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OF
SCIENCE, LITERATURE,
x
NATURAL HISTORY, AND THE FINE ARTS.
“APRIL, 1836.
London: :
~ SIMPKIN, MARSHALL, AND co.,
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CONTENTS.
Pacr
Hisroricat Memoranda of Wigmore Castle, Herefordshire, by Sir
Samuel Rush Meyrick, Ki BANU Snip Ke, Cg ROU Ay tbs NE AUER Skee 3
On the Natural History of the Nightingale, ( Philomela luscinia,—Swain-
son), by Edward Blyth, Esq., Tooting, Surrey ............0....0ccc.00 ss 28
On the Effects of certain Mental and Bodily States upon the Imagina-
tion, by Langston Parker, Bisqy. icine ay yesbies cos vedo ese pecas 46
The Mammals of Britain systematically arranged ..............000....00000 67
Organte' Chemistry. 053.25. i ed Sls APY eh Gon Sooke ab asp dee eee 73
An Elucidation of the Three British Treelings, ( Silvia PP ARS eas eee ed te 718
Roman Antiquities discovered in Worcestershire ...........2......c00..s00e0 85
Vicinity of Congerstone, in Leicestershire, 1835—6; with prefatory
remarks on the advantages of cultivating the Study of Natural
History. cease Ga bd aaleh da sas SAlodinde ee Dads pe heehee? PAPO) Sey > 91
Sketches of European Ornithology. ).......2. 02005 .ccesceeesecsscseeecceseteetedese 97
COEVPSPOM RENCE 6 200.5 595.) sca apes s Mledeseancagddeedma upton Dubus acer vgs cs Shee ss (105
Proceedings of Provincial Societies ..0...........c.ccceelessbe tee geceseseneceeesees 12}
Birmingham Royal School of Medicine—Birmingham Philosophi-
eal Institution—Birmingham Mechanics’ Institution—Chester Me-
chanics’ Institution—Macclesfield Mechanics’ Institution—Man-
chester Athenzeeum—Manchester Mechanics’ Institution—W orces-
ter Literary and Scientitic Institution.
Critical Notices of New Publications .............. PP AL Ae Miteetide orice eit 146
Bakewell’s Natural Evidence of a Future Life—toswell’s Life of
Johnson—The Principles of Descriptive and Physiological Botany,
by the Rev. J. Henslow ; The'New Botanist’s Guide to the Locali-
- ties of the Rarer Plants of Britain ; Remarks on the Geographical
Distribution of British Plants, by H. C. Watson—M. Victor Cou-
sin’s Report on the state of Public Instruction in Prussia—Middle-
more’s ‘Treatise on Diseases of the Eye—Artisans and Machinery,
by P. Gaskell—Langston Parker’s Observations on the Diseases of
the Stomach—History of British Fishes, by W. Yarrell, F. L. S.—
Rev. E. Stanley’s Observations on Religion and Education in Ire-
land—A History of the Rarer Species of British Birds, by T. C.
Eyton—Observations on the principal Medical Institutions and
Practice of France, Italy, and Germany, by E. Lee—The Steam
Engine familiarly explained, by the Rev. D. Lardner, L. L. D.—
Burmeister’s Manual of Entomology—The Equilibrium of Popula-
tion and Sustenance demonstrated, by C. Louden, M. D.—Practical
Observations on the Phenomena of Flame and Safety Lamps, by
John Murray, F. L. §., &c.—Savory’s Companion to the Medicine
Chest—Lectiones Latinz, by J. Rowbotham, F. R. A. 8.; L’ Echo
de Paris, by M. A. P. Lepage; First Step to French, by F. M. De
Cherville—Loudon’s Arboretum Britannicum, and Magazines of
Natural History, Gardening, and Architecture.
WME ATG 255k a aio caskewuvevaaee hs hee POWs ge iy {fal Be Re phan h i 166
Scientific Miscellanea ............ BES adh RIG «SNE Bal EO aati I 171
Literary Intelligence fi ooics ossis eins copemniyetn aber paiieke decyl vistors MLE SERS al 174
List of . New Publications. 4035.56 ea oe aes eee ee cue 174
Meteorological Reports. <5 20 oitee seh ly rsakon cadet btn coda sane vosdign ge pebwade sapece 175
TO CORRESPONDENTS.
WE are compelled, reluctantly, to defer the insertion of Mr. Bloxam’s
aper “On the British Antiquites of Warwickshire,” until our next number.
The length to which the article extends, (and it is far too interesting to cur-
tail), together with the late period in the quarter the MS. was received, ren-
der the postponement unavoidable. . .
J. K’s “ Remarks on Mr. Combe’s ‘ Constitution of Man,’ with illustra-
tions of his doctrines and its tendencies,” is likewise delayed until our next
publication, for similar reasons.
It is requested that all communications sent to the Editor may be directed
( Post-paid ) to the care of Mr. Bartow, Bookseller, Bennett’s-hill, Birming-
ham ; and contributions should be sent early in the quarter preceeding that
in which they are expected to appear.
The 16th number of The Analyst will appear on the Ist of July next.
Errata.—Page 70, line 4, for fogorum read fagorum. In part of the im-
pression, page 119, line 13, for carescens read canescens. |
(& The First and Second Volumes of The Analyst (with Index ), in cloth boards,
price 10s., and the Third Volume, price 9s , may be had of Simphin, Mar
shall, & Co., London, and all other Booksellers. —
THE ANALYST;
A
QUARTERLY JOURNAL,
OF
SCIENCE, LITERATURE,
NATURAL HISTORY, AND THE FINE ARTS.
London ;
SIMPKIN, MARSHALL, & CO.
CURRY, Joy. & CO., DUBLIN; BARLOW, BIRMINGHAM.
1836.
THE ANALYST.
HISTORICAL MEMORANDA OF WIGMORE CASTLE,
HEREFORDSHIRE.
By Srr Samvreu Rusu Meyrick, K. H.
Tuar a place which has had for its owners persons of such im-
portance in the history of this country as Wigmore, should never
have engaged the pen of any antiquary, seems truly astonishing ;
especially as materials are not wanting, though scattered far and
wide, for this purpose. Hoping that some one more competent
will throw additional light on this interesting subject, I shall
endeavour, through the medium of your useful periodical, to con-
centrate the glimmerings that are to be met with in ancient docu-
ments.
Its original name we find to have been Wiginga-mere. Blount
says,* “ This seems to be Saxon, in which language Wiggen, or
Wiggend, signifies warrior, ga, or gen, lo go, an mere, a pool, or
great water ; for it is supposed that rich ground bvlow the town,
now called Wigmore, was heretofore held to bc undrainable.”
There is no necessity for such far-fetched etymology: Wicenga sig-
nifies znhabilants, * especially,” says Somner, “ those of towns and
villages,” which renders it synonimous with its Domesday appella-
tion, Marestune, 7. ¢. the town near the marsh.
The earliest information respecting it is, according to Camden,
its being repaired by Edward the elder. This will be better com-
prehended by reflecting on the state of the country, which that king
found on succeeding to the throne of his justly celebrated father
* MSS. in British Museum.
a2
4 HISTORICAL MEMORANDA OF
Alfred the Great. That prince had been elected in preference to
his brother’s children ; and as they were likewise passed over by
the Wittena at his death, whose choice was fixed on Edward, one
of them, named Ethelwold, attempted to seize the crown for him-
self. He not only raised an army, but allied himself with the
Anglo-Danes, and defied his cousin’s power. In 905, he ravaged
Mercia, which comprehended that part of Herefordshire in which
Wigmore is situate: but he ultimately fell in a contest in Kent.
In 910, Edward, with the Mercians and West Saxons, marched
into Northumbria, destroying and plundering the Anglo-Danish
possessions. The following year, the northerns repaid this devas-
tation by an irruption into Mercia: nor was the superiority of the
Anglo-Saxon king, over his dangerous neighbours, fully established
till the battle of Wodensfield. He now pursued the plans of pro-
tection which his father had devised, and determined to defend the
frontiers of his dominions by a line of fortresses. In Mercia and
Wessex, he built castles which he filled with soldiers, who were
ordered, without waiting for the king or earls of the counties, to
join the provincials in repelling invaders. Upon the western limits
he appointed their erection at Wigmore in Herefordshire, Bridg-
north and Cherbury in Shropshire, Edesbury in Cheshire, and
Stafford and Wedesborough in Staffordshire, which seem to have
been chosen with great judgment. Thus the foundation of Wig-
more castle is fixed to the year 912, or soon after.*
The military policy of Edward was proved by its issue. Two
Danish earls led a hostile fleet round Cornwall into the Severn, de.
barked, and plundered in Herefordshire, taking the bishop of Arch-
enfield prisoner. The men of Hereford, Gloucester, and the nearest
burghs, as the fortified places were called, defeated them, with
the loss of one of their chiefs, and the brother of the other.
The next occurrence may probably be assigned to the year 1068.
William the Conqueror had returned to Normandy, three months
after his coronation, leaving the care of England to his favourite
William Fitz Osborne, who, according to Malmsbury, first incited
him to invade this country, and to Odo, his half-brother, bishop of
Bayeux. The exactions of the Normans augmented the despera-
tion of the Anglo-Saxons, until the latter broke out into revolt.
He returned ; but his mistrust of his new subjects calling forth his
“ Inthis year, says the Saxon Chronicle, died Athelred, alderman (i. ¢. the
ruling person) of Mercia; Ethelfleda, his widow, in 920, when Edward in-
corporated that kingdom with Wessex.
WIGMORE CASTLE, HEREFORDSHIRE. 5
ill-humour, they formed alliances with the Welsh, the Scotch, and
the Danes. It was, probably, on this occasion, that ‘‘ Ralph, or
Ranulph de Mortimer, who came over with the Conqueror, was
sent into the marches of Wales, to encounter with Edrich, Earl of
Shrewsbury, who was also Lord of Wigmore and Melenithe,* in
regard he would not submit to the Norman yoke, whom after great
toi] and a long siege in Wigmore castle, he at length subdued and
delivered captive to the king.”t This Edrich was the son of Alfricke,
Earl of Mercia, who, having induced Bleddyn and Rhywallon,
princes of Wales, to assist him with their forces, had ravaged the
country as far as the bridge of Hereford.
England being completely subdued, in about three years from
this time, William proceeded to distribute the spoils among his
adherents. To William Fitz Osborne, he gave the county of Here-
ford, with instructions to watch and repress the Welsh ;{ and Dug-
dale says, “‘ he built the castle of Estbrighoyel,|| in Gloucestershire,
and the castles of Clifford, Wigmore, and Ewias in Herefordshire ;
but in regard he died before the general survey, there is no memo-
rial at all left of him.’”§ The Rev. Mr. Duncumb, though it does
not appear on what authority, asserts that those in Herefordshire
he only repaired.
This heroic warrior was slain by Robert de Frison, whilst fight-
ing in support of the claims of Ernulph, Earl of Hainhalt, to the
earldom of Flanders. He had, during his lifetime, been a steadfast
adherent to the Conqueror, to whom, indeed, he was nearly related,
and, possessing great merit, amply justified his appointments of
regius vicarius, Normanniz dapifer et magister militum bellicosus.**
He was of the king’s council, governor of the Isle of Wight and
Winchester Castle, and chief administrator of justice throughout
the North of England.tt He married Adeline, daughter of Roger
de 'Toney, a powerful baron, and had by her three sons and three
daughters. To William, the eldest, he left his ample possessions in
Normandy ; Ralph, the second, entered the Abbey of Cormeiles,
and was shorn a monk; and Roger, the youngest, named De Bre-
* Maelenyth was on the western side of Wigmore, being part of Radnor-
shire.
+ Dugdale’s Baronage, vol. i., p. 139.
+ Orderic Vit., 521.
|| Now called Strigul castle, not in Gloucestershire, but Monmouthshire,
Coxe, however, declares it to be Chepstow.
§ Baron., vol. i. p. 67.
** Ord. Vit., 536.
++ Harl. MS., 4046.
