‘owe’ ——— ’ ACA a> a=" a} A Tr J s - \ a Ansenicer)), U/ a See ve ifs ; pI Rl ee TO ay PUNE UT i : ve 7, O-% PY oo ee,’ “Te At mee Ae ay i ya: ’ Ps yh a beled 1 at tbs ies ih Fok VMAS La arly MNT "a Prva e are il ms s ” ws ’ dors) ‘ we Rie wi J meY TO THE ORDERS OF FLOWERING-PLANTS. Na prery yp a + W, ir : * ANALYTICAL KEY TO THE NATURAL ORDERS OF FLOWERING-PLANTS BY PAN Z. TILONN ER YORK ICAL * LONDON SWAN SONNENSCHEIN & CO, NEW YORK: MACMILLAN & CO. 1895 (fio ag oe) ; SF . LiBRPAp PREFACE. Exotic Fioras usually contain artificial keys to the determination of genera, sometimes even of species, whereas for the orders or families a general summary is at the most given. Those who do not possess an extensive knowledge of systematic botany will, therefore, find it difficult to ascertain the name of the order to which the plant under examination belongs, though this is necessarily the first step in every investigation. In some botanical manuals, it is true, short keys to the determination of the orders are to be found, but they are too short to be accurate, and most of them are somewhat antiquated. To supply this want IJ, in 1891, published a some- what elaborate key, entitled “ Anlevtung zum Bestummen der Familien der Phanerogamen,” which was afterwards, in an abbreviated form, translated into Japanese by Professor Ikeno. This key, however, was rather too detailed, and, for a work especially destined for exotic plants, the use of English was evidently preferable. I, therefore, determined to rewrite it completely, in the hope that it would better fulfil its purpose in the new form, in which I now present it to the public. From the above-mentioned tables, vi PREFACE. published by other writers, this book differs mainly in two respects: in the first place, by the choice of the distinctive characters, of which those were preferred which are visible to the naked eye at the time of flowering, whilst the characters of the fruit and seeds were only used in the absence of others; in the second place, by being more accurate, since less important aberra- tions from the normal type of the order (exclud- ing, however, quite rare ones) were also taken into consideration. The number, denomination, and description of the natural orders is exactly the same asin Bentham and Hooker’s “ Genera Plantarum.” Readers not yet familiarised with the technical terms used in botany will find them concisely explained in Bentham’s “ Outlines of they are reprinted in ) Elementary Botany ;’ several colonial floras. Having found the name of the order, it will afford no difficulty to ascer- tain the name of the genus with the help of the above-named manual or a flora of the country in question. I hope, therefore, that this little work may in some degree contribute to a more ex- tended knowledge of exotic plants, and may be of some use to their friends. FRANZ THONNER. DreEsDEN, July, 1895. CONTENTS. PAGE PREFACE . , : : 3 : ; ; : Vv PHANEROGAMAE . : : , : : , ‘ 1 GYMNOSPERMEAE , ; ; : és : : 3 MONOCOTYLEDONS : ‘ : : , : y 4 MONOCHLAMYDEAE ., ; ; 21 POLYPETALAE . : . : : : 2 Sere GAMOPETALAE . : : ; 2 , ; . 109 INDEX ; : ; : , t : ; . is ee y? lO THE ORDERS OF FLOWERING PLANTS. PHANEROGAMAE. 1 (a) Ovules naked, 7.¢., not enclosed in an ovary, inserted upon open carpellary leaves which bear no stigma, or without carpellary leaves upon the summit of a branch. ‘Trees or shrubs, with unisexual flowers without a perianth, rarely with a simple perianth. Gymnospermeae, (b) Ovules enclosed in the ovary, which is formed by the lower part of stigmati- ferous carpellary leaves. (Angiosper- meae. ) 2, 2 (a) Vascular bundles of the stem isolated. Leaves usually parallel-veined, rarely wanting or net-veined (in the latter case flowers upon a spadix or trimerous A 2 KEY TO PLANTS. with 6 perianth-leaves*), usually entire and narrow and sessile with a broad base. Flowers usually 3-merous. Em- bryo with a single cotyledon, rarely undivided. Monocotyledons. (b) Vascular bundles of the stem nearly always collected intoacylinder. Leaves usually net-veined, rarely rudimentary or want- ing, very rarely parallel-veined, seldom sessile with a broad base and at the same time entire. Flowers usually 4-5-mer- ous. Embryo with 2 cotyledons, rarely one of them rudimentary or the embryo undivided. (Dicotyledons.) 3. 3 (a) Perianth-leaves wanting orresembling each other (especially in texture and colour), rarely somewhat unequal but not more than 5. Monochlamydeae. (b) Perianth-leaves separated in sepals and petals, rarely almost equal but together more than 5. 4., 4 (a) Petals distinct throughout, rarely coherent above, but distinct below. Polypetalae. ae (b) Petals united below (at least at the base) or rarely throughout. Gamopetalae. » 104 *The former in Aroideae, the latter in Dioscoreaceae, Taccaceae and Liliaceae. GYMNOSPERMEAE. 1 (a) Leaves pinnate or pinnatifid, large, crowded at the top of the stem. Coty- ledons connate. Juice gummy. Perianth wanting. Cycadaceae. (b) Leaves entire or rarely dentate or lobed, small or middle-sized, scattered along the branches of the stem, or wanting (very rarely leaves only 2, large, entire at first, but splitting up lengthwise when old). Cotyledons distinct, very rarely connate at the apex. 2 2 (a4) Perianth tubular or bilobed. Juice not resinous. Leaves not needle-like. Stem usually jointed. Gnetaceae. (>) Perianth wanting. Juice usually resin- ous; if not, leaves needle-like. Stem usually continuous. Coniferae. MONOCOTYLEDONS. 1 (a) Ovary superior or naked, 2. (b) Ovary inferior. 34. 2 (a) Perianth-leaves sepaloid or wanting. 8. (b) Perianth-leaves petaloid, or the inner petaloid, the outer sepaloid.* Leaves undivided. 19. 3 (a) Minute aquatic plants, showing no dis- tinction into stem and leaves, but merely consisting of a disc-like or almost glob- ular thallus, which sometimes gives off shoots of a similar shape, roots, and 1-3 flowers. Stamen 1. Ovary 1-celled. Lemnaceae. (b) Plants with a stem and leaves; both or either distinctly evoluted. 4, 4 (a) Leaves plaited in the bud, afterwards more or less deeply divided. 5. * Compare Palmae, the perianth-leaves of which are sometimes nearly petaloid, or separated in sepals and petals by shape and connection, but equal in colour and texture. They have pinnately or palmately divided leaves. MONOCOTYLEDONS. 5 (b) Leaves not plaited, rarely plaited but not divided. 6. 5 (a) Perianth-segments 6. Ovules 1-7. Trees or shrubs. Leaves pinnately or palm- ately divided. Inflorescence spadiciform or paniculate, enclosed by a spathe. ; Palmae. (6) Perianth-segments4,many,or none. Ovules numerous. Herbs or shrubs. Leaves palmate, 2-fid or 2-4-partite. In- florescence spadiciform with several spathes. Flowers moncecious ; male and female flowers upon the same spadix, alternating several times. Stamens 6 or more. Ovary l-celled. Tropical America. Cyclanthaceae. 6 (a) Inflorescence of the female or of all flowers a spadix. é. (6) Inflorescence no spadix. 10. 7 (a) Ovaries several, distinct, nearly always enclosed by a perianth, rarely marine, grass-like plants with only 1 ovary. Water plants. Najadaceae. (b) Ovary 1. Land, marsh, or fresh-water plants. 8. 8 (a) Flowers usually hermaphrodite or monceci- ous, in the latter case male and female KEY TO PLANTS. flowers on the same spadix (but some- times separated by a flowerless interval) and without a perianth, rarely flowers dicecious, in this ease leaves broad and divided and anthers dehiscing at the top. Leaves usually broad. Avroideae. (6) Flowers dicecious, more rarely moncecious, in the latter case male and female flowers on different spadices (which, however, sometimes touch one another, but are separated by their spathes, at least when young), and provided with a perianth of several scales or hairs. Leaves narrow, sessile, undivided, parallel-veined. Anthers dehiscing by longitudinal slits. a 9 (a) Herbs with an erect or floating stem. Margin of the leaves entire, without prickles. Perianth consisting of scales or hairs. Ovules 1-2, pendulous. Em- bryo large. Typhaceae. (6) Shrubs or trees, rarely stemless or creeping herbs. Margin of the leaves nearly always serrate or prickly. Perianth and bracts wanting. Ovules solitary and ascending or numerous. Embryo very small, Flowers dicecious. Pandaneae. MONOCOTYLEDONS. 7 10 (a) Ovary 1, 1-celled, with a single ovule, or ovaries several, distinct (but the styles sometimes connate at the base). 4s: (b) Ovary 1, 1-celled, with two or more ovules, or 2-3-celled. 15. 11 (a) Ovaries several, collateral, distinct or con- nate at the base only, rarely ovary 1; in this case either marine grasses or the male flowers with a tubular perianth and a single stamen. Seeds exal- buminous. Water- or marsh-plants. Flowers usually provided with a perianth. Najadaceae. (b) Ovaries several, superposed on a stalk-like receptacle, or ovary 1. Land, marsh, or fresh-water grasses. Stamens 2 or more, less frequently only 1, but then perianth reduced to scales or wanting. Seeds albuminous. Flowers in spikelets, rarely solitary. 