BIOLOGY LIBRAE LOCKED CASE CASE THE AMERICAN WOODS, EXHIBITED BY ACTUAL SPECIMENS AND WITH COPIOUS EXPLANATORY TEXT, BY ROMEYN B. HOUGH, B. A. PART VIII. REPRESENTING TWENTY-FIVE SPECIES BY TWENTY-FIVE SETS OF SECTIONS. LOWVILLE, N. Y., U. S. A. PUBLISHED AND SECTIONS PREPARED BY THE AUTHOR. 1899. BIOLOGY LIBRARY Copyrighted eighteen hundred and ninety-nine BY ROMEYN B. HOUGH. WEED-PARSONS PRINTING CO., KLECTROTYPERS AND PRINTERS, ALBANY, N. Y. TO WHOSE BOTANICAL EXPLORATIONS IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA HAVE DONE MUCH TO ELUCIDATE ITS INTERESTING FLORA, PART VIII, AMERICAN WOODS, IS DEDICATED AS AN EXPRESSION OF FRIENDSHIP AND ESTEEM. 748 I 29 PREFACE TO THE SERIES. The necessity of more generally diffused information concerning the variety and importance of our forest trees is justification enough for the appearance of this work, especially at this day, when the demands of Forestry in this country are constantly more and more keenly felt. The work was undertaken at the suggestion of my father, whose intense in- terest in Forestry, and a kindred taste, at once gave me inspiration to the work. It was entered upon with the expectation of his valuable com- panionship and counsel during its progress, but, alas ! that I was destined to have only at the outset, and, while I was then left ever to mourn the loss of a kind father, companion and teacher, the reader must fail to find in these pages that value and finish which his mind would have given them Among the happiest pictures of my memory are those in which I see my father's delight, as I would show to him, from time to time, my suc- cessful progress in devising a way of making the sections for this work, and if only for the happiness which its appearance would have caused him, could he have lived until this day, I have felt duty-bound to go on with it, even though left to do it alone. The work is the outgrowth of one, of somewhat similar plan, proposed by my father some years since, but which he did not carry into effect. Its design is primarily and principally to show, in as compact and perfect a manner as possible, authentic specimens of our American woods, both native and introduced. For that end three sections, respectively transverse, radial and tangential to the grain (see Glossary), are made of each timber, sufficiently thin to allow in a measure the transmission of light, and securely mounted in well made frames. The three planes above mentioned show the grain from all sides, so to speak, no plane being possible but that would be either one of them or a combination of them. The difficulty, however, of cutting a great number of sections exactly on those planes is obvious, so let it be under- stood that the terms, " transverse/' "radial" and "tangential," are, in many cases, only approximately exact in their application. My endeavor is to show, either in a part or all of the sections standing to represent a species, both the heart and sap-wood, but with some woods vi PREFACE TO THE SERIES. as the Sumach, for instance, where usually only the outermost ring, or a part of it, could be said to represent the sap-wood, the display of that is quite impossible. In certain other woods, as the Spruce, etc., the tran- sition from sap to heart-wood is almost indistinguishable by any difference in color, and, although both may be shown in the sections, one can scarcely distinguish between them. . The sequence of the numbers given to the various species is of import- ance only to show the botanical arrangement within a given Part, each Part being independent of the others. The text of this work has been added rather as a secondary matter, to supply to those not having it in other form, such information as is of importance, in connection with the wood specimens, to give a fairly good acquaintance with the trees represented. It contains little, if any thing, new to the botanist, but to others it is hoped it may be of some value. In its preparation some use has been made of my father's Elements of Forestry, and thanks are due the publishers of that work — Messrs. Robert Clarke & Co. of Cincinnati, Ohio — for the use of cuts in repro- ducing a number of its illustrations. Other valuable books of reference have been the works of Drs. Gray, Wood and Bessey, LeMaout and Decaisne's Descriptive and Analytical Botany, Prof. C. S. Sargent's Report on the Forest Trees of North America (constituting Vol. IX, Tenth Census of the United States, 1880), Micheaux and Nuttall's North American Sylva, George B. Emerson's Trees and Shrubs of Massachu- setts, D. J. Browne's Trees of America, etc. The authenticity of the timbers represented in this work has been a subject of personal attention and special care on the part of the author. The trees selected for specimens have been identified in the field, before felling, while the leaves, flowers or fruit (one or more) have been obtain- able, and lie can, hence, vouch for the authenticity of every specimen represented. Succeeding Parts, uniform in style with Part I, and representing in each case twenty-five additional species, are planned to appear later, with the ultimate end in view of representing, as nearly as possible, all of the American woods, or at least the most important, in such a series of vol- umes as this one. Upon the reception which this meets in public favor, and upon the co-operation of those interested in the cause, must naturally depend the carrying out of that plan. It is hoped that greater experience and skill will enable us to obviate in future parts the faults which occur, from lack of those qualities, in this. Notice of errors in this work will be thankfully received in hopes of profiting therefrom in the future. LOWVILLE, N. Y., March 30, 1888. PREFACE TO PART VIII. Part VIII, American Woods, is the third installment of the woods of the Pacific slope, and in the announcement of its completion I feel a special pleasure in that I am able to show in it the interesting wood of a palrn, The successful sectioning and representation of palm woods has long been an unsolved problem with me, and not until my recent experiments with the California Fan Palm have I met with any success in its solution. The result of our experiments is shown in the accompanying sections. Another gratifying success is shown in the sections of the wood of the Cactus, Opuntia Tuna. This, too, is a wood which we took up hardly expecting to succeed with it. The result was a happy surprise and the sections were found to be most interesting. The sections of the Palm and Cactus are so fragile that we have found it necessary to protect them with mica, which I trust will be sufficient, and I feel confident that their appearance in AMERICAN WOODS will be welcomed by our patrons with as much pleasure as we include them. I am pleased to acknowledge gratefully the assistance rendered by Mr. Samuel B. Parish, Mr. Chas. H. Shinn, Dr. II. E. Hasse and others while gathering the woods. For the privilege of collecting specimens of the interesting woods on Santa Catalina Island I am under obligation to Mr. J. B. Banning, and for courtesies and valuable assistance in the work to Mrs. Blanche Trask and Mr. W. S. Lyon. I wish also to acknowledge with sincere thanks the courtesies extended by Pres. C. P. Huntington, of the Southern Pacific Railroad Company, which have greatly aided me in my work. LOWVILLE, K Y.3 July 31, 1899. A KEY BASED MAINLY OPON THE FLOWERS, Designed as an Aid in the Identification of the Species represented in Parts I to VIH, inclusive. EXOGENOUS PLANTS — those having stems formed of bark, wood (in annual layers) and pith ; cotyledons two or more. a. Angiospermae — seeds in a closed ovary. b. Polypetalous — petals present and distinct. c. Stamens numerous, more than 10, and (1. Calyx inferior — wholly free from the pistil or pistils. e. Pistils numerous and cohering in a cone-like mass. (Magnoliacice.) /. Anthers opening inward ; leaves folded lengthwise in the bud (Magnolia), pointed at both ends and g. Thick Glaucous beneath 51. M. GLAUCA. Rusty tomentose beneath 101. M. GRANDIPLORA. X. Thin, green beneath 1 . M. ACUMICATA. Anthers opening outward and leaves folded crosswise in the bud. 2. LlRIODENDRON TULIPIFERA. c2. Pistils more than one, separate (or nearly so) ; stamens inserted on Receptacle ; filaments shorter than anthers (Anonacece) 76. ASIMINA TRILOBA. Calyx-tube ; filaments longer than anthers 182. LYONOTHAMNUS FLORIBUNDUS. e8. Pistil solitary and f. One-celled, style single, flowers perfect ; fruit g. A drupe with stone bony (Primus) and h. Compressed, with ridged margin ; calyx-lobes glandular -serrate. 81. P. NIGRA. //•'. Marginless ; flowers in i. Racemes Terminal ; leaves deciduous 29. P. SEROTINA. Axillary ; leaves persistent 156. P. ILICIFOLIA. i2. Corymbose umbels 55. P. PENNSYLVANICUM. *3. Umbels ; leaves Acuminate, hairy beneath 56. P. AVIUM. Acute, nearly smooth beneath 82. P. CE'RASUS, SA. /2. Subregular and imbricated in aestivation ; flowers g. Perfect (Circidium) 128. C. TORREYANUM. i/2. Dioecious; stamens 10; tree unarmed. .27. GYMNOCLADUS CANADENSIS. g3. Polygamous ; stamens 5 ; tree armed with usually triple thorns (Glfditschid) pods Linear, many-seeded 28. GLEDITSCHIA TRIACANTHOS. Obliquely ovate, 1-seeded 109. GLEDITSCHIA MONOSPERMA. f3. Regular, stamens ten ; petals distinct (Prosopis) 129. P. JULIFLORA. Indefinitely numerous ; petals united below (Acacia) 155. A. MELANOXYLON. d 2. Calyx superior — adnate to the ovary ; stamens c. 4 ; styles and stigmas 1 (Cornacece) flower cluster /. Enveloped with petal like involucral scales which envelope the head while dormant and when developed are notched at apex 88. C. FLORIDA. Subtend the head and when developed are acute at apex 185. C. NUTTALLII. /2. Without petal-like involucral scales ; flowers in cymes 87. C. ALTERNIFOLIA. e2. 5 ; styles 5 ; fruit a 5-seeded drupe- like berry 8. ARALIA SPINOSA. d3. Calyx adnate to the lower half of ovary only, but closely enveloping the hairy upper half in fruit 181. HETEROMELES ARBUTIFOLIA. ft2. Gamopetalous — petals present and united ; stamens c. As many as the lobes of the corolla which is (I. Irregular ; ovary 2-celled (Bignoniacece) ; leaves simple and Broadly-ovate (Catalpa) 89. C. BIGNONIOIDES. Linear (Chilopsis) 134. C. SALIGNA. (V. Regular; stamens 5; leaves Pinnately compound (Sambucus) and glaucous 157. S. GLAUCA. Simple, glaucous 188. NICOTIANA GLAUCA. c2. Fewer than the lobes of the corolla — 1 or 2; fruit drupaceous and Oily; corolla-lobes valvate 186. OLEA EUROPEA. Dry; corolla-lobes imbricated 112. OSMANTHUS AMERICANUS. e3. More numerous than the lobes of the corolla d. Distinct and free from it (Ericaceae); fruit Fleshy and ovary 5-celled, several ovules in each cell 132. ARBUTUS MENZIESII. 5-10-celled, single ovule in each cell. . .133. ARCTOSTAPHYLOS PUNGENS. Dry, capsule septicidal (Rhododendron) 138. R. CALIFORNICUM. d*. Inserted on its base and filaments distinct 61. DIOSPYROS VIRGINIANA. b3. Apetalous — without petals. c. Flowers not in catkins; pistil one, simple or compound, and the cells of the ovary containing 1-2 seeds each. d. Ovary inferior — adnate its whole length to the calyx-tube — and e. 1-celled and 1-seeded; style stigmatic down the side (Nyssa): fertile ped- uncles 2-5-flowered 9. N. MULTIFLORA. Single-flowered and short and downy 110. N. OGECHE. e2. Several-celled; calyx opening by a dehiscent lid (Eucalyptus); capsules axillary, top shaped 183. E. GLOBULUS. d?» Ovary superior — free from the caryx. e. Stipules sheathing the stem; trees with naked monoecious flowers arranged in heads, which are Solitary 13. PLATANUS OCCIDENTALIS. 2-7 together in a moniliform spike 135. PLATANUS RACEMOSA. c2. Stipules not sheathing the stem or none. /. Ovules a pair in each cell of the ovary, which jDecomes in fruit a (/. Double samara (Acer) 7i. Leaves simple and palmately veined: flowers appearing i. With the leaves in pendulous corymbs 7. A. SACCHARINUM. /. KEY, BASED UPON FLOWERS. i2. Before the leaves in short umbels ; young fruit wooly 26. A. DASYCARPUM. 7*2. Leaves compound ............... ..... ....... 54. A. NEGUNDO. gr2. Single 1-celled and 1-seeded samara (Fraxinus), which is h. Terete at base ; lateral leaflets *. Petiolulate and new growth Smooth ................................. . . 10. F. AMERICANA. Pubescent ................ ............. . ....... 31. F. PUBESCENS. i"2. Sessile or nearly so ; leaves tomentose ............ 167. F. OREGONA. Broad at base .................................... 62. F. SAMBUCIFOLIA. Capsule 3-celled each cell with a single seed ____ 189. RICINUS COMMUNIS. Ovules single in each of the 1 or 2 cells of the ovary. (j. Anthers opening by uplifted valves ; stigma single and entire (Laitracece) ; flowers h. Perfect ; leaves evergreen ; calyx lobes Persistent (Persea) ......................... 113. P. CAROLINENSIS. Deciduous ( Umbellularia] .................. 159. U. CALIFORNICA. 7t2. Dioecious, calyx deciduous, leaves deciduous; involucre none (Sassafras) ............................... 32. S. OFFICINALE. . Spherical head, hardened and bristling with 2-beaked capsules. 60. LlQUIDAMBAR STYRACIFLUA. bs. Sorosis — a spike with bracts and calyx-lobes all thickened and sacculent. 