6 HISTORICAL MEMORANDA OF
teuil, succeeded him in the earldom of Hereford.* This young
man, forgetful of his father’s attachment to the king, had the im-
prudence, as well as ingratitude, to join Ralph de Gwader, Earl of
Norfolk, in 1078, because he did not consent to the marriage of his
sister with that nobleman. They raised a large army, in order to
depose him, but, being defeated, Roger’s property was confiscated,
and his person confined. While in this situation, William, nobly
contemning his many contumelious expressions, made offers towards
a reconciliation, but his proud spirit rejected them with disdain.
This conduct so exasperated the king, that he was detained in con-
finement until his death, and the title withheld from his sons.
On this occasion, Wigmore Castle and its lordship was bestowed
on its former conqueror, Ralph de Mortimer. “It is held,” says
Blourt, “to be one of the ancientest honours in England, and
has twenty-one townships, or manors, that owe suit to the honor
court ; and all the land wherein these manors lie is called Wigmore
land, which has two high constables, and gives name to the whole
hundred.” Dugdale, in his Monasticon, says “that Ralph built the
Castle of Wigmore ;” and yet, not only at page 67 of the first
volume of his Baronage asserts, as before observed, that it was
erected by William Fitz-Osborne, but again, at page 139, restates
this in a more particular manner. He tells us, that that nobleman
constructed it “upon a piece of waste ground, called Merestune”
(Marshtown), and quotes Domesday to shew ae Ralph de Morti-
mer was seized of it at his death. —
When we reflect upon the charge given to Fitz-Osborne, to
repel the Welsh, and his “ very large possessions by the conqueror’s
gift,” it seems most likely that_he removed the ruins of the Saxon
fortress, and erected the present castle on a new site; for the cha-
racter of its remains prove it to be of the close of the eleventh cen-
tury. The waste land called Meriston, is a high hill, lying be-
tween the town of Wigmore and the Welsh, on the summit of
which stands this noble piece of masonry. This was the keep. A
little below it are other castellated apartments of later date; and
the exterior wall, which goes round the bottom of the hill, and is
strengthened by a wet ditch,f is of the time of Henry III. The
* Having the power of making laws for his own district, William Fitz-
Osborne ordained that, within the county of Hereford, no knight or soldier
should, for any offence, be fined above seven shillings, the general average
being twenty or twenty-five; thus encouraging a military spirit, which was
essential to the maintenance of a border territory.
+ This is what Leland calls “a brocket sometime almost dry.” ‘Vol. vii.,
p- 32.
WIGMORE CASTLE, HEREFORDSHIRE. 7
entrance tower, which is in this wall, is of a square form, the other
two, seen at the same time, are one square and the other round.*
Ralph left two sons, Hugh, married to Matilda, daughter of
William Longespee, who became second baron of Wigmore, and
William, by the gift of his brother, Lord of Netherley.
On the accession of Henry II., it appeared politic to destroy
various castles throughout his dominions, as the contest between
his mother and king Stephen had shewn how much they might aid
the cause of disaffection. This measure was strongly opposed by
Hugh Mortimer, and Milo, son of Roger, Earl of Gloucester ; but,
on the approach of Henry, with an army, they were obliged to sub-
mit. Consequently, in the year 1158, Hugh delivered up to the
king the castles of Wigmore and Brugge, but the position of the
former on the Welsh frontier, prevented its destruction.
Dugdale, in his Monasticon, relates the following particulars :—
“Hugh Mortimer, a noble and great man in the reign of king
Stephen, made Oliver de Merlimond his seneschal, or steward, and
gave him the town of Scobbedon, and to his son Eudo, the parson-
age of the church of Aylmondestree. There was then no church at
Scobbedon, but only a chapel of St. Juliana, but Oliver built one
there, and dedicated it te St. John Evangelist. Afterwards, the
said Oliver went on a pilgrimage to St. James the Apostle, at Com-
postela, in Spain ; and having been most charitably entertained, on
his return, by the canons of St. Victor, at Paris, when he had
caused his church at Scobbedon to be consecrated by Robert Betun,
Bishop of Hereford,t and obtained of him the church of Rugeley,
he sent to the abbot of St. Victor and obtained of him two of his
canons, to whom he gave the said two churches and his lands of
Ledecote, providing them a decent house, with barns and store of
corn.
‘Some time after, Hugh Mortimer and Oliver Merlimond disagree-
ing, the latter went away in the service of Milo, Earl of Hereford,
and Hugh re-assumed all he had before given him and what Oliver had
granted to the canons, who were thereby reduced to such straits,
* «Yt is impossible,” says Mr. Gough, in his additions to Camden, “ to con-
template the massive ruins of Wigmore Castle, situate on a hill in an amphi-
theatre of mountains, whence its owner could survey his vast estates from
his square palace, with four corner towers on a keep at the south-east corner
of his double-trenched outworks, without reflecting on the instability of the
grandeur of a family, whose ambition and py: ape made more than one
English monarch uneasy on his throne.”
+ He was bishop from the year 1131 to 1148.
8 HISTORICAL MEMORANDA OF
that they designed to have left the place; but, the quarrel being
,made up, Hugh restored to Oliver all his lands, and theirs to the
canons, adding, moreover, of his own, to the latter, the church of
Wigmore, advancing the prior to the title of an abbot. Notwith-
standing all. which, he again took from the canons the town of
Scobbedon, but sometime after restored ii.
“There being want of water in Scobbedon, the canons moved
their habitation to a place called Eye, near the river Lugg, where
they had not been long before they again removed to Wigmore,
and from thence to Beodune, where they built a monastery, and
had a church dedicated to St. James by Robert Foliott, Bishop of
Hereford, Hugh Mortimer bestowing on the canons several posses-
sions and much plate for the altar. The church of Wigmore given
by Hugh Mortimer was the present parish church* which, though
mostly of the time of Edward I., exhibits parts much anterior,
especially the north wall of the nave, as it is built in what is
termed herring-bone fashion. That erected at a place called Beo-
dune was the abbey church, which, together with the monastery,
was, according to the same authority, founded by Hugh Lord Mor-
timer in 1179. It must have been completed and consecrated
within six years, as he was buried within it in 1185; and in the
following year Bishop Foliott died.” Leland says, “ the abbey of
Wigmore is a mile beyond Wigmore town ; a great abbey of white
chanons, within a mile of Wigmore town and castle, in the marche
ground towards Shrewsberyshire.Ӣ
In the church of the abbey were buried the greater part of the
Mortimer family, the founder and two of his descendants of the
same name, Ralph, Geoffry, and John, three Rogers, and two Ed-
monds; all whose monuments were destroyed at the dissolution,
with the church that contained them, except its walls.{ In what
is now termed the abbey grange, remained, in Mr. Blount’s time,
some ancient rooms, as the abbott’s council chamber, and one which
had a canopy of wainscot, under which the abbot sat ; and a stack
of chimneys with the arms of Mortimer thereon. A contiguous
alehouse was asserted to have been the abbey prison. This abbey
* This seems to have been ornamented by the munificence of Edward IV.
as the reading desk of a line of stalls still remains, carved at that period ;
and, in Mr. Blount’s time, were, in the windows, the arms of Mortimer,
Bohun, Montacute, and Badlesmere, in painted glass.
+ Vol. v., p. 10, and iv., p. 176.
} Gough’s Additions to Camden.
WIGMORE CASTLE, HEREFORDSHIRE. 9
of Augustines was valued, at the dissolution, at £267. 2s. 10d. per
annum.~
Hugh Mortimer left issue four sons, Roger, Baron Wigmore,
Hugh, Lord of Chalmarsh, who married Felicia De St. Sydon, but
became defunct without issue, Ralph, and Sir William de Morti-
mer, knight, who died unmarried, a captive abroad.
Roger is said, on Dugdale’s authority, to have oppressed the
canons so grievously that most of them were forced to retire to
Scobbedon; but the ground of complaint was, at last, adjusted by
king Henry; and Roger, before his death, confirmed his father’s
grants to them, and added others of his own.
Roger was twice married. He espoused first, Milisent, daughter
of the Earl of Derby, and by her he had a son named Hugh, who
succeeded his father in the lordship of Wigmore, but expired with-
out issue, in the year 1227; secondly, Isabella, daughter of Henry
de Newburgh, Earl of Warwick, and relict of William Ferrars,
Lord of Wokeham, in the county of Rutland, by whom he had
three Sons, Ralph, Robert, and Philip. ©
Roger Mortimer died in the year 1215, the year before king
John, and, as is above stated, was succeeded in his lordship of Wig-
more by his eldest son Hugh, who held it till 1227. when his bro-
ther Ralph came into that possession. It was, therefore, to Roger,
rather than to Ralph, that we are to attribute what Dugdalet
assigns to the latter. Mutato nomine, then, the account runs thus.
King John sent this warrior into Normandyt for its defence, as it
had been invaded by Philippe Auguste, king of France, John
having refused to do him homage for the same. The lord of Wig-
more was taken prisoner, and, during his absence, the Welsh,
making an irruption into Herefordshire, plundered and burnt down
the monastery of Wigmore, leaving only the church standing.
Now, as the pedigree in the herald’s college terms Roger fundator
abbatie de Wigmore, and his father primus fundator, and as Dug-
dale says that, before his death, Roger confirmed his father’s grants
and added others of his own, it appears a just inference that he
repaired the ravages committed at the abbey, and bestowed on it a
further endowment. His widow Isabella, imitating the piety of
* 'Yanner’s Not. Mon., 174.
Monasticon.
+ John eventually lost this and Guienne, whence he acquired the soubri-
quet of Lackland.
10 HISTORIGAL MEMORANDA OF
her late husband, built a religious house at Lechlade, and bestowed
on it lands, for the good of his soul.
Hugh de Mortimer, on the accession of Henry ITI., adhered to that
monarch, as afterwards did his brother Ralph, during his short survi-
vorship. This Ralph espoused Gwladys,* the daughter of Llewelyn
ab Ierwerth, Prince of Wales, and Isabella his wife, daughter of
King John, married in 1203. By her he had four sons—Roger,
fifth Lord of Wigmore, called, by the Welsh, Roger cwta, i. e
short Roger ; Peter; John, who became a friar, at Coventry, of
the order of Friars minor; and Hugh, Lord of Chalmarsh, near
Wigmore.
Dugdale observest—* In the seventeenth of Henry III. the king
requiring hostages of the barons marchers for their fidelity (the
times being then troublesome), this Ralph delivered unto him
Henry, the son and heir of Brian de Brampton, who was, therefore,
committed to the custody of William de Stutevil.”
Roger was born in the year 1231, and, as Dugdale observes, was
firmly attached to Henry III., in opposition to his rebellious barons,
being a great instrument in their subjection and establishing him
upon the throne. It was, probably, he who raised the exterior
wall, or, at any rate, made some of the additions to the castle of
Wigmore ; for having rescued Prince Edward from his imprison-
ment in Hereford castle, to which he had been consigned by Simon
de Montfort, Earl of Leicester, commander-in-chief of the barons,
after his surrender at the battle of Lewes in 1264, he was conveyed
for safety to that fortress. The plan of his escape was well con-
trived. It is said that the prince was desired to request the indul-
gence of horse-exercise, and that, on one occasion, outstripping his
attendants, he was met by one of the Croft family, from Croft cas.
tle, near Wigmore, who held a fresh horse, by previous arrange-
ment, which, Edward mounting, galloped off to the strong-hold of
Roger Mortimer. The prince’s gratitude was evinced after his
accession, as, by a statute passed in the 18th year of his reign, he
granted, to Wigmore lordship, privileges which almost amounted to
jura regalia, the power of life and death being included ; and tra-
dition asserts that to the arms of the Croft family he added one of
the lions of England, in commemoration of the event, which is still
borne by the descendants.
-
* This young lady could not have been above twelve years old when
Henry III. succeeded to the throne, and twenty-six at her marriage.
+ Baron., vol. i., p. 140, c 2.
WIGMORE CASTLE, HEREFORDSHIRE. ll
This induced the Earl of Leicester to take advantage of his in-
fluence with Llewelyn ab Grufydd, Prince of Wales, and induce
him to commence his attacks on all who were in opposition to the
rebellious barons, with an army amounting, according to Hume, to
the number of 20,000 men ; and thus, in 1263, he ravaged with
fire and sword, among others, the possessions of Roger Mortimer.
