A COMPLETE

a MANUAL OF INSTRUCTIONS 2:

FOR

lier PR J NG

oe
CARL STRACK,

President of the Enterprise Silk Co.

PRICE, 25 CENTS.
(500 Copies $50.)

LA SALLE, TLD.

THE ENTERPRISE SILK CO., PUBLISHERS.

pe Te | ene :

8 IGA POS

CONTENTS,

3 Page
PPETARG iy oo .0 20) ha eo a eee ssa ARR NEA oS 1s 5)
Tam Sink: Worm—T We Bloor ay a rei. vet lek scents aut 5
Winterin? tine a cast So Nats maaan ith, a fae tee 5
Hatchino. the ies 1) eo Nava pee bot seln ar tna anne 8
be Worn cs. Se i Eee ne Be Oh. eS Niaigene Q
Feeding and Rearing the Worm,
Pirst' Ager: . G0 Rete e U2 Wee hice ice tate 10
second, Third and Porth A @isinicere.0. stele bee 12
Preparations for Spinning. Aiesgmuess we ere. scutes ete eas 15
Gathering: the: CoGoons 2.44. 22 a atecenext swe ree tences tote 14
The Moth) soles. 507 eae ene Macias Aisin aaa 15
Choking the Chrysalis... 4 arse cee es heeeeae oe ieee nee 16
phippine the Cocoons-ciciteeaa: amas cates: Geeneee runes 16
Ams ‘and other Tnsectsy.cef.c uc aenttene eeavet 6s uanaanem tees LY
Diseases of the Silk Worm................... erry ean f 17
Varieties or Races”. icc 2 avian ahe ances saeieeere Meneean cori 20
POodsPhamte oi as it gga ie ie meee eee cee 21
Mhe @oeooner ys... cece aa anal eee ee ce D2
Facts that Must be Remembered .....2.5....25.6.2.... 02-502 24
Silk Culture as a Profitable Employment.................. 26
How to en Silk Culture i RRR Sno AMER 2 CE 26

“AMERICA’S NEW INDUSTRY”

# SILK GROWING.

A COMPLETE

MANUAL OF INSTRUCTIONS
Sic GROWERS.

BY
CARL STRACK,

PRESIDENT OF THE ENTERPRISE SILK CO.

PRICE, 25 CENTS,

500 COPIES $50.

LA SALLE, (LL.
THE ENTERPRISE SILK CO., PusiisHers.
1886,

Copyright by CARL STRACK.
1886.

PREF ACE.

Though yet in this country in its infancy, Silk grow-
ing is surely destined to become, what it is already so
justly termed, “ America’s new Industry””—and while the
author does not parade this work as one entirely original,
yet he does issue the same with the firm conviction that
many of the ideas and instructions advanced, are the
result of his own practical experience and observance,
and are therefore of much more value in the end, than
those given by authors, who (as one very recently admit-
ted to me) “never raised or even owned a worm in their
inte.”

With the hope that this work, containing the com-
bined results of practical experience, and thorough re-
search among books of acknowledged authority, may
assist both the amateur and the professional. Silk grower
in their endeavor to further increase “ America’s new In-
dustry”, the same is submitted to its readers as a practi-
cal and reliable treatise and manual of Silk Culture in
all its stages from the “seed” to the reel.

Tue AUTHOR. .
~ La Salle, Sept. 1886.

THE SILK WORM.

The Silk Worm ‘exists in four .stages—ege, larva,
chrysalis and imago, and we will aim to give as briefly
as possibly the characterictics and details of each of the
different stages of its life, beginning with

THE EGG.

Silk growers generally call the ege of the silk worm,
which is nearly round, slightly flattened and of the size
of asmall pinhead, the “seed.”—When first deposited by
the moth, it is of a yellow color, and this color it retains
if it does not become impregnated. If impregnated it
changes color to a gray, slate, violet, or dark green hue,
varying somewhat according to breed or variety of the
worm.

Each female moth produces from three to four hundred
of these eggs, and. in the market they are sold by the
ounce, which contains from 35,000 to 50,000 of them.

6

WINTERING THE EGGS.

These Eggs are now to be preserved until the spring
following, and as this is the initiation step in successful
Silk Culture we will not only give our own practical ex-
perience in this regard, but also append the views of
others, who are entitled to credit as successful and author-
ative culturists.

6

After the change in color has taken place the egg
should still be left on the tray or shelf, upon which it
was deposited, and the atmosphere should rather be moist
than too dry, while the temperature during the summer
and autumn should not be allowed to rary too much
from about 65° Fahrenheit; when in winter the outside
temperature is expected very much lower, they shonld be
placed in a cellar and kept at about 20° below the freez-
ing point, always however bearing in mind that frequent-
ly fresh air must be admitted, and mold euarded against.
Rats and mice are very fond of the éggs, ‘and must there-
fore be prevented from getting at them. They are most
safely stored in a dry cellar, where the temperature
sinks below the freezing point, and they should be oc-
easionally looked at to make sure that they are not
affected by mold. If, at any time, mold be perceived
upon them it should be at once rubbed or brushed off,
and the atmosphere made drier. If the tin boxes be
perforated on two sides and the perforations cgvered with
fine wire gauze, the chances of injury will be reduced to
a minimum.

