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CA3E

THE

AMERICAN WOODS,

EXHIBITED BY ACTUAL SPECIMENS

AND WITH COPIOUS EXPLANATORY TEXT,

BY

ROMEYN B. HOUGH, B. A.

PART XII.

REPRESENTING TWENTY-FIVE SPECIES

BY

TWENTY-FIVE SETS OF SECTIONS.

LOWVILLE, N. Y., U. S. A.

PUBLISHED AND SECTIONS PREPARED BY THE AUTHOR

I9II.

BOLOnv T mRAKY

Copyright nineteen hundred and eleven
BY KOMEYN B. HOUGH

PARSONS PRINTING CO.
rBOTYPEKS AND PBINTEB8
ALBANY, N. T.

BIOLOGY
UBKASY

TO

. Mtxwc,

PATRON OF THE SCIENCES AND PROMOTER OF FORESTRY, THIS

F»ART XII, AMERICAN \VOODS,

IS DEDICATED AS AN EXPRESSION OF ESTEEM.

PREFACE TO THE SERIES.

The necessity of more generally diffused information concerning the
variety and importance of our forest trees is justification enough for
the appearance of this work, especially at this day, when the demands of
Forestry in this country are constantly more and more keenly felt. The
work was undertaken at the suggestion of my father, whose intense in-
terest in Forestry, and a kindred taste, at once gave me inspiration to the
work. It was entered upon with the expectation of his valuable com-
panionship and counsel during its progress, but, alas ! that I was destined
to have only at the outset, and, while I was then left ever to mourn the
loss of a kind father, companion and teacher, the reader must fail to find
i~ these pages that value and finish which his mind would have given
them

Among the happiest pictures of my memory are those in which I see
my father's delight, as I would show to him, from time to time, my suc-
cessful progress in devising a way of making the sections for this work,
and if only for the happiness which its appearance would have caused
him, could he have lived until this day, I have felt duty-bound to go on
with it, even though left to do it alone.

The work is the outgrowth of one, of somewhat similar plan, proposed
by my father some years since, but which he did not carry into effect.
Its design is primarily and principally to show, in as compact and
perfect a manner as possible, authentic specimens of our American woods,
both native and introduced. For that end three sections, respectively
transverse, radial and tangential to the grain (see Glossary), are made of
each timber, sufficiently thin to allow in a measure the transmission of
light, and securely mounted in well made frames.

The three planes above mentioned show the grain 'from all sides, so to
speak, no plane being possible but that would be either one of them or
a combination of them. The difficulty, however, of cutting a great
number of sections exactly on those planes is obvious, so let it be under-
stood that the terms, "transverse," "radial" and "tangential," are, in
many cases, only approximately exact in their application.

My endeavor is to show, either in a part or all of the sections standing
to represent a species, both the heart and sap-wood, but with some woods

yi PREFACE TO THE SERIES.

as the Sumach, for instance, where usually only the outermost ring, or a
part of it, could be said to represent the sap-wood, the display of that is
quite impossible. In certain other woods, as the Spruce, etc., the tran-
sition from sap to heart-wood is almost indistinguishable by any difference
in color, and, although both may be shown in the sections, one can
scarcely distinguish between them.

The sequence of the numbers given to the various sptcies is of import-
ance only to show the botanical arrangement within a given Part, each
Part being independent of the others.

The text of this work has been added rather as a secondary matter,
to supply to those not having it in other form, such information as is of
importance, in connection with the wood specimens, to give a fairly good
acquaintance with the trees represented. It contains little, if any thing,
new to the botanist, but to others it is hoped it may be of some value.

In its preparation some use has been made of my father's Elements of
Forestry, and thanks are due the publishers of that work — Messrs.
Robert Clarke & Co. of Cincinnati, Ohio — for the use of cuts in repro-
ducing a number of its illustrations. Other valuable books of reference
have been the works of Drs. Gray, Wood and Bessey, LeMaout and
Decaisne's Descriptive and Analytical Botany, Prof. C. S. Sargent's
Report on the Forest Trees of North America (constituting Vol. IX,
Tenth Census of the United States, 1880), Micheaux and Nuttall's North
American Sylva, George B. Emerson's Trees and Shrubs of Massachu-
setts, D. J. Browne's Trees of America, etc.

The authenticity of the timbers represented in this work has been a
subject of personal attention and special care on the part of the author.
The trees selected for specimens have been identified in the field, before
felling, while the leaves, flowers or fruit (one or more) have been obtain-
able, and he can, hence, vouch for the authenticity of every specimen
represented.

Succeeding Parts, uniform in style with Part I, and representing in
each case twenty-five additional species, are planned to appear later, with
the ultimate end in view of representing, as nearly as possible, all of the
American woods, or at least the most important, in such a series of vol-
umes as this one.

Upon the reception which this meets in public favor, and upon the
co-operation of those interested in the cause, must naturally depend the
carrying out of that plan. It is hoped that -greater experience and skill
will enable us to obviate in future parts the faults which occur, from
lack of those qualities, in this.

Notice of errors in this work will be thankfully received ID hopes of
profiting therefrom in the future.

LOWVILLE, N. Y,, March 30, 1888.

PREFACE TO PART XII.

In Part XII AMERICAN WOODS we have a continuation of the
trees of the Atlantic and Central States, and several rare and par-
ticularly interesting ones are included. We regret that unavoidable
circumstances have delayed its appearance considerably more than
anticipated, when we closed the work on Part XI, but such has been
the course of fate.

We have thought it advisable to include in this Part the same
Key based upon Leaves which appeared in Part XI, as it covers also
the species of this Part.

The desirability of general indexes, both vernacular and botanical,
covering all of the series of AMERICAN WOODS to date, has become
the more apparent as the work has progressed, and we have prepared
such indexes for the close of the present volume (pp. 57 to 64).
Following them (p. 65) we give a brief announcement of our other
lines, thinking they may be of interest to those who may desire to
form a more intimate knowledge of botanical and other characters
or of wood-technology.

For courtesies which have been of material assistance in the field-
work, in collecting the woods for Part XII, we wish to mention with
gratitude Prof. Wm. Trelease, Director of the Missouri Botanical
Garden, whose ever interest in the progress of AMERICAN WOODS,
is a source of pleasure and encouragement to its author. We grate-
fully acknowledge, too, assistance kindly rendered by Prof. C. D.
Beadle, Mr. T. B. Harbison, Dr. K M. Glatfelter, Mr" G. W. Letter-
man, Mr. A. Lincoln Hough, Mr. Francis Kiefer and Mr. H. A.
Brinkerhoff.

It is our purpose now to take up the interesting subtropical trees
of Florida. Many of them range extensively through the West Indies,
Mexico and even Central and South America. Several of them are
of great commercial importance, though as the chief source of supply
is within the tropics few people think of them as trees found native
within the L'nited States. While engaged in this work.it is our pur-
pose, as heretofore, to make photographs of such scenes and objects
as we may find particularly illustrative of habits of growth and other
characteristic features of the various trees.

LOWVILLE, K Y., Nov. 18, 1911.

A KEY BASED UPON LEAVES,

TO THE TREES OF THE
NORTHERN STATES AND CANADA.

Abbreviations. — a. = apex or at apex; ab. = above; b. = base or at base; bn. = beneath ;
fr. = fruit; 1. = long (usually omitted and implied after dimensions); If. = leaf; Ifts. =
leaflets ; Ivs. = leaves.

a SIMPLE LEAVES,

b With well marked blade and petiole, or without petiole (sessile) ;

C MAIN RIB SINGLE — PINNA'IELY VEINED

d Margin entire;

e Leaves lance-oblong, thick,

f Acuminate at both ends, 3-9 in..

g Rugose-reticulate, deciduous; fr. an elongated dry drupe.

CORK- WOOD (Leitneria floridana) .
g* Smooth and lustrous: fr. a dark blue drupe; veins beneath and petioles

ti Rusty tomentose, evergreen SWAMP BAY (Pet-sea pubescens).

l\- Glabrous or nearly so. evergreen RED BAY (P. Borbonia) .

f2 Acute at both ends, 1^-4 in.; fr. an acorn.

WILLOW OAK (Quercus Phellos) .
e" Leaves lance-obovate. cuneate, rounded a., mostly

f Clustered on lateral spurs; fr. a black drupe; beneath and petioles

g Densely tomentose WOOLLY BUCKTHORN (Bumelia lanuginosa) .

g2 Glabrous or nearly so SOUTHERN BUCKTHORN (B. lycicides) .

f2 Alternate on the branch lets.

g Thinnish, glabrous above, deciduous; fr. 2-celled capsules.

LEATHERWOOD (Cyrilla racemiflora) .
g- Very thick, lustrous above, persistent; fr. acorn.

LIVE OAK (Quercus Virginiana).
e3 Leaves ovate,

f Inequilateral, long taper-pointed and narrow; fr. drupe.

MISSISSIPPI HACKBERRY (Celtis mississippiensis).
f- Equilateral, broad, lustrous ab. rounded b., long-acuminate; fr. compound,

orange-like OSAGE ORANGE ( Toxylon pomiferum ) .

e* Leaves ovate-oblong, abruptly narrowed b.

f Alternate, acuminate, lustrous dark gr. ab.. paler pubescent bn.; fr. large

berry PERSIMMON (Diospyros Virginiana).

f- Opposite, rough-pubescent above, without stipules; fr. drupe.

ROUGH-LEAVED DOGWOOD (Cornus asperifolia).
f« Verticillate (some opposite) glabrous ab., with stipules; fr. in globular

head BuiiON-BUSU (Cephalanthus occidental is) .

e* Loaves oblong, mostly cuneate b.,
f Deciduous.

HOUGH'S AMERICAN WOODS. abode'

g Alternate, acute or obtuse both ends, glabrous ab.; fr. acorn.

SHINGLE OAK (Quercus imbricaria).
g2 Opposite, acute or acuminate both ends; fr. drupe.

FRINGE-TREE (Chionanthus Virginica).

f2 Persistent, thick and coraceous, clustered near tips of branchlets,
g Obtuse or acute both ends,

h Broad, lustrous ab., white bn.; fr. aggregation of follicles.

SWEET BAY (Magnolia glauca).
h2 Narrow, glabrous ab., paler bn.; fr. capsule.

ROSE BAY (Rhododendron maximum).

g2 Acuminate both ends; fr. capsule. .MOUNTAIN LAUREL (Kalmia latifolia) .
e« Leaves obovate-oblong,

f Narrow and sometimes falcate; fr. acorn.

LAUREL OAK (Quercus lauri folia) .
f2 Wider, coriaceous, lustrous ab., acute or acuminate; fr. drupe.

SOUR GUM (Nyssa sylvatica).
e7 Leaves obovate,

f Large (3-20 in.) membranaceous.
g Cuneate b.,

h Short acuminate, 8-12 in. narrow; fr. fleshy baccate.

PAP AW ( Asimina triloba ) .
h2 Acute to obtuse a., 12-20 in.; fr. aggregation follicles.

UMBRELLA-TREE (Magnolia tripetala).
g2 Ear-lobed b.; fr. aggregation follicles.

h 10-12 in. long ERASER MAGNOLIA (M. Fraseri) .

h2 15-30 in. long LARGE-LEAF MAGNOLIA (M. macrophylla) .

f2 Small (4-6 in.) cuneate.

g Membranaceous, wide, rounded a., glabrous ab.; fr. drupelet.

AMERICAN SMOKE TREE (Cotinus Americunus).
g2 Coriaceous, narrow, mostly acute; fr. drupe.

WATER GUM (Nyssa biflora).
e8 Leaves oval, membranaceous, deciduous.

f Rounded or subcordate b., 7-10 in.; fr. aggregation follicles.

CUCUMBER-TREE (Magnolia 'acuminata).
f2 Cuneate b., acuminate a., veins arcuate.
g Alternate or clustered; fr. blue drupe.

BLUE DOGWOOD (Cornus alternifolia) .
g2 Opposite or clustered; fr. red drupe.

FLOWERING DOGWOOD (Cornus ftorida).
2 Margin both entire and dentate or denticulate; leaves
e Linear-lanceolate, 2-5 in., entire or remotely denticulate; fr. capsule.

SANDBAR WILLOW (Salix fluviatilis) .
e2 Oblanceolate, 3-5 in., entire or remotely serrate, fragrant; fr. small drupe.

WAX MYRTLE (Myrica cerifera) .
e3 Lance-obovate, cuneate b., rounded to acute a., entire or appressed-serrate,

evergreen ; f r. drupaceous CASSENA HOLLY ( Ilex cassine L. ) .

e4 Ovate-oblong, 5-10 in., acuminate with long stems and both entire and with
from 1-5 large pointed teeth; fr. drupe.

COTTON GUM (Nyssa aquatica).

5 KEY, UASED UPON LEAVES. 3

e* Oblong, acute to acuminate both ends, entire and irregularly serrulate, 3-7 in.,

glaucous bn.; fr. capsule SOBBEL-TBEE (Oxydendrum arboreum).

e« Obovate-oblong, cuneate to rounded b., 1-3 in., whitish pubescent bn.; fr.

capsule - BEER'S WILLOW (Salix Bebbiana) .

e? Elliptical, very thick and firm, glabrous, with few remote spine-tipped teeth,

evergreen; fr. drupe HOLLY (Ilex opaca).

e* Obovate, %-2 in., subsessile, firm thick and lustrous, entire and obscurely

denticulate; fr. berry SPABKLEBEBBY (Vaccinium arborem).

d3 Margin both entire and lobed, the latter mostly on vigorous shoots, very short-
stemmed; the entire leaves are

e Lance-obovate to spatulate, cuneate b., wide and rounded or obscurely 3
lobed a. (other leaves sharply pinnately 3-7-lobed) tardily deciduous;

fr. acorn : WATEB OAK ( Quercus nigra) .

e2 Ovate-oblong, 2-7 in., abruptly narrowed b., acute or obtuse a. (other leaves
with large lobe on one or both sides) ; fr. drupe.

SASSAFBAS (Sassafras sassafras).

e3 Broad-ovate, large, long-stemmed, the lowest pair of veins branching; arrange-
ment
f Ternate (some opposite) subcordate, acute or acuminate, pith of twigs

not segmented; fr. pod-like; leaves
g Acute or short acuminate; fringe of hairs on seeds pointed.

CATALPA (Catalpa catalpa).
g2 Long-acuminate, fringe of hairs of seeds wide.

HABDY CATALPA (Catalpa speciosa).
f2 Opposite, cordate., acute or bluntly pointed, pith of twigs segmented;

fr. capsule PBINCESS TBEE (Paulownia tomentosa).

d* Margin serrate or serrulate,
e Leaves inequilateral, alternate;

f Petioles short, veins impressed above and
g Parallel; mostly doubly serrate, firm
h Smooth above; fr. samara; branch lets

i Not corky- wi nged ; leaf-buds smooth and blunt.

WHITE ELM (Ulmus Americana).
i2 Some corky-winged; leaf-buds acuminate, puberulous;

j Leaves 2-6 in.; a northern tree CORK ELM (Ulmus Thomasi).

j2 %-3 in.; a southern tree WINGED ELM (Ulmus alata).

h2 Very rough above.; fr. samara SLIPPEBY ELM (Ulmus pubscens).

g2 Not parallel, arcuate and ramose; simply serrate, thin; fr. drupe.

HACKBEBBY (Celtis Occident alls) .

f2 Petioles long; veins little if at all impressed, arcuate, ovate-orbicular,
prominently reticulated; fr. nut-like with parachute.

g Leaves smooth and greenish beneath BASSWOOD (Tilia Americana).

g2 Leaves silvery-pubescent beneath, with small if any axillary tufts.

WHITE BASSWOOD (T. heterophyll*) .
gs Leaves stellate-pubescent beneath, with conspicuous axillary tufts.

MICHADX'S BASSWOOD (T. Michauxii).
g* Leaves rusty-pubescent beneath; a southern tree.

DOWNY BASSWOOD (T. pubescens).
e2 Leaves equilateral or nearly so; fr. a

HOUGH'S AMERICAN WOODS. abcd4e*f

f Drupe with juicy acidulous flesh; leaves alternate; pit of drupe
g Bony, hard and

h Pit more or less flattened and with ventral groove; leaves
i Lance-oblong, tapering b., membranaceous,

j Long-acuminate, light green and sharply serrate; pit deeply

wrinkled PEACH (Amygdalus Persica).

j2 Acute or apiculate, glandular serrate, infolded lengthwise; pit
nearly smooth CHICKASAW PLUM (Prunus augustifolia) .

12 Lance-ovate, rounded or tapering b., long-acuminate, closely glandular

serrate, firm; mid-rib hairy bn.

WILD GOOSE PLUM (Prunus hortulana).

13 Ovate -oblong,

j 2^-5 in,, veins strongly impressed ab. and prominent bn.; rounded

or obtuse b.
k Sharply and sometimes doubly serrate; stems mostly glandless.

AMERICAN WILD PLUM (Prunus Americana).
k2 Bluntly serrate; stems with glands near blade.

CANADA PLUM (Prunus nigra) .
j2 iy2-3 in. long, thick and firm; fr. blue-black or purple with

bloom; leaves with
k Rounded or obtuse b.; fr. % in. or less, dark purple.

ALLEGHANY SLOE (Prunus A lleghaniensis ) .
k2 Cuneate b., wrinkled; fr. %-l in., blue with bloom.

GARDEN PLUM (Prunus domestica).
h2 Pit turgid (nearly subglobose) marginless; leaves

1 Lance-oblong (occasionally wider) rounded or obtuse b. acuminate
j Membranaceous; cherries small, translucent, red, in clusters, and

very tart PIGEON CHERRY (Prunus Pennsylvania ) .

j2 Firm, with glandular incurved teeth; cherries purple-black, in
racemes and of pleasant vinous flavor.

BLACK CHERRY (Prunus serotina).
12 Obovate-oblong, rounded or obtuse b.

j Bluntly and unevenly serrate; fr. single or few in cluster;
k Leaves thin and drooping; fr. sweet.

SWEET CHERRY (Prunus Avium) .
k2 Leaves thickish and little if at all drooping; fr. tart.

SOUR CHERRY (Prunus Cerasus) .
j2 Sharply and evenly serrate; fr. in racemes, about y4 in. and

astringent CHOKE CHERRY (Prunus Virginiana) .

g2 Pit horny and yielding, flat; flesh blackish and sweet; Ivs. opposite,

finely and sharply serrate.
h Acute or obtuse a., tapering b.,
i Smooth bn.; petioles not winged.

BLACK HAW (Viburnum prunifolium).
12 With rufous hairs bn. on midrib and principal veins; petioles little

if at all winged RTSTY NANNYBERRY (Viburnum rufidulum).

h2 Acuminate, rounded b., bl-'^'-Hottrd beneath; petioles slightly winged.

NORTHERN NANNYBERRY (Viburnum Lentago).

»bcd4e2f* KEY, BASED UPON LEAVES. 5

f2 Drupe-like, but containing 2-6 one-seeded nutlets; Ivs. lanceolate to oblong,
membranaceous and markedly wrinkled.

MOUNTAIN HOLLY (Ilex monticola).
f3 A pome (apple) ; leaves ovate to oblong or oval, firm, mostly rounded b.

and leaf stalks
g Slender, long and smooth.

h Leaves glabrous ab. and usually bn., sharply and widely serrate; fr.
% in. or less, in loose racemes.

SERVICE-BERRY (Amelanchier Canadensi*) .

h2 Leaves lustrous ab., smooth bn., appressed serrate or subentire; fr.
usually tapering to the stem, containing grit cells.

PEAR (Pyrus communis) .

g2 Short, stout, gray-tomentose as is the under surface of Ivs.; fr. hollow-
ing at stem and without grit-cells APPLE (Pyrus Mains) .

f4 Capsule, which is

g 1-celled, dehiscent by 2 valves, % in. or less 1; seeds with silky hairs;
h Leaf-buds covered with single scale; leaves

i Linear-lanceolate, very long taper-pointed and drooping.

WEEPING WILLOW (Salix babylonica).

12 Narrow-lanceolate, green bn.; petioles not glandular; finely serrate.

BLACK WILLOW (Salix nigra).

13 Lanceolate; petioles

j Glandular; glabrous bn., coarsely serrate; branchlets greenish and

very brittle BRITTLE WILLOW (8. fragilis).

j2 Not glandular; pale bn.; stipules.

k Foliaceous; branchlets hoary-pubescent.

WARD'S WILLOW (Salix longipes) .
k2 Deciduous; leaves

1 Glabrous ab., whitish and glaucous bn.; branchlets yellow.

YELLOW WILLOW (S. vitellina).
12 Silky-pubescent both sides; branchlets greenish.

WHITE WILLOW (S. alba).

1* Broad lanceolate, smooth above, pale and glaucous bn.; petioles long

and not glandular. . . .PEACH-LEAF WILLOW (Salix amygdaloides) .

is Lance-ovate, very lustrous dark green ab., firm; petioles glandular.

SHINING WILLOW (S. lucida).

16 Oblanceolate and lanceolate, pale bn., finely serrate; stipules folia-

ceous; branchlets first season and buds hairy.

MISSOURI WILLOW (S. Missouriensis).

17 Ovate-oblong, rounded or subcordate b., acute a.

BALSAM WILLOW (Salix basamifera).
h2 Buds covered by several scales;

1 Leaves lanceovate, cuneate or rounded b., bluntly pointed a.

NARROW-LEAF COTTONWOOD (Populus augustifolia) .
12 Leaves ovate-orbicular, subcordate.

TWEEDY'S COTTONWOOD (P. Tweedyi).

g2 5-celled, dehiscent by 5 valves: leaves lance-obovate to oblong, tapering
both ways, remotely serrate above the middle and

HOUGH'S AMERICAN WOODS. abcd'e'f5

h Persistent, thick, coriaceous; seeds winged.

LOBLOLLY BAY (Gordonia Lasianthus).
h2 Deciduous, membranaceous ; seeds not winged.

FBANKUNIA (Franklinia Altamaha).
Nutlet,
g Not winged, each

h Subtended by a 3-lobed leaf-like bract and arranged in aments; Ivs.
unequally and sharply serrate, glabrous bn. except for silky hairs

in the axils of veins BLUE BEECH (Carpinus Caroliniana) .

h2 Enclosed in a membranous sac and arranged in loose cone-like aments ;
leaves ovate-oblong, unequally and sharply serrate, pubescent bn.

IRONWOOD (Ostrya Virginiana) .
gs Winged both sides and borne in the axils of scales which form a cone;

scales
h 3-lobed, thin and falling away at maturity of seed;

i Bark chalky white and peeling in strips around the trunk; Ivs.
j Ovate, rounded or obtuse b., acuminate a.; bark peeling readily.

CANOE BIRCH (Betula papyrifera) .
j2 Deltoid, long-acuminate, petioles long and slender; bark peeling

with some difficulty WHITE BIRCH (Betula populifolia) .

12 Bark smooth, lustrous reddish brown; Ivs. broad ovate.

WESTERN RED BIRCH (B. fontinalis).

is Bark scaly, gray-brown; Ivs. ovate-oblong, narrow and rounded or
subcordate b., aromatic when bruised.

SWEET BIRCH (Betula lenta) .

1* Bark silvery yellow, separating in thin layers and hanging in curls;
Ivs. ovate-oblong, narrow and mostly heart shaped b., aromatic.

YELLOW BIRCH (Betula lutea) .
I5 Bark reddish brown, separating in thin persistent scales; Ivs. rhombic

ovate RIVER BIRCH ( B. nigra ) .

h2 Thickened, woody and persistent; Ivs.

i Ovate-oblong, mostly acute or acuminate a., lustrous dark green ab.;

fls. in late summer SEA-SIDE ALDER (Alnus maritima) .

|2 Orbicular-obovate, rounded to notched a., dull green ab.; fls. in early

spring EUROPEAN ALDSR ( Alnus glutinosa) .

Nut.
g Enveloped by a 2-4-valved prickle-covered involucre, lateral veins of Ivs.

straight, parallel, and each terminating in a tooth ; nut
h Triangular, each involucre inclosing a pair; Ivs. ovate-oblong, acumi-
nate, hairy along veins bn BEECH (Fagus Americana) .

h2 Globose — top-shaped, single in involucre; Ivs. narrow-oblong with
slender teeth and white-tomentose bn.

CHINQUAPIN (Castanea pumila) .

fa Compressed ovoid-globose, 2 or 3 in an involucre ; Ivs. lance-oblong with
coarse teeth, green and glabrous both sides.

CHESTNUT (Castanea dentata).
g2 Subtended by an involucral cup — an acorn; Ivs. lance-oblong, obovate,

coarsely and sharply serrate;
h Large trees CHINQUAPIN OAK (Quercus aciinnnata).

bcd4e*f> KEY, BASED UPON LEAVES. 7

h2 Shrubs or very small trees. . .DWABF CHINQUAPIN OAK (Q. prinoides) .
d5 Margin both serrate or serrate-dentate and lobed in the same Ivs., though the
lobed Ivs. may be on vigorous shoots only, and the latter Ivs, are not
considered in these further descriptions.
e Fruit a small pome (apple)

f With 1-5 bony, 1-seeded nutlet-like carpels; email trees and shrubs with

thorny branches; Ivs.
g Obovate (large ones more elliptical) entire, cuneate b., rounded or acute

a.; petioles short, winged above and glandless;
h Leaves lustrous dark -green ab., thick; fr. globose-oblong, y% in., dull

red; nutlets 1-3 COCK-SPUR THORN (Crataegus crus-galli) .

l\- Leaves dull gray-green ab., more membranaceous ; fr. subglobose, Mi~l
in., dull red or yellow with white dots.

DOTTED THORN (C. punctata) .

g2 Obovate-oblong, wider and short cuneate b., petioles longer and winged ab.

h Irregularly serrate-dentate, acute or blunt-pointed and slightly, if at all,

lobed, dark green and smooth ab. ; fr. scarlet or orange, % in. or

less ; nutlets usually 5 SOUTHERN THORN ( C. viridis ) .

h2 Crenate-serrate or with short crenate toothed lobes, rounded or obtuse
a.; fr. oblong-globose, % in., dark red or orange, black dotted, with

2-3 nutlets MARGARETTA THORN (C. Margaretta).

hs With short acute-toothed lobes or doubly serrate-dentate, obtuse to
acute a., pubescent bn. 2-5 in.; petioles glandular; fr. oblong-
globose, */£ in.; nutlets 2-3 with ventral cavities.