The efforts of this nobleman alone, though made with much judg-
ment and gallantry, were insufficient to repel him, and it was not
until reinforcements arrived under Prince Edward, that the Welsh
were driven back to their fastnesses. Llewelyn, however, renewed
his attacks in the following year, not only instigated by, but assist-
ed with English forces under Simon and Henry de Montford ; and
it was not until the battle of Evesham, in 1265, that a decisive
victory put an end to such devastations.
Roger Mortimer married Matilda, eldest daughter of William de
Braiose by Eva, fifth daughter and heiress of William Marshal,
Earl of Pembroke, and by her had five sons and one daughter. Sir
Ralph, his eldest, died during the lifetime of his father ; Edmund,
who became Lord of Wigmore ; Roger, Lord of Chirk, who married
Lucy, daughter and heiress of Sir William Le Wafre, knight ; Sir
William de Mortimer, knight, afterwards Canon of Wigmore, from
whom, according to one account, are descended the barons of Rich-
ard’s castle, he having received several estates, according to the cus-
tom of arms, from his mother ;* Sir Geoffry, who died before his
father ; and Margaret, the wife of Robert de Vere, Earl of Oxford.
Richard's castle came into possession of a branch of the Mortimer
family, from a marriage with the heiress of Hugh, and the surviv-
ing sister of Elias de Say, and her husband was Robert de Morti-
mer, who held twenty-three knights’ fees from the honor of the
eastle of Ewias. He was the son of Robert, second son of Hugh,
Lord Mortimer, and, therefore, cousin of Roger, whose history has
just been given.t
* Pedigree in the College of Arms. This does not, however, appear quite
_ eorrect.
+ Sir H. Nicolas, in his notes to The Siege of Caerlaverock, gives a diffe-
rent descent. He says, “In the reign of Henry II., Robert de Mortimer,
younger son of Hugh, second Baron Mortimer, by the tenure of Wigmore
eastle, acquired Richard’s castle, in Shropshire, by marrying Margery, the
daughter and heiress of Hugh de Say. His grandson, Robert de Mortimer,
b¥ Joyce, the daughter and heiress of William le Zouche, had issue Hugh,
his son and heir, who succeeded his father in his lands in 1287 ;” and “with
whom the male line failed,” one of his daughters and coheiresses marrying
Sir Richard Talbot, in which family Richard’s castle was vested. I have
preferred the pedigree in the College of Arms.
12 HISTORICAL MEMORANDA OF
The Mortimers were among the Lords Marchers, who claimed
the right of finding spears of silver to support the queen’s canopy
on all coronations ; and they exercised this privilege when Eleanor,
the queen of Henry III. was crowned. |
Edmund Mortimer, Baron of Wigmore, succeeded his father,
Roger, and was present at the decisive battle near Built, in the
year 1282, the 10th of Edward I., at which Llewelyn ab Grufydd,
the Prince of Wales, was slain, but not by him, as the Rev. J.
Duncumb, in his History of Herefordshire, asserts—but by Sir
Adam de Francton, an English knight.* On the contrary, Ed-
mund was severely wounded in that encounter ; and being convey-
ed to the castle of Wigmore, there died. At this period, according
to Dugdale, he was seven-and-twenty years of age. He married
Margaret, daughter of the Lord William de Fendles, in Spain, cousin
of Eleanor, queen of King Edward I. By her he had seven chil-
dren, who, being minors, appear to have been under the guardian-
ship of their uncle Roger,t as he was called upon to perform the
military services immediately after the death of his brother. Their
names were, Roger; Matilda, married to Theobald de Verdun,
lord of a moiety of Ludlow ; Johanna, a nun of the Priory of Ling-
broke ; John, killed in a tournament at Worcester, and there buried
in the Cathedral; Hugh, rector of Old Radnor ; Walter, rector of
Kingsland, in the Vale of Wigmore ; and Edmund, rector of Hod-
net, and treasurer of the cathedral church of York:
Sir Harris Nicolas has been so indefatigable in his researches re-
specting the uncle Roger, in his notes to the siege of Caerlaverock,
that I shall not hesitate to avail myself of their ample results. In
March, 1283, he was summoned to attend, with horse and arms,
against the Welsh. Three years after, he obtained a charter of free
warren in his lordships of Sawarden, Winterton, Hampton, and
others, in Herefordshire and Shropshire ; he was, also, possessed of
the lordship of Chirk, in Denbighshire, the castle of which, accord-
ing to Camden, he erected, and of which, from its importance, says
Sir Harris Nicolas, he was generally described. That territory is
said to have fallen into his hands in no very creditable manner, for
* Hen. De Knyghton, p. 2464.
+ Edward Rowe More, in his enumeration of the knights who fought un-
der Edward I., mentions this Roger de Mortymer:—“les armes de Mortymer
en le escuchon un lion de pourpre; Sir John de M., les armes de Mortymer,
en le escuchon un santour de goules. Sir Henri de Mortymer, barre de or
e de goules, le chef palee les armes geronne a un escuchon d’argent ; which
last are those on the seal of Edmund de Mortimer.”—See Vet. Mon., vol. i.,
pL xxx.
WIGMURE CASTLE, HEREFORDSHIRE. 13
the wardship of Llewelyn, younger son of Grufydd ab Madoc, lord
of Powys, to whom the lordships of Chirk and Nantheudwy be-
longed, having’ been entrusted to this baron,” his ward suddenly
disappeared in the night, and Mortimer obtained a grant of the
lands. On the 16th of July, fifteenth of Edward I., 1287, he was
directed to raise four hundred foot-soldiers to march against Rhys
ab Maredydd, a South Wales chieftain: and on the 14th of No-
vember, was enjoined to reside on his demesnes until the rebellion
of that individual was quelled Three years after, Mortimer was
commanded to answer relative to jurisdiction in the barony of Ha-
verford West, and in 1292 he accordingly appeared. He held cer-
tain lands of the Earl of Hereford. The year after, he was in the
expedition into France, when he was appointed governor of Burgh
sur mer, anciently called Mont-Auban, in that kingdom. He was
summoned, on the 14th of June, 1294, to be at Portsmouth on the
Ist of the ensuing September, there to join the expedition into
France; and he received letters of protection that year, in conse-
quence of being in the king’s service in Gascony ; and, for the same
cause, he and his tenants were exempted from the payment of any
part of the tenth then granted to the crown. He was again in
Gascony to the 26th of September, 1297, and, in 1298, commanded
to be at Carlisle at Easter, with horse and arms, in the record of
which he is styled a baron. In the same year he was a commis-.
sioner of array in Landecho, Moghelan, and La Pole.t In the
twenty-seventh of Edward I. he was summoned to Parliament, and
in 1299 was again ordered to be at Carlisle, to serve against the
Scots. The heraldic poem informs us that he was at the siege of
Caerlaverock, in June, 1300.
Epnis Rogier de Mortimer And then Roger de Mortimer
Ki desa mer et de la mer Who, on both sides the sea,
A porte quel part ke ait ale Has borne, wherever he went,
_ L’eseu barree au chief pale A shield barry with a chief paly,
E les cornieres gironnees And its corners gyronny,
De or et de azur enlumines Emblazoned with gold and blue,
O le escucheon vuidie de ermine = With the escutcheon voided of ermine.
- Ovec les autres se achemine He proceeded with the others,
* See Yorke’s Royal Tribes of Wales for a full account of this affair, p.
62, 63. The Earl of Warren, to whom Llewelyn’s brother was placed in
wardship, by king Edward, equally made away with that youth, and shared
his possessions with the king. Tradition says, they were both drowned, at
night-time, in the Dee.
+ Query—Llandeilo, Machynllaeth, and Welsh Pool ?
14 HISTORICAL MEMORANDA OF
ar il et li devant nomes For he and the before-named
Au fils le roy furent comes Were appointed the king’s son
De son frein guiour et gardein. To conduct and to guard.
At this time he must have been about forty years of age, and the
poem confirms Dugdale’s statement that he was then in the retinue
of the Prince of Wales. It is recorded, in the wardrobe accounts,
that he received his winter’s fee of £6. 13s. 4d. in the same year,
and they give the following particulars :—
Domino Rogero de Mortuo Mari, baneretto pro vadiis suis, duo.
rum militum et xiiii scutiferorum suorum xxviii die Julii, quo die
equi sui fuerunt appreciati, usque xxix diem Augusti, utroque com-
putato per xxxiii dies, xxxvi.£i. vis. Eidem pro expensis Oris sui
et unius militis sui, a ix die Julii, quo die venit ad curiam apud
Karlaverok, usque xxviii diem ejusdem mensis, quo die equi sui
fuerunt appreciati, primo die computato et non ultimo per xix dies,
per quos fuit in cur et extra rotulum hospicii, precipienti per diem
vj-s. per statutum factum apud Sanctum Albanum de hospicio £yv.
xiv.s. per compotum factum cum eodem apud Lincoln’ xx die Feb’
anno xxix. Summa xlii.£i.*
In the baron’s letter to the pope, dated Lincoln, 29th of Febru-
ary, 1301, Roger Mortimer is styled lord of Penketlyn, one of the
manors which he held of Humphrey de Boun, Earl of Hereford,
which, probably, is Pengethly, in that county. He was summoned
to the Scottish wars in 130] and 1302, and was present in the par-
liament held at Carlisle, in January, 1304; on the 5th of April in
which year, he was ordered tv attend at Westminster, to determine
upon the aid to be granted to king Edward, on knighting his eldest
son.t
Soon after this time, Mortimer wwebie from the fidelity which
had hitherto marked his conduct, as, in the thirty-fifth, that is,
the last year of the reign of Edward I., he and some other peers
were accused of having quitted the king’s service in Scotland, and
gone beyond the sea ; in. consequence of which, orders were issued
to the escheator of the crown.on each side of the Trent, dated 15th
of November, 1306, directing them to seize their lands and chattels.
* These accounts notice Hugh de |Mortymer, banneret:of Richard’s castle,
and Dominus Willielmus de, Mortymer, brother of Robert. The arms of
Hugh de Mortymer were gules two bars vaire.
+ Ashmole, History of the Order.of theGarter, ‘says that Roger de Morti-
mer and Roger his son (probably Roger his nephew), were knighted in the
thirty-fourth of Edward TI.
WIGMORE CASTLE, HEREFORDSHIRE. 15
But, upon the accession of Edward II., he was restored to favour,
and constituted the king’s lieutenant and justice of Wales, having
all the castles of the principality committed to his charge. In the
second year of Edward IJ. he was made governor of Beaumaris
castle, in the isle of Anglesey, and two years after, of Blaynleveng*
and Dinas. In 1308 and 1310 he was again in the wars of Scot-
land, and in 1314 he petitioned that he might be allowed the ex-
penses he incurred, when justice of Wales, in raising a force to
repel the attack which Sir Griffith de la Pole made on the castle of
Pole, on which occasion he had expended altogether £332. 19s. 2d.
In the same year he set forth that he held the land of Grufydd, son
of Madoc ab Grufydd, and prayed to be allowed to retain the same
during his minority.
Early in the ninth of Edward II., he was one of the manucap-
tors for Hugh le Despenser, who was accused of having assaulted
and drawn blood from Sir John de Roos, in the cathedral court of
York, in the presence of the king and parliament. In the tenth of
Edward II., Mortimer was constituted justice of North Wales, and
in the following year was ordered to provide one hundred men out
of his lordships of Blaynleyeng and Talgarth, in Brecknockshire,
and two hundred out of his territory of Lanledu,t for the wars of
Scotland. He was again in arms against the Scots in the twelfth
and thirteenth, and £100 were assigned for his services therein ;
and he had been appointed governor of the castle of Buelt, in
Brecknockshire. On the 28th of March, 1321, he was commanded
to attend at Gloucester, to devise how the insurrection in Wales
might be suppressed, and he was, consequently, again made justice
of Wales.
