ALAR WIRY Hoc en aR ation tac \seumM a Mv of N; alex Lt OS dp Xs rn ‘7 %. #4 Sx 3. oN 1869 THE LIBRARY bale vj ‘ % Pi. THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL VOLUME IV, 1904 NEW YORK: PUBLISHED BY THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY = / 1904 Committee of Publication Aa. by). Chi EDMUND OTIS HOVEY, Editor FRANK M. CHAPMAN ] LOUIS P. GRATACAP +t Advisory Board WILLIAM K. GREGORY 3 The American Museum of Natural History 77th STREET AND CENTRAL Park WEsT, NEw YorK l BOARD OF TRUSTEES FOR I904 MORRIS K. JESUP WILLIAM ROCKEFELLER ADRIAN ISELIN GEORGE G. HAVEN J. PIERPONT MORGAN H. O. HAVEMEYER JOSEPH H. CHOATE A. D. JUILLIARD J. HAMPDEN ROBB FREDERICK E. HYDE CHARLES LANIER PERCY R. PYNE D. O. MILLS HENRY F. OSBORN ALBERT S. BICKMORE GEORGE §. BOWDOIN ARCHIBALD ROGERS JAMES H. HYDE WILLIAM C. WHITNEY * ARTHUR CURTISS JAMES GUSTAV E. KISSEL CORNELIUS C. CUYLER ANSON W. HARD CLEVELAND H. DODGE OFFICERS AND COMMITTEES FOR Igo4 PRESIDENT MORRIS K. JESUP FIRST VICE-PRESIDENT SECOND VICE-PRESIDENT J. PIERPONT MORGAN HENRY F. OSBORN TREASURER CHARLES LANIER DIRECTOR HERMON C. BUMPUS SECRETARY AND ASSISTANT TREASURER JOHN H. WINSER EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE J. HAMPDEN ROBB, Chairman MORRIS K. JESUP PERCY R. PYNE J. PIERPONT MORGAN H. O. HAVEMEYER HENRY F. OSBORN ANSON W. HARD CHARLES LANIER FREDERICK?#E.'\ HYDE AUDITING COMMITTEE! ANSON W. HARD GUSTAV E. KISSEL GEORGE G. HAVEN The President, ex-officio FINANCE COMMITTEE J. PIERPONT MORGAN D. O. MILLS CHARLES LANIER A. D. JUILLIARD The President, ex-officio NOMINATING COMMITTEE D. O. MILLS WILLIAM ROCKEFELLER CLEVELAND H. DODGE The President, ex-officto MEMBERSHIP COMMITTEE PBRGY R= PYINE ARCHIBALD ROGERS ARTHUR CURTISS JAMES The President, ex-officio * Deceased. ill Scientific Staff Director HERMON C. Bumpus, Ph.D. Department of Public Instruction Prof. ALBERT S. BrcKMorRE, Curator Department of Geology and Invertebrate Palzontology Prof. R. P. WHITFIELD, Curator EpmMuNp Oris Hovey, Ph.D., Associate Curator Department of Mammalogy and Ornithology leroy, Ifa JANG JNiiviaany, (Creuitehuore Frank M. CHAPMAN, Associate Curator Department of Vertebrate Palaeontology Prof. HENRY FAIRFIELD OsBorN, Curator W.. D. Matruew, Ph.D., Associate Curator O. P. Hay, Ph.D., Associate Curator of Chelonia Prof. BAsHrorD Dean, Honorary Curator of Fishes Department of Ethnology Prof. Franz’ Boas, Curator Prof. LiviNGstoN FARRAND, Assistant Curator CLARK WIssLER, Ph.D., Assistant Department of Archaeology Prof. M. H. SAvILue, Curator of Mexican-Central American Archeology Haran I, Smiru. Assistant Curator GerorceE H. Pepper, Assistant in Archeology of the Southwest Department of Entomology WittiAM BruTENMULLER, Curator Departments of Mineralogy and Conchology L. P. Gratacap, A.M., Curator GeorGE F. Kunz, Ph.D., Honorary Curator of Gems Department of Invertebrate Zodlogy Prof. Witt1AM Morton WHEELER, Curator GrorGcE H. SHERwoop, A.M., Assistant Curator Prof. J. E. DuERpEN, Honorary Curator of Ccoelenterates Department of Physiology Prof. RautpH W. Tower, Curator Department of Preparation and Installation B. E. DAHLGREN, D.M.D., Curator Department of Books and Publications Prof. RatpH W. Tower, Curator Department of Maps and Charts A. Woopwarp, Ph.D., Curator iv l CONTENTS OF VOLUME IV. TITLE-PAGE ‘ : COMMITTEE OF PUBLICATION TRUSTEES, OFFICERS AND COMMITTEES SCIENTIFIC STAFF CONTENTS : List oF ILLUSTRATIONS NOY 2, JANUARY. To0x FRONTISPIECE EDITORIAL NOTE ; : : : : 3 : THe BEHAVIOR OF THE MINERALS AND Guts OF THE MORGAN COLLECTIONS TOWARD RADIUM AND OTHER SOURCES OF LIGHT An Extinct Cave Fauna in ARKANSAS. By W. D. MatTTHeEw. THE LonG-TAILED JAPANESE Fowts (Illustrated) THE DrauGutT Horse IN Action (Illustrated) DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY: EXPEDITION OF 1903 (Illustrated) ; ; : THE ARCHAZOLOGICAL EXPEDITION TO THE COLUMBIA V cies DEPARTMENT OF VERTEBRATE PALZONTOLOGY: FIELD Ex- PLORATIONS IN 1903 E SOME EXTRAORDINARY ANTS Gilinnctrated) THe Mexican Cotton-BoL_t WEEVIL CLIMATIC VARIATION IN COLOR AND SIZE OF Base SPARROWS (Illustrated). By F. M. CHapMan DEPARTMENT OF ARCHZOLOGY: EXPLORATIONS IN THE SOUTH- WEST : ; : THe EXHIBIT OF CHUKCHEE Ovens (liittsteated) THe GIANT SPIDER Crap (Illustrated) EocENE Fossit MAMMALS OF SOUTH AMERICA News Notes LECTURES MEETINGS OF SOCIETIES ; : A GENERAL GUIDE TO THE ina nin Mescen OF Pere momar DAW HIsTORY. . : Supplement CONTENTS NOQiv2e, APRIL, 1904. FRONTISPIECE . : Pe! EpiToriaL Note aS THE House-LireE OF THE Chee OF Sanaa ilistenteeh 5 THE STORER COLLECTION OF SHELLS ‘ ee ORBICULAR GRANITE FROM MICHIGAN ; : a THE COLLECTION oF FossiL FIsHES : ee) 0) MopEL OF THE Four-Torp Horse . ; : . | Ao News Notes . 4 ; ; ; ; » ae LECTURES ; : ; : : : 5 MEETINGS OF SOCIETIES. : ; 47 Birps, Nests anp Eces. By F. M. CHapman Supplemene NO: 3; JULY, -1oox. FRONTISPIECE . : ; . “5S FUNERAL Urns From Omen (likasirated), By MARSHALL H. SAVILLE : : ms THE GIANT SPIDER CRAB FROM THE [esate Sr AS . Ge Museum NotEs on PRIMITIVE ART Supplement NO. 4, OCTOBER, 1904. FRONTISPIECE . ; es New Groups or GAME paee (uiersreane By F. M. CuHap- MAN . : j : : , ’ ae SOCIAL PARASITISM AMONG ANTs. By WiLit1aAmM Morton WHEELER : : . 74 A CoLLEcTING TRIP TO eae AND THE B AHAMAS (iiuereances 75 THE LIBRARY . : , : ; | ie THE CIRCULATING LOAN Conmecmons oF NATURAL History SPECIMENS ! , . Se THE STUDY COLLECTION OF BIRDS . . : . Soa Museum Notes ; | 382 LECTURES : : ; ; . SS MEETINGS OF SOCIETIES. ; . 18s THE INSEcT-GALLS OF THE VICINITY OF NEW YORK Com (Illus- trated). By Witt1am BEUTENMULLER : . 89 INDEX : : =) ee l LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. THE JOURNAL. Lonc-TAILED JAPANESE FowLs DrauGHT HorsE — SIDE VIEW ) Draucut Horse — VIEW FROM ABOVE AND BEHIND New NortH CAROLINA BEETLES A GYNANDROMORPHOUS ANT DISTRIBUTION OF SONG SPARROWS CHUKCHEE Man, SHOWING WINTER CLOTHING GIANT SPIDER CRAB FROM JAPAN ; Tue HoME oF A CHUKCHEE FAMILY, EASTERN SIBERIA FUNERAL Urns Founp IN A Mounp, VALLEY OF Oaxaca ENTRANCE OF A TOMB AT CUILAPA FUNERAL URNs IN A MounpD AT CUILAPA FUNERAL URNS IN THE FACADE OF TOMB 9, XOXO : FUNERAL URNS IN A NICHE IN THE FACADE OF A TOMB AT CUILAPA , e FUNERAL URNS FROM XOXO : FuNERAL Urns Founp BAck oF Rous 9, oxo y : TERRA-COTTA FUNERAL URN FouND IN FRONT OF A TOMB AT CUILAPA ‘ A é CALIFORNIA MOUNTAIN PARTRIDGE CALIFORNIA VALLEY PARTRIDGE d ; ; ; 3 STAR-FisH —A Hatr-Hour’s CoLt_tecTinc aT ANDROS ISLAND, BAHAMAS . : CoRALS AND SEA-FANS aa FouR S Conrbenucé on ANDROS REEF, BAHAMAS : : SPINY Rose GALL (RHODITES BICOLOR HARR.) RosE Root GALL (RHODITES RADICUM OSTEN SACKEN) GLOBULAR ROSE GALL (RHODITES GLOBULUS BEUTEN.) Lonc Rose GALL (RHODITES DICHLOCERUS Harr.) Knotty Rose GALL (RHODITES VERNA OSTEN SACKEN) Mossy Rose GALL (RHODITES ROSE LINN.) : Meaty Rose GAL (RHODITES IGNOTA OSTEN SACKEN) Rose LenTiLt Galt (RHODITES LENTICULARIS BASS.) BaAssETT’s BLACKBERRY GALL (DIASTROPHUS BASSETTII BEU- TEN.) ILLUSTRATIONS BLACKBERRY SEED GALL (DIASTROPHUS CUSCUTZFORMIS OsTEN SACKEN) ‘ : ‘ ; : . os BLACKBERRY Knot GALL orisnRa as S NEBULOSUS Osiee SACKEN) . : : : ; ; : : : oa RASPBERRY Root GALL (DIASTROPHUS RADICUM Bass.) . «405 CINQUEFOIL AXIL GALL (DIASTROPHUS POTENTILL# Bass.) . 96 Oak oR May AppLeE (A MPHIBOLIPS CONFLUENTUS Harr.) » 356 Empty Oak APPLE (AMPHIBOLIPS INANIS OSTEN SACKEN) em SCRUB OAK GALL (AMPHIBOLIPS ILICIFOLIE BASS.) . : aoe Oak SPINDLE GALL (A MPHIBOLIPS (ECLEBS OSTEN SACKEN) . 98 AcorN Pium Gatti (AMPHIBOLIPS PRUNUS WALSH) : » 198 HornNED Knot Oak Gatti (ANDRICUS CONIGERUS OSTEN SACKEN) . ; : : : ; : : ° os Oak Knot GaLt (ANDRICUS PUNCTATUS Bass.) : * ee Oak SEED GALL (ANDRICUS SEMINATOR Harr.) : . “00 Oak Wart GALL (ANDRICUS FUTILIS OSTEN SACKEN) . 399 Oak NippLe GALL (ANDRICUS PAPILLATUS OSTEN SACKEN) . 100 SCRUB Oak CLuB GALL (ANDRICUS SimiLis Bass.) . ; . ES WHITE Oak CLuB GALL (ANDRICUS CLAVULA Bass.) ; ) tes SUCCULENT Oak GALL (ANDRICUS PALUSTRIS OSTEN SACKEN). I01 SMALL Oak APPLE (ANDRICUS SINGULARIS BASs.) . : . OH Oak PETIOLE GALL (ANDRICUS PETIOLICOLA BASS.) . >» Toe Oak Woot Gatti (AnDRICUS LANA FITCH) : : : Sieg Oak CapsuLE GALL (ANDRICUS CAPSULUS BASS.) . 3 TOR Oak Miprisp GALL (ANDRICUS PIGER BAss.) . , 26g SPINY Oak GALL (CYNIPS PRINOIDES BEUTEN.) ‘ . eg Pine-ConE Oak GALL (CYNIPS STROBILANA OSTEN SACKEN) . 104 Oak PEA GaLt (Cynips PisuM FITCH) . : : i) tem Oak HEDGEHOG GALL (ACRASPIS ERINACEI WALSH) : . Tom Oak Fic Gay (BioRHIzZA FORTICORNIS WALSH) | 805 Oak BULLET GALL (HOLCASPIS GLOBULUS FITCH) . . es PoINTED BULLET GALL (HOLCASPIS DURICARIA BASS.) . (ES POLISHED OAK GALL (DRYOPHANTA POLITA BASS.) : ee Oak FLOWER-STEM GALL (NEUROTERUS PALLIDUS BASS.) . ox Oak Potato GALL (NEUROTERUS BATATUS FITCH) ; iy «or Noxious Oak GALL (NEUROTERUS NOXIOSUS BASS.) ey Oak FLAKE GALL (NEUROTERUS FLOCCOSUS BASS.) 1 sree Oak Button GALL (NEUROTERUS UMBILICATUS BASS.) . . _ 168 HUCKLEBERRY GALL (SOLENOZOPHERIA VACCINII ASHM.) . 26s Lettuce Tumor GALL (AULAX TUMIDUS Bass.) . 7 meg vill ILLUSTRATIONS Witiow AppLe GaLt (NEMATUS POMUM WatsH) Wititow Ecc Gai (Euura ovuM WALSH) ALDER Bup GALL (CECIDOMYIA SERRULAT# OSTEN SACKEN) Basswoop Wart GALL (CECIDOMYIA VERRUCICOLA OSTEN SACKEN) 4 : ; ; : 3 : TuLip-TREE Miprisp GALL (Guano MYIA TULIPIFERA Daren SACKEN) F 4 ; : : , ; ; TuLip-TREE Spot GALL (CECIDOMYIA LIRIODENDRI OSTEN SACKEN) : ; : : Witp CHERRY Bubp GALL (enorme MYIA SEROTIN = Gme SACKEN) : ; ; ; AsH Mipris GALL (CECIDOMYIA PELLEX Cane SACKEN) Honey-Locust Pop GALL (CECIDOMYIA GLEDITSCHIL£ OSTEN SACKEN) : ; : : ‘ : : Hickory- ONION GALL (CECIDOMYIA HOLOTRICHA OSTEN SACKEN) : : : : : : : Hickory SEED GALL (CECIDOMYIA CARY COLA OSTEN SACKEN) Hickory TuBE GALL (CECIDOMYIA TUBICOLA Oona Saeeee) : Hickory CoNE GALL (CECIDOMYIA SANGUINOLENTA OSTEN SACKEN) : : : : : : : : : Hickory PracH GALL (CECIDOMYIA PERSICOIDES OSTEN SACKEN) : : : ; : PINE-CONE WILLOW GALL (Gee IDOMYIA STROBILOIDES Gries SACKEN) WILLow CLUB GALL (Geena IA RIGID SOer en SACKEN) WILLoOw Potato GALL (CECIDOMYIA BATATAS OSTEN SACKEN) Docwoop CLuB GALL (CECIDOMYIA CLAVULA BEUTEN.) ToucH-ME-Not GALL (CECIDOMYIA IMPATIENS OSTEN SACKEN) Oak PILL GALL (CECIDOMYIA PILULE WALSH) Oak SPANGLES (CECIDOMYIA POCULUM OSTEN SACKEN) Oak Foitp GALL (CECIDOMYIA NIVEIPILA OSTEN SACKEN) GOLDENROD BuNCH GALL (CECIDOMYIA SOLIDAGINIS LOEW) GRAPE-VINE TuBE GALL (CECIDOMYIA VITICOLA OSTEN SACKEN) : : 4 ; : 3 GRAPE-VINE APPLE GALL (openers IA VITIS-POMUM roe AND RILEY) : : ; GRAPE-VINE ToMATO GALL (LASIOPTERA VITIS stan Sucka) Mapve Spot GALL (SCIARA OCELLATA OSTEN SACKEN) GOLDENROD GALL (TRYPETA POLITA LOEW) 1X EEE JE E 1B II2 EE2 L1I2 113 113 II4 II4 IT4 EDS Ens II5 116 116 I16 EY 117 118 118 118 I19Q 11g ILLUSTRATIONS GoLDENROD Batt GALu (TRYPETA SOLIDAGINIS Fi1TCH) HaAcCKBERRY PETIOLE GALL (PACHYPSYLLA VENUSTA OSTEN SACKEN) ; f : ; : : : HACKBERRY NopULE GALL (P ACHYPSYLLA CELTIDIS-GEMMA RILEY) ‘ : : 3 : : : f HACKBERRY BLISTER GALL (Bache. PSYLLA CELTIDIS-VESICU- LUM RILEY) : ; : : HACKBERRY NIPPLE GALL (Pacuy PSYLLA CELTIDIS-MAMMA RILEY) ; : é : : HACKBERRY MELON GALL (Pacny PSYLLA CELTIDIS-CUCURBITE RILEY) : : : : é WitcH Hazeu Cone GALy (Gor MAPHIS HAMAMELIDIS PircHy) SPINY Witcu Haze_ Gat, (HORMAPHISOSPINOSUS SHINER) Cocx’s Comp E_m Gai (CoLoPHA ULMICOLA FiTCH) Sumac Tomato GALL (PEMPHIGUS RHOIS FiTcH) PopLaR STEM GALL (PEMPHIGUS POPULICAULIS FITCH) Hickory Lousrt GaLt (PHYLLOXERA CARYACAULIS FITCH). Wi Lp CHEerry Pouch GALL (ACARUS SEROTINE BEUTEN.) SUPPLEMENTS. Roy INion a2 PAGE I20 120 bak I2t 20 122 ree res £23 123 124 124 124 A GENERAL GUIDE TO THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY. THE AMERICAN Museum oF Natura History: SoutH FACADE THE READING-Room. No. 503 FirtH FLoor (PLAN) , Hau oF Fossizr Mammats. No. 406 FourtH FLoor (PLAN) g Morcan Hatt oF MINERALOGY. No. 404 ; . Louspat Hatt oF MEXICAN AND CENTRAL AMERICAN eee B- oLocy. No. 402 : R : ; Hat oF GEOLOGY AND MINERALOGY. No. 408 THIRD FLoor (PLAN) : ; ‘ : : TERMITE Nest, THREE Feet HicH. In Hatt No. 307 x ILLUSTRATIONS THE Group OF BEACH-BREEDING BIRDS OF Gonms IsLAND. In NortH AMERICAN Birp HALu. No. 308 : ; DIAGRAM SHOWING THE DISPOSITION OF SPECIMENS IN EACH OF THE SYSTEMATIC EXHIBITS ILLUSTRATING THE CULTURE OF FouRTEEN LOCALITIES IN ANCIENT SOUTH AMERICA SECOND FLoorR (PLAN) ‘ ; : MAMMALS AND Birps. CENTRAL HALL, No. 204 Birp Hatt. NortxH Wine, No. 208 ; CULTURE OF THE BASKET- Maas OF SOUTHEASTERN UTAH. A CaAsE IN HAatu No. 202 First Fioor (PLAN) . : Nortu AMERICAN Forestry. Haut No. 106 ETHNOLOGY OF THE NORTHWEST COAST OF AMERICA. HAtt No. 108 ; Z 2 DIsTRIBUTION OF nes UrESTEEE BY THE pene Mawr: Paciric EXPEDITION. SEE Ha.ts Nos. 108, 102, ror Eskimo Woman, WEsT Coast oF Hupson Bay. HattiNo. 102. CHUKCHEE MAN, EASTERN SIBERIA. Hatt No. tor TENG 2: BIRDS’ NESTS AND EGGS. Duck Hawk. Group, Hau No. 204 Kery-PLANS SECOND, OR MAIN, FLooR a ‘“ THIRD, OR GALLERY, FLOOR CLAPPER RaiILt. Group, Haru No. 208 VARIATIONS IN CoLor oF BirRpDs’ EcGcs YELLOW-BILLED Cuckoo. Group, Hatt No. 308 Brack Duck. Group, Hatt No. 208 Woopcock. Group, HAtu No. 208 RuUFFED GROUSE. Group, Hatt No. 208 ScREECH OwL. Group, HALu No. 208 BANK SWALLOW. Group, Hatt No. 208 BLackK AND WHITE WARBLER. Group, HALL No. 408 Worm-EaTInG WARBLER. Group, HA. No. 308 Louisiana WATER-THRUSH. Group, Hatt No. 308 Lonc-BILLED MarsH WREN. Group, Hatt No. 308 x1 PAGE 42 52 ILLUSTRATIONS To MNO 2: PRIMITIVE ART. VIGNETTE. BASKET . } DyInc WaRRIOR, DECORATION FOR MASK SEAL, DECORATION FOR MAsk BEAVER, DECORATION FOR TOTEM-POLE PurFin, DECORATION FOR TOTEM-POLE KILLER-WHALE, DECORATION FOR MAsk ScuLPIN, DECORATION FOR SPEAR-HEAD . Doc-Fisu, DECORATION FOR SPEAR-HEAD Soup, DECORATION FOR Mask First FLoor, Hatt 108. (PLAN) PAINTED HatT Box, FisH DeEsIGn BLANKET BORDER BRACELET ; : 2 PAINTING FROM A HousE-FRONT BASKETS , PATTERNS FOR BASKETS TAIL-PIECE PAINTED BLANKET Younc Woman’s HeEap-Banp War-AXE DRINKING-TUBE Bac AND BASKETS BASKETS BASKETS AND Hat : ; First Froor, Hatt 102. (PLAN) Bac witH DesiIGN IN BEAD-WoRK PAINTED DESIGN ON RAWHIDE . : ; PAINTED DESIGNS BaGs witH BEADING MoccasIN AND BaG DESIGNS BiacKFroot DESIGN : Poucu Desicns, BEAD-WoRK . f Poucu anv Moccasin Desicns, BEAD-WorK Woven DESIGNS Woven DEsIGns xii PAGE, Ooo women DADA WAAAH ILLUSTRATIONS BEADED BELTS ; ; TaiL-PIECE. BEADED BASKET . SPIRAL PATTERNS SPIRAL PATTERNS BrrcH-Bark BASKET ’ ; SECOND Fioor, HALu 202. DIAGRAM BASKETS FROM CALIFORNIA : BELTS AND RispBons. HuvicHoi DESIGNS RispBoN Desicns. HvIcHou CEREMONIAL DESIGNS Xlll LONG-TAILED JAPANESE FOWLS (See page 7) The American Museum Journal VoL. IV. JANUARY, 1904. No. I =4\HI Supplement issued with this number of the | JouRNAL takes theform of a General Guide to the exhibition halls of the Museum. It has been pre- pared for the purpose of facilitating a rapid sur- vey of the collections which have been placed on view. Those halls which have already received extended treat- ment in the Supplements of the JOURNAL are passed over with few words, in order to devote more space to the remainder. The twelve Guide Leaflets which have preceded this one will be found to supplement it in as many important directions. Other Guide Leaflets to special exhibits and to the halls as units are in course of preparation, and will be issued from time to time. THE BEHAVIOR OF THE MINERALS AND GEMS OF THE MORGAN COLLECTIONS TOWARD RADIUM AND OTHER SOURCES OF LIGHT. DuriNG the past summer, Dr. George F. Kunz, Honorary Curator of Gems, and Professor Charles M. Baskerville, Professor of Chemistry in the University of North Carolina, made a care- ful study of the action of ultra-violet light, Roentgen rays and radium upon the specimens in the Bement-Morgan and Tiffany- Morgan collections. These collections are the most complete of authenticated minerals and gems on exhibition in the country and give a unique opportunity for the observation of fluores- cence and phosphorescence resulting from treatment in the manner indicated. In all, about 13,000 verified minerals and gems in these collections were carefully studied. In addition to these, the investigators submitted to the sources of radio- activity selected stones from about 15,000 British Guiana dia- monds, and two particularly handsome diamonds, one of which 3 THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL was a tiffanyite, besides several carbonados. The radium pre- parations used were of the highest activity obtainable, and were secured for the Museum through the liberality of Mr. Edward D. Adams. The results here announced were obtained through the use of radium bromide of 300,000 and radium chloride of 7,000 activity, and with radium barium carbonate of roo activity, uranium being taken as the standard at 1. Minerals may be separated tentatively into those which rt. Do not respond to radium, ultra-violet or Roentgen rays. 2. Respond to radium only. 3. Respond to ultra-violet rays only. 4. Respond to Roentgen rays only. 5. Respond to radium and ultra-violet rays (not to Roentgen rays). 6. Respond to radium and Roentgen rays (not to ultra-violet rays). 7. Respond to ultra-violet and Roentgen rays (not to radium). 8. Respond to radium, ultra-violet rays and Roentgen rays. With ultra-violet rays it was found that minerals from Lang- ban, Sweden, behave differently from the same species from other localities. The obvious suggestion is that here, and at points where similar exceptional results appear, as at Borax Lake, there is present some rare (perhaps new) element, widely diffused in very minute quantities. An illustration is given by the behavior of glauberite; specimens from Borax Lake, Cali- fornia, Laramie and Spain phosphoresce, while specimens from Chile do not. It is noteworthy that tourmaline, which is so markedly pyroelectric, gives no response; nor does beryl, save in three specimens from Haddam Neck, Conn. American sapphires of various kinds, spinel, chrysoberyl and almost all jades, gave no response to the ultra-violet rays. Most of the gem-minerals, except diamond, opal and kunzite, are little acted upon. The studies indicate the presence with the zinc in willemite and hydrozincite and in the artificial phosphorescent zinc sulphide and zinc oxide, of some element, probably not yet determined, that possesses peculiar properties, one that in combination with 4 THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL a zinc mineral gives high luminosity ee the application of radium, or any other radio-active body. The variable action of fluorspar with the various kinds of rays makes it probable that there exists in that mineral either yttrium or ytterbium, or some other related rare earth, or perhaps sev- eral of them. Some highly active element seems to be present in all of the numerous and complex minerals from Borax Lake, California, but it is not responsive to radium. This is evidently a sub- stance not necessarily radio-active itself, but one possessing the same or allied properties with the substance found with the zinc minerals. A slight exposure for one or two seconds causes all of them to phosphoresce, sometimes for a full minute. The substance present in calcite from Franklin, N. J., and from Langban and Pajsberg, Sweden, is probably yet another body, as it does not respond to radium; although the willemite found with the calcite at Franklin responds in marked degree not only to radium, but also to actinium, polonium, Roentgen rays and ultra-violet rays. The willemite, furthermore, is tribo- luminescent, emitting light even when struck against the side of a glass full of water. When powdered, this mineral serves admirably for radio screens, being almost if not quite as good for this and similar purposes as the artificial platinum-barium cyanide. The new lilac-colored spodumene from California, named kunzite by Professor Baskerville (Sczence, September 4, 1903), responds wonderfully to the influence of radium, actinium, polonium, Roentgen rays and ultra-violet rays, and is strongly pyro-electric. There probably exists in autunite, and another yellow-brown uranium mineral from Texas, a fluorescent substance which dif- fers from anything elsewhere noted in the collection. In the hyalite, from San Luis Potosi, a volcanic mineral, there is present something that responds with a beauty of color that strikingly reminds one of nitrate of uranium; this may be still another substance. The most responsive of all, however, whether to radium, actinium, polonium, Roentgen rays, ultra-violet rays or mag- 5 THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL nesium light, were the diamonds to which Dr. Kunz gave the name tiffanyite in a paper read before the New York Academy of Sciences in December, 1895. These stones contain a peculiar substance which gives them what is known as the blue-white color. They are fluorescent like anthracene, and hold the lumi- nosity for a long time. At the meeting of the New York Academy of Sciences held in the Museum on October 6, 1903, Dr. Kunz gave a summary account of his and Professor Baskerville’s interesting and valua- ble investigations, illustrating his remarks with many specimens. The scientific aspect of the studies is discussed in the American Fournal of Science for December, 1903, and January, 1904. AN EXTINCT CAVE FAUNA IN ARKANSAS. aa) GREAT part of the evidence as to the antiquity of | §=©Man in the Old World has been found in ancient caves, where his bones or indications of his exist- ence have been found associated with remains of many extinct animals of the Pleistocene Epoch or earlier. But in this country the exploration of caves has until recently yielded very meagre results as to extinct animals, and has added practically nothing to our evidence of the antiquity of Man. Within the last two years, however, explorations con- ducted by Professor F. W. Putnam and Dr. J. C. Merriam in the Pleistocene caves of California, have brought to light a large series of fossil remains, mostly of extinct species of animals, and recently another rich cave deposit, equally ancient, has been found in Arkansas, and is now being investigated by this Mu- seum. This deposit was discovered by Dr. Teller, and we owe to the good offices of Professor Putnam the opportunity to explore it. Mr. Barnum Brown, who was sent out for this pur- pose by Professor Osborn last summer, has already succeeded in making a collection consisting of some thousands of specimens of over thirty species of animals, many of them extinct. The col- lection is especially rich in remains of small mammals such as 6 THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL rats, mice, shrews, bats, weasels and hares. No certain indica- tions of Man have yet been recognized, but it is hoped that further explorations may give some definite evidence as to his existence, as this would be the most conclusive proof yet fur- nished of the antiquity of Man in the New World. W. D. M. THE LONG-TAILED JAPANESE FOWLS. mati HE long-tailed Japanese fowls (see frontispiece) se- cured for the Museum by Prof. Bashford Dean have recently been mounted and placed on exhi- bition in the Bird Hall. Professor Dean states that this peculiar breed of fowls has been so long established (it was known in Corea prior to A.D. tooo) that its wild ancestors cannot be determined. It appears, however, to have been developed solely through artificial selection by breeders, from birds in which, because of failure to molt, the tail-feathers continued to grow for an indefinite period. In the Province of Tosa, in the Island of Shikoku (the third largest island of the Japanese group) breeders were encouraged by the Daimyo of the Province to produce fowls with especially long feathers which were of heraldic importance and were used by the Daimyo as decorations for his spear. The best individuals of this fowl are still grown in the Pro- vince of Tosa where Professor Dean procured the specimens now owned by the Museum. The industry, however, probably through lack of governmental support, is now on the wane, so much attention being required to produce long-feathered birds that their breeding is not commercially profitable. The birds are given high perches as their feathers develop, are fed with great care on nourishing food, and the long feathers are wrapped in mulberry paper to protect them from dirt and abrasion. It is said that a growth of six inches per month has been obtained by proper treatment, and the longest recorded feather measured twenty feet and two inches. The tail of the best developed Museum specimen measures fourteen feet. 7 THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL DRAUGHT HORSE—SIDE VIEW THE DRAUGHT, HORSE INACTION. Sea HE latest addition to the alcove exhibiting the SEL evolution of the Horse, as the gift of Mr. William C. Whitney, is a mounted skeleton which repre- sents a draught horse in action. In the general plan of preparation for this alcove the Curator, Professor Osborn, designed two series: the first, of fossil horses, and of the wild horses, asses and zebras so far as they can be secured, to show the evolution of the Horse in a state of nature; the second, of the domesticated horses, show- ing the modification of the skeleton as brought about by the artificial selection of man. This double set will give a number of comparisons and contrasts of the most interesting character, for it will demonstrate that natural selection has been quite as effective as artificial selection in producing great extremes of structure. ee) THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL \ The three types selected to show the varieties of the domesti- cated Horse are, the largest and most powerful form, the Percheron or draught horse, the Shetland pony to show the smallest and least powerful form, and the race horse to show the swiftest form. Of these the draught horse has been finished, the Shetland pony is now in preparation, and Mr. Whit- ney is interesting himself in the selection of a suitable skeleton of a race horse. The Percheron horse, the skeleton of which has been prepared to show the draught horse type, was presented by Mr. George Ehret. In life the animal weighed 2160 lbs., and was 5 ft. 6} inches in height at the withers. Preparatory to the mounting, Mr. 8S. H. Chubb, who has had entire charge of the preparation of this series under the di- rection of Professor Osborn, took a large series of photo- graphs of the side, front and rear views of similar horses hauling heavy loads, in order to ascertain as nearly as possible the posi- tion of every part of the skeleton when the animal is DRAUGHT HORSE—VIEW FROM ABOVE AND BEHIND 2 THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL so employed. Then began the difficult task of mounting. The result is considered completely successful. It throws light not only upon the osteology of the draught horse, but on the signifi- cance of various features of the skeleton in general. In studying the mounted skeleton we have to imagine that the shoulders rest against a collar, against which the horse is throwing its weight and exerting its energy. To this end the head and body are lowered, the fore limbs acting chiefly as sup- ports, although part of the weight is thrown against the col- lar. The hind limbs are doing the greater amount of the work; they are the real propellors of the body. In the side view the exact position of each of the limbs is shown, and the flexure of the various joints, also the fact that the backbone is lowered toward the ground and that the head is thrown over to one side. A still more striking point of view is that from above and behind. We here note that the right half of the pelvis has been lowered and thrown well to the left, so that the right hip joint has been brought much nearer the mid-line than the left. The purpose of this is to transmit the energy from the hind limb as nearly as possible through the central or main axis of the body. This is further facilitated by the curvature of the backbone. At the next moment the left leg will get its “‘purchase,” the right being released; the pelvis then swings to the right side, the curve in the backbone becomes reversed, and the power of the left hind limb is applied similarly along the main axis of the animal; and so on from step to step. The skeleton of an animal is popularly considered its least interesting part; but this method of illustrating its adaptation for special purposes, by representing it in various kinds of action, immediately transforms the skeleton into a subject of the great- est interest. In fact, the wonderful evolution of the Horse as it will be shown in the fossil series can only be thoroughly under- stood when taken in connection with the special motions and actions of the living Horse. The race horse will be mounted as running at full speed; the Shetland pony as in the act of grazing. Another mount, nearly ready for exhibition, is of a rearing horse held in check by a man. | fe) THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL Cychrus eneicollis, Male. Anthophilax hoffmanii. Male and female. NEW NORTH CAROLINA BEETLES DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY: EXPEDITION OF 1903. ROUGH provision made by Mr. Samuel V. Hoff- man, the curator of the Department of Ento- mology, Mr. William Beutenmtller, was enabled to make a trip in May and June, 1903, to the Black Mountains of North Carolina, in continua- tion of the work of previous years. The unusual rains which prevailed during May prevented full success in the collection of the characteristic species of the season, still about 7,000 speci- mens were obtained. In the series there are many species not before represented in the Museum collections and some that were new to science. Many scientific data were obtained for use in the preparation of the contemplated work on the Insect Fauna of the Black Mountains, North Carolina, and adjacent Ranges. Some of the new and the rarer previously known species ob- tained on the present expedition were made the basis of an article which was published in the Museum bulletin during Sep- tember last. One of the new forms was named Anthophilax hoffmanu, or Hoffman’s longhorn beetle, in honor of the late Very Rev. E. A. Hoffman, whose interest in entomology and whose friendship for the Museum greatly enriched the Depart- wT THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL ment during his life. This species, figures of which appear on page 11, has bright metallic green forewings and a brassy-black thorax. The beetle lives in the dense evergreen forests which cover the summits of the Black Mountains, and its larva feeds in the wood of the balsam-fir. Among other rareties brought back are several species of the genus Cychrus. These beetles, one of which is figured on page 11, devour live snails for food. THE ARCHAZOLOGICAL EXPEDITION TO THE COLUMBIA VALLEY. Ba) RCH AOLOGICAL explorations of the Jesup North E Pacific Expedition were carried on in 1897 by Mr. Harlan I. Smith in the Thompson and Fraser River Valleys of southern British Columbia; and in 1898-99 in the shell-heaps along the coasts of British Columbia and Washington. In