< s %^P mht ^CU^^ libraries ^0rtf| CUaraltna ^init "Slffts book ioas ptesenieb b^ Hartwell Cornelius Martin ^ ^ ?>y , - ''- f^^"^- Part IX Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2009 with funding from NCSU Libraries http://www.archive.org/details/americanwoodsexh09houg THE AMERICAN WOODS, Exhibited by Actual Specimens AND WITH COPIOUS EXPLANATORY TEXT, BY ROMEYN B. HOUGH, B. A. PART IX. REPRESENTING TWENTY-FIVE SPECIES TWENTY-FIVE SETS OF SECTIONS. SECOND EDITION. LOWVILLE, N. Y., U. S. A. PTJBLISHED AND SECTIONS PREPARED BY THE AUTHOK. 1922 Copyright nineteen hundred and three. By ROMEYN B. HOUGH. HAMILTON PRINTING CO. BLECTROTYPERS AND PRINTERS, ALBANY, N. Y. W'V. mtfoxd ^injcTx0t, FORESTER, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, PART IX, ANIERICAN WOODS, IS DEDICATED AS AN EXPRESSION OF HIGHEST ESTEEM. PREFACE TO THE SERIES. The necessity of more generally diffused information concerning th« variety and importance of our forest trees is justification enough for the appearance of this work, especially at this day, when the demands of Forestry in this country are constantly more and more keenly felt. The work was undertaken at the suggestion of my father, whose intense in- terest in Forestry, anC a kindred taste, at once gave me inspiration to the work. It was enlered upon with the expectation of his valuable com- panionship and counsel during its progress, but, alas ! that I was destined to have only at the outset, and, while I was then left ever to mourn the loss of a kind father, companion and teacher, the reader must fail to find In these pages that value and finish which his mind would have given them. Among the happiest pictures of my memory are those in which I see my father's delight, as I would show to him, from time to time, my suc- cessful progress in devising a way of making the sections for this work, and if only for the happiness which its appearance would have caused him, could he have lived until this day, I have felt duty-bound to go on with it, even though left to do it alone. The work is the outgrowth of one, of somewhat similar plan, proposed by my father some years since, but which he did not carry into effect. Its design is primarily and principally to show, in as compact and perfect a manner as possible, authentic specimens of our American woods, both native and introduced. For that end three sections, respectively transverse, radial and tangential to the grain (see Glossary), are made of each timber, sufficiently thin to allow in a measure the transmission of light, and securely mounted in well made frames. The three planes above mentioned show the grain from all sides, so to epeak, no plane being possible but that would be either one of them on. a combination of them. The difficulty, however, of cutting a great number of sections exactly on those planes is obvious, so let it be under- stood that the terms, "transverse," "radial" and " tangential," are, in many cases, only approximately exact in their application. My endeavor is to show, either in a part or all of the sections standing to represent a species, both the heart and sap-wood, but with some woods vi Preface to the Series. as the Sumach, for instance, where usually only the outermost ring, or a part of it, could be said to represent the sap-v;ood, *he display of that is quite impossible. In certain other woods, as the Spruce, etc., the tran- sition from sap to heart-wood is almost indistinguishable by any difference in color, and, although both may be shown in the sections, one can •icarcely distinguish between them. The sequence of the numbers given to the various species is of import- ance only to show the botanical arrangement within a given Part, each Part being independent of the others. The text of this work has been added rather as a secondary matter, to suj^ply to those not having it in other form, such information as is of importance, in connection with the wood specimens, to give a fairly good acquaintance with the trees represented. It contains little, if any thing, new to the botanist, but to others it is hoped it may be of some value. In its pre2:)aration some use has been made of my father's Elements of Forestry, and thanks are due the publishers of that work — Mes8rrtliotropous ovule in each cell. Fndt subglobose 3 lobed. drupe-like at first, with persistent calyx-tube adnate at base, finally becoming dry and separating into three 2-valved dehiscent cocci each liberating a single obovate-lenticular seed with thin crustaceous testa, ventral raphe and fleshy albumen. The genus is composed of about thirty species, mainly of shrubs, and is confined to North America, the greater number being found in California where some natural hybrids seem to occur. The name is of classical Greek origin and of rather obscure application. 201. Cea>'othls spixosus — 202. Ceanothus sorediatus. 19 201. CEANOTHUS SPINOSUS, Nutt. Redwood Myrtle, Spiny Myrtle. Ger., Doi'nige Myrte ; Fr., Myrte esjy'ineuse ; Sp., Myrto espinosa. Specific Characters: — Leaves alternate, elliptical to ovate, f to 1^ in. long, pinnately veined, entire, rounded or emarginate at apex, somewhat cuneate at base, glabrous, coriaceous, with slender petioles 2 to 4 lines in length, drying to a brownish a'mve and a clear green beneath ; branchlets glabrous and somewhat spiny. Ffotcers blue, fragrant, in large thyrses sometimes tj in. in length, the lower peduncles of which are sometimes 1 to 3 inches long, springing from the axles of leaves. Fruit capsules about 3 lines in diameter, depressed, scarcely lobed, resin-coated, crestless. (Tlie specific name, spinosuH. Latin for spiny, refers to the fact that many of the branchlets terminate in leafless spur-like points.) A small tree occasionally 30 ft. (9 m.) in height, with rather broad open head, divaricate branches and trunk occasionally 12 in. (0.30) in diameter. This is vested in a cinnamon-brown bark which is about \ in. thick and finally checked into firm irregular low ridges. It is often only a shrub but in favorable situations assumes the stature and habit of a tree. Habitat. — Among the California coast mountains from Los Angeles to Point Conception, attaining its largest dimensions near the mouths of canons which open along the coast. Physical Properties. — AVood heavy, hard, strong, of close grain and of a light red or salmon color; the narrow sap-wood lighter. The specific gravity, etc., have not been determined. Uses. — Little use is made of this wood owing to its scarcity in size large enough to be of service, though its properties would suggest its value in turnery, for tool handles, etc. The glossy evergreen foliage of the tree and its ample, beautiful clusters of bright blue flowers give it an ornamental value well worthy of consideration. Medicinal Properties we believe have never been ascribed to tliis species. 202. CEANOTHUS SOREDIATUS, H. & A. Dark-leaved My'rtle, Southern Blue Blossom, Green Thorn. Ger., S'uder Flleder ; Yv.^ Lilas meHdional ; S^., Lilac meridional. Specific Characters: — Lern-es alternate, ovate to elliptic-lanceolate. \ to 1^ in. long, witli three primary vein,=;, rounded or acute at base, acute or obtuse at apex, with finely glandular-serrate margin, dull glabrous above at maturity, grayish and witli minute appressed silky hairs beneath: petioles short and finely pubescent; branchlets, at first puberulous and olive- colored, become finally pui-- plish and finely red-warty, rigid. Flowers deep blue, in small simple pubescent 20 Hough's American Woods. racemes, I to 2 in. long. Fruit capsules 2 lines in diameter, smooth or some- what wrinkled and jieither crested nor deeply lobed. (The specilic name is from the Greek crwpos, a heap, alluding to the minute roughness of the branchlets. ) This Ceanothus is generally considered a densely branched shrub, as it really is over a large part of its range, but I have seen it in Mon- terey County assuming the habit and stature of a tree 20 or 25 ft. (7 m.)in height, with symmetrical, rounded, twiggy top, and. trunk, 10 or 12 inches (0.30 m.) in diameter, vested in quite smooth grayish- brown bark, which finally becomes fissured into low firm ridges. Habitat. — The coast region of California from Mendocino Co. to San Diego and seemingly attaining its greatest dimensions in canons in the vicinity of Paso Robles. Physical Properties. — Wood heavy, hard, strong, of very fine structure with inconspicuous medullary rays, and susceptible of a beautiful polish. It is of a rich brown color with lighter sap-wood and is often marked with small dots and streaks of parenchymatous tissue. Specific gravity, etc., have not been determined. Uses. — Tliis is too uncommon a wood to be applied to any particu- lar use, though its close, fine structure would suggest its appropri- ateness for use in turnery. The tree is of ornamental value, in which respect it deserves more general recognition than it has heretofore received. Order SAPINDAOE.E : Soapberry Family. Leaves simple or compound. Floicers polypetalous, often irregular and mostly symmetrical; sepals and petals each 4-5, imbricated in the bud, the petals inserted with the 5-10 stamens on a perigynous or hypogynous disk: ovary "^-o-celled and lobed. usually 1-2 ovule.'-, in each cell; embryo mostly convoluted: no albumen. Fruit a membraneons, uiflated pod, a leathery thick subspherical pod with nut- like seeds, or a winged samara. Genus ACER, Tournefort. Leaves opposite, simple, palmately-veined, 5 or occasionally 3-lobed; stipules none. Flowers small, in axillary racemes or corymbs, regular, polygamo- dioecious, usually unsymmetrical; pedicels not jointed; sepals 5 (or 4-9), more or less united, colored; petals sometimes wanting, but, when present, 5 (or 4-9), equal and furnished with short claws; stamens commonly 8; ovary 2-lobed, formed of 2 united carpels, eacli bearing 2 ovules, onh^ one of which commonly attains maturity; styles 2. long and slender, united only below and stigniatic down the inside. Fruit a double samara, finally separating when mature and ready to fall, the wings strengthened by a rib along one margin; cotyledons long and thin. (The generic name, Acer, is the ancient Latin name of the Maple.) '203. Acer circinatum — Vine Maple. 