Having taken an active part against the Despensers, the fayo-
rites of the young monarch, he exposed himself to Edward’s enmi-
ty ; and two records are extant which, though from immediately
opposite parties, tend equally to prove the unenviable situation in
which he was placed. In this very year, he and his nephew joined
the Earl of Hereford against the Spencers, and, having entered and
burnt the town of Bridgnorth, in Shropshire, his Majesty declared
them and other barons to have forfeited their lands. About the
same time, the commonalty of North and South Wales, petitioned
the crown, praying that, as Mons. Roger de Mortimer the nephew,
and Mons. Roger de Mortimer the uncle, who had the custody of
* Blaenllyvni, in Brecknockshire.
+ Query—the proper name?
16 HISTORICAL MEMORANDA OF
Wales, had risen against the king and seized his castles, they might
not be pardoned for their offences ; which apparent act of loyalty
was, in all probability, dictated by a hope of revenge. He was
never summoned to parliament after this period, though, in the first
vear of Edward III., he and his nephew had restored to them all
their forfeited lands: all the proceedings in the sixteenth of Edward
II. were reversed. In the fourth year of Edward III. he is styled,
in a writ from the king, ‘‘his justice of Wales, or his lieutenant
and chamberlain in the parts of North Wales ;” by which titles he
had been described two years before. ‘ Hence,” observes Sir
Harris Nicolas, “the assertion of Leland, that he died in the tower
of London, to which his nephew, the lord of Mortimer, and himself
were committed, by Edward II., is proved to be erroneous ; nor is
the statement of other writers, that he died there on the 3rd of
August, 1336, much more probable, as it is evident he continued to
hold his Welsh offices until 1330. He may have fallen into dis-
grace at that time, when all authentic accounts of him cease, and
perhaps died in the Tower a few years after, but it is positive that
he was living in 1336, when he was nearly eighty.”* The pedigree
in the College of Arms says, as has been observed, that he married
Lucy, daughter and heiress of Sir William le Wafre, knight, and
does not mark any issue; Sir Harris Nicolas, on the contrary, as-
serts that she was “ daughter and heiress of Sir Robert de Wasse,
knight, by whom he is said to have had issue Roger, who left a
son, John de Mortimer ; but neither of them ranked as barons of
the realm.”
The earliest period at which Roger Lord Mortimer, of Wigmore,
makes his appearance on the page of history, is when he was ap-
pointed to treat with the Earl of Lancaster, relative to the political
dissensions which then agitated the realm ;f the next, when he
joined the barons agaiust the king’s favorites, the Despensers. In
the year 1323, these noblemen, in their violent proceedings against
those who had become their enemies, confiscated the property of
Adam de Orleton, bishop of Hereford, as an alleged supporter of
Mortimer, and he, being described as a man of great worldly saga-
city, endeavoured to revive the party of the barons. ‘They found
the royal favour still unattainable, except through these favorites,
_ * [have given this biography, with very little alteration, on the authority
of Sir Harris Nicolas, of whom it is but justice to remark that, in genealogi-
cal research, no man has shewn more assiduity, accuracy, and Glectiaenetm,
as all his publications testify.
+ Nicolas’s Siege of Caerlaverock, note, p. 263:
WIGMORE CASTLE, HEREFORDSHIRE. 17
so that it was remarked that England had three kings, instead of
one.* The favourites ventured to abrilge the luxuries of the queen,
and, finding the king’s preference given to them, she at once felt
hatred and contempt for her husband, as well as for them. She
was advised, by Orleton, to seek occasion of going to France,
and plan the destruction of the Despensers. In 1325 Mortimer
escaped from the Tower, according to Henry de Blandford,t in the
following manner. In the middle of a stormy night, having lulled
his keepers by a banquet in which a soporific was administered,
finding the chamber door secured by many fastenings, he broke
through the wall into the kitchen; he got out at the top of that,
and, by cords, so arranged as to answer the purpose of a ladder,
previously provided by his friends, he descended, reached the
Thames, obtained a boat, and, sailing boldly out to sea, landed on
the continent. Having proceeded to the queen in France, he joined
her councils, and so ingratiated himself as to be suspected of an im-
proper intimacy. Be that as it may, for the future one destiny
seemed to guide both. She levied an army of Hainaulters and
Germans, placing the count of Hainault and Lord Mortimer at
their head, and, sailing adventurously to England, she landed, about
Michaelmas, at Orwell, in Suffolk. The clergy and the barons
eagerly joined her forces in all parts, and followed the retreating
ministers. The elder Despenser flew to Bristol Castle, and the
younger took Edward with him to Chepstow and thence embarked,
in the hopes of reaching Lundy isle. But adverse winds drove the
latter to the coast of Glamorganshire, and they were forced to take
shelter in the Abbey of Neath. The queen’s pursuit was uninter-
rupted. She advanced to Gloucester, and thence to Bristol, where
the elder Despenser surrendered on her summons. He was first
tortured,—such was the barbarity of the age,—and then put to
death. Thence she marched to Hereford. For better security, the
king and his favourite had quitted the doubtful sanctuary of Neath
Abbey for the strength afforded by Llanstephan Castle, at the
mouth of the Towy, in Caermarthenshire. She despatched the
Earl of Leicester, some Welsh nobles, and a body of marchers, in
pursuit of them. Here they were taken, and conveyed to Here-
ford,{ where the younger Despenser was executed “‘ with the loath-
some ceremonies,” says Mr. Turner, “which then accompanied
* Moor, 597.
+ p. 84,
$ So Duncumb, Hist. Hereford, p. 83; but Sharon Turner, in his His¢. of
England, vol. ii., p. 122, says at Neath Abbey.
VOL. IV.——NO. XV. B
18 HISTORICAL MEMORANDA OF
treason.” The king was conveyed to Ledbury, and thence to Ke-
nilworth Castle ; he was made to resign his crown to his son, and
committed to the care of the Earl of Leicester. He was afterwards
delivered to two knights, who conveyed him first to Corfe Castle,
and then to Bristol. Some disposition to liberate him occasioned
his removal, in the night-time, to Berkeley Castle, where he was
ultimately cruelly put to death.
A council of regency, composed of twelve distinguished persons,
was assembled, to conduct the affairs of state ; but the queen and
Mortimer struggled to monopolize the chief power of the adminis-
tration. One of the first acts of the government was to confer on
Lord Mortimer the title of the Earl of March. He had chosen
this, in consequence of its having once been in his wife’s family ;
for he had married Johanna, one of the daughters and heiresses of
Sir Peter Genevill, knight, son of Geoffry de Genevill, lord of
Vaucolaur, of Tryon, and many other places, and of Johanna, his
wife, Countess de la March.* The magnificent and ostentatious
disposition of this nobleman contributed to give the young king a
love of chivalry and romantic praise that made it fashionable among
his subjects. A desire of emulating the fame of the renowned Ar-
thur, incited him to keep a round table of knights and hold a tour-
nament, at his castle of Wigmore, in imitation of this favourite hero
of romance.t He became “ proude beyonde measur.” Even “ Gef.
frey Mortimer, the (third) sunne, let caul his father, for pride,
King of Foly.”{ Indeed, the conduct of the Earl of March and
the queen caused so much discontent, that an attempt was made to
overawe it, by the arrest of Edmund, Earl of Kent, the king’s
uncle, who was accused, on a fabricated charge of treason, con-
demned, and executed. The king’s visible dissatisfaction embold-
ened some to inform him that the Earl of March was implicated
in his father’s murder. He was now eighteen, the age at which
the royal minority terminates. The queen and Mortimer were in
the castle of Nottingham, guarded by their military friends ; Ed-
ward, by connivance of the governor, was admitted secretly at night
with a few determined followers, led by Sir William Montacute,
through a subterraneous passage. Sir Hugh Trumpington was on
guard, and being, as Leland says, “‘ redy to resiste the taking of
Mortimer, was slayne and braynid with a mace, by one of Mon.
* Pedigree in the College of Arms.
+ Leland’s Collectanea, vol, ii., p. 476. Avesbury, p. 7.
+ Leland’s Collect., vol. ii., p. 476.
WIGMORE CASTLE, HEREFORDSHIRE. 19
tacute’s company.” He was, nevertheless, seized in his bed-room
and secured, notwithstanding “he had ix score knightes at his re-
tinew,” and sent, with Sir Simon Bereford, to the tower.* It was
in the year 1330 that he was arraigned before the peers in parlia-
ment, convicted, and executed.
The Earl of March had issue by his Countess four sons and sever:
daughters, viz.: Edmund, who succceded to his titles of Earls of
March and Lord of Wigmore; Sir Roger de Mortimer, knight ;
Geffry, Earl of Jubinensis or Juyllenensis and Lord of Cowyke,
bestowed on him by Joan, wife of Peter de Geneville, daughter and
heiress of the Count de la March; John, killed in a tournament
at Shrewsbury ; Margaret, wife of Thomas Fitzmaurice, Lord of
Berkeley ; Catherine,t wife of Thomas Beauchamp, Earl of War-
wick; Johanna, married to the Lord James de Audeley ; Agnes,
who espoused Laurence (or John){ de Hastings, Earl of Pembroke;
Matilda, wife of John, son and heir of John de Charleton, lord of
Pool, or Powys, Castle ; Blanch, the spouse of the Lord Peter de
Grandison ; and Beatrice, the wife of Edward, son and heir of
Thomas de Brotherton, Earl Marshall, and, after his death, of the
Lord Thomas de Breose.
On the claim of Edward III. to the crown of France, the Earl
of March obtained a reversal of the sentence against his father, and
was one of the nobles who attended immediately on the person of
the king at the memorable battle of Crecy, in 1346. He died at’
Rover, in Burgundy, in the year 1359. By his wife Elizabeth,
one of the daughters and heiresses of Bartholemew, Lord De Bad-
lesmere, the rich lord of Leeds and other lordships, he had Roger
de Mortimer, third Earl of March, K. G., and John, who died in’
his childhood. This Roger espoused Philippa, daughter of William
Montacute, Earl of Salisbury, K.G. She died in the year 1381.
By her will, dated 21st of November, three years antecedent, she’
bequeaths to the Abbey of Wigmore’ her best vestment with three’
copes, which belonged to her chapel; and to her son Edmond a
* Thid, p. 477.
+ She died in the year 1369.
+ So says the pedigree in the College of Arms, but most authorities pre-
fer Laurence. He died in 1348, and soon after she married John de Hak-
clut, a Herefordshire gentleman, who, in the twenty-ninth of Edward IIL.,
obtained from the king a grant of the custody of the town and castle of Pem-
broke and other lands, to himself and his wife Agnes, during the minority of
John de Hastings, Earl of Pembroke, her son by her first husband. She
died 25th of July, 1368..—Dugdale, vol. i., ps 577.
B2
20 HISTORICAL MEMORANDA OF
bed and a gold ring, with a piece of the true cross with this legend
—In nomine Patris et Filio et Spiritiis Sancti: Amen ; and “ which
I charge him, on my blessing, to keep.” Likewise, a cup of silver
with an escutcheon of the arms of Mortimer.* ,
Roger left a son, Edmond, who became fourth Earl of March,
and, having married Philippa, the only daughter and heiress of
Lionel, Duke of Clarence, third son of king Edward HI., became,
in her right, Earl of Ulster. He was born on Candlemas eve,
February Ist, 1351, and was much distinguished in his time. In
the third year of Richard II., A. D. 1380, he was appointed the
king’s lieutenant in Ireland, but died, at Cork, on Friday, the feast
of St. John the Evangelist, on the 27th of December, in the fol-
lowing year.t The introduction of some portion of his will may be
allowed, on account of its historical tendency.
«Edmond, Earl of March and Ulster, Lord of Wigmore, at
Denbigh, May 1, 1380. My body to be buried with the body of
my wife,—on whom God have mercy !—in the church of the abbey
of Wigmore, on the left of the high altar ; and we charge our exe-
cutors that they allow no excessive expense at our funeral, but only
five tapers of wax, which, after our funeral, we will, be distributed
to the parish churches in the neighbourhood of the said abbey, for
the use of the Holy Sacrament. We will, after the payment of our
debts, first, that Roger, son of John de Mortimer, be paid £500, for
which we are bound by Statute Merchant. To the church of the
abbey of Wigmore £1000, to be employed according to the direc.
tions of my most honoured lady and mother, and of my executors,
and under the superintendence of the Bishop of Hereford for the
time being, and of Sir John de Byshopeston, Mons. Peter de la
Mars, Sir William Ford, Sir Walter de Colmpton, and Hugh de
Boraston. To the said abbey of Wigmore, a large cross of gold set
with stones, with a relique of the cross of our Lord, a bone of St.