continuance of the gen- eral archeological reconnoissance thus begun in the Northwest, the Columbia Valley was chosen as the field for research during the field season of 1903. The region is exceedingly dry and sup- ports no trees except in the river bottoms, or where irrigation has been successfully prosecuted. The country has come to be known for its production of fruit, hops, hay and wheat raised by means of irrigation. The Museum already had some heterogeneous collections from the Columbia Valley in the vicinity of The Dalles and Port- land which indicated that the prehistoric culture of the region was different from that of either the coast of Washington or the Thompson River country. The latter lies immediately to the north of the Yakima Valley, which was chosen as the base of operations for the new investigations. It was thought that by working in the Yakima Valley the boundary between the culture of The Dalles and that of the Thompson River region might be determined. The material however discovered by the expedi- tion seems to prove that the Yakima Valley was inhabited by people having a culture which previously had been unknown to science. THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL In the region were found numerous evidences of the close communication of the people of this culture with tribes of the Thompson River region. Underground house sites, tubular pipes, engraved dentalium shells, a decoration consisting of a circle with a dot in it, and rock-slide sepulchres, each of a par- ticular kind, were found to be peculiar to both regions. Considerable material of the same art as that found in The Dalles region was seen. It is clear that the people living in the Yakima Valley had extensive dealings both with the tribes northward, as far as the Thompson Valley, and southward, as far as The Dalles of the Columbia. In this connection it is in- teresting to note that the present Indians of the region travel even more extensively than would be necessary to distribute their artifacts this far. Much less evidence of contact between the prehistoric people of the coast of Washington and that of the Yakima Valley was discovered. A pipe, however, was seen which is clearly of the art of the northwest coast. It was found far up the Toppenish River (one of the western tributaries of the Yakima). From the Yakima Valley the expedition was transferred to the lower Cowlitz River for work down that stream and along the Columbia from Portland to its mouth, partly to determine whether or not a portion of the evidences of coast culture which were found in the Yakima Valley had not come up the Cowlitz and down the Toppenish River, since the headwaters of the Cow- litz and the Toppenish are near each other. In this region many specimens were secured. The main work, however, was done in the Yakima Valley, where many photographs were taken, not only of archeological sites but also of the country in general. Human remains, which are useful in determining the type of these old people, were also collected. The most remarkable specimen secured was a piece of antler carved in human form. This was very thin and when found it was nearly as soft as so much sawdust or moulder’s sand pressed together tightly. Proper treatment has rendered the object quite hard and able to bear handling. It was found under the vertebree of a child in a grave. The grave was of peculiar in- 3 THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL terest, because, contrary to usual practice, the body had been enclosed in a rude box made by placing about it thin slabs of stone, and the cist thus formed had been covered with jagged fragments of rock, over which earth was spread. This doll-like carving of antler is considered to be one of the finest pieces of prehistoric art ever found in Northwestern America. On the whole the expedition may be considered particularly fortunate in getting archeological data and material which tend to prove the occupation of the Yakima region by a people of a hitherto unknown culture. DEPARTMENT OF VERTEBRATE PALZONTOLOGY: FIELD EXPLORATIONS IN 1903. < iS ~<6)): ee ear HE past summer was a very successful season for the Department of Vertebrate Paleontology. Five expeditions were in the field, three for fossil mammals, two for fossil reptiles, and all have met with much success. The objects of the expeditions were: tr. Yurassic Dinosaurs. The great Bone Cabin Quarry in Wyoming continues to furnish fine specimens of these gigantic extinct reptiles. For this season the prize specimen, found by Mr. Kaison, is a complete skull and the jaws of a great Amphibi- ous Dinosaur, hitherto one of the especial needs of the collection. 2. Cretaceous Reptiles. Two years ago Mr. Harry Dougherty of Hat Creek, Wyoming, discovered part of a fossil skeleton not far from his ranch. This specimen was purchased for the Mu- seum by Professor Osborn, and through Mr. Dougherty’s courtesy our representative was able to look over the neighborhood where it was found. It seemed to promise well for further discoveries, and accordingly Mr. Barnum Brown was sent out last spring to explore it. He found a number of complete skeletons of Mosa- saurs fifteen to twenty feet long, and incomplete skeletons of Plesiosaurs forty feet long. These were great carnivorous mar- ine reptiles, the Plesiosaurs with long snaky neck, while the Mosasaurs were more compactly built. 14 THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL 3. Eocene Mammals. Mr. Walter Granger had charge of this expedition, in southwestern Wyoming, and succeeded in sending in a large and remarkably fine collection of these rare fossils. The series is especially rich in the monkeys, rodents and small carnivora of the Middle Eocene, which until now have been very inadequately represented in our collections. 4. Mutocene Mammals. Mr. J. W. Gidley was in charge of this expedition, in South Dakota, and obtained a fine skeleton, nearly complete, of the Miocene ancestor of the camels, besides a number of skulls and other fine specimens of extinct Horses, Camels, Carnivores and Rodents of the Upper Miocene, which will greatly add to our representation of these animals. 5. Pleistocene Cave Mammals of Arkansas. This collection is referred to on page 6. SOME EXTRAORDINARY ANTS. aA HERE has just been placed on exhibition in the Synoptic Hall of the Museum a collection to illus- trate the strange phenomena of gynandromorph- ism, a subject considered by Professor W. M. Wheeler, Curator of Invertebrate Zodlogy, in a recent paper in the Bulletin’ of the Museum issued in December. As the name indicates, a gynandromorph is an animal the body of which is partly male and partly female. The male and female characters may be either blended, as in the cases of male animals with female coloring or sculpture, or mosaic, as in animals having the body made up, as it were, of male and female pieces, just as a mosaic pavement is composed of different pieces of marble. The mosaic type of gynandromorphism is the more frequent, though this is merely a relative expression, since all cases of gynandro- morphism are extremely rare. The six new cases of gynandro- morphous ants described in Professor Wheeler’s paper were found only after examining many thousands of specimens during a period of four years. In most of the known cases of gynandro- morphism, the body is divided into halves, one of which is male, 1 Bull. Am: Mus. Nat. Hast. vol. xix, Article xxix, pp. 653-683, rx figures, 1903. 15 THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL the other female (lateral gynandromorphism). This phase of the phenomenon is illustrated in the accompanying figure. An- other group of cases comprises anomalies with the anterior por- tion of the body of a different sex from the posterior portion (frontal or “‘tandem’’ gynandromorphism). Still other cases have the dorsal side of one, the ventral Of an oper siex x (transversal gynan- dromorphs). The f YY division between the sexual regions is : ) seldom maintained throws howt-the PF | whole body. Often the sexual charac- \ Ny ters are irregularly J \ gynandromorph- All these peculi- arities are traceable to disturbances in the development of the egg or larva, but bHeMexach Mate Oly 7a anata ay ace uO disturbances has not been ascer- (zp:pheidole inquilinaWheeler) tained, nor will they be understood until Rees eee Ri aa : it Is possible to pro- duce such Mixed mostlyfemele, Thefieureiseready animals experimenn allye g-lhey may tes <2): sult from the fusion of two eggs originally of different sexes, to form a single animal; or they may arise from a single egg in which the fertilization has taken an abnormal course; or again they may perhaps be pro- duced by nutritional disturbances in different parts of the young larva or pupa. Many gynandromorphs, but not all, are also hermaphroditic ; that is, they have both male and female reproductive organs corresponding with the parts of the body contributed by the two sexes. In cases, however, where the whole abdomen is of one sex, the animal is properly a male or female, though its head may 16 arranged (mixed ism). THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL be of the opposite sex. (ynandromorphous ants are especially interesting, on account of the great differences between the normal sexual forms. When the characters of the male and female are united in the same individual, some absurdly asym- metrical creatures are the result, such as forms with a big (male) eye and small (male) mandible on one side, and a small (female) eye and large (female) mandible on the other. When the male and worker (that is, abortive female) characters are united in lateral gynandromorphs, we have wings only on the male side of the body, and the thorax on the worker side is defective, etc. The great majority of known gynandromorphs occur among insects, and among these the honey bees and ants have contributed a proportionally very large number of cases. THE MEXICAN COTTON-BOLL WEEVIL. EAR the entrance on the ground floor there has been placed a special exhibit of the Mexican Cotton- boll Weevil, the insect which has been and is doing so much damage in the Cotton Belt of the South. The insect is a beetle (Anuthonomus gran- dis) which deposits its eggs in the young cotton boll. The developing larva consumes the cotton-producing tissue within the boll and prevents the formation of the cotton, or greatly injures the product. The exhibit shows the insect in its different stages of growth, together with affected and unaffected bolls. The maps forming a part of the exhibit indicate the recent rapid extension of the pest from its original home in Mexico over the cotton-raising areas of Texas. Two hundred African butterflies have been given to the Museum by Mr. Samuel V. Hoffman to be added to the great series of butterflies which is the donation of the late Very Rev. E. A. Hoffman. A WELCOME addition to the insect collections is the series of North American Diptera (Flies) recently presented by Professor William M. Wheeler, Curator of Invertebrate Zoology. The col- lection contains more than 8,ooo specimens, representing about 1,000 species. There are types of 169 species. 17 THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL CLIMATIC VARIATION IN COLOR AND SIZE OF SONG SPARROWS. ILLUSTRATING EVOLUTION BY ENVIRONMENT. 7... 0 ae, afi HE first exhibit of several designed to illustrate variation in the color and size of birds due to climatic agencies, has recently been placed in the local bird hall and is here figured. It includes the leading types of Song Sparrows, a species which is particularly susceptible to the influences of its environ- ment, no less than twenty climatic varieties, geographical races, or subspecies of this wide-ranging bird being known. Observe that east of the Rocky Mountains, in a region where climatic conditions are quite uniform, only one well-marked sub- species of Song Sparrow is found; but that west of the Rocky Mountains, where there are widely varying climatic conditions, sixteen subspecies of Song Sparrow are known, twelve of them from California alone. Note the striking relation between the colors of the various races and the aridity and the humidity of the areas they inhabit. Thus the palest-colored race, the Desert Song Sparrow (No. 5, Melos piza cinerea fallax), inhabits the most arid portion of North America, the desert region of Nevada, Arizona and southeastern California, where the annual rainfall averages about six inches; while the darkest-colored race, the Sooty Song Sparrow (No. 2, Melospiza cinerea rufina), inhabits the most humid portion of North America, the coast region of British Columbia and south- ern Alaska, where the annual rainfall may reach one hundred and twenty-five inches. Note that, in obedience to the law that animals increase in size toward the north, the largest race, the Aleutian Song Spar- row (No. 1, Welospiza cinerea cinerea), is the most northern, and, the smallest race, the Mexican Song Sparrow (No. 6, Melospiza cinerea mexicana), is the most southern. Between the lightest and darkest, the smallest and largest, Song Sparrows, however, there is complete intergradation in accordance with the change in the conditions which affect their color and size. E,W.) 18 DISTRIBUTION OF SONG SPARROWS EQ THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL DEPARTMENT OF ARCHAIOLOGY: EXPLORATIONS IN THE SOUTHWEST. of Mr. George H. Pepper of the Department of Archeology. The scene of operations was the Pueblo Region of New Mexico and Arizona. The object of the trip was not merely the enrichment of the South- western Collections of the Museum, but also and more especially the study of the arts and habits of the sedentary people in order that the survival of ancient practices might be detected in the collections which have resulted from former investigations in this part of the country. In considering the various phases of Southwestern anthropo- logical work, a student has always been confronted with the lack of absolute data concerning the ceramic arts of the various pueblos as viewed in a comparative way. Collections made in the field had, in many instances, been rendered unreliable for scientific study from the fact that all vessels were accredited to the pueblos in which they were found, and were, therefore, looked upon as typical productions of that village. This naturally had a misleading tendency and it was almost impossible for a scien- tist to make a definite statement concerning the absolute types that might be found in any specified pueblo. There were excep- tions of course as the result of monographs by careful investiga- tors who had made a special study of some particular village, but in general no authentic records were available. Mrs. Robert de Forest of this city, who is an earnest student of ceramics, and Mrs. Phoebe A. Hearst of San Francisco became interested in this phase of the Museum’s investigation in the Southwest and liberally codperated in the plan. Thus strength- ened the Hyde Expedition was enabled to carry on the work on a greater scale than otherwise would have been possible. Mr. Pepper first went to Espafiola and from there visited the pueblos of Santa Clara, San Ildefonso, Pojoaque, Nambe and Tesuque. One of the ceremonial dances at the pueblo of Santa 20 ~ THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL Clara was witnessed. San Juan, Picoris and Tesuque next re- ceived attention. After this work was completed, the Hopi region was visited, the time selected being the occasion of the Antelope and Snake dances at Walpi. In the pueblos of Hano, Sichomavi and Walpi, special attention was devoted to the work of the Hopi potters, particularly Nampayo of Hano, who is the only one living that has made a careful study of the old pig- ments and clays. On the second Mesa the pueblos of Mashongnavi and Shungo- pavi were visited, and the Snake Dance at Mashongnavi observed. Oraibi, the seventh of the Hopi pueblos, situated fifteen miles to the west of the second Mesa, came next. During the stay in this pueblo the wonderful Flute ceremony was enacted. From the Hopi region the route taken led to the pueblo of Laguna in the western part of New Mexico, and from there to Acoma, where the Fiesta de San Esteban was seen. While in the pueblo of Isleta the Fiesta de San Augustine took place. Visits to the pueblos of Jemez, Zia, Santa Ana, Ranchitas de Santa Ana, Sandia, San Felipe, Santo Domingo, Cochiti and Zuni completed the season’s work, which included all of the twenty-six ‘mother pueblos,’ now inhabited. The subject of primitive pottery-making as represented in the various groups was carefully considered and the technique of each culture was investigated. Samples of the materials used in the manufacture of pottery were obtained as well as represen- tative forms of finished vessels from each pottery-making pueblo. Nearly one thousand negatives were made to supplement the field notes, and to enhance the value of the exhaustive card cata- logue pertaining to Southwestern ceramics, which is now in the course of preparation. The laboratory work is now progressing, and when the vessels have been catalogued and photographed, the set will be divided among the three contributors to the expedition. 21 THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL THE EER I Or Chu kCHn Ey CLOMEUNG: THE Chukchee of Eastern Siberia are divided into two well- marked groups, the Maritime, who live along the coast, and the Reindeer, whose home is in the interior. The mode of life of the two branches offers certain striking differences. For both divisions the climate is hard and the cold in winter extreme, and even in summer the thermometer seldom rises above 45° F. The clothing of both branches is devised with special reference to protection against the extreme cold and the driving winds, and at the same time to allow freedom of movement in the active life which the people lead. The Reindeer Chukchee, having better skins and furs at their disposal, have developed the winter clothing to a much higher point than their Maritime relatives, while with regard to summer clothing the contrary is the case. Through barter each division has obtained from the other its best kinds of garments, and as a consequence the general character of the clothing worn by the two divisions is the same. All kinds are in the collection. The chief material used is reindeer skin, that from fawns in the late summer being preferred. This is prepared by tanning or scraping. Sealskin is also used, the preparation being the same. Waterproof suits of the intestines of walrus and seal are also worn in summer, an idea which has been borrowed from the Eskimo. Cloth obtained from American whalers and Russian traders is made into outside garments as a special protection against wind and snow. The Chukchee man’s clothing is very practical, and the cut and style have been adopted by all the neighboring tribes. The suit consists of hood, coat, trousers, boots and mittens of rein- deer skin. The coat is a loose, double garment with fur both in- side and out. The garment is really two coats, one fitting closely inside the other, which are not fastened together, but can be quickly separated and dried. The double coat is put on over the head, and the neck opening is drawn close with a string. The sleeves are tight at the wrist and very loose at the shoulder, and the skirts are ample. The coat thus permits very free use of the arms and body, and can be slipped on and off easily and quickly. 22 ‘& S CHUKCHEE MAN, SHOWING WINTER CLOTHING THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL The trousers are made from the skin of the legs of the reindeer, the hair being directed downward so as to shed the snow readily. They are held about the body by a string. The boots are also of skin, and the soles are made of fur taken from the feet of the reindeer, which is coarse and tough and durable. Stockings of lighter fur are worn. Grass insoles are often placed inside the boots. The boot-legs are slipped under the trousers, which are then tightened about the ankles. Mittens, likewise of reindeer skin, are made with the hair running up the hand to give a better grip. The wrists of the mittens are slipped inside the sleeves of the coat. The Chukchee woman’s dress is by no means as practical as that of the man. It consists of coat and trousers to the knee in one piece, and is drawn on over the feet through the neck-open- ing. The sleeves are wide and open,and the neck is cut low, both back and front, affording little protection against the cold. The legs of the suit are loose and baggy. Stockings of reindeer skin are worn, which are thick and bulky about the calves. In order to protect themselves further the women wear overcoats and capes about the shoulders. Caps as well as hoods are worn by both sexes. They are made of the leg skins of reindeer, dogs and wolves. Some caps, es- pecially those worn by herdsmen and runners, are open at the top. Sometimes the people wear ear-flaps made of thin skin. Children wear a complete combination suit of fur with a flap which covers the buttocks and is passed between the legs and fastened in front. A pad of moss and reindeer hair is placed beneath this flap to absorb moisture. For purposes of warmth the opening for the hand is not placed at the end of the sleeve, but on the side. The summer clothing in general is the same in cut and style as that for winter, except that only one thickness of skin is used. Summer boots are made of light sealskin, scraped and smoked. Their cut differs from those of winter and suggests an Eskimo origin. Sometimes the cast-off winter clothing is worn in summer, which tends to give the people a shabby appearance then. 24 THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL GIANT SPIDER CRAB FROM JAPAN THE GIANT SPIDER CRAB. cently placed on exhibition in the Synoptic Hall (No. 107) on the ground floor of the Museum a fine specimen of the largest of all Crustaceans, the Giant Spider Crab, Kempferia (Macrochetra) kempfert de Haan, which measures somewhat over 12 feet be- tween the tips of its outstretched claws. This animal is known to occur to a depth of over 2000 feet in the seas off the coast of 25 THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL Japan. The largest specimen in any collection is said to be that in the British Museum. It hasa spread of 18feet. Even larger specimens are, however, occasionally captured. One is recorded to have had a spread of 22 feet. The specimen in the Ameri- can Museum is from Miura-Misaki and was secured by Profes- sor Bashford Dean of Columbia University. EOCENE FOSSIL MAMMALS OF SOUTH AMERICA. 4 sees) SERIES of casts of South American fossil mammals ‘| of the Eocene epoch has been presented to the American Museum through the courtesy of Dr. Florentino Ameghino, Director of the Museo Na- cional at Buenos Aires, Argentina. The rare fos- sils forming the originals of these casts have only recently been discovered, and all the specimens are in the museums of the Ar- gentine Republic. During Eocene time South America was an island-continent, or perhaps divided into two great islands, and its animals at that epoch were almost as different from those of the rest of the world as those of Australia are to-day. Some of them are considered by Dr. Ameghino to represent very early stages in the.ancestry of the elephants; others are ancestors of the fossil mammals of later epochs in the same region, of which the American Museum has a large collection. The casts are ex- hibited in the South American Alcove in the Fossil Mammal Hall. NEWS NOTES. THE Department of Invertebrate Zodlogy is placing on ex- hibition in the Synoptic Hall (No. 107) a collection of Protozoa illustrated by actual specimens and enlarged modes of typi- cal forms. The actual specimens, to be viewed by the visitor through microscopes mounted in the cases for this special pur- pose, have been prepared for the Museum by Dr. Gary N. Calkins of Columbia University. The series includes beautiful prepara- tions of well-known animalcules like the Amoeba, Paramoecium, Vorticella, Peridinium, etc. Dr. Calkins will complete the 26 THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL series with a set of pathogenic organisms such as the smallpox organism (Cytoryctes variole) and the malarial organism (Plas- modium malarie). The enlarged models, in glass and wax, have been skilfully prepared by Dr. Dahlgren. Those of the Radio- larians and Foraminifera are nearly completed. AMoNnG noted recent visitors to the Museum may be men- tioned the Moseley Educational Commission, comprising more than thirty of the prominent educators of Great Britain, which came in force to examine the building, its halls, and the collec- tions exhibited therein, for the purpose of comparing this mu- seum with those in the British Isles. Mr. Moseley ordered from the Department of Public Instruction one hundred lantern slides illustrating this museum and the schools, academies and univer- sities of the State of New York, and their use by classes of pupils. These slides are to be used by the members of the commission in their lectures in Great Britain on the subject of education and educational facilities in the United States. Dr. T. Storte Drxson, a trustee of the Australian Museum at Sydney, New South Wales, visited the Museum during No- vember in the course of a tour around the world for the purpose of learning what is being done by museums in general for the education of the people. Dr. Dixson made a thorough inspec- tion of the special educational features here and ordered a series of lantern slides representing the country from Honolulu to New York City and including a full set illustrating this museum. Tue Department of Public Instruction has issued a series of slides illustrating native and ornamental trees. The set consists of seventy-eight views, beginning with the forests of the Adi- rondack region and ending with the specimens of the Jesup Collection of North American Forestry in the Museum. Some of the more familiar species are illustrated by views of the trees at different stages of growth, the leaf, the trunk, the flower and the fruit. PROFESSOR VICTOR GOLDSCHMIDT, professor of crystallography in the University of Heidelberg, Germany, spent an afternoon 27 THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL recently in close examination of the crystallographic treasures in the mineral collection of the Museum. THE value of the biograph for use in illustrating lectures upon natural-history topics was demonstrated to the scientific staff one afternoon by an exhibition of rolls of pictures of large and small animals and of microscopic preparations. Among the subjects were the culture of bees, life in aquaria and the circula- tion of blood in living tissues. : Four series of fine skulls and antlers of newly described caribou have been mounted and placed on exhibition on the walls of the east corridor near the halls of mammalogy. On Thanksgiving Day a special exhibit was made in the central hall of the main floor showing the different kinds of game birds which are used in connection with Thanksgiving feasts in different parts of the country. The largest and most striking of these of course was the wild turkey, the progenitor of the familiar domesticated fowl. An interesting and little-known fact was brought out upon the label accompanying this exhibit, which was that the turkey, although a native of Mexico, and un- known in Europe before the time of Columbus, was imported into the northern part of the United States from Europe. The supposed origin of the fowl is indicated in its name “ Turkey.”’ In other parts of the world, other places of origin are indicated by local names, as, for instance, in France, where the name “‘ Dinde’’, indicates that the people first supposed the bird to be a native of India. THE late Homer F. Bassett of Waterbury, Conn., was one of the best-known authorities in the world on the Cynipide or Gall-Insects. In the course of his studies he assembled a large collection which was remarkable for the variety and perfection of its specimens. Mrs. Margaret D. Bassett, his widow, has re- cently given to the Museum the duplicates from this celebrated collection. The material presented contains several thousand specimens of Galls and Gall-Insects, including the types of 68 species described by Mr. Bassett. 28 ~ THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL THE Museum has had occasion recently to ascertain the size attained by the horn of the narwhal. The largest of the speci- mens in its possession is eight feet two inches in length and weighs fourteen pounds. We should be glad to learn the size of specimens held by other museums. THERE have been added to the collections of the Department of Mineralogy more than 800 specimens of the minerals which occur in the trap rocks of New Jersey. These were collected from the rock taken from the Weehawken Tunnel, and were presented to the Museum by Mr. George W. Talson. The series consists of specimens of calcite, datolite and several zeolites. An exhibition series has been selected from the lot and the remainder is available for the exchange and school suites. A STRIKING specimen of quartz from Alexander County, North Carolina, is the gift of the American Gem Company through Mr. Lucien Zell. The specimen is a composite crystal consisting of parallel growths of smaller crystals made up of the prism and the pyramid. Many of the component small crystals stand out in high relief. The specimen is about 20 inches across. THROUGH exchange the mineral collection has been enriched by a beautiful group of chalcedonized turritellas, and a specimen of the cylindrical beryl from Oriarvi, Finland, showing about 18 faces. Other noteworthy additions to the cases are the largest apophyllite which has been found at West Paterson, New Jersey, and a rare specimen of paramelaconite, from Bisbee, Arizona. SOME of the specimens in the collection of shells have been made the subject of an interesting investigation by Messrs. Cole- man and Handich, who have been studying the mathematical nature of the spirals of shells. THE DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY has recently placed on ex- hibition a series of fossil corals and shells from the Falls of the Ohio, and other localities in Indiana; also a fine lot of crinoids from the noted beds at Crawfordsville, Ind. (see case N), and a 29 THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL considerable series of the shells of Haploscapha grandis, Conrad, echinoderms and other fossils from the Cretaceous beds of Kan- sas, which were received at the Museum with the second Cope Collection. Haploscapha belongs to an entirely extinct form of shell. It usually is classed with [uoceramus which was one of the most abundant and characteristic forms in the Cretaceous seas. f THe WarD-Coon_Ley collection of meteorites which 1s on de- posit at the Museum was re-arranged and many additions were made during the month of November. The collection now rep- resents 598 falls and finds, which places it at the head of the list of such collections in point of numbers. Amonc the gifts recently received from the New York Zo6logi- cal Society are specimens of the following snakes: Bush-Master, Anaconda, Water Moccasin, Texas Rattler, Diamond-Back Rat- tler, Black, Viper and Gopher. These have been mounted and placed on exhibition. LECTURES. MEMBERS COURSE Tue Thursday evening Lectures to Members began in No- vember with the following programme for the first course of the season: November 12.