12. 12 (a) Ovule pendulous, orthotropous. Anthers dehiscing by 1 longitudinal slit. 13. (6) Ovule erect or ascending, anatropous. Anthers dehiscing by 2 longitudinal slits. 14. 13 (a) Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous. Perianth wanting, but sometimes 1-3 8 KEY TO PLANTS, bracteoles present beneath the flower. Stamen 1. Grass-like herbs. Fruit capsular. Australia and South-east Asia. Centroleprdeae. (b) Flowers unisexual. Perianth consisting of 3-6 segments, rarely in the female flowers wanting. Stamens 2-3. Grass- like herbs. Sheaths of the leaves split. Ovary 1. Southern hemisphere. Restiaceae. 14 (a) Sheaths of the cauline and inner radical leaves closed. Embryo enclosed in the base of the albumen. Testa free from the pericarp. Stem usually triangular, solid, and without nodes. Leaves usually tristichous and without a ligule. Herbs. Ovary 1. Fruit indehiscent. Cyperaceae. (b) Sheaths of the leaves split. Embryo out- side the base of the albumen. Testa usually adnate to the pericarp. Stem terete or compressed, nodose, between the nodes usually hollow. Leaves most frequently distichous and with a ligule at the base of the blade. Perianth want- ing, or reduced to 2-3 scales. Ovary 1. Fruit indehiscent. Gramineae. 15 (a) Anthers 1-celled. Stamens 3, opposite to MONOCOTYLEDONS. 9 the inner segments of the perianth. Male flowers in spikelets, females sometimes solitary. Leaves reduced to sheaths or wanting. Ovary 2-3-celled. Ovule in each cell 1, pendulous, orthotropous. South Africa, Australia, New Zealand. Restiaceae. (b) Anthers 2-celled. Stamens 6, more rarely fewer, but then flowers not in spikelets. Leaves usually perfect (but often very narrow), more rarely reduced to sheaths, in the latter case ovules in each cell of the ovary more than 2. 16. 16 (a) Flowers moncecious, capitate. Ovules orthotropous, pendulous, only 1 in each of the 2 or 8 cells of the ovary. Style 2-6 fid. Embryo remote from the hilum. Herbs with grass-like leaves. Fruit capsular. Eriocauleae. (b) Flowers dicecious or hermaphrodite. Ov- ules anatropous or nearly so, usually 2 or more in each cell of the ovary, more rarely only 1, but then style entire or wanting, and flowers very seldom capi- tate. Embryo near the hilum. BG 17 (a) Albumen mealy. Embryo outside of it. Ovary 3-celled with 1 ovule in each cell. 10 KEY TO PLANTS. Stigmas 3. Anthers attached by their base. Flowers hermaphrodite, rarely dicecious, with a rudimentary ovary in the male flowers. Stem leafy. Leaves with numerous veins. Flowers panicled. Fruit a drupe or berry. Tropics of the Old World. Flagellarieae. (6) Albumen fleshy or horny. Embryo en- closed by it. Ovary 1-celled, with 3 or more ovules, or 3-celled, with 2 or more ovules in each cell, more rarely with only 1 ovule, but then stigma 1, or anthers attached at their back, or flowers diceci- ous, without a rudimentary ovary. 18. 18 (a) Style simple with 3 thread-like stigmas, more rarely simple with 1 stigma or 3- partite, in this case only 1 ovule in each cell of the ovary. Leaves linear, parallel- veined, sometimes reduced to sheaths. Perianth more or less scarious. Fruit capsular. Juncaceae. (>) Style simple, with 3 short or broad stigmas, or with 1 stigma, or 3-partite. Ovules in each cell of the ovary 2 or more, rarely 1, but then leaves oblong or oval, and net-veined. Perianth more or less herbaceous. Liliaceae. MONOCOTYLEDONS. 11 19 (a) Perianth consisting only of petaloid seg- (2) ments. 20. (6) Perianth consisting of inner petaloid and outer sepaloid segments. 26. 20 (a) Perianth-segments 4. Stamens 1 or 4. 21. (b) Perianth-segments 1-3 or 5-8. Stamens 2, 3, 5, or more. ye 21 (a) Leaves sessile, linear or ensiform. Flowers irregular. Perianth-segments unequal in size, the inner much smaller than the outer. Stamen 1. Ovary 1-celled, with parietal ovules, or 3-celled. Style fili- form. Capsule 3-valved. Austyralia, Polynesia, South-east Asia. Philydraceae. (b) Leaves stalked, lanceolate or cordiform. Flowers regular. Perianth - segments nearly equal in size. Stamens 4. Ovary 1-celled, with basal or apical ovules. Style wanting. Capsule 2- valved. Australia, South-east Asia, Florida. Roxburghiaceae. 22 (a) Ovaries several, distinct (and with distinct styles). 23. (b) Ovary 1, entire or lobed. 24, 23 (a) Saprophytic plants destitute of green 12 KEY TO PLANTS. colour and of leaves. Carpels numerous. Flowers racemose or corymbose, uni- sexual or polygamous. Perianth valvate in bud. Filaments very short. Anthers dehiscing by a transversal slit. Ovule 1. South America, South-east Asia, Polynesia. Triurideae. (6) Water- or marsh-plants, coloured green, and provided with leaves. Carpels 3-6. Flowers spicate or racemose. Stamens 6 or more. Seeds exalbuminous. Nuajadaceae. 24 (a) Albumen mealy.* Inflorescence provided with a spathe at the base, spicate, race- mose, paniculate, or fasciculate. Water- or less frequently marsh-plants. Em- bryo central. Leaves stalked. Style undivided. Pontederwaceae. (6) Albumen fleshy, cartilaginous or horny. Inflorescence without a spathe, or um- bellate with a spathe. Land- or less frequently marsh-plants. 25. 25 (a) Embryo at the edge of the albumen (but sometimes intruded into it). Herbs. * So also some Commelinaceae, land-plants with a coloured calyx and the embryo at the edge of the albumen. MONOCOTYLEDONS. 13 Leaves parallel-veined. Inflorescence terminal, not umbellate. Flowers her- maphrodite. Ovary broadly sessile. Style undivided. Haemodoraceae. (6) Embryo enclosed by the albumen. Inliaceae. 26 (a) Stamens 1-3.* Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous. 27. (b) Stamens 4 or more. 29. 27 (a) Sepals 2 or 3, the third much larger than the other two, and petaloid. Anthers attached at their back. Stigmas 3. Flowers capitate. Stem erect. Leaves radical, linear. Flowers hermaphrodite. Corolla gamopetalous. Ovary 1-celled, with numerous ovules. A yrideae. (b) Sepals 3, equal, or nearly equal, in size. Anthers attached at their base. Stigma 1, entire or lobed. Flowers solitary, umbellate, or cymose. 28. 28 (a) Ovary 1-celled. Flowers solitary or umbellate. Stem creeping or floating. * Compare Hriocauleae and Restiaceae, the perianth- segments of which are sometimes separated in sepals and petals by form and connection, but equal in texture and colour. Both have unisexual flowers—the former in heads, the latter in spikelets. 14 KEY TO PLANTS. Leaves cauline, linear. Flowers herma- phrodite. Petals free. Ovules numer- ous. America. Mayaceae. (b) Ovary 2-3-celled. Flowers cymose. Commelinaceae. 29 (a) Ovaries and styles 6 or more, distinct. Seeds exalbuminous. Water- or marsh- plants. Leaves stalked. Flowers usu- ally whorled. Alismaceae (6) Ovary 1. Styles 1-5. Seeds albuminous. 30. 30 (a) Ovules in each cell of the ovary 1-10. Stigma 1, entire or lobed, more rarely 2-4, in this case flowers unisexual. Fruit a loculicidal capsule, rarely an achene or nut.* Flowers hermaphrodite, polygam- ous, or dicecious. al. (b) Ovules in each cell of the ovary numerous. Stigmas 3-5, sometimes twisted together. Flowers hermaphrodite. Fruit a septi- cidal capsule or a berry. 33. 31 (a) Anthers attached by their back. Albu- men fleshy or cartilaginous. Leaves * So also some LHriocauleae with moncecious flowers, the perianth-leaves of which are equal in colour and con- sistence, but separated in calyx and corolla by shape and cohesion. MONOCOTYLEDONS. 15 linear. Anthers dehiscing by two longi- tudinal slits. Ovules anatropous. Juncacene. (b) Anthers attached by their base. Albumen mealy. 32. 32 (a) Anthers dehiscing by 1 pore or short slit at the apex. Ovules anatropous. Corolla gamopetalous. Herbs with an un- branched scape and radical leaves. Flowers capitate (very rarely spicate or umbellate), regular, hermaphrodite. Stigma entire. South America. Rapateaceae. (>) Anthers dehiscing by 2 pores or slits. Ovules orthotropous. Corolla usually polypetalous, more rarely gamopetalous, but then herbs with a branched stem. Flowers usually cymose. Commelinaceae. 33 (a) Albumen fleshy. Leaves scattered on an erect stem, rarely only three net-veined leaves at the summit of the stem. Flowers solitary, or in few-flowered inflorescences. Petals free. Anthers attached at the base, dehiscing by two longitudinal slits. Ovules anatropous. Liliaceae. dl ss 16 KEY TO PLANTS. (6) Albumen mealy. Leaves parallel-veined, crowded at the base or summit of the stem, more rarely scattered on a pendul- ous stem. Inflorescence usually many- flowered. Mostly plants growing upon trees or rocks. Flowers regular. An- thers dehiscing by two longitudinal slits. Ovules anatropous. America. Bromeliaceae. 34 (a) Fertile stamens 1, 2, or 5, usually adnate (1) to the style. Flowers irregular. 