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. iv. 49. 1842.
Cingula semicostata. Mighels and Adams (not Montagu). Bost. Journ,,

iv. 49, t. 4, f. 23. 1842.
Eisnoa pelagica, Stimpson, Bost. Proc. iv. 15.

Shell very small, ovate conical, ferruginous, very thin ; whorls
five, convex, the upper ones with longitudinal ribs, the lower half

MARINE MOLLTJSCA OP THE UNITED STATES. 85

of the body whorl with revolving striae. Aperture nearly orbicu-
lar, peristome thin and sharp.
Length 2.6, diam. 1.7 mill.

Maine, northwards.

11. R. L^J-VIS, De Kay. Fig. 163.

(Cingula.) Moll. New York, 111, t. 6, f. 118. 1843.
Shell small, elevated, moderately solid ; whorls five, very con-
vex, with deep sutures; surface smooth; body-whorl large; aper-
ture small, oval, the columellar lip partially everted over the
rather large umbilicus. White.
Length 5 mill.

Connecticut.
This is a doubtful species.

12. R. PATENS, Gould.

Boat. Proc. viii. 280. 1863.

Shell minute, ovate, thin, smooth ; whorls five or six, ventricose,
with a subsutural impressed line ; aperture rounded, emarginate
posteriorly ; columella but slightly reflexed ; lips somewhat thick-
ened, fuscous.

Length 3, diam. 2 mill.

Remarkable for its large aperture and subsutural impressed
line.

Fort Johnson, Charleston Harbor, 8. C.

13. R. INCOMPTA, Gould.

Bost. Proc. vii. 280. 1862.

Shell small, elongated, vitreous, reddish-white ; whorls seven,
rounded, with three revolving ribs and longitudinal lines, the body-
whorl carinate ; aperture circular, the peristome simple, thickened.

Length 2, diam. 1 mill.

(Coral Sand) Florida.

Genus EISSOELLA, Gray.
Zool. Proc. 159. 1847.

This genus differs from Rissoa in the shells being thin and
without thickened lip ; the operculum differs also, in being annular
with a central internal process.

The animals are found adhering to floating sea-weeds, in pools
between tide-marks; their eyes are situated so far behind on the
head, that the transparency of the shells appears to be essential
to the vision of the animal.

86 AMERICAN MARINE CONCHOLOGY.

1. R. EBURNEA, Stimpson. Fig. 164.

(Rissoa.) Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. iv. 14. 1851.
Shell small, ovate-conoid, white, shining, smooth ; whorls four,
rather convex, subangulated at the suture ; aperture ovate-elliptic ;
peristome thin, simple, acute, effuse anteriorly.

Length 4.5, diam. 2.2 mill.

Massachusetts

2. R. SULCOSA, Mighels. Fig. 165.

(Phasianella.) Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. iv. 348, t. 16, f. 4. 1843.
Shell very small, ovate-conical, smooth and white; whorls four,
slightly convex, with six or seven transverse grooves on the body-
whorl, and three on each of the two next above, spire smooth and
pointed ; aperture ovate-oblong, with three slightly apparent trans-
verse bands within, as seen under a strong magnifying power.

Length 2.5, diam. 1.3 mill.

Maine.

Genus SKENEA, Fleming.
Hist. Brit. Anim. 297, 313. 1828.
1. S. PLANORBIS, Fabricius. Fig. 166.
(Turbo.) Fauna Groenl. 394. 1780.

Shell minute, flat, slightly convex above, broadly concave below,
with a perspective umbilicus ; whorls three, smooth, light horn-
color ; aperture small, circular, with sharp lip. Operculum multi-
spiral, horny.

Height .8, diam. 1.2 mill.

Clinging to stones at low-water mark.

Mass., northwards. (N. Europe.)

Genus COCHLIOLEPIS, Stimpson.

Bost. Proc. vi., 308. 1858.
1. C. PARASITICUS, Stimpson. Fig. 161.

Bost. Proc. vi., 308. 1858.

Shell thin, discoidal, convex above, concave and umbilicated
below ; the edge thin and sharp ; whorls three, rapidly enlarging;
surface smooth and glossy ; lip not thickened. Operculum thin,
flexible and pellucid.

Animal blood red ; foot oblong, tapering behind, and slightly
emarginate in front; head small, rounded, with long, slender,
tapering tentacles. Eyes none ?
Parasitic on Acoetes lupina.

Charleston, 8. C.

MARINE MOLLUSCA OF THE UNITED STATES. 87

Family TURBIXIDJE.

Shell spiral, turbinated or pyramidal, nacreous inside. Oper-
culum calcareous and paucispiral, or horny and multispiral.

Animal with a short muzzle ; eyes pedunculated at the outer
bases of the long and slender tentacles ; head and sides orna-
mented with fringed lobes and tentacular filaments.

Distribution universal ; feeding on sea-weeds.

The shells are brilliantly pearly under the epidermis and within
the aperture.

Synopsis of Genera.

Shell turbinated, solid; whorls convex, often grooved or tuberculated ;
aperture large, rounded, slightly produced in front ; operculum shelly and
solid, callous outside, and smooth, or variously grooved and mammillated,
internally horny and paucispiral. TURBO, Linnaeus.

Shell thin, glohosely depressed, whorls convex, smooth or transversely
striated ; aperture nearly circular ; columella ending in a simple point.

MARGARITA, Leach.

Shell minute, not nacreous, depressed, few whorled, deeply umbilicated ;
peristome entire, nearly continuous, sinuated on its inner side, and
slightly so externally ; operculuui shelly, multispiral.

ADEORBIS, S. Wood.

Genus TURBO, Linnaeus.
Syst. Nat. Edit., x. 761. 1758.
1. T. CRENULATUS, Gmelen. Fig. 168.

Syst. Nat., 3575. 1790.

Shell ovate, imperforated, sutures of the spire excavated, whorls
covered with papillose nodules, convex or slightly angulated in
the middle, and ridged, ridges generally squamose, the upper
scales being more prominent and erect ; operculum thick, testa-
ceous.

Whitish, with rays or blotches of fawn-color or reddish, pearly

within.

North Carolina to West Indies.

Genus MABGARITA, Leach.
.Journ. de Phys., Ixxxviii., 464. 1819.

The species of this genus are principally inhabitants of north-
ern or antarctic seas. They are generally more depressed,
smoother, and smaller than Turbo, which is tropical in distribu-
tion.

88 AMERICAN MARINE CONCHOLOGY.

1. M. OCCIDENTALS, Mighels and Adams. Fig. 169.

(Trochus.) Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., iv. 47, t. 4, f. 16. 1842.
Margarita alabastrum, Beck.

Shell small, rather solid, subtranslucent, pale horn-color, with
light brown revolving carinae, three in number on the upper
whorls, and from four to six on the body-whorl ; whorls seven,
convex, with distinct sutures ; spire small ; the body-whorl large,
with coarse revolving striae around the indented umbilical region.

Height 12.5, diam. 10 mill.

Maine. (Eur.)

2. M. CINEREA, Couthouy. Fig. 170.

(Turbo.) Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., ii. 99, t. 3, f. 9. 1838.
Shell small, thin, pyramidal ; whorls five to seven, with several
revolving ribs, the central one largest ; umbilicus broad and deep ;
lip sharp ; aperture circular, slightly reflected over the umbilicus.
Ashen-gray or greenish.

Height 12.5, diam. 10 mill.

New England. (Eur.)

3. M. OBSOURA, Couthouy. Fig. 171.

(Turbo.) Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., ii. 100, t. 3, f. 2. 1838.

Depressed, conical, solid; spire obscure, reddish-brown, base
ash-colored ; whorls angulated by two or three revolving ridges ;
lines of growth coarse ; aperture circular ; pearly within.

Height 10, diam. 15 mill.

New England. (Eur.)

4. M. VARICOSA, Mighels and Adams. Figs. 112, 178.

Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., iv. 46, t. 4, f. 14. 1842.
Margarita acuminata, Mighels and Adams, ib. f. 15. 1842.

Shell small, conical, thin, dingy white or drab-color; whorls
four, convex, with numerous longitudinal oblique ribs, and
crowded revolving striae. Suture distinct, subcanaliculate ; um-
bilicus rather large and deep, bounded by two rather rugged
varices. Aperture circular, lip sharp.
Height 6.25, diam. 6.25 mill.

New England, northwards. ( Eur. )

M. acuminata is the young of this species. Fig. 178 repre-
sents it.

5. M. MINUTISSIMA, Mighels. Fig. 173.

Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., iv. 349, t. 16, f. 5. 1843.
Shell very minute, subovately globose ; whorls three, convex,

MARINE MOLLUSCA OF THE UNITED STATES. 89

longitudinally furrowed ; spire short, obtuse ; suture strongly
impressed, aperture orbicular ; umbilicus large, deep. Dull ash-
color.

Height 5, diam. 5 mill.

Casco Bay, Maine.

6. M. UNDULATA, Sowerby. Fig. IT 4.

Malacol and Conch. Mag. i. , 26.

Margarita striata, var. Grcenlandica, Moller, Ind. Moll. Green. 1842.
Turbo incarnatus, Couthouy, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., ii. 98, t. 3, f. 13. 1838.
Trochus tumidus, Montagu, Leth. Suev. t. 30, f. 3.

Shell orbicular, small, smooth and shining; whorls four or
five, convex, with numerous striae, alternately finer and undulated
near the sutures by short folds or wrinkles ; umbilicus quite large
and deep ; aperture nearly circular, very oblique. Uniform red
of various shades.

Height 7.5, diam. 10 mill.

. New England. (Eur.)

Trochus Grcenlandicus, Chemnitz, 1781, may be this species.

7. M. HELICINA, Fabricius. Fig. 175.

(Turbo.) Fauna Grcenl. 1780.
Margarita arctica, Leach, Ross' Voyage. 1819.
Turbo inflatus, Totten, Am. Journ. Science, xxvi. 368, f. 5. 1834.

Shell small, thin, translucent, shining and globular ; whorls
five, convex, with revolving minute lines on the base ; spire low,
convex ; suture impressed ; aperture large, circular and expanded;
umbilicus large and deep. Pale horn-color.

Height 5, diam. 6.25 mill.

New England.

8. M. CAMPANULA! A, Morse. Fig. 176.

Shell small, depressed, orbicular, smooth, shining, translucent ;
spire minute, pointed, aperture large, companulate. Light olive
or horn-color.

Length 3.5, diam. 7 mill.

New England.

9. M. ABGENTATA, Gould. Fig. 177.

Invert. Mass. Edit. i. 256, f. 174. 1841.
Trochus glaucus, Moller, Ind. Moll. Groenl. 1842.

Shell minute, conical, with an obtuse tip ; pearly white ; whorls
four, convex, the last slightly angular, covered with fine, crowded,
revolving lines ; suture deep ; aperture circular.

Height 2.5, diam. 3 mill.

New England. (Europe.)

90 AMERICAN MARINE CONCHOLOGY.

Doubtful species.

10. M. ORNATA, De Kay. Fig. 179.

Moll., New York, 107, t. 6, f. 104. 1843.

Shell moderately solid, subconical ; its transverse exceeding its
vertical diameter ; whorls four to five, convex ; the body-whorl
very large, subinflated ; seven to nine distant revolving costse
on its upper surface, which is separated from the simplj'- stria te
surface beneath by an obsolete carina; spire not much elevated,
faintly striate; umbilicus large and very profound; aperture
rounded, oblique ; lip thin and simple, entire. Bright red.

Length 2.5, diam. 3.75 mill.

New York.

11. M. MULTILTNEATA, De Kay. Fig. 180.

Moll., New York, 109, t. 6, f. 108. 1843.

Shell small, pyramidal; whorls four, convex, obtusely carinate;
suture impressed; spire elevated; whorls with minute revolving
stride, and three to four revolving ribs ; aperture suborbicular ;
umbilicus entirely concealed by the reflection of the lip, but its
place marked by a slight depression. Beautifully variegated by
alternate yellowish-white -and brown, or reddish-brown revolving
lines ; lip with abbreviated red and white lines.

Height 7.5 mill.

New York.

Genus ADEORBIS, S. Wood.
Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 530. 1842.
1. A. COSTULATA, Holier. Fig. 181.

Index Moll. Gram. 8. 1842.

Shell minute, white, thin, with crowded longitudinal ribs and
fjne revolving striae on the base; umbilicus deep; aperture
rounded with continuous peristome; operculum multispiral, of
about eight volutions, the outer ones testaceous, the nuclear cor-
neous.

Diam. 2.5 mill.

New England, northwards. (Eur.)

Family JANTHINID^E.

The animal has a proboscidiform head ; tentacles short and ob-
tuse, with pointed eye-pedicels at their bases, but without any

MARINE MOLLUSCA OF THE UNITED STATES. 91

trace of eyes. Gills plumose, partially exserted. Foot small,
flat, rudimentary, furnished with a vesicular appendage on the
hinder part. Pelagic.

The shell is very thin, translucent, with a sinistral nucleus.
Violet colored. The family contains but one genus.

Genus JANTHINA, Bolten.

Mus. Bolt. 1798.

1. J. FRAGILIS, Bruguiere. Fig. 182.
Helix JantMna, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. 3645. 1790.
Janthina communis, Lam. Anim. s. Vert., vii. 206. 1822.

Shell depressly semiglobose, flattish beneath ; whorls slopingly
convex, rather rudely decussately striated ; whitish above, violet
below, whitish around the columella ; aperture transverse ; a little
sinuated in the middle.

Driven upon the Northern Shores during storms.

Family FISSURELLID^.

Animal with a well-developed head, a short muzzle, subulate
tentacles, and eyes on rudimentary pedicels at their outer bases ;
sides ornamented with short cirri ; branchial plumes two, symme-
trical; anal siphon occupying the anterior notch or perforated sum-
mit of the shell.

Synopsis of Genera.

Shell oval, conical, depressed, with the apex in front of the centre, and per-
forated ; surface radiated or cancellated ; muscular impression with the
points incurved. FISSURELLA, Bruguiere.

Shell conical, elevated, with the apex recurved ; perforation in front of the
apex, with a raised border internally ; surface cancellated.

CEMORIA, Leach.

Genus FISSURELLA, Bruguiere.
Encyc. Meth. i., 14. 1789.

1. F. ALTERNATA, Say. Fig. 183.

Journ. Philada. Acad. Nat Sci., ii. 224. 1822.

Shell oblong-ovate, moderately thick, cinereous or dusky, with
equal concentric lines crossed by alternately larger and smaller
radii, all of which are equable or not dilated in any part ; vertex
placed nearer the smaller end ; perforation oblique, oblong, and a
little contracted in the middle; within white; margin simply ere-

92 AMERICAN MARINE CONCHOLOGY.

nate ; apex with an indented transverse line at the larger end of
the perforation.

Height 10, length 20, diam. 15 mill.

Southern Coast.

Genus CEMOEIA, Leach.
Lowe, Zool. Journ., iii. 76. 1826.

Rimula, Loven (not Defrance), Ind. Moll. Scand. 21. 1846.
Puncturella, Lowe, Zool. Journ. iii. 78. 1827.

In the second edition of Gould's Invertebrata of Massachusetts,
occurs an error in the description of this genus which it is neces-
sary to correct : the apex is said to be " curved forwards, with a
fissure just behind the apex." This is reversing the real position,
as the apex is recurved, with the fissure in front. See the illus-
tration of shell, with animal, in H. and A. Adams' " Genera," t.
51, f. 7.

1. C. NOACHINA, Linnaeus. Figs. 184, 185.

(Patella.) Mantissa, 551. 1771.

Patella aperta, Montagu, Test. Brit. 491, t. 13, f. 10. 1803.
Patella fissurella, Miiller, Zool. Dan. i., t. 24, f. 4-6. 1788.
Cemoria Flemingii, Leach, Sowerby, Conch. Man., f. 244. 1842.
Sipho striata, Brown, Brit. Conch, t. 36, f. 14-16. 1844.
Cemoria princeps, Migliels and Adams, Bost. Journ. iv. 42, t. 4, f. 3. 1842.
Diodora NoacMna, Stimpson, Shells, K E. 30. 1851.

Shell small, conical ; apex recurved, obliquely perforated ; sur-
face covered by about twenty unequal radiating ribs which feebly
crenate the margin.

Height 2.5, length 5 mill.

N. of Cape Cod, Mass. (N. Eur.)

.Family CALYPTR^ID^E.

Shell limpet-like, with a more or less spiral apex ; interior (in
our species) divided by a shelly partition to which the adductor
muscles are attached.

The animal has a lengthened muzzle ; eyes on the external bases
of the tentacles; branchial plume single. They feed on sea-weed,
and live attached to the surface of rocks or other shells, their
forms modified to conform to the situation they inhabit.

Synopsis of Genera.

Shell subconic, spiral ; apex subcentral ; aperture wide, with the internal
appendage entire and cup-shaped, attached by one of its sides.

CEUCIBULUM, Schurn.

MARINE MOLLUSCA OF THE UNITED STATES. 93

Shell ovate or oblong; apex posterior, oblique, submarginal; aperture
elongated, polished within, the posterior half covered by a horizontal
testaceous lamina. CKEPIDULA, Lam.

Genus CRUCIBULUM, Schumacher.
Essai d'un Nov. Syst. 182. 1817.
1. C. STRIATUM, Say. Fig. 186.

(Dispotaa.) Journ. Philada. Acad. Nat. Sci. v. 216. 1826.
Shell moderately solid, conical, with numerous equidistant,
elevated radiating lines. Summit smooth, obtusely pointed, sub-
spiral, inclining towards the left side and posterior end. Internal
cup attached at one side, and terminating above near the inner
apex of the shell. White.
Height 12.5, diam. 20 mill.

New England to New Jersey.

Undetermined Species.
INFUNDIBULUM DEPRESSUM, Say.

Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., v. 209. 1826.

Shell depressed, fragile, with small concentric irregular wrinkles;
volutions three ; suture not profoundly indented ; apex not cen-
tral; base oval, almost orbicular; umbilicus oblong; internal
plate small.

Diameter 5 -j- mill.

South Carolina.

Genus CEEPIDTJLA, Lamarck.

Prodromus. 1799.
1. C. FORNICATA, Linnaeus. Figs. 187, 188, 189.

(Patella.") Syst. Nat. Edit., xii. 1257. 1767.
Crepidula glauca, Say, Journ. Philad. Acad., ii. 226. 1822.
Crepidula convexa, Say, ibid., 227. 1822.

Shell varying in convexity, with one side more oblique than
the other; apex turned to one side ; surface transversely wrinkled.
Partition smooth, slightly concave. White, or greenish, or red-
dish, with longitudinal undulated chestnut-colored lines, some-
times broken up into spots.

Length 1 to 2 inches, width .7 to 1.3 inch.

Inhabits the entire coast. (Eur.)

C. glauca (Fig. 189) is the young shell when flattened; if the
growth is normally convex, however, the young is the C. convexa
(Fig. 188). I have satisfied myself that these two forms are both

94 AMERICAN MARINE CONCHOLOGY.

juveniles of C.fornicata, by the examination of numerous speci-
mens.

2, C. UNGUIFORMIS, Lamarck. Fig. 190.

Anim. s. Vert., vi. 95. 1819.
Crepidula plana, Say, Journ. Philad. Acad. Kat. ScL, ii. 226. 1822.

Shell suhovate or quadrilateral, depressed, concave, from gene-
rally inhabiting the interior of the mouth of univalve shells, sur-
face wrinkled ; white.

Length 1 to 1.5 inch, breadth .7 to 1 inch.

This species is generally parasitic on other shells, and prefers
the interior of Naticas, Busycons, etc., attaching itself just within
the aperture. It has been supposed by Gray and others that it
is not a distinct species, but merely the G. fornicata, modified in
color and form by situation. This idea is incorrect, because I
have collected C. unguiformis from external surfaces, yet it still
retains its plain white color, and is always as nearly flat as cir-

cumstances will permit.

Inhabits the entire coast.

3. C. ACULEATA, Gmelin. Fig. 191»

(Patella.) Syst. Nat., 3693. 1790.

Shell ovate, laterally incurved at the apex, radiately irregularly
ribbed, ribs with tubercles or vaulted scales, sometimes growing
into short spires ; brownish, sometimes rayed, brown within.

Southern Goast*

Family

The limpets have a conical shell with a non-spiral apex, not
perforated ; muscular impression horse-shoe shaped. The animal
has a distinct head, furnished with tentacles, bearing eyes at their
outer bases; foo't as large as the margin of the shell; mantle
plain or fringed. Respiratory organ in the form of one or two
branchial plumes, lodged in a cervical cavity, or of a series of
lamella? surrounding the animal between its foot and mantle.
Mouth armed with a horny upper jaw, and a long ribbon-like
tongue furnished with numerous teeth.

The species are very numerous, and distribution universal.

Genus PATELLA, Linnaeus.
Syst. Nat., edit. x. 780. 1758.

The shells described under this genus have been assigned, the
first to the genus Lepeta, the others to Tectura by modern authors,

MARINE MOLLUSCA OP THE UNITED STATES. 95

upon differences in the animals which do not appear to me to be
of generic value.

1. P. C^ECA, Miiller. Fig. 192.

Zool. Danica, i. 45, t. 12, f. 1, 2, 3. 1788.
Patella Candida, Couthouy, Am. Journ. Science, xxxiv. 217. 1838.

Shell small, conical, with numerous minute revolving ribs crossed
by fine concentric lines, giving the surface under the lens the ap-
pearance of network ; summit nearly central ; margin slightly
scolloped by the termination of the ribs. White.

Length 8.75, height 2.5 mill.

New England, northwards. (Eur.)

2. P. TESTUDINALIS, Miiller. Fig. 193.

Prod. 237.

Patella tessellata, Mull., Zool. Dan. Prodr., iii. 2868. 1788.
Patella Clelandi, Sowerby, Trans, of Linn. Soc., viii. 621.
Patella virginea, Mull., Zool. Dan. Prodr., iii. 2867. 1788.
Patella amcena, Say, Journ. Philad. Acad. ii. 223. 1822.
Patella clypeus, Brown, Brit. Conch., t. 37, f. 9, 10. 1827.
Lottia antillarum, Sowerby, Conch., Man. f. 231.

Shell oblong-oval, frequently with a calcareous deposit, under
which we observe numerous radiating lines, which are crossed by
minute concentric wrinkles. Margin entire, acute ; apex behind
the middle, and turning towards the short end. Whitish or
greenish, with brown bands, frequently interrupted, forming
square tessellated spots; within bluish-white, etc., with an apicial
brown spot and marginal band.

Length 20 to 38, width 12 to 20 mill.

Northern Coast. (Europe.)

3. P. ALVETJS, Conrad. Fig. 194.

Journ. Philad. Acad., vi. 267, t. 11, f. 20. 1831.
Shell oblong, sublinear, elevated, thin, pellucid, with fine radiat-
ing striae and fine concentric lines ; sides nearly straight ; apex
not central, pointing to the short end. Whitish, with reddish-
brown spots and lines, visible within.
Length 7.5 to 12.5, width 5 to 7.5 mill.

New England.
This is doubtfully distinct from teetudinalis.

96 AMERICAN MARINE CONCHOLOGY.

Family DENTALID^E.

Genus DENTALIUM, Linnaeus.

Syst. Nat., edit. x. 785. 1758.

The " tooth shells" are tubular, symmetrical, curved, open at
each end, attenuated posteriorly; surface smooth or longitudinally
striated ; aperture circular, not constricted.

The animal is attached to its shell near the posterior anal ori-
fice ; head rudimentary, no tentacles or eyes ; oral orifice fringed ;
foot pointed, conical, with symmetrical side lobes, and an atten-
uated base, in which is a hollow communicating with the stomach.
Branchiae two, symmetrical, posterior to the heart ; blood red !
Sexes united ? Tongue denticulate.

These anomalous animals are animal feeders ; they live in all
seas, ranging from ten to one hundred fathoms.

1. D. DENTALE, Linnaeus. Fig. 195.

Syst. Nat., edit. xii. 1263. 1767.
Dentalium striatum, Montagu, Test. Brit., 435. 1803.
Dentalium attenuatum, Say, Journ. Philad. Acad., iv. 154, t. 8, f, 3. 1825.
Dentalium occidentale, Stimpson, Shells of New England, 28. 1851.

Shell slender and tapering, shaped like an elephant's tusk ; the
tip cut off, leaving a very small opening. Surface rather glossy,
yellowish-white, marked with about twenty closely arranged une-
qual rib-like striae, running the whole length of the shell.

Length 1 inch.

New England.

2. D. STRIOLATUM, Stimpson. Fig. 196.

(Entalis.) Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., iv. 114. 1851.
Dentalium entalis, Mighels (not Linn.).
Dentalium abyssorum, Sars. 1858.

Shell large, slightly curved, rugose from the growth lines, but
destitute of longitudinal striations. White.
Length 2 inches.

Maine. (Eur.)

This species has been referred to the genus Entalis, which is
said to be distinguished from Dentalium by the presence of a
notch-like or narrow longitudinal fissure communicating with the
perforated apex. Upon examination of a large number of species
I find that, in some at least, this character is not even of specific
value.

MARINE MOLLUSCA OF THE UNITED STATES. 9f

3. D. PLIOCENUM, Tourney and Holmes. Fig. 19f.

Pliocene Foss. So. Car., 105, t. 25, f. 2. 1857.

Shell slightly curved, marked by about thirty-eight very indis-
tinct ribs, which become obsolete towards the base ; lines of
growth numerous, indistinct ; aperture orbicular.

(Living?) South Carolina.

Family CHITONID.E.

Head surrounded by a semicircular veil or hood ; eyes and
tentacles none; mouth with cartilaginous jaws; gills in a series
of lamellae, between the mantle and foot round the sides and pos-
terior part of the body ; foot oblong, rounded at each end. Lin-
gual ribbon long and linear, with numerous transverse series of
teeth.

The Chitons are abnormal mollusks in many respects. Their
shell in eight separate but connected pieces gives them an articu-
lated appearance ; the heart is central ; the reproductive organs
symmetrical, with two orifices, and the sexes united ; the intes-
tine is straight, and the anal orifice posterior and median.

Notwithstanding these resemblances to the annelids they are
believed to be more closely related to the mollusca.

Genus CHITON, Linnaeus.
Syst. Nat., edit. x. 1758.

1. C. MENDICABJUS, Mighels and Adams. Fig. 198.

Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., iv. 42, t. 4, f. 8. 1842.
C. Hanleyi, Bean. Thorpe's Brit. Mar. Conch., 263. 1844.

Shell cinereous, with dark clouds, long, oval with obtuse dorsal
ridges; surface with elevated dots or granules, disposed in longi-
tudinal lines, except towards the margin, where they are irregular
and larger ; no visible concentric striae ; triangular areas very in-
distinct, outer whorls small, margin coriaceous, red.

Length 25, breadth 10 mill.

Maine, nortftwards. (Eur.)

2. C. APICULATUS, Say. Fig. 199.

American Conch., No. 7. 1834.

Shell oblong-oval, convex ; valves obtusely carinate, the central
portion of the posterior margins becoming slightly beaked with
age. Lateral areas triangular, studded with numerous rounded
tubercles, obsolete towards the apices, more numerous towards

98 AMERICAN MARINE CONCHOLOGY.

the lateral margins, which are rounded with an elevated marginal
line. Medial areas lozenge-shaped, with numerous elevated
rounded dots arranged in ten or twelve series on each side of the
carina, parallel with the longitudinal axis of the body ; grayish,
bluish, or ferruginous.

Length 13 to 25, width 7.5 to 15 mill.

Whole Coast.

3. C. CINEREUS, Linnseus. Fig. 200.

Syst. Nat., edit. xii. 1107. 1767.
Chiton marginatm, Pennant, Brit. Zool., iv. 61, t. 36, f. 2. 1777.

Shell small, ovate, carinate and pointed behind ; surface appa-
rently smooth, but under the lens minutely shagreened in dia-
mond-shaped granules ; dull ashen or greenish.

Length 12, width 7 mill.

New England. (Eur.)

4. C. MARMOREUS, Fabricius. Fig. 201.

Fauna Grceulandica, 420. 1780.
C. fulminatus, Couthouy, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., ii., p. 80, t. 3, f. 19. 1838.

Shell oblong-ovate, rather flat, color varying from bright red to
yellowish or dark reddish-brown, with numerous fine zigzag whit-
ish lines arranged over the whole surface, and a line of six or
eight whitish spots alternating with dark red along the posterior
edge of each valve ; valves carinated and slightly beaked, their
surface covered with microscopic granulations arranged in quin-
cunx ; triangular areas very indistinct; margin narrow, coriaceous,
coated with a close, short down, alternately red and white.

Length 17.5, width 11.3 mill.

New England. (Eur.}

.5. C. ALBUS, Montagu. Fig. 202.

Test. Brit. 4. 1803.

Chiton aselloides, Lowe, Zool. Journ., ii. 103, t. 5, f. 3.
Chiton sagrinatus, Couthouy, Am. Journ. Sci., xxxiv. 217. 1838.

Shell small ; valves with a small beak, minutely crenulate on their
anterior margin, subcarinate, with minute striae ; surface minutely
shagreened ; an obsolete diagonal ridge sometimes divides each
side into triangular areas, but for the most part without any
distinct boundary; margin membranous covered with beaded
granules ; grayish-white under a pulverulent black epidermis ;
marginal membrane ashy, with a narrow black median band.

Length 10, width 3.7 mill.

New England. (Eur.)

MARINE MOLLUSCA OP THE UNITED STATES 99

6. C. EMERSONII, Conthouy. Fig. 203.

Am. Journ. Sci., xxxiv. 217. 1838.
Chiton vestitus, Sowerby, Zool. Journ., iv. 368.

Shelf ovate-oblong, broadest behind ; valves uniform, each
with a central heart-shaped area, with bead-like granules or tuber-
cles in concentric. series round the margin, the remainder covered
with a soiled downy membrane ; marginal membrane with series
of yellow hairy tufts ; whitish.

Length 20, width 12.5 mill.

^ New England.

7. C. RUBER, Lowe. Fig. 204.

Zool. Journ., iii. 101, t. 5, f. 2.

Shell small, oval, elevated, carinated ; surface smooth under
the lens, except the lines of growth ; valves strongly beaked ;
light bright red or flesh-color under a blackish pigment ; interior
bright rose-red.

New England. (Eur.)

Distinguished from C. marmoreus by its unpunctured surface.

ORDER III. OPISTHOBRANCHIATA.

SECTION A. TECTIBRANCHIATA. Animal usually provided with
a shell, both in the larval and adult state; branchiae covered by
the shell or mantle ; sexes united.

SECTION B4. NUDIBRANCHIATA. Animal destitute of a shell ex-
cept in the embryo state; branchiae always external, on the back
or sides of the body ; sexes united.

SECTION A.

Family TORNATELLID^E. Shell external, solid, spiral or convo-
luted ; subcylindrical ; aperture long and narrow; coluraella
plaited ; sometimes operculated.

Family BULLION. Shell invested by the animal, globular or
cylindrical, convoluted, thin, often punctate striated ; spire small
or concealed; aperture long, rounded, and sinuated in front; lip
sharp. No operculum.

Family TORNATELLID^E.

Genus TOBNATELLA, Lamarck.

Extr. d'un Cours. 1812.

Shell solid, ovate, with a conical, many-whorled spire ; spirally
grooved or punctate striate ; aperture long, narrow, rounded in

100 AMERICAN MARINE CONCHOLOQY.

front ; outer lip sharp ; columella with a strong spiral fold ; oper-
culum horny, elliptical, lamellar.

Animal white; head truncated and slightly notched in front,
furnished posteriorly with recumbent tentacular lobes, and small
eyes near their inner bases ; foot oblong, lateral lobes slightly re-
flected on the shell.

There are few living, but over seventy fossil species. Distribu-
tion universal.

1. T. PUNCTO-STIATA, Adams. Fig. 205.

Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist, 323, t. 3, f. 6. 1840.

Shell minute, suboval, polished ; whorls four to five ; body
whorl large, smooth above the aperture ; beneath it, with ten to
fifteen punctate revolving lines ; spire short, rapidly diminishing,
with a shoulder near the suture ; suture deeply impressed ; aper-
ture two-thirds the length of the body-whorl, becoming wider
beneath ; pillar lip with a prominent fold. Umbilicus open in
young shells ; white.

Length 2.5 to 3.T mill.

New York to Massachusetts.

Genus RINGICTJLA, Deshayes.
Anini. sans Vert., viii. 341. 1838.

Shell small, ventricose, smooth or concentrically striated ; spire
small ; aperture with an oblique notch in front ; columella callous,
strongly plicated ; outer lip thickened and reflected; with a mar-
ginal callus.

1. R. NITIDA, Yerrill.

Am. Journ. Sci., 16th January, 1873.

Shell small, white, smooth, broad oval, with five whorls ; spire
rapidly tapering, subacute, shorter than the aperture; whorls
very convex, with deep suture, and a subsutural impressed line ;
columella stout, recurved at the end, with two strong, very pro-
minent equal, spiral folds, the anterior one projecting beyond the
canal, with the end rounded.

Length 4 -}-, diam. 3 mill.

England.

Family BCTLLHLE.

Synopsis of Genera.