The eggs may also, whether on cards or loose, be tied
up i small bags and hung to the ceiling of the cold
room. The string of the bag should be passed through
a bottle neck, or a piece of tin to prevent injury from rats
and mice. The tem; yerature should never be allowed to
rise above 40° F., but may be allowed to sink below
freezing point without injury. Indeed, eggs sent from
one country to another are usually packed in ice. They
should be kept at a low temperature until the mulberry
leaves are well started in the spring, and great care must
be taken as the weather grows warmer to prevent hatch-
ine before their food is ready for them, since both the
mulberry and Osage orange are rather late in leafing out.
One great object should be, in fact, to have them all kept
acl. as the tendency in our climate is to premature
hatching.—( Riley.)

fl

The importance of having the eggs free from disease and
of good races, has already been shown. They should be
kept i in tin boxes, to prevent the ravages of rats and mice,
and be hung by string or wire from a joist in a cool, dry
cellar, where the temperature rarely sinks below the freez-
ing point. They should be occasionally examined to see
if they are affected by mould. If this should be discover-
ed on them, it must be carefully rubbed or brushed off
of them at once, and they should be put in a drier place.
The tin boxes may be perforated on two sides and the
holes covered with fine wire netting. The temperature
should never be allowed to rise above forty degrees, but
may fall to freezing point without injury to the eggs.
They should be kept at this low temperature till hatching
time, which will be when the mulberry leaves are about
the right size for feeding (about the size of $ dollar), and
great care must be taken as the warm weather increases
in the spring, to prevent their hatching before the leaves
are ready for them. When the warm weather com-
mences, if too early for their food, enclose the tin box in
a wooden one, and place it on ice. As the tendency in
our climate is to premature hatching, the great object is
to keep them all back, as described above, till their food
is plent ty.—(lossiter.)

8
HATCHING THE EGGS.

After the eggs have been carefully kept as advised, and
the time has arrived that there will be food for them, the
Culturist’s holidays are over, and he or she must prepare
themselves for a term of patient and faithful work, for
without these, success cannot be attained. The trays and
shelves (of w hich we will speak further on) should now
be thoroughly dried and disinfected with a weak solution
of carbolic acid, (1 part of acid to 30 parts of water) placed
in the cocoonery, which should have a temperature of
about 70° Fahrenheit; the eggs are carefully spread out,
and the temperature of the room increased about 2° each
day—in about 5 days the eggs will assume a lighter color,
and gradually the outline of the coming silk worm may
be seen through the shell. The floor should now be
sprinkled and kept moist, to assist the worm in breaking
the shell more readily.

The early morning hours of the 6th day will usually
hatch out about one-half of the entire number of the egos,
and the remainder will follow on the succeeding day—
those not hatching out by that time should be discarded,
as they are usually of feeble constitution, and will not
prove profitable even should they mature. When the
proper time arrives, the eggs should be brought out

oradually from the cold cellar at forty degrees, to a room
at fifty degrees, for one hour; then to a room at sixty
degrees for half an hour, and then to hatching room at
seventy -five degrees. Keep the temperature as uniform
as possib le, and if it is increased about two degrees each
day it will hasten the hatching of the eggs. As the time
of hatching approaches the eggs grow ‘lighter in color,
and if the floor is sprinkled, to moisten the atmosphere,
it will enable the worms to eat through the shell more

sasily. A small amount of moisture appears to freshen
and invigorate them. The worms hatch out from four to
ele ht o’clock in the morning.—( Rossiter.)

zy

THE WORM.

The Silk Worm (Bombyx Mor7), immediately after being
hatched out, is hardly 2 millimeters in length, but grows
rapidly, and at the end of 4 to 6 weeks is over 8 centimeters
long. Its color is at first a dark brown, aimost black, but
becomes lighter after each molt, so that at the end of
its worm existence it is almost a pure white and trans-
parent.

During its life it passes through 4 molts, each one of
which is preceded by a voracious appetite, and after each
molt the worm increases perceptibly in size, and changes
in color and appearance.

The periods between these different molts are ened
“ages,” there being five of these ages, including the first
from the hatching and the last from the fourth molt to
the spinning period. The time between each of these
molts is usually divided as follows: The first period oc-
cupies from five to stx days, the second but four or five,
the third about five, the fourth from five to six, and the
fifth from eight to ten.

