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THE

AMERICAN WOODS,

Exhibited by Actual Specimens
AND WITH COPIOUS EXPLANATORY TEXT,

ROMEYN B. HOUGH, B. A.

PART XL

REPRESENTING TWENTY-FIVE SPECIES

TWENTY-FIVE SETS OF SECTIONS.

LOWVILLE, N. Y., U. S. A.

PrnilSHKD AND SF.CTIONS PREPARED BY THE AUTHOR.

19IO.

Copyright nineteen hiindri-d and ten.
By K O M E V N U HOUGH

WKF.D-PARSONS PRINTINO CO .

E 1. ECTROT Y PE R S AND PRINTERS

ALBANY, N. Y.

TO

©haunccy ^uXos %zuaXz,

WHOSF EXTENSIVE STUDY OF THE Fl.OKA OF THE SOUTHERN STATES HAS AHOED
MATEKIALLY TO THE STOHE OF KNOWLEDGE,

PART XI, AMERICAN WOODS

IS DEDICATED AS AN EXi'UESSION OK HIGHEST EBTEEM.

Digitized by the Internet Arciiive

in 2009 with funding from

NCSU Libraries

http://www.archive.org/details/americanwoodsexh11houg

PREFACE TO THE SERIES.

The necessity of more generally diffused information concerning the
variety and importance of our forest trees is justification enough for
the appearance of this work, especially at this day, when the demands of
Forestry in this country are constantly more and more keenly felt. The
work was undertaken at the suggestion of my father, whose intense in-
terest in Forestry, and a kindred taste, at once gave me inspiration to the
work. It was entered, upon with the expectation of his valuahle com-
panionship and counsel during its progress, but, alas ! that I was destined
to have only at the outset, and, while I was then left ever to mourn the
loss of a kind father, companion and teacher, the reader must fail to find,
in these pages that value and finish which his mind would have given
them.

Among the happiest pictures of my memory are those in which I see
my father's delight, as I would show to him, from time to time, my suc-
cessful progress in devising a way of making the sections for this work,
and if only for the happiness which its appearance would have caused
him, could he have lived until this day, I have felt duty-bound to go on
with it, even though left to do it alone.

The work is the outgrowth of one, of somewhat similar plan, proposed
by my father some years since, but which he did not carry into effect.
Its design is primarily and principally to show, in as compact and
perfect a manner as possible, authentic specimens of our American woods,
both native and introduced. For that end three sections, respectively
transverse, radial and tangential to the grain (see Glossary), are made of
each timber, sufficiently thin to allow in a measure the transmission of
light, and securely mounted in well made frames.

The three planes above mentioned show the grain from all sides, so to
speak, no plane being possible but that would be either one of them or
a combination of them. The difficulty, hov/ever, of cutting a great
number of sections exactly on those planes is obvious, so let it be under-
stood that the terms, "transverse," "radial" and " tangential," are, in
many cases, only approximately exact in their application.

My endeavor is to show, eitlier in a part or all of the sections standmg
to represent a species, both the heart and sap-wood, but with some woods

n Preface to the Series.

as the Sumach, for instance, ulicre usually only the outermost ring, or a
part of it, could be said to represent tlio sap-wood, the display of that is
quite impossible. In certain other woods, as the Spruce, etc., the tran-
sition from sap to heart-wood is almost indistinguishable by any difference
in color, and, although both may be shown in the sections, one can
scarcely distinguish between them.

The s quence of the numbers given to the various sp&oies is of import-
ance only to show the botanical arrangement within a given Part, each
Part beir.g independent of the others.

The text of this work has been added rather as a secondary matter,
to supply to those not having it in other form, such information as is of
importance, in connection with the wood specimens, to give a fairly good
acquaintance with the trees represented. It contains little, if any thing,
neri to the botanist, but to others it is hoped it may be of some value.

In its jn-eparation some use has been made of my father's Elements of
Forestry, and thanks are due the publishers of that work — Messrs.
Kobert Clarke & Co. of Cincinnati, Ohio — for the use of cuts in repro-
ducing a number of its illustrations. Other valuable books of reference
have been the works of Drs. Gray, Wood and Bessey, LeMaout and
Decaisno's Descriptive and Analytical Botany, Prof. C. S. Sargent's
Report on the Forest Trees of North America (constituting Vol. IX,
1'enth Census of the United States, 1880), Micheaux and Nuttall's North
American Sylva, George B, Emerson's Trees and Shrubs of Massachu-
setts, I). J. Browne's Trees of America, etc.

The authenticity of the timbers represented in this work has been a
subject of personal attention and special care on the part of the author.
The trees selected for specimens have been identified in the field, before
felling, while the leaves, flowers or fruit (one or more) have been obtain-
able, and he can, hence, vouch for the authenticity of every specimen
represented.

Succeeding Parts, uniform in style with Part I, and representing m
each case twenty-five additional species, are planned to appear later, with
the ultimate end in view of representing, as nearly as possible, all of the
American woods, or at least the most important, in such a series of vol-
umes as this one.

Upon the reception which this meets in public favor, and upon the
co-operation of those interested in the cause, must naturally depend the
carrying out of that plan. It is hoped that greater experience and skill
will enable us to obviate in future parts the faults which occur, from
lack of those qualities, in this.

Notice of errors in this work will be thankfully received in hopes of
profiting therefrom in the future.

LowviLLB, N. Y., March 30, 1888.

PREFACE TO PART XI.

In Part XT, American Woods, Ave resume the study of the species of
the Atlantic and Central States.

We regret considerable delay in its appearance, OAviug mainly to demands
upon the author's time for the preparation and issue of the companion work.
Handbook of Trees.

That was the outgrowth of plans announced with Parts IX and X.
American Woods, but carried out on souiewhat different lines. It was
found iuipracticable to issue Tree Studies in fasicles, as then intended,
and, instead, it was decided to issue a Handbook, plK><o-dpscriptive of
ciiaracteristic barks, leaves, fruits, winter branchlets, etc., of the various
trees and indicate their distributions by the use of small individual maps,
with photo-micrographs to show wood structures of at least one species of
each genus.

To keep such a work within reasonable dimensions it was decided to limit
it to the species found north of the latitude of the northern Iwundary of
Xorth Carolina aud east of the Pocky ]\rouutains, with the hope of supple-
menting it later if possible with similar handbooks of the trees of the Pacific
slope and of the Southern States.

The one covering the trees of the Xorthern States and Canada was finally
biTiught out, but to make it complete required much more time and field
Avork than was anticipated, owing to off years, when a species would not
bear flowers or fruit, the shortness of the period when suitable specimens for
photogra])hing could be procured, etc.

While the prosecution of this work delayed the issue of American Woods.
Part XI, it furnished an opportunity for the further study of our eastern
ti-ees, which we feel has enhanced its value.

Deviating somewhat from the plan of previous Parts of the series the
keys based upon flowers and fruits have been dispensed with in Part XT,
and a considerably elaborated key based upon the loaves is included. This
is designed to cover all of the generally accepted species of native aud uatu-
ralized trees of northern Puited States and Canada, and is based upon what

viii Frkface t« Part XI.

we consider typical f6rms of leaves — such as we see on mature trees and
not abnormally vigorous shoots. It would be an almost hopeless task to
frame a key covering all unusual forms of leaves and keep within reasonable
space, but one covering typical forms has seemed possible and has been here
attempted. In its use the above limitation must be kept in mind, and what
v.ould be called average typical leaves selected for application of the key.
With them, if possible, the fruits should be observed, as in framing the key
fruits have been more or less included of necessity or for confirming other
characters.

In tl>e preparation of the key the use of technical terms has been avoided
where others would do as well, but they could not be wholly dispensed with
without sacrifice of definiteness, and that would be disastrous to the purposes
of the imdertaking.

For more convenient use in the field this key is being issued in small
book form (4x6 in. in size of page) with glossary and an attractive photo-
graphic picture in colors of an isolated elm tree in both summer and winter
conditions, as frontispiece.

For favors which were of material assistance in the preparation of
American Woods, Part XI, the author wishes to express sincere tliauks
to Prof. William Trelease. Dr. Ts^. M. Glatfelter, Mr. C. D. Beadle, Mr.
T. B. Ha. Olson, Mr. W. T. Davis, Mr. G. W. Letterman, Mr. Enos A. Mills,
Mr. B. \\ . King and Mr. J. C. Teas.

As an item of news of unusual interest to the author of Aaiertcan Woods,
he is tempted to mention here the fact that since the appearance of Part X
he has been awarded, through the Franklin Institute of Philadelphia, Pa.,
tile special Elliott Cresson gold medal on account of its production. Inas-
much as this action was entirely on the initiative of the Institute, whose
rulings are looked upon as authoritative, it is a very gratifying testimonial,
after the great amount of labor and money that have been expended in
bringing out the work.

The wood-specimens for Part XII, American Woods, are already in
hand and that volume is intended to be issued before the close of the present
year.

Lowvn.i.E. X. Y.. May 31, 1910.

A KEY BASED UPON LEAVES.

Abbreviations. — a. := apex or at apex; ab. = above; b. := base or at base; bn. = beneath;
fr. = fruit; 1. =: long (usuallv omitted and implied after dimensions); lf. = leaf; Ifts. =
leaflets ; ivs. = leaves.

u SIMPLE LE.WES.

h Widi well marked blade and petiole, or without petiole (sessile) ;

C MaI.N rib single — PINNAIEI.Y VEINED

d Margin entire;

e Leaves lance-oblong, tliiek.

f Acuminate at both ends, 3-9 in.,
g: Rugose-reticulate, deciduous; fr. an elongated dry drupe.

Cork-wood (Leiineria fJoridana^.
{f- Smooth and lustrous; fr. a dark blue drupe; veins beneath and petioles

li Rusty tomentose, evergreen Swamp Bay ( Persea pubescens i .

h- Glabrous or nearly so. evergreen Red Bay (P. Borbonia).

t- Acute at both ends, li->-4 in.; fr. an acorn.

Willow Oak (Querciis Phellos).
e2 Leavf-s lanceobovate. cuneate. rounded a., mostly

f Clustered on lateral spurs; fr. a black drupe; beneath and petioles

g Densely tomentose ^^"ooLLY Buckthorn (BumeUa lanuginosa) .

g;2 Glabrous or nearly so Southern Buckthorn (B. lycicides) .

f2 Alternate on the branchlets.

g Thinnish, glabrous above, deciduous-, fr. 2-celled capsules.

Leatherwood (CyriUa raceniiffora).
g- Very thick, lustrous above, persistent; fr. acorn.

Live Oak {Quercus Virginiana) .
e' Loaves ovate,

f Inequilateral, long taper-pointed and narrow: fr. drupe.

Mississippi Hackherry {Celtis mississippiensis) .
f- Equilateral, broad, lustrous ah. rounded b.. long-acuminate; fr. compound.

orange-like Osage Orange ( Toxylon poniiferum ) .

c' Leaves ovate-oblong, abruptly narrowed b,

f Alternate, acuminate, lustrous dark gr. ab.. paler pubescent bn.; fr. large

berry. ... Persimmon {Diospi/ros Virginiana).

{- Opposite, rough-pubescent above, without stipules; fr. drupe.

RouGFi-i.E.WED Dogwood (Cornus asperifolin) .
t^ A'erticillate (some opposite) glabrous ab., with stipules; fr. in globular

head .... Bui'iON-Busu (Cephalanthus occidenlalis) .

e"' Leaves oblong, mostly cuneate b.,
f Deciduous.

Hough's American Woods. abcde*

g Alternate, acute or obtuse both ends, glabrous ab.; fr. aeorn.

Shingle Oak {Quercus imbricaria).
g2 Opposite, acute or acuminate both ends; fr. drupe.

Fringe-tree [Chionanthus Virgi)iica),
t- Persistent, thick and coraceous, clustered near tips of branchlets,
g Obtuse or acute both ends,

h Broad, lustrous ab., white bn.; fr. aggregation of follicles.

Sweet Bay {Magnolia glauca).
h2 Narrow, glabrous ab., paler bn. ; fr. capsule.

Rose Bay {Rhododendron maxi)niim) .
g- Acuminate both ends; fr. capsule. .Mountain Laurel (Kalmia latifolia).
e" Leaves obovate-oblong,

f Narrow and sometimes falcate; fr. acorn.

Laurel Oak {Quercus laurifolia) .
f2 ^Yider, coriaceous, lustrous ab., acute or acuminate; fr. drupe.

Sour Gum (Xyssa sylvatica).
e' Leaves obovate,

I Large (3-20 in.) membranaceous.
g Cuneate b.,

h Short acuminate, 8-12 in. narrow; fr. fleshy baccate.

Papaw {Asimina triloba).
h2 Acute to obtuse a., 12-20 in.; fr. aggregation follicles.

Umbrella-tree {.Magnolia tripetala).
g2 Ear-lobed b.; fr. aggregation follicles.

h 10-12 in. long Fraser jMagxolia ( .1/. Fraseri) .

h2 15-30 in. long Large-leaf ^Iagnolia (J/, macrophylla).

S- Small (4-6 in.) cuneate.

g Membranaceous, wide, rounded a., glabrous ab. ; fr. drupelet.

American Smoke Tree (Cotinus Americunus).
g- Coriaceous, narrow, mostly acute; fr. drupe.

Water Gum (Xyssa bi flora).
e8 Leaves oval, membranaceous, deciduous.

f Rounded or subcordate b., 7-10 in.; fr. aggregation follicles.

Cucumber-tree {Magnolia acuminata).
f- Cuneate b., acuminate a., veins arcuate.
g Alternate oi' clustered; fr. blue drupe.

Blue Dogwood {Cornus altcmifolia) .
g2 Opposite or clustered; fr. red drupe.

Flowering Dogwood (Com us florida).
d2 Margin both entire and dentate or denticulate ; leaves

e Linear-lanceolate, 2-5 in., entire or remotely denticulate; fr. capsule.

Sandbar \Yillow {Salix fluviatilis).
e- Oblanceolate, 3-5 in., entire or remotely serrate, fragi'ant; fr. small drupe.

Wax SIyrtle (Myrica cerifera).
e3 Lance-obovate, cuneate b., rounded to acute a., entire or appressed-serrate,

evergreen; fr. drupaceous Cassena Holly {Ilex cassine L.) .

e* Ovate-oblong. 5-10 in., acuminate with long stems and both entire and with
from 1-5 large pointed teeth; fr. drupe.

Cotton Gum {Nyssa aquatica).

ab<trt'^ Key, 1>ased Upon Leaves. 3

e5 Oblong, acute to acuminate both ends, entire and irregularly serrulate, 3-7 in.,

glaucous bn.: fr. capsule Sobrel-tkee (Oxydendrum arboreum) ,

e" Obovate-oblong. cuneate to rounded b., 1-3 in., whitish pubescent bn.; fr.

capsule Bebb's Willow {Salix Bebbiana).

e" Elliptical, very thick and firm, glabrous, with few remote spine-tipped teeth,

evergreen; fr. drupe Holly (Ilex opaca).

e8 Obovate, 1/^-2 in., subsessile, firm thick and lustrous, entire and obscurely

denticulate; fr. berry Sparkleberry ( Vaccinium arborem ) .

d-* Margin both entire and lobed. the latter mostly on vigorous shoots, very short-
stemmed; the entire leaves are
e Lance-obovate to spatulate, cuneate b., wide and rounded or obscurely 3
lobed a. (other leaves sharply pinnately 3-7-lobed) tardily deciduous;

fr. acorn Water Oak ( Quercus nigra) .

e- Ovate-oblong. 2-7 in., abruptly narrowed b., acute or obtuse a. (other leaves
with large lobe on one or both sides) ; fr. drupe.

Sa.ssafras (Sassafras sassafras)^
c3 Broad-ovate, large, long-stemmed, the lowest pair of veins branching; arrange-
ment
f Ternate (some opposite) subcordate. acute or acuminate, pith of twigs
not segmented; fr. pod-like; leaves
g Acute or short acuminate; fringe of hairs on seeds pointed.

Catalpa (Catalpa catalpa).
g2 Long-acuminate, fringe of hairs of seeds wide.

Hardy Catalpa (Catalpa speciosa).
f- Opposite, cordate., acute or bluntly pointed, pith of twigs segmented;

fr. capsule Princess Tree (Paulownia tomentosa) .

d* Margin serrate or serrulate.
e Leaves inequilateral, alternate;

f Petioles short, veins impressed above and
g Parallel; mostly doubly serrate, firm
li Smooth above; fr. samara; branchlets

i Not corky-winged; leaf-buds smoeth and blunt.

White Elm (Vlmus Americana) .
i2 Some corky-winged; leaf-buds acuminate, puberulous;

j Leaves 2-6 in.; a northern tree Cork Elm (Ulmiis Thomasi) .

j- ^4-3 in.; a southern tree Winged Elm (Uhnus alata) .

h2 Very rough above.; fr. samara Slippery Elm (Ulmns pubscens) .

g2 Not parallel, arcuate and ramose; simply serrate, thin; fr. drupe.

Hackberry (Celtis ocridentalis) .
f2 Petioles long; veins little if at all impressed, arcuate, ovate-orbicular,
prominently reticulated; fr. nut-like with parachute.

g; Leaves smooth and greenish beneath Basswood (Tilia Americana).

g2 Leaves silvery-pubescent beneath, with small if any axillary tufts.

White Basswood (T. heterophyllo) .
g3 Leaves stellate-pubescent beneath, with conspicuous axillary tufts.

MiCHAi'x's Basswood (T. Miclwuxii).
g* Leaves rusty-pubescent beneath; a southern tree.

Downy B.^sswood (T. pubescens).
e2 Leaves equilateral or nearly so; fr. a

Hough's American Woods. abcti^e-f

f Drupe with juicy acidulous flesh; leaves alternate; pit of drupe
g Bony, hard and

h Pit more or less flattened and with ventral groove; leaves
i Lance-oblong, tapering b., membranaceous,

j Long-acuminate, light green and sharply serrate; pit deeply

wrinkled Peach (Amygdalus Persica ) .

3- Acute or apiculate, glandular serrate, infolded lengthwise; pit

nearly smooth Chickasaw Plum (Prumis augustifolia) .

i- Lance-ovate, rounded or tapering b., long-acuminate, closely glandular
serrate, firm; mid rib hairy bn.

Wild Goose Plum {Prumis hortulana) .
is Ovate-oblong,

j 21/4-5 in., veins strongly impressed ab. and prominent bn.; rounded
or obtuse b.
k Sharply and sometimes doubly serrate; stems mostly glandless.

American Wild Plum (Prumis Americana) .
li- Bluntly serrate; stems with glands near blade.

Canada Plum (Primus nigra).
3- IVa-S in. long, thick and firm; fr. blue-black or purple with
bloom ; leaves with
k Pounded or obtuse b. ; fr. % in. or less, dark purple.

Alleghany Sloe (Prumis Alleghaniensis) .
k2 Cuneate b., wrinkled; fr. %-l in., blue with bloom.

Garden Plum (Prunus domestica).
h2 Pit turgid (nearly subglobose) marginless; leaves

i Lance-oblong (occasionally wider) rounded or obtuse b. acuminate
j Membranaceous; cherries small, translucent, red, in clusters, and

very tart Pigeon Cherry (Prunus Pennsylvanica) .

j2 Firm, with glandular incurved teeth; cherries purple-black, in
racemes and of pleasant vinous flavor.

Black Cherry (Prunus serotina).
12 Obovate-oblong, rounded or obtuse b.

j Bluntly and unevenly serrate; fr. single or few in cluster;
k Leaves thin and drooping; fr. sweet.

Sweet Cherry (Prunus Avium).
k2 Leaves thickish and little if at all drooping; fr. tart.

Sour Cherry ( Prunus Cerasus ) .
j2 Sharply and evenly serrate; fr. in racemes, about 14 i"- ^"^1

astringent Choke Cherry (Prunus Virginiana) .

g2 Pit horny and yielding, flat; flesh blackish and sweet; Ivs. opposite,
finely and sharply serrate.
h Acute or obtuse a., tapering b.,
i Smooth bn.; petioles not winged.

Black Haw ( Viburnum prunifolium ) .
i2 With rufous hairs bn. on midrib and principal veins; petioles little

if at all winged Rusty Nannyberry (Viburnum rufidulum) .

h- Acuminate, rounded b., black-dotted beneath; petioles slightly winged.

Northern Nannyberry (Vibiirniin) Lentago).

abcd'e^f Kev, Based Upon Leaves. 5

f^ Drupe-like, but containing 2-6 one-seeded nutlets; Ivs. lanceolate to oblong,
membranaceous and markedly wrinkled.

Mountain Holly {Ilex monticola).
f3 A pome (apple); leaves ovate to oblong or oval, firm, mostlj/ rounded b.
and leaf stalks
g Slender, long and smooth.

h Leaves glabrous ab. and usually bn., sharply and widely serrate; fr.
y^ in. or less, in loose racemes.

Service- BERRY ( A melanchier Canadcufiih)-
h2 Leaves lustrous ab., smooth bn., appressed serrate or subentire; fr.
usually tapering to the stem, containing grit cells.