63. JVlORUS RUBRA. a3. A Naked Seed, subtended or surrounded by a fleshy disk. b. Drupe-like, with fleshy covering, sessile, scaly-bracted beneath and about 1 in. in length, oval 120. TORREYA TAXIFOLIA. H in. length, obovoid 145. TORREYA CALIFORNICA. b3. Bony seed, subtended by a fleshy cup 144. TAXUS BREVIFOLIA. A SYSTEMATIC STUDY. OF THE SPECIES WHOSE WOODS AKE REPRESENTED IN THE ACCOM- PANYING SECTIONS. The timbers comprised in the series which this text is designed to accompany belong to what are known, . botanically speaking, as Flowering and mostly Exogenous Plants. At the outset, therefore, we will, once for all, deiine these groups; and, as the characters herein given are equally true of all the species enumerated in the fol- lowing pages, they need not be repeated in the further definition of the various sub-groups and species. FLOWERING OK PILENOGAMOUS PLANTS. Plants producing flowers which consist essentially of stamens and pistils, the latter bearing ovules or seeds. In distinction from the Flowering Plants are the Flowerless or Cryptogamous Plants, comprising the rest of the vegetable kingdom, from the very simply organized Slime Moulds and Bacteria up to the highly organized Ferns and Club Mosses. But in the study of timbers this group is unimportant, as only in a few rare cases do any of its representatives attain the dimensions of trees. Those exceptions are the Tree-Ferns of tropical countries — gigantic ferns, which some- times attain the height of fifty or sixty feet, with straight shafts quite like tree trunks and tops consisting of a bunch of enormous plume-like fronds. They, however, are of practically no value as timber. EXOGENOUS OR DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS. Flowering plants whose stems consist of a central column of pith surrounded by wood in concentric layers, and this in turn by bark ; the stems increasing in thickness by the addition of a new layer each year to the wood externally and to the bark internally. Leaves mostly netted-vein. First leaves of the embryo (cotyledons) two and opposite, or (in the Coniferge) several in a whorl. Parts of the flower in fours or fives, very rarelv in threes. 2-t HOUGH'S AMERICAN WOODS. A second class of Flowering Plants and comprising the rest of the group is the Endogenous or Monocotyledonons Plants, characterized by having stems in which the wood occurs as threads or bundles running through a cellular, pith-like tissue so that a transverse section exhibits the wood as dots and not in concentric rings. Leaves mostly parallel- veined. Embryo with single cotyledon, or rarely two, and then alternate and unequal. Parts of the flower generally in threes. In southern United States and elsewhere in or near the tropics trees are found, such as the Palms, etc., which belong to this class, but none we have to do with at present. Exogenous plants are subdivided into two well-marked groups or sub-classes — Angiospermce and Gymnospermce. The former includes by far the greater part of the Flowering Plants, and most of the species represented in " American Woods " are representatives of it. ANGIOSPER1VLE. Flowering, exogenous plants in which there is a complete pistil - with stigma and closed ovary — containing ovules which develop into seeds at maturity. This sub-class comprises many groups of plants known as Orders, and such as are represented by plants which attain the dimensions of trees, within the limits of the United States, we propose to consider in the following pages : ORDER RHAMNACEJE : BUCKTHORN FAMILY. Leaves simple, mostly alternate and with stipules small or wanting. Flower* small, often polygamous and sometimes dioecious ; sepals valvate in aestivation, small, distinct, concave and involute in the bud or wanting ; stamens as many as the petals and opposite them, inserted with them in the edge of a perigynous disk lining the calyx-tube, short and sometimes connected with the lower part of the ovary ; pistil solitary, with mostly superior ovary, 2-5 celled, each cell with a single erect anatropous ovule; stigmas 2-5. Fruit a drupe or pod with one seed in each cell and not arilled ; embryo large with broad cotyledons and sparing fleshy albumen. Order represented by small trees and shrubs of warm and temperate countries, with slightly bitter juice and often nauseous or purgative fruits. GENUS RHAMNUS, LINNAEUS. Leaves mostly alternate, pinnately veined, entire or dentate, petiolate, condupli- cate in vernation ; stipules small and deciduous. Flowers small, greenish, in axillary racemes or cymes, polygamous or dioecious ; calyx campanulate, the tube lined with the disk, 4-5 cleft, the lobes keeled within and deciduous ; petals small, with short claw, more or less notched at apex and turned in around the stamens, deciduous ; stamens with very short subulate filaments and introrse 2-celled anthers opening lengthwise ; pistil free, with 2-4-lobed stigma and 2-4-celled ovary, each cell containing a solitary, erect, anatropous ovule. Fruit a globose or oblong, blackish, berry-like drupe, with fleshy epicarp, and containing 2-4 cartilaginous, 1-seeded nutlets; seeds longitudinally grooved on the back. Trees and shrubs of considerable economic importance, and the name, Rhamnus, is the classical Greek name, pdfivos, of the European Buckthorn. RHAMNUS INSULARIS — ISLAND BUCKTHORN. 25 176. RHAMNUS INSULARIS, GREENE. ISLAND BUCKTHORN, ISLAND BEARWOOD. Ger., EUdndischer Kreuzdorn • Fr., Nerprun insulaire ; Sp., Ramno de isla. SPECIFIC CHARACTERS :• — Lewes alternate, persistent, ovate-oblong, 1 to 1-J and sometimes 3 in. in length, coriaceous, glabrous or sparingly pubescent, about equally pointed at both ends, minutely glandular crenate-serrate with short stout petioles and straight prominent mid-ribs, yellowish green, paler and frequently yellowish beneath ; stipules falling away early ; new growths'sparingly pubescent. Flowers four-numerous, dioecious, greenish, in small clusters from the axils of the leaves on the shoots of the year, or of small bracts, with slender sparingly pubescent pedicels rather more than -| in. in length ; calyx campanulate with acuminate lobes : petals wanting (though according to Prof. Trelease are some- times present) ; stamens with stout incurved filaments and large antlers ; pistil with ovoid ovary and rather slender style two-lobed above. Fruit red, subglo- bose, about £ in. or a trifle more in length, slightly grooved, with thin, dry flesh and containing 1-3 ovoid nutlets pointed at the apex, dehiscent along the inner angle, grooved on the back, with thin brown testa and thick foliaceous cotyledons. (Insularis is the Latin for belonging to an island and relates to the habitat of the species.) A small tree with rigid branches, rarely more than 25 ft. (7 m.) in height, with trunk sometimes 12 in. (0.30 in.) in diameter and having a dark brown bark abont J in. thick and rough with small, firm, irregular scales and ridges. HABITAT. — The islands off the coast of southern California, Santa Cruz Mountains on the adjacent mainland and Cedros Island off the coast of Lower California, growing along slopes with Scrub Oak, which it considerably resembles in general aspect, Ceanothus arboreusy etc. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES. — Wood very heavy, hard and close grained, with very line regularly arranged ducts, susceptible of a very smooth polish and of a rich red -brown color with scant yellow sap-wood. USES. — We know of no use to which this small tree is applied, though the bark might be used for dyeing purposes, as with other representatives of the genus, and the wood would make excellent fuel. MEDICINAL PROPERTIES we believe have not been reported of this species, but would doubtless be found to be tonic and laxative as with other species of the genus. Rhamnus insularis, Greene, is considered by some botanists as a variety of Rliamnus crocea, Nutt., (Rhamnus crocea insularis, Sarg.\ but it is certainly a well-marked form differentiated from the true R. crocea by characters as important as distinguish many other species, and I am inclined to agree with Prof. Greene in giving it specific rank. 26 HOUGH'S AMERICAN WOODS. GENUS CEANOTHUS, LINNAEUS. Leaves mostly alternate, petioled, coriaceous or somewhat so, glabrous or vari- ously pubescent, deciduous or persistent, with slender stipules falling away early, Flowers perfect, in showy terminal or axillary thyrsoid or cymose clusters, blue or white and with colored pedicels ; calyx colored. 5-lobed, cohering with the ovary below, the triangular lobes incurved and deciduous ; petals much exserted, hooded, spreading, with long slender claws ; stamens 5, opposite the petals and inserted with them, spreading and often persistent, with long filaments and introrse 2-celled anthers longitudinally dehiscent ; pistil with three short styles united below and single 3-celled and usually 3-lobed ovary surrounded with a fleshy persistent disk and containing a single erect orthotropous ovule in each cell. Fruit subglobose, 3-lobed, drupe-like at first, with persistent calyx-tube adnate at base, finally becoming dry and separating into three 2-valved dehiscent cocci each liberating a single obovate-lenticular seed with thin crustaceous testa, ventral raplie and fleshy albumen. The genus is composed of about thirty species, mainly of shrubs, and is confined to North America, the greater number being found in California where some natural hybrids seem to occur. The name is of classical Greek origin and of rather obscure application. 177. CEANOTHUS ARBOREUS, GREENE.* TREE MYRTLE. Ger., Baumische My He / Fr., Myrte d'arbre j Sp., MirtodeArbol. SPECIFIC CHARACTERS : — Leaves alternate, ovate to broad elliptical, 2-4 in. long, acute, rounded at base, glandular-crenate-serrate, dark green above, and with pale dense short tomentum and prominent veins beneath ; petioles A-f in. in length and, as with the new growths, densely pale-tomentose: stipules about i in. long and earl}7 deciduous ; branchlets slightly angled. Flowers pale blue, produced in ample compound hoary-pubescent thyrsoidal clusters on axillary peduncles near the extremities of youno branches, with slender hair-like pedicels produced in the axils of large scarious hoary caducous bracts. Fruit black when mature and £ in. in diameter. (Arboreus is a Latin adjective from arbor, tree.) Tliis is a small handsome tree with wide top, rarely over 25 ft. (7.50 in.) in height, or with trunk more than 10 or 12 in. (0.30 m.) in diameter. The bark, at first of a gray color and quite smooth, becomes with age of a dark brown color fissured into small square thickish scales. It 'is the most truly arboreal representative of the genas, though in many regions is only a bush with many slender branches. HABITAT. — The islands of Santa Catalina, Santa Cruz and Santa Rosa, off the coast of southern California, growing along the slopes and sides of canons. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES. — Wood very heavy, hard, close-grained, with annual layers marked by an aggregation of fine open ducts, and of a red-brown color with lighter sap-wood. Specific Gravity, 0.7781 ; Percentage of Axli, 2.05; Relative Approximate Fuel Value, 0.7622; Weight of a Cubic Foot in Pounds, 48.49. * Ceanothus velutinus, var. arboreus, Sarg. SCHINUS MOLLE PEPPER TltEE, CHILI PEPPER. 27 USES. — ~No use is made of this tree though its beauty, especially when in flower, should give it rank in ornamental planting.- The wood is doubtless excellent for fuel. MEDICINAL PROPERTIES. — We do not know that the medicinal properties of this species have yet been studied. ORDER ANACARDIACEJE : CHESHEW FAMILY. Leaves alternate, simple or compound, without pellucid dots ; stipules none. Flowers polypetalous, small, often polygamous, regular and furnished with bracts ; sepals 3-5, united at the base, persistent ; petals 5 (or sometimes wanting), imbricated in the bud ; stamens 5 or 10, alternate with the petals and perigynous, ovary free, 1-celled and 1-ovuled ; styles or stigmas 3. Fruit a berry or drupe, the seed containing no albumen. Trees or shrubs with a milky resinous or gummy acrid juice, which, as well as the exhalations, are often poisonous. GENUS SCHINUS, LINNAEUS. Leaves evergreen, alternate, unequally pinnately compound, with sessile leaf- lets. Flowers, small, whitish, dioecious, in large axillary terminal bracteate panicles ; calyx short, with 5 imbricated lobes ; petals 5, imbricated, annular disk rather broad ; stamens 10, styles 3; ovary 1-celled with single ovule suspended from above the middle of the cell. Fruit, small globose oily drupes. A genus of trees and shrub? of about a dozen mostly tropical American species and the name, Schinus, is the old Greek name, rnia. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES. — Wood heavy, hard, strong, with flue grain and susceptible of a smooth polish ; the heart is of a salmon pinkish color, lemon-yellow near the thin white sap-wood of eight or ten annual layers. Specific Gravity, 0.7830; Percentage of Ash, 0.20; Relative Approximate Fuel Value 0.7815; Weight of a Cub! r Foot in Pounds, 48.80. USES. — Little use is made of this wood save for fuel for which it. is very useful in regions where it abounds. The species is well worthy of prominent rank, however, for ornamental purposes. A pleasant refrigerant drink is made from the fruit as with the allied Rhus ovata. MEDICINAL PROPERTIES are not recorded of this species, though the beverage made from the fruit might suggest its usefulness in this direction. 30 HOUGH'S AMERICAN WOODS. 180. RHUS LAURINA, NUTT. LAUREL SUMACH, SUMACH Ger., I&rteMattriger Sumach ; Fr., Sumac de laurier ; Sp., ZHIH.