The preparation for each molt requires from two to
three days of fasting and rest, during which time the
worm attaches itself firmly by the abdominal prolegs (the
8 non-articulated lees under the 6th, 7th, 8th, and 9th
segments of the body, called prolegs in contradistinction
to the 6 articulated true legs under the Ist, 2d, and 3d
seoments), and holds up the forepart of the body, and
sometimes the tail. During the time of preparing for
the molt the worm must not be disturbed, or removed.
In front of the first joint a dark, begat spot is at this
time noticeable, indicating the growth of the new head;
and when the term of “sickness” is over, the worm casts
its old integument, rests a short time to recover strength,
and than freshened, supple, and hungry, goes to work
feeding voraciously to compensate for lost time. This so-

10

called “sickness” which preceded the molt was, in its
turn, preceded by 2 most voracious appetite, which served
to stretch the skin. In the operation of molting the new
head is first disengaged from the old skin, which i is then
gradually worked back from segment to s seoment until
entirely cast off. Ifthe worm is ‘feeble, or has met with
any misfortune, the shriveled skin may remain on the
end of the body, being held by the anal horn; in which
case the individual usually perishes in the course of time.

FEEDING AND REARING THE WORM, Ist Age.
FROM THE HATCHING TO THE FIRST MOLT.

The young worm should be fed only on small and
tender leaves, and some culturists even prefer to chop the
food for the very young worm, but, especially for larger
colonies, this procedure would take too much time, and
I furthermore do not believe it at all necessary, as in the
spring the leaves are small and tender, and nature has
provided the worms with sufficiently strong jaws to cut
them.

The food should be renewed whenever the leaves have
become in the least dry, which takes place very soon in
the dry atmosphere of the cocoonery, and especially when
the leaves are young and tender.

The worms eat most freely in the early morning,
between 5 and 6 A. M., and late at night, between 10 and

des OA

The Culturist cannot give the worm, during this first
and most delicate age, too much care and w atchfulness,
and should feed them whenever they seem to require
it. The leaves for the early morning meal should be
picked the evening before, as those picked and_ fed
with the dew upon them are very apt to induce
disease. An invariable rule should be, never to
feed wet or damp leaves to your worms. In case

“4 “IP Sge

th

they are picked during a rain, they should be thorough-
ly dried before being fed; and on the approach of astorm
it is wise to lay in a stock, which should be occasionally
stirred, to’ keep them from heating.

As the fifth or sixth day approaches, signs of the first
molt begin to be noticed. The worm begins to lose ap-
petite and erows more shiny, and soon ‘the dark spot
already described, appears above the head. Some will
shed their skin more easily and quickly, than others, but
no food should be given these forward ones until all have
completed the molt. This serves to keep the batch to-
gether, and the first ones will wait one or even two days
without injury from want of food. The importance of
keeping each batch together, and of causing the worms
to molt simultaneously, cannot be too much insisted upon
as a means of saving time.

As soon as the great majority have molted they should
be copiously fed, and, as they grow very rapidly after each
molt, and as they must always be allowed plenty of room,
it will probably become necessary to divide the batch,
and this is readily done at any meal by removing the net
when about half of the worms have risen and replacing
it by an additional one. The space allotted to each batch
should, of course, be increased proportionately with the
erowth of the worms. The young worms may be remov-
ed from place to place by meens of a small camel’s-hair
brush, but should be handled as little as possible. The
same precautions should be observed in the three succeed-
ing molts as in this first one.

T2

Second, Third and Fourth Ages. *

From now on, up to the time of spinning, the worms
daily require larger quantities of food, and the daily re-
moval of all excrement and litter.

The second and third casting of the skin take place
with but little more. difficulty than the first, but the
fourth is more laborious, and the worms not only take
more time in undergoing it, but more often perish in the
act. At this molt it is perhaps better to give the more
forward individuals a light feed as soon as they have
completed the change, inasmuch as it is the last molt and
but little is to be gained by the retardation, whereas it is
important to feed them all they will eat, since much of
the nutriment given during the last age goes for the
elaboration of the silk. At each successive molt the color
of worm has been gradually whitening, until it is now of
a decided cream color. Some breeds, however, remain
dark, and occasionaly there is an individual with zebra-
like markings. During these last few days the worms
require the greatest care and attention. All excrement
and litter must be removed often, and the sickly and
diseased ones watched for and removed from the rest.
The quantity of leaves which they devour in this fifth
age 1s something enormous, and the feeding will keep
the attendant busily employed.