Pear {Pyrus communis).
g2 Short, stout, gray-tomentose as is the under surface of Ivs.; fr. hollow-
ing at stem and without grit-cells Apple {Pyrus Mains).

t* Capsule, which is

g 1-celled, dehiscent by 2 valves, 14 in. or less 1; seeds with silky hairs;
h Leaf-buds covered with single scale; leaves

i Linear-lanceolate, very long taper-pointed and drooping.

Weeping Willow {Salix babylonica).

12 Narrow-lanceolate, green bn.; petioles not glandular; finely serrate.

Black Willow {Salix nigra).

13 Lanceolate; petioles

j Glandular; glabrous bn., coarsely serrate; branchlets greenish and

very brittle Brittle Willow (8. fragilis).

j2 Not glandular; pale bn.; stipules.

k Foliaceous; branchlets hoary-pubescent.

Ward's W^illow (Salix Ion gi pes).
k2 Deciduous; leaves

1 Glabrous ab., whitish and glaucous bn.; branchlets yellow.

Yellow Willow (.S'. vitellina).
12 Silky-pubescent both sides; branchlets greenish.

White Willow {S. alba).

14 Broad lanceolate, smooth above, pale and glaucous bn.; petioles long

and not glandular. . . .Peach-leaf Willow {Salix ami/grlaloides).

15 Lance-ovate, very lustrous dark green ab., firm; petioles glandular.

Shining Willow (»S'. lucida).

16 Oblanceolate and lanceolate, pale bn., finely serrate; stipules folia-

ceous; branchlets first season and buds hairy.

Missouri Willow {S. Missouriensis).
V Ovate-oblong, rounded or subcordate b., acute a.

Balsam Willow {Salix basamifera).
h2 Buds covered by several scales;

i Leaves lanceovate, cuneate or rounded b., bluntly pointed a.

Narrow-leaf Cottonwood {Populus augusHfolUi).
12 Leaves ovate-orbicular, subcordate.

Tweedy's Cottonwood {P. Tweedyi).
g2 5-celled, dehiscent by 5 valves; leaves lance-obovate to oblong, taperiny
both ways, remotely serrate above the middle and

Hough's American Woods. • abcti*e r^

h Persistent, thick, coriaceous; seeds winged.

Loblolly Bay (Gordonia Lasianthiis) .
h- Deciduous, membranaceous; seeds not winged.

Franklinia (Franklinia Altamaha) .
f5 Nutlet,

g Not winged, each

h Subtended by a 3-lobed leaf-like bract and arranged in aments; Ivs.
unequally and sharply serrate, glabrous bn. except for silky hairs

in the axils of veins Blue Beech (Carpinus CaroUniana) .

h- Enclosed in a membranous sac and arranged in loose cone-like aments ;
leaves ovate-oblong, unequally and sharply serrate, pubescent bn.

Ironwood (Ostrya Virginiana) .
g- Winged both sides and borne in the axils of scales which form a cone;
scales
h rs-lobed, thin and falling away at maturity of seed;

i Bark chalky white and peeling in strips around the trunk; Ivs.
j Ovate, rounded or obtuse b., acuminate a.; bark peeling readily.

Canoe Birch (Beiula papyrifern).
j- Deltoid, long-acuminate, petioles long and slender; bark peeling

with some difficulty White Birch (Beiula populifoUa) .

i- Bark smooth, lustrous reddish brown; Ivs. broad ovate.

Western Red Birch (B. fontinalis) .
is Bark scaly, gray-brown; Ivs. ovate-oblong, narrow and rounded or
subcordate b., aromatic when bruised.

Sweet Birch (Beiula lenia).

i* Bark silvery yellow, separating in thin layers and hanging in curls;

Ivs. ovate-oblong, narrow and mostly heart shaped b., aromatic.

Yellow Birch (Beiula luiea).
is Bark reddish brown, separating in thin persistent scales; Ivs. rhombic

ovate River Birch ( B. nigra ) .

h- Thickened, woody and persistent; Ivs.

i Ovate-oblong, mostly acute or acviminate a., lustrous dark green ab. ;

fls. in late summer Sea-side Alder (Alnus maritima) .

i- Orbicular-obovate, rounded to notched a., dull green ab. ; fls. in early

spring European Aldsr (Ahius ghtiinosa) .

f6 Nut.

g Enveloped by a 2-4-valved prickle-covered involucre, lateral veins of Iva.
straight, parallel, and each terminating in a tooth ; nut
li Triangular, each involucre inclosing a pair; Ivs. ovate-oblong, acumi-
nate, hairy along veins bn Beech (Fagus Americana) .

h2 Globose — top-shaped, single in involucre; Ivs. narrow-oblong with
slender teeth and white-tomentose bn.

Chinquapin (Casianea pumila).
Ii3 Compressed ovoid-globose, 2 or 3 in an involucre; Ivs. lance-oblong with
coarse teeth, green and glabrous both sides.

Chestnut (Casianea deniain).
g2 Subtended by an involucral cup — an acorn; Ivs. lance-oblong, obovate,
coarsely and sharply serrate;
Ii Large trees. . Chinquapin Oak (Quercus acuminata^ .

*'^^' <>'«'<■* Key, Ba8ed Upon Leaves. 7

h2 Shrubs or very small trees. . .Dwabf Chinquapin Oak (Q. prinoides) .
d5 Margin both seirate or serrate-dentate and lobed in the same Ivs., though the
lobed Ivs. may be on vigorous shoots only, and the latter Ivs, are not
considered in these further descriptions.
e Fruit a small pome (apple)

f With 1-5 bony, 1-seeded nutlet-like carpels; Bmall trees and shrubs with
thorny branches; Ivs.
g Obovate (large ones more elliptical) entire, cuneate b., rounded or acute
a.; petioles short, winged above and glandless;
h Leaves lustrous dark-green ab., thick; fr. globose-oblong, 1/2 in., dull

red; nutlets 1-.3 Cock-spur Thorn {Crataegus crus-galli) .

Ii2 Leaves dull gray-green ab., more membranaceous; fr. subglobose, i^-l
in., dull red or yellow with white dots.

Dotted Thorn (C. punctata).

g2 Obovate-oblong, wider and short cuneate b., petioles longer and winged ab.

h Irregularly serrate-dentate, acute or blunt-pointed and slightly, if at all.

lobed, dark green and smooth ab.; fr. scarlet or orange, 14 in. or

less; nutlets usually 5 Southern Thorn (C. viridis) .

h2 Crenate-serrate or with short crenate toothed lobes, rounded or obtuse
a.; fr. oblong-globose, 1/2 in., dark red or orange, black dotted, with

2-3 nutlets Margaretta Thorn (C. Margaretta) .

h3 With short acute-toothed lobes or doubly serrate-dentate, obtuse to
acute a., pubescent bn. 2-5 in.; petioles glandular; fr. oblong-
globose, ^2 in.; nutlets 2-3 with ventral cavities.

Pear Thorn (C. tomentosa) .
g3 Obovate-orbicular, rounded or obtuse a., coriaceous, coarsely and irregu-
larly serrate-dentate, or very slightly lobed; thorns 21/^-4 in.; fr.
lustrous crimson, 14-% in., subglobose, on erect stems; nutlets with

deep ventral cavities Long-spine Thorn (Crataegus macracantha) .

gi Leaves broad-ovate;

h Waxy-coated, slightly 5-angled and flattened subglobose, apple-green
becoming purplish red; Ivs. subcordate b., acute, with 3 or 4 pairs

short pointed lobes, thickish Waxy Thorn (C. pruinosa) .

h2 Fruit pubescent at least at the ends,

i Subglobose, %-l in., in small drooping villous clusters; calyx-lobes
large and deciduous; nutlets 4 or 5; Ivs. truncate or subcordate
b., with appressed pubescence ab., pubescent bn.

Red-fruited Thorn (C. mollis).
12 Obovoid-oblong, in erect compact clusters with prominent and per-
sistent cflyx-lobes and tube; Ivs. rounded b., acute or obtuse a.

Champlain Thorn (C. Champlaine»sis) .
h3 Smooth and lustrous, about % in.; Ivs. scabrous ab. ; fr.

1 Orange red with pale dots, obovoid, calyx-lobes enlarged and per-
sistent; Ivs. thickish Red-fruited Thorn {C. submolis).

i- Bright scarlet with dark dots; Ivs. membranaceous.

Scarlet Thorn (C. pedicellata).
g5 Triangular-ovate, Ul,-3 in., truncate b.. acute or acuminate a., lustrous
dark green ab., coarsely serrate-dentate and incisely 3-5-lobed.

Washington Thorn (C. cordata).

Hough's American Woods. abcd^ef

gc Oval to orbicular.

h Membranaceous, hairy on veins bn.,

i Rounded or obtuse a. and b., sharply serrate with 2-3 short lobes,
glabrous yellow-green ab., paler and concave bn.

Pringle's Thorn (C. Pringlei).
12 Acute or acuminate a., rounded b., sharply serrate-dentate, and with
3 or 4 pairs short lobes, scabrous ab., pubescent on veins bn.

Holme's Thorn (C. Holmesiana).
Y\- Coriaceous, finely doubly serrate-dentate.

Scarlet Thorn (C. coccinea).
f2 With 5 papery usually 2-seeded carpels; small flat waxy fragrant apples;
Ivs.
g Tomentose or pubescent bn., oblong-ovate to oval,

h Crenate-serrate and usually with short crenate lobes; fr. stems slender

and glabra te Prairie Crab (Pyrus loensis).

h2 Crenate and very much wrinkled; fr. stems short.

SouLARD Crab {Pyrus Soulardi).
g2 Glabrous throughout, with long slender stems; fr. hard translucent long-
stemmed and calyx-lobes.
h Deciduous; fr. yellowish, red-cheeked, scarcely waxy and but little
hollowed at b. ; Ivs. ovate-oblong serrate or sometimes entire, not

lobed Siberian Crab ( Pyrus baccata ) .

h2 Persistent in fruit; fr. yellow-green, waxy, deeply hollowed at b., very
sour; Ivs. triangular ovate to trucate or subcordate b., acute a.,
serrate-dentate and usually with few short lobes.

Fragrant Crab {Pyrus coronaria).
e2 Fruit a juicy syncarp (blackberry-like), edible; Ivs. with arcuate lateral
veins, the lowermost pair branching; Ivs.
f Lustrous ab., glabrous bn., broad-ovate, coarsely serrate; fr. pinkish white.

White Mulberry {Morus alba).
f2 Dull dark green and roughish ab., pubescent and strongly reticulate bn.,
orbicular ovate; petioles glabra te; fr. purple-black.

Red Mulberry {Morus rubra).
e3 Fruit a globular head with seeds exserted on red fleshy stipes; Ivs. rough ab.,
under surface and petioles velvety-pubescent.

Paper Mulberry ( Broussonctia papyrifera ) .
d6 Margin crenate-serrate ;
e Leaves opposite, mostly

f Oblong, tapering b., acuminate; small trees and shrubs; Ivs.
g Glabrous bn., 2-3 in.; inhabits wet lowlands; fr. drupe.

Swamp Privet {Forestiera acuminata) .
g2 Pubescent bn., 2-5 in., membranaceous and very finely crenate-serrate;
an upland tree; fr. fleshy capsule.

Burning Bush {Euonymus atropurpureus) .
f2 Broad-ovate to oval, 1^-5 y^ in., rounded b., obtuse to acute a., the lateral
veins very prominent and arcuate; fr. drupe-like.

Buckthorn {Rhamnus cathartica).
e2 Leaves alternate,

abc«ri-f Key, Based Upon Leaves. 9

f Lance-ovate, rounded or apiculate a.; fr. a small fit waxy-coated apple.

Narrow Leaf Crab (Pyrus angustifoUa).
f2 Lance-oblong, finely rugose ab., glaucous bn.; fr. a small capsule with

cotton-tufted seeds Glaucous Willow {Salix discolor) .

f3 Lance-obovate, 4-6 in., cuneate b., acute or acuminate a., very lustrous ab.,
thick and with short stems; fr. dry drupe.

Sweet Leaf (Symplocos tinctoria).

S* Rhombic-lanceolate to ovate, with long slender stems, cuneate to nearly

rounded b., acuminate a.; a tree of the eastern foot-hills of the Rocky

Mountains; fr. capsule. . .Lance-leaf Cottonwood (Populus acuminata) .

f5 Ovate, cuneate to rounded b., acute to acuminate, strongly reticulate,

whitish and often rusty bn. ; fr. capsule.

Balsam Poplar (Populus balsamifera) .
f« Heart-shaped, 3-8 in., with long round stems; fr. capsule; Ivs.
g Acuminate, whitish and often rusty bn.

Balm-of-Gilead (Populus candicans) .
g2 Obtuse to subacute a., hairy bn. and on stems.

Swamp Poplar (Populus heterophylla) .
V Ovate-oblong, 1-3 in., rounded or obtuse and more or less inequilateral b.;

fr. coriaceous drupe Planer-tree (Planera aquatica).

f8 Oblong, 2-4 in., acute or rounded both ends, lustrous and veins impressed
ab., obscurely crenate-serrate; a very small tree or shrub of the southern

states; fr. drupe-like Yellow Buckthorn (Rhamnus Caroliniana).

f9 Obovate, 4-8 in., obtuse or acute b., acute or acuminate a., regularly

crenate; fr. an acorn Cow Oak (Quercus Michauxii) .

fio Deltoid-ovate, truncate or wide cordate b., acute or short-acuminate, stems
long and laterally compressed; fr. capsule.

Cottonwood (Populus deltoides) .
fi^ Orbicular-ovate, 1-2 in., rounded to subcordate b., obtuse to acute or
apiculate a., glabrous and fragrant; fr. drupe.

Perfumed Cherry (Prunus Mahaleb).
d'7 Margin crenate or crenulate ; Ivs.

e Lance-obovate, iVg-S in., cuneate b., rounded, obtuse or notched a.; fr. drupe-
like Swamp Holly ( Ilex decidua ) .

e2 Oblong, 1-2 in., thick, evergreen; fr. a bright red drupe-like berry; fr.

drupe-like Yaupon (Ilex vomitoria) .

e3 Suborbicular, 1 1/3-3 in., rounded or obtuse b., abruptly acute or short acumi-
nate, finely crenate; petioles long and compressed laterally; fr. capsule.

Quaking Asp (Populus tremuloides) .
e* Broad-deltoid or rhombic, blade commonly wider than long, cuneate to
truncate b., short acuminate or acute a.; petioles long, laterally com-
pressed; fr. capsule; branches

f Spreading Black Poplar (Populus nigra).

f2 Strictly upright Lombardy Poplar (Populus dilatata) .

d^ Margin dentate.

e Finely dentate, mostly oblong, acute or obtuse b.. acuminate a., with prominent
arcuate veins; fr. dry winged drupe.

SiLVER-BELi. Tree (Mohrodendron Carolinum).
e2 Coarsely dentate, broad-ovate to orbiculer; petioles

10 Hough's American Woods. abcd'e'^

f Laterally compressed and long, blades rounded b., acute or short acuminate
a., glabrous and' firm ( wliite velvety when young) ; fr. capsule.

Large-tooth Poplar {Pop^ilus grandidentata) .
i- Terete, slender and short, blades mostly rounded or obtuse both ends,
membranaceous ; fr. drupe-like.

Western Servicebebby (Amelanchier alnifolia).
ds Margin sinuate or sinuate-dentate,

e Lance-oblong to ovate, obtuse to subcordate b., bluntly acute a., with 10-18

pairs of straight lateral veins Rock Oak (Quercus Priniis) .

e2 Obovate-oblong. cuneate b., rounded or obtuse a., 6-8 pairs of lateral veins.

whitish bn Swamp White Oak (Quercus platanoides) .

e3 Oval-obovate, rounded or .subcordate b., rounded to acute or apiculate a.,
membranaceous; petioles short and thick; fr. woody capsule.

Witch Hazel (Hamamelis Virginia).
e* Suborbicular (oft vigerous shoots 3-5-lobed) 2-4 in., dark green ab., white
velvety tonientose bn. on stems, etc.; fr. capsule. . . .Abele (Populus alba).
dio Margin lobed; fruit a

e Small apple, containing a single 2-seeded bony nutlet; branchlets thorny and
Ivs. with 1-3 pairs of wide-spreading lobes.

Hawthorn (Crataegus Oxyacantha) .
e- Narrow upright cone, made up of closed carpels; Ivs. with one or two pairs
of wide-spreading entire lobes and turcate or with wide sinus at apex.

Tulip Tree (Liriodendron tulipifera) .
e3 Acorn ; Ivs. pinnately lobed and

f Lobes bristle-tipped; acorns maturing in the autumn of the second year;
sinuses
g Narrow at bottom; lobes wide at base and narrowing towards apex; Ivs.
h Oval to ovate, lobes 4-5 pairs, each lobe with
i One to three sharp teeth; fruit

j Scarcely 14 enA'eloped by its shallow saucer.

Red Oak (Quercus rubra).
j2 Half enveloped by its deep saucer.

Gray Oak (Q. borealis) .
i- Entire, triangular and wide-spreading.

Swamp Spanish Oak (Quercus pagodaefolia) .
h2 Obovate and lobes generally in

i Four pairs, symmetrically arranged, the larger lobes 1-4 toothed.

Yellow Oak (Q. relutina).
i2 One to three pairs,

j Not symmetrically arranged, lobes scarcely dentate and those of

some Ivs. finger like Spanish Oak (Q. digitata).

3- Symmetrically arranged and generally in
k Two pairs; shrubs or very small trees.

Bear Oak (Quercus nnnaj.
k2 A single pair of wide-spreading lobes near a., or scarcely lobed
and very wide at a.; a medium-size tree.

Black Jack Oak (Q. Marilandica) .

g- Sinuses wide, rounded and deep; lobes narrow, widening toward the apex,

the larger with 1-4 spreading teeth or sometimes toothed lobes; acorn

bcd'^e^f Key, 13 aseo Upon Leaves. 11

h Oblong and with

i Very shallow saucer-like cup.

Southern- Red Oak (Quercus Texana) .
i- Deep top-shaped cup about half enveloping the acorn.

Hill's Oak (Q. ellipsoidalis ) .
h- Subglobose, half enveloped by its deep turbinate cup of closely

appressed scales Scarlet Oak ( Q. coccinca } .

h3 Flattened-globose to almost hemispheric, with shallow saucer-shaped

or slightly top-shaped cup Pin Oak {Q. palustris).

f- Lobes rounded or bluntly pointed and acorns maturing in the autumn of
the first year; Ivs.
g Obovate-oblong, under surface

h Glabrous, larger lobes long and narrow, acorn about one-third invested

by the cup White Oak ( Q. alba ) .

h- \A'hite-tomentose, lobes shorter and more triangular; acorn nearly

enveloped by its thin-edged cup Oveb-cup Oak {Q. lyrata).

g- Broad-obovate with

h 1 or 2 pairs of rounded lobes, the one next the apex much the largest
and commonly trucate or with wide sinus at apex.

Post Oak {Q. minor).
li- 3 or 4 pairs — deeply lyrate pinnatified; acorns generally large with

fringed cup BuB Oak ( Q. macrocarpa ) .

<:- ^Taix ribs several — palmately veined;
d Lenves alternate tcith

e 5-7 deep lobes — star-shaped; fr. globose head of capsules.

Sweet Gum {Liquidanhar Htyraciftua] .
e'- 3-5 short lobes; b. of leaf-stem enveloping the new leaf-bud; fr. globose head

of akenes Sycamore (Platanus occidentalis)

e3 Not lobed, entire, orbicular-cordate; fr. pod.

Redbud (Cercis Canadensis).
<d2 Laves opposite; fr. samaras in pairs united at base.
e Large or medium-size trees with rather firm Ivs.;

f Sinuses roimded at bottom and lobes entire or nearly so; sinuses
g Moderately deep; Ivs. pale and glabrous bn., without stipules.

Sugar Maple (Acer Saccharum) .
^,- Shallow; Ivs. green and pubescent bn., edges drooping; stipules often

present Black Maple (A. nigrum).

f- Sinuses pointed at bottom and lobes more or less toothed; Ivs.

g Deeply ,5-lol)ed with narrow sinuses Silver Maple (A. dasycarpinn) .

g- Moderately .3-5-lobed with wide sinuses; under surface pale and

li Glabrate; rather thin, subcordate b Red Maple {A. riibnin)).

h- Moderately hairy, especially along the veins, firm, mostly tapering
and entire b. obovate-orbicular, small and sometimes without lobes.

Carolina Maple (A. CaroUnum) .
h3 Velvety pubescent, thick, wide-orbicular: a southern tree.

Drummond Maple (.4. Drummondii) .
00 Small trees or tall shrubs with membranaceous leaves; lobes
h Doubly serrate; Ivs.

12 Hough's American Woods. abc'd^e'

i Acuminate, 3-lobed at a. only, eastern.

