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THE

AMERICAN WOODS,

Exhibited by Actual Specimens
^ND WITH COPIOUS EXPLANATORY TEXT,

ROMEYN B. HOUGH, B. A.

PART IV.

REPRESENTING TWENTY-FIVE SPECIES

TWENTY-FIVE SETS OF SECTIONS.
SECOND EDITION

LOWVILLE, N. Y., U. S. A.

PUBLTSHF.D AND SECTIONS PREPARED BY THE AUTHOR.

1923.

Copyright nineteen hundred and three.
By ROMEYN B. HOUGH.

HAMILTON PUINTING CO.

ELECTROTYI'EUS AND naNTRRS,

ALBANY. N. Y.

TO

IN RECOGNITION OF A FklENDSHlP COMMENCED IN BOYHOOD, AND

AS AN EXPRESSION OF REGARD FOR HIGH ATTAINMENT

IN THE FIELD OF SCIENCE, THIS FOURTH

VOLUME OF

AMERICAN W^OODS

IS

105699

PREFACE TO THE SERIES.

The necessity of more generally diffused information concerning thf>
variety and importance of our forest trees is justification enough foi
the appearance of this work, especially at this day, when the demands of
Forestry in this country are constantly more and more keenly felt. The
work was undertaken pt the suggestion of my father, whose intense in-
terest in Foiestry, anc: a kindred taste, at once gave me inspiration to the
work. It was en'.ered upon with the expectation of his valuable com-
panionship vind counsel during its progress, but, alas ! that I was destined
to have only at the outset, and, while I was then left ever to mourn the
loss of a kind father, companion and teacher, the reader must fail to find
la these pages that value and finish which his mind would have given
them.

Among the happiest pictures of my memory are those in which I see
my father's delight, as I would show to him, from time to time, my suc-
cessful progress in devising a way of making the sections for this work,
and if only for the happiness which its appearance would have caused
him, could he have lived until this day, I have felt duty-bound to go on
with it, even though left to do it alone.

The work is the outgrowth of one, of somewhat similar plan, proposed
by my father some years since, but which he did not carry into effect.
Its design is primarily and principally to show, in as compact and
perfect a manner as possible, authentic specimens of our American woods,
both native and introduced. For that end three sections, respectively
transverse, radial and tangential to the grain (see Glossary), are made of
each timber, sufficiently thin to allow in a measure the transmission of
light, and securely mounted in well made frames.

The three planes above mentioned show the grain from all sides, so to
speak, no plane being possible but that would be either one of them u.
a combination of them. The difficulty, however, of cutting a great
number of sections exactly on those planes is obvious, so let it be under-
stood that the terms, ''transverse," "radial" and " tangential," are, in
many cases, only approximately exact in their application.

My endeavor is to show, either in a part or all of the sections standing
to represent a species, both the heart and sap-wood, but with some wood's

•/i Pbeface to the Series.

as tlie Sumach, for instance, where usually only the outermost ring, or a
part of it, couUl be said to represent the sap-rood, *.he display of that is
quite inipossihlo. In certain other woods, as the Spruce, etc., the tran-
sition from sap to heart-wood is almost indistinguishable by any difference
in color, and, although both may be shown in the sections, one can
scarcely disiingnish between them.

The sequence of the numbers given to the various spbcies is of import-
ance only to show the botanical arrangement Avithin a given Part, each
Part beir.g independent of the others.

The text of this work has been added rather as a secondary matter,
to supply to those not having it in other form, such information as is of
importance, in connection with the wood specimens, to give a fairly good
acquaintance with the trees rej)resented. It contains little, if any thing,
new to the botanist, but to others it is hoped it may be of some value.

In its preparation some use has been made of my father's Elements of
Forestry, and thanks are due the publishers of that work — Messrs.
Robert Clarke & Co. of Cincinnati, Ohio — for the use of cuts in repro-
ducing a number of its illustrations. Other valuable books of reference
have been the works of Drs. Gray, Wood and Bessey, LeMaout and
Decaisne's Descriptive and Analytical Botany, Prof. C. S. Sargent's
Report on the Forest Trees of North America (constituting Vol. IX,
Tenth Census of the United States, 1880), Micheaux and Nuttall's North
American Sylva, George B. Emerson's Trees and Shrubs of Massachu-
setts, D. J. Browne's Trees of America, etc.

The authenticity of tiie timbers represented in this work has been a
subject of personal attention and special care on the part of the author.
The trees selected for specimens have been identi6ed in the field, before
felling, while the leaves, flowers or fruit (one or more) have been obtain-
able, and he can, hence, vouch for the authenticity of every specimen
represented.

Succeeding Parts, uniform in style with Part I, and representing in
each case twenty-five additional species, are planned to appear later, with
the ultimate end in view of representing, as nearly as possible, all of the
American woods, or at least the most important, in such a series of vol-
umes as this one.

Upon the reception which this meets in public favor, and upon the
co-operation of those interested in the cause, must naturally depend the
carrying out of that plan. It is hoped that greater experience and skill
will enable us to obviate in future parts the faults which occur, from
lack of those qualities, in this.

Notice of errors in this work will be thankfully received in hopes ci
profiting therefrom in the future.

LowviLLK, N. Y., Marr.h 30, 1888.

PREFACE TO PART IT.

At the time of the conception of '* American Woods" it was little
expected that the specimen and text portions of any one part would be
issued at separate intervals, and the fact that the first copies of Part IV
liave been issued in that way necessitates a few words of explanation.
While the writer was engaged in the prosecution of the work, and while
at the same time preparations for the Columbian Exposition were rife
through the land, he received an urgent call, from the Board of World's
Fair Managers of the State of New York, to prepare an exhibit illustra-
tive of the forestry resources of the State of New York, for display at the
coming exposition. The task, though a thoroughly congenial one, he
was reluctant to accent, on account of the interruption it might necessi-
tate in the issuing of ♦* American Woods." It was finally decided, how-
ever, that in consideration of the circumstances our patrons would be
willino- to acccDt tne specimen portion of Part IV at the time planned
for the appearance of the whole, and then the text later, and accord-
ingly the new task was entered upon.

We are now very glad to be able to send out the belated text, which,
but for the interruption detailed above, would have appeared with the
specimens a year ago. In its preparation we acknowledge with gratitude
the services kindly rendered by Rev. J. Herman Wibbe, Mrs. Elizabtth
G. Britton, and Dr. Chas. Mohr, in determining the German, French and
Spanish synonyms, and for the very substantial aid and words of encoiu-
ageraent from our generous patrons is due all, except our love of nature,
which inspires the diligent prosecution of the work.

The agitation in botanical nomenclature finds us in the same dilemma
as noted in the preface to Part III. We appreciate the importance of
an established system based upon well-authenticated priority, but on the
other hand, should we now adopt all of the changes recently proposed,
it would destroy conformity with the preceding parts of the work and
with the Manuals of Botany in present use, which we dislike to do.
Some changes have been made, however, as far as we consistently could,
and other names which have a greater or less claim upon common usage
we have mentioned in foot notes.

viii Pkefaoe to Part IV.

la the definition of the Hickories, represented in this part^ we have
incorporated the important characters detailed by Prof. NT. L. Briiton
{Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club, XV, pp. 277-289), as based upon
a study of the staniinate flowers, etc.

Hoping our patrons who have been requested to wait so long for the
text will look leniently upon the irregular manner in which Part IV has
been issued, we bespeak for it the same kindly reception with which
they have received its predecessors, as the encouraging words of many
have assured us.

LowviLLE, N. Y., Nov. 19, 1894.

A KEY, BUSED MAINLY UPON THE FLOWERS,

Designed as an Aid in the Identification of the Species represented in
Parts I, n, in and IV.

a. Angiospermae — seeds in a closed ovary.
b. Polypetnlous — petals present and distinct.
c. Stamens numerous, more than 10, and

d. Calyx inferior — wholly free from the pistil or pistils.
e. Pistils numerous aud cohering in a cone-like mass. {MagnoUacice).
f. Anthers opening inward: leaves folded lengthwise in the bud (Mag-
nolia), pointed at both ends and

Thick, glauceous beneath 51. M. glauca.

Thin, green beneath 1. M. acuminata.

f^. Anthers opening outward and leaves folded crosswise in the bud.

2. LiRIODENDRON TULIPIFERA.

e'^. Pistils more than one, separate (or nearly so) stamens inserted on re
ceptacle and filaments shorter than anthers {Anonace(T).

76. ASIMINA TRILOBA.

e^. Pistil solitary and
/. One celled, style single, flowers perfect, stone of drupe bony {Pruiius)
and
g. Compressed, with ridged margin; calyx-lobes glandular serrate.

81. P. NIGRA.

g'^, Marginless; flowers in

h. Racemes terminal 29. P. serotina.

7t-. Corerabose umbels 55. P. Pennsylvanicum.

h^. Umbels; leaves

Acuminate, hairy beneath 56. P. Avium.

Acute, nearly smooth beneath 82. P. Cerasus.

y*. Compound as shown by the styles aud cells of ovary, calyx valvate
in the bud, deciduous {TUiace<y)\ stamens somewhat polydelphous
{Tilia) and -with 5 petal-like scales opposite the petals.

3. T. Americana.
€t^. Calyx superior — adnate — to the ovary or at least its lower half; ovules
e. More than one in each cell; ovary.
/. 2-5 celled: fruit a.

g. Pome with 2-5 papery carpels {Pyrus)\ leaves.
h. Simple and styles.

D. H. HILL LIBRARY
North Carolina State College

Key, Based Upon Flowers.

i. United below; leaves

Serrate (not lobed), downy .30. P. Mai.us.

Incisely serrate and sublobate, smooth 83. P. cokonaria.

«■■-. Distinct 57. P. communis.

/i'. Pinnately compound 84. P. SA MB cti folia.

jr*. Pome drupe-like with 1-5 bony seeds (CraUegus); leaves

Villous, cuuiform, obovate 58. ('. punctata

Glabrous, abrupt at base 86. C. coccinea.

attennate at base 85. C. Crus-gallt.

/'. Ovary 10 celled 59. Amelanchies Canadensis.

e^. Only one in each cell; stamens 4; styles and stigmas I {Cornacea); cymes

Subtended by a 4 leaved involucre 88. CoRNUS FLORIDA.

Naked, leaves alternate 87. CoRNUs alternifolia.

C'. Stamens few, opposite the petals and of the same number; pistil one. with
2-4-celled ovary; calyx lobes obsolete; petals valvate (Vitacere).

78. VlTIS xESTIYALIS.

C*. Stamens few, not more than 10, alternate with the petals when of the same
number.
d. Calyx inferior — free from the ovary.

e. Ovaries 2-5, separate ; stamens distinct and iuserted on the receptacle;
trees with pinnately compound and uniformity opaque leaves.

4. AlLANTIIUS GLANDULOSUS.

e'. Ovary single, but compound as shown by the cells, styles or stigmas.

f. One-celled and one-seeded; styles or stigmas three; shrubs or trees

with regular flowers {Anarardiacem); leaves compound with 11-31

oblong lancolate acuminate leaflets; common petiole densely villous

and not winged; flowers in terminal thyrses 5 Rhus typiiina,

fK Two-several -eel led and flowers

g. Irregular (Aesculm) 6. Ae. Hippocastanum.

g-. Regular, stamens as many as the petals; trees with leaves 3- foliate

pelucid punctate 77. Ptei.ea trifoliata.

Simple pinnately veined calj'.x minute, fruit berry-like.

52. Ilex opaca,
€^. Ovary single and simple, with one parital placenta {Lcfjuminoscp); corolla.

/". Papilionaceous ; stamens distinct 80. Robini.\ Pseudac.\CIA.

/■*. Subregular and imbucated in aestivation.

Flowers dioecious; stamens 10; tree unarmed.

27. Gy.mnocladus Canadensis.
Flowers polygamous; stamens 5; tree armed with thorns {OlediUchia)

which are triple and pods linear 28. G. triacanthos.

cT^ Calyx superior — adnate to the ovary; flowers in umbels; stamens 5;
styles 5; fruit drupe-like with 5 cells each with a single ovule {Aralia);

arborescent and armed with prickles.. . 8. Aralia spinosa.

6'. Gamopetal'iuif — petals present and united; stamens.

C. .\8 many as the lobes of the corolla and alternate with them or fewer; ovary
superior; corolla irregular; ovary 2-celled {Bif/noniacetv) pod terete; leaves

ii\mp'e (Caffilpn) 89. C. bignoniodes.

c'. 2-4-times as many as the lobes of the corrolla inserted on its base and fila-
ments distinct {Ebenacere) 61. Diospyros Virginiana.

Key, 13 as ED Upon Flowers. 3

6*. Apetaliiun — without petals.
c. Flowers not ia catkins; pistil one, simple or compound, and tlie cells of the
ovary containing 1-3 seeds each.
d. Ovary inferior — aduate its whole length to the calyx-tube — 1-celled and
1-seeded; stvie 1, stigmatic down the side (Nyssa); fertile peduncles bear-
ing each'two or more flowers 9. N. multiflor.v.

d^. Ovary superior — free from the calyx.

e. Stipules sheathing the stem; trees with naked monoecious flowers ar-
ranged in heads 13. Platanus Occidentalis.

e''. Stipulates not sheathing the stem or none.
/. Ovules a pair in each cell of the ovary which becomes in
ff. Fruit a double samara (Acer).

h. Leaves simple au I palmately veined; flowers appearing

i. With the leaves in pendulous corymbs 7. A. SACCHAKINU.M.

i'^ Before the leaves in short umbels, and

Apetalous; young fruit wooly 26. A. dasycakpum.

Petals present, linear-oblong; fruit smooth .53. A. rubkum.
i^. After the leaves in drooping racemes

79. Acer Pexnsylvanicum.

UK Leaves compound 54. A. Nkgundo.

j/^ Fruit a 1-celled and 1-seeded samara {Fraxiiius).
ft. Samara terete at base; leaflets petiolate

New growth smooth 10. F. Americana.

New growth pubsecent 31. F. pubescens.

7lK Samara broad at base 63. F. sambucifolia.

f\ Ovules single in each of the 1 or 3 cells of the ovary.

ff. Anthers opening by uplifted valves ; stigma single and entire; flowers

dioecious ; stamens 9 ; anthers 4-cer.ed ; involucre none ; fruit au

ovoid, blue drupe with reddish pedicel. .33. Sassafras officinale

g^. Anthers extrorse ; stigma S-cleft ; fruit a 1-celled samara winged

all round ( Ulmus).

h. Flowers nearly sessile ; samara not fringed ; ciliate ; leaves very

rough above H- tJ. fulva.

/«^ Flowers on drooping pedicels ; samara ciliate-fringed ; leaves
smooth.
Bud-scales glabrous ; flowers fascicled ; branches not corky-
winged 33. U. Americana.

Bud-scales downy-ciliate ; flowers racemed ; branches corky-
winged 34. U. racemosa.

g^. Anthers introrse ; fruit a dark-purple drupe ; leaves long-taper-
pointed 13. Celtis occidentalis.

c'. Flowers diclinous and one or both sorts in catkins.
d. Only one sort (the stamiuate flowers) in catkins.
e. Fertile flowers single or clustered ; fruit naked ; leaves pinnately com
pound {Jufflandacecv).
f. Corolla present in the fertile flowers; fruit with valveless epicarp
{Jughinis).

g. Fruit ovate, oblong and viscid-hairy 14. J. CINEREA.

g^. Fruit globose, roughly dotted (not viscid-hairy) 35. J. nigra.

Key, Based Upon Flowers.

f^. Corolla not present in the fertile tlower ; fruit with usually 4-valved
epicarp (C(irya) which is
g. Thick ; valves separating to base ; bark.
h. In loose plates, leaflets.

5, smoothish ; nut small 36. C. alba.

7-9; nut large 64. C. srLCATA.

7t'. Close, leaflets 7-9, tomentose 90. C. tomentosa.

g'-. Thin ; bark close ; nut.
h. Quite smooth, small, thin-shelled, leaflets.

5-7; kernel edible 91. C. michocakpa.

7-9; kernel very bitter 37. C. amaka.

h^. More ridged, larger, thicker shelled ; leaflets 5-9.

65. C. porcina.
c". Fertile flowers 1-3 together, invested wholly or partly with an involucral
covering; leaves simple {Ciipalifertp).
f. Involucre valveless, cup-like, composed of many scales and only partly
inclosing the one nut, i. e., acorn (Quercus).
g. Leaves with teeth and lobes obtuse or rounded (uot bristle pointed);
acorns maturing first year (and hence on nesv wood) and leaves
it. Oblong, sinuate-piuuatifid, nut \ immersed in the tubercled cup.

38. Q. alba.
ll?, Lyrate-pinnatifid, nut \ or more immersed.

Peduncles shorter than petioles 39. Q. macrocarpa.

Peduncles longer than petioles 66. Q. bkolor.

ll?, Obovate and deeply sinnate-lobed, the two lobes near the summit

much the largest 93. Q. obtusiloba.

Oblong, undulately crenate-toothed, peduncles shorter than

petioles . .67. Q. Prinds.

Lanceolate-oblong, sharply undulate-toothed; acorn small.

68. Q. MuHLENBERGir.

j/'^. Leaves with teeth and lobes acute and bristle-pointed; acorns matur-
ing the second year (and hence on old wood); leaves
ll. Moderately pinnatifid ; cup very shallow and saucer-shaped;

scales fine 15. Q. rubra.

IlK Deeply pinnatifid; lobes

*. Rather broad; inner bark yellowish ...93. Q. tinctoria.

i'. Narrow; sinuses broad and rounded; acorn

Ovoid-oblong, \ invested in a coarse-scaled cup.

69. Q. COCCINEA.

Flattened-globular, \ invested in fine-scaled cup.

94. Q. PALUSTRIS.

/"'. Involucre 2-4-valved, becoming hard and jirickly and inclosing 1-3
sweet, edible, flattened, subglobose nuts ; sterile flowers in catkins.

40. Castanea vesca.
/"'. Involucre 4-valved and inclosing two 3 cornered, edible nuts.

Ifi. Fagus ferruginea.
e''. Fertile flowers in short catkins ; nuts small and achenium-like ; sterile
flowers destitute of calyx ; leaves simple.
/". Nutlet inclosed in a bladder-like bag 41. Ostyra Virginica.

Key, Based Upon Flowers. ' 5

/'*. Xutlet uot inclosed but subtended by au enlarged leafy bract.

43. CARPixrs Cakoliniana.
{p. Both stamiuate and pistillate ttowers in catkins.
e. Ovary and pod 2-ceIled, many-seeded.

60. LlQUIDAMBAK StYRACIFLUA.

e'. Ovary 1-2-celled with a single ovule in each cell ;
/'. Calyx scale-like or none; stigmas 2, filamentous; fertile flowers arranged
2 or 3 together under each scale of the cone-like csiikiu. {Betula); bark

g. Brown and close, catkins erect 41. B. lenta.

</'^ Yellowish-gray and ragged, catkins sub-erect IT. B. lutea.

g^. White, and leaves.

Deltoid, smooth both sides TO. B. populifolia.

Ovate, hairy on veins beneath 43. B. papykacea.

g^. Reddish-brown, shaggy 95. B. nigra.