Shell convolute, ovate or subglobose, smooth, generally mottled ; spire in-
volute sunken, causing the apex to be tubular or perforate ; aperture ex-

MARINE MOLLUSC A OF THE UNITED STATES. 101

tending the entire length of the body -whorl ; inner lip simple ; columella
none ; outer lip acute. BULLA, Klein.

jShell solid, cylindrical, involute ; spire none ; apex obtuse, umbilicated ;
aperture narrow and linear, as long as the body-whorl ; inner lip callous,
with a single anterior fold ; outer lip straight, simple.

CYLICHNA, Love"n.

Shell rather thin, subcylindrical, imperforate, covered with an epidermis ;
spire distinct, apex obtuse, not mamillated, sutures simple, not canalicu-
lated ; aperture narrow behind, dilated and entire in front, nearly as long
as the body-whorl ; columella simple, not plicate ; outer lip straight,
acute. UTRICULUS, Brown.

Shell thin, hyaline, subumbilicated, inflated, ovate or subglobose ; spire
depressed, with a mamillated nucleus ; aperture expanded, not extending
beyond the body -whorl ; columella reflexed and sinuous ; outer lip sinu-
ous, produced anteriorly. DIAPHANA, Brown.

Shell ovate-pyriform, convolute ; spire distinct, depressed, somewhat con-
cealed ; aperture very wide, narrowed behind, entire and dilated in front ;
inner lip spirally convoluted as far as the commencement of the spire ;
outer lip simple, acute. SCAPHANDER, Montfort.

Shell concealed in the mantle, loosely convolute, thin, fragile, suborbicular
or ovate, striate or punctate ; spire small, often concealed ; aperture very
wide and open ; outer lip patulous. PHILINE, Ascanias.

Genus BULLA, Klein.
Ostracol, 82. 1753.

The eyes are conspicuous, sessile on the middle of the frontal
disk ; mantle with the outer margin forming a thick fleshy lobe ;
foot with moderate lateral lobes partly investing the shell, the
hind part not extending beyond the shell.

The species of this genus inhabit sandy mud-flats, the slimy
banks of river-mouths, and brackish places near the sea. They
feed on bivalves and other mollusks, which they swallow whole,
reducing and crushing them afterwards by the calcareous or horny
plates of their powerful, muscular gizzard. The shells are rather
solid, smooth, or nearly eo, and marbled and mottled like birds'
eggs, or white.

There are about fifty species, inhabiting temperate and tropical
seas, and ranging from low water to twenty-five fathoms.

1. B. INCINCTA, Mighels.

Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., i. 188. 1844.

Shell small, cylindrical, opaque, white; whorls three, the first
slightly depressed, the last distinctly girded above the middle ;

102 AMERICAN MARINE CONCHOLOGY.

epidermis yellowish ; spire obtuse, elevated ; suture canaliculate ;
aperture narrow above, wide and rounded below ; outer lip sharp,
entire, advanced in the central region, with a fissure posteriorly.

Length 3, diam. 1.5 mill.

Casco Bay, Me.

This species has not been figured, and I am not acquainted
with it ; nor has it been found since the date of the original de-
scription.

2. B. SOLITARIA, Say. Fig. 206.

Journ. Philad. Acad., ii. 245. 1822.
Sulla insculpta, Totten, Am. Journ. Sci., xxviii. 350, f. 4. 1835.

Shell small, thin, fragile, pellucid, oval, impressed at the top,
with numerous microscopic revolving lines; spire none, but in its
place a pit ; aperture narrowly linear above, wide below ; umbili-
cus none ; white.

Length 9, diam. 6 mill.

Whole Coast.

3. B. OCCULTA, Mighels and Adams. Fig. 207.

Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., i. 50. 1841.
Bulla Eeinliardi, Moller, Ind. Moll. Green., 6. 1842.

Shell small, of a dingy-white color, ovate-cylindrical, covered
with very minute transverse striae, and with indistinct striae of
growth ; spire concealed ; labrum extends a little below the spire,
nearly straight above the centre, regularly rounded below and at
base ; aperture narrow at the upper part, rather broad at the base.
Length 5, diam. 3.75 mill.

New England to Greenland. (Eur.)

Mr. Jeffreys says this is identical with Cylichna striata, Brown,
1827.

Genus CYLICHNA, Loven.
Ind. Moll. Scand. 10. 1846.

In this genus the tentacular lobes are connate, indistinct;
eyes sessile on their front bases ; mantle with a thick posterior
lobe, partially closing the aperture of the shell.

The species chiefly inhabit deep water, and the genus is of
world-wide distribution.
1. C. ALBA, Brown. Fig. 208.

(Volvaria.) Brit. Conch., 3, t. 88, f. 43-44. 1827.
Bulla triticea, Couthouy, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., ii. 88, t. 2, f. 8. 1838.
Bulla corticata, Moller, Ind. Moll. Green., 6. 1842.

Shell polished, cylindrical, rather solid; spire slightly de-

MARINE MOLLUSCA OF THE UNITED STATES. 103

pressed, imperforate ; surface reticulated by fine microscopic
striae ; lip arising from the margin of the circular pit at the sum-
mit of the spire ; aperture linear above, broad below ; umbilicus
covered with enamel, which gradually disappears within the aper-
ture ; white under a ferruginous epidermis.

Length 7.5, diam. 2.5 mill. . V ;

New England, northwards. (Fur.)

2. C. ORYZA, Totten. Fig. 209.

(Bulla.) Am. Journ. Sci., xxviii. 350, t. 5. 1835.

Shell minute, not very thin ; tip depressed into a shallow pit,
and base rather acute ; aperture as long as the shell, narrow above
and wider below ; outer lip sharp, regularly arched rising a little
higher than the shoulder ; an oblique, truncated fold on the colu-
mella ; white.

Length 7.5, diam. 2.5 mill.

New England, south of Cape Cod. (Eur.) .

According to Mr. Jeffreys this shell = B. utriculus, Brocchi,
1814.

Genus UTBICTJLTJS, Brown.
Brit. Conch. 1844.

Head disk very short ; tentacular lobes lateral, rounded ; eyes
none.

1. U. GOULDII, Couthouy. Fig. 210, 211.

(Bulla.) Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., ii. 181, t. 4, f. 8. 1839.
U. turritus, Moller, Ind. Moll. Grcenl. 1842.
Bulla pertenuis, Mighels, Proc. Bost. Soc., i. 129. 1843.

Shell thin, small, of four whorls, rounded at their upper edges,
with well-defined sutures and fine transverse striae; spire de-
pressed, discoidal, sometimes slightly mammillated; no umbilicus ;
white, with yellowish epidermis.

Length 7.5, diam. 2.5 mill.

New England. (Eur.)

The Bulla pertenuis of Mighels (Fig. 211) appears to be the
young of Oouldii.

2. U. CANALICULATUS, Say. Fig. 212.

(Volvaria.) Journ. Philad. Acad., v. 211. 1826.
Bulla obstricta, Gould, Am. Journ. Sci., xxxvin.'196. 1840.

Shell minute, cylindrical, polished, with very faint lines of
growth ; spire convex, a little elevated, with minute but promi-
nent tip ; whorls about five, with their shoulders very obtusely

104 AMERICAN MARINE CONCHOLOGY.

grooved ; outer lip arching forward ; inner lip with a thin coat of
enamel, with a single oblique fold or small tooth near the base ;
whitish, immaculate.

Length 2.5 to 5 mill.

New England; South Carolina.

3. TJ. BIPLICATUS, H. C. Lea. Fig. 213.

(Bulla.) Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 204.' 1844.
Shell cylindrical, subquadrate, thick, whitish, polished, ivory-
like; spire concealed ; last whorl with a callus above, and small
transverse striae below ; mouth narrow above, ovate below ; colu-

mella with a large and a small fold.

Cape May, N. J.

Genus DIAPHANA, Brown.
Conch. Text-Book, 112. 1833.

Head-disk broad and short ; tentacular lobes short, conical,
lateral, wide apart ; eyes immersed in their bases behind ; mantle-
margin slightly thickened ; foot short, bilobed behind.

There are but few species, of northern distribution.

1. D. HIEMALIS, Couthouy. Fig. 214.

(Bulla.) Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., ii. 180, t. 4, f. 5. 1839.
UtriculuB globosus, Loven, Ind. Moll. Scand. 1846.

Shell globular, very thin and brittle ; the body-whorl envelop-
ing all the others so as to leave no perceptible spire, and marked
with the lines of growth ; aperture narrow above, dilated be-
neath ; outer lip strong, and regularly curved ; it revolves from
its junction behind nearly a third of a revolution before it turns
forward ; columella slightly arcuated and reflected upon the bod}*-
of the shell so as to form a small but distinct umbilicus ; hyaline,
with brownish tinge.

Length 2.5. mill.

New England, northwards. (Eur.)

2. D. HTALINUS, Turton. Fig. 215.

( Utriculus.) London's Mag. Nat. Hist., vii. 353. 1833.
Bulla debilis, Gould, Am. Journ. Sci., xxxviii. 19£ 1840.

Shell small, obliquely ovate, tumid, thin and brittle ; whorls
four, all rising to the same height, convexly rounded ; last whorl
the whole length of the shell ; surface smooth ; aperture as long
as the shell, widening below, outer lip slightly waved, inner lip

MARINE MOLLUSC A OF THE UNITED STATES. 105

spread out into a thin enamel upon the body of the shell, partially
covering an umbilical indentation ; greenish-white.
Length 2.5 mill.

New England, northwards. (Eur.)

Genus SCAPHANDER, Montfort.
Conch. Syst., ii. 335. 1810.

Animal not investing the shell; eyes none; foot ample, but
short, the side lobes small.

1. S. PUNCTO-STIATUS, Mighels and Adams. Fig. 216.

(Bulla.) Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., i. 49. 1841.
S. librarius, Lov6n, Ind. Moll. Scand. 1846.

Shell white, rather solid, ovate, with crowded inequidistant
punctate striae ; spire concealed ; aperture very large, labrum
rising above the apex, very sharp and regularly arcuate ; labium
with a very thin lamina extending to the apex.

Length 10, diam. 6 mill.

Casco Bay, Me. (Eur.)

Mr. A. E. Yerrill has recently obtained specimens in deep water
off St. George's Bank, measuring over an inch in length.

Genus PHILINE, Ascanias.
Act. Holm. 1772.

Animal investing the shell ; eyes none ; foot not produced pos-
teriorly, the side lobes large and fleshy; shell concealed in the
mantle. %

The animals composing this genus are blind, like most creatures
that seek their food by burrowing. They frequent mud-flats and
slimy banks at the entrances of rivers, which they perforate near
the surface, and probe with their flattened heads for the small
bivalves which constitute their prey ; these they seize and swallow
entire, breaking their shells by means of their testaceous, muscu-
lar gizzards. There are about twenty species ; distribution uni-
versal.

1. P. SINUATA, Stimpson. Fig. 21 f.

Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., iii. 333. 1850.

Shell minute, ovate, white, pellucid, longitudinally striate ;
spire conspicuous ; aperture anteriorly dilated .

Length 1.T5, diam. 1.25 mill.

The animal is yellowish, elongated ; darkest behind, with dots
and patches qf white.

106 AMERICAN MARINE CONCHOLOGY.

The ova are deposited in the latter part of August. They are
minute, white, and enveloped in a gelatinous mass, which is glo-
bular, hyaline, and somewhat larger than the animal.

Massachusetts.

2. P. QUADRATA, Searles-Wood. Fig. 218.

Mag. Nat. Hist. n. ser., iii. 461, t. 7, f. 1. 1839.
Philine formosa, Stimpson, Bost. Proc., iii. 334. 1850.

Shell minute, squarely globose, subtruncated anteriorly, white,
shining, subopaque, thickened posteriorly, punctured with inequi-
distant, sometimes undulated, revolving striae ; apex deeply exca-
vated, columella sinuose, broadly and lightly callous ; lip crenu-
lated posteriorly ; aperture very wide.
Length 4.5, diam. 3.5 mill.

New England, northwards. (Zetland*.)

3. P. LINEOLATA, Couthouy. Fig. 219.

(Bulla.) Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., iii. 179, t. 3, f. 15. 1832.
Shell- very small, oblong-ovate, broadest at the base, thin and
fragile ; whorls three ; the last inflated and enveloping all the
others, with numerous impressed minute revolving striae ; spire
small, prominent, flattened, with the outer lip arising from near
its summit ; aperture the whole length of the shell, narrow above,
dilated beneath, somewhat effuse at the base ; a faint oblique fold
near the middle of the columella ; pale-brown, with a thin ferru-
ginous epidermis ; within glossy yellowish-white.

Length 3.75 mill., diam. 2 mill.

Massachusetts, northwards.

According to Mr. Gwyn Jeffreys this species = lima. Brown,
1827.

Section B. NUDIBRANCHIATA.

Gills exposed or contractile into cavities on the surface of the
mantle; adult animal without any shell ; larva shell-bearing; foot
elongate, formed for walking ; sexes united.

* Gills plumose, on the hinder part of the mantle, disposed in a circle or
semicircle, round the vent. Anthobranchiata.

Family DORIDID^E. Mantle-edge simple ; gills surrounding the
vent, on the middle of the hinder part of the back, in a common
cavity.

The gills are retractile into a common cavity, and the mantle is
very large, either entirely or almost covering and concealing the
foot.

MARINE MOLLUSCA OF THE UNITED STATES. 107

Family TRIOPID^E. Mantle small, edged with tentacular ap-
pendages ; gills on the middle of the hinder part of the back, in
a common cavit3r surrounding the vent ; vent dorsal.

* OilU various, not arranged round the vent but usually in rows
along the sides of the body.

Family TRITONIID^E. Tongue broad, teeth many in each cross
series; jaws horny; gills superficial, fusiform, or branched on
each side of the back ; vent lateral ; foot linear, channeled.

Family DOTONID^E. Tongue narrow ; teeth in a single central
series ; tentacles sheathed at the base, retractile ; gills superficial,
fusiform, on the sides of the back.

Family JEOLIDID^E. Tongue narrow ; teeth in a single central
series; jaws horny; tentacles subulate, simple, rarely ringed, con-
tractile; gills superficial, fusiform, or branched on the sides of
the back ; vent lateral.

Family HERM^ID^E. Body elongated, not provided with a dis-
tinct mantle ; mouth unarmed, or with corneous jaws ; tentacles
sometimes wanting ; when present two, dorsal, non-retractile ;
gills papillose ; vent usually central, on the posterior half of the
back ; genital orifice at the right side.

The dorsal position of the vent and the indistinct mantle dis-
tinguish this family from jEolididx, and the presence of papillose
gills from Elysiidse.

Family ELYSIIDSE. Body limaciform, clothed with cilia ; tongue
narrow ; teeth in a single central series ; tentacles subulate or
linear, folded ; eyes sessile, near the bases of the tentacles ; gills
in the form of plaits or vessels radiating on the surface of the
back ; vent central, dorsal on the hinder part of the back.

Family LIMAPONTIID^J. Body depressed; tongue narrow;
teeth in a single, central series ; tentacles none, or simple, con-
tractile ; gills none external.

Family DORIDID^E.

These animals are most attractive nudibranchs, and may be
studied by placing them in glass reservoirs of salt-water, as they
are by no means shy, but extend their tentacles and display their
branchial plumes to great advantage. In this family the gills
are retractile into a common cavity, and the mantle is very large,
either entirely or almost covering and concealing the foot:

108 AMERICAN MARINE CONCHOLOGY.

Synopsis of Genera.

Subfamily DORIDIN^E.

Body depressed, rounded above ; mantle convex, large, simple, cover-
ing the head and foot.

Tentacles dorsal, subclavate, laminated, retractile within a cavity ;
gills arborescent, retractile ; vent in the centre of the gills.

DORIS, Linnaeus.

Body covered with an ample, smooth mantle, oval, convex ; dorsal
tentacles retractile, without sheaths ; head prominent, the lateral
angles prolonged anteriorly as short oval palpi or tentacles ; foot
broad, cordate ; branchiae posterior, in the groove between the man-
tle and foot. DORIDELLA, Verrill.

Subfamily POLYCERIN^S.

Body elongate, subangular ; mantle indistinct.

Body smooth or tuberculated ; tentacles clavate, pectinate, non-re-
tractile, without sheaths ; a frontal veil with simple processes on the
head ; gills with two or more lateral appendages.

POLYCERA, Cuvier. *

Genus DORIS, Linnaeus.
Syst. Nat., edit. x. 653. 1758.

The branchial plumes form an elaborate coronal around the
vent, which, viewed with a common lens in a vessel of water,
forms, when fully expanded, a beautiful object. The surface of
the mantle is either smooth or tubercular, and the sheaths of the
tentacles are often crenate on their margins.

1. D. BILAMELLATA, Liiyuens. Fig. 220.

Syst. Nat., edit. xii. 1083. 1767.
Doris fusca, Muller, Zool. Dan. Prodr. 229. 1780.
Doris verrucosa, Pennant, Brit. Zool., iv. 43, t. 21, f. 23. 1777.
Doris vulgaris, Leach, Syn. Moll. Gr. Brit. 19.
Doris Elfortiana, Leach, Ibid., 20, t. 7, f. 1.
Doris affinis, Thompson, Ann. Nat. Hist., v. 85.
Doris liturata, Beck, Moller, Ind. Moll. Grcenl., 5.
Doris obvelata, Bouchard, Cat. Moll. Boul., 42.
Doris coronata, Agassiz, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., iii. 191.

Body elliptical, covered, with pestle-shaped papillae, whitish
varied with rusty brown or flesh-color, and opaque white ; branchiae
twenty to twenty-five, long, linear, simply pinnate, arranged trans-
versely in an oval, including several tubercles.

Length about an inch, width half an inch.

New England to Greenland, N. Europe.

MARINE MOLLUSCA OF THE UNITED STATES. 109

2. D. TENELLA Agassiz. Fig. 221.

Gould. Invert. Mass., 2d edit. 229, t. 20, f. 289, 290, 293. 1870.

Body ovate, covered with small, pointed tubercles, yellowish-
white ; branchial plumes six to seven, simple ; mantle extended
anteriorly beyond the foot, head dilated laterally.

Length half an inch, breadth three-eighths of an inch.

Massachusetts. _

This and the following species are both referred by Verrill (Am.
Journ. Sci., ii. 407, 1870) to the genus Onchidoris, which differs
from Doris partly in the gills being retractile into separate cavi-
ties.

3. D. ASPERA, Alder and Hancock. Fig. 222.

Ann. Nat. Hist., ix. 32.

D. pallida, Agassiz, Proc. Bost. Nat. Hist., iii. 191. 1849.
Proctaporia fusca, Morch. Grcenl. Bloddyr, 6. 1857.

Body elongated, sides parallel, ends equally rounded, covered
with large mushroom-like tubercles, cream-colored; branchial
plumes seven to eight, simple, retractile.

Length half an inch, breadth one-fourth of an inch.

Gould calls this species D. pallida, Agassiz, and writes (Invert.
Mass, edit. ii. 230), " It is pretty certainly D. aspera, Alder and
Hancock, but if the exhibition of a colored drawing is a valid
claim, the name of Agassiz has precedence." If the drawing had
been published with a name attached to it, it would have secured
priority, but as it was merely shown at a meeting of the Boston

Society, the claim is simply ridiculous.

Massachusetts. (Eur.)

4. D. TUBERCULATA, Cuvicr, 180, 2, 1802. Fig. 223.

D. diademata, Agassiz, Gould, Invert. Mass., 2d edit. 230, t. 21, f. 298, 300

to 304. . 1870.

Body oblong-oval, 'slightly broader anteriorly, maroon-color,
darkened on the sides by numerous dusky points, dark gray
below; branchial plumes nine, simple; head short, concentric,
pointed.

Length one and a half inch, breadth nearly an inch.

Massachusetts.

5. D. REPANDA, Alder and Hancock. Fig. 224.

Ann. Nat. Hist., ix. 32.
Doris planulata, Stimpson, Invert. Grand Manan, 26, f. 14. 1853.

Body broad, mantle extended beyond the foot, covered with

HO AMERICAN MARINE CONCHOLOGY.

white minute tubercles ; white, with a row of irregular bright-
yellow spots down each side ; branchial plumes ten, small, pin-
nated.

Length 15, breadth 12 mill.

New England, N. Europe.

6. D. GRISEA, Stimpson. Fig. 225.

Gould, Invert. Mass., 232, t. 20, f. 292, 295. 1870.
Body oblong-oval, covered with blunt processes tipped with
stellate clusters of spiculse; branchial plumes short, yellowish,
arranged in a circle around a dark bristle ; head short, broad, an-
gular.

Length 13, breadth 9 mill.

Massachusetts.

Yerrill (Am. Journ. Sci., 1. 408, 1870) places this species in the
genus Onchidoris.

7. D. BIFIDA, Yerrill.

Am. Journ. Sci., 1. 406. 1870.

Broadly oval, widest anteriorly, back very convex, mantle
covered with pointed papillae. Tentacles rather long, thickest in
middle, the outer half strongly plicated, but with a smooth tip,
the base surrounded by small papillae. Dark purple-brown, with
white spots ; the edges and tips of the gills yellow.
Length 1 inch, breadth J inch.

Eastport, Maine.

Genus DORIDELLA, Verrill.
Am. Journ. Sci., 1. 408. 1870.

1. D. OBSCURA, Yerrill. Fig. 226.

Am. Journ. Sci., 1. 408, f. 2. 1870.

Broadly oval; back convex, smooth. Foot broad, cordate in
front. Oval disk broad, emarginate or with concave outline in
front ; the angles somewhat produced, forming short, tentacle-like
organs. Dorsal tentacles small, stout, retractile. Color blackish,
lighter towards the edge, as if covered with nearly confluent black
spots ; foot, dral disk, and dorsal tentacles white ; the central part
of the body, beneath, bright yellow.

Length 7.5, breadth 5 mill.

New Haven, Conn.

MARINE MOLLUSCA OF THE UNITED STATES. Ill

Genus POLYCERA, Cuvier.
Regn. Anim. II. 390, 1817.

Animal smooth or tuberculated ; tentacles clubbed and pecti-
nated, not retractile, and without sheaths ; frontal veil consisting
of a series of tentaculiform appendages variable in number, often
extending along the borders of the mantle ; branchiae forming
part of a circle around the vent, encased by membranous laminae
•which protect them.

1. P. LESSONII, Orb. Fig. 22 1.

Mag. de Zool., vii. 5, t. 105.

Polycera citrina, Alder, Ann. Nat. Hist., vi. 304, t. 9, f. 1-9. 1841.
Polycera modesta, Loven, Index Moll. Grcenl., 6. 1846.
Doris illuminate Gould, Invert. Mass., edit. i. 4. 1841.

Massachusetts; North Europe.

Family TRIOPID^E.

In this family the body is somewhat angular, and the mantle is
distinct and furnished with tubercular appendages ; the species
of the genera comprising this group constitute some of the most
delicate and beautiful forms of nudibranchiate mollusks.

Genus ANCTJLA, Loven.
Ind. Moll. Scand., 5. 1846.

Body slender, with clavate processes bordering the branchial
region of the back ; tentacles clavate, perfoliate, laminated, armed
at the base with styliform appendages.

1. A SULPHUBEA, Stimpson. Fig. 228.
Invert. Grand Manan, 26. 1853.

Body long, slender, light brownish ; branchial plumes three,
arranged in a semicircle, anterior largest, doubly pinnate ; sur-
rounding tentacular processes eight to twelve, sulphur-tipped;
oral tentacles long, the processes arising from their very base.

Length 30 mill.

Family TRITONIHbE.

Many of the genera of this family are pelagic, and are often
found crawling on the fronds of floating algae or clinging to the
narrow sterns of gulf-weed, which is frequently met with in large
masses at considerable distance from the land ; these mimic forests-

112 AMERICAN MARINE CONCHOLOGT.

tenanted by their singular molluscan inhabitants, thus serve in
some measure to enliven the solitude of the ocean.

Genus DENDBONOTUS, Alder and Hancock.

Tentacles clavate, laminated ; front of head with branched ap-
pendages ; gills ramose, arranged in a single series down each side
of the back.

1. D. ARBORESCENS, Muller. 229.

(Doris.) Zool. Dan. Prodr., 229. 1780.
Tritonia Reynoldsii, Couthouy, Boat. Journ. Nat. Hist., ii. 74, t. 2, f. 1-4.

1838.

Tritonia lactea, Thompson, Ann. Nat. Hist., v. 88, t. 2, f. 3.
Tritonia pulchella, Alder and Hancock, Ann. Nat. Hist., ix. 33.

Body tapering to the tail, which ends acutely ; sides with nu-
merous papillae ; head short, depressed, orbicular, supporting three
pair of gills ; mouth crescent-shaped, papillose, with strong trans-
verse folds ; jaws angular ; tentacula arising from the back of
the head, and received into a round sheath, which terminates in
five unequal branches ; five pair of dorsal gills, all susceptible of
being retracted into the body of the animal, leaving in their places
small tubercles ; rufous brown, occasionally dark brown, with
patches of white on the back between the branchial tufts ; foot
white, diaphanous.

Length 3.5 inches.

New England ; Northern Europe.

2. D. ROBUSTUS, Yerrill. Fig. 230.

Am. Journ. Sci., 1. 405, f. 1. 1870.

Eastport, Maine; Grand Manan Island. (Eur.)

Family DOTONIDJE.

Genus DOTO, Oken.
Lehrb. Naturg. 1815.

Head covered by a simple veil ; tentacles linear, sheaths trum-
pet-shaped ; gills clavate, compound, or rough, with whorls of
tubercles ranged in a single series on each side of the back.

The tentacular sheaths have simple margins, and the ovate
branchiae are rough with tubercles ; the front of the head is sim-
ple, and the foot is linear ; they appear to feed on hydroid zoo-
phytes.

MARINE MOLLUSGA OF THE UNITED STATES. 113

1. D. CORONATA, Gmelin. Fig. 231.

(.Doris.) Syst. Nat. i. 3105. 1790.
Melibaa coronata, Johnston, Ann. Nat. Hist., i. 117, t. 3, f. 5-8.

Animal yellowish, dotted with red ; veil square in front ;
branchiae five to seven on each side, ovate club-shaped, bearing
several circles of papillae with dark red tips.
Length half an inch.

New England. (Eur.)

Family

Synopsis of Genera.

Body broad ; tentacles four, smooth, elongate, subulate ; labial feelers
elongate ; gills papillose, arranged in longitudinal rows, not. clustered,
numerous, depressed, and imbricated. JEoLis, Cuvier.

Tentacles subulate, annulate, or perfoliate ; labial feelers subulate ; gills
clustered, or arranged in separate tufts along the back.

FLABELLINA, Cuvier.
Body linear : tentacles subulate, smooth, simple ; labial feelers short ; gills

in a single row on each side ; foot square in front. TE^GIPES, Cuvier.
Head without tentacles ; labial feelers very long and tapering ; gills pyri-
form, placed in longitudinal lines ; front of foot angular.

CALLIOP^JA, D'Orbigny.

Genus JEOLIS, Cuvier.
Tabl. Elem. 1798.

1. M. PAPILLOSA, Linnseus. Fig. 232.

(Limax.y Syst. Nat., edit. xii. 1082. 1767.
Eolis farinacea, Fould, Stimpson, Invert. Grand Manan, 25. 1853. l

Animal ovate-oblong, depressed, dusky or orange-colored, dotted
with brown, ochreous, or white; branchiae numerous, somewhat
compressed, crowded and imbricated, eighteen to twenty-four
oblique ranges; dorsal tentacles short, smooth, conical, labial
tentacles short and simple; angles of foot slightly prolonged.
Length two to three inches, breadth one-third the length.

New England; Northern Europe. •

2. M. SALMONAOEA, Couthouy. Fig. 233.

(Eolis.) Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., ii. 68, t. 1, f. 2. 1838.
Eolis Bodoensis, Moll. Moll. Green. 1842.

Body nearly diaphanous ; back with a conspicuous elevation in
the middle ; head large, with four tentacula ; the superior minutely

1 There are about a dozen additional synonymic names by British authors.
8

114 AMERICAN MARINE CONCHOLOGY.

' serrated ; mouth /\ -shaped ; branchiae in longitudinal series, one
hundred or more ; foot with two short processes in front, and
ending in a point behind; pale yellowish-white; branchial cirri
salmon-colored, bordering on orange.

Length one and three-quarters inch.

Charles River, Mass.

Genus FLABELLINA, Cuvier.

1. F. BOSTONIENSIS, Couthony. Fig. 234.

(Eotis.) Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., ii. 67, t. 1, f. 1. 1838.
Body elongate, lanceolate, delicate drab-color, with a silvery
line on the tail and on the back of the anterior tentacles, which
are long, subulate ; posterior tentacles shorter, serrated at tips ;
branchiae curved lanceolate, nucleus drab-colored, tips white, in
four to six distant groups on each side ; angles of foot much pro-
duced.

Length 25, diam. 7.5 mill.

Massachusetts.

2. F. RUFIBRANCHIALIS, Johnston. Fig. 235.

(Eolidia.) Loud. Mag. Nat. Hist., v. 428.
Eolidia Embletoni, Johnston, Ibid., viii. 79.
Eolis Mananensis, Stimpson, Invert. Grand Manan, 26. 1853.

Body slender, tapering, white ; oval and dorsal tentacles sub-
equal ; branchiae nearly linear, variable in length, disposed in six
or seven clusters on each side, interior of a bright vermillion,
with an opaque white rim near tip ; anterior angles of foot pro-
longed and folded transversely.

Length one inch.

New England, northwards. (Eur.)

3. F. PILATA, Gould. Fig. 236.

Invert. Mass., 2d edit. 243, t. 19, f. 270, 277, 279, 281. 1870.
Body elongated, a carmine line margined with silvery dots be-
, tween the tentacles and each tuft of branchiae, tail silvery ; tenta-
cles subulate, simple, tipped with silvery, branchiae clavate, con-
tracted at tip, which has two silvery zones, nucleus pale-chestnut,
arranged in five or more distant groups of two transverse ranges.
Length 37, breadth 6 mill.

Charles River, Mass.

4. F. S.TELLATA, Stimpson. Fig. 237.

(Eolis.) Invert. Grand Manan, 25. 1853.
Body slender, pale-white; dorsal tentacles wrinkled trans-

MARINE MOLLUSCA OF THE UNITED STATES. 115

versely, long, but shorter than oral ; branchiae few, arranged in
about five clusters on each side, those of second and third being
longest, giving a star-like appearance to the animal when rolled
up ; foot strongly auricled in front.
Length 10 mill.

Grand Manan Island.

5. F. PURPUREA, Stimpson.

&• (Eolis.) Invert, prand Manan, 25. 1853.

Body large, full, robust, tentacles rather short, thick, smooth ;
the dorsal ones with the eyes far behind their bases ; papillae large,
flattened, crowded, arranged in five or six clusters on each side,
leaving the middle third of the body bare ; foot broad, with short
auricles in front ; mouth disk large, triangular ; body pale-whitish,
dark in the middle line, from the viscera showing through ; pa-
pillae dark-purplish, with the tips covered with intense white
specks.

Length 1 inch.

Duck Island.

6. F. PICTA, Alder and Hancock. Fig. 238.

\Eolis.) Monog. Nud. Moll., t. 33. 1847.

Yellowish- white, blotched with brownish-amber ; oral tentacles
short, stout ; dorsal tentacles twice as long, simple, with an amber
ring at outer third ; branchiae like an olive-jar, arranged in six or
eight series ; foot narrower than body, obtuse posteriorly, anterior
angles rounded.

Length 18, breadth 4.5 mill.

Massachusetts.

7. F. DIVERSA, Couthouy. Fig. 239.

(Eolis.) Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., ii. 187, t. 4, f. 14. 1839.
Body lanceolate, acutely pointed, pale-yellow; oral tentacles
long and delicate ; dorsal tentacles shorter, linear ; branchije
lanceolate, externally transparent and colorless, interior orange,
thickly arranged along the sides in transverse series of three or
four ; foot with the angles slightly dilated.
Length 31, breadth 8 mill.

New England; Grand Manan.

116 AMERICAN MARINE CONCHOLOGY.

Genus TERGIPES, Cuvier.
Ann. du Mus., xix. 1812. *

1. T. DESPECTA, Johnston. Fig. 240.

(Eolis.) Mag. Nat. Hist., viii. 378, f. 35«.

Animal colorless, with a zigzag olive stripe along the back ;
branchiae large, ovate, in a single series along each side ; dorsal
tentacles long ; angles of foot not produced.

Length 6, breadth 1.25 mill.

Massachusetts; Scotland.

2. T. GYMNOTA, Couthouy. Fig. 241.

(Eolis.) Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., ii. 69, t. 1, f. 3. 1838.

Animal small, tapering to a fine point, watery white; tentacles
short, the posterior pair minutely serrated ; branchiae in seven'
lateral clusters of about five each, slightly club-shaped, having a
reddish-brown centre.

Length 25, diam. 2.5 mill.

Massachusetts.

Genus CALLIOPJEA, Orb.
Mag. Zooi:, t. 108. 1837.

1. C. FUSCATA, Gould. Fig. 241a.

Invert. Mass., edit. ii. 250, t. 16, f. 218-221. 1870.

