AN ANALYSIS OF ENVIRONMENTAL DATA
FOR USE IN UPDATING
LOW FREQUENCY PROPAGATION LOSS FORECASTS

Phi Hip Ivan Harvey

An Analysis of Environmental Data
for Use in Updating
Low Frequency Propagation Loss Forecasts

by

Phillip Ivan Harvey
Lieutenant, United States Navy
B.S.E.E., University of Nebraska,1966

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the

requirements for the degree of

MASTER OF SCIENCE IN OCEANOGRAPHY
from the

NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL
December 1972

o

Library

Naval Postgraduate School

Monterey, California 93940

ABSTRACT

An acoustic model for low frequency (100-2400 HZ)
propagation loss within a surface duct is examined. An
analysis of the sensitivity of this model as a function of
the governing environmental parameters is performed. The
results of this analysis show that the frequency and mixed
layer depth are influential over a wide range of environmen-
tal conditions and that the below layer thermal gradient
becomes important at low frequencies when the layer depth
is relatively shallow. Under certain conditions, a change
in below layer thermal gradient of 2°P/100 FT has the same
resultant effect as a 25 FT change in the mixed layer depth
The results of this analysis are then utilized to develop
a correction algorithm which can be employed to update
propagation loss forecasts (issued by Fleet Numerical
Weather Central, Monterey) when required due to changing
environmental conditions.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

I. INTRODUCTION 12

II. SURFACE DUCT PROPAGATION LOSS MODEL 17

III. COMPUTATIONAL PROCEDURE 25

IV. FACTORS AFFECTING THE VARIABILITY OF DUCTED
PROPAGATION LOSS 27

V. APPLICATION TO THE TACTICAL PROBLEM 53

VI. CONCLUSIONS 74

APPENDIX A. SUPPLEMENTAL TABLES AND GRAPHS 78

APPENDIX B. COMPUTER PROGRAMS 171

LIST OF REFERENCES 178

INITIAL DISTRIBUTION LIST 179

FORM DD 1473 183

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1.

Figure 2.
Figure 3.

Figure 4 .

Figure 5.

Figure 6.

Figure 7.
Figure 8.
Figure 9.
Figure 10.
Figure 11.

Figure 12.

Figure 13.

Figure 14.

Propagation loss profiles for a typical

Pacific Ocean location. 15

Losses occurring in a surface duct. 18

Effective layer loss as a function of

layer depth. 28

Loss contour surface as a function of

below layer thermal gradient and layer

depth for 200 HZ. 31

Loss contour surface as a function of

below layer thermal gradient and layer

depth for 1000 HZ. 32

Loss contour surface as a function of

below layer thermal gradient and layer

depth for 2000 HZ. 33

Iso-loss contours for 200 HZ and low

sea state. 35

Iso-loss contours for 500 HZ and low

sea state. 36

Iso-loss contours for 1000 HZ and low

sea state. 37

Iso-loss contours for 2000 HZ and low

sea state. 38

Loss contour surface as a function of
frequency and layer depth for a -6°F/100 FT
below layer gradient. 39

Loss contour surface as a function of

frequency and layer depth for a -l8°F/100

FT below layer gradient. ^0

Propagation loss as a function of frequency

for various layer depths. Below layer

gradient is -12° F/100 FT. 42

Propagation loss as a function of frequency

for various layer depths. Below layer

gradient is -6°F/100 FT. ^3

Figure 15. Loss contour surface as a function of
below layer thermal gradient and layer
depth for high and low sea states. kk

Figure 16. Loss contour surface as a function of
frequency and layer depth for high
and low sea states M5

Figure 17. Propagation loss for high and low sea

states as a function of frequency. Below

layer gradient is -12°F/100 FT. 47

Figure 18. A worksheet for determining on-station

propagation loss. 62

Figure 19. Solution to Example 1. 65

Figure 20. Solution to Example 2. 68

Figure 21. Solution to Example 3. 70

Figure 22. Solution to Example k. 73

Figure A-l. Ducted spreading loss as a function

of range. 80

Figure A-2. Non-ducted spreading loss as a function

of range. 82

Figure A-3« Propagation loss for low sea state and

a below layer gradient of -6°F/100 FT. 131

Figure A-4. Propagation loss for low sea state and

a below layer gradient of -12°F/100 FT. 132

Figure A-5. Propagation loss for low sea state and

a below layer gradient of -l8°F/100 FT. 133

Figure A-6. Propagation loss for high sea state and

a below layer gradient of -6°F/100 FT. 13^

Figure A-7. Propagation loss for high sea state and

a below layer gradient of -12°F/100 FT. 135

Figure A-8. ProDagation loss for high sea state and

a below layer gradient of -l8°F/100 FT. 136

Figure A-9. Iso-loss contours for 100 HZ and low

sea state. 137

Figure A-10. Iso-loss contours for 200 HZ and low

sea state. 138

Figure A-ll. Iso-loss contours for 300 HZ and low

sea state. 139

Figure A-12. Iso-loss contours for 400 HZ and low

sea state. 140

Figure A-13. Iso-loss contours for 500 HZ and low

sea state. l4l

Figure A-14. Iso-loss contours for 600 HZ and low

sea state. 142

Figure A-15. Iso-loss contours for 700 HZ and low

sea state. 143

Figure A-16. Iso-loss contours for 800 HZ and low

sea state. 144

Figure A-17. Iso-loss contours for 900 HZ and low

sea state. 145

Figure A-18. Iso-loss contours for 1000 HZ and low

sea state. 146

Figure A-19. Iso-loss contours for 1200 HZ and low

sea state. 147

Figure A-20. Iso-loss contours for 1400 HZ and low

sea state. 148

Figure A-21. Iso-loss contours for 1600 HZ and low

sea state. 149

Figure A-22. Iso-loss contours for 1800 HZ and low

sea state. 150

Figure A-23. Iso-loss contours for 2000 HZ and low

sea state. 151

Figure A-24. Iso-loss contours for 2200 HZ and low

sea state. 152

Figure A-25. Iso-loss contours for 2400 HZ and low

sea state. 153

Figure A-26. Iso-loss contours for 100 HZ and high

sea state. 154

Figure A-27. Iso-loss contours for 200 HZ and high

sea state. 155

Figure A-28. Iso-loss contours for 300 HZ and high

sea state. 156

6

Figure A-29. Iso-loss contours for 400 HZ and high

sea state. 157

Figure A-30. Iso-loss contours for 500 HZ and high

sea state. 158

Figure A-31. Iso-loss contours for 600 HZ and high

sea state. 159

Figure A-32. Iso-loss contours for 700 HZ and high

sea state. 160

Figure A-33. Iso-loss contours for 800 HZ and high

sea state. l6l

Figure A-34. Iso-loss contours for 900 HZ and high

sea state. 162

Figure A-35. Iso-loss contours for 1000 HZ and high

sea state. 163

Figure A-36. Iso-loss contours for 1200 HZ and high

sea state. 164

Figure A-37. Iso-loss contours for 1400 HZ and high

sea state. 165

Figure A-38. Iso-loss contours for 1600 HZ and high

sea state. 166

Figure A-39- Iso-loss contours for 1800 HZ and high

sea state. 167

Figure A-40. Iso-loss contours for 2000 HZ and high

sea state. 168

Figure A-4l. Iso-loss contours for 2200 HZ and high

sea state. ' 169

Figure A-42. Iso-loss contours for 2400 HZ and high

sea state. 170

LIST OF TABLES

Table I. Examples of propagation loss gradients. 50

Table A-l. Frequency cutoff and effective layer

correction. 78

Table A-2. Spreading loss, ducted cases. 79

Table A-3. Spreading loss, non-ducted cases; Absorption

loss, non-ducted cases. 8l

Table A-4. Propagation loss in dB/NM for 100 HZ,

low sea state. 83

Table A-5. Propagation loss in dB/NM for 200 HZ,

low sea state. 84

Table A-6. Propagation loss in dB/NM for 300 HZ,

low sea state. 85

Table A-7 . Propagation loss in dB/NM for 400 HZ,

low sea state. 86

Table A-8. Propagation loss in dB/NM for 500 HZ,

low sea state. 87

Table A-9. Propagation loss in dB/NM for 600 HZ,

low sea state. 88

Table A-10. Propagation loss in dB/NM for 700 HZ,

low sea state. 89

Table A-ll. Propagation loss in dB/NM for 800 HZ,

low sea state. 90

Table A- 12. Propagation loss in dB/NM for 900 HZ,

low sea state. 91

Table A-13- Propagation loss in dB/NM for 1000 HZ,

low sea state. 92

Table A-14. Propagation loss in dB/NM for 1100 HZ,

low sea state. 93

Table A-15. Propagation loss in dB/NM for 1200 HZ,

low sea state. 94

Table A-16. Propagation loss in dB/NM for 1300 HZ,

low sea state. 95

8

Table A-17. Propagation loss in dB/NM for 1400 HZ,

low sea state. 96

Table A-18. Propagation loss in dB/NM for 1500 HZ,

low sea state. 97

Table A-19. Propagation loss in dB/NM for 1600 HZ,

low sea state. 98

Table A-20. Propagation loss in dB/NM for 1700 HZ,

low sea state. 99

Table A-21. Propagation loss in dB/NM for 1800 HZ,

low sea state. 100

Table A-22. Propagation loss in dB/NM for 1900 HZ,

low sea state. 101

Table A--23. Propagation loss in dB/NM for 2000 HZ,

low sea state. 102

Table A-24. Propagation loss in dB/NM for 2100 HZ,

low sea state. 103

Table A-25. Propagation loss in dB/NM for 2200 HZ,

low sea state. 104

Table A-26. Propagation loss in dB/NM for 2300 HZ,

low sea state. 105

Table A-27. Propagation loss in dB/NM for 2400 HZ,

low sea state. 106

Table A-28. Propagation loss in dB/NM for 100 HZ,

high sea state. 107

Table A-29. Propagation loss in dB/NM for 200 HZ,

high sea state. 108

Table A-30. Propagation loss in dB/NM for 300 HZ,

high sea state. 109

Table A-31. Propagation loss in dB/NM for 400 HZ,

high sea state. 110

Table A-32. Propagation loss in dB/NM for 500 HZ,

high sea state. HI

Table A-33. Propagation loss in dB/NM for 600 HZ,

high sea state. H2

Table A-34. Propagation loss in dB/NM for 700 HZ,

high sea state. H3

9

Table A-35. Propagation loss in dB/NM for 800 HZ,

high sea state. 114

Table A-36. Propagation loss in dB/NM for 900 HZ,

high sea state. 115

Table A-37. Propagation loss in dB/NM for 1000 HZ,

high sea state. 116

Table A-38. Propagation loss in dB/NM for 1100 HZ,

high sea state. 117

Table A-39. Propagation loss in dB/NM for 1200 HZ,

high sea state. 118

Table A-40. Propagation loss in dB/NM for 1300 HZ,

high sea state. 119

Table A-4l. Propagation loss in dB/NM for 1400 HZ,

high sea state. 120

Table A-42. Propagation loss in dB/NM for 1500 HZ,

high sea state. 121

Table A-43. Propagation loss in dB/NM for 1600 HZ,

high sea state. 122

Table A-44. Propagation loss in dB/NM for 1700 HZ,

high sea state. 123

Table A-45. Propagation loss in dB/NM for 1800 HZ,

high sea state. 124

Table A-46. Propagation loss in dB/NM for 1900 HZ,

high sea state. 125

Table A-47. Propagation loss in dB/NM for 2000 HZ,

high sea state. '■ 126

Table A-48. Propagation loss in dB/NM for 2100 HZ,

high sea state. 127

Table A-49. Propagation loss in dB/NM for 2200 HZ,

high sea state. 128

Table A-50. Propagation loss in dB/NM for 2300 HZ,

high sea state. 129

Table A-51. Propagation loss in dB/NM for 2400 HZ,

high sea state. 13°

10

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The author wishes to thank the personnel at the Fleet
Numerical Weather Central, Monterey for their invaluable
assistance; particularly, to Mr. Jim Clark for his aid in
specifying the equations used and to Mr. Chet Wilcox for
his suggestions on various mathods for data presentation.
Additionally, thanks are extended to LCDR. C. K. Roberts
and to Professor R. H. Bourke, the thesis advisors, for
their advice and encouragement throughout the preparation
of this thesis.

11

I. INTRODUCTION

The Acoustic Sensor Range Prediction (ASRAP) program
(NAWEASERVCOKINST, 3160.3, 197D is currently conducted
under the direction of Commander, Naval Ueather Service
Command and provides computer generated range predictions
which are utilized primarily for airborne acoustic sensors.
These sensor systems, the passive JEZEBEL system and the
active systems of JULIE and active sonobuoys, are dependent
upon accurate environmental data forecast through the ASRAP.
program. These ASRAP forecasts consist of two general parts,
an active portion and a passive portion. This discussion
will be limited to the passive part of the forecast.
Passive propagation loss forecasts are provided on a weekly
basis for most ocean regions in the northern hemisphere.

Prior to generating a forecast, the ocean has been
divided into regions which have similar acoustic character-
istics of sound velocity profile, bottom type, and bottom
depth. For example, a near-shore region may consist of a
sound velocity profile which is subject to short-term
fluctuations due to temperature perturbations, a sandy type
bottom, and a relatively shallow depth. In contrast, an
open ocean region could consist of a sound velocity profile
which has long-term seasonal fluctuations due to temperature
changes, a bottom composed of ooze type material, and a
relatively deep bottom depth.

12

Once these acoustically homogeneous provinces or domains,
termed ASRAP areas, have been defined, the propagation loss
for discrete frequencies of 50, 300, 850, and 1700 Hertz
is determined. This loss is calculated for three distinct
cases: (1) Shallow-Shallow where the sonobuoy hydrophone
is placed at 60 feet and the target source is also at 60
feet, (2) Deep-Deep where the hydrophone is at 300 feet
and the target is 200 feet below the mixed layer depth
(MLD), and (3) Cross-Layer wherein sonic energy crosses
the mixed layer. The hydrophone is at 60 feet and the
target is 200 feet below the MLD for this case.

The manner in which this loss is determined or calcu-
lated is dependent to a large degree upon the environmental
parameters of layer depth and the below layer thermal grad-
ient. If these parameters allow for the transmission of
sonic energy from source to receiver via a sonic duct formed
between the surface and MLD, the amount of loss encountered
can be determined analytically. The analytical method is
employed out to a range at which multiple path transmission
via bottom reflection and convergence zone paths have a
significant effect. Beyond this range, a geometrically
solved ray-trace routine is utilized. On the other hand,
if no sonic duct is present, then the loss is calculated for
the entire field by the ray-trace routine.

Mixed Layer Depth is defined as that depth near the
surface where the sound velocity reaches a maximum
value.

13

The objective of this thesis is to develop a method by
which a fleet user of ASRAP forecasts can update the fore-
cast propagation loss by applying current environmental data
available. This method is desirable since, due to the large
number of areas which must be processed (over 1000), and
the time required to compute the loss for each area (25
seconds), the passive forecasts are issued only on a weekly
basis. Environmental effects which are of sufficient magni-
tude to significantly alter the amount of propagation loss
encountered can and do occur on a daily basis. This in turn
has a marked effect on the tactical employment of passive
airborne acoustic sensors since the range to which these
sensors are effective is determined to a large extent by
the amount of loss encountered.

Figure 1 is an example of a passive propagation loss
forecast for a particular Pacific Ocean region. In this
instance, the layer depth was 200 feet, the below layer
gradient was -5°F/100 FT, and the shallow-shallow or in
layer case was utilized. It will later be shown that the
highest frequency (1700 HZ) is being propagated via the
ducted mode, the 300 HZ case has marginal ducting (300 HZ
is close to the lowest frequency which can be ducted in a
200 foot layer), and the 50 HZ frequency is propagated by
modes other than ducted transmission. From this figure, it
can be seen that the ducted mode of transmission is the most
efficient means of transmission since less loss is
encountered as range increases.

14

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The method subsequently developed in this thesis will
be concerned with the case where sonic energy is trapped
within a surface duct. It is this case which is best
suited to an analytical algorithm which can be utilized
to perform the desired updating of forecasts.

16

II. SURFACE DUCT PROPAGATION LOSS MODEL

The loss of acoustic energy, propagation loss, within
a surface duct is comprised of essentially two factors,
geometrical spreading and signal attenuation. Geometrical
spreading reduces the power per unit area present within a
duct by distributing it over a larger area. The signal
attenuation is comprised of those physical factors which
cause a reduction in the intensity of the sonic energy
present within the duct. These factors are leakage of the
signal from the duct, absorption of energy due to chemical
and viscous relaxation mechanisms, and the scattering of
sonic energy from a roughened sea surface. Figure 2
illustrates the losses which occur within the surface duct.

In the method employed by the Fleet Numerical Weather
Central, Monterey (FNWC) to determine the amount of propa-
gation loss encountered, analytic expressions are evaluated
by application of certain governing environmental parameters
These parameters are above and below layer sound velocity
gradients, mixed layer depth, and sea state. They are
defined as:

H - the mixed layer depth in FT

G - the below layer sound velocity gradient in
FT/SEC/FT

Ga - the above layer sound velocity gradient in
FT/SEC/FT

F - the frequency in KHZ

17

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SC - the scattering coefficient defined as 9
for sea states less than 3 and 18 for
sea states greater than or equal to 3.

The velocity gradient terms, G and Ga, are considered

a function of pressure and temperature only since the effects

of salinity are assumed negligible. The pressure effect is

given as 0.018 FT/SEC/FT. The thermal effect on the sound

velocity gradient can be approximated by a linear function

of temperature. For a thermal gradient, G, , given in

°F/100 FT,

G = 5.842 x 10~2(Gt) FT/SEC/FT.
The velocity gradient below the mixed layer is then given as

G = 5-842 x 10~2(Gt) - 0.018 FT/SEC/FT
when the absolute value of G, (assumed to be always negative)
is used. The above layer gradient, Ga, is found in a similar
manner. Ignoring the effects of slight temperature gradi-
ents (fractions of a degree F/100 FT), this gradient is
given as

Ga = 0.018 FT/SEC/FT.
Following the development of Urick (1967), the spreading
loss within a surface duct is given as:

Spreading Loss (dB) = 10 log10R • RQ (1)
where R is the range from the source in yards and RQ is the
transition range. The transition range is defined as the
range at which the spreading transitions from spherical to
cylindrical. An alternate manner in which to view this is

Spreading Loss (dB) = 20 log10R0 + 10 log10(R-RQ)
where the parameters are as defined above. The spherical

19

term, 20 log,QR0, can be thought of as having two cylindri-
cal spreading components, one in the horizontal and another in
the vertical. Horizontal cylindrical spreading then occurs at all

ranges, R, while cylindrical spreading in the vertical occurs
to an effective layer depth, He, which is equivalent to the
transition range, R~ . The net effect is that spherical
spreading occurs until the boundaries of the duct are
reached and then cylindrical spreading occurs. For simplic-
ity in notation, the loss associated with the transition
range, R-., will be termed the effective layer loss. The
transition range, R. , is given as

R0 = (H/3)/2 sin 6

where 6 is the maximum angle of the limiting ray. This
angle is given as

6 = ((2H/3)/r)1/2

where r is the radius of curvature of the rays trapped within
the duct. For a duct with a constant above layer gradient,
Ga,

r = CQ/Ga

where Cn is the vertex sound velocity. For r >> H, the
transition range R-. is given by

RQ = ((r-H/3)/2)1/2

when the source is at the surface of the duct. The total

20

spreading loss within the duct then becomes,

Spreading Loss (dB) = 10 log-,0 ( (r- H/3)/2 )1/2

+33+10 log]0R

when R is in NM. The first term of this expression is depen-
dent upon the layer depth H and the above layer gradient Ga.
For an isothermal layer, the normal situation creating a
surface duct, this term becomes wholly dependent upon the
layer depth. The second term of this expression is indepen-
dent of the environmental parameters and is a function of
range alone. Thus the spreading loss has been separated
into a range dependent term and a term which is dependent
upon the environmental parameter of layer depth.

The loss due to signal attenuation is given by the duct
equation

Attenuation Loss (dB/NM) = 14.88 x 105 (F~5/3G~1/3H~3 )

+ (1/8)F2 + SC(F/H)1/2

(2)
for frequencies below 1 KHZ. For frequencies above 1 KHZ,
the term (1/8)F2 is replaced by 2F2 ( (0. 1/(1+F2)) + (W( 4100+F2))).
This equation contains a leakage attenuation term, an
absorption term, and a sea surface scattering term.

The leakage attenuation term, F G~ H~ , was devel-
oped from normal mode theory by Clay (1968) and accounts for
losses which result from sonic energy leaving the duct due
to diffractive leakage. It can be noted that the loss

21

encountered is inversely proportional to frequency, layer
depth, and below layer sound velocity gradient. This
relationship is intuitively plausible. As layer depth
increases, the intensity or power per unit area decreases
and a lesser amount of propagation loss results. Addition-
ally, as the below layer gradient intensifies, the duct
becomes a more efficient "wave guide" since the boundary
discontinuity is sharper making it more difficult for sonic
energy to leave the duct via diffractive leakage.

The absorption term, 2F ( '- — = — + ^) ,

1 + F 4100 + Fd

accounts for the losses due to chemical and viscous relaxa-
tion. This expression was derived by curve fitting to
empirical data by Thorpe and noted by Urick. This term
represents the effects of the two relaxation mechanisms at
a temperature of approximately 39 F. The expression, (1/8 )F ,
is merely an approximation to the previous form for low

frequencies and is utilized to simplify the computations.

q l

The sea surface scattering term,{,g} (F/H)2 , was developed

from the results of Marsh and Schulkin from Project AMOS
data and subsequently noted by Clay. The coefficient, 9,
is used for sea states less than 3 while a coefficient of
18 is utilized for sea states greater than 3- This loss is
directly proportional to the frequency and inversely propor-
tional to the layer depth. As the source frequency increases,
the sea surface appears relatively rougher due to the decrease
in signal wave length. Subsequently, at higher frequencies,

22

this roughened sea surface accounts for a greater amount of
loss. A lesser amount of scattering loss is encountered
for a deepening layer depth due to the decreased intensity
within the duct as previously mentioned for the leakage
attenuation term. The constant, 14.88 x 10 , serves as a
unit conversion factor for loss in dB/NM.

The maximum wavelength, Xmax, for a given duct is given

by Urick as,

Xmax ■ 4.7 x 10*"3H3/2.

For an average sound velocity of 5000 FT/SEC, the lowest

frequency which can be ducted, F.. , is
M J * low5

F, = 5000/(4.7 x 10~3H3/2)
low

= 1.08 x 106H"3/2 ■ (3)

It should be noted that this lower limit is not sharply
defined and that ducting at lower frequencies may be encoun-
tered, particularly in regions of weak below layer thermal
gradients. Because of the approximate nature of this cut-
off, frequencies as low as 0.7 F, are allowed to be ducted
■ ^ low

in the actual computational procedure.

vrhen non-ducted propagation is the case in question,
the only losses which can be calculated in a relatively
simple manner are spherical spreading and absorption. This
is because the exact solution to this propagation mode may
be dependent on multiple path transmission and phase
coherence effects. The loss due to spherical spreading is

23

given by

Spherical Spreading Loss (dB) =66+20 log, nR,

where R is in NM. The loss due to absorption can be
determined through use of the absorption formula previously
mentioned.