/'-. Calyx regular and succulent in fruit 63. Moxus rubua.

e^. Ovary 1-celled and many-seeded, the seeds at maturity furnished with a
hairy tuft {Salicacca).
f. Bracts of the catkins entire ; calyx wanting ; stamens 2-7 {Salix); cat-
kins on leafy branchlets with yellowish, deciduous scales; capsules
glabrous; stamens 3-5; petioles.
g. Glandular; scales of catkin entire; leaves

Narrow-lanceolate; fruiting catkins rather dense. .. .45. S. NIGRA.
Lanceolate or ovate lanceolate, glaucous beneath, fruiting catkins

very loose 71. S. amygdaloides

g'. Not glandular; scales dentate 46. S. alba.

f^. Bracts of the catkins lacerately fringed; calyx a disk-like cup; stamens
8-30, leaves broad {Populus); styles with
gr. Narrow lobes ; capsule small ; seeds minute, petioles laterally com-
pressed; leaves

h. Cordate-orbicular, finely serrate 72. P. tremuloides.

/t*. Ovate-orbicular, coarsely dentate, beneath

Glabrous at maturity . 18 Populus grandidentata.

Densely tomentose at maturity 96. Popqlus alba.

h^. Deltoid; branchlets terete 73. P. dilatata.

g^. "Broad lobes ; cai)sules large ; seeds 1 line or more in length and
leaves
Acuminate, smooth, strongly reticulated and whitish beneath.

47. P. balsamifera.
Obtuse or rounded at apex, tomentose at least along the veins

beneath 97. P. heterophylla.

Broadly deltoid; branchlets angled 48. P. moxilifeka.

;"^ G3rmncspermae — seeds naked, borne superficially on carpellary scales. Cone-
bearing {Conifer(e).
b. Scales of cone many, each in the axil of a bract and bearing 2 inverted ovules ;
seeds winged.
c. Leaves evergreen, fascicled ; cones maturing the second year {Pinus).
fl. Leaves in 2s ; cones with scales.
e. Smooth fawnless'i : leaves

.5-6 in. lon<r. with long sheaths 19. P- RESIXOSA.

1 in. or thereabouts in length, sheaths short 99. P. Banksiana

Kky, 1>.\skd Upon Flowers.

e'. Armed with a prickle ; leaves

3-5 ia. long, sheaths elongated 75. P. MITIS.

li-2i in. long, sheaths short 98. P. ixops.

d^. Leaves in 3s with short sheaths ; cone about half as long as the leaves and
with scales thickened at the apex and armed with a reflexed spine.

49. P. RIGIDA.
<P. Leaves in 5s with very short sheaths ; cones longer than the leaves and

with scales not thickened at the ends, unarmed 50 P. Stkobus.

C-. Leaves evergreen, scattered (not fascicled) ; cones with thin scales, maturing
the first year {Abies).
tl. Cones erect, cyclindrical, large (3-4 in.); leaves

flat, linear 22. A. BALS.\.ME.\.

tP. Cones pendant and bracts inconspicuous.

e. Small, 8 lines or less, scales entire at tip, leaves linear.

2L A. Canadensis.
e'-. Larger ; leaves 4-angled (Picea).

1-H in. long, scales eroded at tip ; branchlets pubescent.

20 Picea nigra.*

2-in. long, subentire at tip, branchlets smooth 100. P. alba.

C""'. Leaves deciduous, soft, needle-shaped and in fascicles of many each ; cones
about 8 lines in length, scales thin {Larix) and with inflected margins.

23. L. Americana.
6'. Scales of cone few, without bracts and each bearing 2-8 erect ovules.
c. Flowers monoecious ; scales of cone.

Imbricated and 8-13 in number {Thuja) 24. T. OCCIDENTALIS.

Peltate, with edges joined and about 6 in number {Chamaecyparis).

74. C. THYOIDES.

c'-. Flowers dioecious ; scales fleshy and consolidated, making a small, dark blue
berry-like fruit ; leaves scale-like and imbricated in 4 rows.

25. JUNIPERUS ViRQINIANA.

* Given in text as Abies nigra.

KkY, JjAbED L'l*tJ^ LEAViiS.

A KE!. BASED UPON THE LEAVES,

Designed as an Aid in Identifying the Species represented in Parts I, II, III and
IV when out of Season for procuring the Flowers.

X. B. — As this key applies only to the species thus far represented in AMERICAN
WOODS it is important always to coufirni identification by applying the more detailed
description given in its proper place.

a. Deciduous Leaves — falling in autumn.
h. Si/iiple Lea res.

C, Laminate — with well-marked blade and petiole.
(I. Main rib single — pinnately veined.

e. Entire or nearly so. pointed at both ends and
/*. Opposite

8-5 in. long, thick, lustrous above 9. Xyssa multifora.

5-6 in. long, thin, dull above 89. Catalp.v bignonioides.

/*, Alternate, and
g. Large, thinnish

Oblong, 5-10 in. long, petioles 1-2 in. . . .1. Magnolia acuminate.
Obovate-lanceolate, 6-12 in. long, petiole scarcely i- in.

76. ASIMINA TRILOBA.

gr-. Smaller. 3-6 in. long, thick, whitish and

Glaucous beneath, lanceolate to oval 51. Magnolia gl.a.uca.

Pubescent on veins beneath 61. DiOSPYROS Virginiana.

e'. Serrate, serulate or dentate.

/'. Inequilateral and cordate or truncate at base.
g. Ovate-orbicular, large, -4-5 in. or more in length.

3. TiLiA Americana.
gf^. Ovate, loug-taper-pointed from a broad hase.

12. CeLTIS OCCIDENTALI3.

g^. Ovate-oblong and

h. Very rough, especially above, rugose 11. Ulmus fulva.

/<-. Smoothish and

Flowers and fruit in fascicles 33. Ulmcs Americanus,

Flowers and fruit in racemes . . .34. Ulmus racemosa.

/-. Equilateral and obtuse, rounded or cordated at base.
g. Veins straight or nearly so, leaves thinnish.
h. Ovate-oblong.

Coarsely serrate with remote teeth, one at the end of each vein,
ciliate and covered with silky white hairs.

10. Fagus ferruginea.
Doubly and sharply serrate, nutlet inclosed in a papery sac.

41. OSTRYA ViRGINICA.

Unequally and sharply serrate, nutlet subtended by a leafy

bract .... 42. Carpinus Caroliniana.

7*'-. Ovate and

♦ . Finely and closely serrate, smooth, whitish and reticulate-veined
b.-neath 47. PoPULUS balsamifera.

Key, Basku Upon Leaves.

i'^. Doubly serrate and
J. ThinnisLi ; petioles downy and of aromatic flavor.

Bark of trunk yellowish-gray 17. Betula ltjtea.

Bark reddish-brown 44. Betula lenta.

J'^. Thicklsh and bark white 43. Betul.\ papyracea.

g^. Veins incurved.
/*. Orbicular-heart-shaped, leaves thickish, 4-8 in. long.

Acuminate 63. Moms rubra.

Obtuse or rounded at apex 97. PoPULUS iieteuophifla.

W. Orbicular-ovate; petioles laterally compressed.

Coarsely dentate 18. Popui-us grandidentata.

Serrate-dentate 72. Populus tremuloides.

f^. Equilateral and acute at base, tapering both ways.

(f. Linear-lanceolate, tomentose on midrib above and petiole.

45. Salix nigra.
g^. Lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, long-acuminate: capsules

Sessile or nearly so 46. Salix alba var. vitellina.

With slender pedicels 71. Salix amygaloides.

«/■*. Oblong-lanceolate with teeth sharply

Awn-pointed and in about 20 pairs 40. Castanea vesca.

Mucronate and In 0-12 pairs 68. QUERCUS Muhlenbergii.

Finely glandular-serrate 55. Prunus Pennsylvanicum.

g*. Ooovate-obloug, serrate, hairy under surface. . .56. Prunus Avium.

g'\ Ovate, very smooth and shining 57. Pyrus COMMUNIS.

f/*. Wedge-obovate, veins very prominent.

Thin, smoothish and dull above 58. Crataegus punctata.

Thick, smooth and lustrous above. . .85. Crataegus Ckus-galli.
gr'. Ovate-oblong, veins incurved and petioles

h. With 2-4 glands, smooth 29. Prunus serotina.

/*'-. Without glands.

Glabrous both sides, sharply serrate.

59. Amelanchier Canadensis.

Downy under-side and petiole 30. Pyrus Malus.

"*, Equilateral and truncate at base,
g. Serrate-dentate with cartilaginous teeth

Deltoid-ovate 48. PoPULUS monilifera.

Broadly deltoid 73. Populus dilatata.

g". Irregularly serrate or obscurely lobed. . . .70. Betula populifolia.
e^. Pinnately lobed; lobes.
f. Hounded at apex (not bristle-pointed) and

g. Subequal 38. QuERCUS alba.

g'^. Very unequal.

/*. The two lobes next the summit much the largest.

92. QUERCUS OBTUSILOBA.
/*,'■'. Lyrate-pinnatifid and sinuses extending

Nearly to the midrib and roundish. .39. Quer(;us m.\crocarpa.
Usually not over half-way to the midrid and more acute.

66. Q. BICOLOR.

f. Bristle-pointed; sinuses.

g. Moderately deep and narrow, lobes broad 15. Quercus rubra.

g^. Deeper and broader; lobes narrower 9;>. Q. TINCT0RI.\..

(/•*. Deep, broad and rounded; lobes very narrow; acorn
Ovoid-oblong, h immersed in coarse-scaled cup.

09. Quercus coccinea.
Flatened'globular, 4 immersed in the fine-scaled cup.

94. QUKRCUS palustris.
e'. Broad, truncate at botli base and apex, and with two spreading lobes on

each side 2. LiriODENDRCN Tulipifera.

e'". Wavy and spinous-inothed, vt^ry thick 52. Ilex opaca.

e*". Uudulately crenate-toothed; obovate to lanceolate.

67. Quercus Prinus.

Key, Based Upon Leaves. 9

e''. Sinuate-toothed, wliite-tomentose beneath 96. Populus alba.

e^. Cut-serrate or sublobate with slender petioles.

Ovate, coarsely cut-serrate 83. Pyhus coronaria.

Round-ovate, finely cut-serrate 86. Crat^gus coccinea.

e^. Crenate-serrate; petioles 1 in. or slightly less in length.

82. PBUNns Cerasds.
e'". Obscurely crenulate-toothed; leaves.

Alternate, petioles long, mostly li in. or more.

87. CORNUS alteripolia.

Opposite, petioles short (less than 1 in.) ^3. CoRNUS Florida.

<?". Doubly crenate serrate with glandular teeth 81. Prunus nigra.

e''^. Doubly serrate, rhombic-ovate 95. Betula nigra.

(p. Main ribs several — palmately-veined, etc.

e. Rib single at first but soon sending off a strong vein on each side and

leaves <3-lobed, 2-lobed or entire 32. Sassafras officinale.

c'. Ribs three at first, but soon five by branching, leaves alternate, base of
petiole concave and fitting over the axillary bud.

13. Platanus oocidentalis.
e^. Ribs 5-7 from commencement; leaves.
/'. Opposite base of petiole subtending (not coverning) the axillary end.
ff. Moderately incised with broad lobes which are

Sparingly sinuate-toothed 7. Acer saccii.vrinum.

Irregularly serrate and notched 53. Acer rubku.m.

Sharply and finely doubly serrate. . . .79. Acer pennsylvanicum.

f"^. Alternate, tendril bearing vine 78. Vrns aestiv.vlis.

ff. Deeply incised with more or less acute sinuses and narrow divisions.
Star-shaped, lobes glandular serrate.

60. LiQUIDAMBAR SlYRACIPLUA.

Palmate, lobes incisely toothed 26. Acer dasycarpum.

C^. Needle-shaped — without distinction of blade and petiole — ■ short, about 1 in.

in length, soft and in fascicles of many each 23. Larix Americana.

b^. Coiupouii'l, /faces.

c. Palmate, with 7, obovate, serrate leaflets 6. Aescultjs Hippocastanum.

C'. Pinnate and with au odd terminal leaflet, leaflets all
tl. Petiolulate, leaflets

e. 21-41, each with one or two pairs of glandular teeth at its base.

4. AlLANTHUS GLANDULOSUS.

e'. 11-15, with prickle-like stipels, entire 80. Robinia Pseudac.\cic.

With stipels, serrate 84. Pyrus sambucipoi-ia.

e^. 7-9, ovate or lance-oblong, entire or obscurely serrate.

Petioles and branchlets glabrous 10. Fraxinus Americana.

Petioles and branchlets velvety pubescent. .31. Fraxinus pubescens.
e*. Lateral leaflets.

Petiolulate, irregularly toothed 54. Acer Negundo.

Se.ssile, subeniire 77. Ptelea trifoliata.

(l^. Sessile or subsessile

e. Numerous (15-17) and pubescent, especially along the petioles and racliis.
/■. Leaflets ovate-lanceolate, finely serrate; pubescence of short, rust-
colored clammy hairs.

Fruit subovoid, viscid-pubescent 14. Juglans cinerea.

Fruit globose, roughly dotted (not viscid pube.scent).

35. Juglans nigra.
f. Leaflets lance-oblong, coarsely serrate; pubescence of copious, longer

and white hairs 5. Rhus taphina.

e-. Fewer (5-11).
/. 5, quite glabrous; fruit a ridged nut about 1 in. long with thick epicarp.

36. Carya alba.
f^. 5-7 or 9, glabrous, epicarp thin; nut

Small, thin-shelled 91. Carya microcarpa.

Larger, moderately thick shelled 85. Carya porcina.

2

10 Key, Baskd Upon Leaves.

f^. 7-9, epicarp thick aud woody, leaflets.

Puberuleiit, kirk sliag^jry 64. Carya SULCATA.

Tomeiitoso and oderous 90. Cahya tomentosa.

/». 7-11, lanceolate, acute at I)as8, minutely glaudular and jjubescent

beneath 37. C. ,amara.

Oblong-lanceolate, glabrous, obtuse or rounded at base : fruit a

samara, flat at base 6'3. Fraxincs sambucifolia.

hi^. Decompound Leaves.

c. Petioles smooth and leaves

Regularly blpinnate excepting for the lowest pair of single leaflets ;

leaflets" stalked 37. Gymnocl.\dus Canadensis.

Irregularly bipinnate, l?a'lets small aud .sessile.

28. Gleditsciiia triacanthos.
c"-. Petioles prickly, leaves large, with ovate, sessile, .serrate leaflets.

8. Aralia spinosa.
a-. Leaves Evergreen — remaining on over winter.
h. Needle-shaped and quite stiil. polntiug every way.
r. In fascicles of

(I. Two each, a membraneous sheath, inclosing the base of each fascicle 1 in.

or thereabouts in length, sheaths short 99. PiNUS Banksiana.

1.^2^ in. long .sheaths short ; braachlets purple 98. PiNAS INOPS.

3-5 in. long, slender, sheaths elongated 75. Pixus mitis.

5-G in. long, quicker, sheaths elongated 19. PiNUS RESiNOSA.

d'. Three each, .sheath short. 56. PiNUS RIGIDA.

<P. Five each, sheath deciduous 49. PiNUS Strobus.

C-. Not in fascicles (scattered) short, 4-:iugled and usually more or less curved ;
branchlets.

Pubescent : leaflets rather thick 20. PiCEA NIGRA.*

Smooth, leaflets slender 100. PiCEA ALBA.

ft'-. Linear, small, flat and diverijing i i two directions.

c. Petioled, obscurely denticulate, 8 Hues or less in length.

21. Abies Canadensis.

e-. Sessile, entire, 8 lines or more in length 22. Abies balsamea.

h'. Scale-like or awl-shaped.

c. Imbricated an 1 closely appressed in four ranks, but making a conspicuously

flat and two-edged branchlet 24. Thuja occidentalis.

c'-. Scale-like, smaller, appressi'd i:i four ranks aud making a rather 4 angled
than flat branchlet ; fruit a

Small spherical cone 74. Ohamaecytaris thyoides.

Bluish berrv 25. JuNlPERUS ViRGlNlANA

♦ Abies nigra in text.

Key, JUaseu Upon Fkuit. 11

A KEY, BASED UPON THE FRUIT,

Designed as an Aid in Identifying the Species represented in Parts I, II, III and
IV when in Season for procuring the Frmt.

N. B. — The remarks couceraing the use of the Key based upon the Leaves are
equally true with reference to this.

a. Free Fruit — formed by the ripening of a single pistil either simple or compound.
b, Indehiscciit pericdt-p.

C, Samara — dry, usually 1-celled, 1-seeded and with 1-2 membranous wings.
fl. In terminal panicles; wing somewliat oblong-lanceolate, with a lenticular
seed at about its center, and beyond which the wing is twisted lyAilan-
thus) 4. A. GLANDUI.OSUS.

d?. In terminal cymes, 2 seeded suborbicular samera, winged all around.

77. Ptelea trifoi.iata.

d^. In umbellate corymbs, each pedicel supporting a pair of samarse with

oblanceolate wings, obtuse at the apes and with main rib on outer

margin {Acer).

e. Fruit maturing in the fall, wings slightly divergent. .7. A. sacchakinum.

e^. Fruit maturing iu early summer.

/. iiarge \l in. or more, downy when young 26. A. dasycarpxjm.

/'-. Smaller, smooth, pendulous and

Red, in umbels . . .53. A. rubrum.

Greenish in racemes, wings incurved 54. A. Neguxdo.

(V. In terminal racemes, 2 samera? on a single pedicel with main rib on outer

margin .... 79. Acer Pex'n sylvan icum.

(P. In axillary racemes or panicles, winged at the apex with a more or less
lanceolate obtuse wing (Fraxinus).
e. Terete at base (seed-bearing portion); branchlets and petioles.

Smooth 10. F. Americana.

Velvety pubescent 31. F. PUBESCENS.

e'. Flat — wing extending along the seed-bearing portion.

62, F. sambucifolia.
d,^. In lateral fascicles or clusters, winged all round {TJlmus).

Sessile or nearly so, cell pubescent and margin not ciliate. .11. U. FTILVA.

In fascicles, cell smooth, margin densely ciliate 38. U. Americana.

In racemes, cell pubescent, margin ciliate 34. U. racemosa.

c'. Drupe or drupe-like and with a single seed.
d. Fibro-flesby and dryish pericarp.

e. Small, subglobose {Ehrnt), in terminal thyrses and clothed with crimson-
acid hairs 5. Rhus ttphina.

e^. Large, about 2 in. in length, with edible embyro (Jiiglans).

Ovoid or oblong and clothed with brownish, fragrant-viscid hairs.

14. J. CINEREA.

Gflobosp. roughly dotted (not viscid hairy) 35. J. nigra.

d . Fleshv pericirp.
^« Ovoid and

Clustered two or thrpo together on a single axillarv peduncle, bluish-
black, stone striated 9. NysSA MULTIFLORA.

Racenied. bluish and with short, fleshy, reddish pedicels.

32. Sassafras officinale.

12 Kky Based Upon Fruit.

c^ Ovoid-oblong, l-H JD- ^ong, stone compressed ... 81. Pritnus nigra.
e^. Globular.
/'. Purple or purplish black and

f/. Solitary, of a sweet sugary flavor 12 Celtis occidentalis.

g'. Kacemed (or partially so), of a vinous, slightly astringent flavor.

29. Prunus serotina.
J/-'. In umbels, larger, of

Acid- vinous flavor, l in. in diameter 82. Prunus cerasus.