Animal semic}Tlindrical, attenuated behind, dark slate-colored ;
head not distinct, excavated in front ; tentacles two, long, pointed;
branchiae long, club-shaped, slender at base, alternating in two
parallel rows on the two posterior thirds of each side, the lower
series much the smaller; foot bilobed in front, contracted poste-
riorly.

Length 7.5, diam. .8 mill.

Massachusetts.

Family HERM^EID^E.

Synopsis of Genera.

Tentacles two, longitudinally folded ; head without lobes ; gills elongate,
papillose, smooth, arranged along the sides of the back.

HERM^A, Loven.

Head without tentacles, produced into a lobe on each side ; gills papillose,
arranged in transverse rows on the sides of the back.

ALDEEIA, Allman.

Tentacles two, simple, undefended, contractile, sublateral ; a large labial
veil, produced on each side into an oblong, flat lobe ; gills simple, papil-
lose, lateral, in a simple series on each side of the back ; foot rather
broad. CLCELIA, Loven.

MARINE MOLLUSCA OP THE UNITED STATES. lit

•

Genus HERM.EA, Loven.
Ofvers. Kong. Vet. Acad. Handl. 1844.

1. H. CRUCIATA, Alex. Agassiz. Fig. 242*.

Gould, Invert. Mass., edit. ii. 253, t. 17, f. 256. 1870.
Body very slender, the tail much attenuated; foot narrower
than the body, obtusely dilated at the anterior angles ; head small,
semicircular ; mouth inferior ; tentacles dilated and obtusely
pointed, the superior face longer than the inferior ; branchiae di-
lated, shaped much like trefoil or the ace of clubs, the biliary
organs within having a rude cruciate form ; there are seven prin-
cipal ones on each side, and eight or ten intermediate much
smaller ones.

Massachusetts.

Genus ALDERIA, Allman.
Thompson, Rep. Faun. Ireland. 1844.

1. A. HARVARDIENSIS, Agassiz. Fig. 243.

Gould, Invert. Mass., edit. ii. 254, t. 16, f. 226-228. 1870.
Animal broad lanceolate, ochreous-brown ; foot yellow ; lateral
prolongations of head tentacular; branchiae short, curved, en-
larging towards the tips, in about six clusters, of two each, on
either side, of which the lower one is much smaller.

Length 12, breadth 4 mill.

•' ' Massachusetts; Grand Manan.

Genus CLCELIA, Loven.
Embletonia, Alder and. Hancock, Ann. Mag., viii. 294. 1851.

1. C. FUSCATA, Gould. Fig. 244.

(Embletonia.) Invert. Mass., edit. ii. 251, 1. 16, f. 229-232. 1870.
Animal subcylindrical, narrowing back wards; tail short, pointed,
drab-colored; head larger than body, broad angles rounded,
slightly emarginate; tentacles short; branchiae club-shaped, ar-
ranged in five or six tufts on each side of the posterior portion
of the body ; angles of foot not dilated.

Length 4, breadth .66 mill.

Massachusetts.

2. C. REMIGATA, Gould. Fig. 245.

(Embletonia.) Invert. Mass., edit. ii. 252, t. 16, f. 214-217. 1870.
Animal long, slender, uniform pale-yellow ; head large, emargi-
nate, angles dilated into triangular lobes with blunt points ; ten-

118 ' AMERICAN MARINE CONCHOLOGY.

tacles long, linear; branchiae removed from head, arranged on
each side in distant tufts, the last pair at extremity of tail.

Length 6, breadth 1.2.mill.

Massachusetts.

t Family ELYSIIDJB.

In this family the respiratory function appears to be performed
by the entire surface of the body, special organs for that purpose
being almost obsolete.

Synopsis of Genera.

Body with the lateral ridges dilated into wing-like natatory appendages,
not united ; head distinct, with two conspicuous auriform tentacles.

ELTSIA, liisso.

Body with lateral lobes united together posteriorly over the hack.

ELYSIELLA, Yerrill.

Genus ELY8IA, Risso.
Journ. Phys., 376. 1818. .
1. E. CHLOROTICA, Agassiz. Fig. 246.

Gould, Invert. Mass., edit. ii. 255, t. 17, f. 251-255. 1870.
Animal emerald-green, dotted with white and red spots ; slen-
der, tapering behind, with broad lateral expansions, folded and
overlapping each other on the back when the animal is in motion ;
tentacles two, lanceolate, folded beneath ; head distinct, obtuse,
slightly emarginate; anterior angles of foot widely produced,

triangular.

Massachusetts.

Genus ELYSIELLA, Verrill.
Am. Journ. Sci., ser. III., iii. 283, t. 7, f. 5. 1872.

1. E. CATULUS, Agassiz. Fig. 24 T.

(Placobranchus.) Gould, Invert. Mass., edit. ii. 256, t. 17, f. 249,

250. 1870.
f Placobranchus simplex, Girard, Bost. Proc., v. 89. 1854.

Animal sea-green with whitish spots ; body ovate-lanceolate ;
lateral expansions two-thirds its length, not meeting when reflected
over the back; head large, rounded, globose; tentacles short,
blunt, broad ; foot wide as body, square in front, pointed behind.
Length 6, breadth 2.3 mill.

Massachusetts.

MARINE MOLLUSCA OP THE UNITED STATES. 119

Family LIMAPONTIID^E.

In this group of slug-like forms the branchial appendages are
altogether absent, or represented only by simple lobes or ridges on
the sides of the body ; the tentacles are linear, and not longitu-
dinally folded as in Elysiidae, and the body is depressed.

Genus LIMAPONTIA, Forbes.
London's Mag. Nat. Hist., v. 979. 1832.

Head elevated at the sides into two crest-like ridges ; eyes
large, sessile on the back of the head, in the centre of pale circu-
lar spaces ; mantle distinct.

Gregarious, feeding on confervse in small pools above half-tide.
1. L. ZONATA, Girard.

(Niobe.) Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., iv. 211.r 1852.
Less than a line in length ; separation of body and head not
distinctly defined ; pale-reddish with transverse white bands.

Boston Harbor, Mass.

ORDER IV. PTEROPODA.

* Head indistinct, with two wings on the sides of the mouth ; gills
internal; body inclosed in a shell. Thecosomata.

Family CAVOLINID^B. Animal with two united fins without
any posterior foot-like appendage between them ; abdomen volu-
minous ; gills in pairs ;. shell calcareous, symmetrical, elongate or
globular.

Family CYMBULIID^:. Animal globular or ovate; fins two, ho-
rizontal, opposite, on each side of the mouth, with a small inter-
mediate lobe ; shell cartilaginous, slipper-shaped, rarely wanting.

Family LIMACINID^E. Animal elongate, spiral ; mouth at the
union of the two fins and intermediate lobe, with two small labial
swellings ; fins elongate, rounded and united at their base by an
intermediate lobe bearing an operculum ; mantle large, open in
front, forming a large gill cavity; gills internal; shell spiral,
transparent ; operculum distinct, spiral, vitreous, of few whorls.

** Head distinct; wings two, or four, at the junction between the head and
the body, with a central intermediate lobe or rudimentary foot ; gills ex-
terior; no shell. Gymnosomata.

Family CLIONID^E. Animal fusiform; head with a series of
conical prominences on each side ; wings two.

120 AMERICAN MARINE CONCHOLOGY.

Family CAYOLINID^E.

•Synopsis of Genera!

Body short, sometimes furnished with lateral appendages ; shell globular ;
' mouth narrower than the internal cavity, with a lateral slit on each side,

interrupted in front. CAVOLINA, Gioe'ni.

Body short, sometimes furnished with lateral appendages ; shell globular,
mouth narrower than the cavity, with a slit on each side, not interrupted
in front ; apex often truncated in the adult. DIACBIA, Gray.

Animal elongate, conical, without lateral appendages ; shell elongate, an-
, gular, conical ; mouth larger than the cavity, without any lateral slits.

CLIO, Browne.

Body elongate, conical, rounded ;. shell elongate, conical, subcylindrical ;
mouth larger than the cavity, without any lateral slit.

STYLIOLA, Lesueur.

* Genus CAVOLINA, Gioeni.
Desc. 1783.

1. C. TRIDENTATA, Grmelin. Fig. 248.

Syst. Nat., 3348. 1790.
Shell yellowish, pellucid, thin, very finely striated transversely ;

terminal tooth longer than the lateral ones.

Martha's Vineyard.

Dredged 20-25 fms. The distribution of this species is uni-
versal.

Genus DIACBIA, Gray.
Syn. Brit. Mus. 1840.

1. C. TRISPINOSA, Lesueur. Fig. 249.

Blainv. Diet. Sc. Nat., xxii. 82. 1782.

Shell elongated, straight, dilated anteriorly, compressed on each
side, terminated posteriorly, with a very long spine, armed late-
rally with two short spines.

Nantucket (Europe, Rio Janeiro).

Genus CLIO, Browne.
Hist. Jamaica, 386. 1756.
Cleodora, Peron et Lesueur, Ann. Mus., xv. 1810.

1. C. PYRAMIDATA, Linnaeus. Fig. 250.

Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 3148. 1790.
Shell triangular, pyramidal, short ; mouth obliquely truncated.

MARINE MOLLUSCA OP THE UNITED STATES. 121

Genus STYLIOLA, Lesueur.
Blainville, Man. Malacol. 1825.
Cresseis, Rang. Ann. Sci. Nat., xiii. 302. 1828.
1. S. VITREA, Yerrill. Fig. 251.

Am. Journ. Sci., 3d ser. III. 248, t. 6, f. 7. 1872.
Shell smooth, polished, diaphanous, almost glassy, long conical,
rather slender, slightly curved towards the acute apex.
Length 12, diam. 2 mill.

Animal white ; swimming organs obovate, with the end broadly
rounded, and bearing the slender tapering tentacles near the mid-
dle of the anterior edge; intermediate lobe short, rounded in

front.

Martha's Vineyard.

Family CYMBULIID^E, Gray.
Syn. Brit. Mus. 1840.

Genus PSYCHE, Rang.
Ann. Sci. Nat., v. 284. 1825. s

1. P. GLOBULOSA, Rang. Fig. 252.

Ann. Sci. Nat., v. 283. 1825.

Body round, diaphanous, mouth slightly arched, fins long,
rounded at their extremity, narrowed at their base, with a slight
shell-case above ; viscera of a handsome purple, forming an ovoid
mass, suspended in the middle of the body.

St. Pierre and Miquelon.

Family LIMACINIDJ3, Gray.
Syn. Brit. Mus. 1840.

Synopsis of Genera.

Shell subglobose, subdiscoidal, sinistral ; spire slightly raised ; the last
whorl with an obscure keel ; axis umbilicated, keeled on the edge ; oper-
culum ? LIMACINA, Cuvier.

Shell thin, vitreous, discoidal, depressed, sinistral ; axis umbilicated ;
whorls smooth ; aperture angulated below or canaliculated, sometimes
prolonged into a spine-like curved beak ; operculum glossy, thin, trans-
parent, of few whorls, with a central muscular scar.

SPIKIALIS, Eydoux and Souleyet.

Genus LIMACINA, Cuvier.
Regne Anim., ii. 380. 1817.

1. L. HELICINA, Gmelin. Fig. 253.
(Clio.) Sy st. Nat., 3149. 1790.
Shell subglobose, subdiscoidal; spire slightly raised; whorls

122 AMERICAN MARINE CONCHOLOGY.

six, last large, with a very obscure keel ; axis umbilicated, keeled
on the edge.

Diam. 10 mill.

Arctic Seas.

Genus SPIRIALIS, Eydouxand Souleyet.
Rev. Zool., 235. 1840.

1. S. GOULDII, Stimpson. Fig. 254.

Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., iv. 8. 1851.

Heterofusus balea, Binney (not Holler), Gould's Invert., edit. ii. 505. 1870.
Shell ovate-globose, vitreous, very thin, pellucid, very light,
narrowly and deeply umbilicated ; spire conoid ; whorls seven,
sculptured by minute, distant, unimpressed, revolving lines ; last
whorl large ; aperture about equalling the spire, obtuse in front.

Length 2.5, breadth 1.8 mill.

Massachusetts Bay.

2. S. ALEXANDRA Yerrill. Fig. 255.

Am. Journ. Sci., 3d ser. iii. 281. 1872.
Heterofusus retroversus, Binney (not Fleming), Gould's Invert., edit. ii.

505. 1870.
Spirialis Flemingii? A. Agassiz (not Forbes), Bost. Proc., x. 14. 1865.

Body-whorl very ventricose ; spire of four whorls, not forming

half the length of the shell.

Nahant, Mass.

Family CLIONID JB, Gray.
Syn. Brit. Mus. 1840.

Genus CLIONE, Pallas.
Spicil Zool., x. 28. 1774.

1. C. LIMAOINA, Phipps. Fig. 256.

{Clio.) Voyt North Pole, 195. 1774.
Clio borealis, Brug. Encyc. Meth. Vers., i. 506. 1792.

Gelatinous, pellucid, pale-blue ; mouth and end of the body
scarlet when out of water, hyaline ; wings somewhat triangular ;
tail acute.

Portland, Me., northwards.

CLASS ACEPHALA.

Animal without head, always aquatic, contained within a bi-
valve-shell, one valve of which is applied to the right and the
other to the left side of the body.

MARINE MOLLUSCA OF THE UNITED STATES. 123

SYNOPSIS OF FAMILIES.

A. Animal provided with siphons.
a. Pallial impression sinuated

PHOLADIM. Shell free; valves equal, gaping at both ends,
thin, white, brittle, armed in front with rasp-like imbrications,
without hinge-teeth, and strengthened externally by accessory
valves ; hinge plate reflexed over the beaks, and furnished with a
long, curved, tooth-like process beneath each ; anterior muscular
impression on the hinge-plate; pallia! sinus very deep; living
perpendicularly in holes in rock or sand.

GASTROCH^ENID^J. Animal symmetrical, elongated ; with two
long contractile siphons posteriorly, united nearly to their extre-
mities, which are fringed with cirrated orifices. Shell : Valves
thin, gaping, edentulous, ligament external, adductor impressions
two, pallial line sinuated ; contained within a shelly tube, both
valves free, or one or both valves cemented to its walls.

Burrowing in wood, stone, sand or mud at low water mark, and
lining the burrow with a calcareous tube.

TEREDID^E. Animal worm-like ; siphons furnished at their ex-
tremities with two shelly styles or palletes ; shell contained in a
shelly tube, globose, its valves trilobate, gaping anteriorly and be-
hind, without hinge-teeth or accessory valves ; hinge-plate reflexed
over the beaks, and furnished with a long tooth-like process be-
neath each ; living in burrows in wood, which they line with a
calcareous tube.

ANATINID^E. Often inequi valve, thin ; interior nacreous ; sur-
face granular ; ligament external, thin ; cartilage internal, placed
in corresponding pits and furnished with a free ossicle ; muscular
impressions faint, the anterior elongated ; pallial line usually
sinuated.

SAXICAVIDJE. Shell equi valve, solid, gaping at each end ; hinge-
teeth rudimentary; cartilage external, thick, prominent; pallial
impression irregular, sinuated posteriorly ; perforating stones or
imbedded in sand or mud.

MYID^E. Shell thick, strong, opaque, porcellanous, gaping pos-
teriorly, valves usually unequal, covered with a wrinkled epider-
mis; hinge simple, toothless, but with a hollow process of the
beak in one valve, containing the ligament.

SOLENID^E. Shell elongated, gaping at the ends ; ligament ex-

124 AMERICAN MARINE CONCHOLOGT.

ternal ; large, lineal, marginal, supported on a prominent pad or
fulcrum ; hinge-teeth usually 2-3, compressed, the posterior bifid ;
usually living buried vertically in the sand.

MACTRIM. Shell equivalve, trigonal, close or slightly gaping;
cartilage contained in a deep triangular pit of the hinge-plate ;
hinge with two diverging cardinal teeth, and usually with anterior
and posterior laterals ; pallial sinus short, rounded.

TELLINID^E. Shell free, regular; hinge with two cardinal teeth,
at most, in each valve, 'sometimes lateral teeth ; ligament external
or internal, on the shorter side of the shell; pallial impression
largely and deeply sinuated.

VENERID^E. Shell regular, closed, suborbicular or oblong;
ligament external ; hinge with usually three diverging teeth in
each valve; muscular impressions oval, polished; pallial line
sinuated.

6. Pallial line simple, without sinus.

CYPRINID^E. Shell regular, equivalve, oval or elongated ; valves
close, solid ; epidermis thick and dark ; ligament external, con-
spicuous ; cardinal teeth 1-3 in each valve, and usually a posterior
lateral tooth ; pedal scars close to, or confluent with, the adductors;
pallial line simple.

LUCINID^B. Shell orbicular, free, closed ; hinge-teeth 1 or 2,
laterals 1-1 or obsolete; muscular impressions 2, elongated, rugose;
ligament inconspicuous or subinternal.

CARDIID^B. Shell regular, equivalve, free, cordate, ornamented
with radiating ribs ; posterior slope sculptured differently from the
front and sides ; cardinal teeth two, laterals 1-1 in each valve ;
ligament external, short and prominent; muscular impressions
subquadrate.

CHAMID^B. Shell inequivalve, thick, attached ; beaks subspiral ;
ligament external; hinge-teeth 2 in one valve, 1 in the other; ad-
ductor impressions large, reticulated ; pallial line simple.

B. Animal without /Siphons ; Pallial line simple.

ARCADE. Shell free, regular, equivalve, with strong epidermis ;
hinge with a long row of similar, comb-like teeth ; pallial line dis-
tinct; muscular impressions subequal.

MYTILID^E. Shell free, equivalve, obliquely oval or elongated,
closed, uinbones anterior, epidermis thick and dark, often filamen-
tose; ligament internal, submarginal, very long; hinge without

MARINE MOLLUSC A OF THE UNITED STATES. 125

teeth, or with very minute teeth ; anterior muscular impression
small and narrow, posterior large, obscure.

AVICULID^E. Shell inequivalve, very obliquely resting on the
smaller (right) valve, and attached by a byssus ; posterior muscu-
lar impression large, subcentral, anterior small, within the umbo ;
pallial line irregularly dotted ; hinge line straight, elongated ;
umbones anterior, eared, the posterior ear wing-like ; cartilage
contained in one or several grooves ; hinge edentulous or obscurely
toothed.

OSTR^EID^E. Shell inequivalve, slightly inequilateral, free or ad-
herent, resting on one valve ; beaks central, straight ; ligament
internal ; epidermis thin ; adductor impression single, behind the
centre; pallial line obscure; hinge with or without primary teeth.

Family PHOLADID^E.

Synopsis of Genera.

* Anterior hiatus always open. PHOLADIN.E.

Dorsal valves placed anterior and posterior to the beaks, umbonal processes
reflected over the beaks, closely applied. PHOLAS.

Dorsal valves lanceolate, placed side by side. Umbonal process-es reflected
over the beaks, cellular beneath. DACTYLINA.

Destitute of accessory valves. ZIBPH^A.

** Anterior ventral gap closed in the adult by a callous plate.

JOUANNETINJE.

With a single accessory valve. MABTESIA.

With two accessory valves, the principal plate over the umbones, with a
smaller anterior one adjoining. DIPLOTHTKA.

Genus PHOLAS, Linnaeus.
Syst. Nat., edit. x. 1758.

There are but four recent species of Pholas known, as now re-
stricted, and they are very easily distinguishable from each other.

* Margins of the valves regularly rounded anteriorly. P. COSTATA.
** Anterior ventral margin emarginate. P. TKUNCATA.

1. P. -COSTATA, Linnaeus. Figs. 257-259. /

Syst. Nat., edit. xii. 1111. 1767.

Shell very large, thin, inflated, with strong crenulate radiating
ribs, about half an inch apart on the basal margin, armed with
vaulted scales caused by the elevation of growth striae.
Vertical axis 2, transverse 7 inches.

Whole Coast from New Bedford, Mass., to Wett Indict.

126 AMERICAN MARINE CONCHOLOGY.

Subgenus CYRTOPLEUKA, Tryon.
Monog. Pholadacea, 73. 1862.

Margin of the valves emarginate anteriorly, making a short,
wide hiatus.

2. P. TRUNCATA, Say. Figs. 260, 261.
Journ. Philad. Acad., ii. 321. 1822.

Shell subpentangular ; anterior obtusely rostrated, wedge-shaped
in the middle ; posterior margin broadly truncated at the tip ;
valves transversely wrinkled, crossed by striae, muricated ante-
riorly by small erect scales, which form ribs from the beak to
basal margin.

Yertical axis 1, transverse 2.5 inches.
Whole Coast from Sable Island to W. Indies; also W. Coast of 8. A.

Genus DACTYLINA, Gray.
Proc. Zool. Soc., 187. 1847.

In the t3rpical form of this genus the nuclei of the dorsal valves
are situated at their outer margins, posterior to the centre ; the
valves are much emarginate anteriorty, forming a short, wide
hiatus. I have characterized as a subgenus, a form of which our
American species is the type, as follows : —

Subgenus GITOCENTRTJM, Tryon.
Monog. Pholadacea, 75. 1862.

Nuclei of the dorsal valves anterior, situated nearer the inner
margin ; dorsal plates marked by radiating lines ; valves not
emarginate anteriorly, but regularly rounded; hiatus long and
narrow.

1. D. CAMPEOHENSIS, Gmelin. Figs. 262, 263.

(Pholas.) Syst. Nat., 3216. 1790.

Pholas oblongata, Say, Journ. Philad. Acad., ii. 320. 1822.
Pholas Candeana, Orb. Moll. Cuba, 215, t. 25, f. 18, 19.
Pholas CMloensis, King, Zool. Journ., v. 334. 1832.

Shell thin, white transversely, much elongated ; basal and hinge
margins nearly parallel ; anterior and posterior margins rounded ;
valves transversely and longitudinally striated, the stride muri-
cated and elevated on the anterior side into costse, which are
more prominently and densely muricated ; hinge callus polished,

MARINE MOLLUSCA OF THE UNITED STATES. 12 Y

minutely striated transversely and longitudinally, and having
about twelve cells.

Transverse axis 4J, vertical 1 J inches.

/So. Carolina to West Indies.

Yery common on the southern coast, penetrating compact mud
or clay. It cannot be distinguished from D. Chiloensis, King, a
species inhabiting the west coast of South America.

Genus ZIBPHJEA, Leach.
Gray, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 2d ser. viii. 385. 1851.

1. Z. CRISPATA, Linnaeus. Figs. 265, 265, and 266.

(Pholas.) Syst. Nat., edit. xii. 1111. 1767.
PJiolas semicostata, H. C. Lea, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., 285, t. 24, f. 1.

Shell large, thick and strong, oval-oblong, rounded behind, sub-
angular or beaked in front ; both extremities widely gaping, the
valves touching only at the hinge and middle of the basal mar-
gin ; surface divided into two portions by a broad furrow, running
almost vertically from the beaks to the base ; the anterior portion
coarsely marked with lamellar concentric plates; within smooth,
but showing the outer broad vertical furrow ; soiled grayish-white,
occasionally rust-colored.

Transverse axis 2.5, vertical 1.5 inches.

Northern United States. (Eur. )

Subfamily JONANNETINJ3, Tryon.
Proc. A. N. S. Philad. 1862.

Genus MAETESIA, Leach.
Blainville, Diet. Sc. Nat. 1824.

1. M. CUNEIFORMS, Say. Figs. 26Y, 268.

(Pholas.) Journ. Philad. Acad., ii. 322. 1822.

Wedge-shaped; anterior margin nearly closed, transversely
truncated from the hinge ; posterior margin with a rounded lip ;
a deep furrow from the beak to the middle of the basal margin,
impressed within; surface with transverse undulating striae, with
elevated minutely crenate lines ; hinge callus, forming a cavity
before, and without cells; dentiform process filiform, incurved;
hinge plate ovate-triangular, with a short projecting angle on the
anterior middle, and subacute behind ; white.

Transverse axis 20, vertical 11.25 mill.
(Penetrating wood.) Southern Coast; New Haven, Conn. (Perkins.)

128 AMERICAN MARINE CONCHOLOGY.

Genus DIPLOTHYRA, Tryon.
Proc. Philad. Acad. 1862.

1. D. SMITHII, Tryon. Fig. 269.
Proc. Philad. Acad. 1862.

Shell short, ovate, divided in the middle by an oblique im-
pressed line, posterior to which the surface is covered with growth
lines only, but anteriorly it is finely and sharply transversely
sculptured, and obsoletely, radiately ribbed in some specimens ;
the umbonal plates are generally much distorted, so that no par-
ticular form can be traced throughout all the specimens, though
the more perfect approach to that depicted in the magnified
figure.

Transverse axis 15, vertical 10 mill.

(Burrowing in oyster shells.) Tottenville, Staten Island, N. Y.

Family GASTROCELENID.^, Gray.
Zool. Proc. London. 1858.

Genus ROCELLAKIA, Fleuriau de Bellevue.

(Rupettaria.) Journ. de Physique., liv. 1802.
Gastrochcena (partim) Auct.

Shell regular, equivalve; valve* ovate or cuneiform, widely
gaping anteriorly, very unequilateral ; umbones anterior, ligament
long and narrow ; pallial line lightly impressed, sinuated, uniting
the muscular impressions ; tube claviform or irregular, often in-
complete, perforating shells and limestone, to which its walls are
sometimes adherent.

1. R. OVATA, Sowerby. Fig. 2 "70.

(Gattrochama.) Zool. Proc. 21. 1834.

Shell ovate, whitish,, longitudinally striate, strige narrow ; an-
terior length one-fifth that of the posterior side.
Length 30, alt. 17.50 mill.

Charleston, 8. C. (W. Stimpson.)

This species inhabits the West Indies, and also occurs on the
Pacific side of Central America.

2. R. STIMPSONII, Tryon. Fig. 271.

Proc. Philad. Acad. 1862.

Shell narrowly elongate, white, anterior extremity very short,
acuminate j valves densely concentrically striate; umbones scarcely

MARINE MOLLUSC A OF THE UNITED STATES. 129

prominent, nearty terminal ; hiatus narrowly elongate, nearly ex-
tending the total length of the shell ; dorsal and ventral margins
nearly parallel.

Length 16, alt. 6 mill.

Beaufort, N. C. (W. Stimpson.)

Family TEREDID^, Carpenter.
Lectures on Mollusca, 100. 1861.

The shelly tube of the ship-worm is subcylindrical, divided
longitudinal^ and often concamerated by numerous, incomplete,
transverse partitions ; the siphonal palettes or stylets assist in
compressing and relaxing the siphons to facilitate the flow of
water through the long canal.

The Teredines live in most seas, perforating wood in the direc-
tion of the grain by means of the mechanical attrition of their
valves ; these tortuous perforations are lined by calcareous matter
forming the tubes. The animal is useful in destroying fragments
of wrecks and floating timber, but causes great destruction to
dikes, wharves, and to ships when the timbers are not protected
from its ravages.

Synopsis of Genera.

Pallets simple. TEREDO.

Pallets compound, the blade penniform, composed of a number of jointed

setae. ,. XYLOTRYA.

Genus TEEEDO, Linnaeus.
Syst, Nat., edit, x., p. 651. 1753.

1. T. DILATATA, Stimpson. Figs. 272, 273, and 274.

Bost. Proc., iv. 113. 1851.

Diameters nearly equal ; wing large, not ascending so high as
the beak, but passing off from it by a gentle slope, descending
below the anterior triangle, having no defining exterior groove,
slightly concave and then reflected outwards on the internal face ;
pallets very small, battledore-shaped ; end of tube concamerated.

Length and alt. 12.5 mill.

Massachusetts to So. Carolina.

This species differs from T. megotara, Hanley, which it greatly
resembles, in the smaller altitude of the valves, the greater breadth
of the auricle, which is also placed much lower, and in its con-
camerated tubes.
9

130 AMERICAN MARINE CONCHOLOGY.

2. S. NAVALIS, Linnaeus. Figs. 2T5-280.

Syst. Nat., edit. x. 651. 1758.

Valves about equal in length and breadth, the posterior auricle
expanded somewhat laterally, its base extending lower than that
of the anterior area; anterior area moderate, the basal margin
convex, inclining somewhat obliquely downwards to the fang, its
junction considerably higher up than that of the posterior auricle ;
posterior auricle not ascending, but produced laterally, its dorsal
edge mostly somewhat concave, lateral margin nearly straight, a
little oblique, rounded at each end ; fang acuminating rapidly
towards the base ; internally, the apophysis is broad but thin, not
thickened at the end, and of the same breadth throughout, and
the position of the posterior auricle is defined by a close, project-
ing rim ; pallets convex on one side and plane on the other, the
stalk, which is about as long as the blade, moderately thick and
flexous, not continued as a rib beyond the commencement of the
blade ; tube not concamerated.

Yalves and pallets each 6 mill, in length.

New England and Middle States. (Eur.)

3. T. MEQOTARA, Hanley. Figs. 281-283.

Brit. Conch., i. 77, t. 1, f. 6, t. 18, f. 1, 2.

Breadth and altitude of valves subequal ; the posterior auricle
large, broadly rounded on the margin, raised above the beak and
terminating below much further down than the anterior auricle ;
the auricle is not defined within by a projecting shelf; pallets
spoon-shaped, with truncate apex, with slender, cylindrical stalks,
on the concave side forming a rib to the apex of the blade.

New England. (Eur.)

4. T. NORVAGICA, Spengler. Figs. 287-291.

Skrivt., Nat. ii., 102, t. 2, f. 4-6, 1792.

Yalves solid, higher than wide, the beak elevated beyond the
dorsal margins of the auricles ; auricles small, terminating at less
than one-half the length of the shell. Pallets spade-shaped, trun-
cate at the tip with a stem about as long as the blade ; scarcely
defined on the centre of the latter. Tube solid, concamerated.
Height 18, breadth 13 mill.

New England (rare, Eur.).

This is the largest and most solid species occurring on our
coast; its great proportionate length, elevated beaks, and the

MARINE MOLLUSCA OP THE UNITED STATES. 131

concavely sloping dorsal line of its auricles, as well as the large
and peculiar shaped pallets, will readily distinguish it from its
allies.

5. T. THOMSONII, Tryon. Figs. 284-286.

Proc. Philad. Acad., 280, t. 2, f. 3, 4, 5, 1863.

Yalves higher than wide ; anterior auricle moderate, obliquely
subtriangular ; posterior auricle small, not very wide, short, some-
what reflected outwards, its dorsal margin does not extend so
high as the beak, nor its basal margin so low as that of the an-
terior area. Within, the posterior auricle is defined by a strong,
sharp projection, making a deep sulcus on the exterior surface.
Pallets obliquely, or sometimes regularly obovate; style short
and directed backwards ; margins of the blade convex. From
the style an elevated ridge extends around a portion of each side
of the blade, and is smooth, while the centre portion, extending
to the end, is Innately striate. Tube not concamerated.

Three or four feet below low water mark.

Promncetown and New Bedford, Ma&»*

Differs from the other species in the very small proportionate
size of the posterior auricle, and in its not extending basally as.
low down as the anterior area.

6. T. CHLOROTIOA, Gould. Figs. 292-294.

Invert. Mass., edit. ii. 33, f. 360, 1870.

Shell minute, subglobose, greenish-white, anterior area very
large, posterior area quite small, scarcely defined. Pallets with
lyre-shaped blades, the extreme two-thirds covered by a dark
encrustation which terminates in two projecting horns. Tube
lined by a thin gummy or horny coat, and terminating in a con-
cave calcareous disk with a sort of transverse scar on its outer
or convex face.

Diameter 3 mill.

From timbers of ships that have cruised in the Pacific. The
tubes penetrate the timber across the grain of the wood. On
account of its several peculiarities of structure, Dr. Gould pro-
poses for this shell the generic name of Lyrodus. Mr. Jeffreys
believes this species to be identical with T. pedicellata, Quatre-
fages.

132 AMERICAN MARINE CONCHOLOGY.

Genus XYLOTEYA, Leaoh.
Menke, Syn. Meth. 1830.

1. X. FIMBRIATA, Jeffreys. Figs. 295-297.
Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 3d ser. vi. 126.

Shell subtrigonal, diameters about equal, striae on anterior area
about thirty ; posterior auricle large, sloping from the beak and
descending much below the anterior triangle, inner face fan-
shaped, large, overhanging, concave, concentrically striate. Pal-
lets oar-shaped, the blade as long as the handle.
Diam. 6 mill. Pallets 12 -f- mill. long.

New Bedford, Mass., Fort Macon, N. O.

The valves resemble those of T. naualis so closely that they
are scarcely distinguishable from that species. The pallets are,
however, entirely different.

Family ANATINID^l.

Shell thin, generally inequivalve ; interior nacreous ; external
surface granular; ligament external, thin; cartilage internal,
placed in opposite pits and furnished with a free ossicle ; muscu-
lar impressions faint, the anterior elongated ; pallial line usually
sinuated.

Animal with mantle-margins united ; siphons long, more or less
united, fringed ; gills single on each side, the outer lamina pro-
longed dorsally beyond the line of attachment.

Synopsis of Genera.