Richard the Confessor, bishop of Chichester,{ and the finger of St.
Thomas de Cantelowe,§ bishop of Hereford, and the reliques of
St. Thomas, bishop of Canterbury.|| To our most honoured lady
and mother To Roger, our son and heir, the cup of gold,
with a cover called bénesonne, and our sword garnished with gold,
* Testamenta Vetusta, vol. i.
+ Dugdale, vol. i., p. 149.
t Richard de la Wich, bishop of Chichester from 1245 to 1253, and was
canonized.
§ Cantelupe, bishop of Hereford from 1275 to 1282, afterwards canonized.
|| St. ‘Thomas 4 Becket ; murdered in the time of Henry IT.
WIGMORE CASTLE, HEREFORDSHIRE. 2)
which belonged to the good king Edward, with God’s blessing and
ours ; and we will, that after the decease of our said son, the afore-
said cup, sword, and a large horn of gold, remain to his next heir,
and after him to his heirs for ever. Also, our large bed of black
satin, embroidered with white lions and gold roses, with escutcheons
of the arms of Mortimer and Ulster ; also, a silver salt-cellar, in
the shape of a dog, and our best gold horn, with the belt ; and if
our said son die before he is of full age, and without heirs of his
body, then we will, that the said things remain to our son Edmond,
with the like conditions. 'To our said son Edmond, three hundred
marks of land. To our daughter Elizabeth, a salt-cellar, in the
shape of a dog, a gold cup, and two hundred pearls. To our
daughter Philippa, a coronet of gold, with stones, and two hundred
pearls,” &c.
The issue of Edmond was, Roger, fifth Earl of March and
second Earl of Ulster ; Sir Edmond de Mortimer ; Elizabeth, wife
of Henry, eldest son and heir of Henry de Percy, Earl of Nor-
thumberland ; and Philippa, married first to John de Hastings,
Earl of Pembroke ; next, to Richard, Earl of Arundel ; and thirdly,
to the Lord John de St. John ; all of whom are spoken of in his
will.
Of this Roger, an historian attached to the family has furnished
some particulars in a MS. entitled Prioratiis de Wygmore funda-
tionis et fundatorum historia.* He was born at Usk, in Mon-
mouthshire, 11th of April, 1374, and baptised, on the following
Sunday, by William Courtney, Bishop of Hereford ; his sponsors
being Roger Cradock, Bishop of Llandaff, Thomas Horton, Abbot
of Gloucester, and the Prioress of Usk. His father dying at Cork,
during his government of Ireland, in 1381, left him a minor, under
the legal guardianship of Richard II. The minions of the court
immediately applied to be admitted into the profits of his estates
during his minority, and the king too readily consented to the
request, and angrily dismissed his honest chancellor, Sir Richard
Scroope, who had opposed them.t The trust was afterwards, for a
pecuniary consideration, vested in more responsible persons ;{ and
those into whose hands it fell do not appear to have abused
it. When Roger Mortimer came of age, he found that his
rights had been duly respected, according to the provisions of the
* Quoted by Dugdale in his Monasticon, vol. i., p. 228.
+ Walsingham. —
+ The joint farmers who held his estates were, the Earls of Arundel,
Warwick, and Northumberland.—Cot. Lib., MS. Titus, B. xi., ft 7.
22 HISTORICAL MEMORANDA OF
great charter of the land ; his castles and mansions were in good
repair ; his manors and farms were well stocked with cattle and all
the requisites of husbandry, and he had 20,000 marks in his trea~
sury. Such was his hereditary rank and consequence that, in case
Richard should die without issue, he was nearest to the throne ;
and, in provision for an occurrence of that nature, the parliament
of 1385 nominated him heir presumptive to the crown.* Six
months after his father’s decease, fifth of Richard II., he was ap-
pointed lieutenant of Ireland. He had been originally betrothed
to the daughter of the Earl of Arundel, but the king, at the inter-
position of his own mother, the princess Joan,t set aside the match
in favour of her grand-daughter Eleanor, daughter of Thomas
Holand, Earl of Kent. The character of Roger Mortimer, as given
by the aforesaid historian, forms an ample comment upon the epi-
thet “ courtois,” applied to him, in the French metrical poem, by
Creton, respecting the deposition of Richard Il.t ‘ He was dis-
tinguished for the qualities held in estimation at that time—a stout
tourneyer, a famous speaker, a costly feaster, a bounteous giver, in
conversation affable and jocose, in beauty and form surpassing his
fellows.” His splendid mode of living, his liberal and cheerful dis-
position, were sure passports to the regard of his sovereign, and had
been, probably, modelled from his own example. In the seven-
teenth of Richard II. Mortimer, then in his twentieth year, accom-
panied the first expedition into Ireland, having in his retinue one
hundred men at arms, of which two were bannerets and eight
knights, two hundred archers on horseback, and four hundred
archers on foot. Richard, hastily returning to England, left the
inexperienced youth to govern that turbulent island. He had,
however, competent advisers under him, if he would have listened
to their councils—as Lord Lovel, Sir John Stanley, Sir John
Sandes, Sir Ralph Cheyney, and others. In the nineteenth of
Richard II., he had an especial commission and lieutenancy for the
province of Ulster, Connaught, and Meath: and, in the next year,
he was instituted, once more, lieutenant of that whole realm. He
was summoned to attend the parliament at Shrewsbury, at which
he appeared at the head of a crowd of retainers, clad chiefly, at his
own expense, in white and crimson, with great pomp and pagean-
* Leland, Collect., vol. ii., p. 481.
+ Called the fair maid of Kent.
t See a translation of this, with most learned notes, by my worthy friend
the Rev. John Webb, of Tretire, one of which is copied verbatim in the text
above.—Archeol,, vol. xx.
WIGMORE CASTLE, HEREFORDSHIRE. 23
try.* He had a cause, at that time, pending with the Earl of Sa-
lisbury, respecting the right to the town and castle of Denbigh ;
and when he had succeeded in his suit he returned to his govern-
ment. It was a post of as much trouble as dignity, and demanded
a steadier hand. ‘ For,” adds the same chronicler, “ Roger, war-
like and renowned as he was, and fortunate in his undertakings,
and fair, was yet most dissolute and remiss in matters of religion.”
Like his sovereign, he neglected the prudential representations of
older persons ; and his rash and resolute spirit brought him to an
untimely end. In a conflict, at Kinles, with the sept of O’Brien,
his ungovernable impetuosity hurried him foremost upon the ene-
my ; and, as he had advanced beyond the succour of his own sol-
diers, and was disguised in the habit of an Irish horseman, he was
slain and torn in pieces by the savage natives, whose behaviour
‘towards a fallen enemy, says Froissart,t was excessively ferocious.
Leland} says—“ and ther, at a castel of his, he lay at that tyme,
and there cam on hym a greate multitude of wild Irisch men, to
assault hym ; and he, issuyng out, fought manfully, and ther was
hewen to peaces.” The disguise before-mentioned would but ill
accord with the sally thus described, but rather with Otterbourne’s
account,|| that he was riding unarmed and unattended. Yet to
that we can scarce give credence. Perhaps the truth lies in the
account of another MS.,§ which affirms that he went to therescue
of some lands that had been left to him by his mother, which his
father had been obliged to reconquer before. The Irish costume
might be deemed useful on such an occasion, and it is much more
likely that the ravages of the natives would be directed against un-
protected lands than a fortified castle.
His limbs were gathered together, sent to Wales, and thence
earried to his castle of Wigmore, whence they were taken to the
abbey founded by his ancestors, and, with due solemnity, interred.
This Earl of March married, as has been said, Eleanor, eldest
daughter and heiress of Thomas de Holand, Earl of Kent, and his
wife Philippa, daughter of Richard, Earl of Arundel, who after.
* This is one proof, among several, that the colours of the livery were not
always those of the blazon in the armorial bearings, as generally imagined.
+ xi, c. 24, and the Vita Regis Ricardi, ii., p. _
f Collect voli it, p. 481.
{| p- 197.
§ In the library of the Society of Antiquarians, 87—21. See also Dug-
dale’s Baronage, p. 149. The MS. Titus xi., f 5—6, in the Cotton Library
at the British Museum.
24 HISTORICAL MEMORANDA OF
wards espoused Edward Charlton, Earl of Powys. By her he had
two sons and two daughters :—Edmund, sixth Earl of March and
third of Ulster, who died without issue, but had married Anne,
daughter of the Earl of Stafford, by his wife, the daughter of
Thomas de Woodstock, Duke of Gloucester ; and Roger, who died
without issue ; Ann, who became the heiress of her brother Ed-
mond ; and Eleanor, the wife of Hugh, eldest son of Hugh de
Courtney, Earl of Devon, and who likewise expired without de-
scendants.
In 1399, the year in which Richard II. was deposed, Edmund
Earl of March, was but seven years of age, and Henry of Lancas-
ter, who became king, as he was next heir to the throne, kept him
and his brother out of the way of public transactions. He placed
them in the castle of Windsor after his accession, and gave them in
ward to his son Henry, Prince of Wales.*
In 1402, the formidable insurrection of Owain Glyndwrt took
place. That valiant chieftain committed devastation promiscuously,
in order to distract attention, and, among the rest, ravaged the
estate of the young Earl of March. Sir Edmund Mortimer, his
uncle, led out the retainers of the family, and gave the Welsh
troops battle; but he was defeated, and himself made prisoner.
Walsingham, Hall, Stowe, Dugdale, Rapin, Hume, and others,
have uniformly asserted that it was Edmond, Earl of March, who
was captured. Pennant, Coxe, Malone, and Ellis, have all noticed
this as an error; but the historian of Herefordshire} says, not only
that the uncle was taken, but “ the earl himself, who had been al-
lowed to retire to his castle of Wigmore, and who, although a mere
boy, took the field with his followers, fell into Glyndwr’s hands,
and was carried into Wales, where Henry, who equally hated and
dreaded all the family of March, permitted him to remain in cap-
tivity.” He adds, “every circumstance seems to shew that this
conflict took place in the neighbourhood of Wigmore ;” and, ac-
cording to Dugdale,§ it was fought on a mountain called Brynglas,
* Dugdale’s Baronage, i., 151.
‘+ Dugdale says, ibid, p. 7416, that he had been esquire to the Earl of
Arundel. He held, however, this office to Richard II. and, Pennant says
was knighted by him before his deposition.— Tour in Wales, p. 304. Gwilym
ab Tudyr was another esquire retained by Richard, at a pension of £10.—
Calend. Rol. Pat., p. 234. He and his brother Rhys Ddu became generals
under Owain. Heit
+ Duncomb, vol. i., p. 86.
§ Bar.,i,p.150.
WIGMORE CASTLE, HEREFORDSHIRE. 25
near Knighton, in Maelienydd, about eight miles off, on the 12th
of June, in this year.
Whilst in confinement, Sir Edmond found that the king took no
measures for his enlargement ; and, indignant at this neglect, he
was easily prevailed on to join in a league with Owain. It seems
probable that the Earl of March had fallen into Glyndwr’s hands,
as he tempted Mortimer with dethroning Henry, and giving to his
nephew the crown; which might have endangered his life if still
in the king’s custody. Macnish, op. cit. .
ON THE EFFECTS OF CERTAIN MENTAL, &c. 47
perspective, through the deep vista of coming years, waiting to re-
ward him with a crown as unstable and powerless as the vision
which created it. ‘“ Whatever emotion prevails has a character of
extravagance: we see everything through the serene atmosphere of
the Imagination, and imbue the most trite circumstances with po-
etical colouring. The aspect which things assume, bears a strong
resemblance to that impressed upon them by ordinary dreams,
‘They are equally full of pathos and beauty, and only differ in this,
that, verging continually on the limits of exaggeration, they seldom
exceed possibility.”*
Dreaming is, however, generally limited to the sleeping state.