Sweet-vinous flavor, f in. in diameter 56. Prunus Avium.

f'K Ked. small and very sour 55. P. Pennsylvankum.

e^. Drupe-like but containing more than one seed, subglobose and seeds
d. Inclosed in a bony, 2-3-celled stone,

Hlue, subglobose, in flat-cymes with red stems.. 87. CORNUS Al-TERNIF0I,IA.
Bright-red. elongated, sessile upon an orange-colored disk.

88. CORNUS FLORIDA.

(V. Distinct, (not inclosed in a common stone.)
e. Crowned with the persistent calyx-teeth.

Purple black, 5-seeded, in umbels 8. Arai.ia spinosa.

Red or purplish, 4-8- seeded, axillary . 52. Ilex opaoa.

e-. Not crowned with calyx-teeth but scaly-bracted beueatb, 2-5 seeded.

bluish black 24. Junipekus Virginianus.

C*. Nut — hard, single coat, and furnished with an involucral cup or covering.
(I. Ovoid obloug or ellipsoidal, surrounded at its base with an involucral cup
(Qiiercus) acorn borne.
e. On the new wood of the season (subgenus LeucobnlaxuK), cup
/. About i enveloping the small, ovoid nut ; scales thin and appressed.

68. Q. MUHLENBERGII.
/'•'. About i enveloping the nut

Thick, scales very roughly tubercled, edge of cup rather inturned

after shedding the nut ; nut usually long-ovoid. ... 38. Q. ALBA.

Thinner, edges flaring out after shedding the nut, scales thinnish ;

peduncles shorter than petioles 67. Q. Prinus.

f^. About A or more enveloping the nut ; peduncles

</. Longer than the petioles, scales loosely appressed. . .66. Q. isiCOLOR.
</'-. Shorter than the petioles ; scales very loosely appressed forming a

moss-like fringed margin of cup 39. Q. macrocarpa.

More closely appressed and not forming a moss-like fringe.

92. Q. obtusiloba.
C*. On wood of the preceding season (subgenus Melanobalnnug); cup.
/. Saucer-shaped, very shallow, ^ enveloping the large, broad, ovoid-
oblong uui (about 1 in. long) 15. Q. rubra.

Small, depressed globular nut (A in. or less long).. 94. Q. PALUSTRIS.
/■■-. Top-shaped, ^ enveloping the acorn ; scales thin and coarse

Inner b rk'of tree reddish 69. Q. COCCINEA.

Inner bark yellowish 93. Q. tinctoria.

(7-. Club-shaped, short, surrounded with stiff hairs, tipped with the persistent
recurved style and arranged in globular heads.

13. Platanus occidentalis.
(!'■. Achenium-like, small and borne in short catkins.

Inclosed in a inembranous inflated sac, catkin hop-like.

41. OSTRYA ViRGINICA.

Subtended by an enlarged Vafy bract . . . 42. Carpinus Cakoi.ixiana
C^ Nut-lik*'. but not'invested with an involucre, globose, about as large as peas
and arranired in cvmes with a large, leaf-like bract attached to each pe-
duncle ( yilin). ...'. 3. T. Americana.

f". Pod (legume) which is

Oblong, flat, about 2 in. broad and curved.

27 Gymnocladus Canadensis.
Linear, twisted and contorted, about 1 in. broad.

28. Gleditschia triacanthos.
C'. Pome: capsules
fl. Cartilasfinous;

Key, Based Upon Fruit. 13

e. Sunken at insertion of pedicel,
(iiobular

Large, 1 in. or more, distinctly 5-celled 30. Pykus Maltts.

Small, more or less 10-celled 59. Amelaxchcer Canadensis.

Flattened, globose, waxy, fragrant and very tart.

83. Pyrus coroxaria.

e'-. Not sunken at insertion of pedicel, pyriform 57. Ptrcs coMJirxis.

<Z'^. Not cartilaginous, 1-5 bony seeds

f in. in diameter, red or yellow willi white spots.

5S. Crataegi's punctata.

\ in. in diameter, leaves round-ovate 86. Crataegus coccinea.

^ in. in diameter, leaves wedge-obovate . . .85. Crataegus Crus-galli.
c*. Berry

With persistent thickish calyx, large (about 1 in. or more).

61. DiosPTRos Virginiana.

Without persistent calyx, small, in thyrses 78. Vitis .estitai.is.

(?. Flesliy with custard-like edible pulp 76. Asimina triloba.

6*"\ Berry-like pome, | in. in diameter and borne in dense clusters.

84. Pyrus sambucifolia.
6.' Dehiscent pericarj).
C. Subglobose, and

(I, Coriaceous or woody, dehiscent by

e. 2-3 valves and containing one or very few large seeds with smooth shin-
ing coat and a large scar (^fJiculun), fruit prickly and leaflets 7.

6. .EscuLus Hippocastanu.m.
6'. 4 more or less distinct valves [Cnrya).
f. Epicarp thick and separating quite freely to the base; nut ridged and
shell thick; nut globular ovoid.
g. Flattened.

1 in. or less in length 86. Carta alba.

IJ in. or more in length 64. Carya sulcata.

gj^ Not so mucli flattened, usually 4 angled.

90. Carya tomentosa.
fj^ Epicarp thin and nuts small, shell thin and quite smooth.
Kernel very bitter, sutures of epicarp very prominent.

37. Carya amara.
Kernel slightly if at all bitter, sutures less prominent.

91. Carya microcarpa.
/.^ Thicker and nut larger, more ridged and shell thicker.

65. Cary.a. porcina.
d^^ Covered with spines ; dehiscent by 4 valves.

Nuts sharply three-angled, 2 together, involucre, soft-prickly.

16. Fagus fekruginea.
Nuts subovoid, flattened, 1-3 together, involucral spines very sharp and

hard. 40. Castanea vesca, var. Americana.

c' Small, ovoid-lanceolate pods arranged in catkins, opening by two valves and
containing numerous seeds furnished with silky down; leaves
d. Orbicular-ovate ; petioles flattened.

Dentate 18. POPULUS grandidentata.

Finely serrate, sharply pointed 72. P. tremuloides.

Sinuate-toothed, toiupntose beneath 96. P. .\lba.

Obscurely-serrate, with obtuse or rounded apex. 97. P. nETEROPHYLL.\.
r?.* Ovate, closely serrate, whitish and reticulate-veined beneath.

47. P, BALSAMIFERA.

(1.^ Deltoid-ovate 48. P. montlifera.

(1.* Broadly deltoid 73. P. dilatata.

d,^ Linear-lanceolate, tomentose on midrib above and petiole.

45. Salix nigra.
d.^ Lanceolate or elliptic. lanceolate, smooth above; capsules

Sessile or nearly so 46. Salix alba var. yitellina.

With slender pedicels 71. S. amygd.vloides.

C^. Linear compressed pods, upeuiug by two valve*.

80. ROBINIA PSEUDACACIA.

14 Key, Based Upon Fruit.

c*. Subcylindrical pods, long (10-13 in.), opening by two valves.

89. Catalpa bignonioides.
«^ Aggregated fruit — composed of many carpels, either closed or opened and co-
licring or closely massed together, forming a
b. Cone.

C. Scales of the coue open carpels (Conifene).

d. Scales many, persistent and .spreading at maturity, each subtended by a
bract ; ovules 2, inverted.
e. Maturing the year after (lowering {Tinus).
f. Cones oblong-ovoid, scarcely 2 in. long ; scales armed with

Weak deciduous prickle, leaves 3-5 in. long 75. PiNUS MITIS.

Stronger prickle ; leaves \h-~h in long 98. Pixus INOPS.

/2, Cones ovoid-pyramidal ; carpellary .scales thickened at the apex and
g. Unarmed (smooth); cones

2 in. in length, straight 19- PiNUS kesinosa.

Less than 2 in., curved 99. Pixus banksiana.

g"^. Armed with a recurved prickle 50. P. iUGiDA.

/■'. Cylindric, 4-6 in. long, scales thin and unarmed. . . . 49. P. strobus.
e^. Maturing the first season — the autumn after blossoming.
f. Ovoid or oblong, \ in. long, pendent ; bracts inconspicuous ; scales per-
sistent on the axis, thin and with eroded tip 20. Abies nigra.

/'. Ovoid, small (8 lines or less), pendent, scales rounded and entire at tip.

21. Abies Canadensis.
'^. Cyclindrical,

Ere:-t, large (2-4 in.), and scales finally falling away from the axis.

22. Abies bals.\mea.
Nodding, small (about 2 in.) scales persisting on the axis.

100. PiCEA ALBA.

f*. Ovoid or roundish, small, 9 lines or less, scales persistent on the axis

at maturity 23. Larix Americana.

et^. Scales few, persistent, bractless; cone

Oblong and erect, with loosely imbricated scales somewhat thickened at

the tip, seeds winged all round 27. Thuya occidentams.

Spherical, about \ in. in diameter, with 3 pairs of peltate scales.

74. Chamaecyparis tiiyoides.
C*. Scales 3 1obed bracts each subtending 2-3 closed, indehiscent carpels — minia-
ture samane {Betula).
f. Cones erect.

Sessile, ovoid-oblong, 1 in. in length 17. Betula lutea.

With downy peduncle, ovoid, smaller 95. Betula nigra.

/-. Cones suberect, ovoid-oblong; scales thicker and with short divergent
lobes: wing of nutlet not broader than the body . . . 44. B. LENTA.
/"^. Cones pendent, cyclindrical and about

1 in. in length 70. B. POPULTFOLIA.

Ig in. in length 43. B. papyracea.

c". Scales closed carpels, growing from an elongated receptacle and con.solidated
together.
ll. Dehiscent at maturity along the medium line of the back, and letting out
each 1-2 berry-like seeds suspended by extensile threads {Magnolia).
Cone

Cyclindrical, curved, 2-3 in. long 1. M.vgnolia acuminata.

Oblong. 1-1. J in. long 51. Magnolia glauca.

(P. Indehiscent at maturity and falling away as saraar^e.

2. LiRTODENDRON TULIPIFERA.
b'^. Spherical head, hardened and bristling with 2-beaked capsules.

60 LiQurDAMBAR Styraciflua.
b. Sorosis — a spike with bracts and calyx-lobes all thickened and succulent.

63. MoRUS RUBilA

A SYSTEMATIC STUDY

Species whose Woods ark Represented in the AccoM'
PANTING Sections.

The timbers comprised in the series, which this text is designed to
iiccompany, belong to wliat are known, botanically speaking, as Fluivrr-
infj and Exogenous Plinis. At the outset, therefore, we will, once lor
all. define tliese groups; and, as the characters herein given are ecpially
ti'iie of all the specie-; enumerated in the following pages, they need not
be repeated in the further definition of the various sub-groups and
species.

FLOWERING or PH.EXOGAMOUS PLANTS.

Vegetables producing flowt-rs which consist essentially of stamens and
pistils, the latter bearing ovules or seeds.

In distinction from the Flowering plants are the Flowerless or Cryptogamousi
Plants, comprising the rest of the vegetable kingdom, from the very simply organ-
ized Slime Moulds and Bacteria up to the highly organized Ferns and Club-Mosses.
Bat in the study of timbers this grouj) is unimportant, as only in a few rare cases do
any of its representatives attain the dimensions of trees. Those exceptions are the
Tree-Ferns of tropical countries — gigantic ferns, which sometimes attain the height
of fifty or sixty feRt, with straight shafts quite like tree trunks and tops consisting
of a bunch of en )riuous plume-like fronds. They, however, are of practically no
value as timber.

EXOGEN^OUS OR DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.

Flowering plants whose stems consist of a central column of pith snr-
rounded by wood in concentric layers, and this in turn by bark ; the
stems increasing in thickness by the addition of a new layer e.ich year to
the wood externally and to the bark internally. Leaves mostly netied-
veined. First leaves of the embryo (cotyledons) two and ojiposite, or (in
the Conifer?e) several in a whorl. Parts of the flower in fours or fives,
very rarely in threes.

A second clas^ of Flowering Plants and comprising the rest of the group is the
Endogenous or Monocotyledonous Plants, characterized by having .-te us in which the

16 Hough's American Woods.

wood occurs as threads or bundles running through a cellular, pith-like tissue so that
a transverse section exhibits the wood as dots and not in concentric rings. Leaves
mostly parallel-veined. Embryo with single cotyledon, or rarely two, and then alter-
nate and une(]ual. Parts of the flower generally in threes. In southern United
State and elsewhere in or near the tropics trees are found, such as the Palms, etc.,
which belong to this class, but none that we have to do with at present

E.KOgenous plants ;ire subdivided into two well-marked groujis or sul)-
classes — Angiospennm and (rijmnofiperimB. The former includes by far
the greater part of the Flowering Plants, and most of the species rei)re-
sented in "American Woods" are representatives of it.

ANGIOSPERM^.

Flowering, exogenous plants in which there is a complete pistil — with
stigma and closed ovary — containing ovules which develop into seeds at
maturity. This sub-class comprises many groups of plants known as
Orders, and such as are represented by plants which attain the dimen-
sions of trees, within the limits of the United States, we propose to con-
sider in the following jiages :

Ordek ANONACEAfl: Custard Apple Family.

Leaves alternate, without stipules, feather- veined and entire, from naked buds.
Flowers solitary, in the axils of the leaves; sepals three; petals six in two rows,
thickish, valvate in the bud; stamens numerous, hypogenous, with very short fila-
ments and adnatft anthers opening outwards; pistils several or many, separate or
coherent Fniit fleshy or pulpy, with large anotropous seeds with crustaceous cov-
ering, minute eml)ryo and ruminated albumen.

Chiefly a tropical family composed of trees and shrubs having pulpy and usually
esculent fruit.

Genus ASIMINA, Adans.

Learns as described for the order. Flowers in the axils of the leaves of the pre-
ceding year, with three; sepals and six petals which develop after the bud opens, the
outer set longer than the inner; stamens numerous and packed in a spherical mass;
pistils several and distinct but only a few developing. F^ruit oblong, pulpy and
containing several seeds.

Shrubs and small trees. {Asimina is said to be from an Indian name, asimin.)

76. ASIMINA TRILOBA, Dunal.

Papaw, Custard Apple.

Gar., Dreilappiger Flachenhaum; Fr., Asimi?ner; Sp., Anoiia.

Specific Chaii.\cters: — Leaves obovate-lanceolate, acuminate, entire, thin, cov-
ered with a rusty down at first (in common with the young shoots), but soon glab-
rous, from (5 to 1 J inches in length and witli very short petioles. Flowers appear
early, rather bt^fore the leaves, drooping, with purplish bmwn {though quite vari-
able in color), veiny, roundish-ovate ])etals, the outer set being three or four times
as long as the sepals. Fruit ripening in September or October, oblong, irregular,
2-4 in. in length and about 1 in. in thickness, yellowish green, fragrant and contain-
ing a rich custard-likf* edible pulp with eight or ten large seed.s.

(The specific name, triloba, is the Latin for threc-lohed.)

76. ASIMINA TRILOBA — PaPAW, CuSTARD ApPLE. 17

A small tree with few branches and growing in thickets in which may
be occasionally found individuals 30 or 40 ft. ( 12 m.) in height and 8 or 10
in. (0.25 m.) in thickness of trunk, but most of the representatives are
much smaller or even shrubs. Those thickets are often found in the
sliade of taller forest trees or the tree may be found sparsely scattered
throughout a forest. The bark is of a dark gray color mottled with
patches of whitisli, smooth and only on the bases of the largest trunks
becoming fissur-'d into firm longitudinal ridges. When bruised it emits a
rank and rather unpleasant odor.

Habitat. — Sparingly in western Kew York and Ontario, and thence
southward to the gulf, reaching perhaps its greatest development in
southern Indiana and Illinois, growing along river banks and rich bot-
tom-lands.

Physecal Properties. — A. very weak, soft and light wood with an-
nual rings sharply defined by mostly small but numerous open ducts. It
is of a light olive color, shading into a greenish brown heart-wood.
Specific Gravity, 0..3969; Percentage of Ash, 0.21; Relative Approximate
Fuel Value, 0.3961; Coefficient of Elasticity, 48179; Modulus of Rup-
ture, 391; Resistance of Longitudinal Pressure, 212; Weight of a Cubic
Foot in Pounds, 24.73.

Uses. — Little if any use is ever made of this timber, but the tree
has some value for ornamental purposes and its fruit occasionally finds
its way into market.

Medicin'al Properties are not ascribed to this species.

Order RUTAOEffi : Rue Family.

Leaves simple or compound, alternate or opposite, exstipulate, dotted with trans-
lucent glands and containing an aromatic or acrid volatile oil. Flowers regular,
usually 8-5-nunierous hypogenous ; stamens as many or twice as many as the sepals
or rarely more ; pistils 2-5, separate or compound with ovary containing as many
cells, raised on a prolongation of the receptacle (gymnophore) or glandular disk,
styles commonly united even when ovaries are distinct. Fruit usually capsular with
few seeds, large embryo and fleshy albumen.

A large family of both herbaceous and woody plants, mostly of the Old World
and southern hemisphere.

Genus PTELEA, L.

Leaves 3-foliate (sometimes 5-foliate.) Flowers polygamous, small, greenish-white,
in terminal cymes ; sepals 3 to 5 but usually 4, much shorter than the petals ; petals
8 to 5, spreading ; stamens of the same number, alternate with them and longer in
the perfect flowers, but shorter and imperfect in the pistillate flowers ; pistil with
2-celled ovary, short stvle and two stigmas. Fruit a 2-celled and 2-seeded nearly
orbicular samara with broad margin.

{Ptelca is the ancient Greek name of the Elm and applied here on account of a re-
semblance in the fruit.)

3

18 Hough's Amekican Woods.

77. PTELEA TRIFOLIATA, L.

Hop-Tree, Wafer Asn, Shrubby Trefoil.

GcT., DreyUiittrige Lederhlume; Fr., Arbre de hoiihlon ; Sp.. Arbol de

hipalo.

Specific Chakacteus: — Leaves with rather long petioles and sessile, acute, ovate,
nearly entire leaflets, 8 5 inches in length, the lateral ones inequilateral and the
central one cuneate at base, downy when young. Flowers and fruit as described for
the genus.

(The specific name, trifoliata, is the Latin for three-leaved, in allusion to the num-
ber of leaflets.).

Generally hurdly more than a shrub, bat in favorable localities some-
times attaining the dimensions of a small tree, the largest we have seen
being ab<>nt 20 ft. (H in. 1 in height and 15 or 18 inches (0.45 m. ) in
diameter of trunk, this being a low tree for tlie tiiickness of trunk, with
crooked and distorted branches. It is conspicuous in winter from the
bunches of winged fruit: which persist long after the leaves have fallen.
The bark of the trunk is of a grayish-brown color, cliecking and flaking
off with age in thin, irregular scales. The bark and leaves are of a
strongly bitter, hop-like, persisting flavor.

Habitat. — Western New York, southern Ontario and westward to
Minnesota, and southward into northern Florida and Mexico, growing
along the rocky banks of streams and lake shores.

Physical Properties. — Wood heavy, hard, strong and compact; of
a light brownish c 'lor and very thin yellowish-white sap-wood ; the
annual I'ings conspicuous from the numerous fine ducts along the inner
margins and the markedly whitish cast of the outer margins. Specific
Gravihj, 0.8319 ; Percent((ge of Ash, 0.30 ; Relative Approximate Fuel
Value, 0.8-304; Weinht of a Cubic Foot in Pounds, 51.84.

