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PART ix.

CASE

THE :,,, ALT:' OK:*

AMERICAN WOODS,

EXHIBITED BY ACTUAL SPECIMENS
AND WITH COPIOUS EXPLANATORY TEXT,

BY

ROMEYN B. HOUGH, B. A.

PART IX.

REPRESENTING TWENTY-FIVE SPECIES

BY

TWENTY-FIVE SETS OF SECTIONS.

LOWVILLE, N. Y., U. S. A.

PUBLISHED AND SECTIONS PREPARED BY THE AUTHOR.
IQ03

BIOLOGY ! IBRARY

Copyright nineteen hundred and three.
BY ROMEYN B. HOUGH.

WEED-PARSONS PRINTING CO.,

KLECTROTYPERS AND PRINTERS

ALBANY, N. Y.

TO

FORESTER, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE,

PART IX, AMERICAN \V O O D S

IS DEDICATED AS AN EXPRESSION OF HIGHEST ESTEEM.

743130

PREFACE TO THE SERIES.

The necessity of more generally diffused information concerning the
variety and importance of our forest trees is justification enough for
the appearance of this work, especially at this day, when the demands of
Forestry in this country are constantly more and more keenly felt. The
work was undertaken at the suggestion of my father, whose intense in-
terest in Forestry, and a kindred taste, at once gave me inspiration to the
work. It was entered upon with the expectation of his valuable com-
panionship and counsel during its progress, but, alas ! that I was destined
to have only at the outset, and, while I was then left ever to mourn the
loss of a kind father, companion and teacher, the reader must fail to find
in these pages that value and finish which his mind would have given
them.

Among the happiest pictures of my memory are those in which I see
my father's delight, as I would show to him, from time to time, my suc-
cessful progress in devising a way of making the sections for this work,
and if only for the happiness which its appearance would have caused
him, could he have lived until this day, I have felt duty-bound to go on
with it, even though left to do it alone.

The work is the outgrowth of one, of somewhat similar plan, proposed
by my father some years since, but which he did not carry into effect.
Its design is primarily and principally to show, in as compact and
perfect a manner as possible, authentic specimens of our American woods,
both native and introduced. For that end three sections, respectively
transverse, radial and tangential to the grain (see Glossary), are made of
each timber, sufficiently thin to allow in a measure the transmission of
light, and securely mounted in well made frames.

The three planes above mentioned show the grain from all sides, so to
epeak, no plane being possible but that would be either one of them or
a combination of them. The difficulty, however, of cutting a great
number of sections exactly on those planes is obvious, so let it be under-
stood that the terms, "transverse," "radial" and "tangential," are, in
many cases, only approximately exact in their application.

My endeavor is to show, either in a part or all of the sections standing
to represent a species, both the heart and sap-wood, but with some woods

vi PREFACE TO THE SERIES.

•

as the Sumach, for instance, where usually only the outermost ring, or a
part of it, could be said to represent the sap-wood, the display of that is
quite impossible. In certain other woods, as the Spruce, etc., the tran-
sition from sap to heart-wood is almost indistinguishable by any difference
in color, and, although both may be shown in the sections, one can
scarcely distinguish between them.

The sequence of the numbers given to the various species is of import-
ance only to show the botanical arrangement -within a given Part, each
Part being independent of the others.

The text of this work has been added rather as a secondary matter,
to supply to those not having it in other form, such information as is of
importance, in connection with the wood specimens, to give a fairly good
acquaintance with the trees represented. It contains little, if any thing,
new to the botanist, but to others it is hoped it may be of some value.

In its preparation some use has been made of my father's Elements of
Forestry, and thanks are due the publishers of that work — Messrs.
Robert Clarke & Co. of Cincinnati, Ohio — for the use of cuts in repro-
ducing a number of its illustrations. Other valuable books of reference
have been the works of Drs. Gray, Wood and Bessey, LeMaout and
Decaisne's Descriptive and Analytical Botany, Prof. 0. S. Sargent's
Report on the Forest Trees of North America (constituting Vol. IX,
Tenth Census of the United States, 1880), Micheaux and Nuttall's North
American Sylva, George B. Emerson's Trees and Shrubs of Massachu-
setts, D. J. Browne's Trees of America, etc.

The authenticity of the timbers represented in this work has been a
subject of personal attention and special care on the part of the author.
The trees selected for specimens have been identified in the field, before
felling, while the leaves, flowers or fruit (one or more) have been obtain-
able, and he can, hence, vouch for the authenticity of every specimen
represented.

Succeeding Parts, uniform in style with Part I, and representing in
each case twenty-five additional species, are planned to appear later, with
the ultimate end in view of representing, as nearly as possible, all of the
American woods, or at least the most important, in such a series of vol-
umes as this one.

Upon the reception which this meets in public favor, and upon the
co-operation of those interested in the cause, must naturally depend the
carrying out of that plan. It is hoped that greater experience and skill
will enable us to obviate in future parts the faults which occur, from
lack of those qualities, in this.

Notice of errors in this work will be thankfully received in hopes of
profiting therefrom in the future.

LOWVILLE, N. Y., March 30, 1888.

PREFACE TO PART IX.

In AMERICAN WOODS, Part IX, we have the fourth installment of
the woods oi the Pacific slope. Its publication has been retarded
somewhat by demands upon our time for the considerable amount of
field work necessary for the commencement of the publication of our
proposed TREE STUDIES. This is to be a companion work to American
Woods, intended to meet a demand for which American Woods is
inadequate, viz. : illustrations of the trees themselves and their char-
acteristic barks, leaves, flowers and fruits.

The lack of that feature in AMERICAN WOODS has from the first been
appreciated, but the art of modern illustration was in its infancy when
AMERICAN WOODS was conceived. The production of such pictures as
we are now able to make was then not thought of, save perhaps in the
fancies of the pioneer inventors. The wonderful progress these bene-
factors have made, and the extensive opportunities the writer has had
for the field study of our trees in their native haunts, from the
Atlantic to the Pacific, have rendered possible the production of the
plates which we are glad to present in TREE STUDIES, and which we
trust will please our friends who have urged their appearance.

An announcement of TREE STUDIES follows at the close of this vol-
ume, to which the attention of the reader is invited.

In the production of AMERICAN WOODS, Part IX, I wish especially
to acknowledge with gratitude the assistance rendered by Miss Alice
Eastwood, of the California Academy of Sciences; Prof. E. S. Meany,
of the University of Washington; Prof. W. R. Dudley, of Stanford
University; Prof. Chas. H. Shinn, of the University of California;
Mr. J. H. Barber, Director Paso Robles Agr. Exp. Station; Mrs.
Sarah P. Cooper, of Elwood, Cal. ; Mr. S. B. Parish, of San Bernar-
dino, Cal., and others whose company in the fields of their respective
regions have contributed greatly to the pleasures of my collecting
trips, as well as offering invaluable assistance.

In regard to the subsequent parts of AMERICAN WOODS, it might be
said that Part X is already in advance preparation, and considerable
material is in hand for Part XI. The appearance of the former at
least during the coming vear can be assured, and the rest of the series
will follow as rapidly as possible.

LOWVILLE, X. Y., Dec. 30, 1902.

KEY BASED UPON THE LEAVES,

Designed as an Aid in identifying the Species represented in Parts I to IX
inclusive, when out of Season for procuring the Flowers.

X. B. — As this ke.y applies only to the species thus far represented in AMERI-
CAN WOODS it is important always to confirm identification by applying the
more detailed description given in its proper place.

ft. Deciduous Leaves. — falling in autumn.
b. Simple Leaves.

c. Laminate — with well marked blade and petiole.
d. Main rib single — pinnately veined.
e. Entire or nearly so, pointed at both ends and
/. Opposite

3-5 in. long, thick, lustrous above 9. NYSSA MULTIFLORA.

5-6 in. long, thin, dull above .89. CATALPA BIGNONIOIDES.

/?. Alternate, thinnish and in length
fj. 6-12 in.

Oblong, petioles | in 1. MAGNOLIA ACUMINATA.

Lance-obovate; petioles, scarcely 2 in. long 76. ASINIMA TRILOBA.

g-. 2-7 in.,

ht Thickish, and with light-colored pubescence, at least on the veins
beneath.

Petioles about 1 in. long 61. DIOSPYROS VIRGINIANA.

Petioles about i inch long 110. NYSSA OGECHE.

h*. Thinnish, oblong-obovate (often remotely serrate).

193. SALIX NUTTALLII.

g3. 1-3 in., distinctly bluish-green 214. QUERCUS DOUGLASII.

/3. Alternate, opposite and scattered upon the same plant, linear.

134. CHILOPSIS SALIGNA.
e'2. Serrate, serulate or dentate.
/. Inequilateral and cordate or truncate at base,
g. Ovate-orbicular, large, 4-5 in. or more in length.

3. TlLIA AMERICANA.

g'2. Ovate, long-taper-pointed from a broad base.

12. CELTIS OCCIDENT ALIS.
gr3. Ovate-oblong and

h. Very rough, especially above, rugose .11. ULMUS FULVA.

7d •• Smoothish and
t. 2-4 in. long, fruit in

Fascicles 33. ULMUS AMERICANA.

Racemes .34. ULMUS RACEMOSA.

i2. 1-2 in. long and only slightly inequilateral.

114. PLANERA AQUATICA.

Flowers and fruit in fascicles 33. ULMUS AMERICANA.

Flowers and fruit in racemes 34. ULMUS RACEMOSA.

/2. Equilateral and obtuse, rounded or cordated at base.
g. Veins straight or nearly so, leaves thinnish.
7*. Ovate-oblong.

Coarsely serrate with remote teeth, one at the end of each vein,
ciliate and covered with silky white hairs.

16. FAGUS FERRUGINEA.

KEY, BASED UPON LEAVES.
Doubly and sharply serrate, nutlet inclosed in a papery sac.

41. OSTRYA VIRGINICA.

Unequally and sharply serrate, nutlet subtended by a leafy bract.

42. CARPINUS CAROLINIANA.
W. Ovate and
i. Finely and closely serrate, smooth, whitish and reticulate-veined

beneath 47. POPULUS BALSAMIFERA.

i2. Doubly serrate and
J. Thinnish ; petioles downy and of aromatic flavor.

Bark of trunk yellowish-gray 17. BETULA LUTEA.

Bark reddish-brown 44. BETULA LENTA.

j2. Thickish and bark white 43. BETULA PAPYRACEA.

gr2. Veins incurved ; leaves
h. Orbicular-heart-shaped, thickish, 4-8 in. long.

Acuminate 63. MORUS RUBRA.

. Obtuse or rounded at apex 97. POPULUS HETEROPHYLLA .

h*. Orbicular-ovate ; petioles laterally compressed ; leaves

Coarsely dentate 18. POPULUS GRANDIDENTATA.

Serrate-dentate 72. POPULUS TREMULOIDES.

h3. Broad ovate, acuminate serrate 218. POPULUS TRICHOCARPA.

h4. Elliptical to obovate, conspicuously netted-veined, above.

Glabrous 207. PRUNUS SUBCORDATA.

Hairy along veins 126. RHAMNUS PURSHIAXA.

7i&. Ovate-lanceolate, pubescent beneath 209. PYRUS RIVULARIS.

fz. Equilateral and acute at base, tapering both ways,
gr. Narrow-lanceolate, very long-attenuate, tomentose on midrib above

and petiole 45. SALIX NIGRA.

gr2. Ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate, long-acuminate, 2-4 in. long; capsules

Sessile or nearly so 46. SALIX ALBA var. VITELLINA.

With slender pedicels 71. SALIX AMYGDALOIDES.

gr3. Oblong-lanceolate to lanceolate.
h. Minutely serrulate, 3-7 in. long ; petioles downy.

140. SALIX LAEVIGATA.
ft2. Serrate with teeth sharply

Awn-pointed and in about 20 pairs 40. CASTANEA VESCA.

Mucronate and in 6-12 pairs 68. QUERCUS MUHLENBERGII.

Finely glandular-serrate 55. PRUNUS PENNSYLVANIA.

gr4. Oblanceolate to lanceolate-oblong, puberulous beneath.

165. SALIX LASIOLEPIS.
gr5. Obovate-oblong, serrate, hairy beneath; length

1-3 in., acute 208. PRUNUS MOLLIS.

3-6 in., long acuminate 56. PRUNUS AVIUM.

gr6. Ovate ; petioles.

Short, generally not more than | in 163. ALNUS RHOMBIFOLIA.

Long; leaves very smooth and shining above. .57. PYRUS COMMUNIS.
gr7. Wedge-obovate, veins very prominent,

Thin, smoothish and dull above 58. CRATAEGUS PUNCTATA.

Thick, smooth and lustrous above 85. CRATAEGUS CRUS GALLI.

gf8. Ovate-oblong, veins incurved and petioles

h. With 2-4 glands, smooth .'. . .29. PRUNUS SEROTINA.

W. Without glands,

Glabrous both sides, sharply serrate.

59. AMELANCHIER CANADENSIS.

Downy under-side and petiole ... .30. PYRUS MALUS.

</8. Lanceolate oblong, 1-3 in. long, about equally acuminate at both ends.

111. FORESTIERA ACUMINATA.

f4. Equilateral and truncate at base,
(/. Serrate-dentate with cartilaginous teeth

Deltoid -ovate, rather long taper-pointed 48. POPULUS MONILIFERA.

Deltoid-reniform, more abruptly pointed. . .194. POPULUS FREMONTII.

Broadly deltoid 73. POPULUS DILATATA.

gr2. Irregularly serrate or obscurely lobed 70. BETULA POPULIFOLIA.

e3. Pinnate! y lobed ; lobes at apex
f. Rounded (not bristle-pointed) and

KEY, BASED UPON LEAVES. 3

g, Subequal, sinuses

Wide, lobes narrow and nearly entire ; leaves 5-9 in. long.

38. QUERCUS ALBA.

Narrow, lobes wide and
mostly undulate or crenate- toothed ; leaves 2-3 in. long.

160. Q. LOBATA.
Entire or nearly so and round or obtuse at apex.

136. Q. GARRYANA.

gr2. Very unequal,
7*. The two lobes nearest the summit much the largest.

92. QUERCUS OBTUSILOBA.
W. Lyrate-pinnatifid and sinuses extending

Nearly to the midrib and roundish 39. QUERCUS MACROCARPA.

Usually not over half-way to the midrib and more acute.

66. Q. BICOLOR.

/*. Acutish and mucronulate . .216. QUERCUS MACDONALDII.

/3. Bristle-pointed ; sinuses
g. Moderately deep and narrow;

Lobes narrowing towards apex and mostly terminating in 1-3 bristle-
pointed teeth 15. Q. RUBRA.

Lobes generally widening towards apex and terminating in 3-7 bristle-
pointed teeth 162. Q. CALIFORNICA.

gr2. Deeper and broader ; lobes narrower 93. Q. TINCTORIA.

gr3. Deep, broad and rounded ; lobes very narrow; acorn
Ovoid-oblong, £ immersed in a coarse-scaled cup.

69. QUERCUS COCCINEA.
Flattened-globular, ^ immersed in a fine-scaled cup.

94. QUERCUS PALUSTRIS.
e4. Broad, truncate at both base and apex, and with two spreading lobes on

each side 2. LIRIODENDRON TULIPIFERA.

e5. Wavy and spinous- toothed, very thick '. .52. ILEX OPACA.

C6- Undulately crenate-toothed ; obovate-oblong,

Slightly 'if at all pubescent beneath 67. QUERCUS PRINUS.

Velvety pubescent beneath 116.- QUERCUS MICHAUXII.

e1. Sinuate- toothed, white-tomentose beneath 96. POPULUS ALBA,

e8. Cut-serrate or sublobate, with slender petioles ;

Ovate, coarsely cut-serrate 83. PYRUS CORONARIA.

Round-ovate, finely cut-serrate 86. CRAT^GUS COCCINEA.

e9. Crenate-serrate ; petioles 1 in. or slightly less in length.

82. PRUNUS CERASUS.
e10. Obscurely crenulate- toothed : leaves
/. Alternate, petioles long, mostly \i in. or more.

87. CORXUS ALTERNIFOLIA.

/2. Opposite, petioles short (less than 1 in.); involucral scales when fully
developed.

Obcordate 88. CORXUS FLORIDA.

Pointed at apex 185. CORNUS NUTTALII.

e11. Undulate-serrate, ^— £ in. long and bearing large scattered glands.

154. DALEA SPINOSA.
e12. Doubly serrate.

Rhombic-ovate 81. PRUNUS NIGRA.

Ovate-oblong 210. CRAT^GUS DOUGLASII.

en. Creriately lobed; lobes glandular dentate 217. ALNUS OREGONA.

(I2. Main ribs several, palmately-veined, etc. ; rib
€. single at first but soon sending off a strong vein on each side and leaves

3-lobed, 2-lobed and entire on same tree 32. SASSAFRAS OFFICINALE.

e2. Ribs three at first, but soon five or more by branching, leaves alternate,
base of petiole concave and fitting over the axillary bud. obscurely

3-5-lobed with broad shallow sinuses 13. PLAT ANUS OCCIDENTALS.

5-lobed with narrow and deeper sinuses 135. PLATANUS RACEMOSA.

e3. 5-7 from commencement ; leaves

e4. 7-9-ribbed and lobed, suborbicular 203. ACER CIRCINATUM.

/. Opposite, base of petiole subtending (not covering) the axillary bud.

2 k KEY, BASED UPON LEAVES.

' » ** *** «*«'** jx * « "* \

' • * -Doubly and' sharply serrate, nutlet inclosed in a papery sac.

41. OSTRYA VIRGINICA.

Unequally and sharply serrate, nutlet subtended by a leafy bract.

42. CARPINUS CAROLINIANA.
7fc2. Ovate and
i. Finely and closely serrate, smooth, whitish and reticulate-veined

beneath .47. POPULUS BALSAMIFERA.

i2. Doubly serrate and

j. Thinnish ; petioles downy and of aromatic flavor.

Bark of trunk yellowish-gray 17. BETULA LUTEA.

Bark reddish-brown 44. BETULA LENTA.

j*. Thickish and bark white 43. BETULA PAPYRACEA.

gr2. Veins incurved ; leaves
ft. Orbicular-heart-shaped, thickish, 4-8 in. long.

Acuminate 63. MORUS RUBRA.

. Obtuse or rounded at apex 97. POPULUS HETEROPHYLLA .

7i2. Orbicular-ovate ; petioles laterally compressed ; leaves

Coarsely dentate 18. POPULUS GRAND IDENT ATA.

Serrate-dentate 72. POPULUS TREMULOIDES.

ft3. Broad ovate, acuminate serrate 218. POPULUS TRICHOCARPA.

h*. Elliptical to obovate, conspicuously netted- veined, above.

Glabrous 207. PRUNUS SUBCORDATA.

Hairy along veins 126. RHAMNUS PURSHIANA.

ft5. Ovate-lanceolate, pubescent beneath 209. PYRUS RIVULARIS.

/3. Equilateral and acute at base, tapering both ways,
gr. Narrow-lanceolate, very long-attenuate, tomentose on midrib above

and petiole 45. SALIX NIGRA.

gr2. Ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate, long-acuminate, 2-4 in. long; capsules

Sessile or nearly so 46. SALIX ALBA var. VITELLINA.

With slender pedicels 71. SALIX AMYGDALOIDES.

gr3. Oblong-lanceolate to lanceolate.
ft. Minutely serrulate, 3-7 in. long ; petioles downy.

140. SALIX LAEVIGATA.
ft2. Serrate with teeth sharply

Awn-pointed and in about 20 pairs 40. CASTANEA VESCA.

Mucronate arid in 6-12 pairs 68. QUERCUS MUHLENBERGII.

Finely glandular-serrate 55. PRUNUS PENNSYLVANIA.

gr4. Oblanceolate to lanceolate-oblong, puberulous beneath.

165. SALIX LASIOLEPIS.
gr5. Obovate-oblong, serrate, hairy beneath; length

1-3 in., acute 208. PRUNUS MOLLIS.

3-6 in. , long acuminate 56. PRUNUS AVIUM.

gr6. Ovate ; petioles.

Short, generally not more than \ in 163. ALNUS RHOMBIFOLIA.

Long; leaves very smooth and shining above. .57. PYRUS COMMUNIS.
gr7, Wedge-obovate, veins very prominent,

Thin, smoothish and dull above 58. CRATAEGUS PUNCTATA.

Thick, smooth and lustrous above. 85. CRATAEGUS CRUS GALLI.

gr8. Ovate-oblong, veins incurved and petioles

h. With 2-4 glands, smooth .'. . .29. PRUNUS SEROTINA.

ft2. Without glands,

Glabrous both sides, sharply serrate.

59. AMELANCHIER CANADENSIS.

Downy under-side and petiole ... .30. PYRUS MALUS.

gr8. Lanceolate oblong, 1-3 in. long, about equally acuminate at both ends.

111. FORESTIERA ACUMINATA.

f4. Equilateral and truncate at base,
gr. Serrate-dentate with cartilaginous teeth

Deltoid ovate, rather long taper-pointed 48. POPULUS MONILIFERA.

Deltoid-reniform, more abruptly pointed. . .194. POPULUS FREMONTII.

Broadly deltoid 73. POPULUS DILATATA.

gr2. Irregularly serrate or obscurely lobed 70. BETULA POPULIFOLIA.

e3. Pinnately lobed ; lobes at apex
/. Rounded (not bristle-pointed) and

KEY, BASED UPON LEAVES. 3

g, Subequal, sinuses

Wide, lobes narrow and nearly entire ; leaves 5-9 in. long.

38. QUERCUS ALBA.

Narrow, lobes wide and
mostly undulate or crenate- toothed ; leaves 2-3 in. long.

160. Q. LOB ATA.
Entire or nearly so and round or obtuse at apex.

136. Q. GARRYANA.

gr2. Very unequal,
h. The two lobes nearest the summit much the largest.

92. QUERCUS OBTUSILOBA.
H-. Lyrate-pinnatifid and sinuses extending

Nearly to the midrib and roundish 39. QUERCUS MACROCARPA.

Usually not over half-way to the midrib and more acute.

66. Q. BICOLOR.

/*. Acutish and mucrpnulate . .216. QUERCUS MACDONALDII.

f3. Bristle-pointed ; sinuses
g. Moderately deep and narrow;

Lobes narrowing towards apex and mostly terminating in 1-3 bristle-
pointed teeth 15. Q. RUBRA.

Lobes generally widening towards apex and terminating in 3-7 bristle-
pointed teeth 162. Q. CALIFORNICA.

gr2. Deeper and broader ; lobes narrower 93. Q. TINCTORIA.

gr3. Deep, broad and rounded ; lobes very narrow; acorn
Ovoid-oblong, £ immersed in a coarse-scaled cup.

69. QUERCUS COCCINEA.
Flattened -globular, i immersed in a fine-scaled cup.

94. QUERCUS PALUSTRIS.
e4. Broad, truncate at both base and apex, and with two spreading lobes on

each side 2. LIRIODENDRON TULIPIFERA.

e5. Wavy and spinous- toothed, very thick .52. ILEX OPACA.

e6- Undulately crenate-toothed ; obovate-oblong,

Slightly if at all pubescent beneath 67. QUERCUS PRINUS.

Velvety pubescent beneath 116.- QUERCUS MICHAUXII.

e\ Sinuate- toothed, white-tomentose beneath 96. POPULUS ALBA,

e8. Cut- serrate or sublobate, with slender petioles ;

Ovate, coarsely cut-serrate 83. PYRUS CORONARIA.

Round-ovate, finely cut-serrate 86. CRAT^GUS COCCINEA.

e9. Crenate-serrate ; petioles 1 in. or slightly less in length.

82. PRUNUS CERASUS.
e10. Obscurely crenulate- toothed : leaves
f. Alternate, petioles long, mostly \i in. or more.

87. CORNUS ALTERNIFOLIA.

/2. Opposite, petioles short (less than 1 in.); involucral scales when fully
developed.

Obcordate 88. CORNUS FLORIDA.

Pointed at apex 185. CORNUS NUTTALII.

e11. Undulate-serrate, ^-£ in. long and bearing large scattered glands.

154. DALEA SPINOSA.
e12. Doubly serrate.

Rhombic-ovate 81. PRUNUS NIGRA.

Ovate-oblong 210. CRAT^EGUS DOUGLASII.

en. Creriately lobed; lobes glandular dentate 217. ALNUS OREGONA.