Striped M.^le (A. Pennsylvanicum) .
i2 Acute or obtuse, 3-5-lobed, or even 3-parted or 3-foliate, western.

Dwarf Maple (A. glabrum).
h2 Coarsely serrate-dentate, pubescent bn.

Mountain Maple {A. spicatum).
h- Without well-marked blade and petiole (latter present, but very small in
leaves of Hemlocks) ;
c Leaves linear and in flat 2-ranked sprays,
d Sessile,

e Deciduous, soft, light green (those of fruiting-branchlets scale-like) ; fr. sub-
globose cones Bald Cypress ( Taxodium distichum) .

e- Evergreen, more rigid, dark green ab., whitish and keeled bn., leaving a flat
or depressed scar when breaking away from branehlet; cones erect, 2 to
31/3 in. long and falling apart at maturity.

f Bracts of cone shorter than scales Balsam Fir (Abies balsamea) .

f2 Bracts longer than the scales, exserted and reflexed.

Eraser's Fir {Abies Fraseri).
d- With very small oppressed petioles,

e Leaves obtuse or rounded a.; cones less than 1 in. and with suborbicular scales

whicli expand but little at maturity Hemlock (Tsuga Canadensis) .

e2 Leaves notched or rounded a.; cones more than 1 in. and oblong scales

expanding widely at maturity. ..Carolina Hemlock (Tsuga CaroUniana) .

c2 Leaves scale-like imbricated and closely appressed or awl-shaped, in four

ranks and making a conspicuously

d Flat 2-edged branehlet; cones 1/2 i"- or l^ss, with few leathery scales. 4 only

being fertile Arbor Vitae (Thuya occidentalis) .

d- Jf-angled branehlet ; fr. ,

e Sublogobose cones, 14 J"-' ^^'ith peltate, valvate scales.

White Cedar (Cha:naecyparis thyoides) .
e- Fleshy, dark blue and glaucous berries (really modified cones) ;

f Leaves of two kinds, both scale like and awl-shaped; buds naked; fr.

g Maturing in autumn of first season Red Cedar (.7. Virginiana).

g2 Maturing in autumn of second season.

Rocky Mountain Red Cedar (J. scopulorum).

f2 Leaves all awl-shaped, buds scaly Common Juniper (J. communis).

c3 Leaves needle-shaped; fruit a cone;

d Leaves not in fascicles (scattered), short, stiff, iwinting every way, ridged
above and below ( 4-sided ) , with woody and persistent bases ;
e Branchlets pubescent and foliage

f Yellowish-green; cones 11/4-2 in., oblong-cylindrical, on stalks which are
slightly if at all incurved; cones with subentire scales.

Red Spruce (Picea rubeus).
f2 Blue-green; cones %-!% in-, ^vith incurved stalks; cones with erose mar-
gined scales Black Spruce (Picea Marinana).

e'- Branchlets glabrous; cones oblong-cylindrical; about

f 2 in. long, with nearly orbicular scales, truncate and entire at apex.

White Spruce (Picea Canadensis).

ab-c'de- Key, Based Upon Leaves. 13

t- 21/2-4 in. long, with rhomboidal, flexuose scales, narrow erose-dentate and

elongated at apex Blue Spbuce {P. Parryana ) .

d- Leaves in fascicles,

e Evergreen, quite stiff and in fascicles of

f 2 each, a membranaceous sheath inclosing the base of each fascicle, about

g 1 in. long, sheaths very short Jack Pine (P. divaricata) .

g2 ly^-^V'i in. long; sheaths y^ in. or less; branchlets smooth and purple.

Jersey Pine (P. Yirginiana] .
g3 3-5 in. long; branchlets rough.

li Cones ly3-2 in., narrow ovoid, scales armed with weak prickles.

Yellow Pine {P. echinata).
h- Cones 3-4 in., broad-ovoid, scales armed with very thick stout prickles.

Table-mountain Pine (P. pungens).
g* 5-6 in. long, thick and with smooth-bossed cones.

Red Pine ( P. resinosa ) .

t- 3 each and 3-6 in. long; cones lM.'-3 in Pitch Pine (P. rigida).

g" 5-8 in. long; cones

h 2-3 in., globular-ovoid, persisting closed on the branches for some years.

Pond Pine {P. serotina) .
h- 3-5 in., narrow-ovoid, opening and discharging its seeds the year of
maturity; resin-ducts in leaves near surface.

Loblolly Pine ( P. Taeda ) .
gfi 8-15 in., resin-ducts not near surface; cones cylindrical-ovoid, 6-10 in.
long, breaking away from branch within its b.

Long-leaf Pine (P. palustris).
f3 Both 2 and 3 each ; Rocky Mountain trees.

Rock Pine ( P. ponderosa scopulorum ) .
t* 5 each, slender, 3-5 in.; cones 4-6 in., curved-cylindrical, with stems.

White Pine (P. Strobus) .
e- Deciduous, soft, short and in fascicles of many each (scattered on shoots of

the season ) Tamarack ( Larix Americana ) .

a2 COMPOUND LEAVKS;
b Pinnately compound,
c Alternate and
d Entire;

e Leaflets 3, subsessile, obovate-oblong, remotely crenate-serrate; fr. samara.

Hop-tree (Ptelea trifoliata).
e- Leaflets 7-9, short-stemmed, ovate to suborbicular and alternately arranged;

fr. pod Yellow Wood ( Cladrastis lutea ) .

e3 Leaflets 9-13, short-stemmed, ovate-oblong, abruptly acuminate; fr. shining

white drupelet Poison Sumach ( Rhus remix) .

e* Leaflets 11-21, short-stemmed, oblong, obtuse or rounded b., rounded and
notched or bristle-tipped a.; fr. pod.

f Petioles and branchlets glabrous Locust (Rohinia Pseudacacia] .

t- Petioles and branchlets viscid Clamy Locust (R. i-iscosa) .

e5 12-25, short-stemmed, lance-falcate; fr. drupe.

Western Soapberry {Sapindus Drummnndii) .

d- Entire, but renioteli/ scn-ntc toirard a.; stem winged between the leaflets; fr.

crimson drupelets Dwarf Sumach {Rhus capallina ) .

14 Hough's American Woods. aM>cd«

d3 Entire, hut with 1-4 glandular teeth at b. ; fr. twisted samara.

Tbee-of-Heaven {Ailanthus glandulosa}.
d* Serrate;

e Leaflets 3-11, the lateral sessile, and successively larger towards the terminal
one; fr. a nut enveloped in a 4-valved woody husk; leaflets
f 3-5, lanceolate; nut small, compressed,

g 4-angled; husk rather thick and parting to b.

SouTHEBN Shell-bark Hickory (//. Carolinae-Septentnonalis).
g2 Scarcely angled, husk rough, very thin and splitting with difficulty if

at all Northern Hickory {H. borealis).

f- 5, lance-ovate to obovate; fr. with very thick husk splitting freely to b.

Shag-bark Hickory {H. oimta).
f3 Both 5 and 7; fruit

g More or less compressed pyriforni; husk thin and tardily dehiscent; nut

quite smooth and thick-shelled Pig-nut Hickoey (H. glabra)^

^- Subglobose with husk splitting freely; nut small,

h Thin-shelled Small-fkuited Hickory {H. microcarpa).

h- Thick-shelled Pale-leaf Hickory (H. fillosa).

f-i 7-9, mostly obovate and large; fr. with thick free-splitting husk and thick-
shelled ribbed nuts; petioles and new growths
;; Densely hirsute; bark with rough firm ridges (not shaggj') ; nut globular

or little compressed Mocker-nut Hickory ( H. alba).

g- Glabrous or pubescent; bark shaggy with long strips; nut very large,

compressed King-nut Hickory ( H. Uiciniosa).

f5 7-11, lanceolate to narrow obovate, the lower ones somewhat falcate; fr.
with elevated sutures; nut with thin shell and generally bitter corncL
(i Nut smooth, whitish and little compressed.

Bitter-nut Hickory (A/, minima).
^- Very rugose, ridged and compressed, brownish.

Water Hickory (//. aquatica).
t<> 9-11 lance-ovate, falcate; fr. cylindrical-oblong, husk thin.

Pecan (H. Pecan),
e" I>eaflets 9-15, subsessile (except the terminal one) with reddish stems; fr.
very small berry-like apples in loose cymose clusters; leaflets
f Acuminate, glabrous and teeth scarcely spreading; leaf-buds glutinous.

American Mountain Ash (Morbus Americana).
f- Acute or obtuse a.

};■ Leaf-buds with rusty appressed hairs; Ifts. glabrate ab.; teeth spreading.

Large-fruited Mountain Ash (8. scopiilina).
,';2 Leaf-buds whitish tomentose; Ifts. pubescent.

Rowan Tree {Morbus Aucuparia).
e3 Leaflets 11-19 and

f Sessile, viscid-pubescent as is all new growth ; fr. nut with indehiscent

husk Butterunt (Jiiglans cinerea).

f-' Petiolulate, glabrous and leaf-stems spiny bn.; fr. capsule.

Prickly Ash (Xanthoxylum Clava-Her cults).
e4 Leaflets 1.3-25,

f Lance-ovate and green bn.; twigs glabrate; a large tree; fr. nut with

indehiscent husk Black Walnut (Juglans nigra).

f-' Lanceolate, pale pubescent bn.; twigs velvety; a small tree; fr. drupelets
with crimson hair Stag-horn Si'.mach (Rhus Jiiitn').

"■*^^' Key, Based Upon Leaves. 15

c- Leaves opposite; leaflets

»d 3-7, entire at base, senate or serrate lobed above; fr. samaras obliquely winged
and in pairs jointed together at b Box Elder (Acer Negundo).

d' 5-11 and fr. a straight samara with terminal wing.

e Samara with seed-bearing portion flattened and wing extending the entire
lengtii
f Lateral leaflets sessile; calyx in the fertile flowers none.

Black Ash (f, nigra),
t- Lateral leaflets stalked; calyx present

g Samara obovate to spatulate; twigs terete.

Water Ash {F. Caroliniana).
g2 Samara elliptic to spatulate; twigs 4-sided.

Blue Ash (F. quadrangulata) .
e- Samara with seed-bearing portion subterete; wing not extending to base;
leaflets stalked; calyx present in fertile flower
f Wing almost entirely terminal — slightly if at all decurrent on body
g Leaves and branchlets glabrous or nearly so.

White Ash (F. Americana).
S- Leaves beneath and branchlets pubescent.

BiLTMORE Ash {F. Biltmoreana) .
f-' Wing decurrent somewhat on sides of body but not to base
S Wing of samara spatulate

h Branchlets and leaves glabrous or nearly .so; leaves green beneath.

Green Ash (F. lanceolata).
h^ Branchlets and petioles velvety pubescent
i Samara less than 2 in. long; calyx small.

Red Ash (F. Pennsylmnica) .
12 Samara mostly 2 in. long or more; calyx enlarged.

Pumpkin Ash (F. profunda).

e2 Wing of samara long-linear Darlington Ash (F. Darlingtonii)

b2 Palniately compound; fr. large coriaceous capsule; leaflets membranaceous and
usually
c 7, lance-obovate, cuneate, apiculate a., wrinkled.

Horse Chestnut (Aesculus Eippocastanum) .
c- 5 (sometimes 6 or 7)

d Oval or oblong, subsessile or acute or short acuminate a.

Ohio Buckeye (Aesculus glabra).
d2 Obovat?-oblong, short-stemmed, acuminate.

Sweet Buckeye (Aesculus octnndra).
a3 DECOMPOUND LEAVES;

b Evenly bipinnate, with 8-12 pairs of pinnae each with many oblong oblique leaflets
about V, in. long; fr. pod Mimosa Tree (Alhrzzia Julibrissin).

b3 Irregularly bipinnate or sometimes ternate, single leaflets taking the place of some
pinnae; petioles
c Armed with prickles; fr. many small dark purple berries.

Hercules Club (Aralia spiywsa) .
c2 Inarmed; fr. large broad pods with large seeds and sweet pulp.

Coffee-tree (Gymnocladus dcicus).

Id Hough's American Woods. a*

a* BOTH COMPOUND AND DECOMPOUND LEAVES, the former often in fascicles,
tree armed with large branching thorns; fr. a shining
c Long contorted and twisted linnear many-seeded pod.

Honey Locust (Gleditsia triacanthos) .
c- Short, oblique-ovate, 1-seeded pod.

Watee Locust (Gleditsia aquatica).

A SYSTEMATIC STUDY

Species whose Woods are Represented in the Accompanying

Sections.

The timbers comprised in the series ^vhich this text is designed to acoora-
panv belong to what are known, botanically speaking, as Flowering and
mostly Exogenous Plants. At the outset, therefore, we will, once for all,
define these groups; and, as the characters herein given are eqnallv true
of all the species enumerated in the following pages, they need not be
repeated in tlie further definition of the various sub-groups and species.

FLOWERING or PH^NOGAMOUS PLANTS.

Plants producing flowers which consist essentially of stamens and pistils,
the latter bearing ovules or seeds.

In distinction from tlie Flowering Plants are the Floicerless or Cri/ptogamous Plants.
comprising tlie rest of the vegetable kingdom, from the very simply organized Slime Moulds
and Bacteria up to the highly organized Ferns and Club-Mosses. But in the study of
timbers this group is unimportant, as only in a few rare cases do any of its representatives
attain the dimensions of trees. Those exceptions are the Tree-Ferns of tropical countries —
gigantic ferns, which sometimes attain the height of fifty or sixty feet, with straight
shafts quite like tree trunks and tops consisting of a bunch of enormous plume-like fronds.
They, howeverj are of practically no value as timber.

EXOGENOUS OR PTCOTYLEDONOT'S PLANTS.

Fowering plants whose stems consist of a central column of pith sur-
rounded bv wood in concentric layers, and this in turn bv bark; the steuis
increasing in thickness bv the addition of a new layer each vear to tlio
wood externally aud to the liark internally. Leaves mostly netted-vein.
First leaves of the embryo (coiyledons) two aud opposite, or (in the

18 Hough's American Woods.

Coniferae) several in a whorl. Parts of the flower in fours or lives, very

rarely in threes.

A second class of Flowering Plants and comprising the rest of tlie group is the L.tnlo-
genous or Moiiocoiyledonous Platits, characterized by having stems in which tiie woud
occurs as tlueads or bundles running through a cellular, pitli-like tissue <o that a irans-
verse section exhibits the wood as dots and not in concentric rings. Leaves mostly
parallel-veined. Embryo with single cotyledon, or rarely two, and then alternate and
unequal. Parts of the flower generally in threes. In southern United States and else-
where in or near the tropics trees are found, such as tlie Palms, etc., which belong to thia
class, but none tliat we have to do with at present.

Exogenous plants are suhdivided into two well-marked groups or sub-
classes — Angiospermce and Gymnospermce. The former includes bv far
the greater part of the Flowering Plants, and most of the speeiesi repre-
sented in "American Woods " are representatives of it.

AXGIOSPEPM.E.

Flowering, exogenous plants in which there is a complete pistil — with
stigma and closed ovary — containing ovules which develop into seeds at
maturity. This sub-class comprises many gi-oups of |)lnnts known as Orders,
and such as are represented by plants which attain the dimensions of trees,
within the limits of the United States, we purpose to consider in the fallow-
ing pages:

Order MAGNOLIACE.ffi : Magnolia Family.

Leaves alternate, simple, coriaceous, entire or lobed (never toothed), marked with minute
transparent dots, feather-veined; leaf buds covered with membranous stipules, which soon
fall away. Flowers single, large, polypetalois, polyandrous. polygamous, hypogenous, per-
fect: sepals and petals colored alike, in three or more circles of three each, imbricated in
the bud, deciduous; anthers adnate: pistils numerous, packed together and covering the
elongated receptacle, and forming in Fruit a sort of fleshy or dry cone containing one or
two seeds in each carpel, with a minute embryo in fleshy albumen.

Trees or shrubs with aromatic and bitter bark.

Gents MAGNOLIA, L.

heaves folded lengthwise in the btid. embracing and embraced by the sheathing stipules.
Leaf-buds conical. Flowers large, fragrant: sepals 3: petals 6-9: anthers longer than
the filaments and opening inward: carpels 'Z-valved and 2-seeded, aggregated and coherent
in a mass. Fruit a fleshy, somewhat, woody cone, each carpel opening at maturity along
its back, letting out its 1 or 2 berry-like seeds, suspended each by a long, extensile thread.

Trees and shrubs. (Genus named in compliment of Prof. Pierre Magnol, an early French
botanist.)

251. Magnolia FKAsKRi — C'icumber-tree. 19

251. MAGNOLIA FRASERI, Walt.
Fraser Magxolia. Eau-leak ok Long-leaf ("ucumber-teee.

Ger., Frascr-MiKjuolie. V\\, MagnoVier de Fraser. Sp., Magnolia de

Fraser.

Specific Ciiaracter.s: — Leaves deciduous, clustered at the ends of the branchlets,
obovate-spatulate, auiicuhxte at base, acute or obtuse at apex, ghibrous dark green above,
paler beneath: buds glabrous, purplish green. Flowers white, fragrant, 8-10 in. across;
sepals early deciduous; petals G-9, spreading, obovate-spatulate, longer than the sepals
and those of the outer rank larger and broader than those of the inner. Fruit oblong,
glabrous, 3-4 in. long, the carpels with long curved beaks; seed compressed.

A tree of medium size, rarely more than 40 ft. (12 m.) in height, or
with trunk more than 18 in. (0.46 m. ) in diameter, and vested in a rather
thin and quite smooth grayish brown, beeeh-like bark. It not infrequently
sends up two or more trunks from a single base and is commonly crooked
or leaning.

Habitat. — The Alleghany Mountain region from southwestern Virginia
southward to southern Alabama and the Chattahoochee River region of
western Florida, most abundant on the southern slopes of the mountains
between the altitudes of 2000 and 3000 ft. above tide, where it prefers the
moist soil in the vicinity of streams. As we descend from these altitudes
it becomes less and less common and more scattered among other trees.

Physical Properties. — Wood light, soft, not strong, satiny, not
durable in contact with the soil, of close grain and easily worked. The
sap-wood is usually abundant and of a pale-cream color, and the scanty
heart-wood, which does not commonly show in trunks of less than 30 or 40
years of age, is of a purple-brown color. Specific Gravity, 0.5003 ; Per-
centage of Ash, 0.28 ; Relative Approximate Fuel Value, 0,4989 ; Coefficient
of Elasticity, 94462 ; Modulus of Rupture, TOT ; Resistance to Longitudinal
Pressure, 418; Resistance to Indentation, 123; Weight of a Cubic Foot in
Pounds, 31.18.

Uses. — Though not a wood of recognized commercial importance its
properties would suggest its applicability to the uses for which the white-
wood and the Cucumber-tree wood are used. An important point in the
utility of the tree lies in its value for ornamental planting, its large rich
green leaves, white fragrant flowers and curious fruit making it one of the
most desirable of our decidr.ous trees, in localities where it will thrive, and
these extend considerably beyond the limits of its natural range.

20' Hough's American Woods.

Order ILICDfEAE : Holly Family.

Leaves simple, mostly alternate, coriaceous, ex-stipulate and mostly evergreen. Flowers
small, white or greenish, axillary, 4-8 numerous and sometimes dioecious; calyx minute,
free, imbricated in the bud ; corolla regular, cleft or almost parted, hypogynous, imbricated
in the bud ; stamens as many as the divisions of the corolla, alternate with them and
attaclied to their base: anthers adnate, opening lengthwise; ovary free from the calyx,
4-8-celled, with a single suspended ovule in each cell ; stigmas 4-8 or united into one,
nearly sessile. Fruit drupaceous, with 4-8 anatropous seeds containing large fleshy albu-
men and minute embryo.

Trees and shrubs of over one hundred species, some of considerable economic value.

Genus ILEX, L.

Leaves alternate. Flowers lateral, single or clustered and usually perfect (but many
are abortive), usually 4 (but sometimes 5-8) numerous; calyx persistent; petals distinct
or scarcely united at the base, obtuse, oval or obovate, spreading ; stigmas separate or
united. Fruit a drupe-like berry, and usually red or purple.

(Ilex is an ancient Latin name, but originally applied to a species of Oak.)

252. ILEX MONTICOLA, Gray.

Mountain Holly. Large-leaf Holly.

Ger., Berg-Stechpalme. Fr., Houx de Montagne. Sp., Aceho de la

Montana.

Specific Characters: — Leaves deciduous, ovate to oblong-lanceolate, 3-5 in. long,
obtuse or acute at base, acuminate or acute at apex, sharply serrate with slender pointed
teeth, membranaceous, prominently arcuate-veined, glabrous dark green above, paler and
glabrous except on the prominent veins beneath; petioles slender, about % in. long.
Flowers in June, in few-flowered cymes at the ends of short spurs on the growth of the
previous season, or solitary on the new growth; calyx lobes acute, ciliate. Fruit sub-
globose, scarlet, sometimes nearly 14 in. in diameter; nutlet prominently ribbed.