Uses. — Little if any use is made of tliis wood, as it is so rarely found
of sufficient size for use, thongh as an ornamental shrub or small tree it
is quite extensively planted.

Medicinal Properties arc found in the bark of this species, that of
the root being the commercial source. They are yielded to water, but
more readily to alcohol, and are used in the treatment of dyspepsia and
generally in diseases requiring tonics. It is used in debility followiujf
low fevers, and especially connected with ga^^tro-intestinal irritation, to
which it seems to be peculiarly applicable from its mild and unirritating
qualities. It ext rcises a soothing influence upon the stomach, which
receives it when rejecling ot'ier tonics; Avhde it promotes the appetite,
invigorates digestion, and helps greatly to re-establish health in con-
valescf^nce.*

• U. S. Dispensatoii/, 16th ed., p. 1899.

78. YiTIS AESTH'ALIS SuMMER GrAPE. 19

Order VITACEAE : Vine Family.

Leaves alternate, palmately veined or compound, and with tendrils or flower clus-
ters opposite; stipules deciduous. Floicti'x regular, small, greenish, often polvga-
mou-i or dioecious; calyx minute, truncated, the limb obsolete or 5-toothed; pt^tals
4—5, vallate in tlie bud, hypogynous or perigynous, early deciduous; stamens as
many as the pf^tals and opposite them, inserted on a disk which surrounds the ovary,
witbi slender filaments and introrse anthers; pistil with short style or r.one, '.2 lobid
stigma and 2-celled ovary which contains 2 erect anatropous ovules from the base of
each cell. Fruit a berry with usually 4 bony seeds, grooved on one side and contain-
in jt a minute embryo with hard albumen.

Vines witli tumid nods and watery juice, climbing usually by tendrils, the foliage
and young shoots of tart acid flavor.

Genus VITIS, Tocrn.

L'aces simple, rounded or heart-shaped at base, palmately veined. Flowers poly-
gam )-dioecioas, in compound thyrses and very fragrant: calyx very short with
usually an entire border or none; petals 5, in most species cohering at the top and
.separate below, iu others distinct and spreading: stamens .j, alternating with .j hypo-
gvnous nectiferous glands, ovary 2-celled, cells 2-ovuled, stigma sessile, capitate.
Fi-'iit a pulpy berry with 1-i pyriform grooved seeds with beak-like bases.

Vines climbing by the aid of naked-tipped tendrils. {Vitis is the ancient Latin
name of the grape.)

78. VITIS AESTIVALIS, Michx.

Summer Grapb.

Gqv., Weiasfosk J Fr., Vigne sauvnge ile VAmerique ; Sp., Vid silvestra.

Specific Characters. — Leaves large, 4-7 in. long, broadly cordate, entire or
obtusely 3-5-lobed with short broad teeth, very woolly beneath, especially when
young, with reddish hairs: tendrils forked and intermittent (i. e. none opposite every
"third leaf), one often coming from a fruit-cluster; bark loose and shreddy. Fluicers
appear in May or June; petals cohering above but distinct below, falling away early.
Fruit (ripe in Sept. or October) small, scarcely + in. in diameter, blue-black witu
blojm, in compact bunches and of pleasant flavor when ripe.

One of the largest vines, 10 iu. (0.25 m.) in diameter at base aud of
great length, climbing to the tops of tlie neigliboriiig trees fifty or moi-e
feet in height. Its bark is very loose and shreddy, exfoliating in long
strips which hang across the limbs of the trees or cover the ground be-
neath.

Habitat. — Eastern United States generally from Canada to Flori'^a,
growing along rich bottom lands and the borders of streams.

Physical Properties. — Wooil light, not strong, very porous and
shrinking b:idlv' iu drying; of a light brown color and white sap-wood.

Uses. — The Summei* Grape produces fruit too small and astringent
to be of value in ctiltivation in its pure form, but by selection and hybri-
dization with other grapes some valuable vines have been produced.

Medicixal Properties are not claimed of this species.

Order SAPINDAOEJE : Soapberry Family.

Leaven simple or comnnuml. Flowers polypetalous, often irregular and mostlv
symmetrical ; sepals and petals each 4-5, imbricated in the bud, the petals inserted

20 Hough's Amekican Woods.

with the 5-10 stamens ou a perigynous or hypogenoiis disk ; ovary 2-3-ceiied and
].)bed, usually 1-2 Dvules in each cell, embryo mostly convoluted ; uo albumen.
Fruit a meiiibranous, inflated pod, a leathery thick subsperical pod with nut-like
seeds, or a winged samara.

Genus ACER, Toukn.

Leaves opposite, simple, palmately-veined, o- or occasionally 8-lobed ; stipules
nunc. Flowers small, ia axillary racemes or corymbs, regular, polygamo-dioecious,
usually unsymmetrical ; pedicels not jointed ; sepals 5 (or 4-9), more or less united,
colored ; petals sometimes wanting, but when present, 5 (4-0), equal and furnished
with short claws : stamens, commonly 8 ; ovary, 2-lobed, formed of 2 united carpels,
each bearing 2 ovules, only one of which commonly attains maturity ; styles 2, long
and slender, united only below and stigmatic down the inside. Fruit a double
samara, finally separating when mature and ready to fall, the wings strengthened
by a rib along one margin ; cotyledons, long and thin.

(Ancient Latin name of the Maple.)

79. ACER PENNSYLVANICUM, L.

Striped Maple, Moose-Wood. Striped Dogwood, Whistle-wood.
Ger., Gedreiflcr AJiorn ; Fr., E ruble jnspe ; Sp., Arce ray ado.

Specific Characters. — ■ Leaves palmate with three acuminate lobes, rounded at
base, sLarply and finely doubly serrate. Flowers appear after the leaves (May, .June)
yellowish, large (about \ in. across), in simple loose terminal drooping racemes ; petals
obovate ; stamens 6-8. Fruit in long drooping clusters, with light green diverging
wings about 1 in. in length.

A small tree, rarely 40 ft. (10 m.) in height and 10 in. (0.25 m.) in
diameter at base, l)ut more commonly a tall shrub. It is a handsome
tree at all seasons of the year and none the les3 so in winter when leaf-
less, as its principal beauty lies in its bark. That is smooth and on tiie
small vigorous limbs of a delicate light green color, and on larger limbs,
slightly ridged and handsomely striped lengthwise with light-green and
dark and light purple. Altogether this is a bark rarely equalled in
beauty. On largest trunks it is of a brownish gray color still somewhat
striped, but also blotched with whitish and checked into firm low longi-
tudinal ridges.

Habitat.— From the valley of the St. Lawrence westward to Minne-
sota and southward to Virginia, Kentucky and along the mountains to
Georgia, growing in cool rich soil along the banks of Gtreams, etc.

Physical Properties. — Wood of medium weight, hardness and
strength, close-grained, satiny and of a pinkish jjrown color with whitish
sap-wood. It is often marked with specks and streaks of parenchymatous
tissue. Specific Gravity, 0.5290; Percentage of Ash, 0.36; Relative
Approximate Fuel Value, 0.5280; Weight of a Cubic Foot in Pounds,
33.02.

Uses. — It is too small a tree to be accounted useful as a source of tim-
ber supply. It is occasionly used for fuel and is suitable for turnery.

so. E-OBINIA PSEDDACACIA LoCUST. 21

Its chief point of value is as an ornamental tree for parks and lawns,
and it seems to be more appreciated in Enrope than in this country as it
is more extensively planted there.

Medicinal Properties are not recorded of this species.

Order LEGUMINOSJB: Pulse Family.

Leaves alternate, usually compound, entire and furnished with stipules. Flowers
with .T sepals more or less united at the base; petals 5, papilionaceous or regular;
stamens, diadelphous, monodelphous or distinct and with versatile anthers; pistils
single, simple and free. Fruit a legume (pod) with mostly albumenless seeds.

Genus EOBINIA, L.

Leaves compound, odd-pinnate, with ovate to oblong entire stipellate leaflets, stip-
ules often in the form of prickly spines, the base of leaf-stalks covering the buds of
the next year. Flowers papilionaceous, showy, in pendent axillary racemes; calyx
short campauulate, .5-toothed, the upper two teeth slightly coherent; petals forming
a large rounded standard, turned backward, and slightly shorter obtuse wings and
keel; stamens diadelphous (9 and 1); style bearded inside Fruit a compressed
linear, several seeded pod, ribbed along the seed-bearing edge and openiiig by two
valves at maturity.

Genus represented by trees and shrubs and named in compliment to MM. John and
Vespasian Kobin, French botanist who first introduced the Locust tree in Europe.

8o. ROBINIA PSEUDACACIA, L.

Locust, Yellow Locust, Black Locust.

Ger., Oemine Acacie; Fr., Rohiiiier faux-acacia; Sp., Acacia false.

Specific Characters. — Leaves as described for the genus, glabrous, the leaflets
H to 8 in. in length, narrow-ovate generally and slightly mucronate, notched at the
apex; branches naked, excepting the branchlets and young shoots which are com-
monly furnished with strong, hooked prickles. Flowers delightfully fragrai.t.
white in loose slender racemes. Fruit, pods about 4 or 5 in. long by I in. broad,
smooth and containing a half dozen or so brown seeds.

A tree of medium size, very rarely attaining 80 ft. (25 in.) in height and
3 or 4 ft. (1 in.) in diameter of trunk, of upright habit and broad top.
The branches of old trees present a peculiar zigzag form of growth,
giving the tree a character easily recognized when leafless. It is clothed
in a rather thick, rough, brown, bark furrowed longitudinally with firm
ridges. The light, handsome foliage of the tree constitutes one of its
principal charms, the leaves opening during the day, and as night com 'S
on, closing down as if for rest. The young shoots are usually ftirnished
with strong recurved prickles.

Habitat. — The native range of the Locust is from Pennsylvania
south westward to Georgia, but it is extensively naturalized over the
eastern United States generally.

Physical Properties. — Wood heavy, very hard, strong and durable
in contact with the soil, compact, and of a pinkish brown color, with

22 Hough's American Woods.

light greenish yellow sap-wood. Specific Gravity, 0.7;)o-» ; Percentufje of
Ash, 0.51; Relative Approximate Fuel Value, 0.7:^90; Coefficient of
Elasticity, 129238 ; Modulus of Rupture, 1273 ; Resistance to Longi-
tudinal Pressure, 694; Resistance t) Indentation, 258; Weigltt of a
Cubic Foot in Pounds, 45.70.

UsKS. — The wood of this tree is valuable for posts, tree-nails, in turn-
ery and for the ribs of vessels, though of late the operations of a locust-
borer greatly curtails its use. The early popularity of the tree for
ornamental purposes is attested by the numerous individuals we find
now standing about old country dwellings and along fences. It is said
to be more extensively introluced into Eui'opo tliaa any other Amerienn
tree for ornamental purposes.

The bees gather much honey from thi^ tree while in blossom.

Medicinal Propekties. — Tlie bark of the r )ot of this tre ■ is said to
possess tonic properties and in large doses ])urgative and emetic*

Order ROSAOEffi : Rose Family.

Leaves alternate and with stipules which sometimes fall early or r.re rarely want-
ing. Flowers regular; sepals 5 or rarely fewer, united at the base and often fur-
nished outside with bractlets resembling the S'^pals ; petals as many as the sepals
or rarely wanting, distinct and inserted on a disk which lines the calyx-tube ; stamens
distinct, numerous (with rare exceptions) and inserted with the petals on the disk of
the calyx-tube ; pistils 1-many distinct or united and often combined with the calyx-
tube. Fruit various, as drupe, pome, achenium, etc.: seeds solitary or few, mostly
albumenless, with straight embryo and large thick cotyledons.

Trees, shrubs and herbs many of great economic value in the production of most
useful fruits, beautiful flowers, choice perfumes, etc.

Genus PRUNUS, Tourn.

Leaves simple ; .stipules free and commonly deciduous. Flowers perfect, with
calyx regular, free and falling away after flowering; petals widely spreading; stamens
15-30 ; pistil solitary with style terminal or nearly so and ovary containing 2 pendu-
lous ovules. Fruit a drupe, fleshy with a smooth 1 -seeded (rarely 2-seeded) sione.

Trees, and shrubs. {Prumis is the ancient Latin name of the 2}lum-tree.)

8i. PRUNUS NIGRA, Ait.

Canada Plum, Wild Plum.

Ger., Canadisclie Pfiaume ; Fr., Prunellier de Canada : Sp., Ciruelo de

Canada.

Specific Char-^cteus: — Leaves obovate or broadly ovate oblong, abruptly narrow-
ing to a long-pointed apex, varying from wedge-shape to slightly heart-shape at base,
3 to 5 iu. long, doubly crenate serrate, with glandular teeth, membranous, and with
light-green under surfaces, the pale nnd-rib and veins consj)icuously prominent, con
duplicate in vernation; petioles short, stout, reddish above, and furnishrd near the
blade with two to four glands; stipules linear, sometimes cut-lobnd. glandular-
ferrate. Flowers appear before the leaves, about 1^ in. across, in 3-4 flowered

U. S. Dispensatori), 16th ed., p. 1907.

82. Prunus chrasls^ — Sour I iiekrv, Gardkn Cherry 23

umbels, with thick short peduncles and slender pedicels from i to f in. in length;
calyx with tube glabrous within and tbe narrow acute lobes, glandular-serrate; petals
white, with short claw. Fruit (ripe in August or ISeptemben oblong-oval, 1 in. or
slightly more in length, somewhat llatteued, with a conspicuous suture, tough, red
and yellow skin, yellowish, juicy tiesh, and nearly oval compressed thick-shelled
stone, about 1 in. length.

A small tree sometimes attaining 30 ft. (9 m.) in higlit and 8 or 10 in.
(O. 25 m.) in diameter of trunk, with rigid crooked branches furnished
wiih siifE Literal branclilets which bear leaves at first, but thrn many
persist as thick stout spurs. The bark of trunk is of a light-gray color,
exfoliating in irregular thick or papery scales.

Habitat. — The native range is supposed to be Newfoundland and
westward through the valley of the Saint L-iwrence river and great lakes
to Manitoba, but it is planted, and doubtless in some places naturalized
outside of this range.

Physical Properties. — Wood heavy, strong, close-grained, with
numerous thin medullary rays, and of a rich r.ddish brown color, and
when freshly cut often bright purple-red, with thin brownish white sap-
wood.

Uses. — The fruit of the Canada plum is, thongli quite variable in
quality, valuable both as a fresh fruit and for preserves, etc. By selec-
tion and cultivation several choice and popular plums have had their
origin in this species.

Medicinal Properties. — The fruit is laxative, and the bark, though
not mentioned in the pharmacopoeia, doubtless possesses the tonic prop-
erties found in other repi'esentatives of the genus.

Note. — The validity of this species is not wholly without question.
It was first described by Alton, but subsequently botanists were disposed
to consider it as identical with P. Americana. It was so considered by
Dr. Gray, and hence not given a place in his Manual. Prof. Sargent,
however, is disposed to revive the species and has given it a place in his
Silva of North America, but the characters with which he distinguishes
it from the F. Americana seem so inconstant as to be hardly relied
upon, intermediate forms of various grades being often found.

82. PRUNUS CERASUS, L.

Sour Cherry, Garden Cherry.

Ger., Gemeiner Kirshhautn ; Fr. , Cerise aigre ; Sp., Cereza agria.

Specific Ch.\iiacters. — Leaves spreading, obovate to ovate-lanceolate, crenate-
serrate, acute at apex, narrowed at base, glabrous, 3 to 5 in. in length; petioles short,
scarcely 1 in. in length. Floicers in early spring with the leaves, in few-flowered
umbels from lateral scaly buds; petals white, suberect and firm. Fruit a rather large
globose drupe, of acid or subacid vinous flavor and smooth free pit.

24 Hough's A.merican Woods.

A small tree not ofteu over 2j ft. (8 m.) in height and 12 in. (0.30 m.)
in diameter of trunk, with spreading brandies, and dark gray bark of
trunk which cliecks with age in longitudinal fissures, between which the
outer layers tend to roll up with difficulty at the edges.

Habitat. Asia is supposed to be the native home of this cherry and

from thence introduced into Europe in ancient times, Pliny speaking of
it as an introduced tree in Italy as early as the beginning of the Christian
Era. It was brought to America at the time of our earliest settlements
and is now widely spread and naturalized in many places.

Physical Phopeuties. — Wood moderately heavy, hard, not strong,
close-grained and taking a very smooth satiny polish. It is of a dark
reddish brown color with creamy white sap-wood.

Uses. — The value of the pleasant acidulous fruit of this tree is too
well known to require comment. By selection and cultivation a great
m.iny varieties have originated in this species and are now grown as
among our choicest fruits.

Medicinal Properties. — Besides the wholesomeness of the fruit as
the laxative article of diet, no medicinal properties are recorded of this

species.

Genus PYRUS,* L.

Leiiven simple or pinnate ; stipules free. Flowers white or rose-colored in cor-
ymbed cymes ; calyx-tube urn-sliaped, becoming thick and fleshy in the fruit, limb
5-cleft; petals 5, obovate or roundish ; stamens numerous; styles 5 (or sometimes 2-3),
and carpels (of the same number) 2-seeded, with papery or cartilaginous endocarp
and united with the calyx-tube. Fruit a closed pome, fleshy or berry-like.

Trees or shrubs. (" Pyrus " is the ancient Latin name of the pear-tree.)

83. PYRUS CORONARIA, L.

Wild Crab, Sweet-scented Crab.

Ger., Amerikanischer Kirschapfelhaum; Fr., Pome savage deVAmeriqtie;
Sp., Manzano Americano.

Specific Characters. —Leaves simple, ovate, rounded or sometimes heart-shaped
at base, cut-st^rrate, often sublobate, pubescent (as are the petioles, pedicels, etc.)
when young but finally glabrous, membranous, comparatively straight-veined, 3-4
in. in length and with slender petiole; stipules filiform and early deciduous. F'oicern
appear in May, after the leaves, rose-colored, in few-flowered corymbs, about li in.
across and delightfully fragrant; sepals subulate, persistent ; petioles clawed; pistil
with styles united and woolly at base.

Fruit a flattish apple, usually not more than 1 in. diameter, deeply sunken at both
ends, when ripe yellowish and translucent green, with waxy or greasy surfac,
strongly fragrant and of very tart-acid flavor.

(The specific name, eoronaria, is the Latin for heloitging to the garland, in allusi< n
to its delightful flowers.)

A small tree of wide-spreading hibit of growth quite similar to that
of the common apple, but nrelv attaining 25 ft. (8 m.) in height and

* Soinetiir.es written Pirus.

84. Pviius SAMBUciFOLiA — Elder-leaved Mountain Ash. 2o

12 in. (0.30 m.) in diamuLer of trunk, with sjDur-like laterul branchlets
and bark of trunk of a grayish brown color and which checks longitud-
inally with age in shreds and loose scaly ridges. Often it is hardly more
than a shrub, but it always makes its presence known when in blossom
by the delicious fragrance of its flowers, perfuming the atmosphere
about, and eliciting the highest encomiums in its praise. Later, in
autumn, the beauty and fragrance of its fruit, remaining on in part
long after the leaves have fallen, form a scarcely less attractive feature.