The loss which is encountered when sonic energy must
pass through the mixed layer is termed the cross-layer loss
This case occurs when the source is within the duct and the
receiver is below the duct or vice-versa. The Fleet Numeri-
cal Weather Central, Monterey uses a fixed loss parameter
of 10 Db for this loss (Pers. comm., J. Clark, June 1972).
In the absence of more complete empirical data upon which
to further quantify this loss, the 10 Db approximation is
also utilized in this paper.

24

III. COMPUTATIONAL PROCEDURE

The computational procedure utilized consisted of
essentially two FORTRAN programs. The first program was
utilized to determine the amount of loss due to the duct
equation (equation 2) while the second was used to find the
value of losses due to spreading (equation 1). These
programs are listed in Appendix B.

Program 1 iterates the duct equation over the specified
domain limits for the environmental variables involved. The
layer depth was iterated from 50 to 750 FT in 25 FT incre-
ments. The below layer thermal gradient was allowed to
change from -2°F/100 FT to -20°F/100 FT in 2°F/100 FT steps.
Frequency was allowed to change in 100 HZ steps from 100 to
2400 HZ and the sea state changed from low to high. The
iteration took place in such a manner as to generate a set
of tables for each frequency and sea state combination which
yielded the value of the duct loss parameter as a function
of layer depth and below layer thermal gradient. Since the
low frequency cut-off equation is not sharply defined,

frequencies as low as 0.7 F, were allowed to be ducted.
M low

For frequencies lower than 0J F. , the loss value was set
• low'

equal to a number larger than the field width allocated for
printing the values. Thus the symbol **** was printed
indicating a field-width over-ride machine function. The
printing of tables in this manner allowed for some variance
in the low frequency cut-off while at the same time

25

eliminating the chance for improper interpretation of duct

loss values, that is, the misinterpretation of a duct loss

value when ducting is not likely is minimized. Several

subroutines were utilized within the program to present

the results in graphical form. Subroutine DRAW transforms

digital data into a form which can be utilized by an offline

plotter. Subroutine CONTUR performs a scalar field analysis

with a 0.2 dB/NM contour interval. After this analysis, the

data is transformed into a form acceptable for an offline

plotter. To facilitate the interpretation of these plots,

a variable contour interval was utilized in regions of

rapid loss gradient change, e.g., in regions where the

conditions for ducting were marginal.

Program 2 was utilized to compute the losses due to

spreading and for the development of peripheral tables and

graphs. The development of these tables and graphs is

accomplished through the use of the equations presented in

the previous section. Subroutine PLOTP was used to plot

the online graphs. The output of this program consisted

of the following:

Table A-l: Lov; frequency cut-off and effective
layer loss as a function of the
layer depth.

Table A-2 : The ducted (cylindrical) spreading loss

Table A-3: The non-ducted (spherical) spreading
loss.

26

IV. FACTORS AFFECTING THE VARIABILITY
OF DUCTED PROPAGATION LOSS

The variations in ducted propagation loss can be best
treated by first examining the term which is not range
dependent — In this case, the spreading loss associated with
the transition range, RQ, or the effective layer loss.
Recall that this loss is given by 10 log Q( (r •H/3)/2)1/2)
where the radius of curvature of the entrapped rays, p, is
given by Cn/Ga and H is the mixed layer depth. When an iso-
thermal layer Is assumed, the dominant term in this expression
becomes the layer depth, H. This parameter can vary over a
range of values from 0 FT (or no layer depth) to perhaps
1000 FT where half-channel conditions are likely to persist.
At mid-latitudes, the range of this parameter is restricted
to values within the range from 0 to 500 feet under normal
circumstances. The range of values examined in this study
varied from 50 to 750 feet. This range of values encompasses
the duct dimensions in which frequencies from approximately
3 KKZ to 50 HZ can be ducted in accordance with the frequency
cut-off equation previously noted. The results of this
analysis are delineated in Table A-l, Appendix A, and are
graphically illustrated in Figure 3. The range of propagation
loss values which were encountered varied logarithmically
from 29.4 d3 at a layer depth of 50 FT to 35-3 dB when the
layer reached 750 FT. At the shallower layer depths, this
parameter is more sensitive to change than at deeper layer

27

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depths. For example, a change of 100 feet, from a 50 FT
to a 150 FT layer depth, results in a 2 . 'I dB change in the
loss, from 29.^ dB to 31.8 dB. On the other hand, a 100
foot change in layer depth from 650 FT to 750 FT results in
only a 0.3 dB change in the loss, from 35.0 dB to 35-3 dB.

When the source is located at the mid-point of the ver-
tical dimension of the duct, a 1.5 dB decrease in the amount
of loss results at all layer depths due to reduced transition
range. Since source location within the duct is difficult
to ascertain, this effect will be neglected and all sources
will be assumed to exist at the surface.

A second effect which alters the amount of spreading
loss encountered in the effective layer term is the above
layer gradient, Ga. When the above layer gradient is not
isothermal and assumes a positive value, the amount of loss
decreases due to a decreased transition range. The magnitude
of this change was found to be 3 dB/1 F/100 FT temperature
change. It should be noted that by strict classical defini-
tion, no "layer" exists when the thermal gradient is positive
None the less, a surface duct does exist and has dimensions
from the surface to the depth at which the positive gradient
merges with the thermocline. FNWC currently normalizes all
positive above layer thermal gradients to isothermal condi-
tions since this gradient condition is most likely tran-
sient in nature and is not likely to persist. This positive
gradient effect can therefore be neglected.

29

To examine the changes in propagation loss which result
due to changing environmental parameters or changing source
frequencies, the duct equation must be analyzed. Perhaps
the best manner in which to examine this variability and
observe the resultant sensitivity is to hold one or more
of the variables constant while allowing the others to be
perturbed over the range of values likely to be encountered.
Recall that the duct equation is given by

Attenuation Loss(dB/NM) = 14.88 x 105(F~5/3G~1/3H~3)

+ 2F2(0.1/(1+F2) + l/(4lOO+F2))
+ {^gHF/H)172.

This equation has five pertinent dimensions or parameters:
frequency, layer depth, below layer gradient, sea state,
and the resulting propagation loss., Since a five dimensional
representation would be difficult to interpret and perhaps
impossible to graphically represent, the problem can be
best approached by examining several three dimensional
representations which will serve to illustrate the sensitivity
in the variables involved.

The first of these three dimensional representations to
be considered is the loss surface formed when layer depth
and below layer gradient are allowed to vary when frequency
and sea state are held constant . This is depicted in Figures
4 through 6. From these Figures it can be noted, that,
except at relatively shallow layer depths and low frequencies,

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layer depth has the greatest effect. This can be further
illustrated by examining Figures 7 through 10. These plots
show iso-loss contours for a fixed frequency and sea state
over the ranges examined for layer depth and below layer
gradient. Note that at deeper layer depths and at higher
frequencies, the contour lines tend to become parallel to
the below layer gradient axis signifying little dependence
upon this parameter. At relatively shallow layer depths
and a lower frequencies, the below layer gradient becomes
significant. For example, in Figure 7 for 200 Hz, at a 250
foot layer depth, a change in gradient from 2 F/100 FT to

o

4 F/100 FT results in a change in loss of approximately

1 dB/NM. In contrast, Figure 10 for 2000 Hz shows that

for any given layer depth, there is negligible (less than 0.1

dB/NM) change in loss over the entire range of below layer

gradient values. Note that as the frequency increases, the

contour spacing at relatively shallow layer depths decreases,

indicating a stronger dependence on the layer depth parameter,

Since the layer depth and frequency appear to have the
most effect on the resultant propagation loss over a wide
range of domain, a similar loss surface can be constructed
by holding the below layer gradient and sea state constant
while allowing the frequency and layer depth to vary.
From Figures 11 and 12, it can be seen that the regions which
have the greatest change are those which lie in the vicinity
of marginal ducting conditions. The term marginal ducting
conditions is interpreted to mean conditions which lie in

34

LAYER(ft)
50

LOS S(db/nm)

250

450

650

750

2 6 10 14

G R A Dl E NT(°I/100M)

200 HZ SEA S TA T E < 3

Figure 7. Iso-loss contours for 200 HZ and low sea state

35

LAYER(lt)
50

LOS S(db/nm )

250—

450"

650"

750

H 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 »

6 10n 14

G R A Dl E NT(°I/I00lt)

1 8

Figure 8.

500 HZ SEA S TA T E < 3

Iso-loss contours for 500 HZ and low sea state

36

LAYER(U)
50

2 50-u

450

650"

750

L OS S(db/nm)

t

+

1 0

+

14

0.5

1 8

G R A Dl E NT(°«/100H)
1000 HZ SEA S TA T E < 3

Figure 9- Iso-loss contours for 1000 HZ and low
sea state.

37

LAYER(H)
50

250

450--

650"

750

LOS S(db/nm)

6 10 14

G R A Dl E NT(°I/100H)

1 8

0.8

H 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 \

Figure 10

2000 HZ SEA STATE< 3

Iso-loss contours for 2000 HZ and low sea state

38

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the vicinity of the limiting bounds for ducting to exist.
These bounds are imposed by either low frequency or relatively
shallow layer depths. Once away from these regions, the
loss becomes more insensitive to changes in frequency and
layer depth. This is evidenced by the loss surface tending
to become parallel to the frequency-layer depth plane. To
amplify this fact, it can be seen from Figures 13 and 1*J,
that outside the area enclosed by the dashed boxes, the change
in loss becomes more abrupt as either layer depth or fre-
quency vary. Note also that there exists a finite amount of
change in loss at all regions of the domain. For example,
within the dashed boxes, only a 1 dB/NM change is experienced
within the layer depth-frequency ranges. In contrast, out-
side the enclosed regions, as much as a 5 dB/NM change may
result under conditions of drastic change in layer depth or
frequency.

Sea state also has a marked effect on the amount of loss
which is encountered. Recall that this parameter is defined
as a step function from low (less than state 3) to high
(greater than state 3) seas and is a function of frequency
and layer depth given by{ng}(F/H) . To examine the effect
of this parameter, it is possible to note the increase in
loss which results when this "step function" is applied to
previously analyzed contour surfaces. From Figures 15 and 16,
it can be seen that the net result of the change from lov; to
high sea state is to elevate the loss surface by some amount
everywhere in the domain considered. For the case where

m

LOS S,Db /NM
6

12°{/I0 0n GRADIENT

SEA STATE < 3

R,FT

500

1000
F R E Q

U E

1500

NCY.HZ

2000

2 500

Figure 13. Propagation loss as a function of frequency for
various layer depths. Below layer gradient is -12°F/100 FT,

42

LOSS, Db/NM

6t

4--

3--

1 --

6°f/100H G R ADIENT

SF.A STATE< 3

LAYER.FT

■H \ !

500 1000 1500

F R E Q U E NC Y.HZ

2000

2500

Figure lU. Propagation loss as a function of frequency for
various layer depths. Below layer gradient is -6°F/100 FT.

43

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45

frequency is held constant (depicted in Figure 15), the loss
surface is elevated by a constant amount of 1 dB/NM over the
entire domain. When frequency is allowed to vary, the amount
of elevation which results varies from 0.2 dB/NM at 100 Hz
to 1 dB/NM at 2 KHz. This is - illustrated in Figure 16. As
the frequency increases, there is an increase in the loss
gradient with respect to layer depth. This gradient increase
can be seen in the divergence or widening of the spacing
between the individual layer depth lines in Figure 17. When
the sea state is increased (shown by the dashed lines), this
divergence increases due to a stronger dependence on fre-
quency. Thus, it can be noted that frequency has a greater
effect than layer depth on the amount of propagation loss
which is encountered when going from low to high sea state.

In summary, it can be stated that frequency and layer
depth have the greatest effect on the amount of loss which
is encountered over a relatively wide range of the domains
of interest. At low frequencies and relatively shallow layer
depths, the below layer thermal gradient has an appreciable
effect. This is particularly notable where conditions for
ducting are marginal. An increase in sea state results in
an increase in the amount of loss encountered over all
regions of the domain with frequency being the major factor
in determining the amount of increase. Finally, the non-range
dependent term associated with the effective layer depth is
most sensitive at shallow layer depths.

46

LOSS.Db/NM

6t

12 f/10 0f {GRADIENT

SEA STATE < 3

500

1000 1500

FREQUENCY.HZ

2000

2500

Figure 17. Propagation loss for high and low sea states
as a function of frequency. Gradient is -12°F/100 FT.

47

To further quantify the loss gradient, it is possible
to examine the rate of change in any of the governing
parameters at some point within the domain while the others
are held constant. A point within the domain is located or
specified by delineating a frequency, layer depth, below
layer gradient, and sea state. Nov: that this point has been
uniquely specified, the gradients with respect to frequency,
layer depth, below layer gradient, and sea state can be
independently specified. These gradients can be found by
taking the partial derivative of the loss term with respect
to the variable desired, applying the amount of change desired
and then evaluating this expression for a finite numerical
value. An alternate method which is much less complex and
yet suffices in terms of accuracy desired is a central differ-
ence numerical method. The gradient is determined by taking
the difference between loss values one increment previous to
the location and one increment in advance of that location
and then dividing this difference by 2. The "average" change
over this range is then assumed to exist at the location in
question. For example, if the point 500 HZ, 300 FT layer
depth, A°F/100 FT, and low sea state were specified, the loss
gradient with respect to layer depth change could be found
by evaluating the expression

Loss gradient (dB/NM/25 FT change) =

(Loss500,275,4,low " Loss500,325,4,low)/2j

where the loss subscripts represent frequency, layer depth,
belov; layer gradient, and sea state respectively.

48

Table I was compiled using this technique to evaluate
the gradient at several points in the domain. A "central
difference was utilized for all cases except the frequency
gradient in the 100 HZ examples and the sea state changes.
A forward difference was utilized in the frequency gradient
at 100 HZ. The change in the amount of propagation loss
encountered due to a sea state change was noted by taking
the difference in loss values occurring at high and low sea
state conditions. From this table, it can be seen that the
same general relationships discussed previously in terms
of the three dimensional loss surfaces still hold. This
table has the advantage of permitting a quantitative examin-
ation of the sensitivity of each loss parameter. For example,
it was previously noted that the below layer gradient had
a significant effect upon the total amount of loss encountered
at relatively shallow layer depths and at low frequencies,
particularly where conditions for ducting were found to be
marginal. At 100 HZ, the layer depth required in strict
accordance with the cut-off frequency formula is approximately
485 feet. Thus when the layer depth is specified as 500
feet, conditions for ducting should be considered marginal.
From Table I, it can be seen that under these conditions,
the change in loss due to a 25 FT change in layer depth is
approximately equivalent to the change in loss due to a
change in the below layer gradient of 2°F/100 FT. For exam-
ple, if the layer depth deepened by 25 FT and the below layer
gradient became less intense by 2 F/100 FT, the resultant

49

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loss would remain approximately constant since these effects
would counteract one another. That is, the deepening layer
depth would decrease the loss while the less intense below
layer gradient increased the loss.

In contrast, at 1000 HZ, 150 FT layer depth, and Jj°/100
FT gradient, the change due to changing layer depth is 3
times the change due to changing below layer gradient. Thus
under these circumstances, a change in layer depth of 25

o

FT is equivalent to a change of 6 F/100 FT below layer
gradient .

The change due to frequency is most significant at lower
frequencies, particularly at relatively shallow layer depths.
For example, the frequency gradient at 100 HZ is 5 times
greater than the frequency gradient at 1000 HZ in regions
where the layer depth is close to the minimum required for
ducting. As previously noted, the change due to increasing
sea state steadily increases with frequency with a relatively
minor effect due to layer depth. Over the range of 100 HZ
to 2000 HZ, it can be seen that the loss increases by a
factor of approximately 6 due to an increase in frequency.
When the frequency is held constant, the change in loss due
to layer depth change varies by a factor of roughly 2 over
the range considered.

In summary, change frequency and layer depth have the
greatest effect on transmission loss over the range from
300 to 2*100 HZ. Eelow 300 HZ, particularly where conditions
for ducting are marginal, the below layer thermal gradient

51

can have an appreciable effect on the amount of propagation
loss encountered. Under marginal ducting conditions, it was
found that for low frequencies, a 25 FT change in layer
depth had the same resultant effect on the loss gradient
as a change in gradient of 2 F/100 FT. An increase in sea
state was found to increase the amount of loss at all points
within the domain with the largest change occurring at
higher frequencies. It was noted that this loss varied by
a factor of 6 over the frequency range of 100 to 2*i00 HZ
while it varied by a factor of 2 over the layer depth range
of 50 to 750 FT. Finally, the non-range dependent term
associated with the effective layer depth is wholly dependent
upon layer depth. This parameter was found to be approxi-
mately 8 times more sensitive at shallow layer depths when
compared to deep layer depths for the range of depths
considered.

52

V. APPLICATION TO THE TACTICAL PROBLEM

Adapting to changing environmental conditions is perhaps
one of the most important problems in anti-submarine warfare
(ASW) today. This is particularly apparent in passive
detection. Submarine acoustic source levels have steadily
decreased as technology has advanced while the amount of
loss suffered by these signals has remained constant for a
given set of environmental conditions. The net result is a
much smaller difference between sound emitted and sound
received. With the advent of ASRAP came the ability to
predict, within specified statistical limits, the amount
of loss which a signal would undergo as a function of range,
frequency, and various environmental parameters. The weekly
time interval between forecasts makes it tactically prudent
and operationally necessary to update these forecasts when-
ever the resultant change in the propagation loss parameter
becomes significant.

To perform the updating of an ASRAP forecast, the infor-
mation available "On-Station" must first be defined, then
measured, and then finally applied in the form of a correction
algorithm. The source frequency of interest may be obtained
either from intelligence information or from actual detections
currently under investigation. Remaining to be defined and
measured are the environmental parameters of layer depth,
below layer gradient, and sea state. Layer depth and the
below layer thermal gradient are obtainable from an airborne

53

expendable bathythermograph (AXBT) trace. The sea state is
obtained either from direct visual observation or, in the
event of cloud cover or darkness, by noting the amount of
sonobuoy transmission interference due to waves overwashing
the sonobuoy and thereby interrupting the radio transmission
("wash-over"). Utilizing these parameters, it is possible
to develop a correction algorithm to be employed in conjunc-
tion with the equations previously developed to perform the
desired updating function. This will allow for the correc-
tion of forecast propagation loss when ducting conditions
are present.

The first step in this updating procedure is to ascer-
tain if the change in propagation loss due to changing
environmental conditions is significantly different from
that forecast. That is, will the resulting change in propa-
gation loss significantly alter the tactical problem to an
extent where updating of the forecast is warranted. The
question of what is significant must first be answered.
This concept of significance is highly relative and may vary
from one tactical problem to another. For instance, a 10$
change in the propagation loss may be significant in one
tactical situation and yet not be deemed significant in
another. Because of this relative nature, a general method
will be developed to yield a reference parameter which can
be utilized as a guideline for individual situation judgements
as to significance. This guideline parameter is the amount
of propagation loss change at a range of 10 NM and is denoted

54

by AL, ~. This reference parameter will serve as a common

point or a reference frame upon which further decisions can

i

be based. By utilizing the tables and/or graphs presented
in Appendix A, the following step-by-step procedure can be
utilized to determine AL-.0:

1. Determine if the ducted mode of propagation is likely
to exist by finding the cut-off layer depth present for the
frequency of interest. Table A-l can be utilized for this
purpose.

2. If ducting is present, determine the amount of change
due to the effective layer loss term (due to changing layer
depth) by subtracting the loss at the forecast layer depth
from the loss at the layer depth present on-station.

3. From the table in Appendix A corresponding to the
predicted sea state and the closest forecast frequency
(100,300,850, or 1700 HZ), determine the forecast duct loss
term by entering the table at the predicted layer depth and
below layer thermal gradient.

4. Determine the on-station duct loss term by entering the
table which corresponds to the actual sea state present and
the closest frequency desired with the layer depth and below
layer thermal gradient determined from the AXBT.

5. Determine the change in duct loss by subtracting the
results of step (k) from the results of step (3).

6. To determine the change in propagation loss at a range
of 10 NM, AL,0, algebraically add the results of step (2)
to 10 times the results of step (5).

55

Several examples of this procedure follow:

Example 1:

Forecast Conditions On-Station Conditions

850 HZ 1000 HZ

250 FT layer depth 150 FT layer depth

-6°F/100 FT gradient -10°F/100 FT gradient

Low sea state High sea state

1. From Table A-l, a 250 FT layer will duct frequencies
higher than 273 HZ and a 150 FT layer will duct frequencies
higher than 588 HZ. It can be assumed that under these
conditions, both the forecast and the on-station conditions
will permit a ducted mode of propagation.

2. From Table A-l, the effective layer loss change is
determined by

Effective layer loss,2C.Q pm% : 32.9 dB

Effective layer loss,..™ Pmy 31.8 dB

Change + 1.1 dB

3. Duct loss predicted conditions from Table A-12,

900 HZ, 250 FT, -6°F/100 FT, low sea state: 0.8 dB/NM.

4. Duct loss on-station conditions from Table A-37,

1000 HZ, 150 FT, -10°F/100 FT, high sea state: 2.1 dB/NM.

5. Change in duct loss is given by
Forecast: 0.8 dB/NM
On-Station: 2.1 dB/NM

Change - 1.3 dB/NM.

56

6. The change in propagation loss at a range of 10 NM is
Effective layer loss change: + 1.1 dB
10 x duct loss change: 10 x (-1.3) = -13.0 dB
Change at 10 NM, AL1Q = 1.1 + (-13.0) = -11.9 dB
In this example, under the actual conditions, the loss
is 11.9 dB GREATER than that under the predicted
conditions .

Example 2:

Forecast Conditions On-Station Conditions

300 HZ 500 HZ

300 FT layer 250 FT layer

-10°F/100 FT gradient -12°F/100 FT gradient

Low sea state Low sea state

1. From Table A-l, the cut-off frequency for a 300 FT layer
depth is 208 HZ. For a 250 FT layer depth, the cut-off
is 273 HZ. Conditions are present for ducting under both
the predicted and the on-station conditions.

2. From Table A-l, the change in the effective layer loss
is

Effective layer loss/.Qfix: 33.3 dB

Effective layer loss /pj-oN •' 32.9 dB

Change + 0 . 4 dB

3. From Table A-6, the forecast duct loss term is

300 HZ, 300 FT, -10°F/100 FT, low sea state: 0.8 dB/NM.

4. The duct loss under the on-station conditions is found
from Table A-8 to be

500 HZ, 250 FT, -12°F/100 FT, low sea state: 0.8 dB.

57

5. The change in the duct loss is then
Forecast: 0.8 dB/NM
On-Station: 0 . 8 dB/NK

Change: 0.0 dB

6. The change in propagation loss at 10 NM, AL 0, is
Effective layer loss change: O.k dB

10 x duct loss change: 10 x (0.0) = 0.0 dB

Change at 10 NM, AL1Q = + O.k dB

In this example, there was 0.4 dB LESS loss under the

actual conditions than under the forecast conditions.