35. (b) Fertile stamens 3, 6, or more, free from the style. Flowers usually regular. 36. 35 (a) Andrcecium consisting of 1 fertile stamen without staminodes, or with 2 small (not petaloid) staminodes, or of 2 fertile stamens with 1 staminode. Ovules numerous. Style partially or wholly adnate to the stamens. Seeds without albumen. Veins of the leaves usually springing from their base. Orchideae. (6) Andrcecium consisting of 1 fertile stamen and 1-5 at least partially petaloid sta- minodes, or of 5 fertile stamens with 1 or without a staminode; if staminodes 2, then only 1 ovule in each cell of the ovary. Style free or partially adnate to MONOCOTYLEDONS. 17 the stamens. Seeds with copious albu- men. Veins of the leaves springing from the midrib. . Seitaminece. 36 (a) Ovary 1-celled (sometimes incompletely 6-celled). 37. (6) Ovary 3-celled. 40, 37 (a) Flowers in spadices. Perianth-segments 4 or many. Stigmas 1 or 4. Leaves stalked, fan-shaped, plaited in the bud. Flowers moncecious. Perianth her- baceous. Seeds albuminous. Tropical America. Cyclanthaceae. (6) Flowers solitary, cymose, or umbellate. Perianth-segments 3 or 6. Stigmas 3, 6, or more. 38. 38 (a) Aquatic plants. Flowers unisexual or polygamous, very rarely hermaphrodite, in the latter case styles 6. Perianth- segments usually distinctly separated in sepals and petals. Branches of the style long and narrow. Green, leafy plants. Flowers solitary or cymose, with a spathe of 1 or 2 leaves. Seeds exalbumin- ous. Hydrocharideae. (b) Terrestrial plants. Flowers hermaphrodite. Styles 1-3. Perianth-segments nearly equal, all more or less petaloid. Branches B 18 KEY TO PLANTS. of the style short and thick, or enlarged and petaloid. 39. 39 (a) Plants destitute of green colour. Leaves reduced to scales. Flowers solitary or cymose, blue, yellow or white. Stigmas short and thick. Seeds exalbuminous. America, Polynesia, South Asia, Africa. Burmanniaceae. (b) Plants of a green colour. Leaves large, stalked, usually net-veined. Flowers umbellate, of a dark colour. Stigmas broad, bipartite, radiating. Seeds albu- minous. Stamens 6. Filaments concave. Tropics. Taccaceae. 40 (a) Flowers unisexual. Stem climbing or prostrate. Leaves stalked. Ovules in each cell of the ovary 2. Seeds with a fleshy albumen. Dioscoreaceae. (b) Flowers hermaphrodite. 41. 41 (a) Stamens 3. 42. (b) Stamens 6 or more. 44,, 42 (a) Stamens opposite to the outer segments of the perianth. Perianth-segments 6. Anthers extrorse, dehiscing longitudin- ally. Embryo enclosed by a horny albumen, Branches of the style usually MONOCOTYLEDONS. 19 3, filiform or dilated, more rarely short, or only 1. Trideae. (6) Stamens alternate with the outer or only (3) segments of the perianth. Anthers introrse, dehiscing longitudinally or transversely. Embryo at the edge of a fleshy albumen, or without an albumen. 43. 43 (a) Anthers dehiscing longitudinally. Style and stigma entire. Ovules in each cell of the ovary 1-6. Seeds albuminous. | Perianth-segments 6, distinct, equal in size, or the outer segments smaller. Africa, America, Australia. Haemodoraceae. (b) Anthers dehiscing transversely. Style shortly 3-fid. Ovules in each cell of the ovary numerous. Seeds exalbuminous. Burmanniaceae. 44. (a) Perianth-segments unequal in texture, the outer sepaloid, the inner petaloid. Albumen mealy. Mostly herbs growing upon trees or rocks. Leaves usually radical, rosulate, and prickly. America. Bromeliaceae. (b) Perianth-segments all more or less peta- loid (but often unequal in size). Albu- 20 KEY TO PLANTS. men fleshy, cartilaginous, or horn-like. 45, 45 (a) Embryo at the edge of the albumen (but sometimes deeply intruded into it). Perianth-segments usually 1-seriate, or nearly so, most frequently hairy. Stem arising from a rhizome, herbaceous, usually leafy. Haemodoraceae. (b) Embryo enclosed by the albumen. Peri- anth-segments distinctly 2-seriate. Stem usually leafless, and arising from a bulb. Amaryllideae. MONOCHLAMYDEAE. 1 (a) Ovary superior, almost superior, or naked. 2. (b) Ovary inferior, almost inferior, or half- inferior. 83. 2 (a) Hermaphrodite and female flowers desti- tute of a perianth.* 3. (b) Hermaphrodite and female flowers pro- vided with a perianth. 19. 3 (a) Ovary 1-celled. 4.- (b) Ovary several-celled. 15; 4 (a) Ovule 1. 5. (b) Ovules 2 or more. 12: 5 (a) Male flowers destitute of a perianth, or flowers hermaphrodite.** 6. (b) Male flowers provided with a perianth. Flowers unisexual. 9. * Compare Aroideae, which belong to Monocotyledons, but have frequently net-veined leaves. They are especi- ally characterised by their spadiciform inflorescence. ** Compare some Urticaceae with a rudimentary peri- anth. Their flowers are inserted upon spreading or con- cave receptacles, and their perianth is reduced to 1 segment or adnate to the receptacle. 22 KEY TO PLANTS. 6 (a) Flowers capitate. Leaves palmately- lobed, stipulate, alternate. Trees. Flowers moncecious. Connective peltate. Style long. Stigma entire. Ovule pendulous. Fruit consisting of nuts. Kurope, Asia, North America. Platanaceae. (b) Flowers spicate. Leaves entire or den- tate, rarely pinnately-lobed, but exstipu- late. ‘é 7 (a) Leaves opposite, stipulate. Stamen 1, or 3 connate in a 3-lobed mass. Ovule pendulous. Embryo enclosed by a fleshy albumen. Stigma entire, sessile or nearly so. Fruita drupe. Asia and Polynesia. Chloranthaceae. (b) Leaves opposite and exstipulate, or alter- nate. Stamens 2-16, distinct or connate at the base only. Ovule erect. Em- bryo in a small sac at the top of a mealy albumen, or destitute of albumen. 8. 8 (a) Fruit a drupe. Seed without an albu- men. Stigmas 2. Spikes usually ses- sile. Shrubs or trees. Leaves exstipu- late, alternate. Flowers unisexual. Myricaceae. (6) Fruit a berry. Seed with a copious albu- MONOCHLAMYDEAE, 23 men. Stigma usually 1 or 3-5, rarely 2. Spikes stalked. Shrubs or trees, with usually stipulate leaves, or herbs. Piperaceae. 9 (a) Plants destitute of green colour. Leaves reduced to scales. Herbs, stem un- branched. Flowers in spadiciform spikes or heads mixed with club-shaped bodies. Perianth of the male flowers valvate. Stamens as many as perianth-segments, and opposite to them,or more. Filaments connate or wanting. Style and stigma entire. Ovule suspended from the top of the cell. Australasia and South Asia. Balanophoreae. (b) Plants of a green colour. Leaves well- developed. 10. 10 (a) Leaves stipulate. Ovule suspended from the top of the cell, more rarely erect from its base, in the latter case stigma 1, entire or penicillate. Stamens as many as perianth-seoments and opposite to them, or fewer. Filamentsfree. Urticaceae. (b) Leaves exstipulate. Ovule erect from the base of the cell, or suspended from a basal funicle. Stigmas in the fertile flowers 2-3, or a 2-3-lobed one. 11. 24 KEY TO PLANTS. 11 @ Perianth valvate in the bud. Stamens as many as perianth-segments, and alter- nate with them, Seed exalbuminous, with a straight embryo. Herbs or undershrubs. Flowers moncecious, all or only the male ones in heads. Style undivided in the male flowers, 2-partite or with 2 stigmas in the females. Compositae. (b) Perianth imbricate in the bud. Stamens as many as perianth-segments and oppo- site to them, or fewer. Seed with an abundant albumen and a curved embryo. Leaves entire or sinuate. Chenopodiaceae. 12 (a) Ovules 2. Trees or shrubs, with whorled scales instead of leaves. Flowers spi- cate. Male flowers with 1-2 perianth- segments and 1 stamen. Style short, with 2 long stigmas. ‘Tropics and Australia. Caswarineae. (b) Ovules 4 or more. Trees or shrubs, with perfect and alternate leaves, or herbs. 13. 13 (a4) Ovules 4. Flowers dicecious; male flowers spicate, females solitary. Fruit drupaceous. Seedsalbuminous. Shrubs or trees. Leaves coriaceous, exstipulate. MONOCHLAMYDEAE. 25 Perianth wanting, but male flowers with 1 bract, females with several bracts. Stamens 2-12. Styles 2, with 4 lon stigmas. Australasia. Balanopse (b) Ovules numerous. Flowers dicecious, spi- cate (in both sexes), rarely hermaphro- dite. Fruit capsular. Seeds exalbu- minous. 14. 14 (a) Aquatic herbs, usually of a moss-like appearance. Flowers hermaphrodite or rarely dicecious, in the latter case disc absent and stamen 1. Perianth want- ing, but usually replaced by small scales. Stamens 1-3. Styles 2, undi- vided. Podostemaceae. (b) Shrubs or trees. Flowers dicecious. Dise cupular or reduced to 1 or 2 scales. Stamens 2 or more. Leaves stipulate, entire toothed or lobed. Perianth want- ing. Style 1, short, or 0. Stigmas 2-4 Seeds covered by a tuft of hairs. Salicineae. 15 (a) Ovary 2-celled.* 16. @) (6) Ovary 3-4-celled. 17. * Compare some Podostemaceae herbs with hermaphro- dite flowers, a perianth reduced to small scales, and more than 2 ovules in each cell. 26 KEY TO PLANTS. 