Habitat. — "Western New York, Ontario, and westward to Iowa, and
southward especially along the Alleghanies to about the northern border
of the Gulf States, thriving best in rather moist soil and commonly in
glades with other timbers. It attains its greatest development in the
lower Ohio basin and in the States west of the Mississippi river.

Physical Properties. — Wood rather heavy and hard, very close-
grained, with light reddish brown and very irregular heart-wood and
buff-white sap-wood. Specific Gravih/, 0.7048; Percentage of Ash, 0.52;
Relative Approximate Fuel Value, 0.7011; Coefficient of Blast icitji, (i4241;
Modulus of Rupture, 485; R^sidance to Longitudinal Pressure^ 419;
Resistance to Indentation, 250; Weiglit of a Cubic Foot in Pounds, 43.02.

Uses. — The wood of this tree is little used, though its fruit is occa-
sionally gathered for cider and preserves, where nothing better can be
obtained. As an ornamental tree it is of recognized value and not infre-
quently planted in this county and abroad.

Medicinal Properties are not recognized of this species.

84. PYRUS SAMBUCIFOLIA, C. & S.

Elder-leaved Mountain Ash.
Ger., Schlehdorn; Fr., Sorbier; Sp., Mostajo.

Specific Characters: — Leaves odd-pinnately compound, glabrous except wlien
young, with usually 11-15 oblong to lance-ovate and mostly obtuse or abruptly
pointed leaflets, with margins serrate (sometimes doubly) with spreading teeth, pale
Ijeneath, short-petiolulate excepting the terminal leaflet, conduplicate in vernation;
stipules foliaceous, early deciduous; leaf-buds large, sparingly hairy. Flowers, when
leaves are fully grown, small (3-8 in. in diameter), in dense compound pubescent
cymes; calyx glabrous or nearly so, the pointed lobes ciliate-margined; petals whit--,
obovate, furnished with a short claw; styles usually three, separate. Fruit a scar-
let, sabglobose, berrv-like pome, about 3-8 in. in diameter and with thin acid flesh,
borne in dense clusters, persisting long after the leaves have fallen.

(The specific name, samhunfolia. is the Latin for Elder-leaved, alluding to the re-
semblance in the leaves of this tree to those of the Elder.)

A small tree, and often but a shrub, rarely over 30 ft. (9 m.) in height
or 12 in. (0.30 m.) in diameter of trunk, with broad well-rounded liead
and smooth golden-gray satiny bark, blotched with whitish and exfoliat-
4

D. H. HILL LIBRARY

26 Hough's Amekican Woods.

iug witli difficulty in thin papery scales. It is particularly handsome in
late summer and autumn when the bunches of bright red berries contrast
strongly with the dark green, or when frost-bitten orange-colored, leaves.

nABiTAT, — A strictly boreal tree being found in southern Greenland,
Labrador, Canada and only in the more elevated regions of north-east-
ern Uniied States. On the western side of the continent it is found
from Alaska southward among the mountains to New Mexico.

Physical Propeeties. — The wood of the Mountain Ash is light, not
strong, close-grained, and of a light brown color with whitish sap-wood.
Specific Grnvity, 0.5928; Pcrcentmje of Ash, 0.35; Bela/ive Aj)proxiinate
Fuel Value, 0.5908; Coefficient of Easlicity, G2G00 ; Modulus of Rup-
ture, 445 ; Resistance to Longitudinal Pressure, 383; Resistance to Inden-
tation, 107; Weight of a Cubic Foot in Pounds, 3G.94.

Uses. — Very little if any use is made of this tree save for ornamental
purposes, and there it holds a well-deserved and long-recognized high
rank. Imlced scarcely a more striking and more beautiful tree can
be found in autumn than the Mountain Ash when in full fruit, and its
abundance in door-yards through New England and many sections in
the north attest its long-time popularity.

Medicinal Properties are not known of this species.

Genus CRATAEGUS, L.

Leaves simple and fj^enerally lobed; stipules free, and, as with the awl-shaped
bracts, deciduous. Floicers n\Qsi\y in corymbs, white or rarely rose-colored; calyx
urn-shaped with limb 5-cleft, persistent: petals roundish; ovaries 1-5, inferior; styles
as many as the ovaries. Fruit a fleshy, drupe-like pome containing 1-5 hard
l-seedeii carpels and bearing on the summit the ]iersistent calyx-lobes.

Small trees and shrubs armed with thorns, and petiolos, calyx-teeth, etc., often
beset with glands.

{('ralaegun is from the Greek Kpelrui, strength, in allusion to the nature of the
wood.)

85. CRATAEGUS CRUS-GALLI, L.

CocK-spcR Thorn, Newcastle Thorn.

Ger., Gldnzende Mispel ; Fr., Nefier ])ied de coc ; Sp., Espino del

cspolon de gallo.

Specific Ciiar.vctrrs: — Leaves thick, 1-4 in. in length, wedge-obovateoroblanceo-
late, tapering to a short petiole, dark lustrus green above, paler beneath, sharply ser-
rate towards the apex, entire at base; stipules minutely glandular-serrate, falling
awav early: thorns long (3-4 in.) and slender, occasionally branched. Floicers, when
the leaves are fully expanded, in mostly glabrous elonsrated corymbs of several each^
from short lateral branchlets, scarcely % in. across, with lobes entire oi ir.inntoly
glindular-serrate, persistent; petals white; pistils 1-5. hairy at base; bracts i::liiutc]y
glandular-serrate, falling awny early. Fruit, subglobose or occasionally pyrifonn,
about + in. in diameter, dull red, with thin fle.«ih and fhick-shelled nutlets three-
grooved on the back and rounded at both ends.

(Tlie specific name. Crua-ntiUi 1*^ the Latin for leg of the cork, likening the thorns
of the tree to the spurs of the cock.)

^(i. Ckat.egus coccinea — Scarlet Thorn and Red Haw. 27

A low wide-spreading- tree, rarely over 20 ft. (6 m.) in height, but
spreading considerably more than its height, with dense rounded top of
long horizontal and drooping branches. The trunk which is commonly
only 4-6 ft. in length and rarely over 12 in. (0.30 m.) in diameter, is
clothed in an ash-gray bark fissured longitudinally into narrow scaly
ridges. Its long slender thorns form a conspicuous feature, and it
commonly retains a part of its fruit late into the winter.

Habitat. — Canada from the valley of the St. Lawrence westward to
Manitoba and southward to the Gulf States.

Physical Properties. — Wood heavy, very close-grained and of
medium strength, with reddish brown heart-wood and abundant brown-
ish white sap-wood. Specific Gravity, 0.7194; Percentarje of Asli, 0.50;
Relative Approximate Fuel Value, 0.7154; Coefficient of Elasticity,
6643i5; Modulus of Rupture, 653; Resisfa?ice to Longitudinal Pressure,
430; Resistance to Indentatioyi, 210; Weight of a Cuhic Foot in Pounds,
44.83.

Uses. — This is the most valuable of our native Thorns for ornamen-
tal purposes, its shining dark green leaves and peculiar spreading habit
of growth giving it considerable value. It is also occasionally set for
hedges for which it is well suited.

Medicinal Properties. — None are claimed of this species.

86. CRATiEGUS COCCINEA, L.

Scarlet Thorn, White Thorn, Red Haw.

Ger., Scliarlachfrilchtiger Weissdorn; Fr., Neflier ecarlate; Sp., Fspino

Colorado.

Specific Characters : — Leaves round-ovate, incisely serrate and sometimes cut
into 5-9 shallow lobes, with acute irregular glandular teeth, truncate or rounded (on
vigorous shoots even heart-sliaped) at base, thin and membranous, puberulent or
sometimes pubescent especially beneath, or sometimes glabrous, 2-3 in. long, on long
slender petioles ; stipules usually linear, glandular-serrate and caducous : thorns
brown or grayish, curved, sbarp and averaging about 2 in. in length. Floweis appear
when the leaves are fully expanded in usually about 12-flowered glabrous of pube-
scent glandular lateral corymbs, with caducous bracts and bractlets; calyx with long
lanceolate and iisually glandular-toothed lobes : petals white ; pistils 2-~) with pale
hairs at base. i^?v/i^ripein early autumn, subgloboseor sometimes slightly elongated,
coral red, about ^ in. in diameter -with thin flesh and thick-shelled nutlets with 3
grooves on the back and acute at the ends.

{Coccinea is the Latin for scarlet, referring to the color of the fruit.)

This is probably our largest Thorn, sometimes 30 ft. (9 m.) in hight
and 18 in. (0.45 m.) in diameter of trunk; of wide-spreading habit of
growth (but still more npri?ht than the C. punctata or Crus-galli), with
handsome foliage and ash gray bark of trunk, fissured into narrow
longitudinal scaly ridges.

28 Hoogh's American Woods.

Habitat. — Newfoundland and Canada west to Manitoba and south-
ward throughout eastern United States generally.

Physical Properties. — Wood heavy, hard, very closed-grained and
taking a beautiful polish, of a light chocolate-brown color an I with buflf-
white sap-wood. Specific Gravity, 0.8G18 ; Percentage of Ash, 0.:i8;
Relative Approximate Fuel Value, 0.8585 ; Weight of a Cubic Foot in
Pounds, 53.71.

Uses. — Very little use is made of this tree. Though a fine tree, for a
Thorn, it lacks the attributes which give the Cock-spur Thorn favor for
ornamental purposes, and its wood though excL'llent in turnery and for
fuel is not found in quantities large enough to be of much market value.

Medicinal Properties are not known of this species.

Order CORNACE.S3 : Dogwood Family.

Leaves opposite (except in one species), simple, mostly entire. Flowers in cymes,
often involucrate, polypetalous (exceptionally apetalous), 4-numerous ; calyx-tube
adherent to the ovary, its limb minute; petals valvate in the bud, oblong, sessile,
and, with the stamens, borne on an epigynous disk in the perfect flowers ; ovary
1-celled, bearing a single suspended ovule ; style single, somewhat club-shaped.
Fruit a l-'i-seeded baccate drupe, bearing the persistent limb of the calyx.

Trees, shrubs or rarely herbs, with bitter, tonic bark.

Genus CORNUS, Tourneport.

Leaves opposite (excepting one species, C. alter nifoUa), simple deciduous, entire,
without stipules and clustered at the ends of the branchlets; i>ud-scales accrescent.
Flowers perfect (in some foreign species dioecious), suaall, 4-numerous, in naked
cymes, or in heads surrounded by a corolla-like involucre; calyx with 4 minute
segments; petals distinct, oblong, spreading, sessile; stamens exserted, with slender
filaments; pistil solitary, with slender style, terminal stigma and ovar^' inferior;
cells usually 2, each containing a single suspended ovule. Fruit a small drupe con-
taining a 2-celled and 2 seeded stone; seeds oblong with embryo straight or nearly
so, and surrounded with copious albumen.

Trees, shrubs and perennial herbs with bitter tonic bark, chiefly of the northern
temperate zone of both hemispheres. {Cornus is the Latin for horn, in allusion to
the hardness of the wood.)

87. CORNUS ALTERNIFOLIA, L. f.

Alternate-leayed Dogwood or Cornel.

Ger., Wechselbldttriger Hartriegel ; Fr., Cornuiller alter nifeuille ; Sp.,

Madera de perro.

Specific Characters: — Zca *'<?.? alternate or irregularly scattered and clustered
at the ends of the greenisli branchlets, ovate to lance-oval, acute at base, long-
pointed, beneath whitish and furnished with closely ai)pressed minute pubescence
above, somewhat rugose and depressed over the long prominent veins, margins ob-
scurely crenulate-toothed and somewhat reflexed, petioles rather long (H-24 in.),
involute in vernation. Flowers appear after the leaves havH expanded, cream-col-
ored without involucre, in terminal loose flat puberulous cvmes. Fn/it a bright
bine drupe about 1-4 in. in diameter, borne on brig-lit red upright spreading stems in
loose flat clusters, with scant bitter flesh and thick- walled 3-celled subglobose nut-
let, 8triated lengthwise with many grooves.

(The specific name is the Latin for alternate leaved.)

88. CoRNtJS FLORIDA — Floweeing Dogvtood, Boxwood. 29

A small tree, usually a large shrub, but occasionally under most favor-
able circumstances attaining a hight of 25 ft. (8 m.) with a trunk 1'2 in.
(0. 30 m.) in diameter, with wide-spreading top of upward divergent
branches arranged in tlat sprays, and with smooth dark green hark, which
on the largest trunks is of a darker tint and rough with firmly adherent
narrow ridges. It is a handsome tree and of very characteristic habit of
growth.

Habitat. — Southern Canada from Xew Brunswick to the northern
shores of Lake Superior, the Xorthern States and southward among the
AUeghenies to Georgia.

Physical Properties. — Wood heavy, hard, strong, very close-
grained, of peculiar strong odor, and a light reddish-brown color, with
abundant creamy white sap-wood, and numerous fine medullary rays.
Specific Gravity, 0.6.96; [Percentage of Ash, 0.41; Relative Approxi-
mate Fuel Value, 0.6669; Weight of a Cubic Foot in Pounds, 41. T3.

Uses. — This tree possesses peculiar value for ornamental purposes in
parks, etc., owing to its interesting habit of growth, handsome foliage,
abundant lateral clusters of flowers, and later its conspicuous fruit.
When leafless, too, it is hardly less interesting.

Medicixal Properties are not recorded of this species, though tlie
tonic and astringent })roperties of the g>^nus mentioned under C. fiorida
could doubtless be found in this.

88. CORNUS FLORIDA, L.
Flowering Dogwood, Boxwood.

Ger. , Bluhender Hartriegel ; Fr., Cornuiller fleuri ; Sp., Cornel fiorida.

Specific Characters. — Leaves opposite, ovate to oval, tapering to a short point,
acute at base, 3-6 in. long, margins somewliat tliiciiened and obscurely crenulate-
toothed, pale beneath, prominently veined, furnished with minute closely appressed
white hairs above and below, somewhat depressed along the veins, above which are
long, prominent and finally running parallel with the margins; petioles short (f in.
or less), involute in vernation. Floirns appear early in the spring as the leaves are
commencing to expand, small (about ^ in. in diameter), greenish, in a close cluster
surrounded by four large showy whitish or sometimes pink or green tinted and very
rarely red petal-like obcordateinvolucral bracts, each about 1* in. long: calyx urceolate,
puberulent outside, with short blunt lobes; petals strap-shaped and reflesed, puperu-
lent outside; stamens and pistil as described for the genus. Fruit a bright red oval
or ovoid drupe, about | in. in length, with mealy flesh and an ovid smoothish,
2-celled (occasionally 1-celled) stone. Only a few drupes mature from each cluster;
they sessile upon the orange-colored disk among' the dried, remnants of the abortive
flowers.

(The specific name, florida, is the Latin for abounding in flowers and applicable on
account of the conspicuous nature of this Dogwood when in blossom.)

A small spreading tree, rarely attaining the height of 40 ft. (12 m.),
and 15 in. (0.40 m. ) in diameter of trunk or often only a shrub. The

30 Hough's American Woods.

bark of the trunk is of a reddish-brown color, checked crosswise as well
as longitudinally in four, or several-sided scales or plates, thus present-
ing a peculiarly checkered appearance. The bark of the branches is
smooth and mostly of a grayish brown color, that of the branchlets yel-
lowish green and encircled by rings resulting from the detachment of
leaves.

The curious flower-clusters of this tree first appear during the summer
previous to blossoming, as terminal flat-globular buds at the end of short,
stout peduncles and invested each with four grayish puberulent scales.
During the following winter these buds form a conspicuous feature of
the leafless tree, and as spring opens the four enveloping scales enlarge
and become the showy floral bracts.

Habitat. — From southern New England westward through southern
New York and southern Ontario to Missouri and southward to the gulf>
growing in rich, moist soil along the slopes of steams and often in the
shade of other trees.

Physical Properties. — Wood heavy, hard, strong, close-grained and
with rather conspicuous medullary rays ; of a rich chocolate-brown color
with Avhitish sap-wood. Specific Gravity, 0.8153 ; Percentage of Ash,
0.67; Relative Approximate Fuel Value, 0.8098; Coefficient of Elas-
ticity, 82112; Modulus of Rupture, 904; Resistance to Longitudifial
Pressure, 534 ; Resistance to Indentation, 305 ; Weight of a Cubic Foot
in Pounds, 50.81.

Uses. — First in importance is the value of the tree for ornamental
purposes. It is one of the most beautiful of our trees, especially con-
sj^icuous in bloom when leafless in spring, and hardly less beautiful in
autumn with its bunches of bright red fruit and green parti-colored, or
later scarlet, foliage. Its wood is used in turnery and to some extent for
wood-engraving and for tool-handles, cogs of wheels, hubs, etc., and the
saplings for barrel hoops. From the roots the North American Indians
formerly obtained a scarlet dye.*

Medicinal Properties of this tree are tonic and astringent. It is
thought to possess remedial properties analogous to those of Peruvian
bark, for which it has been occasionally substituted in the treatment of
intermittent fevers. The bark of the roots is the commercial source,
and it may be used in the form of powder, decoction or extract. f

It is said that the Indians of this country formerly used a decoction of
the flowers in the treatment of intermittents.*

* Browne's Trees of America, p. 352.

t U. 8. Dispensatory, 16th edition, p. 508.

89. Catalpa BiGNONioroES — Catalpa, Bean Tree. 31

Order BIGNONIAOEAE : Bignonia Family.

Leaves simple or compound, opposite (rarely alternate), exstipulate. FloicersT^er-
fect, rather large and showy ; calyx 2-lipped, or 5-cleft or entire ; corolla monopeta-
lous, tabular or bell-shaped, irregular. 5-lobed or '2-lipped, the lowest lobe the
largest ; stamens 5, but only 2 or 3 pairs being fertile (the others existing as rudi-
ments) inserted on the corolla, anthers with "2 diverging cells ; pistil solitary with
superior 2-celled (rarely 1-celled) ovary, long style, 2-lipped stigma and numerous ana-
tropous ovules. Fruit a dry coriaceous 2-valved del'iscent capsular pod with num-
erous large flat and usually winged seeds.

Woody plants chiefly of the tropics.

Genus CATALPA, Scoppoli.

L^'aves simple, opposite or verticillate (rarely alternate), exstipulate, ovate or cor-
date entire or lobed. long-petiolate, involute in vernation. i^A/(f)t'?'.y in large terminal
compound panicles or corymbs, witli calyx deeply 2-lipped witli broad ovate, entire
lobes ; corolla thin and membraneous, bell-shaped, with tube inflated and border
undulate, irregularly 5-lobed and 2-lipped, spreading white or yellow and spotted
within ; stamens 2 fertile and 3 sterile (or sometimes 4 fertile and 1 sterile), inserted
on the corolla near its base; anthers introrse ; style exserted and stigma 2-lobed ;
ovary with many ovules on a central placenta. Fruit a long, slender, coriacious and
nearly cylindrical capsule, with two cells and uumt^rous flat seeds inserted on a cen-
tral septum and furnished on either side with broad wings fringed with white hairs.

Trees with watery juices and large-pithed branchlets. {Catalpa is said to be the
Cherokee Indian name of one of the species.)

89. CATALPA BIGNONIOIDES, Walter*
Catalpa, Bean-Tree, Cigar-Tree.

Ger,, Trompetenbaiim ; Fr., Bois Shavanon; Sp., Catalpa.