Oval ; inequivalve, left valve deepest ; posterior side very short and con-
tracted ; beaks fissured, strengthened within by oblique diverging ribs ;
hinge with a spoon-shaped process in each valve containing the cartilage
and ossicle. PEBIPLOMA, Schum.

Subtriangular ; inequivalve, fragile ; hinge having a narrow ledge within
each valve, to which is attached the ligament and an adhering four-sided
ossiculum. LYONSIA, Turton.

Oblong; nearly equivalve, slightly compressed, attenuated, and gaping
posteriorly, smooth or minutely scabrous ; cartilage processes thick, not
prominent, with a crescentic ossicle. THRACIA, Leach.

Inequivalve, transverse, thin ; valves close, attenuated behind ; right valve
flat, with a diverging ridge and cartilage furrows ; left valve convex,
with two diverging grooves at the hinge. PANDORA, Brug.

MARINE MOLLUSCA OP THE UNITED STATES. 133

Genus PERIPLOMA, Schum.
Essai Nov. Gen. 115. 1817.
Cochlodesma, Couthouy. Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., ii. 170. 1839.

1. P. PAPYRACEA, Say. Fig. 298.

(Anatina.) Journ. Philad. Acad., ii. 314. 1822.
A.fragilis, Totten. Am. Journ. Sci., xxviii. 347, f. 1.

Shell thin, fragile, rounded-ovate ; one valve more convex and
at the basal margin projecting a little beyond the other. Beaks
not prominent, in the posterior third of the length of the shell;
from the beaks to the posterior margin runs an elevated angular
ridge ; posterior margin narrowed and subtruncated, slightly
gaping. Exterior surface minutely wrinkled. Tooth long,
narrow, and oblique, with an accessory process at the base.
White and pearly.

Height 12, breadth 17 mill.

Whole Coast (rare).

Mr. T. A. Conrad (Am. Journ. Conch., ii. 106) revives Totten's
name for the New England shell which he considers to differ from
Say's species — the latter being described from the Southern Coast.
The outline varies considerably in different -specimens, and there
does not seem to be sufficient ground for the separation proposed

2. P. LEANA, Conrad. Figs. 436, 437.

(Anatina.) Journ. Piilad. Acad., vi. 263, t. 11, f. 11.
Coclilodesma Leana, Couthouy. Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. ii. 170.

Shell very thin and fragile, ovate, subcompressed ; the left valve
almost flat, rounded at both ends; the right valve convex and
subtruncate at the shorter end, slightly gaping at both ends.
Beaks small, slightly cleft at one side ; from the beaks proceeds a
ridge, more or less obvious to the posterior end. Surface
wrinkled, with a yellowish shining epidermis extending somewhat
beyond the margins; the spoon-shaped process in the hinge
nearly horizontal, and resting on an oblique rib directed back-
wards ; no ossiculum.

Vertical axis 22.5, transverse axis 32.5 mill.

Laminarian. Whole Ooast.

I do not acquiesce in the separation of this species from Peri-
ploma, as I do not find sufficient distinctive characters for a
different genus. The absence of the ossiculum does not appear

134 AMERICAN MARINE CONCHOLOQY.

to be an important character, inasmuch as it is also wanting to
some species of Thracia, although the typical species possesses it.

Genus LYONSIA, Turton.
Brit. Bivalves, 35. 1822.
Osteodesma, Deshayes, Encyc. Meth., iii. tab. 1830.

The animal has a closed mantle ; a tongue-shaped, grooved foot,
byssiferous ; very short siphons, which are nearly united, fringed ;
large lips and narrow, triangular palpi.
Distribution, twelve species — all seas.

1. L. HYALINA, Conrad. Fig. 301.

(Mya.) Journ. Philad. Acad., vi. 261, t. 11, f. 12.
Shell thin, fragile, pellucid, transversely elongated ; anterior
side short, rounded ; posterior side produced, compressed, trun-
cated, and reflexed at the end ; beaks prominent, inclined for-
wards ; epidermis dirty-white, membranaceous, concentrically
wrinkled and corrugated by radiated lines.

Yertical diam. 8.7, transverse 15 mill.

Whole Coast.

2. L. ARENOSA, Moller. Fig. 302.

(Pandorina.) Ind. Moll. Grcenl. 1842. '

Shell ovate-quadrate, ventricose, opaque-white ; beaks anterior ;
epidermis finely radiately ridged, with frequently adhering parti-
cles of fine sand.

Height 7.5, length 12.5 mill.

New England, northwards.

Distinguished from L. hyalina by its smaller size and quadrate
form.

Genus THRACIA, Leach.
Blainv., Diet. Sc. Nat., xxxii. 347. 1824.

The mantle of the animal is closed ; foot linguiform ; siphons
rather long, separate, with fringed orifices ; gills single, thick,
plaited ; palpi narrow, pointed.

About twenty species have been described, from northern and
temperate zones, and ranging from 4 to 110 fathoms.

1. T. CONRADI, Couthouy. Figs. 308, 309.
Boat. Journ. Nat. Hist., ii. 153, t. 4, f. 2.

T. declivis, Conrad (not Pennant). Am. Mar. Conch. 44, t. 9, f. 2.
T. inflata, J. Sowerby. 1845. (Teste Jeffreys.)

Shell thin, ventricose, rounded in front, narrowed and subtrun-

MARINE MOLLUSC A OF THE UNITED STATES. 135

cate behind. Beaks prominent, with an obtuse carination extend-
ing to the angle of the posterior and basal margins; beak of the
right valve perforated to receive the point of the left. Right valve
more convex and extending somewhat beyond the left, and both
slightly gaping. Hinge toothless, but with rounded eminences.
Epidermis thin, with concentric undulated striae. Pallial impres-
sion with an acute angular sinus. No ossiculum.

New England, northwards.

2. T. MTOPSIS, Beck. Fig. 303.

Moller, Index Moll. Grcenl. 18. 1842.
T. Couthouyi, Stimpson, Bost. Proc., iv. 8. 1851.

Shell small, white, orbicular-ovate, compressed ; beaks nearly
median, narrowed and rounded in front, more pointed and trun-
cate behind, gaping ; surface with rather elevated concentric lines ;
hinge callus thickened backwards, without any distinct spoon-
cavity. Ossiculum very minute.

Height 17.5, length 25 mill.

New England, northwards.

Mr. Jeffreys considers this species a synonym of T. truncata,
Brown (Brit. Conch. 1827), but I think that Brown's figure rep-
resents a very different shell. In thus adopting Brown's name
for this species, the following species, T. truncata, M. and A., has
its name preoccupied, and Mr. Jeffreys proposes to change it to
T. septentrionalis (Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 238, Oct. 1872). I
do not adopt the new name because I am not satisfied that
Brown's species is really distinct from T. distorta, Montagu.

3. T. truncata, Mighels and Adams. Fig. 304.

Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., iv. 38, t. 4, f. 1. 1842.

Shell small, ovate-triangular, compressed, white, rather solid ;
beaks at posterior fourth, posterior margin broadly truncate.
Beaks small, the right one excavated to receive that of the left
valve. Epidermis yellowish, within white. Ligament rather
large and prominent. Hinge callosity not spoon-shaped, produced.

Height 12.5, length 19 mill.

New England, northwards.

See remarks under preceding species.

Genus PANDOBA, Bruguiere.
Encyc. Meth. t. 250. 1792.

Animal with mantle closed, except a small opening for the
narrow, tongue-shaped foot; siphons very short, united nearly

136 AMERICAN MARINE CONCHOLOGY.

throughout, ends diverging, fringed ; palpi triangular, narrow ;
gills plaited, one on each side, with a narrow dorsal border.

Distribution very extensive, burrowing in sand and mud, 4 to
110 fathoms.

1. P. TRILINEATA, .Say. Figs. 305-30T.
Journ. Philad. Acad., ii. 261. 1822.

Shell white, subpellucid, concentrically wrinkled ; wedge-shaped,
rounded and short before, elongated into a recurved subtruncated
beak behind. Hinge-margin concavely curved ; surface flattened
and bounded on its edges by two elevated lines from the beaks to
the rostrated tips. Three or four distinct lines radiate from the
beaks. Flat valve with two teeth, of which one is shorter and
more robust than the other; the corresponding cavities in the
other valve bounded by three tooth-like elevations. Iridescent
within.

Height 15, length 30 mill.

Whole Coast.

Family SAXICAVIDJE.

Animal symmetrical, oblong. Mantle-lobes united and thick-
ened in front ; siphons large, elongated, often invested with a thick,
wrinkled epidermis, united nearly to their ends, the orifices fringed ;
pedal opening small. Foot small, digitiform, inferior, furnished
with a byssal groove.

Perforating stones, or living imbedded in sand and mud.

Synopsis of Genera.

Shell oblong, equivalve, valves rugose, gaping, beaks prominent. Hinge
when young, with two small teeth in each valve, when adult, edentulous ;
ligament external, more or less prominent. Muscular impressions strong,
wide apart ; pallial line interrupted, sinuated posteriorly. SAXICAVA.

Shell transversely oblong, equivalve, gaping at both ends, surface nearly
smooth or transversely furrowed. Hinge with a single conical tooth in
each valve, lodged in a cavity of the opposite valve ; ligament short, ex-
ternal, prominent, attached to strong ridges. Pallial line interrupted,
with a deep posterior sinus. PANOP^EA.

Shell transversely oblong, equivalve, thick, gaping widely at both ends,
valves covered with a thick, black, horny epidermis which extends beyond
their edges. Hinge callous, edentulous ; ligament large, prominent, exter-
nal. Muscular impressions wide apart, the hinder elongate ; pallial line
irregular, strongly marked, the posterior sinus very small.

CYRTODARIA.

MARINE MOLLUSOA OP THE UNITED STATES. 137

Shell elongated, cylindrical, gaping at each end ; epidermis dark, homy,
extending beyond the margins ; umbones posterior ; hinge edentulous ;
ligament concealed ; pallial line obscure. SOLEMYA.

Genus SAXICAVA, Fleuriau de Bellevue.
Bull. Soc. Philom., No. 62. 1802.
1. S. ARCTICA, Linn. Figs. 310, 311, 312, 313.

(My a.) Syst. Nat,, edit. xii. 1113.' 1767.

Mytilus rugosus, Pennant, Brit. Zool., iv. 110. t. 63, f. 72. 1777.
Mytilus pholadis, Mull. Zool. Dan. t. 87, f. 1, 2, 3.
Saxicava distorta, Say, Journ. A. N. S., ii. 318. 1822.

Shell irregularly oblong oval, the right valve projecting over the
left except at the shorter end, generally gaping ; beaks prominent,
from which diverge two ridges or elevated lines, one running near
the posterior dorsal margin, the other to the lower angle ; these
lines are more or less distinct, or obsolete. Surface coarsely
wrinkled ; epidermis thin, dingy yellow.

Length 1 inch, height 15 mill.

Whole Coast. (Occurs throughout the world.)

This protean species cannot be described with any accuracy,
being modified by the substances into which it bores. It is of
universal distribution, and has, under its different aspects, received
no less than five generic and fifteen specific names.

In the last edition of Gould's " Invertebrata of Massachusetts"
the S. arctica and S. rugosa are sepa-rated as distinct species, but
the differences pointed out are not permanent, and are therefore
unreliable.

Genus PANOPJEA, Menard.
Ann. du Mus., ix. 131. 1807.

This genus, of about a dozen species, inhabits from low water
to 90 fathoms, and from northern seas to Mediterranean Sea and
Australia.

1. P. NORVEGIOA, Spengler. Figs. 314, 315.

(Mya.) Skrivt., Nat. Selsk., iii. 46, t. 2, f. 18.
Glycimerus arctica, Lamarck. Anim. s. Vert., edit. 2, vi. 70.
. Shell oblong, trapezoidal, thick, covered with a dark, rough epi-
dermis ; beaks anterior, the anterior and posterior margins oblique
and subparallel ; surface raised into two rounded, broad elevations
which proceed from the beaks to the basal angles, dividing the sur-
face into three nearly equal portions.
Length 62.5, height 40, diarn. 30 mill.

New England, northwards. (Eur.)

138 AMERICAN MARINE OONCHOLOGY.

2. P. BITRUNCATA, Conrad. Fig. 321.

(Glycimeris.) Proc. Philad. Acad., 216, t. 7, f. 1. 1872.
P. Americana, Conrad. Coues in Proc. Phil. Acad., 139. 1871.

Shell short, rhomboidal, ventricose, contracted, and obliquely
truncated anteriorly ; posterior margin oblique, slightly emargi-
nate, cardinal tooth in right valve small, compressed, flattened on
the posterior side ; pallial sinus widely and obtusely rounded.

Fort Macon, N. O.

A single valve only was received by Mr. Conrad ; and I suspect
that it is from a submarine fossil deposit, although Mr, Conrad
thinks it recent.

Genus CYETODARIA, Daudin.
Journ. de Phys. 1799.

The animal is larger than the shell, subcylindrical ; mantle
closed, siphons united, protected by a thick envelope ; orifices
small; pedal opening small, anterior; foot conical; palpi large,
striated inside, the posterior border plain ; gills large, extending
into the branchial siphon.

There are two species, extensively distributed through the Arctic
Seas.

1. C. SILIQUA, Chemnitz. Figs. 316, 31 Y.

(My a.) Conch. Cab., xi. 192, t. 198, f. 1934.
Glycimerus incrassata, Lamarck.- Syst. An. s. Vert., 126.

Transversely oblong, compressed, heavy and solid ; epidermis
thick, shining, obliquely wrinkled ; beaks not prominent, eroded ;
ligament large, prominent on the shorter end. Interior with a
very thick callus in the course of the pallial impression ; callus of
the hinge broad and prominent. Shining black ; under the epi-
dermis ashen gray.

Length 3.5, height 1.5 inches.

Massachusetts, northwards. (Eur.)

Genus SOLEMYA, Lamarck.
Anim. s. Vert., v. 488. 1818.

The mantle lobes are united behind, with a single, hour-glass
shaped, cirrated, siphonal orifice ; foot proboscidiform, truncated
and fringed at the end ; gills forming a single plume on each side,
with the laminae free to the base ; palpi long and narrow, nearly
free.

The animal is very active, leaping and swimming rapidly. The

MARINE MOLLTJSCA OP THE UNITED STATES. 139

leap is performed by contracting the foot at the same time that
water is expelled from the posterior opening by closing the valves.
There are four known species ; burrowing in mud, in about two
fathoms water.

1. S. VELUM, Say. Fig. 319.

Journ. Philad. Acad., ii. 317. 1822.

Yery thin and fragile, transversely oblong-elliptical ; beaks not
elevated, umbones scarcely apparent; basal and hinge margins
parallel, ends rounded. Epidermis glossy, with radiating lines,
the edges fringed. Reddish brown, with light yellow radiations.
Length 1, height .5 inch.

New England.

2. S. BOBEALIS, Totten. Fig. 318.

Am. Journ. Science, xxvi. 366, f. 1.

Shell fragile, oblong, but larger and more solid than the preced-
ing. Radiations with a larger free space ; the edges of the epider-
mis not rounded by the slits but preserving a square form, and
curved outwards ; the cartilage support not arched or vaulted, but
forked, with the hinder part directed obliquely forwards. Dark,
blackish-brown.

Length 2.5, height .8 inches.

New England.

Family MYIDJB.

Animal with the mantle almost entirely closed ; pedal aperture
and foot small ; siphons united, partly or wholly retractile ; bran-
chiae two on each side, elongated.

The shells gape usually at each extremity, and the cartilage is
contained in a spoon-shaped cavity at the hinge. Living in the
sand or mud, lying on the side.

Synopsis of Genera.

Shell oblong, inequivalve, gaping at the ends, left valve smallest, with a
x large, flattened, spoon-shaped cartilage process ; pallial sinus large.

MYA.

Shell thick, inequivalve, gibbous, closed, produced posteriorly ; right valve
with a prominent tooth in front of the cartilage pit ; left valve smaller,
with a projecting cartilage process ; pallial sinus slight ; pedal scars dis-
tinct from the adductor impressions. CORBULA.

Shell globular, attenuated and gaping behind ; right valve a little smaller
than the left valve ; umbones strengthened internally by a rib on the pos-

140 AMERICAN MARINE CONCHOLOGY.

terior side ; cartilage process spatulate, in each valve, with an obsolete
tooth in front, and a posterior lateral tooth ; pallial sinus very shallow.

Genus MYA, Linnaeus.
Syst. Nat., edit. x. 670. 1758.

The animal has a small, straight, linguiform foot ; the siphons
are combined and covered with a partially retractile epidermis ;
orifices fringed, branchial opening with an inner series of large
tentacular filaments ; gills not prolonged into the siphon ; palpi
elongated, free.

About ten species are known, of universal distribution. They
are found in sand or mud, especially estuaries, and ranging, gene-
rally, from low water to 25 fathoms. Our species are edible.

1. M. ARENARIA, LinnsBUS. Fig. 322.

Syst. Nat, edit. xii. 1112. 1767.

Mya acuta, Say. Journ. Philad. Acad., ii. 313. 1822 ( Young).
Mya mercenaria, Say. Ibid.

Shell transversely ovate, subequilateral, convex, gaping at both
ends, but more so at the posterior end, where the valves curve
outwards. Beaks small ; epidermis rough, wrinkled, yellowish.

Length 3 to 5 inches, height 1.5 to 2 inches.

Inhabits the Whole Coast. (Eur.)

Common everywhere, burrowing in sand between high and low
water ; its residence is readily detected by a small aperture in the
sand, through which it ejects a stream of water upon treading hard
on the surface. On many parts of Long Island the hogs are accus-
tomed to root for this species, and follow the tides with unerring
sagacity.

2. M. TRUNCATA, "Linnaeus. Figs. 320, 325 (animal).

Syst. Nat., edit. xii. 1112. 1767.

Shell subquadrate, truncated behind? where it gapes widely;

basal margin irregularly sinuous; epidermis tough and corrugated ;

tooth broader than long, with a slightly thickened lobe on the edge;

valves convex, beaks moderately prominent ; epidermis yellowish.

Length 2.5 to 3.5 inches, height 1.5 to 2.5 inches.

Northern Coast. (Eur.)

Externally, this common species resembles the Panopsea arctica,
but is readily distinguished by its spoon-shaped tooth.

MARINE MOLLUSCA OP THE UNITED STATES. 141

Genus COBBULA, Bruguiere.
Encyc. Meth., t. 230. 1792.

Animal with very short, united siphons ; orifices fringed ; foot
thick and pointed ; palpi moderate ; gills, two on each side, ob-
scurely striated.

An extensive genus, of universal distribution.

1. C. CONTRACTA, Say. Figs. 326, 327.

Journ. Philad. Acad., ii. 312. 1822.

Shell small, solid, convex; valves subequal, shortest and
rounded in front, long and pointed behind. Beaks rather promi-
nent, nearly touching each other at their points ; basal margin
contracted and concave in the middle. Surface with regular equi-
distant concentric impressed lines and intervening ridges. A
prominent ridge runs from the beaks on each side to the posterior
basal margin, including a broad space between them; left valve
shutting within the other along the basal margin. Epidermis thin.
In one valve the tooth is simple, hooked and turned towards the
beak ; in the other, it is broader than high, projecting at right
angles to the valve, with a deep cavity on the posterior side of the
base for the reception of the hooked tooth. Epidermis dull brown.

Length 10, height 6.25, diam. 5 mill.

New England to Florida.

Genus NEJEEA, Gray.
Griffith's Cuvier. 1834.

Animal with closed mantle, lanceolate foot and short, united
siphons, branchial one largest, the anal with a membranous valve,
both with a few long, lateral cirri. A genus of quite small shells,
universally distributed. About twenty-five species are described.

1. N. PELLUCIDA, Stimpson. Fig. 328.

Invert. Grand Manan., 21, fig. 13. 1853.

Shell small, thin, pale white, subovate, swollen anteriorly, and
contracted posteriorly into a short but distinct rostrum. Beaks
small, tumid, and placed a little before the middle. Surface nearly
smooth about the beaks, with irregular, distant striae of growth
near the margin, which become sharp and well marked on the ros-
trum. Within smooth and glossy, with minute radiating lines
across the disk ; teeth very minute. Epidermis white, sometimes
pale greenish on the beaks and brownish on the rostrum.

Length 5, height 3 + , diam. 3 mill.

New England, northwards.

142 AMERICAN MARINE CONCHOLOGY.

Family SOLENID^.

Animal with a very large, more or less cylindrical foot ; siphons
short and united (in the typical species, with long shells) or longer
and partly separate in the shorter and more compressed genera;
gills narrow, prolonged into the branchial siphons.

Usually living buried vertically in the sand.

Synopsis of Genera.

Shell very long, nearly straight, ends gaping, hinge terminal. One pri-
mary tooth in each valve. Pallial impression with a short square sinus.

SOLEN.

Shell very long, gaping and rounded at each end, beaks nearly terminal.
Hinge with two teeth in one valve, and three in the other. Pallial line
with a small, truncate sinus. ENSIS.

Shell transversely oblong, curved, rounded and gaping at the ends with a
rugose epidermis. Beaks sub-central, hinge teeth 2, 3. Sinus of pallial
impression very deep, extending beyond the umbo. SILIQUABIA.

Shell transversely oblong, epidermis polished, ends rounded and gaping.
Hinge anterior to the middle, with three teeth in each valve. Pallial line
with a short, rounded sinus. SILIQUA.

Genus SOLEN, Linnaeus.
Syst. Nat., edit. x. 672. 1758.

1. S. VIRIDIS, Say. Figs. 329, 330.
Journ. Philad. Acad., ii. 316. 1822.

Shell transversely oblong, compressed. Hinge margin nearly
straight ; basal margin curved ; posterior end obliquely truncated,
a little reflected and rounded near the base ; anterior end rounded.
Smooth, with very slight concentric growth lines. Epidermis pale
green.

Length 2 inches, height .4 inch.

New Jersey Coast, southwards.

Genus ENSIS, Schumacher.
Essai, Nov. Gen. 143. 1817.

Solen (part) Auct.

1. E. AMERICANUS, Gould. Fig. 331.

Invert. Mass., edit. ii. 42. 1870.

Shell elongated, c}dindrical, slightly curved, ends truncately
rounded. Epidermis glossy, with a long triangular space marked
by concentric growth lines, above and below covered with lines

MARINE MOLLUSCA OP THE UNITED STATES. 143

parallel with the dorsal and basal margins. Greenish-olive, the
central space faded purple.
Length 6, height 1 inch.

Whole Coast.

Distinguished from E. ensis of Europe by its greater propor-
tionate width of valves. It is altogether a more robust and larger
species.

Found at low-water mark, and considered excellent food.

Genus SILIQUAKIA, Schum.
Essai, Nov. Gen., 129. 1817.

1. S. GIBBA, Spengler. Fig. 332.

(Solen.) Skrivt. Nat. Selsk., iii. 104. 1794.
Solecurtus caribcBus (Lam.) Conrad, Mar. Conch., t. 4, f. 3.

Shell thick and solid, beaks obtuse and little elevated. Surface
with a thick, straw-colored, concentrically wrinkled epidermis.

Length 4, height 1.5 inches.

Cape Cod, Mass., southwards.

2. S. DIVISA, Spengler. Fig. 333.

(Solen.) Skrivt. Nat. Selsk., iii. 96. 1794.
Solen fragilis, Pultney, Dorset Cat., 28, t. 4, f. 5. 1799.
Solen centralis, Say, Journ. Philad. Acad., ii. 316. 1822.
Solen ttdens, Chemn. Conch. Cah., xi. 203, 1. 198, f. 1939. 1795.

Shell small and delicate, transversely oblong-ovate, compressed,
arcuated, equilateral. Epidermis yellowish, with a purple band
from the beaks to the basal margin.

Length 1.5, height .5.

Southwards from Cape Cod, Mass.

Genus SILIQTJA, Muhlfeldt.

Entwurf. 44. 1811.
Machara, Gould, Invert. Mass., p. 32. 1841.

1. S. SQUAMA, Blainville. Fig. 335.

(Solecurtus.) Diet. Sci. Nat., xlix. 419.
Machcera nitida, Gould, Invert. Mass., 33. 1841.

Shell thick, oblong-ovate, beaks small ; epidermis very shining,
dark yellowish or greenish-yellow, wrinkled.

Length 3, height 1.25 inches.

Northern Coast, northwards.

2. S. COSTATA, Say. Figs. 334, also 299 and 300.

(Solen.) Journ. Philad. Acad., ii. 315. 1822.
Shell thin and fragile, oval-oblong, much compressed, beaks

144 AMERICAN MARINE CONCHOLOGY.

ver}' minute. Surface smooth and diaphanous, the epidermis very
shining. Pale violaceous, passing into olive towards the margins ;
the violet disposed in faint broadening rays. Within white, faintly
iridescent, the transverse rib white.
Length 2, height. 8 inches.

New England to New Jersey.

This species is more southern in distribution than S. squama ;
it is smaller, more fragile, and readily distinguished by its purple
rays.

Family MACTRIDJG.

Animal with the mantle more or less open in front; siphonal
tubes united, orifices fringed ; foot compressed ; gills not pro-
longed into the branchial siphon.

Synopsis of Genera.

Shell thick, nearly equilateral ; anterior hinge-tooth \ shaped, with some-
times a small laminar tooth close to it ; lateral teeth doubled in the right
valve. MACTRA.

Shell thin, cordate, ventricose, slightly produced and rather gaping behind ;
hinder slope keeled, narrow. RAETA.

Genus MACTRA, Linnaeus.
Syst. Nat., edit. xii. 1125. 1767.

The mactras inhabit sandy coasts, where they bury just beneath
the surface ; the foot can be stretched out considerably and
moved about like a finger, it is also used for leaping. The ani-
mal is eaten by star-fishes, whelks, pigs, and men.

1. M. SOLIDISSIMA, Chemnitz, 336, 337.

Conch. Cab., x. 350, t. 170, f. 1656.
Mactra similis, Say, Journ. Philad. Acad., ii. 309. 1822.
Mactra Raveneli, Conrad, Am. Mar. Conch., 65. 1831.

Shell large, solid, subovate, or sub triangular ; cardinal fosset
very large, cordate; lateral teeth transversely striated; muscular
impressions very large ; epidermis dirty-brown.

Whole Coast.

American authors have generally considered the M. similis dis-
tinct from the above. It is said to be smaller in size, more trian-
gular in outline, and to replace the solidissima on the Southern
coast. Having collected these shells in large numbers at Atlantic
City, N. J., a locality where northern and southern forms inter-

MARINE MOLLUSCA OF THE UNITED STATES. 145

mingle, I have satisfied myself that similis is not distinct ; but I
figure the latter species (Fig. 337) so that collectors can form
their own conclusions. M. Eaveneli is a more transverse variety,
but does not seem to possess any distinctive characters.

This is the largest of our bivalve shells, attaining, in northern
specimens, a length of seven inches, and great solidity.

2. M. OVALIS, Gould. Figs. 340, 341.

Invert. Mass., edit, i. 53. 1841.
Mactra polynyma, Stimpson, Shells ofN. Eng. 20. 1851.

Shell large, thick, obovate, coarse, nearly equipartite, covered
with a tough, dusky-brown epidermis ; Y tooth strong, lateral
teeth not striated; sinus of pallial impression deep.

New England to N. Carolina.

This species is readily distinguished from solidissima by its
shorter, more ventricose form, and the smooth lateral teeth. It
is somewhat smaller in size, yet becomes quite ponderous with
age, attaining a length of over four inches'. Fig. 341 represents
the young of this species, described by Stimpson as M. polynyma.

3. M. LATERALIS, Say. Figs. 338, 339.

Journ. Philad. Acad. ii., 309. 1822.

Shell triangular, ver}r convex, of a smooth appearance, but with
minute concentric wrinkles; lateral margins flattened cordate,
with a rectilinear, sometimes concave profile ; one margin rounded
at the extremity, the other longer and less obtuse ; urnbo nearly
central, prominent.
.Length 22, height 20, diam. 15 mill.

Whole Coatt.

This is more triangular and ventricose than M. ovalis ; the
flexuous and obtusely ridged posterior margin also distinguishes it.

4. M. FRAGILIS, Chemnitz. Fig. 342.

Couch. Cab., vi. 236, t. 24, f. 235.
Mactra oblonga, Say. Journ. Philad. Acad., ii. 310. 1822.

Shell oblong-oval, very slightly wrinkled, excepting upon the
margin; uinbo hardly prominent, from which a carinated angle
passes to the posterior extremity ; epidermis pale brownish-yellow,
tinged with ferruginous ; within white, highly polished.

North Carolina to West Indies.

10

146 AMERICAN MARINE CONCHOLOGY.

Spurious Species.

Mactra nucleus, Conrad. This species, described from two odd
valves stated to have been collected at Long Branch, N. J., is now-
ascertained to be a Manilla species.

Genus RAETA, Gray.

1. R. CANALIOULATA, Say. Fig. 343.

Journ. Philad. Acad., ii. 311. 1822.

Shell transversely oval orbicular, very thin and fragile, inflated ;
valves with equal concentric grooves ; posterior margin short,
subreniform, compressed ; a marginal longitudinal irregular sub-
impressed line, between which and the edges the grooves become
mere wrinkles ; posterior slope nearly straight ; gape considerable ;
anterior margin regularly curved ; within grooved. White.
Length 2.5, height 2 inches. f

New Jersey, soutJiwards.

2. R. LINEATA, Say. Fig. 344.

Journ. Philad. Acad., ii. 310. 1822.

Shell transversely sub-oval, thin ; posterior gap patulous ;
anterior linear, and commencing beyond the hinge slope ; valves
unequally obsoletely wrinkled ; anterior margin smooth with a
carinate$ line. White.

Length 2.75, height 2 inches.

New Jersey, southwards.

Family

Animal with the mantle widely open in front, its margins
fringed; foot tongue-shaped, compressed; siphons separate,
generally very long and slender; palpi large, triangular; gills
united posteriorly, unequal, the outer pair sometimes directed
dors ally.

The shell is free, compressed, usually closed and equivalve;
cardinal teeth two at most, laterals 1-1, sometimes obsolete;
muscular impressions rounded, polished ; pallial sinus very large ;
ligament on the shortest side of 4;he shell.

The Tellens are found in all seas, chiefly in the littoral and
laminarian zones ; they frequent sandy bottoms, or sandy mud,
burying beneath the surface.

MARINE MOLLUSCA OP THE UNITED STATES. . 147

Synopsis of Genera.
* Ligament external.

Shell ovate, oblong or rounded posteriorly ; beaked or angular, with a
flexuosity on the hind slope. One or two primary teeth in each valve ;
lateral teeth present or obsolete. TELLIWA.

Shell orbicular, convex, surface of valves divaricately striated ; posterior
flexure obsolete. A small anterior and a large bifid cardinal tooth in the
right valve, and a single cardinal tooth in the left valve ; lateral teeth
two in each valve. STBIGILLA.

Shell oval, convex or sub-ventricose. Cardinal teeth small; no lateral
teeth- MACOMA.

Shell triangular, very inequivalve, the right valve concave ; surface of
valves plicate ; beaks acute, laterally incurved ; lateral slopes strongly
produced and dentate at their edges. Hinge with two primary teeth in
one valve and one in the other ; lateral teeth two in each valve.

TELLIDOKA.

Shell oblong or irregular ; two cardinal teeth in the right valve, the poste-
rior one thin and directed obliquely backwards ; two cardinal teeth in
the left valve, the posterior one stout, bilobed, the anterior one smaller.
No distinct lateral teeth. GASTBANELLA.

Shell more or less wedge-shaped, equivalve ; the hinder side much shorter
than the anterior. Two cardinal teeth in one valve and one bifid tooth
in the other ; one or two lateral teeth in each valve. DONAX,

* Cartilage internal, situated in a cartilage pit.

Shell thin, transversely elongated, slightly gaping at the sides; surface
smooth, covered with a thin, deciduous epidermis. Cartilage pit oblique ;
primary teeth small or wanting ; lateral teeth distinct ; ligament short,
partly external. ABBA.

Shell transversely oval or orbicular, slightly gaping at the sides. Hinge
with one or two primary teeth in each valve, with a long narrow pit be-
tween them for the internal cartilage ; ligament external, thin.

SEMELE.

Shell equivalve, inequilateral, anteriorly rounded, posteriorly subtruncate
and slightly gaping. Hinge with a small, anterior primary tooth in each,
valve ; cartilage internal, in a spoon-shaped cavity projecting into the
cavity of the valves ; one strong lateral tooth on each side of the hinge
in one valve, no lateral teeth in the other. CUMINGIA.

Shell ovate cuneate, truncated behind. Hinge with a simple, compressed
primary tooth and a rudimentary process in the place of the second tooth ;
lateral teeth sub-equal, compressed, strongly cross-grooved. CEBONIA.

Shell equivalve, inequilateral, oblong, closed ; surface- nearly smooth, or
concentrically striated. Two diverging teeth in each valve, one of them
in the right valve, elevated and conspicuous ; cartilage in. a pit in each

148 AMERICAN MARINE CONCHOLOGY.

valve ; lateral teeth none. Muscular impressions strong ; pallial sinus
large and broad. EBVILIA.

Genus Tellina, Linnaaus.
Syst, Nat., edit. x. 674. 1758.