<P. Main ribs several, palmately-veined, etc. ; rib
e. single at first but soon sending off a strong vein on each side and leaves

3-lobed, 2-lobed and entire on same tree 32. SASSAFRAS OFFICINALE.

e2. Ribs three at first, but soon five or more by branching, leaves alternate,
base of petiole concave and fitting over the axillary bud, obscurely

3-5-lobed with broad shallow sinuses 13. PLAT ANUS OCCIDENTALS.

5-lobed with narrow and deeper sinuses 135. PLATANUS RACEMOSA.

e3. 5-7 from commencement ; leaves

e4. 7-9-ribbed and lobed, suborbicular 203. ACER CIRCINATUM.

/. Opposite, base of petiole subtending (not covering) the axillary bud.

KEY, BASED UPON LEAVES.

/. Elevated and persistent
g. 4-sided; branchlets

Pubescent 20. PICEA NIGRA.

Glabrous 100. PICEA ALBA.

/2. Flat; branchlets smooth; cones cylindrical 149. PICEA SITCHENSIS.
Not elevated nor persistent ; leaves short thick and crowded.

174. ABIES MAGNIFICA.
e2. Ridged below, grooved above, nearly equally 4-sided.

225. ABIES NOBILIS.

e2. Terete 196. PINUS MONOPHYLLA.

c. Linear, flat and

d. Conspicuously 2-ranked — diverging in two directions,
e. Petioled and margin

f. Obscurely denticulate, obtuse at apex and with persistent bases of
petioles (TsuGA)

Slightly grooved above, cones pedicilate .21. T. CANADENSIS.

Conspicuously grooved, cones sessile 223. T. HETEROPHYLLA.

/2. Entire, revolute, acute at apex 144. TAXUS BREVIFOLIA.

e2. Subsessile rigid and sharply bristle-pointed, about 1 inch long and gen-
erally tapering from wide base 120. TORREYA TAXIFOLIA.

1-3 inches long, of more nearly uniform width.

145. TORREYA CALIFORNICA.

e3. Sessile, entire, keeled below those of the sterile branches
/. Narrow-linear

| in. long, obtusely pointed 22. ABIES BALSAMEA.

-| in. long, conspicuously emarginate 224. ABIES GRANDIS.

| in. long, obtuse or acute at apex, rounded above

173. .ABIES CONCOLOR.
p. "Wide-linear, pungent at apex, £ in. long or less

143. SEQUOIA SEMPERVIRENS.
<?2. Somewhat 2-ranked, short-petiolate
e. Articulated on a permanent-base and keeled above

171. TSUGA PATTONIANA.

e2. Breaking away entire and leaving permanent leaf-scars
f to 1 in. long ; winter buds £-J in.

150. PSEUDOTSUGA TAXIFOLIA.

f to 1£ in. long ; winter buds £— J in.

PSEUDOTSUGA MACROCARPA.

c2. Scale-like or awl-shaped, imbricated and closely appressed
d. In 4 ranks and making a conspicuously
e. Flat two-edged branchlet; cones with leathery scales and

4 scales usually fertile 24. THUJA OCCIDENTALS.

6 scales usually fertile 220. THUJA GIGANTEA.

e2. Flattish but narrower branchlet 141. LIBOCEDRUS DECURRENS.

c3. 4-angled rather than flat branchlet ; cones subglobose, with peltate

valvate scales
/. Maturing the first season, | in. in diameter; leaves entire

74. CHAM^CYPARIS THYOIDES.

f*9 Maturing the second season ; leaves denticulate and
g. Obscurely glandular; cones

i-1 in. long 166. CUPRESSUS GOVENIANA.

1-1-J in. long 195. CUPRESSUS MACROCARPA.

gr2. Conspicuously glandular-pitted, glaucous

219. CUPRESSUS MACNABIANA.
d. Terenate leaves

Roundish at apex 166. JUNIPERUS CALIFORNICA.

More acute at apex 168. JUNIPERUS OCCIDENT ALIS.

d.3 Scattered, or spirally arranged, mostly carniate. . .142. SEQUOIA GIGANTEA.
c4. Laminate and

d. Elliptical to ovate, about 1 in. long, coriaceous. .201. CEANOTHUS SPINOSUS.
d*. Ovate to oblong
e. Single-ribbed
/. 1-5 in. long, at base
ff. Rounded, truncate or slightly heart-shaped,

KEY, BASED UPON LEAVES. 7

h. Pale or glaucous beneath, darker above.

i. 1-H in. long, spi nose- dentate 156. PRUNTJS IJJCIFOLIA.

i*. 2-3 in. long, entire 153. RHUS OVATA.

i3. 3-5 in. long, entire

Whitish beneath, flat 132 ARBUTUS MENZIESII.

Greener beneath, curving lengthwise IbO. RHUS LAURINA.

t*. o_4 in long, undulately spinose-toothed 52. ILEX OPACA.

A2. Tomentose and concave beneath ; margin

t . Entire and undulate 131. GARRYA ELLJPTICA.

i1. Both entire and spinose-toothed leaves on-the same tree.
j. Lateral veins strongly impressed above, parallel and continuous to
the margins, which are serrate, or occasionally entire.

138. QUERCUS DENSIFLORA.

J-. Not strongly impressed, and less parallel, pubescent at first beneath

and finally
Glabrous, margin undulate, spinose-toothed

137. QUERCUS AGRIFOLJA.

Glaucous, sinuate spinose-dentate 161. QUERCUS CHRYSOLEPIS.

gr2. Obtuse to acute, stiff, coriaceous, yellow-green beneath.

176. RHAMNUS INSULARIS.

g3. Cuiieate at base, glabrous or nearly so beneath, slightly revolute, flat.

159. UMBELLULARIA CALIFORNICA.
/*. 6-12 in. long, thick, entire, acute at both ends

101. MAGNOLIA GRANDIFLORA.
/3. 3-6 in. long, blade
g. Articulated to the petiole, which is

Conspicuously winged ; stamens usually 20.

103. CITRUS AURANTIUM.
Slightly, if at all, winged ; stamens usually 35.

104. CITRUS LIMONUM.
f/2. Not articulated to petiole which is

Scarcely 1 in. long 158. RHODODENDRON CALIFORNICUM.

H-3 in/long 188. NICOTIANA GLAUCA.

€*. Three-ribbed (Ceanothus), in length

J-H in., ovate, branchlets terete . .202. C. SOREDIATUS.

1-2 in., oblong, branchlets angular 151. C. THYRSIFLORUS.

2-4 in., broad ovate 177. C. ARBOHEUS.

cP. Obovate to oblong.

1 to 1-J in. long, serrate above and entire at base.

130. CERCOCARPUS PARVTFOLIUS.
1-3 in. long, blue-green 2 1 5. QUERCUS ENGELMANNI.

2 to 5 in. long, with

Entire revolute margin 117. QUERCUS TIRENS.

Glandular-serrate margin. . . 181, HETEROMELES ARBUTIFOLIA.

d8. Ovate-orbicular, thick and obtuse at apex 179. RHUS INTEGRIFOLIA.

(I*. Lanceolate, lateral veins

Parallel 182. LYONOTHAMNUS FLORIBUNDUS.

Not parallel, 2-4 in. long 186. OLEA EUROPEA.

d5. Lanceolate oblong.
e. 3-5 in. long, margin

/. Crenate-serrate 102. GORDONIA LASIANTHUS.

/J. Crenate-dentate (and entire) tomentose beneath.

191. QUERCUS TOMENTELLA.
f3. Sinuate-dentate (and entire) glabrous beneath, dark-green above.

192. QUERCUS WISLIZENI.
/*. Entire and leaves

g. Opposite, glabrous beneath 112. OSMANTHUS AMERICANUS.

gj. Alternate and beneath

Rusty-pubescent 113. PERSEA PALUSTRIS.

Golden-scurfy beneath 139. CASTANOPSIS CHRYSOPHYLLA.

e9. 2 in. long, entire, glandular beneath 108. CLIFTONIA LIGUSTRINA.

d*. Oblanceolate, serrate, with short stout petioles .164. MYRIC A CALIFORNICA.
cf. Linear-lanceolate, with broad clasping base and sharp horny tip.

175. YUCCA ARBORESCENS.

8 KEY, BASED UPON LEAVES.

d8. Falcate and vertically disposed upon the branchlet.

i-i in. broad 211. EUCALYPTUS ROSTRATA.

f-1 in. broad. 183. EUCALYPTUS GLOBULUS.

d9. Peltate and palmately 7-many-lobed 189. RICINUS COMMUNIS.

<J10. Flabellate, large and filiferous 200. WASHINGTONIA FILAMENTOSA.

62. Compound, drooping and with leaflets.

11-21, irregularly cut-lobed 213. GREVILLEA ROBUSTA.

25-30, entire or remotely serrate 178. SCHINUS MOLLE.

a4. Leaves Subpersistent — evergreen southward, but more or less deciduous
northward, or individual trees shedding their leaves while most of the
trees do not.

Narrow obovate ; 1-3 in. long 107. CYRILLA RACEMIFLORA

Lanceolate to oval, 3-6 in. long, glaucous beneath.. 51. MAGNOLIA GLAUCA.
a5. Leaves wanting; branches green, jointed and flattened.. 184. OPUNTIA TUNA.

A KEY BASED DPON THE FRUIT

Designed as an Aid in identifying the Species represented in Parts I-IX
inclusive, when in Season for procuring the Fruit.

N. B. — The remarks concerning the use of the Key based upon the Leaves are
equally true with reference to this.

a. Free Fruit. — formed by the ripeniug of a single pistil either simple or com-
pound.

b. Indehiscent pericarp.

c. Samara — dry, usually 1-celled, 1-seeded and with 1-2 membranous wings.

, (I. In terminal panicles ; wing somewhat oblong-lanceolate, with a lenticular

seed at about its center, and beyond which the wing is twisted

(Ailanthiis) 4. A. GLANDULOSUS.

dj. In terminal cymes, a 2-seeded suborbicular samara, winged all around.

77. PTELEA TRIFOLIATA .

d3. In umbellate corymbs, each pedicel supporting a pair of samaras with
oblanceolate wings, obtuse at the apex and with main rib on outer
margin (Acer).
e. Fruit maturing in the fall, wings.

Slightly divergent 7. A. SACCHARINUM, WANG.

Widely divergent 203. A. CIRCUMATUM.

e."2 Fruit maturing in early summer.

/. Large, 1£ in. or more, downy when young 26. A. DASYCARPUM.

/2. Smaller, smooth, pendulous and

Red, in umbels \ 53. A. RUBRUM.

Greenish, in racemes, wings incurved 54. A. NEGUNDO.

d4. In terminal racemes, two samaras on a single pedicel with main rib on
outer margins ; seed- bearing portion

Glabrous 79. ACER PENNSYLVANICUM.

Densely hairy 152. ACER MACROPHYLLUM.

d5. In axillary racemes or panicles, winged at the apex with a more or less

lanceolate obtuse wing (Fraxinus).
e. Terete at base (seed- bearing portion) ; branchlets and petioles

/. Smooth 10. F. AMERICANA.

/2. Velvety pubescent; lateral leaflets
Petiolulate and

3-7 in number 212 FRAXINUS VELUTINA.

7-9 in number 81. FRAXINUS PUBESCENS.

Sessile or nearly so 187. F. OREGONA.

e9. Flat — wing extending along the seed-bearing portion.

62. F. SAMBUCIFOLIA.

d6* In lateral fascicles or clusters, winged all around ( Ulmus).
Sessile or nearly so, cell pubescent and margin not ciliate.

11. U. FULVA.

In fascicles, cell smooth, margin densely ciliate 33. U. AMERICANA.

In racemes, cell pubescent, margin ciliate 34. U. RACEMOSA.

c * Drupe or drupe-like and with a single seed.
d. Fibro-fleshy and dryish pericarp
e. Small, i in. or less, subglobose (Rhu*). in terminal
/. Thyrses and clothed with crimson hairs 5. R. TYPHINA.

10 KEY, BASED UPON FKUIT.

f*. Panicled spikes and clothed with viscid gray hairs,

2-3 lines in length. 153. R. OVATA.

5 lines in length 179. R. INTEGRIFOLIA.

e*. Larger and with edible embryo (Jiiglans), in length

/. f-l£ in., globose, with pubescent epicarp 190. J. CALIFORNICA.

/*. 2 in.,

Ovoid-oblong, covered with brownish viscid hairs 14. J. CINEREA.

Globose, roughly dotted 35. J. NIGRA.

d2. Fleshy pericarp,
e. Ovoid and

f. Clustered on axillary peduncles,

g. On the growth of the season, 2 or 3 together, 2£ in. long, blue,
h. Sessile upon the peduncle ; stone longitudinally striated.

9. NYSSA MULTIFLORA.
/t2. Pedicellate, stone not striated ; fruit subtended by

Persistent calyx-tube and lobes, \ in. or less in length

113. PERSE A p ALUSTRIS .
Enlarged calyx-tube only, 1 in. or less in length.

159. UMBELLULARIA CALIFORNICA.

g9. On growth of the previous season 111. FORESTIERA ACUMINATA.

/*. Racemed, bluish and with short, fleshy, red pedicels.

32. SASSAFRAS OFFICINALE.
e*. Ovoid-oblong, 1-1 ^ in. long: petioles

Biglandular; pit compressed 81. PRUNUS NIGRA.

Eglandular; pit more turgid 207. PRUNUS SUBCORDATA.

e3. Oblong, tipped with the remnants of the style and about 1 in. in

length.
Reddish and stone longitudinally striated with membranous edged

ridges 110. NYSSA OGECHE.

Dark blue, stone not membranous-ridged; flesh

Thin and dryish 112. OSMANTHUS AMERICANUS.

Thicker and very oily 186. OLEA EUROPEA.

Black and borne in abundance on paniculate spadices.

200. WASHINGTONIA FILAMENTOSA.
et. Subglobose and surface
/. Smooth
g. Purple or purplish black and

h. Solitary, of sweet flavor 12. CELTIS OCCIDENTALS.

7i2. In racemes and of a vinous or astringent flavor ; racemes
4-6 in. long ; drupes numerous and £ in. thick.

29. PRUNUS SEROTINA.

1-3 in. long ; drupes few and larger 156. PRUNUS ILICIFOLIA.

h3. In umbels, larger, of

Acid- vinous flavor, | in. in diameter 82. PRUNUS CERASUS.

Sweet-vinous flavor, £ in. in diameter 56. PRUNUS AVIUM.

gr2. Light-red, very sour, in umbels 55. PRUNUS PENNSYLVANIA.

g3. Dark-red, very bitter, in corymbs 208. PRUNUS MOLLIS.

g4. Whitish

Not tipped with remnants of the style, rosy-cheeked

178. SCHINUS MOLLE.

Tipped with the stout styles 180. RHUS LAURINA.

/3. Papillose and with waxy exudation 164. MYRICA CALIFORNICA.

c8. Drupe-like but containing more than one seed, and seeds
d. Inclosed in a bony
e. 2-3-celled stone,
f. Blue, subglobose. in flat-cymes with red stems.

87. CORNUS ALTERNIFOLIA.

/9. Bright-red, elongated, sessile, usually in a single head

Only 3 or 4 developing 88. CORNUS FLORIDA.

30 or 40 developing 185. CORNUS NUTTALLII.

e9. 3-5-celled stone ; yellowish-white, in loose axillary panicles.

105. MELIA AZEDARA.CH.

d*. Distinct, (not inclosed in a common stone) ; fruit
e. Crowned with persistent

KEY, BASED UPON FRUIT. 11

/. Calvx-teeth,

g. Purple-black, 5-seeded, in umbels 8. ARALIA SPINOSA.

</*. Red or purplish,

4-8-seeded, axillary 52. ILEX OPACA.

2-seeded, in terminal panicles 181. HETEROMELES ARBUTIFOLIA.

/*. Style or remnants of it ; fruit about

i in. long, dryish, in racemes 107. CYRILLA RACEMIFLORA.

i in. lang, juicy, in cymes 157. SAMBUCUS GLAUCA.

fz. Xot crowned with either calyx- teeth or style,
g. Sessile, scaly- bracted beneath ; leaves evergreen; fruit

Dark blue, seeds 1-4 25. JUNIPERUS VIRGINIAN A.

Blue-black, seeds 2-3 '. .168. JUNIPERUS OCCIDENTALIS.

Reddish-brown, seeds 1-2 167. JUNIPERUS CALIFORNICA.

gr*. Pedicellate, not scaly-bracted beneath, slightly 2-3-lobed, 2-3-seeded,

Black; nutlets indehiscent 126. RHAMMUS PURSHIANA.

Red; nutlets dehiscent 176. RHAMMUS INSULARIS.

c4. Nut — hard, single coat and furnished with an involucral cup or covering.
d. Ovoid oblong or ellipsoidal, surrounded at its base with an involucral

cup (Quercus), acorn borne

e. On the new wood of the season (i. e. maturation annual) cup
/. Less than£ enveloping the oval acorn, which is

Obtusely pointed; foliage yellow-green 136. Q. GARRY ANA.

Acutely pointed; foliage bluish-green ; 214. Q. DOUGLASII.

/*. About i* enveloping the small

Ovoid nut f in, long : scales thin 68. Q. MUHLENBERGH.

Long, narrow nut, often 2 in. long 160. Q. LOBATA.

/3. About £ enveloping the nut
«/. Thick, scales very roughly tubercled, edge of cup rather inturned after

shedding the nut; foliage
h. Yellow-green, deciduous; nut long-ovoid; leaves

5-9 in. long; lobes rounded 38. Q. ALBA.

14-3* in. long, lobes pointed 216. Q. MACDONALDI.

7i2. Blue-green, persistent; nut ovid 215. Q. ENGELMANNI.

gr2. Thinner, scales thinnish ; leaves

Deciduous ; peduncles shorter than petioles 67. QUERCUS PRINUS.

Subpersistent ; acorns sessile or nearly so. .137. QUERCUS AGRIFOLIA.
/4. Scarcely \ enveloping the oblong-ovoid nut about 1£ in. in length.

116. QUERCUS MICHAUXII.

f5. About ^ or more enveloping the nut ; peduncles longer than the
petioles ; nut

£ in. long, light brown 66. QUERCUS BICOLOR.

| in. or less long, dark brown 117. QUERCUS VIRENS.

/6. About ^ or more enveloping the nut ; peduncles

g. Longer than the petioles 66. Q. BICOLOR.

g-. Shorter than the petioles ; scales

Very loosely appressed, forming a moss-like fringed margin of cup.

39. Q. MACROCARPA.

More closely appressed and not forming a moss-like fringe.

92. Q. OBTUSILOBA.

e'-. On wood of the preceding season (i. e. maturation biennial) ; cup
/. Very shallow, almost flat and with long-linear recurved scales.

138. QUERCUS DENSIFLORA.
/*. Saucer-shaped,
</. One-fourth enveloping the nut which is

1 in. or less in length; saucer thin 15. Q. RUBRA.

1£ in. long ; saucer thin at rim 191. Q. TOMENTELLA.

2~in. or less in length; saucer usually thick 161 Q. CHRYSOLEPIS.

g9. One-half enveloping an ovoid nut 162. Q. CA.LIFORNICA,

g3. Flattened-globose ; leaves

Sinuate-pinnatifid with wide sinuses 94. QUERCUS PALUSTRIS.

Obovate-spatulate, entire 118. QUERCUS AQUATICA.

/*. Top-shaped. \ enveloping the acorn ; scales thin and coarse :

Inner bark of tree reddish 69. Q. COCCINEA.

Inner bark yellowish 93. Q. TINCTORIA.

12 KEY, BASED UPON FRUIT.

A Turbinate, £ enveloping the nut 192. Q. WISLIZENI.

d2. Club-shaped, short, surrounded with stiff hairs, tipped with the persistent
recurved style and arranged in globular heads, which are

Solitary 13. PLAT ANUS OCCIDENTALS.

2-7 together in a moniliform spike 135. PLATANUS RACEMOSA.

d8. Acheniu in-like, small and borne in short catkins,

Inclosed in a membranous inflated sac, catkin hop-like.

41. OSTKYA VIRGINICA.

Subtended by a large leafy bract 42. CARPINUS CAROLINIANA.

c5. Nut-like, dry, not invested with an involucre,

Snioothish, globose, about i in diameter, in cymes with leaf-like bract

attached . 3. TILIA AMERICANA.

Rough, with scale-like points, ovate, coriaceous.

1.14. PLANERA AQUATIC A.
c6. Pod (legume) which is

d. Oblong, flat, about 2 in. broad and curved . .27. GYMNOCLADUS CANADENSIS.
d*. Linear or nearly so

10-18 in. long, contorted and twisted 28. GLEDITSCHIA TRIACANTHOS.

4-6 in. long, subterete, compressed between the seeds and thick-

valved 129. PROSOPSIS JULIFLORA.

3-4 in. long, 2-8-seeded and thin valved.. 128. CERCIDIUM TORREYANUM.
d3. Obliquely ovate (1-2 in. long), long stalked and mostly 1-seeded.

109. GLEDITSCHIA MONOSPERMA.

d4. Ovate, compressed and with accrescent calyx 154. DALEA SPINOSA.

d&. Closely twisted spiral 205. PROSOPIS ODORATA.

c7. Pome ; endocarp and testa
d. Cartilaginous ; fruit
e. Sunken at insertion of pedicel,
f. Globular

Large, 1 in. or more, distinctly 5-celled 30. PYRUS MALUS.

Small, more or less 10-celled .59. AMELANCHIER CANADENSIS.

/•*. Fattened-globose, waxy, fragrant and very tart.. 83. PYRUS CORONARIA.

/*. Oblong, |-f in. long. 209. PYRUS RIVULARIS.

c2. Not sunken at insertion of pedicel, pyriform 57. PYRUS COMMUNIS.

d*» Not cartilaginous, 1-5 bony seeds : color

Black, subglobose, i in. in diameter 210. CRATAEGUS DOUGLASII.

Dull red, thickness

f in. (sometimes yellow) with white dots 58. CRATAEGUS PUNCTATA.

£ in. ; leaves thick, glossy above 85. CRATAEGUS CRUS GALLI.

Bright scarlet and somewhat oblong, | in. long . . 86. ( 'RATAEGUS COCCINEA.
C8. Berry.
d. With persistent thickish calyx-lobes, large (about 1 in. or more),

61. DlOSPYROS VIRGINIAN A.

e22. Without persistent calyx-lobes and smaller

e. In thyrses 78. VITIS ^ESTIYALIS.

e2. In compact-racemes and

Hoary -tomentose 131. GARRYA ELLIPTICA.

Smooth and flattened-globose 133. ARCTOSTAPHYLOS PUNGENS.

e3. In open panicles 132. ARBUTUS MENZIESII.

e4. Singly on the jointed flattened stem H34. OPUNTIA TUNA.

c9. Fleshy, with custard-like edible pulp 76. ASIMINA TRILOBA.

c10. Berry-like pome, f in. in diameter and borne in dense clusters.

84. PYRUS SAMBUCIFOLIA.
c11. Hesperidum — seeds in juicy pulp and rind leathery.

Subglobose. flattened at the ends 103. CITRUS AURANTIWM.

Globose-oblong, mammillate at the extremity 104. CITRUS LIMONUM.

c12. Achenium.

3-4-angled and with membranous wing-like margins.

108. CLIFTONIA LIGUSTRINA.
Linear oblong, tipped with the prolonged tail-like style.

130. CERCOCARPUS PARVIFOLIUS.

c13. Baccate but with dry spongy pericarp 175. YUCCA ARBORESCENS.

62. Dehiscent pericarp,
c. Subglobose, and

KEY, BASED UPON FRUIT. 13

d. Coriaceous or woody, dehiscent by

e. 2-3 valves and containing one or very few large seeds with smooth shining
coat and a large scar (sEsculus), fruit

Prickly and leaflets 7 ' 6 ^ESCULUS HIPPOCASTANUM.

Smooth and leaflets 5 127. ^EscuLus CALIFORNICA.

e9. 4 more or less distinct valves (Carya).
/'. Epicarp thick and separating quite freely to the base ; nut ridged, with

thick shell, globular-ovoid and
g. Flattened,

1 in. or less in length 36. CARYA ALBA.

H in. or more in length 64. CARYA SULCATA.

gr*. Not so much flattened, usually 4-angled 90. CARYA TOMENTOSA.

fj. Epicarp only moderately thick and nut of medium size, moderately

ridged and with shell of medium thickness 65. CARYA PORCINA.

