MARINE BIOLOGICAL LABORATORY,

ea

Received..Julvyv...28 e422 %. 7.5.4

. ' a 0O7
Accession No:.....B9LG08 ....u. gy aaa.
Given by .nry.0468-Hunmphri ETO O
Place, .....-2.. Jo stor 5 Me S-S-e-- Se

*,* No book or pamphlet is to be removed from the Lab~
oratory without the permission of the Trustees,

Da

6 4STS Too TOEO g

WONKA

TEIN

Animals of the Seashore

ANIMALS of the SEASHORE

by

HORACE "G- RICHARDS

ResEearcu Associate, New Jersey State Museum

nh? =<, Sr G

\“ \
‘=

BOSTON

BRUCE-EUMPHRIES, INC.

PUBLISHERS

Copyright, 1938, by
BRUGE HUMPHRIES, ‘Inc.

Printed in the United States of America

To My Parents

PREFACE

Every year thousands of vacationists visit the
summer resorts of the New Jersey coast. The popu- |
lation of such resorts as Atlantic City, Cape May,
Wildwood, and Beach Haven is doubled many times
when the warm summer months send throngs of
Philadelphians, New Yorkers, as well as residents
of more distant places, to the seashore to enjoy the
cool breezes and the salt water bathing.

Rivaling New Jersey’s beaches, Long Island has
its Rockaway, Jones Beach and many other resorts
from the popular Coney Island to the ultra-fashion-
able Southampton Beach.

South of New Jersey, we find Rehoboth Beach,
Delaware, Ocean City, Maryland, Virginia Beach,
Virginia, and scores of smaller resorts that in their
turn draw countless summer visitors from the inland
cities.

Many of these vacationsts like to walk along the
beach and look with curiosity upon the strange forms
of animal life that can be found in the tide pools, the
mud flats or washed on the sandy shores. While
these sea shells, corals, and the like may not be as
beautiful or colorful as those found on the more
tropical beaches, they also have much beauty and
fascination and often have peculiar stories to tell.
It is of these sea animals, found along our Middle
Atlantic Coast, that this guide book attempts to
treat.

In addition to being a guide for the summer
visitor to the seashore, it is hoped that this book will
be used by students in schools and colleges and that

it will encourage them to try to learn something
more of the strange creatures that live between the
tides or beneath the waters of the ocean.

No pretense is made at a complete catalogue of
the invertebrate animals of the Hast Coast, or even
those of the State of New Jersey. An attempt has ~
been made, however, to discuss and illustrate all of
the common and many of the rarer species: that
would be found by the easual collector along the
coast of New Jersey and its neighboring’ states.
While many of the records are specifically from New
Jersey, the same animals would in most cases be
found in similar situations between Cape Cod and
Cape Hatteras. Thus it is hoped that the book also
will serve as a guide to the study of the sea animals
found along the seashore between Southern New
Kngland and the Carolinas.

The author began collecting and studying the
sea animals of the New Jersey coast in 1927 while a
student at the University of Pennsylvania, and fora
while was associated with Professor A. K. Parr in a
survey of this coast conducted by the United States
Bureaus of Fisheries.

The identifications of many of the species have
been verified by specialists in the respective branch-
es of zoology. In addition to checking the identi-
fication, certain of these specialists have critically
read the manuscript of the chapters or sections on
the particular group of animals in which they are
most interested. For such splendid cooperation the
author is indebted to the following:-

Dr. O. E. Nelsen, University of Pennsylvania
(Coelenterata)

Mr. A. H. Clark, United States National Museum
(KHchinoderms)

Dr. R. 8S. Osburn, Ohio State University (Bryozoa)

Dr. J. P. Moore, University of Pennsylvania
(Worms)

Dr. A. Treadwell, Vassar College (Worms)

Mr. E. G. Vanatta, Academy of Natural Sciences

1 (Mollusks)

Dr. Waldo L. Schmitt, United States National
Museum (Crustacea)

Dr. Mary J. Rathbun, United States National
Museum (Decopoda)

Mr. Clarence Shoemaker, United States National
Museum (Amphipcda)

Mr. J. O. Maloney, United States National Museum
(Isopoda)

Dr. H. A. Pilsbry, Academy cf Natural Sciences
(Cirripedia )

Dr. Willard G. Van Name, American Museum of
Natural History (Tunicates)

While many of the identifications have been
checked by these specialists, it has not been possible
to have this done in all cases, so the author assumes
the responsibility for the identifications used in this
book.