21 203. ACER CIRCINATUM, Pursh. Vine Maple. Ger., Rebenaliorii ; Fr., Erable de eigne ; Sp., Arce de vid. Specific Characticr- : — Leavsn nearly circular in outline, 2 to 7 in. across, palmately lobed, sometimes nearly to tlie micMle, with 7 to !) acute irregularly doubly-serrate lobes, cortlale at base witli broad shallow sinuses, thin, puberu- lous at first but glabrous at maturity with the exception of a tuft of pale hairs at the base above, dark green above, paler beneath and in autumn changing to orange and scarlet tints; petioles 1 to 3 in. long, stout, enlarged and clasping at base; winter buds about | in. long and subtended by a stout scale with conspicu- ously ciliate margin; branchlets glabrous and somewhat glaucous, pale green or reddish. Flowers appear when leaves are about half grown, in loose drooping 10 to 12-tio\vered coryml)s terujinating slender 2-leaved branchlets, the staminate and pistillate together; sepals red or purple, villous, 3 to 3 lines long; petals much shorter, greenish white, broadly cordate at base and involuted at apex; stamens 6 to S with slender filanients villous at base and much longer than the petals in the sterile flowers, but shorter in the fertile flowers; pistil with glabrous ovary bearing two wide spreading lobes, bifed style and long exserted stigmas. Fruit ripens in late autumn, the samaras glabrous, each about 1 in. or a trifle more in length, reddish in color and spreading at about right angles to the pedicel; seed ovate, pale brown. (The specific name, cercinatum, is a Latin word meaning made round and refer- ring to the circular outline of the leaves. ) The Vine Maple occasionally attains the height of 30 or 40 feet (10 111.), but being generally more or less procumbent and vine-like its real length is often greater. Its trunk is occasionally 12 or l-i inches (0. 30 m.) in thickness and covered with a thin smoothish gray -brown bark, somewhat striated lengthwise and fissured with shallow grooves and finally exfoliating in thinnish brittle scales. In this curious tree we see a habit of growth which is quite unique in our American forests. While not strictly vine-like, it seems to have to recline more or less upon surrounding objects, its trunk being perhaps for several feet prostrate on the ground, and then rising up to sprawl its branches across the wreck of an old cedar stub or other support, and elevate its branchlets with handsome leaves and showy- winged fruit to such light as the taller surrounding forest may permit it to have. Its entire trunk and branches to the final leaf -bearing twigs, may be loaded with the luxurious moss and lichens which bur- den everything in the damp forests of the regions in which it thrives. Often it sends up several stems from the same base, and in alluvial bottom-lands forms exclusive and almost impenetrable thickets, acres in extent, the branches taking root wherever they touch the ground and the dense shade prohilnting the growth of all other plants beneath. Habitat. — The coast region of British Columbia and southward through Washington, Oregon and to Mendocino Co., California, 22 Hough's American Woods. being very abundant and well developed in western Washington and Oregon. It is less common to the southward and often no more than a shrub. It flourishes in the low-lands and to an altitude of about 4,000 ft., beautifying the banks of streams and adorning the stately evergreen forests in which it makes its home. Physical Properties. — The wood of the Vine Maple is heavy, hard, not very strong, close-grained and containing very tine medul- lary rays. It is of a light-brown color with abundant light buff sap- wood, the heart- wood, indeed, only appearing in very old trees. Specific Gravity^ 0.G6G0; Percentage of Ash, 0.39; Relative Approxi- mate Fuel Value, 0.6634:; Coefficient of Elasticity, 71810; Modulus of Rupture, 766; Resistance to Longitudinal Pressure, 459; Resist- ance to Indentation, 200; Weight of a Cubic Foot in Pounds, 41.51. Uses. — It is used for fuel and in the manufacture of tool handles, and by the Indians for the horns of their fish-nets, etc. The tree has been introduced into cultivation for ornamental purposes, which the beauty of its foliage, flowers and fruit well deserves, and is said to adapt itself better to our eastern conditions of climate than any other Paciflc coast tree. Order LEGUMINOSffi: Pulse Family. Leaves alternate, usually compound, entire and furnished with stipules. Flowers with 5 sepals more or less united at the base; petals 5, papilionaceous or regular; stamens diadelphous, monadelphous or distinct and with versatile anthers; pis- tils single, simple and free. Fruit a legume (pod) with mostly albumenless seeds. Genus PARKINSONIA, Linnaeus. Leaves alternate or fascicled, with short spinescent persistent or cadu- cous stipules, evenly bipinnate with short obsolete or spinescent rachis, the one or two pairs of pinnae bearing numerous minute opposite entire leaflets with- out stipels. Floioers perfect in slender axillary racemes; calyx campanulate, with five narrow lobes reflaxed at maturity, deciduous, valvate in the bud; pet- als, five, yellow, unguiculate, spreading, the upper broader, within the otliersand glandular a base of claw; stamens ten, free, slightly declinate. filaments pilose below the middle and the upper one gibbous on the outside; anthers uniform, ver- satile, with two cells longitudinally dehiscent; pistil inserted at base of calyx tube, with minute terminal stigma, slender filiform incurved style and shortly stipi- tate ovary containing several anatropous ovules suspended in two ranks from its inner angle. Fruit a linear torulose legume, somewhat contracted between the seeds, accuminate at both ends, longitudinally striated, with two, thin coriaceous valves and containing light-brown oblong seeds with slender funicle thin testa and horny albumen. A genus of three species of trees or shrubs often armed with spines and dedi cated to John Parkinson, an English botanist and horticulturist of the seventeenth century. 204. Pabkinsonia microphylla — Mountain Palo Verde. 23 204. PARKINSONIA MICROPHYLLA, Torr. Mountain Palo Verde, Small- leaf Horse Bean. Ger., Geblrgspalomrde ; Fr., Palo Verde de montagne ; Sp., Palo Yerde de montana. Specific Characters : — Leaves deciduous witliin a few weeks after their appearance, with common petiole very short or wanting, tlie pinnae about 1 ni. long, pubescent, with terete rachises and 4-6 pairs of small glaucous sessile entire oblong-orbicular leaflets which are obtuse or somewhat acute at apex, oblique at base and about \ in. long ; branchlets stout, rigid and teriiiinating in stout spines. Flowers 'Shiyto June, before the leaves, about a half inch across when expanded, in slender racemes 1 in. or less in length, from the axils of leaves of the previous Beason, the pedicels jointed a little below the flower ; petals yellow, the upper one whitish ; stamens exserted, with orange colored anthers ; ovary appressed- silky. Fruit 1-3-seeded legumes 2-3 in. long, slightly puberulent, attenuate at botli ends, contracted between the seeds, which are about | in. in length, with pale brown testa, horny albumen and bright green embryo. (The specific name is from two Greek words meaning small leaves.) A low tree sometimes attaining the height of 20 ft. (6 m.) Avith short trunk rarely over 1 ft. (0.30 m.) in diameter, and this dividing near the ground into large crooked sprawling branches, clothed with smooth light yellowish green bark. It forms a wide dome-shaped top close to the ground with a profusion of line pea-green branchlets and scant glaucous foliage. In many localities it is only known as a sturdy shrub. Habitat. — The desert regions of southeastern California, central and southern Arizona and southward into northern Mexico. It is known as a tree only in central Arizona, its nature seeming to demand the heat and conditions of those arid regions which few other trees c in endure without irrigation. Physical Properties. — The wood of this tree is rather hard, close-grained, heavy, with poorly defined annual rings and ducts mostly filled with some orange-colored substance making fine reddish dots and streaks in the surface of the finished wood. The heart- wood is of a pale brown color and the abundant sap-wood con- spicuously light yellow. SpecifiG Gravity^ 0.7449; Percentage of Ash, 3.64; Relative Approximate Fuel Value, 0.7178; Weight of a Cubic Foot in Pounds, 46.42. Uses. — Poorly adapted to any use except fuel, for which it is employed in the mining regions of Arizona, and its young branches, serving as very good browse, furnish partial subsistence to herbiverous animals within its arid range. Genus PROSOPIS, Linn^us. Leaves bipinnate with one or two (sometimes more) pairs of pinnae, each with several small, entire, rather rigid leaflets; stipules none and petioles, etc., usually 2i Hough's American Woods. furnished with minute glands. Flowers regular, small, greenish, and usually sessile in cylindrical or globose, axillary, pedunculate spikes or heads; calyx campanuiate, with 5 very short teeth valvate in aestivation; petals 5, connate at first t)elo\v, at length free, distinct, tonientose witiiin (in our species), hypogynous, valvate in aestivation; stamens 10, free, exserted, those opposite the calyx-lobes ratlier the longer, with oblong, versatile, introse, 2-celled anthers, dehiscent by lateral longitudinal slits, and connective usually tipped with a minute deciduous gland; pistil with tiliform style, minute stigma and villose (in the American species) ovary containing uuiny anatropous, suspended ovules in 2 ranks, from the inner an"-le of the ovary. Fruit a linear coriaceous legume, compressed or nearly terete, straight, falcate or twisted into a spiral, indehiscent, with usually thick spongy mesocarp and partitions between the numerous compressed ovate-oblong seeds, which have a crustaceous testa and contain horny albumen, an embryo with short, straigiit radicle and flat cotyledons. lienus represented in the United States by small trees and shrubs in the arid regions of the Southwest. (The name Prosopis is the ancient Greek name of the burdock and is of obscure application here ) 205. PROSOPIS ODORATA, Torr. & Frem.