/3. Epicarp thin, nuts small and thin-shelled ; kernel
g. Astringent and bitter ; sutures of epicarp very p'rominent ; nut
Quite smooth, whitish and only slighly compressed.

37. CARYA AMARA.
Rough, reddish, strongly compressed and angled.

115. CARYA AQUATICA.
g*. Slightly if at all bitter, nut whitish and sutures moderately prominent.

91. CARYA MICROCARPA.
e3. 5-20 valves recurving from central axis and liberating numerous fine

seeds 158. RHODODENDRON CALIFORNICUM.

d*. Covered with spines ; dehiscent
e. By four valves ; nuts

Sharply 3- angled, 2 together, involucre soft-prickly.

16. FAGUS FERRUGINEA.

Subovoid, flattened, 1-3 together, involucral spines very sharp and

hard 40. CASTANEA VESCA.

e"2. Irregularly ; spines many-branched ; nut maturing the second year.

1K9. CASTANOPSIS CHRYSOPHYLLA.

e3. Into three cocci, each liberating a single seed 189. RICINUS COMMUMS.

c2. Small, ovoid -lanceolate capsules arranged in catkins, opening by two valves

and containing numerous seeds furnished with silky down ; capsule
d. Oblong-conical, small and thin- walled ; leaves
e. Orbicular-ovate and

/. Coarsely dentate 18. POPULUS GRANDIDENTATA.

/*. Serrate, short- pointed 72. POPULUS TREMULOIDES.

Sinuate, wooly tomentose beneath 96. POPULUS ALBA.

Linear lanceolate, tomentose on midrib above and petiole.

45. SALIX XIGKA.

e9. Ovoid-oblong, larger and thicker walled: leaves
f. Broad-ovate, obscurely crenate-serrate obtuse or rounded at apex.

97. POPULUS HETEROPHYLLA.

f1. Ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, whitish and reticulate-veined

beneath 47. P. BALSAMIFERA.

/X Deltoid ovate coarsely crenate-serrate usually.

Abruptly acuminate 48. POPULUS MONILIFERA.

Shorter pointed or acute 194. POPULUS FREMONTII.

/*. Broadly deltoid 63, POPULUS DILATATA.

f/2. Larger, subglobose and pubescent 218. POPULUS TRICHOCARPA.

d6. Lanceolate or elliptic lanceolate,
e. Smooth and capsules

/ Sessile or nearly so 46. SALIX ALBA var. VITELLINA.

/*. With slender pedicels ; leaves pale glaucous beneath and

2-4 in. long 71. SALIX AMYGDALOIDES.

3-7 in. long 140. SALIX LAEVIGATA.

cs. Pubescent; capsules about

£ in. long, ovate-lanceolate 193. SALIX NUTTALLU.

i in. long, oblong-ovoid 165. SALIX LASIOLEPSIS.

c?. Linear compressed pods opening by two valves; pods

4-5 in. long. A in. broad, quite straight 80. ROBINIA PSEUD ACACIA.

3-5 in. long, variously twisted 206 ACACIA DECURRENS.

14 KEY, BASED UPON FKUIT.

2 in. long, £ in. broad, often curved into a circle.

155. ACACIA MELANOXYLON.
c4. Torulose, straight or curved, 2-3 in. long, 1-3-seeded.

204. PARKINSONIA MICROPHYLLA.
c5. Subcylindrical pods, long, opening by two valves.

6-10 in. long, *4 in. or less thick 134. CHILOPSIS SALIGNA.

10-12 in. or more long, ^ in. or more thick. . . .89. CATALPA BIGNONIOIDES.
c6. Very oblique and containing two winged seeds.. .213. GREVILLEA ROBUSTA.

c\ Ovoid 5-valved capsule 102. GORDONIA LASIANTHUS.

c8. Subovoid follicles arranged

In pairs, seed not suspended by a funiculus.

182. LYONOTHAMNUS FLORIBUNDUS.
Not in pairs; seed suspended by a funiculus.

106. XANTHOXYLUM CLAVA-HERCULIS.
c9. Three-lobed capsules dividing into three dehiscent cocci; (Ceanothus)

leaves
€?• 3-ribbed and length

t-l| in., ovate; branchlets terete 202. C. SOREDIATUS.

1-2 in., oblong; branchlets angular 151. C. THYRSIFLORUS.

<tf. Single-ribbed, .

1 in. long, branchlets terete coriaceous 201. C. SPINOSUS.

2-4 in. long, branchlets slightly angled 177. C. ARBOREUS.

c10. Top-shaped capsule, f in. in diam*., cells dehiscent at summits.

183. EUCALYPTUS GLOBULUS.
c11. Hemispheric capsule, £ in. in diam. cells dehiscent at summits.

211. EUCALYPTUS ROSTRATA.
c12. Oblong-ovoid 2-valved capsule closely invested by persistent calyx.

188. NlCOTIANA GLAUCA.

«2. Aggregated Fruit — composed of many carpels, either closed or opened and

cohering or closely massed together, forming a
b. Cone.

c. Scales of the cone open carpels (Coniferce).
d. Scales many and spreading at maturity.

e. Imbricated and each subtended by a bract ; ovules 2, inverted, and
f. Maturing the year after flowering (Pinus) ; cones
</. Subterminal and scales
h. Thin at tip and unarmed; cones subcylindric and

4-6 in. long 49. P. STROBUS.

5-11 in. long 221 P. MONTICOLA.

12-18 in. long 146. P. LAMBERTIAXA.

/I,2. Thickened at tip and
i. Armed with a recurved prickle.

j. 1-3 in. long, cylindric ovoid, oblique 148. P. CONTORTA.

j*. 3-6 in. long, glossy- brown,
k. Elongated conical, separating from the tree by a fracture

Within the peduncle 125. P. CUBEXSIS.

Within the base of cone 147. P. PONDEROSA.

7c2. Broad-ovoid 197. P. TORREYANA.

jz. 6-10. in. long 124. P. PALUSTRIS.

. i2. Unarmed cones about 2 in. in length, seeds

Winged, about £ in. long .19. P. RESINOSA.

Wingless, about £ in. long 196. P. MONOPHYLLA,

gr2. Lateral and scales thickened at tip, cones
h. Slightly or not at all oblique
i. Ovoid-oblong; leaves 3-5 in. long; scales armed with a weak prickle

directed
At about right angles from the axis of the closed cone.

75. P. MITIS.

Forward, at about 45° or less from the axis 123. P. GLABRA.

i2. Ovoid-pyramidal.
J. Prickles strong; cones 2 in. or

Rather less in length ; leaves l|-3 in. long ; branchlets purple.

89. P. INOPS.
Rather more ; leaves 3-5 in. long 50. P. RIGIDA.

KEY, BASED UPON FRUIT. 15

j*. Prickles weak; cones 2-3 in. long, and

Wide-pyramidal; leaves in 3's 121. P. SEROTTNA

Narrow-pyramidal; leaves in 2's. , 122. P. CLAUSA.

h*. Markedly oblique

2-in. or less in length, scales unarmed 99. P. BANKSIANA.

2-3^ in. long, scales armed with strong prickles. . i70. P. MURICATA.
3-5 in. long, outer scales very gibbous; oblique.

Ovoid, prickles minute and weak 199. P. RADIATA.

Cylindrical ovoid, prickles stouter 222 P. ATTENUATA

' 4-8 in. long: scales very strongly armed 198. P. SABINIANA.

10-15 in. long, armed with very large, strong prickles.

169. P. COULTERI.

/. Maturing the first season — the autumn after blossoming.
</. Ovoid or oblong, \ in. long, pendent ; bracts inconspicuous; scales per-
sistent on the' axis, thin and with eroded tip 20. PICEA NIGRA.

g-. Ovoid, pendent; scales thin and entire at tip.

Pedunculate, f-J in. long; cone scales orbicular oblong bracts

truncate 21. TSUGA CANADENSIS.

Sessile, f-1 in. long; cone-scales oblong; bracts cuspidate.

223 TSUGA HETEROPHYIJLA.

<72. Ovoid, small (8 lines or less), pendent, scales rounded and entire at tip.

21. TSUGA CANADENSIS.
g3. Subcylindricai

h. Erect ; scales deciduous from the persistent -axis (Abies); bracts
i. Shorter than cone- scales; leaves with resin ducts
J. Within the parenchyma

Cones 2f-4 in. long, purple 22. A. BALSAMEA.

J1. Close to epidermis of lower side; cones
k. 2-5 in. long; leaves

Dark-green above, flat, flexible and conspicuously emarginate.

224. A. GRANDIS.
Blue-green above, flat, rounded or acuminate at apex.

173. A. CONCOLOR.

&2. 6-9 in. long; leaves blue-green, 4-sided 174. A. MAGNIFICA.

i2. Longer than the cone scales reflexed and nearly covering them;

cones 6-8 in. long; leaves grooved 225. ABIES NOBLLIS.

h?. Nodding, small (about 2 in. long), scales persisting on the axis and

entire at tip 100. PICEA ALBA.

h3. Pendent, 1^-3 in. long, scales incisely denticulate.

149. PICEA SITCHENSIS
gr4. Cylindrical oblong; bracts much exserted (Pseudotsuqa) : cones

2-3 in. long 150 P. TAXIFOLIA.

5-8 in. long 172. P. MACROCARPA.

g5. Ovoid or roundish, small, 9 lines or less in length, scales persistent on

the axis at maturity 23. LARIX AMERICANA.

e2. Valvate, bractless, wedge-shaped, spreading, each with 3-7 inverted
ovules ; cone woody, oval and

2-3 in. long, scales usually 25-30 142. SEQUOIA GIGANTEA.

1 in. or less, scales short, 20 143. SEQUOIA SEMPERVIRENS.

f. Scales few. persistent, bractless ; cone

e. Oblong and erect, with scales more, or less thickened at tip,
/. Loosely imbricated, 8-12, thinnish.

Four scales only fertile 24. THUJA OCCIDENTALIS.

Six fertile 220. THUJA GIGANTEA.

/. Valvate, 4-6, thick, only two scales fertile.

141. LEBOCEDRUS DECURRENS.
e'. Globose or subglobose, maturing the

/. First season, | in. in length 74. CHAJLECYPARIS THYOIDES.

/.* Second season and

$ in. in length; leaves conspicuously glandular.

219. CUPRESSUS MACNABIANA.

| in. : leaves obscurely glandular 166. CUPRESSUS GOVE ,IANA.

1-1$ in. leaves obscurely glandular 195. CUPRESSUS MACROCARPA.

16 KEY, BASED UPON FRUIT.

dz. Scales several, breaking apart at maturity; cones subglobose.

119. TAXODIUM DISTICHUM.
c2. Scales.

d. Thin, 3-lobed and deciduous, subtending very small samarse (Betula).
e. Cones erect,

Sessile, ovoid-oblong, 1 in. in length 17 B LUTEA

With downy peduncle, ovoid, smaller 95 B. NIGKA'

e2. Cones suberect, ovoid-oblong ; scales thicker and with short divergent

lobes ; wing of nutlet not broader than the body 44. B. LENTA.

ez. Cones pendent, cylindrical and about

1 in. in length 70. B. POFULIFOLIA.

If in. in length 43 B. PAPYRACEA.

a2, ihick, woody and persistent, ovoid-oblong

i-^in. long; leaves pale-puberulous beneath.. 163. ALNUS RHOMBIFOLIA.
^-1 in. long; leaves rusty pubescent beneath. 217. . . ALNUS OREGONA.
c3. Scales closed carpels, growing from an elongated receptacle and consoli-
dated.

d. Dehiscent at maturity along the medium line of the back, and letting out
each 1-2 berry-like seeds suspended by extensile threads (Magnolia) ;
cone

Cylindrical, curved, 2-3 in. long 1. MAGNOLIA ACUMINATA.

Oblong, l-l£ in. long 51. MAGNOLIA GLAUCA.

Oval, 3-4 in. long 101. MAGNOLIA GRANDIFLORA.

c?2. Indehiscent at maturity and falling away as samarae.

2. LlRIODENDRON TULIPIFERA.

V. Spherical head, hardened and bristling with 2-beaked capsules.

60. LlQUIDAMBAR STYRACIFLUA.

b3. Sorosis — a spike with bracts and calyx-lobes all thickened and sacculent.

63. MORUS RUBRA.

3. A Naked Seed, subtended or surrounded by a fleshy disk.
&. Drupe-like, with fleshy covering, sessile, scaly-bracted beneath and about

1 in. in length, oval 120. TORREYA TAXIFOLIA.

1| in. length, obovoid 145. TORREYA CALIFORNICA.

ft3. Bony seed, subtended by a fleshy cup 144. TAXUS BREVIFOLIA.

A SYSTEMATIC STUDY

OF THE

SPECIES WHOSE WOODS ARE REPRESENTED IN THE ACCOM-
PANYING SECTIONS.

The timbers comprised in the series which this text is designed to
accompany belong to what are known, botanicallj speaking', as
Flowering and mostly Exogenous Plants. At the outset, therefore,
we will, once for all, define these groups; and, as the characters
herein given are equally true of all the species enumerated in the
following pages, they need not be repeated in the further definition
of the various sub-groups and species.

FLOWERING OR PELENOGAMOUS PLANTS.

Plants producing flowers which consist essentially of stamens and
pistils, the latter bearing ovules or seeds.

In distinction from the Flowering Plants are the Flowerless or Cryptogamous
Plants, comprising the rest of the vegetable kingdom, from the very simply
organized Slime Moulds and Bacteria up to the highly organized Ferns and Club-
Mosses. But in the study of timbers this group is unimportant, as only in a few
rare cases do any of its representatives attain the dimensions of trees. Those
exceptions are the Tree-Ferns of tropical countries — gigantic ferns, which some-
times attain the height of fifty or sixty feet, with straight shafts quite like tree
trunks and tops consisting of a bunch of enormous plume-like frouds. They,
however, are of practically no value as timber..

EXOGENOUS OR DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.

Flowering plants whose stems consist of a central column of pith
surrounded by wood in concentric layers, and this in turn by bark;
the stems increasing in thickness by the addition of a new layer each
year to the wood externally and to the bark internally. Leaves
mostly netted- vein. First leaves of the embryo (cotyledons) two and
opposite, or (in the Coniferse) several in a whorl. Parts of the flower
in fours or fives, very rarely in threes.

18 HOUGH'S AMERICAN WOODS.

A second class of Flowering Plants and comprising the rest of the group is the
Endogenous or Monocotyledonous Plants, characterized by having stems in which
the wood occurs as threads or bundles running through a cellular, pith-like tissue
so that a transverse section exhibits the wood as dots and not in concentric rings.
Leaves mostly parallel- veined . Embryo with single cotyledon, or rarely two,
and then alternate and unequal. Parts of the flower generally in threes. In
southern United States and elsewhere in or near the tropics trees are found, such
as the Palms, etc., which belong to this class.

Exogenous plants are subdivided into two well-marked groups or
sub-classes — Angiospermm and Gymnospermce. The former includes
by far the greater part of the Flowering Plants, and most of the
species represented in " American Woods " are representatives of it.

AKGIOSPEEM^E.

Flowering, exogenous plants in which there is a complete pistil —
with stigma and closed ovary — containing ovules which develop into
seeds at maturity. This sub -class comprises many groups of plants
known as Orders, and such as are represented by plants which attain
the dimensions of trees, within the limits of the United States, we
propose to consider in the following pages:

ORDER RHAMNACE JB : BUCKTHORN FAMILY.

Leaves simple, mostly alternate and with stipules small or wanting. Flowers
small, often polygamous and sometimes dioecious ; sepals valvate in aestivation,
small, distinct, concave and involute in the bud or wanting ; stamens as many
as the petals and opposite them, inserted with them in the edge of a perigynous
disk lining the calyx-tube, short and sometimes connected with the lower part of
the ovary ; pistil solitary, with mostly superior ovary, 2-5 celled, each cell with
a single erect anatropous ovule ; stigmas 2-5. Fruit a drupe or pod with one
seed in each cell and not arilled ; embryo large with broad cotyledons and sparing
fleshy albumen.

Order represented by small trees and shrubs of warm and temperate countries,
with slightly bitter juice and often nauseous or purgative fruits.

GENUS CEANOTHUS, LINNAEUS.

Leaves mostly alternate, petioled, coriaceous or somewhat so, glabrous or vari-
ously pubescent, deciduous or persistent, with slender stipules falling away early.
Flowers perfect, in showy terminal or axillary thyrsoid or cymose clusters, blue
or white and with colored pedicels; calyx colored, 5-lobed, cohering with the
ovary below, the triangular lobes incurved and deciduous ; petals much exserted,
hooded, spreading, with long slender claws ; stamens 5, opposite the petals and
inserted with them, spreading and often persistent, with long filaments and
introrse 2 celled anthers longitudinally dehiscent ; pistil with three short styles
united below and single 3-celled and usually 3 lobed ovary surrounded with a
fleshy persistent disk and containing a single erect ^rthotropous ovule in each
cell. Fruit subglobose. 3-lobed, drupe-like at first, with persistent calyx-tube
adnate at base, finally becoming dry and separating into three 2-valved dehiscent
cocci each liberating a single obovate-lenticular seed with thin crustaceous testa,
ventral raphe and fleshy albumen.

The genus is composed of about thirty species, mainly of shrubs, and is confined
to North America, the greater number being found in California where some
natural hybrids seem to occur. The name is of classical Greek origin and of
rather obscure application.

201. CEANOTHUS SPINOSCS — 202. CEANOTHUS SOREDIATUS. 19

201. CEANOTHUS SPINOSUS, NUTT.
REDWOOD MYRTLE, SPINY MYRTLE.

Ger., Dorn'«j< llyrte ; Fr., Myrte espineuse ; Sp., Myrto espinosa.

SPECIFIC CHARACTERS: — Leaves alternate, elliptical to ovate, £ to H in. long,
pinnately veined, entire, rounded or emarginate at apex, somewhat cuueate at
base, glabrous, coriaceous, with slender petioles 2 to 4 lines in length, drying to a
brownish above and a clear green beneath ; branchlets glabrous and somewhat
spiny. Flowers blue, fragrant, in large thyrses sometimes 6 in. in length, the
lower peduncles of which are sometimes 1 to 3 inches long, springing from the
axles of leaves. Fruit capsules about 3 lines in diameter, depressed, scarcely
lobed, resin-coated, crestless.

(The specific name, spinosun, Latin for spiny, refers to the fact that many of
the branchlets terminate in leafless spur-like points.)

A small tree occasionally 30 ft. (9 m.) in height, with rather broad
open head, divaricate branches and trunk occasionally 12 in. (0.30) in
diameter. This is vested in a cinnamon-brown bark which is about
J in. thick and finally checked into firm irregular low ridges. It is
often only a shrub but in favorable situations assumes the stature and
habit of a tree.

HABITAT. — Among the California coast mountains from Los
Angeles to Point Conception, attaining its largest dimensions near the
mouths of canons which open along the coast.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES. — Wood heavy, hard, strong, of close grain
and of a light red or salmon color; the narrow sap-wood lighter.
The specific gravity, etc. , have not been determined.

USES. — Little use is made of this wood owing to its scarcity in size
large enough to be of service, though its properties would suggest its
value in turnery, for tool handles, etc.

The glossy evergreen foliage of the tree and its ample, beautiful
clusters of bright blue flowers give it an ornamental value well worthy
of consideration.

MEDICINAL PROPERTIES we believe have never been ascribed to this
species.

202. CEANOTHUS SOREDIATUS, H. & A.

DARK-LEAVED MYRTLE, SOUTHERN BLUE BLOSSOM, GREEN THORN.
, >'/'///, /• F Heeler ; Fr. , Lilas meridional ; Sp., Lilac meridional.

SPECIFIC CHARACTERS: — Lea nes alternate, ovate to elliptic-lanceolate, -£ to 1£
in. long, with three primary veins, rounded or acute at base, acute or obtuse at
apex, with finely glandular-serrate margin, dull glabrous above at maturity,
grayish and with minute appressed silky hairs beneath: petioles short and finely
pubescent; branchlets, at first puberulous and olive-colored, become finally pur-
plish and finely red-warty, rigid. Flowers deep blue, in small simple pubescent

20 HOUGH'S AMERICAN WOODS.

racemes, \ to 2 in. long. Fruit capsules 2 lines in diameter, smooth or some-
what wrinkled and neither crested nor deeply lobed.

(The specific name is from the Greek <rwpos, a heap, alluding to the minute
roughness of the branchlets. )

This Ceanothus is generally considered a densely branched shrub,
as it really is over a large part of its range, but I have seen it in Mon-
terey County assuming the habit and stature of a tree 20 or 25 ft.
(7m.) in height, with symmetrical, rounded, twiggy top, and trunk, 10
or 12 inches (0.30 m.) in diameter, vested in quite smooth grayish-
brown bark, which finally becomes fissured into low firm ridges.

HABITAT. — The coast region of California from Mendocino Co. to
San Diego and seemingly attaining its greatest dimensions in canons
in the vicinity of Paso Robles.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES. — Wood heavy, hard, strong, of very fine
structure with inconspicuous medullary rays, and susceptible of a
beautiful polish. It is of a rich brown color with lighter sap-wood and
is often marked with small dots and streaks of parenchymatous tissue.
Specific gravity, etc., have not been determined.

USES. — This is too uncommon a wood to be applied to any particu-
lar use, though its close, fine structure would suggest its appropri-
ateness for use in turnery.

The tree is of ornamental value, in which respect it deserves more
general recognition than it has heretofore received,

ORDER SAPINDACEJE : SOAPBERRY FAMILY.

Leaves simple or compound. Flowers polypetalous, often irregular and mostly
symmetrical; sepals and petals each 4-5, imbricated in the bud, the petals inserted
with the 5-10 stamens on a perigynous or hypogynous disk: ovary 2-3-celled and
lobed, usually 1-2 ovules in each cell; embryo mostly convoluted; no albumen.
Fruit a membraneous, inflated pod, a leathery thick subspherical pod with nut-
like seeds, or a winged samara.

GENUS ACER, TOURNEFORT.

Leaves opposite, simple, palmately-veined, 5 or occasionally 3-lobed; stipules
none. Flowers small, in axillary racemes or corymbs, regular, polygamo-
dicecious, usually unsymmetrical; pedicels not jointed; sepals 5 (or 4-9), more or
less united, colored; petals sometimes wanting, but, when present, 5 (or 4-9),
equal and furnished with short claws; stamens commonly 8; ovary 2-lobed,
formed of 2 united carpels, each bearing 2 ovules, only one of which commonly
attains maturity; styles 2. long and slender, united only below and stigmatic
down the inside. Fruit a double samara, finally separating when mature and
ready to fall, the wings strengthened by a rib along one margin; cotyledons long
and thin.

(The generic name, Acer, is the ancient Latin name of the Maple.)

203. ACER CIRCINATUM — VINE MAPLE. 21

203. ACER CIRCINATUM, PURSH.
VINE MAPLE.

Ger., Rebendhorn ; Fr., Erable de vigne ; Sp., Arce de vid.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER-; -.—Leaven nearly circular in outline, 2 to 7 in. across,
palmately lobed, sometimes nearly to the middle, with 7 to 9 acute irregularly
doubly-serrate lobes, cordate at base with broad shallow sinuses, thin, puberu-
lous at first but glabrous at maturity with the exception of a tuft of pale hairs at
the base above, dark green above, paler beneath and in autumn changing to
orange and scarlet tints; petioles 1 to 2 in. long, stout, enlarged and clasping at
base; winter buds about | in. long and subtended by a stout scale with conspicu-
ously ciliate margin; branchlets glabrous and somewhat glaucous, pale green or
reddish. Flowers appear when leaves are about half grown, in loose drooping 10
to 12-flowered corymbs terminating slender 2-leaved branchlets, the staminate
and pistillate together; sepals red or purple, villous, 2 to 3 lines long; petals much
shorter, greenish white, broadly cordate at base and involuted at apex; stamens
6 to 8 with slender filaments villous at base and much longer than the petals in
the sterile flowers, but shorter in the fertile flowers; pistil with glabrous ovary
bearing two wide spreading lobes, bifed style and long exserted stigmas. Fruit
ripens in late autumn, the samaras glabrous, each about 1 in. or a trifle more in
length, reddish in color and spreading at about right angles to the pedicel;
seed ovate, pale brown.