Many of the illustrations are original; others
have been borrowed from various sourees. The
author is especially indebted to the New York Zoo-
logical Society, the New Jersey State Museum and
the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia
for the loan of certain cuts.

Photographs of published and unpublished 1l-
ustrations were supphed by. the United States
National Museum, the American Museum of Natural
History, the Connecticut Geological and Natural
History Survey (through Dr. W. R. Coe), the
Museum of Zoology, Copenhagen, Denmark (through

QO. T. Mortensen), Dr. R. C. Osburn, Dr. R. 8S. Bassler,
Dr. W. G. Van Name, and Mr. L. C. Brownell.

Permission to copy certain published illustra-
tions, either by photographing or drawing, has kind-
ly been granted by the United States Bureau of Fish-
eries, the Carnegie Institution of Washington and
the Museum of Comparative Zoology of Harvard >
University.

The drawings of Plates 2, 3, 11, 18, Pig. 2s
well as the map were made by Mr. Walter Ziomek
of the New Jersey State Museum and those of Figs
o, 8, 9 and 10, by Mr. John Boezek.

Unfortunately, space will not permit the
acknowledgment of all who have aided in the prepa-
ration of the book—the collecting and the study of
the material as well as the task of preparing the
manuscript and the plates for publication.

CONTENTS

Page
Meee OR ee ee hn a sa tor vie eentem ty eel a as D
Phe-Ocean and Its Inhabitantss..2.¢. .. «-. 15
Sea Animals of the Atlantic Coast ....... 18

Collecting along the New Jersey Coast... 22
Fossil Shells of the New Jersey Beaches .. 27

BOM ere runs ah ee outa: Git tees Se ee ol
Weclenpenatars oy oese as aie ea Ga 38
CEEMOPMORA, cote. ciulx talon: Pee. ae eae es 76
Meminogderiata<) s.jek eae se aes. oe a
TS EVO HORE 02 eG eat, Fn aoe ee 98
STC incl ae ME et eee foie eae 110
UICC TN DES Cos ae ae ee DRM Atlee a EISSN Re pe 134
CTR EIST Coe: Mapa es eet MRE Seg ERE ER lo Rc 199
RAC MM ORCA: Ali os. VR. ee eae Sat 245
HSC OReD ae conn ore Me en Me aa aR ear 248
CISYO TSG (1 aie eter OS Pa Oe Ea PM Bs cn oe 250
J i]o3 s(Cleie2y 0h arene an eee ar oN AP Cee 207
AGA
Kagem »N

i SA wow “\F | |
5 LIBRARY a 49 | 36
e PRY oy

Can Ag at Sy

Doe
o
Ee ON TARI
se ort

eat

V7)
es NEW YORK

NORTH CAROL

D
Cc
ae a> CAPE HATTERAS
ees als

st
Ne less
\ ns CAPE LOOKOUT

> VG

\. gis
Seay
Dos CAPE FEAR

CHAPTER ONE
THE OCEAN AND ITS INHABITANTS

Ever since the earliest times the ocean has held
a fascination for man. At first it was worshipped
as a superhuman power, or personified as a god
such as the Roman Neptune or the Greek Poseidon.
Later man strove to conquer its mysteries and to
learn something concerning its great extent, its
depth and also the animals and plants that lived
beneath its surface.