It has been usually estimated that the worm in its
erowth consumes its own weight of leaves every day it
feeds: but this is only an approximation. Yet ibais
certain that during the last few days before commencing
to spin, it consumes more than during the whole of its
previous worm existence.

opty eh ae the requisites to successful silk worm rais-
ing are, Uniformity of age in the individuals of the
same oe so as to insure their molting simultaneously.
2d, No intermission in the supply of fresh food,, except

4

13

during the molting periods. 3d, Plenty of room, so that
the worms may not too closely crowd each other. 4th,
Fresh air and as uniform temperature as possible. 5th,
Cleanliness. The last three are particularly necessary
during the fourth and fifth ages. While small, the frass,
dung, and detritus dry rapidly, and may (though they
should not) be left for several days in a tray with impu-
nity; but he who allows his trays to go uncleaned for
more than a day during the ages mentioned will suffer
in the disease and mortality of his worms just as they are
reaching the spinning point.

A crop from hatching to spinning will occupy from 30
to 35 days if all details have been properly attended to by
the culturist.

PREPARATIONS FOR SPINNING.

With eight or ten days of busy feeding, after the last
molt, the worms, as we have learned before, will begin to
lose appetite, shrink in size, become restless, and throw
out silk, and the arches for the spinning of the cocoons
must now be prepared. These can be made of twigs of
different trees, two or three feet long, set up upon the
shelves over the worms, and made to interlock in the form
of an arch above them. Interlace these twigs with broom
corn, hemlock, or other well-dried brush. The feet of
each arch should be only about a foot apart. The tem-
perature of the room should now be kept obove 30°, as
the silk does not flow so freely in a cool atmosphere. The

- worms will immediately mount into the branches and
commence to spin their cocoons. They will not all, how-

ever, mount at the same time, and those which are more
tardy should be fed often, but in small quantities at a

time, in order to economize the leaves, as almost every .

moment some few will quit and mount.. There will al-
ways be a few which altogether fail to mount, and pre-
fer to spin In their trays. It is best, therefore, after the

14

bulk have mounted, to remove the trays and lay brush
earefully over them. The fact that the worms already
mounted make a final discharge of soft and semifluid
excrement before beginning to spin makes this separ-
ation necessary, as otherwise the cocoons of the lower
ones would be badly soiled.

As the worms begin to spin they should be carefully
watched, to guard against two or three of them making
what is called a double or treble cocoon, which would be
unfit for reeling purposes Whenever one worm is about
to spin up too near another, it should be carefully remov-
ed to another part of the arch. In two or three days the
spinning will have been completed, and in six or seven
the chrysalis will be formed.

GATHERING THE COCOONS.

A week from the time the worms begin to spin the co-
coons should be harvested, by taking the arches careful-
ly apart, and carefully removing the thin and spotted
cocoons, so that they may not soil the clean ones.

The “Cocoon” is tough and. compact, and is
composed of a continuous thread of silk, which is
strong and firm, and is spun by the worm in figure of 8
shaped loops. Its shape is generally oval or egg-shaped,
and varies in color, the commonest of which are the
yellow, straw or cream color, white and green. These
are supposed to denote the nationality of the worm spin-
ning them. The larger sized, rounder formed, cocoons,
denote the females, while the males are more slender
shaped, depressed in the centre and pointed at both ends.
This is generally used as a rule among growers. The
outer lining of the cocoon isa loose silk spun by the worm
when preparing for its final work. It is called flock, or
floss, and sells with the pierced cocoons and other waste
silk. This cannot be reeled, but is carded and spun by
the manufacturers.

15 -
THE MOTH.

4

If the object is to raise eggs, the largest, best shaped,
and firmest cocoons should be selected, chosing an equal
number of each sex, which can be however only approx-
imately done by weighing a quantity of them, and then
determining the females by their weight, being over the
average. The selected cocoons are now laid aside in a
dark but ventilated room for twelve or fifteen days, when
the moth will emerge from them.

In producing moths from cocoons, the temperature
must not be too high, not above 73°, or the transition
would be too rapid and result in an enfeebled moth. In
the transformation from worm to moth, there is no dis-
position to wander; the fly will spend its short span of
hfe within its limits.

The moth finds some difficulty in escaping. For this
purpose it is provided, in two glands near the absolute
mouth, with a strongly alkaline liquid secretion with
which it moistens the end of the cocoon and dissolves
the hard gummy lining. Then, by a forward and back-
ward motion, the prisoner, with crimped and damp
wings, oradually forces its way out, and when once out,
the wings soon expand and dry. The silken threads are
simply pushed aside, but enough of them get broken in
the process to render the cocoons from which the moths
escape comparatively useless for reeling.

The moth is of cream color, with more or less distinct
brownish markings across the wings. The males have
broader antenne or feelers than the females, and may,
by this feature, at once be distinguished. Neither sex
flies, but the male is more active than the female. They
couple soon after issuing, and in a short time the female
begins depositing her eggs, whether they have been im-
preonated or not.

16

CHOKING THE CHRYSALIS.

Those cocoons not used for raising eggs, should now
be placed on shelves and in a tight box, and an opening
made to fit a pipe attached to a steam boiler, and the
steam then turned in. ‘’wenty minutes will suffice to
choke the chrysalis, and the cocoons are then dried in
the sun.