16 (a) Leaves opposite, exstipulate. Flowers dicecious or polygamous. Male flowers destitute of a perianth. Style simple, with a 2-lobed stigma. Ovules in each cell 2. Seeds albuminous. Shrubs or trees. Stamens 2. Oleaceae. (b) Leaves alternate, stipulate. Flowers moncecious. Male flowers furnished with a perianth. Styles 2. Ovules in each cell 1. Seeds exalbuminous. Shrubs or trees. Extra-tropical regions. Cupulrferae. 17 (a) Ovary 3-celled. Styles 3, or 1 with 3 or 6 stigmas. Fruit 3-celled, capsular. Perianth of the male flowers valvate or wanting. Ovule in each cell 1, rarely 2, pendulous. Euphorbiaceae. (b) Ovary 4-celled. Styles 2 or 4, or a bilo- bed sessile stigma, Fruit 4-celled, inde- hiscent. 18. 18 (a) Herbs. Flowers solitary, rarely in spikes containing both male and female flowers. Perianth of the male flowers 2-4-partite and valvate in bud, or wanting. Styles 2 or 4 Ovule 1, pendulous. Seeds albuminous. leaves opposite, exstipu- late. Halorageae. MONOCHLAMYDEAE. oF (6) Shrubs. Flowers in cone-like spikes, dicecious. Perianth of the male flowers 2-lobed, imbricate in bud. Stigma sessile, 2-lobed. Ovule 1, erect. Seeds exalbuminous. Leaves opposite, ex- stipulate. America and Polynesia. Batideae. 19 (a) Ovary 1, 1-celled. 20. @) (b) Ovary 1, several-celled, or ovaries several, distinct. 52, 20 (a) Ovule 1. Zi. (6) Ovules 2 or more. 40. 21 (a) Leaves stipulate. 22. (b) Leaves exstipulate. 27. 22 (a) Leaves compound. Flowers hermaphro- dite, more rarely dicecious ; in the latter case shrubs with solitary or geminate flowers. Leaves alternate. Perianth 3-7-lobed or -partite. Style undivided. Ovule suspended from the top of the cell. Rosaceae. (b) Leaves simple, rarely compound, but then trees (rarely herbs) with unisexual, capitate or spicate flowers. 23. 23 (a) Styles 2-4, distinct or connate at the base, with terminal, more or less capitate or penicillate stigmas, more rarely 3 with 28 KEY TO PLANTS. longitudinal stigmas or 8 sessile stigmas. Stipules usually connate in a tubular sheath. Stamens usually 6-9. Ovule basal or with a basal funicle. Polygonaceae. (b) Style 1, undivided (with 1, 2, or more stigmas), or 2-partite with longitudinal stigmas (on the inner face of the branches), or 1-2 sessile stigmas. 24. 24 (a) Flowers hermaphrodite. Herbs or under- shrubs. 25. (b) Flowers unisexual, more rarely poly- gamous, but then shrubs or trees. 26. 25 (a) Leaves large, alternate. Flowers race- mose. Stamens hypogynous, as many as perianth-leaves (4), or more frequently more numerous. Style lateral or want- ing. Stipules small. Stamens inserted upon a small disc. Stigma 1, Ovule erect. Phytolaccaceae. (>) Leaves small, opposite, rarely the upper- most alternate. Flowers solitary or cymose. Stamens perigynous, as many as perianth-leaves (usually 5) or fewer, very seldom more numerous. Style terminal. Stipules scarious. Ovule upon a basal funicle. Lllecebraceae. MONOCHLAMYDEAE. 29 26 (a) Stamens more than perianth-leaves. Male flowers provided with a perianth. Anthers dehiscing by 3-4 slits. Shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate. Flowers unisexual, spicate or racemose. Perianth of the male flowers 3-4-lobed, valvate in bud, of the females imbricate or open. Ovule pendulous. Euphorbiaceae. (b) Stamens as many as perianth-leaves or fewer (very rarely more, but then herbs), or male flowers without a perianth. Anthers dehiscing by 2 longitudinal slits. Fruit indehiscent. Urticaceae. 27 (a) Perianth imbricate in aestivation. 28. (b) Perianth valvate or open in aestivation, or wanting. 33. 28 (a) Perianth-segments 6, rarely fewer (usually 4), in this case stamens more than perianth-segments, but not twice as many (usually 6 or 9), and anthers generally dehiscing by valves. Stamens most frequently 9. 29. (b) Perianth-segments 2-5. Stamens as many as perianth-segments or fewer or twice as many (1-5, 8, or 10). Anthers de- hiscing by longitudinal slits. 30. 29 (a) Anthers dehiscing by recurved valves. 30 KEY TO PLANTS, Style 1, undivided. Ovule suspended from the top of the cell. Seed without an albumen. Laurineae. (4) Anthers dehiscing by longitudinal slits. Styles 2-3, distinct or connate below. Ovule basal or upon a basal funicle. Seed with an abundant albumen. Polygonaceae. 30 (a) Ovule suspended from the top of the cell. Embryo straight. Stamens as many as the segments of the perianth and alter- nate with them or twice as many, rarely half their number (2), perigynous. Style 1, entire. Stigma 1, entire or notched. Thymelaeaceae. (4) Ovule erect from the base of the cell or attached to a basal funicle. Embryo curved or spiral. Stamens as many as the segments of the perianth and op- posite to them, or fewer; if stamens 2 and perianth-segments 4, then either stamens hypogynous or stigmas 2-3; very rarely stamens twice as many as perianth-segments, but then styles 2. 31. 31 (a) Stamens distinctly perigynous. Styles 2, free. Leaves opposite. Herbs. Flowers MONOCHLAMYDEAE. 31 hermaphrodite, without __bracteoles. Perianth herbaceous. Europe, West Asia, Africa, Australia. Illecebraceae. (2) Stamens hypogynous or nearly so, more rarely distinctly perigynous, but then style 1 or leaves alternate. 32. 32 (a) Flowers provided with bracts and gemin- ate bracteoles. Seed with a curved or annular embryo and a copious mealy albumen. JBracts and perianth-leaves usually dry. Filaments usually connate. Stamens hypogynous or nearly so. Amarantaceae. (4) Flowers usually destitute of bracts or of bracteoles, more rarely provided with both, but then seed with a spiral embryo and little or no albumen. Bracts and perianth-leaves generally herbaceous or membranous. Filaments usually free. Fruit indehiscent. Chenopodiaceae. 33. (2) Male flowers destitute of a perianth and of bracteoles (but provided with a bract), females furnished with aminute perianth, open in aestivation.* Style 1, entire. * Compare Myricaceae with 3-4 bracteoles or perianth- leaves in the female flowers, with 2 stigmas and a basal ovule. wa 32 KEY TO PLANTS. Stigma 1, lateral. Ovule laterally af- fixed. Shrubs. North America. Levtnerieae. (4) All flowers furnished with a perianth. Perianth with two or more valvate seg- ments, or nearly entire and plaited in bud.* Style 1, undivided,or 0. Stigma 1 34. 34 (a) Stamens hypogynous, free from the perianth, rarely cohering a little with it ; in the latter case herbs with opposite leaves. 30. (6) Stamens inserted on the perianth or on a perigynous disc. Shrubs or trees, rarely undershrubs with alternate leaves. 38. 35 (a) Submerged aquatic plants. Leaves whorled, dichotomously divided. Peri- anth-segments 6-12. Ovule pendulous. Seed exalbuminous. Herbs. Stamens 10-20. Ceratophylleae. (6) Terrestrial plants. Leaves alternate or * Compare some Oompositae, the female flowers of which are destitute of a perianth, but enclosed by a gamo- phyllous involucre. They have a 2-partite style, the stamens inserted on the perianth, and usually herbaceous stems. ee MONOCHLAMYDEAE. 33 opposite, undivided. Perianth-segments 2-5. Ovule erect. Seed albuminous. 36. 36 (a2) Filaments wholly connate. Anthers dehiscing extrorsely. Embryo minute. Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate. Flowers dicecious. Perianth 2-4-lobed, valvate in bud. Stamens alternating with the _ perianth-lobes or more numerous. Seed with an aril and a ruminated albumen. Tropics. Myristiceae. (4) Filaments free or connate at the base. Anthers dehiscing introrsely or later- ally. Embryo large. 37. 37 (a) Stamens 3-4, equal in number and op- posite to the lobes of the perianth. Leaves alternate. Perianth-lobes val- vate in bud. Flower polygamous or moncecious. Herbs, very rarely shrubs or trees. Leaves 3-nerved. Urticaceae. (6) Stamens usually more numerous or fewer than the lobes of the perianth, more rarely equal to them in number, but then leaves opposite and stamens 5 or alternate with the perianth-lobes. Peri- anth induplicate in bud, rarely simply Cc 34 KEY TO PLANTS. valvate ; in the latter case flowers her- maphrodite or stamens 5-10. Filaments nearly always unequal in length. Nyctagineae. 38 (a) Stamens as many as the segments of the perianth and alternate with them, or more numerous. ‘Testa hard. Plants covered with stellate hairs or scales. Leaves entire. Style present. Seed with little ornoalbumen. Embryo with an inferior radicle. HKurope, Asia, Australia, North America. Elaeagnaceae. (4) Stamens as many as the segments of the perianth and opposite to them, or fewer. Testa membranous, coriaceous, or want-. ing. 39. 39 (a) Ovary immersed at the base into a disc adnate to the perianth. Style wanting. © Seed without a testa, with copious al- bumen. Radicle of the embryo superior. Leaves entire or wanting. Perianth divided down to the disc into 4 or 5 segments. Stamens inserted at their base. Australasia and South Asia. Santalaceae. (4) Ovary free. Style present. Seed pro- MONOCHLAMYDEAE. 35 vided with a testa, destitute of albumen. Radicle of the embryo inferior or lateral. Perianth-seoments 4. Anthers adnate. Tropics and Southern Hemisphere. Proteaceae. 