Specific Characters. — Leaves broad-ovate, abruptly narrowed to a short pointed
or o-lobed apex, cordate at base, entire, thin, tomentose when young, glabrous above,
paler and pubescent below at maturity, veins prominent, coming together near the
margins and furnished in the axils with dark glands, of disagreeable odor when
bruised, lU to 12 inches or more in length, half being taken up by the terete petiole.
Flowers (appearing in July in the north) numerous, in large, crowded pubescent
panicles, often 10 in. in length ; corolla white, nearly 2 in. in length and but slightly
less in width, when fully expanded, marked within on the lower side with two
orange-yellow parallel bands or blotches, and elsewhere thickly dotted with purple
spots. Fruit, pods nearly terete, slender, a third of an inch or less in diameter and
averaging 10 to lo in. in "leugth, with thin wall, remaining on the tree and closed
until spring when they open" by two valves and liberate the thin membranous seeds
with fringe-tipped wings about 1 in. in length and i in. in width.

A wide-spreading handsome tree, not often over 50 ft. (15 m.) in
height nor with a trunk more than 2^ ft. (0.75 m.) in diameter, clothed
in light reddish brown bark, flaking off when old in irregular scales.
It is a striking and beautiful tree when in blossom, and the presence of
its long round pods when leafless in winter gives it then a very character-
istic appearance.

Habitat. — Found apparently native from southwestern Georgia and
western Florida, westward to the Mississippi river, in rich moist soil

*Catalpa Catalpa, Karsten.

32 Hough's American Woods,

along river banks and swamps, but extensively introduced and found
hardy as far north as New England. Now naturalized iu many places.

Physical Properties. — Wood light, soft, close-grained, abundantly
supplied with large open ducts, of rapid growth and very durable in con
tact with the soil; of a light pinkish brown color and very thin whitish
sap-wood. Specific Gravity, 0.4474; Per ccntage of Ash, 0.38; Relative
Approximate Fuel Value, 0.4457; Coefficient of Elasticity, 68161; Modu-
lus of Rupttire, 590; Resistance to Longitudinal Pressure, 364; Resisl-
ance to Indentation, 77; Weight of a Cubic Foot in Pounds, 27.88.

XJsES. — A very valuable timber for fence-rails, posts, railway ties, etc.,
its rapidity of growth and durability in contact with the soil strongly
commending its b.'ing planted for these uses. The value and popularity
of the tree for ornamental purposes are strongly attested by its abundance
in the parks, streets and private grounds of many cities throughout the
union. The name " Cigar Tree " is given to this tree on account of a
use, suggested in the name, sometimes made by small boys of its dried
pods.

Medicinal Ppoperties. — A decoction of the seeds of this tree has
been used in the treatment of asthma.*

Order JUGLANDACE.a]: Walnut Family.

Leaves alternate, pinnate and without stipules. Flowers monoecious and apetalous,
except in some cases in the fertile flowers Sterile fiowers in catkins with an irregu-
lar calyx adnate to the scale of the catkin. Fertile flowers solitary or in small clus-
ters, with calyx regularly 3-5-lobed, adherent to the incompletely 2-4- celled, but
1-ovuled ovary. Fruit a sort of dry drupe (a tryma), with a fibrous and more or less
fleshy and coriaceous outer coat (shuck) very astringent to the taste, a hard, bony
inner coat (shell), and a 3-4-lobed seed, which is orthotropous, with thick, oily and
often corrugated cotyledons and no albumen.

All representatives of the order are trees.

Genus CARYA, Nuttall.

Leaves odd-pinnate with few leaflets; leaf-buds scaly and from them appear gen-
erally both kinds of flowers, the fertile at the extremity of the growth and the
sterile at the base, the leaves between. (In one or two species, subgenus Pecania,
the stamiuate catkins appear in lateral fascides at the summit of the shoots of the
preceding year.) Sterile flowers in slender, imbricated, mosth^ forked catkins; scales
3-parted; calyx mostly 3-parted; stamens 3-10, free, filaments short or wanting and
anthers hairy. Fe rtUe flowers c\yx%teve& 2-5 together, their common peduncle termi-
nating the shoot of the season ; calyx 4-cleft, superior; petals none; stigmas sessile,
2-lobed, the lobes bifid, papillose, persistent. Fruit (October) with a coriaceous but
at length dry and hard epicarp (shuck), finally falling away in 4 more or less distinct
valves, and a smoothish horny endocarp (shell) with a 2-lobed nucleus.

Trees with hard bark, very tough wood and continuous pith; pubescence stellate.
(" Cnrya" is the ancient Greek name — Kapvcx — of the Walnut.)

• U. S. Dispensatory, 16th ed., p. 1717.

90. Carta tomentosa, Nutt. — Mokernut Hickory. 33

90. CARYA TOMENTOSA, NUTT.*

Mokernut Hickory, f

G-er., Weichhaarige Hickory; Fr., Noyer laineux; Sp., Nogal velloso.

Specific Characters. — Leaves and young shoots tomentose tlirougliout (except-
ing the upper surfaces which are nearly glabrous), resin-scented, with 7 to 9 (rarely
some leaves with 5) ovate to lance-obovate, nearly sessile pointed leaflets. Flowers,
staniinate catkins in threes on a common peduncle at the base of the shoots of the
season, middle lobe of the staminate calyx at least twice as long as the two lateral
broader ones. Fruit globular or ovoid with very thick epicarp splitting freely nearly
or quite to the base; nut 4-ridged or angled especially towards the summit, not much
compressed, brownish, with very thick hard shell and delicious kernel; bark of trunk
close (not shaggy).

(The specific name, tomentosa, is from the Latin tomentum, a stuffing as of hair.)

A fine large tree sometimes attaining the height of 100 ft. (33 m.) and
3 or 4 ft. (1 m.) or more in diameter of trunk, with full rounded or ovoid
top and gray bark of trunk furrowed longitudinally with firm close scaly
ridges.

Habitat. —From the valley of the St. Lawrence and southern Ontario
westward to Nebraska and Kansas, and southward to the Gulf especially
common along the sea-board and in the south, growing on rich uplands
and slopes.

Physical Properties. — Wood very heavy, hard, strong, flexible and
tough, of a rich reddish-brown color and abundant creamy-white sap-
wood. Specif c Gravity, 0.8218; Percentage of Ash, LOG ; Relative Aj)-
proximate Fuel Value, O.Sldl; Coefficient of Elasticity, 11-4995; Modulus
of Rupture, 1129; Resistance to Longitudinal Pressure, 593; Resista^ice
of Indentation, 277; Weight of a Cubic Foot in Pounds, 51.21.

Uses. — A very valuable timber for the manufacture of ax-helves and
tool-handles generally, spokes of wheels, agricultural implements, etc.,
where toughness and strength are rcc|uired. It is also very excellent for
fuel. The nuts of this tree constitute an important item of its value, as
they are delicious and find a ready sale in market.

Medicinal Properties. — The leaves of this tree, in common with
other Hickories, are somewhat aromatic and astringent, and the bark
astringent and bitter. The inner bark chewed has been known to give
great relief in dyspepsia, and a tincture has been used with great success
in the treatment of intermittent fever. J

* Hicoria alba. (L.), Britt.

t Commonly written '• Mockernut," -which Prof. X. L. Britten tells me ehould be "Mokernut,"
from a Dutch word meaning hummer and applied to this nut oq account of its being so hard as to
require a hammer for cracking it.

t U. S. Dispensatory, 16th ed., p. 1744

5

34 Hough's American Woods.

91. CARYA MICROCARPA, Nutt.*

Small-fruited Hickory.

Qev., Kleinfruchtige Hickory; Fr., Noyer a petit fruit; ^\i., JSfogal cle

fruto pcqueno.

Specific Characters. — Leafl''ts 5-7, glabrous, with resinous dots beneath, from
obovate to obloug-lanceolate, taper-pointed, obtuse and mostly inequilateral at base,
excepting the terminal leaflet which is more cuneate, serrate with shurt teeth.
Flowers as described for the genus, the staminate catkins in threes on a common
peduncle, at the base of the shoots of the season. Fruit globose or pyriform, with
thin friable epicarp and with small subglobular or subovoid and compressed smooth
very thin-shelled nut, usually | in. or less in diameter and with sweet and delicious
kernel.

(The specific name, microcarpa, is from the Gk. fiiKpc ? small, and KcxpitoS fruit.)

A tree of upright habit of growth, with rather broa;], rounded top,
sometimes attaining the height of 80 ft. (24 m.) and with a trunk 2 or
3 ft. (0.80 m.) in diameter, clothed with close firmly adherent longitudi-
nally ridged bark of an ash-gray color.

Habitat. — North-eastern United States, generally growing on rich
uplands and hill-sides.

Physical Properties. — Wood heavy, hard, strong, tough and flexi-
ble; of a reddish brown color and creamy-wliite sap-wood.

Uses. — A valuable wood for the same uses as those mentioned for the
Mokernut, as in the hands of wheel-wrights, etc.

MedicijtaL Properties are those common to the genus and already
mentioned of the C. tomentosa, etc.

Order CUPULIFER2E : Oak Fasiily.

Leams alternate, simple, straight-veined ; the stipules, forming the bud-scales,
deciduous. Flowers monoecious, apetalous. Sterile flowers in clustered or racemed
catkins (or in simple clusters in the ISeech); calyx regular or scale-like; stamens 5-20.
Fertile flowers solitary, clustered or spiked, and furnished with au involucre which
forms a cup or covering to the nut ; calyx-tube adherent to the ovary, its teeth min-
ute and crowning tlie su:nmit ; ovary 2-7-celled with 1-3 pendulous ovules in each
cell, but all of the cells and ovules, excejit one, disappearing before maturity ; stig-
mas sessile. Fruit a 1-celled 1-seeded nut, solitary or several together, and partly
or wholly covered by the scaly (in some cases echinate) involucral cup or covering ;
seed albumenless, with an anatropous, often edible, embyro ; cotyledons thick and
tieshy.

Represented by both trees and shrubs.

Genus QUERCUS, L.

Flowers greenish or yellowish. Sterile flowers la loose, slender, naked catkins
which spring singly or several together from axillary buds ; calyx 2-8-parted or
cleft; stamens 3-12 ; anthers 2-celled. Fertile flowers with. ov?ivy nea.v\j'd-ce\\i}A a.nA
6-ovuled, 2 of the cells and 5 of the ovules being abortive ; stigma 3-lobed ; involu-
cre developing into a hard, scaly cup around the base of the nut or acorn, which is
1-celled, 1-seeded.

(The ancient Latin name for the Oak supposed to be from the Celtic quer,fine, and
cuez, tree.)

* Hicoria microcnrpla (Nutt.), Britt.

92. QuERcus OBTUsiLOBA — PosT Oak, Iron Oak. 35

92. QUERCUS OBTUSILOBA, Michaux.*
Post Oak, Irox Oak.

Ger., Pfahl-Eiclie ; Fr., CMne poteau ; Sp., Rohle de poste.

Specific Charactek : — Leaves with short petioles, of 5-T rounded lobes, the
two nearest the summit much the largest and usually with 1-3 shallow notches,
rounded siuuses, (acute sometimes when very deep) abrupt or cunate at base, rather
thick, with detlected margin, rough and shining green above, paler, prominently
veined and furnished beneath as well as the petioles and shoots of the season with
grayish down. Flowers as described for the genus ; with 6-8 stamens ; stigmas sub-
sessile. Fruit an ovoid acorn maturing the first year, 1 to f in. in length and oue-
half to one-third invested in the deep saucer-shaped cup composed of slightly rugged
scales ; kernel sweetish.

{ObtusUoba is the Latin for hlunt4ohed and is descriptive of the leaves.)

A handsome tree occasionally attaining the hight of 80 ft. (24 m.)
with full rounded top and 3 or 4 ft. (1 m.), or rarely more, in diameter
of trunk, clothed in an ash-gray bark deeply furrowed longitudinally
and with prominent firm ridges which break away in chunks or thick
scales. The foliage of tlie tree is conspicuous on account of the peculiar
stellate arrangement of the leaves which are clustered mostly at the ends
of the branchlets.

Habitat. — -Prom the coast of Massachusetts westward through
southern Outario to central Nebraska, and southward to Florida and
Texas, on sandy barren soil and dry uphinds, abundant in the south. In
the north confined mostly to the coast region.

Physical Properties. — Wood heavy, hard and strong, with promi-
nent medullary rays, and durable in contact with the soil; of a rich light
brown color and brownish-white sap-wood. SjJecific Grarily, 0.8367;
Percentage of Ash, 0.79 ; Relative Approximate Fuel Value, 0.8301 ;
Coefficient of Elasticity, 83257; Moclulns of Rupture, 872; Resistance to
Longitudinal Presf^ure, 487; Resistance to Indentation, 276; ]Veight of
a Cubic Foot in Pounds, 52.14.

Uses. — A valuable wood in regions where abundant for fuel, railway
ties, fencing, cooperage, wagon-stock, etc.

Medicii^al Properties. None are specified of this species, though
those mentioned of the White Oak {Q. alba) would probably be true of
this also.

* Q. sleUata, Wang. Q. minor QIarsh.,) Sargent.

36 Hough's American Woods.

93. QUERCUS TINCTORIA, Bartram.*
Yellow Oak, Yellow-Bark Oak, Black Oak, Quercitron Oak.

Ger., Fdrher Eiclie; Fr., Chene jaune; Sp., Rohle amarillo.

Specific Characters: — Leaves oval or obovate in outline, 6-8 in. long, pinnately
lobed, abrupt or truncated at base, lobes broad, sparingly and irregularly cut-tootlied
with the teeth conspicuously bristle-pointed, somewhat pubescent beneath, petioles
quite long and slender ; leaf-buds large, pointed and densely pubescent. Floiceris as
described for the genus ; with 4 to 6 stamens ; styles long and spreading, abortive
ovules near the top of the perfect seed. Fruit, an acorn maturing the second year,
sessile or nearly so, ovoid-oblong 2 to f in. in length and one-half to two thirds in-
vested in the deep top-shaped cup which is composed of loosely imbricated mem
branous grayish pubescent scales ; interior lining of the acorn tomentose ; kernel
bitter.

(The specific name is the Latin iov pertaining to dyeing and alludes to the value of
tlie bark for dyeing purposes.)

A large handsome Oak, sometimes considerably sui'jiassing 100 ft.
(30 m.) in liigbt and 4 or 5 ft. (1.50 m.) in diameter of trunk, with
astringent dark-gray bark, furrowed longitudinally with firmly adherent
ridges. The inner bark is of a distinctly yellowish color. The foliage in
autumn turns to a purplish or orange color.

IIabitat. — Eastern United States generally east of the Mississippi
Eiver, and in Texas, on dry uplands and hillsides.

Physical Properties. — Wood heavy, hard and strong, rather coarse-
grained and with comparatively thin medullary rays ; of a distinctly light
pinkish lirown color and nearly white sap-wood. Specific Gravity, 0.7045;
Percentage of Ash, 0.28; Relative Approximate Fuel Vahie, 0.7025; Co-
efficiefit of Elastic if)/, 103427; Mochilus of Rupture, 1041; Resistance to
Lo7igitudinal Pressure, 501 ; Resistance to Indentation, 202 ; Weight of
a Cubic Foot iyi Poiuuls, 43.90.

Uses. — Tlie wood is used in cooperage, for interior finishing, furniture,
etc., and the bark largely for tanning purposes, and in producing a valu-
able yellow dye.

Medicinal Properiies. — The bark of this (Kik as with several other
species is astringent and tonic. A decoction is used advantageously as
a bath in cases where the stomach does not receive medicines kindly, etc.f

* Given in Grays' Manual as variety tinctoria of the Scarlet Oak (Q. coccinea, Wang.) but the
eligibility of the Oak to the rank of spe'cies is now very generally accepted,
t U. S. Dispensatory, ICth ed., p. ia6L

94. QuERcus PALUSTRI8 — PiN Oak, Swamp Spanish Oak. 37

94. QUERCUS PALUSTRIS, DU ROL

Fix Oak, Swamp Spanish Oak, Water Oak.

Ger., tiumpf-Eiclie ; Yv.^Chene marecageaux ; Sp. . Eohle pantonoso.

Specific Characters. — Leaves oval or obovate in outline, pinuatifid with lobes
diverging nearly or quite at right angles to the axis of the leaf, sparingly cut-toothed,
the teeth conspicuously bristle pointed, the sinuses deep, broad and rounded, with
long slender petioles, truncate or nearly so at the base, smooth shining green above,
liii'hter and downy-tufted in the axils of the veins beneath i^/oi/;<A9 as described for
the genus, with stamens mostly 4 to 6: style long and spreading, and abortive ovules
near the top of the perfect seed. Fruit, acorns maturing the second year, globular
or depressed, small, about it in. or less in length, and slightly invested in the very
shallow saucer-shaped or slightly pear-shaped involucral cup which is composed of
smoothish thin membranous and appressed scales, and sessile or very short-pedun-
culate.

(The specific name, palustris, is the Latin for sicampy, in allusion to the soil in
which the tree flourishes best.)

One of our handsomest oaks, not infrequently 80 ft. (26 m.) in height
and with trunk 3 or 4 ft. (1 m.) in diameter, and, exceptionally, con-
siderably surpassing these dimensions. It develops a full oval or rounded
top of many branches, the lowest of which bend down toward the earth
in a peculiarly noticable and characteristic manner. The bark of the
trunk is of a dark gray color, quite thin and easily distinguished from
most of the oaks by its smoothness. It checks with age into very firm
and shallow longitudinal ridges, on some of which the cuticle of the
young bark persists for a long time.

Habitat. — From Massachusetts southward to Maryland and westward
to Minnesota and Kansas, growing in moist soil along rich bottom-lands
the borders of streams and swamps.

Physical Properties. — Wood heavy, hard, strong and rather coarse-
grained, with medullary rays small and thin as compared with other
oaks; of a variegated light-brown color and nearly white sap-wood.
Specific Gravity, 0.6938; Percentage of Ash, 9. SI; Relative Approximate
Fuel Value, 0.6882; Coeffirdent of Elasticity, 112296; Modulus of Rup-
ture, 1090; Resistance to Longitudinal Pressure, 491; Resistance to In-
dentation, 190; Weight of a Culic foot in Pounds, 43.24.

Uses. — Wood used in cooperage, furniture, interior finishing, etc.,
and for fuel.

Medicinal Properties. — This species is not mentioned as possessing
any medicinal property, though the astringeucy of its bark would doubt-
less give it some value as witli other oaks.

Order BETULAOEAE.*

Leaves simple, alternate, straight-veined and furnished with stipules whicli fall
away early. Floicers mostly naked, monoecious, both kinds in catkins, 2 or 3 to-

♦ In Orav's Manual, 6th ed., the order BetiUaceae is iacorporated in the order Cupuliferae, as
tribe Bettileae.

38 Horoii's American Woods.

gether under a 3-lobed bract or scale. Sterile fioieers with distinct stamens and
2-celled anthers. Fertile flowers witli two thread-like stigmas, and a 2-Cf!led o%-arv,
each cell containing 2 pendulous ovules, becoming by abortion in Fruit, a small,
1-celled, 1-seeded nutlet, often with membranous \viu,s,'s; seed anatropous, albumen-
less, with flattish, oblong cotyledons which become foliaceous in germination.
Trees or shrubs, with bark which separates more or less easily into thin layers.