After choking in this manner, the cocoons should be
strewn upon long wooden shelves in the shade, with
plenty of air, and, for the first few days, frequently stir-
red. After remaining on these shelves for about two
months, with occasional stirrings, the chrysalids become
quite dry and the cocoons will preserve indefinitely.
They are, however, still subject to the attacks of rats and
mice, and the little beetles known as “museum pests,”
belonging to the genera Dermestes and Anthrenus, are
attracted by the dead chrysalis within and will penetrate
the cocoon, injuring it for reeling purposes.

SHIPPING THE COCOONS.

Now, that they are thoroughly stifled, take off all floss
silk, and sort the cocoons, placing all of the firmest and
of one color together—the satins which are smooth and
glossy like satin, together; the thinest, the doubles and
most inferior apart, as these points affect their marketable

value very greatly. They should be carefully packed
(not crammed) i in bags or barrels for transportation. Floss
silk and pierced cocoons being of inferior value can be
packed in coarse bags, and as express charges tax severe-
ly heavy transfers, it would be best to pack j in bags alto-
vether.—( Long.)

Ly
ANTS AND OTHER INSECTS.

Great care should be taken to guard against the in-
cursions of ants and other predaceous insects, which
would make sad havoc among the worms were they al-
lowed an entrance, and all through the existence of the
insect, from the egg to the moth, rats and mice are on
the watch for a chance to get at them, and are to be
feared almost as much as any other enemy the silk worm

has. 3
DISEASES OF THE SILK WORM.

It would be folly for the author of this work to attempt
to give either a list of the diseases of the silk worm, or
their remedy, for as he has never yet had any diseases
among the worms raised by him, his experience in this
direction is not of practical observation, and therefore we
take this chapter from the able pen of Prof. C. V. Riley,
whose extended knowledge, thorough research and official
position have given, him opportunity to thoroughly in-
vestigate the ailments of the silk worm, both in this
country and Europe:

As regards the enemies of the silk worm but little need
be said. It has been generally. supposed that no true
parasite will attack it, but in China and Japan great
numbers of the worms are killed by a disease known as
uj, Which is undoubtedly produced by the larva of some
insect parasite. Several diseases of a fungoid or epizootic
nature, and several maladies, which have not been
sufficiently characterized to enable us to determine their
nature are common to this worm. One of these diseases,
called muscardine, has been more or less destructive in
Europe for many years. It is of precisely the same
nature as the fungus (Empusa muscae), which so fre-
quently kills the common house fly, and which sheds a
halo of spores, readily seen upon the window pane,
Proud ats yietim, + * * * * *vTt appears that .no

18

remedies are known, but that care in procuring good
eggs, care in rearing the worms, good leaves, pure, even
temperatured atmosphere, and cleanliness are checks to
the disease. The trays and other objects with which the
diseased worms may have been in contact should be
purified by fumigations of sulphurous acid, produced by
mixing bisulphite of soda with any strong acid, or,
better still, by subjecting them to a carbolic acid spray
from an atomizer. In this way all fungus spores will be
destroyed, In fact it will be well to wash off the trays
or shelves once in a while with diluted carbolic acid as a
sure prevention. It is one of the best disinfectants
known to science

Another disease, known as pebrine, has proved ex-
tremely fatal in southern Europe, and for twenty years
has almost paralyzed silk culture in France. It is a
disease which, in its nature and action, except in being
hereditary, bears a striking analogy to cholera among
men. “The worms affected by pebrine grow unequally,
become languid, lose appetite, and often manifest discolor-
ed spots upon the skin. They die at all ages, but, as in
muscardine, the mortality is greatest in the last age. The
real nature of this malady was for a long time unknown.
In 1849 M. Guerin-Meneville first, noticed floating cor-
puscles in the bodies of the diseased worms. These cor-
puscles were supposed by him to be endowed with
independent life, but their motion was afterwards shown
by Filippi to depend on what is known as the Brownian
motion, and they are known either by the name of
panhistophyton, first given them by Lebret, or by that of
psorospermie. They fill the silk canals, invade the |
intestines, and spread throughout the tissues of the
animal in all its different stages; and though it was for
a long time a mooted question as to whether they were
the true cause or the mere result of the disease, the
praiseworthy researches of Pasteur have demonstrated
that pebrine is entirely dependent upon the presence and

19

multiplication of these corpuscles. He has analyzed the
disease so clearly that not only do we see its nature, but
are able to point out the remedy. The disease is both
contagious and infections, because the corpuscles which
have been passed with the excrement or with other
secretions of diseased worms have been taken into the
alimentary canal of healthy ones in devouring the soiled
leaves, and because it may be inoculated by wounds in-
flicted by the claws. It is hereditary on the mother’s
side, because the moth may have the germ of the disease
and yet oviposit. Indeed, the eggs may be affected and
yet look fair and good, the microscopic psorospermie not
being visible, so that the only true test of disease or
health is an examination of the parent moth; and by
killing off all infected moths the disease can be con-
trolled.