1. T. ALTERNATA, Say. Fig. 345.

Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., ii. 275. 1822.

Shell compressed, oblong, narrow and angulated behind ; nume-
rous impressed concentric lines, alternately obsolete, on the pos-
terior margin. Within, a callous line passes from behind the
hinge to the inner margin of the posterior cicatrix. Posterior
hinge tooth emarginate ; anterior lamellar tooth near the cardinal,
so as to appear like a primary tooth ; that of the right valve
wanting ; posterior lamellar tooth at the extremity of the liga-
ment. Posterior hinge-slope declining in a concave line to an
obliquely truncated tip. White, tinged with yellow within.

Length 55, height 31 mill.

North Carolina to West Indies.

2. T. POLITA, Say. Figs. 346, 34?, 348.

Journ. Philad. Acad., ii. 276. 1822.

Shell transversely subtriangular, with minute concentric wrin-
kles ; anterior margin rather shortest ; hinge slope declining in a
very slightly arcuated line to a subacute termination; basal
margin nearly straight from before the middle to the posterior
end ; a lateral tooth behind the primaiy one. White immaculate.
Length 15, height 10 mill.

North Carolina, southwards.

3. T. TENERA, Say. Fig. 349.

Journ. Philad. Acad., ii. 303. 1822.

Shell very thin and fragile, pellucid, compressed, transversely
oblong, suboval ; covered by delicate concentric lines of growth.
Beaks placed slightly posteriorly ; marginal folds distinct ; basal
margin slightly arcuated. Posterior cardinal tooth in the left
valve largest ; the other often indistinct ; the chief tooth in each
valve grooved ; lateral tooth on the longest side distinct ; the
others very indistinct. White, iridescent, occasionally rosaceous.

Length 14, height 9 mill.

Nova Scotia to 8. Carolina.

Found abundantly on sandy beaches, and probably lives not
far from low-water mark.

MARINE MOLLUSCA OF THE UNITED STATES. 149

4. T. TENTA, Say. Figs. 350, 351.

American Conchology, PI. 65, f. 3.

Shell small, oval, white ; shortest behind, narrowed, much de:
fleeted and widely gaping ; lines of growth very fine. Two cardi-
nal teeth in the right and one in the left valve ; a posterior lateral
tooth in the right valve and a corresponding groove in the left.
Length 15, height 10 mill.

Massachusetts to So. Carolina.

This species is generally larger than T. tenera, and has not its
polished surface. It differs from others principally in being less
triangular, more strongly deflected, and in its widely gaping pos-
terior portion.

5. T. MODESTA, Verrill. tfigs. 352, 353.

(Angulus.) Am. Journ. Sci., 285, t. 6, f. 2, 2a. 1872.
Shell smooth, shining, more or less iridescent, with very fine
concentric striae. Form similar to T. tenera, but more oblong
and with the anterior dorsal margin nearly straight or even
slightly concave ; beaks at about the posterior third and scarcely
prominent ; the posterior end slopes rapidly and is subtruncate
at the end ; the ventral margin is but slightly convex in the
middle, and subparallel with the dorsal margin. Teeth and
hinge margin stronger than in tenera. Color pink, light straw-
color or white ; often banded concentrically with these colors.

New England.

6. T. IRIS, Say. Fig. 354.

Journ. Philad. Acad., ii. 302. 1822.

Shell very thin and fragile, pellucid, compressed, transversely
oblong, suboval ; minute concentric wrinkles, crossed by oblique
striae which do not attain the margin ; margin narrowed and sub-
acute ; basal edge straight, opposite the beaks. Color, white,
iridescent, with a rosaceous disk and one or two anterior rays.

Length 12.5, height 7.5 mill.

North Carolina, southwards.

7. T. BREVIFRONS, Say. Figs. 355-351.

Am. Conchology, t. 64, f. 1.

Shell oval, thin, and fragile, not very convex, white, tinged
with pale dull fulvous ; with transverse slender striae and obsolete
radiating ones ; deeper colored within ; cardinal teeth two in the
left valve and one in the right valve ; lateral teeth none.

South Carolina.

150 AMERICAN MARINE CONCHOLOGY.

A doubtful species, of which only one specimen was received by
Mr. Say.

8. T. DECORA, Say. Figs. 358, 359.

Journ. Philad. Acad., v. 219. 1826.

Transversely subovate, not much compressed, with numerous
minute concentric wrinkles and regular equidistant lines crossing
them ; no oblique lines on the posterior margin. Anterior lateral
tooth of the left valve prominent, the others obsolete ; apex a little
before the middle. Rosaceous, or white with rosaceous radiations.
Length 22, height 19 mill.

Southern Coast.

9. T. LATERALIS, Say.

Journ. Philad. Acad., v. 218. 1826.

Shell transversely subovate ; beaks nearly central. Anterior
margin regularly rounded ; posterior margin rostrated, the beak
turning to the left and slightly gaping ; ligament slope straight ;
basal margin regularly arcuated. Yalves with small concentric
wrinkles and slight waves ; within, these are slightly impressed.
Lateral teeth none ; cardinal teeth two in one valve, and one, with
another scarcely elevated filiform tooth in the other. Whitish,
often tinged with rusty ; within white.

Length 52, height 37 mill.

Southern Coast.

I am not acquainted with this species.

10. T. LUSORIA, Say. Fig. 360.

(Psammobia.) Journ. Philad. Acad., ii. 304. 1822.
Shell oblong, suboval, with minute wrinkles ; posterior side
narrowed, and inclining to the right at the end ; an obtuse convex
line on the left valve. Bluish-white.
Length 1, height .6 inch.

New Jersey to Florida.

Doubtful Species.

11. T. VERSICOLOR, Cozzens. Fig. 361.

DeKay, Moll. N. Y. 209, t. 26, f. 272. 1843.

Shell transverse, compressed, inequilateral, slightly gaping at
its subacute extremity, smooth, posterior end subangular, with
an indistinct fold ; anterior extremity dilated and rounded. Car-
dinal teeth two in the right valve ; the posterior more robust,
simple, in the left valve rudimentary or inconspicuous. White,

MARINE MOLLUSCA OP THE UNITED STATES. 151

opalescent, with a purple or bluish iridescence often in the form
of rays.

Length It, height 10 mill.

New York.

Genus STEIGILLA, Turton.
Brit. Bivalves, 117. 1822.

This genus is readily recognized by its obliquely-sculptured
valves and its orbicular shape.

1. S. CARNARIA, Linnaeus. Figs. 362, 363.

(Tellina.) Syst. Nat., edit. xii. 1119. 1767.

Suborbicular, convex, strong, glossy, pink or rose color ; inside
rosy ; lateral teeth distinct and nearly equidistant.

Southern Coast to W. Indies.

2. S. FLEXUOSA, Say. Figs. 364, 365.

(Tellina.) Journ. Philad. Acad., ii. 303. 1822.
Strigilla mirabilis, Phil. Wiegm. Archiv., 260. 1841.

Shell suborbicular, white, smaller and more convex than S.
carnaria, the flexuous lines more numerously angled.
Length 12, height 11 mill.

North Carolina to W. Indies.

Doubtful Species.

3. S. MERA, Say. Fig. 366.

(Tellina.) Am. Conch., vii. t. 64, f. 2.

Shell ovate-orbicular, concentrically striated, hinge bidentate,
with a lateral tooth in one valve.

South Carolina.

The above description and figure refer to a species which has
not been identified ; its analogies of form would seem to indicate
its position in this genus. Mr. Say remarks that " in a particular
light it has a slight appearance of longitudinal lines." It is
quite possible that it is a worn specimen of Strigilla in which the
zigzag oblique lines are obsolete.

Genus MACOMA, Leach.
Journ. de Phys., Ixxxviii. 465. 1819.

1. M. BALTHICA, Linnaeus. Fig. 36t.

(Tellina.) Syst. Nat., edit. xii. 1120. 1767.
Psammobia fusca, Say, Journ. Philad. Acad., v. 220. 1827.

Shell thin and fragile, ovate orbicular , beaks small, almost
central. Surface with concentric wrinkles; rounded before and

152 AMERICAN MARINE CONCHOLOGY.

somewhat pointed behind ; white or pink, covered with a dusky
epidermis. Teeth, two in each valve, slender and slightly diverg-
ing, the largest grooved.
Length 25, height 20 mill.

Whole Coast, Arctic Seas, N. Europe.

2. M. CALCAREA, Chemnitz. Fig. 368.

(Tellina.) Conch. Cab., vi. 140, f. 136. 1782.
Tellina sabulosa, Spengler, Skrivt, Nat. iv., Pt. 2. 1798.
Tellina proximo,, Gray, Zool. Beechey's Voy., 154, t. 44, f. 4. 1839.
Tellina sordida, Couthouy, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., ii. 59, t. 3, f. 11.

Shell thin and fragile, inequilateral, subtriangular, slightly
gaping. Epidermis thin and brittle ; beneath which the surface
is marked with numerous incremental lines. Beaks very small
and behind them the margin slopes away in nearly a straight
line. Teeth two in each valve, the largest bifid. White, covered
by a thin, brownish epidermis.

Length 22, height 15 mill.

Arctic Seas to New York.

Wider and more triangular and depressed than the preceding
species.

3. M. SUBROSEA, Conrad. Fig. 369.

Am. Journ. Conch., vi. 71, t. 1, f. 3. 1871.

Subtriangular, equilateral, convex ; substance very thin ; beaks
slightly prominent, direct ; posterior side cuneiform ; ventral
margin rounded, disk minutely striated concentrically, white or
rosaceous and glossy, with a thin, pale ochreous epidermis ; cardi-
nal tooth in the left valve compressed, with a minute linear sulcus.

Raritan Bay, N. J. ; Delaware Bay.'

Doubtful Species.

4. M. TENUIS, Da Costa. Fig. 3TO.

(Tellina.) Conrad, in Say's American Conchology, vii. t. 64, f. 3.
Shell oval-triangular, irregularly striate concentrically ; each
valve with two teeth and one of them with lateral teeth.

Sullivan's Island, S. Oar.

The above meagre description and figure represent a shell sent
to Mr. Say by Prof. Ravenel of Charleston, S. C., which Mr. Con-
rad has identified as M. tennis. I am not aware that it has since
been found on our coast.

MARINE MOLLUSCA OF THE UNITED STATES. 153

Genus TELLIDOEA, Morch.
1. T. LUNULATA, Holmes. Figs. 371-3.

Post Plioc. Fossils S. Car., 47, t. 9, f. 7. 1860.

Shell subtriangular, inequivalve, inequilateral ; surface of valves
concentrically plicated ; beaks prominent, slightly curved later-
ally ; lateral slopes strongly produced, dentated at their edges ;
two primary teeth in the right valve, one in the other; lateral
teeth two in each valve.

No. Carolina, southwards. (Living.)

Genus GASTRANELLA, Verrill.
1. G. TUMIDA, Yerrill. Figs. 374, 375.

Am. Journ. Science, iii. 286, t. 6, f. 3. 1872.

Shell small, variable in form, swollen above, more or less elon-
gated, oval or oblong, with rounded ends, compressed posteriorly.
Beaks rounded, somewhat prominent, incurved, but not approxi-
mate, and directed somewhat forward ; anterior dorsal margin
deeply concave in front of the beaks, but without a distinct
lunule, at the anterior end regularly rounded or a little prolonged,
compressed ; ventral margin slightly convex, or nearly straight
and subparallel with the dorsal margin, or incurved, in the differ-
ent specimens ; posterior end broadly rounded in some, decidedly
prolonged in others; dorsal posterior margin usually nearly
straight for at least half its length, sometimes a little convex and
gradually sloping throughout. Surface with fine somewhat ir-
regular, concentric striae, slightly iridescent. White, with the

umbones purple.

Long Island Sound, near New Haven, Conn.

This species appears to be a " nestler" and quite variable in
form. About 20 specimens were obtained of different sizes ; one
of the largest, which may not be mature, is .18 of an inch long,
.09 high, and about the same in thickness. In 4-6 fathoms,
shelly and gravelly bottom, among hydroids and sponges.

Genus DONAX, Linnaeus.
Syst. Nat., edit. x. 682. 1758.

1. D. FOSSOR, Say. Figs. 376, 377.

Journ. Philad. Acad., ii. 306. 1822.
Donax angustatus, Sowerby. Thes. Conch. Monag. Donax.

Shell subtriangular, anterior margin short and rounded. Pos-
terior hinge-slope straight ; the base very slightly prominent be-

154 AMERICAN MARINE CONCHOLOGY.

yond a regular curve at the middle ; basal margin crenate within ;
pale livid, with or without obscure rays.

Length 12.5 mill.

New Jersey.

This very distinct species appears to be extremely local in dis-
tribution ; it does not occur north of Long Island Sound, nor has
it been detected south of Delaware Bay.

2. D. VARIABILIS, Say. Figs. 378, 319.

Journ. Philad. Acad., ii. 305, 1822.

Shell triangular; anterior margin obliquely truncated, cordate,
suture a little convex; posterior hinge margin nearly straight;
base a little prominent beyond a regular curve near the middle.
Yalves striated longitudinally with scarcely visible parallel
impressed lines ; basal edge crenate. White or bluish with rays
of bluish-purple.

Length 22, height 12 mill.

Beaufort, N. C., southwards.

Genus ABBA, Leach.
Lam. Anim. s. Vert. 1818.

1. A. ^EQUALIS, Say. Figs. 380, 381.

(AmpMdesma.) Journ. Philad. Acad., ii. 307. 1822.
Shell orbicular, slightly oblique, polished, white, with very
minute and numerous concentric wrinkles near the margin, which
are obsolete on the disk and umbo ; lateral teeth none ; primary
teeth two in the left valve and one in the other ; interior ligament
cavity subfusiform, as long as the exterior ligament.

Length 10 mill.

New Haven, Conn., North Carolina, southwards.

Genus SEMELE, Schumacher.
Essai Nov. Gen., 165. 1817.

1. S. ORBICULATA, Say. Fig. 382.

(Amphidesma.} Journ. Philad. Acad., ii. 317. 1822.
Shell orbicular, somewhat compressed; beaks nearly central and
a little prominent ; valves slightly wrinkled concentrically ; hinge
with two lamellar teeth. White.
Length and height 27 mill.

• North Carolina, southwards.

2. S. RADIATA, Say. Fig. 383.

(Amphidesma.) Journ. Philad. Acad., v. 220. 1826.
Transversely oval orbicular, a little compressed. Apex nearly

MARINE MOLLUSCA OP THE UNITED STATES. 155

central, a little prominent, posterior slope slightly concave. Pri-
mary teeth two in each valve ; lateral teeth very distinct. White
with rosaceous radiating bands, sometimes obsolete ; within tinged
with yellow, and showing the bands.
Length 2T, height 23 mill.

Georgia, southwards.

3. S. NEXILIS, Gould.

Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., viii. 280. 1862.

Shell oblong-oval, white, with a blush towards the umbones ;
reticulated by concentric laminar striae and remote radiating ribs,
their intersections punctate, and muriculate towards the ends ;
umbones a little behind the middle.

Length 25, height 15 mill.

Coast of Georgia.

The sculpture is similar to that in the young of Lucina tigerina,
but much more delicate.

The above is from Gould's description; I have not seen the
species.

4. S. ORNATA, Gould.

Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vii. 280. 1862.

Shell small, elliptical, reddish, rosaceous near the margin in
radiating and concentric lines ; concentrically costate-striate and
radiately striate ; within flavous somewhat radiated with red.

Coast of Georgia.

This species I have not seen. It was dredged by the U. S.
Coast Survey.

Genus CTJMINGIA, Sowerby.
Proc. Zool. Soc., 3, 4. 1833.

The species of Cumingia are usually found in sponges, sand,
and fissures of rocks; the valves, in consequence, often assume
an irregular aspect.

1. 0. TELLINOIDES, Conrad. Fig. 384.

(Mactra.) Journ. Philad. Acad., vi. 258, t. 9, f. 2, 3. 1830.
Shell ovate-triangular, thin, white, nearly equilateral ; pointed
and deflected behind, broadly rounded before; surface covered by
numerous sharp, elevated growth lines.

Length 15, height 11 mill.

New Bedford, Mass., to Georgia.

156 AMERICAN MARINE CONCHOLOGT.

Genus CEKONIA, Gray.

1. C. ARCTATA, Conrad. Figs. 385, 386.

(Mactra.) Journ. Philad. Acad., yi. 257, t. 11, f. 1. 1830.
Mactra deaurata, Conrad, Am. Mar. Conch. 59^t. 14, f. 1.
Mactra subtriangulata, Wood, Index Suppl. t. 1, f. 10.

Shell subtriangular, wedge-shaped, thick and strong, smooth
and covered by a thin yellowish epidermis. Hinge with a Y-shaped
primary tooth and a long straight lateral tooth on either side, '
partially double in the left valve and their articulating surfaces
striated.

Length 37, height 25 mill.

New York to Labrador.

2. C. DEAURATA, Turton. Fig. 387.

(Mactra.) Conch. Dithyra Brit., 71, t. 5, f. 8. 1822.
Mactra denticulata, Gray, in Wood Suppl., t. 1, f. 9.
Mesodesma Jauresii, Joannis, Mag. de Zool., t. 54. 1834.

Shell ovate, triangular, thick, very rough with coarse concentric
ridges ; lateral teeth very strong, curved, faintly striated.
Length 43, height 26 mill.

New Foundland, Gulf of St. Lawrence.

This species is larger, more ovate in form, flatter, rougher than
C. arctata, and differs internally in its curved lateral teeth and
their obsolete striation.

Genus ERVILIA, Turton.
Brit. Bivalves, 56. 1822.

1. E. CONCENTRICA, Gould.

Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., viii. 280. 1862.

Shell minute, *oblong-ovate, pellucid, shining, crowded with con-
centric raised striae ; umbones a little posterior, anterior more
acute than the posterior extremity.
Length 6-J-, height 4, diam. 3 mill.

Dredged off the Coast of North Carolina.

This little shell, which seems to be abundant along the whole
Southern coast, is quite different from anything before described.
— GOULD.

Family VENERID^E.

Animal free, locomotive, rarely byssiferous or burrowing ; man-
tle with a rather large anterior opening ; siphons unequal, more

MARINE MOLLUSCA OF THE UNITED STATES. 157

or less united ; foot linguiform, compressed, sometimes grooved ;
palpi moderate, triangular, pointed ; branchiae large, subquadrate'
united posteriorly.

Synopsis of Genera.

Shell ventricose, subglobose, triangularly heart-shaped ; valves with the
margins finely crenulated. Hinge with three erect compressed diverging
teeth in each valve, the anterior in the left and posterior in the right valve
strong and somewhat bifid, the others simple and lamellar ; lozenge pro-
minent, obliquely sulcately crenate within. Pallial line remote from the
ventral margin, ending behind in a short, narrow, triangular sinus.

MERCENARIA.

Shell roundly triangular, subequilateral ; surface of valves smooth, the
margins crenulated. Three primary teeth in the left valve, the middle
one conical and slightly arched, and two in the right valve, diverging,
with a wide pit between them. Muscular impressions ventral ; pallial
line .marginal, with a very long, narrow, deep sinus ascending perpendi-
cularly. GEMMA.

Shell ovately triangular, more or less thickened or subcordiform ; margins
of the valves finely crenulated. Hinge narrow, solid, tridentate in the
right valve, bidentate in the left ; teeth divaricate, unequal, the anterior
tooth the longest. Pallial line with the sinus nearly obsolete, or very
short and triangular. CHIONE.

Shell transverse, ovate, inequilateral ; margins of the valves entire, often
obtuse. Hinge tridentate in the left valve, the anterior lateral tooth
united to the lunular tooth. Pallial line with a wide, deep, semiovate
sinus. CALLISTA.

Shell orbicular, compressed, concentrically striated, deeply lunulate
under the beaks. Hinge with three teeth in each valve, the lunular
tooth elongate and compressed ; ligament external, partially concealed
under the lozenge. Sinus of pallial impression deep, oblique, triangular,
with the apex acuminate. . DOSINIA.

Shell transversely ovate, inequilateral, margins entire. Hinge tridentate,
teeth sometimes diverging, sometimes approximate, subparallel, often
bifid or canaliculate at the apex. Pallial impression deeply sinuated
posteriorly ; sinus semioval, somewhat horizontal. TAPES.

Shell oblong or ovate, white, covered with a hard, thin epidermis, ventri-
cose, anterior side short, posterior gaping. Hinge composed of two pri-
mary teeth in each valve, one of which is often obsolete or rudimentary;
lateral teeth none; ligament short, external. Pallial line with a deep
rounded sinus. PETEICOLA.

158 AMERICAN MARINE CONCHOLOGY.

Genus MEKCENARIA, Schumacher.
Essai Nov. Gen., 135. 1817.

1. M. MERCENARIA, Linnaeus. Figs. 388, 389, 390.

(Venus.) Syst. Nat., edit. xii. 1131. 1767.
Mercenaries violacea^ Schumacher, Essai, Nov. 135, t. 10, f. 3. 1817.

VARIETY.

Venus notata, Say, Journ. Philad. Acad., ii. 271. 1822.

Shell solid, obliquely ovate, very inequilateral ; lunule heart-
shaped ; surface bluish-white, with numerous concentric, laminated
ridges, becoming obsolete on the middle ; inner margin stained
with violet.

The variety (perfect young or half-grown shells) has the surface
covered with fawn-colored zigzag markings, and the interior is
wholly white (Fig. 390).

Usual length 3 inches, height 2J inches. It sometimes attains

much greater proportions.

Massachusetts to North Carolina.

This species is the common Round Clam, so much prized as an
article of food. Its aboriginal name of Quahog has now fallen
into disuse. It abounds in all our bays, a few inches below the
surface, from low-water mark to six fathoms. If taken from its
bed and placed on its side, it can, in the course of a single tide,
bury itself six inches. From the colored internal margin of the
shell the wampum or colored beads, constituting the specie cur-
rency of the Indians, was formerly manufactured.

2. M. MORTONI, Conrad. Figs. 391, 392.

(Venus.) Journ. Philad. Acad., vii. 251. 1837.
Mercenaria fulgurans, Tryon, Am. Journ Conch., i. 1865.
? Venus prwparca, Say, Journ. Philad. Acad., ii. 271. 1822.

Shell very large, cordate, inflated, thick and ponderous, with
prominent recurved concentric laminae, more elevated at the sides;
ligament margin arcuate. Umbones prominent ; lunule large, cor-
date, denned by a deep groove ; posterior extremity slightly emar-
ginate ; cavity of the cartilage profound. Teeth large, prominent,
grooved ; muscular impressions very large ; inner margin regularly
crenulated.

Length 5 to 6 inches.

North Carolina, southwards.

Mercenaria fulgurans, Tryon, (Fig. 391) appears to be a younger

MARINE MOLLUSCA OP THE UNITED STATES. 159

state of this species, in which the surface is covered with zigzag
fulvous or purplish lines.

Venus praeparca, Say, has not been positively identified ; it may
be the young either of this or the preceding species.

Genus GEMMA, Deshayes.
Tottenia, Perkins. Bost. Proc., 148. 1869.

1. Gr. GEMMA, Totten. Fig. 393.

( Venus.) Silliman's Journal, xxvi. 367, f. 2, a.-d. 1834.
Gemma Totteni, Sthnson, Check Lists. 1860.
Tottenia gemma, Perkins, Bost. Proc., 148. 1869.

Shell minute, nearly orbicular, equilateral, beaks slightly ele-
vated ; concentrically furrowed ; violet and white ; margin crenulate.
Length 3.5 mill.

New England to North Carolina.

This species is viviparous, producing three dozen young at a
time.

2. G. MANHATTENSIS, Prime. Fig. 394.

Ann. New York Lyceum, vii. 482. 1852.

Shell small, triangular, solid, shining ; beaks nearly central, ele-
vated ; surface grooved with remote concentric furrows, inner
margin crenulated.

Length and height 3 mill.

New York.

It is rather smaller, more triangular, and more deeply and
regularly grooved than G. gemma, and destitute of purple within
and without.

Genus CHIONE, Muhlfeldt.
Gray, Zool. Proc., 183. 1847.

The animal has short, broad, unequal siphons, united at their
bases, the branchial with two rows of cirri, the anal ciliated.
Mantle-margins plicato-dentate.

1. C. CINGENDA, Dillwyn. Fig. 395.

(Venus.") Desc. Cat. Shells. 1815.
Venus cancellata, Lamarck, Anim. s. Vert. 1818.
Venus elevata, Say, Journ. Philad. Acad., ii. 272. 1822.

Shell subcordate, longitudinally sulcated, sulci equal, numerous,
dense, on the anterior submargin sparse, crossed by concentric,

160 AMERICAN MARINE CONCHOLOGY.

elevated, remote, lamellar bands, white, with blotches of red or
purple, or bluish-gray.

Length 22.5, height 20 mill.

North Carolina, southwards.

2. C. TRAPEZOIDALIS, KUrtZ.

(Venus.) Cat. Shells, K and S. Car. 1860.

Shell covered with convex radiating ribs, set with brown spots
and scales of growth. A thin brown pile on good specimens.

Length 12.5 mill.

North and South Carolina.

Fossil Species.

C. ALVEATA ( Venus), Conrad.
C. IN^EQUALIS ( Venus), Say.

These species are included in Stimpson's Catalogue of Shells of
the Atlantic Coast, but I am confident they have not been found
except in a fossilized condition.

Genus CALLISTA, Poll.
Test. Sicil., i. 30. 1791.

The mantle margins are plicate, with filaments above the base of
the respiratory siphon ; siphons united to their ends, crowned
with simple cirrhi. •

1. C. GIGANTEA, Chemnitz. Fig. 396.

Conch. Cab., f. 1661.

Shell large, ovate, smooth, slightly angulated on the anterior
side; posterior depression oblong-ovate, a little impressed on its
sides and keeled in the middle. Teeth compressed. Color pale
livid with numerous lilac longitudinal broad rays, generally inter-
rupted.

Length 6, height 3.25 inches.

North Carolina, southwards.

2. C. MACULATA, Linnaeus. Fig. 397.

\Venus.) Syst. Nat., edit. xii. 432. 1767.

Shell oval, rather compressed, posteriorly; obliquely somewhat
produced'; fawn white, blotched or waved with violet brown, en-
veloped with a shining horny epidermis.

Georgia to West Indies.

3. C. SAYANA, Conrad. Fig. 398.

(Cytlierea.) Am. Journ. Science, xxiii. 345. 1833.
C. convexa, Say, of authors.
Shell moderately solid, ventricose, subcordate ; beaks elevated,

MARINE MOLLUSCA OF THE UNITED STATES. 161

directed forwards. Anterior lunule heart-shaped, distinctly
marked by a simple line. Epidermis dingy white.
Length 43, height 35 mill.

New England and Middle States.

The true C. convexa of Say is a different species, only occurring
fossil.

Genus DOSINIA, Scopoli.

The siphons are united ; mantle-margin plicate ; foot subquad-
rangular, without a byssal groove.

1. D. DISCUS, Reeve. - Fig. 399.

Monog. Conch. Icon., vi. sp. 9.
Artemis concentrica, Conrad (not Gmelin), Mar. Conch., t. 12.

Shell compressed, with fine, regular, impressed concentric strise ;
beaks considerably curved, pointed ; lunule cordate, slightly im-
pressed; epidermis yellowish-white; hinge with a large oblong
fosset under the beaks ; muscular impressions very large.
Length and height 3.5 inches.

Virginia to West Indies.

Genus TAPES, Muhlfeldt.
Entwurf. 51. 1811.

Siphons united as far as the middle, diverging at their ends ;
branchial siphon crowned with arborescent tentacles; mantle-
margin simple ; foot lanceolate, byssiferous.

1. T. FLUCTUOSA, Gould. Figs. 400, 401.

(Venus.") Invert. Mass., 1st edit. 87. 1842.
Venus Astartoides, Beck. Middend. Beitr. Mai. Ross., iii. 56. 1849.

Shell transversely ovate, thin, lenticular, white, with a yellow-
ish epidermis; surface with recurved concentric waves vanishing
at the sides ; areola none, or indistinct in old specimens.

Length 20, height 15 mill.

Newfoundland, northward.

Genus PETEICOLA, Lamarck.
Syst. Anim. s. Vert. 121. 1801.

Siphons elongated, distinct, their orifices ciliated; the mantle-
lobes are united except a small anterior opening ; foot compressed,
lanceolate, with a byssiferous fissure a little behind the middle of
the lower edge.

The Petricolas excavate limestone or coral rocks, and also bury
in mud.
11

162 AMERICAN MARINE CONCHOLOGY.

1. P. PHOLADIFORMIS, Lamarck. Pigs. 402, 403.

Anim. sans Vert., v. 565. 1818.

Petricola fornicata, Say, Journ. Philad. Acad., ii. 319. 1822.
Petricola dactylus, Say (not Sowb.), Am. Conch , t. 60, f. 2. 1834.

Shell elongated,, anterior side short, with strong ribs crossed by
waved striae ; posterior side with radiating lines and gaping ; teeth
three in one valve, and two in the other. White.
Length 37, height It mill.

Whole Coast.

Family CYPRINIDJE.

Animal with the mantle-lobes united posteriorly by a curtain,
pierced with two siphonal orifices ; foot thick, tongue-shaped ;
gills two on each side, large, unequal, united behind, forming a
complete partition ; palpi moderate, lanceolate.

Synopsis of Genera.

Shell large, oval, strong, with usually an oblique line or angle on the pos-
terior side of each valve ; epidermis thick and dark ; ligament prominent,
umbones oblique, no lunule ; cardinal teeth 2.2, laterals 0-1, 1-0 , mus-
cular impressions oval, polished. CYPRINA.

Shell suborbicular, compressed, thick, smooth or concentrically furrowed ;
lunule impressed ; ligament external ; epidermis dark ; liiiige-teeth 2.2,
the anterior tooth of the right valve large and thick ; anterior pedal scar
distinct. ASTAKTE.

Shell minute, triangular, furrowed ; hinge like Astarte, with lateral teeth.

GOULDIA.

Shell rounded or oblong, radiately ribbed ; margin toothed ; hinge-teeth
1.2, and an elongated posterior tooth ; anterior pedal scar close to ad-
ductor. CARDITA.

Genus CYPRINA, Lamarck.
Extr. d'un Cours. 1812.

1. C. ISLANDICA, Linnaeus. Figs. 404, 405, 406.

(Venus.) Syst. Nat., edit. xii. 1131. 1767.

Shell large, thick, and ponderous, ventricose ; beaks prominent,
incurved, contiguous. Ligament stout and prominent ; basal
margin simple, rounded. Cardinal teeth stout and diverging,
lateral inconspicuous. Epidermis coarse and wrinkled, blackish,
becoming olivaceous or brownish towards the margin.
Length 3.3, height 2.8, diam. 1.4 inches.

Massachusetts, northward (Eur.).

MARINE MOLLUSCA OP THE UNITED STATES. 163

Genus ASTAETE, Sowerby.
Min. Conch., t. 137. 1816.

Animal with mantle open; margins plain or slightly fringed;
siphon al orifices simple ; foot moderate, tongue-shaped ; lips large,
palpi lanceolate ; gills nearly equal, united behind, and attached
to the siphonal band.

The genus is Arctic in distribution ; a few species found in warm
climates are scarcely typical.

1. A. BOREALIS, Chemnitz. Fig. 407.

Conch. Cab., vii. t. 39, f. 412. 1784.

Astarte semisulcata, Leach, Ann. Phil., xiv. f. 204. Gould, Invert. Mass.,

edit. ii. 121. 1870.
Astarte lactea, Gould, Invert. Mass., edit. i. 80. 1841.

Shell orbicular elliptical, compressed, with remote, obtuse,
rounded ridges; beaks nearly central; epidermis yellowish-brown,
an obsolete lateral tooth in each valve ; margin plain.

Length 27.5, height 25 mill.

New England to Arctic Ocean.

2. A. CASTANEA, Say. Figs. 408, 409, 410.

Journ. Philad. Acad., ii. 273. 1822.

Shell thick and heav}^, subtrigonal, with prominent and nearly
central beaks, much more elevated than usual in the genus. Sur-
face with minute wrinkles and larger concentric waves, and faint
traces of radiating lines. Anterior area very deeply excavated,
short, broad, and smooth ; posterior slope almost straight, with a
long narrow lanceolate depression. Margin internally crenulated.
Epidermis chestnut-brown.

Length and height 1 inch.

New England to New Jeney.

The foot of the animal is a bright vermilion color. The high
beaks curved forwards, giving the shell a somewhat kidney-form
appearance, will distinguish this species from all others. It is the
only species occurring as far south as southern coast of New Jer-
sey, where it is not uncommon.

3. A. COMPRESSA, Montagu. Fig. 411.

( Venus.) Test. Brit. Suppl. 43, t. 26, f. 1. 1803.
Astarte striata, Gray. Append. Beechey's Voy., t. 44, f. 9.
Astarte Banksti, Leach, Append. Ross' Voy. 1819.

Shell small, ovate-triangular, elevated, beaks prominent, acute ;

164 AMERICAN MARINE CONCHOLOGY.

anterior margin concave, with a deep, broad lunule ; surface with
rather close concentric ribs and striae, thirty to forty in number,
sometimes obsolete towards the base ; inner margin simple.