Example 3:

Forecast Conditions On-Station Conditions

1700 HZ 2000 HZ

225 FT layer 75 FT layer

-12°F/100 FT gradient -4°/100 FT gradient

High sea state Low sea state

1. From Table A-l, it can be seen that the cut-off frequency
for the shallower layer depth is lower than either the
closest forecast frequency or the frequency of interest,
that ducting will be present in both situations.

2. From Table A-l, the change in the effective layer loss
term is found as,

Effective layer loss ,pp,-\: 32.7 dB

Effective layer loss,7rs: 30 • 3 dB

Change + 2 A\ dB

58

3. From Table A-kk, the duct loss under the forecast
conditions is given as

1700 HZ, 225 FT, -12°F/100 FT, high sea state: 1.8 dB/NM,

4. The duct loss for the on-station conditions is found
from Table A-23 to be

2000 HZ, 75 FT, -^°F/100 FT, 'low sea state: 3.6 dB/NM.

5. The change in the duct loss term is
Forecast: 1.8 dB/NM
On-Station: 3.6 dB/NM

Change: - 1.8 dB/NM

6. The parameter AL-, 0 is found as
Effective layer loss change: + 2J\ dB

10 x Duct loss change 10 x (-1.8) = -18.0 dB

Change at 10 NM, AL1Q = -15.6 dB.

Under these circumstances, there was 15.6 dB MORE loss

on-station than forecast at a range of 10 NM.

Example h:

Forecast Conditici.r On-Station Conditions

850 HZ • 1000 HZ

250 FT No Layer

-6°F/100 FT -6°F/100 FT

Low sea state Low sea state

1. From Table A-l, ducting is likely under the forecast

conditions. No ducting is possible under the on-station
conditions .

59

2. The change in the propagation loss at 10 NM, AL,0,is
given by

Forecast ducted loss - (On-station non-ducted loss)
Forecast loss at 10 NM:

Effective layer loss = 32.9 dB

Spreading loss ~ ^3-0 dB

Duct loss = 8.0 dB

Total Forecast 83.9 dB

On-station Loss at 10 NM (from Table A-2):

Spreading loss = 86.0 dB

Absorption loss = 1.0 dB

Total On-station = 87.0 dB

AL1Q = 83.9 - 87.0 = -3.1 dB
In this example there was 3 • 1 dB MORE loss under the
on-station conditions than under the forecast conditions.
It must be stressed that this is an approximate solution
for the non-ducted case and that the actual loss encoun-
tered may vary to some extent from the solution obtained.
The value which one assigns to the parameter AL, Q as a
critical value is, for the most part, arbitrary. That is,
the point at which an on-station update will be performed
due to the arbitrary limit on AL, n being exceeded will again
be dependent upon the tactical situation. As a rule of
thumb, the value of ± 6dB can be utilized. This value has
statistical significance since this value is normally
utilized as the standard deviation for the Figure of Merit

60

2

equation. Thus, if the forecast and on-station propagation

losses vary by more than ± 6 dB, an updating of the propagation
loss would be required when applying the above rule of thumb.

Once it has been established that the updating of a
propagation loss profile is advisable, the following step-
by-step procedure can be used in conjunction with the
worksheet shown in Figure 18.

1. Determine if ducting is likely under the on-station
conditions. Recall, that the low- frequency cut-off for
a given duct size is not sharply defined and that
ducting may occur at shallower layer depths. In the
computational procedure used to derive the tables and
graphs depicted in Appendix A, ducting was permitted at
frequencies as low as 0.7 ^-i , • If ducting is not likely,
follow the procedure delineated in steps 7-8.

2. For ducted cases, determine the loss due to the effective
layer spreading by entering Table A-l with the on-
station layer depth.

3. Determine the ducted spreading loss from Table A-2 at
the desired range intervals.

4. Determine the duct loss at the desired ranges by multi-
plying the range (NM) and the loss (dB/NM) found by
entering the appropriate table in Appendix A which

2

The Figure of Merit equation is given as

FOM = SL - AN - RD + DI= propagation loss
where SL is the source level, AN is the ambient noise,
RD is the recognition differential, and DI is the
directivity index (NAVWEASERVCOMINST 3160.3).

61

^CAST BT
ON -ST A. BT

-;;-

FORECAST CONDIT7"
Freouencv HZ

a State

I ayer Depth

FT

Gradient

°F/1 00 ft

Cut-Off Freq.

HZ

Ducted Non-Ducted

Ducted Cs "~
Effectiv ' yer Loss Db

Cross -Layer Loss Ob

Total Fixed I : Oh

■it

ON-STATION CONDITIONS
Frequency_ HZ

Sea State

Layer Depth

FT

Gradient

°F/100 ft

Cut-Off Frpq.

HZ

Ducted Non-ducted

Non-Ducted Case

Absorption lose '
Dh/NM

Ran

' -red Losses
Spreading Loss
Duct Lor
Total Losses

Ran^e(NM)
10 15

?0

25

Figure 18. A worksheet for determining on-station
propagation loss.

62

corresponds to the desired frequency, for the sea state
present at the layer depth and belov; layer thermal
gradient from the AXBT trace.

5. If cross-layer conditions are present, add 10 dB.

6. The propagation loss at a given range R is found by
Propagation Loss (dB) = Effective Layer Loss + Ducted

Spreading Loss (at R) + R x (Duct Loss) + Cross-
Layer Loss (if present).

7. If ducting is not present, the only losses which can
be readily determined are the non-ducted (spherical)
spreading loss and the frequency dependent absorption
loss. From Table A-2, determine the spreading loss at
any range R. The absorption loss (dB/NM) can also be
found from Table A-2.

8. To determine the approximate non-ducted propagation loss
at a range R,

Propagation Loss (dB) = Non-ducted Spreading Loss
+ R x (Absorption Loss).

It should be noted again that this solution is not exact

and may be dependent upon multi-path transmissions as

well as phase coherence effects.

To further examine the effects of changing environmental
conditions on the tactical problem, several examples will
be utilized. Consider the case given in Example 1. In this
example, the layer depth, below layer thermal gradient, sea
state and frequency differed from the conditions which were
forecast. Figure 19 depicts the forecast and on-station

63

FORECAST BT
ON -ST A. BT

EXAMPLE 1
■a- *

FORECAST CONDITIONS
Fr e q u e n c y 8 50 HZ
Sea State LOW
Layer Depth 250 FT
Gradient -6 °F/l 00 FT
Cut-Off Freq. 273 HZ
Ducted x Non-Ducted

Duct°d Case
Effective Layer Loss 31.8 Db

Cross-Layer Loss 0 Db

Total Fixed Losses 31 . 8 Db

*

ON -STAT I ON CONDITIONS

Frequency I 000 HZ

Sea State HIGH
Layer Depth 150 FT
Gradient -10°F/100 FT
Cut-Off Freq. 588 HZ
Ducted x Non-ducted

Non-Ducted Case

Absorption Loss
Db/NM

Range

Fixed Losses
Spreading Loss
Duct Loss
Total Losses

: 1 I

: 31.

8 :

: 33-

0 :

: 2.

1 :

: 66.

9 :

; 5 : 10 t 15

31.8 ; 31.8 : 31.8: 31.8:

37.8 : 40.0 : 43.0: M.Oi

6.3 : 10.5 : 21. Oi 31.5:

7.9 : 82.3 : 95.8: 108.1:

Range (NM)

6k

I

z
o

u

65

propagation loss profiles resulting under these conditions.
As previously noted, £L,Q is 11.9 dB. For a 90 dB FOM,
this results in a decrease in the Median Detection Range
(MDR)^ from 15 NM forecast to 8 NM on-station. For an 80
dB FOM, the MDR decreases from 7 NM to 4 NM. Under common
operating situations, this change would be considered
significant .

Example 2 gave an example where changing on-station
conditions were, to a large extent, offsetting. That is,
the change in layer depth was offset by a change in below
layer gradient. Since the parameter AL, 0 is small (0.^1 dB),
there is no need under these conditions to update the ASRAP
propagation loss forecast. Figure 20 illustrates this
example.

Example 3 gave conditions which might be likely to ^
exist if heavy weather had existed at the time the forecast
was issued. The on-station conditions, at a time after the
weather had subsided, are much different than when forecast.
Figure 21 illustrates the propagation loss profiles under
the forecast and actual on-station conditions. Taking a
90 dB FOM, the MDR was reduced from 9 NM to 5-5 NM. For
an 80 dB FOM, the MDR was reduced from 5 NM to 3 NM. The
case of a 90 dB FOM would most likely be considered signifi-
cant for normal operating circumstances while the change for

The Median Detection Range is that range for which
there is a probability of detection of 0.5 using the
FOM equation.

66

FORECAST BT_
ON -ST A. BT

EXAMPLE 2

FORECAST CONDITIONS
Frequency 300 HZ

Sea State LOW

Layer Depth 300 FT
Gradient -10 °?/l OO FT
Cut-Off Freq. 208 HZ
Ducted x Non-Ducted

Duot^d Case

Effective Layer Loss 32. 9 Db

Cross-Layer Loss 0 Db

Total Fixed Losses 32. 9 Db

ON -STAT I ON CONDITIONS
Frequency 500 HZ

Sea

State

LOW

Layer Depth

250

FT

Grac

lient

12 °

F/100

FT

Cut-

-Off Fre

q. 2

73

HZ

Ducted x Non-ducted
N on -Ducted Case

Absorption Loss
Db/NM

Range

Fixed Losses
Spreading Loss
Duct Loss
Total Losses

: 1

I 3

: 32.9 -

32.9

: 33-0 i

37.8

: 0.8

2.4

: 66.7 !

73.1

32.9

4 0.0

4.0

76.9

10
32.

«

9:

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32.

44.
12.
89.

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Range (NM)

70

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FORECAST 3T_
ON -ST A. BT

EXAMPLE 3
* «• #

FORECAST CONDITION'S
Frequency 1700 HZ
Sea State HIGH
Layer Depth 225 FT
Gradient -12 °?/i 00 FT
Cut-Off Frea. 320 HZ
Ducted x Non-Ducted

Ducted Case

Effective Layer Loss 30. 3 Db

Cross-Layer Loss 0 Db

Total Fixed Losses 30.3 Db

*

ON-STATION CONDITIONS
Frequency 2000 HZ

Sea State LOW

Layer Depth 75 FT
Gradient -k °F./lOO FT
Cut-Off Freq. 1663 HZ

Ducted x Non-ducted

Non-Ducted Case

Absorption Loss
Db/NM

Ranre

Fixed Losses
Spreading Loss
Duct Loss
Total Losses

70

80 .-
90. L

100 --
110

: 1 :

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: 30.3:

30.3:

1 33.0:

37.8:

: 3.6:

10.8:

: 66.9:

78.9:

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30.3: 30.3 J

30.3 :

40.0 : 43.0 i

44.8 1

18.0: 36.0 !

54.0 :

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70

the 80 dB case might not be considered significant under
some operating conditions.

Example H illustrates the case where ducting conditions
were forecast but on-station conditions dictated that no
ducting was possible. Figure 22 illustrates this situation.
When a 90 dB FOM is considered, the resulting change in
MDR is 2 NM, from 15 NM to 13 NM. The same change in MDR
is also evident when the FOM is taken as 80 dB since the
forecast and on-station profiles tend to differ by similar
amounts over this range interval. Again, the non-ducted
solution is only an approximation but this estimate is
perhaps better than no estimate at all.

In summary, it is now possible to determine a reference
parameter, AL..^, which will aid in determining if an update
of the forecast is required. As a rule of thumb, if AL10
differs by more than one standard deviation . (normally taken
as 6 dB), then an update should be performed. Once it is
determined that an update is desired, it may be accomplished
by determining the different loss values involved from
tables or graphs listed in Appendix A and summing these
loss values in accordance with the correction algorithm.

71

FORECAST BT_
ON -ST A. BT

EXAMPLE 1J
» * *

FORECAST CONDITIONS
Frequency 850 HZ
Sea State LOV.T
Layer Depth 250 FT
Gradient -6 °p/] 00 FT
Cut-Off Freq. 273 HZ
Ducted x Non-Ducted

Duetto Case
Effective Layer Loss
Cross-Layer Loss
Total Fixed Losses

Db

Db

Db

ON -STAT I ON CONDITIONS
Frequency 1000 HZ

Sea
Laye

Grad

State LOW

r Depth 0 FT

ient -6 °f/100

FT

Cut-

■Off Freq.

N/A

HZ

Ducted

Non-ducted x

N on -Ducted Case

Absorption Loss
0.1 Db/NM

Range

Fixed Losses

Spreading Loss

Absorption
Total Losses

:

? :

5 1

: 66.0:

75. 5 :

80.0 :

: 0.1 :

0.^1

0.5 :

: 66.1:

7^.8:

80.5 l

_1_0_ : 15 : 20 ?

: -- : -- »

Range ( NM )

10 15

1 i 1 1 \

86.0 : 89.5 i 92.0 t

1 . 0 t 1.5s 2.0;

87.0 : 91.0 I 9^.0 ':

25

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73

VI. CONCLUSIONS

The model for low frequency ducted propagation loss
consisted of the specification and determination of the
losses encountered within a surface duct. These losses
resulted from the reduction of power per unit area due to
spreading and attenuation within the duct. The spreading
loss is comprised of spherical spreading to a transition
range and the cylindrical spreading at all greater ranges.
The spherical spreading loss is accounted for in the loss
termed the effective layer loss. The cylindrical spreading
loss is termed the ducted spreading loss. The attenuation
term consisted of the losses associated with diffractive
leakage of sonic energy from the duct, scattering of energy
from a roughened sea surface, and absorption due to
relaxation mechanisms.

The sensitivity of this model was found to be dependent
upon the governing parameters which specify the loss terms.
These parameters are the frequency, layer depth, sound
velocity gradients above and below the layer, and the sea
state.

Over a relatively wide range of the domain investigated,
the frequency and layer depth were found to have the greatest
effect on the amount of propagation loss encountered. Over
those portions of the domain which lie near the conditions
required for the ducting of sonic energy, the below layer
gradient has an appreciable effect. For example, within this

74

region of marginal ducting conditions, a below layer thermal
gradient change of 2 F/100 FT was found to have the same
effect on the resulting propagation loss as a change in
the mixed layer depth of 25 FT. In contrast, in areas away
from this region, the loss becomes more independent of the
below layer gradient. In some areas, a change of 18 F/100 FT
results in a negligible change in propagation loss (less
than 0.1 dB/NM). The change in loss due to a change in
frequency is most intense at low frequencies and relatively
shallow layer depths. This loss gradient was found to be
as much as 5 times more intense at 100 HZ than at 1000 HZ
under comparable environmental conditions.

An increase in the sea state was found to cause an increase
in the amount of loss resulting at all locations within the
domain of interest. The amount of increase in propagation
loss varied as a function of frequency and layer depth.
The magnitude of this change ranged from several tenths of
a dB/NM at lower frequencies to approximately 1 dB/NM at
higher frequencies. Frequency was found to have the most
effect upon this change and varied by a factor of 6 over the
range investigated. The change in loss was found to vary
by a factor of 2 as a function of the layer depth when the
sea state increased.

The change in loss due to the transition range or the
effective layer loss was found to be dependent upon the mixed
layer depth when simplifying assumptions were imposed regarding
the above layer gradient and target location within the

75

vertical dimension of the surface duct. The resulting .
change in propagation loss was found to be approximately
8 times more sensitive to change in mixed layer depth over
shallow intervals as compared to the deeper intervals.

The amount of change in ducted propagation loss due to
changing environmental conditions is dependent not only
upon the magnitude of the change but also upon the location
within the frequency-sound velocity gradient-sea state
domain at which the change occurs. That is, the resultant
change in loss is dependent upon the magnitude of the changes
in the environmental parameters, the location within the
domain from which such changes originate, and the direction
in which the changes proceed.

The value of change in propagation loss which constitutes
significance is relative to the tactical situation under
consideration. In one instance, a 6 dB change at some
specified range may be significant while in another instance,
it may be deemed negligible. This apparent ambiguity can
be best approached by permitting the significance decision
to be made within the context of the actual situation at
hand. To aid in this decision, the reference parameter AL,q,
the change in propagation loss encountered under actual
conditions from that which was forecast for a range of 10 NM
from the source, was developed. As a rule-of-thumb, if AL
exceeds one standard deviation (taken to have a nominal
value of 6 dB), the forecast should be updated when possible.

76

The correction algorithm for the ducted propagation
case is compatible with the method currently employed by
the FNWC since identical models and equations are utilized.
The ability to update this form of propagation loss is
extremely important when the near field or direct path
situation is considered. Additionally, this method can
be employed to enhance the accuracy of forecast propagation
less in cases where the actual and predicted environmental
conditions are identical since this method allows for a
more finite interpolation within the frequency domain.

There is much to be done in the field of ASRAP update,
particularly in the area of non-ducted propagation cases.
It is hoped that the methods employed here will aid in
furthering this effort.

77

Appendix A. Supplemental Graphs and Tables

Table A-l

FREQUENCY CUT-OFF AND EFFECTIVE LAYER CORRECTION

LAYER(FT) CUT-OFF FREOU ENCY ( H Z ) EFFECTIVE LAYER LOSS(DB)

50.0 3054.7 29.4

75.0 1662.8 30.3

103.3 1333.0 30.9

125.0 772. G 31.4

150.0 587.9 31.8

175.0 466.5 32.2

2 00.0 381.8 32.4

225.0 320.0 32.7

250.0 273.2 32.9

275.0 236.8 33.1

330.0 207.8 33.3

325.0 184.3 33.5

350.0 164.9 33.7

375.0 148.7 33.8

400.0 135.0 34.0

425.0 123.3 34.1

450.0 113.1 34.2

475.0 104.3 34.3

'OJ.5 96.6 34.4

525.0 89.8 34.5

550.0 83.7 34.6

575.0 73.3 34.7

600.0 73.5 - 34.8

625.0 69.1 34.9

650.0 65.2 35.0

675.0 61.6 35.1

733. 3 58.3 35.2

725.0 55.3 35.2

750.0 52.6 35.3

78

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82

Table A-4 . PROPAGATION LOSS IN DB/NM F9R 100 HZ

LAYER(FT)

2.0 4.0 6.0

***: nc\j-du:tfd case

sea state : less than 3

below layer gradi ent( deg .f/100ft . )

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50.0

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j . .■ j

Jb db JL >*.

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vL <JL JL JL.

jl jj, -•- j-

J- d O JL

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jL *L. *;, O

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2.5

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425. 0

2. 1

1.6

1.4

1.3

1. 2

1.2

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1.0

1 .0

450.0

1.8

1.4

1.2

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0.9

0.9

0.9

475. 0

1. 5

1.2

1. 1

1.0

0.9

0.9

C.8

0.8

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500.0

1. 3

1.0

0.9

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0. 8

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1.2

0.9

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1. 0

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0.5

0.6

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0.5

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0.9

0.7

0.6

0.6

0.6

0. 5

0. 5

0.5

0.5

0.5

600.0

0. 8

0.7

0.6

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.4

0.4

0.4

625.0

0.7

0.6

0.5

0. 5

0. 5

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

650. 0

0.7

0.5

0.5

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

675. 0

0. 6

0.5

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.3

0.3

0.3

700.0

0.5

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.3

0.3

0.3

0. 3

0.3

725.0

0.5

0.4

0.4

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

750.0

0. 5

0.4

0. 3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

83

Table A-5. PROPAGATION LOSS IN DB/NM FOR 200 HZ

LAYER(FT)

2.0 4.0 6.0

***: NON-DUCTED CASE

SEA STATE : LESS THAN 3

BELOW LAYER GRAD I E NT ( DEG . F/100FT . )

8.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0

50.0

O X -J. o.
-i* t- -r *r

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V- .■ ', -■-

vly J# JU J,

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f X X- X

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275.0

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2.0

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300.0

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0.4

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0.3

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0.3

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675.0

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0.3

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0.2

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700.0

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0. 3

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750.0

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0.2

0.2

0.2

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0.2

84

Table A-6. PROPAGATION LOSS IN DB/NM FOR 300 HZ

LAYER (FT)

2.0 4.0 6.0

***: NON-DUCTED CASE

SFA STATE : LESS THAN 3

BELOW LAYER GP AD I ENT ( DE3 . F /l OOFT. )

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175.0

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x a. o, x

f '\- 'f- 't-

200. 0

3.4

2.7

2.4

2.2

2.0

1 .9

1 .9

1.8

1.7

1.7

2 2 5.0

?. A

2.0

1. 7

1.6

1. 5

1.4

1.4

1.3

1.3

1.3

250.0

1 .9

1 .5

1.3

1.2

1.2

1 . 1

1.1

1.1

1.0

1.0

27 5. C

1. 5

1.2

1. 1

1 .0

1. 0

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.8

0.8

2 00 .

1.2

1 .0

0.9

0.3

0.8

0. 8

0. 7

0.7

0.7

0.7

325.0

1 . C

0.8

0.8

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

350.0

0. 8

0.7

0.6

0,6

o. e

0.6

o.e

0.5

0.5

0.5

375.0

0.7

o.e

0.6

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0. 5

0.5

400. 0

0. 6

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

425.0

0.6

0.5

0.5

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

450. 0

0. 5

O.'t

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

475. 0

0.5

0.4

0. 4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

500.0

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

525. C

0. 4

0.4

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

550.0

0.4

0.3

0. 3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

575c 0

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0,3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

600.0

0. 3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0. 3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

625.0

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0. 3

0. 3

650. 0

0. 3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.2

675.0

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.2

0. 2

0.2

0.2

700.0

0.3

0.3

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.2

725.0

0.3

0.2

0. 2

0.2

0. 2

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.2

750.0

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.2

85

Table A-7. PROPAGATION LOSS IN DB/NM FOR 400 HZ

LAYER(FT)

2.0 4.0

*** : NON-DUCTED CASE
SEA STATE : LESS THAN 3

BELOW LAYER GRADI ENT ( DEG.F/100FT . )
6.0 8.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0

50. 0

-r -v *.- nr

-." T- -1* T*

J, ol. a, -l.
•t* "■*■ *i- ■*»■*

Jl, .'- -U -A-

-.~ '." *V 'P-

,1* »! . *!, v',

',- -v *r- *v

5,* »f. iJC 5jC

J- JL U, s.<-

v V *r V

*? *r *r *r

X %t X vl,

*r- *v* *r- *(*

75.0

'- ■ ■ ■

a- -.♦, -c »v

.A, *X- .'. .'-
1* 1- r- -V

5JC -,» -, t

i* *r -r -i-

*JU »U JU s'.

nr *>■ '■" 'i*

$$$$

X wU x X

•v- V" **"■ V

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100.0

T - - -.-

'i- 1* "? T*

J, J, u, %v

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175. 0

3. 2

2.6

2.3

2.1

2.0

1 .9

1.8

1.8

1.7

1.7

200.0

2.3

1.9

1.7

] .5

1. 5

1.4

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.2

2 2 5.*0

1 .7

1 .4

1 .3

1 .2

1. 1

1. 1

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

250.0

1.3

1.1

1.0

1.0

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.8

0.8

0.8

275.0

1. 1

0.9

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

300.0

0.9

0.3

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

32 5.0

0. 8

0.7

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.5

0.5.