A small tree of a somewhat pyramidal habit of growth and under mo?t
favorable conditions attaining the height of 30 or 40 ft. (12 m.). The
trunks of the largest trees may be 10 or 12 in. (0.30 m.) in thickness and are
covered with a thin brownish gra}' bark slightly if at all ronghened by
fissures. In many localities it is a shrnb rather than a tree.

Physical Properties. — Wood moderately heavy, hard, close-grained,
with many small medullary rays and annual rings rather indistinctly indi-
cated. The sap-wood is of a creamy white color and the small heart light
brown. Specific Grariti/. 0.6563 ; Weight of a Cubic Foot in Povnds, 40.90.

Habitat. — The Appalachian ]\Iountains, from the Catskills of New
York State to northern Alabama and Georgia, but known as a tree only in
the southern part of its range, as far north as North Carolina.

253. Aesculus glabra — Ohio Buckeye. 21

Uses. — Wood very similar in appearance and properties to that of the
commercial holly (/. opaca) and would doubtless be applied to the -ame
uses were it procurable in sufficient size and tpiantity.

Although a highly desirable species for ornamental planting, on account
of its attractive foliage and large fruit, the period of its retention of leaves
and fruit is unfortunately short.

Order HIPPOCASTANACEJE: Horse-chestnut Family.

Leaves deciduous, opposite, potiolate, digitately compouud, with 3-9 serrate leaflet*, and
without stipules. Floicers appearing after the leaves, conspicuous, polygamous, in showy
terminal cymes or panicles, only the lowermost flowers generally fertile; pedicel jointed:
calyx campanulate with 5 unequal lobes, imbricated in the bud; petals 4-.5, unequal,
clawed; disk hypogenous, annular: stamens ,5-8, usually 7, unequal with elongated filiform
filaments and introrse 2-celled anthers longitudinally dehiscent: ovary sessile, 3-celled, with
■2 ovules in each cell ; style slender, elongated, curved, and with terminal stigma. Fruit
a coriaceous 3-valved 1-2-seeded capsule, loculicidally dehiscent ; seeds large, round or
irregularly himispherical with smooth shining brown coat, large pale hilum, large thick
unequal cotyledons, 2-leaved plumule and remaining underground in germination.

Trees and a few shrubs with ill-scented bark, large branchlets and buds, and of about
eighteen species natives of North America and Asia and grouped in two genera, Aesculus
and Billia, the latter a genus of Mexico and Central America.

Genus .^SCULUS, L.

A genus of ten or twelve species of which four native and one naturalized are repre-
sented among the trees of America. The characters are those of the family.
The name is the classical name of a kind of oak and transferred to this genus.

253. AESCULUS GLABRA, Willd.

Ohio Buckeye. Fetid Buckeye.

Ger., Banzige-Kastanie. Fr., Marronnier Fetide. Sp., Casfano Fefido.

Specific Characters: — Leaves with petioles 4-0 in. long and 5-7 oval or oblong leaf-
lets 3-6 in. long cuneate and entire at base, acuminate, finely unequally serrate above, at
maturity glabrous on upper surface, pubescent on the veins beneath and on the petioles.
Floicers (April-May) yellowish green, about % i^ long, mostly unilateral in loose
pubescent panicles 5-6 in. long; calyx campanulate: petals of nearly equal lengtii. the
elaws about equally as long as the calyx but the lateral pair broader: stamens longer than
the petals, usually 7, with long curved filaments: ovary pubescent and armefl witli prickles.
Fi-uit irregularly obovate or subglobose, 1-2 in. long, more or less roughened with prickles ;
seed 1-1 V2 in. wide.

A small or medium-size tree, occasionally attaining the height of To ft.
('23 m.) and with a trunk diameter of 2 ft. (0.61 m.), but it is not com-
monly of more than half these dimensions. When isolated it develop-^ a

22 Hough's American Woods.

full, broad or rounded top. The bark of trunk is of a brownish gray color,
rough with may friable and commonly rounded scales.

Habitat. — The western slopes of the Alleghany Mountains, from western
Pennsylvania to northern Georgia, and westward throughout the great
Mississippi Valley to about central Nebraska and western Kansas. It is
rather local in its distribution, inhabiting the banks of streams and rich
bottom-lands, and, excepting in localities, is not an abundant tree. Its
former abundance in Ohio is evinced by one of the names by which it is
often known.

Physical Properties. — AVood light, soft, of very fine grain, satiny,
rather tough and easily worked, and of a buff-white color, both in the sap
and heart-wood, but the latter assuming a purple-brown color when about
to decay. Specific Gravity, 0.4542 ; Percentage of Ash, 0.86 ; Relative
Approximate Fuel Value, 0.4503; Coefficient of Elasticity, 64438; Modulus
of Bupture, 494; Resistance to Longitudinal Pressure:, 313; Resistance to
Indentation, 71 ; ^yeig]lt of a Cubic Foot in Pounds, 28.31.

Uses. — A favorite wood for the manufacture of artificial limbs and
splints and certain kinds of wooden ware where lightness and toughness are
important qualities, and it is also used for paper pulp.

^^Tedicixal Properties. — Said to be very useful in congestions of the-
portal circulation.^

Order SAPINDACE-ffi : Soapberry Family.

Leaves altei-nate in the American representatives, petiolate, pinnately or palmately com-
pound, Avithout stipules. Floircrs regular or slightly irregular, polygamous, dioecious;
calyx 4-5-lobed or divided, imbricated in the bud; petals 4-.5, imbricated: disk annular,
fleshy: stamens usually 5-10 inserted on the disk; anthers introrse, 2-celled, longitudinally
dehiscent: ovary solitary, with 2-4 lobes and cells or entire; ovules 1 or 2 in each cell:
styles terminal. Fniitta drupe or capsule with small solitary seed and containing no
albumen.

Trees, shrubs and a few vines with watery juice and chiefly confined to the tropics of
the Old World. Over a thousand species are known grouped in about twenty genera. Of
the arborescent genera four are represented in the United States, all southward.

CtExus SAPINDUS, L.

Leaves mostly pinnate, deciduous. Flowers small, with short pedicels, in ample racemes
or panicles: sepals 4-5, unequal: petals of same number and alternate with the sepals,
each usually with a scale at its base inside and inserted under the edge of the disk :
stamens S-10 inserted on the disk, equal, usually with hairy filaments included in the
perfect flowers but much longer and exserted in the staminate flowers: anthers versatile:
ovary ascending and .S-celled with a single ovule in each cell; style columnar, short, and

*U. S. Dispensatory, 16th Ed., p. 1698.

254. Sapindus drummondi — WesteBxV Soapberry. 23

2-4-lobed stigma. Fruit a 1-3 seeded drupe-like berry, subglobose or 2-3-lobed: seed one
in each carpel, obovate, with smooth testa and hilum siirounded with silky hairs.

Tlie name is from sapo and Indus, meaning Indian soap.

Trees and shrubs of wide distribution mainly in tropical regions and most abundant in
Asia. About forty species are known of which three are found in southern United States,
one ranging as far north as southern Missouri.

254. SAPINDUS DRUMMONDI, H. & A.

Western Soapberry. Wild China-tree.

Ger., Drummond Steifenbeere. Fr., Savonier de Drummond. Sp., Arhol

de Jahoncillo.

Specific Characters: — Leaves glabrous or nearly so, with slender not winged rachises
and 0-11 pairs of lanceolate usually falcate acuminate short-petiolate oblique entire leaf-
lets 2-3 in. long, acute at base, glabrous above, pubescent, thickish. Flowers (May-
June) about 3-16 in. across, white, in terminal compound panicles 6-9 in. long. Fruit
ripening in early autumn and remaining, more or less shriveled, on the branches until
spring, oval, about i/4 in. long, yellow, translucent, glabrous and slightly if at all keeled;
seed dark brown.

An interesting tree of medinm stature, attaining the height of from 50 to
7r» ft. (20 m.), with few large branches and a trnnk from 1^ to 2 ft.
(0.60 m.) in thickness above the strong bnttresses which are found at its
base. The bark of trunk is of an ashen gray color, rough with irregular
and rather thin scales.

Habitat. — Southern Kansas and southward throughout the region from
western Louisiana to southern Arizona and southward into Mexico. It
occupies the moist soil of bottom-lands and the vicinity of streams, generally
scattered or in small groups among trees of other species.

Physical Properties. — Wood heavy, moderately hard, strong, with
very fine medullary rays and layers of annual growth marked with many
largo open ducts. It is of a yellow-brown color with light greenish yellow
sap-wood. Specific Gravity, 0.8126; Percentage of Ash, 1.50; Relative
Approximate Fuel Value, 0.8004; Coefficient of Elasticity, 83681 : Modulus
of Bupture, 843; Besnstance to Lonqitudinal Pressure, 470; Besistance to
Indentation. 272; ^Yeir|ht of a Cubic Foot in Pounds. 50.64.

Uses. — The facility Avith which the wood splits between the layers of
growth makes this a useful timber for splints for the manufacture of baskets,
for which it is employed in Texas, ns the wood of the Black Ash of similar
properties is employed in the Xorthern States.

24: Hough's American Woods.

Order ANACARDIACEiE : Cashew Family,

Leaves alternate, simple or compound, without pellucid dots; stipules none. Flowers
polj'petalous, small, often polygamous, regular and furnished with bracts; sepals 3-5,
united at the base, persistent; petals 5 (or sometimes wanting), imbricated in the bud;
stamens 5 or 10, alternate with the petals and perigynous; ovary free, leelled and
1-ovuled; styles or stigmas 3. Fruit a berry or drupe, the seed containing no albumen.

Trees or shrubs with a milky resinous or gummy acrid juice, which, as well as the
exhalations, are often poisonous.

Genus RHUS, Linnaeus.

Leaves alternate, mostly compound (rarely simple) without stipules. Floicers minute,
white or greenish, polygamous or dioecious by abortion, in axillary or terminal compound
panicles; calyx 5-lobed, generally persistent; petals 5, longer than the lobes of the calyx
and inserted under the margin of the disk which surrounds the base of the free ovary
imbricated in aestivation ; stamens 5, alternate with the petals, with subulate filaments
and oblong introrse '2-celled anthers, attached by the back and longitudinally dehiscent,
rudimentary in the pistallate flowers; pistil with 1-celled ovary, three terminal styles with
capitate stigmas, the ovary containing a single anatropous ovule suspended by a funiculus
rising from the base of the cell. Fruit a smooth or hairy berry with thin dryish and
resinous sarcocarp and crustaceous or horny endocarp ; seed destitute of albumen and with
thin membranous testa.

(The namcj Rhus, is the old Latin and Greek name of the Sumach.)

255. RHUS VERNIX, L.

Poison Suimacii.

Ger., Gift-Sumacli. Fr., Sumach Empoisonnc. Sp., Zumaque Venenoso.

Specific Characters: — Leaves 7-14 in. long and with 7-13 short-petiolate ovate-
oblong or obovate entire leaflets (the terminal one often 2 or 3-lobed) obtuse or acute and
unequal at base and mostly acuminate at apex, lustrous dark green above, paler and
prominently veined beneath. Floicers (June) yellow-green, Vs in- across, in long loose
axillary panicles. Fruit ripens in September and often hangs from leafless branches in the
winter, in long loose panicles; drupe compressed globose, about 14 in- in diameter, shining
ivory white or grayish; stone striated.

A low tree with wide-spreading top of few branches, occasionally attain-
ing the height of 20 or 30 ft. (8 m.), and with short trnnk, rarely 10 or 12
in. (0.30 m.) in diameter. This is covered with a smooth dark-gray bark,
prominently marked horizontally with large lenticels. Over a large part of
its range it is considered rather a shrub than a tree.

Habitat. — From abont the latitrde of the northern bonndary of Xew
York and Vermont, westward to Minnesota and southward to central Mis-
sissippi and Alabama, growing in swamps and along the low, miry banks of
streams and ponds, where its existence is always made evident in antnmn
by the brilliancy of its red and yellow antnmnal foliage and pearl-like frnit.

256. CoTINUS AMERICAXUS AMERICAN SmoKE-TREE. 25

Physical Properties. — Wood light, soft, with tine medullary rays, and
annual layers marked by several rows of rather small open ducts. It is of
a bright light-yellow color streaked with brown and greenish, and the thin
pap-wood is nearly pure white. Specific Gravity, 0.4382 ; Percentage of
Ash, 0.64; Relative Approximate Fuel Value, 0.4354; ^Veig]lt of a Cubic
Foot in Pounds, 27.30.

Medicinal Properties. — These are said to be identical with those of
Ihe allied Poison Ivy.

Genus COTINUS, Adans.

Leaves deciduous, simple, mostly petiolate, thinnish, obovate, oblong or oval, entire,
glabrous or nearly so. Floicey-s small, greenish-yellow, dioecious or polygamous, in large
loose terminal panicles with slender accrescent pedicels many of which are abortive and
become villous; calj'x lobes persistent: petals twice as long as the sepals; stamens 5,
shorter than the petals; ovary obovoid, compressed: styles 3. lateral, spreading. Fruit
1 -seeded dry obliquely oblong compressed glabrous drupelets, conspicuously reticulated
and bearing the remnants of the styles on one side; stone bony. The drupelets occur in
ample loose thyrsoid panicles with many plume-like abortive pedicels.

The name is the ancient Greek name of the Wild Olive, transferred to this tree.

Small trees of two species with aromatic milky juice, one a native of Europe and Asia
and the other of southwestern United States.

256. COTINUS AMERICANUS, Nutt.

American S:moke-tree. Chittam-wood.

Ger., Amerikanischer Rau-chhaum. Fr., Sumac Cotinus Americain. Sp.,

Arhol Fumoso Americano.

Specific Characters: — Leaves oval to obovate, 4-6 in. long, thinish, mostly petiolate
but the lowermost of the season's growth subsessile, decurrent on the petioles, rounded or
emarginate at apex, entire, glabrous, dark green above, paler and pubescent on the mid-
ribs beneath. Flowers (April-May) % in. across greenish, in panicles 5-6 in. long. Fruit
drupelets about Vs in. long and produced sparingly among the plumose steril pedicels.

A small tree, occasionally attaining the height of 30 or 35 ft. (10 m.),
with spreading to]) of few large branches and trunk 12-14 in. (0.33 m.)
in diameter, covered with an ash-gray bark roughened with many small
imbricated scales.

Habitat. — One of the rarest and most locally distributed trees of Xorth
America the Smoke-tree is found on limestone ridges in the vicinity of
Huntsville, Alabama, and the Cheat ]\roimtains of eastern Tennessee, in the
valley of the Medina River in westera Texas, and on the Ozark ^lountains
in southwestern Missouri and southwestward into Oklahoma. It is prob-
ablv more common in the last-mentioned localitv tlian in anv other.

26 Hough's American Woods.

Physical Properties. — Wood soft, light, rather coarse-grained, with
very small medullary rays and annual layers marked by several rows of small
open ducts. It is of a beautiful golden brown color, with pure white sap-
Avood of only one or two layer's growth. Specific Gravity, 0.6425 ; Per-
ccnlmje of Ash, 0.50; Belative Approximate Fuel Value, 0.6393; Weight
of a Cubic Foot in Pounds, 40.04.

Uses. — This wood yields an orange-colored d^^e, and its durability in
contact with the soil makes it a useful wood for fence posts. It was formerly
a much more abundant tree than at present, as the demand for it in earlier
days for the above uses greatly reduced its abundance.

Order ROSACE.ffi : Rose Family.

Leaves alternate and with stipules which sometimes fall early or are rarely wanting.
Flowers regular; sepals 5 or rarely fewer, united at the base and often furnished outside
with bractlets resembling the sepals; petals as many as the sepals, or. rarely, wanting,
distinct and inserted on a disk which lines the calyx-tube; stamens distinct, numerous
(with rare exceptions) and inserted with the petals on the disk of the calyx-tube; pistils
1-niany, distinct or united and often combined with the calyx-tube. Fruit various, as
drupe, pome, achenium, etc.; seeds solitary or few, mostly albumenless, with straight
embryo and large thick cotyledons.

Trees, shrubs and herbs, many of great economic value in the production of most useful
fruits, beautiful flowers, choice perfumes, etc.

Genus PRUNUS, Tournefort.

Leaves simple; stipules free and commonly deciduous. Flotuers perfect, with calyx
regular, free and falling away after flowering; petals widely spreading; stamens 15-30:
pistil solitary with style terminal or nearly so, and ovary containing 2 pendulous ovul»s.
Fruit a drupe, fleshy, with a smooth 1-seeded (rarely 2-seeded) pit.

Trees and shrubs. (Primus is the ancient Latin name of the phim-tree.)

257. PRUNUS AMERICANA, Marsh.

Wild Plum.

Ger., AmeriJcanischer Schlehdorn. Fr., Pi^unier d' Ameriqu&. Sp., CirueJo

Americano.

Specific Character.s: — Leaves ovate to obovate, 2i/^^ in. long, narrowed and rounded
or tapering at base, acuminate at apex, sharply and sometimes doubly-serrate, nearly
ghabrous when they unfold and at maturity rugose, dark green above, paler and with
prominent reticulate veins beneath; petioles mostly glandless. Flowers when leaves are
about half grown, in 2-4-flowered glabrous umbels; calyx lobes sometimes entire, pilose
inside: petals white, rounded with claw. Fruit subglobose or slightly elongated with
tough acerb skin orange or red often with pale spots: pit oval, rather smoothish and
turgid and slightly ridged on the ventral side and obscurely grooved on the dorsal.

Var. lanata Sudw. is a form ranging from Missouri to Texas with pubescent under sur-
faces of leaves^ calyx-lobes, pedicels ard branchlets.

257. PrUNUS AMERICANA WiLD PlUM. 27

The American NViUl IMinii, which is the name applied to this particular
t;j)ecies of the native American Plums of greatest distribution, is a small
tree, generally with low broad top of stiff branches and slightly zigzag and
iomewhat spinous branchlets. When crowded by other trees it may attain
the height of -30 or 40 ft. (10 m.). The trunk is rarely more than 12 in.
(0.-")0 m.) in diameter, and is covered with a purplish brown bark rough
with thinnish elongated scales.

Habitat. — From central New^ York westward to the eastern slopes of
tile Kocky Mountains and southward to western Florida, southern Texas and
the mountains of northeastern Mexico. It inhabits preferably moist, ricii
low-lands, and in the Southern. States is even found in localities subject to
annual inundati<m.

Physical Propertip:s. — Wood l.eavy, hard, strong, close-grained, and
of a rich brown color sometimes streaked with purple and with thin, lighter
sap-wood. Specific Gravity, 0.7215; Percentage of Ash. O.IS; Relative
Approximate Fuel Taule, 0.7202; Coefficimt of Elasticity, 82659; Modulus
of Rupture, 864; Resistance to Lonqitudinal Pressure, 588; Resistance to
Iiulcnfatio)i, 213; Welr/Jit of a Cnhic Foot in Pounds, 44.96.

Uses. — The fruit of the American Plum is esteemed as one of our best
native fruits, though differing consideral^ly in quality in different trees.
Some of the best forms have been introduced into cultivation under special
names. Such are the De Soto, Louisa, Itasca, IMinnetonka, etc.

Order ERICACEJE : Heath Family.

Lraves commonly alternate, but sometimes opposite and rarely whorled, without stipules.
Flowers regular, symmetrical, perfect and 4-5 numerous; corolla present and lobed or of
distinct petals: stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla, or twice as many, free from
il. but inserted with it on an annular disk; anthers usually introrse, commonly appendaged
and openino- by terminal chinks or pores, pollen compound, of 4 united grains (except in
a few herbaceous species, the Monotropce) ; pistil with single style, superior or inferior
ovary, having as many cells as the lobes of the corolla, or rarely fewer. Fruit a berry,
drupe or capsule with small anatropous seeds having small embryo in fleshy albumen.

A large family, mainly of shrubs, but a few trees and herbs, and quite various in
characters.

Gextt.s VACCINIUM, L.

Lrnvps alternate and mostly small. Flowers small, white or pink, with bibracteolate
pedicels, in axillary racemes or clusters or rarely solitary: calyx .V.5-lobed, valvate, per-
sistent and the tube adnate to the ovary: corolla gamopetalous, epigynous, mostly urn-
shaped or campanulate, 4-.5-lobed, imbricated: stamens twice as many as the lobes of tlie
corolla and inserted on its base under the edge of the thick disk; filaments short: antliers
awned on the back and cells prolonged upwards into tubes opening by terminal pores:
ovary 4-.') celled or imperfectly 8-10-celled: style filiform, erect, with terminal stigma :
ovules numerous, anatropous, attached to inner angle of the cell. Fruit a berry 4-5 or

28 Hough's American Woods.

8-lO-celled containing many compressed seeds with minute embryo surrounded with fleshy-
albumen.

The name is the classical Latin name of the European Bilberry.

This genus consists of shrubs (some epiphytal) and a few small trees with slender
branchlets and many of its representatives with edible fruits.

258. VACCINIUM ARBOREUM, Nutt.

Sparkleberry. Farkleberry. Tree Huckleberry.