PEAR THORN (C. tomentosa).

g3 Obovate-orbicular, rounded or obtuse a., coriaceous, coarsely and irregu-
larly serraterdentate, or very slightly lobed; thorns 2%-4 in.; fr.
lustrous crimson, %-% in., subglobose, on erect stems; nutlets with
deep ventral cavities. . . .LONG-SPINE THORN (Crataegus macracantha ) .
g* Leaves broad-ovate;

h Waxy-coated, slightly 5-angled and flattened subglobose, apple-green
becoming purplish red; Ivs. subcordate b., acute, with 3 or 4 pairs

short pointed lobes, thickish WAXY THORN ( C. pruinosa ) .

h2 Fruit pubescent at least at the ends,

i Subglobose, %-l in., in small drooping villous clusters; calyx-lobes
large and deciduous; nutlets 4 or 5; Ivs. truncate or subcordate
b., with appressed pubescence ab., pubescent bn.

RED-FRUITED THORN (C. mollis).

12 Obovoid-oblong, in erect compact clusters with prominent and per-
sistent calyx-lobes and tube; Ivs. rounded b., acute or obtuse a.

CHAMPLAIN THORN (C. Champlainensis) .
hs Smooth and lustrous, about % in.; Ivs. scabrous ab.; fr.

i Orange red with pale dots, obovoid, calyx-lobes enlarged and per-
sistent; Ivs. thickish RED-FRUITED THORN (C. submolis) .

i- Bright scarlet with dark dots; Ivs. membranaceous.

SCARLET THORN (C. pedicellata) .

g5 Triangular-ovate, 1^-3 in., truncate b., acute or acuminate a,, lustrous
dark green ab., coarsely serrate-dentate and incisely 3-5-lobed.

WASHINGTON THORN (C. cordata).

HOUGH'S AMERICAN WOODS. abcd5ef

g« Oval to orbicular.

h Membranaceous, hairy on veins bn.,

i Rounded or obtuse a. and b., sharply serrate with 2-3 short lobes,
glabrous yellow-green ab., paler and concave bn.

PBINGLE'S THORN (C. Pringlei).

12 Acute or acuminate a., rounded b., sharply serrate-dentate, and with
3 or 4 pairs short lobes, scabrous ab., pubescent on veins bn.

HOLME'S THORN (C. Holmesiana).
h2 Coriaceous, finely doubly serrate-dentate.

SCARLET THORN (C. coccinea).
f2 With 5 papery usually 2-seeded carpels; small flat waxy fragrant apples;

Ivs.
g Tomentose or pubescent bn., oblong-ovate to oval,

h Crenate-serrate and usually with short crenate lobes; fr. stems slender

and glabrate PRAIRIE CRAB ( Pyrus loensis ) .

h2 Crenate and very much wrinkled; fr. stems short.

SOULARD CRAB (Pyrus Soulardi).

g2 Glabrous throughout, with long slender stems; fr. hard translucent long-
stemmed and calyx-lobes.

h Deciduous; fr. yellowish, red-cheeked, scarcely waxy and but little
hollowed at b. ; Ivs. ovate-oblong serrate or sometimes entire, not

lobed SIBERIAN CRAB (Pyrus baccata) .

h2 Persistent in fruit; fr. yellow-green, waxy, deeply hollowed at b., very
sour; Ivs. triangular ovate to trucate or subcordate b., acute a.,
serrate-dentate and usually with few short lobes.

FRAGRANT CRAB (Pyrus coronaria) .
e2 Fruit a juicy syncarp (blackberry-like), edible; Ivs. with arcuate lateral

veins, the lowermost pair branching; Ivs.

f Lustrous ab., glabrous bn., broad-ovate, coarsely serrate; fr. pinkish white.

WHITE MULBERRY (Morus alba).

f2 Dull dark green and rough ish ab., pubescent and strongly reticulate bn.,
orbicular ovate; petioles glabrate; fr. purple-black.

RED MULBERRY (Morns rubra) .

e3 Fruit a globular head with seeds exserted on red fleshy stipes ; Ivs. rough ab.,
under surface and petioles velvety-pubescent.

PAPER MULBERRY (Broussonetia papyrifera).
6 Margin crenate-serrate;
e Leaves opposite, mostly

f Oblong, tapering b., acuminate; small trees and shrubs; Ivs.
g Glabrous bn., 2-3 in.; inhabits wet lowlands; fr. drupe.

SWAMP PRIVET (Forestiera acuminata).

g2 Pubescent bn., 2-5 in., membranaceous and very finely crenate-serrate;
an upland tree; fr. fleshy capsule.

BURNING BUSH (Euonymus atropurpureus) .

f2 Broadrovate to oval, l%-5ys in., rounded' b., obtuse to acute a., the lateral
veins very prominent and arcuate; fr. drupe-like.

BUCKTHORN (Rhamnus cathartim} .
e2 Leaves alternate,

b c d6 e2 f KEY, BASED UPON LEAVES. 9

f Lance-ovate, rounded or apiculate a.; fr. a small fit waxy-coated apple.

NARROW LEAF CRAB (Pyrus angustifolia) .
f2 Lance-oblong, finely rugose ab., glaucous bn.; fr. a small capsule with

cotton-tufted seeds GLAUCOUS WILLOW (Salix discolor).

fs Lance-obovate, 4-6 in., cuneate b., acute or acuminate a., very lustrous ab.,
thick and with short stems; fr. dry drupe.

SWEET LEAF (Symplocos tinctoria).

f* Rhombic-lanceolate to ovate, with long slender stems, cuneate to nearly

rounded b., acuminate a.; a tree of the eastern foot-hills of the Rocky

Mountains; fr. capsule. . .LANCE-LEAF COTTONWOOD (Populus acuminata).

fs Ovate, cuneate to rounded b., acute to acuminate, strongly reticulate,

whitish and often rusty bn.; fr. capsule.

BALSAM POPLAR (Populus lalsamifera) .

fe Heart-shaped, 3-8 in., with long round stems; fr. capsule; Ivs.
g Acuminate, whitish and often rusty bn.

BALM-OF-GILEAD (Populus candicans).
g2 Obtuse to subacute a., hairy bn. and on stems.

SWAMP POPLAR (Populus heterophylla ) .
t~ Ovate-oblong, 1-3 in., rounded or obtuse and more or less inequilateral b.;

fr. coriaceous drupe PLANER-TREE (Planera aquatica) .

fs Oblong, 2-4 in., acute or rounded both ends, lustrous and veins impressed
ab., obscurely crenate-serrate ; a very small tree or shrub of the southern

states; fr. drupe-like YELLOW BUCKTHORN (Rhamnus Caroliniana) .

f» Obovate, 4-8 in., obtuse or acute b., acute or acuminate a., regularly

crenate; fr. an acorn Cow OAK (Quercus Michauxii).

fio Deltoid-ovate, truncate or wide cordate b., acute or short-acuminate, stems
long and laterally compressed; fr. capsule.

COTTONWOOD (Populus deltoides).

fn Orbicular-ovate, 1-2 in., rounded to subcordate b., obtuse to acute or
apiculate a., glabrous and fragrant; fr. drupe.

PERFUMED CHERRY (Prunus Mahaleb).
d7 Margin crenate or crenulate ; Ivs.

e Lance-obovate, l%-3 in., cuneate b., rounded, obtuse or notched a.; fr. drupe-
like SWAMP HOLLY ( Ilex decidua) .

e2 Oblong, 1-2 in., thick, evergreen; fr. a bright red drupe-like berry; fr.

drupe-like YAUPON (Ilex vomitoria) .

e3 Suborbicular, l%-3 in., rounded or obtuse b., abruptly acute or short acumi-
nate, finely crenate; petioles long and compressed laterally; fr. capsule.

QUAKING ASP (Populus tremuloides) .

e* Broad-deltoid or rhombic, blade commonly wider than long, cuneate to
truncate b.. short acuminate or acute a.; petioles long, laterally com-
pressed; fr. capsule; branches

f Spreading BLACK POPLAR (Populus nigra).

f2 Strictly upright LOMBARDY POPLAR (Populus dilatata) .

d« Margin dentate,

e Finely dentate, mostly oblong, acute or obtuse b., acuminate a., with prominent
arcuate veins; fr. dry winged drupe.

SILVER-BELL TREE (Mohrodendron Carolinum).
e- Coarsely dentate, broad-ovate to orbiculer; petioles

10 HOUGH'S AMERICAN WOODS. abcd8e2

f Laterally compressed and long, blades rounded b., acute or short acuminate
a., glabrous and firm (white velvety when young) ; fr. capsule.

LARGE-TOOTH POPLAR (Populus grandidentata) .

f2 Terete, slender and short, blades mostly rounded or obtuse both ends,
membranaceous ; fr. drupe-like.

WESTERN SERVICEBERRY (Amelanchier alnifolia).
d9 Margin sinuate or sinuate-dentate,

e Lanoe-oblong to ovate, obtuse to subcordate b., bluntly acute a., with 10-16

pairs of straight lateral veins ROCK OAK ( Quercus Primis ) .

e2 Obovate-oblong. cuneate b., rounded or obtuse a., 6-8 pairs of lateral veins.

whitish bn SWAMP WHITE OAK (Quercus platanoides) .

e3 Oval-obovate, rounded or subcordate b., rounded to acute or apiculate a.,
membranaceous; petioles short and thick; fr. woody capsule.

WITCH HAZEL (Hamamelis Virginia).

e4 Suborbicular (on vigerous shoots 3-5-lobed) 2-4 in., dark green ab., white
velvety tomentose bn. on stems, etc.; fr. capsule. . . .ABELE (Populus alba).
di° Margin lobed; fruit a

e Small apple, containing a single 2-seeded bony nutlet; branchlets thorny and
Ivs. with 1-3 pairs of wide-spreading lobes.

HAWTHORN (Crataegus Oxyacantha) .

e2 Narrow upright cone, made up of closed carpels; Ivs. with one or two pairs
of wide-spreading entire lobes and turcate or with wide sinus at apex.

TULIP TREE (Liriodendron tulipifera) .
e3 Acorn; Ivs. pinnately lobed and

f Lobes bristle-tipped; acorns maturing in the autumn of the second year;

sinuses

g Narrow at bottom; lobes wide at base and narrowing towards apex; Ivs.
h Oval to ovate, lobes 4-5 pairs, each lobe with
i One to three sharp teeth; fruit

j Scarcely 14 enveloped by its shallow saucer.

RED OAK (Quercus rubra) .
j2 Half enveloped by its deep saucer.

GRAY OAK (Q. borealis) .
i2 Entire, triangular and wide-spreading.

SWAMP SPANISH OAK (Quercus pagodaefolia) .
h2 Obovate and lobes generally in

i Four pairs, symmetrically arranged, the larger lobes 1-4 toothed.

YELLOW OAK (Q. velutina).
i2 One to three pairs,

j Not symmetrically arranged, lobes scarcely dentate and those of

some Ivs. finger like SPANISH OAK ( Q. digitata ) .

j2 Symmetrically arranged and generally in
k Two pairs; shrubs or very small trees.

BEAR OAK (Quercus nana) .

k2 A single pair of wide-spreading lobes near a., or scarcely lobed
and very wide at a. ; a medium-size tree.

BLACK JACK OAK ( Q. Marilandica ) .

g2 Sinuses wide, rounded and deep; lobes narrow, widening toward the apex,
the larger with 1-4 spreading teeth or sometimes toothed lobes; acorn

bcd10e3f KEY, BASED UPON LEAVES. 11

h Oblong and with

i Very shallow saucer-like cup.

SOUTHERN RED OAK (Quercus Texana).
12 Deep top-shaped cup about half enveloping the acorn.

HILL'S OAK (Q. ellipsoidalis ) .
h2 Subglobose, half enveloped by its deep turbinate cup of closely

appressed scales SCARLET OAK ( Q. coccinea } .

hs Flattened-globose to almost hemispheric, with shallow saucer-shaped

or slightly top-shaped cup PIN OAK ( Q. palustris).

f2 Lobes rounded or bluntly pointed and acorns maturing in the autumn of

the first year; Ivs.
g Obovate-oblong, under surface

h Glabrous, larger lobes long and narrow, acorn about one-third invested

by the cup WHITE OAK ( Q. alba ) .

h2 \Yhite-tomentose, lobes shorter and more triangular; acorn nearly

enveloped by its thin-edged cup OVER-CUP OAK (Q. lyrata] .

g- Broad-obovate with

h 1 or 2 pairs of rounded lobes, the one next the apex much the largest
and commonly trucate or with wide sinus at apex.

POST OAK (Q. minor).

h2 3 or 4 pairs — deeply lyrate pinnatified; acorns generally large with
fringed cup BUR OAK ( Q. macrocarpa ) .

<*2 MAIN RIBS SEVERAL PALMATELY VEINED;

cl Leaves alternate icith

e 5-7 deep lobes — star-shaped; fr. globose head of capsules.

SWEET GUM (Liquidanbar Styraciflita).
e2 3-5 short lobes; b. of leaf-stem enveloping the new leaf-bud; fr. globose head

of akenes SYCAMORE (Platanus occidentalism

e3 Not lobed, entire, orbicular-cordate; fr. pod.

REDBUD (Cercis Canadensis).

<12 Leaves opposite; fr. samaras in pairs united at base.
e Large or medium-size trees with rather firm Ivs. ;

f Sinuses rounded at bottom and lobes entire or nearly so; sinuses
g Moderately deep; Ivs. pale and glabrous bn., without stipules.

SUGAR MAPLE (Acer Saccharum).
g- Shallow; Ivs. green and pubescent bn., edges drooping; stipules often

present BLACK MAPLE ( A. nigrum ) .

f2 Sinuses pointed at bottom and lobes more or less toothed; Ivs.

g Deeply 5-lobed with narrow sinuses SILVER MAPLE (A. dasycarpum ) .

g2 Moderately 3-5-lobed with wide sinuses; under surface pale and

h Glabrate; rather thin, subcordate b RED MAPLE (A. rubrum).

h- Moderately hairy, especially along the veins, firm, mostly tapering
and entire b. obovate-orbicular, small and sometimes without lobes.

CAROLINA MAPLE (A. Carolinum).
h3 Velvety pubescent, thick, wide-orbicular: a southern tree.

DRUMMOXD MAPLE (A. Drummondii).

o= Small trees or tall shrubs with membranaceous leaves; lobes
h Doubly serrate: lv*.

12 HOUGH'S AMERICAN WOODS. abc'd'e*

i Acuminate, 3-lobed at a. only, eastern.

STRIPED MAPLE (A. Pennsylvanicum) .
12 Acute or obtuse, 3-5-lobed, or even 3-parted or 3-foliate, western.

DWARF MAPLE (A. glabrum) .
h2 Coarsely serrate-dentate, pubescent bn.

MOUNTAIN MAPLE (A. spicatum).
b2 Without well-marked blade and petiole (latter present, but very small in

leaves of Hemlocks ) ;

c LEAVES LINEAR AND IN FLAT 2-BANKED SPRAYS,
d Sessile,

e Deciduous, soft, light green (those of fruiting-branchlets scale-like) ; fr. sub-
globose cones BALD CYPRESS (Taxodium distichum) .

e2 Evergreen, more rigid, dark green ab., whitish and keeled bn., leaving a flat
or depressed scar when breaking away from branchlet; cones erect, 2 to
3% in. long and falling apart at maturity.

f Bracts of cone shorter than scales BALSAM FIR (Abies balsamea) .

£2 Bracts longer than the scales, exserted and reflexed.

FRASER'S FIR (Abies Fraseri) .
d2 With very small appressed petioles,

e Leaves obtuse or rounded a.; cones less than 1 in. and with suborbicular scales

which expand but little at maturity HEMLOCK (Tsuga Canadensis) .

e2 Leaves notched or rounded a.; cones more than 1 in. and oblong scales

expanding widely at maturity. . .CAROLINA HEMLOCK (Tsuga Caroliniana) .

c2 LEAVES SCALE-LIKE IMBRICATED AND CLOSELY APPRESSED OR AWL-SHAPED, in four

ranks and making a conspicuously
d Flat 2-edged branchlet; cones y2 in. or less, with few leathery scales, 4 only

being fertile ARBOR VITAE ( Thuya occidentalis) .

d2 ^-angled branchlet; fr.

e Sublogobose cones, % in., with peltate, valvate scales.

WHITE CEDAR ( Cha:naecyparis thyoides ) .
e2 Fleshy, dark blue and glaucous berries (really modified cones) ;

f Leaves of two kinds, both scale like and awl-shaped; buds naked; fr.

g .Maturing in autumn of first season RED CEDAR (J. Virginiana) .

g2 Maturing in autumn of second season.

ROCKY MOUNTAIN RED CEDAR (J. scopulorum) .

f2 Leaves all awl-shaped, buds scaly COMMON JUNIPER (J. communis) .

c3 LEAVES NEEDLE-SHAPED; FRUIT A CONE;

d Leaves not in fascicles (scattered), short, stiff, pointing every way, ridged

above and below (4-sided), with woody and persistent bases;
e Branchlets pubescent and foliage

f Yellowish-green; cones 1^-2 in., oblong-cylindrical, on stalks which are
slightly if at all incurved; cones with subentire scales.

RED SPRUCE (Picea rubens).

f2 Blue-green; cones %-!% in., with incurved stalks; cones with erose mar-
gined scales BLACK SPRUCE (Picea Marinana) .

e2 Branchlets glabrous; cones oblong-cylindrical; about

f 2 in. long, with nearly orbicular scales, truncate and entire at apex.

WHITE SPRUCE (Picea Canadensis)*

b2c3de2 KEY, BASED UPON LEAVES. 13

f2 2y2-4 in. long, with rhoniboidal, flexuose scales, narrow erose-dentate and

elongated at apex BLUE SPBUCE (P. Parryana) .

d2 Leaves in fascicles,

e Evergreen, quite stiff and in fascicles of

f 2 each, a raembranaceous sheath inclosing the base of each fascicle, about

g 1 in. long, sheaths very short JACK PINE (P. divaricata).

g2 Iy2-2y2 in. long; sheaths % in. or less; branchlets smooth and purple.

JEBSEY PINE (P. Virginiana).
gs 3-5 in. long; branchlets rough.

h Cones lVg~2 in., narrow ovoid, scales armed with weak prickles.

YELLOW PINE (P. echinata).

h2 Cones 3-4 in., broad-ovoid, scales armed with very thick stout prickles.

TABLE-MOUNTAIN PINE (P. pungens).
g* 5-6 in. long, thick and with smooth-bossed cones.

RED PINE (P. resinosa).

f2 3 each and 3-6 in. long; cones l%-3 in PITCH PINE (P. rigida).

g& 5-8 in. long; cones

h 2-3 in., globular-ovoid, persisting closed on the branches for some years.

POND PINE (P. serotina).

h2 3-5 in., narrow-ovoid, opening and discharging its seeds the year of
maturity; resin-ducts in leaves near surface.

LOBLOLLY PINE (P. Taeda).

g6 8-15 in., resin-ducts not near surface; cones cylindrical-ovoid, 6-10 in.
long, breaking away from branch within its b.

LONG-LEAF PINE (P. palustris).
fs Both 2 and 3 each ; Rocky Mountain trees.

ROCK PINE (P. ponderosa scopulorum).
f* 5 each, slender, 3-5 in.; cones 4-6 in., curved-cylindrical, with stems.

WHITE PINE (P. Strobus).
e- Deciduous, soft, short and in fascicles of many each (scattered on shoots of

the season ) TAMABACK ( Larix Americana ) .

2 COMPOUND LEAVKS;
b Pinnately compound,
c ALTERNATE AND
d Entire;

e Leaflets 3, subsessile, obovate-oblong, remotely crenate-serrate; fr. samara.

HOP-TREE (Ptelea trifoliata).
e2 Leaflets 7-9, short-stemmed, ovate to suborbicular and alternately arranged;

fr. pod YELLOW WOOD ( Cladrastis lutea) .

e3 Leaflets 9-13, short-stemmed, ovate-oblong, abruptly acuminate; fr. shining

white drupelet POISON SUMACH (Rhus rernix) .

e* Leaflets 11-21, short-stemmed, oblong, obtuse or rounded b., rounded and
notched or bristle-tipped a.; fr. pod. »

f Petioles and branchlets glabrous LOCUST (Robinia Pseudacacia) .

f2 Petioles and branchlets viscid CLAMY LOCUST (R. viscosa) .

es 12-25, short-stemmed, lance-falcate; fr. drupe.

WESTERN SOAPBERRY (Sapindus Drummondii).

d2 Entire, but remotely serrate toward a.; stem winged between the leaflets; fr.
crimson drupelets DWARF SUMACH (Rhus capallina).

14: HOUGH'S AMERICAN WOODS. a2 bed*

ds Entire, but with 1-4 glandular teeth at b.; fr. twisted samara.

TREE-OF-HEAVEN (Ailanthus glandulosa) .
d* Serrate;

e Leaflets 3-11, the lateral sessile, and successively larger towards the terminal

one; fr. a nut enveloped in a 4-valved woody husk; leaflets
f 3-5, lanceolate; nut small, compressed,

g 4-angled; husk rather thick and parting to b.

SOUTHERN SHELL-BARK HICKORY (H. Carolinae-Septentrionalis).
g2 Scarcely angled, husk rough, very thin and splitting with difficulty if

at all NORTHERN HICKORY ( H. borealis ) .

f2 5, lance-ovate to obovate; fr. with very thick husk splitting freely to b.

SHAG-BARK HICKORY (H, ovata,).
f 3 Both 5 and 7 ; fruit

g More or less compressed pyriform; husk thin and tardily dehiscent; nut

quite smooth and thick-shelled PIG-NUT HICKORY (H. ylabra) .

g2 Subglobose with husk splitting freely; nut small,

h Thin-shelled SMALL-FRUITED HICKORY (H. microcarpa) .

h2 Thick-shelled PALE-LEAF HICKORY (H. villosa) .

f* 7-9, mostly obovate and large; fr. with thick free-splitting husk and thick-
shelled ribbed nuts; petioles and new growths
g Densely hirsute; bark with rough firm ridges (not shaggy) ; nut globular

or little compressed MOCKER-NUT HICKORY (H. alba) .

g2 Glabrous or pubescent; bark shaggy with long strips; nut very large,

compressed KING-NUT HICKORY ( H. laciniosa ) .

fs 7-11, lanceolate to narrow obovate, the lower ones somewhat falcate; fr.
with elevated sutures; nut with thin shell and generally bitter cornel.
g Nut smooth, whitish and little compressed.

BITTER-NUT HICKORY (H. minima).
g2 Very rugose, ridged and compressed, brownish.

WATER HICKORY (H. aquatica).
f« 9-11 lance-ovate, falcate; fr. cylindrical-oblong, husk thin.

PECAN (H. Pecan).
e2 Leaflets 9-15, subsessile (except the terminal one) with reddish stems; fr.

very small berry-like apples in loose cymose clusters; leaflets
f Acuminate, glabrous and teeth scarcely spreading; leaf-buds glutinous.

AMERICAN MOUNTAIN ASH (Sorbus Americana).
f2 Acute or obtuse a.

g Leaf-buds with rusty appressed hairs; Ifts. glabrate ab.; teeth spreading.

LARGE-FRUITED MOUNTAIN ASH (8. scopulina) .
g2 Leaf-buds whitish tomentose; Ifts. pubescent.

ROWAN TREE (Sorbus Aucuparia) .
es Leaflets 11-19 and

f Sessile, viscid-pubescent as is all new growth; fr. nut with indehiscent

husk BUTTERUNT (Juglans cinerea) .

f2 Petiolulate, glabrous and leaf-stems spiny bn. ; fr. capsule.

PRICKLY ASH (Xanthoxylum Clava-Herculis) .
e* Leaflets 13-25,

f Lance-ovate and green bn.; twigs glabrate; a large tree; fr. nut with
indehiscent husk BLACK WALNUT (Juglans nigra) .

f2 Lanceolate, pale pubescent bn.; twigs velvety; a small tree; fr. drupelets
with crimson hair STAG-HORN SUMACH (Rhus hirta) .

a* b c* KEY, BASED UPON LEAVES. 15

c2 LEAVES OPPOSITE; LEAFLETS

d 3-7, entire at base, serrate or serrate lobed above; fr. samaras obliquely winged

and in pairs jointed together at b Box ELDER (Acer ~Negundo).

d2 5-11 and fr. a straight samara with terminal wing.

e Samara with seed-bearing portion flattened and wing extending the entire

length
f Lateral leaflets sessile; calyx in the fertile flowers none.

BLACK ASH (F. nigra).
f2 Lateral leaflets stalked; calyx present

g Samara obovate to spatulate; twigs terete.

WATER ASH (F. Caroliniana).
g2 Samara elliptic to spatulate; twigs 4-sided.

BLUE ASH (F. quadrangulata) .
e'- Samara with seed-bearing portion subterete; wing not extending to base;

leaflets stalked; calyx present in fertile flower

f Wing almost entirely terminal — slightly if at all decurrent on body
g Leaves and branchlets glabrous or nearly so.

WHITE ASH (F. Americana).
g2 Leaves beneath and branchlets pubescent.

BILTMOBE ASH (F. Biltmoreana) .

f2 Wing decurrent somewhat on sides of body but not to base
g Wing of samara spatulate

h Branchlets and leaves glabrous or nearly so; leaves green beneath.

GREEN ASH (F. lanceolata).
h2 Branchlets and petioles velvety pubescent
i Samara less than 2 in. long; calyx small.

RED ASH (F. Pennsylvanica) .
i2 Samara mostly 2 in. long or more; calyx enlarged.

PUMPKIN ASH (F. profunda).

g2 Wing of samara long-linear DARLINGTON ASH (F. Darlingtonii).

b2 Palmately compound; fr. large coriaceous capsule; leaflets membranaceous and

usually
c 7, lance-obovate, cuneate, apiculate a., wrinkled.

HORSE CHESTNUT (Aesculus Hippocastanum) .
c2 5 (sometimes 6 or 7)

d Oval or oblong, subsessile or acute or short acuminate a.

OHIO BUCKEYE (Aesculus glabra) .
d2 Obovato-oblong, short-stemmed, acuminate.

SWEET BUCKEYE (Aesculus octandra).
a 3 DECOMPOUND LEAVES;

b Evenly bipinnate, with 8-12 pairs of pinnae each with many oblong oblique leaflets

about % in. long; fr. pod MIMOSA TREE (Albizzia Julibrissin) .

b? Irregularly bipinnate or sometimes ternate, single leaflets taking the place of some '

pinnae; petioles
c Armed with prickles; fr. many small dark purple berries.

HERCULES CLUB (Aralia spinosa).
c2 Unarmed; fr. large broad pods with large seeds and sweet pulp.

COFFEE-TREE (Gymnocladus doicus).