0.5

350.0

0.7

0.6

0.6

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0. 5

375. 0

0. 6

0.5

0. 5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.4

0.4

0.4

400.0

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

425. C

0. 5

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

450.0

0. 5

0.4

0. 4

0. <\

0. 4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

475.0

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.3

0.3

0.3

500. 0

0. 4

0.4

0.4

C.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

525.0

0.4

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0. 3

0.3

0.3

0.3

550. 0

0.4

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

575.0

0.3

0.2

0.3

0.3

0. 3

0.3

C.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

600.0

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0. 3

625. 0

0. 3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

650.0

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

675.0

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

700.0

0.3

0.3

0. 3

0.3

0. 3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

725.0

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.2

0.2

0. 2

750. 0

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.2

86

Table A-8. PROPAGATION LOSS IM DB/NM FOR 500 HZ

LAYERIFT)

2.0 4.0 6.0

***: NON-DUCTED CASE

SEJ STATE : LESS THAN 3

BELOW LAYEP SRADI ENT ( DEC F/ 100FT . >

8.0 10.0 12.0 14. 0 16.0 18.0 20.0

50.0

;*; J, ji- jU

T "»• *v- -»-

TT TT

*■» »r -v ^

v- a- a- «.»-

p -,- -,- -r

f f~ T- -v

* s * *

*\f *X, J, J,

3$, -r *,» »r

jl- a, a, a,

y* "r *r -y

75.0

dc -'; 3k s&

* * £ *

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J, J, J. X
^C 7^ ^ *,«

-■. O. U. -'-

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-r t- -r -r

T* *v *->* -V

u* j- a, a,
-(* *T- T *r

y- a, a. ou
*r 'r -r- ^

100. 0

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£***

"l* "V -,- ^

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jfeajgrff A

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ir *P •¥■ "i*

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*,- -V 'i» *?•

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-•- ^t, J, -J,

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y^ ^- ^ *

jfe JC ji jfe

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■V -y T -v

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1 5 0 . C

3.6

2.9

2.6

2.4

2.2

2.1

2.1

2.0

1.9

1.9

175.0

2.4

2.0

).. 8

1.7

1. 6

1.5

1.5

1.4

1.4

1 .4

20C.0

1.8

1.5

1.3

1.3

1. 2

1.2

1. 1

1.1

1.1

1.0

225.0

1. 4

1.1

1.1

1 .0

1.0

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

250.0

1. 1

0.9

0.9

0.8

0. 8

0. 8

0.8

0.7

0.7

0.7

275.0

0.9

0.8

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.6

0.6

0. 6

300. 0

0. c

0.7

0.7

0.6

0. 6

0.6

0.6

0.5

0.6

0.6

3 2 5.0

0.7

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.5

0. 5

0.5

0.5

0. 5

350.0

0. 6

0.6

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

375.0

0.6

0.5

0. 5

0.5

0. 5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.4

0.4

400.0

0. 5

0.5

0.5

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

425. 0

0. 5

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

450. 0

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

475. 0

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

500. 0

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0. 4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

5?5.0

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

550. 0

0. 4

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

575.0

0.4

0.3

0. 3

0.3

0.3

0.3

-0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

600.0

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

625.0

0. 2

0.3

0.3

0. 3

C. 3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

650.0

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

675. C

0. 3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

700. C

0. 3

0.3

0. 3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

725.0

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0. 3

0.3

750. 0

0. 3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

87

Table A-9. . PROPAGATION LOSS IN DB/NM cOR 600 HZ

LAYER(FT)

2.0 4.0 6.0

***: nom-ou:tfi? case

sea state : less than 3

belov,1 layer gradi ent (deg. f/100ft . )

8.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0

50.0

»>* ^ gu ^>*

TTT1*

.' .1 J V

JU gu -l* -J-

«U O. Ju V.

»'- ju .*, j-

75. 0

„•„ .A. *»- „',

; - -•- u- »•-

■J- *JU J^ -JL.
*^. n» ^^ -r

v* »*- »■- 4s

■ . *r *■«" t-

t* -r nr *v

o, ~j. ou a*

a. a, a« ou

*r *r **r *v

*#**

*v -»* n* *»*

100.0

■ -. - -

*"- %U U, <JL>

*i- *r- -r* *T*

U* U» »'.- o*

nr *r *r -r»

*i* o* v^ *,•*■

# * * *

J, *C »'- J-

V< -'- -v o
*r i* t *>*

s(; j£j!::£

*JL- *L* -J, vl-»
A* -I* "f "<»

125.0

4.5

3.6

3.2

3.0

2. 8

2.7

2. 6

2.5

2.4

2.4

15 0. 0

2. 8

2.3

2. 1

2.0

1.9

1 .8

1 .7

1.7

1.6

1.6

17 5.0

2. 0

] .7

1. 5

1.4

1. 4

1.3

1.3

1.2

1.2

1.2

200.0

1.5

1 .3

1.2

1 .1

1. 1

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

225. 0

1.2

1.0

1.0

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

250.0

1.0

0.9

0.8

0.8

0. P

0. 7

0. 7

0. 7

0.7

0.7

2 7 5.0

0.8

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.6

O.f)

0.6

0.6

300.0

0. 7

0.7

0.6

0.6

0. 6

0. 6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

32 5.0

0.7

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.5

0.5

0. 5

0. 5

0. 5

350.0

0. 6

0.6

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

375.0

0. 5

0.5

0. 5

0.5

0.5

0. 5

0. 5

0.5

0.5

0.5

400.0

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.4

0.4

0.4

425. 0

0. 5

0.5

0.4

0.4

0. 4

0.4

0.4

0 . h

0.4

0.4

450.0

0.5

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

475.0

0. 4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

500.0

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

525.0

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

550.0

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0. 4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

5 7 5.0

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0. 4

0.4

0.4

0.4

600.0

0. 4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.3

0.?

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

625.0

0.4

0.3

0. 3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

650.0

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

675. 0

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

700.0

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0. 3

0.3

0.3

0.3

725. 0

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

750.0

0. 3

0.3

0.3

0. 3

0. 3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

88

Table A-10. PROPAGATION LOSS IN DB/NM FOR 700 HZ

LAYER(FT)

2.0 4.0 6.0

*#*: NON-DUCTED CASE

SEA STATE : LESS THAN 3

BELOW LAYER GRAD IENT (DEG . F/100FT. )

8.0 10.0 12.0 14-0 16.0 ICO 20.0

50.0

f "* " '.*

- - 'i- '.* - S

****

****

"»"■ T '•- *T

TT'C'r

V *? 5JC ^C

75. 0

yx a. a* *■*

*r n* *.* '.-

.•- .u .i- »■,

*r ~r -r- -i*

Sfcsj: *Hx

*r -y. -,. 7r

^c rfc ^r^

****

~- u. -■- JL
*.,- -fi *p. *y.

100.0

^*, j. ,i_ *v

u. *w *u -t,

',- 'i- -V 'i-

JU «JL «JU 4a

«x- *u *v -v,

-i- *.- 'i* "f

;•; * # #

ajc rff y^* rig

*r T* -^ *r

J- *<• -J, u-

*,. *.- "V -i"

JU «•- O* JU

*>* T- T1 T*

125.0

3.7

3.0

2.7

2.5

2.4

2.3

2.2

2.2

2.1

2.1

150.0

2.4

2.0

1.8

1.7

1. 6

1.6

1.5

1.5

1.5

1 .4

175.0

1.7

1.5

1.4

1.3

1. 2

1.2

1. 2

1.1

1. 1

1.1

200.0

1. 3

1.2

1 ,1

1 .0

1 .0

1 .0

1.0

0.9

0.9

0.9

22 5.0

1. 1

1.0

0. 9

0.9

0. 8

0.8

0.8

0. 8

0.8

0.8

250.0

0.9

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0. 7

275. 0

0. 8

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.6

0.6

0.6

300.0

0.7

0.7

0.6

0.6

0.6

0. 6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

325.0

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

350. 0

0. 6

0.6

0. 6

0.5

0. 5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

375.0

0.6

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

400. 0

0. 5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

425.0

0. 5

0.5

0.5

C.5

0. 5

0.5

0. 5

0.5

0. 5

0.5

450. 0

C.5

C.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

4 7 5.0

0. 5

0.4

0.4

0.4

C.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

500.0

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

525.0

0. 4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

550.0

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

575.0

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

- 0.4

0.4

0. 4

0.4

600. 0

0.4

0.4

0.4

C.4

0. 4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

62 5.0

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

650.0

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

675.0

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0. 4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

700.0

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

725. 0

0. 4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

75 0.0

0.4

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

89

Table A-ll. PROPAGATION LOSS IN DB/NM FOR 800 HZ

LAYER (FT )

2.0 4.0 6.0

***: NON-DUCTED CASE

SEA STATE : LESS THAN 3

BELOW LAYER GRADI ENT ( DEG . F/ 100FT. )

S.O 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0

50.0

it A

o- a- -•- .'.

- ■ -.- -.- - -

»w j. o, a-
-v ,,. »,„ ^

juxa^tfr

*•, a< v- «*-

■J, ^U -J ■ OL

^r -v *.*- -v-

# # ^s *

"£■ ^ ^C &

HP *V* *HP T*

3^ *n *,< ~,<

%%:$:%.

75.0

*■!*■ -.- -.- '.-

.x. sv a, *v

-i- '<• - •

.v -*- a. ■••;■

' ->• -i- V

fe ste jfcjfc

****

V "V "V 1'

*r* *r* n- ir

*###

100.0

5.6

4.5

4.0

3.7

3.5

3.3

3.2

3.1

3.0

2.9

125. 0

3. 2

2.6

2.4

2.2

2.1

2.1

2.0

1.9

1.9

1.9

150.0

2.1

1.8

1.7

1.6

1. 5

1. 5

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.3

175.0

1.6

1 .4

1 .3

1 .2

1.2

I .1

1. 1

1.1

1. 1

1.1

200.0

1. 2

1.1

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

225.0

1.0

0.9

o . :•

0.9

0. 8

0.8

0.8

0. 8

0. 8

0.8

250. 0

0.9

0.8

0.8

0.8

0*8

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

275.0

0.8

0.7

0. 7

0.7

0. 7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

300.0

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

32 5.0

0. 7

0.6

0..'.

0.6

0. 6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

350.0

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0. 6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

375.0

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

430.0

0.6

0.5

0.5

0. 5

0. 5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

425.0

0. 5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0. 5

0. 5

450. 0

0. 5

0.5

0. 5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

475.0

0.5

0.^

0. 5

0.5

0. 5

0. 5

0. 5

0.5

0. 5

0.5

500. 0

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

525.0

0. 5

0.5

0. 5

0.5

0. 4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

550.0

0.5

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

575. 0

0. 4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

600.0

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0. 4

0.4

0.4

0.4

625.0

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

650. 0

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0. 4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

675.0

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

7 00.0

0. 4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

725.0

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

750.0

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

90

Table A-12. PROPAGATION LOSS IN DB/NM FOR 900 HZ

LAYER(FT)

2.0 4.0 6.0

***: NON-DUCTED CASE

SEA STATE : LESS THAN 3

BELOW LAYER GR ADI ENT ( DEG .F/ 100FT . )

8.0 10.0 1?.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0

50.0

****

*V T *** T"

-»--*- -»- ir

*r *fi *r" *r

a- «.»-*!- ju

•*" v* 1* ~r*

<:£**

****

V * 1* T

«.C JU -A*- JU

*r t -<- *r

75.0

~u j- .«. ^u

•J- -U ,l- -t

, - ,(* ** **~

•JW JU U* »X.

•■*» nr *r* *TT

u, *u ju vv

•V* T *f *T

JU U* JL j).

jl. ol. a- wu

-^ n. ,,- ,,..

****

#***

100.0

4.8

3.9

3.5

3.3

3.1

3.0

2.9

2.8

2.7

2.6

125.0

2. 8

2.4

2.2

2. 1

2.0

1.9

1.8

1.8

1.8

1.7

150.0

1.9

1.7

1.6

1.5

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.3

1.3

1.3

175.0

1. 5

1.3

1.2

1 .2

1.1

1.1

1. 1

1.1

1.1

1.1

200.0

1.2

1.1

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

225.0

1.0

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

*50.0

0.9

0.8

0. 8

C.8

0. 8

0. 8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.7

275.0

0.8

0.8

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0. 7

0.7

0.7

0.7

300.0

0. 7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

325.0

0.7

0.7

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

350.0

0.6

0.5

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

375.0

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0. 6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

400.0

0.6

0.5

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

425. 0

0.6

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

450.0

0. 5

0.5

0.5

0. 5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

475.0

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

500. 0

0. 5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

525.0

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0. 5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

550.0

0. 5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

575.0

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0. 5

0. 5.

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

600.0

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

625. 0

0. 5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.4

0.4

650.0

0.5

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

675.0

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

700.0

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

725.0

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

750. 0

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

91

Table A-13. PROPAGATION LOSS IN DB/NM FDR 1000 HZ

LAYER(FT)

2.0 4.0 6.0

***: NON-OUCTEO CASE

SEA STATE : LESS THAN! 3

BELOW LAYER GRADI ENT ( DEG . F/l 00 FT . )

8.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0

50.0

J- J- V vL

-.- ~.'~ o.- ^
-v -i* *r T

o, -j, »u a*
-r -? -r* *r-

»JL- 4» »U -J,

-.- -v *•» -r-

****

-r "n ?■ t

ft sfe jk *•

****

75.0

# £ ;£:£

•jl, *x, y- j-

'V' -"V ^t- -•»»

»U „'„ -J, -J,

*f ^ -r t

^. o- o- u,

-.- -T -T ^

****

■*«" t -r* "r*

*r- n*- *r- 1"

•J. >i> *** >JU

■£ -t^ -r- *r

****

100. 0

4.2

3.5

3.2

3.0

2. 8

2.7

2.6

2.6

2.5

2.4

125.0

2.6

2.2

2.0

1.9

1.9

1.8

1. 8

1.7

1.7

1.7

150.0

1.8

1.6

1.5

1.4

1.4

1 .4

1.3

1 .3

1.3

1.3

175.0

1. 4

1.3

1. 2

1. 2

1. 1

1.1

1.1

1.1

1.1

1.1

200.0

1.2

1 .1

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

0.9

0.9

225.0

1. 0

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.8

250.0

0.9

0.9

0.8

0.8

0.3

0.8

0. 8

0. 8

0. 8

0.8

275.0

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

3 00.0

0. S

0.7

0.7

0.7

0. 7

0. 7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

325.0

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

350.0

0. 7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

375.0

0.7

0.6

0.6

0.6

0. 6

0.6

0. 6

0.6

0.6

0.6

400. C

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

425. 0

0.6

0.6

0. 6

0.6

0. 6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

450.0

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.£

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

475.0

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

500. 0

0.6

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

525.0

0. 5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0. 5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

550.0

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

575. 0

0. 5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0-.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

600.0

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0. 5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

625.0

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

650.0

0.5

0.5

0. 5

0.5

0. 5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

675.0

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

700. 0

0. 5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

72 5.0

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

750.0

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

92

Table A-14. PROPAGATION LOSS IN DB/N^ FOR 1100 HZ

LAYER(FT)

2.0 4.0 6.0

***: NON-DUCTED CASE

SEA STATE : LESS THAN 3

BELOW LAYER GRADIENT ( DEG . F/ 100FT . )

8.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0

50.0

T* -V T* T*

"^ ^^

ju j, -j. x

*v -r T ***

****

###£

J- J. XX

1- -i- *r> -r-

•}<. ££#

*#*£

XO/XJ,
*F *P "V* "i*

75.0

**-*■!

•J- OV *JU -JU

■V *V -V -. -

****

**#*

%.Jfi ##

j- a- «ju j.
*r- -r* -i" -r*

****

fr~ >r n- -v

*v nr -T- i»

100.0

3. 8

3.2

2.9

2.7

2.6

2.5

2.4

2.4

2.3

2.3

125.0

2.4

2.1

1.9

1.8

1.8

1.7

1.7

1.6

1.6

1.6

150.0

1.7

1.5

1 .4

1.4

1.4

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

175.0

1.4

1.2

1.2

1.2

1. 1

1.1

1.1

1.1

1.1

1.1

200.0

1. 1

1.1

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

225.0

1. 0

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

250.0

0.9

0.9

0.8

0.8

0. 8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

275.0

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0. 8

0.8

300.0

0. 8

0.8

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

325.0

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0. 7

0.7

0.7

0.7

350.0

0. 7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

375.0

0. 7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0. 6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

400.0

0.6

0.5

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

425. 0

0. 6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

450.0

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0. 6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

475. 0

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

500.0

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

525.0

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

550. 0

0. 6

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

575.0

0. 5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0. 5

0.5

0. 5

0.5

0.5

0.5

600.0

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

625.0

0. 5

0.5

0.5

0. 5

0. 5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

650.0

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

675.0

0. 5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

700.0

0. 5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0. 5

0.5

0. 5

0.5

0.5

0.5

72 5.0

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

750.0

0. 5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0. 5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

93

Table A-15- PROPAGATION LOSS IN DB/NM FOR 1200 HZ

LAYER(PT)

2.0 4.0 6.0

***: NON-DUCTED case

SEA STAT E : LESS TH4N 3

BELOW LAYER GRADI ENT (DEG . F/100FT . )

8.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0

50.0

-A, %*, »*- *JL-

-,- ■».' *," -\»

Jp -■ - »■- - '-

****

*J- - %•- JLr

****

^; £ ^ :£:

**##

*■ j -i •.<

-' - * -1' *>-
*»- *r "»* *r-

75.0

6.9

5.6

5.0

4.7

4.4

4.2

4. 1

4.0

3.9

3.8

100.0

3. 5

3.0

2.7

2.6

2. 5

2.4

2.3

2.3

2.2

2.2

125.0

2.2

2.0

1.8

1.8

1.7

1.7

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.6

150.0

1.7

1.5

1.4

1.4

1.3

1 .3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

175.0

1.3

1.2

1.2

1.2

1. 1

1.1

1. 1

1.1

1. 1

1.1

200.0

1.1

1 .1

1.0

1 .0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

225. 0

1. 0

1.0

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

250.0

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.8

0. 8

0. 8

0.8

0.8

275.0

0.9

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.3

0.8

0.8

300.0

0. 8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0. 8

0. 8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

325.0

0.8

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

350. 0

0. 7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

375.0

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0. 7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

400.0

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

425. 0

0.7

0.6

0.6

0. 6

0. 6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

450.0

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

475. 0

0. 6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

500.0

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0. 6

0.6

0.6

0.6

525.0

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

550.0

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0. 6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

575.0

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

600.0

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

625.0

0.6

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

650.0

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

675. 0

0. 5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

700.0

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0. 5

0.5

0.5

0.5

725.0

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

750.0

0. 5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0. 5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

94

Table A-16. PROPAGATION LOSS IN DB/NW FOR 1300 HZ

LAYER(FT)

2.0 4.0 6.0

***: NON-DUCTEO CASE

SEA STATE : LESS TMN 3

BELOW LAYER GRADI ENT ( QEG.F/ 100FT . )

8.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0

50. 0

-A- -JL •■- -t-

*»* *i*> -,- *■,*

«A» *Jrf O, «Av
-v- -»"* nr ~v

n- *»" -^- *.-

■*>* Jb OL. J. ■

,i„ *i„ j- -a.

•V 4* J- J;

j, j- jl. yr

',- *.- *."» 'f*

J/ 4. >L ^

-f* *T^ ^- ^

75.0

6.3

5.1

4.6

4.3

4. 1

3.9

3. 8

3.7

3.6

3.5

130.0

3.3

2.8

2.6

2.4

2.3

2.3

2.2

2.2

2.1

2.1

125.0

2. 1

1.9

1. 8

1.7

1. 7

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.5

150.0

1.6

1.5

1 .4

1.4

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

175.0

1.3

1.2

1.?

1.2

1.?

1.1

1. 1

1.1

1.1

1.1

20C.C

1.1

1 .1

1.1

1.0

1.0

1.0

1. 0

1.0

1.0

1.0

225.0

1.0

1 .0

1.0

1.0

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

250.0

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0. 9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

275.0

0.9

0.9

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0. 8

0.8

300. 0

0. 8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

325.0

0. 8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0. 8

0.8

0. 8

0. 8

0. 8

0.8

350.0

0.8

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

375. 0

0. 7

0.7

0. 7

0.7

0. 7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

400.0

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

425. 0

0. 7

0.7

0. 7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

450.0

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0. 7

0.7

0.7

0.7

475.0

0. 6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

500.0

0. 6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

525.0

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

550.0

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

575.0

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

600. 0

0. 6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

625.0

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0. 6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

650.0

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

675. 0

0. 6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

700.0

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.5

0.5

0. 5

0.5

0.5

0.5

725.0

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

750.0

0. 5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0. 5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

95

Table A-17. PROPAGATION LOSS IN DB/NM FOR 1400 HZ

LAYER (FT)

2.0 4.0 6.0

***: NON-DUCTED CASE

SEA STATE : LESS THAN 3

BELOW LAYER GR ADI ENT( DE3 . F/lOOFT. )

8.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0

50.0

<; ^c^r ^:

•A. O, JU -4-

"V -t- *f* '.-

•J^ *A» *A* -'

-^ »■- -V *V

j. J, JL. ^
-«- -i- -»- -Is

**#*

J- -". nI, a

-v T -r -r

##**

%:?£■%■%

75.0

5. 8

4.8

A. 3

4.0

3. 8

3.7

3.6

3.5

3.4

3.3

100.0

3. 1

2.7

2.5

2.3

2.3

2.2

2.2

2.1

2.1

2.0

125.0

2. 1

1.8

1.8

1.7

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.5

150.0

1.6

1.5

1. A

1.4

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

175.0

1.3

1 .2

1.2

1 .2

1.2

1.2

1. 1

1. 1

1. 1

1.1

200. 0

1.2

1.1

1. 1

1.1

1.1

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

225.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

] .0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

250.0

1. 0

0.°

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

275.0

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0. 9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

300.0

0.9

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

32 5. 0

0. 8

0.8

0.8

0.8

c.e

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

350.0

0.8

0.6

0.8

0.8

0. 8

0.8

0. 6

0. 8

0.8

0.8

375.0

0.8

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

400.0

0. 7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0. 7

0. 7

0. 7

0.7

0.7

0.7

425.0

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0. 7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

450. 0

0. 7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0c7

0.7

0.7

0.7

47 5.0

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0. 7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

500.0

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

525. 0

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.5

0.6

0.6

550.0

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

575. 0

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

600.0

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

625.0

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0. 6

0.6

650. 0

0.6

0.6

0. 6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.5

0.6

0.6

675.0

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0. 6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

700. 0

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.5

0.6

0.6

725.0

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0. 6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

750.0

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

96

Table A-18. PROPAGATION LOSS IN DB/NM FOR 1500 HZ

LAYER(FT)

2cO 4.0 6.0

***: NON-DUCTED CASE

SEA STATE : LESS THAN 3

BELOW LAYER GRADI EMT ( DEG.F/100FT. )

8.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0

50. 0

-r -v i* -?