- r<-n's AMERICAN WOODS. rarelv three; styles free or united at base and with terminal stigmas; ovules numerous, anatropous. Fruit capsular, rarely indehiscent, and more rarely fleshy with albuminous seeds. Order consists of herbs, shrubs and trees of many species and wide distribu- tion. GENUS LYONOTHAMNUS, GRAY. Leaves opposite, persistent, coriacious, 3-8 in. long, lanceolate, acuminate, rounded or wedge-shaped at base, long petiolate, simple or variously parted into from 2-8 remote segments, entire, irregularly crenate serrate or serrate-lobate (sometimes all on the same branchlet), smooth, dark-green above, lighter and more or less pubescent beneath, wTith prominent straight midribs, and very small transverse parallel lateral veins; stipules minute and caducous; branchlets at first pale or orange color and covered with pubescence which soon disappears, and they are then smooth and of a reddish color. Flowers (June to July) perfect, in broad compound terminal pubescent cymes, 4-8 in. or more across, with minute persistent acute bracts and bractlets ; calyx 1-3 bracteolate, with nearly triangular persistent lobes, imbricated in aestivation; petals 5, white, nearly orbicular and also imbricated in aestivation; stamens 15 inserted on the margin of the disk lining the calyx tube, with incurved subulate filaments as long as the petals and oblong introrse two-celled longitudinally dehiscent anthers; pistils two, supe- rior, with ovoid ovaries flattened on contiguous sides and glandular pubescent; style short, with capitate stigma; ovules four suspended in each cell, anatropous. Fruit (ripe in August and September) an ovoid glandular woody follicle arranged in pairs. T\ in. long, dehiscent along the ventral suture and' partly along the dorsal, liberating its four ovate-oblong light-brown seeds pointed at both ends, with thin testa, broad wing-like raphe and scant albumen. The genus is represented by the following single species, and is named in com- pliment to Mr. Wm. S. Lyon of Los Angeles, Cal., who discovered it in 1884. 182. LYONOTHAMNUS FLORIBUNDUS, GRAY. SANTA CATALINA IRON-WOOD, SANTA CRUZ IRON- WOOD. Ger., Eisenholtz von Santa Catalina ; Fr., Bois dur de Santa Cata- lina • Sp. , Arbol de Ilierro de Santa Catalina. This very interesting tree attains the height of from 30 to 50 ft. (15 m.), with straight trunk usually ridged and fluted, 12-14 in. (0.35 m.) in diameter, vested in a reddish-gray bark which exfoliates in long- strips, similar to that of old Grape vine trunks, revealing purple- brown papery layers beneath. With small graceful branches and rather open foliage the tree has a very characteristic appearance, and when adorned with its broad cymes of white flowers terminating each branchlet is a beautiful object. HABITAT. — Found only on the islands of Santa Cruz, Santa Cata- lina and Santa Rosa, growing in small, very exclusive groves along the slopes and ridges near the bottoms of canons, rarely, if ever, growing singly or scattered to any extent among other trees. The exclusive nature of the species, at least as I have seen it on Santa Cat- alina Island, is singularly interesting, the patches of foliage produced by the small groves scattered here and there along the canons being very conspicuous as looked down upon from a commanding summit. EUCALYPTUS GLOBULUS — EUCALYPTUS, BLUE GUM, GUM-TREE. 33 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES. -- The wood is very heavy, quite hard, close-grained, with fine medullary rays, and susceptible of it good polish. It is of a pinkish buff color, the heart-wood striped and mottled with purplish brown, and ample sap-wood mottled with orange. xS/^'/T/r early planted about the old missions of southern California, and has there become naturalized, springing occasionally from seed and often from detached joints which have been dumped in waste places and there take root. PHYSICAL PUOPKKTIKS. — Wood of very loose open structure, really a framework, with intervals filled with a thick viscid, colorless fluid. OPUNTIA TUNA — MISSION CACTUS, INDIAN FIG, PRICKLY PEAR. 37 which disappears when the stems are cut and dried, and only the framework remains. These skeletons of cactus stems and leaves, some of them beautiful specimens of filagree, persist for a time after the plant has died, bleached white and bestrown over the ground of the cactus regions. USES. — The principal use of the Opuntia Tuna with us is for ornamental planting and for hedges, and most effective barriers do they make, owing to their many strong and exceedingly sharp spines. They were quite generally planted about mission walls in southern California in early days, and we can imagine invading Indians must have considered it worse to pass than the adobe wall itself. The plant has also been used extensively for hedges in southern Europe, and we learn that when the Island of St. Christopher was to be divided between the English and French three rows of this cactus were planted by common consent along the boundaries. The fruit is edible but unless the numerous minute hair-like prickles are thoroughly wiped off and rind removed before trying to eat it the barbed prickles are sure to become lodged in the lining of the mouth and annoy one for some days after This is a favorite species of Cactus for supporting the cochineal insect, an industry principally of Mexico, Central America and the Canary Islands. MEDICINAL PROPERTIES are not recorded of this species. ORDER CORNACE.ffi : DOGWOOD FAMILY. Leaves opposite (except in one species) simple, mostly entire. Flowers in cymes often involucrate, polypetalous (exceptionally apetalous), 4-numerous ; calyx-tube adherent to the ovary, its limb minute ; petals valvate in the bud, oblong, sessile and, with the stamens, borne on an epigynous disk in the perfect flowers ; ovary 1-celled, bearing a single suspended ovule ; style single, somewhat club shaped. Fruit a 1-2 seeded baccate drupe, bearing the persistent limb of the calyx. Trees, shrubs or rarely herbs, with bitter, tonic bark. / GENUS CORNUS, TOURNEFORT. Leaves opposite (excepting one species, G. alter nifolia), simple, deciduous, entire, without stipules and clustered at the ends of the branchlets; bud-scales accrescent. Flowers perfect (in some foreign species dioecious), small, 4-numerous, in naked cymes, or in heads surrounded by a corolla-like involucre ; calyx with 4 minute segments; petals distinct, oblong, spreading, sessile; stamens exserted, with slender filaments ; pistil solitary, with slender style, terminal stigma and inferior ovary; cells usually 2, each containing a single suspended ovule. Fruit a small drupe containing a 2-celled and 2-seeded stone ; seeds oblong, with embyro straight or nearly so and surrounded with copious albumen. Trees, shrubs and perennial herbs with bitter tonic bark, chiefly of the northern temperate zone of both hemispheres. (Cornus is the Latin for horn, in allusion to the hardness of the wood. ) 38 HOUGH'S AMERICAN WOODS. 185. CORNUS NUTTALLII, AUDUBON. WESTERN DOGWOOD. FLOWERING DOGWOOD. Ger., Westlicher Hartriegd • Fr., CornniH-ier occidental ; Sp., Cor- nel occidental. SPECIFIC CHARACTERS : — Leaves involute in vernation, ovate to obovate, 3-5 in. long, faintly crenulate-serrate, acute apex and wedge-shaped at base, tomentose at first but finally puberulent above and pubescent beneath, clustered at the ends of the branchlets, with prominent mid-ribs impressed above, and stout petioles -|- in. or so in length and having large clasping base; branchlets light green and pale tomentose at first, but finally darker and marked with elevated lunate leaf-scars. In autumn the leaves assume brilliant orange and scarlet hues before falling. Flowers open in early spring in dense cymose heads which appear the summer before from the axils of the uppermost pair of lateral leaf buds and remain dormant during the winter, while the tree is leafless. They are then hemispherical, about a half inch across, subtended (but not enveloped) by 4 to 6 involucral scales and supported by a stout pubescent peduncle an inch or less in length. When the flowers open the involucral scales are very conspicuous becoming by that time l|-3 in. long, oblong to obovate or nearly orbicular in outline, entire, thickened and more or less acute at apex, white or tinted with yellow or pink, puberulous and conspicuously 8-ribbed ; calyx terete, slightly urceolate, puberulous outside and yellow-green, or in one form light purple, with four reddish purple lobes; petals 4, strap-shaped, rounded at apex and yellow- green or yellow below the middle and purplish above ; pistil solitary with columnar style and capitate stigma. Fruit (ripe in Oct.) ovoid bright red or orange drupes about a half inch long crowned with the persistent calyx lobes and mutually compressed into a dense subspherical head, with flesh thin and mealy and stone obtuse at both ends, 2 celled (sometimes 1-celled by obliteration of the other) and with a single compressed seed in each cell. (Species named after the naturalist, Thos. Nuttall, who first distinguished it from the eastern C. florida. ) A beautiful tree ordinarily not more than 50 or 60 ft. (18 m.) in height, exceptionally 100 ft. (30 m.), or with trunk more than 2 ft. (<>.(;<) m.) in diameter, with rather slender spreading branches form- ing a rounded top. The bark of trunk is very smooth, of a gray- brown color mottled whitish in patches. On very large trees it is of a red-brown color checked on the surface into small thin appressed scales. HABITAT. — From the valley of -the Frazer River and Vancouver's Island southward along the coast region of Washington and Oregon to the San Bernardino Mountains in California and along the western slopes of the Sierra Nevada Mountains, thriving in the shade of the coniferous forests and attaining its largest size in the Redwood region of northern California and northward. In the somber gloom of these evergreen forests its showy flowers in springtime, or later its brilliant fruit and orange and scarlet autumnal foliage have a very striking and pleasing effect. No tree of the western forests bears more beautiful or conspicuous flowers than the flower clusters of this tree. OLEA EUKOPEA — OLIVE. 39 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES. — Wood very heavy, hard, strong, tough, close -grained, with tine medullary rays, and susceptible of" a very smooth polish. The heart- wood is of a light red-brown color, which does not generally appear, however, until the tree is upwards of forty or fifty years old, and the abundant sap-wood is of a creamy -white color. Specific Gravity, 0.7481; Percentage of Ash, 0.50; Relative Approximate Fud Value, 0.7444; Coefficient of Elasticity, 103081; of Rupture, 991 ; Resistance to Longitudinal Pressure, 663 ; to Indentation, 242; Weight of a Cubic Foot in Pounds, 46.62. USES. -- Wood valuable for use in turnery, as for tool handles, mallets, etc., and, as with the eastern Dogwood, for metal -spinners' forms. It is also used to some extent in cabinet making. The highly ornamental nature of the tree would suggest its occupy- ing a foremost rank for decorative purposes, but, as if Nature were covetous of its beauty for the fastnesses of the forests which it nat- urally adorns, it is difficult of propagation elsewhere, and though repeated attempts have been made to raise it elsewhere in America and in Europe, they have generally met with failure. ORDER OLEACEJE : OLIVE FAMILY. Leaves opposite and single or pinnately compound. Flowers monopetalous (rarely apetalous or polypetalous) ; calyx 4-cleft, toothed or entire, or sometimes wanting, corolla regular, 4-cleft (or sometimes 4-petalous, or even wanting alto- gether) ; stamens only 2 (or rarely 4) ; ovary 2-celled with usually two suspended ovules in each cell. Fruit fleshy or capsular. containing 4 (or fewer) seeds. Represented by trees and shrubs. GENUS OLEA, TOURNEFORT. Leaves simple and entire or rarely toothed, persistent. Flowers small, white, fragrant and in centripetal axillary or terminal clusters; calyx small with indu plicate lobes, persistent ; corolla funnel-shaped with valvate lobes and short tube ; stamens 2 or 1, little exserted ; style short and stigma bifid. Fruit a subglobose or oblong oily drupe, with 1-2-celled pit, one cell being often abortive, and fleshy albumen. A genus of about 35 species of trees and shrubs mostly natives of Asia and Africa and the name is the ancient Latin name of the Olive tree. 186. OLEA EUROPEA, LINN.EUS. OLIVE. Ger.. Olivenholz ; Fr., Olivier; Sp., Olivo. Leaves lanceolate or oblanceolate, stiff, coriacious, 2-4 in. long, mucronate at apex, and gradually narrowing at base to a very short petiole, with entire revolute margin, smooth dark green above, whitish squamose beneath with minute silvery scales ; branchlets angular and hoary-squamose. Flowers in panicles, lobes of corrola valvate in the bud. Fruit an ellipsoidal oily drupe, from about f to 40 HOUGH'S AMERICAN WOODS. 