New England, northwards.

4. A. DEPRESSA, Brown. Figs. 412, 415.

(Crassina.) Brit. Conch. 96, t. 38, f. 2. 1827.
Astarte Warhami, Hancock.

Astarte crebricostata, Forbes, Ann. Nat. Hist. , xix. 98, t. 9, f. 4. 1837.
Astarte lens, Stimpson, Yerrill, Am. Journ. Science, 287. Mar. 1872.
Astarte elliptica, Brown, Brit. Conch. 96, t. 38, f. 3. 1844.

Shell large, moderately convex or depressed, beaks rather ob-
tuse, ovate-triangular ; anterior slope slightly concave, the poste-
rior end obtusely rounded or truncated ; with thirty to forty
squared concentric ribs, more or less obsolete towards the posterior
end or base. Margin finely crenate within.

Length 27, height 25 mill.

Maine, northwards. (Europe.)

Dr. Gould writes of this species, " A series of the young may
be selected which would satisfy any one as to specific value ;
while intermediate specimens would so connect it with sulcata,
elliptica, Banksii, and compressor, as to be a complete puzzle. A
large compressed form, to which I notice that Dr. Stimpson has
attached a label in his collection with the name A. lens, I think
would fall under this species, though it merges almost as well into
A. sulcata." Mr. Yerrill distinguishes the American species from
depressa (crebricostata), under the name of lens ; I am inclined to
adopt a more conservative view, in this genus, where the specific
characters appear to be so greatly modified in different individuals.

Figures 413-415 represent A. elliptica, Brown, which can
scarcely be designated as a variety.

5. A. QUADRANS, Gould. Fig. 416, 417.

Invert. Mass., edit. i. 81, f. 48. 1841.
Astarte Portlandica, Mighels, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 129. 1843.

Shell obliquety oval, anterior portion the longest ; , surface
smooth, very slightly wrinkled by growth-lines ; epidermis light
yellowish-olive ; hinge margin narrow, with a small lateral tooth
in the left valve, and a corresponding groove in the right valve ;
inner margin plain.

Length 12, height 10 mill.

Massachusetts, northward.

MARINE MOLLUSCA OP THE UNITED STATES. 165

6. A. LUTEA, Perkins. Fig. 418.

Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., xiii. 151, figure. 1869.

Shell gibbous, thick, subtrigonal, length and breadth nearly
equal ; beaks prominent, incurved, not meeting ; surface with
twenty or more concentric ridges ; margin crenulated within.

Length 23, breadth 21 mill.

Connecticut.

Animal with light yellow mantle, edged with bright orange ;
foot bright orange, striped longitudinally with yellow. Ovaries
full of bright orange ova in April.

A somewhat doubtful species ; its form too close to that of
bore alis. ' ,

7. A. SULOATA, Da Costa. Figs. 419, 420.

(Venus.) Brit. Conch., 192. 1778.

Crassina Danmbniensis, Lamarck, Anim. s. Vert., edit. Deshayes, vi. 360.
Astarte undata, Gould, Invert. Mass., 80. 1841.
' Astarte latisulca, Hanley, Desc. Cat. 87, t. 14, f. 35. 1843.

Shell ovate-triangular, thick, somewhat compressed ; anterior
side somewhat shortest ; beaks in contact, obtusely pointed ; sur-
face with from ten to twenty concentric furrows and ridges, the
former wider than the latter. Epidermis dark brown. Hinge
margin crenulated.

Length 31, height 25 mill.

New England^ northwards.

Doubtful Species.

8. A. LUNULATA, Conrad, Foss. Tert. Form., 44, t. 21, f. 8.

A. bilunulata, Conr. Adams. Genera, ii. 484.

This species is inserted in Stimpson's Check-List of Atlantic
Coast Shells, but I think it exceedingly improbable that it has
been correctly identified with any living species.

Genus GOTJLDIA, C. B. Adams.

1. G. MACTRAGEA, Linsley. Fig. 421.

(Astarte.) Gould, Am. Journ. Sci., 233. 1849.
Shell small, solid, trapezoidal or quadrant shaped, triangular
above, rounded below ; surface undulated by about fourteen con-
centric waves or ribs, with very minute radiating striae. Color
yellowish-green.

Length and height 6 mill.

Massachusetts to South Carolina.

166 AMERICAN MARINE OONCHOLOGY.

2. G. FASTIGIATA. Gould.

Bost. Proc., viii. 280. 1862.

Shell small, obliquely triangular, rather solid, yellowish, concen-
trically sharply ribbed ; apex acute, anterior margin concave,
dorsal margin arcuate ; ventral margin nearly straight, anterior
angle distinct, posterior angle rounded.

Length and height 8 mill.

Frying Pan Shoals, N. Car.

I have not seen this species, nor has it been figured.

Genus CAKDITA, Brugiiiere.
Encyc. Meth. i. 401. 1789.

Animal with the mantle-lobes free, except between the siphonal
orifices; branchial margin with conspicuous cirri; foot rounded
and grooved, spinning a byssns, labial palpi short, triangular,
plaited, gills rounded in front, tapering behind, and united
together, the outer pair narrowest.

Recent systematists have separated a number of genera from
Cardita, and generally, with sufficiently good distinctive char-
acters; I have indicated these groups in the specific descriptions. >

1. C. BOREALIS, Conrad. Fig. 422.

Am. Mar. Conch., 39, t. 8, f. 1. 1831.
Cardita vestita, Deshayes, Zool. Proc., t. 17, f. 10. 1852.

Shell suborbicular, thick, with about eighteen rounded ribs, and
narrow interstices, concentrically striated; epidermis brownish-
black; margins crenulated within.

Length and height 1 inch, diam. .T inch.

New York, northwards.

This is the Jype of Conrad's genus Cyclocardia, which also
includes the following species.

2. C. NOVANGLI^B, Morse. Fig. 423.

(Cyclocardia.) First An. Rep. Peabody Acad., 76, f. 1869.
Shell oblong ovate, thin, beaks nearly central, not prominent;
with about seventeen ribs and concentric striae; margin crenate
within.

Length 21, height 16 mill.

New England, northwards.

This species is more transverse and thinner than C. borealis,
the beaks are not so elevated or projecting, and the hinge-plate is
much narrower.

MARINE MOLLUSCA OP THE UNITED STATES. 167

3. C. TRIDENTATA, Say. Figs. 424, 425.

(Venericardia.} Journ. Plrilad. Acad., v. 216, Am. Conch, t. 40.
Shell suborbicular, subequilateral, thick and ponderous, with
about eighteen convex ribs, crossed by concentric elevated lines ;
within the margin is deeply crenate; hinge with two diverging
teeth, separated by a large cavity in one valve, and in the other
a single, large, triangular, recurved tooth, closing into the cavity.

Length 6.5, height 6 mill.

South Carolina.

This is a somewhat doubtful species, and appears to have been
described from a single specimen, which was possibly young and
the hinge not perfect. Can it be the young of C. Novanglise?
Conrad has made a genus " Pleuromeris" for his C. tridentata, a
fossil shell which is not specifically identical with Say's species,
although it belongs apparently to the same group.

Spurious and Doubtful Species.
C. INCRASSATA, Sowb., Conrad, Mar. Conch., is an East Indian

species.
C. (CARDITAMERA) FLORIDANA, Conrad, Fossil Shells, 12. 1837.

Inhabits Key West and Tampa Bay, Florida, but I think it has
not been detected on the Atlantic coast, although it is included in
Stimpson's Catalogue.
VENERICARDIA CRIBRARIA, Say, cover of Am. Conch., pt. 5.

A single specimen from the coast of New Jersey. Say writes
" can this be a variety of the borealis of Conrad ? Having but a
single specimen, I cannot determine this question."

Family LUCINIDJE.

Animal with mantle-lobes open below, and having one or two
siphonal orifices behind ; foot elongated, cylindrical, or ligulate,
protruded at the base of the shell ; gills one (or two) on each side,
large and thick, oval; mouth and palpi usually minute.

The Lucinidaj are distributed chiefly in the tropical and tem-
perate seas, upon sandy and muddy bottoms, from the sea-shore
to the greatest habitable depths.

Synopsis of Genera.
Shell orbicular, white ; umbones depressed ; lunule distinct ; margins smooth

or minutely crenulated ; ligament oblique, semi-internal ; hinge teeth 2.2,

laterals 1-1 and 2-3, or obsolete; muscular impressions rugose, antei

168 AMERICAN MARINE CONCHOLOGY.

elongated within the pallial line, posterior oblong ; umbonal area with an
oblique furrow. LUCINA.

Shell globular, posterior side furrowed or angulated, umbones much re-
curved ; lunule short or indistinct ; ligament to a certain extent external,
placed in a groove on the hinge-line, and outside the hinge-plate ; teeth
altogether wanting. CRYPTODON.

Shell suborbicular, smooth ; ligament double, rather long, submarginal ;
hinge-teeth 2.2, of which the anterior in the left valve and posterior in
the right, are bifid, lateral teeth none ; muscular impressions polished,
rounded. MYSIA.

Shell small, thin, suborbicular, closed ; beaks small ; margins smooth ;
ligament internal, interrupting the margin, or on the thickened margins;
cardinal teeth 1 or 2, laterals 1-1 in each valve. KELLIA.

Shell oblong, inequilateral, anterior side very short; ligament concealed
between the valves ; hinge-teeth 2-2. TURTONIA.

Shell small, thin, oblong, anterior side longest ; hinge line notched ; liga-
ment internal, between two laminar diverging teeth. MONTACUTA.

Shell equivalve, orbicular, subequilateral, compressed, gaping slightly at
the sides ; surface of valves shagreened or smooth ; margins plain ; beaks
acute. Hinge composed of a pair of teeth-like lamina? on each side of a
triangular, central excision in one valve. ; a primary apical tooth in front
of a subtriangular excision of the hinge-margin, and flanked on each side
by a sublateral lamina in the other. Pallial impressions simple.

LEPTON.

Genus LUCINA, Bruguiere.
Encyc. Meth., t. 284. 1792.

Animal with the mantle freely open below; siphonal orifices
simple; mouth minute, lips thin; gills single on each side, very
large and thick ; foot long, cylindrical, pointed, slightly heeled at
the base.

1. L. FILOSA, Stimpson. Fig. 426.

Shells of New England, 17. 1851.

Lucina radula, Gould (not Montagu), Invert. Mass., edit. i. 69. 1841.
Lucina contracta, De Kay (not Say), Nat. Hist. New York, 214, t. 27, f.

275. 1843.

Shell orbicular, depressed; surface with numerous remote con-
centric laminated striae; liu^ile depressed lanceolate; lateral teeth
obsolete. White or light brown.

Length and height 1.5 inches.

New England.

MARINE MOLLUSCA OP THE UNITED STATES. 169

2. L. PUSILLA, Gould.

Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., viii. 282. 1862.

Shell minute, reniform, yellowish, slightly concentrically striate;
umbones a little posterior, elevated ; anterior dorsal margin exca-
vated, extremity retusely rounded; posterior extremity broadly
rounded, subtruncated ; within radiatingly striated, the striae
evanescent towards the umbones.

Length 3, height 2.5 mill.

Coast of North Carolina. ( Coast Survey. )

3. L. PENTATA, Wood. Fig. 427.

Gen. Conch., 195, t. 46, f. 7. 1817.
Lucina strigilla, Stimpson, Shells N. E., 17. 1851.
Lucina Americana, C. B. Adams, Contrib. Conch., 243. 1852.
Lucina divaricata, Lamarck (not Linn.), Anim. s. Vert., v. 541. 1818. '

Shell thin, orbicular, equilateral; beaks small, prominent,
inclined forwards ; basal margin regularly rounded and crenate.
Surface with well-marked concentric-lines, crossed by deep, oblique,
narrow furrows, flexed at nearly right angles at the anterior third
of the surface. White.

Length 25, height 22 mill.

Entire Coast. (Distribution universal)

4. L. TIGERINA, Linnaeus. Fig. 428.

Syst. Nat., edit. xii. 1133. 1767.

Shell oblong-ovate, longer than high, flatly convex, radiately
many grooved, very closety decussated throughout with concentric
ridges ; white within and without.

Southern Coast. ( W. Ind. )

5. L. EDENTULA, Linnaeus. Fig. 429.

Mus. Ulric, 74.
Lucina chrysostoma, Phil. Zeit., Malak., ii. 181. 1845.

Shell orbicular, rather thin, ventricose, superficially excavated
from the umbones on each side, concentrically finely and closely
striated, teeth obsolete ; semitransparent white, orange within.

Southern Coast. (W. Ind.)

1 For full synonymy and notes on this species, see TRYON, Proc. Pnilad.
Acad., 85. 1872.

170 AMERICAN MARINE CONCHOLOGY.

Genus CRYPTODON, Turton.
Brit. Bivalves, 121. 1822.

1. C. GOULDII, Philippi. Fig. 430.

(Lucina.) Zeit., Malak., 74. 1845.
Lucina flexuosa, Gould (not Montagu), Invert. Mass., edit. i. 71, f. 52.

Shell minute, white, ovate-globose, nearly equilateral; beaks
prominent, inclined forwards, and having a rounded impression in
front of them; surface smooth, white; glossy within, with minute
radiating lines.

Length 7.5, height 8 mill.

New England.

2. C. OBESUS, Yerrill. Fig. 431.

Am. Journ. Science, 287, t. 7, f. 2. 1872.

Shell white, irregularly and rather coarsely concentrically
striated, much swollen in the middle; transverse diameter nearly
equal to the length; height considerably exceeding the length;
beaks prolonged and turned strongly to the anterior side; lunular
area rather large and sunken, somewhat flat, in some cases sepa-
rated by a slight ridge into an inner and an outer portion ; anterior
border with a prominent rounded angle; ventral margin prolonged
and rounded in the middle ; posterior side with two strongly
developed flexures, separated by deep grooves; interior of shell
with radiating grooves, most conspicuous toward the ventral edge.

Length 15, height 18 mill.

British America.

More nearly related to C.flexuosus of Europe than to C. Qouldii.
The latter is thinner and more delicate, more rounded, relatively
much longer and much smaller.

Genus MYSIA, Leach.
Menke, Syn., edit. ii. 112. 1830.

1. M. PUNCTATA, Say.

(? Amphidesma.) Journ. Philad. Acad., ii. 308. 1822.
Orbicular, with numerous minute concentric wrinkles and very
numerous minute punctures; within, a small rim or projecting line
runs near the edge from the hinge to the basal'margin. White.
Length and height 7.5 mill.

Southern Coast.

MAEINE MOLLUSCA OF THE UNITED STATES. 171

Genus KELLIA, Turton.
Brit. Bivalves, 57. 1822.

The animal has a very short posterior siphon : anal tube undi-
vided, entire below.

1. K. PLANULATA, Stimpson. Fig. 432.

Shells of New Eng., 17. 1851.
Kellia rubra, Gould (not Montagu), Invert. Mass., edit. i. GO. 1841.

Shell minute, rather thick, suboval ; beaks prominent, in contact,
with a well-defined lunule in front of them ; anterior, white, with
a thin purplish epidermis.
Length 4, height 3 mill.

New England.

More compressed and longer than the next species.

2. K. STJBORBICULARIS, Montagu. Figs. 433, 434, 435.

(My a.) Test. Brit., 39, 564, t. 26, f. 6. 1803.

Shell quadrangular or rounded, swelled, thin and fragile; white
with a very thin somewhat iridescent epidermis; beaks nearly
median, small, pointed, inclining inwards rather than forwards;
no lunule.

Length and height 8 mill.

New England. (N. Eur.}

Genus TUBTONIA, Hanley.
Brit. Moll., ii. 81. 1849.
Anal siphon slender and produced. Foot large, heeled.

1. T. NITIDA, Verrill. Figs. 438, 439.

Am. Journ. Sci., iii. 286, t. 7, f. 4, 4«. 1872.
T. minuta, Gould (not Fab.), Invert. Mass., edit. ii. 85, f. 395. 1871.

Shell minute, ovate, rather convex, fragile, semitransparent,
beaks at about the anterior third, .elevated, inclined forwards;
smooth, straw-colored, blending into dark-purple at the beaks and
posterior slope; anterior margin broadly rounded, posterior
margin more acutely rounded.

Length 2, height l.T mill.

Found in crevices of shells and rocks, and among the roots of

sea-weeds.

Northern Coast.

172 AMERICAN MARINE CONOHOLOGY.

Genus MONTACUTA, Turton.
Concli. Diet., 102. 1819.

1. M. ELEVATA, Stimpson. Fig. 440.

Shells New Eng., 16. 1851.

Montacula bidentata, Gould (non Auct.), Invert. Mass., edit. i. 59. 1841.
Shell ovate, triangular, beaks tumid, elevated, nearly central,
disk flattened below the middle; tooth on the shorter side oblique
and excavated for the reception of the ligament. White, under a
very thin straw-colored epidermis.

Length 5, height 4 mill.

New England.

2. M. GOULDI, Thomson. Fig. 441.

Am. Journ. Conch., iii. 33, t. 1, f. 15. 1867.

Shell minute, diaphanous, rhomboidal, inequilateral, not com-
pressed. Beaks rather prominent, not in contact, with an exca-
vated areola in front. Basal margin nearly* straight, ends obtusely
rounded, forming a rhomboidal outline; lines of growth regular,
with an opaque white thickened band surrounding the margin;
hinge with the cartilage occupying a pit between two rather strong

teeth.

New Bedford, Mass.

<• Genus LEPTON, Turton.
Brit. Bivalves, 62. 1819.

The mantle is much produced beyond the margin of the shell,
and is furnished with slender, tentacular filaments. The foot is
folded as in Area, but when the animal is in motion it forms an
expanded disk.

1. L. LEPIDUM, Say. Fig. 461.

(Amphidesma.) Journ. Philad. Acad., v. 221. 1826.
Shell very much compressed, subtriangular, remarkably thin,
pellucid, equilateral, somewhat iridescent, with numerous con-
centric wrinkles, and equally numerous, very minute, regular,
longitudinal striae, curving towards the anterior and posterior
edges; cardinal teeth obsolete, laterals prominent.
Length 6, height 6.5 mill.

South Carolina.

2. L. LONGIPES, Stimpson.

Bost. Proc., v. 111. 1855.
Shell subtriangular, somewhat rounded, slightly compressed,

MARINE MOLLUSCA OP THE UNITED STATES. 173

smooth and polished, broad anteriorly and sloping at the posterior
dorsal margin; beaks elevated; and lower margin nearly straight.
Animal white, nearly transparent ; mantle extending beyond the
margin of the shell, open in front, with undulated but unfringed
margins; foot large and powerful and may be expanded to double
the length of the shell, with a posterior heel. The animal suspends
itself by its foot, or can use it for creeping like a gasteropod.

Charleston, 8. C.

Unidentified Species.

3. L. FABAGELLA, Conrad. Figs. 442-444.

Am. Mar. Conch., 53, t. xi. f. 3.

Shell suboval, convex, with minute crowded concentric lines ;
beaks central, rather prominent; epidermis yellowish, very thin,
wrinkled ; teeth similar in each valve; the posterior tooth longest,
and angulated under the beak.

Rhode^Island.

A single specimen obtained.

Family CARDIID^.

Palpi slender, acuminate. Mantle freely open in front; siphons
distinct but very short, and nearly sessile, their bases and sides
furnished with tentacular filaments ; gills two on each side, thick,
united together behind the body. Foot very long and geniculate.

Synopsis of Genera.

Shell globose, gibbose, nearly equilateral, more or less gaping posteriorly!
the margins often serrated ; valves with elevated radiating ribs.

CARDIUM.

Shell longitudinally.oval, inequilateral ; surface of valves plain (not ribbed);

hinder gap small. L^VICABDIUM.

Shell subcordate, compressed, rather thin, subequilateral, valves with

obsolete, radiating ridges, sliglitly gaping; beaks rather prominent.

Hinge with the cardinal teeth wanting. SERRIPES, Beck.

Genus CAEDITJM, Linnaeus.
Syst. Nat, edit. x. 1758.

1. C. ISOCARDIA, Linnaeus. Fig. 445.

Syst. Nat., edit. x. 679. 1758.
Shell obliquely heart-shaped, gibbous; radiately ribbed, ribs

174 AMERICAN MARINE CONCHOLOGY.

about thirty-four in number, squamiferous, scales vaulted, rather
elevated, slightly flattened on the posterior side, anterior scales
more or less obtusely thickened. Pale straw-color, stained with
purple-brown, interior bright purple-scarlet, especially towards the

umbones.

Southern Coast. ( West Indies. )

2. C. MURICATUM, Linnaeus. Figs. 446, 441.

Syst. Nat., edit. x. 680. 1758.

Shell ovate, heart-shaped, with thirty-six ribs, of which twelve
have their spines directed in an opposite direction to the others ;
marginal serratures largest on the anterior edge. Grayish or
yellowish-white, edged with orange-yellow or scarlet on the ante-
rior side, and sometimes stained with red.
Length 37, height 40 mill.

North Carolina, southwards.

3. C. ELEGANTULUM, Beck. Fig. 448.

Morch. Prodr. Faun. Grcenl., 20. 1857.

Shell small, oval, beaks a little anterior; with twenty-six to
twenty-eight ribs, separated by deep, wide grooves, and crossed
by imbricated bars.

Length 6, height 5 mill.

Greenland.

4. C. MAGNUM, Born. Fig. 449.

Test. Mus. C*es. Vind., 46, t. 3, f. 5. 1780.

Shell very large, obliquely cordate, ventricose, posterior side
somewhat angularly depressed; radiately ribbed, ribs about thirty-
five in number, flattened, rather close-set, anterior ribs crenulated ;
yellowish-brown, painted with transverse rows of purple-brown
spots, the depressed posterior area entirely purple-brown.

North Carolina, southwards.

5. C, PINNULATUM, Conrad. Fig. 450.

Journ. Philad. Acad., vi. 260, t. 11, f. 8. 1836.

Shell small, thin, and fragile, obliquely orbicular; ribs about
twenty-six, flattened, but becoming convex towards the base,
crossed by a series of equidistant flattened scales ; beaks slightly
elevated, often decorticated, inclining inwards. Dingy white or
yellowish.

Length 12.5, height 11 mill.

New England, New York.

MARINE MOLLUSCA OP THE UNITED STATES. 175

6. C. ISLANDICUM, Linnaeus. Figs. 451, 452, (C. pubescens}.

Syst. Nat., edit. xii. 1124. 1767.

Oardium ciliatum, O. Fabricius, Faun. Grcenl., 410. 1780.
Cwdium pubescens, Couthouy, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist , ii 60 t 3 f 6*

(Young.)

Shell large and rather thin, rounded, inflated, nearly equilateral.
Beaks prominent, incurved, contiguous; anterior dorsal area feebly
impressed, subcordate ; surface with from thirty-six to thirty-eight
sharp ribs, which are covered with a stiff fringe-like epidermis in
the young shells. Epidermis dull yellowish-brown, straw-colored
within.

Length 2.3, height 2.5 inches.

Cape Cod, Mass., northwards.

Cardium Hayesii and C. Dawsonii of Stimpson are probably
only Arctic varieties of this species.

Genus UEVICARDIUM, Swainson.
Malacol., 373. 1840.

1. L. SERRATUM, Linnaeus. Fig. 453.

Syst. Nat., edit. x. 680. 1758.
C. Icemgatum, Gmel., Syst. Nat., 3251. 1790.
G. citrinum, Wood, Gen. Conch., t. 54, f. 3. 1817.

Shell ovate, rather gibbous towards the umbones, smooth, shin-
ing, anteriorly rather obsoletely striated*; whitish-yellow, posterior
side bright citron-yellow, sometimes stained with pink towards
the margin, yellowish within.

North Carolina to West Indies.

2. L. MORTONI, Conrad. Figs. 454-457.

Journ. Philad. Acad., vi. 259, t. 11, f. 5-7. 1831.

Shell small, thin, inflated, globular, slightly oblique; surface
smooth, posterior side somewhat obliquely extended ; margin
entire or obsoletely serrated ; beaks large, tumid, subcentral, con-
tiguous. Color very pale yellowish, covered witli a very thin
darker epidermis, in young specimens with blotches or zigzag
lines of dark fawn color ; within yellow, with generally a dark
purple blotch along the posterior margin.

Length (adults) 1 inch, height 22, breadth 17 mill.

The animal is white, has short, conical siphons, each marked
with a circle of brown spots, and fringed with numerous cirri which

extend far beyond the shell.

Whole Coast.

176 AMERICAN MARINE CONCHOLOGY.

3. L. PICTUM, Ravenel.

Proc. Philad. Acad., 44. 1861.

Shell ovate, triangular, very oblique, somewhat compressed,
smooth, polished, with a few obsolete ribs at each end, and
obsoletely waved by the lines of growth ; beaks small,, prominent,
nearly touching, very much in advance of the centre, anterior end
short, regularly curved, posterior end produced, somewhat angular.
Color reddish-brown in zigzag spots and blotches upon a white
ground, internally polished, reddish-brown, clouded, with some
patches of yellow and a little white ; margin crenulated.

Length 18, height 20 mill.

Charleston, S. C.

I have not seen this species ; it is, perhaps, a highly-colored
G. Mortoni.

Genus SEEEIPES, Beck.
Verzeich. d. Deutsch. Naturf. in Kiel, 217.

Aphrodite, Lea, Am. Philos. Trans, v. 1834.

1. S. GROENLANDICUS, Chemnitz. Fig. 458.

(Cardium.) Conch. Cab., vi. t. 19, f. 198. 1782.
Aphrodite columba, Lea, Trans. Am. Philos. Soc., v. t. 18, f. 54. 1834.

Shell large, thick, heart-shaped, somewhat compressed ; beaks
submedial, prominent, incurved, contiguous ; obsoletely radiately
striate ; margin entire, gaping behind. Epidermis thin, pale
olivaceous or drab, the young with occasionally zigzag daukei
lines; within white or yellowish.

Length 2.7, height 2.3 inches.

Maine, northwards.

Family CHAMID^E.

Labial palpi small, curved, obliquely truncate. Mantle closed,
margins united by a fringed curtain ; siphonal orifices small, wide
apart, the branchial slightly prominent, with the orifice fimbriated,
the anal with a simple valve ; gills two on each side, unequal,
plicate. Foot cylindrical, bent. Living attached to stones and
rocks.

MARINE MOLLUSOA OP THE UNITED STATES. 17*7

Genus CHAMA, Linnseus.
Syst. Nat., edit. x. 1758.

1. C. ARCINELLA, Linnaeus. Fig, 459, 462, 463.

Syst. Nat., edit. xii. 1139. 1767.

Shell heart-shaped, with a large depressed lunule beneath the
umbones, both valves radiately ribbed, the ribs spinous, and the
interstices punctured ; margins very finely crenulated. White or
yellowish, most frequently stained with pink-red.

North Carolina to West Indies.

The spines are generally only partially developed.

2. C. MACROPHYLLA, Chemnitz. Fig. 460.

Conch. Cab., vii. 149, t. 52, f. 514, 515. 1784.

Shell ovate, both valves lamellated throughout, lamellae imbri-
cated, large, irregular, striated ; margins of the valves very
minutely crenulated; color bright yellow, whitish within.

North Carolina to West Indies,

Family ARCADE.

Animal with the mantle open ; foot large, bent, and deeply
grooved ; gills very oblique, united posteriorly to a membranous
septum.

Synopsis of Genera.

Shell equivalve or nearly So, oval or subquadrate, ventricose, strongly ribbed
or cancellated; margins smooth or dentated, close or siuuated ventrally •
hinge straight, teeth very numerous, transverse; umbones anterior,
separated by a flat, lozenge-shaped ligamental area, with numerous
cartilage-grooves. ARCA, Linn.

Shell orbicular, nearly equilateral, smooth, or radiately striated ; umbones
central, divided by a striated ligamental area ; hinge with a semicircular
row of transverse teeth ; margins crenate within.

PECTUNCULTJS, Lam.

Shell trigonal, with the umbones turned towards the short posterior side ;
smooth or sculptured ; epidermis olive, interior pearly, margins crenu-
lated ; hinge with a prominent internal cartilage-pit, and a series of sharp
teeth on each side: NUCULA, Lam.

Shell oblong, rounded in front, produced and pointed behind ; margin noj,
crenated : pallial line with a small sinus; teeth as in Nucula.

LEDA, Schum.

12

H8 AMERICAN MARINE CONCHOLOGY.

Genus ABCA, Linnaeus.
Byst. Nat., edit. x. 1758.

The animal has a long-pointed foot, deeply grooved, and heeled,
mantle furnished with ocelli ; palpi 0 ; gills long, narrow, less
striated externally, continuous with the lips ; hearts two, each
with an auricle.

The Areas with close valves have the left valve a little larger
than the right, and somewhat overlapping at the margin.

There are about two hundred species ; distribution universal,
ranging from low-water to 230 fathoms.

1. A. NO^E, Linnaeus. Fig. 464.

Syst. Nat., edit, xii. 1140. 1767.
A. zebra, Swainson, Zool. Illust., Nc. 26, t. 118.

Shell elongately oblong, anterior side very short, posterior side
emarginate, with a blunt keel extending from the umbone to the
margin ; ventral margin more or less gaping ; white, with waved
brownish streaks ; radiately ribbed ; ligament area flatly concave.

North Carolina to West Indies. (Medifr)

2. A. PONDEROSA, Say. Fig. 467.

Journ. Philad. Acad., ii. 267. 1822.

Shell very thick and ponderous, somewhat oblique, with 25 to
28 ribs, each marked with an impressed line. Beaks distant, op-
posite the middle of the hinge ; lower margin nearly straight or
even somewhat contracted in the middle.

Length 2.5, height 2 inches.

Southern Coast.

Fossil valves of this species sometimes occur on the beach at
Cape May and Atlantic City, N. J.

3. A. TRANSVERSA, Say. Fig. 465.

Journ. Phil. Acad., ii. 269. 1822.

Shell transversely oblong, rhomboidal, with from 32 to 35 ribs,
umbones separated by a long narrow area; extremities of the hinge
margin angulated ; epidermis chestnut-brown.
Length 30, height 8.5 mill.

New England, New York, southwards.

4. A. LIENOSA, Say. Fig. 469.

Am. Conch., iv. t. 36, f. 1. 1832.

This shell is described as fossil, and worn (probably fossil)
valves are found abundantly at Beaufort, N. C. It is admitted

MARINE MOLLUSC A OP THE UNITED STATES. 179

here, because Dr. Stimpson has included it in his check-list of
recent species, yet I suspect that it has not been found living.

5. A. PEXATA, Sa}'. Fig. 466.

Journ. Philad. Acad., ii. 268. 1822.

Shell covered (when fresh) with a hairy epidermis, transversely
subovate, with from 32 to 36 ribs, placed closer together than their
own diameters ; beaks far forward, near the anterior termination
of the hinge approximate.
Length 57, height 43 mill.

Rhode Island^ southwards.

6. A. AMERICANA, Gray. Fig. 470.

Wood, Index Test. Suppl., t. 2, f. 1.

Shell ovately oblong, sides rounded, the anterior vei*3T short
and contracted ; white, covered with a rather thick blackish-brown
epidermis, which is bristly in the interstices between the ribs ; ribs
about 35 in number, each one with a median impressed line, inter-
stices deeply cut ; ligament area very narrow ; umbones anterior,

nearly touching.

North Carolina to West Indies.

This shell is allied to A. pexata, but is somewhat larger, more
oblong in shape, and the ribs are generally impressed. Mr. Reeve
says (Conch. Icon.) that the ribs of Americana are flat, while
those of pexata are impressed in the middle, but the contrary is
the case in nearly all the specimens I have examined.

7. A. HOLMESII, Kurtz. Fig. 471.

Cat. Mar. Shells, 5. 1860.

Distinguished from the two preceding species by its smaller
size, and more inflated and globular form ; it is also more solid.

Inhabits estuaries (Kurtz).

N. and S. Carolina.

8. A. INCONGRUA, Say. Fig. 472.

Journ. Philad. Acad., ii. 268, July, 1822.

Shell 'somewhat squarely orbicular, rather thin, very inequi-
valve, sides angulated at the upper part, anterior side the longest ;
white, with a thin light brown epidermis ; ribs 27 or 28 in number,
in the left valve the anterior ones are elevately crenated, in the
right valve they are all crenated; ribs of the left value rather
broader than those of the right ; ligament area rather wide ; urn-
bones somewhat approximating.

Length 2-f , height 2 inches.

N. Carolina to W. Indies.

180 AMERICAN MARINE CONCHOLOGY.

Genus PECTUNCULTJS, Lam.
Syst. 115. 1801.

Animal with a large crescent-shaped foot, margins of the sole
undulated ; mantle open ; margins simple, with minute ocelli ; gills
equal, lips continuous with the gills.

About sixty species known, ranging from 8 to over 100 fathoms.

1. P. PENNACEUS, Lamarck. Fig. 413.

Anim. sans Vert.