By the beginning of the Christian era there
had been numerous voyages of discovery and man
had become more acquainted with some of the
mysteries of the sea. Many strange animals had
been collected from various parts of the ocean.
About this time the Roman naturalist, Pliny the
Elder, compiled a natural history in which he listed
176 animals from the ocean. He must have been
rather pleased with his work, for he remarked: ‘‘ By
Hercules, there exists nothing in the sea and in the
ocean, vast as they are, that is unknown to us, and, a
truly marvelous fact, it is with these things that
nature has concealed in the deep that we are best
acquainted. ”’

Today we are not quite so sure that we know
all the animals of the ocean. _ Every expedition to
remote parts of the world brings back scores of new
species of sea animals and even explorations in
waters nearer home frequently bring to light spect-

15

16 ANIMALS OF THE SEASHORE

mens either new to science or not hitherto reported
in this part of the world.

Sea animals, like the rest of the animal kingdom,
are divided into two main groups, vertebrates and in-
vertebrates. The vertebrates include those animals
that possess a backbone. In the sea this group is
represented by the fishes, whales, porpoises and a
few lesser known animals. The other group, the in-
vertebrates, includes the more primitive forms of
animal life. Although many species are very small,
the invertebrates comprise the great majority of the
inhabitants of the sea. These creatures, such as the
jelly-fish, starfish, crabs, the inhabitants of sea shells
and the like, make up the most conspicuous feature
of the animal life of the seashore. Even the most
casual visitor to the seacoast cannot help but observe
a few of the invertebrate animals of the region, even
if it be only on the dining room table. Moreover,
a great many visitors to the shore make collections
of the various shells, crabs, or other specimens that
they find washed upon the beach. It is with these
invertebrate animals that we shall be concerned in
this book.

Various systems of classification of the inverte-
brate animals have been proposed. According to
the arrangement used here there are ten main divi-
sions or phyla, each one of which is discussed in a
separate chapter with the exception of the phylum
Arthropoda which is discussed in three chapters,
one dealing with the Crustacea (Crabs, Shrimp,
ete.), another with the Arachnoidea (Spiders,
King Crabs, ete.) and the third with the Insecta
(Insects). The various phyla are in turn divided
into smaller groups—classes, orders and families.
Only a few of the more important subdivisions are

THE OCEAN AND ITS INHABITANTS 17

outlined in this book since their description would
require the use of too many technical terms.

A family is composed of a number of different
animals that are all closely related. Each kind of
animal has two names—first a genus name which
always comes first and begins with a capital letter;
this is followed by a species name which always
begins with a small letter even if it is named for a
person or place. Closely related animals have the
same genus name but always different species names.
In a few cases there is a third or variety name which
follows the species name, but for most animals two
names are sufficient.

The name of the animal is always followed by
the name of the man who first described it. For in-
stance, Asterias forbesi Desor is the common starfish
and was first described by Desor in 1848 and was
named in the honor of Forbes. Asterias tenera Stimp-
son is a related starfish that was described by Stimp-
son. The fact that they have the same genus name
shows that they are closely related.

CuaPtTer Two
SEA ANIMALS OF THE ATLANTIC COAST

The marine animals of the Atlantic coast of
North America can be classified roughly speaking’
by the zones or provinces in which they live. Obvi-
ously these zones are not separated from each other
by sharp lines, but nature has created a great many
factors that play a part in the distribution of sea
animals and no form of animal or plant life will
conform to arbitrary man-made laws or boundaries.
Certain of these zones are better differentiated than
others. So, while this grouping of animals into
regions is arbitrary and not always accurate, it does
serve as a convenience and is often of considerable
help to both the amateur collector and the student
of marine life.

Perhaps the most important boundary is Cape
Cod. Any visitor to the region will perceive the
considerable difference in ocean temperature north
and south of the cape. It has long been recognized
that the waters around Cape Cod were the meeting
place of two faunas, the Acadian from the north and
the Virginian from the south. It was once pointed
out that there is a greater difference between the
marine algae (seaweeds) of Massachusetts Bay and
Buzzards Bay which are just a few miles apart, the
former north of Cape Cod and the latter south of
it, than there is between the flora of Massachusetts
Bay and the Bay of Fundy, or between those of

18

SEA ANIMALS OF THE ATLANTIC COAST 19

Nantucket and Norfolk. The same thing, perhaps
in a lesser degree, is true of the marine animals.
The most important reason for this fact is the
presence of the cold Labrador Current north of Cape
Cod and the warm Gulf Stream that flows south of
the cape.