—Dr. Epmunp Otis Hovey, “Mont Pelé and the Destruction of St. Pierre.”’ November 19.—Prof. ALBERT S. Bickmore, “The Develop- ment of New York City.”’ December 3.—Prof. ALBERT S. Bickmore, “ Niagara.”’ December 10.—Prof. ALBERT S. BicKMorRE, ‘Germany: Berlin.” December 17.—Prof. ALBERT 5. BICKMOoRE, “Germany: Potsdam.”’ January 7.—Prof. Henry F. Ossorn, “The Evolution of the Horse.” January 14.—Mr. Frank M. Cuapman, “Island Bird Life.” 30 THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL January 21.—Prof. Witt1AmM Morton WHEELER, “ Mimicry and Protective Coloring in Animals.”’ The programme for the second course 1s: January 28.—Prof. Franz Boas, “The Scientific Results of the Jesup North Pacific Expedition.” February 4.--Mr. George H. Pepper, ‘“‘ The Navajo and other Blanket-Makers of the Southwest.’ February 11.——_Mr. A. F. Banpe izr, “The Island of Titi- caca.”’ February 18.—Prof. Livincston Farranp, “The Work of the American Museum among the Indians of California.”’ February 25.—Mr. ANDREW J. STONE, “Collecting Large Arctic Mammals.”’ March 3.—Prof. ALBERT S. Bickmore, “Holland: Amster- dam and Haarlem.”’ March 1to.—Prof. ALBERT S. BrcKMorkE, ‘“‘ Holland: Rotterdam and The Hague.” March 17.—Prof. ALBERT S. Bickmore, “ Belgium: Antwerp and Bruges.”’ March 24.—Prof. ALBERT S. Bickmore, “ Belgium: Brussels and Waterloo.” TEACHERS COURSE THE next course of Lectures to Teachers will be given by Prof. Albert S. Bickmore Saturday mornings, in accordance with the following programme : January 23 and 30.—Holland: Amsterdam and Haarlem. February 6 and 13.—Holland: Rotterdam and The Hague. February 20 and 27.—Belgium: Antwerp and Bruges. March 5 and 12.—Belgium: Brussels and Waterloo. LEGAL HOLIDAY COURSE THE lectures in this course are by members of the scientific staff of the Museum and are open to the public. No tickets are required for admittance. Five of the lectures have been given, but two remain to be delivered. Labor Day, September 7, 1903.—Mr. Frank M. CuyapMAN, “ Bird Life about New York City.” Bul THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL Election Day, November 3, 1903.—Mr. Georce H. PEpprEr, ‘Life among the Navajo Indians.”’ Thanksgiving Day, November 26, 1903.—Prof. ALBERT 58. Bickmorg, ‘‘ The Development of New York City.” Christmas, December 25, 1903.—Prof. ALBERT S. BICKMORE, ‘Germany: Berlin and Dresden.” New Year’s, January 1, 1904.—Prof. ALBERT 5. BICKMORE, “Niagara Falls.”’ Lincoln’s Birthday, February 12, 1904.—Dr. EpmMuND OTIS Hovey, ‘‘Mont Pelé and the Destruction of St. Pierre.’’ Washington’s Birthday, February 22, 1904.—Prof. ALBERT S. Bickmore, ‘“‘ Holland: Amsterdam and Haarlem.”’ PUBLIC-SCHOOL COURSE. THE lectures to the general public, provided for through co- operation with the City Board of Education, will continue throughout January, February and March, in accordance with programmes which are to be obtained at the entrance. MEETINGS OF SOCIETIES. ‘THE programme for the meetings of the New York Academy of Sciences in January, February and March 1s: First Mondays, Section of Astronomy, Physics and Chemistry Second Mondays, Section of Biology. Third Mondays, Section of Geology and Mineralogy. Fourth Mondays, Section of Anthropology and Psychology. All these meetings are held in the Museum and the public is invited to attend them. THE Linnean Society holds its regular meetings at the Museum on the second and fourth Tuesdays of each month, while the Entomological Society meets on the first and third Tuesdays. 32 29a2gstj}Uu0LT Javdov4a HLNOS : AMOLSIH IWYNLVN JO WNASNW NVOINSANV SHL = AA EEE A GENERAL GUIDE TO EHE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NEW YORK PUBLISHED BY THE MUSEUM AS SUPPLEMENT TO THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL VOLUME IV, NO. 1, JANUARY, 1904 Guide Leaflet No. 13 CONTENTS PAGE 1 SPSTED Ber TS REE ea eon PO eae er a ” Fifth Floor: eM LLE CUS a pert raya) oct esterase nea Sool a abe aciakerore Gt a epeeie Spores anaere, cierore oa II PP biea Try s culd kx CAITR OGTIN rosala'c aie nes ciiaiine ae asesale cela kA come CIOS. Sas II Fourth Floor: SUL CINey LREP EES sere iaiay sin seuns eateries tote Cie erete « rmiciei a astern meteel ene, 13 AERIS 1d VU ca AND AAS 5s caf ates oie ch oy te tines: a 20 sagas) layer ape tor © a. ale oh ave @saeeh w Svereiere ¢ 13 Moroanelralle (Miamendls) ear cers cersiecietes. terercherticr ct ciao. ctacoaeeercinig afer oe ersie 15 Wereeeel MOLLUS (Groth ee aa weiss sabes Bie eee ates Wie see earn LN SS Slee OSes 16 Loubat Hall (Mexican and Central American Archeology).......... 17 Gedlomy and Invertebrate: Paleontolog yen «cit cicm <2 «0 ois wstale at ocr. Shaise 19 Third Floor: eee uc bcs an ese Rasy ey ede Sg pans aide aM Srabe airs “a ian ages Seri, oie kee 21 1 NSS CVS eet Sa SOR ON oe i ae Ra ee a ep 21 Vicar als Renee Seen nt arr, eee areas Sew eee esa oe Ly ea el VA yay Seat eer 24 Nort ae Avra erat Ceres til Serpe tee ese Rees etsy tec kage co aenial'o SPER Me he ee 24 Pacaike ollectioniOl Birds ai. 6 ay to tee yey atin che teas © alavesle W Sed a, dyesare wed 26 SION MEIN TICAN SATCOASOLO TV, iajayerusrajte) Sis, silo %e) ss) a0 cvs sole, say's aay eteiaiei mca ile & 26 Second Floor: INiGrcor American: Mammals. ie. c/s ic) ss dis sleeve one a2 oe else sien s a ware Sage 29 MVEc nats ell Septem laretsrsics Stun oan © acs ersten Sep eicaale oon etetlis: a ada Ne ee atale avd 8 OG ay IES TL Sreeeeteysge ceo sac Reeser Aes 3 MeN al OR RIS ene toeke. eM Maetan, qatiaua Seri ohaee wi 31 ocaliCollectioniof£ Mammals: 3 .ct- 2 a(eatths Bors agen cnet Sees ae aces RO 31 Ethnology and Archeology of Southwestern United States and of IWUIES ers alae ine ORR» Ue, Pe Array Ue) eR igh WAU) SNR ibe mre OaP ay ier ie eee Us chs ay Archzology of Central and Eastern North America................. 36 First Floor: INerthy American HOTestryraac kin cet acts ce nen tits Sh hee oa eee ee 37 invertebrate Zoolopy: (synopticrball)ieac et sad se xk Sie etre ees 39 esp Collectionofib uildina Stones nasty. 4 eic ee ce 39 Ethnology and Archeology of Northwest Coast of North America lecsap. North Pacther Ex peditiaae ei. 3+ a04 one cheers o witee wade eels oe 41 Wecturer ally pees ee eins teen ey ae nS een ar Ere im TSRa aE ahead Tote elite 45 Ethnology: Of INGEth Americans src,sts oo artaiee as alors cd Wohl aime acd cue einer 46 Siberian Collections (Jesup North Pacific Expedition)............... 50 HISTORICAL NOTE. THE American Museum of Natural History dates its official history from April 6, 1869, when the State Legislature at Albany passed an act creating ‘‘a body corporate, by the name of ‘The American Museum of Natural History,’ to be located in the city of New York, for the purpose of establishing and maintaining in said city a Museum and Library of Natural History; of encouraging and developing the study of Natural Science; of advancing the general knowledge of kindred subjects, and to that end of furnishing popular instruction and recreation.’’ This legislation was the outgrowth of an agitation which extended over several years and which finally culminated through the opportunity presented the preceding year (1868) of purchasing the Elliot collection of North American birds and the Maximilian and Verreaux collections of birds and mammals. Among other fundamental collections of the Museum may be men- tioned those in entomology presented by Baron R. Osten-Sacken and Mr. Coleman T. Robinson. The first home of the Museum was in the Arsenal building in Central Park near Sixty-fourth Street, but the building was old and entirely unsuited to the purposes of a great museum and steps were taken at once looking to the erection by the city of a fireproof struc- ture, expressly for the housing and proper exhibition of the collec- tions. That part of Central Park known as Manhattan Square was set apart by statute for the accommodation of the building and on June 2, 1874, President Grant laid the corner-stone of the first section of the great structure which is eventually to occupy the whole of the eighteen-acre plot bounded by Central Park West, West Seventy- seventh Street, Columbus Avenue and West Eighty-first Street. Three years later this wing was opened to the public. The first president of the institution was Mr. John David Wolfe. His term of office was short, 1869-1871, being terminated by his death only a few months after the opening of the exhibition halls in the old Arsenal building. Mr. Wolfe was succeeded by Mr. Robert L. Stuart, who held the presidency from 1871 to 1881, when failing health compelled him to resign. Two events signalized this period: the occupancy of the first section of the building in Manhattan Square, and the purchase of the James Hall Collection of Geology and Palzon- tology. The presidency of Mr. Morris K. Jesup began in 1881 and 7 has seen the Museum develop into an institution of more than national importance and of world-wide influence. During the first year of his incumbency, Mr. Jesup donated the collection of North American Woods and established the Bulletin, a medium for the publication of the scientific work of the institution which is now in its twentieth volume. Other features of the past twenty-three years have been the establishment of the Department of Public Instruction in 1885 through codperation with the State; the establishment of the Department of Vertebrate Paleontology in 1891 through Professor Henry F. Osborn; extensive explorations among the ancient ruins of Peru and South America, begun through the generosity of the late Mr. Henry Villard; the presentation by Mr. J. Pierpont Morgan of the Tiffany gem collections and the Bement Mineral Collection; the provision by the Duke of Loubat of the means for the collection and acquisition of the archeological series from Mexico and Central America, and the inauguration of the Jesup North Pacific Expedition. This period, furthermore, has witnessed the erection by the City of the entire imposing south facade of the building as originally projected. E. O. Hovey, Editor. Note.—It is suggested that visitors take the elevator to the top (fifth) floor and then descend from floor to floor at their leisure. Frequent reference to the diagrams will prevent con- fusion. THE READING-ROOM. NO. 503 10 GENERAL GUIDE FIFTH FLOOR NORTH Wj a || Uj SOUTH This floor is largely occupied by offices, laboratories etc., in use by the members of the administrative and scientific staff. (In the diagram these rooms are cross-lined.) The Shell Hall (No. 504) contains the following collections: A general collection illustrating systematic conchology compris- ing the combined Jay-Wolfe (1873), Haines (1895) and Collection Crooke (1893) Collections. The D. Jackson Steward of Shells. Collection, presented in 1890, illustrates the Lamarckian system of classification. The material in this hall is fully labeled. The Museum Library and Reading-Room (No. 503) 1s en- tered from the western end of the Shell Hall. Here will be found about 50,000 volumes on natural history sub- Library and jects and a comprehensive selection of the current Reading scientific journals. The Library is open to the public. Rog. The visitor should now return through the Shell Hall and descend to the floor below. Il , 906 ON ‘SIVWWYW 1ISSOS 30 T1VH ne eae ni FOURTH FLOOR NORTH SOUTH The visitor now finds himself in the Marine Reptile Corridor (No. 405) on the walls of which are displayed several remarkable fossils. The largest of these is of a Mosasaur, a huge Fossil marine lizard, 30 feet in length. On the easterly wall Reptiles. are several Ichthyosaurs; one of these will be seen to be ac- companied with young. The Anighito meteorite, weighing more than 6,000 pounds, is temporarily installed in this corridor. Passing now towards the east, one enters the Hall of Fossil Mammals (No. 406). The general arrangement of this hall is on the “alcove plan.” The collections of the de- Boccil partment include the famous Cope Collection. Along Mammals. the north side are groups of fossils illustrating among other forms the origin and development of Primitive Hoofed Mammals, Carnivores, Mastodons, Elephants and Even-toed Hoofed Mam- mals. Along the south side the Titanotheres, Rhinoceroses and Horses receive special treatment. Watercolor restorations show the supposed appearance in life of some of these re- markable animals. The specimens are elaborately labeled and there are special Guide Leaflets, ‘‘ The Collection of Fossil Ver- tebrates ’’ and “ The Evolution of the Horse,’ which may be borrowed or purchased of the attendant. 13 bOb ‘ON “ADOTVYSNIW JO 11VH NVOYOW tr FOURTH FLOOR 15 Turning to the west and again passing through the Reptile Corridor one enters a stately room (No. 404) devoted to minerals and in recognition of Mr. J. Pierpont Morgan’s many yjineral gifts to the Museum named the Morgan Hall. Here Collection. are the Bement Collection of minerals and meteorites, certain splendid crystal groups from various donors and the cabinet’ of the New York Mineralogical Club. There is a special guide for this hall. Copies will be found attached to the cases and they may be purchased of the attendant. The specimens in the table cases have been arranged strictly in accordance with the sixth edition of Dana’s System of Miner- alogy. The beginning of the series is in the southeast corner of the hall. The Sulphur specimens (Cases 1, F and J) arrest attention on account of their beauty and their strikingly perfect crystallization. Particularly choice are the specimens of Gold (Case 1). The mineral is shown here in sheets like rolled metal; in plates with crystalline edges; in matted filaments consisting of minute octahedra; in grouped octahedra with hollow faces, and in twisted plates attached to quartz. Copper is another native element which occurs in fine crystals (see Case 1). Among the sulphides (Cases 1, 2 and A) Stibnite, the sulphide of anti- mony, Galenite, the sulphide of lead, and Sphalerite, the sulphide of zinc, are valuable ores and at the same time beautifully crystallized minerals. Pyrite (Cases 2 and C), the sulphide of iron, is a very common species which is prized in every exhibi- tion collection on account of its showy brilliant cubes, dodeca- hedra and other crystal forms. Fluorite (Cases 3 and 4), Quartz (Cases 4, 5, H,P), the Iron Ores (Cases 6 and 7), Calcite, Malachite and Azurite (Cases 8, 9, 10, I, J), Beryl, including Emerald and Aquamarine (Case 12), Tourmaline (Cases 15, 16 and K), Barite (Cases 23, Q) and Crocoite (Case 24) are among the specialties of the collection which should not escape the notice of the visitor. This collection, which probably forms the best exhibition series of mineral specimens in the country, is almost entirely the gift of Mr. Morgan. The Museum collection of meteorites, which is one of the largest in the country, has been placed temporarily in : : a Meteorites. Cases 25 and 26. Thecollection contains many rarities. 16 FOURTH FLOOR The loan collection of the New York Mineralogical Club, con- taining a large proportion of the minerals which have been found on Manhattan Island and in the immediate vicinity, occupies Case 27. Case 28 (in the northeast corner of the hall) is devoted to several series introductory to the study of mineralogy, such as models of crystal forms and specimens to illustrate the exact meaning of the various descriptive terms used in the science. To the west lies the Gem Room (No. 403). The gem collec- tion consists of the exhibits made by the Tiffany Company at Gems and the Universal Expositions held at Paris in the years Gem 1889 and r900. It was given to the Museum by Material. fr. Morgan, who frequently adds to the collection. Especially noteworthy are the series of Corundums (Sapphires), Topazes, Beryls, Garnets and Tourmalines. These show a variety in color and tone that is not generally familiar to the public. Uncut gem materials and crystals are exhibited in con- nection with the gems. Observe the assemblage of cut and carved semi-precious stones, such as Rhodonite, Jadeite and Jade, and several forms of Quartz, especially Rock-crystal and Amethyst. Several masses of Amethyst are among the most remarkable that have been ;-und. The Morgan Collection of gold coins of the United Stat s is here, containing a nearly complete series of the issues from the Philadelphia mint. The Copper Queen case exhibits a wonderful series of spect- mens donated by the Copper Queen Consolidated Mining Com- Copper pany from their mines at Bisbee, Arizona. Note Queen especially the large specimens of “velvet”? and ordi- Collection. nary Malachite and Azurite, the green and blue car- bonates of copper which for many years formed the sole ores of the mine. Continuing toward the west the visitor next enters the hall of Mexican and Central American Archeology (No. 402), known as the Loubat Hall, on account of the preponderance of material presented to the Museum by the Duke of Loubat. The key-diagram at the east entrance will assist the visitor in orienting himself in regard to the hall. FOURTH FLOOR 17 The collections have been arranged so as to illustrate the several “cultures”’ of the region. The word “culture’’ is used to comprise all the items which go to make up the gen- Mexican eral life of a people or arace. Filling the eastern por- and Central tion of the hall are casts and collections, partly from, ea Copan, showing many features of the life of the ancient EUR Mayas, while the west central portion of the room is occupied by the collections from the neighborhood of the City of Mexico which show the culture of the ancient Aztecor Nahuarace. The casts of the so-called Calendar or Sacrificial stones are of popu- lar interest, and the ancient codices, or pre-Columbian charts or books, are worthy of special study. Cases illustrating the old Tarascan, Mixtecan-Zapotecan and Costa Rican cultures are in the northwest, southwest and southeast corners of the room respectively. One of the most remarkable single specimens in the room is a life-size terra cotta human figure which was found in a cave near the city of Texcoco, Mexico, and which seems to be the portrait statue of some great war chief of the prehistoric Alcolhuan tribe. The specimen indicates that this ancient people had carried the art of working in clay to a high degree of perfection. The collection is particularly rich in ob- jects made from jadeite, gold and copper, and in ceramics. The major portion of the exhibits in this room consists of casts of the carved stele and other stone monuments found throughout the region. Among the most celebrated of these is the huge Turtle Stone. The meaning of the emblems and inscriptions carved upon this and other stones has been but partly determined. Casts of two stele from the ruins of Quirigua, Guatemala, are in Hall No. 202 (second floor), on account of their height. Hall No. 4o1 not yet being open to the public the visitor should retrace his steps, pass to the middle of Morgan Hall and then enter the Hall of Geology (No. 408). The rocks and fossils displayed in this room illustrate in general the geology of North America and Europe and in par- ticular the geology of New York State. The oldest rocks will be found in the northeast corner and the succession of rocks c0b “ON “ADOIOHHOYV NVOIYANV IVYLNSO GNV NVOIXSW 40 11VH Lvdnot gr | . ; re FOURTH FLOOR 19 and their contained organic remains (‘‘fossils’’) may be followed by examining the cases along the east, south and west sides respectively. The specimens in the desk cases along — Geology and the center of the hall correspond as nearly as practica- Invertebrate ble to the neighboring alcove cases. The classification Paleontology. of the collection is first according to the great sub-divisions of geologic time, then according to geographic provinces and finally according to the principal biologic groups represented. The European fossils are arranged in the northwestern quarter of the hall. The prominent feature of the collection is the great series of types and figured specimens which it contains. There are here 8,345 such specimens representing 2,721 species and 190 vari- eties. Three-fourths of these are from rocks of Palaeozoic age. The foundation of the whole exhibit is the famous James Hall Collection of fossils and rocks from New York and correspond- ing western strata which was purchased by the Museum in 1875. In the northern part of the center of the room the Ward- Coonley Collection of meteorites is temporarily installed. This contains representatives of about 600 falls and finds, and is the largest and most important collection in the country. Returning through the geological and mineralogical halls to the Reptile Corridor (No. 405) we descend to the floor below. 80r ‘ON ‘ADOIVYSNIN GNV ADOTORDN JO 11VH 0% THIRD FLOOR SOUTH The corridor (No. 305) contains the Osprey Group. The birds, nest and accessories forming this group were obtained on Gardiner’s Island, where exists the largest colony of Ospreys or Fish Hawks known within too miles of New York City. Turning now to the east the visitor finds himself in Hall No. 306 which is devoted to mammals and insects. The mammals installed in this hall are mostly Old World ungu- lates, marsupials and edentates. Mammals. The cases along the top of the gallery railing are devoted to insects. At the right (south) is part of the general collection of Butterflies. Silkworm Moths, Cecropia and other moths are directly in front of the entrance. One case contains specimens illustrating the protective coloration of insects. The next case shows protective mimicry. Among the Beetles particular attention will be attracted by the Longhorns or Cerambycide, the Leafhorns or Scarabeeidze (among which are the Hercules Beetles from the West Indies, Mexico and Africa), the Staghorns or Lucanide, and the Sawhorns or Buprestide. The last have wing-cases which are remarkable for their green iridescent colors. Insects. 21 TERMITE NEST, THREE FEET HIGH. IN HALL NO. 3807 22 THIRD FLOOR 23 The next hall to the east (No. 307) is devoted entirely to Entomology. At the entrance is a large case containing speci- mens of Termites’ nests from Colombia, Jamaica and the Bahamas. Owing to their resemblance in appear- ance and in habits to ants, Termites are often incorrectly called “White Ants.” They are found in the warmer parts of the world and are both useful and injurious. In uninhabited dis- tricts they feed mostly on dead wood, and are the means of clearing the forests of decayed trees. At the north of the entrance is the Jesup Collection of Eco- nomic Entomology, illustrating the life history of insects injurious to timber and shade trees. Each exhibit consists of Jesup the leaves or other affected parts of the tree, together Collection. with the chrysalis, the larva and the adult of the species. Each is accompanied by a descriptive label. This hall contains the collection of butterflies of America north of Mexico, and from other parts of the world, which was donated to the Museum by the late Very Rev. E. A goftman Hoffman. It contains about 2,000 species, represented Butterflies. by more than 5,000 specimens from Mexico, Central and South America, India, Malay Islands, Australia, Japan, Africa and Europe. The North American butterflies are installed in four cases along the west side of the hall, and nearly all the species found in this country are represented. Among the most noteworthy species in the general series of the collection are the Brilliant Blue Morphos, Owl-faced Butterflies (Calzgo), the Swallowtails (Papilio) and the Citron, Orange, Lemon and White Butterflies belonging to the family Pieride. \ ‘ ~ ie i ‘ . x i 4 ' ; ; i < ’ en a rt > a yyy t 7 Pe AINA ot we | , 4 eae. eee A ye a a ted Be 4. A) = @ i f = ‘ Has o , J 7 Tae - c 7? - 7 , s oo \ < OVenrar ~ nl 46 7 7 els ; bE VINAGIS NYALSVa ‘ATINVS SSHOMNHO V SO AWOH 3H1. The American Museum Journal VGE. DV; APR TE. 1904. No. 2 SHE Supplement accompanying this number of the | JouRNAL consists of a Guide-Leaflet upon “ Birds’ Nests and Eggs,’’ which has been prepared by Mr. Frank M. Chapman, Associate Curator of the De- partment of Mammalogy and Ornithology. After a general discussion of the subject, based largely upon the ma- terial in the Museum which is exhibited in the form of groups, the author gives a complete list of the birds known to breed within fifty miles of New York City, with notes upon their nesting habits. This guide-leaflet will be found of value to all students of birds and bird-life, but it will be of especial use to persons interested in local ornithology. THE HOUSE-LIFE OF THE CHUKCHEE OF SIBERIA. Tue ordinary Chukchee house consists of a large circular skin tent, with a square inner room, also of skins, placed at the back of the tent and opposite the entrance. In winter the inner room forms the hving-room and 1s carefully protected against the cold. Little furniture is used, the people sitting about on skins and brush mats laid flat on the ground. Occasionally a table is seen, which is simply a board raised two or three inches above the ground. The most important articles in a Chukchee house are the lamps. These are usually of clay or sandstone, hollowed out with an adze. In the center is a bridge with a cleft reaching nearly to the bottom. The lighting-material is blubber from sea-animals or tallow tried out from reindeer-bones. The latter is much preferred, as it burns with a clear, soft light and with little smoke. Wicks are made of moss, thoroughly dried, and spread in a thin layer across the front edge of the lamp. The 23 THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL fuel is placed behind the bridge, and the oil runs through the cleft and around the edges to the base of the wick. The entire lamp 1s placed in a tray to catch the drippings. When fire other than that of the lamps 1s used, it is built in the outer tent between the inner room and the door. Cooking is almost always done by boiling in kettles. For- merly these were of clay, but now they are made of copper or iron obtained from traders. Hooks of wood and antler are used to suspend the kettles over the fire. One of the most important sets of kitchen implements is that for crushing bones to extract marrow and oil. The same imple- ments are used for crushing frozen meat, fish and blubber. The set consists of stone mauls and accessories, as shown in the col- lection. Trays, dishes, bowls, dippers, etc., usually are made of wood. Spoons, which were formerly unknown, now are made of wood, horn, bone or ivory, or even of metal rudely bent into shape. Ladles of reindeer antler are used for dipping meat from the kettles. At present much cheap metal ware and crockery is obtained from traders. When broken, these utensils are cleverly mended by the natives. A Chukchee traveler always carries with him his own teacup and saucer in a closely-fitting wooden case. The principal food of the people is the flesh of reindeer and sea-animals, the latter being especially relished on account of the fat. Blood is also much eaten, either fresh, mixed with herbs or dried meat, or preserved in bags. It is frozen in winter and fermented in summer. A gruel made of moss is much hked, as well as many varieties of edible roots. Of drinks, tea is the most important, and its use has spread everywhere. Chinese or Japanese brick-tea is the common form in which it is obtained from traders. Practically the only native intoxicant is fly agaric (Agaricus muscarius), which is dried and eaten, producing an intoxication much lke that of hashish. Alcohol is indulged in whenever it can be obtained from merchants or whalers. Tobacco is smoked and chewed, whenever obtainable. 36 THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL The Chukchee are fond of games and contests of all sorts. Wrestling and various ball-games are well-known amusements of the elders. Among children the favorite toys are dolls and tops. Specimens of the objects used in the sports and by the children are shown in the collection which is on exhibition in the Siberian Hall (Hall No. ror). THE STORER COLLECTION OF SHELLS. ———e HE Department of Conchology has received as a FEC one iron Mir Albert ly Storer of this city the valuable collection of shells which was made by his father. The elder Mr. Storer through his con- nections with shipping interests had many oppor- tunities of obtaining shells from the sailors and captains of ships, in the days when some handsome species were more common than they are now. The Storer Collection comprises about 3,500 specimens. Its importance to the Museum hes in the representa- tion of the more showy genera, such as Cyprea, Voluta, Melo, Cymbium, Conus, Harpa, Mitra, Oliva, Strombus, Scalaria, Murex, Turbo and Phasianella. The examples of these and other genera, on account of their individual variation or per- fection, will prove to be attractive additions to the exhibition series. The marine forms greatly predominate over the land shells, as might be expected from the manner in which the collection was made. Durinc February and March there was on view at the Museum the model of the Syrian Protestant College at Beirtit, Syria, which the Rev. D. Stuart Dodge, D.D., has had made for the exhibit of Christian Missions at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, at St. Louis. |The model is on a scale of one-sixteenth of an inch to the foot and gives an excellent idea of this educational institu- tion, which is one of the most influential on the shores of the Mediterranean. THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL ORBICULAR GRANITE FROM MICHIGAN. ea] | WO-THOUSAND pound mass of the rare kind of FY granite known as Orbicular, or Spheroidal, Granite was placed on exhibition in the Hall of Geology in February. This kind of granite, which is an ig- neous rock, results from the peculiar conditions that obtained while the original mass was cooling from a state of fusion. Substances of similar chemical composition tend to separate out from such a cooling mass and to form more or less rounded, concretionary balls, which lie in a matrix formed of the remainder of the magma. The resulting rock looks like a con- glomerate, or “ pudding-stone,”’ but is entirely different in charac- ter. Conglomerate is a sedimentary rock, and the rounded masses in it are pebbles which have been ground into shape by the action of water, and which are now in a matrix of similar origin. Or- bicular granites and diorites, another kind of igneous rock, have been found in New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Scandinavia, Fin- land, Corsica, Ireland and elsewhere. The block now under con- sideration is a boulder which was found near Charlevoix, Michigan. Its original source is not known, but the boulder must have been brought by the ice of the Glacial Epoch from some ledge to the north, probably in Canada. THOSE who have been following the announcements of dis- coveries regarding radium and the radio-activity of elements and minerals will examine with interest the special exhibit of about seventy species and varieties of minerals which has been assem- bled by the Department of Mineralogy, for the purpose of showing the substances containing more or less of the element uranium. All these minerals have been stated to show radio-activity or to be responsive to radio-active substances. NotTewortuy additions to the mineral collection are three groups of twinned crystals of calcite from Joplin, Mo. The ma- terial is amethystine in color, and the crystals are remarkable for size and clearness. One crystal is fourteen inches across. 