Genus BETULA, Touknefort.

Leaven ovate, serrate; these, with the twigs, especially the latter, often spicy aromatic.
Flowers appearing in early spring with or before the leaves. Sterile floirers in long,
drooping, cylindrical, botli terminal and lateral, yellow catkins, appearing in sum-
mer and remaining dormant during the following winter to open and perform their
function early the next season; bracts ;3-lobed, shield-shaped, and beneath each are
2 bractlets and 3 flowers with calyx re[)resented by a mere scale, which bears the 4
short stamens, each with a single-celled anther. Fertile floir. rs in cylindrical or ob-
long catkins with iMobed scales, and beneath each scale are 2-3 naked pistils with-
out braclets or calyx. Fruit a small, broadly-winged, scale like nutlet or samara.

Trees and shrubs with outer bork horizontally fibrous and usually separable in
sheets, that of the branchlets dotted, inner bark more or less aromatic and of pleas-
ant flavor. (The ancient Latin name, from Celtic Betu, birch.)

95. BETULA NIGRA, L.
River Birch, Red Birch.

Ger., Schwarz-Birke; Fr., Bouhau noire; Sp., Ahedul negro.

Specific Characteus: — Zeaces rhombic-ovate, more or less acute at both ends,
irregularly doubly serrate, sometimes obscurely 9-13-lobed, 3 in. or less in length,
dark green above and until old whitish and downj' beneath; petioles about 1-2 in. or
less in length, pubescent. Floiri rs appear with the leaves as described for the
genus. Fruit aments erect with soft downy peduncle, ovoid, scales tomentose and
with oblong-linear nearly equal lobes; nutlet broadly winged.

A medium-size tree occasionallj attaining the height of 80 ft. (24m.)
and 30 in. (O.Tom.) in diameter of trunk, with alder-like leaves, reddish
twigs, and bark of trunk of a grayish brown color, exfoliating in thin
scales and papery patch-like layers with which the trunks of a certain
age are literally padded.

Habitat. — From Massachusetts southward to Florida and westward
to Iowa, Kansas and Texas, growing along the banks of streams, ponds
and in swampy places. Rare and local in the north, abundant in
southward.

PHYSICA.L Properties. — Wood raLlu r hard, strong, close-grained,
compact and with numerous fine medullary rays yielding a smooth
finish; with light brown heart-wood and abundant yellowish-white sap-
wood, often streaked with brown parenchymatous tissue. Specific Grav-
ity, 0.5762; Percentage of Ash, 0.35; Relative Approximate Fuel Value,
0.5742; Coefficient of Elasticity, 111322; Modulus of Rupture, 927; Rt-
t^isitnnce to Longitudinal Pressure, 438; Resistance to Indentatioji, 132;
Weight of a Cubic Foot in Pou7ids, 35.91.

IG. PopuLis ALBA — White Poplar. 39

Uses. — L'sed in turnery in the manufacture of wooden-w are, shoe-
lasts, etc.

Medicixal Properties. — Xone are known of this species.

Order SAIiICAOEiE Willow Family.

Leaves alternate, simple, uudis-ided aod furnislied with stipules, wliich are either
scale-like and deciduous, or leaf-Iilve aud persistent. Flowers dioecious, both kinds
in catkins, one under each bract of scale of the catkin, and destitute of both calyx
and corolla, or the former represented by a gland-like cup; ovary 1-3-ceIled; styles
wanting, or 3 and short; stigmas often 3-lobed. Fruit a 1- or 3-celled, 2-valved pod
■with numerous seeds springing from 2 parietal or basal placent;e and furnished with
long, silky down; seeds ascendinir, anatropous, without albumen; cotyledons flat.

Trees or shrubs of rapid growth, light wood and bitter bark.

Gexus POPULUS, Tourx.

Leaves broad, more or less heart-shaped or ovate, and long and often vertically
compressed petioles. Flowers appearing before the leaves in long, drooping, lateral,
cylindrical catkins, the scales of which are furnished with a fringed margin;
calyx represented by an oblique, cup-shaped disk with entire margin; stamens, 8-30
or more, with distinct filaments; pistil with very short, bifid style, and large 2-lobed
stigma. Fruit as described for the order.

Represented mostly by rather large trees. (A Latin word, meaning the people, and
applicable either from the fact that these trees are often set along public walks, or
in allusion to the tremulous leaves which are in constant agitation like a crowd of
people.)

96. POPULUS ALBA, L.

White Poplar, Abele.

Ger., Alher ; Fr., Pciijjh'er Mane ; Sp,, Alamo IJanco.

Specific Characters. — Leaves broad-ovate, cordate at base, acute at apex, sinu-
ate toothed, above dark-greeu and smooth (excepting when young); below, the
petioles, and new growth white tomentose ; branchlets terrete. Flowers with scales
of catkins crenate, fringed : stigmas four. Fruit an oblong-conical thin 2-valved
capsule containing very small seeds.

{Alba is the Latin for white, appropriately descriptive of the prominent whiteness
of the under surface of the leaves.)

A tree attaining the height of 75 or 80 ft. {I0 m.) and 2 or 3 feet
(0.75 m.) in diameter of trunk, clothed in an ash-gray bark rough with firm
longitudinal ridges, that of the branches very smooth, light-gray and
furnished with copious bloom. It develops an ovoid or round top, and
nothing in the foliage of trees is more striking than is here seen, the
dark green upper surfaces of the leaves glinting, as it were, when agi-
tated by the breezes, in strong contrast with the almost snowy whiteness
of the under surfaces.

Habitat. — Introduced into this country from Europe as an orna-
mental tree, and now naturalized very widely, spreading mostly by the
root, but occasionally from seed.

40 Hough's American Woods.

Physical Profekties. — Wood very soft, light, close-gniiiied, (|uiie
tough, satiny and of a delicate lemon-brown color Avith nearly white
sap-wood.

Uses. — Tliougli doubtless a valuable wood for light lumber, wooden-
ware, paper-pulp, etc., as with some of the other Poplars, little use is
made of the tree in this country save for ornamental purjioses. For that
it has been long popular and extensively planted.

Medicinal Properties are not recorded of this tree.

97. POPULUS HETEROPHYLLA, L.

Swamp Poplar, Downy Poplar, IIiver Cottonwood.
G-er., Sumpf-Pappel; Fr., PeupUer marecageaux; Sp., Alavio pantanoso.

Specific Characters: Leaees ovate-orbicular, large, 4 to 8 in. in length, obtuse
or rounded at tlie apex, truncate or heart-shaped at base, the lobes often over-closed,
obscurely serrate with short teeth, whitish-tomentose throughout when young but
finally glabrous excepting along the veins; petioles terete. Flowers as described for
the order and genus; fertile catkins; few-flowered. Fruit, 3-valved capsules about
\ in. in length and with large seeds.

(The specific name, lieterophylla, is from the Greek erapo?, different and q)vAXov
lenf. perhaps referring to the difEerence between the youug and the old conditions of
the leaf as it loses its pubescence with age.)

A medium-size tree, rarely over 80 ft. (24: m.) in hight or 2 ft. (0. CO
m.) in diameter of trunk, with few and large branches and reddish-gray
bark of trunk deeply furrowed longitudinally making prominent and
firmly adherent ridges.

Habitat. — From Connecticut along the coast to Georgia and through
the Gulf States to western Louisiana; also in the Ohio River valley and
in Arkansas, growing in moist swampy land. It is a rare and local tree,
said to attain its greatest development in the Ohio Eiver basin.

Physical Properties. — AVood very light, soft, weak, close-grained,
compact and with numerous very fine medullary rays; of a light brown
color, often with a distinct bluish or gray cast and with whitish sap-
wood. Specific Gravity, 0.4089; Percentage of Ash, 0 81; Relative Aj)-
proximate Fuel Value, 0.40oG; Coefficient of Elasticity, 72138; Modulus
of Rivpture, 04'; Resistance to Lo7igitudinnl Pressure, 283; Resistance to
Indentation, 8G; Weight of a Cubic Foot in Pounds, 25.48.

Uses. — Little use is made of this uncommon timber, but were it pro-
curable in quantities it would doubtless bo applied to the same uses as
the other Poplars, such as for wooden-ware, light lumber, paper-jiulp, etc.

Mfdicinal Properties. — So far as known the products of this tree
do not enter into medicine.

98. PiNus iNOPS — Jersey Pine, Sckub Pine. 41

GYMXOSPERxM.E.

Flowering, exogenous plants with leaves chiefly parallel-veined and cotyledons fre-
quently more than two. Flowers diclinous and very incomplete; pistil represented
by an open scale or leaf, or altogether wanting, with ovules naked, fertilized by
direct contact with the pollen, and seeds at maturity naked — without a true peri-
carp.

Order CONIFER JE : Pixe Family.

Leaves mostly awl-shaped or needle-shaped, evergreen, entire and parallel-veined.
Flowers monoecious, or rarely dioecious, in catkins or cones, destitute of both calyx
and corolla; stamens one or several (usually united); ovary, style and stigma want-
ing; ovules one or several at the base of a scale, which serves as a carpel, or on an
open disk. Fruit a cone, woody and with distinct scales, or somewhat berry-like,
and with fleshy coherent scales, seeds orthotopous, embryo in the axis of the
albumen.

Trees or shrubs with a resinous juice.

Genus PINUS, Tournefort,

Leaves evergreen, needle-shaped, from slender buds, in clusters of 2-5 together,
each cluster invested at its base with a sheath of thin, membranous scales. Flowers
appearing in spring, monoecious. Sterile flowers m caX^in?,, clustered at the base of
the shoots of the season; stamens numerous with very short filaments and a scale-like
connective; anther-cells, 2, opening lengthwise; pollen grains triple. Fertile flowers
in conical or cylindrical spikes — cones — consisting of imbricated, carpellary scales,
each in tlie axil of a persistent bract and bearing at its base within a pair of inverted
ovules. Fruit maturing in the autumn of the second year, a cone formed of the
imbricated carpellary scales, which are woody, often thickened or awned at the apex,
persistent, when ripe dry and spreading to liberate the two nut-like and usually
winged seeds; cotyledons 3-12, linear.

{Pinus is a Latin word from Celtic pin or pen, a crag.)

98. PINUS INOPS, Ait.

Jersey Pine, Scrub Pine.

Ger., Jersey - Fichte ; Fr., Pin de New Jersey ; Rp., Pino de New Jersey.

Specific Characters. — Leaves in twos, short, H to 2\ inches long obtuse, rigid,
more or less curved and twisted, inner side deeply channeled, margins minutely
serulate, sheathes short (about 1-8 in.) and close. Flowers as described for the genus
Fruit an ovoid-oblonii: cone, usually 2 in. or less in length, laterally located upon the
branch, sessile or with short peduncles; scales thickened at the tip and armed with a
sharp awl-shaped prickle; young shoots distinctly ])urple with a glaucous bloom.

{Inops is from the Latin in and ops, signifying wii/iont strength or stiirdiness, and
applicable on account of the generally scrubby small stature of the tree.)

A small straggling tree in the east of its range with spreading branches,
but west of the Alleghenies it sometimes surpasses 100 ft. (30 m.) in
height and with a trunk 3 ft. (0.90) in diameter, witii dark brown bark-
furrowed longitudinally Avith rather narrow scaly ridges.

Habitat. — From New York to Georgia along ihe coasf; west of the
Alleghenies, in southeastern Indiana and eastern Kentucky, generally in
sandy barren soil.

Physical Pkoperties. — Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained
and compact; of alight pinkisli brown color with abundant yellowish-
6

42 Hough's American Woods.

white sap-wood. Specific Gravity, 0.5309; Percentage of Ash, 0.30;
Relative Approximate Fuel Value, 0.5293; Coefficient of ElaMicity,
54295; Modulus of Rupture, i 58; Resistance to Longitudinal Pressure,
360; Resistance to Indentation, 15G; Weight of a Cubic Foot in Pounds,
33.09.

Uses. — Little used in the East except for fuel, and said to be exten-
sively used in the western jmrt of its range for aqueduct logs, pumps,
etc.

Medicinal Properties are not recorded of this species. The pitch,
however, which it yields might be of some value medicinally, as with cer-
tain other pines, but is too limited in quantity to be a commercial source.

99. PINUS BANKSIANA, Lambert.
Gray Pixe, Northern" Scrub Pine, Prince's Pine.

Ger., Banks-Fichte ; Fr., Pin grise ; Sp., Pino par do.

Specific Characters. — Leaves iu twos, short, mostly iibout 1 in. in lengtli, acute,
rigid, tliick, more or less curved and twisted, divergent, inner side channeled, mar-
gins minutely serulate; sheaths short. Flowers as described for the genus. Fruit
an ovoid acuminate curved cone, longer than the leaves (2 in. or less in length) laterally
located upon the branchlet, often in pairs, subsessile and with smooth scales thickened
at the apex but not furnished with a prickle.

A small tree rarely over 70 ft. (22 m.) in height or 2^ ft. (0.75 m.) in
diameter of trunk, and especially in the southeast of its range a tree of
peculiarly low habit of growth with wide spreading flexible branches.
Further north it is more upright in growth, and yields a trunk large
enough to be of some value for lumber. The bark of trunk is of a red-
dish brown color and rough with irregular scales.

Habitat. — From Northern New England and the valley of the St.
Lawrence River westward to the Eocky Mountains and northward to the
Arctic Circle, grooving commonly in sandy barren soil.

Physical Properties. — Wood light, soft, not strong, easily worked,
of a light yellowish-brown color with abundant whitish sap-wood. Specific
Gravity, 0.4701; Percentage of Ash, 0.23; Relative Approximate Fuel
Value, 0.4750; Coefficient of Elasticity, ^A^'iil; Modulus of Rupture, (j5'i;
Resistance to Longitudinal Pressure, 396; Resistance to Indentation, 101;
Weight of a Cubic Foot in Pounds, 29.07.

Uses — In certain regions extensively used for railway ties, fuel and
to some extent for lumber for general construction purposes.

Medicinal Properties. - The only medicinal properties known of
this tree are fomi 1 in tuf|>('ntine whicli might be procured from it, but
which is found in greater abundance in other species of the genus.

100. PicEA ALBA — White Spkdce. 43

Genus PICEA, Link.*

Leaves evergreen, scattered (not clustered at the base), sessile, jointed upon a per-
sistent base, short (i to f in.) needle-shaped, 4-augled, pointing every way and all of
one kind. Flotce)-.s appear in spring, monoecious; the stciile in "the axils of the
leaves of the preceding year ; anthers tipped with a recurved appendage, cells open-
ing lengthwise ; fertile flowers in terminal catkins. Fruit, coues maturing the first
year, pendulous with scales thiu (neither thickened nor furnished with a spur at the
apex) persistent on the axis. Otherwise quite as described for the genus Pinus.

(Picea is the ancient Latin name.)

100. PICEA ALBA, LiNK.f

White Spruce.

Ger., Schimmel-Ficlite ; Fr., Sapin Vane : Sp., Abelo bianco.

Specific Chakacters. — Leaves slender (more so than in P. nigra, as well as av-
eraging longer) pale glaucous green : branchlets glabrous. Fruit a cylindrical, nod-
ding cone about 2 in. in length, deciduous in autumn, the scales thin, not rigid, with
entire margin.

A beautiful tree, similar to the Balsam Fir in pyramidal habit of
growth, with horizontal and grac< fully dtflectetl branches. It sometimes
attains the height of 150 ft. (50 m.) with a trunk 3 or 4 ft. (1 m.) in
diameter, and with reddish-brown bark flaking off in irregular scales.

H.VBITAT. — Newfoundland and Labrador westward to the Rocky
Mountains and northwestward to Alaska, In the United States it is
found in northern Maine and westward in localities along the northern
tier of states to Montana, where it attains its best development, growing
in moist soil.

Physical Properties. — Wood light, soft, of only moderate strength,
compact, of a satiny lustre and of a sliglitly j-ellowish white color, the
heart-wood and sap-wood being hardly distinguishalde. Specific Gravity,
0.4051; Percentage of Ash, Q.o'i; Relative Ajjproxiniafe Fuel Valve,
0.4038; Coefficient of Blast wit ij, 102280; Modulus of Rupture, 747; Re-
sistance to Longitudinal Pressure, 342 ; Resistance to Indentation, 74 ;
Weight of a Cubic Foot in Pounds, 2r).2r>.

Uses. — A very useful timber for gent ral construction purposes, floor-
ing, sounding-boards for musical instruments, paper-]iulp, etc., as with
the Black Spruce from which it is not distinguished in commerce.
Spruce chewing-gum is in part the product of this tree.

Medicinal Properties.— Little if any used for medicinal purpcscs
thougli the properties mentioned of the Black Spruce (Part I, pp. G9-70)
would doubtless be true of this also.

* When " American Woods" Part I appeared we followpd the classificatinn adopted by the then
last edition of Gray's Manual (^the fifth) in niakim: Picea of Link a branch of tlie gonn's Ahics of
Tournpfort (which also included ^^•nr/rr of Endlicher\ and it is so deflnpd in Part I The inclina-
tion of svstematists no%v howevpr. is to divide the comprehensive e:enns Ahies. as defined by Tonrne-
fort. making distinct grenera of the lii-anches Pirca and Tsuria. and applyinsj the name Abiea in the
more restricted sense as defined hv r.ink to the reniainina: branch. This is the classification followed
by the sixth edition of Gray's Jlaniial, etc., and is here now adopted.

iPicea laxa, Ehrhart.

D. H. HILL LIBRARY

INDEX.

No,

Abedul negro 95 38

Abele 96 39

Abeto bianco 100 43

Acacia falsa. .. 80 31

Acacie, (jemine 80 21

Acer 20

Pennsylvanicum 79 20

Aborn, Gestreifter 79 20

Alamo bianco 96 39

pantanoso 97 40

Alber 96 39

ANGIOSPEKMyE 76 16

Anona 76 16

Anonace^. 16

Apple, Custard 76 16

Abre de boublon 77 18

Arbol de lupulo 77 18

Arce rayado 79 20

Asb, Wafer 77 18

Admina 16

triloba 76 16

Asiminier 76 16

Banks-Ficbte 99 42

Bean-Tree 89 31

Betulace^ 37

Betula 38

nigra 95 38

BlGNONIACE^E 31

Bignonia Family 31

Birch, Red 95 38

River 95 38

Bois Sbavanon 89 31

Bouleau noire 95 38

Boxwood 88 29

Garya 32

microcarpa . . 91 34

tomentosa 90 33

Gatalpa 31

Catalpa 89 31

bignonioides... 89 31

Cereza agria 82 23

Cerise aigre 82 23

Cbeue jaune 93 36

marecageaux 94 37

poteau 92 35

Cberrv, Garden 82 23

Pour 82 23

Cigar-Tree 89 31

Ciruelo de Canada 81 22

Conifers 41

No. Pa^e.