P. lineatus, Keeve Zool. Proc. 1843.
P. spadiceus, Reeve, Zool. Proc. 1843.

Shell orbicular, swollen, decussately striated, longitudinal striae
the strongest; whitish, irregularly painted with large and small
dark-brown spots and streaks ; umbones bent inwards to the an-
terior end of the ligament.

jZV. Carolina to West Indies.

This shell has been doubtfully referred by some conchologists
to P. Charlestoniensis, a post-pliocene fossil of S. Carolina.

Genus NTJCULA, Lamarck.
Syst. 115. 1801.

Animal with the mantle open, its margins plain; foot large,
deeply fissured in front, forming when expanded a disk with ser-
rated margins; mouth and lips minute, palpi very large, rounded,
strongly plaited inside, and furnished with a long convoluted ap-
pendage ; gills small, plume-like, united behind the foot to the
branchial septum.

Distribution about 70 species, from 5 to 100 fathoms.

1. N. TENTHS, Montagu. Fig. 478.

Test. Brit..Suppl. 56, t. 29, f. 1. 1808.

Shell small, thin, trapezoidal ; smooth, without radiating lines ;
beaks prominent ; epidermis grass-green ; inner margin entire.

Length 7.5, height 6.25 mill.

Maine, northwards. (Eur.)

2. N. PROXIMA, Say. Figs. 479, 480.

Journ. Philad. Acad., ii. 270. 1822.
Area nucleus, Linn (part). Syst. Nat., edit. xii. 1143.

Shell oblique, ovate-triangular, crossed by minute concentric
and radiating lines; epidermis olivaceous; margin crenulated;
hinge-teeth large, twelve before and eighteen behind the beaks.
Length- 11, height 9 mill.

Whole Coast, southwards to N. Car. (Eur.)

MARINE MOLLUSCA OP THE UNITED STATES. 181

3. N. EXPANSA, Reeve. Figs. 481, 482.

Belcher's Arctic Voy. 397, t. 33, f. 2. 1855.
N. Bellotii, Adams, Zool. Proc. 51. 1856.

Sliell^ large, ovate-triangular, tumid, the surface distinctly nu-
cleated wiih ridges, both dorsal areas with fine radiating strife;
ten teeth in front and fifteen behind the beaks. Dark chestnut
colored.

Length 14, height 9 mill.

Canadian waters, northward. ( Eur. )
This may be only a very large flourishing state of N. tennis.

4. N. INFLATA, Hancock. Figs. 483, 484.

Ann. Nat. Hist. 333, t. 5, f. 13, 14. 1846.

Shell trapeziform, inflated, thin, coarsely concentrically striate ;
interior margin simple ; hinge with five teeth before and ten
behind the large oblique ligament cavity ; epidermis yellowish-
green.

Length 7.5, height 6.25 mill.

Labrador, northwards.

5. N. DELPHINODONTA, Mighels. Figs. 485-487.

Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., iv. 40, t. 4, f. 5. 1842.

Shell minute, obliquely triangular, beaks raised, nearly terminal ;
hinge with three anterior and seven posterior teeth ; epidermis
olivaceous.

Length 3.25, height 2.75 mill.

New England, northwards.

Undetermined Species.

N. EADIATA, De Kay. Moll'. N. York 179, t. 12, f. 21G. 1843.
Dredged in E. River, N. Y. The figure is not recognizable.

Genus LEDA, Schumacher.
Essai Nov. Syst. 1817.

The animal is furnished with two partially united, slender, un-
equal siphoual tubes; gills narrow, plume-like, deeply laminated,
attached throughout; mantle-margin with small ventral lobes,
forming by their apposition a third siphon.

The typical group comprises about 80 species, inhabiting Arctic
and northern seas, 10 to 180 fathoms.

1. L. TENUISULCATA, Couthouy. Figs. 488, 489.

(Nucula.) Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., ii. 64, t. 3, f. 8. 1838.
Nucula minuta, Gould, Invert. Mass., edit. i. 101. 1841.

Shell ovate-lanceolate, produced, narrowed and rostrated behind,

182 AMERICAN MARINE CONCHOLOGY.

covered with numerous concentric ridges ; epidermis greenish-
yellow to brownish ; teeth twelve anterior and sixteen posterior
to the beaks.

Length 25, height 11 mill.

New England, northwards.

2. L. JACKSONII, Gould. Figs. 490, 491.

(Nueula.) Invert. Mass., edit. i. 102, f. 5. 1841.
Leda buccata, Steenstrup, Moller, Moll. Grcenl. 17. 1843.

Shell ovate, swollen, a little beaked and narrowed behind, sur-
face concentrically ridged ; teeth 15 in front and 20 behind the
beaks.

Length 25, height 14 mill.

Maine, northwards.

This shell is higher in proportion to its length, and not so nar-
rowly rostrated as L. tenuisulcata ; it differs also in the number
and arrangement of the teeth.

3. L. MINUTA, Fabricius. Figs. 492, 493.

(Area.) Fauna Groenl. 414. 1780.

Shell oblong, inflated, somewhat pear-shaped, posterior side not
much produced; brownish; 12 teeth before and about 14 behind
the beaks.

Length 12.5, height 7.5 mill.

Halifax, N. 8.

More nearly equilateral than the other species.

4. L. CAUDATA, Donov. Figs. 494, 495.

(Area.) Brit. Shells, t. 78.

Shell long, depressed, slender ; epidermis yellowish, ridged.
Length 15, height 6.25 mill.

Halifax, northwards.

Smaller than tenuisulcata, and more recurved posteriorly ; the
beaks also are more acute and less tumid.

5. L. ACUTA, Conrad. Fig. 496.

(Nucula.) Am. Mar. Conch., t. 6, f. 3.

Shell ovate, elongated, convex, with numerous, regular, concen-
tric striae ; posterior side slightly recurved, and very acute at the
extremity ; epidermis dark green.
Length 6, height 4 mill.

North Carolina.

This species was first described by Mr. Conrad as a doubtful
fossil; it lives abundantly near Fort Macon, N. C.

MARINE MOLLUSCA OP THE UNITED STATES. 183

6. L. UNCA, Gould.

Bost. Proc., viii. 280. 1862.

Shell small, reddish, subequilateral, covered with profound
ridges ; anteriorly broadly rounded ; posteriorly very acute ; pos-
terior dorsal margin concave, cristate, smooth ; posterior ventral
margin sub-emarginate ; teeth 12 to 15.
Length 8, height 6 mill.

Frying-pan Shoals, N. C.

I have not seen this species, and it has never been figured.
From the description, I think it possibly identical with acuta,
Conr.

Subgenus YOLDIA, Moller.
Kroyer's Naturh. Tidsskr., iv. 91. 1832.

Shell oblong, slightly attenuated behind, compressed, thin,
smooth, or obliquely sculptured, with a polished epidermis; pallial
sinus deep.

1. L. LIMATULA, Say. Fig. 497.

(Nucula.) Ain. Conch., t. 12, 1831.

Shell ovate-oblong, slightly rostrated posteriorly; epidermis
light green ; beaks not prominent, subcentral ; with 22 anterior
and 18 posterior teeth.

Animal with united siphons, the anal one translucent, the
branchial opaque white, both fringed at the openings; edges of
foot lobes simple.

Length 51.5, height 27.5 mill.

New England (northwards}, N. Car.

The above dimensions, from specimens dredged in Portland
Harbor, Maine, are about double the size of ordinary specimens.
The animal is said to be very active, leaping to an astonishing
height.

2. L. SAPOTILLA, Gould. Fig. 498.

(Nucula.) Invert. Mass. 100, f. 61. 1841.

Shell ovate-oblong, very slightly rostrated posteriorly; epi-
dermis light yellowish-green; beaks subcentral, tumid, with a
slight flexure under the posterior tip ; teeth sixteen or eighteen on
each side.

Length 22.5, height 10 mill.

Probably only a variety of L. limatula.

184 AMERICAN MARINE CONCHOLOGY.

3. L. MYALIS, Couthouy. Fig. 499.

(Nucula.) Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., ii. 61, t. 3, f. 7. 1838.
Shell ovate, smooth, olive-colored ; anterior part longest and
rounded ; posteriorly acuminated and sub-rostrated ; teeth about
12 on each side, sometimes increased to 16 or 18 in number.
Length 27.5, height 17.5 mill.

New England, northwards.

This shell is higher in proportion to its width, and darker
colored than L. limatula ; it also differs in the position of the
beaks and number of teeth.

4. L. OBESA, Stimpson. Figs. 500, 501.

Proc. Bost. Nat. Hist., iv. 13. 1851.

Shell small, thin, inflated, oval, smooth ; beaks nearly central;
teeth small, 10 in front and 12 behind ; epidermis pale yellowish-
green.

Length 6, height 4 mill.

(Deep-water.) MassacJiusetts Bay.

Closely allied to Yoldia pygmsea, Miinst., but that shell is more
pointed and upturned at the posterior end.

5. L. ARCTICA, Gray. Figs. 502, 503.

Nucula glacialis, Gray, Wood Index Test. Suppl., t. 2, f. 6.
Nucula truncate, Brown, Brit. Conch. 84, t. 33, f. 18.
Nucula Portlandica, Hitchcock, Bost. Journ., i. 327.
Nucula siliqua, Reeve, Belcher's Arctic Voy., t. 33, f. 4. 1855.

Shell oblong, ovate, ventricose; beaks prominent, nearly me-
dian ; posteriorly sulcate between two slight rounded elevations
from beak to margin; 12 to 14 teeth each side of the ligamental
spoon.

Length 20, height 12.5 mill.

(Semi-fossil in the clays at Portland.) Arctic Seas.

6. L. THRACI^EFORMIS, Storer. Fig. 504.

(Nucula.) Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., ii. 122.
Nucula namcularis, Couthouy, Bost. Journ., ii. 178, t. 4, f. 4 (young).

Shell subquadrate, rounded in front, truncately rounded behind ;
beaks anterior, with a slight elevation or rib proceeding to basal
posterior margin; epidermis dusky-green, lighter posteriorly;
hinge with 12 teeth each side of the spoon-shaped cavity.
Length 70, height 40 mill.

New England? Arctic. (From fishes.)

MARINE MOLLUSCA OF THE UNITED STATES. 185

7. L. CASCOENSIS, Mighels. Figs. 505-7.

(Nucula.) Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., 40, t. 4, f. 6.
Shell ovate, rather thin, finely striate, slightly inequilateral;
anterior side semi oval ; posterior side tapering nearly to a point,-
with a well-defined areola, sharply compressed, with a slight wave
below the areola; epidermis greenish straw-color; beaks small,
nearly central ; teeth small, 10 anterior and 10 or 12 posterior.
Length 15, height 9 mill.

Casco Bay, Maine.

Family MYTILID^E.

Animal marine (or sometimes, fluviatile), attached by a byssus ;
mantle-lobes united between the siphonal openings; gills two on
each side, elongated, and united behind to each other and to the
mantle ; dorsal margins of the outer and innermost laminae free ;
foot cylindrical, grooved.

Synopsis of Genera.

Shell wedge-shaped, rounded behind, umbones terminal, pointed ; hinge-
teeth minute or obsolete ; pedal muscular impressions two in each valve,
small, simple, close to the adductors. MTTILUS, Linn.

Shell oblong, inflated in front ; umbones anterior, obtuse ; hinge toothless ;
pedal impressions three in each valve, the central elongated ; epidermis
sometimes produced into long beard-like fringes. MODIOLA, Lam.

Shell cylindrical, interior nacreous ; otherwise like Modiola.

LlTHODOMUS,* CUV.

Shell short, ovate, partly smooth, and partly ornamented with radiating
striae ; hinge margin crenulated behind the ligament ; interior brilliantly
nacreous. CRENELLA, Brown.

Shell ovate, oblong, obtusely keeled right valve with a slight byssal sinus ;
beaks terminal, furnished internally with a transverse shelf or septum ;
hinge composed of an imperfectly developed cardinal tooth in the right
valve, with a corresponding socket in the left ; ligament linear, internal ;
pedal impression single, posterior. Fluviatile.

DREISSENA, Van Beneden.

Genus MYTILTTS, Linnaeus.
Syst. Nat., edit, x., 705. 1758.

The common edible mussel frequents mud-banks which are un-
covered at low water ; the fry abound in water a few fathoms
deep ; they are full-grown in a single year. Pieces of wreck are
frequently covered by mussels of all ages, attached by their byssus.

There are about sixty-five. species, of world-wide distribution.

186 AMERICAN MARINE CONCHOLOGY.

1. M. EDULIS, Linnaeus. Figs. 4 7. 4-47 T.

Syst. Nat., edit, xii., 1157. 1757.

M. pelluddus, Pennant, Brit. Zool., iv. 237, t. 66, f. 3. 1777.
M. notatus, DeKay, Nat. Hist., N. York, 182, t. 13, f. 223. 1843.

Shell ovate, oblong, beaks pointed, basal margin nearly straight,
ligament margin straight ; posteriorly widened and rounded ;
hinge with a few denticulations ; epidermis dark-bluish, smooth,
violet beneath ; within white, with a broad blue margin.

VAR. pellucidus, shell horn-color, with blue rays, or uniform
horn-color.

Length 60, height 32.5 mill.

Whole Coast. (Eur.)

2. M. EXUSTUS, Linnaeus. Fig. 508.

Mus. Ulric., 540.
M. culitus, Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci., ii. 263. 1822.

Shell oblong, striated, with elevated subglabrous lines, which
are smaller on the anterior side. Yellowish, sometimes blotched
with green or brownish.

Length 28, height 12.5 mill.

Southern Coast, West Indies.

3. M. HAMATUS, Say. Fig. 509.

Jonrn. Philad. Acad., ii. 264. 1822.
M. striatus, Barnes, Am. Joifrn. Sci., vi. 364. 1823.

Shell very much contracted and incurved on the basal margin ;
valves very much striated on every part with radiating elevated
lines, which sometimes become bifid or trifid ; color dark fuscous ;
within purplish.

Length 28, height 20 mill.

Southern Coast, W. Indies.

Genus MODIOLA, Lamarck.
Syst,, 113. 1801.

1. M. MODIOLUS, Linnaeus. Figs. 510, 511.

(Mytilus.) Syst. Nat., edit, xii., 1158.
M. papuana, Lam., Anim. s. Vert., vii. 17.
Mytilus barbatus, Linn., Syst. Nat., xii. 1158 (young).

Shell large, coarse, and solid, oblong, obliquety dilated; beaks
tumid, obtusely angulated ; basal margin concave, with a fissure
for the byssus ; surface coarsely marked "by growth-lines ; epider-

MARINE MOLLUSCA OP THE UNITED STATES. 187

mis thick, dark violaceous, blackish, or chestnut-brown; within
pearly.

Length 4.5-6, height 2.5-3 inches.

Animal dark-orange or reddish ; edible.

Northern Coast, northwards. (Eur.)

2. M. PLICATULA, Lamarck. Fig. 512.

Anim. s. Vert., vii. 22. 1822.
M. semicostata, Cour., Journ. Phila. Acad., vii. 244, t. 20, f. 7.

Shell oblong, obliquely dilated, somewhat falciform; surface
with approximated deep furrows radiating towards the dilated
margin, fainter on the basal margin, but more distinct near the
beaks, which are often eroded ; a few distant, concentric, narrow,
impressed lines cross the radiating striae; beaks prominent,
rounded; hinge margin straight, ascending; basal margin concave,
depressed, with a small fissure for the byssus. Epidermis greenish-
yellow to reddish-brown ; within pearly, occasionally purple-
tinted.

Length 2.5-4.5, height .8-1.5 inches.

Whole Coast.

Inhabits salt marshes, estuaries, and brackish waters.

3. M. TULIPA, Linnaeus. Fig. 514.

Modiola Americana, Leach., Zool. Misc., ii. t. 72, f. 1. 1815.
Modiola castanea, Say, Journ. Philad. Acad., ii. 266. 1822.

Shell oblong, rather thin, ventricose; hinge margin elevated in
a right line from the beak to the alated angle, from which it de-
clines in a right line to nearty an equal distance, the alar angle
rounded ; anterior margin short and small; basal margin slightly
contracted in the middle. Epidermis marked only by growth
lines, yellowish or brownish, with dark rays over the middle pos-
.terior portion, sometimes uniform chestnut-color.

Southern Coast. ( W. Ind. )

M. castanea appears in some catalogues as a distinct species,
but an author's specimen in Mus. Philad. Acad. proves its
identity with tulipa.

4. M. CAROLINENSIS, Conrad. Fig. 513.

Journ. Philad. Acad., vii. 244, t. 20, f. 6. 1837.

Shell dilated in the middle; disks with very numerous radiating
stride ; lower margin rounded and beautifully crenulate. Color
greenish-yellow ; within yellowish, spotted with purple.

Charleston, S. C.

188 AMERICAN MARINE CONCHOLOGY

The figure ia & copy of the original. I have not been able to
identify this species.

Genus LITHODOMUS, Cuvier.
Reg. Anim., ii. 461. 1817.

The animal, which is eaten in the Mediterranean, is like a com-
mon mussel; but differs in habit, boring into corals, shells, and
the hardest limestone rocks; its burrows are shaped like the shell,
and do not admit of free rotatory motion. The genus inhabits
warm seas.

1. L. FORFICATUS, Ravenel.

Proc. Philad. Acad., 44. 1861.

Shell thin, fragile, white ; posterior end with a narrow projec-
tion on each valve, deflected so as to cross each other ; within
light salmon color.
Length 31 mill.

Charleston, S. G.

From a mass of coral drawn up by a fishing line, in 14 fathoms
off Charleston Bar. There was quite a colony of these shells in
the coral. Possibly ballast from some distant locality ? A
similar species inhabits the Caribbean Sea.

Genus CRENELLA, Brown.
Hist. Brit. Conch. 1837.

There are about 25 species of this genus, inhabiting temperate
and arctic seas. Low water to 40 fathoms. Spinning a nest, or
hiding amongst the roots of sea-weed and corallines.

a. Typical species. Surface of valves entirely covered by striae,
radiating in two-diverging fasciculi from the beaks. Shell sub-
orbicular or oval.

1. C. GLANDULA, Totten. Fig. 515.

(Modiola.) Am. Journ. Sci., xxvi. 367, f. 3, e. f. g.
Mytilus decussatus, Stimpson, Shells N. E., ii. 1851.

Shell oblique, oval, orbicular, inflated, thin, radiating lines
crowded ; inner margin crenulated ; epidermis brownish-yellow ;
within pearly.

Length 12, breadth 9 mill.

New Ifingland, northwards.

MARINE MOLLUSCA OF THE UNITED STATES. 189

2. C. PABA, Fabricius. Fig. 516.

(Mytilus.) Fauna Groenl. 1780.
Modiola pectinula, Gould, Invert. Mass., 1st edit. 127, t. 85.

Shell obovate, ventricose, with about forty equal radiating
ribs ; beaks prominent, projecting as far as the anterior margin ;
margin crenulated within ; epidermis brownish-yellow.

Length 17.5, breadth 12.5 mill.

Arctic Seas to Greenland.

b. Sides of the shell with radiating lines, middle portion smooth.
S. G. MODIOLARIA, Gra}'.

3. C. NIGRA, King. Figs. 517, 518, 519.

Ann. Nat. Hist., xviii. 239.

Mytilus discrepans (?) Mont., Test. Brit. Suppl., 65, t; 26, f. 4.
Modiola nexa, Gould, Invert. Mass., 1st edit. 128, f. 86

Shell ovate ; beaks prominent, and placed considerably behind
the anterior extremity; epidermis rusty-brown.

Length 2.5, breadth 1.5 inches.

Massachusetts, northwards.

The young shell (Fig. 518), represents M. nexa, Gould.

4. C. DISCORS, Linnaeus. Figs. 520, 521.

(Mytilus.) Syst. Nat., edit. xii. 1159. 1767.
Mytilus discrepans, Mont., Test. Brit., 169. 1803.
Modiola Icevigata, Gray, App. Parry's 2d Voyage, 245. 1824.

Shell suboval, broadest behind; beaks nearly terminal ; hinder
extremity somewhat lobed ; anterior ribs about eight ; posterior
ones numerous; greenish-yellow, with clouds of olive, becoming
nearly bla*ck in old specimens.

Length 37, breadth 20 mill.

Massachusetts, northwards. (Eur.)

The smaller figure represents discors (not fully grown), and the
large figure is from an adult specimen (Gray*s Isevigata).

5. C. CORRUGATA, Stimpson. Fig. 522.

(Mytilus.) Shells N. E., 12. 1851.

Modiola discors, Gould, Invert. Mass., 130, f. 84 (not of English authors.)
Shell oval, tumid; upper edge somewhat compressed and arch-
ing; posterior tip somewhat produced and pointed ; beaks large,
nearly terminal ; surface with about sixteen ribs at the anterior
third, and very numerous ones at the posterior third ; three or
four teeth before the beaks; epidermis greenish-yellow.

Massachusetts, northwards.

190 AMERICAN MARINE CONCHOLOGY.

This species will probably prove to be a mere variety of the
following.

6. C. LATERALIS, Say. Fig. 523.

(Mytilus.) Journ. Philad. Acad., ii. 264. 1822.

Shell transversely suboval, inflated, subpellucid, with numerous
concentric wrinkles; ribs alternately larger and smaller; shell
inflated from the beak to the posterior basal angle ; epidermis
greenish or brownish.

Southern Coast.

Genus DREISSENA, Van Beneden.
Bull. Brux. Acad., 25. 1835.

Animal with closed mantle ; byssal orifice small, and siphon
very small, conical, plain, branchial prominent, fringed inside ;
palpi small, triangular.

Inhabits brackish or fresh waters.

1. D. LEUCOPH^ETA, Conrad. Fig. 524.

(Mytilus.) Journ. Philad. Acad., vi. 263, t. 11, f. 13. 1831.

Shell incurved, with a very rugose, brownish epidermis ; anterior
side much depressed. Hinge. margins excavated, with the teeth
obsolete.

Chesapeake Bay, southwards. (Brackish water.)

Family AVICULID^E.

Animal with the mantle-lobes free, their margins fringed ; foot
small, spinning a byssus; gills two on each side, crescent-shaped,
entirely free, or united to each other posteriorly or to the mantle.

These shells are natives of tropical and warm seas ; no living
species are found in northern latitudes.

Synopsis of Genera.

Shell obliquely oval, very inequivalve ; right valve with a byssal sinus
beneath the anterior ear ; cartilage pit single, oblique ; hinge with one or
two small cardinal teeth, and an elongated posterior tooth, often obsolete ;

. posterior muscular impression (adductor and pedal) large, sub-central ;
anterior (pedal) scar small, umbonal. AVICULA, Brug.

Shell equivalve, wedge-shaped ; umbones quite anterior ; posterior side
truncated and gaping ; ligamental groove linear, elongated ; hinge eden-
tulous ; anterior adductor scar apical, posterior sub-central, large, ill-
defined ; pedal scar in front of posterior adductor. PINNA, Linn.

MARINE MOLLUSCA OP THE UNITED STATES. 191

Genus AVICTJLA, Brug.
Encyc. Metk., t. 177. 1792.

1. A. ATLANTICA, Lamarck. Fig. 525.

Anim. s. Vert., vii. 1822.
Avicula hirundo, Say. Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., ii. 262. 1822.

Shell reddish-brown, with very numerous undulated wrinkles,
which are disposed in radii and rendered more conspicuous by a
white longitudinal line at the junction of each series of wrinkles
with its contiguous one.

North Carolina, southwards.

Genus PINNA, Linnaeus.
Syst. Nat., edit. x. 707. 1758.

Animal with the mantle doubly fringed; foot elongated, grooved,
spinning a powerful byssus attached by large triple muscles to the
centre of each valve ; adductors both large; palpi elongated; gills
long.

1. P. SEMINUDA, Lamarck. Fig. 526.

Anim. sans Vert., vii. 61. 1822.
P. squamosissima, Philippi.

Shell triangular, truncated ; posterior side longitudinally ribbed,
many scaled, scales delicate, erect; anterior side with the scales
plentiful, minute, rather obsolete towards the umbones, with a few
large, concentric wrinkles, dull olive.

South Carolina, southwards.

2. P. MURICATA, Linnaeus. Fig. 527.

Syst. Nat., edit. xii. 1160. 1767.
P. Carolinensis, Hanley. Proc. Zool. Soc. 225. 1858.

Shell triangular, whitish, somewhat ventricose, obscurely ribbed,
ribs armed with triangular, erect scales.

South Carolina, soutJiwards.

Family OSTRJEID^E.

Synopsis of Genera.

Shell irregular, attached by the left valve ; upper valve flat or concave,
often plain ; lower valve convex, often plaited or foliaceous, and with a
prominent beak.; ligamental cavity triangular or elongated ; hinge tooth-
less ; structure subnacreous, laminated. OSTREA, Linnaeus.

192 AMERICAN MARINE CONCHOLOGY.

Shell orbicular, very variable, translucent, and slightly pearly within, at-
tached by a plug passing through a hole or notch in the right valve ;
upper valve convex, smooth, lamellar or striated ; interior with a sub-
marginal cartilage-pit and four muscular impressions, three subcentral,
and one in front of the cartilage ; lower valve concave, with a deep
rounded notch in front of the cartilage process ; disk with a single (ad-
ductor) impression. ANOMIA, Linnaeus.

Shell suborbicular, regular, resting on the right valve, usually ornamented »
with radiating ribs ; beaks approximate, eared ; anterior ears most prom-
inent ; posterior side a little oblique ; right valve most convex, with a
notch below the front ear ; hinge-margins straight, united by a narrow
ligament ; cartilage internal, in a central pit ; adductor impression double,
obscure ; pedal impression only in the left valve, or obsolete.

PECTEN, Miiller.

Shell equivalve, compressed, obliquely oval ; anterior side straight, gaping,
posterior rounded, usually close ; umbones apart, eared ; valves smooth,
punctate-striate.or radiately ribbed and imbricated ; hinge-area triangular,
cartilage-pit central ; adductor impression lateral, large, double ; pedal
scars two, small. LIMA, Brug.

Shell irregular, attached by the umbo of the right valve ; valve smooth or
plaited ; hinge-area obscure ; cartilage quite internal ; hinge-teeth two in
each valve ; adductor scar simple. PLICATULA, Lam.

Genus 08TREA, Linnaeus.
Syst. Nat., edit. x. 696. 1758.

Animal with the mantle-margin double and finely fringed ; the
gills are nearly equal, united posteriorly to each other and the
mantle-lobes, forming a complete branchial chamber ; lips plain ;
palpi triangular, attached ; sexes distinct.

Jl. 0. VIRGINIANA, Lister. Figs. 528, 529.

Conch., t. 2QO, f. 34. 1686.

Ostrea Virginica, Gmel. Syst. Nat., 3336. 1790.
Ostrea Canadensis, Lam. Anim. sans Vert., vii. 226. 1822.

Shell narrowly elongated, whitish, thick-lamellar; upper valve
rather plane; becoming thick with age, the lower beak projecting
and with an inner channel transversely channelled ; muscular im-
pression chestnut or violet-color.

Varies from 6-12 inches in length, and 3-4 inches in breadth.

Whole Coast.

This is the common edible oyster of Chesapeake bay; it is
native about as far north as New York, where it is replaced by
the northern species 0. borealis. It is also found on the New

MARINE MOLLUSCA OP THE UNITED STATES. 193

England coast and Gulf of St. Lawrence, but has probably been
transplanted to these localities. The lower valve is sometimes
ornamented with red or violet rays.

2. 0. BOREALIS, Lamarck. Figs. 530, 531.

Anim. sans Vert., vii. 220. 1822.

Shell rounded-ovate, the upper valve covered with membranous
scales, the lower valve irregularly spi^r-ribbed and foliaceous.
Length 3 to 6 inches, breadth about 2 to 5 inches.

New England, New York.

This species is apparently very distinct from the preceding ; it
is smaller, wider, has not the lengthened beak of the lower valve
of Virginiana and the surface is much rougher. It is very closely
allied to 0. edulis of Europe.

3. 0. TRIANGULARIS, Holmes.

Proc. Elliott Soc. Nat. Hist., 29. 1856.

Shell subtriangular, subequivalve, subequilateral, thick, lami-
nated ; beaks produced, acutely pointed, angular, and slightly
curved towards each other ; margins rounded ; cavity of the shell
circular ; muscular impression very large in proportion to the size
of the shell, and placed near the margin of the base.

South Carolina.

Dr. Holmes states that this shell resembles 0. edulis of Europe
but is more regular in form. Its large muscular impression,
pointed beaks, and triangular shape distinguish it from that
species. I am riot acquainted with this shell.

4. O. EQUESTRIS, Say. Figs. 532, 533.

Am. Conch., vi. t. 58. 1834.

Shell small, ovate-triangular, more or less folded longitudinally;
lateral margins near the hinge with from six to twelve denticu-
lations of the superior valve received into corresponding cavities
of the inferior valve; superior valve depressed, but slightly folded ;
inferior valve convex, attached by a portion of its surface, the
margins elevated, folds unequal, much more profound than those
of the superior valve ; hinge very narrow, and curved laterally

and abruptly.

North Carolina to West Indies.

13

194 AMERICAN MARINE CONCHOLOGY.

Doubtful Species.

0. semicylindrica, Say. This appears to be an immature shell
and is not identified. It is said to inhabit the coast of Georgia
and Florida, imbedded in sponges.

Genus ANOMIA, Linnaeus.
Syst. Nat., edit. xii. 1150. 1767.

Animal with the mantle open, its margins with a short double
fringe ; lips membranous, elongated ; palpi fixed, striated on both
sides ; gills two on each side, united posteriorly, the outer laminae
incomplete and free ; foot small, cylindrical, subsidiary to a
lamellar and more or less calcified byssal plug, attached to the
upper valve by three muscles ; adductor muscle behind the byssal
muscles, small, composed of two elements ; sexes distinct ; ovary
extending into the substance of the lower mantle-lobe.

There are about twenty species ; distribution principally in tem-
perate seas, from low water to 100 fathoms.

1. A. GLABRA, Yerrill. Fig. 534.

Am. Journ. Sci., 288. April, 1872.
A. ephippium, Gould. Invert. Mass., edit. i. 1841.
A. electrica, Gould. Invert., edit. ii. 205. 1870.

Shell orbicular, or distorted ; surface scaly, lamellar, and easily
impressed by contact with other shells, etc.; upper valve very
convex, with a small beak ; lower valve smaller, flat, or concave,
with a circular byssal hole, which is united to the margin by a
greater or less fissure. Polished, and varying in color from black
through red, yellow, and ash to white ; the same colors internally,
except that the muscular impression is opaque white.

Diameter usually about 1 inch.

Cape Cod, Mass, to Florida.

This is our common Anomia, generally known as A. ephippium,
but it appears to be distinct from the European shell bearing that
name.

2. A. ACULEATA, Gmelin. Figs. 535, 536.

Syst. Nat., 3346. 1790.

Shell small, rounded ; upper valve with fine, prickly scales ar-
ranged in radiating lines ; lower valve smooth ; yellowish or
whitish.

Diameter about half an inch.

Eastport, Maine, northwards.

MARINE MOLLUSOA OF THE UNITED STATES 195

A. SQUAMULA, Linn. Gould, Invert. Mass., edit. 2, 206. 1870.

I do not know this species ; it does not appear, from the de-
scription, to differ from A. glabra.

Genus PECTEN, 0. F. Miiller.
Zool. Dan. Prodr., p. xxxi. 1776.

Animal with the mantle quite open, its margins double, the
inner pendant like a curtain finely fringed ; at its base a row of
conspicuous round, black eyes, surrounded by tentacular fila-
ments; gills exceedingly delicate, crescent-shaped, quite discon-
nected posteriorly, having separate excurrent canals ; lips folia-
ceous ; palpi-truncated, plain outside, striated within ; foot finger-
like, grooved, byssiferous in the young.

Unlike the oyster, this is an active animal, having the power
of rapid motion. There are nearly two hundred species; of world-
wide distribution, extending to 200 fathoms in depth.

1. P. MAGELLANICUS, Gmelin. Fig. 537.

(Ostrea). Syst. Nat., 3317. 1790.
Pecten tenuico status, Mighels & Adams. Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., iv. 41,

t. 4, f. 7. Bost. Proc., i. 49. 1841.
Pecten fuscus, Linsley. Am. Journ. Sci., 1st ser., xlviii. 278. 1845

(young).
Pecten brunneus, Stimpson. Shells N. E., 8. 1851 (young).

Shell large, orbicular, inequivalve ; superior valve more convex,
dull -red, with very numerous radiating striae which are crossed
by minute subscabrous wrinkles; inferior valve nearly flat, whitish,
with the striae less distinct ; beaks purple ; white within.

Diameter 6-9 inches.

New England, New Jersey, West Indies ?

This is our largest species, and one of the largest in the genus.
It is distinguished by the absence of ribs, the surface being only
marked by fine striae. Most American authors have adopted
Mighels' name because the species does not come from the Straits
of Magellan as supposed by Gmelin ; but this is mere supposition,
and I think it is preferable to retain the original name. It has
been considered a northern species, but in the collection of the
Philadelphia Academy are fine specimens dredged alive in Raritan
Bay, also specimens from "West Indies."