-r *.- *v -r-

-r -■- -\- -r

*r- *■»- V 'i-

■Y" T -r ">*

•*■"■ "t* 1* 'C

75.0

5.3

4.4

4. 0

3.8

3.6

3.5

3.4

3.3

3.2

3.2

100.0

2.9

2.5

2 .4

2.3

2.2

2*1

2.1

2.1

2.0

2.0

125.0

2. 0

1.8

1. 7

1.7

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.5

150.0

1.6

1.5

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

175.0

1. 3

1.3

1.2

1 .2

1.2

1 .2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

200.0

1.2

1.1

1. 1

1.1

1.1

1. 1

1. 1

1. 1

1. 1

1.1

225.0

1. 1

1 .0

1 .0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

250.0

1. 0

1.0

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

275.0

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

300.0

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

325.0

0. 8

0.8

0. 8

0. 8

0. 8

0. 8

0. 8

0. 8

0.8

0.8

350.0

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0. 8

0. 8

0. 8

0.8

375. 0

0. 8

0.8

0.8

0.3

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

400.0

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

425.0

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

450.0

0. 7

0.7

0. 7

0.7

0. 7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

475.0

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

500. 0

0. 7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

525.0

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

550.0

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

575.0

0. 7

0.6

0.6

0.6

0. 6

0.6

0.6

0.5

0.6

0.6

600.0

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

625.0

0. 6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

650.0

0. 6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

675.0

0.6

0.5

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

700.0

0.6

0.6

0. 6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

725.0

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

750. 0

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.5

0.6

0.6

97

Table A-19. PROPAGATION LOSS IN DB/fW FOR 1600 HZ

LAYER(FT)

2.0 4.0 6.0

***: NON-DUCTED CASE

SEA STATE : LESS THAN 3

BELOW LAYER GR ADI ENT ( DEG . F/ 100 FT . )

8.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0

50.0

',- -r- "r *>--

~r *v n~ -v*

V- *A, j* •*,

*r -»- V i-

st J. ^ Jf

si, ^- -J- ;-

3£ V- *i ^ t"

**- **** -r- *r-

~p *? i" *X

1 'i* v -i-

■A, J- «JU O,

T T *r V

75.0

5.0

4.2

3.8

3.6

3.5

3.3

3.2

3.2

3. 1

3.0

100. 0

2. 8

2.5

2.3

2.2

2.2

2.1

2.1

2.0

2.0

2.0

125.0

2.0

1.8

1.7

1.7

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.5

150.0

1.6

1.5

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

175.0

1. 3

1.3

1. 2

1.2

1. 2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

200.0

1.2

1.1

1. 1

1. ]

1.1

1.1

1. 1

1. 1

1. 1

1.1

22 5. 0

1. 1

1.1

1.0

1 .0

1.0

1 .0

1 .0

1.0

1.0

1.0

250.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1. 0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

2 7 5.0

1.0

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

C.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

300.0

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0. 9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

325.0

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0. 8

0.8

0.8

0. 8

0.8

0.8

350.0

0. 8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

C.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

375.0

0. 8

0.8

0. 8

0.8

0.8

0. 8

0. 8

0. 8

0.8

0.8

400.0

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0. 8

0.8

0.8

42 5. 0

0. 8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

450.0

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0. 7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

475. 0

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

500.0

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0. 7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

525.0

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

550. 0

0. 7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

575.0

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0. 7

. 0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

600.0

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

625.0

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0. 7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

650.0

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

675.0

0. 6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

700.0

0.6

0.6

0. 6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

72 5.0

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

750.0

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0. 6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

98

Table A-20. PROPAGATION LOSS IN DB/N^ FOR 1700 HZ

LAYER (FT)

2.0 4.0 6.0

***: NOV-DUCTED CASE

SEA STATE : LESS THAN 3

BELOW LAYER GRAD I ENT( DEG . F/l OOFT . )

3.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0

50.0

U- O- -JL. »*»
•".* f "T* "T*

1- OL- -."* -•-

-r **» -- •»■

SJC 3QC -,- -,-

*A- *•- U, .'

-.- t *r *r

-r *v V *r

Nt- X vt O

*r- *^ -v ■*>*■

<r **- *(*■ n*

■V -»* *P "T"

^t^'t

75.0

4.7

4.0

3.7

3.5

3.3

3.2

3.1

3.1

3.0

3.0

100.0

2.7

2.4

2.3

2.2

2. 1

2.1

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

125.0

1.9

1.8

1.7

1.7

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.6

150. 0

1. 6

1.5

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.3

1.3

175.0

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1. 2

1.2

1.2

200.0

1.2

1.2

1. 1

1.1

1.1

1 .1

1.1

1.1

1.1

1.1

225.0

1. 1

1.1

1. 1

1.1

1. 1

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

250.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

275. 0

1. 0

1.0

1.0

1 .0

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

300.0

0.9

0.°

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

325.0

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

350.0

0. 9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0. 8

0. 8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

375.0

0.0

0.8

0. 3

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0. 8

0.8

0.8

400.0

0. 8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

425.0

0. S

0.8

0.8

0.0

0. 8

0. 8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

450.0

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

O.S

0.8

0.8

0.8

47 5.0

0. 8

0.8

0.6

0.8

0.8

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

500.0

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0. 7

0.7

0.7

0.7

525. 0

0. 7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

550.0

0. 7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0. 7

0.7

0. 7

0.7

0.7

0.7

575.0

C.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

600. 0

0. 7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

625.0

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

650. 0

0. 7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

675.0

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0. 7

0. 7

0.7

0.7

700.0

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

725.0

0.6

0.6

0. 6

0.6

0. 6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

750.0

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

99

Table A-21. PROPAGATION LOSS IN DB/NM FOR 1800 HZ

LAYER(FT)

.0 4. 0 6. 0

***: NCN-DUCTED CASE

SFA STATE : LESS THAN 3

QELOW LAYER GRADI ENT ( DEG.F/100FT. )

8.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 15.0 18.0 20.0

50. 0

- . *•- .'- ••■

-1- T '.- -T*

SSs $ ;t x;

* * * *

%. ;£ $■, #

* :.■ $ #

^■t< i,^ >,- -,-

^c £ ;;; ^

s^^c^aic

3^ sjcsjcsf;

T" 1* ~fi ^JC

75.0

4. 5

3.3

3. 5

3.3

3. 2

3.1

3.0

3.0

2.9

2.9

100.0

2.6

2.4

2.2

2.2

2.1

2.1

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

125.0

1. 9

1.8

1.7

1.7

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.6

150.0

1.6

1.5

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

175.0

1.4

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

20C.0

1. 2

1.2

1. 2

1.2

1. 2

1. 1

1.1

1.1

1. 1

1.1

225.0

1. 1

1.1

1. 1

1.1

1. 1

1.1

1. 1

1. 1

1. 1

1.1

250. 0

1. 1

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

275.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

300.0

1 .0

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

325.0

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

350.0

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

375. 0

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.8

400.0

0. 8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0. 8

0. 8

0. 8

0. 8

0. 8

0.8

425. 0

0.3

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.3

0.8

0.3

0.8

0.8

0.8

45 0. 0

0. 8

0.8

0.8

0.3

0. 3

0. 8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

475.0

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0. 8

0. 8

0. 8

0.8

0.8

0.8

500.0

0. 8

0.8

0. 8

0.3

0.8

0.3

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

525.0

0. 8

0.7

0.7

0.7

0. 7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

550.0

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

575.0

0. 7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

600.0

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0. 7

0. 7

0.7

0.7

0.7

625.0

0. 7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

650.0

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0. 7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

675.0

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

700. 0

0. 7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

725.0

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0. 7

0.7

0.7

750.0

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

100

Table A-22. PROPAGATION LOSS IN DB/NM FOR 1900 HZ

LAYER(FT)

2.0 4.0 6.0

***: non-du:ted case

sea stat e : less than 3

below layer gradient (deg. f/100ft . )

8.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 13.0 20.0

50.0

«.<*• »»* -•. «.<-

-C -^ J- JU

1-" -r» -V f

•V -J- O* «*-

,U *!, X Jl-
'i- 1- T* -V*

*r '■' *r -v*

o - *•.. *v «a-
«r -i* -i* -v

,i- j, ^ j^
*r -v -> <v

»•. a, *** j#

'.- *,- -*• -v

^ »*. «.>- ou
-Is *c *«- -^

*i- O- U, vL.
gp, ,,, ,,, ^

75.0

4. 3

3 . 7

3.4

3.2

3.1

3.0

3.0

2.9

2.9

2.8

100.0

2.6

2.3

2. 2

2.1

2. 1

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

125.0

1.9

1.8

1.7

1.7

1.7

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.6

150.0

1.6

1.5

1.5

1.4

1.4

1 .4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

175.0

1.4

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

200.0

1.2

1 .2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

225.0

1. 2

1.1

1. 1

1.1

1. 1

1.1

1.1

1.1

1.1

1.1

2 50.0

1. 1

1.1

1. 1

1.1

1. 1

1.0

1. 0

1. 0

1.0

1.0

275.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

300. 0

1.0

1.0

1. 0

1.0

1. 0

1. 0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

325.0

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

350. 0

0. 9

O.o

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

375.0

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0. 9

0.9

0.9

0.9

400.0

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

425. C

0. 8

0.8

0. 8

0.8

0. 8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

450.0

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0. 8

0.8

47 5. 0

0. 8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

3.8

0.8

0.8

500.0

0. 8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0. 8

0.8

0. 8

0. 8

0.8

0.8

525.0

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

550.0

0. 8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0. 8

0. 8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

575.0

0.8

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0. 7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

600.0

0. 7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

625.0

0.7

0.7

0. 7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

650.0

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

675. 0

0. 7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

700.0

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

725.0

0. 7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

D.7

0.7

0.7

750.0

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0. 7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

101

Table A-23. PROPAGATION LOSS IN DB/NM FOR 2000 HZ

LAYER (FT)

2.0 4.0 6.0

***: NON-DUCTED CASE

SEA STATE : LESS THAN 3

BELOW LAYER GRAD I ENT ( DEG . F/100FT . )

8.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0

50.0

T" "** *>~ *■-

-*■*- o- OU *»-

-»* '<- "C- -r>

£ ■'- $ *

*x* ««v *** ^v

*v* ir *i» -i*

if. Jf. -y* ^

%'Sz^:^:

*r -r* "\- -i*

•JL- V- -"' -'-'
1" *v •**■ -»■*

-,- *?. *t- *,*•

75. C

4. 1

3.6

3.3

3.2

3.1

3.0

2.9

2.9

2.8

2.8

100.0

2.5

2.3

2. 2

2.1

2. 1

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

125.0

1.9

1.8

1.7

1.7

1.7

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.6

150.0

1.6

1.5

1. 5

1. 5

1. 4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1 .4

175.0

1.4

1.3

1.3

1.3

1. 3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

200.0

1.3

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1 .2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

225.0

1. 2

1.2

1. 1

1. 1

1. 1

1.1

1. 1

1.1

1. 1

1.1

25 0.0

1 .1

1 .1

1 .1

1 .1

1. 1

1.].

1. 1

1. 1

1. 1

1. 1

275. 0

1. 1

1.0

1« 0

1 .0

1. 0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

300.0

I .0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1. 0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

325.0

1. 0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1 .0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

3 50.0

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

375.0

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

400. 0

0. 9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

425.0

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

45 0.0

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

475.0

0. 8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0. 8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

500.0

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

525. 0

0. 8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

550.0

0. 8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0. 8

0.8

0. 8

0. 8

0.8

0.8

575.0

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

600.0

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0. 8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

625.0

0.8

0.8

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

650. 0

0. 7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

675.0

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0. 7

0.7

0.7

0.7

700.0

0. 7

0.7

0.7

C.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

725.0

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0. 7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

750.0

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

102

Table A-24. PROPAGATION LOSS IN DB/NM FOR 2100 HZ

LAYER(FT)

2.0 4.0 6.0

***: NON-DUCTED CASE

SEA STATE : LESS THAN 3

BELOW LAYER GR AD I ENT ( DEG . F/ 100FT . )

8.0 10.0 12.0 14. C 16.0 18.0 20.0

50. 0

-J. u*. U* J-
*n 1" *r T

-»- *r *r- *r*

*f *r *f- T"

*£**

vV •.<-■ ^U - JU
V T V 'i*

*t^ i* ~r "i^

V- •'- ^u %u
*r t* *v *r«

*■»*■ "r *r t-

t V *r *

75.0

4.0

3.5

3.2

3.1

3.0

2.9

2. 9

2.8

2.8

2.7

100.0

2.5

2.?

2.2

2.1

2.1

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

125.0

1.9

1.8

1.7

1.7

1. 7

1.7

1.7

1.6

1.6

1.6

150.0

1.6

1.5

1.5

1.5

1.5

1.5

1.5

1.4

1.4

1.4

175.0

1. 4

1.4

1.4

1 .3

1.3

1 .3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

200.0

1. 3

1.3

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

225.0

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

250.0

1. 1

1.1

1. 1

1. 1

1. 1

1. 1

1.1

1.1

1.1

1 .1

275.0

1.1

1 .1

1. 1

] . 1

1. 1

] . 1

1. 1

1.1

1. 1

1.1

300.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1 .0

1.0

1 .0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1 .0

325.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1. 0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

350.0

1.0

1 .0

1.0

1 .0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

375.0

0. 9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

400.0

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

425.0

0.9

C.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

450.0

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

475.0

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

500. 0

0. 8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

525.0

0. 8

O.R

0.8

0.8

0. 8

0.8

0. 8

0. 8

0. 8

0.8

550.0

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

575.0

0. 8

0.8

0. 8

0.8

0. 8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

600.0

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0. 8

0.8

0.8

625.0

0. 8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

650.0

0. 8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0. 8

0. 8

0.8

0.8

0. 8

0.8

675.0

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

700. 0

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

72 5.0

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0. 7

0.7

0.7

750. 0

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

103

Table A-25. PROPAGATION LOSS IN DB/N^ FOR 2200 HZ

LAYEP(FT)

2.0 4.0 6c0

***: NCN-DUCTED CASE

SEA STATE : LESS THAN 3

BELOW LAYER GRADIENK DEG.F/100FT . )

8.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0

50.0

9. 1

7.5

t. 6

6.3

6. 0

5.8

5.6

5.4

5.3

5.2

75.0

3.9

3.4

3.2

3.0

2.9

2.9

2.8

2.8

2.7

2.7

100.0

2. 5

2.3

2.2

2.1

2.1

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

125. C

1. 9

1.8

1.7

1.7

1. 7

1.7

1.7

1.7

1.7

1.6

150.0

1.6

1 .5

1.5

1.5

1.5

1.5

1.5

1.5

1. 5

1.5

17 5.0

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

200.0

1.3

1.3

1. 3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

225.0

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1,2

1 .2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

250.0

1. 2

1.1

1. 1

1. 1

1. 1

1.1

1.1

1.1

1.1

1.1

275.0

1. 1

1 .1

1.1

1 .1

1.1

1. ]

1. 1

1. 1

1. 1

1. 1

300. 0

1. 1

1.1

1. 1

1 .1

lc 0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1 .0

325.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1. 0

1.0

1.0

1.0

350.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1 .0

1 .0

1.0

1.0

375.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

400. 0

0. 9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

425.0

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

450. 0

0.9

0,9

0.9

3.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

475. 0

0.9

0.9

0. 9

0.9

0. 9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

500.0

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

525.0

0. 8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

550.0

0. 8

0.3

0. 8

0.8

0.6

0. 8

0. 8

0.8

0. 8

0.8

575.0

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

.0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

600. 0

0. 8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

625.0

0.8

0.3

0.8

0.8

0. 8

0.8

0. 8

0. 8

0.8

0.8

650. 0

0. 8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

3.8

0.8

0.8

675.0

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0. 8

0. 8

0.8

0. 8

0.8

0.8

700.0

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0. 8

0.8

0.8

725. 0

0. 8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0. 8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

750. 0

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

104

Table A-26.. PROPAGATION LOSS IN DB/NM FOR 2300 HZ

***: NON-DUCTED CASE

SEA STATE : LESS THAN 3

LAYER(FT)

BELOW

LAYE

R GRADIENTCDEG.

F/100FT. )

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.0

10.0

12.0

14.0

16.0

18.0

20.0

50.0

8.6

7.2

6. 5

6. 1

5.8

5.6

5.4

5.3

5. 1

5.0

75.0

3. 8

3.3

3. 1

3.0

2.9

2.8

2.8

2.8

2.7

2.7

100.0

2.4

2.3

2. 2

2. 1

2. 1

2.1

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

125.0

1.9

1.8

1.8

1.7

1.7

1.7

1.7

1.7

1.7

1.7

150. 0

1. 6

1.6

1.5

1.5

1. 5

1.5

1.5

1.5

1.5

1 .5

175.0

1.5

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

2 00.0

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

225.0

1. 3

1.2

1. 2

1.2

1. 2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

250.0

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

275. 0

1. 1

1.1

1. 1

1 .1

1.1

1 .1

1.1

1.1

1.1

1.1

300.0

] . 1

1.1

1. 1

1.1

1. 1

1. 1

1. 1

1. 1

1. 1

1.1

325.0

1. 1

1 .0

1.0

1 .0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

350.0

1. 0

1.0

1. 0

1.0

1. 0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1 .0

375.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

400. 0

1. 0

1.0

1.0

1 .0

1.0

1 .0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

425.0

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

4 5 0.0

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

475.0

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

500.0

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

525.0

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

550.0

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0. 9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

575.0

0. 8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

600.0

0. 8

0.8

0. 8

0.8

0. 8

0.8

0.8

0. 8

0.8

0.8

625.0

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

650. 0

0. 8

0.8

0. 3

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

675.0

O.F

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0. 8

0. 8

0.8

0. 8

700.0

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

725.0

0. 8

0.8

0. 8

0.8

0. 8

0. 8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

750.0

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

105

Table A-27- PROPAGATION LOSS IN DB/NM FOR 2400 HZ

LAYER(FT)

2.0 4.0 6.0

***: NON-DUCTED CASE

SEA STATE : LESS THAN 3

BELOW LAYER GR AD I ENT ( DEG . F/ 100FT . )

8.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 15.0 18.0 20.0

50. 0

8. 2

6.9

6.2

5.9

5.6

5.4

5.2

5.1

5.0

4.9

75.0

3.7

3.3

3. 1

3.0

2.9

2.8

2. 8

2.7

2.7

2.7

100. 0

2.4

2.3

2.2

2.1

2.1

2. 1

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

125.0

1.9

1.8

1. 8

1.8

1. 7

1.7

1.7

1.7

1.7

1.7

150.0

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.6

1. 5

1. 5

1. 5

1.5

1.5

1.5

175.0

1. 5

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1 .4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

200.0

1.4

1.3

1. 3

1.3

1. 3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

225.0

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

250.0

1, 2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.1'

1 .2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

275.0

1.2

1.2

1. 1

1.1

1. 1

1. 1

1. 1

1. 1

1. 1

1.1

300.0

1. 1

1.1

1.1

1.1

1. 1

1. 1

1.]

1.1

1.1

1.1

325.0

1. 1

1. 1

1. 1

1. 1

1. 1

1. 1

1.1

1.1

1.1

1.1

3 50.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1,0

1.0

1.0

IcO

1.0

375.0

1. 0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1 .0

1,0

1.0

1.0

1.0

400.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

425.0

1 .0

1 .0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

450.0

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

475.0

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0. 9

0.9

0.9

0.9

500. 0

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

525.0

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0. 9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

550.0

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

575.0

0. 9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

600.0

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

625.0

0.3

0.8

0.8

0.3

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

650.0

0. 8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0. 8

0. 8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

675.0

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

700. 0

0. 8

0.8

0.8

0.3

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

72 5.0

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0. 8

0.8

0.8

0. 8

0.8

0.8

750. 0

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

106

Table A-28. PROPAGATION LOSS IN DB/NM FOR 100 HZ

LAYER(FT)

2.0 4.0 6.0

***: NON-DUCTED CASE

SEA STATE :GREATER THAN 3

BELOW LAYER GRADIENT ( DEG.F/ 100FT . )

8.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0

50.0

x x x -l
-r* t» •**■ *v

X ,". ■ x x
T -n -»- "»-

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- - "■- 1*- T-

JL ,i - t. -'

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75.0

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J, Jr X X

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2.6

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1.3

42 5. 0

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1.8

1.6

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1.3

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0.9

0.3

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0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.6

575.0

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0.7

0.7

0.7

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0.6

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0.9

0.8

0.7

0.7

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.5

0.5

625.0

0. 8

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0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

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0.8

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0.5

0.5

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0.5

0.5

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0. 7

0.6

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0.5

0.5

0.5

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0.4

700.0

0. 7

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0. 5

0.4

0.4

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0.6

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0.6

0.5

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

107

Table A-29. PROPAGATION LOSS IN DB/NM FOR 200 HZ

LAYER (FT)

2.0 4.0 6.0

***: NON-DUCTED CASE

SEA STATE : GREATER THAN 3

BELOW LAYER GRADIENT (DEG.F/100FT . )

8.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0

50.0
75.0
100.0
125.0
150.0
175.0
200.0
225. 0
250.0
2 7 5.0
300.0
325.0
350.0
375.0
400.0
425. 0
450.0
475. 0
500.0
525.0
550.0
575.0
600. 0
625.0
650.0
675.0
700.0
725. 0
750.0

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0.5

0.4

0.6

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0. 5

0.5

0.5

0.4

0.4

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0.4

0.4

0.4

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0.4

0.4

0.4

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0.4

0.4

0.4

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0.4

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0.4

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0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

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0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.3

0.3

108

Table A-30. PROPAGATION LOSS IN DB/tJM FOR 300 HZ

LAYER(FT)

2.0 4.0 6.0

***: NOV-DUCTED CASE

SFA STATE :GREATER THAN 3

BELOW LAYFR GRAD I ENT ( DES . F /l OOFT. )

8.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0

50.0

ou -■- j. . -

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0.5

0.5

0.5

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0.5

0.5

0.5

600.0

0. 5

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0. 5

0.5

0. 5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

625.0

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

C.5

0. 5

0.5

0.5

0.4

650.0

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

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0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

675.0

0. 5

0.5

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

700.0

0.5

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

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0. 4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

750.0

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

109

Table A-31. PROPAGATION LOSS IN DB/NM FOR 400 HZ

*t, *v o- .