40 (a) Ovules 2. Al, @°) (6) Ovules 3 or more. 44. 41 (a) Flowers unisexual. Styles 3, or 1 sessile stigma. Albumen copious. Leaves un- divided, stipulate. Perianth imbricate. Style terminal or lateral. Lwphorbiaceae. (4) Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous. Style 1, entire. Albumen wanting, very rarely present, but sparing. 42. 42 (a) Stamens 3-4, Style terminal. Leaves exstipulate. Perianth-segments 4, val- vate in the bud. Stamens inserted upon, and opposite to them, with short fila- ments and adnate anthers. Tropics and Southern Hemisphere. Proteaceae. (6) Stamens 8 or more, rarely fewer, but then style basal. Leaves stipulate, very rarely exstipulate; in the latter case stamens numerous. Perianth usually imbricate in the bud. 43, 43 (a) Style basal, very rarely terminal; in the latter case stamens numerous and peri- 36 KEY TO PLANTS. anth-segments imbricate in aestivation. Leaves undivided, stipulate. Stamens nearly always distinctly perigynous. Ovules almost invariably ascending. Tropics and Australia. Rosaceae. (0) Style terminal or nearly so. Stamens 8-10, rarely more, but then perianth- segments valvate in aestivation. Leaves pinnate, very rarely reduced to phyllodes, Stamens usually hypogynous or nearly so. Ovules descending. Leguminosae. 44 (a) Ovules attached to a sutural placenta (ue, to the ventral suture of the ovary). 45. (0) Ovules attached to several parietal placen- tas or to a basal or central placenta.* Flowers hermaphrodite, rarely dicecious ; in the latter case perianth-leaves 3-8, distinct. 46. 45 (a) Stamens destitute of filaments, inserted in the concave lamina of the perianth- segments, 4. Perianth-segments 4, * Compare Salicineae with stipulate leaves and dicecious flowers with a disc (or perianth) in the form of a cup or reduced to 1-2 scales, and Balanopseae with exstipulate leaves and dicecious flowers with 1 bract in the male and many bracts (or perianth-leaves) in the female flowers. er MONOCHLAMYDEAE. 37 valvate in bud. Leaves exstipulate. Shrubs or trees. Flowers hermaphro- dite. Style and stigma entire. Aus- tralasia and South America. Proteaceae. (6) Stamens provided with filaments, inserted on the perianth-tube or free from the perianth, 5 or more, very rarely 3-4, but then perianth-segments imbricate in bud. Leaves compound or reduced to phy]l- lodes, usually stipulate. Style and stigma entire. Leguminosae. 46 (a) Ovules attached to a basal or central placenta. Herbs, rarely undershrubs or shrubs. 47, (6) Ovules attached to 2 or more parietal placentas. Trees or shrubs (or woody climbers). 48. 47 (a) Leaves opposite. Fruit dehiscing longi- tudinally into valves. Herbs or under- shrubs. Stamens 1-10. Styles several, or style 1 with several stigmas. Caryophylleae. (0) Leaves alternate. Fruit dehiscing trans- versely or irregularly, or indehiscent. Perianth 5-partite. Stamens 4-5, con- nate below. Ovules attached to basal funicles. Amarantaceae, 38 KEY TO PLANTS. 48 (a) Stamen 1. Leaves entire, exstipulate. Flowers spicate. Stigmas 2-3, sessile. Ovules few. Tropical America. Lacistemaceae. (0) Stamens 4 or more. 49, 49 (2) Stamens 4-5, equal in number to the segments of the perianth, adnate to the gynophore at their base. Perianth gamophyllous, with a tubular or fimbri- ate corona at the base. Ovary stalked. Styles 3-4, distinct or connate below. Seeds albuminous, furnished with an aril, Passvfloreae. (0) Stamens 6 or more, more numerous than the segments of the perianth. 50. 50 (a2) Ovary upon a long gynophore. Seeds exalbuminous. Segments of the perianth 4, sometimes connate in the form of a cap. Stigma 1, sessile or nearly so. Asia, Africa. Capparideae. (0) Ovary sessile or nearly so. Seeds albu- minous, Bi 51 (a) Stamens perigynous, more rarely hypogy- nous ; in the latter case either staminodes as many as stamens (usually 6-10) and alternate with them, or leaves opposite. Leaves entire or dentate. Samydaceae. MONOCHLAMYDEAE. 39 (6) Stamens hypogynous, more than 10, some in the outer rows sometimes without anthers, no other staminodes (but usually a disc) being present. Leaves alternate, entire dentate or lobed. Perianth- leaves distinct or nearly so. Bixineae. 52 (a) Ovaries several, distinct. Styles distinct or connate at the top only. 53. 49) (6) Ovary 1.* 57. 53 (a) Stamens with connate filaments, hypo- gynous. Trees with alternate, stipulate leaves. Flowers unisexual or poly- gamous. Carpels 3-12. Sterculiaceae. (4) Stamens with separate filaments or with- out filaments, in the latter case perigyn- ous. Trees with opposite or exstipulate leaves, or shrubs, or herbs. 54, 54 (a) Perianth-leaves distinct. Woody climbers with opposite leaves, or herbs. Stamens numerous, hypogynous. Seeds albumin- ous. Ranunculaceae. (6) Perianth-leaves of the hermaphrodite and * Compare Aroideae and Liliaceae, belonging to Mono- cotyledons, but bearing frequently net-veined leaves. The former have hermaphrodite flowers upon a spadix, the latter unisexual umbellate trimerous flowers with 1-2 pendulous orthotropous ovules in each cell of the ovary. 40 KEY TO PLANTS, female flowers more or less united, of the male flowers sometimes distinct, but then shrubs with alternate leaves. 55. 55 (a) Ovules 2. Leaves opposite or verticillate, stipulate. Trees. Flowers dicecious. Perianth 4-5-partite. Stamens 8-10, slightly perigynous. Carpels 4-5, Seeds albuminous. Tropical America. Siumarubeae. (6) Ovule 1. Leaves alternate or exstipulate. 56. 56 (a) Leaves stipulate, alternate, nearly always compound. Seeds exalbuminous. Herbs or shrubs. Carpels 2-4. Rosaceae. (0) Leaves exstipulate, simple and entire or dentate, usually opposite. Seeds albu- minous. Shrubs or trees. Stamens perigynous. Filaments short or 0. Anthers adnate. Carpels frequently immersed in the receptacle. Moniniaceae. 57 (a) Ovule in each cell of the ovary 1. 58. (6) Ovules in each cell of the ovary 2 or more. 66. 58 (a) Flowers hermaphrodite. 59. (2) Flowers polygamous or unisexual. 62. 59 (a) Stigma 1, entire or bilobed. Seeds exal- MONOCHLAMYDEAE. 41 buminous. Leaves exstipulate. Ovules pendulous. 60. (6) Stigma, 1, trilobed, or stigmas 2-5. Seeds albuminous. Leaves usually stipulate. Ovules usually erect. 61. 60 (2) Herbs or undershrubs. Flowers race- mose. Perianth-leaves distinct. Stamens hypogynous, 2, 4, or 6. Embryo curved. Leaves alternate. Perianth-leaves 4, imbricate. Cruciferae. (4) Shrubs or trees. Flowers capitate, um- bellate, or fascicled. Perianth-leaves united below. Stamens perigynous, 5 or 8-12. Embryo straight. Leaves entire. Perianth-lobes 4-5, imbricate. Tropics of the Old World. Thymelaeaceae. 61 (az) Herbs or undershrubs, rarely low shrubs, in the latter case stamens 8-10. Peri- anth-segments imbricate in bud. Em- bryocurved. Albumen mealy. Flowers solitary or cymose. Stigmas 2-5. Ficoideae. (2) Shrubs or trees. Stamens 4-6. Perianth- seoments valvate in bud. Embryo straight. Albumen fleshy. Stamens perigynous. Ovules erect. Rhamneae. 42 KEY TO PLANTS. 62 (a) Flowers polygamous. 63. (0) Flowers unisexual. 64, 63 (a) Leaves simple (entire or dentate) and stipulate, or reduced to opposite scales, or wanting. Stamens perigynous, 4-5. Seeds albuminous. Perianth valvate. Rhamneae. (6) Leaves compound, exstipulate, alternate. Stamens hypogynous, 6-12, very rarely 4-5. Seeds exalbuminous. Sapindaceae. 64 (a) Ovules descending. Micropyle and radicle superior. Leaves usually stipulate. Ovary most frequently 3 - celled. Ovules usually furnished with a cap- shaped funicle. Fruit generally cap- sular. Embryo central. Euphorbiaceae. (2) Ovules ascending. Micropyle and radicle inferior. 65. 65 (a) Stamens 2-3. Flowers in heads or in 2-3- flowered axillary fascicles. Fruit a drupe with several stones. Embryo straight, central. Low heath-like shrubs. Leaves exstipulate. Disc 0. Ovary 2-4 celled. Europe and North America. Empetraceae. MONOCHLAMYDEAE. 43 (4) Stamens 5 or more. Flowers in leafless or leafy racemes. Fruit a capsule or a berry. Embryo curved, peripherical. Ovary usually many-celled. Phytolaccaceae. 66 (a) Ovules in each cell of the ovary 2. 67. (0) Ovules in each cell of the ovary 3 or more. 75. 67 (a) Flowers hermaphrodite. 68. (0) Flowers polygamous or unisexual. 70. 68 (a) Perianth-leaves 5. Fertile stamens 5. Seeds albuminous. Shrubs or under- shrubs. Flowers racemose or cymose. Perianth valvate. Stamens hypogynous or nearly so. Ovary 3-5-celled. Australia. Sterculrvaceae. (2) Perianth-leaves 4. Fertile stamens 2, 4, 6, or 8. Seeds exalbuminous. 69. 69 (a) Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves alternate. Flowers racemose. Perianth-leaves free, imbricate in bud. Stamens hypogynous, 6, rarely 2or 4. Ovary 2-celled. Stigma 1, entire or bilobed. Cruciferae. (6) Shrubs. Leaves opposite. Flowers soli- tary in the axils of the leaves, forming leafy racemes or spikes. Perianth-leaves united below, valvate in bud, Stamens 44, KEY TO PLANTS. perigynous, 4, rarely 8. Ovary 4-celled. Stigma 1, 4-lobed, or stigmas 4. South Africa. Penaeaceae. 