38 THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL THE COLLECTION OF FOSSIL FISHES. SHE JoHn Stronc NEwBERRY Collection of fossil || fishes has been added to the important series al- ready at the Museum. This is probably the most important assemblage of American species which ; is in existence. It is very large, its catalogue in- cluding about six thousand entries, and it contains many of the type specimens described and figured in Professor Newberry’s monographs on the Paleozoic Fishes of North America and the Triassic Fishes of New Jersey and the Connecticut Valley. The new acquisition comes as a deposit through an agreement with the trustees of Columbia University. Among the collections of such fossils previously in the posses- sion of the Museum may be mentioned the Triassic forms from Sunderland, Mass., part of which were obtained with the James Hall Collection and the remainder as the gift of the late Mr. Robert L. Stuart; the specimens from the Eocene Tertiary beds at Twin Creeks, Wyoming, the gift of the late Mr. J. M. Constable; the Jay Terrell Collection from the Devonian rocks of Ohio, presented by the late Mr. William E. Dodge; the extensive series obtained with the Cope Collection and embracing forms from the Devonian of Pennsylvania, the Permian of Texas, the Carboniferous of Ilinois and Ohio and especially from the Green River shales (Tertiary) of the Rocky Mountain region; and the collection of Cretaceous fishes from Mt. Lebanon, Syria, which were obtained for the Museum by Mr. Morris K. Jesup from the Syrian Pro- testant College at Beirtit. This expansion of the collection of fossil fishes has made it necessary to provide an exhibition hall for its proper display. Consequently the Tower Room opening from the Hall of Fossil Reptiles (Hall No. 407) has been set aside for this section of the Department of Vertebrate Palaeontology, and the work of prepara- tion and installation has been begun under the direction of Pro- fessor Bashford Dean, one of Professor Newberry’s pupils, who has been appointed Honorary Curator of Fossil Fishes. For purposes of ready comparison recent forms will be exhibited 39 THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL beside related fossil forms, and special synoptic exhibits will illus- trate the structure and evolution of the most important groups. MODEL OF THE FOUR-TOED HORSE. S| HE Department of Vertebrate Paleontology has just SM added to its series of models of fossil mammals on exhibition in Hall No. 406 a life-sized model of the little Four-toed Horse (Protorohippus), the earliest known ancestor of the modern horses, asses and zebras. These models have been prepared under the direction of Professor Osborn by Mr. Charles R. Knight, and have been pre- sented to the Museum by J. Pierpont Morgan, Esq. The present model is based upon exhaustive studies by Professor Osborn and Mr. Gidley of the skeleton of the Four-Toed Horse and other rare specimens belonging to the Museum. It forms a most interest- ing and instructive addition to the exhibit in the Horse Alcove of the Hall of Fossil Mammals. Although Protorohippus was remarkably different from the modern Horse in the proportions of body and limbs, in the number of toes, the length of the head, and in many other important characteristics, the artist has contrived to impress upon the restoration those details of character and pose which stamp it unmistakably as an ancestral horse, and which are warranted by the results of the study given to the skeleton, and by the long line of intermediate stages leading up into the: modern Horse which have been found in the successive formations of the western Badlands. The animal, as is indicated by the skeleton, was less than thirteen inches high at the shoulder, or about the size of a fox- terrier. The modern draught horse, the skeleton of which is ex- hibited in the same alcove, is 65 inches high at the shoulder, and its skull alone is larger than the entire body of its little four-toed ancestor. The limbs, and especially the feet, of the model, are much shorter in proportion and the toes, four on the fore-foot and three on the hind-foot, are very different from those of the modern horse. These features, considered in connection with the elon- 40 THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL gated body and rounded back, suggest the dog more than any other familiar animal. The head shows much more horse char- acter, yet its small size in comparison with the body, the short face, and the very forward position of the eyes are striking char- acters in which it differs from its modern descendant. NEWS NOTES. THE co-operation of the Museum with the public schools of the city has been greatly extended during the past few months. One of the features of this co-operation has been the preparation and distribution of “circulating collections”’ in each of several branches of natural science. These collections represent the most common species among (1.), Native Birds, (2.) Mollusks, (3.) Echinoderms and Worms, (4.) Insects, (5.) Crustaceans, (6.) Sponges and Corals and (7.) Minerals and Rocks. The sets are accompanied by brief explanatory notes prepared by the Curators for the assistance of the teachers of the nature-study classes. These collections are in great demand for work among the classes of the first four grades. They are loaned upon cer- tain conditions which may be learned upon application to the Director. Amore detailed account of this work may be expected in a later issue of the JOURNAL. In the higher grades of the schools the study of geography and history takes the place of the nature-study work of the lower grades, and in order to assist the teachers of these classes illus- trated lectures have been given in the Assembly Room of the Museum to many groups of pupils accompanied by their teachers. For the most part these lectures, or talks, thus far have been upon the industries of the United States. The subjects are deter- mined by the needs of the teachers applying for the assistance and by the lantern-slides which are available at the Museum. Out of this work have grown requests for addresses to larger bodies of pupils. One such request came from Public Schools Nos. 33 and 56, with the result that on March 8, Dr. Clark Wissler, Assistant Curator of Ethnology, lectured on the Indians of North America to 1087 pupils from these two schools alone. 41 THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL In February one of the daily newspapers of the city instituted a prize contest among the children of the public schools for essays upon the museums, parks and other features of the city. This Museum joined heartily in that enterprise by means of lectures offered to the school children who might be competing for the prizes or who might for other reasons be interested especially in the topics proposed. The programme of lectures was as follows: March 4.—* The American Museum of Natural History,’ by Mr. Harwan I. SmIru. March 11.—‘The Parks of New York City,” by Mr. L. P. GRATACAP. March 18.—‘‘ What New York has Done for the Children,” by Mr. W. H. Totman. March 25.—“‘ Points of Historic Interest in New York City,”’ by Professor ALBERT S. BICKMORE. So great was the interest manifested in this plan that the re- sponse to the first invitation, which was general, brought more than 5,700 school children to the Museum on the afternoon of March 4, most of whom had note books with them for the purpose of carrying away what information might be obtained. Less than one-third of the number could be accommodated in the lecture halls of the building, so that it was necessary to repeat the lecture by Mr. Smith on Tuesday, March 15. Admittance to the later lectures was by ticket, obtained on application. The crowd that could not gain entrance to the hall on the first day was divided into squads, which were addressed in the exhibition halls by several members of the scientific staff of the Museum. More than 14,000 school children, accompanied by their teachers, attended the special lectures or studied the collections at the Museum between January 15 and March 15 of the present year. Tue Department of Mammalogy and Ornithology has recently received a considerable number of important additions. These include specimens for mounting of the Mountain Caribou and Mountain Goat from the Selkirk Mountains of British Columbia, presented by Messrs. Madison Grant and C. A. Moore; a large series of Mule Deer, and many small mammals, from Lower Cali- 42 THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL fornia, collected for the Museum by Mr. Batty; and a fine speci- men of the Siberian Elk, obtained by purchase, and the first known to have been brought to this country. Tue Andrew J. Stone Alaska Expedition of 1903 was notably successful, and the collections arrived at the Museum in excellent condition. They include, besides a large series of the small mammals and birds of the Alaska and Kenai Peninsulas, twelve specimens of the great Alaska Brown Bear, taken on the Alaska Peninsula; a fine series of White Sheep, and a number of exception- ally fine specimens of the Alaska Moose, from the Kenai Penin- sula. As the Sheep and Moose were killed late in the fall, they are in fine condition for mounting. They complete our material for groups of these large and striking animals. At the time of Mr. Stone’s lecture, February 25, in the Mem- ber’s Course, an exhibit was made in Hall No. 206 of some of the remarkable skins which he has obtained for the Museum on his extended travels in Alaska and Arctic America. The skin of one Kodiak Bear is eleven feet long. Mr. Henry Hates, of Ridgewood, N. J., has presented to the Museum, for its collection of Auduboniana, a specimen of the common Woodchuck mounted by John J. Audubon. It was given by Mr. Audubon to a Mrs. Dunlap, a friend and next- door neighbor of his at Washington Heights, who in May, 1865, gave it to Mr. Hales, in whose possession the specimen has re- mained until the present time. The history of the specimen is thus beyond question. Tue background for the group of San Joaquin Valley birds has been received. It depicts a broad flat valley, formerly a des- ert, but now transformed by irrigation into a region of wonderful fertility, behind which rise the mountains of the Coast Range. The purple haze characteristic of arid districts rests upon the dis- tant view. This pictorial background, the work of a California artist, Mr. Charles J. Hittell, will be merged into the foreground of the case, which will consist of a group representing the rich 43 THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL bird-lite which has been developed since irrigation changed the valley into an attractive feeding ground. The birds of the group will comprise Stilts, Avocets, Cinnamon Teal, Coots, all breeding or with young, Forster’s and Black Terns, Pintaif and Redhead Ducks, Great Blue Heron and Yellow-headed and California Red- winged Blackbirds. THREE new bird groups have been placed in Hall No. 304, They represent the Yellow-billed Magpie, a species which is re- stricted to California in occurrence and which is rapidly decreas- ing in numbers; the Sierra Sooty Grouse; and the California Valley Quail. The last-named group, with its poppies, is an especially characteristic bit of California bottom-land. THE large collection of North American Diptera (Flies) which was presented to the Museum recently by Professor William M. Wheeler, Curator of Invertebrate Zodlogy, has been combined with the collection formerly the property of the Museum and is ready for use by students and other interested persons. The whole series is in the office of the Curator of Entomology. THE series of models representing invertebrate animals (Hall No. 107) have been enriched by many life-like reproductions in glass, wax and other materials of Hydroids, Nemerteans and Planarians. Mr. ARCHIBALD ROGERS, a member of the Board of Trustees, has presented to the Museum an exceptionally perfect copy of the rare and valuable work, the elephant folio, or first edition, of Audubon’s “ Birds of the United States of America.”’ It is be- leved that not more than 175 copies of this edition of “ Audu- bon” are now in existence, of which about one-half are thought to be in this country. Published in 87 parts at ten dollars each, the work is now valued at $3,000, and although some seventy years have elapsed since its appearance, 1t remains an authority on the life-histories of the birds treated, while the magnitude of the undertaking is an evidence of Audubon’s unrivaled energy and courage. 44 THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL Tue Pine Snake Group, temporarily installed in Hall No. 206, is an excellent example of the modeling and mounting of snakes in their natural surroundings, and, furthermore, well illustrates the protective coloration or marking of animals. Much valuable material in the line of snakes and reptiles has been received from the Zoological Park and is being prepared for exhibition or study. LECTURES. PUBLIC-SCHOOL COURSE. Tue Tuesday and Saturday evening illustrated lectures to the general public are provided for through co-operation with the City Board of Education. The programme of these lectures from January to April has been as follows: January 5—Mr. Isaac F. Smiru, “Literary and Historic Shrines of Boston and Vicinity.” January 9.—Prof. E. R. Von Narprorr, “ Energy as a Source of Heat.” January. 12.—Mr. Austen T. Kempton, “Evangeline, Land and Poem.” January 106. Poree of Heat.” January 19.—Mr. Joun Jay Lewis, “ The History and Beauty of Old New England.” January 23.—Prof. E. R. Von Narprorr, “The Conduction and Convection of Heat.”’ January 26.—Mr. Joun Hutcuison, “Niagara and the St. Lawrence.” January 30.—Prof. E. R. Von Narprorr, “ The Three Forms of Matter in Relation to Heat.”’ February 2.—Mr. Witiam L. Mason, “ Up the Hudson and Mohawk to Niagara Falls.”’ February 6.—Prof. E. R. Von Narprorr, “The Spheroidal State.” Prof. E. R. Von Narprorr, “The Expansive 45 THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL February 9.—Mr. GreorcE F. GREENE, “The Development of New York City.”’ February 13.—Prof. E. R. Von Narprorr, “ Heat in the Form of Waves.”’ February 16.—Mr. Hersert L. Bripcman, “The Louisiana Purchase and the St. Louis Exposition.” February 20.—Prof. E. R. Von Narprorr, “Liquid Air, or the Phenomena of Extreme Cold.”’ February 23.—Mr. Georce H. Payson, “The City of Wash- ington.”’ February 27.—Prof. E. R. Von Narprorr, “ Heat as a Source of Energy.”’ March 1. ‘Half-Moon.’”’ March 5.—Prof. Henry E. Crampton, “Life and Living Matter.”’ March 8.—Mr. Cyrus C. Apams, “Geographic Influences in the Development of the United States.’ March 12.—Prof. Henry E. Crampton, “The Living Organ- ’ Mr. BERNARD M. SHERIDAN, In the Wake of the ism. March 15.—Mr. FrepErRiIcK I. Monsen, “The Monuments of a Prehistoric Race.” March 19.—Prof. Henry E. Crampton, ‘“‘The- Simplest Animals.”’ March 22.—Mr. JouNn E. STUCHELL, “ In Greater Yosemite.” March 26.—Prof. HENry E. Crampton, “The Jointed Animals (Worms and their Relatives).”’ March 29.—Mr. Epwarp P. CiarkgE, “ Unique Utah. April 2.—Prof. Henry E. Crampton, “The Jointed Animals (insects;etc.).”’ April 5.—Mr. GitBert McCuiure, “Pike’s Peak, Pass and Plain.”’ April 9.—Prof. HENry E. Crampton, “Star-fishes and Their Relatives; Molluscs.”’ April 12.—Dr. LEo 8. Rowe, “ The Cities of Mexico.” April 16.—Prof. Henry E. Crampton,“ The Lower Back- boned Animals.” ” 46 THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL April 19.—Mr. LutHer F. McKinney, “The Republic of Colombia and the Panama Canal.” April 23.—Prof. Henry E. Crampton, “The Higher Back- boned Animals.” MEETINGS OF SOCIETIES. THE meetings of the New York Academy of Sciences in April and May will be held in accordance with the following programme. The papers to be delivered on each evening may be learned on application at the Museum, or to the Secretary of the New York Academy of Sciences, Columbia University. April 4.—Business meeting and Section of Astronomy, Phy- sics and Chemistry. April 11.—Section of Biology. April 18.—Section of Geology and Mineralogy. April 25.—Section of Anthropology and Psychology. May 2.—Business meeting and Section of Astronomy, Phy- sics and Chemistry. May 9.—Section of Biology. May 16.—Section of Geology and Mineralogy. May 23.—Section of Anthropology and Psychology. All these meetings are held in the Museum and the public is invited to attend them. THE Linnean Society holds its regular meetings at the Museum on the second and fourth Tuesdays of each month, while the Entomological Society meets on the first and third Tuesdays. 47 INO}. None 2: INoswees: No. 4. No. 5. No. 6. No. 7. No. 8. NOE 0: No. tro. INOW Ite No. 12. No. 13. No. 14. Guide Leaflets. Issued as supplements to THE AMERICAN MuSEUM JOURNAL. For Sale at the Museum. THE BIRD ROCK GROUP. By Frank M. CuHapman, Associate Curator of Mammalogy and Ornithology. October, root. THE SAGINAW VALLEY COLLECTION. By Harran I. Smiru, Assistant Curator of Archeology. December, rgot. THE HALL OF FOSSIL VERTEBRATES. By W. D. Mattuew, Ph.D., Assistant Curator of Vertebrate Paleontology. January, 1902. THE COLLECTION OF MINERALS. By Louis P. Gratacap, A.M., Cura- tor of Mineralogy. February, 1902. NORTH AMERICAN RUMINANTS. By J. A. Atten, Ph.D., Curator of Mammalogy and Ornithology. March, 1902. Kevtsed edition, Feb., 1904. THE ANCIENT BASKET MAKERS OF SOUTHEASTERN UTAH. By GeorGE H. Pepper, Assistant in the Department of Anthropology. April, 1902. THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE VICINITY OF NEW YORK CITY. By WILLIAM BEUTENMULLER, Curator of Entomology. May, 1902. THE SEQUOIA. A Historical Review of Biological Science. By GEORGE H. SHerwoop, A.M., Assistant Curator. November, 1902. THE EVOLUTION OF THE HORSE. By W. D. Marruew,.Ph.D., Asso- ciate Curator of Vertebrate Paleontology. January, 1903. THE HAWK-MOTHS OF THE VICINITY OF NEW YORK CITY. By WILLIAM BEUTENMULLER, Curator of Entomology. February, 1903. THE MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS OF THE INCAS. By Cuartes W. MEap, Assistant in Archeology. July, 1903. THE COLLECTION OF FOSSIL VERTEBRATES. By W. D. MatrTHeEw, Ph.D., Associate Curator of Vertebrate Paleontology. October, 1903. A GENERAL GUIDE TO THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HIS- TORY. January, 1904. BIRDS’ NESTS AND EGGS. By Frank M. CuHapman, Associate Curator of Mammalogy and Ornithology. April, 1904. = = ~ = ——_ty & Oe ee Ban: : i “ 5 ‘ a , Ld : bee \ 7 ids a oak oh - - ut i : > f 7 DUCK HAWK Group, Hall No. 204 Frontispiece Birds’ Nests and Eggs, With an Annotated List of the Birds Known to Breed within Fifty Mules: of New York City. A Guide Leaflet to the Collection in the American Museum of Natural History. By RNIN CEPAP NAN, Associate Curator of Mammalogy and Ornithology. GUIDE LEAFLET No. 14. SUPPLEMENT TO.THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL, VOLUME IV, No. 2, APRIL, 1904. New York: Published by the Museum, | SECOND, OR MAIN, FLOOR. THIRD, OR GALLERY, FLOOR, Key-plans of the Museum building, showing the location of the halls in which the specimens and groups may be found to which references are made in this Guide Leaflet. 4 BIRDS’ NESTS AND EGGS. WITH AN ANNOTATED LIST OF THE BIRDS KNOWN TO BREED WITHIN FIFTY MILES OF NEW YORK CITY. By Frank M. CHAPMAN, Associate Curator, Department of Mammalogy and Ornithology. CONTENTS. JBAYDYS)’ INEST GPhone ESIC Ore iC ne eetne OR ny i on ean 5 INES tin SA SCAS OTE tess pone eee oie See ict, cy cin se aceie AE aoe 5 IN GS Gita aU Lee pare ey tere seers eae Aro, aie eR, 5 Hay oh ss varjnasker opens, Gag de, emelicr dap 6 EIeRIN ES GelkiSe lige ee. actencto a Ae ea cra it eae eee cee a tase oar ese mien eae eee 7 Wariations immIN es tinewllaits sean «ams assy ee 2 © one ac ae cusys eae raueee tot 8 Sacral) Biroyeys tae alsmyc lo ae iG Ges erOne? o.ORe mun Occ: Pah ER Act one RaCEN Cioran mana 8 INGtuGMeLOnsamlerNeStiInGAoite ns stasis ce cei sche ssc ee renee 9 ES GRID) Sam) GC Steet dey Prstyek Sede ea anys ts Sa (Aare UldaneTls Gated axe aparaeme ene ne a INiravanil ose orb IDjexexs tone eisiere, Ore = (Clighclsiei ges ao Ae cto ie Heo a ns cae II SHAS? OME Beha ied inde Gc lava ts & leeciose kShc gener Aiea Eira Pane rer LAAn 15, leat lracey II ‘AMA SV aVeM 8 Oh, gales eons ote or Geis Canes Bec io ke ane OI te RRR OAR RRS cAI 12 CGIOIS GEIB ety clas Bani Sis qrentb ale Best Le roe chin Seneca rae acne ae 12 Sha peroiph ogc seria seems ans Gea Oe dhe or ME eae ERTS 2 RIBo 12 naiivacttalleVetriaciOms ser certs ee acura ee sa eees cs begs ese eae ta = 12 PCN CHIVAUINES DY DT Gilte RAW beet soi ce rar ate aan tk Sea eee yd EI Sr aa Tae eat et Ghee. ois emer 15 BIRDS’ NESTS. (See the groups in Halls No. 204, 208, 304, 305 and 308, and the desk-cases in Halls No. 208 and 303.) Nesting Season. — The first bird to nest in the region within fifty miles of New York City is the Great Horned Owl. The eggs of this locally rare species have been found as early as February 28,a date when the ground may be covered with snow and the nest itself decorated with icicles. This Owl is followed early in March by the more common Barred Owl, then come the Duck Hawk (Group, Hall No. 204), Woodcock (Group, Hall No. 208), Screech Owl (Group, Hall No. 208), Red-shouldered Hawk (Group, Hall No. 204), Red-tailed Hawk and so on through the list of our 120 breeding birds until we reach the Goldfinch and Cedar Waxwing which do not begin housekeeping until the middle of June. Year after year essentially the same order of nesting is ob- served and the question may well be asked, What cause or causes determine the time of a bird’s nesting season? Primarily, it may be replied, the date when a bird breeds is governed by the char- acter of the food of its young. Young birds, particularly those 5 6 BIRDS’ NESTS which are born naked and are reared in the nest, are dependent on their parents for food. Often a brood is fed several hundred times during the day and it is therefore of the first importance that there should be an abundant, easily accessible supply of the proper kind of food. Itmay be noted that the first birds to nest are Hawks and Owls, which are predaceous, flesh-eating birds living largely on small mice and the like, and have no difficulty in supplying the wants of their young early in the season. In time these birds are fol- lowed by seed-, insect- and fruit-eating species, the young of which, therefore, are not hatched until the food they demand can be obtained. The time of a bird’s nesting season is also determined by its status in its breeding range, that is, whether it be a resident or a migratory species. Generally speaking, those species which are with us throughout the year nest earlier than migratory birds of similar habits. It does not always follow, however, that among migratory birds the first species to arrive in the spring are among the earliest to nest; and we learn, furthermore, that the time of a bird’s nesting season is dependent on the character of its nesting- site. In this matter of site concealment is usually of the utmost consequence and a bird does not begin to build its nest until it can be properly hidden. For example, Red-winged Blackbirds reach this vicinity as early as the first of March, but they do not nest until the first half of May. The Woodcock, on the contrary, arrives about two weeks later, but nests more than a month earlier, its eggs sometimes being found as early as April 1. The Wood- cock, however, nests on the ground and a site is available as soon as it reaches its summer home, while the Red-wing, swinging its woven basket among cat-tails or in bushes, awaits the growth of vegetation which will conceal it. Doubtless, also, the fact that the young Woodcock leave the nest within an hour or two after their birth, while young Red-wings are in the nest about twoweeks, may be in part responsible for this difference in nesting dates. Nesting Site. — After the formalities of courtship have won for a bird its mate, nest-building naturally follows as soon as a proper site has been selected. The nature of the situation in which a bird builds its nest appears to be determined first, by the necessity BIRDS’ NESTS 7 for concealment (see groups of Song Sparrows, Worm-eating Warbler, Black and White Warbler, Hummingbird and others) ; second, by habits, whether arboreal, terrestrial or aquatic (com- pare the nests of the Red-shouldered Hawk, Kingbird, Grouse, Bob-white, Coot and Grebe); third, by haunt, whether in wood- land or field, marsh or seashore, etc. (compare the nesting sites of the Catbird, Field Sparrow, Clapper-Rail and Common Tern); fourti, by temperament, whether social or solitary (compare the nesting habits of the Duck Hawk and Red-shouldered Hawk with those of the Cliff or Bank Swallow as shown in the groups in Halls No. 204 and 208). The Nest Itselj.— Probably less than twenty, possibly not more than ten, per cent of the eggs laid by our smaller, perching birds bring forth chicks which reach maturity. So great, there- fore, is the mortality among birds in the nest that it is of vital importance for a bird to select a site and build a home in which its eggs may be incubated and young reared with the least pos- sible exposure to the dangers which beset birds at this season. The character of a bird’s nest depends fundamentally on the following factors: First, Condition of Young at Birth. — Some birds are born covered with feathers and can swim or run about a few hours after leaving the shell. These are termed precocial birds. Others are born practically naked and pass several weeks in the nest. These are termed aliricial birds. With precocial birds the nest is merely an incubator in which, with the aid of heat supplied by the parent bird, the eggs are hatched. With altricial birds the nest is not only an incubator but a cradle as well. It is obvious, therefore, that the nests of the latter class should be far more complete structures than those which are to shelter young birds only while their natal costume is drying. It is also to be remembered that precocial birds nest on the ground, an addi- tional reason why a well-made home is not needed. Compare the nests and young of the Yellow-headed Black- bird and Warbling Vireo with those of the common Tern, Skim- mer or Black Rail and one realizes the close relation existing between birds’ nests and the condition in which the young leave the eggs. 8 BIRDS’ NESTS Second, Haunt. — The nature of a bird’s haunts is often reflected in its nest through the materials employed in construc- tion. Coots and Yellow-headed Blackbirds (Group, Hall No. 308), Red-winged Blackbirds and Marsh Wrens (Group, Hall No. 304) use reeds and marsh grasses; field-inhabiting birds employ the grasses and weed-stalks they find about them, and leaves enter largely into the nest of wood-loving birds. (Exam- ine the groups of the Field Sparrow and the Oven-bird in Hall No. 308.) Third, Structure of the Bird. — Although birds possessed of the same type of nest-building tools, that is, bill and feet, may build wholly unlike nests (compare the Cliff and Bank Swallows and their nests, Groups in Hall No. 208) the character of the nest is in some degree affected by the structure of the bird. Thus a soft- billed Dove would not be expected to hew out a cavity in trees as do the Woodpeckers, nor could the weak-footed, short-billed Whip-poor-will cling to swaying branches and weave the Oriole’s pendent cradle. Fourth, Necessity for Concealment. — While concealment is secured chiefly through the selection of a site, it is also obtained in the building of the nest. The Oriole’s deep cradle (Group, Hall No. 308) is a good type, and further illustrations are: furnished by the admirably designed nests of the Oven-bird and Humming- bird, each of which, in a wholly different way, is made to resem- ble its immediate surroundings. Variations in Nesting Habits. — The existing nesting habits of birds have doubtless been developed through adaptations to changing conditions, and it is of especial interest, therefore, to note any variation in the character of a bird’s nest or nesting site and to learn whether the change is a response to some new factor in environment. Barn and Eaves Swallows, Chimney Swifts, Phoebes, Bluebirds and Wrens, for example, have, as a result of the invasion of their haunts by man, adopted new types of nesting sites, while Orioles, Vireos, House Finches and other species often find strings, rags and paper more desirable nest-material than fibres, rootlets and bark. Second Broods. — Several of our earlier nesting species, the Robin, Song Sparrow and Phoebe, for example, rear second and BIRDS’ NESTS 9 occasionally even third broods, which sometimes prolongs their nesting season into August. Asa rule a new nest is built for the new family. Return to Same Nesting Site. —In. some instances, the Fish Hawk for example (Group, Hall No. 305), it is known that the same birds not only return to their former nesting localities, but that they actually occupy the same nest, making additions to it year after vear. CLAPPER RAIL Group, Hall No, 208 VARIATIONS IN COLOR OF BIRDS’ EGGS Six upper figures, eggs of the Crow ; six lower figures, eggs of Purple Grackle Desk-case, Alcove No. 3, Hall No. 208 IO BIRDS’ EGGS. (See desk-cases in Hall No. 208, and Local Collection, Hall No. 303.) Number of Eggs in a “ Set” or “ Clutch.”’ — The number of eggs comprising a full “set” or “‘clutch’’ ranges from one to as many as twenty. No law governing this number is known. Generally speaking birds of the same family lay approximately the same number of eggs, but there is much variation between birds of closely related families (e.g., Loons and Grebes), while birds of similar nesting habits may not lay the same number of eggs (e.g., Quail and Meadowlark). The number of eggs in a set, or clutch, is no indication of the fecundity of the bird. At the time of laying the ovary con- tains a large number of partly formed eggs, of which, normally, only the required number will become fully developed. But if the nest be robbed, the stolen eggs will sometimes be replaced. The long-continued laying of our domestic fowls is an instance of this unnatural stimulation of the ovary caused by persistent robbing. Size of Eggs. — The size of the egg depends primarily upon the size of the bird. The graduated series, from an Ostrich to a Hum- mingbird (Alcove No. 3, Hall No. 208) represents the range of variation among the eggs of living birds. Size, however, is further influenced by the condition of the young when hatched. —Preeco- cial birds, for example, the domestic fowls, lay relatively larger eggs than altricial birds, for example, Pigeons. This will be appreciated by comparing the egg of the Crow with that of Wallace’s Megapode, or the eggs of the Meadowlark with those of the Bartramian Sandpiper (See desk-case, Alcove No. 3, Hall No. 208). The young of the Crow and the Meadow- lark are hatched naked and are reared in a well-formed nest. The Sandpiper lays its eggs in a slight depression in the ground, and its young run about soon after birth. The Megapode buries its egg and leaves it to be hatched by the heat generated by decay of the vegetable debris in which it is placed. The young are born fully feathered and ready to fly. EE 12 BIRDS’ EGGS The period of incubation depends upon the size of the egg, and varies from twelve days in the smaller Passeres to fifty-six in the Emeu. The Shell. — The egg-shell is composed largely of carbonate of lime, which is deposited in layers on the surface of the egg in the lower, or uterine, dilation of the oviduct, the process re- quiring from twelve to twenty hours. The final layers vary greatly in character, and may be simply a rough, chalky deposit, easily scraped off, showing the harder layer below, as in Gannets and Flamingoes, or thin and highly polished, as in Woodpeckers and Tinamous. The structure of the surface, whether pitted or smooth, depends upon the action of the walls of the uterus, from which it receives an impression. Colors of Eggs. — The colors of eggs are due to pigments de- nosited by ducts while the egg is receiving its shell. One or all the layers of the shell may be pigmented, and variation in color may be caused by a super-imposed stratum of carbonate of lime, producing lilac tints and ‘“‘clouded”’ or “shell”? markings. It is supposed that eggs are colored for the purpose of rendering them less conspicucus, and, as a rule, birds which nest in holes lay white eggs. Shape of Eggs. — Birds’ eggs are generally ovate in form, but there are many variations from this shape. The conical eggs of Snipes and Plovers are placed in the nest point downward or in- ward, and they fit together so closely that they can easily be covered by the comparatively small-bodied parent. The pyri- form egg of Murres, when moved slowly, describes a circle about its own point, and is therefore less liable to roll off the rocky cliffs on which it is laid, than one more oval in shape would be. Con- trary to the generally prevalent idea, the egg passes down the oviduct and is deposited large end first. Individual Variations. — Although, generally speaking, eggs of the same species resemble one another, there is so great a range of variation in both color and pattern, that it frequently is im- possible to identify eggs unless the parent is known. This varia- tion is due largely to the physiological condition of the bird. Fully adult, vigorous individuals of birds which lay colored eggs, secrete a larger amount of pigment than their younger or weaker BIRDS’ EGGS 13 fellows, and their eggs are therefore more heavily marked. The first eggs, as well as the earlier sets, where more than one set is laid in a season, are apt to be more strongly pigmented than the later. YELLOW-BILLED CUCKOO Group, Hall No. 308 $1 goz ‘ON [1?H ‘dnoiny yona yXovid THE BIRDS KNOWN TO BREED WITHIN FIFTY MILES OF NEW YORK CITY. 1. (6.)! Pied-billed Grebe (Podilymbus podiceps). Local status: Chiefly a migrant, sometimes winiering and probably breeding rarely. Eggs: 6-10, soiled whitish. Date: No definite reeord. Group, Hall No. 208. 2. (58.) Laughing Gull (Larus atricilla). Local status: An uncommon migrant and rare summer resident, nesting now, if at all, in a few localities on Great South Bay. Site: Salt marshes. Eggs: 3-5, grayish olive-brown or greenish gray, spotted, blotched and scrawled with chocolate. Date: June 8. Group, Hall No. 208. 3. (70.) Common Tern; Sea Swallow; Mackerel Guil (Sterna hirundo). Local status: Formerly an abundant summer resident, but since its destruction by milliners a comparatively uncommon migrant. It is doubtful if it nests nearer than Gardiner’s Island. Szte: Beacaes and sometimes adjoining up- lands. Eggs: 2-3, very variable, usually olive-gray or olive-green marked with chocolate. Date: May 8. Group, Hall No. 308. 4. (133.) Black Duck (Anas obscura). Local status: A common migrant and winter visitant; not known to nest nearer than Gardiner’s Island. Szte: On the ground, in undergrowth or heavy grasses, not necessarily in the imme- diate vicinity of water. Eggs: 8-12, pale greenish or bluish white or creamy. Date: May 5. Group, Hall No. 208. 5. (144.) Wood Duck (Aix sponsa). Local status: A not uncommon migrant; rare and local in the summer. Szte: A hollow in a tree, usually twenty feet or more from the ground. Eggs: 8-14, pale buffy white. Date: May 6. 6. (190.) Bittern (Botaurus lentiginosus). Local status: Not uncommon migrant; rare summer resident. Szte: On the ground in grassy marshes. Eggs: 3-5, pale olive-buff. Date: May tro. 7. (191.) Least Bittern (Ardetta exilis). Local status: Rather rare and local summer resident, more common and generelly distributed during migra- tions. Site: Reedy marshes, usually 2-4 feet above water. Eggs: 4-6, bluish white. Date: May 31. 8. (201.) Little Green Heron (Butorides virescens). Local status: Com- mon summer resident. Site: Bushes or trees from 5—20 feet from the ground. Eggs: 4-5, pale, dull blue. Date: May 6. 9. (202.) Black-crowned Night Heron (Nycticorax nvcticorax n@vtius). Local status: Locally abundant summer resident, nesting in colonies. Stte: In trees 20-80 feet from the ground. Eggs: 4-6, pale, dull blue. Date: May t. 10. (208.) King Rail (Rallus elegans). Local status: Rare summer resident. Site: On the ground in grassy fresh-water marshes. Eggs: 7-12, buffy white, heavily spotted and speckled with rufous-brown. Date: May 15. II. (211.) Clapper Rail; Mud Hen (Rallus crepitans). Local status: 1 The numbers between parentheses refer to the Check-List of North American Birds of the American Ornithologists Union. ~ 15 16 LOCAL BREEDING BIRDS WOODCOCK Group, Hall No. 208 Abundant summer resident. Szte: On the ground in salt, coastal marshes. Eggs: 8-12, buffy white, speckled and spotted with rufous-brown. Date: May 10. Group, Hall No. 208. 12. (212.) Virginia Rail (Rallus virginianus). Local status: Rather rare and local summer resident. Szte: On the groundin marshy places. Eggs. 6-12, pale buffy white, spotted and speckled with rufous-brown. Date: May 15. 13. (214.) Sora; Carolina Rail (Porzana carolina). Local status: Rare summer resident on Long Island; abundant fall migrant in wild rice marshes. Site: On ground in marshy places. Eggs: 8-15, buffy white, spotted and speckled with rufous-brown. Date: May 20. 14. (228.) American Woodcock (Pihilohela minor). Local status: Not uncommon summer resident. Site: On the ground in or near woods. Eggs: 4, buffy, distinctly and obscurely spotted with shades of rufous. Date: April 1. Group, Hall No. 208. 15. (26r.) Upland Plover; Bartramian Sandpiper (Bartramia longicauda). Local status: Uncommon and local summer resident. Szte: On the ground in any field. Eggs: 4, creamy white, or buff, spotted with reddish brown or chocolate, chiefly at the larger end. Date: June tr. 16. (263.) Spotted Sandpiper; Tip-up (Actitis macularia). Local status: Common summer resident. Site: On the ground, usually near water. Eggs: 4, creamy buff or white, thickly spotted and speckled with chocolate, chiefly at the larger end. Date: May 24. LOCAL BREEDING BIRDS Ly 17. (273.) Killdeer (Oxyechus voctjerus). Local status: Rare and local summer resident. Szte: On the ground in pastures or cornfields. Eggs: 4, buffy white, spotted and scrawled with chocolate, chiefly at the larger end. Date: May to. 18. (289.) Bob-White (Colinus virginianus). Local status: Not uncom- mon resident. Szte: On the ground in fields, often near fences or hedges. Eggs: 10-18, white. Date: May 26. Group, Hall No. 208. 19. (300.) Ruffed Grouse (Bonasa umbellus). Local status: Of local dis- tribution in the more heavily wooded sections. Szte: On the ground in the woods, often at the base of a tree. Eggs: 8-14, pale ochraceous-buff. Date: May 1o. Group, Hall. No. 208. 20. (316.) Mourning Dove (Zenaidura macroura). Local status: Common summer resident. Szte: Lower branches of trees, generally within ro feet of the ground, very rarely on the ground. Eggs: 2, white. Date: April 25. 21. (331.) Marsh Hawk (Circus hudsonius). Local status: Common sum- mer resident, of rare occurrence in winter. Szte: On the ground in marshes. Eggs: 4-6, dull white or pale bluish white. Date: May 20. 22. (332.) Sharp-shinned Hawk (Acctpiter velox). Local status: Not common summer resident, rare in winter. Svzte: In trees, 15-40 feet from the ground. Fggs: 3-6, varying from bluish to pale cream buff, distinctly spotted or heavily blotched with cinnamon or cinnamon rufous. Date: May 21. 23. (333-.) Cooper Hawk (Accipiter cooperit). Local status: Not uncom- mon in summer, rare in winter. Szte: In trees, 25-60 feet from the ground Eggs: 3-6, paie bluish white, sometimes speckled with brownish. Date: May 1. 24. (337.) Red-tailed Hawk (Buteo borealis). Local status: Permanent resident, more numerous in winter. Szte: In trees, 30-70 feet from the ground. Eggs: 2-4, dull white, generally scantily and irregularly marked with cinnamon- brown. Date: April 1. 25. (339.) Red-shouldered Hawk (Suteo lineatus). Local status: Com- mon permanent resident. Szte: In trees, 30-60 feet from the ground. Eggs: 2-5, dull white, generally more or less sprinkled, spotted or blotched with cin- namon or chocolate. Date: April 3. Group, Hall No. 204. 26. (343.) Broad-winged Hawk (Buteo platypterus). Local status: Not common permanent resident. Szte: In trees, 25-50 feet from the ground. Eggs: 2-4, dull white, speckled, blotched or washed with ochraceous-buff or cinnamon brown. Date: May 5. 27. (356.) Duck Hawk (Falco peregrinus anatum). Local status: Rare and local summer resident, more common on coasts in migrations. Site: A cliff. Eggs: 3-4, creamy white marked with cinnamon-brown to reddish brown. Date: March 30. 28. (360.) Sparrow Hawk (Falco sparverius). Local status: Not uncom- mon in summer, rare in winter. Site: Usually a hole in a tree, from 15-60 feet from the ground. Eggs: 3-7, creamy white to rufous, generally finely and evenly marked with shades of the ground color. Date: April 25. 29. (374.) American Osprey; Fish Hawk (Pandion haliaétus carolinensts). Local status: Locally common summer resident near the coasts. Szte: Ina tree, 15-50 feet from the ground. Eggs: 2-4, rarely dull white, sometimes almost solid chocolate, generally buffy white. heavily marked with chocolate, chiefly at the larger end. Date: May 2. Group, Hall No. 205. 18 LOCAL BREEDING BIRDS 30. (365.) Barn Owl (Strix pratincola). Local status: A rare summer resi- dent. Szte: A hole in a tree, sometimes in a tower or church-steeple. Eggs: 5-9, white. Date: April 20. 31. (366.) Long-eared Owl (Asio wilsontanus). Local status: An uncom- mon resident. Szte: Generally in an old crow’s, hawk’s or squirrel’s nest. Eggs: 3-6, white. Date: April tr. 32. (368.) Barred Owl (Syrnium varium). Local status: Common perma- nent resident. Szte: In a hollow tree, and sometimes in an old crow’s or hawk’s nest. Eggs: 2-4, white. Date: March 12. 33- (373-) Sereech Owl (Aegascops asto). Local status: Common perma- nent resident. Szte: Generally in a hollow tree. Eggs: 4-6, white. Date: April 3. Group, Hall No. 208. 34. (375.) Great Horned Owl (Bubo virginianus). Local status: Rare permanent resident, restricted to the less settled and heavily wooded regions. Site: Generally an old hawk’s, squirrel’s or crow’s nest. Eggs: 2-3, white. Date: February 28. 35. (386.) Black-billed Cuckoo (Coccyzus erythrophthalmus). Local status: Common summer resident. Szte: Generally in low trees, vines or bushes, 4-10 feet from the ground. Eggs: 2-5, dull greenish blue. Date: May 209. 36. (387.) Yellow-billed Cuckoo (Coccyzus americanus). Local status: Common summer resident. Szte: Generally in low trees, vines or bushes, 4—-ro feet from the ground. Eggs: 3-5, dull greenish blue. Date: May 30. Group, Hall No. 308. 37- (390.) Kingfisher (Ceryle alcyon). Local status: Locally common sum- mer resident. Szte: Ina hole in a bank, about 6 feet from the entrance. Eggs: 5-8, white. Date: May 1. 38. (392.) Hairy Woodpecker (Dryobates villosus). Local status: Not uncommon permanent resident. Szte: In a hole, generally in a dead tree. Eggs: 4-5, white. Date: May 23. 39. (394.) Downy Woodpecker (Dryobates pubescens medianus). Local status: Very common permanent resident. Szte: In a hole, generally in a dead tree. Eggs: 4-6, white. Date: May 2t. 40. (406.) Red-headed Woodpecker (\Jelanerpes erythrocephalus). Local status: Local summer resident of irregular distribution, sometimes winters, rarely abundant in migrations. Szte: A hole, generally in a dead tree. Eggs: 4-6, white. Date: May 13. 41. (412.) Flicker; High-hole (Colaptes auratus luteus). Local status: Common summer resident, abundant migrant, rare in winter. Site: In a hole in a tree, frequently in orchards, about 10 feet from the ground. Eggs: 5-9, white. Date: May 7. 42. (417.) Whip-poor-will (A ntrostomus vociferus). Local status: Locally common summer resident. Site: No nest, the eggs being laid on the bare ground or dead leaves in the woods. Eggs: 2, dull white, with delicate, obscure, lilac markings and a few distinct brownish gray specks. Date: June 3. 43. (420.) Nighthawk (Chordetles virginianus). Local status: Locally common summer resident, frequently seen in the city. Site: Nest, none, the eggs being laid on the bare ground, in open fields, or on the flat roof of a house. Eggs: 2, dull white, evenly marked with small irregular shaped blotches or speckling of grayish brown or brownish gray. Date: June 1. got "ON TRH ‘dnoiy Or S3Ssnouo d]assnuy 20 LOCAL BREEDING BIRDS 44. (423.) Chimney Swift (Chetura pelagica). Local status: Abundant summer resident, frequenting the city in numbers. Szte: The inside of a chim- ney. The nest is attached to the side, generally about 10 feet from the top. Eggs: 4-6, white. Date: May 25. Group, Hall No. 208. 45. (428.) Ruby-throated Hummingbird (Trochilus colubris). Local status: Common summer resident. Szte: The limb of a tree, generally 10-25 feet from the ground. Eggs: 2, white. Date: May 12. Group, Hall No. 308. 46. (444.) Kingbird (Tyrannus tyrannus). Local status: Common summer resident. Szte: Usually orchards or shade trees, near the end of a branch, 15-25 feet from the ground. Eggs: 3-5, white, spotted with umber. Date: May 29. Group, Hall No. 308. 47. (452.) Crested Flycatcher (Wytarchus crinitus). Local status: Com- mon summer resident. Szte: {n a hollow tree, generally less than 20 feet from the ground. Eggs: 3-6, creamy white streaked longitudinally with chocolate. Date: June 3. 48. (456.) Phoebe (Sayornis phebe). Local status: Common summer resi- dent. Site: A beam or rafter in an outbuilding or under a piazza or bridge, often under a bank or shelving rock. Eggs: 4-6, white. Date: April 28. 49. (461.) Wood Pewee (Contopus virens). Local status: Common sum- mer resident. Szte: Generally saddled on a limb 20-30 feet from the ground. Eggs: 3-4, white, with a wreath of umber markings about the larger end. Date: June 5s. 50. (465.) Green-crested or Acadian Flycatcher (Empidonax virescens). Local status: Common summer resident in the Hudson Valley as far north as Ossining; apparently rare elsewhere. Site: The lower limbs of a tree, often of a beech, about eight feet from the ground. Eggs: 3-4, white, with a few cinnamon spots. Date: May 14. Group, Hall No. 308. 51. (466.) Alder Flycatcher (Empidonax traillit alnorum). . Local status: Not common migrant, rare and local summer resident, has been found nesting only at Nyack, N. Y., and Plainfield, N. J. (Miller). Eggs: 3-4, creamy white, with cinnamon-brown markings about the larger end. Date: June 16. (467.) Least Flycatcher; Chebec (Empidonax minimus). Local status: Common summer resident. Szte: Generally in a crotch of a fruit or shade tree, 10-20 feet from the ground. Eggs: 3-5, white. Date: May art. 53. (477.) Blue Jay (Cyanocitta cristata). Local status: Permanent resi- dent, abundant in fall, common in winter, less numerous in summer. S7fe: Usually in crotch of a tree 10-20 feet from the ground. Eggs: 4—6, pale olive- green, rather thickly marked with varying shades of cinnamon-brown. Date: May 14. 54. (488.) American Crow (Corvus americanus). Local status: Abundant permanent resident. Szte: In trees in woods, 20 to 50 feet from the ground. Eggs: 4-6, generally bluish green, thickly marked with shades of brown, but sometimes light blue or even white with almost no markings. Date: April 9. 55. (490.) Fish Crow (Corvus ossifragus). Local status: Common sum- mer resident of Hudson Valley as far north as Ossining, less so on Long Island; in winter restricted to the coast. Site: In trees in woods, generally 20-50 feet from the ground. Eggs: 4-5, similar in color to those of preceding species, but smaller. Date: May 17. 56. (493.) Starling (Sturnus vulgaris). Local status: Introduced into wat No SCREECH OWL Group, Hall No. 208 LOCAL BREEDING BIRDS to to Central Park in 1890 and now a common permanent resident. Szte: Holes in buildings or in trees. Eggs: 4-6, pale bluish. 57. (494.) Bobolink; Reedbird (Dolichonyx orvzivorus). Local status: Locally common summer resident, apparently decreasing in numbers, abundant fall migrant in wild rice marshes. Szte: On the ground in pastures and mead- ows. Eggs: 4-6, grayish white, with numerous spots of olive-brown or umber. Date: May 209. 58. (495.) Cowbird (Molothrus ater). Local status: A common summer resident and abundant migrant. Svzte: Parasitic, laying eggs in the nests of other species. Eggs: white, evenly speckled with cinnamon-brown or umber. Date: May 5. 59. (4098.) Red-winged Blackbird (Agelatus pheniceus). Local status: Abundant summer resident. Szte: In grassy or bushy borders of pond, 3-6 feet from the ground, in reeds, bushes or tussock of grass. Eggs: 3—6, pale blue, streaked, spotted or scrawled with dark, purple or black. Date: May 18. Group, Hall No. 304. 60. (s5or.) Meadowlark (Sturnella magna). Local status: Common sum- mer resident, rare in winter. Szte: On the ground, in pastures and meadows. Eggs: 4-6, white, speckled with reddish brown. Date: May to. 6r. (506.) Orchard Oriole (/cterus spurius). Local status: Locally com- mon summer resident. Szte: Generally in orchards, ro—15 feet from the ground, near the extremity of a limb. Eggs: 3-5, bluish white, spotted, blotched and scrawled with blackish. Date: May 30. Group, Hall No. 308. 62. (507.) Baltimore Oriole (/cterus galbula). Local status: Common sum- mer resident. Szte: Generally in fruit or shade trees, near the extremity of a limb, 20-49 feet from the ground. Eggs: 4-6, white, scrawled with blackish lines and with a few spots or blotches.; Date: May 25. Group, Hall No. 308. : 63. (s5r1.) Purple Grackle; Crow Blackbird (Qutscalus quiscula). Local status: Abundant migrant, locally common summer resident, nesting in colonies. Site: In colonies, generally in coniferous trees, about 30 feet from the ground. Eggs: 3-6, very variable, generally pale bluish or bluish green, spotted, blotched or scrawled with brown or black, but sometimes evenly speckled with brownish and rarely almost solid cinnamon- or rufous-brown. Date: April 25. Group, Hall No. 305. 64. (517.) Purple Finch (Carpodacus purpureus). Local status: Rare and loca! summer resident, common in migrations and sometimes in winter. Sze: Generally in a coniferous tree, 5-30 feet from the ground. Eggs: 4-6, blue, spotted about the larger end with blackish. Date: May 24. House Sparrow; English Sparrow (Passer domesticus). Local status: Introduced from Europe in 1851 and later dates and now an abundant permanent resident. Site: About buildings or in trees. Eggs: 4-7, generally white, finely and evenly marked with olive, sometimes plain white or almost uniform olive-brown. 66. (529.) Goldfinch (Astragalinus tristts). Local status: Common per- manent resident. Site: In a bush or tree, 5-30 feet:from the ground. Eggs: 4-6, pale bluish white. Date: June 20. 67. (s540.) Grass Finch; Vesper Sparrow (Powcetes gramineus). Local status: Common summer resident. Site: On the ground, generally in dry, 65. BANK SWALLOW Group, Hall No. 208 24 LOCAL BREEDING BIRDS grassy fields. Eggs: 4-5, bluish or pinkish white, speckled and blotched with brown. Date: May 1o. 68. (542a.) Savanna Sparrow (Passerculus sandwichensis savanna). Local status: Rare summer resident, abundant migrant. Szte: On the ground, gen- erally in wet meadows. Eggs: 4-5, bluish white, thickly marked with reddish brown or cinnamon. Date: May tro. 69. (s46.) Grasshopper Sparrow (Coturniculus savannarum passerinus). Local status: Locally common summer resident. Szte: On the ground in dry grassy fields. Eggs: 4-5, white, spotted and speckled with reddish brown. Date: May 28. 70. (547.) Henslow Sparrow (Ammodramus henslowit). Local status: Rare and local summer resident. Szte: On the ground, generally in wet mead- ows. Eggs: 4-5, grayish white, thickly and evenly marked with pale reddish brown. Date: May tro. 71. (549.) Sharp-tailed Finch (Ammodramus caudacutus). Local status: Abundant summer resident in salt marshes. Szte- On the ground, in salt marshes. Eggs: 3-4, whitish, finely speckled with cinnamon-brown, especially at the larger end. Date: May 30. Group, Hall No. 308. 72. (550.) Seaside Finch (Ammodramus maritimus). Local status: Abun- dant summer resident of salt coastal marshes. Site: On the ground, in salt marshes. Eggs: 3-4, whitish, clouded or finely speckled with cinnamon-brown, especially at the larger end. Date: May 30. Group, Hall No. 308. 73. (560.) Chipping Sparrow (Spzzella socialis). Local status: Abundant summer resident. Szte: In trees or bushes, near houses or cultivated grounds, 5-20 feet from the ground. Eggs: 4—5, greenish blue, with cinnamon-brown or blackish markings, chiefly at the larger end. Date: May 14. 74. (562.) Field Sparrow (Spzzella pusilla). Local status: Abundant sum- mer resident. Szte: In bushy fields, on the ground, or in a low shrub. Eggs: 3-5, whitish, with numerous reddish brown markings, chiefly about the larger end. Date: May1s5. Group, Hall No. 308. 75. (581.) Song Sparrow (Melospiza cinerea melodia). Local status: Com- mon winter, abundant summer resident. Szte: Generally on the ground, some- times in a low bush. Eggs: 4-5, whitish, with numerous reddish brown markings which sometimes nearly conceal the ground color. Date: April 29. Group, Hall No. 308. 76. (584.) Swamp Sparrow (Melospiza georgiana). Local status: Abun- dant summer resident, rare in winter. Szte: On the ground, in wet meadows or marshes. Eggs: 4-5, resemble those of the preceding species, but the mark- ings generally more confiuent. Date: May 15. Group, Hall No. 308. 77. (587.) Towhee; Chewink (Pipilo erythrophthalmus). Local status: Abundant summer resident. Szte: On the ground, in or at the border of woods or thickets. Eggs: 4-5, white, finely and evenly speckled with reddish brown, sometimes blotched at the larger end. Date: May 14. Group, Hall No. 308. 78. (593.) Cardinal (Cardinalis cardinalis). Local status: Local perma- nent resident. Szte: Generally in bushes in dense thickets. Eggs: 3-4, white or bluish white, spotted or speckled with grayish or reddish brown. Date: May 3. Group, Hall No. 208. LOCAL BREEDING BIRDS 25 BLACK AND WHITE WARBLER Group, Hall No. 308 79. (595.) Rose-breasted Grosbeak (Zamelodia ludoviciana). Local status: Common summer resident. Site: In bushes or small trees, 5-20 feet from the ground. Eggs: 4-5, pale blue, with numerous reddish brown or olive-brown markings. Date: May 20. Group, Hall No. 208. 80. (5098.) Indigo Bunting (Cyanospiza cyanea). Local status: Common summer resident. Site: Generally in the crotch of a bush near the ground. Eggs: 3-4, pale bluish white. Date: May 29. Group, Hall No. 208. 8r. (608.) Scarlet Tanager (Piranga erythromelas). Local status: Com- mon summer resident. Site: Generally near the end of a horizontal limb, 7-20 feet from the ground. Eggs: 3-4, pale greenish blue with numerous reddish brown markings. Date: June 3. Group, Hall No. 304. 82. (611.) Pcrple Martin (Progne subis). Local status: Local summer resident, apparently decreasing in numbers. Szte: In bird-boxes or gourds, erected for the bird’s occupation. Eggs: 4-5. white, with numerous spots of olive-brown or reddish brown. Date: May 25. 83. (612.) Cliff Swallow; Eaves Swallow (Petrochelidon lumijrovs) Local status: Local summer resident, apparently decreasing in numbers. Site: Placed beneath a cliff, or under the eaves of a barn or other building. Eggs: 4 5, white, with numerous blotches of olive-brown or reddish brown. Date: May 30. Group, Hall No. 208. 26 LOCAL BREEDING BIRDS 84. (613.) Barn Swallow (f/irundo erythrogaster). Local status: Abun- dant summer resident. Szte: Generally placed on the rafter of a barn or out- building. Eggs: 4-6, white, with numerous blotches of olive-brown or reddish brown, and generally smaller than those of the preceding species. Date: May 8. 85. (614.) Tree Swallow (/ridoprocne bicolor). Local status: Rare and local summer resident, abundant migrant, particularly from late July to Octo- ber. Site: In a hollow tree or bird-box. Eggs: 4-7, white. Date: May 19. 86. (616.) Bank Swallow (Riparia riparia). Local status: Locally abun- dant summer resident. Szte: In a hole in a sand-bank, 2-3 feet from the entrance. Eggs: 4-6, white. Date: May 19. Group, Hall No. 208. 87. (617.) Rough-winged Swallow (Stelgidopteryx serripennts). Local status: Local and not common summer resident. Szte: Beneath bridges, in stone walls, or a hole in a bank. Eggs: 4-8, white. Date: May 30. 88. (619.) Cedar Waxwing (Ampelis cedrorum). Local status: Common summer resident. Szte: Generally in fruit or shade trees, 5-20 feet from the ground. Eggs: 3-5, pale bluish gray, blotched with black or umber. Date: June ro. 89. (624.) Red-eyed Vireo (Vireo olavaceus). Local status: Abundant summer resident. Szte: Suspended from a forked branch, 4-40 feet from the ground. Eggs: 3-4, white, with a few blackish spots about the larger end. Date: May 28. go. (627.) Warbling Vireo (Vireo gilvus). Local status: Locally common summer resident. Site: Suspended from a forked branch, usually in shade trees, 8-40 feet from the ground. Eggs: 3-4, white, usually with a few black- ish or brownish spots about the larger end. Date: May 30. Group, Hall No. 308. gt. (628.) Yellow-throated Vireo (Vireo flavifrons). Local status: Com- mon summer resident. Szte: Suspended from a forked branch, 1o—30 feet from the ground. Eggs: 3-4, white, with a few specks or spots of blackish or brownish, chiefly about the larger end. Date: May 28. 92. (631.) White-eyed Vireo (Vireo noveboracensis). Local status: Com- mon summer resident. Szte: In thickets suspended from a forked branch, 1-4 feet from the ground. Eggs: 3-4, white, with a few specks of blackish or brownish at the larger end. Date: May 25. Group, Hall No 308. 93. (636.) Black and White Warbler ((/niotilta varia). Local status: Common summer resident. Site: On the ground in the woods, generally at the base of tree, stump or rock. Eggs: 4-5, white, spotted and speckled with cin- namon-brown to umber, chiefly in a wreath at the larger end. Date: May 18. Group, Hall No. 308. 94. (639.) Worm-eating Warbler (Helmitheros vermivorus). Local status: Rather rare and local summer resident. Szte: On the ground, generally in dry woods. Eggs: 4-6, white, speckled, spotted or blotched with cinnamon- or reddish-brown. Date: May 20. Group, Hall No. 308. 95. (641.) Blue-winged Warbler (Helminthophila pinus). Local status: Generally common summer resident; not common on Long Island. Site: On the ground, usually in or near second growths. Eggs: 4—6, white, thinly speckled with reddish brown. Date: May 16. Group, Hall No. 308. 96. (642.) Golden-winged Warbler (Helminthophila chrysoptera). Local status: Rare summer resident, sometimes not uncommon August migrant. LOCAL BREEDING BIRDS 2 WORM-EATING WARBLER Group, Hall No, 308 Site: On the ground, usually in or near second growth. Eggs: 4-5, white, speckled, chiefly about the larger end, with brownish. Date: May 30. 97. -(648.) Parula Warbler (Compsothlypis americana usnee). Local status: Common migrant, local summer resident, nesting only where Usnea moss occurs. Site: In bunches of hanging Usnea moss. Eggs: 4-5, white, with reddish brown markings, chiefly about the larger end. Date: May 22. 98. (652.) Summer Yellowbird; Yellow Warbler (Dendroica estiva) Local status: Abundant summer resident. Site: In bushes or trees 4—20 feet from the ground. Eggs: 4-5, bluish white, thickly marked with brownish, with frequently a wreath about the larger end. Date: May 20. Group, Hall No. 308. 99. (659.) Chestnut-sided Warbler (Dendroica pensylvanica). Local status: Locally common summer resident, increasing in numbers. Site: In bushes, usually about 3 feet from the ground. Eggs: 4-5, white, with numer- ous cinnamon- and olive-brown markings, chiefly in a wreath about the larger end. Date: May 29. 10/6) LOCAL BREEDING BIRDS to 100. (673.) Prairie Warbler (Dendroica discolor). Local status: Locally common on Long Island, rare elsewhere. Szte: In briery bushes about 3 feet from the ground. Eggs: 4-5, white, spotted with cinnamon- or olive-brown, | chiefly in a wreath at the larger end. Date: May 30. Group, Hall No. 308. ror. (674.) Oven-bird (Sezurus aurocapillus). Local status: Abundant summer resident. Szte:-On the ground, usually in dry woods. Eggs: 4-5, white, speckled with reddish brown. Date: May 20. Group, Hall No. 308. 102. (676.) Large-billed Water-Thrush (Sezurus motacilla). Loca! status: Not uncommon summer resident in lower Hudson Valley and northern New ; Jersey, rare on Long Island. Szte: In wet woods, beneath a bank, or the upturned roots of a fallen tree. Eggs: 4-6, white, speckled or spotted with , reddish brown. Date: May 11. 