1 i in, in length, of a bluish-black color and astringent bitter flavor only fit to eat after being treated and pickled. It has been greatly improved by cultivation, the fruit of the wild tree being small and comparatively worthless. Many varie- ties are found in cultivation based mainly upon the quality of the fruit. A small to medium-sized evergreen tree of willow-like aspect occa- sionally attaining the height of 40 or 50 ft. (14 in.) with irregular top of few large branches and rather open airy foliage, parti-colored, as the wind turns up the leaves and reveals the white under surfaces in strong contrast with the dark green of the upper surfaces. The trunk is irregular, with ridges, buttresses and burls, and occasionally attains the diameter of 12 to 18 in. (0.40 m.) or more, clothed with thin gray bark scarcely more than j- in. in thickness fissured into narrow fibrous thick-scaled ridges. It commences to bear fruit very early, the fourth year from slips or cuttings and the seventh or eighth from the seed, and also lives to very great age. HABITAT. — The Olive is thought to be a native of Asia Minor, but has been cultivated from the earliest times in Syria and Palestine, and was thence distributed throughout the whole Mediterranean region where it has generally become naturalized. With the found- ing of the old missions it was introduced into southern California where olive-growing has now become a great and lucrative industry, and the tree has become sparingly naturalized. It thrives in nearly every well-drained soil, even those that are too poor for other fruits. and has a wonderful constitution for withstanding drouth. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES. — Wood heavy, hard, strong, of very smooth fine grain, with irregular annual rings, minute evenly dis- tributed ducts and fine obscure medullary rays. It is susceptible of a very smooth polish and is of a pink-buff color mottled and streaked with rich orange-brown, which appears in irregular confluent and concentric rings in the transverse section, and the sap-wood is of a very light yellow color. The wood is much valued in turnery, but the great value of the tree is in its fruit, and it is this which makes it one of the most valuable of trees. The fresh fruit is of a strongly astringent bitter flavor when fresh, and has to be soaked in w^ater containing potasli and lime to expel its bitterness before it is fit to eat. It is then bottled and marketed in an aromatized salt pickle. For this use its green fruit has generally been used, though there is a constantly increasing demand for the pickled ripe olives. Olive oil, which is the lightest of the fixed non-drying oils, is obtained from the pulp of the ripe fruit by expression. So rich FKAXINUS OEEGONA — OREGON ASH. 41 is the fruit in this oil that a single old Olive tree in the Levant is recorded as having produced in a single season 240 quarts of oil. A gum-resin, exuding from the old trunks has an odor like vanilla and is used in Italy as perfumery. MEDICINAL PROPERTIES. — Olive oil is much used in medicines, mainly as a constituent of liniments, ointments, cerates and plasters, and as a vehicle or diluent of more active substances. It is occasion- ally given as a feeble purgative in cases of irritable intestines, and is also useful when taken in larger quantities to involve acrid and poison- ous substances and mitigate their action. Externally applied, it is useful in relaxing the skin and in sheathing irritated surfaces from the air.* GENUS FRAXINUS, TOURNEFORT. Leaves petioled, oddly-pinnate, with 3-15 toothed or entire leaflets. Floivers small, racemed or panicled, from the axils of the last year's leaves, the American representatives dioecious and apetalous; calyx and corolla, when present, as described for the order; anthers large, linear or oblong; style single, stigma 2-cleft. Fruit a 1-2-celled, flattened samara, winged at the apex, 1-2 pendulous seeds in each cell. (The ancient Latin name of the Ash; supposed to be from the Greek pd£is, a separation, alluding to the facility with which the wood splits.) 187. FRAXINUS OREGONA, NUTT. OREGON ASH. Ger., Oregon/woke Esche ; Fr., Frvne d' ] Oregon ; Sp., Fresno de Oregon. SPECIFIC CHARACTERS : — Leaves more or less tomentose (sometimes becoming glabrous when old) 5-14 in. long, with 5-7 oval to oblong sessile or subsessile leaf- lets (the terminal petiolulate), acute, entire or nearly so, 3-7 in. long, gradually narrowing at base, light green above, paler beneath. Flowers appear in April or May, as the leaves unfold, dioecious, in compact glabrous panicles, the scarious rounded bracts early deciduous ; calyx of the staminate flower minute, that of the pistillate flower lacineate ; stamens two with short filaments and oblong apiculate anthers ; style stout and conspicuously 2-lobed. Fruit 1-2 in. long, clavate, marginless at base, gradually margined above and preduced into a wing rounded and variously emarginate or apiculate at apex. A fine tree, sometimes 80 ft. (2-t in.) in height, with symmetrical top of stout brandies and columnar trunk 3 or 4 ft. (1 m.) in diameter. The bark of trunk is of a dark grayish-brown color, fissured into broad ridges and exfoliating in thin scales. HABITAT. — The Oregon Ash is found throughout western Wash- ington, Oregon and the coast region of California as far south as the vicinity of San Francisco, and along the western bases of the Sierra *(U.S. Dispensatory, 17th edition, p. 956.) 42 HOUGH'S AMERICAN WOODS. Nevada Mountains to the southern part of the state, growing in bottom-lands and along the borders of streams. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES. — Wood heavy, hard, quite strong, coarse- grained, with thin medullary rays and with annual rings marked by a conspicuous band of large open ducts. It is of a brownish color, with abundant lighter sap-wood. Specific Gravity, 0.5731; Percentage of Ash, 0.34; Relative Approximate Fuel Value, 0.5712; Coefficient of Elasticity, 84818; Modulus of Rupture, 665; Resistance to Longitudinal Pressure, 520; Resistance to Indentation, 166; Weight of a Cubic Foot in Pounds, 35.72. USES. — One of the most useful of the deciduous-leaved trees of the Pacific states. The wood of the Oregon Ash is extensively used in the manufacture of furniture and interior finishing, in cooperage, for the frames of vehicles and for fuel. It is also of value as a shade tree for street planting. ORDER SOLANACEJE : NIGHTSHADE FAMILY. Leaves alternate (the uppermost generally geminate), without stipules. Flowers perfect and regular or nearly so, 5-numerous ; calyx-lobes persistent ; corolla monopetalous. hypogenous ; stamens of the same number as the corolla-lobes and inserted on them ; ovary 2-celled with very numerous ovules on axial placentae ; style simple and with simple stigma. Fruit a 2-celled capsule or berry contain- ing many amphitropous or campy lotropous seeds with fleshy albumen. A large and important order of mostly herbs but some shrubs (erect or climbing) and fewer trees. Most of the representatives are pervaded by a narcotic poison, yet some of the repsesentatives, as the potato, tomato, etc., are among our most important food-plants. Some are of great medicinal value. GENUS NICOTIANA, TOURNEFORT. Leaves simple, entire or rarely siriuate-lobed. Flowers generally in terminal racemes or panicles, the lowermost sometimes solitary in the axils ; calyx cam- panulate or oblong, 5-cleft. persistent ; corolla various, funnel-form or salver- form, usually with a long tube and the 5-toothed limb plaited and convoluted in the bud ; stamens mostly included and with stout anthers opening lengthwise ; pistil with long style and capitate or depressed stigma somewhat 2-lobed. Fruit a smooth 2-celled capsule, closely invested by the persistent calyx, with broad axial placentae bearing numerous minute seeds and dehiscent at maturity by two to four valves from the apex. An extensive genus of mostly rank, viscid, pubescent, acrid-narcotic annual herbs, but few somewhat wroody at base, and one a glabrous small tree. The name is after Jean Nicot who lived in the 16th century and is reported to have sent the first tobacco to Queen Catherine de Medici who soon acquired a taste for it. NICOTIAN A GLAUCA — TREE TOBACCO, WILD TOBACCO. 43 188. NICOTIANA GLAUCA, GRAH. TKEE TOBACCO, WILD TOBACCO. Ger., Baumischer Tdbak ; Fr., Taboo d'arbre; Sp., Tabaco de Arbol. SPECIFIC CHARACTERS : — Leaves persistent from broad-ovate to lance-oblong, 8-6 in. long, with long petioles more than half as long as the blade, mostly acute at apex and cuneate or rounded at base, sometimes subcordate, glaucous, as are also the branchlets. Flowers in lax slender terminal panicles, the lowermost flowers from the axils of leaves, the others mostly from the axils of small sub- ulate bracts ; calyx tubular, campanulate, about 4- in. long, with 5 unequal sharp teeth ; corolla greenish yellow, pubescent outside, tubular, 1-1 k in. long, con- tracted below the very short cup-shaped limb and with five very short segments. Fruit an oblong-ovoid, 2-valved capsule, about | in. or less in length, closely invested by the persistent calyx, dehiscent septifracally from the apex by two valves each again splitting down loculicidally part way and the placental column is left in the center with its numerous minute oblong seeds about ^ line in length. The specific name, glauca, is a Latin word descriptive of the blue-green color of the leaves and branche" A small tree, quite distinct on account of its slim top, straight wand-like branches, with sea-green bark and sparse glaucous foliage. It occasionally attains the height of 20 ft. (6 in.), with a trunk 8 or 10 in. (0.25 m.) in diameter, having a rather thin brown bark fissured into irregular plates and papery scales. HABITAT. — The Nicotiana glauca is a native of Buenos Ay res. It has been introduced into southern California, presumably for ornamental purposes, and has become thoroughly naturalized, at least in the Coast region, and is common along streams, bottom-lands and neglected lots in the vicinity of towns. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES. — Wood light, soft, brittle, with minute regularly arranged open ducts and fine medullary rays. It is of a brownish yellow color, with lighter sap-wood. USES. — We know of no use to which this tree is applied save for ornamental planting. Its leaves are in no way suitable as a substitute for tobacco, as its name and affinities might imply. ORDER EUPHORBIACE A IE : SPURGE FAMILY. Leaves alternate, mostly simple and with fungacious stipules. Flowers monoe- cious or dioecious, sometimes without floral envelopes ; calyx, if present, gamo- sepalous; corolla polypetalous or monopetalous, hypogenus or perigenous, or commonly wanting, imbricated or twisted in aestivation ; stamens 1 to many with globose or didymous anthers ; pistil with free usually 3-celled ovary (rarely 1 to 2 or several-celled) with a single or pair of anatropous ovules suspended from the summit of each cell. Fruit a capsule mostly 3-celled and 3-lobed, the lobes elastically separating from a persistent axis and 'then loculicidally splitting into two valves ; seeds anatropous, crustaceous, with large straight embryo, broad cotyledons and rather scant albumen. 44: HOUGH'S AMERICAN WOODS. A very large and important order of over 3,000 species of herbs, shrubs and trees, usually with milky, acrid juice. About half of the representatives belong to tropical America and some yield valuable medicines, others active poisons and others important foods. GENUS RICINUS, TOURNEFORT. Leaves alternate, large (often a foot or two across) peltate and palniately seven to many-lobed. lobes unequally serrated. Flowers monoecious, disposed in long, glaucous, sub-paniculate racemes at the ends of the branches, short pediceled, the staminate clustered above pistillate flowers ; calyx in the staminate flowers closed in the bud, in the pistillate sheath-like, cleft and very caducous ; petals wanting in both sorts of flowers; stamens very numerous, with crowded branched filaments, each branch bearing two separate roundish anther-cells ; ovary 3-celled with 2-cleft plumose styles and a single ovule in each cell. Fruit a subglobose smooth or prickly capsule, hardly 1 in. in diameter and dehiscent septicidally from the base into three cells (cocci) which in turn are dehiscent loculicidally and from each is liberated a large compressed oblong seed, with smooth crustaceous brown and white testa, terminal hiluni, fleshy albumen and broad flat cotyledons. A genus of the single following species (of which, however, there are several garden varieties) and the name, Ricinus, is the ancient Latin name of a tick which insect the seeds of this plant are said to resemble. 189. RICINUS COMMUNIS, L. CASTOR-BEAN TREE. PALMA CHRISTA. Ger., It tf/'/i i/sb« a in .. • Fr., Arbre d« Jiiciii ; Sp., Arltol <1< I !'«•'> The Castor Bean Tree, or the Castor Oil Plant as it is commonly known, is remarkable in that in temperate climates it is an herbaceous annual, blossoming and maturing its fruit the first year, but in tropical and sub-tropical regions it becomes a woody perennial — a veritable tree. It sometimes attains the height of 20 or 30 ft. (7.50 m.) with broad, rounded, full top and trunk sometimes a foot (0.30 m.) in diameter, with quite thin smooth gray bark. As an annual, throughout the greater part of the United States, it i.- a vigorous stately plant from 3 to 10 feet in height, of a striking and highly ornamental aspect on account of its symmetrical form, large peltate leaves and conspicuous flower clusters. In its tree form it is scarcely less ornamental, though there the leaves do not often attain the maximum dimensions. HAIJITAT. --The native home of the Castor Bean is thought to he either tropical Africa or tropical Asia, but so abundantly has it been planted and become naturalized throughout all warm countries that it is a point difficult to determine. It is thoroughly naturalized in southern California, growing luxuriously in rich bottom-lands, espe- cially in the vicinity of Los Angeles and San Pedro. PHYSICAL PIMI-KKTIKS. — Wood very light, soft, not strong, of rapid growth, with ijuite large evenly distributed open ducts, obscure annual rings and tine medullary rays. The heart-wood is of a mottled brown color, and the sap-wood is nearly white, green-tinted near the bark. JUGLANS CALIFOKNICA — CALIFORNIA WALNUT. 