* SCREWBEAN, ScREW-POD MeSQUITE. Ger., SGhraubenhulse; Fr., Cosse de vis; Sp., Tornillo. Specific Characters: — Leases alternate on the new shoots and in fascicles in the axils of the leaves of previous years, canescently puberulent, deciduous, 2-3 in. long, with slender petiole about i in. long terminating in a slender spine, and a pair of pinnte, each furnished witl'i 5-8 pairs of oblong, acute, subsessile leaflets about I in. long bv i in. broad and conspicuously recticulate- veined ; stipules spinescent and deciduous: branchlets terete, somewhat pubescent the first year, armed witli rigid supra-axillary spines arranged in pairs. Flou-ers(m early spring and continuing later), greenish white about ^ in. long in dense cylindrical pedun- culate spikes 2-3 in. in length; calvx obscurely 5-lobed, pubescent outside, about one quarter as long as the petals, which are narrow, acute, puberulous outside aud white tomentose within near apex; stamens exserted; ovary very villous. Fruit a narrow yellowish pod wiiich is twisted in to a close spiral of 12-20 turns, from 1-2 in. in length and \ in. in diameter and subsessile in racemose clusters. The pod contains a sweet pulp (mesocarp) which invests the small obovate seeds about tV i"- lo"S with Imrney albumen. (The specific name, odorat'a, the Latin for fragrant, alludes to the fragrance of the flowers.) The Screw-pod is a small tree occasionally attaining the height of 30 ft, (9 m.) with wide top and a trnnk occasionally 1 ft. (0.30 m.) in diameter, vested in a rather thin cinnamon -brown bark which exfoli- ates in long, thin, papery scales and strips, giving to old trunks a shaggy appearance similar to that of an old grape-vine. It is often shrnl)])y in habit of growth, but is always quickly recognizable by its curious ringlet-like pods. IIaritat. — The valley of the Hio Grande in western Texas and westward through New Mexico and Arizona to the Colorado desert in southeastern California, occupying mainly moist bottom-lands and attaining its best development in the vallies of the Gila and lower Colorado rivers. * Prosopis puhescens. Benth. 206. Acacia deodkrens — Green Wattle, Black Wattle. 25 Physical Properties. — AV^ood lieavj, hard, rather close-grained with very tine niodiinary rays and not very strong. It is of a ricli, pinkish-brown color, streaked witli darker and with a clear, light greenish-yellow sap wood. Specific Gravity, 0.7609; Percentage of J.cpd|is, a separation, alluding to the facility with which the wood splits. 212. FRAXINUS VELUTINA, Torr. Leather-leaf Asii. Ger., Lederhldttpige Esche ; Fr., Freiie d feuilles de cuir i Sp., Fresno de hojas de cuero. Specific Character : — Leaves very variable, from 3-6 or 8 in. in length and with 3-9 leaflets whicli vary from lanceolate to oval. 2-4 in. long, with petiolule to nearly sessile, long, taper- pointed, genei-ally acuminate tliough sometimes rounded at apex, wedsre-shaped to unequallv roundeil at base, entire or remotely serrate above the middle, glabrous or variously tomentose especially beneath, thick coriaceous (especially with trees growing on dry mesas) dark green above, * Baron Ferd. Vou Mueller, Eiicaluptographia. 3-4 Hough's Amekican "Woods. paler beneath, prominent veins arcuate near the margin ; branchlets terete and at first pale-pubescent or more or less densely tomentose. Flowers appear when tlie leaves unfold ni short compact panicles, from buds in the axils of the leaves of tlie previous year, tlie staminate and pistillate on d iff ei-ent trees ; calyx cup- shaped, larger in the pistillate flower than in the staminate ; corolla absent ; stamens two, with sliort filaments and oblong apiculate anthers. Fruit samaras, maturing by early autumn, in paniculate bunches, spatulate-oblong, about 1 in. in length, subtended by the persistent calyx, terete at base — the seed-bearing portion — and expanded above into a wing from | to \ in. wide, varying from acute to emarginate at apex and tipped with the remnants of the style. Tlie specific name, velutma, is from a Latin root designating the velvety pubes- cence of under side of leaves, but applicable to only one of the extensive forms of the species. A tree occasionally attaining the height of 60 or YO ft. (20 ni.) with a trunk 18 in. to 2 ft. (0.50 m.) in diameter, but usually considerably smaller. The bark of the trunk is of a light gray color and becomes fissured with age into rather firm longitudinal and obliquely connecting ridges similar to the bark of the White Ash. Habitat. — Western Texas and westward across southern New Mexico and Arizona, southern l^evada and the Petamiiit Mountains in southeastern California, confined mainly to the neighborhood of mountain streams but occasionally on dry mesas. Physical Pkopkrties. — Wood heavy, not strong, rather soft and close-grained, with many fine medullary rays and annual rings well defined by the arrangement of the large open ducts. It is of a light brown color with abundant lighter sap-wood occupying forty or fifty layers of growth. SpeoifiG Gravity^ 0.6810; Relative Approximate Fael Value, 0.Q76S', Pereentagie of Ash, 0.62; Coefficient of Elas- tiGity, 60119; Modulus of Rupture, 622; Resistance to Longitudinal Pressure, 385; Resistance to Indentation, 210; Weight of a Cubic Foot in Pounds, 42.44. Uses. — A useful wood in the local manufacture of ax and other tool handles, wagon wheels, etc. We have seen the tree growing for shade and ornamental purposes along the streets of the larger towns in Arizona, for which use it seems to be admirably adapted. Order PROTEACE.ffi! : Protea Family. Leaves persistent, alternate or scattered (rai'ely opposite), entire or variously pinnate, existipulate. Flowers usually perfect, terminal or axillary, variously clustered or rarely solitary; perianth inferior, of usually 4 I'egular or irregular valvate segments; stamens 4, inserted on and shorter than the segments of the perianth; introrse, the connective continuous with the filaments, if any; pistil solitary, free, with terminal filiform style, and 1-celled ovary containing from one to several ovules. Fruit very variable in form, but 1-celled and with exal- buminous seeds. Order represented by about 950 species of trees and shrubs, rarely perennial herbs, of the tropical and south temperate regions, and largely represented in Australia and South Africa. Tlie order is more noted for the richness and tleganee of its flowers than for useful properties. 213. Grevillea robusta — Silky Oak, Grevillea. 35 Genus GREVILLEA. R. Br. Leaves alternate and of many forms. Flowers perfect, mostly in pairs, in racemes or umbel-like clusters, rarely reduced to a single pair; calyx with four recurved sepals; petals wanting; stamens consist of four anthers sessile upon the sepals; pistil solitary witli generally stipitate, 2-ovuled ovary and a single long rilifonn style which is curved downward in the bud, the loop protruding first from a slit between two of the sepals, aud the dilated .summit being released afterwards. Fruit a coriaceous (rarely woody) and usually oblique follicle, dehis- cent along the upper margin; seeds one or two, often winged A genus of nearly 2U0 species of trees and shrubs confined almost exclusively to Australia. The name is given in compliment to C. F. Greville, a patron of botany. 213. GREVILLEA ROBUSTA. Cunn. Silky Oak, Grevillea. Ger., Starlce Gfevillea; Fr., Grevillea robuste; Sp., Grevillea rohusta. Specific Characters: — Leaves pinnate, 6-13 in. long, with 11-21 leaflets, which are deeply and irregularly iacisely lobed, having incurved margins, and are glabrous or nearly so above and silvery pubescent beneath. Floirers (in early spring) bright orange and turning to one side of the axis in glabrous racemes which are 8-5 in. long and solitary or clustered on short leafless branchlets; pedi- cels about h in. long; stipe somewhat oblique; sepals four, long spatulate, bearing the anthers near their summits and finally falling away after liberating the retained summit of the style; style about J in. long, with small stigmatic disk somewhat oblifiue. Frtiif a very oblique follicle about f in. long, tipped with the long tail- like style and containing two seeds winged all round. The specific name, robusta, is from the Latin, descriptive of the robust habit of the tree as compared with other representatives of the genus. A higlily ornaiiiental and graceful tree of very rapid growth and well adapted to street-side and park adornment in the Southwest. In its na:ive land it attains the height of 100 ft. (30 ni.) or more, but only small or nijdium-size trees are jet to be found in this country. Habitat. — Indigenous to the subtropical regions of eastern Aus- tralia, Xew South Wales and Queensland, and naturalized about some of the cities and villages of southern California. Physical Properties. — Wood rather light, soft, elastic, easily splitting, dural)le, with numerous conspicuous medullary rays, quite uniformly distributed ducts and annual rings not well defined. It is of a light reddish color with lighter sap-wood and of peculiar beauty owing to the conspicuous medullary rays — the "silver grain" of wood-workers. It is. on account of these conspicuous medullary rays that the name " Oak " has been wrongly applied to this tree. Specific Graviti/, 0.561; Weight per Cuhic Foot, about 36 lbs. Uses. — The wood is in demand in Australia for the manufacture of casks, butter boxes, etc., and in cabinet-making. The tree in California as yet is mainly important as a handsome and graceful ornaaiental ti'ee, well adapted to arid regions owing to its 36 Hough's American Woods. power to resist drouth. Its " rich golden tresses " of flowers yield an abundance of honey. It proves, however, to be a short-lived tree in this its adopted land. Its phenominally rapid growth of the first few vears proves to be in a measure " a beautiful disappointment," for its limbs easily break witli the force of the winds and it commences its decline. This fault known, however, is easily met and the tree occu- pies a promising place of value. Order CUPULIFER.ff3 : Oak Family. Leaves alternate, simple, straight veined ; the stipules, forming the bud-scales, deciduous. Flowers monoecious, apetalous. Sterile flowers in clustered or racemed catkins (or in simple clusters in the Beech) ; calyx regular or scale-like ; stamens 5-20. Fertile flowers so\ita.vy , clustered or spiked, and furnished with an involucre which forms a cup or covering to the nut ; calyx-tube adherent to the ovary, its teeth minute and crowning the summit; ovary 2-7-celled with 1-2 pendulous ovules in each cell, but all of the cells and ovules, except one, disap- pearing before maturity ; stigmas sessile. Fruit a 1-celled, 1-seeded nut, solitary or several together and partly or wholly covered by the scaly (in some cases echinate) involucral cup or covering ; seed albumenless, with an anatrapous, often edible, embryo ; cotyledons thick and fleshy. Order is represented by trees and shrubs of wide geographic distribution. Genus QUERCUS, Linnaeus. Flowers greenish or yellowish. Sterile flowers in loose, slender, naked catkins, whicli spring singly or several together from axillary buds ; calyx 2-8-parted or cleft ; stamens 3-12 ; anthers 2-celled. Fertile floirers with ovary nearly 3-celled and 6-ovuled, two of the cells and 5 of the ovules being abortive ; stigma 3-lobed ; involucre developing into a bard, scaly cup around the base of the nut or acorn, which is 1-celled, 1-seeded. {Qaercus is the ancient Latin name for the Oak, supposed to be from the Celtic quer, fine, and cuez, tree.) 214. QUERCUS DOUGLASII, H. & A. Blue