196 AMERICAN MARINE CONCHOLOGY.

2. P. ISLANDICUS, Miiller. Fig. 538.

(Ostrea.} Zool. Danica, Prod. No. 2990. 1776.
Pecten Pealii, Conrad. Am. Mar. Conch., t. 12, f. 2. 1831.

Shell oblong, orbicular, slightly oblique, valves nearly equal.
Surface covered with numerous, small, scaly, radiating ribs ; ears
unequal in size. Yalves closed except at the notch. Color light-
orange to dark reddish-brown, frequently zoned or blotched on
the upper valve, lower valve lighter in color; white within, except
a large roseate spot near the beaks.

Length 3.5 inches.

New England. (Eur.)

3. P. IRRADIANS, Lamarck. Fig. 539.

Anim. sans Vert., vi. Pecten No. 37. 1819.
P. concentricus, Say, Journ. Philad. Acad., ii. 259. 1822.

Shell orbicular, with from eighteen to twenty elevated, rounded
ribs,. and numerous concentric wrinkles; inferior valve slightly
ventricose or gibbous towards the umbo ; ears large and nearly
equal. The upper valve is generally brown with pale zones, and
the lower valve yellowish or whitish with pale brown zones.
Diameter 2-3 inches.

Whole Coast.

The animal of the " scallop" is eaten, and is comparable in
flavor to the lobster. The species is particularly numerous and
well-grown on the shores of Long Island and New Jersey, where
the young shells, on a clear calm day, may be observed skipping
-along to a considerable distance on the surface of the water ; the
movement being accompanied by the noise occasioned by the rapid
closing of their valves. The adults are not active.

4. P. DISLOCATUS, Say. Fig. 540.

Journ. Philad. Acad., ii. 260. 1824.

Shell suborbicular, with twenty or twent}M;wo rounded ribs, and
very numerous concentric wrinkles ; longitudinal striae none ;
whitish tinged with purple or yellow, with a few narrow, trans-
verse, interrupted and dislocated sanguineous, undulated lines,
rand sometimes five or six pale-reddish, almost obsolete spots
-towards the margin ; ears subequal.
Diameter 1.5 inches.

North Carolina, southwards.

MARINE MOLLUSCA OF THE UNITED STATES. 197

5. P. ORNATUS, Lamarck. Fig. 541.

Anim. sans Vert., vi. 176. 1819.

Subequivalve, depressed, inequilateral, oblique, ribs thirty to
thirty-six, alternately smaller and subscabrous ; one ear minute,
yellow ochraceous or white profusely blotched with angular red
markings.

Length 1 inch, width 20 mill.

North Carolina, southwards.

6. P. NODOSUS, Linnaeus. Fig. 542.

(Ostrea.) Syst. Nat., edit. xii. 1145. 1767.

Shell with nine thick rounded ribs, and strong radiating striae ;
ribs with large hollow vesicles.. Reddish-brown, orange, or white.

Diameter 2-5 inches.

North Carolina, southwards.

P. PUSTULOSUS, Yerrill, Araer. Journ. Sci., v. 14. 1873. " St.

George's Banks."

This is probably, from its small size, an immature shell. It has
not been figured, and besides, is extra-limital.

Genus LIMA, Bruguiere.
Encyc. Meth., t. 20, f. 6. 1792.

The animal has double man tie- margins, the inner pendent,
fringed with long tentacular filaments, ocelli inconspicuous ; foot
finger-like, grooved ; lips with tentacular filaments, palpi small,
striated inside ; gills equal on each side, distinct.

The Limas are either free or spin a byssus; some make an
artificial burrow when adult, by spinning together sand or coral
fragments and shells. The valves are always white. About
twenty species are known.

1. L. SCABRA, Dillwyn. Fig. 543.

Eecent Shells, 271. 1815.
Ostrea glacialis, Gmelin (pars), Syst. Nat.

Shell oval, subequilateral, with numerous subscabrous striae;
margin entire.

Length 2.25, width 1.5 inches.

Southern Coast. West Indies.

2. L. SQUAMOSA, Lamarck. Fig. 544.

Anam. sans Vert., vi. sp. 2. 1819.

Shell ovate, inequilateral, with strong, scaly ribs ; hinge oblique \
margin plicated.

Length 1.5, width 1 inch.

Southern Coast to West Indies.

198 AMERICAN MARINE CONCHOLOGY.

3. L. SULCULUS, Leach. Figs. 545, 546.

Forbes and Hanley, Brit. Moll., t. 53, f. 4, 5.

This beautiful little European species has been found at Sable
Island, and will possibly be detected in our northern waters.

Genus PLICATTTLA, Lamarck.
Syst. An., 132. 1801.

1. P. RAMOSA, Lamarck. Fig. 541.

Anim. sans Vert., vi. 6. 1819.

Shell oblong-triangular, very stout and solid, with numerous
large, ramified folds. White, with ferruginous markings.
Length 1 inch.

North Carolina, southwards.

CLASS BRACHIOPODA.

Animals provided with a shelly covering composed of two
valves, each of which is bilaterally symmetrical, and to which it
is organically attached by three principal pairs of muscles. Soft
parts also bilaterally symmetrical, consisting essentially of a
mantle composed of two lobes, to which the valves correspond, of
which lobes the outer edges are disunited throughout the greater
part, or the whole of their extent ; a disk and membrane, variously
modified in form, with its edges fringed with a series of tubular
brachia; the mouth situated within this disk at its posterior
portion. Respiration performed by direct contact of sea-water
with the vascular tissues of the brachia and mantle lobes ; dioecious
in all the genera? reproducing by ova only.

Family TEREBRATULIDJE.

Shell rounded or oval ; larger valve prominently beaked, smaller
one provided internally with a shelly loop to which the brachia
are attached. Valves articulated by two teeth in one valve
received into sockets in the other.

MARINE MOLLUSCA OP THE IGNITED STATES. 199

Genus TEREBRATULINA, Orb.
Comp. Rend., xxv. 268. 1847.

1. T. SEPTENTRIONALIS, Couthouy. Figs. 548, 549.

(Terebratula.) Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., ii. 65, t. 3, f. 18.

Terebratula caput-serpentis, Gould (non Auct), Invert. Mass., edit. i. 141.
1841.

Shell obovate, whitish or yellowish-white, thin, translucent; upper
valve truncated horizontally at the apex ; foramen large, one side
completed by the apex of the lower valve; surface covered by
minute radiating striae.

Length 15, width 12 mill.

Maine, northwards.

Family RHYNCHONELLID^].

Shell with radiating ribs, the arm supports long, slender, simple,
and gently curving towards each other ; no area ; the opening for
the pedicle usually completed by two small pieces ; animal with
elongated spiral arms.

Genus RHYNCHONELLA, Fischer.
Mem. Soc. Imp., Moscow, ii. 1809.

1. R. PSITTACEA, Gmelin. Fig. 550.

(Anomia.) Syst. Nat,, 3348. 1790.

Shell subtriangular, thin, inflated, brownish or greenish ; beak
produced and curved; surface radiately finely striated. The
internal processes consist of two slender curved parallel prongs
proceeding from the base of the teeth of the upper valves.
Length 12, width 8 mill.

Newfoundland, northwards.

Family LINGULIDJ3.

Shell pedunculate, peduncle passing between the valves ; inar-
ticulate, subequivalve ; brachia unsupported by calcified processes.

Genus GLOTTIDIA, Dall.
Am. Journ. Conch., vi. 157. 1871.

Shell linguiform, smooth, elongated ; neural valve furnished
internally with two sharp narrow incurved laminae, diverging from

200 AMERICAN MARINE CONCHOLOGF.

the beak and extending about one-third the length of the shell ;
haemal valve with a mesial septum of about the same length
extending forward from the beak.

1. G. PYRAMIDATA, Stimpson. Fig. 551.

(Lingula ) Am. Journ. Sci., xxix. 444. 1860.

Shell greenish-white, ovate, elongated, convex ; base subtruncate ;
surface smooth and glossy ; incremental lines inconspicuous.

Length 22, width 9 mill.

North Carolina.

The mantle has well-developed marginal setae, those on either
side, at the extremity longer than the rest, equalling in length
one-third the width of the shell. There are two black spots on
the margin of the mantle at the extremity. Peduncle, thick,
muscular, hyaline with an opaque axis, three times the length of
the shell.

This species has been found, so far, unattached. It is extremely
active in its motions when disturbed, and has the power, as
described by Mr. Morse, of burrowing in and travelling over the
sand by contortions of the peduncle and movements of the setae.
Furthermore, the soft parts secrete a mucus to which grains of
sand adhere, forming a " sandtube" of an extremely ephemeral
nature, which sometimes extends over part of the valves.

GENERIC INDEX.

Abra, Leach .................. 154

Aclis, Lov6n .................. 68

Acus, Humph ................. 44

Cyprina, Lam 162

Cyrtodaria, Dand 138

Cyrtopleura, Tryon 126

Dactylina, Gray 126

^Bolis, Cuv 113 i Dendronotus, A. and H 112

Aldena, Allm 117 : Dentalium, Linn 96

Adeorbis, S. Wood
Admete, Kroyer

90

Amauropsis, Morch,

Amphidesma, Lam 170

Ancula, Lov Ill

Anomia, Linn 194

Aporrhais, Dillw 17

Area, Linn 178

Architectonica, Bolt 81

Arrhoges, Gabb 18 I Dosinia, Scopoli

Diacria, Gray 120

Diaphana, Brown 104

Diplothyra, Tryon 128

Dolium, Lam 43

Donax, Linn 153

Doridella, Ver 110

Doris, L 108

Astarte, Sowb 163

Avicula, Brug 191

Bittium, Leach 71

Bela, Leach 48

Buccinum, Linn 19, 28

Bulbus, Brown 60

Bulla, Klein 107 i Ervilia, Turton

Busycon, Bolt 22 Eulima, Risso .

Caecum, Flem 75

Calliopsea, Orb 46

Callista, Poli 160

161

Dotp, Oken 112

Dreissena, Van Bened 190

Drillia, Gray 48

Elysia, Risso 118

Elysiella, Verrill 118

Ensis, Schum 142

156

169

Eupleura, Stimp 20

Fasciolaria, Lam 20

Ficus, Klein 24

Cancellaria, Lam 21 Fissurella, Bruc 191

Cardita, Bruc 166 Flabellina, Cuv 114

Carditamera, Coni 167

Cardium, Linn 173

Cassis, Lam 42

Cavolina, Gioeni 120

Cemoria, Leach 92

Cerithiopsis, F. and H 44

Cerithium, Adans 71

Ceronia, Gray 156

Chama, Linn 177

Chione, Muhlf. 159

Chione, Pallas 122

Chiton, Linn 97

Cirrhoteuthis, Eschr 8

Clio, Browne 120

Clcelia, Lov 117

Cochliolepis, Stm 86

Columbella, Lam 37

Corbula, Brug 141

Crenella, Brown 188

Crepidula, Lam

Crucibulum, Schum 93

Cryptodon, Turton 170

Cumingia, Sowb 1 55

. 166

Cyclocardia; Conr.

Cylichna, Lov 102

Fulgur, Mont 23

Fusus, 19, 20, Brug 24

Gastranella, Verrill 153

Gemma, Desh 159

Gitocentrum, Tryon • 126

Glottidia, Ball 199

Gouldia, Ad 165

Hermsea, Lov 117

Janthina, Bolt. 91

Kellia, Turton 171

Laevicardium, Swn 175

Lacuna, Turton 81

Leachia, Lesueur 9

Leda, Schum 181

Lepton, Turton • 172

Lima, Brug 1

Limacina, Cuv 121

Limapontia, Forbes 119

Lithodomus, Cuv 188

Littorina, Fer 79

Loligo, Lam 10, 13

202

GENERIC INDEX.

Loligopsis, Lam 9

Lucina, Brug 168

Lunatia, Gray 59

Lyonsia, Turton — , 134

Macoma, Leach 151

Mactra, Linn 144

Mamma, Klein 60

Mangelia, Risso 51

Margarita, Leach 87

Marginella, Lam 53

Marsenina, Gray 62

Martesia, Leach 127

Menestho, Moll 69

Mercenaria, Schuni 158

Mitra, Humph 53

Modiola, Larn 186

Montacuta, Turton 172

Murex, Linn 19

Mya, Linn 140

Mysia, Leach 170

Mytilus, Linn 185

Nassa, Mart 32

Natica, Aclanson 58

Nesera, Gray 141

JSTeverita, Risso 60

Nucula, Lam 180

Obeliscus, Humph 64

Octopus, Cuvier 8

Odostomia, Flein. 66

Oliva, Brug 45

Ominastrephes, Orb 11

Ony chia, Lesueur 11

Onychoteuthis, Licht 10

Ostrea, Linn 192

Pandora, Brug 135

Panopasa, Menard 137

Patella, Linn 94

Pecten, Mull 195

Pectunculus, Lam 180

Pedicularia, Swn 37

Periploma, Schum 133

Petricola, Lam 161

Philine, Ascan 105

Pholas, Linn 125

Pinna, Linn 191

Pleuromeris, Conr. 167

Pleurotoma, Lam 47

Pleurotomella, Yerrill 51

Plicatula, Lam 198

Polycera, Cuv Ill

Porcellana, Rumph 55

Psyche, Rang 121

Ptychatractus, Stimp 21

Purpura, Brug 36

Pyrula, Lam 23

Raeta, Gray 146

Ranella, Lam 20

Rhynchonella, Fischer 199

Ringicula, Desh 100

Rissoa, Frem 82

Rissoella, Gray 85

Rocellaria, Bellev 128

Saxicava, Bellevue 137

Scalaria, Lam 76

Scaphander, Mont 105

Semele, Schum 154

Sepiola, Rondelet 11, 14

Serripes, Beck 176

Sigaretus, Lain 61

Siliqua, Miihlf. 143

Siliquaria, Schum 143

Skenea, Flem 86

Solemya, Lam 138

Solen, Linn 142

Spirialis, E. and S 122

Spirula, Lam 15

Strigilla, Turton 151

Strombus, Linn 17

Sty lifer, Brod 70

Styliola, Les 121

Sycotypus, Browne 22

Tapes, Muhlfeldt 161

Tellidora, Morch 153

Tellina, Linn 148

Terebratulina, Orb 199

Teredo, Linn » • 129

Tergipes, Cuv 116

Thracia, Leach 134

Tornatella, Lam 99

Trichotropsis, Brod. and Sowb. 22

Triforis, Desh 72

Tritonium, Fabr 28

Trivia, Gray 55

Troplion, Mont 27

Turbo, Linn 87

Turbonille, Risso 64

Turritella, Larn 73

Turtonia, Hanly 171

Urosalpinx, Stimp 19

Utriculus, Brown 103

Velutina, Blain 62

Vermetus, Adans 74

Voluta, Linn 53

Volva, Bolten 56

Xylotrya, Leach 132

Yoldia, Moll 183

Zirphsea, Leach 127

REFERENCE TO PLATES.

FIGURES. PLATES. SPECIES. PAGE

1 1 Octopus rugosus, Bosc 8

1 Cirrhoteuthis Mullen, Eschr 8

1 Loligopsis pavo, Lesueur 9

4 1 Onychoteuthis Banksii, Leach 10

5 2 Bartlingii, Lesueur 10

2 Onychiacardioptera, P6ron 11

7 2 Ommastrephea sagittatus, Lam 12

8 2 Bartramii, Lesueur 12

9 3 Loligo brevis, Lam 13

10-11 3 punctata, De Kay H

12 3 Pealii, Les 14

13 4 Sepiola Atlantica, Orb 14

14-15 4 Spirula Peronii, Lam 15

16 4 Strombus alatus, Linn 17

17 4 Murex spinicostata, Val 19

18 5 Kanella caudata, Say 20

19 5 Fasciolaria gigantea, Kien 20

20 5 tulipa,Linn 21

21 6 distans, Lam 21

22 4 ligata, M. &A 21

23 4 Cancellaria reticulata, Linn 21

24 4 viridula, Fab 22

25 4 Trichotropis borealis, Sowb 22

26-27 5 Sycotypus canaliculatus, Linn 23

28 5 pyrum, Dill w 23

29-30 5 caricus, Gmel 23

31 6 " " 23

32 6 perversus, Linn

33 6 Ficus papyraceus, Say 24

34 6 Fusus Islandicus, Gmel 25

35 4 pygmseus, Gould 25

36 6 ventricosus, Gray 25

37 7 tornatns, Gould 26

38 7 decemcostatus, Say 26

39 4 Trophon truncatus, Strom

40 6 seal a ri form is, Gould

41 6 muricatus, Mont 27

42 6 Urosalpinx cinereus. Say

43 7 Buccinum Donovani, Gray

44 7 ciliatum, Fabr 29

45 7 undulatum, M611 30

46 7 Totteni, Siimp

47 7 Humphreysianum, Bennett

48-60 6 Nassa obsoleta, Say

51 7 trivittata, Say

52-3 7 vibex, Say

54 7 acnta,Say

55 7 unicincta, Say

56-7 8 Pnrpura lapilluH, Linn

58 8 Floridana, Conr «w

59 8 Columbella avara, Say

gO 8 roeacea, Gld

61 8 lunata, Say

62 8 Wheatleyi, DeKay

63 8 dissimilis, Stiiup

64 8 similis, Rav

65-6 8 mercatoria, Linn «

66a 8 ornata, Rav *£

67 8 Cassis cameo, Stimp **

204 REFERENCE TO PLATES.

FIGURES. PLATES. SPECIES. PAGE

68 8 Cassis granulosa, Brug 43

69 8 Dolium galea, Linn 43

70 9 perdix, Linn 43

71 8 Cerithiopsis Emersonii, Ad 44

72 8 terebralis, Ad 44

73 8 Acus dislocatns, Say 45

74 9 Oliva literata, Lam 46

75-6 8 mutica, Say 46

77 8 Pleurotoma bicarinata, Conth 47

78 8 brunnea, Perkins 47

79 8 cerina, K. & S 48

80 8 Bela turricula, Leach 48

81 8 harpularia, Couth 49

82 8 pleurotomaria, Couth 49

83 8 cancellata, M. & A 49

84 8 trevelliana, Turton. 50

85 8 violacea, M. & A 50

86 8 Mangelia ffliformis, Holmes 52

87 9 Voluta Junonia, Chemn 53

88 9 Mitra granulosa, Larn 53

89 9 Marginella guttata, Dillw 53

90 9 roscida, Redf 53

91 3 Porcellana exanthema, Linn 55

92 9 Trivia quadripunctata, Gray 55

93 9 Volva uniplicata, Sowb 56

94 9 Naticaafflnis, (jmel 68

55 9 pusilla, Say 58

96-9 10 Lunatia heros, Say 69

100 9 Grcenlandica, Moll 59

101 10 Neverita duplicata, Say 60

302 9 Mamma immaculata Totten 60

103 9 Bulbus Smithii, Brown 60

104 9- Amauropsis Islandica, Gmel 61

105 10 Sigaretus perKpectivus, Say 61

106 10 maculatus, Say 61

107 9 Marsenia perspicua, Linn 62

108 9 Velutina Izevigata, Linn 62

109 9 zonata, Old 62

110 9 Obeliscus crenulatus, Holmes 64

111 10 Turbonilla interrupta, Totten 64

112 10 nivea, Stimp 64

113 10 elegans, Verrill 65

114 10 Odostomia producta, Ad 66

115 10 fusca, Ad 66

116 10 dealbata, Stimp 67

117 10 modesta, Stimp 67

118 10 bisuturalis, Say 67

119 10 trifida, Totten 67

120 10 eemiduda, Ad 68

121 10 impressa, Say 68

122 10 Aclis polita, Verrill 69

123 10 Menestho striatula Couth 69

124 10 Eulima oleacea, K. & S 69

10 Apporhais occidental!*, Beck 18

126 10 . Cerithium ferrugineum, Say 71

127 10 Bittium nigrum, Totten 71

128 11 Greenii, Ad 72

129 11 Triforis nigrocinctus, Ad 72

130 11 Turritella erosa, Couth 73

131 11 reticulata, M. & A 73

132 11 costulata, M. & A 74

133 11 acicula, Stimp 74

134 11 radicula, Stimp 74

135 11 Csscum pulchellum, Stimp 75

136 11 coetatum, Verrill 76

137 11 Scalarla Nov-Auglije, Couth 76

138 11 lineata, Say 76

139 11 Grcenlandica, Chemn 77

140 11 angulata, Say 77

141 11 turbinata, Conr 77

142 11 multistriata, Say 77

143 11 borealis, Beck 78

144 11 Littorina dilatata, Orb 79

145 11 rudis, Donov 79

146 11 tenebrosa, Mont 79

147 11 litorea, Linn 80

148 11 palliata, Say 80

149 11 irrorata, Say 80

REFERENCE TO PLATES.

205

FIGURES.

J50

151

152

153

154

155

156

1.Y7

158

159

160

161

162

163

164

165

166

167

168

169

170

171
172-8

173

174

175

176

177

178

179

180

181

182

183
184-5

1S6
187-9

190

191

192

193

194

195

196

197

198

199

200

201

202

203

204

205

206

207

208

209
210-11

212

213

214

215

216

217

218

219

220

221

222

223

224

225

226

227

228

229

230

231

PLATES .
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12 '
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
14
13
13

SPECIES. PAOR

Arclntectonica granulata, Lam 81

Lacuna divaricata, Fab si

ueritoidea, Gould 81

Eissoa rniuuta, Totten 82

latior, Mirfhels & Ad 82

robusta, H. C. Lea 83

inodesta, H. C. Lea 83

turricula, H. C. Lea 83

aculoiis, Gould S3

null tili neata, Stimp 84

Mighelsi, Stimp 84

exarata, Stimp 84

carinata, M &A 84

Ise vis, De Kay 85

eburnea, Stimp 86

sulcosa, Migh 86

Skenea planorbis, Fab 86

Cochliolepis parasiticus, Stftnp 86

Turbo crennlatus, Gmel 87

Margarita occideutalis, M. & A 88

cinerea, Couth 88

obscura, Couth „ 88

varicosa, M. & A 88

minutissima, Mighels fe9

undulata, Sowb 89

belicina, Fab 89

campanulata, Morse 89

argentata, Gould 89

varicosa, M. & A 88

ornata, De Kay 90

mulnlineata, De Kay 90

Adeorbis costulata, Moll 90

Janthina fragilis, Brug

Fi^surella altoruata. Say 91

Cemoria Noachiua, Linn

Crucibulnm suiatum, Say

Crepidula fornicata, Linn

unguiformis, Lam

aculeafa Gmel 94

Patella cieca, Miiller 95

testudinalis, Miiller 95

alveus, Conr 95

Dentalium dentale, Linn

striolatum, Stimp 96

pliocenum, T. & H 97

Chiton mendicarius, M. & A 97

apiculatus, Say

cinereus, Linn

marinoreus, Fab

albus, Mont 98

Emersonii, Couth

ruber, Lowe

Tornatella puucto-striata, Ad 1

Bulla solitaria, Say 1

occulia, M. &A 102

CylicLna alba, Brown 1"2

oryza, Totten 1

Utiiculus Gouldii, Couth 1

canaliculatus, Say 1

biplicatus, H. C. Lea 1

Diaphana hiemalis, Couth 1

hyalinua, Turton l

Scaphander puncto-stiatus, M. & A 1

Philine sinuata, Stm 1

quadrata, 8. Wood *

lineolata, Couth 1°»

Doris bilarnellata Liun *

tenella, Agass }

aspera, A &H

tuberculata, Cuv ]

repanda. A. & H J«|

grista, Stimp... JJjj

Polycera Less'onii, Orb 1

Ancnla sulpburea, Stimp JJ*

Dendronotus arbore>cens, Mull "*

robtistus, Verriil j'2

Doto coronata, Gmel J

206

REFERENCE TO PLATES.

FIGCRES. PLATES. SPECIES. PAGE

v 232 13 ^olis papillosa, Linn 113

233 13 salmonacea, Cou-h 113

234 13 Flabellina Bostoniensis, Couth 114

i>35 13 rufibranchialis, Johnst 114

236 13 pilata, Gld 114

237 13 stellata, Stimp 114

238 13 picta, A. & H 115

239 13 diversa, Couth 115

240 14 Tergipes despecta, Johnst 116

241 14 gymuota, Couth 116

241a 14 Calliopsea fuscata, Gld 116

242 14 Hermsea cruciata, Agass 117

243 14 AlderiaHarvardiensis, Agass 117

244 14 Clcelia fuscata, Gld 117

245 14 remigata, Gld 117

246 14 Elysia chlorotica, Agass US

247 14 Elysiella catulus, Agass 118

248 14 Cavolina 'tridentata, Gmel 120

249 14 Diacria trispinosa, Les 120

250 14 Clio pyramidata, Linn 120

251 14 Styliola vitrea, Verrill 121

252 14 Psyche globulosa, Rang 121

253 14 Limacina helicina, Gmel 121

2.34 14 Spirialis Gouldii, Stm 122

255 14 Alexandri, Verrill 122

256 14 Clione limacina, Phipps 122

257-9 15 Pholas costata, Linn 125

260-1 16 truncata, Say 126

262-3 16 Dactylina Campechensis, Gmel 126

264-6 16 Zirphsea crispata, Linn 1'27

267-S 17 Martesia cuneiformis, Say 127

269 17 Diplothyra Srnithii, Tryon 128

270 17 Kocellaria ovata, Sowb 128

271 17 Stimpsonii, Tryon 128

272-4 17 Teredo dilatata, Stm 129

275-?0 17 navalis, Linn 130

2S1-3 17 megotara, Hanley 130

284-6 17 Thomsonii, Tryon 131

287-91 IS Norvagica, Speugl 130

292-4 18 chlorotica, Gld 131

29-3-7 18 Xylotrya fimbriata, Jeff 132

'298 18 Periploma papyracea, Say 133

29;>-:-!00 18 Siliqua costata, Say 143

301 19 Lyonsia hyalina, Conr 134

302 18 areuosa, Mull 134

303 18 Thracia myops-is, Beck 135

304 18 trui>cata, M. & A , 135

305-7 18 Pandora trilineata, Say 136

308-9 19 Thracia Conradi, Couth 134

310-13 19 Saxicava arctica, Linn 137

314-15 19&20 Panopsea Norvegica. Speng 137

31*5-17 20 Cyrtodaria siiiqua, Chemn 138

318 20 Solemya borealis Totten 139

319 20 velum, Say 139

320-25 20 & 22 Mya truncata Linn 140

321 21 Panopaa bitruncata, Coiir 138

322-4 21 Mya areuaria, Linn 140

325 22 truncata, Linn 140

326-7 22 Corbula contracta, Say 141

328 22 Neasra pellucida, Stimp 141

329-30 22 Soleu viridis, Say 142

3tt 22 Ensis Americanus, Gould 142

332 22 Siliquaria gibba, Spengl 143

333 22 divisa, Spengl 143

334 22 Siliqua costata, Say 143

335 23 divisa, Spengl 143

336-7 23 Mactra solidissima, Chemn 144

338-9 23 lateralis, Say 145

340-1 24 ovalis, Gould 145

342 24 fragilis, Chemn 145

343 25 Raeta canaliculata, Say 146

344 25 lineata, Say 146

345 25 Tellina alternata, Say 148

346-8 24 polita, Say 148

349 24 tenera, Say 148

350-1 25 tenta, Say 149

352-3 25 modesta, Verrill 149

354 26 iris, Say .149

REFERENCE TO PLATES.

207

FIGURES. PLATES. SPECIES. PAOB

355-7 26 Tellina brevifrons, Say 149

358-9 25 decora, Say l.V)

860 26 lusoria, Say 1.10

361 26 versicolor, Cozzens 150

362-3 26 Strigilla carnaria, Linn 151

364-5 26 flexuosa, Say 151

366 26 mera, Say 151

367 26 Macoma balthica, Linn 151

3f>8 26 calcarea, Cheran 152

369 26 subrosea, Conr 152

370 26 tenuis, Da Costa 152

371-3 26 Tellidora lunulata, Holmes 153

374-5 26 Gastranella tumida, Verrill 153

376-7 27 Donax fossor, S*y 153

378-9 27 variabilis, Say 154

3SO-1 27 Abra sequalis, Say 154

382 27 Semele orbiculata, Say 154

3S3 27 radiata,Say 154

384 27 Cumicgia tellinoides, Conr 155

385-6 27 Ceronia arctata, Conr 156

387 27 deaurata, Turt 116

3SS-90 27-28 Mercenaria mercenaria, Dinn 158

391-2 27-28 mortoni, Conr 158

393 28 Gemma gemma, Totten 159

394 28 Manhattens-is, Prime 159

395 29 Chione cingenda, Dillw 1">9

396 29 Callista gigantea, Cheinn 1«0

397 29 maculata, Linn ItiO

398 29 Sayana. Conr 160

399 30 Dosinia discus, Reeve 161

2g I Tapes fluctuosa, Gould 161

402-3 30 Petricola pholadiformis, Lam 162

ijjj Cyprina Islandica, Linn 162

407 30 Astarte borealis, Chemn 163

408-10 30 castanea, Say 1

411 30 compressa , Mont 1

412-15 31 depressa, Brown 1

416-17 31 quadrans, Gld 1

418 32 lutea, Perkins 165

419-20 32 sulcata, Da Costa 1

421 32 Gouldia mactracia, Linn 1

422 32 Carditaborealip, Conr 1

423 32 Novaugliaj, Morse 1

421-5 32 tridentata, Say 167

426 32 Lucina filosa, Stm ]

dentata, Wood 1"9

428 33 tigerina, Linn j

429 32 edentula, Linn |°»

430 32 Cryptodon Gouldii, Phil »W

431 32 obesu, Verril ««

432 32 Kellia planulata, Stm «j

433-35 32 suborbicularis, Montague "I

436-7 33 PeriplomaLeana Conr l-«

438-9 33 Turtonia nitida, Verrill «*

440 33 Montacuta elevata, Stm **J

441 33 Gouldi, Thomson |7*

442-4 33 Lepton fabagella, Conr • *™

445 34 Cardium isocardia, Linn :}'•*

446-7 33 muricatum, Linn *'*

448 33 elegantulum, Beck «J

449 35 maguuro, Born «*

450 33 pinnulatnm, Conr *«*

451_2 34 Iblaudicum, Linn fj>

34 Lffivicardiumserraiurn,Linn "•

A^J Mortoni, Conr "g

458 34 Serripes Groenlaudicus, Chemn 178

459-62-3 35 Chama arcinella Linn

460 35 macrophylla, Chemn "'

461 35 Lepton lepidum, Beck

464 36 Area now, Linn... • 1?g

465 36 trausversa, Say 179

466 36 pexata,Say. • ,7g

467-8 36 ponderosa, Say 17S

469 36 lienosa, Say

208

REFERENCE TO PLATES.

FIGURES.

PLATES.

470

37

471

37

472

37

473

37

474-6

37

477

38

478

38

479-80

38

481-2

38

483-4

38

485-7

38

4S8-9

38

490-1

38

492-3

38

494-5

38

496

38

497

38

498

38

499

38

500-1

38

502-3

38

504

38

505-7

38

508

39

509

39

510-11

39

512

39

513

40

514

40

515

40

516

40

517-19

40

520-21

40

522

40

523

40

524

40

525

40

526

41

527

41

528-9

41-42

530-1

42

532-3

42

534

43

535-6

43

537

44

538

43

539

44

440

43

541

43

542

43

543

43

544

44

545-6

44

547

44

548-9

44.

550

44

551

43

SPECIES. PAGE

Area Americana, Gray 179

Holmesii, Kurtz 179

incongrua, Say 179

Pectnnculus peonaceus, Lam ISO

Myt'lus edulis, Linn 186

" " 186

Wacula tennis, Mont 180

proxhna, Say ISO

expauwa , Reeve 181

iuflata, Hancock 181

delphinodonta, Mighels 181

Leda tenuisulcata, Couth 181

Jacksonii, Old 182

minnta, Fabr 182

caudata, Donov 182

acuta, Conr 182

lirnatula, Say 183

sapotilla, Gld 1 83

myalis. Couth 184

obesa, Stimp 184

arctica, Gray 184

thraciseformis, Storer 184

cascoeusis, Mighela 185

Mytilus exustns, Linn 186

hamatus, Say 186

Modiola modiolus, Linn 186

plicatula, Lam 187

Carolinen^is, Conr 187

tulipa, Linn 187

Crenella glandula, Totten 1SS

faba, Fabr 1S9

nigra, King 189

discors, Linn 189

corrugata, Stimp 189

lateralis, Say 190

Dreissena leucophsata, Conr 190

Avicula Atlantica, Lam 191

Pinna seminnda, Lam 191

muricata, Linn 191

Ostrea Virginiana, Lister 192

borealis, Lam 193

equestris, Say 193

Anomia glabra, Verrill 194

aculeata, Gmelin 194

Pecten Magellanicus Gmel 195

Islandicus, Mull lf>6

irradians, Lam 196

dislocatus, Say 196

ornatus, Lam 197

nodosus, Linn 197

Lima scabra, Dillw 197

squamosa, Lam. 197

eulculus, Leach 198

Plicatula ramosa, Lam 198

Terebratulina septentrionalis. Couth 199

Rhynchonella psittacea, Gmel 199

Glottidia pyramidata, Stimp 200

THE END.

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