45 USES. — The great economic value of the Hicinus communis, and for which the plant is extensively grown in warm countries, is the valuable fixed oil which is expressed from its seeds. This is used chiefly in medicine, but is also valuable as a lubricant and formerly was used as a luminant. Some years ago the streets of Lima, Peru, it is said, were lighted by it, and the machines used in the works of the sugar plantations of Peru were lubricated by it. The Castor Bean is very popular for ornamental gardening for which it is admirably adapted, as it springs quickly from the seed and soon becomes a large and beautiful plant of tropical aspect. MEDICINAL PROPERTIES. — Castor Oil, expressed from the seed, is a mild and speedy cathartic, decidedly the best and safest cathartic, as a general rule, for children. ORDER JUGLANDACE^I : WALNUT FAMILY. Leaves alternate, pinnate and without stipules. Flowers monoecious and apetal- ous, except in some cases in the fertile flowers. Sterile flowers in catkins with an irregular calyx adnate to the scale of the catkin. Fertile flowers solitary or in small clusters, with calyx regularly 3-5-lobed, adherent to the incompletely 2-4-celled, but 1-ovuled ovary. Fruit a sort of dry drupe (a try ma), with a fibrous and more or less fleshy and coriaceous outer coat very astringent to the taste, a hard, bony inner coat, and a 2-4-lobed seed, which is orthotropous, with, thick, oily and often corrugated cotyledons and no albumen. All representatives of the order are trees. GENUS JUGLANS, L. Leaves odd-pinnate, with numerous serrate leaflets ; leaf-buds few-scaled or nearly naked. Sterile flowers in long, simple, imbricated, axillary catkins from the wood of the preceding year ; calyx unequally 3-6-cleft ; stamens 12-40 with very short and free filaments. Fertile flowers several in a cluster or solitary at the ends of the branches; calyx 4 toothed and bearing in its sinuses 4 small petals; style 2, very short ; stigmas 2, somewhat club-shaped and fringed. " Fruit drupaceous with a fibrous and spongy, somewhat fleshy, iridehiscent epicarp and a rough irregularly furrowed endocarp; embryo edible and wholesome. Trees with strong-scented resinous-aromatic bark and a pith which separates into thin transverse disks. (Juglans is contracted from Latin Jovis glaus, the nut of Jove.) 190. JUGLANS CALIFORNICA, WATSON. CALIFORNIA WALNUT. G-er., Californische Wallnussbaum ; Fr., Noyer de Calif ornie ; Sp., Nogal de California. SPECIFIC CHARACTERS -. — Leaves 6-9 in. long and composed of 11 to 17 ovate- lanceolate somewhat falcate acuminate serrate leaflets, 1|— 3 in. in length and with short stout petiolules Staminate flowers (opening in April and May after the stigmas of the pistillate flowers have begun to wither) in slender puberulous aments, 2-3 in. long, the 6-lpbed perianth elongated, light green and as with the bract rufous-pubescent outside ; stamens 30-40 with yellow anthers and connect- 46 HOUGH'S AMERICAN WOODS. ire bifid at apex. Pistillate flowers ovate-globose, \ in. long, puberulous. calyx lobes broad-ovate, pubescent and subtended by a ring-like border of short bracts ; stigmas club-shaped, £ in. long, yellow. Fruit globose, f to 1£ in. long, with thin dark brown pubescent husk, which being removed reveals a subglobose dark- brown nut, slightly compressed, without sutural ridges but with remote shallow grooves. It is four-celled at base, rather thin walled and contains a large sweet kernel. Generally a small tree with few stout branches forming a rounded or broad head, and sometimes hardly more than a shrub, but occasion- ally it attains the height of 50 or 60 ft. (16 m.), with trunk 18 in. (0.50 in.) or more in diameter. The bark of trunk of a gray -brown color is rather fibrous within, fissured into flat longitudinal ridges which exfoliate in thick plate- like scales. HABITAT. — The California "Walnut is found along the Coast region of California from a little north of San Francisco southward to the southern slopes of San Bernardino Mountains, preferring the banks of streams and rich bottom-lands. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES. — Wood rather heavy and hard, of moderate strength, easy to work, with rather large, quite uniformly distributed open ducts, and small obscure medullary rays. It is of a dark purple-brown color, sometimes handsomely mottled, and with thick yellowish white ' sap-wood, which, however, soon after being cut assumes a markedly green cast, changing afterwards to brownish white color. Specific Gravity, 0.4086; Weight of a Cubic Foot /// Pounds, 25.46. USES. — The wood is not extensively used, though sound trunks, when large enough, are suitable for such uses as the allied Black Walnut is applied, as in cabinet making, etc. It is often planted as a shade tree. The fruit, though small, is considered, by children at least, as well worth gathering on account of the good edible qualities. They are sometimes planted as young stocks on which to graft the English Walnut. ORDER CUPULIFERJE : OAK FAMILY, Leaves alternate, simple, straight veined ; the stipules, forming the bud-scales, deciduous. Flowers monoecious, apetalous. Sterile flowers in clustered or racemed catkins (or in simple clusters in the Beech) ; calyx regular or scale-like ; stamens 5-20. Fertile flowers solitary, clustered or spiked, and furnished with an invo- lucre which forms a cup or covering to the nut ; calyx-tube adherent to the ovary, its teeth minute and crowning the summit ; o vary *2-7-cel led with 1-2 pendulous ovules in each cell, but all of the cells and ovales, except one, disappearing before maturity; stigmas sessile. Fruit a 1-celled, 1-seeded nut, solitary or several together and partly or wholly covered by the scaly (in some cases echinate) invo- lucral cup or covering ; seed albumenless, with an anatrapous. often edible, embryo ; cotyledons thick and fleshy. Genus is represented by both trees and shrubs. QUEKCUS TOMENTELLA ISLAND LlVE OAK. 47 GENUS QUERCUS, L. Flowers greenish or yellowish. Sterile flowers in loose, slender, naked catkins, which spring singly or several together from axillary buds ; calyx 2-8-parted or cleft ; stamens 3-12 ; anthers 2-celled Fertile flowers with ovary nearly 3-celled and 6-ovuled, two of the cells and 5 of the ovules being abortive ; stigma 3-lobed ; involucre developing into a hard, scaly cup around the base of the nut or acorn, which is 1-celled, 1 -seeded. (Quercus is the ancient Latin name for the Oak supposed to be from the Celtic quer, fine, and cuez, tree.) 191. QUERCUS TOMENTELLA, ENGELM. ISLAND LIVE OAK, SANTA CATALINA WHITE OAK. Ger., Eilandische Stechpalme ; Fr., Chene vert insulaire ; Sp., Encina de isla. SPECIFIC CHARACTERS : — Leaves persistent, thick, coriaceous, oblong-lanceo- late, from 2 to 4 in. long, acute or occasionally rounded, perhaps cuspidate, at apex, coarsely crenate-dentate with teeth tipped with very small bristles, or entire (often both forms on the same branch) dark bluish green, stellate pubescent above when young, but finally glabrous or nearly so, with prominent mid-riband veins, beneath lighter and, as with the short petioles and branchlets, densely covered with hoary stellate pubescence ; stipules caducous. Staminate flowers in stellate- pubescent pendent bracteate aments, 2 in. or more in length, appearing from the axils of young leaves ; calyx light yellow, pubescent, 5-7-lobed ; stamens 5-10 exserted,' with slender filaments and yellow oblong pointed anthers. Pistillate flowers subsessile, in the axils of more terminal leaves or on few-flowered axillary spikes ; calyx and involucral scales stellate- pubescent ; stigma red. Fruit sub- sessile, ripening at the end of the second season, with ovoid nut 1-1£ in. long, the thick shell pubescent within toward the apex, and shallow, thickish woody cup, with thin rim, \ to ^ enveloping the nut, tubercled and hoary stellate-tomen- tose outside with small tips of scales free. A tree of medium size in sheltered canons, attaining the height of 75 ft. (22 m.) or somewhat more, with trunk 2 ft. (0.60 in.) or less in diameter. The bark of trunk is of a light gray color, quite thin and rough on the old. trunks, with longitudinal ridges which flake off in firm scales revealing a red-brown inner bark. HABITAT. — The Quercus tomentettais distinctively an insular Oak, being found only, so far as known, on certain islands off the coast of southern and Lower California. It was discovered " on a bleak crest near the northeast end of Guadaloupe Island," and has since been found on the Oalifornian islands, Santa Cruz, Santa Rosa and Santa Catalina. I hive seen it only on Santa Catalina Island, and there found it forming small groves, with a few outlying trees, in a number of sheltered canons. These groves are conspicuous when viewed from a distance on account of the gray-green tint of foliage and the stature of the trees, as they tower above most of the surrounding vegetation. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES. — Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, com- pact, with open ducts arranged in broad bands parallel with the 48 HOUGH'S AMERICAN WOODS. medullary rays, which are few and small for an Oak. It is of a pale yellow-brown color, with abundant lighter sap-wood. Specific Gravity, 0.7214; Percentage of Ash, 100; Relative Approximate Finl Value, 0.7142; Weight of a Cubic Foot in Pounds, 44.95. FSKS. — Not of sufficient abundance to be of commercial impor- tance, though the wood is excellent in quality for the uses to which the Oaks are generally applied. 192. QUERCUS WISLIZENI, A. de C. HIGHLAND LIVE OAK. Ger. , Hochldndische Stechpalme ; Fr. , Chene vert montagneux ; Sp. , JEncina mantanosa. SPECIFIC CHARACTERS: — Leaves mostly oblong- lanceolate, but varying from lanceolate to oval, mostly 1-3 in. long, thick, coriaceous, acute or rounded and generally apiculate at apex, truncate rounded or abruptly wedge-shaped at base, entire, sinuate or serrate- dentate with spreading, rigid, bristle- pointed teeth, stellate-pubescent at first, soon glabrous dark green above and somewhat paler and more yellowish beneath ; slightly if at all concave beneath ; petioles rather slender hoary pubescent at first and usually more or less so at maturity ; the cilliate stipules caducous ; Staminate flowers in hairy aments 2-4 in. long ; calyx glabrous with broad cilliate lobes ; stamens 3-6, exserted, with slender filaments and yellow apiculate anthers. Pistillate flowers are subsessile, with hoary tomentose peduncle and involucral scales ; styles often more than three, slender and recurved. Fruit ripens in the autumn of the second year, sessile on short peduncles, acorns solitary or few together, with slender taper-pointed chestnut- brown and often striated thin-shelled nut, |-1| in. long and scarcely 1 in. broad at base, sericio-tomentose within ; cup thin*, tnrbinate, varying from $ to 1 in. deep, or sometimes shallow and covered with thin light brown closely imbricated more or less pubescent scales. The specific name, Wislizeni, is given in compliment to Dr. F. A. Wislizenus, an early botanical explorer who gathered the type specimens on which the species was founded. This beautiful tree attains the height of 75 or 80 ft. (24 m.), with round wide close top of strong spreading branches and dense dark green foliage. The trunk, which is generally short, is occasionally ."> or 6 ft. (1.50 m.) in diameter, and its bark is of a dark brown color, ridged longitudinally and covered with firm closely appressed scales. It is a handsome tree and adds not a little to the charms of the land- scape scenery in the regions in which it abounds. HABITAT. — California — from Mount Shasta southward along the foothills of the Sierra Nevada Mountains to the Tehachapi Mountains and among the Coast ranges as far south as Santa Lucia Mountains. In its tree form it is confined to the interior, back some distance from the sea, being supplemented near the coast by the Quen-us agrifofni. a tree of very similar aspect and with which it was at first confounded. QUERCUS WlSLIZENI — HIGHLAND LlVE OAK. 49 The Highland Live Oak near the coast and on Santa Rosa and Santa Cruz Islands is of more shrubby habit, and in that form extends south- ward into Lower California. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES. — Wood heavy, very hard and strong, quite close-grained, with annual rings more distinctly indicated by large open ducts than is the case with the evergreen Oaks generally, the structure being rather between them and the deciduous species. It is of ;i light reddish-brown color with abundant lighter sap-wood, the heart-wood in fact only appearing in trees of considerable age. SjHTfjir (r/>f It>u>tni'<\ 818; Resistance to Longitudinal Pressure, 533; Resist- •f A*Ji* 0.61; Relat'tre Approximate Fuel Value, 0.4939; Coefficient of Elasticity, 108507; Modulus of Rapture, 808; Resist- \ 0.5391; Coefficient of Elasticity, 126216; 3Lof Rapture, 909; Resistance to Longitudinal Pressure, 468; Resistance to Indentation, 126; Weight of a Cubic foot hi Pounds^ 33.73. USES. — Little use is made of this timber. GENUS POPULUS, TOURNEFORT. Leaves broad, more or less heart-shaped or ovate, and with long and often ver- tically compressed petioles. Flowers appearing before the leaves in long, droop- ing, lateral, cylindrical catkins, the scales of which are furnished with a fringed margin ; calyx represented by an oblique, cup-shaped disk with entire margin ; stamens, 8-30 or more, with distinct filaments ; pistil wTith very short, bifid style, and large 2-lobed stigma. Fruit as described for the order . Genus represented mostly by rather large trees, and the name is a Latin word, meaning people, applicable either from the fact that these trees are often set along public walks, or in allusion to the tremulous motion of the leaves, which are in constant agitation like a crowd of people. 