Oak. California Kock Oak. Grer., Blaueiche; Fr., Chenehleu; Sp., I^oNe aztil. Specific Characters : — Leaves extremely variable in form but alike in bting deciduous, of a distinctly blue-green color, pubescent at least beneath, and they are from 1 to 3 in. long, mostly oblong or obovate, from acute to rounded or subcordate at base, acute or rounded at apex, sinuate-dentate with acute rigid spinescent teeth or sinuate-lobed witli rounded loljes and sinuses, or sometimes entire, reticulate-veined ; petioles stout, about \ in. long ; leaf buds -| to ^ in. long, pubescent ; branchlets stout, iioary tomentose. Flowers appear in early spring, the staminate in hairy aments wiih linear-lanceolate bracts ; calyx with hairy lasiniate lobes, pale yellow ; stamens with slender filaments and yellow exserted anthers, pistillate flowers hoary tomentose. Fria't acorns maturing the first year, sessile or nearly so, arranged singly or in pairs, cup light green, shallow, thin, with small acute thin pointed scales and enveloping only the base of the nut, which is ^ to 1| in. long and from } to nearly f in broad, oval to long-oblong and often ventricose with narrow base, shining green at first but drying to a dark brown. The specific name, douglaitii, commemorates the name of its discoverer, the indefatigable botanical explorer Mr David Douglas. This beautiful oak seldom attains a greater height than 75 ft. (25 m.), or its trunk a greater thickness than 3 or 4 ft. (1 m.). Its trunk is 215. QUEECUS KJSGELMANNI — EnGELMANN OaK. 37 generally short, as it divides within a few feet of the ground into two or a few large limbs, and then develops a wide rounded sjininetrical top generally depressed in the center. With its dense blue-green foliage and its branches generally festooned with the interesting gray- green lichen {RaniaHa retlcalaUi)^ so abundant in the regioji in which it grows, this is indeed a beautiful tree. The l)ark of trunk is gener- ally of a pale-gray color, but darker on trees in shaded valleys. It becomes fissured with ■a^sq into shallow ridii:es and exfoliates in lono- friable scales. Habitat. — The Blue Oak is scattered over the foot-hills and slopes of central California, never seeming to crowd each other sufficiently to interfere with characteristic habit of growth, and in company with Q. lobata and agrifolla iniparting to many a landscape the appear- ance of beautiful parks and large open apple orchards. It ranges as far north as the upper valley of the Sacramento river and southward to the Mohave desert, ascending the western slopes of the Sierra Nevada mountains to about 4,000 ft. altitude, and probably attaining its largest dimensions in the Salinas valley. Physical Properties. — Wood very heavy, hard and strong, with numerous and (for an oak) rather small medullary rays, and owing to quite even distribution of open ducts the annual rings are not well defined — in these two features quite different from most of the oaks. The wood is of a dark-brown color and sap-wood yellowish white. Specific Gravity^ 0.8928; Percentage of Ash ^ 0.84; Relative Approxi- mate Fuel Value, 0.8853; Coefficient of Elanticity, 77166; Modulus of Rupture, 993; Resistance to Longitudinal Pressure, 567; Resist- ance to Indentation, 374; Weight of a Cuhic Foot in Pounds, 55.64. Uses. — The short trunks of this tree are poorly adapted to com- mercial purposes, excepting for fuel, for which they are excellent. 215 QUERCUS ENGELMANNI, Greene. Engelmann Oak. Ger., Eiche von Engelin.uin ; Fr., Chene d^ Engelniann ; Sp., Rohle de Engclmann. Specific Characters: — Leaves pe.isistent until the new leaves of the follow- ing spring, oblong to obovate. ^ in. long, mostly rounded or cordate at base and obtuse or rounded at apex, and with entire (though occasionally witli coarsely serrate-dentate) margins, rufous-tomentose at first but finally glabrous, blue-green above, paler and sometimes puberulous beneath, thick coriaceous and with ratlier obscure veinlets; petioles about \ in. longr: 1 eaf -buds about ^ in. long, puberulous; branchlets stout, hoary pubescent during the first year. Flowers ajipear in early spring, the staminate in slender aments, | in length; calyx liglit yellow, pilo.se outside; stamens with slender filaments and exserted anthers; pistillate flowers 38 Hough's Amekican Woods. pale tomentose and with short, slender peduncles. Fruit acorns maturing tho first year, generally with slender peduncles but sometimes sessile, a deep saucer- shaped light brown cup with pale tomentose scales tuberculate at base, about { enveloping the oblong or ovoid nut which is 1 in. or less in length and about I in. broad, dark brown and longitudinally striated at first, but finally drying to a light brown; cotyledons yellow. The si)eei[ic name, Engelmanni, is given in compliment to the physician and botanist, Dr. Geo. Engelmann. The Engelmaun Oak does not often attain a greater height than 50 or 60 ft. (16 m.). Its trunk is rarely thicker than 2 or 3 ft. (0.75 m.), and this divides quite regularly a few feet above the ground into two large, widely diverging branches which, by repeated bifurcation in this way, form a rounded dome-shaped top. The bark of trunk is of a light-gray color, hssured into longitudinal ridges, and exfoliating in elongated friable scales. Its foliage is of a conspicuously bluish cast. Habitat. — A tree of very limited distribution, being eonhned mainly to the seaward slopes of tlie Sierra Madre and Santa Ana mountains of southwestern California, easily distinguished from the trees with which it grows by its bifurcate branching and the distinctly bluish cast of its foliage. Physical Pkoperties. — Wood very heavy, hard, strong, and close- grained, but rather brittle, with very dark-brown heart-wood and lighter abundant sap-wood. Specific Gravity^ 0.9441; Percentage of Ash, 2.60; Relative Approximate FuelYalue, 0.9195; Coefficient of Elasticity, 85739; Modulus of Rupture, 719; Resistance to Longi- tudinal Pressure, 434; Resistance to Indentation, 439; Weight of a Cubic Foot in Pounds, 58.94. Uses. — This wood makes an excellent fuel, which is the only use to which it is applied, owing to its limited distribution and abundance. 2i6. QUERCUS MACDONALDI, Greene. MacDonald Oak, Ger., EicJie von MacDonald; Fr., Chene de MacDonald; S^., Rohle de MacDonald. Specific Characters: — Leaves deciduous, oblong to obovate in outhne, 1|- 3^ in. long, sinuate- lobed, with narrow and rounded or acute sinuses and broad rounded or acutish and mucronulate lobes, wedge-shaped or rounded at base, finely pubescent at first but finally glabrous above and stellate pubescent beneath: peti- ole rather slender, pubescent, i in. or less ia length; branchlets s^lender, ferrugin- ous pubescent the first year; winter buds i in. or less in length, scales ciliolulate. Flmrcvfi appear in April, the staminate in pubescent aments 1-2 in. in length; ^alyx-lobes ciliate with pale silky liairs; pistillate flowers sessile or nearly so. Finiit acorns maturing the first year, single or in pairs, sessile, with ovoid -oblong nut. ^ to 1^ in. long, acute or obtuse at apex, with a prominent terminal nib, nar- roNv at base and about ^ enveloped in tlie deep hemispherical cup which is of a 216. QuERCUS MACDONALDI — MacDoNALI) OaK. 39 yellow-brown color, eoiispicuously tuberculate, pubsiecent, and the thin pointed tips of the scales closely appressed. The specitic name, viacdonaldi, is given in compliment to Hon. James M. Mac- Donald, a promoter of botanical research in California. The MacDonald Oak is generally considered a small tree and rarely surpassing 20 ft. (6 m.) in height or 1 ft. (0.30 m.) in diameter of trunk and such we understand to be its habit on the island of Santa Crnz where it was disco \rered, but on the island of Santa Catalina I ha^e seen a tree of the species 5 ft. (1.50 m.) in diameter of trunk with wide top of long horizontal branches shading an area 75 ft. across. It is the largest tree on the island. Habitat. — The islands of Santa Cruz and Santa Catalina, off the coast of southern California, with a variety {elengantula) of rather doubtful tenure on the adjacent mainland. Physical Properties. — -Wood of the MacDonald Oak is heavy, hard, strong, with large medullary rays and annual rings well defined by the arrangement of large open ducts. The heart- wood is of a rich brown color, but only found in trunks of considerable age, and the abundant sap-wood is creamy white. Uses. — This oak is too rare and local to be applied to any particu- lar use. Note. — There is a disposition with some botanists to consider this tree as merely a form of the Quercus clamosa^ but after a careful study of the tree on Santa Catalina island I cannot agree with that opinion. Its deciduous nature and stately form, as there seen, with larger leaves, some almost suggesting the leaves of the eastern White Oak, at once impress you with its distinctness from the humble per- sistent-leaved and shrub-like Q. dumosa which covers the neighboring slopes. It is true that some of its smallest leaves do approximate in appearance some of the larger leaves of the Q. dumosa, but the resemblance is no more marked here than we see between the leaves of various other trees known to be distinct. Order BETULACEffi : Birch Famly. Leave.t simple, alternate, straight-veined and furnished with stipnles which fall away early. Flowers mostly naked, monnecious. both kinds in catkins 2 or 3 together under a 3-lobed bract or scale. Sterile flowers with distinct stamens and 2-celled anthers. Fertile flowers with two thread-like stigmas, and a 2-celled ovary, each cell containing 2 penrlulous ovules, becoming by abortion in Fruit, a small, 1-celled, 1 seeded nutlet, often with membranous wings: seed anntropous. albumenless, with flattish, oblong cotyledons which become foliaceous in germination. Trees or shrubs, with bark which separates more or less easily into thin layers. Gexus ALXUS, Tourxefort. Leaves deciduous, alternate, generally serrate, pinnately veined, furnished with caducous stipules which inclose them in the bud, fall in autumn while still green 40 Hough's Americ.vn Woods. in color. Floioers expand in early spilng with or before the leaves (or rarely in autuuni) in pedunculate aments, formed during the summer or autumn of the previous season, from the axils of leaves or bracts and remaining naked and erect, niona'cious, apetalous, sessile, one to six together beneath the peltate sliort-stalked scales of the anient. Staminate aments long, pendulous and generally in pani- cles, the scales of the anient usually 2-4-tlo\vered, the flowers subtended by minute bractlets adnata to tJie base of the scale ; calyx usually 4-parted; stamens of the same number or exceptionally half as many as the calyx-lobes and opposite them, filaments erect with introrse 2-celled anthers longitudinally dehiscent. Pistillate aments erect from axils below those producing the staminate aments, ovoid or oblong, scales fleshy and beneath each are usually two flowers subtended by minute bractlets, these aments becoming in Fruit ovoid, oblong or subglobose strobiles with scales thickened at apex, woody and closely imbricated over tlie minute brown compressed nutlets slightly or not at all winged, tipped with the remnants of the style and containing a single suspended exalbuminous seed. Tlie strobiles persist for a time after liberating the seed, with truncate tli'ckened scales divergent. Genus consists of trees and shrubs with astringent bark, watery juice and soft wood very durable in water. Alnus is the ancient Latin name of the Alder. 