LAYER (FT)

2.0 4.0 6.0

NON-DUCTED CASE
SEA STATE :GR EATER THAN 3
BELOW LAYER GP ADI TNT ( DEG . F / 100FT. )
8.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0

50.0

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0.6

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0.5

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0. 6

0.6

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0.5

0.5

0.5

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0.5

0.5

0.5

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0.6

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

625.0

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

650.0

0. 5

0.5

0. 5

0.5

0. 5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

675.0

0.5

0.5

0. 5

0.5

0. 5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

700. 0

0. 5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

725.0

0. 5

0.5

0. 5

0.5

0. 5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

750.0

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

110

Table A-32. PROPAGATION LOSS IN' DB/NM FDR 500 HZ

LAYER (FT)

2.0 4.0 6.0

***: NON-DUCTED CASE

SEA STATE :GREATER THAN 3

BELOW LAYER GP AD I ENT ( DEG . F/ 100FT . )

8.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0

50. 0

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1.3

1.3

250. 0

1. 5

1.3

1. 3

1.2

1. 2

1.2

1.2

1.1

1.1

1 .1

275.0

1.3

1.2

1.1

1. 1

1.1

1.1

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

30C. 0

1. 1

1.1

1. 0

1 .0

1.0

1 .0

1.0

0.9

0.9

0.9

325.0

1.0

1.0

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

350.0

0.0

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.8

0.8

0.8

0. 8

0.8

0.8

375.0

0. 9

0.8

0. 8

0.8

0. 8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

400.0

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0. 8

0. 8

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

42 5. 0

O.C

0.8

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

450. C

0.7

0.7

0.7

C.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

47 5.0

0.7

C.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

500. 0

0. 7

0.7

0.7

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

52 5.0

0.7

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

550.0

0.6

0.6

C.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

3.6

0.6

0.6

575.0

0. 6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

600.0

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

625. 0

0. 6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

650.0

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

675.0

0.6

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

700. 0

0. 5

C.5

0.5

0.5

0. 5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

725.0

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

750. 0

0. 5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

111

Table A-33. PROPAGATION LOSS IN DB/NM FOR 600 HZ

LAYER(FT)

2.C 4.0 6.0

***: NON-DUSTED CASE

SEA STATE :GREATEP. THAN 3

BELOW LAYER GRADI ENT (DEG. F/100FT • )

8.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0

50.0

- .- ' - -V - ->*

O. «I» J- .JL.

»U.4*4;

•J* «JL ..». »JL
1* -»- 1* *V

•V "V 1* •f

»*- -JU »t- »L.
V- 'i- T *V

t- *r- -i* o^

*o O^ »«£ £•

*^ T* 'A *r-

gt, jl. jl. j»„

^\ ^* -.,-. *r

75.0

-V HT **- *l*

$?& &■%

*f **(* T

,JL, O* V- -*l-
*** T- -V 'i-

a o. J- j-
-r- 'I- *nr *r

^? 5? 5? *r

^l >,; 3,- ;,«.

#;*; ^;5^

%.3f% "%.

■JU O- JU «A*

*t- -t* -i* -f

100.0

.JL. -.1- .<, *.,

■*- -\^ *»* -r-

3{cri:^c #

$$ ^t ^C

-1* *V -l- T"

f* *v -r *v

J U UUU-^L

«*r JL. JU JL.

i~ T* i" nr

*C- *V JU <*.
*r -v 'i" 1*

****

125.0

5.?

4.3

3.9

3.6

3.4

3.3

3.2

3. 1

3. 1

3.0

150. 0

3.4

2.9

2.7

2.5

2.4

2.4

2.3

2.2

2.2

2.2

175.0

2.5

2.2

2.0

1.9

1.9

1.8

1.8

1.8

1.7

1.7

200.0

2.0

1.8

1.7

1 .6

1.6

1 .5

1.5

1.5

1.5

1.4

225.0

1.6

1.5

1. 4

1 .4

1. 3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

250.0

1.4

1.3

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1. 1

1.1

275.0

1.2

1.2

1. 1

1.1

1.1

1 .1

1.1

1.1

1.1

1.0

300.0

1. 1

1 .1

I .0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

325.0

1.0

1 .0

1 .0

1.0

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

350.0

1. 0

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

3 75.0

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0. 8

0.8

400. 0

0.9

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

42 5.0

0. 8

o.e

0.8

0.8

0. 8

0.8

0. 8

0. 8

0. 8

0.8

450. 0

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

475. 0

0. 8

0.7

0.7

0.7

0. 7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

500.0

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0. 7

0.7

0.7

0.7

525.0

0. 7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

550.0

0. 7

0.7

0. 7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

575.0

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

600. 0

0. 6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

625.0

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

650.0

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

«

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

675.0

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0. 6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

700.0

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

725. 0

0. 6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

750.0

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

112

Table A-34. PROPAGATION LOSS IN DB/NM FOR 700 HZ

LAYER (FT)

2.0 4.0 6.0

***: NON-DUCTFD CASE

SEA STATE :GREATER THAN 3

BELOW LAYER GRADI ENT( DES .F/100FT. )

CO 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0

50.0

'r ^ T* 1*

•J, -ju o„ u.

-T- i- ->* V

^*^3(C

*P «V "I* f"

«JL- «J^ *&r *.*»

####

<A, .'.. ^ .A,

****

*#*#

75.0

****

%<-. *v -'- ■ ' ■

O, -J^ •>. -<-

*.* ~x *** *

•X> OU «V » '-

■J' Jr <J* %t-
*r *n *r* n*

A> J. J. X

J' sl*» «JU *Ar

V -V ,,- •,-

^ J^ sj; ^;

■A. »•, O, J,

100.0

y- .jl. -j. o^

*$**

****

OU O^ -J- U-

****

•JU <JU J, *u
*v> ^ ^r T

«u %»; a* yu

5^ £ Jjtf ifc

****

?J:*: # #

125.0

4.4

3.7

3.4

3.2

3.1

3.0

2.9

2.8

2.8

2.7

150.0

3.0

2.6

2.4

2.3

2. 3

2.2

2.2

2.1

2.1

2.1

175.0

2.3

2.0

1.9

1.9

1.8

1.8

1.7

1.7

1.7

1.7

200. 0

1. 9

1.7

1.6

1.6

1. 5

1.5

1.5

1.5

1.5

1 .4

225.0

1.6

1.5

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

250.0

1.4

1.3

1.3

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

275.0

1.2

1.2

1.2

1. 1

1. 1

1.1

1. 1

1.1

1.1

1.1

300.0

1. 1

1.1

1. 1

1 .1

1. ]

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

32 5. 0

1. 1

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1 .0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

350.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

375.0

0.9

0.9

0.9

0,9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

400. 0

0. 9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

425.0

0.9

0.9

0.3

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0. 8

0.8

0.8

450.0

0. 8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

475.0

0. 8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0. 8

0.8

0.8

0. 8

0. 8

0.8

500.0

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0. 8

0.8

0.8

525. 0

0. 8

0.7

0. 7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

550.0

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

575.0

0. 7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

600.0

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0. 7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

625.0

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

6 5 0. 0

0. 7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0. 7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

675.0

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0. 7

0.6

0.6

0.6

700.0

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

725.0

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0. 6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

750.0

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

113

Table A-35. PROPAGATION LOSS IN DB/NM FOR 800 HZ

<JU^ sU «

LAYFR(FT)

2.0 4.0 6.0

NON-DUCTED CASE
SEA STATE :GREATEP TH4N 3
BELOW LAYER GRADI ENT (DEG.F/ 100FT . )
8.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0

50.0

•j. .i- ~<, -j-

-r *i- -.- "

ju -a, Jb -L-
-i> ',- i- »r

j- »•, -c ^
~r *- *r T-

J, *', -J, ~u
*i' *.' T *•*■

«JU »U U* JU

-1^ ->» -T1 '»*

*v ju ju a,

*<*■ *V» -V- T-

Jp -y. ',- *r>

'o t- *r **-

v * V V

75.0

o- -'- -j- a,

****

**#*

:£ >}c^^<

n" *r> t *"»*

J. ^>- V- -*-

i* «v *r Jr-

****

5jt $C %C >*£

100. 0

6. 4

5.3

4.8

4.5

4.3

^.1

4.0

3.9

3.8

3.7

125.0

3.9

3.4

3. 1

3.0

2.9

2.8

2,7

2.7

2.6

2.6

150.0

2.8

2.5

2.3

2.2

2.2

2.1

2.1

2.1

2.0

2.0

175.0

2.2

2.0

1.9

1.8

1. 8

1. 8

1.7

1.7

1.7

1.7

200.0

1.8

1.7

1.6

1.6

1.5

1.5

1.5

1.5

1.5

1. 5

225.0

1. 6

1.5

1.4

1.4

1.4

1 .4

1.4

1.3

1.3

1.3

250.0

1.4

1.3

1. 3

1.3

1. 3

1.3

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

275.0

1.3

1 .2

] .2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.1

300.0

1.2

1.1

1. 1

1. 1

1. 1

1. 1

1.1

1.1

1.1

1.1

325.0

1. 1

1.1

I. 1

1.1

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1. 0

1.0

350. 0

1 .0

1 .0

1.0

1 .0

1.0

1 .0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

37 5.0

1. 0

1.0

1. 0

1.0

1. 0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

400.0

1.0

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

425. 0

0. 9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0. 9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

450.0

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

475. 0

0.9

0.<)

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

500.0

0. 8

0.8

0. 8

0.8

0. 8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

525.0

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0. 8

0. 8

0.8

550. 0

0. 8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

575.0

0.8

O.B

0.8

0.8

0. 8

0.8

0. 8

0. 8

0.8

0.8

600.0

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

625.0

0. 7

0.7

0. 7

0.7

0. 7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

650.0

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

675.0

0. 7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

700.0

0. 7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0. 7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

725. 0

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

750. 0

0. 7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

114

Table A-36. PROPAGATION LOSS IN DB/NM FDR 900 HZ

LAYER(FT)

2.0 4.0 6.0

***: NON-DUSTED CASE

SEA STATE : GREATER THAN 3

BELOW LAYER GRADI ENT ( DEG . F/100FT . )

8.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0

50.0

.i, u- -•- u-

~.K, - - «.«. .1^

«JU JU .JL, „■ -
*V t- -1" T-

j. *ft *■*- *'-

*V "i- *i- 'f

*i. »i, a. .'.

•c 'i' •.' '.*

T f *r» *■*

v1 ,'- -K- ■<-,

t *r* •n* *r*

f T *P *T"

»Ju «A» J. nl -

•nr *r *r* *m

£**£

75.0

U* O- -JU .JU

*■* «■»» T> *?•

*^**

Jg «*- *i_ JU

»V J* *l» iXf

****

4«suu,a.

•ju *J# jfc. u.

u- -x. u» u*.

tti^'t

*r -**■ *%* i*

100.0

5.6

4.8

4.4

4. 1

4. 0

3.8

3. 7

3.6

3.6

3.5

125.0

3.6

3.1

2.9

2.8

2.7

2.7

2.6

2.6

2.5

2.5

150.0

2. 6

2.4

2. 3

2.2

2. 1

2.1

2.1

2.0

2.0

2.0

175.0

2. 1

1.9

1.9

1.8

1.8

1.8

1.7

1.7

1.7

1.7

200.0

1. 8

1.7

1.6

1 .6

1.6

1 .6

1.5

1.5

1.5

1.5

225.0

1. 6

1.5

1.5

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

250.0

1.4

1 .4

1.3

1.3

1.?

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

275. 0

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.2

1. 2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

300.0

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1. 2

1.2

1.2

1.1

325.0

1.2

1.1

1.1

1 .1

1.1

1 .1

1 .1

1.1

1.1

1.1

350.0

1. 1

1.1

1. 1

1. 1

1. 1

I . 1

1. 1

1.1

1.1

1.1

375.0

1.1

1 .0

1.0

1 .0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

400. 0

1. 0

1.0

1.0

1 .0

1.0

1 .0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1 .0

42 5.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

450.0

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

475.0

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

500.0

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

525. 0

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

550.0

0.9

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.3

0. 8

0. 8

0. 8

0.8

0.8

575.0

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

. 0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

600. 0

0. 8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0. 8

0. 8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

625.0

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0. 8

650.0

0. 8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

675.0

0. 8

0.8

0.3

0.8

0. 3

0. 8

0. 8

0. 8

0. 8

0.8

700. 0

0. 8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.3

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

725.0

0. 7

0.7

0. 7

0.7

0. 7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

750.0

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0,7

0.7

0.7

115

Table A-37. PROPAGATION LOSS IN DB/NM FOR 1000 HZ

LAYER(FT)

2.0 4.0 6.0

***: NON-DUCTED CASE

SEA STATE :3REATER THAN 3

BELOW LAYER GRADI ENT ( DEG . F/ 100FT . )

8.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0

50. 0

* * * ft

#***

„■- -j~ «ju ^

J- .J- -L. O.

-i* *r *r- -v

U-. U- -JU «v
*r T- t IT-

****

>t A- vU JU

*i- *r *r *v

*.- '.* -V *r*

*t* tXf *Ar «ktf

•** **(* *-»*- *r

75.0

*1- -1 ■■ u .'.
—.- T -v *r-

•JU */- JL- O.

-V *>• -Y> *r

.U J, »u o,
-^ I- -V "f

J- JL JL Jt

*r* *r i- 'i*

****

S''* ""'"' **""" *'"*"

1* -\** -*- *v

J- *V •*- **»

'.- ** -T* T"

£ ^C^c £

nr -.' *r *

100.0

5.1

4.4

4.1

3.9

3.7

3.6

3.5

3.5

3.4

3.3

125.0

3.4

3.0

2.8

2.7

2. 7

2.6

2.6

2.5

2.5

2.5

150.0

2.5

2.3

2.2

2.2

2. 1

2.1

2. 1

2.0

2.0

2.0

175.0

2. 1

1.9

1.9

1.8

1.8

1 .8

1.8

1.8

1.8

1.8

200.0

1. 8

1.7

1.7

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.6

225.0

1.6

1 .5

1.5

1.5

1.5

1.5

1. 5

1.5

1.5

1.4

250. 0

1. 5

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

275.0

1.4

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1. 3

1.3

1.3

1.3

300.0

1.3

1.3

1.2

1.2

1.2

1 .2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

325.0

1.2

1.2

1. 2

1.2

1. 2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

350.0

1.2

1.1

1.1

1.1

1. 1

1.1

1. 1

1.1

1. 1

1. 1

375.0

1. 1

1.1

1.1

1 .1

1.1

1.1

1. 1

1.1

1.1

1.1

400.0

1. 1

1.1

1. 1

1. 1

1. 1

1.1

1. 1

1.0

1.0

1.0

425. 0

1.0

1 .0

1 .0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

450. 0

1. 0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1. 0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

475.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

500. 0

1. 0

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

525. 0

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

550.0

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

575.0

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0. 9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

600.0

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

625.0

0. 9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

650.0

0.8

0.8

0. 8

0.8

0. 8

0. 8

0.8

0. 8

0.8

0.8

675.0

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

700. 0

0. 8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0. 8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

725.0

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0. 8

0.8

0. 8

0. 8

0. 8

0.8

750.0

0. 8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

116

Table A-38. PROPAGATION LOSS IN DB/NM FOR 1100 HZ

LAYER(FT )

.0 4.0 6.0

***: NON-DUCTED CASE

SEA STATE :GREATER THAN 3

BELOW LAYER GRADI ENT ( DF3 . F/100FT . )

8.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0

50.0

# ^ $ ^

5JC « V->-

O. OL. *X> -X-

jjj ^U *Jt* -JU

'T' "V "V- "V

#*=;<*

^r- -r* *c- -r*

s}c # -;c #

^ $:?; &

****

75. C

■»- -.' 1* *t*

»,, 2Qe 3{C a}c

¥ T-i-r

-.» T- or *»■»

##£*

****

J V- -J - '-

^ V -t* -r

V ; i :, : >,<.

■»•¥" *A» ■***" ***■

4 Tfl'

«.t- ou a, or
*r- *r *r v

100.0

4.8

4.1

3.9

3.7

3.6

3. 5

3.4

3.3

3.3

3.2

125.0

3.2

2.9

2.8

2.7

2.6

2.6

2.5

2.5

2.5

2.4

150.0

2. 5

2.3

2.2

2.2

2. 1

2.1

2.1

2.1

2.0

2.0

175.0

2.1

2.0

1.9

1.9

1.8

1.8

1.8

1.8

1.8

1. 8

200.0

1. 8

1.7

1.7

1.7

1.7

1 .6

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.6

225.0

1.6

1.6

1.6

1. 5

1. 5

1.5

1.5

1.5

1.5

1.5

250.0

1.5

1 .5

1.4

1 .4

1.4

1 .4

1.4

1 .4

1.4

1.4

275. 0

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1 .3

300.0

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

325.0

1.3

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1 .2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

350.0

1.2

1.2

1. 2

1.2

1. 2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

3 75.0

1 .2

1 .1

1 .1

1.1

1. 1

1.1

1. 1

1. 1

1.1

1. 1

400. 0

1. 1

1.1

1. 1

1.1

1.1

1.1

1.1

1.1

1.1

1 .1

42 5.0

1. 1

1.1

1. 1

1.1

1. 1

1. 1

1. 1

1. 1

1.1

1.1

450.0

1.1

1 .0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

475.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1. 0

1.0

1.0

1.0

500.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1 .0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

525.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

550.0

1.0

1 .0

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

575.0

0. 9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0. 9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

600.0

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

625.0

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

650.0

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0. 9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

675.0

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

700. 0

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

72 5.0

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0. 8

0.8

0. 8

0. 8

0.8

0.8

750.0

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

117

Table A-39. PROPAGATION LOSS IN DB/NM FDR 1200 HZ

LAYER(FT)

2.0 4.0 6.0

***: NON-DUCTFD CASE

SEA STATE :GRFATER THAN 3

BELOW LAYER GRADI ENT (DEG.F/100FT . }

8.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0

50.0

*U J- J- *J -

-? -r* *v "

O, *U -A- Of

**♦*

*.- "p- *r '

£#♦*

•J j *Xr +}** "-V

-l*- "V -v *r-

»t- gu J* «.« ■

*." -V *V T

JU **r «JU ■*-

■v -V -r -V

•JU »»* JU «Jt,

5JC ^ yf. 5£

75.0

8. 1

6.8

6. 2

5.8

5. 6

5.4

5.2

5.1

5.0

4.9

100.0

4.5

3.9

3.7

3.6

3.4

3.4

3.3

3.2

3.2

3.2

125.0

3. 1

2.8

2.7

2.6

2.6

2.5

2.5

2.5

2.5

2.4

150.0

2. 5

2.3

2.2

2.2

2.1

2. 1

2. 1

2.1

2. 1

2.1

175.0

2.1

2.0

1.9

1 .9

1.9

1.9

1.9

1.8

1. 8

1.8

200.0

1.8

1.8

1.7

1.7

1.7

1.7

1.7

1.7

1.7

1 .7

22 5.0

1.7

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.6

250.0

1. 5

1.5

1. 5

1.5

1 .5

1.5

1.5

1.5

1.5

1.5

275.0

1.4

1.4

1. 4

1.4

1. 4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.*

300.0

1.4

1 .4

1.3

] .3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

325. 0

1. 3

1.3

1.3

] .3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

350.0

1.3

1.2

] .2

1.2

1. 2

1.2

1. 2

1.2

1.2

1.2

375. 0

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

400.0

1. 2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1. 2

1.2

1.2

1.1

1.1

1.1

425.0

1. 1

1.1

1. 1

1 .1

1. 1

1.1

1. 1

1.1

1. 1

1. 1

450. 0

1. 1

1.1

1.1

1 .1

1.1

1 .1

1.1

1.1

1. 1

1.1

475. 0

1. 1

1 .1

1. 1

1. 1

1. 1

1. 1

1. 1

1. 1

1.1

1.1

500.0

1 .0

1 .0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

525. 0

1. 0

1.0

1. 0

1.0

1. 0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1 .0

550.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

575. 0

1. 0

1.0

1. 0

1.0

1.0

1 .0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

600.0

1. 0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

625.0

0.9

0.9

0.9

O.P

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

650.0

0. 9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

675.0

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

700.0

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

72 5.0

0.9

0.9

0. 9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

750.0

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

118

Table A-40. PROPAGATION LOSS IN D3/NM FDR 1300 HZ

LAYER(FT)

2.0 4.0 6.0

***: NON-DUCTED CASE

SEA STATE :3REATEr-l THAN 3

BELOW LAYER GRADIENT ( DEG.F/100FT. )

8.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0

50. 0

»u »•- *'- JU

-— i- ».* -.*

*P *T" ■*• *r

T «1» »,-» r\-

u- ju ou „'-

•v -. -i «r>

*r ~r- -r *V*

-J* fct j.U J,

**- T* V "»*•

Jjc Jjt i|c %:

•V T *r «i-

75.0

7. 5

6.3

5.8

5.5

5. 3

5. 1

5. 0

4.9

4.8

4.7

100.0

4.3

3.8

3.6

3.5

3.^

3.3

3.2

3.2

3.2

3.1

125.0

3. 1

2.8

2.7

2.6

2. 6

2.6

2.5

2.5

2.5

2.5

150.0

2.5

2.3

2.2

2.2

2.2

2.2

2. 1

2. 1

2. 1

2.1

175. 0

2. 1

2.0

2. 0

1 .^

1.9

1 .9

1.9

1.9

1.9

1.9

200.0

1.9

1.8

1.8

1.8

1. 8

1.7

1.7

1.7

1.7

1.7

225.0

1.7

1.7

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.6

250.0

1.6

1.6

1. 5

1. 5

1. 5

1. 5

1.5

1.5

1.5

1.5

275.0

1.5

1.5

1.5

1.5

1. 5

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

300.0

]. 4

1.':

1.4

1.4

1.4

1 .4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

325.0

1. 4

1.3

1. 3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

350.0

1.3

1 .3

1 .3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

375. 0

1.3

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1 .2

1.2

1.2

400.0

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1. 2

1.2

1.2

1.2

425. 0

1.2

1.2

1.2

1 .2

1.2

1 .2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

450.0

1. 1

1. 1

1. 1

1. 1

1. 1

1. 1

1. 1

1. 1

1. 1

1.1

475.0

1. 1

1.1

1.1

1.1

1. 1

1. 1

1. 1

1.1

1.1

1. 1

500. 0

1. 1

1.1

1. 1

1 .1

1.1

1.1

I. 1

1.1

1.1

1 .1

525.0

1. 1

1.1

1. 1

1. 1

1. 1

1. 1

1. 1

1. 1

1. 1

1.1

550.0

1 .0

1 .0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

575.0

1.0

1.0

1. 0

1.0

1.0

1.0

• 1.0

1.0

1.0

1 .0

600.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

625.0

1. 0

1.0

1.0

1 .0

1.0

1 .0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

650.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

675.0

1.0

1 .0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

700. 0

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

725.0

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

750. 0

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

119

Table A-lJl. PROPAGATION LOSS IN DB/NM FOR 1400 HZ

LAYER(FT)

2.0 4.0 6.0

***: NOinI-DUSTFD CASE

SEA STATE :GREATER THAN 3

BELOW LAYER GRADI ENT (DEG. F/100FT. )

3.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0

50.0

-r- -p> -r T"

J.J-a »•-

*«. y- „'- v.

- r '•- *** ^r

4,^J. *X-

nr 'i" -r t

J- U- .j, %<,
TT *V 1* *<*•

O, Of JL. *V

~»- *fi *r» ".-

XjLO.a

O, .', U, JU

*r T" T- -v

75.0

7.0

6.0

5.5

5.3

5.1

4.9

4. 3

4.7

4.6

4.6

100.0

4. 1

3.7

3. 5

3.4

3. 3

3. 3

3.?