103. (677.) Kentucky Warbler (Geothlypis formosa). Local status: Locally common in the Hudson River Valley as far north as Ossining, rare elsewhere. Site: In the woods, on or near the ground. Eggs: 4-5, white, speckled or blotched with reddish brown. Date: June 1. 104. (68r.) Northern Yellow-throat (Geothlypis trichas brachidactyla). Local status: Abundant summer resident. Site: In swampy thickets, on the ground. FEggs: 4-5, white, thinly speckled and spotted with reddish brown, chiefly at the larger end. Date: May 25. Group, Hall No. 308. 105. (683.) Yellow-breasted Chat (/cteria virens). Local status: Com- mon summer resident. Szte: In thickets, 2-3 feet from the ground, in the crotch of a bush. Eggs: 3-5, white, rather evenly speckled and spotted with reddish brown. Date: May 23. 106. (684.) Hooded Warbler (IV2lsonia mitrata). Local status: Common summer resident in. the lower Hudson Valley and eastward along the Sound, apparently a rare breeder elsewhere. Site: In woods, 2—4 feet from the ground, in the crotch of a bush or sapling. Eggs: 4-5, creamy white; thinly speckled or spotted with reddish brown; color generally in a wreath at the larger end. Date: May 15. 107. (687.) Redstart (Setophaga ruticilla). Local status: Abundant sum- mer resident. Sze: In the crotch of a sapling, 5-20 feet from the ground. Eggs: 4-5, bluish white, spotted and blotched, chiefly at the larger end, with cinnamon- or olive-brown. Date: May 17. Group, Hall No. 308. 108. (704.) Catbird (Galeoscoptes carolinensis). Local status: Abundant summer resident. Szte: In thickets, about 3-5 feet from the ground. Eggs: 3-5, greenish blue. Date: May 17. 109. (705.) Brown Thrasher (7oxostoma rufum). Local status: Common summer resident. Site: In thickets, in the fork of a bush, or on the ground. Eggs: 3-6, grayish white, thickly, evenly and minutely speckled with reddish brown. Date. May 16. Group, Hall No. 208. 110. (718.) Carolina Wren (Thryothorus ludovicianus). Local status: Per- manent resident of irregular distribution, evidently increasing in numbers. Site: In a hollow in a tree, bird-box or out-house. Eggs: 4-6, creamy white, with numerous reddish-brown and lavender markings. Date: March 28. 1tr. (721.) House Wren (Troglodytes aédon). Local status: Common summer resident. Site: In a hole in a tree or stump, a bird-box or crevice in an out-building. Eggs: 6-8, vinaceous, uniform or minutely speckled, with generally a wreath of a darker shade at the larger end. Date: May 18. LOUISIANA WATER-THRUSH Group, Hall No. 308 LONG-BILLED MARSH WREN Group, Hall No. 308 30 LOCAL BREEDING BIRDS ae 112. (724.) Short-billed Marsh Wren (Cistothorus stellaris). Local status: Local summer resident, generally rare. Szte: On or near the ground in a tussock of tallgrass. Eggs: 6-8, white, rarely with a few lavender spots. Date: June 7. 113. (725.) Long-billed Marsh Wren (Telmatodytes palustris). Local status: Abundant summer resident. Szte: In marshes, attached to reeds, about 4 feet from the ground. Eggs: 5-9, uniform, minutely speckled or thickly marked with cinnamon- or olive-brown. Date: May 31. Group, Hall No. 304. 114. (727.) White-bellied Nuthatch (Sztta carolinensis). Local status: Common permanent resident. Szte: In a hole in a tree or stump. Eggs: 5-8, creamy white, thickly and evenly spotted and speckled with rufous and laven- dem Dates April 7. I15. (731.) Tufted Titmouse (Beolophus bicolor). Local status: Not un- common permanent resident in northern New Jersey and on Staten Island, sometimes extending farther north. Szte: In a hole in a tree, stump or similar situation. Eggs: 5-8, creamy white, rather coarsely and evenly marked with reddish brown. Date: May 22. 116. (735.) Chickadee (Parus atricapillus). Local status: Common per- manent resident, less numerous in summer. Szte: In an old stump or hollow limb, 5-15 feet from the ground. Eggs: 5-9, white, spotted and speckled, chiefly at the larger end, with reddish brown. Date: May to. 117. (755.) Wood Thrush (Hylocichla mustelina). Local status: Abun- dant summer resident. Szte: Generally in the woods, in a sapling about 6-8 feet from the ground. Eggs: 3-5, greenish blue. Date: May 17. Group, Hall No. 208. 118. (756.) Wilson Thrush; Veery (//ylocichla fuscescens). Local status: Common summer resident. Szte: In low, wet woods, on or near the ground. Eggs: 3-5, greenish blue. Date: May 20. t19. (761.) American Robin (Merula myzgratoria). Local status: Our most abundant summer resident, of not infrequent occurrence during winter. Site: In a variety of situations, most frequently in fruit or shade trees, 5—30 feet from the ground. Eggs: 3-5, greenish blue. Date: April 20. Group, Hall No. 308. 120. (766.) Bluebird (Szalza stalis). Local status: Common summer resi- dent, not rare in winter. Szte: In a hollow tree or bird-house. Eggs: 4-6, bluish white. Date: April ro. te’ SOND: Vane: wh, . sy ; 7 2 Lace - on ta : ; Bes ’ * Evite bys os vovxXvO JO ASTIVA ‘GNNOW V NI GNNOJ SNYN 1VHANNS The American Museum Journal VoL. IV. JULY, 10904. No. 3 FUNERAL URNS FROM OAXACA. see] MONG the most interesting remains of the ceramic art in Mexico are the funeral urns which have been found in ancient mounds containing tombs in the Valleys of Etla, Oaxaca and Tlacolula, in the cen- tral part of the State of Oaxaca. They are,as a class, perhaps the most important objects of this phase of culture left by the old Mexican peoples. In the exploration of the ancient tombs in the Valley of Oaxaca by the Loubat Expeditions sent out by The American Museum of Natural History, many of these funeral urns were found, varying in size, shape and detail.* They were on the floor in front of the door, on the roof, fastened into the fagade, or in niches over the door. They seem never to have been placed in the burial chambers. As a rule they were deposited in series of fives and nothing was placed in them. One group is illustrated on page 53 in place as found. Dupaix, in his description of a funeral urn of the box-and-cover form, which he collected in 1806, states that it was found in Zachila “‘ with jour others of similar size, shape and substance in ploughing a piece of ground.”’ The Museum is indebted to Mrs. Robert W. De Forest for five superb pieces which were found recently in a mound in the Valley of Oaxaca. They form a complete series, the only one known which is thus preserved intact. The specimens, which average about fifteen inches in height, are illustrated on page 50. The first figure on the left represents a seated woman dressed in simple skirt and shirt with a heavy band around the neck. The right hand grasps a cylindrical object, while the left hand is ‘Ge. | Suet DF ON CLE oe * A brief account of the discoveries made at Xoxo may be found in “ Ex- ploration of Zapotecan Tombs in Southern Mexico,”’ by Marshall H. Saville. Amer. Anthropologist, (N. S.) Vol. I., April, 1899. 51 THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL covered with a square object which may represent a musical instrument to be beaten by the cylinder in the right hand. The head is covered with an elaborate head-dress. Directly above the forehead is a hieroglyph often seen on funeral urns, above ENTRANCE OF A TOMB AT CUILAPA which is an animal’s head, and above and behind that is what is probably a flint knife, rising from the ray-lke background of the head-dress. 52 THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL The second urn represents a standing man with a bat-like head and tiger-like hands. The hands are held with the upright palms outward close to the body. The body is clothed with a loin cloth, and also has a necklace. The third urn, shown in the center, is a man seated cross- legged on a pedestal or platform, with incised designs on the front. This figure has the hands on the knees. It is clothed with a short cape around the shoulders, and a loin cloth covers a part of the legs. A hieroglyph, hanging from a strap around the neck, forms a breast ornament, the lower part of which rests on the FUNERAL URNS iN A MOUND AT CUILAPA upper part of the loin cloth. The face is partly covered by a mask. The ears have the typical ornaments commonly seen in funeral urns. The head-dress is quite simple, its prominent feat- ure being tasseled ears of corn placed above the forehead. The fourth represents a seated man with bat-like head. The figure is clothed with a loin cloth, and has a band around the neck. The head-dress and objects in the hands are identical with those of the seated woman in the first urn of the series. The fifth and last urn is a man sitting cross-legged, wearing a loin cloth and an elaborate cape similar to one discovered in Xoxo by the author. The mask and ear ornaments are similar 53 THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL to those seen in the third urn. The hands hold just in front of the chin a curious object, probably ceremonial in character, the lower part of which rests on the loin cloth. The head-dress is comparatively simple, and is backed by a line of upright feathers. There is more variety in the urns of this series than in any of those discovered by the Loubat Expeditions, where in one series, shown on page 53, all five are exactly alike; in another FUNERAL URNS IN THE FACADE OF TOMB 9, XOXO four, and in a third series two of one form and three of another were found. This last series, shown on page 54, was found ina tomb at Xoxo fastened into the fagade and is the only instance known where they were deposited in this manner. As a class these funeral urns may be described as follows: They generally represent a human figure sitting cross-legged, although animal figures arenot uncommon. They are, as a rule, hollow at the back, in the form of a cylinder. Sometimes the 54 THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL arms are folded; again, the hands are placed on the breast or hold an object in front of the chest, but more often the hands are placed on the knees. In some instances the urns have been FUNERAL URNS IN A NICHE IN THE FACADE OF A TOMB AT CUILAPA mutilated at the time of deposit by knocking off one or both hands. The head is surmounted by an elaborate head-dress, the front of which almost invariably bears a symbol, such as the hieroglyph for water, a tiger’s face, a bat, an owl or corn. Often as YOOG SHL YVAN YOOTS SH1L NO GNNOS 9s SVM NHN IWHLNSO 3HL 4O XOG SHL ‘-S 3OVd NO 30V1d NI NMOHS 3YVv 1347 3HL NO OM1L SHL *OxOX WOH SNYN TWYSNN4 57 FUNERAL URNS FOUND BACK OF TOMB 9, XOXO THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL the face is covered by a mask with prominent teeth and tongue, which seems to possess some of the elements of a tiger, but which more resembles the conventionalized serpent which is a common feature of Zapotecan sculptures and which is seen in so many of the Mayan sculptures. There are many urns which have a flat base, which serve as covers for boxes or chests. Some of these boxes have symbolic faces on the corners and front, and rest on four feet. Such urns are represented in the central figure on page 56, and by the lower figure of page 57, which is a simple box with- out decoration. These urns are interesting, furthermore, for the personal orna- ments represented, including various forms of ear ornaments, necklaces of stone and shell, beads and breast ornaments in the form of human heads and hieroglyphs. Where no mask cov- ers the face the teeth are in many instances filed, a custom of decoration which prevailed extensively in Mexico and Central America. The garments shown are capes, shirts, skirts and loin cloths. The figures are usually painted red. The specimen shown on page 58 is one of the largest known and was found in 1902 by the Loubat Expedition in front of a tomb at Cuilapa. It is two feet, three and three-quarters inches in height, and shows traces of four colors, namely: white, yellow, red and blue, being the colors of the four cardinal points. It is probable that these urns represent deities, and that they were placed near the tombs to guide the spirits of the deceased on their journey to the other world. According to early accounts regarding the customs of the Zapotecan Indians, which have been verified by the explorations of the Loubat Expeditions, their funeral ceremonies were as fol- lows: When an important person died, the body was placed in a stone chamber, dressed, and with various personal ornaments and objects belonging to the deceased. Food and drink were placed in or near the tomb to sustain the deceased on his journey to the other world. Once a year, for four years, his friends came to the tomb and made fresh offerings of food and drink. At the expira- tion of this time the flesh had decayed. Sometimes then the 3) THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL bones were gathered together and placed in niches, but some- times they were allowed to remain on the floor. Often they were painted red. In some instances the metate and hand stone for grinding corn and the clay griddle for baking the tortillas or corn-cakes were placed in the chamber, with numerous incense burners. Then the door was sealed with a large stone, and usually objects of value, such as personal ornaments and mosa- ics, were thrown into the space in front of the vault. Probably some of the offerings of food, drink and incense were intended for the deities whose effigies (the funeral urns) were placed near by. A mound of earth, adobe bricks and stones was raised over the structure and sometimes covered with a dome of cement. MarsHatL H. SAVILLE. HE Guide-Leaflet, ‘‘ Primitive Art,’’ which accom- panies this number of the JOURNAL, 1s a compara- tive treatment of the collections in some of the halls of the Department of Ethnology. The ma- terial illustrating the decorative art of the Indians, the Eskimo and other native tribes of North America and eastern Asia is very full, and the Leaflet is intended for use both as a résumé of the subject and as a general introduction to the ex- haustive study which may be carried on by means of the collec- tions and with the aid of the literature to which reference 1s made in the bibliography printed at the end of the text. THE GIANT SPIDER CRAB FROM THE JAPANESE SEAS. The following note in regard to the size of the Giant Spider Crab from the Japanese Seas has been communicated by Ge- heimer Hofrath Dr. A. B. Meyer, director of the Royal Zodlogical Museum, Dresden, who is a Life Member of the Museum. “On page 25 antea the size of the fine specimen of the Giant Spider Crab in the Department of Invertebrate Zodlogy (figured) has been given at somewhat more than 12 feet between the tips 60 THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL of its outstretched claws. The Dresden Museum having just teceived a specimen from the Sagami Sea measuring only to feet 8 inches, of which Prof. I. Ijima of Tokyo, who sent it, wrote that ‘it is about the largest that usually come up,’ I asked him what he knew of larger specimens. He answered: ‘You may safely consider the Dresden specimen as one of the largest that can be obtained nowadays. Larger ones may possibly turn up, but that would be quite exceptional.’ The specimen in the American Museum of Natural History, therefore, appears to be unusually large. The notice (/. c. page 26), that one in the British Museum ‘has a spread of 18 feet,’ is unfounded, Dr. F. A. Bather of that Museum stating on my inquiry, that their ‘largest measures only 9g feet 4 inches from tip to tip of the two largest legs stretched out across the carapace.’ I, therefore, do not doubt that the record of a specimen with a spread of 22 feet (l. c. page 26) is fabulous. ‘““ DRESDEN, April 27, 1904. “ (Signed ) A. B. MEYER.” Remeasurement of our specimen gives 11 feet 8 inches as the distance from tip to tip of the outstretched legs across the carapace, which still leaves it the largest reported yet from any museum. It seems unlikely that the spread much exceeded 12 feet when the animal was alive. MUSEUM NOTES. NURING April and May a series of lectures was given by officers of the scientific staff of the Museum. The subjects are given in the follow- ing list, and the lectures, which were illustrated by means of the stereopticon and specimens from the Museum collections, were adapted to the needs of boys and girls ranging from ten to sixteen years of age, and were especi- ally designed for those who spend a portion of the year at the seashore or in the country. Many adults, members of the 61 THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL Museum and their friends, attended the lectures and seemed to find as much to interest them as did the young people. April 16.—* Ants, Bees and Wasps,”’ by Dr. W1LL1AM MorTON WHEELER. April 23.—‘‘Sea Beach at Ebb Tide,” by Mr. Grorce H. SHERWOOD. April 30.—“‘ How to Study the Reptiles,” by Dr. Hermon C. Bumpus. May 7.—‘Some Common Rocks and What They Mean,” by Dr. EDMUND ous Hovey. May 14.—‘ The American Indians and How ‘They Live; stay, Dr. LIVINGSTON FARRAND. May ' The Home life. of Birds,” by Mir. Wine DutcHEr, Chairman of National Committee of Audubon So- cieties. Mr. FRANK M. Cuapman, Associate Curator of Mammalogy and Ornithology, spent the months of April, May and June in Florida and the Bahamas hunting for Paroquets, Flamingoes and other birds and their nests to complete the Museum’s series of several forms. Before leaving Florida for Nassau, Mr. Chapman Ww SOE as follows: ‘Let me now report briefly on the results of my Paroquet reconnaissance. I took the steamer at Kissimmee April 12 and reached Bassinger, at the end of the line, the 14th. Frequent stops and opportunities to converse with natives showed that the Paroquet is practically extinct throughout the Kissimmee River region. From Bassinger we rode 20 miles south to Taylor Creek and camped on the border of the Okeechokee marsh, six miles, by the creek, from the Lake. Mosquitoes were more nu- merous here than I have ever before found them. We camped here seven days and I explored the region as well as I could in that limited time. All reports showed that Paroquets were as common there as they are known to be anywhere, nevertheless, I saw only two small flocks, one of four the other of eight birds. The first passed our tent about five o’clock one morning The second betrayed its presence by a single cry from a dente 62 THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL palm ‘hammock,’ where I eventually found the birds feeding on wild mulberries. “No one has ever seen a Paroquet’s nest, and the lack of exact knowledge of their breeding date and habits, in connection with their rarity, makes it exceedingly improbable that the nest will ever be found.”’ In May, Professor William Morton Wheeler, Curator of In- vertebrate Zodlogy, and Dr. B. E. Dahlgren, Curator of the Department of Installation, joined Mr. Chapman in the Bahamas, where they will collect marine invertebrates. THE Department of Geology made, by invitation, an exhibit of publications and Martinique photographs at the Exposition of Progress in Geology which was held at the Muséum d’ Histoire Naturelle in Paris in April. THE meetings of the New York Academy of Sciences and the other scientific bodies which make the Museum their home were continued to the latter part of May, when they ceased for the summer. In October the meetings will be resumed, and an- nouncements in regard to them will be made from week to week in the ‘‘Weekly Science Bulletin” of the Scientific Alliance of the city, which is to make its first appearance in the fall. The new Bulletin, in addition to announcements of meetings, will contain notices of new exhibits or new features of interest at this Mu- seum and at the Botanical Garden in Bronx Park. THe Annual Report of the President of the Museum was issued as usual in May. As indicating the general character of the Report, its concluding paragraph may be quoted in full: “In conclusion I would say that the essential features that have characterized the year 1903 have been the addition of many new names to our list of members, the extension of our educa- tional work through lectures and circulating collections, the en- largement of our building, the increase in the personnel of the scientific staff and the scientific researches and announcements that have resulted from our exploring expeditions.”’ 63 THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL DuRING the spring there has been in operation at the east end of the Entomological Hall (Hall No. 307) an exhibit which has attracted much attention, particularly from children, who have been visiting the Museum in great numbers. The exhibit con- sists of an observation beehive, which is attached to the window in such a way as to allow the busy inhabitants free ingress and egress, without permitting them to fly about the hall. The hive is provided with glass sides, which ordinarily are covered with wooden panels. When it is desired to see the bees at their work of completing the combs and filling the cells with honey, the wooden panels may be removed. Supplementing the hive, there is a display in a neighboring case which shows in detail all the different stages in the natural manufacture of honey and wax, and a series of different kinds of bees. The Bee-Moth also is shown and a section of a comb which shows the destructive work of this pest. THE Museum’s collection of archaeological material from the . Dakotas has been enriched by a series of shell rings, which has come as a gift from A. C. Farrell of North Dakota. These rings were used as ornaments and were found around the neck of one of three skeletons which were exhumed together from a mound on top of Turtle Mountain, near Dunleith, North Dakota. Proressor H. F. OsBornN is spending the summer abroad, chiefly in Italy and England. He will represent the Museum and the New York Zodlogical Park at the International Zodlogical Congress, which is to be held at Berne, Switzerland, in August, where he is to lecture upon the recent paleeontological discoveries in the Rocky Mountain regions which have led to new conjec- tures as to the phylogeny of several families of mammals. At Cambridge, England, he is to lecture upon the Evolution of the Horse, giving the principal results of the investigations which have been carried on by the Museum under the William C. Whitney Fund. ProFEssoR BASHFORD DEAN, Honorary Curator of Fishes, 1s likewise to represent the Museum at the International Zodlogical Congress in Berne. 64 THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL PRoFEssOR FRANz Boaz went to Germany in May to spend the summer. He will make comparative studies in ethnology for the Museum, and will be one of the delegates of the Museum to the Congress of Americanists which convenes at Stuttgart, Germany, in August. Proressor MarsHAaLL H. SAVILLE leaves for Germany in July, and will represent the Museum at the Congress of Amer- icanists. Professor Saville was General Secretary of the Con- gress when it met at the Museum two years ago. Proressors Boas and Saville have been appointed by the Hon. John Hay, Secretary of State, delegates to represent the United States Government at the Congress of Americanists. Mr. W. JocHELsoN has finished his study of the collections which he made for the Museum under the Jesup North Pacific Expedition, and has gone to Europe, where he will continue his work upon his reports for the Museum by making comparative studies upon the Siberian material in other collections. He and Mr. W. Bogoras will also be present at the Congress of Ameri- canists. Mr. Bogoras finished his studies upon the Jesup North Pacific Expedition material at the Museum some months ago, and went to Europe to continue his investigations for the Mu- seum upon material in collections there for the completion of his reports. In the Library there has been installed the most complete obtainable set of cards from the Concilium Bibliographicum of Zurich, where it can be conveniently utilized by students. This card reference catalogue comprises about 95,000 cards (titles), covering publications in the departments of general biology, zoology, paleeontology and microscopy. Tue Department of Vertebrate Paleontology has three ex- peditions in the field this season. Mr. Walter Granger is con- tinuing the exploration of the Eocene Bad Lands in southwestern Wyoming, where much success was had last year. The par- ticular objects of the expedition are to obtain material needed 65 THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL to mount a complete skeleton of one of the huge Uintatheres, and to illustrate more fully early stages in the evolution of the Horse, the Camel, the Tapir and other animals. Mr. Barnum Brown is at work in the Cretaceous beds of South Dakota and Montana, from which he has obtained in the past three years excellent specimens of Carnivorous and Horned Dinosaurs, Plesiosaurs, Mosasaurs and other extinct groups of reptiles. Last year Mr. Brown obtained rich and varied fossil fauna of Pleistocene age from caves and fissures in northern Arkansas. This season he will continue these investigations in the hope of obtaining addi- tional new material. He will also make prospecting trips, in several promising localities, for fossil mammals and reptiles. Mr. Albert Thomson will search in the Big Badlands of South Dakota, especially for the little known Lower Oligocene stages of evolution of the Horses, Tapirs, Rhinoceroses and other animals of that epoch. A NEw case of much interest, containing the skeletons of the Horse and Man, has been placed in the Evolution of the Horse Alcove in the Fossil Mammal Hall. This exhibit, the gift of the late W. C. Whitney, is designed to illustrate the latest stage in the development of the Horse and the close association of the animal with man. The study represents the horse as rearing to his full height, the man running beside him and controlling him with a halter. It is faithfully worked out from instantaneous photographs, and is suggestive of the breaking and training of the Horse by Man. It likewise illustrates the resemblances and differences in the two skeletons. Their nearly similar position makes it easy to compare corresponding parts, and to see the original identity in plan and structure, and the changes that have been brought about in adaptation to different modes of motion and habits of life in the horse and in man. The skeletons were prepared and mounted by Mr. 8. H. Chubb, and are quite ex- ceptional in the design and finish of the mountings as well as in the scientific accuracy of the poses. Tue Museum’s collection of Auduboniana was enriched in May by the acquisition of an unpublished painting by the great 66 Pant pent 0 They: eet place ae) Saal] b recall as " cella! mat The | with entr} halls prov i struy Tees a .voH veral hed. Mr, Those Fisting * the College of Papetatatie «aia Parqanen ‘ture G20 Wagt 168 Serak . the Kaw Tors, 8. YF. nner the Dear Sirs the Pe eAldh, Ro Meadedel> weid to! t..,4 "Renrin betawen mon sora wy B. O, ORR. 2UM MADLAGMA. for Jy? oe ie es oy. Naas TRF SS “ition im- ond stbodel Od-andveet tee dea tei ght. the Soh Ere mmbes gebiLersooaeta! fr ae t Lye ( hone! for eetoHiert fo igeuticbarde the te “Mi copteatih Mis Beotowet tide hee boo | eke La tong PMO 4 ee ti eotemnogst — pare ¢ Rosalind stan becky iro sibeccent and #brne node digeotd: weed: evacdlack atepte tha ah @2iie etidadsba® modyoy- hore and De. ean | a Nov. 7, 1957. Mr. Thomas Fleming College of Physicians and Surgeons 630 West 168 Street New York, N. Y. Dear Sir: It took a little time to dig out the history of the "Rearing Horse and Man", The skeletons were prepared and mounted by S. H. Chubb in 190). A note in our AMERICAN MUSUEM JOURNAL for July 1940 (Vol. h, No. 3) says: wor "The study represents the horse as rearing to his full height, the man running beside him and controlling him with a halter. It is faithfully worked out from instantaneous photographs, and is suggestive of the breaking and training of the Horse by Man. It likewise illustrates the resemblances and differences in the two skeletons. Their nearly similar position makes it easy to com- pare corresponding parts, and to see the original identity in plan and structure, and the changes that have been brought about in adaptation to different modes of motion and habits of life in the horse and in man". It is not known who the man is! I am told the skeleton was probably purchased from Wards and remounted by Mr. Chubb. I amsending herewith a copy of our Guide Leaflet Series No. 36 which has a photograph of this group. Also a copy of the Mareh 1938 issue of NATURAL HISTORY, containing a short account of Mr. Chubb and his work (pages 22)-227). I trust this will vive you the information you desire. Very truly yours, he Librarian THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL naturalist. The scene represents a pair of the White-throated Thrush perched upon a branch of dogwood. The painting is the gift of John R. Livermore, Esq., of this city. THE alterations which have been in progress for several months in the central portion of the building have been finished. These consisted of the formation of an entrance hall to take the place which was occupied for several years by the large lecture hall of the Museum, and the cutting of passageways through the basement underneath this new entrance way in such a manner as to permit of easy communication between all parts of the cellar, an important factor in the economical handling of the material which is in storage, or 1s 1n use in various laboratories. The new entrance hall is oval in shape and the walls are adorned with busts of eighteen American men of science. From the new entrance hall the visitor can go at will to any of the exhibition halls on the ground floor or to the elevators. One of the im- provements affected during these alterations has been the con- struction of two small assembly rooms which will be utilized for classes which come to the Museum with their teachers, and for meetings of the various scientific societies which make the Museum their home. Mr. WILLIAM BEUTENMULLER, Curator of Entomology, went to North Carolina in May on a collecting trip in the Black Mountains. This expedition was made possible by the gener- osity of Mr. S. V. Hoffman, and is in continuation of the ento- mological survey of the Black Mountain region which has been carried on for some years by Mr. Beutenmtller under grants from the late Very Reverend E. A. Hoffman, D.D., LL.D. Tue Department of Archeology has received a collection of more than two hundred pre-historic shell implements from the island of Barbados. These consist of hatchets, chisels and similar tools from all parts of the island, and mostly made from the shell of the large conch, Strombus gigas. Such celts are peculiar to Barbados. Only two stone implements are in the 67 THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL lot, both of which are of material foreign to the island. All stages of manufacture are shown in this interesting series of shell implements. THE Eighth International Geographic Congress is to be held in this country in September. The sessions begin in Washing- ton, September 8th, and continue in Philadelphia, New York, Niagara Falls and Chicago, and close in St. Louis on the 2oth. The Congress, while in New York from the 13th to the 15th of September, will hold its sessions in the Museum. Proressors ALBERT S. BICKMORE and Franz Boas and Dr. E. O. Hovey have been appointed delegates to represent the Museum at the Geographic Congress. THE Department of Conchology has received as a gift from F. A. Constable, Esq., a noteworthy collection of Hirase shells from Japan. The collection was made by Mr. Hirase himself, which is a guarantee of its uniform excellence. The specimens comprise land, fresh-water and brackish-water forms, and rep- resent a total of 357 species. This collection illustrates in part the new genera and species which Dr. Pillsbry of Philadelphia has recently founded on Japanese shells. 