217. ALNUS OREGONA, Nutt.* Oregon Alder, Ked Aldek. Ger., OregonisGlie Erie ; Fr. Aiuie cP Oregon; Sp., Alho de Oregon. Specific Characters: — Leaves from .3-5 in. long, ovate or elliptical, acute at apex, abruptly wedge-shaped or rounded at base, crenately lobed, the lobes min- utely glandular dentate, dark green and glabrous or nearly so and with impressed veins above, rusty pubescent and with prominent veins and veinlets beneath; petioles ^f in. in length, orange colored and slighly grooved; branchlets more or less hoary tomentose; winter buds about \ in. long, dark red, scurfy jjubescent. Flowers open in very early spring, before the leaves, the stamenate in aments from 4-6 in long when fully expanded, arranged in terminal racemes, red-stemmed. They ai)pear the previous summer and remain dormant during the winter, then about 1| in. long and ^ in. thick, covered with closely appressed dark reddish brown lustrous scales. Scales of anient when in flower reddish yellow, ovate, acute, glabrous; calyx yellow and with four rounded lobes; stamens four, rather longer than the calyx lobes and with yellow anthers. Pistillate aments fi-om i-i in. long and jV i'l- thick, in stout racemes, and with dark red scales; styles red' Fruit cones 4-1 in. long, round-ovoid to oblong with stout orange-colored peduncles about | in. long and truncate scales thickened at apex; nutlets obovate or orbicular with narrow membranaceous wings. Tlie Red Alder occasionallj attains the heia^lit of TO or 80 ft. (22 m.) and 3 ft. (0.90 m.) in diameter of trnnk, but generally is a considerably smaller tree. When growing apart from other trees it developes a narrow ovoid head of rather slender branches. The liark of trunk is thin, scarcely more than ^ in. in thickness, smooth excepting for very slight transverse ridges and excrescences and is of a more or less mottled pale gray color or often nearly white. Habitat. — The Red Alder ranges from the vicinity of Sitka in Alaska southward in the coast region to the Santa Inez mountains in California, preferring the moist soil along the courses of streams and reaching its best development in western Oregon and Washington. * Alnus ruhra^ Bongard. 218. PoPULUS TRICHOCARPA J>LACK C()TT()NW( )()!). 41 Physical Pkopkkties. — Wood light, soft, brittle, with many line and occasionally large medullary rays, close grain, easily worked and susceptible of a beautiful polish. It is of a light brown color with abundant buff-white sap-wood which quickly assumes a brownish tint upon exposure to the air. Specific Gravlti/, OA'!^V'\\ Percentage of J..s7i, 0.42; Relative Approximate Fuel F«^wvOod. Specific Gravity, O.37U0; PerceiUage of Ash, o. i7; Ilelatlve Ajjproximate Fuel Value, 0.?>V3(); Coefficletit of Fladiclty, 1033Tii; Modulus of Rupture, 749; Resistance to Longitudinal Pressure, 450; Resistance to Indentation, 70; Weight of a Cuhic Foot in Pounds, 23.66. Uses. — -A vahiable wood for interior finishing, for doors, window- sashes, etc., for fences and general constrnction purposes; but the cliief use to wliich it is applied is the nianufacture of shingles, for which its wonderful durability gives it special value. Note. — While in the State of Washington in December, 1899, I was told that there were at that time one lumdred and fifty-eight shingle mills in that state m operation making shingles of this wood and ':;irning out thousands of car-loads annually. It is not entirely the standing timber wliich is being ..r«ed in this industry, but largely the trunks of the fallen monarchs which may have lain many decades on the ground, indeed, some so long that large forest trees have grown above them. I photographed one of these prostrate trunks on top of which a hemlock tree [Tsuga Jieretoj)hyUa) was growing with trunk 2 ft. in diameter and its great roots extended down on both sides of the cedar log. Then to determine the age of the hemlock, which had recently died as the result of forest tires, we cut into it and counted its annual rings. We found one hundred and thirty. No knowing how long the cedar may have lain there before the hemlock seed fell upon it and commenced germination. In all probability the cedar must have fallen about one hundred and fifty years ago and yet its trunk is in such sound condition that most of It has recently heen made into shingles. Gknus PINUS, Tournefort. Leaves evergreen, needle-shaped, from blender bucls, in clusters of 2-5 together, each chister invested atits base with asheath of thin, membranous scales. Floivers appearing in spring, monoecious. Sterile flowers in catkins, clustered at the base of the slioots of the season; stamens numerous with very short filaments and a scale-like connective; anther cells, 2. opening lengthwise: pollen grains triple. Fertile flankers in conical or cylindrical spikes — cones — consisting of imbricated, carpellary scales, each in the axil of a per.'sistent bract and l)earing at its base within a pair of inverted ovules. Fniit maturing in the autumn of ihe second year, a cone formed of the inbricated carpellary scales, which are woody, often thickened or awned at the apex, persistent, when ripe dry and spreading each t.. liberate two nut-like and usuallv winged seeds; cotyledons 3-13, linear. (Pinus is a Latin word from Celtic jnn or pen, a crag.) 221. Pixus Mo>iicoLA — Mountain White Pine 4:7 221. PINUS MONTICOLA, Dougl. Mountain White Pine. Ger., Gehlrgige weisze Flchte; Fr., P'ui hlano de montagne; Sp., Pino hlanco de los monies. Specific Characters : — Leaves in clusters of 5 each, vested at first in a sheath of scales, but which is soon deciduous, thick, rigid, glaucous, from U to 4 in. long, serrulate, witli rows of central and souietiuic's also dorsal stoniata and con- taining a single tibro- vascular bundle and usually 2 dorsal resin ducts; branch- lets rather stout, tough, and rusty pubescent the tirst season but finally glabrous. /?7oii'ersstauiinateoval. about \ in. long and surrounded by eiglit mvolucal scales; anthers knobed or crested; pistillate flowers erect and in clusters at the tips of branchlets, oblong-cylindric, about I in. in length and with stout peduncles which bear long-pointed, "conspicuously keeled scales persisting durinjg the season. Fruit cones cvUndrical. pointed and generally curved, from 5-11 in. long, light green and pen Uilo is the seconl season, with stout incurved peduncles 1-1^ in. long; scales thin, from 1-U in. long by about f in. in width, slightly thickened and smooth towards the small darker colored umbo at the apex. The cones, after hav- ing opened and liberated their seeds, in the autumn ot the second season, fall during the following winter, the exposed portion of the scales being then light brown and tlie rest dark reddish brown; seeds about \ in. long, pale brown, somewhat pointed and furnished with a wing | to 1 in. in length: cotyledons 6-9. (The specific name, monticola, is from two Latin words, mons, moiodain, and colo, I dwell, designating 1,he tree as a mountain dweller. The Mountain White Pine occasionally attains the heio;ht of 150 ft. (45 m.) with a straight columnar trunk 6 or 8 ft. (2 m.) in diameter, vested in a dark bark fissured lengthwise into firm, scaly ridges more or less broken by cross fissures. Habitat. — From British Columbia southward to northern Mon- tana and Idaho, where it is quite abundant, thence southward along the Cascade and coast ranges of Washington and Oregon and both o o o slopes of the Sierra Xerada mountains, where it attains its greatest dimensions at an altitude of about 16,000 ft., and finds its southern- most point of distribution in Tulare Co., Cal. Physical Properties. — Wood very light, soft, not strong, not durable in contacc with the soil, with close grain, not very resinous, easily worked. It is of a light reddish or brownish buff color with lighter sap-wood. Specine Gravity, 0.3908; Percentage of Ash, 0.23; Relative Approximate Fuel Value, 0.3899; Coefficient of Elasticity, 950'a8; Modulus of Rupture, 609; Resistance to Longi- tudinal Pressure, 334; Resistance to Indentation^ 67; Weight of a Cubic Foot in Pounds, 21.35. Uses. — Tliis tree yields a valuable lumber of superior working qualities, suitable for the various uses to which the eastern Wiiite Pine is apjjlied, though not considered as valuable a timber as that of the eastern species. 48 Hough's American Woods. 222. PINUS ATTENUATA, Lemmon. Knob-cone Pine, Nakkow-cone Pine. Ger., F'tchte mit engen Zapfenj Fr., Pin de cones etroites,' Sp., Pino de conos angostos. Specific Characters: — Leaves in dusters of three each, usually 3-5 in. in length, rather stout, rigid, stouiatiferous on all sides, witli sharp callous tips, serrate edges, and containing two dbro-vascular bundles and two to tive j^aren- chyuiatous resin ducts; eacli fascicle invested at its base with a close sheath, white, and loose at margin, about I in. in length at first but gradually shorter. Flowers stannnate in elongated cylindrical orange-brown spikes. 4-f in. long and sur- rounded at base by six slightly fringed involucal bracts: pistillate in oblong spikes about i in. in lengtli in verticils of from 2-6 about the shoot of the year, and raised on short peduncles which are covered with brown fimbricated scarious bracts: the scales of the catkiu terminate in long, slender points. Erect at first, tliese young cones gradually incline outwards and finally' at maturity down- wards. Fruit, cones. 