Ger., Baumaiiige Heidelbeere. Fr., Vaciet d'arhre. Sp., Arhol de

Arandano.

Specific Characters: — Leaves deciduous northward but persistent southward, obovate
to oval, i/i;-2iA in. long, subsessile, cuneate at base, rounded or acute at apex, with entire
or obscurely denticulate and revolute margins, at maturity lustrous dark green above,
paler and glabrous or puberulous beneath, coriaceous. Flowers (March-May) white, in
leafy-bracted racemes, with slender pedicels % in. long; corolla campanulate with 5 acute
reflexed lobes; stamens 10, with hairy filaments. Fruit ripe in October, subglobose, 14 ii^-
in diameter, shining black.

A small tree, rarely more than 25 ft. (8 m.) in height, with top of spread-
ing, contorted branches and many fine branchlets. The trunk rarely exceeds
8 or 10 in. (0.27 m. ) in diameter, is often crooked or leaning and is vested
in a thin brownish gray bark which exfoliates in elongated friable scales.

Habitat. — From the coast region of a^orth Carolina to sonthern Kansas
and southward throughout the Southern States generally, as far west as
eastern Texas, and ranging northward in the Mississippi valley to southern
Illinois. It inhabits preferably sandy, moist soil of bottomlands and the
banks of streams, and attains its greatest size and is most abundant in the
region of the coast ; in the interior and to the northward is more shrubby in
habit of growth.

Physical Properties. — Wood hc-avy, hard, strong, of fine close grain
with many rather conspicuous medullary rays, and of a pinkish white color,
."^hading gradually into a light reddish brown heart. Specific Gravity,
.07610; Percentage of Ash, 0.39; Relative Approximate Fuel Value,
0.7580; Resistance to Longitudinal Pressure, 399; Resistance to Indenta-
tion, 279; ]Yeight of a Cubic Foot in Pounds, 47.43.

Uses. — A useful wood in turnery, for tool handles and similar small
articles of wooden ware. The fruit, though palatable, is little used, as it is
not as accessible as that of some of the more shrubby species, and is rather
inferior in quality.

259. Kalmia latifolia — Mountain Laurel. 29

Medicinal Properties. — The bark and leaves contain some tannin, on
Avhic'h account it is sometimes used in domestic practice, where an astringent
action is desired.

Genus KALMIA, L.

Leaves evergreen, coriaceous, entire, short-petiolate. Flowers mostly axillary in umbels,
with slender pedicels from the axils of persistent bracts; calyx 5-parted, imbricated in the
bud, persistent; corolla 5-lobed, saucer-shaped, pink, purple or white, and containing ten
pouches with keels extending from the pouches to the lobes and sinuses; stamens 10,
shorter tlian the corolla, with oblong anthers retained in the pouches of the corolla until
tiie flower opens, then liberated by straightening of the elastic filiform filaments causing
a disciiarge of the pollen; disk 10-lobed; ovary subglobose, S-cellcd, with filiform exserted
style and capitate stigma; ovules numerous in each cell, anatropous, attached to an axile
placenta. Fruit a subglobose crustaceous, 5-celled capsule, obscurely 5-lobed tardily sep-
tieidally dehiscent from the persistent axis; seeds minute, subglobose, embryo in fleshy
albumen.

The name is in honor of Peter Kalm, a Swedish botanist of the 18th century.

Small trees and shrubs of 6 or 7 species, all of which are found in the United States
excepting one, which is a native of Cuba.

259. KALMIA LATIFOLIA, L.

Mountain Laurel.
Ger., Berg-Lorheer. Fr., Kalmie de Montague. Sp., Laurel de la Montana.

Specific Character.s: — Leaves persistent, alternate, opposite and in threes, condu-
plicate, eliptic-lanceolate to oblong, acute at both ends, pubescent at first but at maturity
lustrous dark green above, paler beneath, thick, rigid. Flowers (May-June), about % in.
in diameter, numerous in compound and crowded terminal corymbs, 3-6 in. across; pedicels
slender, erect, glandular, pubescent; corrolla white or pinkish and delicately penciled
above. Fruit a depressed-globose glandular capsule, three-sixteenths in. in diameter with
persistent calyx and style.

A small tree occasionally attaining the height of 30 or 40 ft. (10m.), with
rounded top of stont diverging branches and with crooked or leaning and
pometimes gnarled trunk which occasionally attains the diameter of 1.5 or
1.'^ in. (0.10). The bark of trunk is of a yellowish gray color and
exfoliates in narrow elongated fibrous scales.

Habitat. — The Atlantic coast states from southern Xew Brunswick and
Xova Scotia southward to northeiTi Florida and westward to western
Louisiana, but not extending far west of the Alleghanies excepting in the
southern part of its range. It is only a shrub throughout most of its range,
but attains the stature of a tree on the high Alleghany ^lountains. It is
imconniKin and locallv distributed to the northward, but verv abundant and

30 Hough's American Woods,

forming vast thickets and distributed as an imder-shrnb tiiroughout the
torests on the slopes of the southera Alleghanies.

Physical Properties. — The wood is iine-grained, rather hard, heavy
and strong, with fine medullary rays and of a reddish brown (Nolor, with
thick lighter colored sap-wood. Specific Gravity, 0.7160; Percentage of
Asli, 0.41; Relative Approximate Fuel Value. O.TI-'jI; Coefficient of Elas-
ticity, 58484 ; Modiihis of Rupture, 639 ; Resistance to Longitudinal Pres-
sure, 430; Resistance to Indentation, 262; Weigld of a Cubic Foot iui
Pounds, 44.62.

Uses. — The wood is useful in turnery for tool-handles and other small
articles of wooden ware. The species ranks high in value for ornamental
planting, it being one of the most bei-utiful shrubs of the Xorth American
forest when in flower, and its shining evergreen foliage is attractive at all
seasons of the year.

Medicinal Properties. — The leaves are occasionally employed in medi-
cine on account of astringent and reouted sedative and antiphlogistic prop-
el ties, although their value is disputed by many physicians.

XoTE. — The leaves and other succulent parts are said to be poisonous
to sheep, though, strangely, they ar^:- eaten with impunity by deer, goats,
partridges and pheasants. Cases of poisoning in men have been reported
from eating the flesh of birds which l.ave sul)sisted largely on tlie buds and
leaves.* Honey gathered from the flowers possesses properties poisonous
to man, though not to the bees, and they raise brood on it with impunity.f

Order SAPOTACEJE : Sapodilla Family.

Leaves alternate or sometimes clustered, simple, entire, pinnately-veined, mostly cori-
aceous, petiolate, without stipules. Flowers small, regular, perfect, in axillary clusters:
calyx of 5-8 persistent sepals, imbricated; corolla hypogenous, 5-8-cleft, with an internal
lobe-like appendage or two at each sinus and a short tube; disk none; stamens as
many as the lobes of the corolla and opposite them inserted on the tube: anthers 2-ce11ed,
subextrorse, longitudinally dehiscent: pistil with ovary sessile, usually 5-celled, with
simple style and termina stigma, and containing a solitary anatropous ovule. Fruit a
berry with persistent calyx at base and tipped with remnants of the style, usually Iseeded.
the seed containing a large straight embryo with or without albumen.

Trees, shrubs and vines with milky juice and of wide distribution throughout the warmer
regions of the globe, some species producing valuable timbers or fruits and one producing
the gutta percha of commerce. The family consists of about 400 species of 35 genera, of
which 5 genera are represented in the trees of the United States, all subtropical excepting
Bumelia.

•U S. Dispensatory, 16th Ed , p. 1834
+ A B C of Bee Culture, p. 263.

2GU. Blmllia lanuginosa — Gum Elastic. 31

Genus BUMELIA, Sw.

Leaves alternate on vigorous shoots oi clustered on spur-like lateral branchlets, con-
duplicate in the bud, oblanceolate to obovate, elliptical, more or less silky tomentose
beneath, short petiolate. Flowers with slender pedicels, in crowded axillary fascicles;
eaiyx subcampanulate, with 5 unequal lobes; corolla campanulate, white, 5-lobed, the
rounded lobes and their appendages et]ual; stamens with short filiform filaments and
!«agitate anthers; ovary conical-ovoid, hirsute, with simple pointed style stigmatic at ajHX.
I'ruit an oblong, obovoid or subgiobose black drupe, solitary or few together, with tiiin
ilesh and large seed having a thick smooth light brown crustaceous testa, ba^al hilum.
large straight embryo with thick fleshy cotyledons and no albumen.

The name is the classical Greek for the Ash-tree transferred to this genus.

Small trees and shrubs with more or less spinisceut branchlets and of about 20 spepies,
natives of the western hemisphere, 5 being found within the United State and four of
these are small trees.

260. BUMELIA LANUGINOSA, Pers.

Woolly Buckthorn ok Bumelia. Gum Elastic. Chittim-wood.

Ger., ^Y olliger-Kreiizdorn. Fr., Nerprun Jaineux. Sp., Ladierna lanosa.

Specific Ch.\r.\cters -. — Lea res mostly obovate or oblanceolate. 1-2^2 in. long, narrow,
cuneate at base, rounded or bluntly pointed at apex, woolly tomentose at first but at
maturity dark green and glabrous above and densely tomentose beneath as are tiie shmt
petioles and all new growth, tardily deciduous. Floirers ( Julj'-August) in usually
several-flowered fascicles with pedicels about % in. long: calyx with obtuse or rounded
lobes ; staminodia ovate, acute denticulate. Fruit drupe, black, 14 in. less in length ;
seed oblong, rounded at apex, about 14 'n. long.

Var. rigida, Gray, is a form found along the Mexican boundary with rigid spinescpiit
branchlets and smaller thicker leaves.

A small or medium-«;ize tree, occasionally attaining; the height of 50 or
60 ft. (16 m.), and when isolated develops an oval or rounded top of rigid
branches, armed with short stout spines, and Avith leaves mainly clustered
on short lateral spurs. The trunks are occasionally 2 or 3 ft. (0.7 m.) in
thickness and are vested in a dark grayish brown bark deeply fissured into
reticulated ridges, which finally exfoliate in thick scales.

Habitat. — From southern Georgia and Florida westward to about cen-
tral Texas and nortward in the Mississippi valley to southern Missouri and
Illinois, growing on dry rocky slo]3es and ridges.

Physical Properties. — Wood moderately heavy and strong, with very
fine medullary rays and a markedlv characteristic arrangement of the large
and small open ducts. It is of a lio-hl yellowish brown color with abundant
lighter sap-wood. Specific Grarity. 0.6544; Percentage of Ash. 1.23;
Relative Approximate Fuel Value, 0.6464; Coefficient of Elasticity, 48334;

32 Hough's American "Woods.

Modulus of Rupture, 387 ; Resistance to Longitudinal Pressure, 362 ; Re-
sistance to Indentation, 160 ; Weight of a Cubic Foot in Pounds, 40.78.

Uses. — The wood is used in Texas, where the species is comparatively
abundant, in cabinet-making.

Order STYRACE^ : Storax Family.

Leaves alternate, simple, pinnately veined and without stipules. Floicers regular, per-
fect; calyx more or less adnate to the ovary; corolla gamopetalous or polypetalous, with
4 or 8 lobes or petals ; stamens twice as many as the lobes of the corolla or more, adnate
to the tube and arranged in a single series ; anthers introrse : ovary 2-5-celled, with
slender simple style and terminal stigma ; ovules anatropous. Fruit a drupe with thin
dry flesh, sometimes winged; hard and mostly 1-seeded stone containing straight embryo
and copious albumen.

Trees or shrul)s with more or less stellate or scaly pubescence and confined to the warmer
regions of the globe. About 75 species are known grouped in 7 genera. Two genera are
represented in the United States and of these the following one is arborescent.

Genus MOHRODENDRON, Britt.

Leaves deciduous, oval to obovate-oblong, membranaceous, denticulate. Flowers bell-
shaped, in fascicles or short racemes, with slender drooping pubescent bracteolate pedicels
from the axils of the leaves of the previous year; calyx tube obconic, 4-ribbed, tomentose,
adnate to the ovary and with short 4-toothed limb: corolla epigynous, 4-lobed or divided,
thin and white, stamens 8-16, with flat filaments more or less united at base and slightly
adnate to the base of the corolla; ovary 2-4-cel!ed, with an elongated style, terminal
stigma and 4 ovules in each cell, the upper ascending and the lower pendulous. Fruit a
dry, oblong, 2-4-winged drupe, 1-4-celled, tipped with the style and calyx teeth and con-
taining a thick-walled bony stone; embryo terete, axile.

Named in compliment to Dr. Chas. Mohr, botanist and author of the FJo7-a of Ala-
bama, etc.

Trees and shrubs of the southern Atlantic states of North America and comprised in
three species of which two are aborescent and one shrubby. One of the former ranges as
far north as southern Illinois.

261. MOHRODENDRON CAROLINUM, Britt.

Silver-bell Tree. Sxow-prop Tree.

Ger., Carolina Maiglokenhaum. Fr., ColcJie d'Arhre de Carolina. Sp..
Campanula hlanca de Carolina.

Specific Characters: — Leaves oval to obovate-oblong, 4-6 in. long, acute or obtuse at
base, mostly acuminate at apex, remotely serrulate, pale tomentose at first, at maturity
glabrous dark green above, paler and more or less pubescent beneath. Floicers (March-
April) on drooping pedicels; corolla slightly lobed, obout % in. long; stamens 10-16 with
glabrous filaments; ovary 4-celled. Fruit ripening in late autumn, 4-winged. 1-2 in. long.

The Silver-bell Tree on the high Alleghany ^Mountains attains the height
of 70 or 80 ft. (30 m.). with a trunk 3 to 4 ft. (1 m.) in diameter, but

261. MOHRODENDRON CAROLINDM SiLVER-BELL TrEE. 33

clst'wlie^re it liardlv attains half the above dimensions, and in localities is
rather a tall shrub than a tree. When isolated it develops a low broad
or rounded top.

The bark of trunk is of a reddish brown color, fissured into longitudinal
rmd more or less reticulated scaly ridges.

Habitat. — From West Virginia and southern Illinois southward to
central Florida, eastward throughout the Piedmont region of North and
South Carolina and westward to eastern Texas, growing in rich moist soil
and along the banks of streams. It attains its greatest growth and abun-
dance on the western slopes of the Alleghanies in Tennessee.

Physical Propekties. — Wood light, soft, strong, fine-grained, with open
ducts quite uniformly distributed through the season's growth, and of a rich
mottled, reddish brown color, with thick, pinkish white sap-wood. Specific
Gravity, 0.5628; Percentage of Ash, 0.40; Relative Approximate Fuel
Value, 0.5605 ; Weight of a Cubic Foot in Pounds, 35.07.

Uses. — In the limited region of its commercial importance (Blount,
Sevier and Monroe Counties, Tenn.) the large Silver-bell trees yield valuable
timber for cabinet-making, etc. There it is locally known as the bell wood,
peau'ood and chitfam, and the figured trunks yield a very beautiful veneering
when cut with a rotary cutter.

Tlie tree is deservedly popular for ornamental planting, on account of
the abundance and beauty of its bell-shaped flowers, converting its branches
into veritable garlands in early spring,', and its handsome foliage and curious
fruit during the summer and autumn.

Ordek OLEACEJE : Olive Family.

Leaves opposite and simple or pinnately compound. Flowers monopetalong (rarely
apetalous or polypetalous) ; calyx 4-cleft, toothed or entire, or sometimes wanting, corolla
resular, 4-cleft (or sometimes 4-petaloiis, or even wanting altogether) ; stamens only 2
(or rarely 4) ; ovary 2-celIed with usually two suspended ovuhs in each cell. Fruit
fle-^hy or capsular, containing 4 (or fewer) seeds.

Represented by trees and shrubs.

Genus FRAXIXUS, TorRXEFORT.

Leaves petioled, oddly-pinnate, with 3-15 toothed or entire leaflets. Flowers small.
racemed or panioled, from the axils of the last year's leaves, the American representatives
dioecious and apetalous: cal\^ and corolla, when present, as described for the order;
anthers large, linear or oblong; style single, stigma 2-cleft. Fruit a 1-2-celled, flattened
samara, winged at the apex, 1-2 pendulous seeds in each cell.

{Frnxinus is the ancient Latin name of the ash: supposed to be from the Greek ({>pd|is,
a separation, alluding to the facility with which the wood splits.)

34 Hough's American Woods.

262. FRAXINUS LANCEOLATA, Borck.
Green Ash.

Ger., Griine Esche. Fr., Frene Yeit. Sp., Fresno Verde.

Specific Characters: — Leaves 8-12 in. long with petiole and racliis glabrous or nearly
so and 5-9 oblong-lanceolate to ovate petiolulate leaflets, cimeate at base, acuminate at
apex, usually sharply serrate at maturity, glabrous or nearly so, bright green both sides
or slightly lighter beneath; branchlets gray, tcrte, glabrous with pale lenticels. Floicers
dioecious, without petals. Fruit samara, 1-2 in. long, with terete body tapering from the
base, tipped with a spatulate or lanceolate wing decurrent about half way down the body.

The Green Ash rarely attains a greater height than GO or 70 ft. (20 m.),
or greater thickness of trunk than 2 or 3 ft. (0.70 m.). It develops a
broad rounded top of slender spreading branches when isolated. The bark
of trunk is of an ashen gray color, deeply furrowed into narrow, firm ridges.

Habitat. — Chiefly a tree of the great Mississippi basin, inhabiting the
banks of streams, lake shores and low-bottom lands, from the valley of the
Saskatchawan to the shores of the Gulf of ]\rexico ; westward to the Rocky
Mountains and eastward to western Massachusetts, but is less abundant east
of the Alleghany Mountains.

Physical Properties. — ■ Wood rather heavy, hard, strong, with incon-
spicuous medullary rays and annual rings marked by several rows of large
open ducts. It is of a rich, mottled light brown color, with thick creamy
white sap-wood. Specific Gravity, 0.7117; Percentage of Asli, 0.G5; Rela-
tive Approximate Fuel Value, 0.7071 ; Coefficient of Elasticity, 90313 ;
Modulus of Rupture, 895 ; Resistance to Longitudinal Pressure, 482 ; Re-
sistance to Indentation, 220; ^yeigJlt of a Cubic Foot in Pounds, 44.35.

Uses. — A valuable wood for the manufacture of agricultural implements,
oars, tool-handles, etc., as is the wood of the White Ash from which it is not
distinguished in commerce.

The Green Ash is a favorite shade tree in many of the cities and villages
of the middle west, and is probably more extensively planted than any other
ash tree.

263. FRAXINUS QUADRANGULATA, Michx.
Blue A sit.

Ger., Blaue Esche. Fr., Frcne Bleu. Sp.. Fresno Azid.

Specific Characters: — Leaves 8-12 in. long with 7-0 ovate-oblong to lonceolate short-
petiolulate leaflets 3-5 in. long, unequally roundptl or obtuse at base, long-afuminate,
closely serrate, tomentose at first but at maturity glabrous, dark yellow green abuve, paler

263. Fraxinus quadrangulata — Blue Ash. 35

and glabrous or hairy-tufted in tlie axils of the veins beneath. Floicers perfect, in hiose
j)anicles; calyx almost obsolete; corolla none; stamens 2 with dark purple oblong anther-
colls. Fruit linear-oblong, 1-2 in. long, winged all around, parallel-veined and the body
extending more than half way to the emarginate apex.

The Blue Ash occasionally attains the height of 100 ft. (30 ra.) or a little
more, and has a diameter of trunk of 3 or -4 ft. (1 m.), in southern Indiana
and Illinois, but elsewhere does not often surpass 75 ft. (25 m. ) in lieiirht
or 2^ ft. (0.75 m.) in thickness of trunk. The bark of trunk is of an ash('i->
iiray color and peculiarly rough with narrow elongated scales, which com-
iiionly loosen at their lower ends first and curve outwards, causing a nmre
or less pronounced imbricated appearance. This peculiarity becomes more
and more pronounced with age and gives to old trunks a remarkably rough
and shaggy appearance.

Habitat. — From southern Michigan to northern Alabama and central
Arkansas, and from the western slopes of the Alleghanies in Kentucky and
Tennessee to western Iowa and Xebraska, inhabiting mainly limestone
ridges and slopes and nowhere in very great abundance.

Physical Properties. — \Yood rather heavy, hard and brittle, with vei-v
obscure medullary rays and annual layers of growth marked by numerous
large open ducts. It is of a light yellowish brown color with lighter sap-
v.-ood. Specific Gravity, 0.7184; Percentage of Ash, 0.78; Belative Ap-
proximate Fuel Value, 0.7128; Coefficient of Elasticity, 77439: Modulus of
Rupture, 811; Resistance to Longitudinal Pressure, 499; Resistance to
Indentation, 222 ; Weight of a Cubic Foot in Pounds, 44.77.

Uses. — The wood is used for flooring, agricultural implements, etc., and
from the inner bark a blue dye is made, from which fact the tree takes its
name. It is a tree of excellent habit of growth and other features which
make it desirable for ornamental planting.