70 (a) Leaves stipulate. 7h (>) Leaves exstipulate. 73. 71 (a) Style 1, undivided (or styles several, wholly united). Stigma 1, entire or lobed. Ovules ascending. Trees. Peri- anth valvate. Stamens10-15. Filaments connate more or less, but frequently adnate to the gynophore. Ovary 5- lobed. Sterculraceae. (2) Styles several, separate or partially united. Stigmas several. Ovules descending. 72. 72 (a) Ovules parietal. Leaves simple, dentate. Stamens numerous, inserted within the disc, or disc wanting. Perianth-leaves distinct, imbricate. Asia, Africa. Biavneae. (2) Ovules axile. Leaves digitate, or simple and usually entire, rarely dentate; in the latter case stamens few, or inserted outside of the disc. Flowers unisexual. Euphorbiaceae. 73 (a) Stamens 2. Style 1, simple, with 1-2 stigmas. Disc wanting. Leaves op- a, MONOCHLAMYDEAE, 45 posite. Ovary 2-celled. Ovules pen- dulous. Seeds albuminous. Oleaceae. (6) Stamens 4 or more. Styles 2-3, or style 1 with 3-6 stigmas, rarely 1 with 1-2 stig- mas, but then disc present. 74. 74 (a) Ovules ascending, or only the upper one descending. Seeds exalbuminous. Style 1, simple or cleft at the top, more rarely styles 2, free or united at the base, and then leaves opposite. Stamens free or connate below. Micropyle and radicle almost invariably inferior. Sapindaceae. (6) Ovules descending. Seeds albuminous. Styles several, distinct or united at the base only, usually 3, more rarely 2, and then leaves alternate. Flowers uni- sexual. Micropyle and radicle superior. Euphorbiaceae. 75 (a) Style or sessile stigma 1, entire or cleft at the apex, rarely divided at the base, but entire above. 76. _ (0) Styles or sessile stigmas 2 or more, separ- ate or united at the base only. 81. 76 (a) Leaves bearing lid-covered pitchers at the top. Flowers unisexual, dicecious. Climb- ing or prostrate shrubs or undershrubs. 46 KEY TO PLANTS. Stigma sessile, 3-8-lobed. Leaves alter- nate. Perianth 3-4-partite, imbricate. Stamens (both filaments and anthers) connate in a column. Ovary 3-4-celled. Tropics of the Old World. Nepenthaceae. (4) Leaves bearing no pitchers. Flowers her- maphrodite, rarely trees with unisexual or polygamous flowers. Style usually present, more rarely stigma sessile, entire or bilobed. ‘Et 77 (a) Stamens perigynous. Leaves opposite or verticillate, exstipulate. Perianth-lobes valvate in bud. Lythrarveae. (4) Stamens hypogynous. Leaves alternate rarely almost opposite or verticillate. 78 78 (a) Stamens 1-4 or 6. Perianth of 4 distinet leaves, imbricatein bud. Ovary 2-celled very rarely 3-4-celled. Seeds exal- buminous. Herbs, rarely undershrubs. Leaves exstipulate. Ovules parietal. Cruciferae. (0) Stamens 5, 8, or more. Perianth valvate in bud, or 5-10-lobed and imbricate. Ovary 3-20-celled. Seeds albuminous. Trees or shrubs, rarely undershrubs. 79. MONOCHLAMYDEAE. 47 79 (2) Perianth imbricate in aestivation, more or less irregular, corolline. Leaves exstipu- late, entire. Anthers dehiscing by apical pores. Ovary 5-20-celled. LHvricaceae. (4) Perianth valvate or open in aestivation, regular, usually herbaceous. Leaves usually stipulate. 80. 80 (a) Stamens 5-15, monadelphous, more rarely 5,free. Dise wanting. Sterculiaceae. (4) Stamens numerous, free, inserted on the disc. Tropical America and Africa. Tiliaceae. 81 (a) Aquatic plants. Perianth 3-lobed or re- duced to small scales or hairs. Seeds exalbuminous. Herbs, usually of a moss-like appearance. Styles 2-3. Podostemaceae. (0) Terrestrial plants. Perianth 4-5-lobed or -partite. Seeds albuminous, 82. 82 (a) Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves undivided, entire or dentate. Styles and cells of the ovary 3-5. Seeds with a mealy albumen and a peripherical embryo. Ficoideae. (6) Herbs with divided leaves, or more frequently shrubs or trees. Styles and cells of the ovary 2. Seeds with a 48 KEY TO PLANTS. fleshy albumen and an axile embryo. Leaves stipulate. Asia, America, Aus- tralasia. Saxifrageae. 83 (a) Ovary 1-celled, sometimes incompletely (1) several-celled. 84. (2) Ovary completely several-celled. ot 84 (a) Ovule 1.* 85. (2) Ovules 2 or more. 91. 85 (2) Stamens as many as, and alternate with the perianth-segments. Perianth corol- line. Flowers in heads, which are rarely reduced to a single flower. Perianth gamophyllous, valvate. Stamens 5, in- serted on the tube of the perianth. Anthers coherent. Compositae. (6) Stamens as many as, and opposite to the perianth-segments, or fewer, or more numerous. Perianth calycine or want- ing. 86. 86 (a) Leaves stipulate. 87. (0) Leaves exstipulate. 88. 87 (a) Leaves opposite. Micropyle and radicle inferior. Male flowers spicate, destitute *In Loranthaceae and Cupuliferae the ovules are usually not to be distinguished from the substance of the ovary during the flowering period. The former have 1 style and 1 ovule, the latter 2 or more styles and ovules. MONOCHLAMYDEAE. 49 of a perianth. Female flowers capitate or paniculate, furnished with a 3-dentate perianth. Stamen 1. Stigmal. Asia, America, Polynesia. Chloranthaceae. (6) Leaves alternate. Micropyle and radicle superior. Flowers furnished with a perianth, rarely the male ones destitute of it, and then flowers on a concave re- ceptacle or stigmas 2. Urticaceae. 88 (a) Leaves pinnate. Trees. Stamens 3-40. Leaves alternate. Flowers in spikes or catkins. Europe, Asia, America. Juglandeae. (0) Leaves simple, and entire or toothed, or wanting. Herbs or shrubs. Stamens 1-5. 89. 89 (a) Leaves opposite or verticillate, sometimes reduced to scales. Parasitical shrubs, growing upon trees. Perianth valvate. Stamens 2-4. Stigmal. Loranthaceae. (2) Leaves alternate or wanting. Herbs or terrestrial shrubs. 90. 90 (az) Plants destitute of green colour and of perfect leaves. Perianth valvate or open in the bud, or wanting. Stamens 1-3, Herbs. Flowers in spikes or spadices. Balanophoreae. D 50 KEY TO PLANTS. (0) Plants of a green colour, nearly always provided with perfect leaves. Perianth imbricate in the bud. Stamens 5. Style lor 0. Stigmas several. Chenopodiaceae. 91 (a) Ovules 2-4, 92. (6) Ovules 6 or more. 93. 92 (a) Stamens as many as_ perianth-segments, 3-6. Ovules suspended from the top of a central placenta. Seeds albuminous. Santalaceae. (6) Stamens twice as many as _ perianth- segments, 8-10. Ovules suspended from the top of the cell. Seeds exalbuminous. Tropics and South Africa. Combretaceae. 93 (a) Leaves stipulate. Shrubs or trees. Flowers moncecious. Ovary imperfectly several-celled, with 2 ovules in each cell. Seeds exalbuminous. Cupulrferae. (5) Leaves exstipulate. Shrubs or trees, with dicecious or hermaphrodite flowers, or more frequently herbs. Ovary imper- fectly several-celled, with more than 2 ovules in each cell, or perfectly one- celled. Seeds albuminous. 94. 94 (a2) Plants destitute of green colour. Leaves reduced to scales, or wholly wanting. MONOCHLAMYDEAE. 51 Stigma 1, usually entire. Fruit a berry. Herbs. Stamens 8 or more. Ovary 1-celled or incompletely many-celled. Cytinaceae. (4) Plants of a green colour. Leaves well- developed. Stigmas_ several, rarely stigma 1, lobed. Fruit a capsule. 95. 95 (a) Perianth 1-2-lipped or 3-lobed, valvate in bud. Stamens usually 6 and adnate to the style. Anthers dehiscing extrorsely (sometimes several of them laterally). Style 1, entire or cleft at the top. Ovary incompletely 4-6-celled. Flowers her- maphrodite. Aristolochiaceae. (4) Perianth 4-9-partite, regular or nearly so, imbricate or open in bud. Stamens free from the style, 4, 8,or more. Anthers dehiscing introrsely or laterally. Styles 2-4, separate. Ovary 1-celled, with 2-3 placentas, very rarely with 4, and then flowers dicecious. 96. 96 (a) Herbs with entire dentate or lobed leaves. Flowers hermaphrodite. Styles 2-3, en- tire. Perianth-leaves 4-5, imbricate. Stamens as many or twice as many. Europe, Asia, America. Saxifrageae. (4) Herbs with dissected or pinnately-com- 52 KEY TO PLANTS. pound leaves, or trees with entire or dentate leaves. Flowers dicecious, rarely polygamous. Styles 3, bifid, or 4 Europe, Asia, America. Datisceae. 97 (a) Ovule in each cell 1. 98. ($3) (6) Ovules in each cell 2 or more.* 103. 98 (a) Ovary-cells and styles or stigmas 2. 99. (2) Ovary-cells and styles or stigmas 3 or more. 101. 99 (a) Perianth in the male flowers wanting, in the female flowers a narrow, dentate limb. Seeds exalbuminous. Trees or shrubs. Leaves stipulate, alternate. Flowers moncecious, the males in cat- kins, the females in spikes or heads. Ovules pendulous. Europe, Asia, North America. Cupuliferae. (6) Perianth in all flowers more or less corol- line. Seeds albuminous. JHerbs or undershrubs, more rarely shrubs or trees, and then leaves exstipulate. 100. 