8-6 in. long, l}-2 in. thick, of a pale brown color at first, elongated-conical, taper-pointed, very oblique and strongly reclined in whorls about the stem; die scales of the inner side being quite fiat and armed with a weak incurved prickle wliile those of the outer side are furnished with prominent transversely ridged knobs which are tipped vvitli a wide-based incurved prickle. The cones are closed and adhere to the trunk and branches many years, finally becoming gray in color. Tlie narrow tapering bases enables tlie newly forming wood to gradually encroach upon the cones and some finally become entirely enveloped by the wood The seeds are black, compressed about 3 lines in length and furnished with lustrous light brown wings \-\\ in. long, widest above tlie middle. (The specific name, attenuata, is the Latin for made thin, and refers to the narrow cones.) The Knob-cone Pine is generally a small tree, occasionally attaining the height of 60 or 70 ft. (20 in.) and with a trunk 2 ft. (0.60 m.) in diameter, l)ut generally not more than half the above dimensions and often fruiting when not more tlian four or hve ft. in height. It has a rather narrow and irregularly pyramidal head of sparse foliage, the main branches being scattered and irregular and the main stem some- times dividing near the sniumit into two or three perpendicular branches. The bark of old trunks is of a purple-brown color, weathering to grayish on the surface, and deeply fissured into thick, irregular plates and ridges which exfoliate in small friable scales. Its most striking peculiarity is the great quantity of long and narrow cones which persist for many years in whoils about its branches and scattered along its trunk. Habitat, — Southwestern Oregon and southward along the western slopes of the Sierra Nevada mountains and the coast ranges to tlie San Bernardino mountains, only abundant in places and seeming to love the sun-baked slopes where few if any other trees can maintain an existence. It is most abundant and attains its largest size in the northern part of its range wliere it forms some tracts of open forest. 222. PiXl S ATTENIATA — KxOB-COXE PiNE. 49 Physical Properties. — AVood rather soft and liglit, not strong, quite resinous and with conspicuous resin-ducts. It is of a Hght yellowish-brown color, often tinted with red and abundant lighter sap-wood. Specijic Gravity, 0.341)9; Percentage of Ash, 0.33; Relative Appro.rhnite Fuel Value, 0.34:87; Coe^eient <)f Elasticity, 42S70; Jlotltdxs of /i(fj)tare, -icOd; Resistance to Longitudinal Pres- sure, 263 ; Resistance to Indentation, 86 ; Weight of a Cubic Foot in Pounds, 21.81. Uses. - Amid the wealth of better woods of the Pacific slope little use is made of this inferior timber save for fuel. Medicinal Propektiks are doubtless only those common to the genus and noted of the P. j)alustris. Part Y, p. 52. Note. — In considering this tree we cannot refrain from wondering what may be Nature's plan in keeping its seeds sealed so long, often for a half century or more in its closed cones. Many of them are not liberated during the lifetime of the tree, and when the cones become wholly enveloped bv the wood of the trunk it is not until the decay of the trunk even that they are tinallv liberated, and, strangely, after this long period of concealment they have been found to be fertile, whereas the seeds of the deciduous-cone pines scarcely retain their fertility it is said for more than two'years. Many of the seeds of this species never have an opj:>ortunity to germinate on account of the larvae of insects which infest the cones and eat them. Tliese grubs in the cones are dainty morsels for the wood-peckers and hence it is that many of the cones have large holes drilled into tlieni by these hard-working birds. Gen-US TSUGA, Carriere. Leaves petiolate and articulated on permanent bases, flat in most species, appearing two-ranked, whitened-beneath, witli a single dorsal resin-duct, ever- green. Flowers in early summer, moncecious : tbe sterile sub-globose clusters of stamens fi-om tbe axils of the leaves of the previous year, the stipes surrounded by numerous bud-scales : anthers tipped with a short spur or knob and cells opening transversely by a continuous slit ; fertile aments terminal on the branchlets of the previous year, erect, bracts somewhat shorter than the scales. Fruit, pendulous cones maturing the first year ; scales thin and persistent on the axis ; biacts short, inclosed ; seeds with resin vesicles on the surface and wing finally breaking off ; cotyledons thi-ee-five or six. Genus consists of trees of few species with slender and often drooping terminal branchlets. Tsuga is the Japanese name of one of the representatives of the genus. 50 Hough's Amekican Woods. 223. TSUGA HETEROPHYLLA, Sarg.* Western Hemlock. Ger., Westliche Tanne ; Fr., Peruche occidental', Sp., Abeto occidental. Specific Characters : — Leaves, linear, flat, from|-f in. long, rather less than a line in widtli, rounded at apex, abruptly tapering at the base to a slender petiole, entire or spinulose-serrulate towards the tip, grooved and lustrous dark green above and witli white bands of stomata beneath; branchlets pale brown, very slender and rough with the persistent bases of the petioles ; leaf-buds small, about ,^g in. long, briglit brosvn, puberulous. Floirers staminate yellow, about I in in lengtli and rather sliorter than the slender stipe, pollen grains discoidal : pistillate flowers purple, about \ in. long and terminating the small branchlets. Fntit cones sessile, oblong-cylindrical when closed, |-1 in. in lengtli and with thin scales slightly puberulous outside and light reddish brown at maturity ; branchlets small, rounded or acute at apex, dark purple, pubendous : seeds about I in. long, with iiarrow wing two or three times as long and occasional oil vesicles ; cotyledons f . The Western ITemloek is the largest representative of its genus, sometimes attaining the heiglit of 200 ft. (60 m.), and a diameter of trunk of 8 or 10 ft. (3 m.). It forms a rather narrow pyramidal top of gracefully sweeping branches and slender drooping branchlets. The l)ark is very similar to that of the eastern species, being on old trunks of a chocolate-brown color, deeply fissured into prominent longitudinal and obliquely connecting ridges and exfoliating in tliick- ish irregular scales. Habitat. — From southeastern Alaska, where it surpasses all other forest trees in size, southward nearly to San Francisco and eastward to the Avestern slopes of the continental divide. It is most abundant and luxurious in the humid region along the coast from sea-level up to an altitude of about 2,000 ft., being most abundant in western Washington, Oregon and British Columbia, Farther inland it ascends to an altitude of 6-8,000 ft. on favorable slopes. Physical Propertip:s. — Wood light, rather hard and tough, close- grained, susceptible of a good polish, of a pale, yellowish-brown color with lighter gap- wood. Sjjecific Gt'aviti/, 0.5182', Percentage of Ash, 0.42; Relative Approximate Fuel Value, O.'^X'oO', Coeffi^cient of Elas- ticity, 137483; Modtd^is of Rnpture, 909; Iiesistance to Longitudi- nal Pressure, 547; Resistance to Indentation, 101; Weight of a Cubic Phot in Pounds, 32.39. Uses. — Lumber made from this tree is more ea.sily worked, stronger and more durable than tliat furnished by our eastern Hemlock, and it is used to considerable extent in house-building and for general con- * Tsuga merteiisiana, authors, not Carr. 22i. AiuKs (jKAxins — Great Silvkk Fik. 51 structioii i)iirj)oses, though its merits do not seem to be generally appreciated — pi-obahly on aceuiiiit of the poor reputation of its east- ern relative. It will doubtless come into far greater [jrominence as the supply of lirs and redwoods becomes more reduced. It furnishes a verv good pulp for paper-making and its bark, which is richer in taimin than that of the cittern species, is considered the best l)ark for tanning purposes proJuceJ in the forests of Oregon, Waslnngtun and British Columbia. Tiie inner bark of this tree possesses nutritive value.* Genus ABIES, Link Leaves sessile, short, solitary, usually more or less flattened and entire, witli circular and not prominent bases, often emarginate, more or less two-ranked especially on the horizontal branches and young trees by a twist near the base, bearing stoaiita usually only below, with two resin ducts; brancldets smooth, bearing the lujre or less circular nit pro niaent leaf scars Floirers ffom the axils of last year's leaves ; the sta'uinate borne in abundance along the under side of the branchlets, oblong or cylindrical, with sliort stipes surrounded by numerous bud-scales; antlier-cells tw >, extrorse, opening transversly, tiie con- nective terminating in a knob ; pollen grains large with two air "sacs ; pistillate flowers erect, with bracts larger than tlie scales ; ovules two, adnate to the inner side of each scale near the base. Cones erect upon the upper branches and matur- ing tlie tirst year, sessile, nearly cylindrical, with numerous spirally arranged, imbricated, carpell.ary scales, each in the axil of a thin membranous bract which witli the scale falls away at maturity from the persistent axis ; seed covered with resin-vesicles and each bearing a membranous wing, the base of which covers the outer and laps over upon the inner surface ; cotyledons 4 to 10. Trees of about sixteen or eighteen species, generally of remarkable pyramidal growth, confined to the northern hemispiiere of both continents and represented in the United States by nine species mostly on the Pacific Slope. {Abies is the ancient Latin name of the Fir.) 224. ABIES GRANDIS, Lindl. Great Silver Fir. Ger., Grosze Taiine ; Fr., S vpln grati'l ; Sp., Aheto arnnde. Specific Characters : — Leaves lustrous dark green, with deep central groove above, and two silvery white stomit )se bands beneatli, ratlier thin and flexible, those of the sterile branches h in. long and about \ in. broad, widely two-ranked, conspicuously emarginate at apex ; leaves of the cone-bearing branchlets more crowded, somewhat shorter, rather erect on tlie upper side of tlie branchlet than two-ranked and notched or bluntly pointed at apex : those on young shoots acute at apex ; winter buds globose, | in. or less in length and copiously resin- coate I ; branchlets rather slender and puberulous the first season. Flowers staminate oblong, i— f in. in length with pale yellow anthers; pistillate cylindri- cal, slender, |-1 in. long and \ in. thick, with light yellowish green scales having reflexed tips. Fruit, cones, cylindrical, from 2-4 in. long and \-\\ in. thick, rounde 1 and often retuse at apex with liright green and puberulous scales aver- aging about 1 in. in. width and two-thirds as wide, abruptly narrowing from the broad apex ; bracts included, scarcely half as long as the .scale, obcordate, laciniate and generally with a short inucro ; seeds f in. long, brown, with pale brown wings \-% in. long, ami nearly as broad near the rounded end. The specific name, grandis, the Latin for great, is