General or complete sleep is a species of temporary death: the con-
tinuance of the functions of the organic life, of respiration, circula-
tion, and a few others, merely indicate that the man thus influenced
is still an inhabitant of earth. The whole of those actions which
constitute the pride and pleasure of our existence, are extinct during
complete sleep. The life of relation, as it has been termed by phy-
siologists—the mind and the senses—for this period actually cease
to live; they are not in action, and their action alone constitutes
their being. Complete sleep is, comparatively, a rare condition of
our animal existence, and is only compatible with the most perfect
mental and bodily health, or with that state in which both have
been exhausted by continued or intense fatigue.t The body may
* Macnish, op. cit—The waking dream is not inaptly illustrated by Sir
W. Scott, in the description which the White Maid of Avenel gives of her-
self to the Monk, Eustace:
“ *Twixt a waking thought and a sleeping dream,
A form that men spy,
With the half-shut eye,” &e.—The Monastery.
Also by Thomson, in The Castle of Indolence:
* A pleasing land of drowsy-head it was,
Of dreams that wave before the half-shut eye.’’
Wordsworth’s ballad of The Reverie of Poor Susan, is a light, but perfect, il-
lustration of this mood of the Imagination. See his Lyrical Ballads.
+ Shakspeare well describes the perfect or complete sleep of fatigue and
mental health, i. e. a mind free from all anxiety, care, and guilt: the first im
the words of Claudio, in Measure for Measure :
As fast locked up in sleep as guiltless labour,
When it lies starkly in the traveller’s bones ;”
the second, in m the address of Brutus to his page, Lucius, in Julius Cesar:
“¢ The honey heavy dew of slumber;
Thou hast no figures nor no phantasies,
Which busy care draws in the brains of mea;
Therefore thou sleep’st so sound,”
48 ON THE EFFECTS OF CERTAIN MENTAL
sleep without the mind—one sense may be in action, and the re-
mainder chained in the fetters of undisturbed repose. The memory
may be active, the imagination dormant ; the latter may be “ girdl-
ing the earth,” whilst the former, together with the judgment, have
left the mind governed by the fancy alone. The latter is by far
the most ordinary state during sleep. The Imagination being en-
dowed with tenfold life and power, whilst, it should seem, the re-
maining faculties have given up the peculiarities of their existence
for a time, in order to concentrate the whole mental force in the
brilliancy and vigour of the Imagination.
Byron, with his usual characteristics of poetical beauty and men-
tal or physical truth, has admirably depicted this activity of the
Imagination during sleep :
* Sleep hath its own world, :
A boundary between the things misnamed
Death and existence: Sleep hath its own world,
And a wide realm of wild reality :
And dreams, in their development, have breath,
And tears, and tortures, and the touch of joy :
They leave a weight upon our waking thoughts,
They take a weight from off our waking toils ;
They do divide our being; they become
A portion of ourselves, as of our time,
And look like heralds of eternity ;
They pass like spirits of the past—they speak
Like sybils of the future ; they have power—
The tyranny of pleasure and of pain;
They make us what we were not—what they will,
And shake us with the vision that ’s gone by,
The dread of vanish’d shadows.—Are they so ?
Is not the past all shadow? What are they ?
Creations of the mind? The mind ean make
Substance, and people shadows of its own
With beings brighter than have been, and give
A breath to forms which can outlive all flesh.”*
To remark upon one idea in this most beautiful passage. It does
not appear that the mind has the power of creation—of forming
things actually new from materials of its own production. The
Imagination, which, if creation there be, possesses solely the creative
power, does, indeed, form scenes which have never before existed ;
but the materials of these scenes are derived, as I have before stated,
from objects which have been presented to the mind through the
* The Dream:
AND BODILY STATES UPON THE IMAGINATION. 49
medium of the sense of vision. Fancy is engendered in the eye ;
“‘ by gazing fed.” So sings the poet—so reasons the psycologist.
The three great powers of mind are, the Memory, the Imagination,
and the Judgment. They exist in nature; no reasoning is neces-
sary to prove their existence or their phenomena. We remember
what we have seen—we judge of its beauty or deformity—or we
invest the fading recollection with attributes which it did not origi-
nally or naturally possess. In the waking state, these three facul-
ties are all active, and the rational man is the result of the just ba-
lance of power which is exercised by each. A man would be mise-
rable were he all Memory, mad were he all Imagination, and a bore
were he all Judgment.
“In proportion as these several faculties sleep, or are kept
awake, during the continuance of a dream, in that proportion will
the dream be reasonable or frantic, remembered or forgotten.
“‘ If there is any faculty in mental man that never sleeps, it is
that volatile thing the Imagination. The sedate and sober consti-
tution of the Judgment, easily disposes it to rest; and as to the
Memory, it records in silence, and is active only when it is called
upon.”* If in dreaming, the mental faculties are al] awake, and the
mind, as a whole, in action, the dream is so probable, so like an
event of the waking state, that it excites no wonder, calls for no
comment, and is soon forgotten ; but if either the Memory or the
Imagination be at work, the dream is sure to make a powerful im-
pression, since the vividness with which the mental faculties sepa-
rately act is so much stronger during sleep than when awake.
Numerous theories have been devised to account for the pheno-
mena of dreams. Democritus supposed that the body threw off
from its surface an impalpable and invisible resemblance of itself,
and. that these shadows assaulted, or intruded themselves upon, the
mind during sleep, thus producing dreams. This species of exhala-
tion was supposed not to be confined to man, but to be extended: to
the whole animal and vegetable kingdoms, and the whole realm of
nature. Lucretius, and the philosophers of his time, likewise sup-
ported this theory, which was the prevailing dogma of the schools,
with reference to the causes of dreams. This opinion must. have
been very ancient, since we find it the prevailing one in the time of
Homer. When this poet, in the second book of the Iliad, deseribes
Jupiter as influencing the mind of Agamemnon, to induce him to
* Clio Rickman, Essay on Dreams, London, Universal Magazine, May,
1810. A paper thoroughly original, and of great merit.
VOL. IV.—NO. XV. D
50 ON THE EFFECTS OF CERTAIN MENTAL
lead the Greeks to battle, he does not represent him as disposing the
monarch’s mind by any exertion of supernatural power, but dis-
patches the shadow of Nestor to present itself to his mind in a
dream: |
“ Swift as the word, the vain illusion fled,
Descends, and hovers o’er Atrides’ head,
Clothed in the figure of the Pylian sage,
Renown’d for wisdom, and rever’d for age ;
Around his temples spreads his golden wing—
And thus the flattering dream deceives the king.”
The imagination of the poet is exercised in strict subservience to the
philosophical theories of his day, which were revived in the schools
of the Epicureans.*
It is strange, that at so late a period as that in which Baxter, the
* The theory of Lucretius, which was eompounded from those of Epicu.
rus and Democritus, is extremely curious and speculative. Dreams and
spectral illusions were both explained by it, as being produced by
“ Forms that, like pellicles, when once thrown off
Clear from the surface of whate’er exists,
Float unrestrained through ether. Fearful these,
Oft through the day, when obvious to the sense ;
But chief at midnight, when in dreams we view
Dire shapes and apparitions, from the light
Shut out for ever; and each languid limb
With horror gaunt convulsing in its sleep.”
Consistently with the doctrine of the perpetual emanation of pellicles, or
images from every existing object, this philosopher supposed that such kinds
of images are incessantly thrown forth also from the corses of the dead, after
their interment: but so thin is the membrane ejected, that it passes with as
much ease and as little injury through the surrounding coffin and superin-
cumbent earth or marble, as light passes through glass. In the day-time we
are generally prevented from noticing these floating forms, by the more
forcible and direct assault of the images of bodies that immediately surround
us, which attract our notice in a superior degree : occasionally, however, when
we are abstracted from the noise and bustle of the world in solitude and
quiet, the eye, or the mind itself—to which the eye is only the avenue, be-
comes sensible of their presence : and it was upon this principle that Cassius
accounted to Brutus for the apparition that stood before him in his tent, pre-
vious to the battle of Pharsalia. In the silence of midnight and of sleep, we
are still more susceptible of these impulses: the eye is, it is true, at this pe-
riod, closed, and all is darkness around us; but, for the very reason that this
filmy emanation is capable of piercing through the coffin and sepulchre in
which the corse is confined that ejects it, is it capable, also, of insinuating
itself through all the pores of the body, till it reach and stimulate the very
soul itself, without the exercise of its external organs of sense. From these
ideal circumstances were deduced and developed all the phenomena of
dreams.—Lucretius, De Rerum Natura; translated, with copious notes and
illustrations, by J. M. Good, M. D. London, 1805. .
AND BODILY STATES UPON THE IMAGINATION. 51
divine, flourished and wrote, when Philosophy, though not clothed
with her present simplicity of beauty, had discarded the grotesque
and fanciful garb with which the schools had arrayed her, should
advance and endeavour to sustain an opinion which is equally whim-
sical and to the full as untrue. He supposed, likewise, in his book
entitled The World of Spirits, that spiritual beings were the active
agents, the abettors and supporters of all the extravagancies of the
sleeping dreamer.
*‘ Dreams are nothing more than the media through which Ima.
gination unfolds the ample stores of her richly decorated empire;
and in proportion to the vigour of that faculty in any individual is
the luxuriance of the visions which pass before his eyes in sleep.”*
There are no limits to the extravagancies of those visions some-
times called into birth by the vivid exercise of Imagination —
Contrasted with them, the wildest fictions of Rabelais, Ariosto, or
Dante sink into absolute probabilities. “I remember dreaming,
on one occasion,” says the modern Pythagorean, “ that I possessed
ubiquity, twenty resemblances of myself appearing in as many dif-
ferent places in the same room, and each being so thoroughly pos-
sessed by my own mind, that I could not ascertain which of them
was myself and’which my resemblance.”
At another time, he dreamed that he was converted into a pillar
of stone, which reared its head in the midst of a desert, where it
stood for ages, till generation after generation melted away before
it. Even in this state, though unconscious of possessing organs of
sense or being anything else than a mass of lifeless stone, he saw
every object around—the mountains growing bald with age—the
forest trees drooping in decay ; and he heard whatever sounds na-
ture is in the habit of producing—such as the thunder peal breaking
over his naked head, the winds howling past him, or the ceaseless
murmur of streams. At last he also waxed old and began to crum-
ble into dust, whilst the moss and ivy accumulated upon him, and
stamped him with the aspect of hoar antiquity. In dreams, the
judgment is an absolute nullity ; it takes no cognizance of circum-
stance, but leaves them all at the disposal of the giddy fancy. One
of the most remarkable defects of judgment, in dreams, appears to
be the utter inability to appreciate, with the least possible approach
to truth, the lapse of time. Dr. Gregory mentions a gentleman
* Macnish, op. cit.—These visions are not, however, altogether govern-
ed by the whim or caprice of the fancy ; but are regulated in the pleasing or
terrific shapes which they assume, by certain states of body and mind which
Tshall presently more particularly allude to.
D2
§2 ON THE EFFECTS OF CERTAIN MENTAL
who, after sleeping in a damp place, was, for a long time, liable to
a feeling of suffocation whenever he slept in a lying posture ; and
this was always accompanied by a dream of a skeleton, which
grasped him violently by the throat. He could sleep in a sitting
posture without any uneasy feeling, and, after trying various expe-
riments, he at last had a sentinel placed beside him, with orders to
awake him immediately he sank down. On one occasion he was
attacked by the skeleton, and a severe and long struggle ensued
before he awoke. On finding fault with his attendant for allowing
him to be so long in a state of suffering, he was assured that he had
not lain an instant, but had been awakened the moment he began
to sink. This person ultimately recovered from his distressing
state. Another gentleman dreamt that he crossed the Atlantic,
and spent a fortnight in America. In embarking, on his return, he
fell into the sea, and having awoke with the fright, found he had
been asleep ten minutes.* Similar to these relations was the al-
ledged dream of the prophet of Mecca, who fancied himself trans-
ported, by the angel Gabriel, to the world of spirits, through which
he wandered for years, and was initiated into the mysteries of hea-
ven and hell; when awaking, he found that the pitcher which had
fallen from his hand as he dropt asleep, had not then reached the
ground. The uncontrolled Imagination of our dreams carries us to
worlds and elements our waking thoughts never conceived, and
peoples each with its appropriate inhabitants. We are carried to
heaven, and ravished with the harmony of angelic music—we are
plunged in Hades, and tormented with penal fire. We ride the
blast with the “ bonny nightmare,” or revel in the caverns and
secrets of deep waters. Clarence’s account of his dream is a mas-
terly description of this. It will be recollected that his Imagina-
tion plunged him into the “ tumbling billows of the main”—
“ And then methought what pain it was to drown,
What dreadful noise of waters in my ears !