(The specific name, cercinatum, is a Latin word meaning made round and refer-
ring to the circular outline of the leaves. )

The Vine Maple occasionally attains the height of 30 or 40 feet
(10 m.), but being generally more or less procumbent and vine -like its
real length is often greater. Its trunk is occasionally 12 or 14 inches
(0. 30 m.) in thickness and covered with a thin smoothish gray-brown
bark, somewhat striated lengthwise and fissured with shallow grooves
and finally exfoliating in thinnish brittle scales.

In this curious tree we see a habit of growth which is quite unique
in our American forests. AVhile not strictly vine-like, it seems to
have to recline more or less upon surrounding objects,. its trunk being
perhaps for several feet prostrate on the ground, and then rising up
to sprawl its branches across the wreck of an old cedar stub or other
support, and elevate its branchlets with handsome leaves and showy-
winged fruit to such light as the taller surrounding forest may permit
it to have. Its entire trunk and branches to the final leaf -bearing
twigs, may be loaded with the luxurious moss and lichens which bur-
den everything in the damp forests of the regions in which it thrives.
Often it sends up several stems from the same base, and in alluvial
bottom-lands forms exclusive and almost impenetrable thickets, acres
in extent, the branches taking root wherever they touch the ground
and the. dense shade prohibiting the growth of all other plants beneath.

HABITAT. — The coast region of British Columbia and southward
through Washington, Oregon and to Mendocino Co., California,

22 HOUGH'S AMERICAN WOODS.

being very abundant and well developed in western "Washington and
Oregon. It is less common to the southward and often no more than
a shrub. It nourishes in the low-lands and to an altitude of about
4,000 ft., beautifying the banks of streams and adorning the stately
evergreen forests in which it makes its home.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES. — The wood of the Vine Maple is heavy,
hard, not very strong, close-grained and containing very line medul-
lary rays. It is of a light-brown color with abundant light buff sap-
wood, the heart-wood, indeed, only appearing in very old trees.
Specific Gravity, 0.6660; Percentage of Ash, 0.39; Relative Approxi-
mate Fuel Value, 0.6634; Coefficient of Elasticity, 71810; Modulus
of Rupture, 766; Resistance to Longitudinal Pressure, 459; Resist-
ance to Indentation, 200; Weight of a Cubic Foot in Pounds, 41.51.

USES. — it is used for fuel and in the manufacture of tool handles,
and by the Indians for the horns of their fish-nets, etc. The tree has
been introduced into cultivation for ornamental purposes, which the
beauty of its foliage, flowers and fruit well deserves, and is said to
adapt itself -better to our eastern conditions of climate than any other
Pacific coast tree.

ORDER LEGUMINOSJE: PULSE FAMILY.

Leaves alternate, usually compound, entire and furnished with stipules. Flowers
with 5 sepals more or less united at the base; petals 5, papilionaceous or regular;
stamens diadelphous, monadelphous or distinct and with versatile anthers; pis-
tils single, simple and free. Fruit a legume (pod) with mostly albumenless seeds.

GENUS PARKINSONIA, LINNAEUS.

Leaves alternate or fascicled, with short spinescent persistent or cadu-
cous stipules, evenly bipinnate with short obsolete or spinescent rachis, the
one or two pairs of pinnae bearing numerous minute opposite entire leaflets with-
out stipels. Flowers perfect in slender axillary racemes: calyx campanulate,
with five narrow lobes reflaxed at maturity, deciduous, valvate in the bud; pet-
als, five, yellow, unguiculate, spreading, the upper broader, within the others and
glandular a base of claw; stamens ten, free, slightly declinate, filaments pilose
below the middle and the upper one gibbous on the outside: anthers uniform, ver-
satile, with two cells longitudinally dehiscent; pistil inserted at base of calyx tube,
with minute terminal stigma, slender filiform incurved style and shortly stipi-
tate ovary containing several anatropous ovules suspended in two ranks from its
inner angle. Fruit a linear torulose legume, somewhat contracted between the
seeds, accuminate at both ends, longitudinally striated, with two, thin coriaceous
valves and containing light-brown oblong seeds with slender funicle thin testa
and horny albumen.

A genus of three species of trees or shrubs often armed with spines and dedi-
cated to John Parkinson, an English botanist and horticulturist of the seventeenth
century.

204. PARKINSONIA MICBOPHYLLA — MOUNTAIN PALOYEBDE. 23

204. PARKINSONIA MICROPHYLLA, TORR.

MOUNTAIN PALO VERDE, SMALL-LEAF HORSE BEAN.

Ger., Gebirgspaloverde ; Fr., Palo Verde de montagne ; Sp., Palo

Verde de montana.

SPECIFIC CHARACTERS: — Leaves deciduous within a few weeks after their
appearance, with common petiole very short or wanting, the pinnae about 1 m.
long, pubescent, with terete rachises and 4-6 pairs of small glaucous sessile entire
oblong-orbicular leaflets which are obtuse or somewhat acute at apex, oblique at
base and about £ in. long ; branchlets stout, rigid and terminating in stout spines.
Flowers May to June, before the leaves, about a half inch across when expanded,
in slender racemes 1 in. or less in length, from the axils of leaves of the previous
season, the pedicels jointed a little below the flower ; petals yellow, the upper
one whitish ; stamens exserted, with orange colored anthers ; ovary appressed-
silky. Fruit 1-3-seeded legumes 2-3 in. long, slightly puberulent, attenuate at
both ends, contracted between the seeds, which are about | in. in length, with
pale brown testa, horny albumen and bright green embryo.

(The specific name is from two Greek words meaning small leaves.)

A low tree sometimes attaining the height of 20 ft. (6 m.) with
short trunk rarely over 1 ft. (0.30 m.) in diameter, and this dividing
near the ground into large crooked sprawling branches, clothed with
smooth light yellowish green bark. It forms a wide dome-shaped top
close to the ground with a profusion of line pea-green branchlets and
scant glaucous foliage. In many localities it is only known as a
sturdy shrub.

HABITAT. — The desert regions of southeastern California, central
and southern Arizona and southward into northern Mexico. It is
known as a tree only in central Arizona, its nature seeming to demand
the heat and conditions of those arid regions which few other trees
c in endure without irrigation.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES. — The wood of this tree is rather hard,
close-grained, heavy, with poorly denned annual rings and ducts
mostly filled with some orange-colored substance making fine
reddish dots and streaks in the surface of the finished wood. The
heart- wood is of a pale brown color and the abundant sap-wood con-
spicuously light yellow. Specific Gravity, 0.744:9; Percentage of
Ask, 3.64; Relative Approximate Fuel Value, 0.7178; Weight of
a Cubic Foot in Pounds, 46.42.

USES. — Poorly adapted to any use except fuel, for which it is
employed in the mining regions of Arizona, and its young branches,
serving as very good browse, furnish partial subsistence to herbiverous
animals within its arid range.

GENUS PROSOPIS, LINN^US.

Leaves bipinnate with one or two (sometimes more) pairs of pinnae, each with
several small, entire, rather rigid leaflets; stipules none and petioles, etc.. usually

21 HOUGH'S AMERICAN WOODS.

furnished with minute glands. Flowers regular, small, greenish, and usually
sessile in cylindrical or globose, axillary, pedunculate spikes or heads; calyx
campanulate, with 5 very short teeth valvate in aestivation; petals 5, connate at
first below, at length free, distinct, totnentose within (in our species), hypogynous,
valvate in aestivation; stamens 10, free, exserted, those opposite the calyx-lobes
rather the longer, with oblong, versatile, introse, 2-cellecl anthers, dehiscent by
lateral longitudinal slits, and connective usually tipped with a minute deciduous
gland; pistil with tiliform style, minute stigma and villose (in the American species)
ovary containing many anatropous, suspended ovules in 2 ranks, from the inner
angle of the ovary. Fruit a linear coriaceous legume, compressed or nearly terete,
straight, falcate or twisted into a spiral, indehiscent, with usually thick spongy
mesocarp and partitions between the numerous compressed ovate-oblong seeds,
which have a crustaceous testa and contain horny albumen, an embryo with short,
straight radicle and flat cotyledons.

Genus represented in the United States by small trees and shrubs in the arid
regions of the Southwest. (The name Prosopix is the ancient Greek name of the
burdock and is of obscure application here.)

205. PROSOPIS ODORATA, TORR. & FREM.*

SCREWBEAN, SCREW-POD MESQUITE.

Ger., Scfiraubenhulse; Fr., Cosse de vis; Sp., Tornillo.

SPECIFIC CHARACTERS: — Leaves alternate on the new shoots and in fascicles in
the axils of the leaves of previous years, canescently puberulent, deciduous, 2-3
in. long, with slender petiole about $ in. long terminating in a slender spine, and
a pair of pinnaa, each furnished with 5-8 pairs of oblong, acute, subsessile leaflets
about £ in. long by £ in. broad and conspicuously recticulate-veined ; stipules
spinescent and deciduous; branchlets terete, somewhat pubescent the first year,
armed with rigid supra-axillary spines arranged in pairs. Flowers (in early spring
and continuing later), greenish white about | in. long in dense cylindrical pedun-
culate spikes 2-3 in. in length; calyx obscurely 5-lobed, pubescent outside, about
one quarter as long as the petals, which are narrow, acute, puberulous outside
aud white tomentose within near apex; stamens exserted; ovary very villous.
Fruit a narrow yellowish pod which is twisted in to a close spiral of 12-20 turns,
from 1-2 in. in length and ^ in. in diameter and subsessile in racemose clusters.
The pod contains a sweet pulp (mesocarp) which invests the small obovate seeds
about Yg- in. long with horney albumen.

(The specific name, odorata, the Latin for fragrant, alludes to, the fragrance of
the flowers.)

The Screw-pod is a small tree occasionally attaining the height of
30 ft. (9 m.) with wide top and a trunk occasionally 1 ft. (0.30 m.) in
diameter, .vested in a rather thin cinnamon -brown bark which exfoli-
ates in long, thin, papery scales and strips, giving to old trunks a
shaggy appearance similar to that of an' old grape-vine. It is often
shrubby in habit of growth, but is always quickly recognizable by its
curious ringlet-like pods.

HABITAT. — The valley of the Rio Grande in western Texas and
westward through New Mexico and Arizona to the Colorado desert
in southeastern California, occupying mainly moist bottom-lands and
attaining its best development in the vallies of the Gila and lower
Colorado rivers.

* Prosopis pubescens. Benth.

206. ACACIA DECURRENS — GREEN WATTLE, BLACK WATTLE. 25

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES. — Wood heavy, hard, rather close-grained
with very fine medullary rays and not very strong. It is of a rich,
pinkish-brown color, streaked with darker and with a clear, light
greenish-yellow sap wood. Specific Gravity > 0.7609; Percentage of
Ash, 0.95; Relative Approximate Fuel Value, 0.7537; Coefficient of
Elasticity, 82424; Modulus of Rupture, 894; Resistance to Longi-
tudinal Pressure, 671; Resistance to Indentation, 329; Weight of a
Cubic Foot in Pounds, 47.42.

USES. — The wood is used to some extent in making rural fences
an J is excellent for fuel. The pods, owing to their sweetness and
nutritive value, serve as fodder and food for the Indians, though not
as valuable as the larger pods of the Prosopis juliflora.

GENUS ACACIA, NECKER.

Leaves variable, in the native American species bipinnate with usually small
leaflets in many pairs, but in many of the exotic species the leaflets fall away
and the petioles expand, becoming phyllodia ; stipules spinescent or inconspicu-
ous. Flowers perfect or polygamous, small, generally yellowish or greenish-white
in pedunculate globose or cylindrical spikes, each flower in the axil of a minute
linear or spatulate bractlet ; calyx campanulate, 4-5-toothed or sometimes divided
into distinct sepals, or reduced to hairs, valvate in aestivation ; petals of the same
number as the lobes of the calyx, generally more or less united below or rarely
wanting ; stamens numerous and indefinite, usually more than fifty, exserted,
free or slightly united at base, inserted beneath the ovary, filaments filiform,
anthers small, 2-celled, versatile, introrse, longitudinally dehiscent ; ovary sessile
or stipitate, two or many-ovuled, contracted into a long slender style with
minute terminal stigma ; ovules anatropous, suspended in two ranks from the
inner angle of the ovary. Fruit a legume, dehiscent by two valves or indehiscent,
continuous within or variously divided, very rarely separating into one-seeded
joints, the seeds usually ovate, compressed, without albumen and with thick
crustaceous testa.

Genus composed of over 400 species of trees, shrubs and a few herbs of warmer
climates, and especially of Australia. About a dozen species are found native in
southwestern United States. The name is thought to be derived from the Greek
ciKd£o>, to sharpen, alluding to the spines with which many of the species are
armed.

206. ACACIA DECURRENS, WILLD.
GREEN WATTLE, BLACK WATTLE.

Ger., Grune Acacie ; Fr., Acacia vert / Sp., Acacia verda.

SPECIFIC CHARACTERS: — Leaves all bipinnate, of 8-15 pairs of pinnae, with
numerous narrow rather distant leaflets, 1-4 lines in length ; branchlets glabrous
(or at first slightly pubescent) with prominent angles decurrent from the petioles.
Flowers (March to May) whitish yellow, iri terminal axillary panicled globular
heads. Fruit pods 3 or 4 in. long, flat, generally less than 4 lines wide and more
or less constricted between the seeds ; seeds ovate.

The specific name, decurrens. the Latin for running down, is descriptive of the
ridges continuing along the branchlet from base of leaf-stalk.

A beautiful small tree with graceful feathery foliage of various
shades of green and symmetrical rounded top. The trunks seldom
exceed 15 to 18 in. (0.45 m.) in diameter, and are vested with a bark

26 HOUGH'S AMERICAN WOODS.

which is about % in. thick, fine and smooth or with slightly elevated
ridges and of a chocolate -brown color.

HABITAT. — A naturalized species growing vigorously in at least
the central coast region of California and often thriving in very poor
soil. Its native home is in the open forest country of south Queens-
land, New South Wales, South Australia, Victoria and Tasmania.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES. — Wood moderately hard and heavy, tough,
with numerous fine medullary rays, quite uniformly distributed ducts
and indistinct annual rings. It is of a yellowish- brown color with
abundant lighter sap-wood. The weight of a cubic foot of dry wood,
according to Yon Mueller, is from 45 to 48 pounds.

USES. — The wood has hardly attained commercial importance as
yet in this country, but is excellent for fuel, and in Australia is used
in cooperage, for tool handles, etc. The bark is very valuable for tan-
ning purposes and its fiber is adapted to paper-making. An amber-
like gum which is copiously exuded from the tree has been found use-
ful in making jellies and, when mixed with glue, a size for leather.

The cut flowers find a ready sale in the cities of California as
" mimosas " and are deservedly popular.

The value of the tree for ornamental purposes is well worthy of
mention, as few trees equal it in beauty of foliage. Its usefulness in
reclaiming waste lands in the arid regions can hardly be overestimated,
as it adapts itself so well to almost all kinds of soils and thrives vigor-
ously in many localities where few other trees can maintain an
existence.

MEDICINAL PROPERTIES are found in the astringency of the bark and
in the excellent gum arable produced by the tree.

ORDER ROSACEJE : ROSE FAMILY.

Leaves alternate and with stipules which sometimes fall early or are rarely
wanting. Flowers regular; sepals 5 or rarely fewer, united at the base and often
furnished outside with bractlets resembling the sepals; petals as many as the
sepals, or, rarely, wanting, distinct and inserted on a disk which lines the calyx-
tube; stamens distinct, numerous (with rare exceptions) and inserted \vith the
petals on the disk of the calyx-tube; pistils 1-many, distinct or united and often
combined with the calyx-tube. Fruit various, as drupe, pome, achenium, etc.;
seeds solitary or few, mostly albumenless, with straight embryo and large thick
cotyledons.

Trees, shrubs and herbs, many of great economic value in the production of
most useful fruits, beautiful flowers, choice perfumes, etc.

GENUS PRUNUS, TOURNEFORT.

Leaves simple; stipules free and commonly deciduous. Flowers perfect, with
calyx regular, free and falling away after flowering; petals widely spreading;
stamens 15-30; pistil solitary with style terminal or nearly so, and ovary contain-
ing 2 pendulous ovules. Fruit a drupe, fleshy, with a smooth 1-seeded (rarely
2-seeded) pit.

Trees and shrubs. (Prunus is the ancient Latin name of the plum-tree.)

207. PRUNUS SUBCOBDATA — PACIFIC PLUM, WILD PLUM. 27

207 PRUNUS SUBCORDATA, BENTH.

PACIFIC PLUM, WILD PLUM.

Ger., Calif ornische Wilde Pflauine ; Fr., Prune sauvage de Cali-
fornie ; Sp., Ciruelv sdoestre de California.

SPECIFIC CHARACTERS: — Leaves broadly ovate to orbicular, 1 to 3 inches in
length, usually obtuse at apex, and cordate or truncate (rarely cuneate) at base,
sharply and finely (sometimes doubl}T) serrate, somewhat pubescent at first but at
maturity glabrous, dark green above, paler and somewhat puberulous beneath
coriaceous, with broad midribs and conspicuous veins; stipules caducous; winter
buds about | in. long, acute, with chestnut brown scarious-niargined scales, those
of the inner rows accrescent; branchlets finely pubescent at first, finally glabrous.
Flowers appear before the leaves (March or April) from lateral buds, about | in.
across, in two to four flowered subsessile umbels with slender pedicels from ^ to
| in. in length; calyx canpanulate, with lobes rounded at apex, pubescent outside
and furnished with pale hairs on inner surface; petals about twice as long as
calyx lobes, rounded above and contracted into a short claw at base; stamens
glabrous; pistil with slender style and glabrous ovary. Fruit ripens in August or
September, .oblong, f to 1^ in. long, glabrous, varying from dark red to light yel-
low, flesh succulent, of excellent subacid flavor and adhering to the pit, which is
flattish, acute at both ends, acutely edged on one side and grooved on the other.

(The specific name, stibcordata, Latin for somewhat heart-shaped, refers to the
shape of the leaves.)

A small tree, sometimes attaining the height of 20 or 25 ft. (7 in.),
and rarely 10 or 12 in. (0.30 m.) in diameter uf trunk, but it is usually
a considerably smaller tree and often only a scraggy shrub. When a
tree it develops a Vide top of ash-gray scraggy branches and the bark
of trunk, of a dark-gray color, becomes fissured lengthwise into scaly
ridges and thin irregular plates.

HABITAT. — The Pacific Plum is found from central California to
southern Oregon in the region west of the Sierra Nevadas and Gas-
cade ranges, inhabiting dry rocky hill-sides in considerable abundance
and along the banks of streams, reaching its greatest development and
producing its best fruit in the northern part of its range.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES. — Wood hard, heavy, close-grained, with
numerous fine medullary rays, showing a satiny surface when polished.
It is of a pale-brown color mottled in places with reddish and having
thin lighter sap-wood.

USES. — The fruit of this tree is gathered and used in large quan-
ties both as a fresh fruit and variously preserved or dried. It has
been found that the quality of the fruit and productiveness of the tree
can be materially improved by cultivation and selection.

28 HOUGH'S AMERICAN WOODS.

208. PRUNUS MOLLIS, WALP.*
WOOLLY-LEAF BITTER CHERRY.

Ger., Haarigblattrige Kirsche ; Fr., Cerisier d feuilles velues ; Sp.,
Cerezo de hojas pelosas.

SPECIFIC CHARACTERS : — Leaves 1-3 in. long, obovate-oblong to oblong-lanceo-
late, mostly acutisti at apex, crenate-serrulate, gradually narrowing to the short
pubescent petiole and usually furnished at base with one or more pairs of conspicu-
ous dark glands, dark green and nearly glabrous above at maturity, paler and
woolly-pubescent beneath ; stipules pectinate ; branchlets slender, pale pubescent,
reddish. Flowers opening when the leaves are about half grown, \ in. or less in
diameter, in pubescent 5-10-flowered corymbs, 1 in. or somewhat more in length,
with slender pedicels ; calyx pubescent, turbinate, lobes short, entire, obtuse at
apex, reflexed ; petals white, obovate, concave, with short claws about 2 .lines in
length ; stamens with glabrous filaments ; pistil with glabrous and sometimes
glandular style and capitate stigma. Fruit (ripening from June to August) is a
subglobose drupe, | in. or more in diameter, dark red when ripe, with very bitter
flesh and ovoid doubly pointed pit carinate on one edge.

(The specific name, mollis, the Latin for soft, refers to the soft pubescence
which covers the new growths and under surface of the leaves.)

The Woolly -leaf Cherry is a tree sometimes attaining the height of
30 or 40ft. (10 m.) in most favorable forest growth, with trunk 12-18
in. (0.40 m.) in diameter, vested in a smooth dark brown bark marked
with light gray horizontal bands and patches and finally peeling up
horizontally in rolls and curls and tearing off around the trunk.

HABITAT. — The Woolly -leaf Cherry is found in the coast region
of British Columbia, in western Washington and Oregon and at least
on the Santa Lucia and San Bernardino mountains of southern Cali-
fornia. It reaches its greatest development on Vancouver Island and
in the Puget Sound region.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES. — Wood rather light and hard, not strong,
of close grain, with fine medullary rays and susceptible of a smooth
satiny polish. It is of a yellow-brown color with a lighter sap-wood
occupying about ten annual rings. Specific Gravity, 0.4502; Per-
centage of Ash, 0.21; Relative Approximate Fuel Value, 0.4493;
Coefficient of Elasticity, 86055; Modulus of Rapture, 679; Resist-
ance to Longitudinal Pressure, 460; Resistance to Indentation, 80;
Weight of a Cubic Foot in Pounds, 28.06.

USES. — We believe little use is made of this tree as it is uncommon
in size large enough to be of commercial importance though its wood
possesses excellent Dualities. It is occasionally planted as an .orna-
mental shade tree in northwestern cities. Its bitter fruit was formerly
an article of food with the Indians.

* Prunus emarginata, var.' mollis, Brewer.
Prunus emarginata villosa, Sudworth.

209. PYEUS BIVULARIS — OREGON CRAB. 29

MEDICINAL PROPERTIES we believe are not recorded of this species
though it would probably be found to possess tonic and sedative
properties, as is the case with the allied eastern Black Cherry and
recorded of that species iii Part II, p. IS.

GENUS PYRUS,* L.

Learns simple or pinnate: stipules free. Flowers white or rose-colored in cor-
ymbed cymes; calyx-tube urn-shaped, becoming thick and fleshy in the fruit, limb
5-cleft; petals 5, obovate or roundish, stamens numerous; styles 5 (or sometimes
2-3), and carpels (of the same number) 2-seeded, with papery or cartilaginous endo-
carp and united with the calyx-tube. Fruit a closed pome, fleshy or berry-iike.

Trees or shrubs. (" Pyrus " is the ancient Latin name of the pear-tree.)

209. PYRUS RIVULARIS, DOUGL.
OREGON CRAB OR CRAB APPLE.

Ger,, Oregonischer Ilolzapfel' Fr. , Pommier sauvage & Oregon; Sp.,
Mama/no silvestre de Oregon.

SPECIFIC CHARACTERS: — Leaves simple, ovate-lanceolate, 1-3 in. long, acute or
acuminate at apex, wedge-shaped or rounded at base, sharply serrate, or occa-
sionally on vigorous shoots somewhat three-lobed, with prominent mid-rib
depressed above and conspicuously reticulated veins and veinlets, pubescent at
first b'.it finally glabrous, dark green -above, paler and slightly pubescent beneath,
with rigid pubescent petioles 1-1 £ in. long; stipules caducous; winter buds small,
about TV in. in length, brown, and scales with ciliate margins, the accrescent
innermost scales red and about | in. lonyr when fully grown: branchlets pubescent
at first and more or less so during the first summer, but finally lustrous reddish
and then brown. Flowers ^ to f in. across, in short racemose cymes terminating
lateral leafy spurs and with slender pubescent pedicels about ^ in. long and
biglandular near the middle; calyx generally pubescent, the lobes acute, pale
tomentose within and finally deciduous; petals white, nearly orbicular, with
short claws; stamens somewhat shorter than petals; styles 2-4, glabrous. Fruit
ripens in September and October and persists on the trees long: after the leaves
have fallen, obovoid to oblong, ^ to f in. in length, varying in color from greenish-
yellow to red when ripe, with thin subacid edible flesh and comparatively large
seeds.

(The specific name is from the Latin, rivus, a brook, alluding to the fact that
the tree is found along the banks of streams.)