descriptive of the grand stature of the tree. * For an interesting accouat of this curious food and tlie process of preparation see Sargent's Silva XI. p. 93. Note. 52 Hough's American Woods. Tills beaiitif 111 and stately tree sometimes attains tlie height of 300 ft. (\)0 m.) with short and sometimes pendulous branches formino- a narrow irregular pyramidal head. It has a straight, columnar trunk, from 4 to 0 ft. (1.50 m.) in diameter, vested in a darl:-bro\\ai bark, tissurei lengthwise into quite regular, firm ridges which break away in thick, irregalar fragments. The bark of younger trunks is much thinner, of a pale-gray color and bearing numerous resin -blisters. Habitat. — From British Columbia southward to Mendocino Co., Cal., and eastward to the western slopes of the continental divide in Montana, but in southern Oregon and northern California not extend- ing many miles inland from the coast. It attains its greatest dimen- sions in the alluvial bottom-lands near the coast, but is found along streams and on moist slopes to an altitude of from 5,000 to 7,000 ft., never anywhere forming exclusive forests but scatterfd among the Giant Cedars, Douglas and Tideland Spruces, Redwoods and other trees of its range. Physical Properties. — AVood very light, soft, not strong or dur- able, coarse grain, easily worked and yielding a very smooth, satiny surface. It is of a very light, yellowish-brown color, with lighter sap-wood. Sj?eci^G Graviti/, 0.354:5 ; Percentar/eqfAsh,OAd; Rela- tive Approximate Fuel Value, 0.3528; Coefficient uf Elasticity ^ 95838; Modulus of Rapture, 49-1: ; Resistance to Longitudinal Pres- sure^ 391; Resistance to Indentation : 5 1 ; Weight of a Cubic Foot in Pounds, 22.09. UsRS. — The wood of this tree is occasionally manufactured into lumber for interior finishing, boxes, casks, etc., but hitherto has been little valued as compared with the Douglas Spruce, Giant Cedar, etc., which grow in abundance with it. Medicinal Propeetiks so far as known, are only those of the balsam which may be gathered from the blisters in the bark of the younger trunks. 225. ABIES NOBILIS, Lindl. Noble Fir, Oregon "Larch." Ger., ErlaucJite Tanne; Fr., Sapin nohle; Sp., Aheto noble. Specific Characters: — Leaves glaucous blue-gi-een, on tlie fertile upper branches thick, incurved, erect, nearly equally 4-sided and crowded uijon the upper side of the branchlets, those of the under side by a twist and curve at their bases, with a distinct central groove above, keeled beneath, stomatiferous both sides, witli fibrovascular bundle central and resin ducts close to tlie epidermis of the lower side, the leaves of the sterile branches flatfish, slightly notclied at apex, from 1-1^ in. long, less crowded than those of the fertile branchlets; winter buds about I in. long, with acute reddish bi'own scales, and thickly resin-toated; Abies nobilts — N'oble Fir, Ore(jon "Larch." 53 branchlets rathe^r sk'iider, puberuloiis. Flowers staniinate cylindrical, | -1 in. long, sessile at first, but finally suspended on slender pedicels about J in. long; pistillate flowers cylindrical, erect upon the braneldets, 1-U in. long and about I- in. thick, with scales nuich smaller than then- bracts which are retiexed, and witli long slender tips. Fruit cones cylinch-ical-oblong, from 0-8 m. long and 2-3 in. thick, refunded at apex and almost covered by the large, mucii exserted aiid strongly retlr-xed pale grewi bracts winch are spatulate with iiml)riated ii»argin and broad midril) extended intoalong point; scales somewhat broader than long, rounded at apex; seeds about ^l in. in length slender and furnished with a cuneate tri-angular wing al)out I in. in length. (Tiie specific name, nobiliH, Ladn for )ioble, is given in apt allusion to the noble stature of this majestic fir.) The Noble Fir, under favorable conditioiLs, attains the height of 250 or 275 ft. (80 in.), with comparatively short branches and massiv^e columnar trunk G or 8 ft. (2 m.) in diameter, clothed with a reddish- brown bark, fissured len^jthwise into flat, scaly ridges. The young trees, under 75 or 100 ft. in height, have a habit of quite regular pyramidal growth with branches longest at the ground and successively shorter to the pointed summit. Habitat. — The Cascade and Coast ranges from northern Washing- ton southward to the valley of tlie McKinzie River in Oregon, very abundant and attaining its largest size in northwestern Oregon between the altitudes of 2,000 and 5,000 ft., tliere being in places the principal forest tree. Physical Properties. — The Noble Fir wood is light, strong, rather hard, of close grain, and of a very light yellow-brown color with lighter sap-wood. Specijio Granitf/, 0.4561; Percentage of Ash, 0.34; Relative xVpproximcite Fuel F«Z;//', 0.4545; Coefficient of Elas- ticitij, 127660; 2fod id us of Rupture, 862; Resistance to Longitudi- nal Pressure, 453; Resistance to Indentation, 120; Weight of a Cuhiti Foot in Pounds, 28,42. Uses. — Quite extensively used in the manufacture of lumber for interior finishing, ceilings, boxes, etc., for which it is excellent. It is a tree of marked value for ornamental purposes, and is being success- fully and quite extensively planted in Europe. It is not as well adapted to the climate of our eastern states, though it is occasionally grown. Kote. — Those unfamiliar with the magnificent stately firs of the Pacific slope, as we see them in their native forests, may be interested in knowing the dimensions of the particular tree from which our wood- sections were taken, and what became of the rest of the tree. It grew on the lumber tract of the Bridal A^eil Lumber Co., located at Bridal Veil, Oregon, and for convenience and economy of operations this company has few equals. 54 Horan's American Woods. Oar tree was not by any means one of the largest of its kind, but it was considered by tlie lumbermen as a "fair" tree. Its extreme height was 254 ft.; lowest branches, 176 ft from the ground; diame- ter of trunk, 4 ft. from the ground, 03 in. This trunk was as clear and shapely as a mast, and from it eight logs sixteen feet long and one thirty-two feet long were cut. The upper end of the top-most log (1()0 ft. from the ground) was 35 in. in diameter, and just above this the material for our wood-sections was taken. A powerful ''donkey" engine hauled the logs through the forest, with such power that a road for them was unnecessary, until they were deposited at the head of a trough-like chute. They were then rolled into it and down it they slid with awful momentum and plunge into a pond below. Here they were denuded of bark on one side, floated to the logging railroad which terminated on the bank of the pond, and were "dogged " logether end to end. A locomotive was then coupled to them — a chain of logs — to drag them to the saw-mill some miles below. They were promptly hauled out of the water and along over the ties at the rate of ten or twelve miles per hour, the rails of the road keeping them from leaving the track, to the saw-mill. There the nine logs were sawn into just 18,142 ft. of magnificent clear lumber, and the boards were floated in a flume to the planing mills and kilns at the railroad station in the valley below. After treatment there the lumber, in the form of the nicest kiln-dried planed and matched ceiling, was loaded onto the cars and shipped to market.* *This record was kinrUv kept ami furnished to me by Mr. Harry L. RraiUey of the Bridal Veil Lumber Co., whose courtesy and kindness i hereby gratefully acknowledge. INDEX. Abeto grande noble occidental . . . Abies grandis nobilis Acacia . decurrens .. . verda vert Acacie griine Acer circirnatum . Alamo negro Alder, Oregon Red Aliso de Oregon . . . Alnus oregona rubra Arbor Vitae, Pacific Arce de vid Anue d'Oregon. . . . Ash, Leather-leaf . Betulace-5: Bial Birch Family Blaueiche Blueblossom. Southern Buckthorn Familv .... No. Page. 224 51 225 22:j 224 225 206 206 906 206 203 218 217 217 217 21: 220 203 217 212 211 214 202 CeanotJnis. sorediatiis. spinosus Cedar, Giant Northwestern Red . . . . Cedro gigariteo Cerezo de hojas pelosas Cerisier a feuilles velues Chene blau Engelmann . de MacDoiiald Cherry. Woolly-leaf Bitter.... Cipres de MaeXab Ciruelo silvestre de California, CONIFER.E Cosse de vis Cottonwood, Black Crab Apple, Oregon 202 201 220 220 220 208 208 214 215 216 208 219 207 205 218 209 52 50 51 51 52 25 25 25 25 25 20 20 41 40 40 40 40 40 40 45 21 40 33 39 32 39 36 19 18 18 19 19 45 45 45 2>! 28 36 37 38 28 43 27 43 24 41 29 No. Page Crataegus 30 donglasii 210 30 var. rivularis 30 riuularis 30 Cupressus 43 inacnabiana 219 43 CUPULIFER-^ 36 Cypres de MacXab 219 43 Cypresse von MacNab 219 43 Cypress, MacNab 219 43 Eiche von Engelmann 215 37 ilacDonald 216 38 Erable de Vigne 203 21 Erie, Oregonisohe 217 40 Esche. Lederblattrige ::il2 33 Eucalyj^tus 31 rostrata 211 32 Fichte, Gebiergige weisze. . . . 221 47 mit engen Zapfen 222 48 Fir, Great Silver 224 51 Noble . 225 52 Flieder, Slider 202 19 Fraxinus 33 vehdina 212 33 Frene a feuilles de cuir 212 33 Fresno de hojas de cuero 212 33 Gebirgspaloverde 204 23 Goma colorada 211 32 Gommier rouge 211 32 Grevillea 35 robusta 213 35 robuste 213 35 Starke s 213 35 Gum, Red 211 32 Gy mnosperma? 43 Haw, Black 210 30 Western 210 30 Hemlock, Western 223 50 Holzapfel, Oregonische 209 29 Horse Bean, Small-leaf 204 33 Key based upon Fruit 9 Leaves 1 Kirsche, Haarigblattrige 208 28 " Larch," Oregon 225 53 56 Index. No Leguminos^ 23 Lilac meridional 203 19 Lilas meridional 203 19 Manzano silvestre de Oregon, 209 29 Maple, Vine 203 20 Mesquite, Screw-pod 205 24 MYRTACE.E 81 Myrte, Dornige 201 19 espineuse 201 19 Myrtle, Dark-leaf 203 19 Family 31 Redwood 201 19 Spiny 201 19 Myrto espinosa 201 19 Oak, Blue 214 36 California Rock 214 30 Engelmann . 215 37 Family . ... 36 MacDonald 216 38 Silky 213 27 Oleace.^e 33 Olive Family 33 Palo Verde de montagne 204 23 montafia 204 23 Mountain, 204 23 Pappel, Schwarze 218 41 Parkinsouia 22 microphylla 204 23 Peruche occidental 223 50 Peuplier noir 218 41 Pflaume, Californische 207 27 Pin blanc de montagne 231 47 Pin de cones etroites 222 48 Pine Family 43 Knob-cone 223 48 Mountani White 221 47 Narrow-cone 222 48 Pino bianco de los montes .... 221 47 de conos angostos 223 48 Pinus 46 attenuaia 222 48 monticola 231 47 Plum, Pacific 207 27 Wild 207 27 Pomier sauvage d'Oregon . . . 309 29 Populus 41 tvicliocarpa 218 41 ProsojJis 23 odorata 205 24 jnibescens 24 Proteace^ 34 No. Page. Protea Family 34 Prune sauvage de Californie. . 207 27 Pninus 26 emargmata,var. mollis, ... 28 villosa 28 mollis 208 28 suhcordata 207 37 Pulse Family 22 Pyrus ; 29 rividaris 209 29 Quercus 36 donglasii 214 36 Engelmann 215 37 macdonaldi 216 38 Rebenahorn 303 20 Rhamnace^ . 