“Both the diseases mentioned are, therefore, in
the strict sense of the word the silk worm plagues;
the one of a fungus and the other of an epizootic
nature. Each become epidemic when the conditions
are favorable for the undue multiplication of the
minute organisms which produce them, or when the
checks to the increase of such organisms are removed by
carelessness or ignorance.” Cleanliness and purification
are absolutely necessary in treating both these diseases,
and in pebrine care must be taken that the eggs are
sound by a microscopic examination of the moths. This
may be ‘done after the eggs are laid, and if the corpus-
cles be found in the mother her eggs should be dis-
carded.

Silk worms are subject to other diseases, but none of
them have ever acquired the importance of those des-
eribed. What is called gattine by older authors is but a
mild phase of pebrine. The worms are apt to be purged
by unwholesome leaves; too great heat makes them
sickly; or they may become yellow, limp, and die of a

20

malady called grasserie or jaundice, which is almost sure
to appear in large broods, and which is very common in
those reared in this country. When the worms die from
being unable to molt he are called Jusettes, and such
cases are most abundant at the fourth molt. All these
different ailments, and others not mentioned, have re-
ceived names, some local, others more general; but none
of them warrant further notice here, as they are not
likely to become very troublesome if proper attention
and care be given to the worms.

VARIETIES OR RACES.

The different varieties of silk worms have been pro-
duced by domestication. The different climates into
which it has been carried having effected changes in the
habits of the worm, the shape and color of the cocoon, or
the quality of the silk. There are different varieties of
the silk worm:—the “ Annual,” which produces only one
crop of silk in a year; the “Bivoltin,” or “‘2-crop worm,”
whieh, like the “Annual,” hatches in April or May; and
which unlike the Annual, again hatches for a second
crop in eight to twelve days atter the eggs are laid by
the first brood. The eggs of this second brood are always
laid away for the next spring crop; for if hatched they
- would not live, there being no food for them so late in
the season, and the weather being unfit to rear them.
“Trivoltins” produce three annual broods. There are
also “Quadrivoltins;” and, in Bengal, a species known as
“Dacey” is seid to produce eight broods in the course of
a year. Some varieties molt only three times instead of
four—especially i In warm eae as also do the.“ Tri-
voltins.” The “Annuals” only are recommended for this
country. Varieties are also re by the color of their
cocoons, “greens, whites and yellows,” and also by the
country in which they best flourish. The most noted

rarieties are “Italian,” producing fine, small, yellow
cocoons; “French,” producing large, yellow and ‘straw-

21

colored cocoons; “Turkish,” producing large, white co-
coons; the “Japanese,” white and green, and the
“Chinese,” white cocoons. Some of these are “ Annuals,”
but the different colored cocoons are generally called by
the above name. ‘The silk of the “white” cocoons is the
most valuable in commerce, but the “straw-colored” is
most sought after.. The races producing the yeHow and
straw-colored cocoons are considered the most vigorous.
—( Rossiter.)

FOOD PLANTS.

The usual food for the silk worm is the mulberry, the
“white” being the best and the “purple” the next. The
“paper” mulberry is not good for them and should be
avoided.

The following directions are from a practical raiser for
growing standard trees: The cuttings should remain
in the nursery two years without pruning. The
third year cut close to the ground and _ transplant.
Allow the finest shoot to grow, and if the land
is good it will grow eight to ten feet in height
im owe season. ‘The fourth year cut it back’ to
about six feet. Then allow the three or four terminal
buds only to grow, removing the others as often as they
appear, by passing the hand along the stem. The
“Morette,” a variety of white mulberry, is profitably
grown in hedges. It is very desirable on account of the
large size of its leaves. The cultivation of the Osage
Orange is well understood in this country. As it is
generally used as a hedge in those parts of the country
which are specially adapted to silk culture, the leaves may
be readily obtained, and as the hedges need trimming,
the cutting of the new growth each year as the leaves
are wanted for food, is a saving rather than an expense.
Those using this plant for food for silk worms must
remember, that as the shoots from a hedge-row become
more vigorous, milky and succulent by the time of the

22

last age of the worms, the terminal leaves should not be
used, but thrown aside, as they are likely to induce
disease. If care be taken in this respect, there will be no
apparent difference between the silk crop and that of the
mulberry. Should the worms from any cause hatch
before either Mulberry or Osage Orange leaves can be
obtained, they may be successfully fed for a few days on
dried ‘ ‘lettuce or dandelion leaves,” but it is worse than
a useless waste of time to attempt feeding them entirely
on these, or the leaves of any other plants a the two
here recommended.

THE COCOONERY.