Order LATJRACEiE : Lax'rel Family.

Leaves alternate, simple, generally marked with pelucid dots and (as with the bark)
aromatic. Flowers in clusters: sepals 4-6; colored, slightly united at the base, strongly
imbricated in 2 rows in the bud: petals absent: stamens definite with 2-4-celled anthers
which open by recurved lid-like valves: pistil solitary, free. 1-celled, 1-ovuled and with
single style. Fruit a drupe or berry with single suspended anatropous albumenless seed.
Trees and shrubs.

Gexcs PERSEA. Gaertner.

Leaves entire, evergreen. Flowers perfect, greenish or white, in small axillary peduncu-
late clusters or cymes, without involucre: calyx 6-parted. persistent: stamens 12 in 4 rows,
those of the innermost sterile and rudimentary: anthers 4-ceIled. one pair above the other,
openin? by uplifted valves: anthers of three stamens extrorse. the others introrse. Fruit
an ovoid drupe with persistent calyx at base and containing a single large seed.

36 Hough's American Woods.

Genus represented by trees and shrubs of which the delicious Avogado or Alligator
Pear, the P. gratissima is one representative. (Fersea is a classical name of some Oriental
sacred tree.)

264. PERSEA BORBONIA, Spreng.

Red Bay.

Ger., Bother Lorhcerhaiim. Fr., Laurier Rouge. Sp., Laurel Rojo.

Specific Characters: — Leaves oblong-lanceolate, about equally pointed at both ends,
with entire revolute margins, pilose at first but at maturity lustrous bright green above,
paler and glaucous beneath, thick and firm, veins rather obscure and arcuate near the
margin; petioles and new growths puberulous or nearly glabrous. Flowers with glabrous
peduncles mostly from %-l in. long; calyx pale yellow. Fruit lustrous dark blue, about
% in- or less in diameter, with thin flesh and red stems.

The maximum size attained by the Red Bay is about 60 or 70 ft. (20 m.)
in height and 3 to 3^ ft. (0.80 m.) in diameter of trunk. This is vested in
a grayish brown bark fissured into flat firm ridges.

Habitat. — The Red Bay inhabits the coast region from Virginia to
Fouthern Florida and westward to the Brazos River in Texas, ranging north-
ward west of the Mississippi Pliver into Arkansas. It prefers the moist
soil of bottom-lands, swamps and the vicinity of streams, but is occasionally
found in dryer situations.

Physical Properties. — Wood of moderate hardness and strength, with
thin obscure medullary rays and open ducts quite uniformly distributed.
It is susceptible of a beautiful polish, and is of a reddish brown color with
lighter sap-wood. Specific Gravity, 0.6429; Percentage of Ash, 0.76;
Relative Approximate Fuel Value, 0.6380; Coefficient of Elasticity, 83900;
Modulus of Rutpre, 902 ; Resistance to Longitudinal Pressure, 573 ; Resist-
ance to Indentation, 199; ^Yeight of a Cubic Foot in Pounds, 40.07.

Uses. — Wood used to some extent for interior finishing, cabinet work,
etc., but too limited in supply to be of much commercial importance. The
tree though ranking high in ornamental value, on account of its excellent
habit of growth and shining evergreen foliage, has not attained the value
for ornamental planting that it deserves.

Order ULMACE^ : Elm Family.

Leaves simple, alternate; stipules caducous. Flotrers perfect or polygamous hy abortion,
apetalous, in loose clusters, not catkins ; calyx somewhat bell-shaped, free from the ovary :
stamens springing from the calyx, usually as many as its lobes and opposite them: fila-
ments straight, ovary 1-2-celled with a single suspended ovule in each cell; styles or
etigmas two. Fruit, a samara, or drupe with suspended seed ; no albumen.

Represented by trees, rarely shrubs.

265. CkLTIS MISSlSSIl'l'lENSlS — SUGAKHEKKY. 3(7

Genus CELTIS, Tourn.

Leaves pointed, somewhat oblique at the base. Flowers appearing with the leaves,
greenish, axillary, moncpfiously polygamous; the staminate flowers in little fascicles or
racemes: calyx G-parted, stamens 0; the fertile flowers solitary or in pairs, pedunculate,
calyx .)-partcd, stamens 5, ovary 1-celled, styles 2, stigmas awl-shaped, elongated, recurved.
Fruit a globular drupe, 1-seeded; seed containing a little gelatinous albumen, embryo
curved, cotyledons crumpled.

(Veltis is the ancient Greek name of the Lotus.)

265. CELTIS MISSISSIPPIENSIS, Bosc.

Mississippi Hackberry or Sugarberry.

Ger., Mississippi Ziirgelhaum. Fr., Micocoulier de Mississippi. Sp.,

Ahnez de Mississippi.

Specific Chakacters : — Leaves ovate to oblong-lanceolate, inequilateral and often
falcate, 3-nerved, from wedge-shaped to rounded and very oblique at base, long taper-
pointed, entire or with remote low sharp teeth, smooth dark green above, paler beneath.
Flowers as described for the genus. Fruit small orange brown drupes, Ys to 14 in. long,
with thin flesh and reticulated pit.

Var. reticulata (Torr.) Sarg. is the Palo Blanco of tlie Southwest.

The Mississippi Hackberry is a tree sometimes 75 or 80 ft, (25 m.) in
height with oblong or rounded head and more or less droopng lower brancheg,
{■Tid a trunk seldom more than 2 or 3 ft. (0.80 m.) in thickness. The bark
of trunk is very peculiar and characteristic. It is of a bluish gray color
and smooth but for curious irregular corky excrescences which project at
intervals prominently from its surface. These excrescences vary greatly in
abundance, sometimes almost completely covering its surface and some-
times being almost entirely absent, but either extreme is exceptional.

Habitat. — The banks of streams, lake shores and rich bottom-lands, and
less commonly limestone ridges, from southern Indiana and Illinois south-
ward throughout the Mississippi basin to the Gulf, and from the western
base of the Alleghany ^Mountains to western Arkansas and eastern Texas
and Mexico. It is also found throughout Florida.

Physical Properties. — Wood quite heavy, hard, strong and tough, with
thin medullary rays, conspicuous large open ducts and regularly arranged
rows of smaller ducts. It is of a light brownish yellow color, with thick
greenish white sap-wood. W fir/lit of a Cubic Foot in Pounds, 49.75.

Xot found in larce enouiih size or iu sufficient abundance to be prominent
in connnerce, but of properties suitable for use in the manufacture of agri-
cultural implements, etc.

38 Hough's American Woods.

It is valued as an attractive shade tree for street planting in southern
villages and cities in the regions in which it grows.

Order MORACEJE : * Mulberry Family.

Leaves simple, alternate, sometimes polymorphous, furnished with usually fugacious
stipules. Flowers monoecious or dioecious, usually in spikes or heads; 3-5-lobed, becoming
Heshy in the fruit, free, imbricated in the bud, or rarely wanting; corolla wanting; stamens
as many as the calyx-lobes and opposite them, or fewer and inserted at their bases, with
elastic filaments, inflexed in the bud; ovary free; 1- (or sometimes 2) celled, containing
a single ovule ; style filiform, single or 2-parted. Fruit, an achenium or drupe developed
by the succulent calyx and with seed containing fleshy albumen and a curved embryo.

Trees and shrubs with milky and usually noxious or poisonous juice. They are mostly
of the tropics and include many interesting trees, among which are the Banyan, Fig, Bread-
fruit trees, etc.

Genus BROUSSONETIA, Vent.

Leaves both alternate and opposite, entire or toothed, serrate, without lobes or variously
1-5-lobed, petioled, 3-nerved at base. Floicers dioecious, staminate in cylindrical nodding
ament-like spikes ; calyx 4-parted ; stamens 4 ; pistillate flowers capitate with tubular
perianth, stalked ovary and 2-cleft style. Fruit in a globular head and nutlet exserted
with enlarged red fleshj' stipe and perianth.

Named in honor of T. N. V. Broussonet, a French naturalist.

Trees and shrubs of three or four species with milky juice and natives of eastern Asia,
one species being widely naturalized in eastern United States.

266. BROUSSONETIA PAPYRIFERA, A^ent.

Paper Mulberry.

Ger., Papier-Maulheerhaum. Fr., Murier a pa'pier. Sp., Moral de papel.

Specific Characters: — Leaves usually ovate, 3-8 in. long, not lobed and also (espe-
cially on young plants) variously 3-5-lobed or with single lobe on one side all forms com-
monly on the same tree, cordate or rounded at base, acuminate, serrate-dentate, rough
above, velvety tomentose beneath, long petiolate. Floioers in middle spring, staminata
aments peduncled. Fruit heads % in. across, with red exserted fleshy perianth.

The Paper Mulberry as seen in this country is a rather low tree with
long lateral branches, and when isolated bearing a Vv'ide symmetical top
covering an area perhaps 40 or 50 ft. (14 m.) across and casting a dense
shade. Such trees are generally not quite as tall as broad, and the short
trunk may be 3 or 4 ft. (1 m.) thick, and is often much gniarlcd and con-
voluted. The bark of younger trunks is smooth and handsomely reticulated
with pale yellow lines.

* MoraceoB is ranked by some authors as a sub-order of the order Urticacece.

266. Broussonetia papyrifera — Paper Mulberry. 39

Habi 1 AT. — The native home of the Paper Mulberry is eastern Asia and
adjacent islands. It was introduced into this eountrv as an ornamental
shade tree, and has become naturalized in the Southern States and as far
nortli along the Atlantic coast at least as the vicinity of New York city.

Physical Properties. — Wood rather soft, light and coarse-grained,
v.ith obscure, short medullary rays and annual rings indicated by numerous
large open ducts. It is of a rich pinkish brown color with yellowish white
sap-wood.

TsEs. — The wood is not at present of commercial importance in this
country. In the Orient the inner bark of the tree is extensively used in
paper-making. Tappa cloth, extensively used by the natives of the South
Pacific islands, is made from the inner bark by maceration and pounding
to remove the non-fibrous portion.

Order JUGLANDACE.ffi : Walntt Family.

Leaves alternate, pinnate and without stipules. Flowers monoecious and apetalous,
except in some cases in the fertile flowers. Sterile ftoicers in catkins with an irregular
calyx adnate to the scale of the catkin. Fertile flowers solitary or in small clusters, with
calyx regularly 3-5-lobed, adherent to the incompletely 2-4-celled, but 1-ovuled ovary.
Fruit a sort of dry drupe (a tryma), with a fibrous and more or less fleshy and coriaceous
outer coat (shuck) very astringent to the taste, a hard, bony inner coat (shell), and a
2-4-lobed seed, which is orthotropous, with thick, oily and often corrugated cotyledons and
no albumen.

All representatives of the order are trees.

Genus HICORIA, Eaf.

Leaves odd-pinnate with few leaflets; leaf-buds scaly and from them appear generally
both kinds of flowers, the fertile at the extremity of the growth and the sterile at the base,
the leaves between. (In one or two species, subgenus Pecania, the staminate catkins
appear in lateral fascicles at the summit of the shoots of the preceding year.) Sterile
flowers in slender, imbricated, mostly forked catkins: scales 3 parted; calyx mostly
3-parted; stamens 3-10, free, filaments short or wanting and anthers hairy. Fertile
flowers clustered 2-.5 together, their common peduncle terminating the shoot of the season:
calyx 4-cleft, superior: petals none: stigmas sessile. 2-lobed, the lobes bifid, papillose, per-
sistent. Fruit (October) with a coriaceous but at length dry and hard epicarp ( shuck t,
finally falling away in 4 more or less distinct valves, and a smoothish horny endocarp
(shell) with a 2-lobed nucleus.

Trees with hard bark, very tough wood and continuous pith.

Name is adapted from the North American Indian name.

40 Hough'8 American Woods.

267. HICORIA PECAN, Britt.
Pecan.

Ger., Pecan-nuszhaum. Fr., Pacane. Sp., Pacana.

Specific Characters: — Leaves 12-20 in. long with 9-15 lanceolate to lanceolate-oblong
falcate subsessile leaflets which are long-pointed, inequilateral and rounded or wedge-shaped
at base; bud-scales few, valvate. Floicers in early June: starainate in subsessile aments,
3-5 in. long; calyx with middle lobe linear and much longer than the oblong lateral lobes.
Fruit in clusters of 3-11, oblong-cylindric, pointed, 1-2 1/^ in. long, with prominent sutures
and thin brittle husk splitting to the base; nut 1-2 in. long, pointed, with smooth thin
brown shell with black markings, thin astringent dissepiments and delicious seed.

The Pecan tree is the largest of the Hickories, and in the primeval forests
it is said that it attained the great size of 150 ft. (45 m.) or more in height,
Avith great buttressed trunks 5 or 6 ft. (1.50 m.) in diameter above the
buttresses. As commonly seen growing in open fields one is impressed with
the great size of its shapely oblong or obovoid top, as compared with the
thickness of the supporting trunk. This is vested in a brownish gray bark,
fissured into narrow, more or less reticulated ridges, and is readily distin-
guished from the barks of other Hickories.

PIabitat. — The Mississippi River valley, from eastern Iowa and southern
Illinois and Indiana, southward to central Alabama and Mississippi, east-
Avard to central Kentucky and Tennessee and westward into Texas, inhabit-
ing rich bottom-lands, especially those subject to occasional inundation. It
is also found in ^Mexico, but there, on mountain ranges.

Physical Properties. — Wood moderately heavy, hard, strong and
tough, with inconspicuous medullary rays, and of a light chocolate brown
color and with very thick creamy white sap-wood.

Uses. — Wood used in the manufacture of wagons, agricultural imple-
ments, etc., and for fuel, but not generally considered as valuable as the
wood of the other hickories. The chief popularity of the tree lies in its
fruit, the pecan nut being a too well-known article of commerce to require
comment here. The nut of the wild tree is sm«ll and inferior as compared
with the commercial article, which shows the improvement of generations
of skillful propagation and selection.

Order MYRICACE-ffi : Sweet-Gale Family.
Leaves alternate, resinous or waxy-dotted, generally fragrant and without stipules or
with caducous stipules. Floners monoecious or dioecious with both staminate and pistillate
flowers in scaly catkins, calyx and corolla wanting; stamens usually 4-6 (2 to 16) sessile

268. Myrica ckrifeka — Bayberry. 41

or with filaments united into a sort of stipe; ovary inferior, 1-celled, with single erect
ortliotropous ovules, styles two filiform, stigmatose along the inner sides. Fruit, drupace-
ous, often wa.xy-coated and containing a single »xalbuminous seed.

Genus MYRICA, Linneaus.
Leaves alternate, evergreen or deciduous, resinous-dotted, irregularly dentate or lobed
(rarely entire) pinnately veined, witliout stipules or stipules falling away early. Floucrs
monoecious or dioecious in aments which form in the summer in the a.\ils of the leaves of
the year (the staminate from axils below those producing the pistillate when both are
borne on the same plant), and remaining over winter open the next spring, the small,
naked flowers appearing in the axils of the scales of the ament. Staminate aments oblong-
cylindrical, dense; stamens 2 to 16 at the base of the scale, subtended by two or more
scale-like bractlets; filaments free or united at base into a sort of stipe, anthers erect,
ovate, 2-celled, longitudinally dehiscent. Pistillate flowers in ovoid aments; ovary sessile,
styles forked, stigmatic on inner faces. Fruit a small subglobose drupe with exocarp
generally papillose and covered with a waxy exudation, endocarp thick and hard, seed
erect, exalbuminous with straight embryo.

Genus composed of small trees and shrubs, mostly of temperate and warmer climates,
several of them being of considerable economic importance, mainly from the yield of wax
which is exuded from the surface of the fruit.

(Myrica is the ancient Greek name of some kind of shrub, thought to be the Tamarisk,
transferred to this species.)

268. MYRICA CERIFERA, L.

Wax Myrtle. Bayberry. Caxdleberry\
Ger., Wachsbaum. Fr.. drier. Sp., Arayan de Cera.

Specific Characters: — Leaves oblong-lanceolate to oblanceolate. \Vn-5 in. long,
cuneate at base and decurrent on the short petiole, acute, remotely serrate chiefly above the
middle or entire, dark green above and paler beneath, fragrant with yellow resin glands.
Flotrcrs (March-April) dioecious; staminate aments Vi;-% in. long, cylindric; stamens
few; pistillate aments oblong, shorter than the staminate. Fruit globose drupes. V^ in.
or less in diameter, coated with bluish white wax and tipped with base of style, ripening
in early autumn and long persisting.

The Wax Mvrtle is a shrub or small tree occasionally -tO ft. (12 111.) in
height, and 10 or 12 in. (0.25 m.) m thickness of trunk. This is often
crooked or leaning-, and in the forests of the low regions in the vicinity of
the coasts it is fonnd in clusters or small groups. The bark of trunk is
smooth and of a mottled, light gray color. Over a large part of its range it
is only a shrub in stature and habit of growth.

Habitat. — In arborescent form the wax myrtle is confined to swamps
and low-lands of the coast region from southern ^Nfaryland to Florida ;
tlience westward into Texas and northward in Lower ^lississippi valley into

42 Hough's American Woods.

Arkansas. In its shrubby form it is found farther into the interior of the
country and in dryer situations.

Physical Pkoperties. — Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, with
thin medullary rays and quite uniformly distributed fine open ducts. It
is of a mottled brouTi color, with pinkish white sap-wood. Specific Gravity,
0.5637 ; Percentage of Ash, 0.51 ; Relative Approximate Fuel ValtL&,
0.5608; Coefficient of Elasticity, 88778; Modulus of Rupture, 815; Resist-
ance to Longitudinal Pressure, 445; Resistance to Indentation, 144; Weight
of a Cubic Foot in Pounds, 35.13.

Uses. — Wood little used, though suitable for use in turnery for small
articles of wooden ware. The fruit is sometimes gathered, or was abun-
dantly in former days, for making candles. Its coating of wax. known as
" Myrtle Wax," is removed by heating in water, and with it a very good
candle is made, which bums with some fragrance and a distinctly bluish
light.

Medicixal Properties are asserted of the wax which is procured from
the fruit. It has been popularly employed as a remedy for dysentery, the
powdered wax in doses of a teaspoonful; with mucilage or syrup, being given,
frequently repeated.*

Order CTTPTJLIFERiE : Oak Family.

Leaves alternate, simple, straight veined : the stipules, forming the bud-scales, deciduous.
Flowers monoecious, apetalous. Sterile floicers in clustered or racemed catkins (or in
simple clusters in the Beech) : calyx regular or scale-like: stamens 5-20. Fertile floicers
solitary, clustered or spiked and furnished with an involucre which forms a cup or cover-
ing tn the nut : calyx-tube adherent to the ovary, its teeth minute and crowning the sum-
mit; ovary 2-7-celled with 1-2 pendulous ovules in each cell, but all of the cells and ovules,
except one, disappearing before maturity: stigmas sessile. Fruit a 1-celled, 1-seeded nut,
solitary or several together and partly or wholly covered by the scaly (in some cases
echinate) involucral cup or covering; seed albumenless, with an anatrapous, often edible,
embryo; cotyledons thick and fleshy.

Order is represented by trees and shrubs of wide geographic distribution.

Genus QUERCUS, Lixxaeus.

Flowers greenish or yellowish. Sterile floicers in loose, slender, naked catkins, which
spring singly or several together from axillary buds: calyx 2-8-parted or cleft; stamens
3-12; anthers 2-celled. Fertile floicers with ovary nearly 3-celled and 6-ovuled, two of
the cells and 5 of the ovules being abortive: stigma 3-lobed : involucre developing into a
hard, scaly cup around the base of the nut or acorn, which is 1-celled, 1-seeded.

(Quercus is the ancient Latin name for the Oak. supposed to be from the Celtic quer,
■fine, and cuez, tree.)

* V. S Dixpeiitinfnry. 16th Ed . p. 395.

269. QiERcus DiGiTATA — Spanish Oak. 43

269. QUERCUS DIGITATA, Sudw.
Spanish Oak. Finger Oak.

Ger., Finger-Eiche. Fr., Chene de doiget. Sp., Roble de dedo.

Specific Characters : — Leaves variable, oblong to obovate, rounded or wedge-shaped
at base and often irregularly deeply pinnatifid with 3-7 oblique and often falcate or long
and narrow entire or dentate and bristle-tipped acuminate lobes or sometimes with merely

3 short spreading lobes at apex, lustrous dark green above and gray or pubescent beneath.
Floiccrs staniinate with thin scarious pubescent 4-5-lobed calyx; stigmas slender, dark
red.. Fruit sessile or short-stalked acorn, about Yj in. long and not more than one-third
covered by the thin flat or turbinate shallow cup covered with thin obtuse closely appressed
scales.

The Spanish Oak does not often attain a greater height than 70 or 80 ft.
(25 m.) or diameter of trunk than ■'> or 4 ft. (1 m.), but in particularly
favorable localities has been known to attain 100 ft. (30 m.) in height and

4 or 5 ft. (1.50 m.) in diameter of trunk. The bark of trunk is of a dark
or reddisli brown color and is lissured into long scaly firm ridges. When
growing in the open the tree develops a top of stiif far-reaching branches
and stout braiichlets.