3.2

3.1

3.1

125.0

3.0

2.8

2.7

2.6

2. 6

2.6

2.5

2.5

2.5

2.5

150.0

2. 5

2.3

2.3

2.2

2.2

2.2

2.2

2.2

2.2

2.1

175.0

2. 1

2.0

2. 0

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

1.9

1.9

1.9

200.0

1.9

1 .9

1.8

1 .8

1.8

1.8

1.8

1.8

1. 8

1.8

225. 0

1. 8

1.7

1.7

1.7

1.7

1.7

1.7

1.7

1.7

1 .7

250.0

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.6

1. 6

1.6

1.6

1.6

275.0

1. 5

1.5

1.5

1.5

1.5

1 .5

1.5

1.5

1.5

1.5

300.0

1. 5

1, 5

1.4

1.4

]. 4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

325.0

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

350. 0

1.4

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1 .3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

375.0

1.3

1.3

1. 3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

400.0

1.3

1 .3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

425.0

1. 2

1.2

1. 2

1.2

1. 2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

450.0

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

475. 0

1. 2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1 .2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

500.0

1. 1

1.1

1. 1

1.1

1. 1

1. 1

1. 1

1. 1

1. 1

1.1

5 2 5.0

1 .1

1 .1

1.1

1.1

1. 1

1.1

1. 1

1.1

1.1

1.1

550.0

1. 1

1.1

1. 1

1.1

1. 1

1.1

1. 1

1.1

1.1

1.1

575.0

1.1

1 .1

1. 1

1.1

1. 1

1.1

1. 1

1.1

1.1

1. 1

600. 0

1. 0

1.0

1. 0

1.0

1.0

1 .0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

625.0

1. 0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1. 0

1.0

1.0

1.0

650.0

1.0

1 .0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

675.0

1. 0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1. 3

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

700.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

725.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

750.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

120

Table A-^2. PROPAGATION LOSS IN DB/NM FOR 1500 HZ

LAYER (FT)

2.0 4.0 6.0

***: non-dlcted CASE

SEA STATE :GREATER THAN 3

BELOW LAYER GRADIENT ( DES. F/100FT. )

8.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0

50.0

-■ v -■ -j~
~r *v» -r ***•

*J*r «pl* ■»!«» «J»

U- -A. *'.- -'-

Jb -,-. -•- JL.

*V -V T- «V

****

i- *r 'i* T*

****

*•- •£? -a, -a.

•v i* **r ■"<*■

*,(*- O, *l* «u

*l* Jf. *y>. *j^

75.0

6. 6

5.7

5. 3

5. 1

4. 9

4. 8

4.7

4.5

4.5

4.4

100.0

4.0

3.6

3.5

3.4

3.3

3.2

3.2

3.2

3.1

3. 1

125.0

3.0

2.8

2.7

2.7

2.6

2.6

2.6

2.6

2.5

2.5

150.0

2. 5

2.4

2.3

2.3

2.3

2.2

2.2

2.2

2.2

2.2

175.0

2.2

2.1

2.1

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

200. 0

1.9

1.9

1.9

1.9

1.9

1.8

1. 8

1.8

1.8

1.8

225.0

1.8

1.8

1.7

1.7

1.7

1.7

1. 7

1.7

1.7

1.7

250.0

1.7

1.7

I .6

1.6

1.6

1 .6

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.6

275.0

1. 6

1.6

1.6

1.6

1. 6

1.6

1.6

1.5

1.5

1.5

300.0

1. 5

1 .5

1 .5

1.5

1.5

] .5

1. 5

1. 5

1.5

1.5

32 5. 0

1. 5

1.4

1.4

1 .4

] .4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1 .4

350.0

1.4

1.4

1.4

1 .4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

375.0

1.4

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1 .3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

400.0

1. 3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1. 3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

425.0

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1 .3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

450. 0

1. 2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1 .2

1.2

1.2

475. 0

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

500.0

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

525.0

1. 2

1.2

1. 2

1.2

1. 2

1.2

1.2

1.1

1.1

1.1

550.0

1.1

1.1

1. 1

1. 1

1. 1

1. 1

1. 1

1. 1

1.1

1.1

575.0

1. 1

1.1

1. 1

1.1

1.1

1 .1

1.1

1.1

1.1

1.1

600.0

1. 1

1. 1

1. 1

1. 1

1.1

1. 1

1.1

1.1

1.1

1.1

625.0

1.1

1 .1

1.1

1.1

1. 1

1.1

1.1

1. 1

1. 1

1.1

650. 0

1. 1

1.1

1. 1

1.1

1.1

1.1

1.1

1.0

1.0

1.0

675.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

700. 0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1 .0

1.0

1 .0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

725.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

750.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

121

Table A-43. PROPAGATION LOSS IN DB/NM FOR 1600 HZ

LAYERS )

2.0 A. 0 6.0

***: NON-DUCTED CASE

SEA STATE :SREATER THAN 3

BELOW LAYER GR ADI ENT ( DEG . F/ 100FT . )

8.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0

50. 0

»■- .u -U J,

•PfTT

>j O. -'- -'.

o, .'. j- a*

-,- <*.- ?T -r-

».' -J-- «Jv «.'

T- *r- *r -?•

£ 3fc:Jr ^<r

***#

if" 'i* -v *r

;^ :£ sjc ^c

75.0

6.3

5.5

5. 1

4.9

4. 8

4.7

4.6

4.5

4.4

4.4

100.0

3.9

3.6

3.5

3.4

3.3

3.2

3.2

3.2

3.1

3.1

125.0

3.0

2.8

2.7

2.7

2.7

2.6

2.6

2.6

2.6

2.6

150.0

2.5

2.4

2.3

2.3

2.3

2.3

2.3

2.3

2.3

2.2

175. 0

2. 2

2.1

2. 1

2.1

2.1

2.1

2.1

2.0

2.0

2.0

200.0

2. 0

1.9

1.9

1.9

1.9

1.9

1.9

1.9

1.9

1.9

225.0

1. 8

1.8

1.8

1.8

1. 8

1 .8

1.8

1.8

1.8

1.8

250.0

1.7

1.7

1.7

1.7

1.7

1.7

1.7

1.7

1.7

1.7

275.0

1.6

1.6

1.6

1 .6

1.6

1.6

1 .6

1.6

1.6

1.6

300.0

1. 6

1.6

1. 5

1. 5

1. 5

1.5

1.5

1.5

1.5

1.5

32 5.0

1.5

1.5

1.5

1.5

1.5

1.5

1. 5

1. 5

1. 5

1. 5

3-50. 0

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1 .4

375.0

1.4

1 .4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

400. 0

1.4

1 .3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

425.0

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1. 3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1 .3

450.0

1.3

1 .3

1.3

1 .3

1.3

1 .3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

475. 0

1. 3

1 .2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1 .2

1.2

1.2

500.0

1. 2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1. 2

1.2

1. 2

1.2

1.2

1.2

525.0

1.2

1 .2

1 .2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

550.0

1. 2

1.2

1. 2

1.2

1. 2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

575.0

1.2

1.1

1. 1

1.1

1. 1

1. 1

. 1.1

1.1

1. 1

1.1

600.0

1. 1

1 .1

1. 1

1 .1

1.1

1 .1

1.1

1.1

1.1

1.1

625.0

1. 1

1.1

1. 1

1. 1

1. 1

1.1

1. 1

1.1

1.1

1.1

650.0

1 .1

1 .1

1.1

1.1

1.1

1.1

1.1

1.1

1. 1

1. 1

675. 0

1. 1

1.1

1. 1

1 .1

1. 1

1.1

1.1

1.1

1.1

1 .1

700.0

1. 1

1.1

1. 1

1.1

1. 1

1. 1

1. 1

1.1

1. 1

1.1

725.0

1.0

1 .0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

750.0

1.0

1.0

1. 0

1.0

1.0

1. 0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1 .0

122

Table A-M.. PROPAGATION LOSS IN DB/NM FOR 1700 HZ

LAYER(FT)

2.0 4.0 6.0

***: NON-DUCTED CASE

SEA STATE ."GREATER THAN 3

BELOW LAYER GF ADI ENT( DEG .F/100FT. J

8.0 10.0 1.2.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0

50.0

J' a. u- a

«J. J_ ^, JU

j, J- x -■-
-r *r t* -v

* '.- $ -t-

u- <ju */, »•„

*»* i- -v «v

o. a- u- -JL.

'1 '■ "t- -"T

*i, *»- O- ~)+

*)* ^- -,* .?»

-* »' -.' ~,' -

»r* •¥• *t- *r-

*4^ Orf *Ar O.-

A^ *V *i- ■"»-

75.0

6. 1

5.3

5. 0

4. 8

4. 7

4.6

4.5

4.4

4.4

4.3

100.0

3.9

3.6

3.4

3.4

3.3

3.2

3.2

3.2

3.2

3.1

125. 0

3. 0

2.8

2. 8

2.7

2.7

2.7

2.6

2.6

2.6

2.6

150.0

2.5

2.4

2.4

2.4

2. 3

2.3

2.3

2.3

2.3

2.3

175.0

2.2

2.2

2.1

2. 1

2. 1

2.1

2. 1

2.1

2c 1

2.1

200.0

2.0

2.C

2.0

2.0

2. 0

2.0

1.9

1.9

1.9

1 .9

225.0

L.9

1 .9

1.8

1 .8

1. 8

1.8

1.8

1.8

1.8

1.8

250.0

1. 8

1.8

1.7

1.7

1.7

1 .7

1.7

1 J

1.7

1.7

275.0

1.7

1.7

1.7

1.7

1. 7

1.7

1. 7

1.7

1. 6

1.6

3 00.0

] .6

1 .6

1 .6

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.6

325.0

1. 5

1.5

1. 5

1. 5

1. 5

1. 5

1.5

1.5

1.5

1 .5

350.0

1.5

1.5

1. 5

1.5

1. 5

1.5

1.5

1.5

1. 5

1.5

375.0

1. 4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1 .4

1 .4

1 .4

1.4

1.4

400.0

1. 4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

425.0

1.4

1 .4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

450. 0

1. 3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1 .3

475.0

1.3

1.3

1.3

] .3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

500.0

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1 .3

1.3

1.3

1.3

525.0

1.2

1.2

1. 2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

550. C

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

575.0

1. 2

1.2

1.2

1 .2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

600.0

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1. 2

1.2

62 5.0

1. 1

1 .1

1.1

1.1

1.1

1.1

1.1

1.1

1.1

1.1

650.0

1. 1

1.1

1. 1

1.1

1. 1

1.1

1.1

1.1

1.1

1 .1

675.0

1. 1

1.1

1. 1

1.1

1.1

1.1

1.1

1.1

1. 1

1. 1

700.0

1. 1

1.1

1. 1

1.1

1.1

1 .1

1.1

1.1

1.1

1.1

725.0

1. 1

1.1

1. 1

1. 1

1. 1

1. 1

1. 1

1.1

1. 1

1.1

750.0

1. 1

1 .1

1.1

1.1

1.1

1.1

1. 1

1. 1

1. 1

1.1

123

Table A-^5, PROPAGATION LOSS IN DB/NM FOR 1800 HZ

LAYER(FT)

2.0 4.0 6.0

***: NON-DUCTED CASE

SEA STATE :CREATER THAN 3

BELOW LAYER GR AD I ENT ( DEC F/100FT. )

8.0 10,0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0

50.0

*a- «x- gu ,A,

* * * *

»i^ *v **. j-
i"* nr v i

•*- 1- *C 1"

<JU <*■ «V J*

,, 7^. .,. -,*

■9, O, JU O-

v *s- -,- Tr-

J,^ «LX

»V "** *■<- <*-

-v t *r- ',-

75.0

5.9

5.2

4.9

4.7

4. 6

4. 5

4.4

4.4

4.3

4.3

100.0

3. 8

3.6

3.4

3.4

3.3

3.3

3.2

3.2

3.2

3.2

125.0

3. 0

2.9

2. 8

2.7

2. 7

2.7

2.7

2.7

2.7

2.6

150.0

2.5

2.5

2.4

2.4

2.4

2.4

2.4

2.4

2.4

2.3

175. 0

2.3

2.2

2.2

2.2

2.2

2.2

2.2

2.1

2.1

2.1

200.0

2. 1

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

225.0

1.9

1 .9

1.9

1.9

1.9

1.9

1.9

1.9

1.9

1.9

250.0

1.8

1. 8

1.8

1.8

1. 8

1.8

1.8

1.8

1.8

1 .8

275.0

1.7

1.7

1.7

1.7

1.7

1.7

1.7

1.7

1.7

1.7

300. 0

1. 7

1 .6

1.6

1 .6

1 .6

] .6

1 .6

1.6

1.6

1.6

325.0

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.6

1«6

1.6

1.6

350.0

1.5

1 .5

1.5

1.5

1.5

1.5

1.5

1.5

1.5

1.5

375.0

1. 5

1.5

1. 5

1. 5

1. 5

1.5

1.5

1.5

1.5

1.5

400.0

1.4

1 .4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1 .4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

425. 0

1. 4

1.4

1.4

1 .4

1.4

1 .4

1.4

1 .4

1.4

1.4

450.0

1. 4

1.4

1. 4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1. A

1.4

1.4

475.0

1.3

1 .3

1.3

1 .3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

500. 0

1. 3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1 .3

525.0

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

550. 0

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

575.0

1.2

1.2

1. 2

1.2

1. 2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

600.0

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

625.0

1. 2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1 .2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

650.0

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

675.0

1.1

1 .1

1.1

1.1

1. 1

1. 1

1.1

1.1

1.1

1.1

700.0

1. 1

1.1

1. 1

1. 1

1. 1

1.1

1.1

1.1

1.1

1.1

725.0

1. 1

1.1

1. 1

1. 1

1. 1

1.1

1. 1

1.1

1. 1

1. 1

750.0

1. 1

1.1

1.1

1 .1

1.1

1.1

1.1

1.1

1.1

1.1

124

Table A-46.. PROPAGATION LOSS IN DB/NM FOR 1900 HZ

LAYER(FT)

2.0 4.0 6.0

NQN-DICTED CASE
SEA STATE :GREATER THAN 3
BELOW LAYER GRADI ENT ( DEG . F/ 100 FT . )
3.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0

50.0

■v- ■¥■ -nr t"

i» «P -^ -i*

v«, a. j- a

T 1- ' • '.'

O- *.»» JLi Jt
n- -r -i- -f*

j/ a, st, j.

-Y- -." -i~ ***>

.A. J, -«- ,*

s!; ;'c -c ^

;.' ; . v V-

***#

**$#

75.0

5.7

5.1

4.8

4.7

4.6

4.5

4.4

4.3

4.3

4.2

100. 0

3. 8

3.6

3.4

3.4

3.3

3.3

3.3

3.2

3.2

3.2

125.0

3.0

2.9

2.8

2.8

2. 8

2.7

2.7

2.7

2.7

2.7

150.0

2.6

2.5

2.5

2.5

2.4

2.4

2.4

2.4

2.4

2.4

17 5.0

2. 3

2.3

2. 2

2.2

2. 2

2.2

2.2

2.2

2.2

2.2

200.0

2.1

2.1

2.1

2.1

2.1

2.1

2. 1

2.0

2.0

2.0

225. 0

2. 0

2.0

1.9

1.9

1.9

1 e°>

1.9

1 .9

1.9

1.9

250.0

1.9

1.9

1.8

1.8

1. 8

1.8

1. 8

1, 8

1.8

1.8

275.0

1. S

1 .8

1.8

1.8

1.8

1.8

1.7

1.7

1.7

1.7

300.0

1. 7

1.7

1.7

1.7

1. 7

1.7

1.7

1.7

1.7

1 .7

325.0

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.6

350.0

1. 6

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.6

1 .6

1 .6

1.6

1.6

1.6

375.0

1. 5

1.5

1.5

1.5

1. 5

1.5

1.5

1.5

1.5

1.5

400.0

1 .5

1 .5

1.5

1.5

1.5

1.5

1.5

1.5

1. 5

1.5

425. 0

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1 .4

450.0

1.4

1.4

1.4

1. A

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

475. 0

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1 .4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

500.0

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1. 3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

525.0

1.3

1 .3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

550. 0

1. 3

1.3

1.3

1 .3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

575.0

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

600.0

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

625.0

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

650.0

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

675. 0

1.2

1.2

1.2

1 .2

1.2

1 .2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

700.0

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

725.0

1.2

1 .2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1. 1

1.1

1.1

1.1

1.1

750. 0

1. 1

1.1

1. 1

1.1

1. 1

1. 1

1.1

1.1

1.1

1.1

125

Table A-^7. PROPAGATION LOSS IN PB/NM FOR 2000 HZ

LAYER(- T)

2.0 4.0 6.0

***: NON-DUCTED CASE

SEA STATE :SREATER THAN 3

BELOW LAYER GR ADI ENT (DEG .F/100FT. )

0.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0

50.0

q»^«fc ^

4 -v J- u,

-r -r *r ir

* * A- *

a, j- ■*■- j -

*r *r "f- -v-

OU J- *Ar *A>

T* T »r *V-

*r ^ *r *r"

#*£*

f *r 5P '"

75. G

5.6

5.0

4. 8

4.6

4. 5

4.4

4.4

4.3

4.3

4.2

100.0

3.0

3.6

3.5

3.4

3.4

3.3

3.3

3.3

3.2

3.2

125. 0

3. 0

2.9

2.9

2.8

2.8

2.8

2.8

2.8

2.8

2.7

150.0

2.6

2.5

2.5

2.5

2. 5

2.5

2. 5

2.5

2.5

2.4

175.0

2.4

2.3

2.3

2.3

2.3

2.3

2.3

2.3

2.2

2.2

200.0

2. 2

2.1

2. 1

2. 1

2. 1

2.1

2.1

2.1

2.1

2.1

22 5.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

250. 0

1. 9

1.9

1,9

1 .9

1.9

1 .9

1.9

1.9

1.9

1.9

275.0

1. 8

1.8

1.8

1.8

1.8

1. 8

1. 8

1.8

1.8

1.8

300.0

1 .7

1 .f

1.7

1.7

1.7

1.7

1.7

1.7

1.7

1.7

325.0

1.7

1.7

1.7

1.7

1.7

1.7

1.7

1.7

1.7

1 .7

3 50.0

1.6

1.6

1. 6

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.6

375.0

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.6

1 .6

1.6

1.6

1.6

400.0

1. 5

1.5

1. 5

1. 5

1. 5

1.5

1.5

1.5

1.5

1.5

425.0

1.5

1.5

1.5

1.5

1.5

1.5

1. 5

1.5

1. 5

1. 5

450. 0

1. 4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1. A

1 .4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1 .4

475.0

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

500.0

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1 .4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

525.0

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

550.0

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

575. 0

1. 3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1 .3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

600.0

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

625.0

1.3

1 .3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

650.0

1.2

1.2

1. 2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1 .2

675.0

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

700. 0

1. 2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1 .2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

725.0

1.2

1.2

1. 2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

750.0

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

126

Table A-48. PROPAGATION LOSS IN DB/NM FOR 2100 HZ

LAYER(FT)

2.0 4. 0 6.0

***: NON-DUCTED CASE

SEA STATE GREATER THAN 3

BELOW LAYER GRADI ENT ( DEG.F/100FT. )

8.0 10.0. 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0

50. 0

J. J.d. mJb

'': -' -' ■'.-

».- *v -T- ~r*

.A Jb U. O,

•J* *•- vU %t.

*." "T *>* "V

J- 4g jfe »»-

*c ou a- o,
*v "V- -¥• i*"

d. -J- <*•> JU

'." 'i-' *r *'-

^ ^ vb xl,
'f -V '.- 'f

75.0

5.5

5.0

4.7

4.6

4. 5

4.4

4.4

4.3

4.3

4.2

100.0

3.8

3.6

3.5

3.4

3.4

3.3

3.3

3.3

3.3

3.3

125.0

3. 1

3.0

2.9

2.9

2. 8

2.8

2. 8

2.8

2.8

2.8

150.0

2.7

2.6

2.6

2.5

2.5

2.5

2.5

2.5

2.5

2.5

175.0

2.4

2.4

2.3

2.3

2.3

2.3

2.3

2.3

2.3

2.3

200.0

2. 2

2.2

2.2

2.2

2.2

2. 2

2. 2

2.1

2. 1

2.1

225.0

2.1

2.1

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

250.0

2. 0

1.9

1. 9

1, 9

1. 9

1.9

1.9

1.9

1.9

1.9

2 7 5 . 0

1.9

1.9

1.9

1.8

1.8

1.8

1.8

1.8

1.8

1.8

330.0

1. 8

1.8

1.8

1 .8

1.8

1 .8

1.8

1 .8

1.8

1.8

325.0

1. 7

1.7

1.7

1.7

1. 7

1.7

1.7

1.7

1.7

1.7

350. 0

1.7

1 .7

1.7

1,7

1.7

1.7

1.7

1.7

1. 7

1.7

375.0

1.6

1.6

1. 6

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.6

1 .6

1.6

1.6

4D9.0

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.6

1. 6

1.6

1.6

1.6

425. 0

1. 5

1.5

1.5

1.5

1.5

1.5

1.5

1.5

1.5

1.5

450.0

1. 5

1.5

1. 5

1. 5

1. 5

1.5

1.5

1.5

1.5

1.5

475. 0

1. 5

1 .5

1.5

1.5

1.5

1.5

1.5

1.4

1.4

1.4

500. 0

1. 4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1 .4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

525.0

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

550.0

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1 .4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

575.0

1. 3

1.3

1. 3

1.3

1. 3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

600.0

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

625. 0

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1. 3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

650.0

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1. 3

1.3

1.3

1.3

675.0

1. 3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1 .3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

700.0

1. 2

1.2

1. 2

1.2

1. 2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

725.0

1.2

1 .2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

750. 0

1. 2

1.2

1.2

1 .2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

127

Table A-^9. PROPAGATION LOSS IN DP/MM FOR 2200 HZ

LAYER(FT)

2.0 4.0 6.0

***: NON-DUSTED CASE

SEA STATE :GREATER THAN 3

BELOW LAYER GRADI ENT ( DEG . F/l OOFT . )

8.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0

50.0

11.0

9.4

8.7

8.2

7.9

7.7

7. 5

7.3

7.2

7.1

75.0

5.4

4.9

'. .7

4.6

4.5

4.4

4.4

4.3

4.3

4.2

100.0

3. 8

3.6

3. 5

3.5

3.4

3.4

3.4

3.3

3.3

3.3

125.0

3. 1

3.0

2.9

2.9

2.9

2.9

2.9

2.9

2.9

2.8

150.0

2. 7

2.6

2. 6

2.6

2.6

2 .6

2.6

2.6

2.6

2.6

175.0

2.4

2.4

2.4

2.4

2.4

2.4

2.4

2.4

2.4

2.3

200.0

2.3

2.2

2.2

2.2

2.2

2.2

2.2

2.2

2.2

2.2

225.0

2. 1

2.1

2. 1

2.1

2. 1

2.1

2.1

2.1

2.1

2.1

250.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

275. 0

1.9

1.9

1.9

1 .9

1.9

1 .9

1.9

1.9

1.9

1.9

300.0

1.8

1.8

1. 8

1,8

1. 8

1.8

1. 8

1.8

1.8

1.8

325.0

1 .8

1 .8

1 .8

1.8

1.8

1.8

1.8

1.8

1.8

1.8

350. 0

1. 7

1.7

1.7

1.7

1.7

1.7

1.7

1.7

1.7

1.7

375.0

1.7

1.7

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.6

400. C

1.6

1.6

1.6

1 .6

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.6

425. 0

1. 6

1.6

1.6

1.6

1. 6

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.6

450.0

1.5

1.5

1.5

1.5

1.5

1.5

1.5

1.5

1.5

1.5

475. C

1. 5

1.5

1.5

1 .5

1.5

1.5

1.5

1.5

1.5

1 .5

500.0

1.5

1.5

1. 5

1.5

1. 5

1. 5

1.5

1. 5

1.5

1.5

525.0

1.4

1 .4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

550.0

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1 .4

575.0

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

600. 0

1. 4

1.4

1.4

1 .4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

625.0

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1. 3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