The room in which the rearing is done is usually
called the cocoonery. It should have a north- eastern
exposure. The air should be kept pure all the time, and
arrangements made to secure a good circulation. It
should be well lighted. If buildings are erected express-
ly for the purpose, they must combine all these. If only
a small number of worms are to be raised, a few trays
placed on tables will be all that will be required. Le
however, large numbers are reared, frames or racks and
trays must be provided, the wood, in all cases, to be well
seasoned. Make upright frames around the room, to
hold the number of trays to be used to accommodate ‘the
worms raised. The worms must not be huddled too
closely together, as they need plenty of room for feeding
and ventilation. If too many are kept together in the
trays, they cannot feed properly e difficult to
change them—and it also tends to create disease among
them. ‘The trays are formed of thin framcs like laths,
set edgeways—say 16 inches by 24 inches. (This will be
a good size for handling easy.) Drive tacks half way in,
on the under side of the frames, all around, about half
an inch apart. Then take good strong twine, not too
thick, run it from tack to tack lengthways of the frame,
stretching it tightly—then crossways, interlapping it so

os
25

as to make a firm support for the musquito netting,
leaves and worms. After stretching the twine on the
frame, drive the tacks in to the heads, and the tray is
complete.. A tray of this size will hold and feed 1000
worms at first and second age, after which time they
must be separated as they grow larger, placing them on
other trays. Have mosquito netting (white) cut so-as to
fit the trays—providing enough to have changes every
day, which must be attended to, as cleanliness is actually
necessary for the health of the worms. Change them
early in the morning, and hang the netting used over
night, up to air. When the worm is first hatched,
tarletan is used in place of netting (the meshes of which
are too large). On this sprinkle some fresh, tender
leaves. The little worms will leave the eggs and im-
mediately commence eating, and from this time constant
attention must be paid to renewing the leaves as often as
may be required; and as the worms eat fast, and the
leaves dry rapidly, they need replenishing often.

24
FACTS THAT MUST BE REMEMBERED.

A uniform temperature is very important and neces-
sary in silk growing. The temperature should never
fall below 70°, nor raise much above 380°. ‘If extreme
hot weather should set in, the floor should be sprinkled
or wet cloths hung up in the rearing room to keep the
temperature down.

Ventilation is an important factor in successful silk
growing, and must be strictly attended to, but a draft
directly upon the worms must never be allowed.

Cleanliness cannot be too much insisted upon, and the
clearing of the litter every alternate day during the first
and second ages, and every day during the 3d, 4th and
5th ages dare not be omitted.

Give all your trays a thorough airing whenever they
are empty, and spraying them with a solution of carbolic
acid, of the strength already mentioned in another part
of this work, will do much toward preventing disease
among your little army of spinners.

Never allow the worms to become crowded, give them
plenty of room, especially as they near the 4th and 5th
ages.

Never feed wet or damp food, as this will purge the
worms.

A large quantity of food at one time, is only a waste,
and will not save you from feeding them often.—Bear
this in mind.

The direct rays of the sun falling upon them will kill
the worms.—Sudden changes from warm to cold, or vice-
versa are hurtful and dangerous.

Too great heat makes them sickly.

vo a

See that the leaves fed are clean, and that no other
leaves than the mulberry, or Osage Orange be fed.
Tobacco smoke is poison in a cocoonery.

Birds and insects of all kinds are enemies of the silk
worm.

Be sure you procure good eggs, or your entire labor of
a season may result in a failure. The Eggs sold by Tur
ENTERPRISE SILK Co. of La Salle, Illinois, are all micro-
scopically examined, and therefore positively free from
disease, and furnished at as low prices as reliable seed
ean be procured. :

26

.

Pe VULTURE

AS A PROFITABLE EMPLOYMENT.

Many thousand of woman and children are unable to
labor in shop, field, or factory, and have no other means
of converting their labor into capital. To such, and
thousands of others, silk culture is an easy and money
making employment at home, as it requires but a small
amount of labor and outlay, and is peculiarly adapted to
the skill and care naturally possessed by women.

HOW TO BEGIN SILK CULTURE.

A book of instruction, about + or 3 oz. of good eggs, an

Osage orange hedge, and a room, are all that are neces-
sarily needed for a start.

No special buildings are required, and silk culture
does not interfere with domestic duties.

Use nothing but the best Kags.
For a beginning send to Tor Enrrerprise Sritk Co., La

Salle, [linois, for the following articles, and you are
ready to make a good start:

i -Bookvot Insiruchomes.euas stat ere $ .25
FOE ODS ict’ wits M aiencge eee nce clan a ee 3.00
dray and Frames (as models)................. 1.50
Perforated Paper for all ages’ ic...\sc.02. ee 50

$5.25
Address all communications, and enclose return
postage to
THE ENTERPRISE SILK CO, —
LAS SALLE,» dite

CARL STRACK, Pres.
J.C. DAWKINS, See, & Treas.