16 HOUGH'S AMERICAN WOODS. a4

a* BOTH COMPOUND AND DECOMPOUND LEAVES, the former often in fascicles,

tree armed with large branching thorns; fr. a shining
c Long contorted and twisted linnear many-seeded pod.

HONEY LOCUST (Gleditsia triacanthos ) .
c2 Short, oblique-ovate, 1-seeded pod.

WATEB LOCUST (Gleditsia aquatica) .

A SYSTEMATIC STUDY

OF THE

SPECIES WHOSE WOODS ARE REPRESENTED IN THE ACCOMPANYING

SECTIONS.

The timbers comprised in the series which this text is designed to accom-
pany belong to what are known, botanically speaking, as Flowering and
mostly Exogenous Plants. At the outset, therefore, we will, once for all,
define these groups; and, as the characters herein given are equally true
of all the species enumerated in the following pages, they need not be
repeated in the further definition of the various sub-groups and species.

FLOWERING OR PH^ENOGAMOUS PLANTS.

Plants producing flowers which consist essentially of stamens and pistils,
the latter bearing ovules or seeds.

In distinction from the Flowering Plants are the Floicerless or Cryptogamous Plants,
comprising the rest of the vegetable kingdom, from the very simply organized Slime Moulds
and Bacteria up to the highly organized Ferns and Club-Mosses. But in the study of
timbers this group is unimportant, as only in a few rare cases do any of its representatives
attain the dimensions of trees. Those exceptions are the Tree-Ferns of tropical countries —
gigantic ferns, which sometimes attain the height of fifty or sixty feet, with straight
shafts quite like tree trunks and tops consisting of a bunch of enormous plume-like fronds.
They, however, are of practically no value as timber.

EXOGENOUS OR DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.

Flowering plants whose stems consist of a central column of pith sur-
rounded by wood in concentric layers, and this in turn by bark; the stems
increasing in thickness by the addition of a new layer each year to the
wood externally and to the bark internally. Leaves mostly netted-vein.
First leaves of the embryo (cotyledons) two and opposite, or (in the

18 HOUGH'S AMERICAN WOODS.

Conifers) several in a whorl. Parts of the flower in fours or fives, very
rarely in threes.

A second class of Flowering Plants and comprising the rest of the group is the Endo-
genous or Monocotyledonous Plants, characterized by having stems in which the wood
occurs as threads or bundles running through a cellular, pith-like tissue so that a trans-
verse section exhibits the wood as dots and not in concentric rings. Leaves mostly
parallel-veined. Embryo with single cotyledon, or rarely two, and then alternate and
unequal. Parts of the flower generally in threes. In southern United States and else-
where in or near the tropics trees are found, such as the Palms, etc., which belong to this
class, but none that we have to do with at present.

Exogenous plants are subdivided into two well-marked groups or sub-
classes — Angiospermce and Gymnospermce. The former includes by far
the greater part of the Flowering Plants, and most of the species repre-
sented in "American Woods " are representatives of it.

ANGIOSPEKM/E.

Flowering, exogenous plants in which there is a complete pistil — with
stigma and closed ovary — containing ovules which develop into seeds at
maturity. This sub-class comprises many groups of plants known as Orders,
and such as are represented by plants which attain the dimensions of trees,
within the limits of the United States, we purpose to consider in the follow-
ing pages :

ORDER ILICINEAE: HOLLY FAMILY.

Leaves simple, mostly alternate, coriaceous, ex-stipulate and mostly evergreen. Flowers
small, white or greenish, axillary, 4-8 numerous and sometimes dioecious; calyx minute,
free, imbricated in the bud; corolla regular, cleft or almost parted, hypogynous, imbricated
in the bud; stamens as many as the divisions of the corolla, alternate with them and
attached to their base; anthers adnate, opening lengthwise; ovary free from the calyx,
4-8-celled, with a single suspended ovule in each cell; stigmas 4-8 or united into one,
nearly sessile. Fruit drupaceous, with 4-8 anatropous seeds containing large fleshy albu-
men and minute embryo.

Trees and shrubs of over one hundred species, some of considerable economic value.

GENUS ILEX, L.

Teaves alternate. Flowers lateral, single or clustered and usually perfect (but many
are abortive), usually 4 (but sometimes 5-8) numerous; calyx persistent; petals distinct
or scarcely united at the base, obtuse, oval or obovate, spreading; stigmas separate or
united. Fruit a drupe-like berry, and usually red or purple.

Trees and shrubs of about one hundred sixty species of which thirteen inhabit eastern
North America (none the western side of the continent} and five of these are trees. (Ilex
is an ancient Latin name, but originally applied to a species of Oak.)

276. ILEX CASSINE — CASSENA HOLLY. 19

276. ILEX CASSINE, L.
CASSENA HOLLY. DAHOON. HENDERSON- WOOD.

Ger., Cassena Stechpalme; Fr., Houx de Cassena; Sp., Acebo de

Oassena.

SPECIFIC CHARACTERS: — Lea res persistent, oblanceolate or obovate, 1^-3 in.
long, cuneate at base, obtuse or acute or emarginate (sometimes rounded or
retuse) at apex with revolute and entire margins or very remotely and sharply
appressed serrate near apex, thick, shining dark green above, paler and pubes-
cent on midribs beneath; petioles short, stout and usually pubescent. Flowers
white, scarcely l/2 in. broad, in hairy pedunculate clusters from the axils mainly
of the leaves of the year, the staminate 3-9-flowered and the pistillate usually
3-flowered, common peduncles nearly 1 in. long; calyx lobes acute, ciliate. Fruit
red drupes ripening in autumn and persisting until spring, subglobose, *4 in. in
diameter; nutlets prominently ribbed.

The Cassena Holly, or simply Cassina as it is more often called,
is a handsome small tree occasionally attaining the height of 20 or
30 feet (8 m.), with rather broad rounded top and a trunk that may
be 12 to 18 inches (0.50 m.) in diameter. The bark of trunk is of a
brownish gray color and quite smooth, being but slightly fissured
lengthwise with age. In many localities, especially in the northern
part of its range, it is known only as a shrub.

HABITAT. — The coast region from southeastern Virginia south-
ward to southern Florida, and westward to southern Louisiana, grow-
ing in swamps and moist localities and reaching its largest dimensions
in Georgia, Alabama and Florida.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES. — The wood is rather light but tough, close-
grained, easily worked and of a creamy-white color. Specific Gravity,
0.4806 ; Percentage of Ash, 0.91 ; Relative Approximate Fuel Value,
0.4762; Coefficient of Elasticity, 64192; Modulus or Rupture, 572;
Resistance to Longitudinal Pressure, 349 ; Resistance to Indentation,
113; Weight of a Cubic Foot in Pounds, 29.95.

USES. — The trunks are not found abundantly of large enough size
to give the wood special commercial value, though possessed of quali-
ties quite similar to those of the common Holly (/. opaca) and suit-
able for the uses to which that is applied. Its shiny evergreen foliage

20 HOUGH'S AMERICAN WOODS.

and bright red berries entitle it to recognition as an ornamental
species of value for localities sufficiently moist to meet its require-
ments.

MEDICINAL PROPERTIES of an emetic nature are said to exist in
the leaves, and on account of this they were formerly employed by
the Indians together with the leaves of the I. vomitoria, in their
" black drink," for medicinal and ceremonial purposes.

ORDER RHAMNACE^: BUCKTHORN FAMILY.

Leaves simple, mostly alternate and often 3-nerved; stipules small, mostly
deciduous. Flowers small, greenish, mostly perfect; calyx 4-5-lobed valvate;
petals 4-5 inserted on the calyx; disk annular and lining the calyx-tube or none;
stamens opposite the petals and inserted with them on the edge of the fleshy disk ;
anthers introrse, versatile; ovary superior, 2-5-celled with 1 anatropous ovule
in each cell; style columnar with terminal stigma. Fruit a drupe or drupe-like,
tipped with the remnants of the style; seed usually with albumen.

Trees and shrubs with watery bitter juice and of about five hundred seventy-five
species, grouped in forty-five genera. They are natives of warm and temperate
regions, and six of the genera have aborescent representatives in the United
States, Rhamus only being represented in the northeastern states.

GENUS RHAMXUS, L.

Leaves mostly alternate and deciduous or persistent, petiolate, conduplicate in
the bud. Flowers perfect or polygamous in small axillary cymes, racemes or
panicles; calyx campanulate, 4-5-lobed; petals 4-5, emarginate and hooded around
the stamen or none; stamens 4-5 with very short filaments; ovary ovoid, free
from the disk; style 3-4-cleft or lobed. Fruit a drupe with succulent flesh and
2-4-nutlets each containing a single erect grooved seed with large foliaceous
cotyledons and scant albumen.

Trees and shrubs with bitter bark and often spinescent branches, of about
seventy species, inhabiting chiefly northern temperate and tropical regions. Five
or six species are indigenous to the United States and at least one or two others
are naturalized from Europe. (The name is the classical Green name of the
European Buckthorn.}

277. RHAMNUS CATHARTICA, L.

COMMON OR EUROPEAN BUCKTHORN. WAYTHORN.

Ger., Stechdorn; Fr., Nerprun; Sp., Ramno carliartico.

SPECIFIC CHARACTERS: — Leaves opposite, deciduous, broad ovate or oval, iy>-3
in. long, mostly rounded or obtuse at base, obtuse or acute, finely crenate serra'te,
glabrous, with 2-4 pairs of prominent veins running from near the base nearly
to the apex; winter buds scaly. Flowers (May- June) about % in. wide, in 2-5
axillary clusters, 4 numerous; petals very narrow. Fruit subglobose, black, about
*/4 in. across, very bitter and containing 3 or 4 nutlets; seed silicate on the back.

277. KHAMNDS OATHARTICA — BUCKTHORN. 21

A small tree, under most favorable conditions only attaining the
height of 25 or 30 feet (9 m.), with bushy rounded or -spreading top
of many crooked spiny branches and small stiff branchlets. Its trunk
is short, rarely over 1 ft. (0.30 m.) in diameter and vested in a dark
gray bark, rough with firm longitudinal or reticulate ridges. It is
much more common as a shrub than a tree of the above dimensions.

HABITAT. -- The native home of this species is Europe and
northern and western Asia, but it has become thoroughly naturalized
in localities in this country, as the result of its introduction for
hedges and ornamental purposes.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES. — Wood heavy, hard, strong, firm, very
durable, of yellowish or pinkish brown color, with thin whitish sap-
wood, and of markedly characteristic grain.

USES. — The qualities of the wood would suggest its usefulness in
turnery, for small articles of wooden-ware, tool handles, etc., where
hardness and strength are prime requisites, but owing to its scarcity
in desirable size it is not of commercial importance. The chief use-
fulness of the Buckthorn lies in its value for hedges, its very ramose
habit with stiff spiny branches making it an effective barrier. Its
attractive foliage, close clusters of small black berries and hardy
nature make it popular for shrubberies and ornamental planting.

MEDICINAL PROPERTIES of a cathartic nature exist in the bark of
this species, but it is not now as much used in medicine as it was
formerly.

ORDER HIPPOCASTANACE-ZE: HORSE-CHESTNUT FAMILY.

Leaves deciduous, opposite, petiolate, digitately compound, with 3-9 serrate
leaflets, and without stipules. Flowers appearing after the leaves, conspicuous,
polygamous, in showy terminal cymes or panicles, only the lowermost flowers
generally fertile; pedicel jointed; calyx campanulate with 5 unequal lobes,
imbricated in the bud; petals 4-5, unequal, clawed; disk hypogenous, annular;
stamens 5-8, usually 7, unequal with elongated filiform filaments and introrse
2-celled anthers longitudinally dehiscent; ovary sessile, 3-celled, with 2 ovules in
each cell; style slender, elongated, curved, and with terminal stigma. Fruit
a coriaceous 3-valved 1-2-seeded capsule, loculicidally dehiscent; seeds large, round
or irregularly hemispherical with smooth shining brown coat, large pale hilum,
large thick unequal cotyledons, 2-leaved plumule and remaining underground in
germination.

Trees and a few shrubs with ill-scented bark, large branchlets and buds, and of
about eighteen species natives of North America and Asia and grouped in two
genera, Aesculus and Billia, the latter a genus of Mexico and Central America.

GENUS AESCULUS, L.

A genus of t«n or twelve species of which four native and one naturalized arc

represented among the trees of America. The characters are those of the family.

The name is the classical name of a kind of oak and transferred to this genus.

22 HOUGH'S AMERICAN WOODS.

278. AESCULUS OCTANDRA, MARSH.
YELLOW BUCKEYE. SWEET BUCKEYE.

Ger., Gelbe Rosskastanie ; Fr., Marronnier jaune; Sp., Castano de

caballo amarillo.

SPECIFIC CHARACTERS : — Leaves with petioles 4-6 in. long and usually 5 (some-
times 6 or 7) obovate-oblong or elliptical leaflets, cuneate at base the lowermost
oblique, acuminate, serrate,' pubescent at first but finally nearly glabrous and
dark green above, duller and hairy tufted in the axils beneath. Flowers (April-
May) 1}& in. long, yellow, in loose pubescent panicles 5-7 in. long; petals 4,
unequal, longer than the calyx; stamens usually 7, shorter than the petals; ovary
pubescent. Fruit about 2 in. long smoothish, with pale brown seed about l1/^ in.
long.

Var. hybrida (de C.) Sarg. (var. purpurascens Gray ) has pink or purple
flowers and under surface of the leaflets, petioles, etc., pale pubescent.

The Yellow Buckeye is the largest of our native Buckeyes, as it
occasionally attains the height of 90 or 100 feet (30 m.), or more,
and may have a trunk diameter of 3 or 4 feet (1m.) but is usually a
tree of more medium size. When growing in the open it develops
a rounded or oblong top of rather dense foliage, and the bark of trunk
is of a dark gray-brown color exfoliating in large rounded or irregular
scales.

HABITAT. — The Allegany Mountain region from western Pennsyl-
vania to northern Georgia and westward to Iowa, Kansas and eastern
Texas, growing in rich, moist soil.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES. — Wood light, soft, quite tough and strong,
close-grained, easily worked and of a yellowish white color with
abundant lighter sap-wood. Specific Gravity, 0.4274 ; Percentage of
Ash, 1.00; Relative Approximate Fuel Value, 0.4231; Weight of a
Cubic Foot in Pounds, 26.64.

USES. — The qualities of this wood, like that of the allied Fetid
Buckeye, make it peculiarly suitable for use in the manufacture of
artificial limbs, splints and other articles of wooden-ware where light-
ness is an important requisite.

It is said that flour made from the nuts of this tree is excellent
for paste which possesses an adhesive power greater than that of
ordinary paste.

The tree though occasionally planted for ornamental purposes is
not as popular as the introduced Horse-chestnut (Ae. Hippo-
castanum).

279. RHUS COPALLINA — DWARF SUMACH. 23

ORDER ANACARDIACE^: SUMACH FAMILY.

Leaves mostly alternate and without stipules; branchlets terete and with large
pith. Flowers small, regular, polygamous, dioecious or perfect; calyx lobes mostly
5; petals of same number and imbricated in the bud or none; stamens as many
as the petals or twice as many ( rarely fewer ) and inserted with them on the
edge of an annular hypogenous disk; filaments filiform and anthers oblong.
introrse, 2-celled, longitudinally dehiscent; ovary usually 1-celled and containing
a solitary anatropous ovule suspended by a slender funicle rising from the base
of the ovary; styles 1-3, stigmas terminal. Fruit generally a small drupe; seed
with membranous or crustaceous coat; cotyledons fleshy and containing little or no
albumen.

Trees and shrubs with resinous or milky juice, of about fifty genera and four
hundred species mainly of warm or tropical regions. Three genera are repre-
sented in the trees of the United States.

GENUS RHUS, L.

Leaves lostly

unequally pinnate and deciduous, a few simple and persistent,
alternate. Flowers mostly dioecious in compound axillary or terminal panicles;
calyx mostly 5-cleft or parted and persistent; petals spreading and longer than
the calyx-lobes ; stamens 5, alternate with the petals and inserted with them under
the margin of the annular disk; pistil solitary, sessile, with three terminal styles.
Fruit a subglobose drupelet mostly in thyrses with thin dry hairy or glabrous
outer coat and a single bony or crustaceous stone; cotyledons foliaceous.

Trees, shrubs and climbing vines of about one hundred twenty species, natives
mainly of the warmer parts of the north and south temperate regions. Some
are of great economic value, as those producing the lacquer and vegetable wax
of Japan, tannin, etc., and several possess poisonous properties. Sixteen or
seventeen species are natives of the United States of which about a half dozen
may be considered as trees. (Rhus is the classical Greek name of the European
Sumach.)

279. RHUS COPALLINA, L.

DWARF SUMACH.
Ger., Zwerg-Sumach; Fr., Sumac nain; Sp., Zumaque enano.

SPECIFIC CHARACTERS: — Leaves deciduous, pinnate, 6-8 in. long, with pubescent
petiole and rachis, the latter winged between the leaflets; leaflets ovate-lanceolate
to oblong, subsessile, entire or remotely serrate towards the apex, acute or acu-
minate, lustrous dark green above, paler and pubescent beneath. Flowers in
midsummer, about % in. across, yellow-green, in short dense pubescent terminal
panicles, 4-6 in. long; the pistillate considerably smaller. Fruit in compact
erect or nodding clusters, often persisting on the branches through the entire
winter; drupe about % in. across, compressed, crimson, covered with short acid
hairs; stone smooth.

Var. lanceolata, Gray, is a small tree of eastern Texas with narrower and more
falcate leaflets and larger bunches of flowers and fruit.

Var. leucantha (Jacq.) de C. is another form found in Texas (near New
Braunfels) with white flowers.

The Dwarf Sumach is a small tree, at its best only attaining the
height of 25 or 30 ft. (9 m.) and 8 or 10 in. (0.20 m.) in diameter

24 HOUGH'S AMERICAN WOODS.

of trunk and is very commonly only a shrub in habit of growth. As
a tree its trunk divides into a few large crooked branches and it
forms a broad open top. The bark of trunk is of a grayish black
color and quite smooth, excepting for the prominent horizontal lenti-
cels which break its surface. Its singular foliage and nodding
clusters of crimson fruit make it easily recognizable.

HABITAT. — It is a species of wide distribution, being found from
southern Maine to Iowa and southward to the Gulf Coast, preferring
the dry soil of gravelly hillsides and uplands, which it sometimes
occupies in considerable abundance, even to the exclusion of nearly
everything else.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES. — The wood is light, soft, not strong and.
unlike the golden-tinted woods of most of the Sumachs, is of a light
greenish brown color with thin whitish sap-wood. Specific Gravity,
0.5273; Percentage of Ash, 0.60; Relative Approximate Fuel Value,
0.5241 ; Coefficient of Elasticity, 73647 ; Modulus of Rupture, 663 ;
Resistance to Longitudinal Pressure, 377 ; Resistance to Indentation,
109 ; Weight of a Cubic Foot in Pounds, 32.86.

USES. — The leaves and bark are rich in tannin and largely used,
in regions where abundant, for tanning and dyeing purposes.

OBDEB LEGUMINOS-ZE: PULSE OB PEA FAMILY.

Leaves alternate, usually compound, with stipules. Flowers regular or papilion-
aceous and usually perfect; stamens 10 or many, with diadelphous (sometimes
distinct) filaments and 2-celled anthers opening" longitudinally; pistil solitary,
with one or several-celled superior ovary. Fruit a legume.

A very large and important family of trees, shrubs and herbs of wide distribu-
tion throughout all temperate and tropical regions, generally free from obnoxious
properties and many of its representatives of the greatest economic importance.
There are about 7,000 species grouped in nearly 450 genera, and of these seven-
teen have arborescent representatives in the United States.

GENUS CLADRASTIS, RAF.

Leaves deciduous, odd-pinnate, with stout terete petioles enlarged at base and
few large entire short-stalked leaflets; buds small, naked superposed and formed
within the base of the petiole. Flowers white, papilionaceous, in terminal panicles
or racemes; calyx narrow-campanulate, 5-toothed; petals with suborbicular re-
flexed standard and those of the keel incurved and distinct; stamens 10, distinct,
with slender filaments and uniform versatile anthers; ovary subsessile, linear
and tipped with slender incurved style with terminal stigma; ovules several,
suspended. Fruit a glabrous compressed linear margined tardily dehiscent legume,'
containing few oblong compressed seeds with slender funicle and no albumen

Trees of a single species of limited natural distribution in the Atlantic states,
but widely planted for ornamental purposes. They have yellowish heart-wood
somewhat watery juice and smooth bark. Another tree (Maackia Amurensis
Kupr.), of eastern Asia and Japan, is referred by some writers to this genus
but by others is considered to be generically distinct. (Name formed from Greek
roots meaning brittle branches.)

280. CLADKASTIS LUTEA — YELLOW -WOOD 25

280. CLADRASTIS LUTEA, KOCH.

YELLOW-WOOD. GOPHER-WOOD. VIRGILIA.

Ger., Gelb-holtz; Fr., Bois jaune; Sp., Madera amarilla.

SPECIFIC CHABACTEBS: — For botanical characters see generic description, this
being the only species.

•

A tree of medium size, sometimes attaining the height of 50 to 60
ft. (18 m.) and a trunk diameter of 18 in. to 2 ft. (0.60 m.) or
rarely somewhat surpassing those dimensions. It is one of the hand-
somest of our deciduous trees, with a full rounded top of clean rich
green umbrageous foliage, and when festooned with its long stems
of white pea-like flowers it is an object of uncommon beauty. Its
trunk is vested in a thin bark of the smoothness of Beech bark, but
of somewhat darker color.

HABITAT. — From Cherokee county, Xorth Carolina, westward
through central Tennessee and from southern Kentucky to northern
Alabama and Georgia; also in southwestern Missouri. It is a rare
and local tree in this limited range, and is found mainly in rich well-
drained soil along the courses of streams.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES. — Wood rather light, hard, strong, close-
grained, compact and of a light-brownish yellow color with paler
yellow sap-wood. Specific Gravity, 0.6278; Percentage of Ash, 0.28 ;
Relative Approximate Fuel Value, 0.6260; Coefficient of Elasticity,
100226 ; Modulus of Rupture, 902 ; Resistance to Longitudinal Pres-
sure, 534; Resistance to Indentation, 183; Weight of a Cubic Foot
in Pounds, 39.12.

USES. — Little use is made of the wood though the heart-wood is
used to some extent for making a yellow dye. The chief claim of the
tree to economic value is its use as an ornamental shade tree, and
as such is sure to grow in public favor as its qualities become more
widely known. It is hardy at least as far north as northern New
York, and little effected by insect-pest or blight.

ORDER HAMAMELIDACE^: WITCH HAZEL FAMILY.

Leaves simple, deciduous, alternate, petiolate, with stipules. Flowers perfect
or unisexual; calyx 4-lobed and with tube coherent to the ovary or none; petals
4 and perigynous or none; stamens 4 or 8 or numerous with 2-celled introrse
anthers; ovary compound formed by the union below of 2 carpels, 2-celled and
with 2 subulate styles; ovules 1 or many, anatropous and suspended from an

26 HOUGH'S AMERICAN WOODS.

axile placenta. Fruit a woody 2-beaked capsule dehiscent at the summit; seeds 1
or several with large straight embryo and scant albumen.

The Witch-Hazel family consists of trees and shrubs of about eighteen genera
and thirty-five species of eastern North America, Asia, Madagascar and South
Africa. Three of the genera, two of which are arborescent, are represented in
North America.

GENUS HAMAMELIS, L.

Leaves obovate to oblong, undulate-crenate, inequilateral at base, involute in
the bud, with veins conspicuous beneath; stipules infolding the bud. Flowers
appear in autumn in the American species in 3-flowered clusters from the axils
of the leaves, perfect, each sub-tended Ity 2-3 acute bracts; calyx 4-parted, per-
sistent and adnate to base of the ovary; petals 4, strap-shaped, spirally involute
in the bud, hypogenous, alternate with the sepals; stamens 8 in 2 rows on margin
of receptacle, those opposite the calyx-lobes fertile, the others small and abortive;
filaments very short; anthers oblong, opening by valves; ovary 2-celled, each
containing a single ovule; styles 2, subulate, spreading, stigmatic at apex. Fruit
a woody capsule, 2-4-lobed at apex, loculicidually dehiscent and when ripe forcibly
discharging its seeds which are lustrous brown, oblong, pointed, cotyledons
foliaceous.

Small ti'ees and shrubs of three species, one of eastern United States, one of
central China and one of China and Japan. The name is from two Greek words
alluding to the flowering of the tree at the same time as the ripening of the
fruit of the previous season.

281. HAMAMELIS VIRGINIANA, L.

WITCH-HAZEL.

Ger., Zauberstrauch; Fr., Noisetler des sorcieres; Sp., Bruxa-

avellano.

SPECIFIC CHARACTERS: — Leaves oval to obovate, short-petiolate, rounded or
subcordate and very unequal at base, from rounded to acute or acuminate at
apex, undulate crenate, membraneaceous, smooth dark green above, lighter and
pubescent on veins beneath. Flowers nearly sessile; petals bright yellow, decidu-
ous; calyx pubescent, persistent. Fruit capsules dull brown, opening elastically.

The Witch-Hazel is ordinarily only a tall shrub but on the slopes
of the Allegany mountains it becomes a tree 30 to 40 ft. (10 m.) in
height, with rather wide top of crooked branches. Its trunk is some-
times 8 to 10 in. (0.20 m.) in diameter and is vested in a thin and
rather smooth grayish bark.

HABITAT. — As a tree the Witch-Hazel is limited in distribution to
the Allegany mountains, but as a shrub is of wide distribution, being
found throughout eastern North America generally from Nova Scotia
to the Gulf States and westward to the treeless plains of the middle
west. It grows in moist, loose loam along the courses of streams and
low-lands which are of a more or less sandy nature.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES.— Wood rather heavy, hard, compact, with

281. HAMAMELIS VIRGINIANA — WITCH HAZEL. 27

exceedingly small evenly distributed ducts and inconspicuous medul-
lary rays. It is of a mottled yellowish brown color with abundant
brownish white sap-wood. Specific Gravity, 0.6856 ; Percentage of
Ash, 0.37 ; Relative Approximate Fuel Value, 0.6831 ; Weight of a
Cubic Foot in Pounds, 42.73.

USES. — Very little use is made of the wood of the Witch-Hazel,
though possessed of properties that would suggest its usefulness in
turnery, as for small articles of wooden ware, etc.

MEDICINAL PROPERTIES. — The bark of the Witch-Hazel has long
been used by the Xorth American Indians as a sedative to allay
inflammations. An extract is now widely made from the bark and
used very extensively in domestic practice on account of the same
virtues as recognized by the Indians, and is particularly valuable in
allaying inflammations in all mucous surfaces.