650.0

1.3

1 .3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

675.0

1. 3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1. 3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1 .3

700.0

1.3

1.3

1. 3

1.3

1.3

1. 3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

725.0

1.3

1.3

1.3

1 .3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

750.0

1.2

1.2

1. 2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

128

Table A-50. PROPAGATION LOSS IN DB/NM FOR 2300 HZ

LAYER (FT)

2.0 4.0 6.0

***: NON-DUCTED CASE

SEA STATE rGREATER THAN 3

BELOW LAYER GRAD1 ENT ( DEC , F/100FT. )

8.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0

50.0

10.6

9.1

8.4

8.0

7.7

7.5

7.3

7.2

7. 1

7.0

75.0

5. 3

4.9

4.7

4.6

4.5

4.4

't.4

4.3

4.3

4.3

100.0

3.8

3.6

3.5

3.5

3.4

3.4

3.4

3.4

3.4

3.4

125.0

3. 1

3.0

3.0

3.0

2.9

2.9

2.9

2.9

2.9

2.9

150.0

2. 7

2.7

2.7

2.6

2. 6

2.6

2.6

2.6

2.6

2.6

175.0

2.5

2.5

2.4

2.4

2.4

2.4

2.4

2.4

2.4

2.4

200.0

2. 3

2.3

2.3

2.3

2.3

2.3

2.3

2.2

2.2

2.2

22 5.0

2.2

2.1

2. 1

2.1

2. 1

2. 1

2. 1

2.1

2. 1

2.1

250.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

275.0

2. 0

1.9

1. 9

1.9

1. 9

1.9

I ,9

1 .9

1.9

1 .9

300.0

1.9

1 .9

1.9

1.9

1.9

1.9

1.9

1.9

1.9

1.9

325.0

1. 8

1.8

1.8

1 .8

1.8

1 .8

1 .8

1.8

1.8

1.8

350.0

1. 7

1.7

1.7

1.7

1.7

1 . 7

1.7

1.7

1.7

1.7

375.0

1.7

1 .7

1 .7

1.7

1.7

1.7

.1.7

1.7

1.7

1.7

400.0

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.6

425.0

1 .6

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.6

450.0

] . 6

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.6

475.0

1. 5

1.5

1. 5

1. 5

1. 5

1. 5

1.5

1 .5

1.5

1.5

500.0

1 .5

1,5

1 .5

1 .5

1.5

1.5

1.5

1.5

1. 5

1.5

525.0

1. 5

1.5

1. 5

1 .5

1. 5

1.5

1.5

1.5

1.5

1 .5

550.0

1.4

1 .4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

575.0

1.4

1 .4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

600. 0

1.4

1.4

1. 4

1.4

1.4

1 .4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

625.0

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

650.0

1. 3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1 .3

1.3

1 .3

1.3

1.3

67 5.0

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

700.0

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1. 3

1.3

725.0

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1. 3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

750. C

] .3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

129

Table A-51. PP?PAGATI ON LOSS IN DB/MM FOR 2400 HZ

***: NON-DUCTED CASE

SEA STATE :3REATER THAN 3

LAYER(FT)

BELOW

LAYER GRADIENTCDEG.

F/100FT. )

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.0

10.0

12.0

14.0

16.0

18.0

20.0

50.0

1C.2

8.8

8.2

7.8

7.6

7. A

7.2

7.1

7.0

6.9

75.0

5. 3

4.9

4.7

4.6

4.5

4.4

4.4

4.3

4.3

4.3

100.0

3. 8

3.6

3.6

3.5

3. 5

3. 5

3.4

3.4

3.4

3.4

125.0

3.2

3.1

3.0

3.0

3.0

3.0

3.0

3.0

3.0

2.9

150.0

2. 0

2.7

2.7

2.7

2. 7

2.7

2.7

2.7

2.7

2.7

1 7 5 . C

2.5

2.5

2.5

2.5

2.5

2.5

2.5

2.5

2.5

2.5

200.0

2. 3

2.3

2.3

2.3

2.3

2.3

2.3

2.3

2.3

2.3

225.0

2. 2

2.2

2. 2

2.2

2.2

2.2

2.2

2.2

2.2

2.2

250.0

2.1

2.1

2.1

2.1

2.1

2. 1

2. 1

2. 1

2. 1

2.1

275. 0

2. 0

2.0

2.0

2.0

2. 0

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

300.0

1.9

1.9

1.9

1.9

1.9

1 .9

1.9

1.9

1.9

1.9

325.0

1.9

1.8

1.8

1.8

1 .8

1 .8

1.8

1.8

1.8

1.8

350.0

1. 8

1.8

1. 8

1.8

1. 8

1. 8

1.8

1. 8

1.8

1.8

375.0

1.7

1.7

1.7

1.7

1.7

1.7

1.7

1.7

1.7

1,7

400. 0

I. 7

1.7

1.7

1.7

1 .7

1.7

1.7

1.7

1.7

1.7

425. 0

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.6

450.0

1.6

1 .6

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.6

475.0

1. 6

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.6

1 .6

500.0

1.5

1.5

1. 5

1.5

1.5

1.5

1.5

1.5

1. 5

1.5

525.0

1. 5

1.5

1.5

1.5

1.5

1 .5

1.5

1.5

1.5

1.5

550. C

1. 5

1.5

1. 5

1.5

1. 5

1. 5

1. 5

1.5

1.5

1.5

575. 0

1. 4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

600.0

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1. 4

1.4

1.4

1.4

625.0

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1 .4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

650.0

1.4

1.4

1. 4

1.4

1.4

1.4

] .4

1.4

1.4

1.4

675.0

1.4

1 .4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

700. 0

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

725.0

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

750.0

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

130

LOSS, Db/NM
6

5--

4--

6°{/i00f (GRADIENT

SEA STATE< 3

-f

L A YE Rjy

500 1000 1500

FREQUENCY. HZ

~ +—
2000

2500

Figure A-3. Propagation loss for low sea state and a
below layer gradient of -6°F/100 FT.

131

LOSS.Db/NM
6t

12°f/ioof f G R A D I E N T

SCA STATE < 3

LAYER FT

600
700

500

1000 1500

FREQUENCY. HZ

2000

2 500

Figure A-U. Propagation loss for low sea state and a
below layer gradient of -12°F/100 FT.

132

LOSS.Db/NM
6r

5t

4--

2 --

1 -i

18°l/100«« GRADIENT

SEA S T AT E < 3

500 1000 1500

FREQUE NCY.HZ

LAYER FT

600
700

2000

H

2500

Figure A-5- Propagation loss for low sea state and a
below layer gradient of -l8°F/100 FT.

133

LOSS(Db/HM
6t

6°i/100U GRADIENT

SEA STATE >3

500

1000 1500

FREQUENCY. HZ

L A YE R,FT

2000

2 500

Figure A-6. Propagation loss for high sea state
and a below layer gradient of -6°F/100 FT.

134

LOSS,Db/NM
6t

12°I/100«« GRADIENT

SEA STATE >;3

L A YE R FT

500

1000 1500

FREQUENCY.HZ

2000

2 500

Figure A-7. Propagation loss for high sea state
and a below layer gradient of -12°F/100 FT.

135

LOSS.Db/NM

6t

18°f/100M GRADIENT

SEA STATE > 3

500

1000 1500

F R E Q U E NC Y.HZ

2000

2500

Figure A-8. Propagation loss for high sea state
and a below layer gradient of -l8°F/100 FT.

136

LAYER(O)
50

2 50—

?.?

450

650 —

750

1-6

L OS S(db/nm)

6 10 14

G R A Dl E NT(°l/iooM)

100 HZ SEA S TA T E < 3

0.6

0-4

Figure A-9. Iso-loss contours for 100 HZ and low sea state

137

LAYER(ff)
50-r

L OS S(db/nm)

250

450

650

750

2 6 10 14

GRADIE NT(°I/100H)

2 00 HZ SEA STATE<3

Figure A-10. Iso-loss contours for 200 HZ and low sea state.

138

LAYER(H)
50

LOS S(c!b/nm)

250

450

650

750

O.G

Figure A-ll

6 10 14

GRADIE NT(°«/ioolt)

300 H Z SEA S TA T E < 3

Iso-loss contours for 300 KZ and low sea state

139

LAYER(lf)

50t

LOS S(db/nm)

250

450 -r

650

750

06

Figure A-12

6 10 14

G R A Dl E NT(°l/iooft)

400 H Z SEA STATE<3

Iso-loss contours for ^00 HZ and low sea state.

1^0

LAYER(ft)
50

250

450

650"

750

i i-

L OS S(db/nm)

j i

6 10 14

GRADIE NT(°I/100H)

500 H Z

SEA STATE<3

0-4

i 1 1 \

1 8

Figure A-13. Iso-loss contours for 500 HZ and low sea state.

141

LAYER(H)

50t

250-

450-"

650--

750

4,2 4-0 3.6

L OSS(c]b/ntx»)

H ! 1 1 1 1

6 10 14

GRADIE NT(°«/ioolt)

600 HZ SEA STATE< 3

0.6

0-4

^ +

1 8

Figure A-ll. Iso-loss contours for 600 HZ and low sea state

1*12

LAYER(ff)
50j

L OS S(db/nm)

250--

4!30--

650-"

750

1 8

Figure A-15

6 10 14

G R A Dl E NT(°f/ioolt)
700 HZ SEA STATE<3

Iso-loss contours for 700 HZ and low sea state

143

LAYER(ff)

50

2 50-

450"

650

750

5.0 4.4 4,0

L OS S(db/nm)

3, 6

3.?

-\ 1 1 h- 1 H

6 10 14

GRADIE NT(°«/100H)

1 8

0-8

_0.G

-0-4

-I \

800 H Z SEA S TA T E < 3

Figure A-l6. Iso-loss contours for 800 HZ and low sea state

lkk

LAYER(fi)

50t

250—

450 ~r

650

750

L OS S(d b/nrn )

6 10 14

GRADIE NT(°«/100H)

2.6

1 .0

— 0.6

0,4

H 1 1 1 1 1 1 h— — \

1 8

900 H Z SEA S TA T E < 3

Figure A-17. Iso-loss contours for 900 HZ and low sea state

145

LAYER(ft)
50-r

250-

450-1-

650

75oL
2

H h

L OS S(db/nm)

6 10 14

G R A D! E NT(°I/100H)

0.5

H 1 1 1 1- \

1 8

Figure A-18

1000 HZ SEA S TA T E < 3

Iso-loss contours for 1000 HZ and low sea state

1H6

LAYER(ft)

50t

LOS S(db/nm )

250--

450

650

750

G.5

SO

4 • 4

4,0

H h

H 1-

6 10 14

GRADIE NT(°I/100IO

1 8

0,8

0.6

"I \

1200 HZ SEA STATE< 3

Figure A-19. Iso-loss contours for 1200 HZ and low sea state

147

LAYER(ft)
50

250

450

650"

750

LOS S(db/nm )

i h

6 10 14

GRADIE NT(°{/100U)

- 2.0

1 8

0.8

-0.6

i 1 1 *

Figure A-20

1400 HZ SEA S T A T E < 3

Iso-loss contours for 1*400 HZ and low sea state

148

LAYER(ft)

50t

LOS S(db/nm)

250"

450

650-^

750

5.0 4.0

3-8

3.4

-i 1 1 \— — |—

6 10 14

GRADIE NT(°(/ioo«t)

1600 H Z

SEA STATE<3

3.0

0.8

— 0.6

■i 1 1 1

1 8

Figure A-21. Iso-loss contours for 1600 HZ and low sea state

1H9

LAYER(M)
50

250n

450

650

750

LOS S(db/nm)

-i \-

-I h

6 10 14

G R A Dl E NT(°f/i00H)

-2-8

0.8

"I 4

1 8

1800 HZ SEA S TA T E < 3

Figure A-22. Iso-loss contours for 1800 HZ and low sea state

150

LAYER(ft)

50-r

250-

450

650"

750

LOS S(db/nm)

-i-

+

+

+

6 10 14

6RADIE NT(°f/iooft)

2000 HZ SEA S TA T E < 3

1.2

1.0

— 0.8

1 8

Figure A-23. Iso-loss contours for 2000 HZ and low sea state

151

LAYER(U)
5 0-r-^8

LOS S(db/nm)

250--

450

650

750

6,0

■\ 1 1 1 1 H-

6 10 14

G R A Dl E NT(°f/i00H)

-1.0

0.8

H \

1 8

2200 HZ SEA STATE< 3

Figure A-24. Iso-loss contours for 2200 HZ and low sea state

152

LAYF.R(fl)
50

L OS S(db/nm)

6.2

5.4

250

45 0

650-1-

750

-I 1 1'

■i 1 h

6 10 14

GRADIE NT(°«/100H)

1 8

4.0

2.0

1.2

1 -0

0.8

2400 HZ SEA S TA T E < 3

Figure A-25. Isc-loss contours for 2400 HZ and low sea state

153

LAYER(M)

50t

L OS S(db/nm)

250—

450

650--

750

1-2

0.8

0.6

0.4

Figure A-26

6 10 14

G R A Dl E NT(°«/100H)

100 HZ SEA S TA T E > 3

Iso-loss contours for 100 HZ and high sea state

151*

LAYHR(ft)
50

L OS S(db/nm)

2 5 On:

45 0

650

750L

O.G

0-4

Figure A-27

G R A Dl E NT(°f/iooff)
200 H Z SEA S TA T E > 3

Iso-loss contours for 200 HZ and high sea state

155

LAYER(M)
50

250~

450-^

650

750

LOS S(db/nm )

6 10 14

GRADIE NT(°{/100H)

300 H Z SEA STATE >3

0.4

H 1 1 1 1 1 H 1 \

1 8

Figure A-28. Iso-loss contours for 300 HZ and high sea state

156

LAYER(lf)

50

LOS S(db/nm)

2 50-^

450--

650 —

750

6 10 14

GRADIE NT(°f/i00H)

0-4

400 HZ SEA S TA T E > 3

Figure A-29. Iso-loss contours for 400 HZ and high sea state

157

LAYER 00
50

2 50—

450 —

650--

750

H 1 1 K

LOS S(db/nm )

6 1 0 ft 14

G R A Dl E NT(°«/100U)

2.0

1.0

— 0-6

H 1 \

1 8

500 HZ SEA STATE>3

Figure A-30. Iso-loss contours for 500 HZ and high sea state

158

LAYER(H)
50

250-

45 0

650T

750

LOS S(db/nm )

3.0

6 10 14

GRADIE NT(°f/i00H)

2.0

0.8

0.6

H 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 \

1 8

600 HZ SEA STATE> 3

Figure A-31. Iso-loss contours for 600 HZ and high sea state

159

LAYER(ff)

50-r

250-

450--

650"

750

2.0

4-2 3,6

L OS S(db/nm )

1 8

1-0

0.8

0.6

1 \

Figure A-32

■i 1 1 1 1 1 f-

6 10 14

G R A Dl E NT(°f/iooll)

700 HZ SEA STATE> 3

Iso-loss contours for 700 HZ and high sea state

160

LAYER(U)
50

6,2 5. 2

250--

450--

650--

L OS S(Jb/nm)

4. 6

4.2

750

-1 1 1 1 f~

6 10 14

G R A Dl E NT(°l/i00f0

3 -8

1 8

3,0

2,0

1,4

1.0

0.0

i 1 \

Figure A-33

800 H Z SEA STATE> 3

Iso-loss contours for 800 HZ and high sea state

161

LAYER (ft)
50

250-

450"

650"h

750

6-2 5.2

LOS S(db/nm)

4-6

4-0

6 10 14

GRADIE NT(°f/lOOff)

1 8

1.2

1.0

0.8

4 1 1 1 1 f 1 1 \

Figure A-3^

900 HZ SEA S TA T E > 3

Iso-loss contours for 900 HZ and high sea state

162

LAYER(M)
50

250--

450

650-"

750

5.0 4.2

LOS S(db/nm)

3.8

i 1 1 1 1 f-

6 10 14

G R A Dl E NT(°«/100M)

3.4

2.0

1.2

1.0

0.8

H \

1 8

1000 HZ SEA STATE>3

Figure A-35. Iso-loss contours for 1000 HZ and high sea state

163

LAYER(ft)
50

LOS S(db/nm)

250-

450

650--

750

7.8 6.0 6-2

6 10 14

GRADIE NT(°f/lOOH)

1 8

3.2

2.2

1.8

1.4

1.2

1 -0

1 1 1 1 1 1 H 1 \

Figure A-36

1200 HZ SEA STATE>3

Iso-loss contours for 1200 HZ and high sea state

164

LAYER (H)
50

LOS S(db/nm)

450

650

750

1.4

1.2

1. 0

"I \

1 8

Figure A-37

H 1 1 1 1 1 H-

6 10 14

G R A Dl E NT(°f/l00ft)

1400 HZ SEA S T A T E > 3

Iso-loss contours for 1^00 HZ and high sea state

165

LAYER(It)
50

250-

450

650-"

750

CO

L OS S(db/nm)

5.0

4-6

1 1 1 1 f

6 10 14

G R A Dl E NT(°«/iooft)

1600 HZ SEA S TA T E > 3

1 8

1.8

1.4

1.2

H 1 »

Figure A-38. Iso-loss contours for 1600 HZ and high sea state

166

LAYEROt)

50

2 50-

450

650-"

750

LOS S(db/nm)

6 10 14

GRADIE NT(°1/100H)

1 8

1.6

1.4

1.2

1 1 1 i 1 1 1 1 \

Figure A-39

1800 HZ SEA STATE>3

Iso-loss contours for 1800 HZ and high sea state

167

LAYER(H)

50t

250-

450--

650"

750

5-6

4.8

H 1 H

L OS S(cl b/nrn )

4.4

6 10 14

GRADIE NT(°«/i00ft)

2000 HZ SEA S TA T E > 3

1 8

4.2

3.0

2-2

2.0

1.8

1.0

1.4

1-2

"I 1 1 \

Figure A-40. Iso-loss contours for 2000 HZ and high sea state

168

5 0-t

LOS S(db/nm)

7-8

250

450 —

650

750

i 1 1 1—

6 10 14

G R A Dl E NT(°«/ioo«l)

2200 HZ SEA STATE>3

1 8

3.0

2-0

1.8

1.6

1.4

-) 1 1 h \

Figure A-41. Iso-loss contours for 2200 HZ and high sea state

169

LAYER(H)

50 ,0

LOS S(db/nm )

8.2

250—

450-^

650-"

750

i 1 1-

6 10 14

G R A Dl E NT(°«/ioofl)

2400 HZ SEA STATE>3

1 8

3.0

2.0

1.8

1.6

1.4

■i 1 1 »

Figure A-*J2. Iso-loss contours for 2^00 HZ and high sea state

170

Appendix B Computer Programs

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177

LIST OF REFERENCES

1 . NAY; IT. ASERVCOMINST 3160.3., 1971. Acoustic sensor range
prediction (ASRAP) II. Headquarters Naval VJeather
Service Command, Department of the Navy, Ylashington,
D. C. 4 Pp.

2.Urick, R. J. 1967. Principles of Underv:ater Sound for
Engineers . McGraw-Hill Book Co., San Francisco, Ca.
3^2 Pp.

3. Clay, C. S. 1968. Sound Transmission in a Half Channel and

Surface Duct. Technical notes on sound propagation in

the sea, v. 2. Meteorology International, Inc.,

Monterey, Ca. 12 Pp.

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182

Security C! ossification

DOCUMENT CONTROL DATA -R&D

,*curitr cfassif.r.lion of fiffa. body of eb«frarl and mixing .nno)«llon n.uM be ™(erad ,W,,n tf,a_gver«» report Is cl»,*ltled)

CIN A TING activity (Corporal* author)

aval Postgraduate School
[onterey, California

2«. REPORT SECURITY CLASSIFICATION

Unclassified

2b. CROUP

■PORT TITLE

Jr\n Analysis of Environmental Data for Use in Updating Low Frequency
propagation Loss Forecasts

DESCRIPTIVE NOTES (Typr ol rrport »nd. inclusive detrs)

Faster' s Thesis: December 1Q72

AU T m o P i s I (tint name, middl* initial, lait nzma)

; [Phillip I. Harvey

Rf'CB T D A TE

\lB. TOTAL. NO. OF PACES

D£g_£i:L^r ?-Q72

CONTRACT OR CRANT NO.

PROJEC T NO

nftU

t. ORIGINATOR'* REPORT NUMBER(S)

7b. NO. OF REFS

3

Bb. OTHER REPORT NO(5l (Any other numbera that may be a»»ign«d
thla report)

I. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT

■Approved for public release; distribution unlimited.

I JuPPLCMEN T AR Y NOTES

—

12. SPONSORING MILITARY ACTIVITY

Naval Postgraduate School
Monterey, California 939^0

3. ABSTRACT

An acoustic model for low frequency (100-2400 HZ) propagation loss
within a surface duct is examined. An analysis of the sensitivity
of* this model as a function of the governing environmental parameters
is performed. The results of this analysis show that the frequency
an- mixed layer depth are influential over a wide range of environment
Editions and that the below layer thermal gradient b™simportant
at low frequencies when the layer depth is relatively shallow. Under
certain conditions, a change in below layer thermal gradient of
2C' '100 FT has the same resultant effect as a 25 FT change in the
mived layer deDth. The results of this analysis are then utilized
|to"develop a correction algorithm which can be employed to update
pr-oacration loss forecasts (issued by Fleet Numerical Weather Central,
fcnterey) when required due to changing environmental conditions.

al

DD ,fn°or:..1473 <PAGE,)

S/N 0101 -807-681 1

183

Security Classification

4-JU0J

Security CUisif>ralion_

KEY WO R DI

antisubmarine warfare
sound, low frequency
range prediction
sensor, acoustic
loss, propagation
environmental acoustics

DD ,F"M473 «B4«

S/N 0101-807-6*21

ROLE *T

LINK B

ROLF. W T

18M

Security Cleesification

A- 31 109

Thesis
H29629

c.l

1 ' ■ r> |
... *± 1. 1) v.

9

Harvey

An analysis of envi-
ronmental data for use
in updating low fre-
quency propagation loss
forecasts.

Thesi s

H29629
c.l

U1309

Harvey

An analysis of envi-
ronmental data for use
in updating low fre-
quency propagation loss
forecasts.

thesH29629

An analysis of environmental data for us

3 2768 002 07777 8

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