68 Primitive Art. A Guide Leaflet to Collections in the American Museum of Natural History. GUIDE LEAFLET No. 15. SUPPLEMENT TO THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL, VOLUME IV, No. 3, July, rgo4. Published by the Museum, a, . oe yria payin ae 9 by my Or Pena! pie pee egw hie ee | — Fy a a: mr Ay 9 i a Tey 6 ad ‘i wean CONTENTS. PAGE IntTRoDucTORY NOTE . : : Se ey HALL 108 : j ; , : ' : 7 Coast Tribes of Alaska and British Columbia : : el 2G Coast Tribes of Washington and Tribes of the Interior of British Columbia . : : : : : ; 4] Pag PEALE 102 : é : : : : ‘ : : Str ce Plains Indians. ; 3 : : ; ee Bilis, Interpretation of Arapaho Designs : : : OORT Interpretation of Blackfoot Designs. : : es Interpretation of Sioux Designs. : : : eae Tribes of the Eastern Woodlands ; : ‘ ‘ 9 320 Tribes of the Amur River . : : ; : 126 EVALT202 . ; : é ; ‘ : ‘ : ie) California Indians ; : ; ¢ : ; : aw 32 Huichol Indians of Mexico . ; : : : ; : 3a SUMMARY . é } : 3 5 : : aes BIBLIOGRAPHY . : ; , : ; F : ames) ww ae ; A> ue @ oy de 5 a i a ae pitas eh ty Le eer 2 us ; Lae eS) in see aE EeOEO Se OER ORSS INTRODUCTORY -NOTE. A visit to the ethnological halls of the Museum shows that the primitive tribes whose manufactures are exhibited in the cases delight in ornamenting all the objects which are used in ordinary life, in festivals and in sacred ceremonials. Many of the orna- ments may seem crude to our taste, but undoubtedly they are applied to the objects for the same purpose as that for which we apply decorative ornamentation. Studies of the forms of primitive decoration, which have been carried on by many students, demonstrate the fact that almost everywhere decorative designs, no matter how simple their forms may be, are significant. In many cases we find animal forms and plant forms used for decorative purposes, and in these the sig- nificance is at once given by the design. In other cases the ornament consists of nothing but geometrical elements, such as straight lines, triangles and rectangles, or curves and spirals. These designs also are interpreted by primitive man as represent- ing certain natural forms, and thus they express definite ideas. It may therefore be said that most primitive decoration is symbolic. The style of decoration by means of which ideas are expressed differs very much in various parts of the world. The groups of ideas that are expressed by ornamental designs are also different, according to the characteristic culture of each tribe. The collections to which this Leaflet refers may be found in Halls 108, 102 and 202. Their location in the halls is marked on the accompanying plans. SCULPIN Y Wy ) § gy Tu ] e\g/ ro (5s FIRST FLOOR, HALL 108. CASES CC DrAn De 3: THE Coast TRIBES OF ALASKA AND British COLUMBIA.— These tribes use throughout animal forms for purposes of decora- tion. Some of their masks show that they have the power of producing good realistic representations of human and animal forms (Case C 12); but more frequently the characteristic forms of the animal to be represented are exaggerated in size, as, for instance, the beak of the hawk and the incisors of the beaver. Sometimes the characteristic feature is represented alone, and thus becomes the symbol of the animal. In Case 3 ¢ the symbols of several animals are exhibited. The beaver, which is shown in ‘the upper right-hand corner, is characterized by two large in- cisors, by a broad tail on which scales are indicated by means of hachure and sometimes by the stick which it holds in its paws. The killer-whale is symbolized by its long dorsal fin; the shark or dog-fish, by its long, pointed snout, which is represented as rising over its forehead, by its large mouth with depressed corners and many teeth and by the gill-lines which appear on its cheeks. The sculpin is symbolized by spines which rise over its mouth; the eagle, by its crooked beak; the squid, by the suckers which Z 8 PRIMITIVE ART appear attached to the eyebrows or to other parts of the body; the raven, by its long beak; the sea-monster, by its large head and by flippers attached to its elbows. The method of distorting the animal form in order to make it fit the decorative field is illus- trated in the specimens in Case C 13. The decorated wooden dish in the bottom of the case represents an animal. It is so shown that the front of the dish represents the animal’s head; the sides of the dish, the sides of the body; while the narrow end in the rear represents the tail. Thus it will be seen that the dish actually represents the body of the animal hollowed out from the back. The animal forms are placed in a similar manner on painted hats, as on the one here illustrated ;. the whole animal being laid around the conical hat, and, as it were, being pulled over the head. In some cases the adaptations require material changes in the form of the animal. When, for instance, a fish is to be painted or carved on the front of a square box, the body of the fish must be so dis- torted as to fill as nearly as possible the whole decorative field. This isdoneby cutting the fish along its whole back from head to tail, by exaggerating the size of the head, twisting half of the body along each side of the decorative field and placing the tail so that its end comes just under the head. In still other cases the form of the decorative field necessitates great reduction in the size of certain PRIMITIVE ART 9 parts of the body. Thus we find in Case 3c a blanket-border representing a sea-monster. The animal is shown split in two along its back; but all its parts — except its head, the paws and the tail — are much reduced in size. The teeth are indicated by NZS 0 am ff a sak a —f\is isles y AEN? ANASTASIA MATT STN SOAS IMA SN a series of slanting lines under each eye, but the lower jaw has been omitted. The body is represented by a fine line extending from the lower outer corners of the eye, around, then along the upper margins and finally down again. The arms and the fins, which are believed to be attached to the elbows of the monster, are of very small size, while the paw is painted on a very large scale. The wide strips in the fringe represent the dorsal fins of the mon- ster. This reduction of parts of the body has evidently given rise to the elimination of all except the characteristic symbols, when- ever this was necessary. We find a similar reduction of the sea- monster design ona bracelet in Case C 13, the design of which is shown above, and the complete omission of parts of the body on another bracelet representing the eagle, of which only head, talons and wings are shown. fe) PRIMITIVE ART Sometimes, in the effort to bring the animal form into the decorative field, the animal is dissected and distorted in a most astonishing manner. This is particularly true in the case of the large ceremonial blankets woven by these tribes, in which various parts of the animal body seem to be combined in the most irreg- ular manner, although really each part represents a definite por- tion of the animal represented. The blanket above Case D 3 and the explanatory model in that section illustrate this dissection. Similar distortions occur in paintings. For instance, in the copy of a painting from a house-front (Case D 3), representing the killer- WL eu aL whale, the central part of the figure represents the head of the whale. The flippers are shown close to the corners of the jaws, half of the blow-hole and half of the dorsal fin in the right and left hand upper corners, while the tail is shown just over the head. A collection of designs representing various animals, indicated by their symbols and distorted so as to fit the decorative field, is shown in the exhibition cases. The lower part of Case 3 ¢ con- tains representations of the dog-fish or shark. Case 3 b contains representations of a mythical sea-monster. In Case D 1 the sea- lion, sculpin, raven, crane, frog and seal are shown. Case D 2 contains representations of the beaver, all of which are charac- terized by the large incisors and the tail with hachure. Case D 3 contains representations of the killer-whale, characterized by PRIMITIVE ART II the long dorsal fin; D 4, representations of the bear, which is characterized by its large mouth, often represented with pro- truding tongue, and its large paws; D 5, those of the raven; D 6, those of the thunder-bird or hawk and the eagle, the thunder-bird being characterized by the hooked beak, which turns back into the mouth. One of the peculiar char- acteristics of the decorative §&] art of the North Pacific RES coast is the frequent occur- ## soso rence of the “eye.” A form similar to an eye, consisting of an inner and an outer cir- cle, is applied to indicate all joints, evidently to signify the socket and the head moving in the socket. Of- ten this eye is elaborated as a whoe face, which then makes the interpretation of the animal form very difficult. The essential features of the decorative art of the coast Indians of Alaska and British Columbia may thus be charac- terized as a representation of animal forms by means of distor- tion and omission, the decorative forms being somewhat realistic rep- resentations of parts of the body, preference being gven to those parts which are symbolic of each animal. Purely geometrical decoration is found in only one place on the North Pacific coast. It is applied to the basketry of the Tlingit In- dians (Case E 3-8), who, however, in their painting and carving, use the style of art described before. This geometrical style was probably developed in imitation of the porcupine -em- 12 PRIMITIVE ART broidery of the tribes of the interior. Most of the ornamented baskets are made of spruce-root, and are embroidered with grass. The ornaments are generally arranged in two broad parallel stripes of the same design, separated by a narrow band contain- ing a different design. The motives consist of rectangular and triangular forms. The people interpret each motive as the rep- resentation of some realistic object. The meander pattern 1s interpreted as waves and as objects floating in the waves, while a similar design executed in obtuse angles is interpreted as the butterfly. Diagonal rows of small rectangles are interpreted as a string tied around the basket, while two such lines meeting in a point are interpreted as flying geese; and.a diamond made up ina similar way represents goose-tracks. Rectangles divided diago- nally into two sections are interpreted as bear’s feet, one half re- presenting the sole of the foot, while lines in the other indicate the claws. In many cases, both the design and the figure cut out of the background are given names. It is important to note that the interpretations given to the designs on some baskets seem to be entirely disconnected. This suggests that the combination of the patterns has no dis- tinct symbolic significance, but that the so-called “interpreta- tions’ are rather pattern-names. PRIMITIVE ART 13 CASES (O02 12ANDSe Coast TRIBES OF WASHINGTON AND TRIBES OF THE INTERIOR oF BritisH CotumMBIA.—The general character of the decorative art of this region 1s entirely different from that of the coast tribes of Alaska described before. The ornamentation applied by the tribes of the interior to their garments and to objects of every-day use is throughout pictographic ; that is to say, it consists of realistic representations of natural objects, which are connected, and tell a complete story. We notice, for instance, on a painted blanket in Case 12 f, anumber of animal and human figures. A mountain- range rising on the earth is shown above the fringe. On the upper part of the blanket, two suns are shown, outside of which are two beetles. In the center is a stag pursued by two Indians. The figures near the right and left margins are grizzly bears. On the lower part of the blanket two loons are shown. ‘These are painted on a large scale because they are the guardian spirits of the wearer. Between them there is a lake with trees around one side, anda canoe andaman in thecenter. Trail-lines between the loons indicate that they belong to the lake. The owner’s pipe is painted on the lower right-hand corner. The idea expressed by these figures is a prayer for success in hunting on mountain and lake. The hunters and the canoe-man represent the wearer of the blanket; the suns, beetles and loons are his guardian spirits. 14 PRIMITIVE ART In many cases these pictographs become more geo- metrical in char- acter,so that they may be called or- namental designs. Such is the case, for instance, in a young woman’s head - band made of buckskin (Case 12 d@), painted red with designs representing lodges in the lower part and stars in the upper. In some cases the whole form /¥ of the object is given a symbolic in-{\ 4 terpretation. Thus we find a stone war-axe (Case \ 12 €) representing the woodpecker. This design sym- bolizes the idea that the point of the axe is to be as powerful in piercing skulls as the beak of the wood- pecker is in piercing the bark of trees. The point of the axe represents the beak of the bird; the red dot on the rounded part of the stone, its eye; the handle, its body. In the pictographic art of this tribe, cer- tain motives have obtained a conventional meaning. Such is the case, for instance, with the triangles on the girl’s head-band mentioned before, which always represent lodges. Crosses, like those on the drinking-tubes in Case 12 d, represent the crossings of trails; parallel lines represent ditches, and a circle with four equidistant rays symbolizes the sun. The pictographic art of these tribes tends to assume a geometrical character particularly on their woven bags and on their imbricated basketry. The merging of the pictographic and purely decorative elements may be observed very clearly in a bag (Case 12 d), on which QN\AM\ aut tana ty PRIMITIVE ART 15 a series of diamonds represents isolated lakes, and lakes con- nected by streams. Near these lakes are shown ducks flying towards the water. Designs half pictographic and half geo- metrical may also be seen on the baskets in Case O g, in which the figures of birds, men and dogs may be recognized. A striking interpretation is given for two baskets in Case O 11. The peculiar rectangular forms which face each other are each interpreted asa head. In one of these, the short lines on the back represent the hair, while the two pairs in each opening represent teeth. In the other one these attachments have entirely dis- appeared, but the form is still interpreted as that of two heads facing each other. 16 ~ PRIMITIVE ART A great variety of geometrical forms may be observed in these baskets (Case P 1-3). Almost all of them are also given realistic interpretations. One interesting basket, the ts design of which con- Ee metic seece sists of alternating iy, large and small dia- monds, is explained as the beaver design, the large central pattern being interpreted as the body of the beaver ; the small diamonds at the lower end, its tail; the one at its upper end, the head; while the black lines forming one side of the intermediate diamond are the fore and hind legs of the animal. It is fairly evident that this type of basketry has influenced that of the coast tribes of Washington, who also have geometrical designs on their baskets. We find among these tribes a good many baskets imported from the interior, while their own baskets show a different type of manufacture, but somewhat similar de- signs. Here a meandering pattern is interpreted as ripples of water, while a design consisting of zigzags is interpreted as mountains and valleys (Case O 7). Attention is called to the peculiar designs composed of hooks (Case O 8), which will be PRIMITIVE ART 17 referred to in the description of Californian designs. These de- signs also occur in the basketry from the interior of the State of Washington (Case R 12). The forms which we observe on the coast of Washington have also in- fluenced the type of basketry of the tribe of Cape Flattery, a branch of the Nootka,whose culture is similar to that of the more northern coast tribes. Among them we find many fine baskets with geometrical designs (Case N 10). These baskets are made on a foundation of cedar-bark, while the designs are exe- cuted in colored and bleached grass- stems. Most of the designs resemble in character the geometric designs of the southern coast tribes. It is, however, peculiar to this tribe, that on some of these baskets, whaling and fishing scenes, with canoes and their crew, are represented. Such scenes were also used in the ornamentation of the old type of hats that were worn in the eighteenth century, but which have gone out of use. FIRST FLOOR, HALL 102. CASES 17-29 Prartns Inprans.—The decorative art. of the Plains Indians resembles in some characteristic features that of the tribes of the interior of British Columbia, although its technique is much better and more elaborate. Its fundamental character is picto- graphic. In objects which serve ceremonial purposes, this char- acter is strictly maintained. Thus we find on buffalo-hides which are records of events, and even on blankets, pictographic repre- sentations of battle-scenes, or of other events in the daily life of the Indian. On garments used in ceremonial dances, paint- ings occur which represent birds, sun and moon, and are similar in character to those described before. These, however, are not, strictly speaking, decorative designs. In most cases where ornamentation is the prime object, the forms which are utilized are arranged more or less symmetrically; and with the development of symmetry we find that the occurrence of realistic forms disappears. Almost all the decorative work of the Indians of the Plains is made in bead-embroidery, and is 18 PRIMITIVE ART 19 probably an outgrowth of the embroidery in porcupine-quills which was characteristic of the Indians before they came in contact with the whites. The forms which are the constituent elements of decorative motives are very simple and characteristic. They consist throughout of regularly arranged triangles and rectangles, mostly in brilliant and strongly contrasting colors, and often also show- ing sections of varying color. Sometimes the decoration is applied to the whole surface, sometimes only a particular part of the object is decorated. Much of the painting is done on rawhide, but most of the embroidery is made on soft skin. The background of the painting is usually rawhide, while the beaded designs are often set off against a background of white or colored beads. The manner of combination of triangles and rectangles is so peculiar, that decorated objects obtained from the Plains Indians can readily be distinguished from objects from any other part of the world. Although there is a certain sameness among all of them, each tribe has certain peculiarities of its own. The most characteristic form, which occurs over and over again in Indian decorative art, is the somewhat pointed triangle, either divided into halves of different color, or including an- other triangle of different color. This form is generally explained as the tepee, the tent of the Plains Indians. Another form which is almost as frequent is a very obtuse triangle, often with a small rec- tangle in the middle. This is in- terpreted as a hill, while the center figure is often called a cave in the hill. We find also very often de- signs consisting of parallel lines, sometimes broken up by equidistant short patterns of different color. These lines are generally interpreted as trails; and breaks in the lines, as camping-sites or other interruptions of the con- tinuous trail. 20 PRIMITIVE ART The decorative forms applied by the Indians may, on the whole, be described as a variety of combinations of the acute tent triangle and of the obtuse hill triangle with rectangles and straight lines. Circles divided into sections occur also quite frequently. All these forms are executed in a variety of color, which is gener- ally included in the symbolic interpretation of the design. The detailed arrangement of the decorative motives shows some characteristic differences among different tribes. Thus, we find that the Arapaho (Case 20 h) like to arrange their patterns on hide bags in a number of parallel stripes, and that in the painted designs they put on the color in rather small areas. The Sho- shone (Case 26 e), on the other hand, like to arrange the decora- tive field in such a way as to lay out a wide border which cuts out a central field. The designs in these areas are laid on in strongly contrasting colors, without leaving any white background to speak of. Similar differences may be observed in the bead-work of different tribes. Some — for instance, the Comanche (Case 26 d) — prefer to arrange their patterns in delicate narrow bands; while others, like the Sioux, utilize large beaded surfaces. These may be observed on moccasins, bags and pouches, on which white or colored beads form the background, from which the de- signs are set off. It seems, however, that some beaded and painted designs are common to all the tribes of the Great Plains. PRIMITIVE ART Interpretation of Arapaho Designs.—The characteristics of In- dian interpretations will best appear from a SOS) oF a few specimens. The square design near the lower edge of a small pouch (Case 20 e) is the bear’s foot, generally con- ventionally represent- ed by the Arapaho with only three claws. Square pink spots on the body of the design are the bare skin on the sole of the foot. The white bead-work is sand or soil. The curved band on the flap is a mountain. The leather fringe at the bottom of the pouch represents trees. White beading on another pouch represents sand: the green beads at the edges, on account of their color, represent timber; two compressed crosses, the morning star; and squares on the flaps, rocks. The large figure near the bottom is a mountain with a tree on its summit. Below it are four small red and blue rectangles, which de- note little streams flowing from a spring near the foot of the mountain. The spring is represented by a green square in the large triangle. Paint-pouches amulets and head-ornaments are often given animal forms. The pouch illus- trated here represents a lizard. The large ornament at about the middle of the bag represents a but- terfly. The triangles are its wings, and the rhom- boidal figure of bead-work projecting on the leather surface is its body. On the flap is the dragon-fly. The detached, somewhat triangular figures at the sides of the dragon-fly are its wings. 22 PRIMITIVE ART Onan Arapaho moccasin (Case 20/1), a wide stripe embroidered on the instep represents the path on which the wearer travels. The two pieces of the transverse stripe, which duplicate in minia- ture a part of the main stripe, are insects or worms which the wearer desires to avoid, and which, for this reason, are placed by the side of his path. The upper portion of the large stripe is light blue, which signifies, as in many other cases, haze... The red and dark-blue bands that edge the white por- tion of the stripe represent day and night. The winged triangle, which appears twice, signifies sunrise, and also the passage over a mountain. The explanation of painted designs of the Arapaho is quite similar to that of beaded designs. Thus, on one hide bag (Case 19 c) three wide blue stripes represent rivers, both form and color being symbolic. The red rectangles in them are islands, and the white border around these is sand. The triangles are bears’ feet; the red portions of the triangles represent the bare skin of the “sole of the foot; the projections at the base of the’ triangles are the claws. The unpainted back- ground represents the prairie; the black spots in them are coyotes. Blue lines enclosing the whole design are buffalo- paths; the white lines between them, antelope-paths; the yel- low line is an elk-path; and red lines are deer-paths. It will thus be seen that the interpretation of the designs given by the Arapaho is partly realistic, while a part of the de- signs express abstract ideas. The morning star, the life symbol, the path of life and other concepts which are intimately associated with the religious ideas I PRIMITIVE ART 23 of the people appear frequently in their interpretations of their designs. Purely animal forms are, comparatively speaking, rare; while geographical features,—such as mountains, valleys and rivers,—tents, parts of the body and plant designs occur very frequently. CASE” 17 1G: Interpretation of Blackfoot Designs —Among the Blackfoot we find the same type of decorative designs as among the Arapaho, triangles and diamonds being the most important elements, but they are purely decorative, without sym- bolic significance. These geometric forms, however, have pattern- names as constituent elements of the complex designs, for example: the diamond -shaped figures are known as “‘spavin”’ patterns. The idea is, not that the design repre- sents a ‘“‘spavin,”’ but that it resembles this affection as it appears upon a horse’s foot. CASES 24, 25. Interpretation of Sioux Designs—The decorative art of the Siouan tribes comprises geometrical designs in bead-work, and pictographic designs in paintings. The geometric designs are both symbolic and decorative. The pictographic designs are usually symbolic. Most of the geometric designs are made by the women ; the pictographic, by themen. The art of the women is especially interesting, because we find them using simple geometrical forms as design elements, for example: all triangular designs of a certain size are known as “tent” patterns; all rectangular designs are known as “bag”’ patterns; all small triangular designs are known as “point” patterns, or “‘leaf’’ patterns; diamond-shaped de- signs are known as “‘arrow-point”’ patterns. Complex geometri- cal designs are built up from these simple elements, and the names given above are the technical names for these designs. The complex designs are best represented in the decoration of tobacco-pouches, as illustrated in Case 25 a. 24 PRIMITIVE ART These complex designs, taken as a whole, often have special names, for example: a diamond-shaped figure with forked append- ages, as shown in the adjoining illustration (Case 25a), is sometimes spoken of as the “turtle” design, or “turtle” pattern: So. far! fasaatae makers of these designs are concerned, the name “turtle” is simply the pat- tern-name, and in no wise a represen- tation of the animal specified. Thus we have a series of decorative designs in which the motive is not the repre- sentation of objects or ideas, but merely an appeal to the esthetic sense. However, these design elements may be combined into wholes which do represent definite objects or ideas, and so become symbolic de- signs; but the use of designs to represent any particular idea does not conform to any rule, it depends rather upon the fancy of the maker. A good example of this type of design is illustrated below (Case 25 a). Itrepresentsa decoration seen by the maker ina dream. It is thusa picture of the d eam design. But there are cer- tain geometrical forms which are symbolic, and are looked upon as sacred. One of the most com- mon of these designs is that of a spider-web, which may be seen on the pouch shown on p. 25 (Case 25c). This design is looked upon as too sacred to be used for mere decorative purposes. There is another type of de- sign midway between the sacred symbolic one and the merely decorative one, such as the design of the turtle upon the dresses of women. This is simply a U-shaped figure placed on the breast ae PRIMITIVE ART 25 and the back. It appears on most of the beaded dresses, and is placed there partly for decora- tion, and partly because it is the prevailing style. The old women know that in former times the de- sign of the turtle was placed on the dress as a kind of prayer to the mythical turtle, who was believed to be the guardian spirit watching over the lives of women. Now | they say that the design is placed on the dress simply because “that is the way.’ Thus we have a de- sign which was formerly sacred and if) Wie Be ead Ca | symbolic, but is now chiefly deco- eas ise See rative. The painted decorations upon the buffalo-robes of men and women are of this type also. is In general, the decorative art of the Sioux presents three types, or perhaps stages, in the development of primitive art, —a purely decorative type, a purely sym- bolic type and an intermediate conven- tional type. The men employ the same simple and combined geometrical designs as are used by the women, but for the pre- sentation of military ideas. Thus, the moc- casin (Case 24 g) shown here represents a battle in which the wearer participated. The triangular designs around the sole (the tent pattern) represent hills; the small rec- tangles (the box pattern), enemies standing between the hills; the small marks upon each hill design, bullets striking. The in- step of the moccasin is colored red to repre- sent blood, and the triangular design within the red area represents an arrow. The idea to be conveyed is, that the owner engaged in a battle in which the enemy took refuge in the hills, and that blood was shed. 26 PRIMITIVE ART Thus we have among the same people identical geometrical de- signs, with identical technical names, used to convey different ideas. The military symbolism of the men differs from the sym- bolism of the women in one respect, namely: that any one familar with the mode of presentation can interpret the designs used by men with considerable exactness. In a general way the interesting characteristic of Sioux art is the existence of two schools,— that of the women and that of the men,— each of which makes use of the same design ele- ments, but to different ends. OSES) 285.20, TRIBES OF THE EASTERN WOOoDLANDS.