194. POPULUS FREMONTII, WATSON. WHITE COTTONWOOD, FREMONT COTTONWCOD. Ger., Weisse Pappel ; Fr.. Peuplier blanc ; Sp., Alamo bianco. SPECIFIC CHARACTERS: — Leaves thick and firm, broadly deltoid or reniform narrowing to a short entire point, truncate, slightly cordate or abruptly wedge- shaped at the wide entire base, coarsely and irregularly crenate-serrate with few or a dozen or more incurved teeth on each side, coated as with the petiole with pale fungaceous pubescence at first but finally lustrous green, blade 2 to 3 in. long and about as wide ; petioles 1 to 3 in. long, laterally compressed ; branchlets terete, light green and pubescent at first, finally light yellowish gray. Floivers appear in February and March in aments with glabrous rachis and bracts ; the staminate, 1| to 3 in. long, densely flowered and with slender stems ; scales thin, light brown," scarious, dilated and fimbriated at apex and caducous ; stamens 60 or more with large dark red anthers inserted on a broad disk, 3-4 lines broad, with entire margin ; pistillate aments with stouter and often puberulous stems, more sparsely flowered and 3-4 in. long ; ovary ovoid or ovoid-oblong, glabrous, sub- tended by the cup-shaped, membranous persistent disk ; stigmas 3, broad and irregularly crenate-lobed. Fruit ovoid capsules nearly £ in. long, with thick slightly pitted walls, stout peduncle 1 line in length, on drooping racemes 4-5 in. long and dehiscent by 3 (rarely 4) valves ; seeds nearly | in. in length, ovoid and copiously surrounded with long soft white cottony hairs. The specific name is given in compliment to the botanical explorer, Capt. John C. Fremont. 52 HOUGH'S AMERICAN WOODS. .V tree occasionally attaining the height of 100 ft. (30 m.), with rather open broad head of stout spreading branches and short trunk 5 or 6 ft. (1.50 in.) in diameter, having light gray bark, furrowed with linn rounded longitudinal and obliquely connecting ridges which finally exfoliate in small scales. HABITAT. — The Fremont Cotton wood is found in California from the head waters of the Sacramento River southward and eastward through Kevada into Utah, marking the courses of streams and moist bottom-lands, and is especially abundant in central California, where it attains its largest size. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES. — Wood soft, light, close-grained, not strong, of a light reddish-brown color with nearly white sap-wood. Specific Gravity, 0.4914; Percentage of Ash, 0.77; Relative Approx- imate Fuel Value, 0.4876; Coefficient of Elasticity, 105116; Modulus of Rujpture, 698; Resistance to Longitudinal Pressure, 378; Resistance to Indentation, 86; Weight of a Cubic Foot in Pounds, 30.62. FSKS. — The wood of this tree is extensively used for fuel, it beinof the chief source of supply in some localities and by pollarding the trees a crop of branches may be gathered for that use every four or live years. The tree is extensively planted along street-sides, etc., for shade and ornamental purposes. The inner bark was formerly used, it is said, by Indians of the southwest for making petticoats. MEDICINAL PROPERTIES, though not specifically mentioned of this tree, are doubtless the same as those mentioned of the Populus monilifera, Part II., p. 39. GYMNOSPERMvE. Flowering, exogenous plants with leaves chiefly parallel-veined and cotyledons frequently more than two. Flowers diclinous and very incomplete ; pistil repre- sented by an open scale or leaf, or altogether wanting, with ovules naked, fertil- ized by direct contact with the pollen, and seeds at maturity naked — without a true pericarp. ORDER CONIFER2E : PINE FAMILY. Leaves mostly awl-shaped or needle-shaped, evergreen, entire and parallel- veined. Flowers monoecious, or rarely dioecious, in catkins or cones, destitute of both calyx; and corolla ; stamens one or several (usually united) ; ovary, style and stigma wanting ; ovules one or several at the base of a scale, which serves as a carpel, or on an open disk Fruit a cone, woody and with distinct scales, or somewhat berry-like, and with fleshy coherent scales, seeds orthotropous, embryo in the axis of the albumen. Trees or shrubs with a resinous juice. GENUS CUPRESSUS, TOURNEFORT. Leaves persistent, small, scale-like, decussately opposite, thick, rounded or keeled, adnate to and decurrent upon the stem, usually glandular-pitted on the back, appressed or slightly spreading at the pointed or rounded apex, margin (Yl'KKSSfS MACROCARPA MONTEREY CYPRESS. 53 entire or denticulate ; leaves on vigorous young shoots commonly awl-shaped or linear-lanceolate and spreading; branchlets not forming flat sprays. Flowers appear in early spring, monoecious, in small catkins terminating the leafy branch- lets ; the staminate aments oblong or cylindrical, consisting of a few pairs of decussately opposite, yellowish ovate or orbicular subpeltate scales attached to the under sides of each of which are two to six subglobose pendulous anther- cells opening by a longitudinal slit ; pollen-grains simple. The pistillate flowers terminate short branchlets, subglobose, scales thick, ovate acute and bearing attached to their bases on the inner surface generally numerous, erect, orthotro- pous bottle-shaped ovules. Fruit a subglobose, short-stalked, rugose woody cone, generally maturing the second year, scales closely valvate peltate, polygonal in outline at apex, flattened and bearing more or less prominent central bosses, at maturity opening along their margins and persisting after liberating their numer- ous irregularly compressed acutely angled thick-coated seeds, which are borne in several rows on the base of the scale ; embryo erect in fleshy albumen, cotyledons usually two. Genus consists of resinous trees with generally fragrant wood of considerable economic value, especially in Japan. About a half dozen species are found in the United States along the Pacific slope. (Cupressus is the classical Latin name of the Cypress tree. ) 195. CUPRESSUS MACROCARPA, GORD. MONTEREY CYPRESS. Ger. , Cypresse von Monterey • Fr. , Oypres de Monterey ; Sp. , Cipres Monterey. SPECIFIC CHARACTERS: — Leaves broad ovate, about J- in. long, dark green, acute, closely appressed or slightly spreading at apex, thick and obscurely gland- ular-pitted on the back and often with a longitudinal furrow on each side. Those on young plants spreading and acicular ; branchlets short and covered with red- dish-brown bark with papery scales. Flowers (February and March) yellow ; the staminate small, about ^ in. long, oblong, quadrangular, with 6-8 decussately opposite stamens with broad peltate connectives slightly erose on margins and each bearing 4-5 orange-colored pollen sacs : pistillate flowers oblong, terminal, about ' in. long and with spreading acute scales. Fruit subglobose or oblong clustered cones, maturing the second season, from 1~H m- l°n§'. puberulous, with short peduncle about | in. in length, with four or six pairs of peltate scales having elevated or sab-conical central bosses ; the upper and lower pairs of scales smaller than the others and sterile, and beneath each of the other scales are pro- duced about twenty light brown angular seeds about ^ in. long. (The specific name is the Greek for large fruit.} This exceedingly interesting tree is found only in or near its famous home on the bluffs of Cypress Point, which projects out into the Pacific near Monterey, California. They are there trees of very striking aspect, with sturdy contorted trunks, sometimes 5 or 6 ft. (1.80 m.) in diameter, and huge gnarled branches supporting a dense flat top, almost like a platform composed of the flat sprays of the topmost branches, 50 or 60 ft. (18 m.) above ground, and with little or no other foliage. This arrangement offers the least resistance to the ever-prevailing winds from the ocean and the greatest amount of sur- face to the sun. Sheltered by these giant vanguards the trees grad- 54 HOUGH'S AMERICAN WOODS. ually present fuller and more open tops and far less sturdy trunks as we go back away from the coast into the adjoining forest. Here in young trees we find the habit of growth is distinctly pyramidal. The bark of trunk is of a purple-brown color, in exposed situations 1)1 caching out to almost whiteness, rough with longitudinal and obliquely connecting ridges which exfoliate in long scales and fibrous strips. HABITAT. — Though doubtless a tree of much wider distribution in earlier times its natural range is now the most restricted of the Ameri- can Coniferae, being found only in Monterey Co., California, at Cypress Point and southward to the shores of Carmel Bay and across the bay at Point Lobos, in all a distance of scarcely five miles. It extends inland only a few rods from the great breakers of the coast, and there mingles with the Monterey Pine which gradually replaces it altogether. One of the most interesting spots on the American continent for the lover of trees is this Cypress Point, where he may see the famous monarchs above described scattered singly or in groups with interlocked branches on a rolling glade like one vast lawn fre- quently bedewed with moisture from the ocean. They seem to rejoice in their ceaseless battle with the winds from the Pacific and approach so closely to it as to be frequently bathed with its spray. One thinks it strange that a tree loving this bleak spot so well can adapt itself to almost any soil or climate not too cold from Vancouver's Island to Lower California, for it is the most extensively planted and the most rapid grower of the coniferous trees throughout all this region. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES. — The wood is moderately heavy, hard and strong, close-grained, easily worked, slightly fragrant and susceptible of a very smooth polish. It is of a light-brown color streaked with yellow and light purple; sap-wood buff -white. /S^W/A- »u'>261; Percentage of Ash, 0.57 '; Relative Approximat*1 J'J><f Rupture, l< M-5 ; Resistance to Indentation, 237; Weight of a Cubic Foot in USES. — The most extensively planted coniferous tree in the Pacific States for ornamental purpose, wind-breaks, and hedges, growing with wonderful vigor and enduring annual trimming to a remarkable extent. It is planted sometimes in our southeastern states, in South America, Australia, and extensively in southern and western Europe. NOTE. — Visitors to the home of the Monterey Cypress are often told by the people residing thereabouts that " this tree is only found PlNUS MONOPHYLLA SiNGLE-LEAF PlNON PlNE. 55 here and in the Holy Land. " This is an error. The tree in the Holy Land to which reference is made in this statement is the Cedar of Lebanon (Cedrus Libani), very different, of course, from the Cypress botanically, though its habit of growth is so similar to that of the flat- topped Cypress trees of Cypress Point that it has given rise to the popular belief, among people not particularly versed in trees, that they are the same. GENUS PINUS, TOURNEFORT. Leaves evergreen, needle-shaped, from slender buds, in clusters of 2-5 together, each cluster invested at its base with a sheath of thin, membranous scales. Flowers appearing in spring, monoecious. Sterile flowers in catkins, clustered at the base of the shoots of the season ; stamens numerous with very short filaments and a scale-like connective ; anther cells, 2, opening lengthwise ; pollen grains triple. Fertile flowers in conical or cylindrical spikes — cones — consisting of imbricated, carpellary scales, each in the axil of a persistent bract and bearing at its base within a pair of inverted ovules. Fruit maturing in the autumn of the second year, a cone formed of the imbricated carpellary scales, which are woody, often thickened or awned at the apex, persistent, when ripe, dry and spreading to liberate the two nut-like and usually winged seeds ; cotyledons 3-12, linear. (Pinus is a Latin word from Celtic pin or pen, a crag.) 196. PINUS MONOPHYLLA, TORR. SINGLE-LEAF PINON PINE, NUT PINE, PINON. Ger., Einzujblattrige Fichte ; Fr., Pin monofeuillier ; Sp., Pino de sola hoja. SPECIFIC CHARACTERS .: — Leaves solitary, terete, from 1 to 2| in. long (occa- sionally in 2-leaved fascicles and semi- terete) stout, rigid, incurved and spine-like, with sharp callous tips, pale glaucous-green, with 18 to 26 rows of stomata, 2 to several resin ducts and a single central fibro-vascular bundle, sheathes with short and reflexed scales which soon fall away leaving thin persistent bases. Staminate flowers oval, about £ in. long, dark red, usually surrounded by 6 involucral bracts ; anthers terminating in minute knobs or teeth. Pistillate flowers oval, lateral, with thick apiculate scales and raised on short thick peduncles which are surrounded by about half a dozen involucral bracts. Fruit stout, ovoid, bright green cones, li to 2| in. long and of nearly the same thickness with few scales (the central ones only bearing fertile seeds), rounded at apex, f- in. across or less, the thick, exposed portion being four-angled and bearing a prominent truncate or concave umbo. After maturity the cones open widely and are of a lustrous light yellowish brown color ; seeds edible, falling away from the light brown wings "which remain attached to the scales, compressed, dark reddish brown oblong, about f in. or less in length, pointed at apex, rounded at base, mottled yellowish brown, spotted with purple, with thin brittle shell, oily albu- men and embryo with 7-10 cotyledons. (The specific name is from the Greek povos, solitary, and v\Xov, leaf. ) A small tree, with low rounded or irregularly wide pyramidal top, with long crooked lower branches, almost resting on the ground. I have seen it some over 30 ft. (9 m.) in height, but generally it is considerably less, with short trunk, rarely over 18 in. (0.