OBDEE CORNACE^E: DOGWOOD FAMILY.

Leaves deciduous, simple, variously arranged and without stipules. Flowers
regular, in cymes, heads, or golitary; calyx adnate to the ovary, its limb 4-5-
toothed or none; petals 4-5 or none; disk epigenous; stamens as many as the
petals and inserted with them on the margin of the disk; anthers introrse,
2-celled with a solitary anatropous suspended ovule in each cell. Fruit a 1-2-
seeded drupe: seed oblong with foliaceous cotyledons and copious albumen.

The Dogwood Family consists of trees and shrubs of about sixteen genera and
eighty-five species mainly of north temperate regions. Two genera have arbores-
cent representatives in North America.

GENUS NYSSA, L.

Leaves alternate, petiolate, conduplicate in the bud. Flowers small, greenish,
polygamo-dioecious, in capitate clusters (or the fertile ones sometimes solitary)
with slender peduncles, from the axils of the lower leaves or of caducous bracts,
the staminate flowers numerous: calyx minutely 5-lobed; petals 5, minute and
thick or none; stamens 5-15 in the staminate flowers, exserted and inserted with
the petals on the edge of the entire or lobed disk; pistillate flowers sessile at the
end of the peduncle, few together, bracted; stamens included; ovary 1-2-celled and
style elongated, slender, curved and stigmatic towards the apex on one side. Fruit
an oblong or ovoid drupe with thin tart juicy flesh and thick-walled horny com-
pressed ridged or winged stone; embryo straight.

Trees of five species of which four are natives of eastern North America and
the remaining one of southeastern Asia. They produce very fine grained tough
wood, with contorted fibre and annual rings indistinctly indicated. The fruit
is very tart and is sometimes used in conserves. (Nyssa is the name of a water
nymph and applied to the genus because of its species growing in wet places. )

28 HOUGH'S AMERICAN WOODS.

282. NYSSA AQUATICA, MAKSH.

COTTON GUM. TUPELO GUM. LAKGE TUPELO.

Ger., Groszer Gummibaum; Fr., Gommier grand; Sp., Tupelo grande.

SPECIFIC CHARACTERS: — Leaves ovate-oblong to oval, mostly rounded or sub-
cordate at base, long-acuminate, irregularly angular-dentate or entire, tomentose
at firse but finally glabrous dark green above, pale and downy pubescent beneath,
5-10 in. long; petioles l1/^-21/^ in. long. Floicers appear in March and April, with
long slender peduncles from the axils of bud-scales below the new leaves; the
staminate in dense capitate clusters, the pistillate solitary; style revolute into a
coil. Fruit on slender drooping stems, 2-4 in. long, obovoid, tipped with the
remnants of the style, about 1 in. long, dark purple with pale dots, tough skin and
narrow obovoid stone, compressed and with about 10 sharp wing-like longitudinal
ridges.

The Cotton Gum is the largest representative of its genus, as it
sometimes attains the height of 100 ft. (30 m.), with straight
columnar trunk 3 or 4 ft. (1 m.) in diameter above its wide flaring
base. This may be of more than double that diameter at the surface
of the ground, and is usually hollow. Unlike the horizontal and
drooping habit of branching seen in the allied Sour Gum, the Cotton
Gum is of quite upright habit of growth and its branches are less
numerous than are those of that tree. The bark of trunk is of an
ashen gray color and exfoliates in large irregular scales, showing but
little tendency to form prominent ridges such as seen in the other
species.

HABITAT. — The Atlantic Coast region from the Dismal Swamp in
eastern Virginia southward to central Florida and westward into
eastern Texas. It also ranges up the Mississippi River valley to
southeastern Missouri, and is particularly abundant in the lower
Mississippi basin. It inhabits deep swamps and the margins of
streams and ponds, where its base is covered with water during a con-
siderable portion of the year. In the loose miry soil of these localities
the exaggerated width of its base is really necessary to give it the
requisite stability.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES. — Wood quite soft, light, tough, compact,
difficult to split, with very small and quite uniformly distributed open
ducts and exceedingly fine medullary rays. It is of a light brown
color with very abundant buff-white sap-wood. Specific Gravity,
0.5194; Percentage of Ash, 0.70; Relative Approximate Fuel Value,
0.5158; Coefficient of Elasticity, 51678; Modulus or Rupture, 655;

283. OXYDENDRUM ARBOREUM SoRREL-TREE 29

Resistance of Longitudinal Pressure, 365; Resistance of Indentation,
161; Weight of a Cubic Foot in Pounds, 32.37.

USES. — The Cotton Gum is the most valuable timber tree of its
genus, its large columnar trunks producing lumber especially useful
for boxes, fruit-crates, etc., where toughness and lightness are import-
ant requisites. The wood is also used in the manufacture of wooden
ware and that of the roots is used for floats, etc., as a substitute for
cork, and in the manufacture of surgical tents. For the last men-
tioned use few if any other woods equal it in value.

ORDER ERICACE<S2: HEATH FAMILY.

Leares alternate, simple, and without stipules. Floicers regular, perfect; calyx
free from the pistil, 4-5-lobed; corolla regular, hypogenous, 5-lobed or parted
(exceptionally 4-lobed or somewhat 2-lipped) imbricated; stamens as many or
twice as many as the lobes of the corolla and mostly free; anthers introrse,
2-celled, each cell opening by a terminal pore commonly prolonged and bearing
an appendage; ovary superior (inferior in Vaccinium), 4-10-celled, with numer-
ous anatropous ovules; style simple, columnar and with capitate stigma. Fruit
a capsule, drupe or berry; seeds with small embryo and albumen.

A large and interesting family of trees and shrubs of world-wide distribution
in tropical and temperate regions. A few over a thousand species are known,
grouped in about sixty genera. Of these twenty-one genera are found within the
United States, seven having arborescent representatives.

GENUS OXYDEXDRUM, D. C.

Leaves deciduous, revolute in bud, petiolate, narrow-oblong, about equally
pointed at both ends, subentire or denticulate, lustrous, dark green above, paler
and with yellowish veins beneath. Flowers (in summer) in terminal unilateral
racemes, with bibracteolate pedicels; sepals 5, persistent; corolla ovoid-cylindric,
white, puberulous. with 5 minute reflexed lobes; stamens 10, with broad filaments
and narrower linear anthers opening by clefts; ovary ovoid, 5-celled, with numer-
ous amphitropous ovules and thick exserted style having terminal stigma. Fruit
a 5-angled. n-celled, ovoid-pyramidal capsule, tipped with the remnants of the
style, loculicidally dehiscent, and at maturity liberating numerous elongated
seeds pointed at both ends.

The name is from two Greek words referring to a slightly tart flavor of the
leaves.

A genus of a single American species of the south Atlantic and Gulf states and
the lower Mississippi basin. They are trees with roughly furrowed bark, some-
what acidulous juices and twigs with segmented pith.

283. OXYDENDRUM ARBOREUM, DC.

SORREL-TREE. SOUR-WOOD.
Ger., Sauerampferbaum; Fr.? Arbre d'oseille; Sp., Arbol de acedera.

SPECIFIC CHARACTERS: — Leares alternate, deciduous, revolute in the bud.
oblonsr to lanceolate, cuneate at base, acute or accuminate at apex, irregularly
serrulate with slender teeth, lustrous dark srreen above, pale and glaucous
beneath. Floirers (July- August ) numerous, white, about y3 in. long, in terminal

30 HOUGH'S AMERICAN WOODS.

panicled racemes, with pubescent bibracteolate pedicels; calyx deeply 5-lobed,
persistent; corolla cylindrical, ovoid, hypogenous, with 5 minute reflexed lobes;
stamens 10, the filaments wider than the anthers; disk thin; ovary 5-celled with
columnar style and capitate stigma; ovules numerous, amphitropous. Fruit
a 5-celled ovoid pyramidal capsule, with remnants of persistent style and calyx,
loculicidally 5-valved; seeds numerous, the testa pointed at both ends.

The Sorrel-tree is ordinarily of medium or small stature, but under
favorable conditions in forest growth attains the height of 75 ft.
(22 m.) and 2 ft. (0.60 m.) in diameter of trunk. It develops a
rather narrow top of shortish branches, and interspersed among its
dark green foliage are always conspicuously to be seen its ample
clusters of tiny white cup-shaped flowers or, later in the season, of
small fruit-capsules, which often persist until after the appearance
of the crop of the subsequent year. The bark of trunk is of a brown-
ish gray color, furrowed longitudinally with narrow rounded ridges.

HABITAT. — The Allegany mountain region from southern Penn-
sylvania to northern Florida and from near the Atlantic coast to
Indiana, Tennessee and Louisiana, occupying mainly well-drained
slopes and ridges and reaching its best development on the foot-hills
of Tennessee and the Carolinas.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES. — Wood moderately heavy and hard,
strong, compact, with uniformly distributed small open ducts and
very small medullary rays. It is of a reddish brown color with ample
brownish white sap-wood. Specific Gravity, 0.7458; Percentage of
Ash, 0.37; Relative Approximate Fuel Value, 0.7430; Coefficient of
Elasticity, 88851; Modulus of Rupture, 728; Resistance to Longi-
tudinal Pressure, 501 ; Resistance to Indentation, 201 ; Weight of
Cubic Foot in Pounds, 46.48.

USES. — As logs of this wood are not often found of any consider-
able size or abundance, it being usually distributed throughout forests
of other growth, no particular commercial value is placed on this
wood. It is, however, used to some extent for tool handles and other
small articles of wooden-ware. The Sorrel-tree is occasionally planted
for ornamental purposes, though not as extensively as its merits
would seem to justify. It proves hardy as far north as Massa-
chusetts.

MEDICINAL PROPERTIES. — The leaves have a pleasant acid taste,
and are used by hunters to allay thirst, and form in decoction a
grateful refrigerant drink in fevers. Aside from that little is claimed
for medicinal properties in this species*

* 17. 8. Tlir.pfnfiaicry, 16th ed., p. 1707.

284. KHODODENDRON MAXIMUM — GREAT LAUREL. 31

GENUS RHODODENDRON, L.

Leaves clustered at the ends of the branchlets, persistent and coriaceous with
revolute entire margins; midrils broad, petioles stout. Flowers in terminal
corymbs or umbels from terminal scaly cone-like buds; calyx 5-lobed or parted,
persistent; corolla campanulate with 5 nearly regular lobes; disk fleshy, lobed;
stamens usually 10 and somewhat unequal, declined and spreading; filaments
pilose at base and attached to the backs of the anthers; ovary 5-celled with
slender exserted persistent syle and many anatropous ovules in each cell attached
to the axile plamenta. Fruit a woody capsule, 5-20-valved, septicidally .dehiscent
from the summit and containing many seeds with coat laciniated at the ends.

Small trees and shrubs with bitter astringent properties and showy flowers, of
some over one hundred and fifty species of eastern and southern Asia and 'the
adjacent islands and North America. They are largely grown for ornamental
purposes and many garden varieties have been produced by hybridization and
selection. Of the eight species found in the United States one is arborescent on the
Atlantic coast region and another rarely on the Pacific slope. The name is from
Greek words meaning Rose-tree.

284. RHODODENDRON MAXIMUM, L.
ROSE BAY. GREAT LAUREL.

Ger., Groszer Rosenlorbeer; Fr., Rhododendron grand; Sp., Rhodo-
dendron grande.

SPECIFIC CHARACTERS: — Leaves oblong-lanceolate, oblanceolate or oblong, 4-12
in. long, acute at both ends, revolute in the bud, ferruginous tomentose at first
but at maturity lustrous dark green above, paler beneath, thick and stiff. Flowers
(June-July) in 16-24-flowered umbels 4-5 in. across, with slender pink viscid-
pubescent pedicels springing from the axils of the scales of the inflorescence buds;
calyx-lobes oblong, rounded; corolla campanulate, gibbous posteriorly, about 1 in.
long, varying from rose-color or purplish to white, cleft to the middle, lobes
rounded, the upper one yellow spotted inside. Fruit capsule oblong-ovoid, ^ in.
long, glandular-hispid, opening and liberating its seeds in autumn and persisting,
during the following winter.

The Rose Bay, or Large Rhododendron, is very widely known as
one of our most beautiful flowering shrubs, and in the minds of the
majority of people is never thought of as a tree. ^N"ot so, however,
in the enchanted heart of the Alleghanies of Tennessee and the Caro-
linas, where encouragement for tree-growth is extraordinary. There
the Rose Bay is found as a tree 30 or 40 ft. (10 m.) in height and
has a trunk 10 or 12 in. (0.23 m.) in diameter. The bark of trunk
is of an ashen gray color, quite free from ridges and exfoliates in
thin irregular scales.

HABITAT. — From Xova Scotia and Maine southward throughout
the Appalachian system to Georgia. In the northern part of its
range it is rare and local, being there confined to swamps and is
shrubby in character. To the southward it is more general in dis-

32 HOUGH'S AMERICAN WOODS.

tribution and becomes very abundant on the slopes of the Alleghanies,
where it is scattered extensively as an undergrowth in the forests,
or in places forms almost impenetrable and exclusive thickets.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES. — The wood is rather heavy, hard, com-
pact, of very fine grain, with many very small open ducts and fine
medullary rays. It is of a pale brown color with abundant lighter
sap-wood. Specific Gravity, 0.6303 ; Percentage of Ash, 0.36 ; Rela-
tive Approximate Fuel Value, 0.6280; Coefficient of Elasticity,
64578; Modulus of Rupture, 663; Resistance to Longitudinal Pres-
sure, 439 ; Resistance to Indentation, 191 ; Weight of a Cubic Foot in
Pounds, 39.28.

USES. — Little use is made of the wood of the Rhododendron,
excepting occasionally in turnery for tool-handles and as a substitute
for box-wood in engraving. The great point of usefulness in the
species is its value for ornamental planting, for which it is probably
the most popular of American shrubs.

MEDICINAL PROPERTIES. — The bark is sometimes uses as a
remedy for rheumatism and gout.

ORDER SYMPLOCACE^: SWEET-LEAF FAMILY.

Leaves simple, alternate, without stipules; buds scaly. Flowers regular, mostly
perfect and yellow, in axillary or lateral clusters; calyx 5-lobed, campahulate, the
tube adnate to the ovary; corolla deeply 5-lobed, with imbricated lobes; disk
none ; stamens numerous, more or less united at . base into clusters, with long
filiform filaments and small 2-celled anthers opening laterally; ovary 2-5-celled
with simple style, terminal stigma and usually 2 anatropous ovules suspended in
each cell. Fruit usually a dry drupe crowned with the persistent calyx-lobes, thin
flesh and one bony stone; embryo straight in fleshy albumen.

A family of the following single genus of trees and shrubs.

GEXUS SYMPLOCOS, L'HER.

For characters see description of the family, this being the only genus.

The genus ttymplocos comprises about 180 species, so far as known, chiefly of
the tropical regions of America, Asia, and Australia. One inhabits southeastern
United States ranging as far north as southern Delaware. The name is from
Greek roots referring to the fact that the stamens are united together in clusters

285. SYMLOCOS TINCTORIA, L'HER.

SWEET-LEAF. HORSE-SUGAR.
Ger., Zuckerblatt Fr., Feuille sucree; Sp., Hoja dulca.

SPECIFIC CHARACTERS:— Lea ves oblong to obovate, mostly 4-6 in. long, cuneate
at base, acute or acuminate, obscurely crenate, serrate or subentire, revolute in the
bud, tomentose beneath at first but at maturity lustrous dark green above paler
and pubescent beneath, subcoriaceous and with arcuate veins; petioles short stout

285. SYMLOCOS TINCTORIA — HORSE-SUGAR. 33

Flowers in early spring, creamy white and fragrant, subsessile in several-flowered
clusters from the axils of the leaves of the previous season; calyx cup-shaped,
puberulous, with rounded lobes; corolla ^4 in. long, oblong, obtuse, each lobe
bearing a cluster of exserted stamens; ovary 3-celled with 5 nectiferous glands
opposite the lobes of calyx. Fruit (August-September) an oblong nut-like
pubescent drupe about y3 in. long.

The Sweet-leaf is a small tree, occasionally 35 ft. (10 m.) in height
and 8 or 10 in (0.30 m.) in thickness of trunk. The bark of trunk
is quite smooth, being only very slightly fissured lengthwise with
age. It is not commonly that trees of the above dimensions, or
approximating them, are found, and it is often only a shrub in stature.

HABITAT. — From southern Delaware southward to Florida and
westward through the Gulf States to western Louisiana and southern
Arkansas. It is a peculiarly shade-loving tree, rarely ever being
found except in the shade of forests of taller growth.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES. — Wood light, soft, of very close fine grain,
with many very small and quite uniformly distributed ducts and very
fine medullary rays. It is of a creamy white color, the heart-wood
of very old trees only showing a somewhat redder tint. Specific
Gravity, 0.5325; Percentage of Ash, 0.68; Relative Approximate
Fuel Value, 0.5289; Coefficient of Elasticity, 62202; Modulus of
Eupture, 619; Resistance to Longitudinal Pressure, 384; Resistance
to Indentation, 159 ; Weight of a Cubic Foot in Pounds, 33.19.

USES. — Too uncommon a wood of sufficient size to be of com-
mercial importance, though possessed of qualities that would make
it excellent for use in turnery, for small articles of wooden-ware, e+c.

ORDER OLEACE^: OLIVE FAMILY.

Leaves mostly opposite, simple or compound and without stipules. Flowers
perfect, dioecious or polygamous, regular and in panicles, cymes or fascicles; calyx
inferior, 2-4-lobed or none; corolla of 2-4 petals or none; "disk none; stamens 2-4
with short filaments and introrse 2-celled anthers, dehiscent usually by lateral
longitudinal slits; ovary superior, 2-celled with 2 pendulous anatropous ovules in
each cell; style simple. Fruit in the American arborescent representatives a
samara or berry with pendulous seeds containing straight embryo and fleshly
albumen.

Tree* and shrubs widely distributed throughout tropical and temperate regions,
particularly of the northern hemisphere, and some of great economic value. There
are about 20 genera and 500 species. Five genera are indigenous to the United
States and of these four have arborescent representatives.

GENUS FRAXINTJS, L.

Leaves deciduous, odd-pinnately compound, petiolate; leaflets conduplicate in
the bud and usually serrate. Floicers in early spring, from the axils of the leaves
of the previous season, mostly dioecious or polygamous (occasionally perfect) in
fasciculate panicles; calyx small, campanulate or none; corolla 2-4-parted or
none; stamens usually 2 with short terate filaments and large oblong anthers

34 HOUGH'S AMERICAN WOODS.

opening by lateral slits; ovary mostly 2-celled with single style and 2-lobed stigma.
Fruit a samara, with terete or somewhat flattened and usually 1 -seeded body and
terminal wing; seed elongated, pendulous.

Trees and shrubs of about 40 species with tough wood, stout branchlets having
large pith and obtuse or rounded scaly buds, the terminal one the largest. It is
of wide distribution in north-temperate regions and within the tropics on the
islands of Cuba and Jamaica. About 16 species are found within the United
States, all arborescent though one is more commonly a shrub than a tree.
(Fraxinus is the ancient Latin name of the Ash-tree.)

286. FRAXINUS CAROLINIANA, MILL.

WATER ASH.
Ger., Wasser-Esche; Fr., Frene d'eau; Sp., Fresno de agua.

SPECIFIC CHARACTERS: — Leaves 7-12 in. long with elongated petioles and 5-7
rather remote long-petiolulate ovate to ovate-lanceolate leaflets, usually cuneate
or rounded at base and acute or acuminate at apex, closely serrate or entire,
tomentose at first but finally dark green above, paler and glabrous or pubescent
beneath; branchlets thick. Flowers (February and March) dioecious, with calyx
nearly obsolete and 2 to 3 stamens; corolla none; pistillate flowers with cup-
shaped lasciniate-lobed persistent calyx. Fruit samara winged all around, obovate,
spatulate or elliptical, nearly 2 in. long, %-% in. broad, frequently 3-winged with
persistent calyx at base, compressed body and wing pinnately veined.

The Water Ash is a small tree seldom over 40 ft. (12 m.) in
height or 1 ft. (0.30 m.) in thickness of trunk. It has a rather
narrow top of slender branches, and the bark of trunk is rather thin,
of a dark gray color, slightly if at all ridged and exfoliating in
thinnish irregular scales.

HABITAT. — The coast region from Virginia southward to southern
Florida, and westward to the valley of the Sabine River in Texas,
occupying deep swamps and the banks of streams inundated during
a considerable portion of the year. It associates in these localities
with the Ball Cypress, Cotton Gum, Over-cup, Laurel and Water
Oaks, the Red Maple, etc. Though generally much shaded by these
taller trees it thrives even though not receiving what would seem to
be its due allowance of sunlight.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES. — Wood light, brittle, not strong, compact
and of a pinkish brown color, with abundant sap-wood of lighter tint.
Specific Gravity, 0.3541 ; Percentage of Ash, 0.73 ; Relative Approxi-
mate Fuel Value, 0.3515; Coefficient of Elasticity, 47637; Modulus
of Rupture, 536; Resistance to Longitudinal Pressure, 251; Resist-
ance to Indentation, 138; Weight of a Cubic Foot in Pounds, 22.07.

USES. — Little if any use is made of this wood, its trunk being too
small and the wood too inferior to give it any special commercial
value.

287. FRAXINUS BILTMORIANA — BALTIMORE ASH. 35

287. FRAXINUS BILTMORIANA, BEADLE.

BlLTMORE ASH.

Ger., Biit more Esche; Fr., Frene de Biltmore; Sp., Fresno de

Biltmore.

SPECIFIC CHABACTEBS: — Leaves 10-15 in. long, with 7-9 ovate or ovate-oblong
to lanceolate somewhat falcate long-petiolulate leaflets, 3-7 in. long, obtuse or
rounded at base, acuminate, with entire or obscurely denticulate margins and at
maturity firm dark green above, paler and pubescent especially on the veins
beneath; branchlets velvety pubescent. Flowers early in May, in rather compact
pubescent panicles. Fruit samaras 114-1% in. long, linear or linear-spatulate
with wing 2 or 3 times as long and very slightly decurrent upon the nearly terete
narrowly elliptic seed-bearing portion.

The Biltmore Ash is a tree of medium size, attaining a height of
50 to 60 ft. (15 to 18 m.) and a trunk diameter of 12 to 15 in. (0.30)
to 0.35 m.). The habit of growth of the tree is much like that
of the White Ash, to which it is closely related, and like that tree its
bark of trunk is of an ashen gray color and characterized by many
prominent narrow and more or less reticulated ridges.

HABITAT. — From southern Pennsylvania southward throughout
the Alleghany region to northern Georgia and Alabama, growing in
moist but well-drained soil and is particularly common in the vicinity
of Biltmore, North Carolina. It was there that it was first separated
from the White Ash, by Mr. C. D. Beadle, botanist of the Biltmore
Forest estate of Mr. George W. Vanderbilt, located there.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES. — Wood heavy, hard, strong, tough, and
of a pinkish brown color with abundant lighter sap-wood, very similar
in properties to those of the White Ash.

USES. — The wood of the Biltmore Ash, as such, is not known in
commerce, though its properties are so similar to those of the White
Ash that it would doubtless be equally applicable to the same uses,
viz., in the manufacture of agricultural implements, wheels, axles,
frames for carriages and cutters, etc., where strength and stiffness
are required.

NOTE. — The wood from which the accompanying sections were
made was received from Mr. C. D. Beadle, of Biltmore, N. C.

ORDER SCOPHULARIACEJE: FIGWORT FAMILY.

Leaves various, without stipules. Flowers mostly perfect, complete and irregu-
lar; calyx inferior, variously cleft or divided, persistent; corolla gamopetalous,

36 HOUGH'S AMERICAN WOODS.

irregular, with imbricated lobes; stamens 2-5, didynamous or nearly equal and
inserted on the corolla alternate with its lobes; anthers 2 or 1-celled; pistil soli-
tary with slender style, entire or 2-lobed stigma and mostly 2-celled ovary con-
taining anatropous or amphitropous ovules on axile placentae. Fruit a capsule
usually containing numerous seeds with small embryo in copious albumen.

This family consists chiefly of herbs, but some shrubs and trees, and is of very
wide distribution. About 2,500 species are known, grouped in 1G5 genera.

GENUS PAULOWNIA, SIEB. & Zucc.

Leaves opposite, long-petioled, mostly 5-8 in. long larger on vigorous shoots,
broad-ovate, cordate, acute or short acuminate, entire or with a single short-
pointed lobe on each side, velvety pubescent especially at first; long-petioled,
branchlets with segmented pith. Flowers before or with the leaves, fragrant, in
large erect rusty tomentose terminal panicles from buds formed the previous
summer and remaining naked during the winter; calyx with 5 thick lobes; corolla
l%-2 in. long, pale violet or blue, somewhat irregular, with 5 spreading lobes,
puberulent outside; stamens 4, didynamous, included, with divaricate anther-sacs.
Fruit broad-ovoid woody abruptly pointed 2-celled capsule, about 1% in. long,
loculicidally dehiscent and containing many small membranous-winged seeds.

This is a genus composed of possibly two or three species of Asiatic trees but
is generally known only by the single species P. imperialis S. & Z., now naturalized
in America. (The genus is named after Princess Anna Paulowna, daughter of
Czar Paul I.)

288. PAULOWNIA TOMENTOSA, BAILEY.
PAULOWNIA. PRINCESS-TREE.

Ger., Princessinn-Baum; Fr., Arbre de princesse; Sp., Arbol de

princesa.

SPECIFIC CHARACTERS: — See the ordinal and generic characters above, this
being the only well known species.

The interesting Paulownia is a naturalized species in this country
and we can not yet tell how large the trees may grow here, but it
is occasionally seen with trunk 2 or 3 ft. (0.75 m.) in diameter. Its
habit of growth, however, is to develop a wide-spreading open top
of few large branches, and a tree with a trunk of the above dimensions
may not have a greater height than 30 or 40 ft. (12 m.). The bark
of trunk is very characteristic. It is quite smooth and of a brownish
gray color streaked irregularly lengthwise with paler color, where
it separates a little on the surface in process of growth, and it becomes
slightly roughened.

HABITAT. — The native land of the Paulownia is China and Japan
whence it has been introduced into this country for ornamental pur-
poses and it has been naturalized from about the latitude of New
York to Florida and Texas.