—Very little of the ancient art of the Indians of the eastern woodland area remains. Under the influence of modern patterns, the old style of porcu- pine-quill and bead-work has practically disappeared, and plant- te ee SONNE Bee ORR «9 NNW ee aka patterns have taken its place. Only on woven pouches and mats do some of the old patterns persist. These designs are partly of geometrical character; partly they consist of very stiff conven- tional reproductions of animal and human forms (Case 29 a). The favorite design seems to be that of a bird with spread wings, PRIMITIVE ART 27 the shape of which has also influenced the manner of repre- senting the human form (Case 28 e). The geometric designs (Cases 28 e, 31) are mostly arranged in bands, and consist of triangles, zigzags and diamonds, which show only slight rela- tion to those of the Indians of the Plains, while they remind us somewhat of the designs of the Indians of the State of Washington. We may perhaps recognize in some of the tri- angles with points under their bases the tent design so common i i iN i : Bee ah | Coe rd <6 a oy i i i in at) : a ml i von | + Gor SES ; a sy nem C a my) WW theca H : ‘ae i, i ) nn among the Plains Indians. The whole make-up, however, of the geometric forms is quite distinctive. If there ever has been any interpretation of these geometric designs, it seems to have been forgotten, and the designs are considered purely as ornamental, not as symbolic. The only striking exception is the same spider- web design that we find among the Sioux Indians, and which occurs here practically in the same form. (Case 28 /1.) 28 PRIMITIVE ART Painted decorations are much rarer among these tribes than among those of the Great Plains. In place of the hide bags, which are so common among all the Prairie tribes, hide trunks are used which are painted with patterns similar to those de- scribed before. Probably these hide trunks are modern forms of ancient bark boxes. It is interesting to note that in the modern woven bead- work of these tribes the realistic flower designs which have been in vogue for a considerable period tend to assume geometrical shapes. The series of beaded belts exhibited in Case 28 /: brings out clearly the fact that the leaves and fruits tend to assume the forms of diamonds, while the flowers tend to develop in the direction of crosses. The two beaded belts, illustrated above, show types of conventionalization of modern flower designs. PRIMITIVE ART 29 CASES “14 rG: TRIBES OF THE AMUR RIvER.—The Gold, who inhabit the Upper Amur River, belong to Tungus stock, while the Gilyak of the Lower Amur River and of the Island of Saghalin form an independent group. The decorative art of these two tribes is almost identical. The fundamental forms are geometrical designs, consisting almost exclusively of spirals and of other curves,— a style of decoration widely spread in other parts of the Old World. In this particular region its oc- currence is undoubtedly due to the influence of Chinese decora- tive art. The spiral ornaments are used in carving, in designs cut out of birch-bark and in em- broidery. They are also applied in etched and inlaid ornaments on iron spears (Case 16 a). ‘The most characteristic feature in the elaboration of this &- mot ve is its combination with bird and fish de- . signs. The cock particu- larly is a favorite pattern, and appears in combina- tion with the spiral. Ona fish-skin garment of the Gold may be seen a series of designs, at the top of which is shown a crowing cock; other cocks are placed at the end of a horizontal band. On a birch-bark basket (Case 16 e) the same combination of designs appears very clearly, the curved ornament enclosing quite a number of cocks and fishes. Other 30 PRIMITIVE ART animals are not found as often as the two here named; but in a number of patterns exhibited in the turning-frame on the north wall of the hall, combinations of a variety of animals may be found. In one of these, illustrated below, are represented four musk-deer (a), two frogs (c) and a number of fish (0). While many of these forms are fairly realistic, in other cases the animal form is so highly conventionalized that it can be recog- nized only because it is known to the natives as a symbol of the particular animal. Thus the spirals in a birch-bark basket (Case 16 e) are explained as two cocks which stand back to back; the point marked a, in the illustration beyond, being the beak of PRIMITIVE ART 31 the cock, while the oval (c) is an object which it is supposed to hold. This object is found in a great many representations of the cock, and may be said to be one of its prime characteristics. The tail of the cock has the form of a fish, and is shown at the point b. The center of the second set of spirals (g) has the form of a fish, which is always symbolized by a small circle attached to an elongated body. It is very peculiar that practically all the spirals and curved de- signs of these tribes have been developed into the cock motive, because the cock was not known to the tmbess OF the Amit River until quite re- cently, The use of this motive, and par- ticularly also the fre- quent occurrence of the round object which is in its beak, indicates that this motive is of foreign origin. It is evidently the same as the cock in China which holds the sun in its beak. It is interesting to note that, among this tribe also, the form and ornamentation of objects used in religious ceremonials are much more realistic than purely decorative motives. Thus we find the coat of a shaman (Case 14 c), on which is painted a mythological representation of the world-tree, representing the conception of the world that is current among the tribe. Going back through Hall 102, the visitor passes the Eskimo collections, and attention is called to the fact that very few 1im- plements and objects made by the Eskimo are decorated, except their clothing, which bears designs of dark and white caribou- skin. SECOND FLOOR, HALL 202. On the second floor are found collections from California and Mexico which illustrate some of the characteristics of the decora- tive art of these regions. CASES! 1-6) CALIFORNIA INpIANS.—The decorative art of the California Indians, more particularly that of the Indians of southern Cal1- fornia, is almost entirely confined to basketry. Their baskets are mostly round, rather rarely oblong, many of them quite shal- low: consequently we find a tendency to arrange the decorative designs in radial groups or in spirals. The designs themselves are rarely realistic, but consist always of more or less intricate geometrical designs. The similarity of these designs on various baskets is quite striking. Their interpretations, however, differ considerably. A collection illustrating the similarity of design and the diversity of their meaning has been assembled in Case 2 a, b. There we find on one basket a design representing a squirrel’s foot. A similar design on another basket represents mountains and pine-cones; on still another, the bear’s foot; and on a fourth the owl’s claw. 32 PRIMITIVE ART 33 In the same case are shown a number of baskets illustrating one of the most common ornamental motives found in California, the so-called “‘ quail-tip,’’ a design consisting of a slender line with asmall heavy hook standing off from the end at right angles. This design was described before as found on baskets from the State of ¥ me “ wn st » 2 Washington (Case R 12 in Hall 108), and it seems probable that it has spread along the Pacific coast from tribe to tribe. This 34 PRIMITIVE ART seems the more likely, since it is found in entirely different weaves, according to the district in which it occurs. While it is found on many Californian weaves, tt is applied in the State of Washington on the peculiar imbricated basketry the characteristic designs of which are illustrated by baskets of the Thompson and Lillooet Indians (see p. 15 and Cases O and P, Hall 108). The interpretations given to designs by the Californian Indians vary greatly. The designs often represent plants, while some represent fish-teeth, snakes, worms, millepeds, butterflies, etc. Designs symbolic of larger animals are absent. One of the most frequently occurring designs on Californian, and perhaps on all basketry, is the feather and arrow-point design (Cases 2, 3). Realistic designs are found only in the extreme southern part of California and in the adjoining portions of Arizona. In northern California the interpretation of designs seems to be almost absent. The patterns of this district are called “striped,” ‘‘zigzag,’’ etc., terms which are evidently names, not interpretations (Case 6 f). CASE 15. Huicuot Inpians, Mexico.— The decorative art of the modern tribes of Mexico has evidently been much influenced by Spanish art. The most elaborate decorative work of the present period is done in textiles, particularly in weaving and in embroi- dery, while modern pottery designs are of a crude character. The designs found in various regions of Mexico and of Central America, and also those of South America, consist to a great extent of geometrical elements, but also of somewhat angular representa- tions of birds, mammals and men, all more or less conventional- ized. The color combinations differ also considerably in various regions. One of the designs found most frequently on textile work is a series of triangles which are similar in their arrangement to the arrow design on Californian basketry. This type of design is found on the belts of the Pueblo Indians of New Mexico and Arizona as well as in Mexico. A comparison with ancient Mexican designs, in so far as they have been preserved on ancient Mex1- PRIMITIVE ART 35 can codices, or as they may be recognized on the garments of ancient sculptured figures, shows that these types of weaving did not exist before the advent of the Spaniards and the introduc- tion of European fabrics. For this reason it is interesting to note that by some tribes the designs are at present given interpretations quite analogous to those found among the Prairie Indians and among other primitive tribes. A collection of belts, ribbons and pouches from the Huichol %, S in“ = 0G @ if Pa 7. tribe of western Mexico (Case 15), illustrates this point. The zig- zag triangle, described by the Californian Indians as the arrow design, is called here the ‘‘ double water-gourd”’ design. The In- dians compare the hourglass figure, which originates from a combination of two triangles, to the double gourd; which has two thick ends and a constriction in the middle. The X- shaped form, also quite common, is interpreted as a brush made of loose fibres tied together in the middle or at one end. A series of scrolls is an element which occurs very frequently in their weav- 36 PRIMITIVE ART ing. It is called the “bridle,’’ because Mexican bridles have on either side of the bit a figure resembling one of these scrolls. It is also inter- preted as the Za ( linkin anon saree reUTeaATHTUNOTTUVAUVUOVOUAMUTLLOGEOIETUELRTEEE MOTT hands. The mAAQOEUEONUSEGANONUCEEQUOOEEQOCOuOM Lien NunnAeuuaeEpeaueannennataatieg tat decorative ele- ment shown in the figure below is interpreted as the steel for striking fire. It is considered as an ornamental elaboration of ee. Oe ee the form of steel used in this region. The arbitrary character of the interpretations given by these people may be seen in the elaboration of this design, which is sometimes developed into a continuous band, and is then explained as a vine and flowers. A very frequent element of decoration is shown below, and is inter- preted as roots of plants. The transition from these forms to more realistic ones is very gradual. The simple geometrical forms are combined into plant designs, and, in their most symmet- rical arrangement, to flower de- signs. To these are added some- times realistic representations of double-headed birds, of mountain- lions and of other animals. Long narrow ribbons covered with de- signs of this character are generally described as serpents, the design indicating the marks on the serpent’s back. PRIMITIVE ART 37 A comparison of the decorative designs exhibited in Case 15 with the designs on ceremonial objects which will be found in Cases 13 and 14, shows a marked difference between the two styles. The execution of the purely ornamental objects is careful,— the designs are regular in outline, and the conventionalism in inter- pretation and in form is strong. The decoration on sacrificial objects, on the other hand, 1s, on the whole, crude; it is throughout pictographic in character. The crudeness of these designs 1s partly due to lack of skill in the use of the brush and of the carv- ing-tool, and in the application of bead-work by means of wax,— an art which is undoubtedly a survival of the ancient turquoise mosaics. All carved and painted designs of the Huichol In- dians seem to be crude, and many of the embroidered designs on sacrificial objects are also poorly executed; but this may be partly due to their temporary character. A few of them, however, are carefully woven; but their designs are picto- graphic, not geometrical. The interpretation of the conven- tional decorative designs of the Huichol is, on the whole, in line with the ideas expressed on their ceremonial objects. Their con- stant thought is the need of rain for their crops; and the water- 38 PRIMITIVE ART gourd, the flowers, the vines and serpents are all considered as symbols of rain or of the vegetation produced by rain. In this respect the interpretation of the geometrical designs given by the Huichol resembles very much that given by the Pueblo Indians of the arid Southwest. Some of the favorite motives of their decorative art are interpreted in the same man- ner, terraced triangles with lines descending from them being always interpreted as rain-clouds and falling rain; while zigzag lines represent lightning. SUMMARY. The description of these collections shows that in many remote parts of the world primitive people interpret the orna- mental designs which they use for decorating objects of every- day use as representations of realistic ideas. Investigations among other peoples, from whom the Museum has no collections, show that the same tendency may be found all over the world. In some cases it has been found possible to bring together a series of decorative motives which show at one end an almost realistic representation of a-certain object, while at the other end of the series may be seen a purely conventional form. From this observation the conclusion has been drawn, that, on the whole, geometrical ornaments originated from realistic forms by gradual transformation. On the other hand, we have seen that in many cases the same form was transferred from one tribe to another by borrowing, as, for instance, among the Indians of the Plains; and that dif- ferent interpretations were given to the same forms by different tribes. This seems to indicate that the interpretation may also be adapted to the design, or, as we may say, that, according to the favorite concepts of the people, an idea has been “read into” the design. PRIMITIVE ART 39 BIBLIOGRAPHY. The following papers describing in detail the collections re- ferred to in this Guide have been published by the Museum: Hall 108. Boas, Franz. The Decorative Art of the Indians of the North Pacific Coast (Bulletin, Vol. IX, Article X). Emmons, G. T. The Basketry of the Tlingit (Memoirs, Vol. ee Part 11). Teit, James. The Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Chapter on Art by F. Boas (Memoirs Vol. II, Part IV, Pp. 376-386). Farrand, Livingston. Basketry Designs of the Salish In- dians (Memoirs, Vol. II, Part V). Hall to2. Kroeber, Alfred L. The Arapaho (Bulletin, Vol. XVIII, Part I, pp. 36-150). Wissler, Clark. Decorative Art of the Sioux Indians (Bul- letin, Vol. XVIII, Part III). In preparation. Laufer, Berthold. Decorative Art of the Amur Tribes (Me- mous. VOM VLE “Pant 1). Hall 202. Dixon, Roland B. Basketry Designs of the Indians of Northern California (Bulletin, Vol. XVII, Part I). Lumholtz, Carl. Decorative Art of the Huichol Indians (Memoirs, Vol. III, Part III). I” press. The following general works on primitive art are recom- mended to students: Grosse, Ernst. The Beginnings of Art. D. Appleton & Co. New York, 1897. Haddon, A. C. Evolution in Art. Chas. Scribner’s Sons. New York. ; 7 ; F ; Ae. ie tt mety WA! A | F EPLLE. nh el ite a 5 eas oe - . : ’ : : ¥ Mi i u ; 4 ’ a af + rn Je eee é >i =! My a = 4 s* € . eT Wie a t= a . Ct : RY } ae | i ; ‘ ; ‘ ’ A’ L ‘ ‘ ; ‘ A i eer ia otha? Sar ‘ ; | i, j | P rm . cy 7 a Ad ae Seo e ‘I ie "; ah 5 pe . ) - : ay | ‘es 4 pe ti 7 e/a npr ~ a}, i - % vi J Lani > a ee pete er 4 TAM Oss te? Me So - a ‘ £ ; i va a * ; 5 [ - yt 7 al : hy # “ Ag ee Os: : 5 y . % y & "my i | * ‘ee a aT: ” bh o- — rey + CALIFORNIA MOUNTAIN PARTRIDGE From Group ia Museum The American Museum Journal VOL. Iv. OCTOBER, 1904. No. 4 NEW GROUPS OF GAME BIRDS. —. 0 === 6 HE acquisition of a complete series of groups of North American game birds showing the nests with their natural surroundings, and eggs or young birds, has been rendered possible through the generosity of friends of the Museum. The Ruffed Grouse, Bob-white and Woodcock being local species, they have been for some time represented in our group collections, but with the funds now available it is proposed to add the game birds of other parts of the country. Three groups of the proposed series have already been placed upon exhibition, the California Valley and Mountain Partridges, or “Quail,” (Lophortyx californicus and Oreortyx pictus plumt- jerus), and the Sierra Dusky or Blue Grouse. In each instance a pair of adult birds is shown with their nest, young and a photo- graph of the nesting site. The young in the group of Valley Partridge, or “ Valley Quail,” as it is commonly called in California, are less than a day old, but their well-grown, downy plumage illustrates very well the high degree of development attained by the young of all gallinaceous birds before hatching. The young in the Mountain Partridge, or “Mountain Quail,’’ group are probably a week older, but already have acquired their second plumage and with it the power of flight. The young of the Grouse are in a corresponding stage of plumage. As to color it will be observed that the plumage of the young of all three species is of dull neutral tints which render the chicks inconspicuous through a more or less close resemblance to the prevailing tone of their surroundings. The female Grouse is also protectively colored and differs strikingly in plumage from her ok THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL mate, who, it is interesting to note in this connection, does not assist in the task of incubation, and, in fact, is far more arboreal in habits than the female. This Sierra Grouse, it should be remarked, proves to be a heretofore undescribed geographical race or subspecies of the Dusky or Blue Grouse inhabiting the mountainous portions of the western United States. It was previously supposed that Grouse from the Sierras were similar to those of the coast region from Oregon to Alaska, but comparison of specimens shows that the Sierra Grouse differs from both the Coast Range and the Rocky Mountain forms and although the variety more closely resembles the latter than the former, it has evidently been de- rived from the Coast Range bird of which it is a paler, southern representative. The new Grouse has been named Dendragapus obscurus sierrensts. A fourth California group, though not of a game bird, may be mentioned in the present connection. It shows a family of Yellow-billed Magpies with their bulky, domed nest, a structure so large that two small villages were visited before a box big enough to transport it safely was found. This species has a most restricted range in the foot-hills of the Sierra and Coast Ranges in middle California, and is yearly decreasing in numbers through its habit of eating ground squirrels which have been poisoned by farmers. Groups of these vanishing species are especially desirable and the Museum is exerting itself to secure, while there is yet time, material which shall show satisfactorily the nesting habits of those of our birds which are rapidly nearing extinction. Fy: @ Mr. WALTER GRANGER of the Department of Vertebrate Paleontology reports having had good success in finding the small and rare mammals of Eocene age for which he has been search- ing in southwestern Wyoming. He likewise has obtained the material to complete a skeleton of Uintatherium, one of the enormous mammals which characterized the middle Eocene beds of the central west. 72 73 CALIFORNIA VALLEY PARTRIDGE From Group in Museum THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL SOCIAL PARASITISM AMONG ANTS. =3)N an article published in last year’s volume of the 4 6©6Bulletin of the American Museum, the author called attention to the occurrence of certain very diminutive females, or queens, in a species of ant (Formica microgyna) from Colorado and Utah. Unexpected light was thrown on this interesting reduction in the size of the queen by a recent study in the Litchfield Hills (Conn.) of another ant (F. difficilis) which is known to have similar queens. Several peculiar mixed colonies were found, each con- sisting of a fertile queen of Ff. difficilis, either singly or accom- panied by a few young workers, living in colonies of another ant (F. incerta). Afterward the fact was established, both by observation of the natural colonies and by keeping the ants in artificial nests, that the dzfficilis queen, being too small to bring up her own colony, enters a queenless colony of Ff. tncerta, and then turns over her first batch of young to be brought up by the incerta workers. As the dijficilis colony grows to be more and more populous, it gradually emancipates itself from the incerta and finally becomes a pure dzfficilis colony, the workers of which are as bold and pugnacious as the queen and her first offspring were timid and conciliatory. These observations show that F. dzfficilis is a true cuckoo ant, a temporary parasite. All the mixed colonies of ants have hitherto been tacitly regarded as permanent unions or consocia- tions of two species, like the slave-making ants and their slaves, or auxiliaries. The case of F. difficilis throws light on a whole series of mixed colonies which have been called abnormal or accidental, merely because they have not often been seen, like the mixed colonies of A phenogaster tennesseense and A. fuluum; Formica exsectoides and F. subsericea; F. dakotensis and F. subsericea; and the European as well as the American F.. rufa and F. fusca with their varieties. In all these cases it is highly prob- able that we are concerned with a normal temporary parasitism of one species of anton another. The species of Formica which exhibit this method of founding their colonies all belong to the 74 COLLECTING IN FLORIDA AND THE BAHAMAS ruja and exsecta groups, and the forms in whose nests they estab- lish these colonies belong to the more abundant species of the jusca and pallide-fulva groups. Another ant of a very different sub-family, namely A phenogaster tennesseense, curiously enough, shows a similar reduction in the size of its queens and it too, as certain cases show, in all probability first establishes its colo- nies in the nests of some one of our numerous varieties of A. juluum. A full account of the temporary parasitism of F. diffictlis and of several other species will shortly be published. WiLt1AM Morton WHEELER. A COLLECTING TRIP TO FLORIDA AND THE BAHAMAS. ———=" HROUGH the generosity of Mr. Nathan A. Bill of Wea] Springfield, Massachusetts, the schooner yacht “Gloria” was placed at the disposal of the Museum in May and June fora collecting expedition in the Florida Keys and the Bahama Islands. Professor William Morton Wheeler of the Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Mr. Frank M. Chapman of the Department of Or- nithology and Mammalogy embarked on this vessel at Miami, Florida, May 4, 1904, and on May 31 were joined at Nassau, Bahamas, by Dr. B. E. Dahlgren of the Department of Prepara- tion and Installation. Among birds, material for groups of the Roseate Spoonbill, Snowy Egret, Ani or Black Cuckoo and Flamingo were especially desired. The two former, it was hoped to find in Florida, while the latter were to be looked for in the Bahamas. The attempt to find the nests of the Spoonbill and Egret resulted in failure. The few Spoonbills known to inhabit an isolated rookery near the southwestern border of the Everglades were reported by the game warden employed by the American Ornithologists’ Union and the Florida Audubon Society to have bred at an unusually early date, while the Egrets inhabiting the same rookery had been killed by a band of plume-hunters. It is evident therefore that so long as a single aigrette-bearing heron remains in Florida, it is liable to be pursued for its plumes. As 75 THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL a result of this merciless persecution during the season of repro- duction, the early extinction in Florida of both these species is assured. Several days were spent in cruising on the “‘ Gloria’ among the Florida Keys, collecting marine and terrestrial invertebrates. The insect fauna peculiar to the mangrove thickets that cover the island was investigated whenever it was convenient to land. The STAR FISH—A HALF HOUR’S COLLECTING AT ANDROS ISLAND, BAHAMAS ants, especially, proved to be of great interest, since they have been compelled in these regions to adapt themselves to an arbo- real life; living in the hollow dead twigs of the mangroves and between the bud scales of the singular epiphytic Tillandsias. May 9 the schooner returned to Miami and thence started for the Bahamas. It reached the northern end of Andros Island May 12. From this date till June 30 the work of the expedition was confined to Andros and New Providence Islands and the adjacent keys of the Bahama group. 76 COLLECTING IN FLORIDA AND THE BAHAMAS In the Bahamas, Mr. Chapman’s search for birds was very successful, and a detailed report of the hunt for nesting Flamin- goes, their discovery, and the subsequent study of their before almost unknown home-life will appear later. In due season it is proposed to exhibit a large group of these remarkable birds fully illustrating their nesting habits. The offer of a small reward in the local Nassau newspaper caused a large part of the idle population of New Providence to = CORALS AND SEA FANS—AN HOUR’S COLLECTING ON ANDROS REEF, BAHAMAS take to the field in a search for the nest of the Ani (Crotophaga ant) or as it is locally called, Blackbird or Carrion Crow. The Ani is in truth a Cuckoo whose nesting habits are, so far as known, unique among birds. From three or four to ten or twelve Anis are usually associated throughout the year. On the approach of the breeding season in June, the birds do not pair, but all unite in building a common nest in which the females of the flock lay their eggs. The number of eggs deposited by a single individual is unknown, but as many as thirty eggs have been found in a single 77 THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL nest. Incubation is evidently shared by all members of this com- munistic family and the care of the young is also a common duty. Nests, eggs, adults and young were secured which will fully illustrate the nesting habits of this interesting bird. Material was also gathered for a group of white-crowned Pigeons and numerous specimens of Bahama birds were added to the study collection. Professor Wheeler and Dr. Dahlgren devoted their time to collecting and observing the marine and terrestrial invertebrates. Careful color sketches were made of many of the marine species, with a view to reproducing their living portions in the exhibition collections of the Museum. Some of the larger marine mollusks were modeled from life and drawings made of them. Specimens embodying the results of these studies are in course of prepara- tion and will soon be on exhibition. Materials were also obtained for a group of ‘the land-crabs so characteristic of tropical Florida, the Bahamas and other islands of the West Indies. The coloration of the corals was found to be rather dull; various shades of yellow predominating, and a bright green or black being seen only occasionally. The coloration of the sponges, on the other hand, is of a most brilliant nature, ranging from bright yellow, orange, red and even vivid purple to a deep black. By the aid of the notes obtained it will be possible to restore accurately the color of a great number of the specimens in the sponge collection, thus giving some idea of their remarkable appearance in a living condition. Among terrestrial invertebrates Professor Wheeler collected a fine series of mollusks (mainly of the genus Strophza) to illustrate geographical distribution and variation, many Myriapoda and Arachnida (chiefly Opilionidee) and practically complete series of the ants (Formicide) of Andros and New Providence Islands. Only four or five species of Formicidz have been described from the Bahamas. About 50 species, including several new ones of interest in connection with the ant faunas of Cuba and Florida, were taken on the two above-mentioned islands and the adjacent keys. Many of the species have become singularly modified in their habits. Owing to the very small amount of soil on Andros 78 THE LIBRARY and New Providence, nearly all the species have taken to living in the hollow twigs of trees or even in the culms of grasses and sedges. It was only after this fact was discovered that collecting these insects became profitable and interesting. Dr. Dahlgren’s studies were particularly valuable as indicat- ing the desirability and feasibility of reproducing an entire coral reef in the Museum. Such a reef would present a remarkable sight, with its immense masses of corals, with its twenty-five or more species of sea-fans of wonderful beauty, with its flower-like actinians, with its sponges, extraordinary in their brilliancy of coloring, and with its whole world of moving creatures,— enormous holothurians, large mollusks, star-fishes, long-spined sea-urchins and crustaceans and its tropical fishes of every color of the rainbow. THE LIBRARY: y) URING the past yearand a half the Library of the Mu- i) seum has undergone a complete revision. w 3. Cecidomyia pilule........ pauO0: ss GIGHIOGErUS 35). oe : A RENE : Scrub Oak (Quercits sana), R We a RE OLN ood Amphibolips tlictfolie....... 16. TOS @ ets shee 6. ip ie sre iu Andricus punctatus......... 20. @) Saye). ce. esa) (ae el de 6c . “7° v3 lenticularis........ 8. : Sune thou. i toda a se Cecidomyta filule.......... 66. Trailing Biackb Rut cana- ae CLE MOS CaS Rock Chestnut Oak (Quercus densis). ; ‘ a primus). Diastrophus bassetit........ 9. Andricus papillatus......... 23. i: PEMOIICOLT fe. nara ee Blackberry (Rubus villosus). Diastrophus cuscuteformts .. 10. - White Oak (Quercus alba). nebulosus...... Ets Andricus seminator......... ai a HULULOS oer dexescen cenee = ee Or Black Raspberry (Rubus occidentalis). “ AIGA Aas Show ees Pe Diastrophus radicum........ 12, “ petiolicola......... Ay ; ; : . ce LaMar eisal ohh eo Oe eee (Potentilla canadensis). Cundps \\ 4 ANY Ais