A tree occasionally attaining the height of 30 or 40 ft. (10 m.) with
rigid, slender branches, and trunk 18 in. (0.45 m.) in diameter. Grow-
ing as it usually does in the shade of lofty forest trees, it usually
develops a leaning trunk and angular branches with irregular top, as
the exigencies of the light require, and owing to the humidity of the
forests of the northwest, are often loaded with moss and lichens to the
very branchlets which bear the leaves and fruit. The bark of trunk
is quite thin, scarcely } in. in thickness, of an amber-brown color, and
exfoliating in thinnish irregular scales. Often the Oregon Crab is
found fruiting when no more than a shrub in stature.

* Sometimes written Pirtw.

30 HOUGH'S AMERICAN WOODS.

HABITAT. — From Sonoma Co., Cal., northward in ricli alluvial and
low lands along the banks of streams in the vicinity of the coast, to
Alaska and the Aleutian Islands, forming in places extensive and
almost impenetrable thickets. It is most luxuriant in the valleys of
western Oregon and Washington.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES. — The wood of this species is heavy, hard
and strong, with very tine, close grain and medullary rays, and often
marked with parenchymatous dots and streaks. It is of a reddish-
brown color with abundant yellowish white sap-wood. Specific Grav-
ity, 0.8316; Percentage of Ash, 0.41; Relative Approximate Fuel
Value, 0.8282; Weight of a Cubic Foot in Pounds, 51.83.

USES. — The wood of this tree is employed in the manufacture of
tool handles, mallets, etc., for which it is excellently suited. The
fruit is occasionally used by country folk in the making of cider, and
by the Indians as an article of food.

GENUS CRATAEGUS, LINNAEUS.

Leaves simple and generally lobed; stipules free, and, as with the awl-shaped
bracts, deciduous. Flowers mostly in corymbs, white or rarely rose-colored ;
calyx urn-shaped with limb 5-cleft, persistent: petals roundish; ovaries 1-5,
inferior ; styles as many as the ovaries. Fruit a fleshy, drupe-like pome contain-
ing 1-5 hard 1-seeded carpels and bearing on the summit the persistent calyx-
lobes.

Small trees and shrubs armed with thorns, and petioles, calyx-teeth, etc., often
beset with glands.

(Crataegus is from the Greek tcpdros, strength, in allusion to the nature of the
wood.)

210. CRATAEGUS DOUGLASII, Lindl.

BLACK THORN. YV^ESTERN HAW. BLACK ,HAW.

Ger., Schwarze Ilagedorn; Fr., Aiibepine noire; Sp., Espino negro.

SPECIFIC CHARACTERS -.—Leaves broad-ovate to ovate-oblong, 1-4 in. in length,
acute at apex, cuneate at base, finely glandular-serrate excepting at base, often
incised or three-lobed towards the " apex, puberulous at first but at maturity
glabrous, dark green above, paler beneath ; petioles short and broad ; branchlets
glabrous and usually bearing stout thorns ^ to 1 in. long (but sometimes
unarmed), reddish at "first and finally gray; winter buds about |- in. long,
lustrous brown and scales ciliate- margined. Flowers appear in late spring when
the leaves are nearly full grown, in many-flowered cymes with caducous bracts
and bractlets, from J-f in. across; calyx more or less pubescent, with
lanceolate lobes about as long as the tube and having entire, ciliate or finely
glandular serrate margins; petals white, with nearly circular limb and short
claw ; stamens rather shorter than the petals with stout filaments and pale
anthers : pistil with from 2-5 styles about as long as the stamens and generally
with pale hairs at the base. Fruit, August to September, subglobose, about )
in. in diameter, lustrous purple black, with sweet edible but thin flesh and thin-
walled nutlets grooved on the back.

Crataegus Douglasii var. rivularis, Sargent,* is the name given to a form more
shrubby in stature, found mainly in the dry interior parts of the continent,

* Crataegus rivularis^ Nutt.

2iO. CKATAEGUS DOUGLASII — BLACK THORN. 31

having paler, narrower, ovate lanceolate leaves, simply serrate inembranaceous
leaves and somewhat smaller flowers. It was originally described by Nuttall as
a distinct species and is still so considered by some botanists.

(The specific name Douglasii, is given in compliment to Mr. David Douglas,
who discovered this species and by whom it was introduced into cultivation in
England.)

Generally a low, round -headed tree with numerous rigid branches,
or often only a shrub, but occasionally attaining the height of 30 or
40 ft. (10 in.) with trunk 18 in. (0.45 m.) or even more in diameter.
The bark of trunk is about J- in. in thickness, of a grayish brown color,
and fissured lengthwise into narrow ridges which exfoliate in elongated
thickish scales.

HABITAT. — British Columbia and southward through Washington
and Oregon into northern California and eastward into western Mon-
tana to the base of the Rocky Mountains, growing along the banks of
streams, sometimes forming almost impenetrable thickets, and reaching
its best development in western Oregon and northern California.

In the variety rivularis it extends eastward throughout Colorado
and southward into N"ew Mexico.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES. — Wood heavy, hard, strong, very close-
grained, with a satiny surface and having numerous very fine medul-
lary rays. It is of a light reddish-brown color with abundant
yellowish-white sap-wood. /Specific Gravity, 0.6950; Percentage of
A.sh) 0.33; Relative Approximate Fuel Value, 0.6927; Weight of a
C"l»'* Foot in Pounds, 43.31.

USES. — The wood is used to some extent in the manufacture of
tool handles, etc., for which it is excellent, and the fruit is extensively
eaten by the Indians. The tree is planted occasionally for ornamental
purposes and thrives well in our Eastern States.

ORDER MYRTACE.ZE : MYRTLE FAMILY.

Leaves simple, opposite or alternate without stipules, often pellucid-punctate,
coriacious and with marginal vein. Flowers usually perfect; calyx-lobes valvate
or imbricate or consolidated into a lid; petals 4 or 5 (rarely 6 or wanting) epigy-
nous : stamens numerous ; ovary usually inferior (rarely free) 2 -many- celled
(rarely 1-celled), styles undivided; ovules 2 or many amphitropous. Fruit a cap-
sule or berry: seeds without albumen.

A large and important order of about 1800 species, mostly of trees and shrubs
of warm climates, generally pervaded with a fragrant and pungent volatile oil
and producing various spices, edible fruits, etc.

GENUS EUCALYPTUS, L'HERITIER.

Leaves thick, coriacious, smooth, mostly alternate though on young shoots
generally opposite, entire or nearly so. with thick margin, opposite sides generally
alike and arranged vertically by a twist in the petiole, glandular-punctate and of
marked flavor and odor when braised. Flowers in 3-15-flowered umbels or soli-
tary in the axils of the leaves, with firm cup-like calyx which opens with a decid-
uous lid; petals wanting; stamens very numerous, with slender filiform filaments

32 HOUGH'S AMERICAN WOODS.

incurved in aestivation and conspicuously crowning and radiating from the edge
of the cup after the lid falls away, and with small in torse anthers; ovary inferior
with several cells containing numerous ovules on axial placentae. Fruit a firm
woody cup-like, capsule loculicidally dehiscent at the top when mature and liber-
ating many abortive and perfect seeds.

A very interesting and important genus of nearly 150 species of trees, confined
in a native state to Australia and the neighboring islands, some of great economic
value and among them there are giants attaining the great height of 400 ft. and
upwards — the only rivals of our great Sequoias in size. The name Eucalyptus
is from the Greek. €i>, well, and, KaXuirr iv, to cover, alluding to the stamens being
well covered by the lid.

211. EUCALYPTUS ROSTRATA, SCHLECHT.

RED GUM. BIALL.
Ger. , Rotligumi" Fr. , Gommier rouge; Sp. , Goma Colorado,.

SPECIFIC CHARACTERS : — Leaves scattered, 3-6 in. or more in length, lanceolate-
sickle-shaped (exceptionally oval-lanceolate) opposite sides colored alike, with
rather obscure pinnately spreading lateral veins terminating in a marginal vein
which is somewhat remote from the edge, oil dots scanty or obscure; branchlets
slender. Flowers in axillary 4-14-flowered umbels, with slender terete or slightly
compressed peduncles and thin pedicels somewhat shorter than the calyx; calyx-
tube semi-globular, 2-2^ lines in diameter, lid somewhat longer than the tube,
hemispheric at base and contracting into a sharp or beak-like blunt point; stamens
all fertile, about 2 lines long, inflected in the bud and with nearly ovate anthers
opening by almost parallel longitudinal slits; stigma not dilated. Fruit cup-
shaped, scarcely \ inch in diameter, \vith broad protruding rim and usually four
(less commonly 3 or 5) highly exserted deltoid valves, and containing small seeds
destitute of apendages and very narrow sterile seeds.

The specific name, rostrata, is the Latin for having a beak, referring to the
shape of the calyx lid.

In its native land .the Red Gum often attains the height of 100 ft.
(30 m.) and occasionally twice that height or more, with a stout trunk
sometimes 14 ft. (4 m.) in diameter, vested in a smooth, ashy -gray or
brownish bark which exfoliates in irregular plate-like layers. Being a
tree introduced in recent years into California it has not had time to
attain very large dimensions here.

HABITAT. — A. thoroughly naturalized tree in California where it
springs up abundantly from self-sown seeds. Its native home is in
Australia, where it is found in moist soil along the river banks or in
alluvial valleys throughout nearly the whole continent, but not ascend-
ing to high altitudes and generally abundant near the coast.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES. — Wood dense, hard, heavy, strong, of
flexuous grain, susceptible of a handsome polish, exceedingly durable
in contact with the soil, and said to be next to the Australian Jarrah
wood in resisting the attacks of the teredo and boring insects. The
wood is of a brick-red color (whence the name Red Gum) with rather
scant lighter sap-wood. Specific Gravity, 0.858 to 1.005; Weight of
a Cubic Foot in Pounds,

-2\'l. KKAXIMS VKLUTIXA — LEATHER-LEAF ASH. 33

["SES. — One of the most valuable of the many Eucalyptus woods
for fuel, and in Australia, on account of its great durability and power
of resisting the attacks of destructive insects and Crustacea, is highly
prized for railroad ties, telegraph poles, posts, piles, paving blocks,
material for ship building, etc. It makes a handsome furniture, too,
and a ton of the dry wood has been found to yield 2^ Ibs. of pure
potash. Its flowers yield an abundance of honej.

MEDICINAL PROPERTIES. — The fresh bark contains from 7-8^ of
kino, and for therapeutic purposes that produced by this tree is
regarded as being among the most efficient of its kind.

From the wood kino-tannin and kino-red are procured, the large
percentages of these two substances in this wood being, as far as
known, only rivaled by the Jarrah wood (Eucalyptus maryinata\ and
it is in the presence of these substances that we have a clue to the
extraordinary durability and power to withstand destruction by insects,
etc., of these two timbers.*

ORDER OLEACEJE: OLIVE FAMILY.

Leaves opposite and simple or pinnately compound. Flowers monopetalous
(rarely apetalous or polypetalous) ; calyx 4-cleft, toothed or entire, or sometimes
wanting, corolla regular, 4-cleft (or sometimes 4-petalous, or even wanting alto-
gether} : stamens only 2 (or rarely 4) : ovary 2-celled with usually two suspended
ovules in each cell. Fruit fleshy or capsular, containing 4 (or fewer; seeds.

Represented by trees and shrubs.

GENUS FRAXIXUS, TOURNEFORT.

Leaves petioled, oddly- pinnate, with 3-15 toothed or entire leaflets. Flowers
small, racemed or panicled, from the axils of the last year's leaves, the American
representatives dioecious and apetalous ; calyx and corolla, when present, as
described for the order; anthers large, linear or oblong; style single, stigma
2-cleft. Fruit a 1-2-celled, flattened samara; winged at the apex, 1-2 pendulous
seeds in each cell.

' Fra.rinus is the ancient Latin name of the ash ; supposed to be from the Greek
<|>pd|is, a separation, alluding to the facility with which the wood splits.

212. FRAXINUS VELUTINA, TORR.
LEATHER-LEAF ASH.

(TLT., Lederbldttrige Esche ; Fr., Frene a feuilles de cuir ; Sp.,
Fresno de hojas de cuero.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER : —Leaves very variable, from 3-6 or 8 in. in length and
with 3-9 leaflets which vary from lanceolate to oval, 2-4 in. long, with petiolule
to nearly sessile, long, taper-pointed, generally acuminate though sometimes
rounded at apex, wedge-shaped to unequally rounded at base, entire or remotely
serrate above the middle, glabrous or variously tomentose especially beneath,
thick coriaceous (especially with trees growing on dry mesas) dark green above,

* Baron Ferd. Vou Mueller, Ewalyptoqraphia.

34 HOUGH'S AMERICAN WOODS.

paler beneath, prominent veins arcuate near the margin ; branchlets terete and
at first pale-pubescent or more or less densely tonientose. Flowers appear when
the leaves unfold in short compact panicles, from buds in the axils of the leaves
of the previous year, the staminate and pistillate on different trees ; calyx cup-
shaped, larger in the pistillate flower than in the staminate ; corolla absent ;
stamens two, with short filaments and oblong apiculate anthers. Fruit samarse,
maturing by early autumn, in paniculate bunches, spatulate-oblong, about 1 in.
in length, subtended by the persistent calyx, terete at base — the seed-bearing
portion — and expanded above into a wing from | to \ in. wide, varying from
acute to emarginate at apex and tipped with the remnants of the style.

The specific name, velutina, is from a Latin root designating the* velvety pubes-
cence of under side of leaves, but applicable to only one of the extensive forms of
the species.

A tree occasionally attaining the height of 60 or TO ft. (20 m.) with
a trunk 18 in. to 2 ft. (0.50 in.) in diameter, but usually considerably
smaller. The bark of the trunk is of a light gray color and becomes
fissured with age into rather firm longitudinal and obliquely connecting
ridges similar to the bark of the White Ash.

HABITAT. — Western Texas and westward across southern Xe \v
Mexico and Arizona, southern Nevada and the Petamint Mountains
in southeastern California, confined mainly to the neighborhood of
mountain streams but occasionally on dry mesas.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES. — Wood heavy, not strong, rather soft and
close-grained, with many fine medullary rays and annual rings well
defined by the arrangement of the large open ducts. It is of a light
brown color with abundant lighter sap-wood occupying forty or fifty
layers of growth. . Specific Gravity, 0.6810; Relative Approximate
Fuel Value, 0.6768; Percentage of Ash, 0.62; Coefficient of Elas-
ticity, 60119; Modulus of Rupture, 622; Resistance to Longitudinal
Pressure, 385; Resistance to Indentation, 210; Weight of a Cubic
Foot in Pounds, 42.44.

USES. — A useful wood in the local manufacture of ax and other
tool handles, wagon wheels, etc. We have seen the tree growing for
shade and ornamental purposes along the streets of the larger towns
in Arizona, for which use it seems to be admirably adapted.

ORDER PRQTEACE.2E : PROTEA FAMILY.

Leaves persistent, alternate or scattered (rarely opposite), entire or variously
pinnate, exstipulate. Flowers usually perfect, terminal or axillary, variously
clustered or rarely solitary; perianth inferior, of usually 4 regular or irregular
valvate segments; stamens 4, inserted on and shorter than the segments of the
perianth: introrse, the connective continuous with the filaments, if any; pistil
solitary, free, with terminal filiform style, and 1-celled ovary containing from
one to several ovules. Fruit very variable in form, but 1-celled and with exal-
buminous seeds.

Order represented by about 950 species of trees and shrubs, rarely perennial
herbs, of the tropical and south temperate regions, and largely represented in
Australia and South Africa. The order is more noted for the richness and
elegance of its flowers than for useful properties.

213. GREVILLEA ROBUSTA — SILKY OAK, GREVILLEA. 35

GENUS GREVILLEA, R. BR.

Leaves alternate and of many forms. Flowers perfect, mostly in pairs, in
racemes or umbel-like clusters, rarely reduced to a single pair; calyx with four
recurved sepals; petals wanting; stamens consist of four anthers sessile upon the
sepals; pistil solitary with generally stipitate, 2-ovuled ovary and a single long
filiform style which is curved downward in the bud, the loop protruding first
from a slit between two of the sepals, and the dilated summit being released
afterwards. Fruit a coriaceous (rarely woody) and usually oblique follicle, dehis-
cent along the upper margin: seeds one or two, often winged.

A genus of nearly 200 species of trees and shrubs confined almost exclusively
to Australia. The name is given in compliment to C. F. Greville, a patron of
botany.

213. GREVILLEA ROBUSTA.
SILKY OAK, GREVILLEA.

Ger., Starke Grevillea; Fr., Grevillearobuste; Sp., Grevillearobusta.

SPECIFIC CHARACTERS: — Leaves pinnate, 6-12 in. long, with 11-21 leaflets.
which are deeply and irregularly incisely lobed, having incurved margins, and
are glabrous or nearly so above and silvery pubescent beneath. Flowers (in early
spring) bright orange and turning to one side of the axis in glabrous racemes
which are 8-5 in. long and solitary or clustered on short leafless branchlets; pedi-
cels about ^ in. long; stipe somewhat oblique; sepals four, long spatulate, bearing
the anthers near their summits and finally falling away after liberating the retained
summit of the style; style about | in. long, with small stiarmatic disk somewhat
oblique. Fruit a very oblique follicle about | in. long, tipped with the long tail-
like style and containing two seeds winged all round.

The specific name, robusta, is from the Latin, descriptive of the robust habit of
the tree as compared with other representatives of the genus.

A highly ornamental and graceful tree of very rapid growth and
well adapted to street-side and park adornment in the Southwest. In
it> native land it attains the height of 100 ft. (30 m.) or more, but
only small or medium-size trees are yet to be found in this country.

HABITAT. — Indigenous to the subtropical regions of eastern Aus-
tralia, Xew South Wales and Queensland, and naturalized about some
of the cities and villages of southern California.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES. — Wood rather light, soft, elastic, easily
splitting, durable, with numerous conspicuous medullary rays, quite
uniformly distributed ducts and annual r.ings not well defined. It is
of a light reddish color with lighter sap-wood and of peculiar beauty
owing to the conspicuous medullary rays — the " silver grain" of
wood-workers. It is on account of these conspicuous medullary rays
that the name " Oak " has been wrongly applied to this tree. Specific
O'/w/Vy, 0.56i; Wtifjld per Cubic Foot, about 36 Ibs.

USES. — The wood is in demand in Australia for the manufacture
of casks, butter boxes, etc., and in cabinet-making.

The tree in California as yet is mainly important as a handsome and
graceful ornamental tree, well adapted to arid regions owing to its

36 HOUGH'S AMERICAN WOODS.

power to resist drouth. Its " ricli golden tresses " of flowers yield an
abundance of honey. It proves, however, to be a short-lived tree in
this its adopted land. Its phenominally rapid growth of the iirst few
years proves to be in a measure " a beautiful disappointment," for its
limbs easily break witli the force of the winds and it commences its
decline. This fault known, however, is easily met and the tree occu-
pies a promising place of value.

ORDER CUPULIFERJE : OAK FAMILY.

Leaves alternate, simple, straight veined ; the stipules, forming the bud-scales,
deciduous. Flowers monoecious, apetalous. Sterile flowers in clustered or
racemed catkins (or in simple clusters in the Beech) ; calyx regular or scale-like ;
stamens 5-20. Fertile flowers solitary, clustered or spiked, and furnished with an
involucre which forms a cup or covering to the nut ; calyx-tube adherent to the
ovary, its teeth minute and crowning the summit ; ovary 2-7-celled with 1-2
pendulous ovules in each cell, but all of the cells and ovules, except one, disap-
pearing before maturity ; stigmas sessile. Fruit a 1 -celled, 1-seeded nut, solitary
or several together and partly or wholly covered by the scaly (in some cases
echinate) involucral cup or covering ; seed albumenless, with an anatrapous,
often edible, embryo ; cotyledons thick and fleshy.

Order is represented by trees and shrubs of wide geographic distribution.

GENUS QUERCUS, LINNAEUS.

Flowers greenish or yellowish. Sterile flowers in loose, slender, naked catkins,
which spring singly or several together from axillary buds ; calyx 2-8-parted or
cleft ; stamens 3-12 ; anthers 2-celled. Fertile flowers with ovary nearly 3-celled
and 6-ovuled, two of the cells and 5 of the ovules being abortive : stigma 3-lobed ;
involucre developing into a hard, scaly cup around the base of the nut or acorn,
which is 1 -celled, 1-seeded.

(Quercus is the ancient Latin name for the Oak, supposed to be from the Celtic
quer, fine, and cuez, tree.)

214. QUERCUS DOUGLASII, H. & A.

BLUE OAK. CALIFORNIA ROCK OAK.
Ger., Blamiche; Fr., CheneHeu; Sp., RMe azul.

SPECIFIC CHARACTERS : — Leaves extremely variable in form but alike in being
deciduous, of a distinctly blue-green color, pubescent at least beneath, and they
are from 1 to 3 in. long, mostly oblong or obovate, from acute to rounded or
subcordate at base, acute or rounded at apex, sinuate-dentate with acute rigid
spinescent teeth or sinuate-lobed with rounded lobes and sinuses, or sometimes
entire, reticulate-veined ; petioles stout, about ^ in. long ; leaf buds ^ to ^ in.
long, pubescent ; branchlets stout, hoary tomentose. Flowers appear in early
spring, the staminate in hairy anients with linear-lanceolate bracts ; calyx with
hairy lasiniate lobes, pale yellow ; stamens with slender filaments and yellow
exserted anthers, pistillate flowers hoary tomentose. Fruit acorns maturing the
first year, sessile or nearly so, arranged singly or in pairs, cup light green, shallow,
thin, with small acute thin pointed scales and enveloping only the base of the
nut, which is f to 1£ in. long and from | to nearly f in. broad, oval to long-oblong
and often ventricose with narrow base, shining green at first but drying to a
dark brown.

The specific name, douglasii, commemorates the name of its discoverer, the
indefatigable botanical explorer Mr David Douglas.

This beautiful oak seldom attains a greater height than 75 ft. (25 m.),
or its trunk a greater thickness than 3 or 4 ft. (1 m.). Its trunk is

215. QUERCUS EXGELMANXI — ENGELMANX OAK. 37

generally short, as it dmdes within a few feet of the ground into two
or a few large limbs, and then develops a wide rounded symmetrical
top generally depressed in the center. With its dense blue-green
foliage and its branches generally festooned with the interesting gray-
green lichen (Ramalia reticulata), so abundant in the region in which
it grow?, this is indeed a beautiful tree. The bark of trunk is gener-
ally of a pale-gray color, but darker on trees in shaded valleys. It
becomes fissured with age into shallow ridges and exfoliates in long
friable scales.

HABITAT. — The Blue Oak is scattered over the foot-hills and slopes
of central California, never seeming to crowd each other sufficiently
to interfere with characteristic habit of growth, and in company with
Q. lobata and agrifolia imparting to many a landscape the appear-
ance of beautiful parks and large open apple orchards. It ranges as
far north as the upper valley of the Sacramento river and southward
to the Mohave desert, ascending the western slopes of the Sierra
Nevada mountains to about 4,000 ft. altitude, and probably attaining
its largest dimensions in the Salinas valley.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES. — Wood very heavy, hard and strong, with
numerous and (for an oak) rather small medullary rays, and owing to
quite even distribution of open ducts the annual rings are not well
defined — in these two features quite different from most of the oaks.
The wood is of a dark-brown color and sap-wood yellowish white.
Specific Gravity, 0.8928; Percentage of Ash, 0.84; Relative Approxi-
mate Fuel Value, 0.8853; Coefficient of Elasticity, 77166; Modulus,
of Rupture, 993; Resistance to Longitudinal Pressure, 567; Resist-
ance to Indentation, 374; Weight of a Cuoic Foot in Pounds, 55.64.

USES. — The short trunks of this tree are poorly adapted to com-
mercial purposes, excepting for fuel;, for which they are excellent.

215 QUERCUS ENGELMANNI, GREENE.
, ENGELMANN OAK.

Ger., Eiche von Eivjelnmnn ; Fr., Chene d^Engelmann ; Sp., Roble

de Engelmann.