28^. PAULOWNIA TOMENTOSA — PRINCESS TREE. 37

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES. — The wood is light, soft, not strong, easily
worked, and yields a beautiful satiny surface. Its wide annual rings
are marked by many bands of rather small open ducts, and medullary
rays are very inconspicuous. It is of a mottled purple-brown color
with very thin sap-wood of only one or two rings of growth. Specific
Gravity, 0.25.

I SKS. — As yet no particular use is made of this beautiful wood
in this country, but it would seem to be very suitable for handsome
interior furnishings and cabinet-ware.

The tree is deservedly popular for ornamental planting, as it pro-
duces an annual display of very beautiful and fragrant flowers and
attractive umbrageous foliage, in regions south of the latitude of
Xow York, ^orth of that latitude the climate seems too severe for
it to produce its flowers and fruit and it generally winter-kills to the
ground annually. Each spring it then sends up vigorous shoots with
very large leaves, giving an effect very different from that of the
tree in more congenial climate farther south.

ORDER ULMACE.2E: ELM FAMILY.

Leaves deciduous, simple, petolate, alternate, in two ranks, serrate, pinnately
veined, unequal at base, conduplicate in the bud and with usually fugacious
stipules; buds with several scales. Flowers small, perfect, monoecious or poly-
gamous, clustered, or the pistillate solitary; calyx regular, 4-9 parted or lobed;
petals none; stamens as many as the lobes of the calyx and opposite them, with
straight exserted filaments and introrse 2-celled anthers opening longitudinally;
ovary 1 -celled with solitary, anatropous or amphitropous ovule suspended from
apex of the cell; styles two. Fruit a samara, drupe or nut; seed with little or no
albumen, straight or curved embryo, and usually flat cotyledons.

Trees and shrubs with tough wood and of about one hundred and forty species
grouped in thirteen genera and widely distributed throughout the temperate
regions of the northern hemisphere. Five genera are represented in the United
States, and three of these by trees of the eastern and southern states.

GENUS ULMUS, L.

Leaves inquilateral. straight-veined and simply or doubly serrate; stipules
scarious caducous; buds with several closely imbricated scales in 2 ranks.
Flowers from axillary buds on twigs of the previous season's growth and usually
expanding before the leaves (or in autumn from the axils of the leaves of the
season), mostly perfect and in fascicles or racemes, with bibracteolate pedicels;
calyx campanulate. membranaceous persistent with 4-9 imbricated lobes; stamens
5-0. exserted with slender filaments and oblong anthers; ovary sessile or stalked,
compressed with 2 divergent styles stigmatic or inner faces, 1-celled and contain-
ing a single amphitropous ovule. Fruit a flat orbicular or oblong membranaceous
1 -seeded samara winged all around (or excepting apex), subtended by the withered
calyx and sometimes tipped with the remnants of the styles; seed compressed
with straight embryo and no albumen.

T'lmus is the ancient Latin name of the Elm.

Trees or rarely shrubs with scaly ridged bark, heavy tough wood and somewhat
zigzag branchlets, and of about eighteen species, of which six or seven are found
in eastern United States and four of these in the northeastern states. None are
found in the Pacific states.

38 HOUGH'S AMERICAN WOODS.

289. ULMUS ALATA, MICHX.

WINGED ELM.
Ger., Beflugelte Ulme; Fr., Orme aile; Sp., Olmo alado.

SPECIFIC CHARACTERS: — Leaves ovate-oblong, from abruptly wedge-shaped to
subcordate at base and somewhat inequilateral, acute or acuminate, doubly serrate,
at maturity firm, smooth, dark green above, pale pubescent beneath. Flowers
appearing in early spring before the leaves, in short few-flowered fascicles; calyx
glabrous with 5 obovate lobes. Fruit ripening usually before the unfolding of the
leaves, samara from y±-% in. in length, long-stipitate, white-hairy especially on
the thickened margin; wings narrow and with protruded points incurved at apex.

The Winged Elm is very different in stature from the favorite
majestic elms of the northern states, as its extreme height is in the
vicinity of only 60 ft. (18m.) and the thickness of trunk is rarely
greater than 2 ft. (0.60 m.). It forms a rather narrow oblong top of
shorter and less spreading branches than those of the White Elm,
and the bark of trunk is rather thin and fissured into narrow firm
scaly ridges. A striking feature of the tree is its widely winged
branchlets. The " wings " consist of excessive growths of the corky
layer of the bark appearing on opposite sides of the branchlets dur-
ing the first or second year of its growth, and becoming most pro-
nounced in from four to six years, when each wing may be a half-
inch or so in width. This peculiar growth is not common to all of
the branchlets, but to a large portion of them, especially of the lower
branches.

HABITAT. — Southern Virginia and westward, throughout Indiana
and Illinois to Kansas, and southward to northern Florida and the
Gulf Coast region to eastern Texas, seeming to prefer the rather dry
gravelly uplands and slopes, though not uncommon in well-drained
alluvial bottom-lands.

PHYSICAL PKOPEETIES. — The wood is heavy, hard, moderately
strong, close-grained, compact, and difficult to split. It is of a
purplish brown color with abundant buff-white sap-wood. Specific
Gravity, 0.7491 ; Percentage of Ash, 0.99 ; Relative Approximate
Fuel Value, 0.7417; Coefficient of Elasticity, 52323; Modulus of
Rupture, 724 ; Resistance to Longitudinal Pressure, 449 ; Resistance
to Indentation, 255 ; Weight of a Cubic Foot in Pounds, 46.68.

USES. — Like the wood of the White Elm, this is used in the manu-
facture of agricultural implements, wheel-hubs, tool-handles, etc.

290. MORUS ALBA W HITE MULBERRY. 39

OEDEB MORACEJE: MULBESBY FAMILY.

Leaves conduplicate or involute in the bud, petiolate, alternate, deciduous, with
caducous stipules inclosing the leaf in the bud. Flowers monoecious or dioecious,
small, in ament-like spikes or heads, from the axils of caducous bud-scales or of
the lower leaves of the shoots oi the season; calyx 3-5-lobed or parted; corolla
none; stamens 1 to 4, inserted on the bases of the calyx-lobes; ovary superior,
1-2 celled; styles 1-2; ovules solitary, anatropous and pendulous. Fruit an aggre-
gation of drupelets, each inclosed in the thick fleshy calyx.

Trees, shrubs and herbs of over nine hundred species, generally with milky
juice and natives of temperate and tropical regions. They are grouped in fifty-
four genera of which four are represented in North American trees, three being
indigenous and the fourth a naturalized species.

GENUS MORUS, L.

Leaves serrate-dentate and sometimes 3-5-lobed or mitten-shaped, all forms
often on the same tree, 3-nerved at base. Flowers small, appearing with the
unfolding of the leaves or soon after; the staminate in cylindrical, pedunculate
ament-like spikes; calyx deeply 4-lobed; stamens 4, opposite the calyx lobes,
inflexed in the bud, straightening out elastically (thereby scattering the pollen)
and becoming exserted; anthers 2-celled, introrse, longitudinally dehiscent; pistil-
late flowers sessile, in shorter compact spikes; calyx 4-parted, with spreading
stigmas. Fruit a blackberry-like aggregation of drupelets (sincarp), each tipped
witli the remnants of the styles and formed by the nutlet enveloped by the succu-
lent enlarged and colored calyx; seed pendulous with curved embryo and scanty
albumen.

Trees of eight *or ten species, with milky juice and mostly of the tropical and
north temperate regions of both hemispheres. Two are indigenous to the United
States, one being found along the Mexican frontier and the other in most of the
Atlantic states. A third is a species introduced from Japan and eastern Asia and
extensively naturalized in eastern United States. (Morus is the ancient Latin
name of the Mulberry-tree.)

290. MORUS ALBA, L.

WHITE MULBERRY.

Ger., Wevsze Maulbeerbaum; Fr., Murier blanc; Sp., Moral bianco.

SPECIFIC CHABACTEBS: — Leaves mostly ovate, 3-7 in. long, serrate, and on
vigorous shoots often with from 1-5 wide lobes, cordate or truncate at base, mostly
acute at apex, thin, shining dark green above, duller beneath. Fruit maturing in
June or July, ^-1% in. long, sweet and succulent, usually white or pinkish
tinted. Several varieties have originatel in cultivation, one with nearly black
fruit.

The White Mulberry, as we see it in this country, is seldom more
than 30 or 40 ft. (8 m.) in height. It is of rather wide-spreading
habit of growth and its trunk may be 3 or 31/*? ft. (1 m.) in diameter.
The bark of trunk is of a yellowish brown color, rough with firm
thick-scaled ridges.

HABITAT. — The native home of the White Mulberry is northern
China and Japan ; whence it has been extensively introduced into all
countries where climatic conditions are favorable, owing to the value
of its foliage as food for the silk worm. In this country it was very
extensively planted in early days, commencing as far back as the

40 HOUGH'S AMERICAN WOODS.

seventeenth century and for a long time previous to the war of the
Revolution under encouragement by the British government. It
is now found naturalized in localities throughout the eastern United
States generally.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES. — The wood of the White Mulberry is
quite hard, heavy and durable, with annual rings of growth marked
with many rather small open ducts, and it is of a yellowish brown
or markedly yellow color with scant nearly white sap-wood. Specific
Gravity, 0.71.

USES. — Little use is made of the wood of this species in this
country, though it is said to be used in India for boat-building,
furniture and agricultural implements — uses for which other woods
in this country are considered more suitable.

The chief value of the tree lies in its leaves, upon which the silk
worm mainly feeds and, hence, upon it the vast silk industry mainly
depends. The price of the necessary hand labor in silk production,
however, will doubtless always prevent its being an extensive industry
in America.

MEDICINAL PROPERTIES. — Mulberries are refreshing and laxative,
and serve to prepare a grateful drink well adapted to febrile cases. A
syrup is made from their juice and used as an agreeable addition to
gargles in inflammation of the throat. The fruit of this species,
however, is sweeter and less grateful than the fruit of the M. nigra
and our native M. rubra.*

GENUS TOXYLON, RAFIXESQUE.

Leaves involute in the bud, broad-ovate to oblong and oblong-lanceolate,
rounded, obtuse or subcordate at base, acuminate, entire, pinnately veined, the
veins arcuate and united near the margin, whitish tomentose at first but finally
lustrous dark green above, duller and conspicuously reticulate-veined beneath,
turning bright yellow in autumn; petioles rather long, terete; stipules triangular,
small, caducous; branchlets armed with sharp axillary spines. Flowers in late
spring after the unfolding of the leaves, dioecious, light green; the staminate in
long-pedunculate subglobose heads from the axils of crowded leaves on short
lateral spurs; pedicels slender; calyx 4-lobed to the middle, stamens 4, opposite
the calyx lobes, incurved in the bud and elastically straightening and becoming
exserted; anthers 2-celled; pistillate flowers in dense globose heads, sessile or
with short peduncles in the axils of the leaves on the shoots of the year; calyx
divided to the base with thick concave persistent lobes closely investing the ovary,
the two outer lobes the largest; ovary ovoid, compressed, tipped with a long
filiform style and containing a single anatropous suspended ovule. Fruit a glo-
bose yellowish green aggregation of elongated drupelets, each consisting of a nutlet
enveloped by the enlarged fleshy calyx, the tips of .the lobes of which form the
roughened surface of the fruit.

A genus of a single American species. A tree with deeply furrowed orange-
brown bark and slightly acrid milky juice.

The name is from Greek words meaning bow and wood.

* V. 8. Dispensatory, 16th ed., p. 986.

291. TOXYLON POMIFERUM OsAGE GRANGE. 41

291. TOXYLON POMIFERUM, EAF.

OSAGE ORANGE. BOW-WOOD.
Ger., Bogen-Holz; Fr., Bois d'Arc; Sp., Madera de arco.

SPECIFIC CHARACTERS: — See the above generic description, this being the only
species.

The Osage Orange in its native southern forests attains the height
of 50 or 60 ft. (18 m.) with a trunk perhaps 3 ft. (0.90 m.) in
diameter, but in the open rarely if ever attains as great a height.
It is there characterized by a short, thick trunk covered with an
orange-brown bark, rough with prominent, firm and more or less
reticular fibrous ridges. The trunk divides into a few large limbs and
these into many curved branches forming a rounded or dome-shaped
top with lowermost branches drooping nearly to the ground. Its
curved branches, strikingly suggestive of so many drawn bows, and
its glossy dark green foliage are prominent features.

HABITAT. — The native home of the Osage Orange is limited to the
rich bottom-lands of southern Arkansas, Indian territory and eastern
Texas, but its popularity for hedges and ornamental planting has
caused its quite general distribution over the middle and eastern
states and it is now quite common and naturalized in various localities
far outside of its native range.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES. — Wood heavy, very hard and strong, flex-
ible, compact, very durable in contact with the soil, and of a clear
rich yellow color or tinted with brown in places, and with a scanty
white sap-wood. Specific Gravity, 0.7736 ; Percentage of Ash, 0.68 ;
Relative Approximate Fuel Value, 0.7683 ; Coefficient of Elasticity,
94373; Modulus of Rupture, 1131; Resistance to Longitudinal
Pressure, 809 ; Resistance to Indentation, 363 ; Weight of a Cubic
Foot in Pounds, 48.21.

USES. — A valuable wood for fence-posts, railway-ties, paving blocks,
the hubs of wheels, etc. Formerly it was the favorite wood of the
American Indians of the middle west for their bows — a fact which
is commemorated in the name, Bow-wood, or the French Bois d'Arc,
by which the tree is known in the region in which it grows.

The bark of the roots yields a yellow dye and the tree is of value
for ornamental planting.

42 HOUGH'S AMERICAN WOODS.

ORDER JUGLANDACE-ffi: WALNUT FAMILY.

A family of six genera and about thirty-five species of important trees with
aromatic bark and watery juice, mostly of the warmer parts of the north tem-
perate zone. Two genera are represented in the United States.

Leaves alternate, deciduous, odd-pinnate, with long grooved petioles exstipulate,
the leaflets sessile or nearly so excepting the terminal one which is usually long-
stalked. Flowers monoecious, opening after the unfolding of the leaves; the
staminate in long drooping lateral aments on the growth of the previous season;
calyx 3 to 6-lobed, each in the axil of and adnate to a bract; stamens several with
short distinct filaments and longitudinally dehiscent anthers; pistillate in spikes
or solitary terminating the new growth, bracteate and usually two-bracteolate ;
calyx 3-5-lobed; ovary inferior and 1-celled or incompletely 3-4-celled and con-
taining a solitary erect orthotropous ovule; style short with 2 plumose stigmas.
Fruit a bony incompletely 2-4-celled nut inclosed in an indehiscent or 4-valved
exocarp; seed without albumen, large, solitary, 2-lobed, fleshy and very oily;
cotyledons 2-lobed, corrugated or sinuose; radicle minute, superior, at apex of nut.

GENUS HICORIA, RAF.

Leaves with thick and firm ovate to obovate leaflets, increasing in size from
below upwards, often glandular-dotted, usually unequal at base, and acuminate
at apex, serrate, veins commonly forking near the margins. Flowers: staminate
aments slender, drooping and usually in threes with common peduncle from the
axils of leaf-scars at the base of the shoots of the season or in clusters from buds
in the axils of leaf-scars near the summit of the growth of the previous season,
the lateral branches from the axils of persistent bracts ; calyx 2-3-lobed, adnate to
the bracts; stamens 3-10 with ovate-oblong hairy anthers; pistillate flowers sessile,
in mostly 2-10-flowered terminal spikes; calyx unequally 4-lobed; stigmas short-
papillose. Fruit subglobose, oblong, ovoid or pyriform, with husk (epicarp)
woody at maturity and separating more or less completely into 4 valves, the
sutures alternate with those of the nut and falling away at maturity; nut with
bony crustaceous shell (endocarp), 4-celled at base, 2-celled at apex; seed lobed
and variously grooved, oily and usually edible, sometimes bitter.

The Hickories are confined to the temperate regions of eastern North America
ranging from the valley of the St. Lawrence River to the highlands of Mexico.
There are about a dozen species, all being found within the United States excepting
one. Their wood is very strong, flexible and more valuable than any other woods
for certain uses. They have smooth gray bark when young, but with age become
fissured into hard plates and scales. The branches are tough and flexible and the
pith solid. (The name is from the popular name which is of American Indian
origin. )

292. HICORIA VILLOSA, ASHE.

PALE-LEAF HICKORY.
Ger., Zottige Hickory; Fr., Noyer villeaux; Sp., Nogal velludo.

SPECIFIC CHARACTERS: — Leaves 6-10 in. long, with slender pubescent petioles
and usually 7 (sometimes 5 or 9) leaflets which vary from lanceolate to lance-
obovate, serrate, acuminate, and when young pubescent and covered beneath with
silvery peltate scales and resin-globules, but at maturity glabrous dark green
above and yellowish beneath; winter buds small with 6-8 imbricated scales, the
outer dotted with resin-globules. Flowers staminate in scurfy pubescent catkins,
5-7 in. long; central calyx-lobe much longer than the lateral ones. Fruit sub-
globose to pyriform, 1-1% in. long, compressed with thin husk splitting nearly to
the base; nut slightly angled, pale brown with thick shell and small sweet seed.

292. HICOBIA VILLOSA — PALE-LEAF HICKORY. 43

The Pale-leaf Hickory is a tree of medium stature, compared with
the other hickories. In the forest it does not usually surpass 50 or
60 ft. (18 m.) in height or 18 or 20 in. (0.50 m.) in diameter of
trunk. In the open it develops a rather narrow oblong top with
upright branches and pendulous lower branches. The bark of trunk
is of a grayish brown color very rough with prominent reticulated
scaly ridges.

HABITAT. — From New Jersey to northern Florida and westward
to eastern Texas. In the Mississippi valley it ranges northward into
Missouri. It occupies well-drained slopes, sandy plains and rocky
ridges, and is particularly abundant in the foot-hill region of the
southern Alleghanies.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES. — Wood heavy, very hard, strong, tough,
with very inconspicuous medullary rays and large open ducts chiefly
in the spring growth, but also scattered somewhat through the summer
irrnwth. It is of a yellowish brown color with light brownish white
sap-wood.

USES. — The wood of this hickory, like that of most of the hickories
is excellent for tool-handles, agricultural implements, etc., where
£reat strength and toughness are required. It also makes an excellent

fuel.

ORDER CUPULIFER^: OAK FAMILY.

Leaves alternate, simple, straight veined; the stipules, forming the bud-scales,
deciduous. Flowers monoecious, apetalous. Sterile flowers in clustered or recemed
catkin? (or in simple clusters in the Beech) : calyx regular or scale-like; stamens
5-20. Fertile flowers solitary, clustered or spiked and furnished with an involucre
which forms a cup or covering to the nut; calyx-tube adherent to the ovary, its
teeth minute and crowning the summit: ovary 2-7-celled with 1-2 pendulous
ovules in each cell, but all of the cells and ovules, except one, disappearing before
maturity: stigmas sessile. Fruit a 1-celled, 1-seeded nut, solitary or several
together and partly or wholly covered by the scaly (in some cases echinate)
involucral cup or covering: seed albumenless, with an anatrapous, often edible,
embryo : cotyledons thick and fleshy.

Order is represented by trees and shrubs of wide geographic distribution.

GENUS QUERCUS, LIXXAEUS.

Flowers greenish or yellowish. Sterile flowers in loose, slender, naked catkins,
which spring singly or several together from axillary buds; calyx 2-8-parted or
cleft: stamens 3-12: anthers 2-celled. Fertile flowers with ovary nearly 3-celled
and G-ovuled, two of the cells and 5 of the ovules being abortive; stigma 3-lobed;
involucre developing into a hard, scaly cup around the base of the nut or acorn,
which is 1-celled, 1-seeded.

(Quercus is the ancient Latin name for the Oak, supposed to be from the Celtic
fjuer. fine, and ctiez. tree.)

44 HOUGH'S AMERICAN WOODS.

293. QUERCUS LYRATA, WALT.

OVER-CUP OAK.
Ger., Uberkelch-Eiche; Fr., Chene lyre; Sp., Roble de pantano.

SPECIFIC CHARACTERS: — Leaves obovate-oblong, wedge-shaped at base, ly rate-
pinnated or lobed to beyond the middle, with 5-9 entire or sparingly-toothed tri-
angular oblique lobes the upper pair usually the larger and more divergent, shin-
ing dark green above, white tomentose beneath. Flowers staminate aments 3-6 in.
long; calyx with 5 acute lobes. Fruit sessile or with short peduncles; nut mostly
depressed globose and nearly or quite enveloped by the cup which is rather thin,
hoary tomentose, with thick rugged united scales at the base but gradually thinner
towards the margin, which often splits irregularly.

The Over-cup Oak occasionally attains the height of nearly 100 ft.
(30 m.) with a trunk 3 or 4 ft. (1m.) in thickness, but usually it
is of considerably smaller dimensions. The bark of trunk is of a
light brownish gray color rough with narrow scaly ridges.

HABITAT. — Swamps and bottom-lands that are more or less
inundated during the greater part of the year, from eastern Virginia
and southern Missouri to the Gulf Coast. In such localities are also
found the Water and Laurel Oaks, Cotton Gum, Water Ash, River
Birch, Bald Cypress, etc.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES. — Wood heavy, hard, strong, tough, dur-
able in contact with the soil, and of a grayish brown color with buff-
white sap-wood. Specific Gravity, 0.8313; Percentage of Ash, 0.65;
Relative Approximate Fuel Value, 0.8259 ; Coefficient of Elasticity,
133438 ; Modulus of Rupture, 1025 ; Resistance to Longitudinal
Pressure, 492 ; Resistance to Indentation, 252 ; Weight of a Cubic
Foot in Pounds, 51.81.

USES. — A valuable wood for use in the manufacture of agricul-
tural implements, boat-building, cooperage, baskets, railway-ties,
cabinet-making, furniture, interior finishing, etc. It is little if any
inferior to the wood of the White Oak in the qualities which make
that wood superior.

294. QUERCUS TEXANA, BUCKL.
SOUTHERN RED OAK. SCHNECK'S OAK.

Ger., Sudliche Rothe Eiche; Fr., Chene rouge du sud; Sp., Roble

rojo meridional.

SPECIFIC CHARACTERS: — Leaves ovate to broad oval, 3^-8 in. long, truncate or
broad wedge-shaped at base, deeply pinnated with broad rounded sinuses and 5-9
spreading lobes narrow below and spreading and dentate at apex with bristle-

295. QUERCUS LAURIFOLIA — LAUREL OAK. 45

pointed teeth, at maturity thin, firm and shining dark green above paler and
with tufts of whitish hairs in axils beneath. Flowers staminate in slender
pubescent aments; calyx 4-5 with laciniately cut lobes; pistillate with short
tomentose peduncles, stigmas red. Fruit usually solitary, sessile or with short
stalks, ovoid, puberulous light .brown acorn, ^-l^ in. long, sometimes striated,
2-3 times as high as the shallow or somewhat turbinate cup with thin closely
appressed light brown tomentose scales.

Ill the luxuriant primeval forests which clothed the rich bottom-
lands of southern Indiana and Illinois this Oak is said to have been
found attaining the height of nearly 200 ft. (60 m.) with great
butressed trunks sometimes 6 or 8 ft. (2m.) in thickness — dimen-
sions which rank this as one of our largest oaks. All of the trees of
such size have doubtless long since been felled, but fairly large
individuals may still be seen in localities. The habit of growth is
similar to that of the Red Oak of the northern states, and like it it
has a dark gray bark rough with firm close ridges.

HABITAT. — From northeastern Iowa and central Illinois south-
ward to the Gulf, eastward to North Carolina and westward to
western Texas, thriving best on well-drained bottom-lands and par-
ticularly abundant in the Mississippi valley.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES. — Wood heavy, hard, strong, rather coarse-
grained and of a light or reddish brown color with whitish sap-wood.
Specific Gravity, 0.9080 ; Percentage of Ash, 0.85 ; Relative Approxi-
mate Fuel Value, 0.9003 ; Coefficient of Elasticity, 103343 ; Modulus
of Rupture, 1024 ; Resistance to Longitudinal Pressure, 582 ; Re-
sistance to Identation, 291 ; Weight of a Cubic Foot in Pounds,
56.59.

USES. — The wood of the Southern Red Oak is used ill cooperage,
for interior finishing and for furniture, and in quality is similar to
that of the northern Red Oak, Q. rubra.

295. QUERCUS LAURIFOLIA, MICHX.

LAUREL OAK.
Ger., Lorbeer-Eiche; Fr., Chene de laurier; Sp., Roble de laurel.

SPECIFIC CHARACTERS: — Leaves narrow-oblong to oblong-obovate, sometimes
falcate, 2-4 in. long, cuneate at base, rounded or acute at apex, entire or on
vigorous branches unequally lobed, at maturity lustrous dark green above, paler
beneath; petioles short and stout. Flowers: staminate in reddish hairy aments
2-3 in. long; pistillate with short stout glabrous peduncles. Fruit sessile or nearly
so, usually solitary with short ovoid to hemispherical nut, puberolous at apex
about one-fourth inclosed in a thin flat saucer-shaped cup with thin pale-pubescent
closely imbricated scales.

46 HOUGH'S AMERICAN WOODS.

The Laurel Oak attains the height of 100 ft. (30 m.) in forest
growth in favorable localities, and a thickness of trunk of 3 or 4 ft.
(1 m.). When isolated from other trees it forms a rather wide
rounded top. The bark of trunk is rather thin, of a brownish gray
color and quite smooth, as compared with that of other oaks. With
age it becomes somewhat fissured into low flat plates and ridges.

HABITAT. — The Atlantic coast region from the Dismal Swamp of
eastern Virginia southward to Mosquito Inlet and Cape Romano,
Florida, and westerward along the Gulf coast region to Louisiana.
It is confined mostly to the banks of streams, swamps and moist
bottom-lands, for which reason it is often called the Water Oak.
It is not a very common oak generally and its region of greatest
abundance is along the south Atlantic coast and in Florida.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES. — Wood heavy, hard, strong, coarse-
grained and of a reddish brown color with whitish sap-wood. Specific
Gravity, 0.7673; Percentage of Ash, 0.82; Relative Approximate
Fuel Value, 0.7610; Coefficient of Elasticity, 125916; Modulus of
Rupture, 1181 ; Resistance to Longitudinal Pressure, 526 ; Resistance
to Indentation, 253; Weight of a Cubic Foot in Pounds, 47.82.

USES. — Heretofore not extensively used except for fuel, but suit-
able for lumber for interior finishing, furniture, etc., and with the
growing scarcity of other more popular oaks this will doubtless be
more extensively used.

The tree is popular for street-planting in southern villages where
it usually goes by the name of Water Oak.

ORDER SALICACE-ZE: WILLOW FAMILY.