100 (a) Perianth-leaves separate down to the * Compare Dioscoreaceae, belonging to Monocotyledons, but bearing frequently net-veined (and exstipulate) leaves. They have unisexual, usually dicecious flowers, 6 perianth- leaves, and 3 or 6 stamens. MONOCHLAMYDEAE. 53 ovary. Ovules pendulous. Flowers umbellate or capitate. Leaves alter- nate, rarely opposite, usually dissected. Stamens 5. Umbelliferae. (2) Perianth-leaves united beyond the ovary. Ovules ascending or horizontal. Flowers cymose or spicate. Leaves verticillate (very rarely opposite), entire. Rubiaceae. 101 (2) Herbs or undershrubs. Perianth-seg- ments imbricate in bud. Seeds with a mealy albumen and a curved embryo. Leaves alternate, exstipulate, undivided. Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous. Styles separate. Ovules pendulous. Ficoideae. (6) Shrubs or trees. Perianth-segments val- vate in bud. Seeds with a fleshy or cartilaginous albumen and a, straight embryo. 102. 102 (az) Ovules pendulous. Embryo minute. Flowers umbellate or capitate. Perianth divided down to the ovary. Fruit a drupe or berry. Araliaceue. (2) Ovules erect. Embryo large. Leaves entire or dentate. Ovary 3-4-celled. Rhamneae. 54 KEY TO PLANTS. 103 (a) Leaves stipulate. Flowers moncecious. Stigmas several. 104. (0) Leaves exstipulate. Flowers herma- phrodite or polygamous; in the latter case only 1 stigma. 105. 104 (2) Perianth calycine. Ovules in each cell 2. Fruit a nut. Trees or shrubs. Flowers spicate or capitate, rarely soli- tary. Cupuliferae. (b) Perianth corolline. Ovules in each cell numerous. Fruit a capsule or berry. See b _lo*). Herbs or shrubs. Leaves unequal-sided. NI. 144 Flowers cymose. Stamens numerous. | Style usually bifid. Begoniaceae. 105 (a) Perianth 1-2-lipped or 3-lobed, valvate in bud. Disc wanting. Albumen copious. Leaves alternate. Stamens usually 6 and adnate to the style. Anthers extrorse. Style simple, with a lobed stigma, or divided. Ovary 4-6- celled with several or many ovules in each cell. A ristolochiaceae. (0) Perianth 4-8-lobed or partite, imbricate in bud, or closed in the form of a cap. Disc present. Albumen wanting, Trees or shrubs. Leaves usually op- posite or verticillate, glandular-dotted. MONOCHLAMYDEAE. 55 Stamens numerous, free from the style. Style simple, with a usually entire stigma. Myrtaceae. POLY PETALAE. 1 (a) Ovary superior or nearly so. 2. (0) Ovary inferior to half-inferior. 165. 2 (a) Ovary 1, 1-celled or incompletely several- celled.* 3. (b) Ovary 1, completely or almost completely several-celled,** or ovaries several, dis- tinct. 54, 3 (a) Sepals 2, distinct, rarely connate in form of a cap. 4., (0) Sepals 3 or more, distinct or connate, in the latter case sometimes forming a 2- lipped or 2-lobed calyx ; in—this~case~ ovules attached to the ventral suture of the ovary. 5. * Rarely several rudimentary ovaries are present in the male flowers or besides the fertile one. Compare also some Menispermaceae with 1 sepal and 1 petal in the female flowers, and 4 sepals and a gamopetalous corolla in the male flowers. ** The latter, when the dissepiments are complete at the base and in the middle of the ovary, but do not cohere towards the top. POLYPETALAE. 57 4, (a) Leaves undivided. Ovules~2>or more, attached to a basal or central placenta. Embryo-surrounding a mealy albumen. Herbs or low shrubs. Flowers regular. Calyx—and~corolla imbriecate Style divided at-the-top into several stigmatose branches. Portulaceae. (4) Leaves lobed or dissected. Ovulesat- tached-to-2-or more parietal placentas, of which sometimes only 1 is fertile, bearing a-single ovule. Embryo minute, at the base of a fleshy albumen. Herbs or low shrubs. Leaves exstipulate. ‘Calyx-—andcorolla.imbricate; Stamens hypogynous, 4,6, or many. Style short or 0. Stigmas several or a lobed one. Papaveraceae. 5 (a) Perfect stamens 1-10. 6. (0) Perfect stamens more than 10, 40, 6 (a2) Style 1, simple, with 1 stigma or with several stigmas connected at their base, or sessile stigma 1. (¢ (4) Styles 2 or more, free or partially united, with separate stigmas, or sessile stigmas 2 or more. 51. 7 (a) Ovules 1-2. 8. (6) Ovules more than 2. 19. 58 KEY TO PLANTS. 8 (a) Leaves stipulate.* 9. (0) Leaves exstipulate. 10. 9 (a) Style basal. Sepals 5, the odd one pes- terior (next to the axis), rarely 4. Stamens perigynous. Rosaceae. (4) Style terminal or nearly so. Odd sepal, if present, anterior. Flowers usually irregular. Stamens usually perigynous and more than petals. Leguminosae. 10 (a) Leaves simple (entire, dentate, or lobed, rarely divided) or wanting. 1b (0) Leaves compound. 16. 11 (a) Flowers regular. 12. (0) Flowers distinctly irregular. 15. 12 (a) Sepals 3. Petals 3. Anthers dehiscing by recurved valves. Stamens perigyn- ous, usually 9. Seeds exalbuminous. Laurvneae. (0) Sepals 4-6. Petals 4-6. Anthers dehis- . cing by longitudinal slits. 13. 13 (a) Herbs or undershrubs. Flowers racemose. Sepals 4, imbricate. Petals 4, imbricate. Stamens 6, hypogynous, four of them * So also in some Sterculiaceae with regular flowers, 5 petals adhering to the staminal tube, and 5 hypogynous stamens opposite the petals. POLYPETALAE. 59 longer than the other two, Embryo curved. Cruciferae (6) Shrubs or trees. 14, 14 (az) Petals valvate in aestivation. Albumen copious. Embryo straight. Olacineae. (6) Petals imbricate in aestivation. Albumen wanting or nearly so. Ovule 1. Anacardiaceae. 15 (a2) Stamens 4-8, hypogynous. Anthers de- hiscing by pores. Flowers racemose. Ovules pendulous. Fruit indehiscent. _ Polygaleae. (0) Stamens 9-10, usually perigynous. Anthers dehiscing by longitudinal slits. Corolla papilionaceous. Leguminosae. 16 (a) Ovule 1. Shrubs or trees. Disc present. Albumen scanty or wanting. Anacardiuceae. (6) Ovules 2. Ly; 17 (a) Ovules ascending. Stamens 10, 5 of which are frequently imperfect, usually perigynous. Shrubs or trees. Flowers hermaphrodite. Petals5. Fruita folli- cular capsule. Seeds with an aril, ex- albuminous. Tropics. Connaraceae. (2) Ovules descending. Stamens 3-8, without staminodes, hypogynous. 18. 60 KEY TO PLANTS. 18 (a) Stamens 3-5. Seedsalbuminous. Shrubs or trees. Leaves translucently dotted. Flowers polygamous. Rutaceae. (0) Stamens 8. Seedsexalbuminous, Shrubs or trees. Leaves translucently dotted. Petals 4. Fruit drupaceous. Tropical America. Burseraceae. 19 (2) Ovules attached to a basal or a free cen- @) _tral placenta. 20. (6) Ovules attached to a sutural placenta or to parietal placentas. 24. 20 (z) Leaves opposite, entire, stipulate. Herbs or undershrubs. Petals 5, imbricate or open in bud. Stamens 3-5, as many as and alternate with the petals, or fewer. Fruit capsular. Caryophylleae. (2) Leaves alternate. 21, 21 (2) Stamens fewer or more numerous than the petals.* Trees or shrubs. Leaves entire, exstipulate. Petals valvate. Ovules 3, suspended from the top of a central placenta. Fruit drupaceous. Olacineae. (6) Stamens as many as the petals, and op- posite to them. 22. * Compare Styraceae with 5 petals slightly coherent at the base, 10 stamens, and basal erect ovules. POLYPETALAE. 61 22 (a) Petals valvate in the bud. Ovary imper- fectly 2-celled. Shrubs with tendrils. Leaves exstipulate. Calyx gamosepal- ous. Petals 4-5. Ovules 4, basal. Fruit a berry. A mpelideae. (4) Petals imbricate in the bud. Ovary per- fectly 1-celled. 23. 23 (a) Sepals 4-5. Petals 4-5. Ovules inserted on a more or less globose central placenta Shrubs or trees. Leaves exstipulate, entire or dentate. Fruit indehiscent, 1-seeded. Myrsineae. (0) Sepals 6 or more. Petals 6. Ovules basal. Sepals distinct. Berberideae. 24 (2) Ovules attached to a sutural placenta (to the ventral or dorsal suture of the ovary). 25. (2) Ovules attached to 2 or more parietal placentas. 27. 25 (a) Sepals and petals together 12. Stamens of the same number as the petals, and opposite to them, 4, 6, or 8. Flowers regular. Sepals distinct, petaloid. Petals imbricate. Stamens hypogynous. Berberideae. (0) Sepals and petals together 6-10. Stamens usually more numerous than the petals, 62 KEY TO PLANTS. rarely of the same number or fewer, and then 5. 26. 26 (a) Petals 4. Stamens 6, four of them longer than the two others. - Flowers regular or nearly so. Leaves exstipulate. Herbs or undershrubs. Sepals 4, distinct. Petals imbricate. Stamens hypogynous. Cruciferae. (2) Petals 5 or 1-3, rarely 4; in the latter case stamens 8-10. Flowers distinctly irregu- lar, more rarely regular or nearly so, but then leaves stipulate or shrubs or trees. Leguminosae. 27 (a) Petals 4. 28. (0) Petals 5. 29. 28 (a) Stamens 6, four of them longer than the two others. Flowers regular. Ovary sessile. Herbs or undershrubs. Flowers racemose. Sepals and petals imbricate in bud. Stamens hypogynous. Pla- centas 2. Fruit dry and indehiscent, or dehiscing in two valves. Cruciferae. (5) Stamens 4-10, equal, or nearly equal, in length. Flowers usually irregular. Ovary usually stipitate. Stamens hypo- gynous. Fruit baccate or debiscing in two valves. Capparideae. POLYPETALAE. 