Other factors also play a part. For instance,
Cape Cod itself acts as a barrier and helps keep
distinet the animals north and south of that cape.
Again, the rocky coast of New England is very
different from the sandy beaches of the south shore
of Long Island and from New Jersey southward.
This variation in habitat accounts for some of the
differences in the marine life of the two regions.

Proceeding southward the next important
boundary line is reached at Cape Hatteras and here
again we note a marked change in the fauna. As at
Cape Cod, there is a noticeable difference in the
water temperature north and south of Hatteras,
although here the change is more gradual. The
Gulf Stream, which is fairly close to the shore from
Florida north to Hatteras, is deflected out to sea at
this point and proceeds northward a greater distance
from shore. The warmer waters south of Cape
Hatteras allow the growth of coral reefs and thereby
afford a habitat for sea animals not known north of
that cape.

There is somewhat of a boundary at the south-
ern part of Florida and many species are restricted
to the perpetually warm seas of the Florida Keys,
the Bahamas and the West Indies. It is in these
tropical waters that one finds the greatest variety
and abundance and beauty of marine life. The
many colored shells are rivalled by the brillance
of the corals, sea fans, sponges and other inhabitants
of the tropical sea.

20 ANIMALS OF THE SEASHORE

The region north of Cape Cod is sometimes
divided into two zones with a boundary at the Gulf
of St. Lawrence. This boundary, like that of
southern Florida, is not well defined and the transi-
tion between the two is more gradual.

The following zones may thus be recognized:

Arctic Arctic Seas to the Gulf of

St. Lawrence
Acadian Gulf of St. Lawrence to Cape Cod
Virginian Cape Cod to Cape Hatteras
Carolinian Cape Hatteras to Florida
Caribbean Florida Keys, West Indies, ete.

The region to be treated in this book lies in the
Virginian Zone—between Cape Cod and Cape Hat-
teras. Although most of the animals described and
illustrated were actually obtained from the coast of
New Jersey, practically the same fauna would be
found along the entire coast between the two above
mentioned capes.

Near. Cape Cod, however, a large number of
species from the Acadian Zone lap over into the
region south of Cape Cod. In addition, many rock
dwelling forms extend their range as far south as
Long Island, the southern limit of the rocky coast-
line. Because of this overlapping of faunas, the
region in the vicinity of the Marine Biological.
Laboratory at Woods Hole, Massachusetts has a
rather large fauna composed of both northern and
southern elements.

Again, at and near Hatteras we find a mingling
of the faunas, and many Carolinian or Caribbean
species extend some distance north of that cape.

As we have seen, this zoning is very arbitrary
and the animals will not stay within their ‘‘proper’’
zones. This point is brought out in the following

SHEA ANIMALS OF THE ATLANTIC COAST 21

chapters when numerous species are recorded for the
first time in New Jersey far north or south of their
known distribution.

Furthermore, many animals, common in shallow
water along the northeastern coast, extend south
in deeper water where the temperature is lower.
Certain echinoderms and mollusks, which are com:
mon in shallow water along the coast of Maine and
Northern New England, extend their range as far
south as Cape Hatteras in water of considerable
depth. Among these may be mentioned the Green
Sea Urchin (Strongylocentrotus drobachtensis), the
Bloody Starfish (/Tlenricia sanguinolenta) and the Sea
Seallop (Pecten grandis).

In addition, certain northern animals extend
their ranges southward during the colder months
of the winter; conversely numerous southern ani-
mals migrate north of their normal range in the
warmest parts of the summer.

There are so many factors that combine to
determine the distribution of marine animals that
it is very difficult to map even approximate zones.
Nevertheless, the above mentioned zones have cer-
tain characteristic species and are used as a matter
of convenience.