SPECIFIC CHARACTERS: — Leaves pejsistent until the new leaves of the follow-
ing spring, oblong to obovate. ^ in. long, mostly rounded or cordate at base and
obtuse or rounded at apex, and with entire (though occasionally with coarsely
serrate-dentate) margins, ruf ous-tomentose at first but finally glabrous, blue-green
above, paler and sometimes puberulous beneath, thick coriaceous and with rather
obscure veinlets; petioles about ^ in. lonsr; leaf -buds about ^ in. long, puberulous;
branchlets stout, hoary pubescent during the first year. Flowers appear in early
spring, the staminate in slender aments, f in length; calyx light yellow, pilose
outside; stamens with slender filaments and exserted anthers; pistillate flowers

38 HOUGH'S AMERICAN WOODS.

pale tomentose and with short, slender peduncles. Fruit acorns maturing the
first year, generally witii slender peduncles but sometimes sessile, a deep saucer-
shaped light brown cup with pale tomentose scales tuoerculate at base, about |
enveloping the oblong or ovoid nut which is 1 in. or less in length and about \ in.
broad, dark brown and longitudinally striated at first, but finally drying to a
light brown; cotyledons yellow.

The specific name, Engelmanni, is given in compliment to the physician and
botanist, Dr. Geo. Engelmann.

The Engelmaun Oak does not often attain a greater height than 50
or GO ft. (16 m.). Its trunk is rarely thicker than 2 or 3 ft. (0.75 m.),
and this divides quite regularly a few feet above the ground into two
large, widely diverging brandies which, by repeated bifurcation in this
way, form a rounded dome-shaped top. The bark of trunk is of a
light-gray color, fissured into longitudinal ridges, and exfoliating in
elongated friable scales. Its foliage is of a conspicuously bluish cast.

HABITAT. — A tree of very limited distribution, being confined
mainly to . the seaward slopes of the Sierra Madre and Santa Ana
mountains of southwestern California, easily distinguished from the
trees with which it grows by its bifurcate branching and the distinctly
bluish cast of its foliage.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES. — Wood very heayy, hard, strong, and close-
grained, but rather brittle, with very dark-brown heart-wood and
lighter abundant sap-wood. Specific Gravity, 0.9441; Percentage of
Ash, 2.60; Relative Approximate fuel Value, 0.9195; Coefficient of
Elasticity, 85739; Modulus of Rupture, 719; Resistance to Longi-
tudinal Pressure, 434 ; Resistance to Indentation, 439 ; Weight of a
Cubic Foot in Pounds, 58.94.

USES. — This wood makes an excellent fuel, which is the only use
to which it is applied, owing to its limited distribution and abundance.

216. QUERCUS MACDONALDI, GREENE.
MACDONALD OAK.

Ger. , Eiche von Mac Donald; Fr. , Chene de MacDonald; Sp. , Roble

de MacDonald.

SPECIFIC CHARACTERS: — Leaves deciduous, oblong to obovate.in outline, 1|-
3£ in. long, sinuate-lobed, with-narrow and rounded or acute sinuses and broad
rounded or acutish and mucronulate lobes, wedge-shaped or rounded at base, finely
pubescent at first but finally glabrous above and stellate pubescent beneath: peti-
ole rather slender, pubescent. ^ in. or less in. length; branchlets slender, ferrugin-
ous pubescent the first year; winter buds £ in. or less in length, scales ciliolulate.
Flowers appear in April, the staminate in pubescent aments 1-2 in. in length;
calyx-lobes ciliate with pale silky hairs; pistillate flowers sessile or nearly so.
Fruit acorns maturing the first year, single or in pairs, sessile, with ovoid-oblong
nut, f to 1£ in. long, acute or obtuse at apex, with a prominent terminal nib, nar-
row at base and about ^ enveloped in the deep hemispherical cup which is of a

216. QUEKCUS MACDOXALDI MAcDoNALD OAK. 39

yellow-brown color, conspicuously tuberculate, pub^cent, and the thin pointed
tips of the scales closely appressed.

The specific name, macdonaldi, is given in compliment to Hon. James M. Mac-
Donald, a promoter of botanical research in California.

The ^lacDonald Oak is generally considered a small tree and rarely
surpassing L>O ff. (6 m.) in height or 1 ft. (0.30m.) in diameter of
trunk and such we understand to be its habit on the island of Santa
Cruz where it was discovered, but on the island of Santa Catalina I
have seen a tree of the species 5 ft. (1.50 m.) in diameter of trunk
with wide top of long horizontal branches shading an area 75 ft.
across. It is the largest tree on the island.

HABITAT. — The islands of Santa Cruz and Santa Catalina, off the
coast of southern California, with a variety (elengantula) of rather
doubtful tenure on the adjacent mainland.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES. — Wood of the MacDonald Oak is heavy,
hard, strong, with large medullary rays and annual rings well defined
by the arrangement of large open ducts. The heart-wood is of a rich
brown color, but only found in trunks of considerable age, and the
abundant sap-wood is creamy white.

TSES. — This oak is too rare and local to be applied to any particu-
lar use.

NOTE. — There is a disposition with some botanists to consider this
tree as merely a form of the Quercus dumosa, but after a careful
study of the tree on Santa Catalina island I cannot agree with that
opinion1. Its deciduous nature and stately form, as there seen, with
larger leaves, some almost suggesting the leaves of the eastern White
Oak, at once impress you with its distinctness from the humble per-,
sistent-leaved and shrub-like Q. dumosa which covers the neighboring
slopes. It is true that some of its smallest leaves do approximate in
appearance some of the larger leaves of the Q. dumosa, but the
resemblance is no more marked here than we see between the leaves
of various other trees known to be distinct.

ORDER BETULACEJE : BIRCH FAMILY.

Leaves simple, alternate, straight-veined and furnished with stipules which
fall away early. Flowers mostly nak:ed. monoecious, both kinds in catkins 2 or 3
together under a 3-lobed bract or scale. Sterile flowers with distinct stamens
and 2-celled anthers. Fertile flowers with two thread-like stigmas, and a 2-celled
ovary, each cell containing 2 pendulous ovules, becoming by abortion in Fruit, a
small, 1-celled, 1-seeded nutlet, often with membranous wings; seed anatropous,
albumenless, with flattish, oblong cotyledons which become foliaceous in
germination.

Trees or shrubs, with bark whicli separates more or less easily into thin layers.

GENUS ALNUS, TOURNEFORT.

Leaves deciduous, alternate, generally serrate, pinnately veined, furnished with
caducous stipules which inclose them in the bud, fall in autumn while still green

4:0 HOUGH'S AMERICAN WOODS.

in color. Flowers expand in early spring with or before the leaves (or rarely in
autumn) in pedunculate aments, formed during the summer or autumn of the
previous season, from the axils of leaves or bracts and remaining naked and erect,
monoecious, apetalous, sessile, one to six together beneath the peltate short-stalked
scales of the ament. Stauiinate aments long, pendulous and generally in pani-
cles, the scales of the ament usually 2-4-ttowered, the flowers subtended by
minute bractlets adnate to the base of the scale ; calyx usually 4-parted;
stamens of the same number or exceptionally half as many as the calyx-lobes
and opposite them, filaments erect with introrse 2-celled anthers longitudinally
dehiscent. Pistillate aments erect from axils below those producing the staminate
aments, ovoid or oblong, scales fleshy and beneath each are usually two flowers
subtended by minute bractlets, these aments becoming in Fruit ovoid, oblong or
subglobose strobiles with scales thickened at apex, woody and closely imbricated
over the minute brown compressed nutlets slightly or not at all winged, tipped
with the remnants of thd style and containing a single suspended exalbuminous
seed. The strobiles persist for a time after liberating the seed, with truncate
thickened scales divergent.

Genus consists of trees and shrubs with astringent bark, watery juice and soft
wood very durable in water. Alnus is the ancient Latin name of the Alder.

217. ALNUS OREGONA, NUTT.*
OREGON ALDER, RED ALDER.

Ger., Oregonische Erie ; Fr. Aune d? Oregon; Sp., Aliso de Oregon.

SPECIFIC CHARACTERS: — Leaves from 3-5 in. long, ovate or elliptical, acute at
apex, abruptly wedge-shaped or rounded at base, crenately lobed, the lobes min-
utely glandular dentate, dark green and glabrous or nearly so and with impressed
veins above, rusty pubescent and with prominent veins and veinlets beneath;
petioles ^-f in. in length, orange colored and slighly grooved; branchlets more or
less hoary tomentose; winter buds about | in. long, dark red, scurfy pubescent.
Flowers open in very early spring, before the leaves, the stamenate in aments from
4-6 in long when fully expanded, arranged in terminal racemes, red-stemmed.
They appear the previous summer and remain dormant during the winter, then
about 1^ in. long and |- in. thick, covered with closely appressed dark reddish
brown lustrous scales. Scales of ament when in flower reddish yellow, ovate,
acute, glabrous; calyx yellow and with four rounded lobes; stamens four, rather
longer than the calyx lobes and with yellow anthers. Pistillate aments from ^-^
in. long and TT¥ in. thick, in stout racemes, and with dark red scales; styles red.
Fruit cones %-l in. long, round-ovoid to oblong with stout orange- colored
peduncles about £ in. long and truncate scales thickened at apex; nutlets obovate
or orbicular with narrow membranaceous wings.

The Red Alder occasionally attains the height of 70 or 80 ft. (22 m.)
and 3 ft. (0.90 m.) in diameter of trunk, but generally is a considerably
smaller tree. When growing apart from other trees it developes a
narrow ovoid head of rather slender branches. The bark of trunk is
thin, scarcely more than J in. in thickness, smooth excepting for very
slight transverse ridges and excrescences and is of a more or less
mottled pale gray color or often nearly white.

HABITAT. — The Red Alder ranges from the vicinity of Sitka in
Alaska southward in the coast region to the Santa Inez mountains in
California, preferring the moist soil along the courses of streams and
reaching its best development in western Oregon and Washington.

* Alnvs rnlirn, Bong.ird.

218. POPULUS TKICHOCARPA BLACK CoTTCXNWOOD. 4:1

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES. — Wood light, soft, brittle, with many fine
and occasionally large medullary rays, close grain, easily worked and
susceptible of a beautiful polish. It is of a light brown color with
abundant buff-white sap-wood which quickly assumes a brownish tint
upon exposure to the air. Specific Gravity, 0.4:813; Percentage of
, 0.42; Relative Approximate Fuel Fa/w?, 0.4793; Coefficient of
, 106046; Modulus of lt"±>t"re, 811; Resistance to Lonqi-
tudinal 7V':.v.v///v, 415; Resistance to Indentation, 111; Weight of a
Foot in Pounds, 29.99.

. — Used in Washington and Oregon in the manufacture of
furniture, for wooden ware, etc., and in Alaska is a favorite wood
with the Indians in making their dug-out canoes.

ORDER SALIC ACE2E: WILLOW FAMILY.

Leaves alternate, simple, undivided and furnished with stipules, which are
either scale-like and deciduous, or leaf -like and persistent. Flowers dioecious,
both kinds in catkins, one under each bract or scale of the catkin and destitute
of both calyx and corolla, or the former represented by a gland-like cup; ovary
1 to 2 celled; styles wanting, or 2 and short; stigmas often 2-lobed. Fruit a 1 or
2-celled, 2-valved pod, with numerous seeds springing from two parietal or basal
placentae and furnished with long, silky down; seeds ascending, anatropous,
with albumen; cotyledons flat.

Trees or shrubs of rapid growth, light wood and bitter bark.

GEXUS POPULUS, TOURXEFORT.

Leaves broad, more or less heart-shaped or ovate, and with long and often ver-
tically compressed petioles. Flowers appearing before the leaves in long, droop-
ing, lateral, cylindrical catkins, the scales of which are furnished with a fringed
margin; calyx represented by an oblique, cup-shaped disk with entire margin;
stamens. 8-30 or more, with distinct filaments: pistil with very short, bifid style,
and large 2-lobed stigma. Fruit as described for the order.

Genus represented mostly by rather large trees, and the name is a Latin word,
meaning people, applicable either from the fact that these trees are often set
along public walks, or in allusion to the tremulous motion of the leaves, which
are in constant agitation like a crowd of people.

218. POPULUS TRICHOCARPA, T. & G.
BLACK COTTOXWOOD.

Gei., Schwarze Pappel; Fr., Peuplier noir; SP., Alamo negro.

SPECIFIC CHARACTERS: — Lea ces broad-ovate to oblong-lanceolate, 2-4 in. long
(exclusive of petioles), rounded or slightly heart-shaped at base, acuminate, finely
crenate- serrate with small incurved gland-tipped teeth, pale pubescent when
young, but at maturity lustrous dark green above, pale or rusty beneath and con-
spicuously reticulate veined, glabrous excepting: along the veins above: petioles
1-2 in. long slender, terete puberulous: leaf buds long-pointed and shining, fra-
grant-viscid; branchlets pubescent at first and angled, especially the more vigor-
pus ones, but finally terete and lustrous with elevated lunate leaf scars. Flowers
in early spring in pedunculate pendulous aments; the staminate li-2 in. long,
denselv flowered and with glabrous rhachis; the pistillate araents~2-3 in. long
(becoming 6) and with pubescent rhachis: scales dilated, deeply fimbriated, nearly

4:2 HOUGH'S AMERICAN WOODS.

glabrous, and falling away before the ripening of the fruit; stamens 20-60, inserted
on a broad glabrous disk; ovary subglobose, hoary tomentose, and with three
broadly dilated and lobed nearly sessile stigmas and inclosed at base with cup-
shaped glabrous disk. Fruit, capsules nearly sessile, subglobose, pubescent, about
3 lines in diameter, 3-valved; seed about 1 line long, light brown, and furnished
with a tuft of white hairs.

The specific name, trichocarpa, is from Greek roots indicating hairy fruit, and
referring here to the hairy capsules.

One of the largest of the genus, this Cottonwood sometimes attains
the height of nearly 200 ft. (60 m.) with sturdy trunk 6 or 8 ft.
(2 m.) in diameter. When growing apart from other trees its trunk
divides into few large branches which ramify into a broad open top.
The bark of the old trunk is of a grayish-brown color, furrowed
lengthwise by deep clefts which enter nearly to its cambium layer and
between which the long, rounded, firm ridges may become 2 in. or
more in thickness.

HABITAT. — The Populus trichocarpa ranges from Alaska south-
ward along the banks of streams and in low-lands throughout all the
coast region to northern California, and in these localities attains its
greatest dimensions, being here the largest of the broad-leaved trees.
It is found as a smaller tree to the southward among the mountains of
California ascending the caTions of the Sierra Nevadas to an altitude
of about 6,000 ft. but reaching its southernmost limit in the San Ber-
nardino mountains. It is also found on the larger islands lying off
the coast of California.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES. — Wood soft, light, not strong, easily worked,
excepting for the tendency of the heart- wood to dull tools — a trait
common to most of the representatives of the genus. It is of a light-
brown color, mottled or streaked with darker, and the gap-wood is
nearly white. Specific Gravity, 0.3814; Percentage of Ash, 1.27;
Relative Approximate fuel Value, 0.3766 ; Coefficient of Elasticity
111694; Modulus of Rupture, 665; Resistance to Longitudinal
Pressure, 390; Resistance to Indentation, 63; Weight of a Culic
Foot in Pounds, 23.77.

USES. — In Washington and Oregon this wood is used quite exten-
sively in the manufacture of bowls and general wooden ware, the
staves of sugar barrels, etc., and it is said that the Indians of British
Columbia use it for making their canoes, and those of northern Cali-
fornia and Oregon formerly used the tough roots in the manufacture
of hats and baskets.

MEDICINAL PROPERTIES. — The peculiar exudation of the leaf -buds
of this species, though not specifically mentioned in medicine, doubt-
less possesses the same properties that are common to other representa-

219. CUPKESSUS MACXABIAXA MACXAB CYPRESS. 43

tives of the genus and mentioned under Populus balsamifera. Part

II, p. 39.

GYMNOSPERM^E.

Flowering, exogenous plants with leaves chiefly parallel-veined and cotyledon?
frequently more than two. Flowers diclinous and very incomplete ; pistil repre-
sented by an open scale or leaf, or altogether wanting, with ovules naked,
fertilized" by direct contact with the pollen, and seeds at maturity naked — with-
out a true pericarp.

ORDER CONIFERJE : PINE FAMILY.

Leaves mostlv awl shaped or needle shaped, evergreen, entire and parallel-
veined. Flou-ers monoecious, or rarely dioecious in catkins or cones, destitute
of both calyx and corolla : stamens one or several (usually united) ; ovary, style
and stigma wanting ; ovules one or several at the base of a scale, which serves as
a carpel, or on an open disk. Fruit a cone, woody and with distinct scales, or
somewhat berry-like, and with fleshy coherent scales, ^seeds orthotropous, embryo
in the axis of the albumen.

Trees or shrubs with a resinous juice.

GENUS CUPRESSUS, TOURNEFORT.

Leaves persistent, small, scale-like, decussately opposite, thick, rounded or
keeled, adnate to and decurrent upon the stem, usually glandular-pitted on the
back, appressed or slightly spreading at the pointed or rounded apex, margin
entire or denticulate; leaves on vigorous young shoots commonly awl-shaped or
linear-lanceolate and spreading ; branchlets not forming flat sprays. Flowers
appear in early spring, monoecious, in small catkins terminating the leafy
branchlets : the staminate aments oblong or cylindrical, consisting of a few pairs
of decussately opposite, yellowish ovate or orbicular subpeltate scales attached to
the under sides of each of which are two to six subglobose pendulous anther-cells
opening by a longitudinal slit : pollen-grains simple. The pistillate flowers
terminate short branchlets. subglobose ; scales thick, ovate acute and bearing
attached to their bases on the inner surface generally numerous, erect, orthotro-
pous bottle-shaped ovules. Fruit a subglobose, short-stalked, rugose, woody cone,
generally maturing the second year, scales closely valvate, peltate, polygonal in
outline at apex, flattened and bearing more or less prominent central bosses, at
maturity opening along their margins and persisting after liberating their
numerous irregularly compressed acutely angled thick-coated seeds, which are
borne in several rows on the base of the scale ; embryo erect in fleshy albumen,
cotyledons usually two.

•Genus consists of resinous trees with generally fragrant wood of considerable
economic value, especially in Japan. About a half dozen species are found in the
United States along the Pacific slope.

(Cupressus is the classical Latin name of the Cypress tree.)

219. CUPRESSUS MACNABIANA, MURR.
MACNA.B CYPRESS.

Ger., Cypresse von M<i*-nal> ; Fr., Cypres de Macnab ; Sp., Cipres

de Macnab.

SPECIFIC CHARACTERS : — Leaves conspicuously glaucous, and white-glandular-
pitted on the back, ovate, acute or rounded at apex, closely appressed, long
pointed and spreading on young shoots, TV in. or less in length ; branchlets
slender and numerous. Flowers appear in March or April ; the staminate nearly
cylindrical and about TV in. long with rounded scales (connectives) ; the pistillate
about the same size but scales more pointed and spreading. Fruit, cones small,
subglobose, £ in. in diameter or slightly more, rich brown (or grayish with age)
composed of~6 or rarely 8 scales each furnished with a rather thin but wide-based

44 HOUGH'S AMERICAN WOODS.

boss, the lowermost recurved and those at the apex incurved ; seeds numerous,
brown, about 2 lines in length, irregular by mutual compression.

(The specific name, Macuabiana, is given in compliment to James MacNab, a
distinguished Scotch botanist and horticulturist.)

A low tree rarely 30 ft. (9 in.) in height with bushy top and trunk
rarely more than 15 in. (0.38 m.) in diameter, covered with rather thin,
reddish-brown bark, which becomes fissured into flat, longitudinal and
obliquely connecting ridges and exfoliates in long strip-like scales.

Often it is hardly more than a shrub in stature, branching from
near the ground. Then again trees are found, small in stature, but
having the appearance of age in thin, gnarled and distorted trunks
similar to the trees dwarfed by the Japanese. It is a tree of striking
appearance owing to its numerous slender branchlets and the peculiar
grayish tint imparted to its foliage by the many white glands with
which it is supplied. Upon closer observation the foliage is found to
possess a peculiarly delicious fragrance, described by Miss Alice East-
wood* as " somewhat like sandal- wood but sweeter, not so strong and
with a flavor of pineapple." This odor is only observable when the
leaves are fresh.

HABITAT. — A rare and very local tree being generally known as
occurring only in a few localities in Lake, ]N~apa and Mendocino
Counties, California, though originally described from specimens
collected " at the southern base of Mt. Shasta," in which locality it has
not been found since. It is scattered over dry hill-sides and attains its
largest dimensions along the banks of the adjacent streams.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES; — Wood very light, soft, not strong, of very
fine grain, easily worked and yielding a satiny surface. It is of a
light-brown color with abundant lighter sap-wood. Specific Gravity,
0.5575; Percentage of Ash, 0.63; Relative Approximate Fuel Value,
0.5540; Weight of a Cubic Foot in Pounds, 34.74.

USES. — The Macnab Cypress has been planted to a very limited
extent for ornamental purposes in Europe and for this use it deserves
far greater popularity than it now has, both in this country and abroad.

GENUS THUJA, LINNAEUS, f

Leaves persistent, small, opposite and of two sorts ; those of young, seedling
shoots being awl-shaped and spreading ; the other are decussate, imbricated,
adnate and closely appressed, rounded or keeled and sometimes, but not always,
glandular on the back, compressed and forming a very flat branchlet. Flowers
monoecious, appearing in very early spring, solitary, in very small oblong cat-
kins, terminating the branchlets ; staminate catkins oblong, subsessile and of
from 4-6 decussately apposite anther-scales, which are peltate and bearing on
their inner faces each 2-4 pendulous anther-cells opening downward, pollen
grains simple; pistillate flowers of about the same size and terminating stronger

* Zoe V, p. 13. t Also spelled Thuya.

'2'20. THUJA GIGANTEA — GIANT CEDAU. 45

main branchlets, and with from 8-12 erect scales fixed by the base and each
bearing 2-4 bottle-shaped ovules. Fruit, cones small, ovoid-oblong, erect, pale
brown with few (and in our species) thin, leathery, pointed oblong mucronate
scales, spreading at maturity, the two or three middle pairs larger than the others
and fertile, with generally two erect seeds at their bases; seeds in the American
species light brown with broad lateral wings distinct at apex, axile embryo and
fleshy albumen.

A genus of four species of trees, two of which are North American, one of the
northeastern and one of the northwestern regions. (Name, from Greek, 0v«,
/ bum perfumes, in allusion to the fragrance of the smoke of the burning wood.)

220. THUJA GIGANTEA, NUTT.*

GIANT CEDAR, XORTH WESTERN RED CEDAR, PACIFIC ARBOR VITJE,

SHINGLE-WOOD.

Ger., Gigantische Zeder / Fr., Thuya gigantesque • Sp., Cedro

giganteo.

SPECIFIC CHARACTERS: — Leaves decussate, ovate, apiculate, adnate, about 1 in.
long (longer on leading shoots) with free tips, obscurely glandular-pitted
or eglandular, adnate and imbricated in four rows and forming a flat branch-
let about $ in. or a little- less in width. Flowers about 1 line in length, dark
brown, the fertile flowers less numerous and more confined to the extremities of
.the branchlets. Fruit, cones (mature in early autumn) generally clustered near
the ends of the branchlets, about i in. long, strongly reflexed, with the leathery
scales, which are furnished with stout mucros and each of the two or three cen-
tral pairs of scales bears 2 or 3 seeds which are about % in. long and rather
shorter than the wings,

(The specific name is the Latin for gigantic, appropriately applying to the stat-
ure of the tree.)

This tree, by far the stateliest representative of the genus, attains
the height of 200 ft. (60 m.) with a confusion of short, horizontal an I
geotropic branches forming a narrow pyramidal head. Seeming quite
out of proportion to the amount of its foliage is its massive trunk,
sometimes 15 or 18 ft. (50 m.) in diameter at its strongly buttressed
base and tapering gradually to its steeple-like summit. The bark of
trunk is thin, of a reddish-brown color and fissured into long strips
and fibrous ridges.

HABITAT. — This tree is distributed from southern Alaska southward
along the coast to Mendocino, California, and eastward to the western
slopes of the continental divide, thriving best on the low bol torn-lands
near the coast and attaining its largest size in western Washington and
Oiegon. Being scattered among other trees, it rarely forms exclusive
tracts of forest.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES. — Wood very light, soft, not strong, of
rather coarse grain, splitting with facility, exceedingly durable in con-
tact with the soil, easily worked, and yielding a smooth surface. It

* Thuja plicata, Don.