Leaves deciduous, simple, alternate and with stipules (sometimes minute and
caducous). Flowers dioecious, appearing in early spring before the leaves, in
aments, from axillary buds, a single small flower appearing in the axil of each
scale of the ament, peiianth wanting ; stamens 2 — many, subtended by a disk and
with introrse 2-celled anthers longitudinally dehiscent; pistil with short style,
2-4 lobed stigma and 1 -celled ovary having 2-4 parietal placentae and numerous
anatropous ovules. Fruit a 1-celled 2-4 valved ovoid capsule, bearing numerous
minute seeds surrounded by long silky white hairs and containing short radicle,
flat cotyledons and no albumen.

Trees and shrubs with soft light wool, brittle twigs, bitter bark and of wide
distribution, chiefly of the northern hemisphere. They are grouped in two
genera.

GENUS SALIX, L.

Leaves commonly lanceolate but ranging from obovate to linear; petioles short,
sometimes glandular at apex and more or less covering the bud; stipules oblique,
serrate, large and persistent (especially so on young shoots) or small and decidu-
ous; winter buds covered with a single scale of two coats, the inner thin and
membranous. Flowers in aments with entire or glandular dentate bracts and

296. SALIX LONGIPES — WARD WILLOW. 47

disk gland-like, minute and nectif erous ; stamens 2-12 (mostly 2) inserted at the
base of the scale, with slender and mostly free filaments and small oblong anthers;
pistillate aments usually erect or spreading; ovary sessile or short stipitate with
short style, 2 short more or less recurved 2-cleft stigmas and containing 4-8
ovules on each of the 2 placentas. Fruit an acuminate capsule dehiscent by 2
recurved valves; seeds minute, dark brown.

Trees and shrubs of 160 or 170 species of wide distribution throughout the
northern and a few in the southern hemisphere. They grow generally along the
banks of streams and in low moist soil from the Arctic regions to the tropics.
Numerous natural hybrids also occur. About 70 species are found in North
America and of these 21 are recognized as trees of which 9 or 10 species are found
in the northeastern states. Besides these we have two or three naturalized
arborescent species. The name is the ancient Latin name of the genus.

296. SALIX LONGIPES, ANDERS.
LONG-STALK WILLOW. WARD WILLOW.

Ger., Langstengel-Weide; Fr., Saule a tige long; Sp., Sauce de tallo

largo.

SPECIFIC CHARACTERS: — Leaves involute in the bud, 4-7 in. long, lanceolate to
ovate-lanceolate, cuneate or rounded and the largest leaves sometimes cordate at
base, long-pointed, finely and unequally serrate, glabrous bright green above,
somewhat pubescent and whitish beneath; the foliaceous stipules reniform, often
l/2 in- l°ng; petioles short, without glands; winter buds small, brown, lustrous,
branehlets hoary pubescent. Flowers aments terminal on leafy branchlets, 3-4 in.
long; scales ovate, yellow, obtuse, villous; stamens 3-7 with filaments hairy at
base and yellow anthers; ovary long-stalked with nearly sessile stimatic lobes.
Fruit capsules about */4 in. long, globose conical.

The Long-stalk Willow is a small tree, only occasionally attaining
the height of 30 ft. (9m.) and a trunk diameter of 8 or 10 in.
(0.25 m.), and it is often found fruiting as a shrub. The bark of
trunk is of an ashen gray color and coarsely ridged with longitudinal
and connecting scaly ridges.

HABITAT. — The gravelly banks of streams from about the latitude
of Washington, D. C., and central Illinois, southward to southern
Florida and southern Texas. It is quite abundant in southwestern
Missouri and western Arkansas and ranges westward through New
Mexico.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES. — The wood of the Long Stalk Willow is
very light, soft, not strong, with numerous very obscure medullary
rays and quite uniformly distributed small open ducts. It is of a
rich reddish brown color with creamy white sap-wood. Specific
Gravity, 0.4456; Percentage of Ash, 0.70.

USES. — No particular use is made of the wood of this willow save
occasionally for fuel, charcoal, etc.

48 HOUGH'S AMERICAN WOODS.

MEDICINAL PROPERTIES are not mentioned in the pharmacopoea
specifically of this willow, but doubtless those common to the willows
generally, and mentioned in our account of the 8. nigra (Part II,
p. 37), are found in this species.

297. SALIX MISSOURIENSIS, MUEHL.
MISSOURI WILLOW.

Ger., Missouri Weide; Fr., Saule de Missouri; Sp., Sauce de

Missouri.

SPECIFIC CHARACTERS: — Leaves involute in the bud, lanceolate to oblanceolate
and occasionally ovate-lanceolate, 3-5 in. long, narrowed and wedge-shaped or
rounded at base, acuminate, finely serrate with small gland-tipped teeth, pubescent
at first but finally nearly glabrous, dark green above, paler and often glaucous
beneath; petioles pubescent; the persistent stipules semicordate, often % in. long;
winter buds large and hoary-tomentose ; branchlets pubescent the first season.
Flowers unfold very early ( February-March ) on short branchlets bearing small
scale-like leaves; staminate about 1% in. long; scales light green, hairy outside;
stamens 2 with long glabrous free filaments; ovary glabrous, beaked, with very
short style and emarginate stigmas. Fruit a narrow cylindrical ovoid long-pointed
capsule with slender stalk about as long as the scale.

The Missouri Willow is a small tree, occasionally attaining the
height of 50 or 60 ft. (18 m.) and a thickness of trunk of 12 to 18
in. (0.40 m.). It develops a rather narrow rounded top of upright
slender branches and pubescent branchlets. The bark of trunk is
gray in color and quite thin and smooth, only becoming moderately
roughened with age with shallow scaly longitudinal ridges. The
smoothness of bark is particularly pronounced on the larger branches.

HABITAT. - - The rich alluvial bottom-lands of the lower Missouri
river from western Iowa and eastern Nebraska to its mouth, and of
the Mississippi river from eastern Iowa to southeastern Missouri.
The principal area of distribution is within the state of Missouri,
from which fact it receives its name.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES. — Wood soft, light, not strong, with
numerous obscure medullary rays and quite uniformly distributed
fine open ducts. It is of a reddish brown color with thin whitish
sap-wood. It is quite durable in contact with the soil. Specific
Gravity, 0.6069; Percentage of Ash, 0.59; Relative Approximate
Fuel Value, 0.6033 ; Weight of a Cubic Foot 'in Pounds, 37.82.

USES. - - The principal use of the Missouri Willow is for fence-
posts and stakes, due to its exceptional durability in contact with the
soil.

298. PlNUS PUNGENS TABLE-MOUNTAIN PlNE. 4#

GYMNOSPERM^E.

Flowering, exogenous plants with leaves chiefly parallel-veined and cotyledons
frequently more than two. Flowers diclinous and very incomplete; pistil repre-
sented by an open scale or leaf, or altogether wanting, with ovules naked, fertilized
by direct contact with the pollen, and seeds at maturity naked — without a true
pericarp.

ORDER CONIFER7E: PINE FAMILY.

Lrares narrow or scale-like, clustered or alternate, parallel-veined and generally
persistent; buds scaly. Flowers in catkins or solitary with an involucre of
enlarged bud-scales, unsexual and monoecious (dioecious in Juniperus) destitute of
calyx and corolla; anthers 2-celled; pistillate flowers bearing on the inner face
of each scale 2 or more ovules and becoming in Fruit a woody cone or rarely a
berry or drupe; seeds often winged, with coat of two layers; embryo axile in
copious albumen; cotyledons 2 or several.

A family of trees and fewr shrubs with resinous juice and cell-walls of wood
marked with circular discs. It is of greatest economic value and world-wide
distribution, but chiefly in north temperate regions. Among its representatives
are trees, notably the Sequoias, which are considered to be of the greatest long-
evity of all living organisms. It consists of thirty-one genera of which thirteen
are represented in the United States.

GENUS PIXUS, L.

Leaves evergreen, needle-shaped, from slender buds, in clusters of 2-5 together
(solitary in one species), from the axils of scale-like primary leaves each cluster
invested at its base with a sheath of thin, membranous scales. Flowers appearing
in spring, monoecious. Sterile flowers in catkins, clustered at the base of the
shoots of the season; stamens numerous with very short filaments and a scale-like
connective; anther-cells. 2. opening lengthwise; pollen imbricated, carpellary
scales, each in the axil of a persistent bract and bearing at its base within a pair
of inverted ovules. Fruit maturing in the autumn of the second year, a cone
formed of the imbricated carpellary scales, which are woody, often thickened or
awned at the apex, persistent, when ripe dry and spreading to liberate the two
nut-like and usually winged seeds; cotyledons 3-12 linear.

The Pines are trees and a few shrubs of the northern hemisphere and chiefly
of temperate regions. Many of its representatives are of greatest economic value.
Abouc eighty species are recognized of which thirty-four are natives of the United
States. (The name is a Latin wor.d from Celtic pin or pen, a crag.)

298. PINUS PUNGENS, MICHX.
TABLE-MOUNTAIN PINE.

Ger., Tafelberg Fichte; Fr., Pin de plateau; Sp., Pino de mesa.

SPECIFIC CHARACTERS: — Leaves in crowded clusters of 2, 2-4 in. long with short
persistent sheaths, stout, stiff, more or less twisted, with 2 fibre-vascular bundles
and resin-ducts in parenchyma; branchlets short, dark brown and rough. Flowers
staminate yellow, in loose clusters; the pistillate long-stalked, lateral and generally
in whorls of 2 to 5 or more. Cones short-ovoid, 3-4 in. long, lateral and in whorls
upon the branchlct, oblique at base, sessile and with scales, especially those of the

50 HOUGH'S AMERICAN WOODS.

outer side near base, much thickened, with prominent transverse ridge and armed
with a strong flat curved prickle ; seeds rounded triangular, nearly ^4 in. long, and
with wings broadest near the center.

The Table-mountain Pine in forest growth occasionally attains the
height of 60 ft. (18 m.) with a trunk diameter rarely more than 2 or
3 ft. (0.90 m.). When growing in the open it does not often surpass
30 or 40 ft. in height, and it there develops a rather flat or round-
topped head. It is found in localities producing its cones when only
a few feet in height. The bark of trunk is of a dark reddish brown
color with large irregular scaly plates and ridges.

HABITAT. — In its natural distribution this pine is confined to the
dry gravelly slopes and ridges of the Alleghany mountains, with a
few out-lying stations, from Pennsylvania to North Carolina. It is
uncommon and local northward, but is quite abundant in the southern
part of its range, where in places it forms nearly exclusive forests of
considerable extent. It thrives well when planted far outside of its
natural range.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES. — Wood light, soft, not strong, compact,
with numerous resin-ducts and of a pinkish brown color with abund-
ant lighter sap-wood. Specific Gravity, 0.4935 ; Percentage of Asli,
0.27 ; Relative Approximate Fuel Value, 0.4922 ; Coefficient of
Elasticity, 80330 ; Modulus of Rupture, 726 ; Resistance to Longi-
tudinal Pressure, 354; Resistance to Indentation, 115; Weight of a
Cubic Foot in Pounds, 30.75.

USES. — The principal use of the Table-mountain Pine is for fuel
and charcoal, though it is used to some extent for lumber for general
construction purposes.

GENUS TSUGA, CARB.

Leaves linear, short-petiolate and articulated to persistent bases, flat in most
species, mostly appearing 2-ranked by a twist in the base of the leaf and white
stomatose beneath (but not 2-ranked and stomatose both above and below in one
species) with a single dorsal resin-duct, evergreen. Flowers in middle spring,
monoecious; the sterile subglobose clusters of stamens from the axils of the leaves
of the previous year; the stipes surrounded by numerous bud-scales; anthers
tipped with a short spur or knob and cells opening transversely; pistillate aments
terminal on the'branchlets of the previous year, erect; bracts somewhat shorter
than the scales.

Tall somewhat pyramidal trees of the temperate regions of North America,
Japan, China and the Himalaya Mountains, with horizontal and drooping branches,
slender twigs and graceful flat sprays of foliage. Seven species are known of
which four are inhabitants of North America, two of the Atlantic and two of the
Pacific states. (Tsuga is the Japanese name of the Hen^lock-tree.)

299. TSUGA CAROLINIANA CAROLINA HEMLOCK. 51

299. TSUGA CAROLINIANA, ENGELM.
CAROLINA HEMLOCK.

Ger., Carolina Tanne; Fr., Pruche de Caroline; Sp., Abeto de

Carolina.

SPECIFIC CHARACTERS: — Leaves flat, linear, V3-% in. long, petiolate, obtuse and
often retuse at apex, lustrous dark green and with conspicuous central groove
above, marked with white bands of 7 or 8 rows of stomata on each side of the
midrib beneath and forming a flattish spray but not as flat as that of the T.
canadensis. Flowers stamina te purplish; pistillate purple with broad ovate
bracts about as long as the scales. Cones oblong, 1-1% in. long with short stalks
and oblong obtuse fine but scarcely woody puberulous scales widely spreading at
maturity and ample bracts about half as long as scales; seeds about one-sixth in.
long with large wing broadest near the base.

The Carolina Hemlock is an interesting and rare or local tree
which occasionally attains the height of 60 or 70 ft. (20 m.) with
an oblong-pvramidal head and a trunk rarely exceeding 2 or 3 ft.
(0.90 m.) in thickness. The bark of trunk is of a reddish or purplish
brown color and rough with prominent scaly ridges.

HABITAT. - - The slopes and benches of the Blue Ridge mountains
from Virginia to northern Georgia, mostly between the altitudes of
2,000 and 3,500 ft. It is generally found scattered sparingly in
forests of the commonly Hemlock, various oaks, Sugar Maple, Silver-
bell Tree, Sour-wood, etc., but occasionally forms quite exclusive
groves of small extent. It is so often found on rocky crags and
ridges that it is called locally the Crag Hemlock.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES. — Wood soft, light, not strong, brittle and
of a light orange-brown color with little distinction in tint between
the heart and sap-woods. Specific Gravity, 0.4275 ; Percentage of
Ash, 0.40; Relative Approximate Fuel Value, 0.4258; Coefficient of
Elasticity, 71282 ; Modulus of Rupture, 461 ; Resistance to Longi-
tudinal Pressure, 403 ; Resistance to Indentation, 125 ; Weight of a
Cubic Foot in Pounds, 26.64.

USES. — A too local, uncommon and inaccessible tree to figure in
commerce, but with properties so similar to those of the common
Hemlock that it is suitable for the same uses ; that is as a coarse
lumber for general construction purposes, joists, rafters, planks and
siding in house-building, plank-walks, etc.

GENUS ABIES. LINK.

Leaves sessile, those of young treesc and sterile branches usually flat (four-sided
in Abies magnified) rounded or emarginate at apex, centrally grooved above,

52 HOUGH'S AMERICAN WOODS.

spirally arranged, but generally appearing 2-ranked by a twist in their bases and
stomatiferous only below; leaves of leading shoots and fertile branches crowded,
incurved and more or less quadrangular, obtuse or acute at apex, and sometimes
stomatiferous above, persistent for eight or ten years and when falling away
leaving a circular flat scar; resin-ducts 2; branch-buds usually resin coated.
Flowers from the axils of the leaves of the previous year and confined to the
upper branches; the staminate in abundance on the lower side of branchlets,
oblong with stipe, surrounded at base with bud scales; anther-cells 2, extrorse,
opening transversely and connective terminating in a knob; pistillate flowers
erect on upper side of branchlet and usually only those of the topmost branches,
globose or cylindrical-oblong; scales numerous, imbricated and shorter than their
mucronate bracts. Cones erect, ovoid to cylindrical-oblong, maturing the first
year, with numerous broad thin imbricated scales, each bearing 2 seeds and spring-
ing from the axil of a thin membranous bract which with the scale and seeds falls
away at maturity from the straight persistent axis; seed furnished with resin
vesicles and a large membranous oblique wing at apex; cotyledons 4-10, shorter
than radicle.

Trees of generally strict pyramidal habit of growth with branches in whorls and
bark of trunks when young containing numerous resin-vesicles. There are twenty-
four known species, all natives of the northern hemisphere and chiefly of northern
regions. Ten are found in North America north of Mexico, eight in the Pacific
coast and Rocky Mountain regions and two in the Atlantic states. (Abies is the
ancient Latin name of the Fir-tree.)

300. ABIES FRASERI, LINDL.
ERASER FIR.

Ger., Fraser Tanne; Fr., Sapin de Fraser; Sp., Abeto de Fraser.

SPECIFIC CHARACTERS: — Leaves flat, %-! in. long, those of the sterile branches
emarginate and those of the fertile acute at apex, dark green and centrally
grooved above, silvery white beneath with 8-12 rows of stomata. Flowers in May;
staminate reddish yellow ; pistillate with scales much broader than long and
shorter than the exserted pale yellow-green bracts. Cones mature in September,
ovoid-oblong, 2-2% in. long, dark purple with scales wider than long and with
long exserted pale yellow-green reflexed bracts, aristate at apex; seeds about % in.
long with very wide wing oblique at apex.

The Fraser Fir is a tree sometimes 70 ft. (21 m. ) in height,
though usually not surpassing 50 ft. (15 m. ) and with a trunk some-
times 21/0 ft. (0.75 m.) in thickness. It develops a distinct and com-
pact pyramidal top, with whorls of long horizontal or drooping lower
branches and those above successively shorter to the pointed apex.
The bark of the younger trunks is quite copiously supplied with
resin-blisters, but that of the older trunks much less, and it becomes
with age covered with thin yellowish gray papery scales giving an
appearance very different from the bark of the common Balsam Fir
of the northern states and Canada.

HABITAT. — One of the most restricted trees of the Atlantic states,
the Fraser Fir is found only in altitudes of from 4,000 to 6,000 ft.

300. ABIES FRASERI — FRASER FIR. 53

on the peaks and ridges of the Alleghany Mountains from Virginia
nearly to Georgia. The extreme opposite of the northern species,
whose presence is generally indicative wet swampy low-lands, this
tree seems to love and thrive on the dry soil of the mountain top.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES. — Wood light, soft, not strong, compact,
free from resin and of a clear satiny cream-white color with little
distinction between heart and sap-woods. Specific Gravity, 0.3565 ;
Percentage of Ash, 0.54; Relative Approximate Fuel Value, 0.3546;
Coefficient of Elasticity, 97170; Modulus of Rupture, 639; Resist-
ance to Longitudinal Pressure, 347; Resistance to Indentation, 65;
\Ycnjht of a Cubic Foot in Pounds, 22.22.

USES. — Such is the remoteness and inaccessibility of the home
of these interesting trees that very few of them have been felled by
the woodsman's axe, though in quality the wood is similar to that of
the northern Balsam and suitable for the same uses.

Its fragrant boughs yield many a balsam pillow to those who climb
to its lofty home and would carry away with them a delightful
memento of the interesting trip.

INDEX TO PART XII.

\beto de Carolina

No.
299
300
300
276
278
283
288
288
283
287
286

287
291
291
280
281
278
278

277

Page.
51
52
52
19
22
29
36
36
29
35
34

35
41
41
25
26
22
22

20
20

22
45

44
25
49

27
43

27

45
44
44
37
38
29

32
49
35
52
35
34
34
35

Fresno de agua

No. F

286

287

280
282
280
282
282

34
35

25

28
25
28
28

25

26
29
51
19
42
42
42
21
32
19
18
21
32
19

19
18

42

31
24

25
41
22
39
39
39
39
39
39
39

20
42
26

42
28

Abeto de Fraser

Fresno de Biltmore

-\.bifs frascri

Gelb-holtz

\cebo de Cassena

4.esculus octandra

Gommier grand

Arbol de acedera
\rbol de princessa

Gopher-wood

Gum, Cotton, Large or Tupelo
Gummibaum, Groszer

Arbre de princesse

Arbre d'oseille

HAMAMELIDACE^E

Ash Biltmore

Ash Water

Hamamclis Virainiana,

281

Biltmore-Esche

Heath Family

Hemlock, Carolina or Crag. . .
Henderson-wood
Hickory Pale-leaf

299
276
292
292
292

Bogen-Holz

Bois d'Arc ....

Bois iaune

Hickory Zottige

Bruxa avellano

Hicoria villosa-

Buckeye, Sweet

HlPPOCASTANACE^E

Buckeye, Yellow
Buckthorn, Common or Euro-
pean

Hoja dulca

285
276

Holly, Cassena or Dahoon ....
Holly Family

Buckthorn Family

Horse-chestnut Family

Castano de caballo amarillo..
Chene de laurier

278
295

294

280

Horse-sugar

285
276

276

Houx de Cassena

Ilex cassinc

Chene Ivre

Chene rouge du sud

ILICINE^E

C'ladrastis lutca

JUGLANDACE^E

CONIFER E

Laurel Great

284

CUPULIFER/E

Dogwood Family

LEGUMINOS^E

Madera amarilla

280
291

278
290

Eiche Lorbeer

295
294
293

Madera de arco

Eiche, Siidliche Rothe
Eiche. Uberkelch

Alarronier iaune

Maulbeerbaum \Veisze

Elm Family .

MOR\CE^E

Elm Winged .

289

Moral bianco

290
290

ERICACEAE

Atoms alba

Feuille sucre

285
298

Mulberry Family

Mulberry, White

290
290

277
292
281
292

282

Fichte, Tafelberg

Murier blanc . ...

Figwort Family

Xerprun

Fir Fraser

300

287
286
286

287

Fraxinus biltmoriana
Fraxinus carol in iana
Frene d'eau

Nogal velludo

Noisetier des sorcieres

Xoyer villeaux

Frene de Biltmore..

\ussa aauatica Marsh..

56

IND.UX.

Oak Laurel . «

No.
295
293
294
294

Page.
45
44
44
44
33
33
38
41
38
29

36
36
49
49
49
49
36
36
51

45
44
44

20
20
19
31
31
31
23
45
44
44
31
31
22

46
47
48
52

Sauce de Missouri
Sauce de tallo largo
Sauerampferbaum

No.
297
296
282
296
297

Page.

48
47
29
47
48
35
29
20
19
23
23
te
32
32
32

51
52
41
51

28

37
36

42
34
20
47
48
46
47
48
26
25

25

26
32
23
23

Oak Over-cup

Oak Schneck's

Oak, Southern Red or Texan.

OLEACE.'E

Saule a tige long
Saule de Missouri

Olive Family

SCROFULARIACE^E

Olmo alado

289
291

289
283

288
288
298
298
298
298
288
288
299

295
293
294

277

Sorrel-tree or Sour- wood
Stechdorn

283
277
276
279
279

Orange Osage . . .

Orme aile

Stechpalme, Cassena . .

Oxydendrum arboreum DC. . . .
Paulownia

Sumach, Dwarf

Sumach nain

SYMPLOCACE^E . . .

Paulownia tomentosa
Pin de plateau

Symplocos tinctoria
Sweet-leaf

285
285

299
300
291
299

282

289

Pine, Table-mountain

Sweet-leaf Family
Tanne, Carolina

Pino de mesa

Pinus pungens
Princessin-Baum

Tanne, Fraser . . .

Princess-tree

Toxylon pomiferum
Tsuga caroliniana

Pruche de Caroline
Quercus laurifolia

Tupelo grande

ULMACE-iE

Quercus lyrata

Quercus texana

Ramno cathartico . ,
RHAMNACE^E . . .

Walnut Family

Wasser-Esche

286
277
296
297

296
297
281

280

281

285
279
279

Rhamnus cathartica
Rhododendron grand
Rhododendron grande
Rhododendron maximum ....
Rhus copallina,

277
284
284
284
279
295
293
294
284
284
278

Wavthorn

Weide, Langstengel
Weide, Missouri
Willow Family
Willow, Long-stalk or Ward..
Willow, Missouri

Roble de laurel

Roble de pantano

Witch-Hazel

Roble rojo meridional
Rose Bav

Witch-Hazel Family

Rosenlorbier Groszer

Yellow- wood

SALICAC^E

Zauberstrauch
Zuckerblatt

Salix longipes

296
297
300

Salix missouriensis
Saoin de Fraser. .

Zumaque enano

Zwersr-Sumach .

GENERAL INDEX

TO COMMON NAMES.

AMERICAN WOODS, PARTS I-XII.

When two or more names are given together they are synonyms, and are
indexed under the name most commonly used. The serial number of each species
serves as a guide to the texts as well as the specimen pages.

Ailanthus or Tree-of-Heaven .

Part.
I

No.
4

Blackwood .

Part.
VIII

No.
155

Alder, Red or Oregon

IX

217

Bois d'Arc. Bow- wood

XII

291

Alder. White, Cal. or Moun-
tain

VII

163

Box-Elder. Negundo
Buckeye California

III
VT

54

Apple

!!•

30

Buckeye Ohio or Fetid

VT

OKO

Arbor-Vitae, Eastern

I

24

Buckeye Yellow or Sweet

XII

278

Arbor-Vitae, Pacific or Giant.
Ash, Biltmore
Ash, Black or Hoop

IX

XII
III

220
287
62

Buckthorn, Common or Euro-
pean Waythorn
Buckthorn Island

XII
VIII

277
176

\sh. Blue .

XI

263

Buckthorn \Voolly Gum

Ash, Fringe-flower or Flower-
ing .

X

231

Elastic. 'Chittim-wood
Butter-nut Oil-nut White

XI

260

Ash, Gray or Red

II

31

W7alnut

I

14

Ash, Green

XI

262

Button wood Button ball-

Ash, Leather-leaf

IX

212

tree

131

Ash, Oregon

VIII

187

Ash. Water
Ash, White

XII

I

286
10

Cactus, Giant. Suwarro or
Saguaro

x

228

Ash Burl

III

63a

Cactus, Mission. Prickly

Aspen, Large-toothed
Aspen, Quaking, or Asp

Balsam or Balm of Gilead
Fir

I
III

I

18

72

22

Pear. Indian Fig
Cascara Sagrada. Bearberry.
Bear-wood, Wild Cherry . .
Cassena. Dahoon
Castor-Bean Tree

VIII

VI
XII
VIII

184

126
276

189

Basswood. Canary-wood. Bee-
tree

I

3

Catalpa. Bean-tree. Cigar-
tree

IV

8Q

Bav, Bull

V

101

Cedar, Alaska or Yellow

x

240

Bay, Loblolly or Tan
Bav Red

V
XI

102
264

Cedar. Incense or Cal. White
Cedar, Port Or ford

VIII

x

141

•741

Bav Swamp

v

113

Cedar, Red or Pencil

I

25

Ray. Sweet. Beaver-tree. . . .
Bay-tree. Spice-tree
Beech

III

VII

I

51
159
16

Cedar, WTestern Red, or Giant
Cedar, White. Arbor-Vitae..
Cedar, Coast White

IX

I
III

220
2

74

Beech, Blue or Water
Bi<» Tree Giant Redwood

II

VI

42
142

Cherry, Bird, Pin, Pigeon or
Red

III

55

Birch, Black, Sweet or
Cherry

II

44

Cherry, English, Sweet or Ox-
heart

III

56

Birch, Canoe, Paper or White
Birch. River or Red

II

IV

43
95

Cherry, Holly-leaf, or Ever-
green . .