18 Rohleazul 214 36 de Engelmann 215 37 MacDonald 216 38 Rosacea. 26 Rose Family 26 Rothgumi 211 32 Salicace^ 41 Sapindace^ 20 Sapin grand 224 51 noble 225 52 Scbraubenlnilse 305 24 Screwbean 205 24 Shingle-wood 220 45 Soapberry Family 20 Tanne, Grosze 224 51 Erlauchte 225 52 Westliche 233 50 Thorn, Black 210 30 Green 202 19 Thuja 44 gigantea 220 45 2)licata 45 Thuya gigantesque 220 43 Toriiillo ." 205 34 Tsuga ... 49 lieteropliylla 223 50 mertensiana 50 Wattle, Black 206 25 Green : . . 206 25 Willow Family. 41 Zeder, Gigantische , . 220 45 201 CEANOTHUS SPINOSUS Nuti Eedwood Myrtle, Spiny Myrtle or Lilac. TRANSVCnSC 8CCTION. RADIAL SECTION. ,*;';^^y».;:.?;;>^?.yg^j^j^^^;i^?^^ TANGENTIAL SECTION. Oer. Dornige Myrte. ^^- Myrte espineuse. ^P' Myrto espinosa. 201 CEANOTHUS SPINOSUS Nutt. Redwood Myrtle, Spiny Myrtle or Lilac. TRANSVERSE SECTION. RADIAL SECTION. TANGENTIAL SECTION. Oer. Dornige Myrte. P^- Myrte espineuse. Sp. Myrto espinosa. 202 CEANOTHUS SOREDIATUS H. & A. Southern Blueblossom, Green Thorn. '^ym-J^ y^""^^' TRANSVKRBC SCCTIOM. RADIAL SKCTIOM. TAHOCMTIAL SCCTION. Ger, Slider Flieder. /^. Lilas meridional, •5/?. Lilac meridioBal. F«bli»h»» A. Lowvilt*. M, Y.. O. S, A 203 ACER CIRCINATUM Pursh. Vine Maple. TRAMSVCRSC SECTION RADIAL SECTION. TANaCNTIAt SECTION. Ger. Eebenahorn. Fr. Erable de vigne. Sp. Arce de vid. PublithMd re »ection« ni«rf« by Rem«yn B. Mowgh, B. A. LovrnfJlfi^ N. Y., U. S, A- 203 ACER CIRCINATUM Pursh, Vine Maple. TRANSVCRSC SECTION. RADIAL SCCTIQN. TANaCNTIAL SECTION. . Ger Rebenahorn. Pr. Erable de vigne. Sp. Arce de vid. Publi«li««M i TANQCNTIAL SECTION. Ger. Gebirgspaloverde. f'r Palo Verde de rnontagne." Sp. Palo Verde de montana. Publishaed nc sections made by Romeyn 8. Hough, B. A. Lowville, N, Y., U. S A 204 PARKINSONIA MICROPHYLLA Torr. Mountain Palo Verde, Small-leaf Horse Bean. TRANSVCRSC SECTION RADIAL SCCTtON. .^X 'I,-- :'>-V.^. : TANaENTIAL SECTION Ger- Gebirgspaloverde. f^- Palo Verde de montagne. Sp. Palo Verde de montana. PoWi»h»«d r\e wctions made by Rom«yf\ B, Hough, 8. A. Lowville, N, Y., U. S, A 205. PROSOPIS ODORATA Torr. & Frem, Screwbean, Screw-pod Mesquite. TRANSVERSE SECTION RADIAL SECTION. i,r-ti^li-Al~zi^ -^^i^-J.jL*^ :, u TANGENTIAL SECTION. Oer. Schraubenhtilse, Fr. Cosse de vis. •SP' Tornillo. Publishaed and sections made by Romeyn 8, Hough, B. A. Lowville, N. Y., U. S A 205. PROSOPIS ODORATA Torr. .'_*^ >vjt£" TANGENTIAL SECTION. Csr, Griine Htirde. Pr. Olaie verte. Sp. Zarzo verde. ^omeyn 8. Hough, 8. A, Lowville, N. Y,. U. S. A 206. ACACIA DECURRENS Willd. Green Wattle, Black Wattle. *Xi,-'*.. ,■». •• .vXl.- TRANSVERSE SECTION. RAO»AL SECTION. TANOENTIAL SECTION. . Cer. Srune Hdrde. Pr. Olaie verte, Sp. Zarzo verde. Publishaed and tections made by Romayn B. Hough, B. A. Lowville, N. Y., U. S, A 207 PR UN US SUBCORDATA Benth. Pacific Wild Plum, Western Pkm. TRAMSVCnSC SKCTION. RADIAL SCCTION. TANGENTIAL SECTION. H O^n Californische Pflaume. /V. Pnme de Caiifornie. ^p- Ciraelo silvestre de California. 207 PR UN US SUBCORDATA Benth. Pacific Wild Plum, Western Pkm. TRANSVCnSC 8KCTION. NADIAL SCCTtON. TANGENTIAL SCCTIOM. Cer. Oalifornische Pflaume. Pr. Prune de Caiifornie. Sp- Ciruelo silvestre de California. 208 PRUNUS MOLLIS Walp. Woolly-leaf Cherry, Bitter Cherry, TKANSVCRSC 8CCTION. ,-!ni'' BADIAL SECTION. TANGENTIAL SECTION. Ger. Haarigblaittrige Kirsche. Fr. Censier a feuilles velues, Sp. Cerezo de hqjas pelosas. Publishasd nc sections mad» by Rom«yn 8, Hough, B. A, Lowville, N Y U. S A 208 PRUNUS MOLLIS Walp, Woolly-leaf Cherry, Bitter Cherry. H lAafHiiitWri? TftANSVCnSC SCCTION. 'wSKm J^n^ nH^^^^IHW^ ^^hRHH^h^'- ''^*^Si|: Mil ■'*',■'■.'- vyS .t.->*-:,;-^*=C; RADIAL SECTION. TANQENTIAS. SECTION. Ger. laarigblattrige Kirsche. Fr. Cerisier a feuilles velues, 5p, Cerezo de hojas pelosas. PubMshaed nc sections mad« by Romeyn B, Hough. B. A. Lowville, N. Y., U. S, A 209. PYRUS RIVULARIS Dougl. v:> Oregon Crab or Crab Apple. transveusc section. RADIAL SECTION. TANGENTIAL SECTION. Ger. Oregonlscher Holzapfel. Fr. Pommier sauvage d'Oregon. Sp. Manzano silvestre de Oregon. idt by Rom»yn B. Hough, B. A. Lowvill*, N. Y., U. S. A 209. PYRUS RIVULARIS Dougl. Oregon Crab or Crab Apple. t^'i^-: TRANSVERSE SECTION. -w^ RADIAL SECTION. TANGENTIAL SECTION. Ger. Oregonlscber Holzapfel. /^. Pommier sauvage d'Oregon. Sp. Manzano silvestre de Oregon, PuWUhaed and Mction* mad* by Romayn B. Housh, B. A. Lowvill*. N. Y„ U. S, A 210 CRATAGUS DOUGLASII Lindl. Black Thorn, Western Haw, Black Haw. TRANSVERSE SECTIOt^. f^f.:. ::Ji^- ■'::.;:].:.. RADIAL SECTION. TANGENTIAL SECTION. Oer. Schwarze Hagedorn. Pr- Aubepine noire. , j ^P- Espino negro. 210 CRATAGUS DOUGLASII Lindl Black Thorn, Western Haw, Black Haw. TRANSVERSE SECTION. RADIAL SECTION. TANGENTIAL SECTION. Ger. Schwarze Hagedorn. ^ Aubepine noire. Sp. Espino negro. 211. EUCALYPTUS ROSTRATA Schlecht. Eed Gum, Biall. ■"■^'i^T^-'Si:'^': ^■^^ Aj^^v;v.«'^ TRANSVCRSe SECTION. ^fWii^N^^^MiWrM^ :"*'■ "A'^c;". ,',*: K,- s:a ^vtwsiiviskjsffiiMiK RADIAL SECTION. yC>:^-S>;-r:;^^^i^:^^Cs3|i^?KJ|-S^^ iM^Em, TANGENTIAL TieeTrON. Cer. Rothgummi. ^'. Gommier rouge, '5p Goma Colorado, Publish»*d and sectionj made by Rom»yn B, Hough, 8, A. Lowyille, N, Y„.U, S, / 211. EUCALYPTUS ROSTRATA Schlecht. Red Gum, Biall. ^^^^^^S^^Z^MEJ^S^^^^^^m^^ TRANSVCRSe 8CCTION. ■ :■..', ;■ • ^.,. ,^,/,^'':VW^V.:-V ^fl; ^;:.:11¥"Ivf^;iF'-?'^ t,'i^'it^'*'^Bl^^il^Blf^'&if.'ii^' TANGENTIAL SECTION. Ger Lederblattrige Esche. Fr. Frene a feuilles^de cuir, Sp. Fresno des hojas de cuero. f»\ibUih»«d »nd teetiont m»d» by Rom»yn i. Houjh, B. A, Low^ill*. N. v_^ U. S, < 213. GREVILLEA ROBUSTA Cunn, Grevillea, Silky "Oak". SECTION m RADIAL SECTION. SECTION Oer., Starke Grevillea. tHea. Fr., SreTiUea robuste, Sp., Grevillea robusta. Published and Section* Made by Remeyn B. Hough. B. A.. Lowvllle, N. V. 213. GREVILLEA ROBUSTA Cunn. GreviUea, Silky "Oak". TRANSVERSE SECTION i I, RADIAL SECTION. •"«???■ Ger. , Starke Grevillea. Fr., Grevillea robnste Sp.» GreviUea robusta^ Published and Sections Made by Romeyn 8. Hough, B. A.. Lowvilie, N. V. 214. QUERCUS DOUGLASII H.&A. Blue Oak, California Kock Oak. ■^^^"^^■mr^^mi^i TRANSVERSE SECTION, RADIAL SECTION. ^^'' Blaueiche. TANGENTIAL SECTION ^P- Roble aznl. ^. Ohene bleu. PuC .«»<•<} »nd« kf Rom.yn B. Hough. B. A., Low»iHei N, Y. U. S. A 214. QUERCUS DOUGLASII H.&A. Blue Oak, California Rock Oak. mmssmmit TRANSVERSE SECTION. RASIAL SCCTIOM. Oer Blaueiche. TANGENTIAL SECTION Sp. Eoble azul. Pr, Ohene bleu. PubiMhcd aAd «*«i«fi( mad* by Romcyn B. Hough, 8. A., Lowville, N. V., U. S. A. 215. QUERCUS ENGELMANNI Greene. Engelmann Oak. ^^'^''^maataMmumm TMAHSVCaSK •CCTiew. KADIAL SKCTION. TANGCflTIAL SECTION. Cer. Eiclie von Engelmann. fr. Chene d'Engelmann. Sp. Roble de Engelmann. PwW^Md ar. . .. O. S. A 215. QUERCUS ENGELMANNI Greene. Engelmann Oak. TRANSVERSE SECTION. RADIAL SECTION. TANGENTIAL SECTION. CJ^r. Eiche von Engelmann. Pr. Chene d'Engelmann. Sp. Roble de Engelmann. Py^li«ha*d and sections madt by Rotnayn S. Hough, 8. A. Lowvills, N. Y., U. 5. A 216. QUERCUS MACDONALDI Greene. MacDonald Oak. TRANSVCRSC SECTION. apeqgjEggs'igir' RADIAL SECTION. TANGENTIAL SECTION. Oer. Eiclie von MacDonald. Fr, Chene de MacDonald. Sp. Koble de MacDonald. Putliih»«^;^^-'-^'^ii:-<.-4jii TANGENTIAL SECTION. Ger Oregonische Erie. Pr. Aune d'Oregc ^P- Aliso de Oregon. Pjbl.ihied »nd sectionf mtd« by Rom«yB B. Hough, 8. A, Uowv.jlt, N, Y„ U, S A 217. ALNUS OREGONA Nutt. Oregon Alder Eed Alder. ■- ■x.vj^w.Aijliijtv'^ii.fflg^y'.v. - '■''>• , TRANSVCRSE VCCTION. RADIAL SECTION. ^^''<».^Uv?»ru^J^c s?aj.;/:.?.i:;t«i:iBfj>?' .;);.5v.-ii*ii(Sta^slSw»6«^ TANGENTIAL SECTION. Oer. Schwarze Pappel. Fr. Peuplier noir. ^p- Alamo negro. Publ>ih»«. Cipres de Macnab, Publwhad and **ctteMt m*d« by Romayn B. Hough, B. A., Lowvilie, N. Y., U. S. A. 220. THUJA GIGANTEA Nutt. Giant Cedar, Western Eed Cedar, Shingle -wood. SECTION RADIAL SECTION. SECTION. (jer.. Sigantische Zeder. Fr., Thuya gigantesque. Sp., Cedro giganteo- Published and Section* Made by Remeyn B. Hough. B. A., Lewville, N. V- 220. THUJA GIGANTEA Nutt. Slant Cedar, Western Red Cedar, Shingle-wood. TRANSVERSE SECTION. RADIAL SECTION. SECTION, Ger., Gigantische Zeder. Fr., Thuya gigantesque, Sp., Cedro giganteo. Published and Sections Made by Romeyn B. Hough, B. A., Lowville, N. Y. 221. PINUS MONTICOLA DouqI. Mountain White Pme. TRANSVERSE SESTtON. RASiAl. SECTION. TANGENTIAL SECTION Oer. Gebirgige weisze Fichte. Pr, Pin blanc de la montagne. ^p- Pino bianco de los montes. ...-„. ,rt>d* ky R»m«yn B Houfh, B. A., LwwiNc, N. Y,, U. S. A. 221. PINUS MONTICOLA DouqI. Mountain White Pme. TRANSVERSE SECTION. RADIAL SECTION. TANGENTIAL SECTION Oer. Gebirgige weisze Fichte. /v. Pin blanc de la montagiTe ^P- Pino bianco de los montes. Publi«K«d and sacticnt mad* ky Romeyn B. Hough, 8. A.. UMwiHc, H, Y. U, S, A, 222. PINUS ATTENUATA Lem. Knob-cone Pine. TRAMSVCnSC SECTION. RAVIAL SCCTIOn. TANGCNTIAL SCCTION Oer. Fichte von engen Zapfen. Fr, Pin de cones etaroits. Sp. Pino de conos angostos. PublMh*d «id tactrnM mad* by Ram.yn B. Houeh, B. A.. LawviUa, N. Y., U. S. A. in: i¥ \ \ 222. PIN US ATTENUATA Lem. Knob-cone Pine. TRANSVERSE SECTION. RADIAL SECTION. TANGENTIAL SECTION Fichte von engen Zapfen. ^. Pin de cones etroits. Sp. Pino de conos angostos. Published and sections made by Romeyn 8. Hough, B. A., Lovwille, N. Y.^ U. S. A. 223. TSUGA HETEROPHYLLA Sarg. Western Hemlock, TRANSVtRSE SECTION. RADIAL SECTION. TANGENTIAL SECTION. df"- Westliche Tanne. /^. Peniche occidental. Sp. Abeto occidental. P.jbi -.h»d and sections made dy Romeyn 8, Hough, B. A Lowvilla, N. Y^ U. S. A 223. TSUGA HETEROPHYLLA Sarg, Western Hemlock. TRAN9VCR«e SECTION. RADIAL SECTION, TANQENTIAi. SECTION. Oer Westliche Tanne. ^. Peniche occidentaL ^p- Abeto occidental. Published and sections made dy Romeyn B. Hough, 8. A, Lov "- " "" " "^ ' 224. ABIES GRANDIS Lindl. Grreat Silver Fir. TRANSVERSE SECTION. RADIAL SECTION. TANGENTIAL SECTION. Ger. Grosze Tanne. Sp. Abeto G-rande. ade dy Romeyn 5. Hough, B A Lowville, N. Y., U. S A 224. ABIES GRANDIS Lindl. Great Silver Fir. TRANSVERSE SECTrON. RADIAL SECTION. TANGENTIAL SECTION. Ger. Orosze Tanne. Fr. Sapin grand. Sp. Abeto Grande, Published and sections made dy Romeyn S. Ho.gh, B. A Lowville, N. Y., U. S. A 225. ABIES NOBILIS Lindl, Noble Fir, Oregon "Larch". \ TRANSVERSE SECTION. RADIAL SECTION. TANGENTIAL SECTION ^^'' Erlauchte Tanne. ^. Sapin noble. ^P- Abeto noble. 225. ABIES NOBILIS Lindl, Noble Fir, Oregon "Larch". ( ■mMIkj^^' 'S J ji 02 lii_ TRANSVERSE SECTION. RADIAL SECTION. TANGENTIAL SECTION Ger. Erlauchte Tanne. ^, Sapin noble. >>• Abeto noble. S^" ^ ^^r * ""C^ « .^Tiif^l