46 HOUGH'S* AMERICAN WOODS.

is of a rich reddish-brown color with nearly white sap wood. Specific
Gravity, 0.3796; Percentage of Ash, 0. IT; Relative Approximate
fuel Value, 0.3790; Coefficient of Elasticity, 103372; Modulus of
Rupture, 749; Resistance to Longitudinal Pressure, 450; Resistance
to Indentation, 70; Weight of a Cubic Foot in Pounds, 23.66.

USES. — A valuable wood for interior finishing, for doors, window-
sashes, etc., for fences and general construction purposes; but the
chief use to which it is applied is the manufacture of shingles, for
which its wonderful durability gives it special value.

NOTE. — While in the State of Washington in December, 1899, I
was told that there were at that time one hundred and fifty-eight
shingle mills in that state in operation making shingles of this wood
and turning out thousands of car-loads annually.

It is not entirely the standing timber which is being used in this
industry, but largely the trunks of the fallen monarchs which may
have lain many decades on the ground, indeed, some so long that large
forest trees have grown above them.

I photographed one of these prostrate trunks on top of which a
hemlock tree (Tsuga heretophylla) was growing with trunk 2ft. in
diameter and its great roots extended down on both sides of the cedar
log. Then to determine the age of the hemlock, which had recently
died as the result of forest fires, we cut into it and counted its annual
rings. We found one hundred and thirty. No knowing how long
the cedar may have lain there before the hemlock seed fell upon it
and commenced germination. In all probability the cedar must have
fallen about one hundred and fifty years ago and yet its trunk is in such
sound condition that most of it has recently been made into shingles.

GENUS PINUS^ TOURNEFORT.

Leaves evergreen, needle-shaped, from slender buds, in clusters of 2-5 together,
each cluster invested at its base with a sheath of thin, membranous scales. Flowers
appearing in spring, monoecious. Sterile flowers in catkins, clustered at the base
of the shoots of the season; stamens numerous with very short filaments and a
scale-like connective; anther cells. 2, opening lengthwise; pollen grains triple.
Fertile flowers in conical or cylindrical spikes — cones — consisting of imbricated,
carpellary scales, each in the axil of a persistent bract and bearing at its base
•within a pair of inverted ovules. Fruit maturing in the autumn of the second
year, a cone formed of the imbricated carpellary scales, which are woody, often
thickened or awned at the apex, persistent, when ripe dry and spreading each to
liberate two nut-like and usually winged seeds; cotyledons 3-12, linear.

(Pinus is a Latin word from Celtic pin or pen, a crag.)

221. PlNUS MONTICOLA MOUNTAIN WHITE PlNE. 47

221. PINUS MONTICOLA, DOUGL.
MOUNTAIN WHITE PINE.

Ger., Gebirgige weisze Flchte; Fr., Pin llano de montagne; Sp.,
Pino bianco de los 'monies.

SPECIFIC CHARACTERS : — Leaves in clusters of 5 each, vested at first in a sheath
of scales, but which is soon deciduous, thick, rigid, glaucous, from 1| to 4 in.
long, serrulate, with rows of central and sometimes also dorsal stomata and con-
taining a single fibro- vascular bundle and usually 2 dorsal resin ducts; branch-
lets rather stout, tough, and rusty pubescent the first season but finally glabrous.
/77ot0ersstaminateoval, about | in. long and surrounded by eight involucal scales;
anthers knobed or crested; pistillate flowers erect and in clusters at the tips of
branchlets, oblong-cyiindric, about | in. in length and with stout peduncles which
hear long-pointed, conspicuously keeled scales persisting during the season.
Fruit cones cylindrical, pointed and generally curved, from 5-11 in. long, light
green and pendulous the second season, with stout incurved peduncles 1-1^ in.
long; scales thin, from 1-1| in. long by about f in. in width, slightly thickened and
smooth towards the small darker colored umbo at the apex. Tlie cones, after hav-
ing opened and liberated their seeds, in the autumn ot the second season, fall
during the following winter, the exposed portion of the scales being then light
brown and the rest dark reddish brown; seeds about ^ in. long, pale brown,
somewhat pointed and furnished with a wing f to 1 in. in length: cotyledons 6-9.

(The specific name, monticola, is from two Latin words, mews, mountain, and
colo, I dwell,' designating the tree as a mountain dweller.

The Mountain White Pine occasionally attains the height of 150 ft.
(45 m.) with a straight columnar trunk 6 or 8 ft. (2 m.) in diameter,
vested in a dark bark fissured lengthwise into firm, scaly ridges more
or less broken by cross fissures.

HABITAT. — From British Columbia southward to northern Mon-
tana and Idaho, where it is quite abundant, thence southward along
the Cascade and coast ranges of Washington and Oregon and both
slopes of the Sierra Nevada mountains, where it attains its greatest
dimensions at an altitude of about 16,000 ft., and finds its southern-
most point of distribution in Tulare Co., CaL

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES. — Wood very light, soft, not strong, not
durable in contact with the soil, with close grain, not very resinous,
easily worked. It is of a light reddish or brownish buff color with
lighter sap-wood. Specific Gravity, 0.3908; Percentage of Ash,
0.23; Relative Approximate Fuel Value, 0.3899; Coefficient of
Elasticity, 95038; Modulus of Rupture, 609; Resistance to Longi-
tudinal Pressure, 334; Resistance to Indentation > 67; Weight of a
Cubic Foot in Pounds, 24.35.

USES. — This tree yields a valuable lumber of superior working
qualities, suitable for the various uses to which the eastern Wiiite
Pine is applied, though not considered as valuable a timber as that of
the eastern species.

48 HOUGH'S AMERICAN WOODS.

222. PINUS ATTENUATA, LEMMON.
KNOB-CONE PINE, NAKROW-CONE PINE.

Ger., Fichte mit engen Zapfen; Fr., Pin de cones etroites; Sp. ,
Pino de conos angostos.

SPECIFIC CHARACTERS: — Leaves in clusters of three each, usually 3-5 in. in
length, rather stout, rigid, stomatiferous on all sides, with sharp callous tips,
serrate edges, and containing two fibro- vascular bundles and two to five paren-
chymatous resin ducts; each fascicle invested at its base with a close sheath, white
and loose at margin, about ^ in. in length at first but gradually shorter. Flowers
staminate in elongated cylindrical orange-brown spikes, |-£ in. long and sur-
rounded at base by six slightly'fringed involucal bracts; pistillate in oblong spikes
about ^ in. in length in verticils of . from 2-6 about the shoot of the year, and
raised on short peduncles which are covered with brown fimbricated scarious
bracts; the scales of the catkin terminate in long, slender points. Erect at first,
these young cones gradually incline outwards and finally at maturity down-
wards. Fruit, cones, 3-6 in. long, l£-2 in. thick, of a pale brown color at
first, elongated-conical, taper-pointed, very oblique and strongly reclined in whorls
about the stem; die scales of the inner side being quite flat and armed with a
weak incurved prickle, while those of the outer side are furnished with prominent
transversely ridged knobs which are tipped with a wide-based incurved prickle.
The cones are closed and adhere to the trunk and branches many years, finally
becoming gray in color. The narrow tapering bases enables the newly forming
wood to gradually encroach upon the cones and some finally become entirely
enveloped by the wood The seeds are black, compressed, about 3 lines in length
and furnished with lustrous light brown wings £-!£ in. long, widest above the
middle.

(The specific name, attenuata, is the Latin for made thin, and refers to the
narrow cones.)

The Knob-cone Pine is generally a small tree, occasionally attaining
the height of 60 or TO ft. (20 m.) and with a trunk 2 ft. (0.60 m.) in
diameter, but generally not more than half the above dimensions and
often fruiting when not more than four or five ft. in height. It has a
rather narrow and irregularly pyramidal head of sparse foliage, the
main branches being scattered and irregular and the main stem some-
times dividing near the summit into two or three perpendicular
branches. The bark of old trunks is of a purple-brown color,
weathering to grayish on the surface, and deeply fissured into thick,
irregular plates and ridges which exfoliate in small friable scales.

Its most striking peculiarity is the great quantity of long and
narrow cones which persist for many years in whoils about its
branches and scattered along its trunk.

HABITAT. — Southwestern Oregon and southward along the western
slopes of the Sierra Nevada mountains and the coast ranges to the
San Bernardino mountains, only abundant in places and seeming to
love the sun-baked slopes where few if any other trees can maintain
an existence. It is most abundant and attains its largest size in the
northern part of its range where it forms some tracts of open forest.

222. PlNUS ATTENUATA KNOB-CONE PlNE. 49

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES. — Wood rather soft and light, not strong,
quite resinous and with conspicuous resin-ducts. It is of a light
yellowish-brown color, often tinted with red and abundant lighter
sap-wood. Specific Gravity, 0.3499; Percentage of Ash, 0.33;
Relative Approximate Fuel Value, 0.3487; Coefficient of Elasticity,
4-2 s 70; Modulus of Rupture, 409; Resistance to Longitudinal Pres-
?<"/'<:, 263; Resistance to Indentation, 86; Weight of a Cubic Foot in
Pounds, 21.81.

USES. — Amid the wealth of better woods of the Pacific slope little
use is made of this inferior timber save for fuel.

MEDICINAL PROPERTIES are doubtless only those common to the
genus and noted of the P. palustris, Part V, p. 52.

NOTE. — In considering this tree we cannot refrain from wondering
what may be Nature's plan in keeping its seeds sealed so long, often
for a half century or more in its closed cones. Many of them are not
liberated during the lifetime of the tree, and when 'the cones become
wholly enveloped by the wood of the trunk it is not until the decay
of the trunk even that they are finally liberated, and, strangely, after
this long period of concealment they have been found to be fertile,
whereas the seeds of the deciduous-cone pines scarcely retain their
fertility it is said for more than two years.

Many of the seeds of this species never have an opportunity to
germinate on account of the larvae of insects which infest the cones
and eat them. These grubs in the cones are dainty morsels for the
wood-peckers and hence it is that many of the cones have large holes
drilled into them by these hard-working birds.

GENUS TSUGA, CARRI^RE.

Leaves petiolate and articulated on permanent bases, flat in most species,
appearing two-ranked, whitened-beneath, with a single dorsal resin-duct, ever-
green. Flowers in early summer, monoecious ; the sterile sub-globose
clusters of stamens from the axils of the leaves of the previous year, the stipes
surrounded by numerous bud-scales ; anthers tipped with a short spur or knob
and cells opening transversely by a continuous slit ; fertile aments terminal on
the branchlets of the previous year, erect, bracts somewhat shorter than the
scales. Fruit, pendulous cones maturing the first year ; scales thin and persistent
on the axis ; bracts short, inclosed ; seeds with resin vesicles on the surface and
wing finally breaking oft' ; cotyledons three-five or six.

Genus consists of trees of few species with slender and often drooping terminal
branchlets. Tsuga is the Japanese name of one of the representatives of the
genus.

50 HOUGH'S AMERICAN WOODS.

223. TSUGA HETEROPHYLLA, SARG.*
WESTERN HEMLOCK.

Ger., Westliclie Tanne ; Fr., Peruclie occidental' Sp., Abeto

occidental.

SPECIFIC CHARACTERS : — Leaves, linear, flat, from^-f in. long, rather less than a
line in width, rounded at apex, abruptly tapering at the base to a slender petiole,
entire or spinulose-serrulate towards the tip, grooved and lustrous dark green
above and with white bands of stomata beneath; branchlets pale brown, very
slender and rough with the persistent bases of the petioles ; leaf-buds small,
about fa in. long, bright brown, puberulous. Flowers staminate yellow, about
| in. in length and rather shorter than the slender stipe, pollen grains discoidal :
pistillate flowers purple, about ^ in. long and terminating the small branchlets.
Fruit cones sessile, oblong-cylindrical when closed, f-1 in. in length and with
thin scales slightly puberulous outside and light reddish brown at maturity ;
branchlets small, rounded or acute at apex, dark purple, puberulous ; seeds
about £ in. long, with narrow wing two or three times as long and occasional oil
vesicles ; cotyledons f .

The Western Hemlock is the largest representative of its genus,
sometimes attaining the height of 200 ft. (60 m.), and a diameter of
trunk of 8 or 10 ft. (3 m.). It forms a rather narrow pyramidal top
of gracefully sweeping branches and slender drooping branchlets.
The bark is very similar to that of the eastern species, being on old
trunks of a chocolate-brown color, deeply fissured into prominent
longitudinal and obliquely connecting ridges and exfoliating in thick -
ish irregular scales.

HABITAT. — From southeastern Alaska, where it surpasses all other
forest trees in size, southward nearly to San Francisco and eastward
to the western slopes of the continental divide. It is most abundant
and luxurious in the humid region along the coast from sea-level up
to an altitude of about 2,000 ft., being most abundant in western
Washington, Oregon and British Columbia. Farther inland it ascends
to an altitude of 6-8,000 ft. on favorable slopes.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES. — Wood light, rather hard and tough, close-
grained, susceptible of a good polish, of a pale, yellowish -brown color
with lighter sap-wood. Specific Gravity, 0.5182; Percentage of A*h,
0.42; Relative Approximate Fuel Value, 0.5160; Coefficient of Elas-
ticity, 137483 ; Modulus of Rupture, 909 ; Resistance to Longitudi-
nal Pressure, 547; Resistance to Indentation, 101; Weight of a
Cubic Foot in Pounds, 32.39.

USES. — Lumber made from this tree is more easily worked, stronger
and more durable than that furnished by our eastern Hemlock, and it
is used to considerable extent in house-building and for general con-

* Tsuga mertaisiana, authors, not Carr.

224. ABIES GRANDIS — GREAT SILVER FIR. 51

struction purposes, though its merits do not seem to be generally
appreciated — probably on account of the poor reputation of its east-
ern relative. It will doubtless come into far greater prominence as
the supply of firs and redwoods becomes more reduced. It furnishes
a very good pulp for paper-making and its bark, which is richer in
tannin than that of the eastern species, is considered the best bark for
tanning purposes produced in the forests of Oregon, "Washington and
British Columbia. The inner bark of this tree possesses nutritive value. *

GENUS ABIES, LINK.

Leaves sessile, short, solitary, usually more or less flattened and entire, with
circular and not prominent bases, often emarginate, more or less two-ranked
especially on the horizontal branches and young trees by a twist near the base,
bearing stoinata usually only below, with two resin ducts; branchlets smooth,
bearing the more or less circular not prominent leaf scars Flowers from the
axils of last year's leaves ; the staminate borne in abundance along the under
side of the branchlets, oblong or cylindrical, with short stipes surrounded by
numerous bud-scales ; anther-cells two, extrorse, opening transversly, the con-
nective terminating in a knob ; pollen grains large with two air sacs ; pistillate
flowers erect, with bracts larger than the scales ; ovules two, adnate to the inner
side of each scale near the base. Cones erect upon the upper branches and matur-
ing the first year, sessile, nearly cylindrical, with numerous spirally arranged,
imbricated, carpellary scales, each in the axil of a thin membranous bract which
with the scale falls away at maturity from the persistent axis ; seed covered with
resin- vesicles and each bearing a membranous wing, the base of which covers
the outer and laps over upon the inner surface ; cotyledons 4 to 10.

Trees of about sixteen or eighteen species, generally of remarkable pyramidal
growth, confined to the northern hemisphere of both continents and represented
in the United States by nine species mostly on the Pacific Slope. (Abies is the
ancient Latin name of the Fir.)

224. ABIES GRANDIS, LINDL.
GREAT SILVER FIR.

Ger., Grosze Tanne ; Fr., Sapin grand ; Sp., Abeto grande.

SPECIFIC CHARACTERS : — Leaces lustrous dark green, with deep central groove
above, and two silvery white stomatose bands beneath, rather thin and flexible,
those of the sterile branches ^ in. long and about £ in. broad, widely two-ranked,
conspicuously emarginate at apex ; leaves of the cone-bearing branchlets more
crowded, somewhat shorter, rather erect on the upper side of the branchlet
than two-ranked, and notched or bluntly pointed at apex ; those on young shoots
acute at apex ; winter buds globose, \ in. or less in length and copiously resin-
coated ; branchlets rather slender and puberalous the first season. Flowers
staminate oblong, i-| in. in length with pale yellow anthers ; pistillate cylindri-
cal, slender, f-l in. long and ^ in. thick, with light yellowish green scales having
reflexed tips. Fruit, cones, cylindrical, from 2-4 in. long and 1-1| in. thick,
rounded and often retuse at apex with bright green and puberulous scales aver-
aging about 1 in. in. width and two-thirds as wide, abruptly narrowing from
the broad apex ; bracts included, scarcely half as long as the scale, obcordate,
laciniate and generally with a short mucro ; seeds f in. long, brown, with pale
brown wings ^-| in. long, and nearly as broad near the rounded end.

The specific name, grandis, the Latin for great, is descriptive of the grand
stature of the tree.

* For an interesting account of this curious food and the process of preparation see Sargent's
Silva XI. p. 93. yote.

52 HOUGH'S AMERICAN WOODS.

This beautiful and stately tree sometimes attains the height of 300
ft. (90 m.) with short and sometimes pendulous branches forming a
narrow irregular pyramidal head. It has a straight, columnar trunk,
from 4 to 6 ft. (1.50 in.) in diameter, vested in a dark-brown bark,
fissured lengthwise into quite regular, firm ridges which break away
in thick, irregular fragments. The bark of younger trunks is much
thinner, of a pale-gray color and bearing numerous resin-blisters.

HABITAT. — rFrom British Columbia southward to Mendocino Co.,
Cal., and eastward to the western slopes of the continental divide in
Montana, but in southern Oregon and northern California not extend-
ing many miles inland from the coast. It attains its greatest dimen-
sions in the alluvial bottom-lands near the coast, but is found along
streams and on moist slopes to an altitude of from 5,000 to 7,000 ft.,
never anywhere forming exclusive forests but scattered among the
Giant Cedars, Douglas and Tideland Spruces, Redwoods and other
trees of its range.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES. — Wood very light, soft, not strong or dur-
able, coarse grainj easily worked and yielding a very smooth, satiny
surface. It is of a very light, yellowish-brown color, with lighter
sap-wood. Specific Gravity, 0.3545; Percentage of 'Ash, 0 .49 ; Rela-
tive Approximate Fuel Value, 0.3528; Coefficient of Elasticity,
95838; Modulus of Rupture, 494; Resistance to Longitudinal Pres-
sure, 391; Resistance to Indentation: 51; Weight of a Cubic Fool in
Pounds, 22.09.'

USES. — The wood of this tree is occasionally manufactured into
lumber for interior finishing, boxes, casks, etc., but hitherto has been
little valued as compared with the Douglas Spruce, Giant Cedar, etc.,
which grow in abundance with it.

MEDICINAL PROPERTIES so far as known, are only those of the
balsam which may be gathered from the blisters in the bark of the
younger trunks.

225. ABIES NOBILIS, LIXDL.
NOBLE FIR, OREGON "LARCH."

Ger., Erlauchte Tanne; Fr., Sapin noble; Sp., Aljeto noble.

SPECIFIC CHARACTERS: — Leaves glaucous blue-green, on the fertile upper
branches thick, incurved, erect, nearly equally 4-sided and crowded upon the
upper side of the branchlets, those of the under side by ft twist and curve at their
bases, with a distinct central groove above, keeled beneath, stomatiferous both
sides, with fibrovasrular bundle central and resin ducts close to th? epidermis of
the lower side, the leaves of the sterile branches flattish, slightly notched at apex,
from 1-U in. long, less crowded than th«»S" of the fertile branchlets; winter buds
about -J in. long, with acute reddish brown scales, and thickly resin-coated;

ABIES NOBILIS — NOBLE FIR, OREGON a LARCH." 53

branchlets rather slender, puberulous. Flowers statninate cylindrical, |-1 in.
long, sessile at first, but finally suspended on slender pedicels about £ in. long;
pistillate flowers cylindrical, erect upon the branchlets, 1-1| in. long and about
I in. thick, with scales much smaller than their bracts which are reflexed, and
with long slender tips. Fruit cones cylindrical-oblong, from 6-8 in. long and 2-3
in. thick, rounded at apex and almost covered by the large, much exserted and
strongly reflexed pale green bracts which are spatulate with fimbriated margin
and broad midrib extended into a long point; scales somewhat broader than long,
rounded at apex; seeds about 1 in. in length, slender and furnished with a
cuneate tri-angular wing about i in. in length.

(The specific name, nobilis, Latin for noble, is given in apt allusion to the noble
stature of this majestic fir.)

The Noble Fir, under favorable conditions, attains the height of
250 or 275 ft. (80 m.), with comparatively short branches and massive
columnar trunk 6 or 8 ft. (2 m.) in diameter, clothed with a reddish-
brown bark, fissured lengthwise into flat, scaly ridges. The young
trees, under 75 or 100 ft. in height, have a habit of quite regular
pyramidal growth with branches longest at the ground and successively
shorter to the pointed summit.

HABITAT. — The Cascade and Coast ranges from northern Washing-
ton southward to the valley of the McKinzie River in Oregon, very
abundant and attaining its largest size in northwestern Oregon between
the altitudes of 2,000 and 5,000 ft., there being in places the principal
forest tree.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES. — The Noble Fir wood is light, strong,
rather hard, of close grain, and of a very light yellow-brown color
witli lighter sap-wood. Specific Gravity, 0.4561; Percentage of Ash,
0.34; Relative Approximate Fuel Value, 0.4545; Coefficient of Elas-
fir'fty, 127660; .J/W/////* of Rupture, 862; Resistance to Longitudi-
nal Pressure, 453; Resistance to Indentation, 120; Weight of a
( hibic Foot in Pounds, 28.42.

I'SKS. — Quite extensively used in the manufacture of lumber for
interior finishing, ceilings, boxes, etc. , for which it is excellent. It is
a tree of markejl value for ornamental purposes, and is being success-
fully and quite extensively planted in Europe. It is not as well
adapted to the climate of our eastern states, though it is occasionally
grown.

NOTE. — Those unfamiliar with the magnificent stately firs of the
Pacific slope, as we see them in their native forests, may be interested
in knowing the dimensions of the particular tree from which our wood-
sections were taken, and what became of the rest of the tree. It grew
on the lumber tract of the Bridal Veil Lumber Co., located at Bridal
Yeil, Oregon, and for convenience and economy of operations this-
compam has few equals.

54 HOUGH'S AMERICAN WOODS.

Our tree was not by any means one of the largest of its kind, but it
was considered by the lumbermen as a u f air " tree. Its extreme
height was 254 ft. ; lowest branches, 176 ft from the ground; diame-
ter of trunk, 4 ft. from the ground, 63 in. This trunk was as clear
and shapely as a mast, and from it eight logs sixteen feet long and
one thirty-two feet long were cut. The upper end of the top-most
log (160 ft. from the ground) was 35 in. in diameter, and just above
this the material for our wood -sections was taken.

A powerful "donkey" engine hauled the logs through the forest,
with such power that a road for them was unnecessary, until they
were deposited at the head of a trough-like chute. They were then
rolled into it and down it they slid with awful momentum and plunge
into a pond below. Here they were denuded of bark on one side,
floated to the logging railroad which terminated on the bank of the
pond, and were " dogged " together end to end. A locomotive was
then coupled to them — a chain of logs — to drag them to the saw-mill
some miles below. They were promptly hauled out of the water and
along over the ties at the rate of ten or twelve miles per hour, the rails
of the road keeping them from leaving the track, to the saw-mill.
There the nine logs were sawn into just 18,142 ft. of magnificent clear
lumber, and the boards were floated in a flume to the planing mills
and kilns at the railroad station in the valley below. After treatment
there the lumber, in the form of the nicest kiln-dried planed and
matched ceiling, was loaded onto the cars and shipped to market.*

* This record was kindly kept and furnished to me by Mr. Harry L. Bradley of the Bridal Veil
JLumber Co., whose courtesy and kindness I hereby gratefully acknowledge.

INDEX.

Abeto grande . ..

No.
994

Page.
51

Crataegus

No.

Page.
30

noble

?-9,o

59

douglasii

910

30

Occidents,! • • . .

993

50

var. rivularis

30

Abies ,

51

rivularis

30

ornndis

994

51

Cupressus .

43

nobilis . .

9,9,5

52

wiacncibicincL

919

43

AccLcict .. ....... ...

25

CUPULIFERiE

36

decuTrcns

906

25

Cypres de MacNab

91P

43

verda ....