What sights of ugly death within mine eyes
I thought I saw a thousand fearful wrecks ;
A thousand men that fishes gnaw’d upon ;
Wedges of gold, great anchors, heaps of pearl,
Inestimable stores, unvalued jewels :
Some lay in dead men’s skulls ; and in those holes
_* Many cases illustrating this point, of the inability of the judgment to
appreciate the lapse of time during sleep, will be found in Dr. Abercrombie’s
work On the Intellectual Powers, in Dugald Stewart’s Philosophy of the Hu-
man Mind, and elsewhere.
AND BODILY STATES UPON THE IMAGINATION. 53
Where eyes did once inhabit, there were crept,
As ’t were in scorn of eyes, reflecting gems,
That woo’d the slimy bottom of the deep,
And mock’d the dead bones that lay scattered by.”*
Although the Imagination, in dreams, is perfectly free and un-
fettered, yet it is easily directed into certain channels by circum-
stances over which it has no controul. Bodily sensations, or pains,
_and our peryailing habits, tastes and pursuits, influence, in a mark-
ed degree, the character of the imagination of our dreams. ‘ A
gentleman having occasion, in consequence of indisposition, to apply
_a bottle of hot water to his feet, dreamed that he was climbing the
sides of Mount Etna during an eruption, and that the volcanic fire
‘had rendered the heat of the ground almost insupportable. The
Imagination of another, to whose head a blister was applied, trans-
ported him to the woods of Canada, and placed him under the
scalping knife of the Indians. If the bed-clothes happen to slip up
and we get chilled, we are, in imagination, wandering illimitable
steeps, destitute, homeless, and naked: if the feet slip over the edge
of the bed, we are falling from some dreadful precipice into the un-
fathomable gulph below.”t
What Dugald Stewart{ has called our previous habits of associa-
tion, direct the Imagination into a sort of beaten path, which has
been travelled by our waking thoughts, and which is, consequently,
not altogether new to our dreams. This previous habit of associa-
tion is nothing more than the customary train of thought into
which the mind most generally falls, and to which it is led by our
prevailing inclination, study, or business. Thus—
«¢ The stag-hounds, weary with the chace,
Lay stretched upon the rushy floor,
And urge, in dreams, the forest chace,
From Teviot-stone to Eskdale Moor.Ӥ
** From this cause the miser dreams of wealth, the lover of his
mistress, the musician of melody, the philosopher of science, the
merchant ef trade, and the debtor of duns and bailiffs. In like
manner, a choleric man is often: passionate in his sleep ; a vicious
* Richard ITI.
+ Macnish, Chap. 6.
$ See his Elements of the Philosophy of the Human Mind, Chap. 5, Part 1,
Sec. 5.
§ Sir W. Scott, Lay of the Last Minstrel.
54,.° ON THE EFFECTS OF CERTAIN MENTAL
man’s mind is filled with wicked actions; a virtuous man’s with
deeds of benevolence ; and a humourist’s with ridiculous ideas.’’*
This metaphysical truth doubtless suggested to Shakspeare part
of Mercutio’s inimitable description of Queen Mab.t
It appears perfectly natural that the mental faculty which is ac-
tive during sleep should recur to the prevailing ideas of the mind
in the waking state, when the mind preserved its due balance of
power. Neither is it strange that the Imagination, when unfet-
tered by the judgment, should, in accordance with the character of
its being, tinge these ideas with unnatural and gorgeous colouring.
The mind being fixed intently upon a single train of thought, which
is only interrupted by repose, resumes her reasoning when any of
her facuities escape from the thraldom of sleep, with this modifica-
tion, that, as one power or faculty—generally the Imagination—is
alone active in dreaming, the conclusions which it draws from the
same premises are Sennen and frequently, diametrically oppo-
site to truth.
It has not yet been ascertained, and in fact we are but in the
very threshold of the inquiry, what are the effects produced by dif-
ferent states of the body upon the mind. . That disease of body
affects, in a marked degree, the mental operations during the wak-
ing state, is a fact well known to all, and the influence is not re-
moved during sleep. I have before stated that perfect sleep—that
in which the whole of the mental operations are annihilated—
is an attendant only on the most perfect bodily and mental
health. There may be here mentioned, however, in addition to
this, a peculiar condition of constitution ; for it appears dependant
upon the combined condition of both mind and body, in which
dreaming never takes place. Cleon, the friend of Plutarch, Thrasy-
médes, and others, never dreamed during the course of a long life,
Similar instances have been recorded by Locke and Aristotle, where
dreaming never took place till a certain period, and then was pro-
duced by an assignable cause. A gentleman, whose case is men-
* Macnish, op. cit.
+ Romeo and Julict.—'The same ideas are very finely dciechaed: in an Ita-
lian tragedy, termed The Acripanta:
“ Whilst the fond scenes that daily sway the man
And fill the spirit, haunt him still in slee
When dreams the huntsman, punctual, of 3 the chase,
The warrior pants for combat.
So * * *
* + + with the winds,
Strives the vain mariner, each adverse wave
Bearing him farther from the fancied port.”
AND BODILY STATES UPON THE IMAGINATION. . 55
tioned by Locke, never dreamt till he had a fever ; a second, never
except when indisposed. It is extremely probable, though I do not
advance it as a positive truth, that we never dream but in a state of
bodily indisposition. The state of our health is hardly the same
two hours together ; the infinitely various modifications which this
undergoes can never be appreciated by us, but may be ascertained,
in some measure, by the variable state of the mind. We are trou-
bled with ennui, listless and unhappy we know not why, and again
are cheerful, gay, and merry, and are just as ignorant of the cause.
The variation in the condition of the body is, in a great measure,
the origin of this ; and the extension of this influence to sleep, the
cause of the greater part of the phenomena of our dreams. A re-
mark of Aristotle’s tends materially to confirm this view of the sub-
ject ; he says that persons who never dream till they are grown up
are generally liable, soon after their first experience of the kind, to
a change in the bodily constitution terminating in disease or death.*
It is plain that here, as in the case of the gentleman who never
dreamt except when indisposed, that the dream was solely produced
by variation in the state of the body, indicating an approach to, or
‘an actual state of, disease. Where disease is confirmed, the Imagi-
nation of our dreams is at once powerfully modified by it. The
sudden starts from sleep, which attend the approach of fever, are
produced, doubtless, from unpleasant dreams. We are hurried
along upon the blast, and plunged into caverns of infinite space and
chaotic gloom ; we are rocked to giddiness in the whirlpool ; ap-
pailed with sounds so tremendous that they appear te be produced
by nothing less than the universal wreck of matter ; and plunged
thousands of feet down precipices, into the boiling cataracts below.
These mental images are produced by, and strictly dependant upon,
a morbid state of body, and are in strict relation to the degree or
danger of that state. The visions, indeed, which occur in a state of
fever are highly distressing; the mind is vehemently hurried on
from one train of ideas to another, and participates in the painful
activity of the system. If, from any cause, we chance to be relieved
from the physical suffering occasioning such dreams, the dreams
themselves wear away, or are succeeded by others of a more pleas-
ing description. Thus, if perspiration succeed to feverish heat, the
* Silimachus informs us that the epidemic fever of Rome was ushered in
by dreams of the most frightful character; and Sylvius Deleboe, whe de-
scribes the epidemic which raged at, Leyden, in 1669, states that, previous to
each paroxysm of fever, the patient fell asleep, and suffered a severe attack
of nightmare.
56 ON THE EFFECTS OF CERTAIN MENTAL
person who, during the continuance of the latter, fancied himself
en the brink of a volcano, or broiled beneath an African sun, is
transported to some refreshing stream, and enjoys precisely the
pleasure which such a transition would produce did it actually take
place.* The most distressing dreams to which we are subject are,
perhaps, those known by the name of night-mare; an imaginative
state of mental suffering depending upon error or excess in diet, or
an actual state of disease. This affection, termed Ephialtes, by the
Greeks, and Incubus, or Succubus, by the Romans, was, in the ages
of superstition, supposed to result from the actual visit of a fiend,
who, by the torments he inflicted during sleep, wished to obtain
from the individual visited some concessions to the rulers of the
kingdom of eternal night. It is nothing more, however, than a
painful dream, produced by a temporary or permanent state of bo.
dily disease. Some people are much more prone to incubus than
others. Those whose digestion is healthy, whose minds are at ease,
and who go supperless to bed, will be seldom troubled with it.
“ Those, again, who keep late hours, study hard, eat heavy sup-
pers, or are subject to bile, acid, or hypochondria, are almost sure to
be, mere or less, its victims. There are particular kinds of food
which, in some persons, pretty: constantly lead to the same result ;
such as cheese, cucumbers, almonds, and other substances difficult of
digestion. Hildesheim remarks, that he who wishes to know
what night-mare is, must eat chestnuts before going to sleep and
drink feculent wine after them.”t The dreams produced by night-
mare are the very acme of human ill, and the consummation ef all
human suffering. They are a thousand times more frightful than
the fabled visions of necromancy, and transcend in horror all the
* Macnish, op. cit. The hydropic dreams of seas, lakes, and rivers—his
Imagination wafts him to the sandy desert, and there, thirsty as he is, cheats
him with the deceitful mirage. Thus La Vega, in his dream of Salicio— —
“ I dreamt, beneath the summer beam,
Along where Tagus winds his’stream,
My playful flock I led to drink,
And spend the noontide o’er his brink. .
1 reached it, but his wonted bed
Saw, with surprise, the stream had fled.
Parched up with thirst, I followed still,
Thro’ its new course, the wayward rill:
I follow’d on, but still my lip
Wh’ illusive wave could never sip
In this manner are the distressing sensations which disease produces in our
dreams continually aggravated by phantoms of promising alleviation, which
only give additional poignancy to whatever miseries we may feel.
+ Philosophy of Sleep.
AND BODILY STATES UPON THE IMAGINATION. 57
descriptions and pictures of history, poetry, or romance: Spencer’s
Cave of Despair; Dante’s appalling picture, or Ugolino and his
famished offspring ; Laocéon and his sons, pressed in the folds, and
strangled with the pressure, of the mighty serpents ; the tortures of
Isaac Orobio, in the cells of the Spanish Inquisition, ‘do not exceed,
and frequently do not equal, the agonies of the labourer under
nightmare. The state of mind and feeling at the time of the inva.
sion of night-mare, tends materially to increase or modify the scenes
and horrors which it produces: if we have been harassed by
care, depressed by grief; if we have been watching the sick-
bed of a parent, or mourn the loss of lover, friend, or wife, such
feelings or persons will mingle with the inexpressibly horrible na-
ture of these dreams. I remember the case of a gentleman who
experienced an attack of night-mare soon after the death of his wife,
produced by supping at a late hour of some unwholesome food.
She died soon after their marriage, the attachment preceding which
had been long and ardent. He imagined that she was restored to
him from the dead, and, like the Eurydice of Orpheus, was not
tainted by the damps or dishonours of the grave—the demon of
Corruption had not dared to lay a finger upon her sainted form, but
she was, to his imagination, gay and blooming as she first appeared
to him, a fair-haired girl, sporting among the flowers her hand had
planted, whose beauty was immeasurably inferior to her own: he
clasped the delightful vision to his bosom, and once more dwelt in
an elysium of earthly happiness which, alas! was soon to be sha-
dowed by the phantoms of icy despair. Suddenly, by one of those
strange changes which are peculiar to the phenomena of our
dreams, he was stretched upon the bed, and the phantom of his de-
ceased wife seated upon his breast: her beauty began to fade, the
skin to peel and turn blue, the lip lost its vermilion, and the eye its
lustre, and he laboured in an agony of terror to throw from his body
the lifeless corse, which, with a weight like that of Ossa and Pelion,
appeared to be pressing him through the earth to her own clay ©
tenement.