VII

15H

Birch, Western or Puget-
Sound

x

236

Cherry, Sour Garden
Cherry Wild Black

IV

II

82
29

Birch. White, Poplar-leaf or
Oldfield

III

70

Cherry, Woolly-leaf Bitter..
Chestnut

IX

II

208
40

Birch. Yellow .

I

17

China-berrv. China-tree .

V

105

58

HOUGH'S AMERICAN WOODS.

Part. No.

Chinquapin or Chinkapin ... XI 272

Chinquapin, W'n or Evergreen VI 139

Christmas-berry. Cal. Holly VIII 181

Coffee-tree II 27

Cottonwood II 48

Cottonwood, Black IX 218

Cottonwood, Fremont or

White VIII 194

Cottonwood, Swamp or River IV 97
Crab or Crab-apple. Frag-
rant or Wild IV 83

Crab or Crab-apple, Oregon. IX 209
Cucumfeer-tree, Mt'ji Magnolia I 1
Cucumber-tree, Ear- or Long-
leaf XI 251

Cypress, Arizona X 239

Cypress, Bald V 119

Cypress, Gowen or N. W.

Coast VII 166

Cypress, Lawson X 241

Cypress, Macnab IX 219

Cypress, Monterey VIII 195

Cypress, Sitka X 240

Devil-wood. Wild Olive.... V 112

Dogwood or Cornel, Alter-
nate-leaf or Blue- fruited . . IV 87

Dogwood, Flowering. Box-
wood IV 88

Dogwood, Western Flowering VIII 185

Elder, Mexican X 229

Elder, Pale VII 157

Elm, American, White or

Water II 33

Elm, Cork, Rock or Cliff. ... II 34

Elm, Slippery, Red or Moose I 11

Elm, Winged. Wahoo XII 289

Fir, Amabilis or Red Silver. X 249

Fir, Balsam I 22

Fir, Bristle-cone or Santa

Lucia X 248

Fir, Cal. Red or Red-bark .. VII 174

Fir, Douglas, Red or Yellow. VI 150
Fir, Fraser or (locally) She

Balsam XII 300

Fir, White or Silver. Cal.

Balsam VII 173

Fir, Great Silver IX 224

Fir, Noble. Oregon " Larch " IX 225

Fremontia, Cal. Slippery Elm X 226

Grape, Summer IV 78

Grease-wood VII 164

Gum, Blue. Gum-tree VIII 183

Gum, Red. Bial IX 211

Gum or Tupelo, Cotton or

Large XII 282

Part.

Gum, Sour or Black I

Gum, Sweet or Red. Bilsted III

No.

9

60

12

Hackberry. Sugarberry ....
Hackberry or Sugarberry,

Mississippi XI 265

Hemlock I 21

Hemlock, Alpine, Mountain,

Black or Patton's VII 171

Hemlock, Carolina or Crag. . XII 299

Hemlock, Western v IX 22

Henderson-wood " XII 276

Hercules Club. . Angelica-tree I 8
Hickory, Big Shell-bark or

Kingnut Ill 64

Hickory, Bitternut II 37

Hickory, Mocker-nut IV 90

Hickory, Pale-leaf XII 292

Hickory, Pig-nut or Brown. . Ill 65
Hickory, Shell-bark. Shag-
bark II 36

Hickory, Small-fruited IV 91

Hickory, Water or Swamp.. V 115

Holly, American or White ... Ill 52

Holly, California VIII 181

Holly, Dahoon or Cassina... XII 276
Holly, Mountain or Large-
leaf XI 252

Hop-Hornbeam. Iron-wood.. II 41

Hop-tree. Wafer Ash IV 77

Hornbeam, Iron- wood II 42

Horse-bean, Small-leaf IX 204

Horse-Chestnut I 6

Huckleberry, Tree. Sparkle-
berry IX 258

Indigo-Bush or Thorn VII 154

Iron-wood, Sta. Catalina or

Sta Cruz VIII 182

Islay VII 156

Joshua-tree VII 175

Juniper, Alligator, Thick-
bark or Checker-bark X 242

Juniper, Cal. or Sweet-
fruited VII 167

Juniper, Western. Yellow

Cedar VII 168

Larch, Eastern I 23

Larch, Western X 250

" Larch," Oregon IX 225

Laurel, Big V 101

Laurel, California VII 159

Laurel, Mountain XI 259

Lemon V 104

Lemonade Tree VII 153

Lilac, Wild. Blue-blossom.. VII 151

Lime or Linden, American . . I 3

GENERAL INDEX TO PARTS I-XII.

59

Part. No.

Lime, Ogechee. Gopher Plum
Locust, Honey, Sweet or

Black

Locust, Water

Locust, Yellow or Black

Madrona, Madrone-tree

Madrona, Arizona

Mahogany, Mtn. or Birch-leaf

Manzanita, Common VI

Magnolia, Evergreen V

Magnolia, Fraser

Ma'gnolia, Mountain

Magnolia. Small, White or
Swamp

Maple, Ash-leaved. Negundo.

Maple, Birds-eye or Pin

Maple, Blister or Landscape.

Maple, Broad- or Big-leaved. VII

Maple, Curly II

Maple, Red, Soft or Swamp.

Maple, Silver, Soft or White.

Maple, Striped, Whistle-wood

Maple, Sugar, Hard or Rock.

Maple, Vine IX

Match-wood

Mesquite. Honey-pod VI

Mesquite, Screw-pod. Screw-
bean

Moosewood

Mountain Ash, Elder-leaved.

Mulberry, Paper XI

Mulberry, Red Ill

Mulberry, White XII

Myrtle, Blue

Myrtle, Cal. Wax, Bayberry.

Myrtle, Dark-leaf. Southern
Blue-blossom. Green Thorn

Myrtle, Oregon

Myrtle, Red-wood or Spiny . .

Myrtle, Tree

Myrtle, Wax, Bayberry.
Candleberry

Part. No.

Nettle-tree. False Elm

Oak, Ariz. Black, or Emory. .

Oak, Blue or Cal. Rock

Oak, Burr or Mossy-cup ....
Oak, Cal. Black or Kellogg's.
Oak, Canyon Live, Thick-cup

or Maul

Oak, Chestnut or Rock

Oak, Chinquapin or Chestnut
Oak, Coast Live or Holly-leaf

Oak, Cow or Basket

Oak, Engelman

Oak, Highland Live or Wis-

lizenus .

V

110

Oak, Island Live or Santa
Catalina White

VIII

191

IT

?,*

Oak, Laurel

XII

295

V

109

Oak, Live .

v

117

IV
- VI

80
132

Oak, MacDonald
Oak, Mt'n White, or Oregon. .
Oak, Over-cup

IX
VI
XII

216
136
293

X

VI

230
130

Oak, Pin or Swamp Spanish.
Oak, Post or Iron

IV
IV

94
92

VI

133

Oak, Red

I

lit

v

101

Oak, Scarlet

III

69

XI

251

Oak, Shingle . .

XI

270

I

III

1
51

Oak, Spanish or Finger
Oak, Southern Red or
Schneck's . .

XI
XII

269
294

III

54

Oak, Swamp White..

III

66

I
I

7b

7a

Oak, Tanbark or Cal. Chest-
nut Oak

VI

138

VII
II

152
26a

Oak, Valley, Cal. White or
Weeping

VII

160

III

IT

53
26

Oak, Water, Duck or Pos-
sum

v

118

TV

79

Oak, White .

II

38

I

7

Oak, WThite-leaf

x

235

IX

203

Oak, Willow

XI

271

X
VI

241
129

Oak, Yellow, Black or Quer-
citron

VII

<H

Olive

VIII

186

IX

205

Orange

v

103

rv

79

Osage Orange

XII

291

rv

XI

in

84
266
63

Palm, Cal. Fan or Desert . . .
Palo Verde

VIII
VI

200
128

XTT

290

Palo Verde, Mountain

IX

204

VII

151

Papaw. Custard Apple

IV

76

VII

164

Paulownia. Princess-tree . .
Pear .

XII
III

288
57

IX

202

Pecan

XI

?67

VII
IX

159
201

Pepper, Chili or False Pep-
per-tree

VIII

178

"III

177

Pepper-wood

VII

159

Pepperidge

I

q

XI

268

Persimmon

III

61

I

X
IX

II

VII

12

234
214
39
162

Pine, Big-cone or Coulter . . .
Pine, Cal. Scrub or Lodge-
pole
Pine, Fox-tail or Balfour . . .
Pine, Gray-leaf or Digger . . .
Pine, Gray, Jack or North-
ern Scrub

VII

VI
X
VIII

IV

169

148
246
19

99

VII

161

Pine, Jersey or Scrub
Pine Knob-cone

IV
IX

98
222

III

67

Pine Limber

x

243

III

VI

68
137

Pine, Loblolly, Old-field or
Rosemary

XI

?,74

V
IX

116
215

Pine, Long-leaf, Georgia or
Hard

v

1?4

mi

192

Pine, Lowland Spruce or
Cedar

V

123

60

HOUGH'S AMERICAN WOODS.

Pine, Mexican Pifion, Parry
or Four-leaf

Pine, Monterey

Pine, Mountain White

Pine, Nut or Pifion, Single-lf.

Pine, Oregon

Pine, Pitch

Pine, Pond

Pine, Prickle-cone, Cal.
Swamp, Bishops or Obispo

Pine, Red or " Norway " . . . .

Pine, Sand or Fla. Scrub

Pine, Slash, Cuban or Bas-
tard

Pine, Sugar . . .

Pine, Tablo-mountain

Pine, Torrey, Soledad or Del
Mar

Pine, White or Weymouth . . .

Pine, White-bark

Pine, W'n Yellow or Bull ....

Pine, Yellow, Short-lf . or Spruce

Planer-tree

Plum, American or Wild ....

Plum, Pacific or W'n Wild..

Plum, Canada or Wild

Poplar, Balsam

Poplar Large-toothed

Poplar, Lombardy

Poplar, Necklace

Poplar, Swamp or Downy. . .

Poplar, Trembling. Popple. . .

Poplar, White. Abele

Poplar, Yellow. Whitewood.

Prickly or Sea Ash. Tooth-
ache-tree, Pepper- wood ....

Pride of India. Bead-tree. . .

Privet, Swamp

Redwood, Coast VI

Redwood, Mountain

Rhododendron, Rose Bay, Cal.

Rhododendron, Rose Bay,

Great Laurel, Eastern ....

Sassafras

Shad-blow. Shad-bush. Ser-
vice-tree. June-berry ....

Shingle-wood

Silk-oak. Grevillea

Silk-tassel-tree. Quinine-tree

Silver-bell-tree. Snowdrop-tree

Smoke-tree, American. Chit-
timwood . . .

Soapberry, Wild China-tree..

Sorrel-tree. Sour-wood ....

Sour-berry. Sour-wood ....

ISparkleberry or Farkleberry

Spruce, Big-cone VII

Part.

X

VIII
VII
VIII
VI

No.

245
199
221
196
150

Spruce, Blue or Silver
Spruce, Douglas, Oregon Pine
Spruce, Engelmann or Mtn. .
Spruce, Red or Double
Spruce, Tide-land
Spruce, White

Part.
XI
VI
X
I
VI
IV

No.
275
150
247
20
149
100

II

50

Sumach, Dwarf

XII

279

V

121

Sumach, Laurel . . .

VIII

180

Sumach, Mahogany

VIII

179

VII

I

V
V

170
19
122

125

Sumach, Poison
Sumach, Stag-horn
Sweet-leaf. Horse Sugar....
Sycamore, Amer. Plane-tree..
Sycamore, Arizona . . .

XI

I

XII

I
x

255
5

285
13
232

VI

146

Sycamore, California

VI

135

XII
VTTT

298
197

Tafnarack or Hackmatack,
Eastern

I

23

II
X

49
244

Tamarack or Hackmatack,
Western

x

250

VI
III

147
75

Thorn, Thorn-apple or Haw,
Dotted

III

58

V

114

Thorn, Western

IX

?10

XI
IX
IV
II
I
III
II
IV
III

257

207
81
47
18
73
48
97
72

Thorn, Cock-spur or Newcastle
Thorn, Scarlet or Red
Titi. Buckwheat-tree
Titi, Red. Leatherwood
Tobacco, Tree or Wild
Torreya or Stinking Cedar,
Florida or Yew-leaf
Torreya or Wild Nutmeg,
California

IV
IV
V
V
VIII

V
VI

85
86
108
107

188

120
145

IV

96

Toyon or Tollon

VIII

181

I

V
V

2

106
105

Tulip-tree. White-wood ....

Walnut, Arizona or Mexican
Walnut, Black

I

X

II

2

233
35

V

111

Walnut, Cal

VIII

190

Walnut, White

I

14

VI
VI
VII

XII

143
142
158

284

WTattle, Green or Black
Wattle, Silver or Black
Willow, Black
Willow, California Black. . . .
Willow, Cal. W7hite or Bige-
low

IX
X

II

VI
VII

206
227
45
140

165

II
III

IX
IX
VI
XI

32

59
220
213
131
261

Willow, Desert or Flowering.
Willow, Long-stalk or Ward.
Willow, Missouri
Willow, Nuttall
Willow, Peach or Almond-lf.
Willow, Sandbar
Willow, Silky Sitka
Willow, Western Black

VI
XII
XII
VIII

III

XI
X

x

134
296
297
193
71

238
?37

XT

256

Willow, Yellow

II

46

XI

254

WTitch-Hazel

XII

281

XII
VIII
IX
VII

283
179

258
172

Yellow-wood. Gopher-wood.
Virgilia
Yew. Pacific .

XII
VI

280
144

GENERAL INDEX

TO BOTANICAL NAMES.

AMERICAN WOODS, PARTS I-XII.

That this list may serve a double purpose we are indicating with an asterisk (*)
the species of which we are prepared to furnish views (both as photographs and as
stereopticon slides) of isolated individual trees, showing habits of growth and
natural environment, the deciduous species generally both in leaf and leafless. We
are also prepared to furnish, photographed to a scale, similar views of the character-
istic barks and fresh leaves, flowers, fruits and leafless branchlets of most of the
species. Our views also comprise a considerable number of species not yet listed in
AMERICAN WOODS. Our mounts of woods for the stereopticon and for the microscope
comprise practically all of the list and several additional.

.1 bies amabilis
Abies balsamea
Abies concolor
Abies fraseri
Abies

Abies nobilis .............

Abies renusta ............

decnrrens .........

tnelanoxulon ......

Aeneia uiollissinia ........

A'-( r circinatum ..........

*Acer macrophyllum .......

*Acer negundo ............

*Acer pennsi/lranieum .....

* Acer rubrum .............

*Acer saccharinum L. (.1.

dasi/carpum Ehrh.) .....

*Acer saccharum March. (A.
saccharinum Wang.) ....

*Aesculus californica .......

Aesculus glabra ..........

*Aesculus hippocastanum ...
Aesculus octandra ........

*Ailanthus glandulosus ....

*Alnus Oregona ...........

Alnus rhombofolia ........

*Amelanchier canadensis T.
& G ...................

*Aralia spinosa ............

* Arbutus arizoniea ........

Arbutus menziesii ........

*Aretostaphylos manzanita
Parry (A. pungens HBK)
*Asimina triloba .

Part.

No.

X

249

I

22

VII

173

XII

300

IX

224

VII

174

IX

225

X

248

IX

206

VII

155

X

227

IX

203

VII

152

III

54

IV

79

III

53

II

26

VII

7

VI

127

XI

253

I

6

XII

278

I

4

X

217

VII

163

III

59

I

8

X

230

VI

132

VI

133

IV

76

Part No.

*Betula lenta II 44

*Betula lutea I 17

*Betula nigra IV 95

Betula occidentalis X 236

*Betula papyrifera Marsh.

(B. papyracea Ait.) II 43

* Betula populifolia Ill 70

Broussonetia papyrifera ... XI 266

*Bumelia lanuginosa XI 260

*Carpinus carolineana II 42

*Castanea dentata Borkh.
(C. vesca var. Americana

Michx.) II 40

*Castanea pumila XI 272

Castanopsis chrysophylla . . VI 139
*Catalpa catalpa Karst. (C.

big-nonioides Walt.) .... IV 89

*Ceanothus arboreus VIII 177

*Ceanothus sorediatus IX 202

*Ceanothus spinosus IX 201

Ceanothus thyrsiflorus .... ATII 151

*Celtis mississippiensis .... XI 265

*Celtis occidentalis I 12

*Cercidium Torreyamnn .... VI 128

Cercocarpus parvifolius ... VI 130

Cereus giganteus X 228

Chamaecyparis laicsoniana. . X 241

Chamaecyparis nootkatensis X 240

* Chamaecyparis thyoides . . . Ill 74
*Chilopsis linearis Sweet (C.

saligna Don) VI 134

Citrus aurantium V 103

Citrus limonum V 104

Cladrastris lutea . XII 280

62

HOUGH'S AMERICAN WOODS.

Part No.

Cliftonia monophylla Sarg.

(C. ligustrina Banks)...

*Cornus alternifolia

Cornus flordia

Cornus nuttallii

Cotinus americanus

*Crataegus coccinea L

*Cratavgus crus^gulli L

Crataegus douglasii

*Crataegus punctata Jacq. . .
*Cupressus arizonica

Cupressus goveniana

Cupressus macnabiana ....
* Cupressus macrocarpa ....

Cyrilla racemiftora

'Dalea spinosa Gray..
'Diospyros virginiana

Eucalyptus globulus
Eucalyptus rostrata

V
IV
IV
VIII
XI
IV
IV
IX

III

X

VII

IX

VIII

V

VII

III

VIII
IX

108

87

88

185

256

86

85

210

58

239

166

219

195

107

154
61

183
211

*Fagus americana Sweet. (F.

ferruginea Ait. )

Forestiera acuminata V

*Fraxinus americana

Fraxinus biltmoreana XII

Fraxinus caroliniana XII

Fraxinus dipetala X

Fraxinus lanceolata XI

* Fraxinus nigra Marsh. (F.

sambucifolia Lam.) Ill

*Fraxinus oregona VIII

*Fraxinus pennsylvanica

Marsh. (F. pubescens

Lam.) II

Fraxinus quadrangulata ... XI

Fraxinus velutina IX

Fremontodendron californi-
cum

Garry a .elliptica VI

Grevillea robusta IX

*Gleditschia aquatica Marsh.

(G. monosperma Walt.). V 109
*Gleditschia (or Gleditsia)

triacanthos II

Gordonia lasianthus V

*Gymnocladus dioicus Koch.

(G. Canadensis Lam.)... II 27

16

111

10

287
286
231
262

62

187

31

263
212

X 226

131
213

28
102

Hamamelis virginiana XII 281

ffeteromeles arbutifolia . . . VIII 181
*Hicoria alba Britt. (Carya

tomentosa Nutt. ) IV 90

*Hicoria aquatica Britt.

(Carya aquatica Nutt.) . V 115
*Hicoria glabra Britt.

( Carya porcina Nutt. ) . . . Ill 65

Part No.
*Hicoria laciniosa. ( Carya

sulcata) Ill 64

*Hicoria microcarpa Britt.

(Carya microcarpa Nutt.) IV 91
*Hicoria minima Britt.

(Carya amara Nutt.) .... II 37
*Hicoria ovata Britt. (Carya

alba Nutt. )

II

*Hicoria pecan XI

Hicoria villosa . XII

Ilex cassine

Ilex monticola

*Ilex opaca

*Juglans californica . .

*Juglans cinerea

*Juglans nigra

*Juglans rupestris ....
* Juniper us californica .
Juniperus occidentalis
*Juniperus pachyphloea
*Juniperus virginiana .

*Larix americana

*Larix occidentalis

*Libocedrus decurrens

*Liquidambar styraciflua . .
* Liriodendron tulipifera . . .
* Lyonothamnus ftoribundus

* Magnolia acuminata

Magnolia fraseri

Magnolia glauca

Magnolia grandiflora

Melia azedarach

Mohrodendron Carolinum.

*Morus alba

*Morus rubra

Myrica californica

Myrica cerifera

*Nicotiana glauca

Nyssa aquatica

A7t/ssa ogeche

*Nyssa sylvatica (N. multi-
flora)

*0lea europea

*0puntia tuna

Osmanthus americanus

& H

*Ostrya virginica

*0xydendrum arboreum .

*Parkinsonia microphylla
*Pauloivnia tomentosa .

36
267
292

XII 276

XI 252

III 52

VIII 190

I 14

II 35

X 233

VII 167

VII 168

X 242

I 25

Kalmia latifolia XI 259

I 23

X 250

VI 141

III 60

I 2

VIII 182

I 1

XI 251

III 51

V 101

V 105

XI 261

XII 290

III 63

VII 164

XI 268

VIII 188

XII 282

V 110

VIII 186

VIII 184

V 112

II 41

XII 283

IX 204

XII 288

GENERAL INDEX TO BOTANICAL NAMES.

63

Persea borbonea

Persea pubescens Sarg. (P.
carolinensis var. palustris

Chap. )

*Picea canadensis B. S. P.

(P. alba Link)

Picea engelmanni

*Picea parryana (P. pungens)

* Picea rubens Sarg. (Abies

nigra Poir. in part )

*Picea sitchensis

Pinus albicaulis

*Pinus attenuata

Pinus balfouriana

Pinus clausa

Pinus contorta

Pinus coulteri

*Pinus divaricata Gord. (P.

Banksiana Lamb.)

* Pinus echinata Mill. (P.

mitis Michx.)

Pinus flexilis

Pinus glabra

Pinus heterophulla Sudw.

(P. cubensis Griseb.) ....

*Pinus Jambertiana

* Pinus monophi/lla

Pinus nwnticola

Pinus muricata

*Pinus palustris

* Pin us irtndcrosa

Pinus pungens

Pinus quadrifolia

* Pinus radiata

* Pinus resinosa

* Pinus rigida

Pinus sabiniana

Pinus serotina

* Pinus strobus

Pinus taeda

* Pinus torre uana

Pinus Virginiana Mill. (P.

inops Ait. )

Planera aquatica

*Platanus occidentalis

*Platanus racemosa

*Platanus irrightii

*Populus alba

*Populus balsamifera

*Populus deltoides Marsh.
(P. moniUfera Ait.)

* Populus dilatata

Populus fretnontii

* Populus grandidcnto

*Popuhis heterophulla

* Populus tremuloides

Populus trirhorarpa

*Prosopis juliflora

Prosopis odorata

Part

No.

XI

264

V

113

IV

100

X

247

XI

275

I

20

VI

149

X

244

IX

222

X

246

V

122

VI

148

vn

169

IV

99

in

75

X

243

V

123

V

125

VI

146

VIII

196

IX

221

VII

170

V

124

VI

147

XII

298

X

245

VIII

190

I

19

II

50

VIII

198

V

121

II

49

XI

274

VIII

197

IV

98

V

114

I

13

VI

135

X

232

IV

96

II

47

II

48

III

73

VIII

194

I

18

IV

97

III

72

IX

218

VI

129

IX

205

Prunus americana

*Prunus avium

* Prunus cerasus

Prunus ilicifolia

Prunus mollis Walp. (P.

emarginata villosa Sudw.)

*Prunus nigra

*Prunus pennsylvanica

* Prunus serotina . .'

Prunus subcordata

Pseudotsuga macrocarpa . .

*Pseudotsuga taxifolia

*Ptelea trifoliata

*Pyrus communis

*Pyrus coronaria

*Pyrus malus

*Pyrus rivularis

*Quercus acuminata Houba.
(Q. Muhlenbergii En-

gelm.)

*Quercus agrifolia

*Quercus alba

Quercus californica

Quercus chrysolepis

*Quercus coccinea

Quercus densiflora

*Quercus digitata

* Quercus douglasii

*Quercus emoryi

*Quercus engelmanni

Quercus garryana

*Quercus hypoleuca

* Quercus imbricaria

Quercus laurifolia

Quercus lobata

Quercus lyrata

*Quercus macdonaldi

*Quercus macrocarpa

Quercus Michauxii

*Quercus minor Sarg. (Q.

obtusiloba Michx. )

*Quercus nigra (Q. aquatica
Walt.)

Quercus palustris Muench . .

*Quercus phellos

*Quercus platanoides Sudw.
(Q. bicolor Willd.)

Quercus prinus

*Quercus rubra

*Quercus te&ana

Quercus tomentella

*Quercus velutina Lam. (Q.

tinctoria Bartr. )

*Quercus virginiana Mill.
( Q. virens Ait. )

Quercus wislizeni

*Rhamnus cathartica

Part No.

XI 257

III 56

IV 82
VII 156

IX 208

IV 81

III 55
II 29

IX 207

VII 172

VI 150

IV 77

III 57

IV 83
II 30

IX 209

III 68

VI 137

II 38

VII

VII

III

V
IV

162
161
69

VI 138

XI 269

IX 214

X 234

IX 215

VI 136

X 235

XI 270

XII 295

VII 160

XII 293

IX 216

II 39

116

IV 92

118
94

XI 271

III 66

III 67
I 15

XII 294

VII 191

IV 93

V 117

VIII 192

XII 277

HOUGH'S AMERICAN WOODS.

*Rhamnus insularis

*Rhamnus purshiana

Rhododendron calif ornicum .

Rhododendron maximum . .

*Rhus copallina

*Rhus hirta Sudw. (R.
typhina L. )

Rhus integrifolia

Rhus laurina

Rhus ovata

*Rhus vernix

*Ricinus communis

*Robinia pseudacacia

* Salix alba, var. vitellina . . .

* Salix amygdaloides

Salix ftuviatilis

Salix laevigata

Salix lasiandra

Salix lasiolepis

Salix longipes

Salix missouriensis

*Salix nigra

Salix nuttallii

Salix sitchensis

*Sambucus glauca

Sam bucus mexicana

*Sapindus drummondi

*Sassafras, sassafras Karst.
(8. Officinale N. & E.) .. .

Schinus molle

*Sorbus scopulina Greene
(Pyrus sambucifolia C. &

S.)

*Sequoia washing toniana
Sudw. (8. gigantea
Descn. )

* Sequoia sempervirens End!..
Symplocos tinctoria

Part

No.