9,06

25

Cypresse von MacNab

9,19

43

vert

906

25

919

4a

9,06

25

A.CQT

20

Eiche von Engelmann . . .

9,15

37

908

20

MacDonald . .

9,16

3S

9,18

41

Erable de Vigne

903

21

A.lder Oregon . .

917

40

Erie Oregonische

917

40

Red

917

40

Esche, Lederblattrige

919

33-

917

40

Eucalyptus

31

•\l II HS

40

Tostrata

911

32

oregona ,

917

40

Tubra

40

Fichte, Gebiergige weisze. . . .

991

47

Arbor Vitss Pacific

990

45

mit engen Zapfen

999,

48

Arce de vid

908

21

Fir Great Silver

994

51

Aniie d'Ore^on

917

40

Noble

9,95

52

919

33

Flieder, Slider

909

1£

FTCLXIHUS

33

BETULACE^E

39

velutina . .

9,1 9

33

Bial .

911

32

Frene a feuilles de cuir

919

33

Birch Family

39

Fresno de hoias de cuero

919

33

Blaueiche . . .

9,14

36

Blueblossom Southern

909

19

Gebirgspaloverde

904

23

Buckthorn Family .

18

Go ma colorada

911

32

911

39

Ceanothus

18

Grevillea . .

35

sorediatus

909

19

Tobustd ...

913

35

spinosus

901

19

robuste

913

35

990

45

Starke

913

35

Northwestern Red ....

990

45

Gum, Red

911

32

Cedro giganteo

990

45

Gymnospermse

43

Cerezo de hojas pelosas

908

28

Cerisier a feuilles velues

908

98

Haw, Black

910

30

Chene blau

914

36

Western

°10

30-

Engelmann

915

37

Hemlock Western

998

50

de MacDonald . ....

916

38

Holzapfel Oregonische

°09

29

Cherry, Woollv-leaf Bitter....

908

98

Horse Bean , Small-leaf

904

33

Cipres de MacNab

91 q

43

Ciruelo silvestre de California,

907

97

9

CONIFERS

43

I

Cosse de vis

905

24

Kirsche Haarigblattrige

°08

28

9,18

41

Crab Apple, Oregon. .

209

29

" Larch." Oresron .

225

52

56

INDEX.

LEGUMINOS^E

Lilac meridional . .
Lilas meridional .

Manzano silvestre de Oregon,

Maple, Vine.

Mesquite, Screw-pod

MYRTACE.-E

Myrte, Dornige

espineuse

Myrtle, Dark-leaf

Family

Redwood

Spiny

Myrto espinosa

No. Page.
... 22
202 19

202 19

209 29

203 20
205 24
... 31

19
19
19
81
19
19
19

201
201
203

201
201
201

Oak, Blue 214 36

California Eock 214 36

Engelrnann . . 215 37

Family 36

MacDbnald . . ! 216 38

Silky 213 27

OLEACE^E 33

Olive Family 33

Palo Verde de montagne 204 23

m on tana 204 23

Mountain , 204 23

Pappel, Schwarze 218 41

Parkinsonia 22

microphylla 204 23

Peru che occidental 223 50

Peuplier noir 218 41

Pflaume, Californische 207 27

Pin blanc de montagne 221 47

Pin de cones etroites 222 48

Pine Family 43

Knob-cone ... 222 48

Mountain White 221 47

Narrow-cone 222 48

Pino bianco de los montes 221 47

de conos angostos 222 48

Finns 46

attenuata 222 48

monticola 221 47

Plum, Pacific 207 27

Wild 207 27

Pomier sauvage d'Oregon 209 29

Populus 41

trichocarpa 218 41

Prosopis 23

odorata 205 24

pubescens 24

PROTEACEJE. . 34

No. Page.

Protea Family 34

Prune sauvage de Calif ornie. . 207 27
Primus 26

emarginata,var. mollis, . . .

villosa

mollis 208

subcordata 207

Pulse Family

Pyrus

rivularis.. . 209

28
28
28
27
22
29
29

Quercus 3(5

douglasii 214 36

Engelmann 215 37

macdonaldi 216 38

Rebenahorn 203 20

RHAMNACE^: 18

Roble azul . . . 214 36

de Engelmann 215 37

MacDouald 216 38

ROSACEJE 26

Rose Family 26

Rothgumi 211 32

SALICACE.E 41

SAPINDACE^E 20

Sapin grand 224 51

noble 225 52

Schraubenhiilse 205 24

Screwbean 205 24

Shingle-wood 220 45

Soapberry Family 20

Tanne, Grosze . 224 51

Erlauchte

. 225 52
50

Westliche 223

Thorn, Black 210 30

Green 202 19

Thuja

44
45
plicata 45

gigantea 220

Thuya gigantesque 220

Tornillo 205

Tsuga

heterophylla 223

mertensiana

43
24
49
50
50

Wattle, Black 206 25

Green 206 25

Willow Family 41

Zeder, Gigantische 220 45

TREE STUDIES.

SERIES A:— TREES AND THEIR BARKS.
SERIES B:- LEAVES, FLOWERS, FRUITS AND BUDS.

ROMEYX B. HOUGH, B. A.

ANNOUNCEMENT.

As it has been made the writer's individual duty to gather the woods
for the specimens used in the publication of i i AMERICAN WOODS, ' ' in
order that he may be able to vouch for their authenticity, an unusual
opportunity is presented him for the observation of our various trees
in their native homes. He visits them for the purpose of their
acquaintance, and carries with him a camera that he may secure pic-
tures of such individuals as best show specific character in habit of
growth, nature of bark, etc. — for trees indicate identity in these
respects far more than the casual observer suspects, and it becomes a
fascinating study to observe them.

The result is the acquisition of a series of pictures of rare value in
the study of tree life. They are of such interest that plans have been
made for their publication in the form of artistic photogravures, which
represent the original photographs the most perfectly of any process
known to the art of printing.

The size of the photogravures is about 7 by 9 inches. They are
mounted on dark gray — " maltese " — mats about 10 by 13 inches in
size and fully labeled with all necessary data. These plates will be
issued in sets or Parts of twenty-five each and in two forms, viz: as
bound quarto volumes and as neatly encased portfolios, the plates
in the latter being separable, for the greater convenience of com-
parison and classification. The intention is to cover the native and
naturalized trees of the United States in the series, as is the case with
AMERICAN WOODS, and a large number of the negatives required for the
work are already in hand. Their publication will be commenced as
soon as the subscriptions received justify the final expense of issuing,
and the work will then be pushed as rapidly as possible to completion.
Parties interested are respectfully requested to fill in and return the

accompanying order blank and the work will be supplied to them
serially as promptly as issued.

TREK STUDIES will be brought out in two series as follows:

SERIES A: -TREES AND THEIR BARKS.

The trees selected for these pictures are as far as possible isolated
individuals, which, having had abundant light on all sides, have there-
fore had free opportunity of growth according to innate tendency.
Care is taken to select such trees as are fully mature and yet not old
enough to have become decrepit by the loss of branches or otherwise.
Such trees show a more or less regular and characteristic symmetry of
contour, ramification of branches, etc., which features are well brought
out in these pictures.

To convey an idea as to size care is taken to have an object of
comparatively known size appear in the field — generally a man, but
sometimes lounging cattle or other objects serve the purpose. The
deciduous trees ,are generally represented each by two pictures, one
showing it in leaf and the other without leaves. The evergreen trees
are generally shown each by a single picture, but sometimes by two,
one showing a forest-grown tree and the other a tree growing in the
open.

While these pictures portray the tree as plainly the main object,
they also show something of its natural surroundings, and rare bits of
scenery are sometimes shown in the background. When these settings
are of importance they are mentioned in the labeling; thus adding
not a little of geographic interest to the pictures.

The bark pictures are made with the camera placed near the trunk
of the tree so as to show detail as well as possible, and for a standard
of measurement a one-foot rule is fastened upon the trunk.

Each plate is made up of the one or two pictures of the tree, as
the case may be, and the view of the bark. It is fully labeled with
technical and common names, mention of the locality where the tree
was photographed, objects of importance in the scene and such other
data as may be of interest.

SERIES B:- LEAVES, FLOWERS, FRUITS AND BUDS.

In these pictures we have, after a great deal of study and experi-
ment, quite surpassed our fondest expectations, and they have elicted
the strongest expressions of approval from their critics. Such detail,
as of nature of surface, etc. , is shown that a magnifier is often found
of service in examining them, quite as though we were examining the
real objects, and specific distinctions are just as perfectly observable
in them. They are made from freshly gathered specimens, even

before their wilting, and the entire collection represents the subjects
as we see them in nature far better than do pressed herbarium
specimens.

A unique and original standard of comparison is made use of in
these pictures, which enables one to tell at a glance the size of the
object, however much it may be enlarged or reduced in the picture.
This is essential for the greatest educative value of the picture, as
objects of all sizes are brought together into plates of uniform size,
but the natural size of the object is at once apparent by the back-
ground, which serves as a uniform standard of measurement.

In showing the flowers an entire flower cluster is represented in situ
upon the branchlet, and the same is true of the fruit, parts of both
being shown enlarged when necessary to bring out characters of
specific distinction. The leaves are shown attached to the brachlets
in both of the above pictures if to be found at the seasons when they
are made, the more unusual forms being shown by detached speci-
mens, or by an additional negative in case of such leaves as do not
attain full growth until after the maturity of the fruit. The winter
buds, by which we are able to distinguish most of our trees in winter,
are shown on branchlets, generally of the entire previous season's
growth, by a separate negative.

Prints from all the above negatives pertaining to a species are
gathered together in the make-up of a single plate, which is labeled
with technical and common names, the season of blossoming and
maturing of fruit, and such other data as may be of importance.

With the aid of these plates the positive identification of our
various trees is made a very easy matter, even for a bright school
child, without the use of botanical descriptions.

THE PRICE OF "TREE STUDIES " IS AS FOLLOWS.

In Cloth Binding, ....... -S3. 00 per Part.

In Half Morocco Binding, ..... &5.OO per Part.

It is the same whether bound in volumes or in portfolios.

When both Series A and B are ordered a discount of 10% is
allowed on both.

We are prepared to furnish stereopticon views of any of the sub-
jects of our plates at 50 cents each, or in quantities of twenty-five or
more at 40 cents each. Prices of contract -print photographs, trans-
parencies and enlargements — especially appropriate for school-room
display — quoted on request with statement of the size desired.

Address, ROMEYN B. HOUGH,

LOWVILLE, N". Y.

201. CEANOTHUS SPINOSUS, Nutt

Redwood Myrtle, Spiny Myrtle-

TRANSVERSE SECTION.

RADIAL SECTION,

TANGENTIAL SECTION

Ger. Dornige Myrte.

Myrte espineuse,

Sp- Myrto espinosa,

ids oy Romvyn 8. Houjh, B. A,,

201, CEANOTHUS SP1NOSUS, Nutt

Redwood Myrtle , Spiny My

TRANSVERSE SECTION.

RADIAL SECTION

! '

TANGENTIAL SECTION

Ger. Dornige Myrte. fr. Myrte espineuse,

Sp. Myrto espinosa.

PuolitHcd and Sections mad* oy Rom*yn B. Hough, 6. A., Lowv

202. CEANOTHUS SOREDIATUS- H.&A

Southern Blueblossom, Green Thorn,

TRANSVERSE SECTION

RADIAL SECTION,

o

TANGENTIAL SECTION

Ger. Suder Flieder, FT. Li

5;?. Lilac meridional,

Fr. Lilas meridional,

202. CEANOTHUS SOREDIATUS- H.&A

Southern Blueblossom, Green Thorn.

TRANSVERSE SECTION

RADIAL SECTION,

ANGENTIAL SECTION

Ger. Siider Flieder.

Cfc

Fr. Lilas me

Sp. Lilac meridional.

203, ACER CIRCINATUM, Pursh

Vine Maple.

TRANSVERSE SECTION.

RADIAL SECTION,

TANGENTIAL SECTION

Kebenahorn, FT. Erable de vigne.

5;?. Arce de vid.

203. ACER CIRCINATUM, Pursh

Vine Maple,

TRANSVERSE SECTION.

RADIAL SECTION

TANGENTIAL SECTION

Ger. Bebenahorn,

fr. Erable de vigne

5z?. Arce de vid,

<INSONIA MICROPHYLLA, Torn.

Mountain Palo Verde, Small-leaf Horss Bean.

TRANSVERSE SECTION.

9BHBHHHBHIHMH9H

•••HBHMBB

RADIAL SECTION

••i

TANGENTIAL SECTION

Ger. Gebirgspaloverde. FT. Palo Verde de montagne,
5. Palo Verde de montana,

204. PARKINSONIA MICROPHYLLA, Torr.

Mountain Palo Verde, Small-leaf Hors3 Bean.

TRANSVERSE SECTION

RADIAL SECTION

•B

TANGENTIAL SECTION

Ger. Gebirgspaloverde, Fr. Palo Verde d(
5/7. Palo Verde de :

PROSOPIS ODORATA, Torr.&Frem,

Screwbean, Screw-pod Mesquite,

TRANSVERSE SECTION.

RADIAL SECTION.

TANGENTIAL SECTION

Ger. Schraubenlmlse.

Fr. Cosse de vis,

Sp. Tomillo.

205. PROSOPIS ODORATA, Torr.& Frem

Screwbean, Screw-pod Mesquite,

TRANSVERSE SECTION,

RADIAL SECTION

TANGENTIAL SECTION

Cer. Schraubenhiilse,

Fr. Oosse de vii

Sp. Tornillo,

06. ACACIA DECURRENS, Willd

Green Wattle, Black Wattle.

TRANSVERSE SECTION

mpaaaam

RADIAL SECTION.

TANGENTIAL SECTION

Qrune Eurde, /r. Claie verte,

Sp. Zarzo verde.

206. ACACIA DECURRENS, Willd

Green Wattle, Black Wattle.

TRANSVERSE SECTION.

RADIAL SECTION

TANGENTIAL SECTION

Ger. (Jrune '.

•

Sp- Zarzo verde,

PR UN US SUBCORDATA, Benth,

Pacific Plum, Wild Plum-

TftAPtSVERSC 4CCTIOM:

RADIAL »KCTiON

TAH6EM7IAL SECTION

Ger. Californisohe Pflaume. /r. Prune de CWifornie.
5/7. Ciruelo silvestre de California.

207. PRUNUS SUBCORDATA, Benth

Pacific Plum, Wild Plum-

TRANSVERSE SECTION,

RADIAL SECTION

TANGENTIAL SECTION

Cer. Californische Pflaume. FT. Prune de Californie,
Sp. Ciruelo silvestre de California,

OLLIS Walp,

Cherry,

TRANSVERSE SECTION.

RADIAL SECTION.

TANGENTIAL SECTION.

Ger. Eaarir .Cirsche, FT. Cerisier a feuilles velues,

>. Cerezo de hojas pelosas,

208. P

TRANSVERSE SECTION.

RADIAL SECTION.

TANGENTIAL SECTION.

Ger. Haarigblattrige Kirsche, FT. Cerisit

Sp. Oerezo de

09. PYRUS RIVULARIS, Dougl

Oregon Crab or Crab Apple,

, |

M

TRANSVERSE SECTION.

i

•

RADIAL SECTION.

TANGENTIAL SECTION

Ger. Oregonischer Holzapfel. fr. Pommier sauvage d'Oregoru
Sp. Manzano silvestre de Oregon.

209. PYRUS RIVULARIS, Dougl

Oregon Crab or Crab Apple,

TRANSVERSE SECTION

RADIAL SECTION

TANGENTIAL SECTION

Ger. Oregonischer Holzapfel. Fr. Pommier sauvage d'Orego:
Sp. Manzano silvestre de Oregon.

210. CRATAEGUS DOUGLASII, Lindl,

Black Thorn, Western Haw. Black Haw-

•:

TRANSVERSE SECTION

RADIAL SECTION.

TANGENTIAL SECTION

Ger. Schwarze Eagedorn. FT. Aubepine noire*

Sp. Espino negro.

210. CRATAEGUS DOUGLASII, Lindl

Black Thorn, Western Haw, Black Haw-

.

TRANSVERSE SECTION,

RADIAL SECTION.

TANGENTIAL SECTION

Cer. Schwarze Hagedorn* FT. Aubepine noire,

Sp. Espino negro.

EUCALYPTUS ROSTRATA, Schlecht.

Bed Gum, Biall.

TRANSVERSE SECTION

RADIAL SECTION.

TANGENTIAL SECTION

Rothgummi, FT. Gommier rouge,

Sp. Goma colorada.

211. EUCALYPTUS ROSTRATA, Schlecht.

Eed Gum, Biall.

TRANSVERSE SECTION

RADIAL SECTION,

TANGENTIAL SECTION

ler. Rothgummi

inii. FT. Goinmier rouge,

Sp. Goma colorada,

FRAXINUS VELUTINA, Torr.

Leather-leaf Ash,

TRANSVERSE SECTION,

RADIAL SECTION,

TANGENTIAL SECTION

Ger. Lederblattrige Esche, FT. Frene a feuilles de cuir,
Sp. Fresno des hojas de cuero.

232, FRAXINUS VELUTINA, Torr

Leather-leaf Ash.

TRANSVERSE SECTION.

RADIAL SECTION.

TANGENTIAL SECTION

Ger. Lederblattrige Esche, FT. Frene a feuilles de ouir
Sp. Fresno des hqjas de cuero,

5TA Cunn

ilea*

TRANSVERSE SECTION.

RADIAL SECTION.

TANGENTIAL SECTION.

FT- GreviUea robuste.
Grevillea robusta.

213. GREVIL OBUSTA Cunr

TRANSVERSE SECTION.

RADIAL SECTION.

TANGENTIAI

Starke Grevillei

Greville

QUERCUS DOUGLAS!!, H.& A

Blue Oak, California Book Oak.

TRANSVERSE SECTION.

RADIAL SECTION.

TANGENTIAL SECTION

Ger. Blaueiche.

fr. Chene bleu.

Sp. Roble azul.

214. QUERCUS DOUGLASII, H.& A

Blue Oak. California Eock Oak,

TRANSVERSE SECTION.

""•I

RADIAL SECTION.

TANGENTIAL SECTION

Ger. Blaueiche,

r. Chene bleu,

SD. Eoble azul.

QUERGUS ENGELMANNI, Greene,

Sngelmann Oak.

now,

RADIAL SECTION.

TANGENTIAL SECTION

Cer. Eiche von Engelmann. /r. Ch6ne d'Engelmann,
Sp. Roble de Engelmann.

215. QUERCUS ENGELMANNI, Greene,

Engelmann Oak,

TRANSVERSE SECTION.

RADIAL SECTION.

TANGENTIAL SECTION

Ger. Eiche von Engelmann, /r. Chene d'Engelniann
Sp- Roble de Engelmann,

US MACDONALDI, Greene,

j Oak,

TRANSVERSE SECTION.

RADIAL SECTION,

TANGENTIAL SECTION

Ger. Eiche von MacDonald. FT. Ch6ne de MacDonald
Sp. Eoble de MacDonald.

216. QUERCUS MACDONALDI, Greene,

MacDonald .

\

V

TRANSVERSE SECTION

RADIAL SECTION.

TANGENTIAL SECTION

I

I

Ger. Eiche von MacDonald, FT. Chene de Mac
Sp. Boble de MacDonald,

217. ALNUS OREGONA, Nutt

Oregon Alder, Bed Alder.

TRANSVERSE

RADIAL SECT1OJ4,

TANGENTIAL SECTION

Cer. Oregonische Erie, /h Atme dfOregon,
Sp. Aliso de Oregon.

217. ALNUS OREGONA, Nutt

Oregon ,Mder, Red Alder.

RAD I At 84C CTtO N .

Oregonlscli6 Erie, /n Aune d'Oregon,
5^. Aliso de Oregon,

218. POPULUS TRICHOCARPA, T. & G

Black Oottonwood.

HHMHH

.• . , • .- -~

TRANSVERSE SE^TJON.

RADIAL SECTIOW

I

TANGENTIAL SECTION

Ger. Schwarze Pappel, Fr. Peuplier noir,

5^ -Alamo negro,

218. POPULUS TRICHOCARPA, T. & G

Black Cottonwood.

TANGENTIAL SECTION

•

Ger. Schwarze Pappel,

Fr. Peuplier no:

5/7 -Alamo negro,

219. CUPRESSUS MACNABIANA, Murr,

Macnab Cypress,

TRANSVERSE SECTION

RADIAL SECTION

TANGENTIAL SECTION

Ger. Oypresse von Macnab, FT. Oypres de Maenad
5;?. Cipres de Macnab,

219. CUPRESSUS MACNABIANA, Mu

Macnab Cypress,

TRANSVERSE SECTION.

RADIAL SECTION

TANGENTIAL SECTION

Ger. Cypresse von Macnab, FT, Cypres de Ma<
Sp. Cipres de Macnab,

THUJA GIGANTEA, Nutt.

Cedar, Northwestern Ked Cedar, Shingle- wood,

TRANSVERSE SECTION.

RADIAL SECTION

TANGENTIAL SECTION

ler. Gigantische Zeder, Fr. Thuya gigantesque,
Sp. Cedro giganteo.

220. THUJA GIGANTEA, Nutt.

Giant Cedar, Northwestern Bed Cedar, Shingle-wood

TRANSVERSE SECTION

RADIAL SECTION

TANGENTIAL SECTION

Ger. Gigantische Zeder, FT. Thuya gigantesque
Sp. Cedro giganteo.

PINUS MONTICOLA, Doug!

Mountain WMte Pine,

TRANSVERSE SECTION.

CCOTIOM.

8CCTIOW.

Cer. Gebirgiga wa&» Jichte, fr. Kn ll&nc de la mcsttagne,
S. Pino bianco 4e los onies.

221. PINUS MONTICOLA, Dougl

Mountain White Pine,

TRANSVERSE 8CCTJQN,

RADIAL BtCTiCN.

TANGENTIAL SECTION

Qer. Qifegige weisze Fichte* At fin blanc de k toontagne,
Sp. Pino bianco de les monteir,

222. PIN US ATTEND AT A, Lam,

Knob-cone Pine,

TRANSVERSE SECTION.

RAD I Al, SECTION.

TANGENTIAL. SECTION

Fichte von engen Zapfen* J=r. Pin de cones etrelts,
5^. Pino de conos angostos*

222. PINUS ATTENUATA, Lem

Knob-cone Pine.

TRANSVERSE SECTION,

RADIAU SECTION

TANGENTIAL SECT4ON

Ger. Fichte von engen Zapfen, /r. Pin da QOIBS etr<
Sp. Pino de sonos angostos,

uifh. fi. A.. LrOi

223, TSUGA HETEROPHYLLA, Sarg

Western Eemlo3k,

TRANSVERSE SECTION

RADIAL SECTION.

TANGENTIAL SECTION

Cer. Westliche Tanne. Fr. Pernche occidental.
5. Abeto occ-dental*

223. TSUGA HETEROPHYLLA, Sarg

Western Hemlock,

TRANSVERSE SECTION,

RADIAL SECTION,

TANGENTIAL SECTION

Ger. Westlicha Tanne, Fr. Peruche occidental,
Sp. Abeto bcc'dental,

224. ABIES GRANDIS, Lindl

Great Silver Fir.

TRANSVERSE SECTION

RADIAL SECTION,

TANGENTIAL SECTION

Ger. Grosze Tanne, FT. Sapin grand, Sp. Abeto grancb.

ade cy Ronneyn B. Hough, B. A , Lo<

224. ABIES GRANDIS, Lindl

Great Silver Fir,

TRANSVERSE SECTION

FiADIAL SECTION

TANGENTIAL SECTION

Ger. G.0.1Z8 Tanne, FT. Sapin grand, Sp. Abeto grani

ibli«hed and Sec1

oy Rormeyn B. Hotgh, B. A , Low

225. ABIES NOBILIS, Lindl.

Noble Fir, Oregon "Larch",

TRANSVERSE SECTION

RADIAL SECTION

TANGENTIAL SECTION

Ger.. Erlanchte Tanne, FT. Sapin noble. 5^. Abeto noble,

225. ABIES NOBILIS, Lindl

Noble Fir, Oregon "Larch",

TRANSVERSE SECTION.

RADIAL SECTION

TANGENTIAL SECTION

Ger. Erlauchte Tanne, Fr. Sapin noble. Sp. Abeto noble,

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UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY

K > 7.

PLATES 201-225

Collate before charging and
before discharging.

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.^IPRICES OF

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WOODEN

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