CORNACE.iE 28

Cornel, Alternate-leaved 87 28

Cornel llorido 88 29

Cornuiller alternifeuille 87 28

lleuri 88 29

Cornus 28

alternifolia 87 28

florida 88 29

Cottonwood, River 97 40

Crab, Sweet-scented 83 24

Wild 83 24

Cratcegus . 26

coccinea 86 27

Crus-galU 85 26

CUPULIFERER^ 34

Custard Apple Family 76 16

Dogwood, Alternative leaved. . . 87 28

Flowering 88 29

Striped 79 20

Family 28

Eicbe, Farber 98 36

Erable jaspe 79 20

Espino Colorado. 86 27

del espolon de gallo.... 85 26

Exogenous Plants 15

Flacbenbaum, Dreilappiger 76 16

Grape, Summer 78 19

Gtmnosperm.e ...... . . 41

Hartriegel, Bliibender 88 29

Wecbselblattriger.. e? 28

Haw, Red bO 27

Hicoria, nlba 90 33

microcarpa 91 34

Hickory, Kleinf ruchtige 91 34

Mokernut.... 90 33

Small fruited 91 34

Weichaarige . 90 33

Hop-Tree 77 18

Jersey-Fichte 98 41

JUGLANDACE^ 32

Key, Based upon Flowers 1

Fruit 11

Leaves 7

Kirsbapfelbaum.Amerikaniscber 83 24

Kirsbbaum, Gemeiner 82 23

46

Index.

No. Page.

Lederblume, Dreyblattrige 77 18

Leguminos.e 21

Locust 80 21

Black 80 21

Yellow 80 21

Madera de perro 87 28

Matizano Americano 83 24

Mapel, Striped 79 20

Misi)el, (ilanzeude. 85 26

Moose- Wood 79 20

Mostajo 84 25

Mouutaiu Ash, Elder-leaved. . . 84 25

Neflier pied de coc 85 26

ecarlate 86 27

Nogal de f ruto pequeno 91 34

velloso 90 33

Noyer a petit fruit 91 34

laiueux 90 33

Oak, Black 93 36

Iron 92 35

Piu 94 37

Post 92 35

Quercitron 93 36

Swamp Spanish 94 37

Water 94 37

Yellow 93 36

Yellow-bark 93 36

Oak Family 34

Papaw 76 16

Peuplier blanc 96 39

marecageaux 97 40

Pfahl-Eiche 92 35

Pflaume, C'anadische 81 22

Phaenogamous Plants 15

Picea 43

alha 100 43

laxa 100 43

Pin dn New Jersey 98 41

grise 99 42

Pine Family 41

Grav 99 42

Jers'ey 98 41

Northern Scrub 99 42

Prince's 99 42

Scrub 98 41

Pino de New Jersey. . . 98 41

pardo 99 42

Pinus 41

Banknana 99 42

inops 98 41

Plum, Canada 81 22

Wild 81 22

Pome savage de 1' Amerique. . . 83 24

Poplar, Downy 97 40

Swatn]i ... 97 40

Whito 96 39

Popnlns 39

alha 96 39

No. Page.

Populus, heierophylla 97 40

Pruneilier de Canada 81 22

Pruuua 22

Cernsus 82 2S

nigra 81 22

Ptelea .. 17

trifoliata 77 18

Pulse Family 21

Pyrus 24

coronaria 83 24

samhucifolia 84 25

Quercus 34

minor ... 92 35

obtuxiloha 92 35

palustris 94 37

stellata 92 35

tinctoria 93 36

Roble amarillo 93 36

de poste 92 35

pantouoso 94 37

Robinia 21

Psevdacacia 80 21

Robinier faux-acacia 80 21

ROSACE.E 22

Rose Family 22

RUTACE.E 17

Rue Family 17

Salicace.e 39

Sapin blanc. . . 100 43

SAriNDACE.?<: 19

Schinimel-Fichte 100 43

Schlehdorn 84 25

Schwarz-Birke 95 38

Soapberry Family 19

Sorbier 84 25

Spruce, White 100 43

Sumpf-Eiche 94 37

Sumpf-Pappel 97 40

Thorn, Cock-spur 85 26

Newcastle 85 26

Scarlet 86 27

White 86 27

Trefoil, Shrubby 77 18

Tronipeteubaum 89 31

Vid silvestra 78 19

Vigne sauvage de l' Amerique.. 78 19

Vine Family 19

V ITACE.^3 19

Vitis 19

aestivalis 78 19

Walnut Family 32

Weinstock 78 19

Weissdorn, Scharlachfriichtiger 86 27

Whistle-wood 79 20

Willow Family 39

76. ASIMINA TRILOBA, DuNAL.
Papaw, Oustord Apple.

TRANSVERSE SECTION.

RADIAL SECTION.

TANGENTIAL SECTION

(^cz. Dreilappiger Flachenbaum. §z. Asiminier. Sp. Anona.

76. ASIMINA TRILOBA, DuNAL.

Papaw, Custard Apple.

TRANSVERSE SECTION.

RADIAL SECTION.

TANGEMtiAL SECTION

^ct. Dreilappiger Flachenbamn. fr, Asiminier. S-p. Anona.

77. PTELEA TRIFOLIATA, L.

Hop-Tree, Wafer Ash, Shrubby Trefoil.

TIP

TRANSVERSE SECTION.

RADIAL SECTION.

TANGENTIAL SECTION.

i^z. Dreyblattrige Lederblume. §z, Arbre de houblon.
Sp. Arbol de lupulo.

77. PTELEA TRIFOLIATA. L.

Hop-Tree, Wafer Ash, Shrabby TrefoU.

TRANSVERSE SECTION.

RADIAU SECTION.

TANGENTIAL SECTION.

(^z. Dreyblattrige Lederblume. §z. Arbre de houblon.
Sp. Arbol de lupulo.

78. VITIS AESTIVALIS, Michx,
Summer Grape. ,^11^

C\^^.2feR<^

TRANSVBRSC SECTION.

W -^

RADIAL SICTION.

--./-^'r>>'^'

_:- --J

TANGENTIAL SECTION.

^et-. Weinstock. W^. Vigne sauvage de rAmerique.
Sp. Vid silvestra.

78. VITIS AESTIVALIS, Michx,
Summer Grape.

TRAN8VKR8K SECTION.

RADIAL SECTION.

TANGENTIAL SECTION.

(^^z. Weinstock. §t,. Vigne sauvage de rAmeriqiie.
Sp. Vid silvestra.

79. ACER PENNSYLVANICUM, L.

Striped Maple, Moose-wood, Striped Dogwood, Whistle-wood.

\

i

/'

TRANSVERSE SECTION.

RADIAL SECTION.

TANGENTIAL SECTION.

§er. Sestreifter Morn. §7^. Erable jaspe. Sp. Arce rayado.

79. ACER PENNSYLVANICUM, L.

Striped Maple, Moose-wood, Striped Dogwood, Whistle-wood.

TRANSVERSE SECTION.

RADIAL SECTION.

TANGENTIAL SECTION.

(^-r, Gestreifter Morn. §z^. Erable jaspe. Sp. Arce rayado.

80. ROBINIA PSEUDACACIA, L.

Locust, Yellow Locust, Black Locust.

¥■-■

TRANSVERSE SECTION.

RADIAL SECTION.

TANGENTIAL SECTION.

(^et. Gemine Acacie. f^,. Eobinier faux-acacia. Sp. Acacia falsa.

80. ROBINIA PSEUDACACIA, L
Locust, Yellow Locust, Black Locust.

TRAN8VEK8C SECTION.

RAOIi^L SECTIOM.

TANOCNTIAL SECTION.

(^e-t. Gemine Acacie. §^. Eobinier faux-acacia. Sp. Acacia falsa.

81. PRUNUS NIGRA, AlT.
Canada Plum.

TRANSVERSE SECTION.

RADIAL SECTION.

TANGENTIAL SECTION

ej^et^. Oanadische Pflaume. §t. Pmnellier de Canada.

Sp. Cinielo de Canada.

81. PRUNUS NIGRA, AlT.
Canada Plum.

TRANSVERSE SECTION.

RADIAL SECTION.

TANGENTIAL SECTION

^.c^. Oanadische Pflaume. §t. Prunellier de Canada.

Sp. Ciruelo de Canada.

82. PRUNUS CERASUS. L

Sour Cherry, Garden Oherry.

TRANSVERSE SECTION.

RADIAL SECTION.

TANGENTIAL SECTION.

(^cz. Gemeiner Kirschbaum. §z. Cerise aigre. Sp. Cereza agria.

82. PRUNUS CERASUS, L

Sour Cherry. Garden Cherry.

TRANSVERSE SECTION.

RADIAL SECTION.

TANGENTIAL SECTION.

(^ct. Semeiner Kirschbaum. §z. Cerise aigre. Sp. Cereza a^a.

83. PYRUS CORONARIA, L.
wad Crab, Sweet-scented Crab.

TRAN8VERSC SECTION.

RADIAL SICTION.

TANGENTIAL SECTION.

(Sf<iz. Amerikanisclier Kirschapfelbaum.
§z. Pome sauvage de I'Amerique. Sp. Manzano Americano.

83. PYRUS CORONARIA, L.
Wild Grab, Sweet-scented Crab.

TRAN8VCRSK 8KCTION.

RADIAL SECTION.

TANOKNTIAI. SECTION.

(^et-. Amerikanisclier Kirschapfelbaum.
W%. Pome sauvage de TAmerique. Sp. Manzano Americano.

84. PYRUS SAM BUCI FOLIA, C. & S.

Elder-leaved Mountaiii Ash.

^ /

TRANSVERSE SECTION.

RADIAL SECTION.

\

TANGENTIAL SECTION.

§et.. Schlehdorn. §^, Sorbier. S-p. Mostajo.

84. PYRUS SAM BUCI FOLIA, C. & S.

Elder-leaved Mountain Ash.

TRANSVERSE SECTION.

RADIAL SECTION.

TANGENTIAL SECTION.

^^z. ScUehdom. f^. Sorbier. Sp. Mostajo.

85. CRATAEGUS CRUS-GALLI. L

Cock-spur Thorn, Newcastle Thorn.

TRAN8VER8C SECTION.

RADIAL SECTION.

TANCENTIAL SECTION.

i^nz. Glanzende Mispel. §z. Nefiier pied de coc

Sp. Espino del espolon de gallo.

85. CRATAEGUS CRUS-GALLI. L
Oock-spnr Thorn, Newcastle Thorn.

TRANSVERSE SECTION.

RADIAL SECTION.

TANGENTIAL SECTION.

i^cz, Glanzende Mispel. §z. Neflier pied de coc,
Sp. Espino del espolon de gallo.

86. CRATAEGUS COCCINEA, L
Scarlet Thorn, White Thorn, Bed Haw.

TRANSVERSA SECTION.

RADIAL SECTION.

TANGENTIAL SECTION.

(^^. Scharlachfriichtiger Weissdorn. §x. Neflier ecarlate.

Sp. Espino Colorado. :

86. CRATAEGUS COCCI NEA.L.
Scarlet Thorn. White Thorn, Red Haw.

TRANSVERSE SECTION.

RADSAt. SECTION.

TANGENTIAL SECTION.

§e^. Scharlachfriichtiger Weissdorn. ft. Neflier ecarlate.

Sp. Espino Colorado.

87. CORNUS ALTERNIFOLIA, L F.

Alternate-leaved Dogwood or Oorael.

TKAN8VERSE SECTION.

KADIAL SECTION.

TANGENTIAL SECTION.

§er.. V\recliselblattriger Hartriegel. §7^, Oomuiller altemifemlle.

Dp. Madera de perro.

87. CORNUS ALTERNIFOLIA, L F.

Altemate-leaved Dogwood or Oornel.

TRANSVERSE SECTION.

RADIAL SICTION.

TANGENTIAL SECTION.

(^et. Wechselblattriger Hartriegel. §^. Oornuiller altemifeuille..

Sp. Madera de perro.

88. CORNUS FLORIDA, L

Flowering Dogwood, Boxwood.

TRAN8VCIISC SECTION.

t

I

RADIAL 8CCTION.

TANGENTIAL SECTION.

(^cz. Bliihender Hartriegel. |F^

Sp. Gomel florido.

§z. Oomuiller fleuri.

88. CORNUS FLORIDA, U

Flowering Dogwood, Boxwood.

TRAN8VERS1 SECTION.

RADIAL SECTION.

TANGENTIAL SECTION.

(^c^. Bliihender HartriegeL §v

Sp. Cornel florido.

§v. Oomniller flenri.

89. CATALPA BIGNONIOIDES, WALT.
Oatalpa, Bean Tree, Cigar Tree.

TRANSVKRSK SECTION.

RADIAL •■OTION.

SOSES' ."-^ _.•

TANQENTIAU SECTION.

i^er. Trompetenbaum. §%.. Bois Shavanon. Sp. Oatalpa.

89. CATALPA BIGNONIOIDES, WALT.
Oatalpa, Bean Tree, Cigar Tree.

TRANSVERSK SECTION.

RADIAL SECTION.

TANGENTIAL SECTION.

§ei^. Trompetenbaura, f t^. Bois Shavanon. Sp. Catalpa.

90. CARYA TOMENTOSA Nutt.

Mockernut Hickory.

TRANSVERSE SECTION,

SECTION.

' Get. Welch haarige. Hickory.

Fr. Noyer iaineux.

Sp. Nogal velloso.

90. CARYA TOMENTOSA Nutt

Mockernut Hickory

TRANSVERSE SECTION.

RAOIAU SECTION.

T A N G ElSl T S A 4. SECTION,

V', .

6er. Weichhaarige Hickory ■ • Fr.

'^ ■■,■

Sp. Nogai vel)oso>

91. CARYA MICROCARPA, NUTT.

Small-fruited Hickory.

TRANSVERSE SECTION.

RADIAL SECTION.

TANGENTIAL SECTION.

^c-T. Eleinfruchtige Hickory. §z. Noyer a petit fruit
>p. Nogal de fruto pequeno.

91. CARYA MICROCARPA, NUTT.
Small-fruited Hickory.

TRANSVERSE SECTION.

RADIAL SECTION.

TANGENTIAL SECTION.

(^^z. Eleinfruchtige Hickory. §z. Noyer a petit fruit
Sp. Nogal de fruto pequeno.

92. QUERCUS OBTUSILOBA, MICHX..
Post Oak. Iron Oak.

TRAN8VERSC SECTION.

RADIAL SECTION.

TANGENTIAL SECTION.

^nz. PfaM-Eiclie. §z. Chene poteau. Sp. Roble de poste.

92. QUERCUS OBTUSILOBA, MICHX..
Post Oak, Iron Oak.

TRANSVERSE SftCTIOM.

RADIAL SECTION.

■ tK

7

r^'"- ^- .^' f^ -'-

TANGENTIAL SECTION.

qcz. Pfahl-Eiche. f ^. GUne poteau. Sp. 'Roble de

poste.

93, QUERCUS TINCTORIA, BARTRAM
Yellow Oak, Yellow-bark Oak, Black Oak, Querciwon Oak.

. •»'v«'^-.br 1

*«\/ ' vt**" -*

TRANSVERSE SECTION.

RADIAL SECTION.

TANGENTIAL SECTION.

e^ct. Farber Eiche. <D-r. Chene jaune, Sp. Roble amaiillo.

93. QUERCUS TINCTORIA, Bartram
Yellow Oak, Yellow-bark Oak, Black Oak, Quercitron Oak.

TRANSVERSE SECTION.

TANGENTIAL SECTION.

(^e-^. Farber Eiche. f^. Cb^ne jaune. Sp. Roble amarillo.

94. QUERCUS PALUSTRIS. DUROI.
Pin Oak, Swamp Spanish Oak, Water Oak.

"i^' V-M-*-

/

TKANSVCKSC «>i-CTION.

RADIAL SECTION.

,

TANQENTIAL SECTION.

§er. Sumpf-Eiche. ?Fr. Chene marecageaux. Sp. Eoble pantonoso.

94. QUERCUS PALUSTRIS, DUROI.

Pin Oak, Swamp Spanish Oak, Water Oak.

TRANSVERSE SECTION.

RADIAL SECTION.

TANGENTIAL SECTION.

(^et., Smnpf-Eiche. 5x,. Oh^ne marecageaux. Sp. Roble pantonoso.

95. BETULA NIGRA, L.

River Birch, Red Birch.

TRANSVERSe SECTION.

RADIAL SECTION.

TANGENTIAL SECTION.

§et>, Schwarz-Birke. 3^^. Bouleau noire. Sp. Abedul negro.

95. BETULA NIGRA, L

River Birch, Red Birch.

TRANSVERSE SECTION.

RADIAL SECTION.

TANGENTIAL

(^ei^. Schwarz-Birke. §z.. Bouleau noire. Sp. Abedul negro.

96. POPULUS ALBA, L.
White Poplar, Abele.

TRANSVERSE SECTION.

RADIAL SECTION.

TANCENTIAL. SECTION.

(§e^. Alber. §t. Peuplier blanc. S-p. Alamo bianco.

96. POPULUS ALBA, L.

White Poplar, Abele.

TRANSVERSE SECTION.

RADIAL SECTION.

TAMGENT8AL SECTS;'

'•-<' \'\f'>^-i'i-\

(^cz. Alber. §z. Peuplier blanc. Sp. Alamo bianco.

97. POPULUS HETEROPHYLLA, L.

Swamp Poplar, Downy Poplar, Eiver Cottonwood.

TRANSVCRSe SECTION.

j

m

RADIAL SECTION.

TANGENTIAL SECTION.

§cz. Sumpf-Pappel. §z. Peuplier marecageaux. Sp. Alamo pantonoso.

97. POPULUS HETEROPHYLLA, L.

Swamp Poplar, Downy Poplar, River Cottonwood.

TRANSVERSE SECTION.

RADIAU SECTION.

TANGENTIAL SECTION.

§et>. Sumpf-Pappel. ^^. Peuplier mar^cageaux. Sp. Alamo pantonoso.

98. PINUS INOPS, AIT.
Jersey Pine, Scrub Pine.

TRANSVERSE SECTION.

RADIAL SECTION.

TANGENTIAL SECTION.

(^cz. Jersey-Fichte. gFi^. Pin de New Jersey. Sp. Pino de New Jersey.

*^--?rT

98. PINUS INOPS, AIT.
Jersey Pine, Scrub Pine.

TRANSVERSE SECTiOK.

RADIAL SECTION.

53^

TANGENTIAL SECTION.

(^er-. Jersey-Fjphte. gF-^. Pin de New Jersey. Sp. Pino de New Jersey.

99. PINUS BAN KSI AN A. Lambert.

Gray Pine, Northern Scrub Pine, Prince's Pine.

""^^'^^

^'

/

\ '

TRAMSVeilSK SECTION.

MADIAL 8KCTION.

TANCEHTIAL SECTION.

^r. Banks-Fichte. cFr. Pin grise. Sp. Pino pardo.

99. Pm\JS BANKSIANA. LAMBERT.
Gray Pine, Northern Scrub Pine, Prince's Pine.

TRANSVEIISC SECTION.

RADIAL SECTION.

TANGENTIAL SECTION.

(^z. Banks-Fichte. §t. Pin grise. Sp. Pino pardo.

100. PICEA ALBA, LINK
White Spruce.

TRANSVERSE SECTION.

RADIAL SECTION.

TANCENTIAL SECTION.

^ez-. Schimmel-Fichte. §^. Sapin blanc. Sp. Ab^ bianco.

100. PICEA ALBA, LINK,
White Spruce.

TRANSVERSE SECTION.

RADIAL SECTION.

TANQCNXIAU SECTION.

(§et^. ScMmmel-Fichte. §v. Sapin blanc. Sp. Abeto bianco.

(A

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mi

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