28

SILK GROWERS REQUISITES.

THe EnrerprIse Sink Co. of La Salle, Illinois, is composed of
practical and successful silk growers, and their aim is to make this
new industry become more general, and furnish both pleasant and
profitable employment to the many thousands whose constitutions
and positions will not permit them to labor in the field or factory.
This Company therefore furnishes none but the very best of every-
thing needed by the Culturist.

Our Silk Worm Eggs are all microscopically evecinaees and can be
relied upon.

We append herewith our list.of prices, which are lower than PRIME
goods can be offered by any other house.

PRICES OF SILK WORM EGGS.

Japanese annuals, white and green.................. a aitveqorsieyalcnays tes sisieyere ls per 02. $6.00
Turkish te WILE Car ee ee ree. ee ee ee Rouiatiaze le Meee een 6.00
Italian “ vellow.. FIDE Gomadecnte ee ae eee me 6.06
French S white and yellow.. Se Seen OA aO RCE e 6.00

F.- DIVOLEINS; YONOW Ao iin ste vee chee Se noe eee ¥ 6.00
Chinese “ WWDIGS 2c elution ec cazte coors eae pe ere ee ene ee 8.00

Full instructions for hatching sent with every order. EKgegs should be ordered
as early as possible in the winter months.

PRICES OF MULBERRY SEED.

Morus Alba.. Be ae Rone harem eee tee SEAT PS oA OO Ber Met 40¢. per 02.
he ROSES ANG MOLELtL ssn cee ene eee 50¢.
“ Migra, Caucasian and Yartarica.. ae ns a0 60¢. “
PRICES OF REQUISITES.

1 Tray and 2 Frames.. sola : Eh rexr eis nisiete aes CReEee . $1.50
Floor and Tray Sponges, “each ..... Pe: RI Mea is yee es ‘25¢. and up
Tarlatan frame covers for 1st age, each.. Be MAAC SRC SERIE Con ait CES. O Tom os
Mosquito-net ‘‘ 4 20 seache: Sudiwia re eeens® eee eee
Handmade- net frame covers No. 1 for 3d and 4th ages, "eachiw Bees ae store » 500.
NO 29") cbUh-ace. Caen jock sce | weace e eeeeee 50¢.

Perforated-paper frame covers for 3d, 4th rand 5th Meee | CAC. ise sane toes
Camel-hair Brushes ............ ; es ela uae Pe aes e -10¢:
Pruning HGOIVeES WCAC ls acc eet ae oe ee ee »-50e. to $1.50
Leaf-cutting Sitearians ccc: not aan Sees Soo one cee 5. 900) tO) 2250
Leah Choppers... wae .e Se « dd eee nel See ee wae ee ee 25e, and 50¢.
PE IY@ RIT ETIMC TOTS iss Siu 5 sca tare Ghee a ce ee ere 25¢. and up
Thermometer and Hygrometer combined, Pie = SER 1d Dialers alee els ae alee ee eee eS OO
Magnifying Glasses, 2 lenses FN ON Go ete ai eI Moe neers 90c. and $1.50
3 RCH os ee Son CEOE roa ee rcote cont HAG Sida and 1.75

Mating Boxes .. Mpa ta Sst cea cries pea setae NU,
Guide to Silk- Culture by C. Strack. Be ee AO PN CBB a tis Bolin is eto

HOW TO SEND ORDERS.

Orders must give reference or be accompanied by cash, (by express,
or postal order, or check, or registered letter.) Cash orders have
preference, and are euaranteed to be filled immediately. Goods will
be shipped C. O. D. if one quarter of the price accompanies order.
Address all orders to

CARL STRACK, Pres, THE ENTERPRISE SILK C0.,

J, C. DAWKINS, Sec, & Treas, LA SALLE, ILL.

SPOOL S

-AMOUS FOR & | C Lo / WW
Lensth. Lo |
Strength.
Quality.

Omlce Mia Endorsed by
HOM al Lean
= ~ Dressmakers

——e=— =

N SS
———————— a
= —E
SS

Timrvir ne
———s
SS a EBA

_¥) ENOOK

Always reliable for dressmaking and family sewing.
Absolutely free from knots and imperfections.

NOTICE OUR GUARANTEE. |

If any CORTICELLI Spool Silk is found to be
imperfect, we authorize any Storekeeper to refund
the money, or present a new spool at our expense,

even though imperfect spool may have been partly

used.’

old by all Reliable Merchants.

MANUFACTURED ONLY BY

MmeNOTUCK SILK CO.,

FLORENCE, LEEDS, HAYDENVILLE, MASS.

WESTERN HEADQUARTERS,
278 and 280 Madison St., Chicago, II.
R. W. HARE, Manager,

LIBRARY OF CONGRESS

————— III

@ 022 842 884 4 @

|