63 29 (a) Leaves pinnate. Stamens perigynous. Anthers dehiscing by 1 longitudinal slit. Trees. Flowers panicled, irregular. Stamens 5. Staminodes 5. Ovary stipitate. Placentas 3. Asia, Africa, America. Moringeae. (4) Leaves simple, entire dentate or lobed. Stamens hypogynous, or nearly so. Anthers dehiscing by 2 longitudinal slits. 30. 30 (2) Leaves stipulate. Placentas 3-5, only slightly projecting. Embryo large. Sta- mens 9. Violarieae. (4) Leaves exstipulate. Placentas 2-5, pro- jecting far into the ovarian cavity, or 2 only slightly projecting. Embryo small. Leaves alternate. Sepals imbricate. Stamens 5. Asia, Africa, Australasia. Pittosporeae. 31 (a) Ovule 1. 32. (6) (6) Ovules 2 or more. o4, 32 (a) Sepals 3. Petals3. Leaves usually stipu- late. Stamens usually 9. Styles 2-4. Albumen copious, mealy. Polygonaceae. (0) Sepals 4-6. Petals 4-6. 33. 33 (a) Stamens as many as and opposite to the petals. Leaves exstipulate. Flowers 64 KEY TO PLANTS. hermaphrodite. Calyx 5-lobed. Petals 5, hypogynous, imbricate. Disc 0. Style 5-partite. Plumbagineae. (6) Stamens as many as and alternate with the petals, or fewer, or more numerous than the petals.* Leaves exstipulate. Fila- ments free, more rarely adnate to the disc. Trees or shrubs. Disc usually present. Styles usually 3. Albumen thin or wanting. Anacardiaceae. 34 (a) Leaves opposite. 35. (6) Leaves alternate or (all) radical. 36. 35 (a) Segments of the calyx imbricate in aesti- vation. Ovules attached to a basal or central placenta. Herbs or undershrubs. Seeds albuminous. Caryophylleae. (6) Segments of the calyx induplicate-valvate in aestivation. Ovules attached to several parietal placentas. Herbs or undershrubs. Leavesexstipulate. Stamens 4-6, hypogynous. Style 2-4-fid. Albumen mealy. Frankeniaceae. 36 (a) Petals hypogynous. Shrubs or trees. *So also in some Lineae with only 1 fertile and 2-3 rudimentary ovary-cells. They have stipulate leaves, 5 petals furnished with a ligule on their inner face, 10 stamens connate at the base, and no disc. ey el POLYPETALAE. 65 Seeds exalbuminous. Ovules attached to basal or more or less parietal pla- centas. Leaves scale-like, exstipulate. Flowers spicate or racemose. Sepals and petals imbricate. Disc present. Seeds with a tuft of hairs at the top. Europe, Asia, Africa. Tamarisevnede. (0) Petals perigynous, more rarely hypo- gynous, and then herbs. Seeds albu- minous. Ovules attached to parietal placentas. 37. 37 (a) Anthers extrorse. Herbs with glandular hairs. Leaves circinate in bud. Sepals and petals imbricate in bud. Stamens isomerous. Disc 0. Placentas 2-5, al- ternating with the styles. Droseraceae. (4) Anthers introrse. — 88. 38 (a) Styles and placentas 2. Stamens usually twice as many as petals. Herbs. Saxifrageae. (6) Styles and placentas 3-5. Stamens as many as petals. 39. 39 (a) Receptacle (calyx-tube) enlarged to a disc- like or fringed corona, more rarely without a corona; in the latter case flowers unisexual. Petals imbricate (and not contorted) or valvate in bud, E 66 KEY TO PLANTS. usually persistent. Tendrils most fre- quently present. Ovary usually stipitate. Passifloreae. (0) Receptacle without a corona. Flowers hermaphrodite. Petals contorted in bud, deciduous. Calyx-lobesimbricate. Pla- centas 3, opposite to the styles. Asia, Africa, America. Turneraceae. 40 (a2) Style or sessile stigma 1; style undivided. (6) 41, (4) Styles or sessile stigmas 2 or more; styles separate or united below. 51. 41 (2) Ovule 1. ‘Trees. Leaves opposite, en- tire, exstipulate. Flowers polygamous. Petals hypogynous. Ovule basal. Seed exalbuminous. Tropics. Guttiferae. (6) Ovules 2 or more. 42. 42 (a2) Ovules basal, apical, central, or sutural. 43. (2) Ovules on several parietal placentas, 47. 43 (a) Petals and stamens hypogynous. Sepals imbricate in bud. 44, (4) Petals and stamens perigynous, rarely nearly hypogynous, but then sepals val- vate in bud. 45. 44 (a) Herbs. Leaves lobed or dissected. Sepals deciduous, Ovules several or many, at- POLYPETALAE, 67 tached to the ventral suture of the ovary. Seeds without an aril. Flowers race- mose or panicled. Ranunculaceae. (6) Shrubs. Leaves entire or dentate. Sepals persistent. Ovules 2, basal, rarely more numerous and attached to the ventral suture of the ovary. Seeds furnished with an aril. Flowers solitary or pani- cled. Tropics and Australia. Dilleniaceae. 45 (a) Ovules 2, inserted on a free central placenta, or more numerous, and in- serted on a basal or central placenta. Leaves exstipulate, entire. Calyx-lobes valvate. Style terminal. Lythrarieae. (0) Ovules 2, basal apical or sutural, or more numerous, and inserted on the ventral suture of the ovary. Leaves usually stipulate. 46. 46 (a) Calyx-lobes imbricate or open in aestiva- tion. Petals imbricate or open, 4-12. Ovules 2. Flowers usually racemose, Leaves usually simple. Rosaceae. (2) Calyx-lobes valvate or closed in aestiva- tion. Petals usually valvate or 1-3. Ovules usually more than 2, rarely 2 and descending, and then flowers spicate 68 KEY TO PLANTS. or capitate. Leaves compound or phyl- lodineous. Style terminal, or nearly so. Lequminosae. 47 (a) Filaments connate throughout. Trees. Leaves alternate, exstipulate, translu- cently dotted. Flowers regular. Anthers extrorse. Style simple, stigma lobed. Fruit a berry. America and Madagascar. Canellaceae. () Filaments free or connate at the base only. 48. 48 (a) Leaves, at least the lowermost, opposite. Ovules orthotropous. Herbs, under- shrubs, or shrubs. Flowers regular. Petals caducous. Ovary sessile. Fruit capsular. Embryo curved or spiral. Albumen mealy or cartilaginous. Cistineae. (4) Leaves alternate. Ovules anatropous or amphitropous. 49, 49 (a) Style usually wanting, rarely distinctly discernible, in the latter case herbs. Albumen thin or wanting. Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous. Petals nearly always 4 and hypogynous. Ovary almost invariably stipitate. Em- bryo curved, Capparideae, POLYPETALAE. 69 (6) Style distinctly discernible. Shrubs or trees. Albumen copious, fleshy. 50. 50 (a) Petals resembling the sepals. Ovules on each placenta numerous. Petals and stamens more or less perigynous. Leaves entire or toothed. Flowers regular. Ovary sessile. Samydaceue. (4) Petals sensibly different from the sepals, more rarely resembling them, but then only few ovules on each _ placenta. Petals and stamens hypogynous, or nearly so. Flowers regular. Dbizxineae. 51 (a2) Flowersirregular. Petals open in aestiva- (40) tion. Ovary open at the top. Herbs. Leaves stipulate, alternate. Flowers racemose. Petals laciniate. Disc 1- sided. Seeds exalbuminous. Europe, West Asia, North Africa. Resedaceae. (0) Flowers regular. Petals imbricate in aestivation. Ovary closed. Herbs with exstipulate leaves, or shrubs, or trees. 52. 52 (a) Flowers unisexual. Leaves stipulate, al- ternate. Shrubs or trees. Seeds albu- minous. Africa, America. Biaineae. (4) Flowers hermaphrodite. Leaves exstipu- late. 53. 70 KEY TO PLANTS. 53 (a) Leaves alternate. Undershrubs, shrubs, or trees. Flowers solitary .or spicate or racemose. Seeds hairy. Europe, Asia, Africa. Tamariscinede. (2) Leaves opposite. Flowers solitary or cymose. Seeds exalbuminous. Hy pericineae. 54 (@) Ovaries several, distinct or connate at the 2) base only, with wholly distinct styles and stigmas. 55. (0) Ovaries several, with connate styles or stigmas, or ovary 1. 69. 55 (a) Petals and stamens perigynous. 56. (0) Petals and stamens hypogynous. 59. 56 (a) Sepals, petals, and stamens arranged in a spiral manner. Anthers extrorse. Shrubs. Leaves opposite, undivided, exstipulate. Receptacle (calyx-tube) urceolate. Fruits indehiscent. Seeds exalbuminous. North America. Calycanthaceae. (6) Sepals, petals, and stamens arranged in whorls. Anthers introrse. 57. 57 (a) Leaves stipulate, alternate. Odd calyx- lobe posterior. Rosaceae. (0) Leaves exstipulate. 58. 58 (a) Leaves compound, alternate. Shrubs or trees. Stamens as many, or twice as POLYPETALAE. 71 many as petals. Ovules 2. Fruits cap- sular. Tropics. Connaraceae. (4) Leaves simple, entire dentate or lobed. Herbs or undershrubs, rarely shrubs with opposite leaves. Receptacle only slightly concave. Stamens as many, or twice as many as petals. Fruits capsu- lar. Seeds albuminous. Crassulaceae. 59 (a2) Stamens as many to twice as many as _ sepals. 60. (5) Stamens more than twice as many as sepals, 66. 60 (a) Ovule in each carpel 1.* 61. (4) Ovules in each carpel 2 or more. 62. 61 (a) Leaves opposite or verticillate. Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous. Petals 5. Stamens10. Carpels 5-10. Shrubs. Leaves exstipulate. Coriarieae. (4) Leaves alternate. Flowers dicecious. Pet- als 6, rarely 3. Stamens 6, opposite to the petals, rarely 9 or 12. Carpels 3. Climbing plants. Leaves exstipulate. Menispermaceae. * Compare Platanaceae with indistinct, scale-, or hair- like sepals and petals, stipulate leaves, and capitate flowers, and some