Habitat. — From southern Xew Jersey southward through the Atlantic
coast >tates to central Florida, and throughout the Gulf coast states to the
valley of the Brazos River in Texas, ranging northward in the Mississippi
valley to southern Indiana and Illinois. It grows on dry gravely uplands
and slopes, as well as rich bottom-lands that are not too wet.

Physical Properties. — Wood heavy, hard, strong, coarse-grained, with
rather remote large medullary rays, not durable in contact with the soil and
of a reddish or yellowish brown color, with pale creamy white sap-wood.
Specific Gravity, 0.6928; Percentage of Asli, 0.25; Relative Approximate
Fuel Yahie, 0.6911 ; Coefificient of Elasticity, 140151 ; Modulus of Rupture,
1193; Resistance to Longitudinal Pressure, 596; Resistance to Indentation.
201 ; Weight of a Cubic Foot in Pounds, 43.18.

Uses. — Wood useful in the manufacture of agricultural implements,
furniture, interior finishing, etc., though inferior in value to the woods of
the white oak group. It is largely used for fuel, and its bark, which is rich
in tannin, is used in tanning leather.

The tree has its place as an ornamental shade tree of recognized value,
the droojiing nature and coloring of its curious foliage giving it a pleasing
effect and peculiar feature.

44 Hough's American Woods.

270. QUERCUS IMBRICARIA, Michx.
Shingle Oak.

Ger., Schindel-Eiche. Fr., Chene de Bardeau. Sp., Roble de Eipa.

Specific Characters: — Leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate, 4-6 in. long, sonietimea
bristle-tipped, particularly wben young, acute or obtuse at apex and wedge-shaped or
rounded at base, with entire or slightly undulate margins, coriaceous, reddish or yellowish
green and tomentose at first, at maturity very lustrous dark green above, paler and
pubescent beneath with yellowish midribs and prominent veins; petioles short, pubescent.
Flowers staminate aments slender and numerous, hoary-tomentose, 2-3 in. long with
yellowish pubescent 4- lobed calyx; pistil with short tomentose peduncles; stigmas recurved.
fruit solitary or 2 or 3 together with short peduncles and subglobose dark brown or
striated nut about V2 in. long and one-third inclosed in a flattish turbinate cup of small
closely imbricated pubescent scales.

The Shingle Oak in particularly favored localities has been known to
attain the height of 100 ft. (33 m.), when growing in the forest, with a
columnar trunk 3 or 4 ft. (1 m.) in diameter, but usually it is a considerably
smaller tree, and when growing in the open develops a full rounded or ovoid
top. The bark of trunk is of a dark gray color, fissured into low, firm,
r.neven ridges.

Habitat. — From Pennsylvania westward to southern Iowa and eastern
Kansas, and southward into northern Georgia, Alabama and Arkansas,
growing on rich uplands and slopes, as well as lowlands that are not too wet.

Physical Properties. — Wood heavy, hard, strong, rather coarse-grained,
with moderately large medullary rays, and of a light reddish brown color
with creamy white sap-wood. Specific Gravity, 0.7520; Percentage of Ash,
0.43; Relative Approximate Fuel Value, 0.7497; Coeffirient of Elastirity,
119357; Modidus of Rupture, 1218; Resistance to Longitudinal Pressure.
552; Resistance to Indentation, 226; Weight of a Cubic Foot in Pounds,
4692.

Uses. — A useful wood in the manufacture of furniture, interior furnish-
ing, etc., and in regions -where abundant, and more suitable wood is not
easily available, for clapboards and shingles. It is from this last-mentioned
use that the tree receives its name.

The Shingle Oak makes a very attractive and ornamental shade tree for
door-yards and parks, and deserves to be more extensively planted than it
now is.

27i. Ql'ekcus I'HELLos — Wii.Low Oak. 45

271. QUERCUS PHELLOS, L.

Willow Oak.

Ger., Wciden-Eiche. Fr., Chene de Saule. Sp., Roble de Sauce.

Specific Cuakacters: — Leaves oblong-lanceolate 21/0-5 in. long, acute at both ends
with very short petiole and usually bristle-tipped, entire or with slightly undulate and
n-volute margins: revolute in the bud and light green and pubescent when they unfold,
but finally lustrous light green, paler and usually glabrous with pubescent midribs beneatli.
Floirtrs staminate calyx yellow, pubescent, 4-5-lobed; pistillate with short glabrous
peduncles and slender recurved stigmas. Fruit sessile or with short stalks, usually soli-
tary, with subglobose or hemispherical pale-pubescent nut and thin flat saucer-shaped cup
enveloping only its base and covered with small thin closely imbricated scales.

The Willow Oak occasionally attains the height of 70 or 80 ft. (22 m.),
and its trunk may be 2 or 3 ft. (0.90 m.), vested in a brownish gray bark,
furrowed into many low. firm, longitudinal ridges. When isolated from
other trees it develops an ovoid or rounded top, with many slender branches.

Habitat. — From Staten Island, X. Y., southward between the AUe-
ghanies and the coast to northern Florida, thence westward in the Gulf
coast region to Texas, and northward to southeastern Missouri and western
Kentucky, inhabiting alike the lowlands and rich slopes and uplands.

Physical Properties. — Wood heavy, hard and strong, rather coarse-
grained and of a light mottled reddish brown color, with creamy white sap-
wood. Specific Gravity, 0.7472; Percentage of Ash, 0.50; Relative Ap-
proximate Fuel Value, 0.7435 ; Coefficient of Elasticity, 78440 ; Modidus of
Rupture, 989; Resistance to Longitudinal Pressure, 390; Resistance to In-
dentation, 216; Weight of a Cubic Foot in Pounds, 4fi 57.

Uses. — Wood used to some extent in the manufacture of agricultural
implements, house-building material, etc., and for fuel. An interesting tree
for planting in parks and door-yards, and deseiwing of more extensive use
for this purpose than has hitherto been made of it.

Gexus cast axe a. Tourx.

Leaven alternate, strongly straight-veined, acuminate and expanding before the (lowers.
Sterile flowers clustered in long naked cylindric axillary catkins; calyx 5-6-parted:
stamens 5-20 with slender filaments and 2-celled anthers. Fertile flowers usually three
together inclosed in an ovoid, 4-lobed, scaly involucral cup; calyx 5-6-lobed. adherent to
the .'i-7-celled, 6-14-o\niled ovary: stigmas awn-shaped and as many as the cells: abortive
stamens 5-12. Fruit a globose, hard, very prickly. 4-valved dehiscent involucre, inclosing
each. I-.3 coriaceous 1-seeded nuts: cotyledons very thick.

Trees and shrubs. (" Castanea '' is the ancient Greek name of tlie chestnut.)

46 Hough's American Woods.

272. CASTANEA PUMILA, Mill.
I Chinquapin. Ohinkepin.

Ger., Kleine Castanie. Fr., Chincapin. Sp., Castano enano.

Specific Characters : — Leaves narrow-oblong, 3-5 in. long, mostly acute at apex,
narrowed and wedge-shaped or rounded at base, coarsely serrate with slender pointed teeth,
tomentose at first, at maturity glabrous dark green above, whitish tomentose beneath ;
petioles short stout and branchlets the first season pubescent. Flowers (June-July)
staminate araents 2-6 in. long, hoary-tomentose ; pistillate flowers at the bases of the
upper androgynous aments, sessile or nearly so. Fruit involucres 1-IM.' in. in diameter,
commonly in spike-like clusters, densely crowded with slender sharp spines outside, open-
ing generally by 2 or 3 valves and containing a single roundovoid lustrous dark brown
nut pointed and white-pubescent at apex, i/^-% in. long and containing a large sweet
seed naked at apex with scars of abortive ovules.

The Chinquapin sometimes attains the height of 40 or 50 ft. (15 m. ), and
such a tree may have a trunk diameter of 2 or 3 ft. (0.80 m.), with dark
grayish or reddish brown bark, fissured into long loose scales. When
isolated it develops a wide-spreading or rounded top, but only throughout a
comparatively small portion of its range does it attain the stature of a tree.
Elsewhere it is rather a shrub than a tree.

Habitat. — From southern Pennsylvania to northern Florida and Texas,
occupying dry, gravelly slopes and ridges, as well as the rich bottom-lauds.

Physical Peoperties, — Wood very similar in properties and uses to
that of the allied Chestnut. It is light, moderately hard and strong, coarse-
grained, with very small medullary rays and numerous large open ducts
marking the annual layers of growth, durable in contact with the soil, and
of a yellowish brown color, with thin, lighter sap-wood. Specific Gravity,
0.5887; Percentage of Ash, 0.12; Relative Approximate Fuel Value,
0.5880; Coefficient of Elasticity, 114108; Modulus of Rupture, 901; Re-
sistance to Longitudinal Pressure, -195; Resistance to Indentation, 118;
Weight of a Cubic Foot in Pounds, 36.69.

Uses. — The durability of the wood in contact with the soil makes it
excellent for fence-posts, rails, railway ties, etc., and the delicious nuts
which are borne in abundance fonu a commodity in the markets of the
southern cities and villages.

Order SALIC ACE^ : Willow Fa^iily.
IjPar.ca alternate, simple, undivided and furnished with stiimlos. wliich are either scale-
like and deciduous, or leaf-like and persistent. Floirrrn. (ii(eeioiis. both kinds in catkins,
one under each bract or scale of the catkin and destitute of both calyx and corolla, or the

273. Salix fluviatilis — Sand-bar Willow. 47

former represented by a gland-like cup: ovary 1 to 2-celled; styles wanting, or 2 and
short; stigmas often 2-lobed. Fruit a 1 or 2-celled, 2-valved capsule, with numerous seeds
springing from two parietal or basal placentte and furnished with long, silky down; seeds
ascending, anatropous, without albumen ; cotyledons flat.

Trees or shrubs of rapid growth, light wood and bitter bark.

Genus SALIX, Tourn.

Leaves generally narrow, long and pointed and usually with conspicuous stipules: bud
scales single. Flowers appearing before or with the leaves in terminal and lateral
cylindrical, imbricated catkins, the scales or bracts of which are entire and each sub-
tending a flower, which is without calyx, and bears at its base 1 or 2 small nectiferous
glands. Sterile flotcers with 2 (but sometimes more) distinct or imited stamens. Fertile
flowers ovary ovoid lanceolate, taper-pointed: style short: stigmas 2. short and mostly
bifid. Fruit a 1 -celled capsule, dehiscent at maturity by two valves which roll back to the
base to liberate the numberous minute comose seeds.

Trees and shrubs with lithe round branches and growing mostly along streams and in
moist localities. (Salix is from the Celtic sal, near and lis, water, alluding to the favorite
locality of the willows.)

273. SALIX FLUVIATILIS, Nutt.
Sand-bar Willow. Long-leaf Willow.

Ger., Langhldtirige Weide. Fr., Saule de Longefeuille. Sp., Sauce de

Hojas Largas.

Specific Characters: — Leaves involute in the bud, linear-lanceolate. 2-G in. long,
gradually tapering to both ends, remotely dentate with small glandular spreading teeth,
glabrous, pubescent, yellowish green; stipules small, deciduous; petioles short and not
glandular. Floicers (April-May) aments on terminal short leafy branchlets. often branch-
ing, with pubescent peduncles or from axillary buds of same branchlets; scales light yellow,
villous: stamens 2 with filaments slightly hairy at base: ovary short-stalked with large
sessile lobed stigmas. Fruit capsules narrow-ovoid, glabrate.

A small tree, occasionally attaining the height of 60 ft. (18 m. ), with
slender upright branches, and trnnk 2 ft. (0.60 m.) in diameter, but such
dimensions are rare. It is iisnallv a much smaller tree, or covers large areas
as only a shrub. The bark of trunk is thin, of a dark reddish brown color
and quite smooth, or slightly fissured into low, longitudinal ridges.

Habitat. — A species of very wide distribution, being found from western
Xew England and the vicinity of Quebec, across the continent to the Pacific
coast, and from the valley of the ^lackenzie River above the Arctic circle,
southward to northern ^fexico. It inhabits the banks of streams, and is
abundant in the vallevs of manv western streams.

48 Hough's American Woods.

Physical Properties. — Wood soft, light, close-grained, with many thin
medullary rays, and of a warm, reddish brown color with lighter sap-wood.
Specific Gravity, 0.4980; Percentag? of Ash, 0.48; Relative Approximate
Fuel Value, 0.490G ; Weight of a Cubic Foot in Pounds, 30.72.

Uses. — The wood is sometimes used for light fuel and charcoal, but the
great value of the tree lies in the part which it plays in the economy of
nature, in fixing the banks of streams from erosion by its long roots and
stems. It is usually the first tree in many localities to take possession of
sand-bars, as soon as they appear sufficiently above water, and in course of
time the Sycamores and other sturdy riparian trees are able to gain footing
under the protection afforded by the little willows.

GYMNOSPERM^.

Flowering, exogenous plants with leaves chiefly parallel-veined and cotyledons frequently
more than two. Floicers diclinous and very incomplete; pistil represented by an open
scale or leaf, or altogether wanting, with ovules naked, fertilized bj' direct contact with
the pollen, and seeds at maturity naked — without a true pericarp.

Order CONIFER.ffi : Pine Family.

Leaves mostly awl-shaped or needle-shaped, evergreen, entire and parallel-veined.
Flowers monoecious, or rarely dioecious in catkins or cones, destitute of both calyx and
corolla; stamens one or several (usually united) ; ovary, style and stigma wanting; ovules
one or several at the base of a scale, which serves as a carpel, or on an open disk. Fruit
a cone, woody and with distinct scales, or somewhat berry-like, and with fleshy coherent
scales, seeds orthotropous, embryo in the axis of the albumen.

Trees or shrubs with a resinous juice.

Genus PIXUS, Tournefort.

Leaves evergreen, needle-shaped, from slender buds, in clusters of 2-5 together, each
cluster invested at its base with a sheath of thin, membranous scales. Flowers appearing
in spring, monoecious. Hierile flowers in catkins, clustered at the base of the shoots of
the season : stamens numerous with very short filaments and a scale-like connective :
anther cells, 2, opening lengthwise; pollen grains triple. Fertile flowers in conical or
cylindrical spikes — cones — consisting of imbricated, carpellary scales, each in the axil
of a persistent bract and bearing at its base within a pair of inverted ovules, hruit
maturing in the autumn of the second year, a cone formed of the imbricated carpellary
scales, which are woody, often thickened or awned at the apex, persistent, wMien ripe dry
and spreading each to liberate two nut-like and usually winged seeds; cotyledons 3-12,
linear

(Pinus is a Latin word from Celtic pin or pen, a crag.)

274. Pints taeda — Loblollv Pine. 49

274. PINUS TAEDA, L.
Loblolly Pine. Old-field Pine. Rosemary Pine.

Ger., EosmarinrFichte. Fr,, Pin de Romarin. Sp., Romero en Pino.

Specific Characters: — Leaves in clusters of 3, with close persistent sheaths, rather
slender and stiff, dark green, 0-9 in. long, with large stomata on each face and two fibro-
vascular bundles. Floweis staminate yellow, crowded; pistillate solitary or few together,
lateral (below the apex of growing shoot) yellow, short-stalked. Cones 3-5 in. long,
lateral spreading, subsessile, reddish brown; scales thickened at apex with prominent
transverse ridges and spreading prickle. The cones often remain on the branches for a
year after liberating the seeds. These are mottled, about Yi in. long and provided with
a large wing broadest above the middle.

The Yellow Pine is a large tree, for the Atlantic States, when of its
greatest diniensioiis, being 125 ft. (38 m.) or more in height, and 4 or 5 ft.
(1.25 m.) in thickness of trunk, but its average stature is considerably less.
When isolated, it develops an oblong or rounded pyramidal top, and the bark
of trunk is of a reddish brown color, fissured into large irregular plates and
flat ridges, which exfoliate in closely appressed, friable scales.

Habitat. — From Delaware and extreme southern Xew Jersey, south-
ward throughout the maritime region and back to the foothills of the
Alleghanies to about the latitude of Tampa Bay, Florida, and westward to-
the valley of the Colorado River in Texas. In the Mississippi Valley it
ranges northward to central Tennessee and central Arkansas.

Physical Properties. — The wood of the Loblolly Pine seems to vary
considerably in quality in different localities. It is generally of rapid
growth, not strong, brittle, coarse-grained, with broad resinous bands of
summer growth, and of a light pinkish brown color, with thick, yellowish
white sap-wood. The resin ducts are small, and the tree yields but little
turpentine when boxed. Specific Gravity, 0.5-441 ; Percentar/e of Ash, 0.28;
Relative Approximate Fuel Value, 0.5427; Coefficient of Elasticity, 112847:
Modulus of Rupture, 883 ; Resistance to Longitudinal Pressure, 427 ; Re-
sistance to Indentation. 107; Weir/lit of a Cubic Foot in Pounds, 33.91.

Uses. — The wood is manufactured into lumber for general construction
purposes, interior finishing, boxes, etc.

Gexus PICEA, Link.

Leaves evergreen, scattered (not clustered at the base), sessile, jointed upon a persistent
base, short ( Vo to li/> in.) needle-shaped, 4-angled, pointing every way and all of one kind.
Floirrrs appear in spring, inoncecious : the sterile in the axils of the leaves of the precedintr

50 Hough's Amekican Woods.

year; anthers tipped with a recurved appendage, cells opening lengthwise; fertile flowers
in terminal catkins. Fruit, cones maturing the first year, pendulous with scales thin
(neither thickened nor furnished with a spur at the apex) persistent on the axis. Other-
wise quite as described for the genus Pinus.
{Ficea is the ancient Latin name.)

275. PICEA PARRY ANA, Sarg.
Blue Spruce. Silver Spruce.

Ger., Blaue Tanne. Fr., Sapin Bleu. Sp., Picea Azul.

Specific Characters: ^ Leaves rigid, 4-sided, from % in. on fertile branches to 1%
in. long on sterile, curved, spiny, acuminate, bluish green to silvery or dull green; branch-
lets glabrous. Flowers reddish yellow; pistillate with broad denticulate scales and acute
bract. Fruit, cones subsessile, oblong-cylindrical, 21/3-4 in. long, with glossy rhomboidal
Hexuose scales narrow and erose-dentate at the elongated apex; seed % in. long with short
wide wing.

The beautiful Blue Spruce occasionally surpasses 100 ft. (30 m. ) in
height, and has a trunk diameter of 3 ft. (0.90 m.) or somewhat more, but
such dimensions are unusual. The bark of trunk is of grayish or reddish
brown color, fissured into obscure ridges and numerous irregular, closely
oppressed scales. The habit of growth of the tree when young is to form a
distinct and beautiful pyramid, with horizontal branches in regular whorls,
but with advancing age the horizontal branches generally elongate and curve
gracefully upward, making an oblong or less regularly pyramidal head. Its
various tints of foliage, from green to a beautiful silvery blue, constitute a
peculiar and striking feature. In the language of Mr. Enos A. Mills,
" With its fluffy, silver-tipped robe, and its garlands of cones, it is the hand-
somest tree on tlie Rockies."

Habitat. — The Rocky Mountains of Colorado, western Wyoming and
eastern Utah between the altitudes of 6,500 and 9,000 or 10,000 ft. above
tide, growing mainly along the courses of streams, and generally singly, or
in small groups among other trees. It does not form pure stands of any
considerable extent.

Physical Properties. — Wood light, soft, not strong, of close grain, and
yielding a beautiful satiny finish. It is of a browaiish white color, with
little if any distinction in tint between its sap and heart-woods. Specific-
Gravity, 0.3740; Percentage of Ash. 0.38; Relaiive Approximate Fuel
Value, 0.3726; Coefficient of Elasticity, r).i3(i0: Modulus of Rupture, 454;

275. 1*I0EA I'ARRYANA — BlUK SpKUCE. 51

Resistance to Luiigiliidinal Pressure, 358; Resistmice to Indentation, 79;
Weight of a Cubic Foot in. Pounds, 28.31.

Uses. — Wood valuable^ for lumber for general construction purposes,
interior tinishing, Hooring, sounding boards for uiusical instruments and
()ai)er pulp, as is the case with the wood of the spruces generally. The tree
is very popular on account of its value for ornamental planting, and is
extensively planted throughout this country and Europe for beautifying
parks and grounds, where it gives a particularly pleasing effect because of
its silvery-blue foliage.

INDEX TO PART XL

No. Page.