A lady, during a period of convalescence from alarming disease,
had an attack of night-mare. Her Imagination carried her to a
gloomy vault, fathoms below the surface of the earth. Here,
‘inclosed by walls of adamant, completely cut off from the sights
and sounds of earth, she was incarcerated ; and so deep was her
living grave, that the mole and the earth-worm never descended
to its level: here she was to wrestle with death ; the phantom
assaulted her in shape of a skeleton, wound his bony arms round her
58 ON THE EFFECTS OF CERTAIN MENTAL
neck, and hugged her to suffocation. Then followed the struggle
for life, the sense of utter inability to escape, and the toil and hor-
ror of unearthly warfare. .
The modifications which night-mare assumes are infinite ; but one
passion is never absent—that of utter, incomprehensible dread.
«Sometimes the sufferer is buried beneath overwhelming rocks,
which crush him on all sides, but still leave him with a miserable
consciousness of his situation: sometimes he is involved in the coils
of a horrid, slimy monster, whose eyes have the phosphorescent glare
of the sepulchre, and whose breath is poisonous as the marsh of
Serna. Every thing horrible, disgusting, or terrific in the physical
or moral world, is brought before him in fearful array ; he is hissed
at by serpents, tortured by demons, stunned by the hollow voices
and chilled by the cold touch of apparitions ; a mighty stone is laid
upon his breast, and crushes him to the ground ‘in helpless agony ;
bulls and tigers pursue his palsied footsteps; the unearthly shrieks
of hags, witches, and fiends float around him. In whatever situation
he may be placed, he feels superlatively wretched ; hei Ixion,
working for ages at his wheel ; he is Sysiphus, rolling his eternal
stone ; he is stretched upon the iron bed of Procrustes ; he is pros-
trated, by inevitable destiny, beneath the approaching wheels of the
ear of Jagernaut. At one moment he may have the consciousness
of a malignant demon being at his side; then, to shun the sight of
so alarming an object, he will close his eyes—but still the fearful
being makes its presence known, for its icy breath is felt diffusing
itself over his visage, and he knows that he is face to face with a
fiend ; if he look up, he beholds horrid eyes glaring on him, and an
aspect of despair grinning at him with more than hellish malice; or,
what is most common, he may have the idea of a monstrous hag
squatted upon his breast, mute, motionless, and malignant—an in-
carnation of the Evil Spirit, whose intolerable weight crushes the
breath out of his body, and whose fixed, deadly, and incessant stare
petrifies him with horror, and makes his very existence insuffer-
able.”*
In the earlier ages of the history uf philosophy, when the greater
part of the occurrences which the systems then in vogue could not
explain were attributed to the agency of demons, fauns, and satyrs ;
when the Platonic philosophy was the order of the day, the incu-
bus, or night-mare, attracted much attention, and called forth the
ingenuity of all the theorists of the age. But as that kind of sci-
* Macnish, op. cit., ch. 9, p. 125, 126. °
AND BODILY STATES UPON THE IMAGINATION. 59
ence advanced which was based on the profound aphorism of Bacon
—as nature was observed and facts recorded—the speculations of
the Platonists melted, like the composition of their spirits, into thin
air, and a knowledge that was real, tangible, and useful, began to
shed her pale but steady light, and gradually to disperse the mists
and vanities of philosophy and physic. As I have said, incubus
was supposed to be produced by the visits of fiends of various grades
and orders, angels good, bad, and indifferent ; and according to the
mild or aggravated form of the attack was the rank or malignancy
of the ghostly visitant. Much curious information on this subject
may be found in the works of Aristotle, Plato, Pliny, and Paracel-
sus, with a host of other names who, in their day, supported, illus-
trated, and defended, the speculations to which I have alluded.
Popular superstition, although based in ignorance of the laws
which regulate and produce the phenomena of natural events, is
nevertheless directed, floating as it is upon a sea of error, by the
tenets of some philosophic school, and it is not till every link in
the chain of arguments supporting the doctrines of such schools has
been repeatedly examined and proved unsound, that the system. is
at length abandoned for some new sect, whose opinions, perhaps,
merely gain novelty and renown from their being totally opposed
to those of the declining system, on whose ruin they are built.
The illustration of this point would furnish much useful informa-
tion, and form a subject of extreme novelty and interest, both in
astronomy, medicine, and metaphysics. The doctrines promulgated
by Plato are, even at this distant period of time, after a lapse of
twenty-one centuries, not altogether exploded; and two centuries
ago, they swayed certain sects with a full confidence of their immu-
table truth. It is strange, at that advanced period of philosophical
inquiry—for such in some respects it certainly was—that we should
find the Platonists accusing those men of atheism, who imputed the
phenomena of dreams, spectres, and incubi to mere melancholy and —
the workings of a disturbed fancy. These Platonists were a party
in science, who, like the physicians of the days of Charles IL.,
dreaded all change—who were willing to clothe truth in a robe of
mist and darkness, merely because she should not shed the lustre of
her effulgent brightness upon the deformity of ‘the ridiculous and
distorted being in whom they were attempting to preserve a sickly
existence by the crude and unnatural food with which they nou-
rished her. The ideas of the Platonists were revived, with slight
modifications, by the writers upon witchcraft, in the 15th and 16th
centuries—by Wierus, Remigius, and others.
—forms the type of the new genus Collurio, as constituted by Mr.
Vigors, under the title of C. excubttor. ‘The principal ground of
separation consists in the rounded figure of the wing, which, in the
Lanii, is more pointed ; in the lengthened and graduated tail, and
in the general superiority of size, of the species composing the ge-
nus Collurio. Other ornithologists, among whom is our Derbyshire
Correspondent, retain the ‘“ Gray Shrike” in the Lanius—, and
transfer its two British congeners to the Co/lurio, genus.
Piatt XV.—The Pomarine Gull,—Lestris pomarinus, of Tem-
minck,—-Cataractes pomarinus, Stephens,—Le Stercoraire rayé,
Brisson,—Pomarin, Temminck,—Felsen Meve, G. This fine,
powerful, and courageous bird, the Pomarine Skua, of modern wri-
ters, and belonging to the Family of the Laridx, was formerly in-
cluded in the Gull genus. Two other European species, the Com-
mon and Arctic Skua, now compose, with it, the genus Lestris or
Cataractes. They are described, by Bewick, in a distinct Section ,
under the title of the “ Predatorv Gulls.’ The Pomarine Skua
inhabits the northern regions of both continents; and visits, only,
however, in its immature state, the coasts of Britain. In this con-
dition it closely resembles the Black-toed Gull, with which it has
evidently been confounded by Bewick ; but it may be distinguished
from the latter by its greater size, the more robust figure of the bill,
and its longer and more roughly reticulated tarsus. The principal
distinguishing character of the Lestris genus is the elongation of the
two middle feathers of the tail ; and, in our present species; these
feathers are rounded at the extremity. It subsists upon fishes, and
articles of food which, by pursuing and fiercely attacking the Gulls,
it compels them to disgorge. Mr. Gould’s figures of the young and
the adult bird, are boldly and finely executed.
Pirate XVI~Of this, the Golden Oriole,—Oriolus galbula;—
Le Loriot, Fr.,—Rigogole commune, It...-Gelbe Rache, Gelber
Pirol, G.,—constitutes the subject. The figures of the male and
female of this rare and beautiful visitant of the British islands are
exquisitely drawn and coloured: The only European species of the
104 SKETCHES OF EUROPEAN ORNITHOLOGY.
genus, it closely resembles the Thrushes in its structure and habits ;
and, consequently, belongs to the modern Family of the Merulide..
Pxatre XVII.—Still more admirably executed are the two figures
representing, in its summer- and winter-plumage, the Little Grebe
or Dab-chick,—Podiceps minor,—Grébe Castagneux, F7..—Colimbo
minore o Juffetto rosso, Jt.,—Kleiner Steissfuss, G. Five Euro-
pean and British species compose the genus Podiceps, as at present
constituted. ‘The subject before us is, as the specific designation
indicates, the smallest ; but size obviously affords a very crazy
foundation whereon to establish a specific character. It would re-
quire more time and reflection than we can, at present, bestow on
the subject, to select, or fabricate, an accurately characteristic term,
The epithet fluviatilis, adopted by the Derbyshire reformer, is, in
our opinion, little less vague and objectionable than minor. Mela-
nogenius would constitute a trivial term sufficiently precise and ex-
pressive ; but the black chin, unfortunately,—a distinguishing cha-
racter only of the species when dressed in its summer plumage,—is
inconstant, and therefore unavailable.
Puate XVIII—A correct and striking representation of the
Pied Wagtail,—Motacilla alba,—la Lavandiere, Buffon,—Berge-
ronette grise, Temminck,—Gutrettola cenerea, Jt..—Weisse Bach-
stelze, G.,—it has never yet been our lot to meet with. The at-
tempts of Bewick, Werner, and Selby also, if we recollect right, to
delineate this sprightly and most elegant bird, are perfect failures ;
and even in the figures of Mr. Gould, we are woefully disappointed.
These figures represent the bird in its summer- and winter-plumage.
In the former state, a large black patch covers the whole throat : in
the latter, a slender gorget only of that colour is left. Why a
really black and white bird should be designated white in Latin and
German, and grey in French and Italian, it would wellnigh puzzle
a special pleader satisfactorily to explain. Surely the specific term,
melanoleuca, or nigralba, would more correctly designate the Pied
Wagtail than the alba or the maculosa, hitherto employed.
Pirate XIX.—A most masterly delineation of the Herring Gull,
—Larus argentatus,—Goéland a Manteau bleu, Fr.,—Gabiano
reale, Jt.,—Weissgraue Meve, G.,—both in the young and the adult
state. This bird is the Silvery Gull, of Pennant,—Larus marinus,
Latham,—in immature age, le Goéland a Manteau gris et blanc, of
Buffon,—in its summer-plumage, the Larus glaucus, of Benicken,
and Goéland a manteau gris ou cendré, of the more eloquent than
accurate French Naturalist. It breeds along the rocky parts of the
British coast.
Piare XX.—Two admirably drawn and highly-finished figures
CORRESPONDENCE. 105
of the Rock Thrush,—Petrocincla saxatilis, Vigors,—Le Merle de
Roche, Fr.,—Tordo sassatile, Jt.,—Steindrossel, G.,—terminate the
Second Part of Mr. Gould’s invaluable work. This beautiful bird,
of which the male and female are here represented, although be-
longing to the Family of the Merulide, differs from the Thrushes,
in frequenting the rugged de-zlivities of rocks and mountains; and
hence seems to constitute a connecting link between them and the
Saxicole. It is the Turdus saxatilis, of Linneus; was first re-
moved, with 7". cyanus, into a separate Section, entitled Sazicoles,
by Temminck ; and, at length, elevated, by Vigors, to the dignity
of forming a distinct genus, the Petrocincla. It inhabits the central
and eastern parts of Europe; but has never yet been known to
visit the British islands.
Recapitulation—The twenty Plates of Part 2, exhibit thirty-five
figures, and twenty-one species of birds, belonging to twenty dis-
tinct genera. Five of these plates contain one figure, only, of the
adult bird: the remaining fifteen, two figures, each. Of these fif-
teen plates, one represents two distinct species; and the other four-
teen display the peculiarities of plumage dependent on age, sex, or
season, in two figures of one and the same species. Five of the
species figured, have never yet been known to visit these islands:
the remaining sixteen are British birds.
Birmingham, March 9, 1836. RP.
Note.—F or the epithet, European, in line 3, page 272, of the last volume
the reader will please to substitute British.
CORRESPONDENCE.
To the Editor of The Analyst.
Sir,
Wuite perusing Mr. Carey’s paper,* I was induced to make
several marginal remarks of dissent from the opinions he offers on
one or two points connected with art and literature, and my small
arguments being in defence of a great authority, I beg to lay them
before the readers of The Analyst.
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