-15 m.) in diameter, covered with a rather thin light-brown bark, with broad 56 HOUGH'S AMERICAN W GODS. irregular plate-like ridges which flake off in brittle rounded, scales. The distinctly gray or light bluish -green full foliage of the tree gives it a conspicuous and characteristic aspect. HABITAT. — From the Wasatch Mountains in Utah, westward to the eastern slopes of the Sierra Nevada Mountains, and in localities on the western slopes of the southern Sierra Nevadas, the San Raphael and San Bernardino Mountains, and southward into Lower California and in Arizona on arid slopes and mesas, from 3, (MM) to 7,000 ft. altitude. It is especially abundant in Nevada and along the east- ern slopes of the Sierra Nevada Mountains. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES. — Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, of slow growth and with yellowish brown heart- wood and lighter sap- wood. Specific Gravity, 0.5658; Percentage of Ash, 0.68; Approximate Fuel Value, 0.5620; Coefficient El «*t '«•',! ij, Modulus of Rupture, 288; Resistance to Longitudinal 7>;v-.v.s-///v, 274; Resistance to Indentation, 169; Weight of a Cubic .Foot hi Pounds, 35.26. USES. — The wood is extensively used for fuel and charcoal, for which latter use it is employed more extensively in the Great Basin than any other timber. The seeds of this tree form a very important article of food with the Piute, Sboshone and Penamint Indians and other tribes of the regions in which it grows. They gather the cones in great quantities and roast them sufficiently to make them open and liberate the nuts, which are then eaten raw, roasted or pounded into a flour with which they make a sort of bread. 197. PINUS TORREYANA, PARRY. TORREY PINE, DEL MAR PINE, SOLEDAD PINE. Ger., Fichte von Torrey ; Fr., Pin de Torrey ; Sp., Pino de Torr<-//. SPECIFIC CHARACTERS: — Leaves in clusters of five each, from the axils of lan- ceolate fringed bracts, stout, 8 to 13 in. long, sharply and minutely serrulate, with acute callous tips and growing in large tufts at the ends of the branchlets, with sheathes at first an inch or two long, with loose fringed scales, but finally become reduced to \ or f in. in length. The leaves contain two fibro- vascu- lar bundles, generally three resin ducts and several rows of stomata on eacli face; branchlets thick and rough with the thick persistent bases of the bracts. Flau'i'iH appear from January to March, the staminate cylindrical, 2-i in. in length, with involucral bracts at base and in short dense heads: anthers yellow with denticulate crests; the pistillate flowers oblong-ovoid, about 5 in. long, in subterminal pairs, with stout peduncles about 1 in. in length covered with chest- nut-brown scarious bracts. Fruit broad -ovoid cones, 4-6 in. long, with stout peduncles generally somewhat deflexed, of a chocolate brown color, with sea Irs about 1 in. broad, with short point at apex very thick and furnished with wide- PlNUS ToRREYANA TORREY PlNE, DEL MAR PlNE. 57 based short or elongated spine-tipped umbos; cones generally breaking away from the tree through their bases two or three years after maturity, so that a few of the undeveloped scales are left on the peduncles attached to the branch; seeds subovoid, about f in. long, yellowish brown with hard shell nearly y1^ in. thick, short thick dark-brown wing extending about ^ in. beyond the apex and rich delicious kernel. (The specific name, Torreyana, is in compliment to the botanist, Dr. John Torrey. This interesting tree, as usually seen on the bluff coast, is a very low tree with wide-reaching branches, but in sheltered canons it attains the height of 40 or 50 ft. (14 m.), with foliage conspicuously arranged in large tufts at the extremities of the branchlets. The bark of the trunk is of a rich brown color, rough with thick scaly ridges which flake off in irregular scales. HABITAT. — The Torrey Pine, the most limited in distribution of all our Pines, is found close along the Pacific coast of California, from a point within the extended city limits of San Diego northward about eight miles to the San Dieguito River, and inland about a mile and a half. Isolated from this locality by a distance of one hundred and seventy-live miles to the northwestward, on the bluffs of the east- ern end of the island Santa Rosa, is found another grove, the only one known outside the range as above defined. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES. --Wood light, soft, not strong, coarse- grained, and of a light reddish brown color, with thick yellowish- white sap-wood. Specific Gravity, 0.4879; Percentage of Ash, 0.35; Relative Approximate Fml Value, 0.4862; Coefficient of Elasticity, 54-213; j\L<><]ttJnx of Rupture, 756; Resistance to Longitudinal Pressure, 290; I!<'xtx1 feet, but reaches far off horizontally to leeward. HABITAT. — A tree of very limited distribution the Monterey Pine is found along the Pacific Coast of California from Pescadero to San Simeon Bay, with headquarters, wTe might say, at Point Pinos, jus: south of Monterey Bay, where it forms a small tract of forest arid attains its largest size. It extends but a few miles inland. It is found in a more scrubby and somewhat altered form (var. binata) <»n the islands of Santa Rosa, Santa Cruz and Guadaloupe. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES. — Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle and usually of very rapid growth. It is of a pale purple-brown color, with abundant yellowish-white sap-wood. RjH'rifc ^Y/vnvV//, 0.4574; Percentage of Ash, o.80; Relative Approximate Fn<-I Vtilnt-, o.45r><>; (Coefficient of Elasticity, 97850; Mod "lux of Ituj>tur<, 74* >; 75; Weight of a Culne foot hi r<»s.51. FSKS. — Formerly the Monterey Pine was used for lumber, but now it is only used to a limited extent for fuel. The tree is verv extensively planted for ornamental purposes and wind-breaks, for which it is admirably suited, owing to its rapidity of growth and adaptability to conditions of soil and climate. In this respect it resembles the Monterey (Vpm-s, which, strangely, hails from the same locality, and is its only peer in popularity for this use along the Pacific ("'oast from the boundary of the British possessions to southern Cali- fornia, It is also successfully planted in the southeastern states. Mexico, Australia and New Zealand, and has long been popular in western and southern Europe. GENUS, WASHINGTONIA. 61 ENDOGENOUS OR MONOCOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS. Flowering plants, in the stems of which the woody fibers and vessels are irregu- larly imbedded in bundles in cellular tissue (not in annual layers). The leaves are mostly parallel-veined, sheathing at the base, alternate "or scattered, not toothed and rarely separating by an articulation. First leaf of the embryo ^coty- ledon) single and the parts of the flower generally in threes. PAIMM : PALM FAMILY. Leaves flabellate or pinnately divided, rarely simple, springing from the ter minal bud, alternate and with base sheathing the stem. Flowers usually diclinous, on a branched spadix ; perianth of six herbaceous segments in two rows ; stamens six (rarely fewer or more) hypogynous or perigynous ; pistil with superior 8- (rarely 1-) celled ovary of three separate carpels with a single or rarely 2 ovules ia each cell ; styles short, free or connate. Fruit commonly a berry or drupe, with large seeds having a minute peripheric embryo in fleshy or horny albumen. The order consists of upwards of 1,000 species of perennials — trees and shrubs — of tropical and subtropical regions, of elegant or majestic habit of growth and many of them of great economic importance. Their stems present the typical endogenous structure, the wood forming in dense wire-like bundles, known as fibro- vascular bundles, between which is a mass of thin walled pith like cells known as parenchyma. The woody bundles are crowded more closely together toward the periphery of the stems, which is generally there quite hard in con- sequence and the central portion is comparatively soft. There is no true bark on these stems nor is there a central pith column as with exogenous stems. GENUS WASHINGTONIA, WENDLAND. Leaves flabellate, orbicular, plicate in vernation, deeply divided into many 2-deft segments, from the margins of which hang numerous pale thread-like fibres, and at the union of the petiole with the blade above is a thin elongated laciniate ligula; petioles long, broad, with margins armed with strong, variously hooked and straight wide-based but thin spines, the base of petiole widening out an:l margined with a broad fabric-like chestnut-brown network of strong fibres. Flowers perfect, small, white, from the axils of ovate acute scarious bracts, on elongated paniculate glabrous spadices, which appears from among the leaves with numerous flexuose pendulous branches; spathes numerous, narrow, elon- gated, glabrous; calyx tubular, scarious, with three small eroded lobes, indurate at base, persistent, imbricated in aestivation; corolla funnel-shaped with fleshy tube half as long as the three lanceolate acute striate reflexed lobes, imbricated in aestivation, deciduous; stamens usually six, sometime three or many, exserted, with free filaments thickened below the middle, slender at apex and bearing linear-oblong 2-celled versatile pale yellow anthers, attached on the back and longitudinally dehiscent; ovary superior, sessile, 3-lobed, 3-celled, with elongated flexuose exserted style, stiguiatic at apex and containing a single lateral erect anatropous ovule in each cell. Fruit drupaceous, small, blackish, globose-elliptical, short stalked and crowned with the remnants of the style and abortive carpels, the fleshy pericarp thin and sweet, and the seed oblong- ovoid, with minute sublateral hiluin, conspicuous raphe, thin brown testa, horny albu- men and minute lateral embryo. Genus composed of two species; one, found in California, and the adjacent regions of Lower California, is described below, and the other, Wasliingtonia Sonorae, is found in the mountain canons of western Sonora and southern Lower California and as yet is quite imperfectly known. 62 HOUGH'S AMERICAN WOODS. 200. WASHINGTONIA FILAMENTOSA, 0. K. CALIFORNIA FAN PALM, DESERT PALM. Ger., Cali/ornische Wedelpalme ; Fr., Palmier d'eventail ; Sp., Palma de abaniro. SPECIFIC CHARACTERS: — Leaves light green, 5 to 6 ft. in length and nearly as broad, with stout elongated petioles 4-6 feet long and about 2 in. broad at the upper end, 5 or 6 in. at base, where they split and widen into the sheathing base, and strongly armed along the margins with variously curved and straight thin broad-based spines; ligulas 4-6 in. long irregularly laoiniate. Flowers (May to June) slightly fragrant in glabrous light-green paniculate spadices, 10 to 12 feet long, from the axils of upper leaves, at first erect and spreading, but finally pendulous. Fruit (ripe in September) very abundant black drupes, about | in. long with thin sweet pulp; seed i in. long. The specific name, ftlamentosa, is from the Latin filum, thread, referring to the thread-like fibres hanging from the edges of the leaves. This beautiful Palm, the largest of the family growing within the United States, sometimes attains the height of 75 ft. (22 m.), with a trunk 3 ft. (1 m.) or somewhat more in diameter at base. It is crowned with a tuft of great fan-shaped light green leaves, which, springing vertically from the growing summit, gradually bend out- ward, and when finally brown and lifeless lop down about the trunk where a great mass of them accumulates and persists for some years until they gradually drop away and leave the naked brown columnar trunk rough with the projecting wire-like bundles of wood. This is the appearance of the tree unkempt, in its desert home, but with ornamental trees the old leaves are usually trimmed off as soon as they become unsightly and droop. The trunk is then left, either wickered over, as it were, witli the forked bases of the old leaves or those too are trimmed away and an annulated rind -like covering remains. HABITAT. — Along the borders of the depression in the Colorado Desert, which was once filled by an inland sea, extending up some of the canons of the neighboring San Jacinto and San Bernardino Mountains and ranging southward into Lower California, growing in moist and usually alkaline soil near the beds of canons and water courses where it forms in places small open groves. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES. — The wood of this Palm is light and soft, with rather large fibro- vascular bundles of a garnet color in old trunks, and sparsely distributed through the mass of pinkish colored pith-like intervening tissue (parenchyma), each bundle with two or three large ducts near the periphery. The color above alluded to is what I have seen in old wood taken from near the base of the trunks WASHINGTONIA FILAMENTOSA — CALIFORNIA FAN PALM. 63 whose exterior was charred by repeated burnings of the accumulated dead leaves about their crowns by the Indians, and I am inclined to think that the tissues of the trunk were colored in consequence. In new wood the parenchyma is nearly white, and the bundles of a light greenish yellow color. The wood shrinks very greatly in drying, the area covered by one of our transverse sections being now only about half what it was when the tree was freshly cut. As the shrinkage is mainly in the paren- chymatous tissue the bundles of wood must not be considered as being as close together in the growing tree as shown in the accompanying section. USES. — The fruit of this tree has long been an article of food by the Indians, who eat it fresh and also grind the seeds into a flour. They have a habit of setting fire to the dead leaves which accumulate about the crown of the tree and which they are said to do for a double purpose — offering incense to the souls of their departed ancestors and hastening the ripening of the fruit, which I am told they can do by about a month. The "Washington Palm is justly very popular for ornamental plant- ing, and so extensively has it been planted along the streets and about the orange orchards of southern California that it has become a feature already prominent in the aspect of the region, and in time will give it the appearance in places, it would seem, almost of palm forests. INDEX. No. Page. Alamo bianco 194 51 ANACARDIACE.E 27 ANGIOSPERM^E 24 Arbol de Ricino 189 44 Hierro de Santa Cata- lina 182 32 Arbre de Ricin 189 44 Ash, Oregon 187 41 Bearwood, Island 176 25 Bois dur de Santa Catalina. .'. . 182 32 Buckthorn Family 24 Buckthorn, Island 176 25 CACTACE/E Cactus Family Cactus, Mission 184 Castor-bean Tree 189 Ceanothus arboreus 177 velutinus, Var. arbo- reus Cheiie vert insulaire 191 montagneux 192 Cheshew Family7 Christfestbeere 181 Christmas -berry 181 Cipres de Monterey 195 CONIFERS CORNACE^E Cornel occidental 185 Cornuillier occidental 185 Cornus Nuttallii 185 Cotton wood, Fremont. 194 White 194 CUPULIFERyE Cypres de Monterey. . . . 195 Cypress, Monterey 195 Cypresse von Monterey. . , 195 Cupressus macrocarpa 195 Dicotyledonous Plants Dogwood Family Flowering . ; 185 Western 185 Eisenholtz von Santa Catalina. 182 Encina mantafiosa . 192 No. Page. Esche, Oregon ische 187 41 Encina de isla. . ,. 191 47 Eucalyptus 33 globulus 183 33 EUPHORBIACE.E 43 Exogenous Plants 23 Feige, Indische 184 36 Fichte, Einzigblattrige 196 55 Graublattrige . 198 58 von Monterey 199 59 von Torrey 197 56 Fig, Indian 184 36 Figue d'Indian 184 36 Flowering Plants 23 Fraxinus 41 Oregona 187 41 Frene d'Oregon 187 41 Fresno de Oregon 187 41 Gum, Blue 183 33 Gum-tree 183 33 GYMNOSPERMJE 52 Hartriegel, Westlicher 185 38 Heteromeles 30 arbutifolia 181 31 Holly, California 181 31 Houx de Calif ornie 181 31 Iron- wood, Santa Catalina 182 32 Santa Cruz 182 32 Juglans 35 Calif ornica 190 JUGLANDACE^E Key based upon flowers, fruit . . . leaves . . 45 45 1 16 9 Kreuzdorn, Eilandischer 176 25 Lyonothamnus , 32 floribundus 182 32 Mahogany 179 28 M YRTACE^E 33 Myrte, Baumische 177 26 d'arbre 177 26 Mirtode Arbol.. . 177 26 INDEX No. Page. Myrtle, Tree 177 26 Mrytle Famliy 33 Nerprun insulaire 176 25 Nicotiana 42 glauc.a 188 43 Nightshade Family 42 Nogal de California 190 45 Noyer de Calif orme 190 45 Oak, Highland Live 192 48 Island Live 191 47 Santa Catalina White. ... 191 47 Sour 179 28 Oak Family 46 Olea 39 Europea 186 39 OLEACE^E 39 Olive 186 39 Olive Family 39 Olivenholz., 186 39 Olivier 186 39 Olivo 186 39 Opuntia 36 Tuna ... 184 36 Palm, Desert 200 62 California Fan 200 62 Palm Family 61 Palma Christa 189 44 de abanico 200 62 PALM^E 61 Palmier d'eventail 200 62 Pappel, Weisse 194 51 Pear, Prickly 184 36 Pepper, Chilli 178 27 False 178 27 Pepper-tree 178 27 Peuplier blanc 194 51 Pfefferbaum 178 27 Phsenogamous Plants 23 Pimiento falso 178 27 Pin de feuilles gris 198 58 Monterey 199 59 Torrey 197 56 monofeuillier 196 55 Pine, Del Mar 197 56 Digger 198 58 Gray-leaf 198 58 Monterey 199 59 Nut 196 55 Sabine 198 58 Single-leaf Pinon 196 55 Soledad 197 56 Torrey 197 50 Pine Family 52 Pino de hojas gris 198 58 Monterey 199 59 sola hoja 196 55 Torrey 197 56 Pinon 196 55 I'inus 55 monophylla 196 55 No. Page Pimis radiata ...... 199 59 Sabiniana 198 58 Torreyana 197 56 Poivrier faux 178 27 Popidus , 51 Fremontii, 194 51 Quercus 47 tomentella 191 47 Wislizeni 192 48 Ramno de isla ... , 176 25 RHAMNACE^E 24 Rliaitinus 24 crocea insularis 25 insularis 176 25 Rhus 28 integrifolia 179 28 laurina 180 30 Ricinus 44 communis 189 44 Ricinusbaum 189 44 SALICACE.E 49 Salix 49 Nuttallii 193 50 Sauce de Nuttall 193 50 Saule de Nuttall 193 50 SAXIFRAGACE^E 31 Saxifrage Family 31 Schinus 27 Molle 178 27 SOLANACE^E 42 Sour-berry 179 28 Sour- wood 179 28 Spurge Family 43 Stechpalme, Eilandische 191 47 Hochlandische ... 192 48 Sumac de laurier 180 30 Sumach 180 30 Laurel 180 30 Lorberblattriger 180 30 Tabac d'arbre 188 43 Tabak, Baumischer 188 43 Tobacco, Tree 188 43 Wild ... ... 188 43 Tabaco de Arbol 188 43 Tollon 181 31 Toyon 181 31 Tunal 184 36 Wallnussbaum, Californische. . 190 45 Walnut, California . . 190 45 Walnut Family 45 Waslringtonia ... 61 filamentosa 200 62 Wedelpalme, Californische.... 200 62 Weide von Nuttall 193 50 Willow, Nuttall. , 193 50 Willow Family 49 Zumaque de laurel 180 30 176. RHAMNUS INSULARIS, Greene, Buckthorn, Island Bearwood. TRANSVERSE SECTION. RADIAL SECTION. TANGENTIAL SECTION Ger, Eilandisclier Krenzdorn* Fr. Fo s& Eamno de isla, Ureene. Island Buckthorn, Island Bearwood, TRANSVERSE SECTION, RADIAL SECTION, TANGENTIAL SECTION. Ger Eilandischer Krenzdorn* 5z?. Eamno de and Sections nuut* oy Romoyn 8. Houet*, 8. A ' CEANOTHUS ARBOREUS, Greene, Tree Myrtle, TRANSVERSE SECTION RADIAL SECTION. TANGENTIAL SECTION. Cer. Baumisclie Myrte, FT. Myrte d'arbre, Sp. Mirto de arbol, 177. CEANOTHUS ARE Tree Myrtle, TRANSVERSE SECTION RADIAL SECTION. TANGENTIAL SECTION. Ger. Baumische Myrte, FT. Myrte d'arbre. Sp. Mirto de arbol, Houeh. 8. A.. Lowvillo. N. N.. U. S. A. 178. SCHINUS MOLLE, L ,r-tree, Chili Pepper, False Pepper. TRANSVERSE SECTION RADIAL SECTION. TANGENTIAL SECTION. Cer. Pfefferbaum. fr. Poivrier faux. Sp. Pimiento falso. id« hv Rnmevri fi Wnuwh R 178. SCHINUS MOLLF Pepper-tree, Chili Pepper., TRANSVERSE SECTION RADIAL SECTION. TANGENTIAL SECTION. Ger. Pfefferbaum* fh Poivrier faux. Sp. Pimiento falso, 179. RHUS INTEGR1FOUA, B. & H Sour-berry, Sour-wood, Sour Oak, Mahogany. TRANSVERSE SECTION RADIAL SECTION. Ger. Sauerbeere, fr. Bale algre, sp. Baya agria, PMbliahe^ and Sections m«4 ouah, 8. A. . Lowv.tles; W. 179. RHUS INTEGRIFOIIA, B, &, H Sour-berry, Sour-wood, Sour Oak, Mahogany. TRANSVERSE SECTION RADIAL SECTION, YAMQCIITIAL SECTION. Ger. Sauerbeer6t fr. Bale aigre, Sp. Baya agria« LAURINA, Nutt Laurel Sumach, Sumach, TRANSVERSE SECTION RADIAL SECTION. ?r. Lorberblattriger Sumach. FT. Sumac de laurier, Sp. Zumaque de laurel sctions made by Romeyn 8. Hough, 8. A. , Lowvllle, N. N. . U. S. A. 180. RHUS LAURINA, N-utt Laurel Sumach, Sum TRANSVERSE SECTION RADIAL SECTION. 1 TANGENTIAL SECTION. Ger. Lorberblattriger Sumach, 'fr. Sumac de laurier, Sp. Zumaque de laurel ARBUTI FOLIA, Roem, .dfornia. Holly, Toyon, Tollon, TRANSVERSE SECTION RADIAL SECTION. TANGENTIAL •CGTIOII* Christfestbeere, fr. Honx de California, Sp. Tollon. 181. HETEROMELES ARBUTIFQLIA, Roem Christmas-berry, California Holly, Toyon, Tollon, TRANSVERSE SECTION RADIAL SECTION. TANGENTIAL SECTION. Ger, Christfestbeere. fr. Houx de Californie- 5. Tolloa, PvW:«hed «y Romeyo 8. Hough, 8. A. , Lowvilte, N. N. , U. S. A. 182. LYONOTHAMNUS FLORIBUNDUS/ Gr Santa Catalina Iron-wood, Santa Cruz Iron-wood. TRANSVERSE SECTION RADIAL SECTION, TANGENTfAU SECTION, Ger. Eisenholtz von St, Catalina, fr. Bois dur de St. Catalin? Sp. Arbol de Hierro de Santa Catalina. JCALYPTUS GLOBULUS, LabiR Eucalyptus, Blue Gum, Gam-tree, TRANSVERSE SECTION RADIAL SECTION. i TANGENTIAL. SECTION* tier. Eucalyptus, fr. Eucalyptus. 5^. Eucalyptus. Published Iftd Sections made byftomsyp 8. Hou«h, 8. A., towvilte, N, N,.4 U. S. A. 183. EUCALYPTUS GLOBULUS, Lab Eucalyptus, Blue Gum, 6- am- tree. BBBBBHB TRANSVERSE SECTION. RADIAL SECTION, TANGENTIAL SECTION. Ger. Eucalyptus, Fr. Eucalyptus, Sp. Eucalyptus, 184. OPUNTIA TUNA, Mill. Mission Cactus, Indian Fig, Prickly Pear. TRANSVERSE SECTION RADIAL SECTION TANGENTIAL SECTION Ger. Indische Feige. FT. Figue d'Indien. sp. Nopal. ide by Romeyn 8. Hough, 8. A. , Lowville, N. N. . U. S. 184. OPUNTIA TUNA, Mill. Mission Cactus, Indian Fig, Prickly Pear TRANSVERSE SECTION RADIAL SECTION TANGENTIAL SECTION Ger. Indische Feige. FT. Figue d'lndien, 5^. Nopal, 185, CORNUS NUTTALLII, Aud Western Dogwood, Flowering Dogwood, TRANSVERSE SECTION. RADIAL SECTION. TANGENTIAL SECTION. Ger. Westlicher HartriegeL fr. Oornufller occidental 5/?. Cornel occidental. «Wiah«l artd Sections m»ade by Romeyn 8. Hough, 8. A. , Lowvitle, N. N. . U. S. A. 186. OLEA EUROPEA. L Olive, BBBBBHHBH TRANSVERSE SECTION. RADIAL SECTION. TANGENTIAL SECTION. Ger. Olivenholz. Fr. Olivier. Sp. Olivo, FRAX1NUS QREGONA, Mutt. Oregon Ash. TRANSVERSE SECTION RADIAL SECTION. TANGENTIAL SECTION. uer. uregonische Esche. Tr. 1 j^. Fresno de Oregon, d'Qregbii, Romiyti 8. Hough, 6, A., Lavw.'iiB, N. ^4, .-U.-S. A. 187. FRAXINUS QRBGONA, Nutt Oregon Ash, TRANSVERSE SECTION. RADIAL SECTION. TANGENTIAL SECTION. Ger. Oregonische Esche, Fr. Trene d'Qregon, 5/?. Fresno de Oregon. 'b» Romevn 8. Howrk 8. A. i k«wv;!!6L,JS. N. . U. S. A. NICOTIAN A GLAUCA, Grab, Tree Tobacco, Wild Tobacco. TRANSVERSE SECTION {RADIAL SECTION. TANGENTIAL SECTION Ger. Baumischer Tabak, FT. Tabac tf arbtt, Sp. Tabaco de Arbol ada bv&imawn H. Hei/tfh.^B A . Law/villa. M. N. 188. NICOTIAN A GLAUCA, Grah Tree Tobacco, Wild Tobacco. TRANSVERSE SECTION RADIAL SECTION. TANGENTIAL SECTION. Ger< iJaumischer Tabak, Fr. Tabac d'arbre, £/>. Tabaco de ArboL teutons mtti.-•.......-'. • TRANSVERSE SECTION RADIAL SECTION. TANGENTIAL SECTION. tier. HocUandisclie Stechpalme, Fr. Ohene vert montagneux, ilncina montafiesa. SALIX NUTTAUJI, Sarg Nuttall Willow. TRANSVERSE SECTION RADIAL SECTION, TANGENTIAL SECTION. Ger. Weide von Nuttall. Sa,ule de FuttalL Sp. Sauce de NuttalL 193. SAUX HUTTALLI1, Sarg Nuttall Willow, TRANSVERSE SECTION RADIAL SECTION. TANGENTIAL SECTION for. Weide von ISfuttall /r. Saule de Nuttali Sauce de Nuttali. wi 8; >"»*sn, ft. A., t^viii-j, «, 194. POPULUS FREMONT!!, Wats, White Cottonwood, Fremont Cottonwood, THANSVERSE • ; . WADIAL SECTION TANGENTIAL SCCTION. Ger. Pappel von Fremont, FT. Peuplier cle Ftemont- 5/?; Alamo do Fremont. te tjy Rarr,*^ 8. t'Mtgtt; S..* „ 194. POPULUS FREMQNTJS; Wats* White Cottonwood, Fremont Cottonwool TBANSVERSE SECTION TANGENTIAL SECTION. Ger. Pappel von Fremont, /r. Peiiplier do Fremont Sp. Alamo de Fremont. SSUS MACROCARPA, Qerd. Monterey Cypress. TRANSVERSE SECTION, KADJAL SECTION. TANGENTIAL SECTION ler. Cypresse von Monterey. •&. Cypres de Monterey, '"-. Cipras de Monterey, CUPRESSUS MAGROCARPA, Gord Monterey Cypress. TRANSVERSE SECTION HADIAL SECTION TANGCNTiAL SECTION. Ger. Ojpfesse von Monterey, FT. -Gypres Se Monterey $p, Cipras de Monterey, i*da oy Remeyo 8, t'ougn, 8. A. , 196. PIN US MONQPHYLLA, Tom Single-leaf Pinon Pine, Nut Pine, Pifion, TRANSVERSE SECTION. RADIAL SECTION* Elnrigblaitrige Fichte, /r. Pin monofeuillier, Sp. Pino do inona liqja, b Rort»en 8. Hovft. 8. A . -Cowv.lh*, 196. P1NUS MONOPHYLLA, Torr. Single-leaf Pinon Pine, Nut Pine, Pinon, ••••••••••••••••• TRANSVERSE SECTION RADIAL SECTION, TANGENTIAL SECTION. Ger. Elnzigblattrige Flchte. fr. Pin monofouillier >>. Pino de inoha hoja, 197, P1NUS TORREYANA, Parry Torrey Pine, Del Mar Pipe, Soledad Pme. TRANSVERSE SECTION. . •-V-. RADIAL SECTION. TANGENTIAL *..~ Ger. Piblite 1/on Torrey. Fr. Pin de TO:?TG. SP. Pino do Torrey, 197. .PIN-US TORREYANA, Parry Torrey Pine, Del Mar Pine, Soledad Pine. TRANSVERSE SECTION. KAOIAL SECTION. TANGENTIAL Fiolite von Torrey, p. 3?iao do Torrey* P1NUS SABINIANA, Dougl. -leaf Pine, Digger Pine, Sabine Pine, TRANSVERSE SECTION, RADIAL SECTION SP. Pino do hoias gris, 198, PINUS SABINIANA, Doug! Gray-leaf Pinef Digger Pine, Sabine Pine TRANSVERSE SECTION RADIAL SECTION 199. PIN US RADIATA, D. Don. Monterey Pine. TRANSVERSE SECTION, RADIAL SECTION. TANGENTIAL Ficlite von Monterey, Fr. Pin de Monterey, 199. PIN US RADIATA, D. Don Monterey Pine, TRANSVERSE SECTION, RADIAL SECTION. TANGENTIAL StCTlON. PiohtQ von Monterey. /r. rm cu 200. WASHiNGTONIA FILAMENTOSA, O. K California Fan Palm. Desert Palm. TRANSVERSE SECTION RADIAL SECTION. TANGENTIAL SECTION. Ger. Californianische Wedelpalme. Fr. Palmier d'eventail, Sp. Palma de abanico. 200. WASHINGTONIA FILAMENTGSA, O. K California Fan Palm, Desert Palm. TRANSVERSE SECTION RADIAL SECTION. TANGENTIAL SECTION Ger. Californianische Wedelpalme, FT. Palmier d'eventail, 5^. Palma de abanico, Published and Section* made by Romeyn B. Hough, B. A., Lowvllle, N. N. .