Acebo de la Montana 252 20

Aesculus glabra 253 21

Almez de Mississippi 265 37

AXACARDIACE.B 24

Aravan de Cera 268 41

Arbol de Aiandano 258 28

de Jaboncillo 254 23

Fumoso Americano 256 25

Ash. Blue 263 34

Green 262 34

Bav. Red 264 36

Bayberry 268 41

Berg-Lorbeer 259 29

Berg-Stecbpalme 252 20

Broussonetia papyrifera 266 38

Buckeye, Fetid 253 21

Ohio 253 21

Buckthorn. Woolly 260 31

Bitmelia lamipi)wsa 260 31

Campanilla blanca de Carolina. . . 261 32

Candleberry 268 41

Cashew Family 24

Castanie, Kline 272 46

Castanea pumila 272 46

Castano enano 272 46

Fetido 253 21

Celtis Mississippiensis 265 37

Chene de Bardeau 270 44

de doiget 269 43

de Saule 271 45

China-tree. Wild 254 23

Chincapin 272 46

Chinkepin 272 46

Chinquapin 272 46

Chittam-vvood 256 25

Chittim-wood 260 31

Cirier 268 41

Ciruelo Americano 257 26

Cotinus Americanus 256 25

CoxiFER.^ 48

Colche d'Arbre de Carolina 261

Cucumber-tree, Ear-leaf 251 19

Long-leaf 251 19

CrPULIFER.E 42

Elm Family 36

Ericace.^ 27

Esche, Blaue 263 34

Griine 262 34

Fnrklpberrv 258 28

Finger-Eiche 269 43

Fraser-Magnolie 251 19

No. I'agt.

Fraxinus lanceolata 262 34

quad rang ulata 2tiS -U

Fresno Azul 2();5 34

Verde 262 34

Frene Bleu 263 34

Vert 262 34

Gift-Sumach 255 24

Gum Elastic 260 31

Hackberry, Mississippi 265 37

Heath Family 27

Heidelbeere, Baumartige 258 28

Hicoria pecan 267 40

HlPPOCASTANACE^ 21

Holly Family 20

Large-leaf 252 20

Mountain 252 20

Horse-Chestnut Family 21

Houx de Montague 252 20

Huckleberry. Tree 258 28

IJex moniicola 252 20

Ilicixe.e 20

juglaxdace.e 39

Kalmia lati folia 250 29

Kalmie de Montague 259 29

Ladierna lanosa 260 31

Laurace.e 35

Laurel Family 35

Laurel de la Montaiia .... 259 29

Mountain 259 29

Rojo 264 36

Laurier Rouge 264 36

Lorbeerbaum. Rother 264 36

Magxoliace.e 18

JNIagnolia de Eraser 251 19

Family 18

Eraser 251 19

MagiwUa Fraseri 251 19

Magnolier de Eraser 251 19

Maigloekenbaum. Carolina 261 .32

IMarronier Fetide 253 21

ISIaurier a papier 266 38

IMicocoulier de Mississippi 265 37

Mohrodendron Carolinum 261 32

^lORACE.E .38

Moral de papel 266 38

Mulberry Family .38

Paper 266 38

IMyricace.e 40

Miirica rrrifera 268 41

iMyrtle, Wax 268 41

Nerprun laineu.x 260 31

54

Index.

No. Page.

Oak Family 42

Finger 269 43

Shingle 270 44

Spanish 269 43

Willow 271 45

Oleace.e 33

Olive Family 33

Pacane 267 40

Papier-Maulbeerbaum 266 38

Pecan 267 40

Pecana 267 40

Pecan-nuszbaum 267 40

Perftea borbonia 264 36

Picea Azul 275 50

Picea Parryana 275 50

Pin de Romarin 274 49

Pine Family 48

Loblolly 247 49

Old-fieid 247 49

Rosemary 247 49

Pivuf! taeda 247 49

Plum. American Wild 257 26

Prunus Americana 257 26

Prunier d'Amerique 257 26

Quercus dif/itata 269 43

imbricaria 270 44

phellos 271 45

Ranzige-Kastanie 253 21

Rauchbaum. Amerikanischer .... 256 25

Rhus remix 255 24

Roble de dedo 269 43

de Ripa 270 44

de Sauce 271 45

Romero en Pino 274 49

Ro.SACE.^ 26

Rose Family 26

Rosmarin-Fichte 274 49

Salicace.e 46

Salix fluviatilis 273 47

Sapindace-« 22

No. Page

Sapin Bleu 275 50

Sapodilla Family 30

tiapondus Drummondi 254 23

Sapotace^ 30

Sauce de Hojas Largas 273 47

Saule de Longfeuille 273 47

Savonier de Drummond 254 2'i

Schlehdorn. Amerikanischer 257 26

Schindel-Eiche 270 44

Silver-bell Tree 261 32

Smoke-tree, American 256 25

Snow-drop Tree 261 32

Soapberry, Western 254 23

Soapberry Family 22

Sparkleberry 258 28

Spruce, Blue 275 50

Silver 275 50

Steifenbeere, Drummond 254 23

Storax Family 32

Styrace^ 32

Sugarberry, Mississippi 265 37

Sumac Cotinus Americain 256 25

Sumach Empoisonne 255 24

Poison 255 24

Sweet Gale Family 40

Tanne. Blaue 275 50

Ulmace.'E 36

Vaccinium arboreum 258 28

Vaciet d'arbre 258 28

Wachsbaum 268 41

Walnut Family 39

Weide, Langblattrige 273 47

Weiden-Eiche 271 45

Willow Family 46

Long-leaf 273 47

Sand-bar 273 47

Wolliger-Kreuzdorn 260 31

Ziirgelbaum, Mississippi 265 37

Zumaque Venenoso 255 24

25 1. MAGNOLIA FRASERI Walt.

Fraser Magfnolia. Ear-leaf or Long-leaf Cucumber-tree^

TRANSVERSE SECTION.

RADIAL SECTION.

TANGENTIAL SECTION.

''V. Fraser-Magnolie. I'r. Magnolier de Fraser.
■s/>. MagTioIia de Fraser.

251. MAGNOLIA FRASERI Walt.
rraser Magnolia. Ear-leaf or Long-leaf Cucumber-tree,

)

\

TRANSVERSE SECTtON,

^B«lj|j|jpaBiilW>IIIJIll.llllllli||ILII ■

RADIAL SECTION

TANGENTIAL SECTION.

iier. Fraser-MagTioIie. Fr. Magnolier de Eraser.
'S>. Magnolia de Fraser.

252. ILEX MONTICOLA GRAY

Mountain Holly. Large-leaf Holly.

TRANSVERSE SECTION.

RADIAL SECTION.

'Tti?;!-5S»!r=SJ5iffiGfii?^:;

TANGtNTIAL SECTION.

Ger. Berg-Stechpalme, Fr. Houx de Montagne.
sp. Acebo de la Montana,

252. ILEX MONTICOLA GRAY

Mountain Holly. Large-leaf Holly.

TRANSVERSE SECTION,

■■■JA J!f^rrri>V^»^if^

RADML SECTION.

TANGENTIAL SECTION.

Ger, Berg-Stechpalme. Fr. Houx de Montagne,
Sp. Acebo de la Montana.

253. AESCULUS GLABRA Willd.

Ohio Buckeye. Fetid Buckeye.

TRANSVERSe SECTION.

RADIAL SECTION.

TANGENTIAL SECTION.

(icr. Ranzige-Kastanie. Fr, Marronnte-- ^^
sp. Castano fetido.

i253. AESCULUS GLABRA Wiu

Ohio Buckeye. Fetid Buckeye.

TRANSVERSE SECTION.

RADIAL SECTION.

TANGENTIAL SECTION.

fer. Ranzige-Kastanic. Fr. Marronnier fctide,
'^P' Castano fetido.

SAPINDUS DRUMMONDI H. &A,

Western Soapberry. Wild China-tree.

TRANSVERSE SECTION.

RADIAL SECTION.

TANGENTIAL SECTION.

Drummond Seifenbeere, /•>. Savonier de Dmmniond
sp. Arbol de Jaboncillo.

i54 SAPINDUS DRUMMONDI H.&A,

Western Soapberry. Wild China-tree.

TRANSVERSE SECTION,

-^iTimimmmssmaemm;'

^■■:.-^.c:,,.',,^^.::.,,,^^,

RADIAL SECTION.

TANGENTIAl. SEtJTION.

-Ger: Drummond Scifenbeere. Fr. Savonier de Drummond.
SjK Arboi de Jaboncillo.

255. RHUS VERNIX L.

Poison Sumach.

'"^^■-iAmteT

TRANSVERSE SECTION.

RADIAL SECTION.

TANGENTIAL SECTION.

aer. Gift-Sumach. Fr. Sumach empois6nhe»
sp. Zumaque Venenoso.

255. RHUS VERNIX L.

Poison Sumach,

t: . , .

''^^J^H

A

^^^i^-

TRANSVERSE SECTION.

RADIAL SECTION.

S*?*SS;'HBSWBlS*K!lLJ:rHAH*wsrs»tiara

tANQENT^JAi SECTION.

<5cr. Gift-Sumach, fk Sumach empoisonne.
'S>. Zumaque Vencnoso.

^56. COTINUS AMERICANUS Nutt.

American Smoke-tree. Chittam-wood.

TRANSVERSE SECTION.

RADIAL SECTION.

TANGENTIAL SECTION.

Oer. Amerikanischer Rauchbaum. I'l. Sumac Co*
Sp. Arbol fumoso Americano*

256. COTINUS AMERICANUS Nun

American Smoke-tree. Chtttam-wood.

TRANSVERSE SECTION

■ ■ ....iU ^

'-^^;B^'^'"'^

:. •■:^y;:^:.y ^■'-

4

—

^

RADIAL SECTION.

-.^^K

frUi;^-.;?^:^,-:-;.::'^-- ■

ip^

'^^^^^H

•

- -

■

1

TANGENTIAL SECTION

Ger. Amerikanischer Rauchbaum. f,\ Sumac Cotinus A
spr Arbol fumoso Americano,

257 PRUNUS AMERICANA Marsh.

Wild Plum.

TRANSVCnsC SECTION.

■--.dtismuasiiSie^^i

RADIAL SCCTION.

TANGCNTIAL SCCTION.

Ger. Amenkanischer Schlehdorn. /v. Prunier d'l
Sp^ Ciruelo Americano.

257 PRUNUS AMERICAMA Marsh.

Wild Plum.

t''<t-m

haoial skctiom.

TANOCNTIAt SCeTION.

<3^r. Amenkanisoher Schlehdorn. /r. Prunier d^Amerique.
% Oiruelo Americano.

258. VACCINIUM ARBOREUM Marsh

Sparkleberry. Farkleberry. Tree Huckleberry,

TRANSVERSE SECTION.

RADIAL SECTION.

TANGENTIAL SECTION.

iier. Baumartige Heidelbeere. Fr. Vaciet r^''^^^
sp. Arbol de Arandano,

;. VACCINIUM ARBOREUM Marsh

Sparkleberry. Farkleberry. Tree Huckleberry.

TRANSVERSE SECTION,

RADIAL SECTION.

TANQCNTIAL SECTION.

Ger. Baumartige Heidelbeere. -F'r. Vaciet d'
sp. Arbol de Arandano*

259. KALMIA LATIFOLIA L,

Mountain Laurel.

TRANSVERSE SECTION.

RADIAL SECTION.

TANGENTIAL SECTION

oer. Berg-Lorbeer. r,. Kalmie dc Mont
.'>/>. Laurel de la Montana.

259. KALMIA LATIFOLIA L

Mountain Laurel.

TRANSVERSE SECTION.

raoul section.

TANGENTIAL SECTION.

Ger. Berg-Lorbcer. fv. Kalmie de Montagne.
Sp. Laurel it k Montana.

260. BUMELIA LANUGINOSA Pers.

Chittim-wood. Woolly Buckthorn. Gum Elastic.

TRANSVERSE SECTION.

RADIAL SECTION.

r?i^BaHRO«BEr* :

TANGENTIAL SECTION.

Oer. WoUiger-Kreuzdorn. Fr. Nerprun laineux
sp. Ladicrno lanosa.

I i

P 260. BUMELIA LANUGINOSA Pers

P Chittim-wood. WooUy Buckthorn. Gum Elastic,

TRANSVERSE SECTION.

I'Sor?^?,^ <-.f?;ii-i5j:>

"^T-'M^'i^fr'f^:

RADIAL SECTION.

TANGENTIAL SECTIOM.

Ger. WoIIiger-Kreuzdom, Fr. Nerprun laineux.
'•fp. Ladierna lanosa.

261. MOHRODENDRON CAROLINUM Britt

Silvcr-bell Tree* Snow-drop Tree.

TRANSVERSE SECTION.

RADIAL SECTION.

TANGENTIAL SECTION.

6Vr. Carolina Maiglokenbaum. rr. Cloche d^arbre de Carolina.
>7'- Campanilla blanca de Carolina.

61. MOHRODENDRON CAROLINUM Britt.

Silver-bell Tree. Snow-drop Tree.

TRANSVERSE SECTION.

RADIAL SECTION.

TANGENTIAL SECTION.

Ger. Gtrolina Maiglokenbaum. F/-. Cloche d^arbre de Carolina.
Sp, Campanilla blanca de Carolina.

262. FRAXINAS LANCEOLATA Borck.

Green Ash.

TRANSVERSE SECTION.

RADIAL SECTION.

ANGENTIAL SECTION.

Ger. Griine Esche. Jr. Frene Vert. f^p. Fresno yerde.

a. FF?AXINAS LANCEOLATA Borck.

Green Ash.

^**Sr

TRANSVtRSE SECTION.

RADIAL SECTION.

TANGENTlAt SECTION.

Ger. GruneEsche. Fv. Frcrie Vert. Sp, Fresno vcrdc.

FRAXINUS QUADRANGULATA Michx.

Blue Ash.

TRANSVERSE SECT

RADIAL SECTION.

TANGENTIAL SECTION.

Blaue Esche. /'/•. Frene Bleu, sp. Fresno azuL

203. hRAXINUS QUADRANGULATA Michx.

:%A

Blue Ash.

TRANSVERSE SECTION.

i'!^'-'^'m?f^r^!f:

W'C.

RADIAL SECTION.

TANGENTlAt SECtlON.

frfi,: Blaue Esche. ir. Frene Bleu. Sp. . Fresno azul

264. PERSEA BORBONIA Spreng.

Red Biy.

TRANSVERSE SECTION.

RADIAL SECTION.

■-^Tm^CI

TANGENTIAL SECTION.

Ger, Rother Lorbeerbaum. rr. Laurier Rouge sp. Laurei rojo.

^|264. PERSEA BORBONIA Spreng,

.■'1 ' Red Bay.

TRANSVERSE SECTION.

RADIAL SECTION.

TANGENTIAL SECTION.

Ger. Rother Lorbeerbaum. Fr. Laiirier Rouge >S/k Laurt

CELTIS MISSISSIPPIENSIS Bosc.

Mississippi Hackberry or Sugarberry.

TRANSVERSE SECTION.

RADIAL SECTION.

»L SECTION.

fif-i: Mississippi Zurgelbaum. Jr. Micocoulier de
sp. Almez del Mississippi.

p. CELTI.S MISSiSSIPPIENSIS Bosc.

Mississippi Hackberry or Sugarberry*

TRANSVERSE SECTION.

■3KHTrPr'-T^3TT^T[^5* ,.

RADIAL SECTION.

•'V< '\

TANGEiMTIAL SECTION.

Ger. Mississippi Zijrgelbaum. Fr. Micocoulier de Mississipt
f^p- Almez del Mississippi.

266. BROUSSONETIA PAPYRIFERA Vent.

Paper Mulberry.

TRANSVERSE SECTION.

RADIAL SECTION.

TANGENTIAL SECTION.

Papier-Maulbeerbaum. /'/•. Murier a pa|Mei|
s/>. Moral de papel. ' >

ROUSSONETIA PAPYRIFERA Vent

Paper Mulberry,

TRANSVERSE SECTION.

'•"*3:?«>;.i-i .■■"»> " "

3eass53!£3ta;':i-

RADIAL SECTION.

TANGENTIAL SECTION.

Orr, Papier-^Mattlbeerbaum. f,-.. MuHer a papier,
^* rMofal ,(ie papel.

267. HICORIA PECAN Britt,

Pecan.

TRANSVERSE SECTION.

RADIAL SECTION.

fcNTIAL SECTION.

Ger. Pecan Nussc. Fr. Pacane. fiv- Pa

267. HICORIA PECAN Br.tt

Pecan*

TRANSVERSe SECTION

wmi^-

f«*0(Aiu SECTION.

TANCCNTIAt SCCTfON.

Ger. Pecan Niisse. i^. Pacanc. sp. Pacana.

268. MYRICA CERIFERA L,

Wax Myrtle. Bay berry: Candleberry.

W

TRANSVERSE SECTION.

RADIAL SECTION.

TANGENTIAL SECTION.

iiet, Wachsbaum. i >. Cirier. Sp. Arayaii ac

"268. MYRIGA CERIFERA L,

■ Wax: Myrtle. Bayberry. Candleberry.

TRANSVERSE SECTION.

RADIAL SECTION.

.^^ff

TANGENTIAL SECTION.

Oev. Wachsbaum. , Fr. Qrier* *^i>. Arayan de cera,

269. QUERCUS DIGITATA Sudw.

Finger Oak. Spanish Oak.

V «

• VERSE SECTION.

RADIAL SECTION,

_ — — SC^^

TANGENTIAL SECTION,

r

)UERCUS DIGITATA Sudw,

Finger Oak. Spanish Oak,

TRANSVERSE SECTION,

RADIAL SECTION,

TANGENTIAL SECTION

Ger. Finger-Eiche. / >. Qbene <ie doigft. Sp. Roble dc

270. QUERCUS IMBRICARIA Michx.

Shingle Oak.

^ -S

^ .t

1

1

? :f .y

^s

ijr

-: ?^ .■■•3

''

J> > -# *t

^-.r

..'S" :s .3?

-v5" ■? ^'

TRANSVERSE SECTION.

RADIAL SECTION.

ir..= cNi Ai. SECTION.

Of-r. Schindel-Eiche. //•. Chene de bardeau. Sp. feoble de rip?'

^VO. QUERGUS IMBRICARIA Michx,

W' Shingle Oak.

TRANSVERSE SECTION.

RADIAL SECTION.

Oer^ Schindel-Eiche. *:>. Chene de bardea«. Sv. Roble de rtpa

27 1. QUERCUS PHELLOS L.

Willow Oak.

TRANSVERSE SECTION

RADIAL SECTION.

rANGENTIAL SECTION.

<ier. WeidenEiche. />. Chene de Saule. Sp. Roble de

^^! QUERGUS PHELLOS L
WiUow Oak.

TRANSVCRSe SECTION.

RADIAL SECTION.

TANGENTIAL SECTION

Ger. Weiden Eiche. ^r,. ^lene de Saule. sp. Roble d.

272. CASTANEA PU Ml LA Mill.

Chinquapin. Chinkepin.

TRANSVERSE SECTION.

^^^^I^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^H

i

RADIAL SECTION.

TANGENTIAL SECTION

Ger. Kleine Kastanie. fv. Chincapin. Sp. Castano

enattcfc,

"^2. CASTANEA PUMILA Mill.

Chinquapin. Chinkepin,

TRANSVERSE SECTION.

RADIAL SECTION,

TANGENTIAL IBECTION.

<v«r. Kleine Kastanie. /•>. Chincapin. sp. Qstario

273. SALIX FLUVIATILIS Nutt.

Sand-bar Willow. Long-leaf Willow.

TRANSVERSE SECTION.

RADIAL SECTION.

TANGENTIAL SECTION.

fier. Langblattrige Weide. Fr. Saule de longefuei
>•>• Sauce de hofas largas.

SALIX FLUVIATILIS Nutt.

5and-bar Willow. Long-leaf Willow.

\

N

L

TRANSVERSE SECTION,

RADIAL SECTION.

TANGENTIAL SECTION.

oer. Langfblattrige "^tidc. Er. Saule de longcfudlle.
%' Sauce de hofas largas.

274. PINUS TAEDA L.

LobloUy, Old-field or ^Rosemary Pine. . ,v

TRANSVERSe SECTJON

RADIAL SECTION.

TANGENTIAL SECTION.

(ier. Rosmarin-Fichte. rr. Pin de Romarin. ^>. Romero c

274. PINUS TAEDA L.

i-.obIolly, Old-field or Rosemary Pine.

TBANSVEBSK SECTION.

RADIAL SECTION.

tangCntial section.

Ger\ Rosmarin-Ffcf»te. Fr>^. Pin de Romarin. sp. Rome>

275. PICEA PARRYANA Sarg.

Blue Spruce. Silver Spruce.

TRANSVCRSE SECTION.

RADIAL SECTION.

iier. Blauc Tanne. />• Sapin bleu. Sp. Picca azul.

275. PICEA PARRYANA Sarg.

Blue Spruce. Silver Spruce.

TRANSVERSE SECTION.

RADIAL SECTION.

iiiililiilllhiUft

TftNOENTIAL SECTION.

r. Blaue 1 annc Fr. Sapin bleu. .s>. Pic^a

■■^^ *-ar -^ "^^-^ ^--jT ^^

l^

' •I'Hfll « n -i-Wii^fT^JiIti*^ I

,■, i-il 1 1 1(1,1