VIII

176

VI

126

VII

158

XII

284

XII

279

I

5

VIII

179

VIII

180

VII

153

XI

255

VIII

189

IV

80

II

46

III

71

XI

27,>

VI

140

X

237

VII

165

XII

296

XII

297

II

45

VIII

193

X

238

VII

157

X

229

II

254

II

32

VIII

178

IV

84

VI

142

VI

143

XII

285

*Taxodium distichum-

*Taxus brevifolia

* Thuja occidentalis

* Thuja plicata (T, gigantea)

*Tilia americana

*Toxylon pomiferum

*Tsuga canadensis Carr.
( Abies Canadensis Michx. )

Tsuga caroliniana

Tsuga heterophylla

Tsuga mertensiana Carr.

(T. Pattoniana Engel.) . .

*Tumion californicum Greene

(Torreya Calif or nica

Torr.)

Tumion taxifoliutn Greene
( Torreya taxifolia Arn. ) .

Vlmus alata

*Ulmus americana

*Utmu8 thomasi (U. race-

mosa)

*Ulmus pubescens Walt. (U.

fulva Michx. )

Umbellularia calif 'arnica. . . .

*Vaccinium arbor eum
* V it-is aestivalis .

Part

V

VI

I

IX
III
XII

I

XII
IX

I

VII

No.

119

144

24

220

3

291

21
299
223

VII 171

VI 14o

V 120

XII 289

II 33

II 34

11
159

XI 258
IV 78

*Washingtonia filifera ro-
busta Parish (W. fila-
mentosa 0. K. ) VII 200

Xanthoxylum clava-herculis. V 106
*Yucca arborescens .. VII 175

HANDBOOK OF THE TREES

OF THE NORTHERN STATES AND CANADA, EAST OF THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS.

PHOTO-DESCRIPTIVE.
ROMEYN BECK HOUGH, AUTHOR AND PUBLISHER

HANDBOOK OPENED AT RED OAK.

Observe that two pages facing each other are demoted to a species. In this way all of the trees

are treated.

SHIS work is ''photo-descriptive," in that the distinctive characteristics of the various
species are shown in carefully made photographic illustrations. So completely has
this plan been carried out. after a vast amount of experiment and field work, that
the book enables one who has never studied botany to easily identify the trees by com-
parison with its illustrations. It appeals alike to the amateur observer of trees, the lum-
bermen and the technical botanist.

Its illustrations cover the field in the following five exclusive particulars : •

(1) Leaves and Fruits in fresh condition, against a background ruled into square
inches (a unique plan, original with the author) whereby natural sizes are at once ap-
parent, and so perfect are the pictures that even minute details, as nature of surface, etc..
are distinctly shown.

(2) Leafless Twigs, generallv a full season's growth, showing the characters by
which the trees may be identified in winter — a revelation to those who have thought ft
possible to identify trees only in summer.

(3) Typical Barks Of Trees as found in field and forest with natural environment, a
1-foot rule being affixed to indicate size. They show the characters by which the wood-
man knows the trees.

(4) Wood Structures (transverse) of at least one species of each genus, magnified
fifteen diameters, to aid in the identifying of woods. This feature is of special value to
dealers and workers in woods.

(5) Maps Indicating1 Distributions of the various trees.

The illustrations represent 690 negatives, all made on account of scientific value, and
the maps 191 line engravings. The text gives important information as to botanical char-
acters, habitats, uses, etc., and carefully prepared keys and a glossary. Royal octavo,
X + 470 pages. Size of page, 6f x 9^ inches.

Price $6 in buckram binding ; $8 in half morocco. Expressage prepaid. Sample
pages sent on request.

What Critics and Patrons say of the "Handbook of the Trees."

"Am greatly impressed with the very thorough man-
ner in which each tree is illustrated. The half tones of
trunks and foliage are exceedingly attractive. I am glad
to have a copy."

Gifford Pinchot, Forester, Washington, D. C.

"Your HANDBOOK OF TREES is the most ideal handbook
I have ever seen. The plan of illustrating each species
by photographic pictures of the trunk, branchlets, leaves
and fruit, accompanied by a concise description of the
species, and a map showing its geographic distribution,
was a happy conception, and the mechanical advantage
of bringing these together on facing pages, so as to fall
under the eye at once, is an additional help to all who use
the book. It appeals to me as a model in treatment and
execution and is by far the most convenient book I have
ever seen for the ready identification of natural history
objects. The time! labor and expense necessary in secur-
ing fresh specimens of upwards of 200 species of trees
from various parts of the country for illustration must
have been very great : your success is a lastin? tribute to
your patience, perseverance and photographic skill."
C. Hart Merriam, Chief U. S. Biological Survey.

"Just the sort of thing we want, and in every way
more valuable than anything we have."

Alfred Gaskill, -State Forester of N. J.

" It is doubtful if any book placed before the public
in recent years possesses the peculiar charm of this
HANDBOOK OF THE TREES. A veritable encyclopedia of
hard-won knowledge, and the manner of presentation is
as beautiful and fascinating as it is scientifically accurate
and generally instructive. No observer of the trees that
we can recall has performed such a valuable service as
Mr. Hough in his book. Never was a camera used to
better purpose than in the preparation of this work. Full
information is given in the text, which also contains an
analytical key, glossary and index, which are the best of
their kind we have ever seen. A unique feature, which
should commend the work to lumbermen, timber holders,
cruisers and those identified with the lumber and timber
interests, is the series of magnified wood structures,
designed as an aid in identifying timbers."

St. Louis Lumberman.

" Altogether the most interesting and most valuable
book on trees that I have ever seen. It is a fine example
of an excellent plan thoroughly carried out, and is worth
fully double the amount you charge for it. Send me six
more copies for presentation to friends in England."
W. H. Boardman, Editor Railroad Gazette.

" It is impossible to convey in a few words an adequate
impression of the value and beauty of the 'HANDBOOK.'
It is a mine of valuable information, and with it the
.study of trees becomes a delightful diversion."

W. T. Hornaday, Director N. Y. Zoological Park.

"The most satisfactory volume I possess on the subject,
out of a total of some 250 books on this and kindred
subjects." Dean Alvord, New York.

" The most valuable guide to its subject ever published.
Mr. Hough is the author of a most facinating publica-
tion called AMERICAN WOODS, which embodying the
results of many years of close pursuit of knowledge in
the field, is of the most exceptional excellence. * * *
He has made a wholly novel entrance in the chronicle of
nature and has given to the world an unexampled work.
The illustrations are all presented with an invaluable
guide to proportions in the method of a ruled background,
giving square inches as a measure. This device of Mr.
Hough's is most welcome The photographs are de-
lightful to any wanderer of the woods. We shall ever be
grateful to Mr. Hough for his sincere and generous
help." Springfield Republican.

"While prepared to see a fine work, I confess my
deals are far surpassed. It is most choice. No man
who loves trees should be without it. The whole ex-
ecution of the work, subject-matter and illustrations
are beautiful, and my family and myself are highly
delighted." Dr. Jas. H. Jackson, Dansville, N. Y.

" Many attempts have been made to bring into popular
form such descriptions of our trees as would enable the
amateur to recognize the various species at different
seasons. It has remained for Mr. Romeyn B. Hcugh to
produce a book that adequately accomplishes this laud-
able purpose. But it does much more, it brings to the
forester, lumberman, cultivator and botanist alike such a
compact and comprehensive portraval of the trees as has
never before been at his service. The book may be com-
mended as indispensable for all students of trees."

Botanical Gazette.

"Admirably adapted to the average person who wants
to be able to tell the trees apart with the least possible
study." The Outlook.

"There is nothing but praise for the work as a whole."

The Nation.

"A book of the utmost value. Should be in the hands
of everybody who has a patriotic pride in the forests of
our country." Collier's Weekly.

"An extraordinarily thorough and attractive hand-book
of the trees, furnished with realistic illustrations that al-
most carry the scent and touch of the original."

New York Times, Saturday Book Review.

"Of greatest value to foresters, lumbermen, botanists,
nature students and sportsmen. We cannot recommend
the book too highly to those fond of nature study and the
forest." Forest and Stream.

"Without question the best book of its kind on the mar-
ket at present. For every lover of trees and for the man
who 'wants to know '. there is no other book so helpful.
I cannot speak too highly of the book."

Gustav Straubenmueller, Associate Supt.
Schools, New York.

"The most interesting work on trees that I have ever
seen, and I own nearly all that have been published in the
United States." John Alden, Lawrence, Mass.

" A perfectly delightful book. The illustrations of the
leaves, fruits, etc., are very fine indeed, while the illustra-
tions of the trunks, are works of art. To every lover of
trees this book will be a source of inspiration."

Dr. J. N. Rose, U. S. National Herbarium.

"Unique and beautiful, as well as extremely useful, it
deserves a place in the library of every tree lover in the
world." The Dial.

"The deep and widespread interest in nature study has
brought out many books, but none more thoroughly help-
ful than Mr. Hough's HANDBOOK OF THE TREES. It is
the work of a practical forester, scientifically accurate in
his observations and record, a master of descriptive pho-
tography, and withal a true lover of the tree."

The Christian Advocate.

" No other book that has been made — and it is safe to
say no other that will be made— can take the place of
this masterly production. * * * No library, public or
private, is complete without it, and no school should be
without it. Eight dollars may seem a large price before
you have seen what it buys, but when you have seen you
will wonder that it is so inexpensive."

Dr. A. E. Winship, in Journal of Education.

"By far the most useful book I have ever seen for
libraries to give to most readers. One wholly unfamiliar
with botany can easily identify the trees."

Melvil Dewey, Pres. Amer. Library lust., in
address before the Vermont State Library Asso-
ciation.

"Surely the" book should be upon the shelves of every
library for the use of the lovers of trees, botanists, lum-
bermen, etc. Mr. Hough comes of his love of trees by
inheritance, as his father was the late Dr. Franklin B.
Hough, the first U. S. Commissioner of Forestry."

• Bangor Weekly Commercial.

PREPARATIONS OF WOODS FOR STEREOPTICON

These are transverse
sections from 1-400 to 1-600
in. thick, mounted be-
tween glass of standard
stereopticon- slide size. 3^
x4 in., and enable the dis-
play of characteristic
wood structures, projected
from nature itself, in a
most satisfactory manner.
The wood section covers
a circular field generally
2f in in diameter on the
slide.

Price, 50 cents each;
$10 per twenty-five, the
purchaser's selection.

Views of Typical
Trees, Etc. Having
rather unusual opportun-
ity of studying trees in
the field, on account of
personally gathering the
woods used in AMERI-
CAN WOODS, the author
is in the habit of making
photographs that are of
special interest in the
study of trees.

The. subjects selected
are mainly as follows :

(a) Isolated individual
trees showing habit of
growth, natural environ-
ment, etc. (b) ^Iwrncttr-
istic barks, (c) t tower* and
leaves at flowering season.
Fruits and mature leaves, (e) Leafless braneJilfts showing winter character. Natural sizes

are always indicated and specimens shown in fresh condition.

Prices : Photographs unmounted, 20 cents ; mounted, 25 cents ; stereopticon slides, 50

cents ; 25 for $10.00.

MOUNTS OF WOODS FOR MICROSCOPE.

These are transverse, radial and tangential sections, mostly 1-1200 in. thick, stained
with methyl green and mounted in Canada balsam. These are indispensable in the study
of wood technology. Prices, 50 cents each; f 10.00 per twenty-five, the purchaser's selec-
tion.

tyit may interest our patrons of AMERICAN WOODS to know that we carry in
stock a supply of wood sections, such as are mounted in that work, and that we are pre-
pared, to replace any that may become damaged or soiled. Our charge is 10 cents per
specimen. The price of AMERICAN WOODS is $5.00 per part in cloth binding: $7.50
in half morocco: single specimen-pages, 25 cents: five for $1.00: twenty-five for $4.00;
texts. 50 cents each

ROMEYN B. HOUGH COMPANY,

LOWVILLE, N. Y.

276. ILEX UASSIINE L.
Cassena Holly. Dahoon. Henderson-wood.

TRANSVERSE SECTION

RADIAL SECTION.

TANGENTIAL SECTION.

Ger. Cassena Stechpalme, ^v. I

8p. Acebo de Cassena*

Houx de Cassena*

Houf h, B A., LovrvfM*, N. V., U. S. A,

276. ILEX CASSINE L.

Cassena Holly. Dahoon. Henderson-wood

js**Xd^m

TRANSVERSE SECTION

RADIAL SECTION.

TANGENTIAL SECTION

Cassena Stechpalme.

Houx de Cassena,

Acebo de Cassena*

•d* fey *om*yfi 8. H«ugn, B. A , Low\

277. RHAMNUS CATHARTICA L.

Common or European Buckthorn. Waythorn.

TRANSVCHSC SECTION

RADIAL SECTION

TANGCNTfAt SECTION.

Stechdorn* Fr. Nerprun,

$P. Ramno cathartico.

>ut>n«h*a and Sect

277. RHAMNUS CATHARTICA L

Common or European Buckthorn* Waythorn*

TRANSVERSE SECTION

RADIAL SECTION.

TANGENTIAL SECTION.

Stechdorn*

Nerprun«

sp. Ramno cathartico.

278. AESCULUS OCTANDRA MARSH

Yellow Buckeye* Sweet Buckeye.

TRANSVERSE SECTION,

RADIAL SECTION,

TANGENTIAL SECTION.

Gelbe Rosskastanie*

Fr. Marronnler jaune«

Castano de caballo amarillo*

and Section* mad* by tom«yn ft. H«uoh, B. A., Lowvtlt*. M. V.. U.

278. AESCULUS OCTANDRA MARSH

Yellow Buckeye, Sweet Buckeye,

TRANSVERSE SECTION

RADIAL SECTION.

TANGENTIAL SECTION.

/

Ger. Gelbe Rosskastanie. *v. Marronnier jaune,

8p. Castano de caballb amarillo,

~---"-i»d end »«otlon« mad* toy Romvyn B. Hoiigh, B. A., Lowvilt*, N.

279. RHUS COPALLINA L

Dwarf Sumach,

TRANSVERSE SECTION

RADIAL SECTION.

TANGENTIAL SECTION.

Zwerg-Sumach. FT. Sumac natn.

8p. Zumaquc £nano.

279. RHUS COPALLINA L,

Dwarf Sumach*

TRANSVERSE SECTION

RADIAL SECTION

,

Zwerg-Sumach* Fr. Sumac nain.
s/>. Zumaque cnano.

by Homey n B. Hough, B.

CLADRASTIS LUTEA KOCH

Gopher-wood* Virgilia*

TRANSVERSE SECTION

RADIAL SECTION.

TANGENTIAL SECTION.

Gelb-holtz*

Bois jaune*

Sp. Madera amarilla.

id* by Rom«yn B, Hough, S. A., Lowvlll*, N. Y.,

280, CLADRAS TEA KOCH

Yellow-wood. Gopher-wood* Vtrgilia,

TRANSVERSE SECTION

RADIAL SECTION.

TANGENTIAL SECTION.

Gelb-holtz,

Bois jaun<

Madera amarilla.

icta by Romoyn S. Hough, B. A., L

281. HAMAMELIS VIRGINIANA L

Witch-hazel.

^

TRANSVtHSE SECTION

RADIAL SECTION.

TANGENTIAL SECTION.

Zauberstrauch. FT. Noisetier dcs sorcieres
&P. Bruxa-avellano.

281. HAMAMELIS VIRGINIANA L,

Witch-hazel.

TRANSVERSE SECTION

RADIAL SECTION.

TANGENTIAL SECTION.

Zauberstrauch. Fr. Noisetier des sorcieres,
Sp. Bruxa-avellano.

282. NYSSA AQUATIGA MARSH

Cotton Gum. Tupelo Gum. Large Tupelo.

Dl

TRANSVERSE SECTION

RADIAL SECTION.

TANGENTIAL SECTION

Grosser Gummibaum.

aum. FT. Gommier grand*

Tupelo grande*

by Romvyn B. Houghf B. A., LowviM*, N.

282. NYSSA AQUATICA MARSH

Cotton Gum* Tupelo Gum. Large Tupelo.

TRANSVERSE SECTION

RADIAL SECTION.

/ TANGENTIAL SECTION.

Grosser Gummibaum,

aum* Fr. Gommier grand.

Tupelo grande*

283. OXYDENDRUM ARBOREUM DG>,

Sorrel-Tree. Sour- Wood*

TRANSVERSE SECTION

RADIAL SECTION.

TANGENTIAL SECTION.

Sauerampferbaum, fr. Arbre d'oseille,

Sp. Arbol de acedera.

10* By «ofr»«yn B. Hough, ft. A.

283. OXYDENDRUM ARBOREUM DC

Sorrel-Tree. Sour- Wood,

TRANSVERSE SECTION

RADIAL SECTION.

TANGENTIAL SECTION

Sauerampferbaum.

FT. Arbre d'oseille.

Arbol de acedera.

284. RHODODENDRON MAXIMUM L

Rose Bay. Great Laurel.

•RANSVERSE SECTION

RADIAL SECTION.

TANGENTIAL 8ECTIO

Groszer Rosenlorbe

lorbe Fn« Rhododendron grand.
Rhododendron grande*

A., tQwvilf*, N. Y.

284. RHODODENDRON MAXIMUM

Rose Bay. Great Laurel.

TRANSVERSE SECTION

RADIAL SECTION

TANGENTIAL SECTION

Groszer Rosenlorbeer. Fr. Rhododendron grand
*s>. Rhododendron grande.

285. SYMPLOCOS TINCTORIA L'HER

Sweet-leat. Horse-Sugar,

TRANSVERSE SECTION

RADIAL SECTION

TANGENTIAL SECTION.

Zuckerblatt

Fr. Fcuille sucrcc*

Hota dulca.

•0e by Rom*yn B. Hough, B. A., Co

285. SYMPLOCOS TINCTORIA L'HER

Sweet-leaf. Horse-Sugar.

r

•••••••BBBBI

TRANSVERSE SECTION

RADIAL SECTION

/ TANGENTIAL SECT!

Zuckerblatt.

Feuilie sucree,

286. FRAXINUS CAROLINIANA M

Water Ash.

••••K

TRANSVERSE SECTION

RADIAL SECTION.

•ANGCNTIAL SECTION

Wasser-Esche*

Frene d'eaa

Fresno de agua.

t»y Romvyn B. Hough, B. A., LowviM*.

286. FRAXINUS CAROLINIANA IV.

TRANSVERSE SECTION

RADIAL SECTION.

/ TANGENTIAL SEC1

Wasser-Esche.

Fresno de agua,

287. FRAXINUS BILTMORIANA BEADLE

Biltmore Ash*

TRANSVERSE SECTION

RADIAL SCCTfON,

-

AL ICCTION.

Biltmore Esche.

FrSne de Blitmore

sp. Fresno de Biltrnore.

287. FRAXINUS BILTMORIANA BEADLE

Biltmore Ash.

TRANSVERSE SECTION

/ TANGENTIAL «

<?er. Biltmore Esche,

Frene de Btltn

Fresno de Btltmore.

288. PAULOWNIA TOMENTOSA BAILEY

Paulownia. Princess-tree*

r" HK§

anl

•BBH

TRANSVERSE SECTION

RADIAL SECTION

TANGENTIAL SECTION

Princessinn-Baum, Fr. Arbre de princesse*
•Sp. Arbol de princesa.

288. PAULOWNIA TOMENTOSA BAILEY

Paulownia, Princess-tree,

TRANSVERSE SECTION

RADIAL SECTION.

TANGENTIAL SECTION,

Ger. Princessinn-Baum, FT. Arbre de princesse,
SP. Arbol de princesa*

tAcrtlnn* mmam tav Rom*vn ft. Houob, B A

289. ULMUS ALATA M»CHX

Winged Elm.

TRANSVERSE SECTION

RADIAL SECTION.

TANGENTIAL SECTION.

Bcflugelte Ulme, Fr. Ormc aile,

9p. Olmo alado.

280. ULMUS ALATA MICHX

Winged Elm,

RANSVERSE SECTION

RADIAL SECTION.

/ TANGENTIAL SECTION

Beflugelte Ulme,

FT. Orme aile<

Olmo alado.

290. MORUS ALBA L

White Mulberry.

RANSVERSE SECTION

RADIAL SECTION.

TANGENTIAL SECTION.

Weisze Maulbeerbaum. FT. Murier blanc
SP* Moral bianco.

>ugh, B. A., L<

290. MORUS ALBA L

White Mulberry,

TRANSVERSE SECTION

RADIAL SECTION.

TANGENTIAL SECTION

Weisze Maulbeerbaurru .FT. Murier blanc,
*>. Moral bianco.

291. TOXYLON POMIFERUM RAP.

Osage Orange*

TRANSVERSE SECTION

RADIAL SECTION

TANGENTIAL SECTION.

Bogen-Holz,

Fr. Bois d'Arc%

sp. Madera de area

id* by Rom«yn B. Hough, B. A., LowviU*, N. Y., U. S. A.

29 I . TOXYLON POMIFERUM RAF

Osage Orange,

TRANSVERSE SECTION

RADIAL SECTION.

/ TANGENTIAL SECTION.

Bogen-Hob*

FT. Bois d'Arc,

Madcra de arco*

292. HICORIA VILLOSA ASHE

Pale-leaf Hickory.

TRANSVERSE SECTION

RADIAL SECTION.

TANGENTIAL SECTION.

Zottigc Hickory. Fr. Noyer villeaux*

Sp. Nogal velludo.

Pu6ll«h«d »nd S*otlon» mad* by Rom*yn 8. Hough, B. A., Lowvlll*.

292. HICORIA VILLOSA ASHE

Pale-leai Hickory*

TRANSVERSE SECTION

RADIAL SECTION.

TANGENTIAL SECTION.

Zottige Hickory. FT. Noycr villeaux,

Sp. Nogal velluda

»*• by Romcyn ft. Houf n, 8. A , Lowv

293. QUERCUS LYRATA WALT

Over-cup Oak.

TRANSVERSE SECTION,

RADIAL SECTION

TANGENTIAL SECTION

Uberkelch-Eiche. FT. Che ne lyre,
&P. Roble de pantano.

293. QUERCUS LYRATA WAL
Over-cup Oak.

TRANSVERSE SECTION

RADIAL SECTION.

/ TANGENTIAL SEC'

Uberkelch-Eiche, FT. Chene lyre*
Sp. Roble de pantano.

294. QUERCUS TEXANA BUCKL

Southern Red Oak. Schneck's Oak,

TRANSVERSE SECTION

RAOIAt SECTION.

= " . -

TANGENTIAL SECTION.

.Sudliche Rothe Eiche, fr. Chene rouge du sui
Sp. Roble rojo meridional

294. QUERCUS TEXANA BUCK

Southern Red Oak* Schneck's Oak.

TRANSVERSE SECTION

OIAL SECTION

TANGENTIAL SECTION

Sudliche Rothe Eiche. Fr. Chene rouge du su4
SP- Roble rojo meridional.

295, QUERCUS LAURIFOLIA MICHX,

Laurel Oak*

TRANSVERSE SECTION

RADIAL SECTION.

TANOITNTlAk SECTION.

Lorbeer-Eiche,

dene de laurier,

Sp. Roble de laurel.

&. Hough, 8, A., Lowvtf

295. QUEROUS LAURIFOLIA MICHX

Laitrel Oak.

TRANSVERSE SECTION,

RADIAL SECTION

^^f^3IS_=-

Lorbeer-Etche* rr.. Chene de laurier,

$P. Roble de laurel.

ly Ronn«yn 8 H»ugt>, S A , L ow\

296. SALIX LONGIPES ANDERS

Long-stalk Willow. Ward Willow.

TRANSVERSE SECTION

RADIAL SECTION

TANGENTIAL SECTION

Langstengel-Weide. FT. Saule a tigc long,

sp. Sauce de tallo largo*

•.tie byKomeyn B. Hough, B. A,

296, SALIX LONQIPES ANDERS

Long-stalk Willow* Ward Willow.

TRANSVERSE SECTION

RADIAL SECTION

Langstengel-Weide* FT. Saule a tige long,

SP. Sauce de tallo largo.

Published and sec-Hon

297. SALIX MISSOURIENSIS MUEHL,

Missouri Willow*

TRANSVERSE SECTION

RADIAL SECTION.

TANCENTIAL SECTION.

Missouri Weide,

Saule de Missouri*

Sauce de Missouri*

Publi*h*a and S-etiona mad* by Romvyn B. Houah. 8, A.. Lowville. N Y.. U. S. A.

297. SALIX MISSOURIENSIS MUEHL,
Missouri Willow.

TRANSVERSE SECTION

RADIAL SECTION.

/ TANGENTIAL SECTION.

Missouri Weide*

FT. Saule de Missouri

Sauce de Missouri.

298. PINUS PUNGENS MICHX.

Table-mountain Pine.

TRANSVERSE SECTION

RADIAL SECTION.

TANGENTIAL SECTION.

Tafelberg-Fichte* FT* Pin de plateau*

8p. Pino de Mesa,

wl mna 8«ctton* matt* bv Rom«vn E. Houoh. 8. A Lowvtll*. N. V.. U. S. A.

298. PINUS PUNGENS MICHX

Table-mountain Pine*

TRANSVERSE SECTION

RADIAL SECTION.

TANGENTIAL SECTION.

Tafelberg-Fichte.

FT. Pin de plateau.

&p. Pino de Mesa.

299. TSUGA CAROLINIANA ENGELM

Carolina Hamlock,

TRANSVERSE SECTION.

RADIAL SECTION

TANGENTIAL SECTION.

Carolina Tanne, FT. Pruche de Caroline*
SP. Abeto de Carolina,

299. TSUGA CAROLINIANA ENGELM

Carolina Hamlock.

TRANSVERSE SECTION

RADIAL SECTION.

I TANGENTIAL SEC

Carolina Tanne* **>. Pruche de Caroli
SP, Abeto de Carolina.

id* by Rorneyn B. Houg)

300. ABIES FRASERI LINDL
Eraser Fir.

\

TRANSVERSE SECTION

RADIAL SECTION

TANGENTIAL SECTION.

Oer. Eraser Tanne.

Tanne. fr. Sapin de Fraser,
Sp. Abeto de Fraser,

300. ABIES FRASERI LINDL

Fraser £

TRANSVERSE SECTION,

RADIAL SECTION.

TANGENTIAL SECTION,

Oer. Frascr Tanne, Fr. Sapin de Eraser,
Sp. Abcto de Fraser,

^utoll»h«d and Section* m*«« t>y Romvy

T

Hough. R.B*

A__^V-M£ x% r» v> -«i

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M1755S5 ^^

810,

THE

*
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY

PLATES 276-300

Collate before charging
before discharging.

and

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