CHAPTER THREE

COLLECTING ALONG THE NEW JERSEY
COAST

The shore-line of New Jersey from Bay Head
to Cape May is made up of coastal islands, separated
from each other and from the mainland by bays
and inlets. These islands vary in width from a few
hundred yards to more than a mile. Above Bay
Head there are numerous inlets but the mainland
extends down to the ocean. On the bay side of these
islands is the salt marsh.

This same description, with slight modifications,
would hold true for the entire Virginian Zone, from
the South Shore of Long Island to Cape Hatteras,
North Carolina.

Seashore animals are usually particular about
their place of living; some prefer the mud flats of the
harbors and bays while others prefer a sandy asso-
ciation; still others require a rocky situation. Many
of these animals also have distinct preferences as to
the depth of water. Some are always found between
the tides while others prefer the shallow water a
short distance off shore. Then there are the deep
sea dwellers—those animals that live in the extreme
depths of the ocean and which seldom or never are
found near shore.

22

COLLECTING ALONG NEW JERSEY COAST 23

The usual collector is interested in those animals
which he can obtain most readily, namely the forms
of the littoral or intertidal zone, or those of the
shallow sea which are frequently cast upon the beach
by the waves.

Perhaps the best places to obtain a large number
of different kinds of sea animals are tidal mud flats
such as occur along the various bays, harbors and
inland waterways of the region. The soft nature of
the mud makes it easy for many specres to burrow
down and build their homes. In addition, the mud
flats are usually protected from the action of the
waves. It is in such associations that one finds
various species of worms, sea cucumbers, and many
mud-boring mollusks such as both the Hard Shell
(Venus mercenaria) and Soft Shell (Mya arenaria)
Clam, the Razor Clam (Knsis directus), the Large
Angel Wines (Pholas costata).

On the surface of these flats can usually be seen
thousands of Mud Snails (Nassa obsoleta) and Fiddler
Crabs (Uca pugnazx).

A sandy beach is not a good place to look for
living sea animals. It is usually difficult for these
animals to burrow into the hard sand and they would
consequently be exposed to the force of the waves.
Some animals, however, have adapted themselves to
this type of association and can be looked for on
sandy beaches. Some worms burrow in the sand
between tides while a few species actually construct
more or less permanent tubes out of the sand grains
(Sabellaria vulgaris, Cistenides gouldit, ete.).

The Sand Crab or Ghost Crab (Ocypoda albicans)
can frequently be seen scurrying over the beach and
disappearing into its hole near or above high water
mark. The Sand Bug or Hippa (f£mertta talpoida)

24 ANIMALS OF THE SEASHORE

and the Lady Crab (Ovalipes ocellatus) burrow into
the sand close to low water mark. Among the mol-
lusks the Surf Clam (Mactra solidissima), the Moon
Snail (Polinices duplicatus) and the tiny Wedge Clam
(Donax fossor) often live along sandy beaches.

Many animals of the shallow sea zone, or the
off shore communities, are often found on the beach
where they have been carried by the waves. If one
walks along one of the New Jersey beaches after a
severe storm, he is apt to find a great variety of
strange sea animals that have been washed either
living or dead upon the beach.

After one storm the beach may be strewn with
thousands of Red Sponges (Microciona prolifera) car-
ried from the oyster grounds of Delaware Bay.
After another storm one may find instead a
ereat many tropical species carried from the Gulf
Stream which lies about 100 miles off shore.
The Portuguese Man of War (Physalia pelagica), the
Gulf Weed Crab (Planes minutus), and other unusual
specimens are among the rarer visitors to the New
Jersey coast.

New Eneland is noted for its ‘‘stern and rock-
bound coast,’’ New Jersey for its sandy beaches.
Certain species of sea animals are usually found
associated with rocks and would not be expected
along the sandy coast of New Jersey. However, in
recent years, rock jetties and breakwaters have been
built at a number of places along the coast of that
state and thus homes are provided for some of these
rock-loving species. Among the New England
species that are seldom found in New Jersey waters
except on the ‘‘Rock Piles’’ are the Periwinkles
(Littorina litorea, L. rudis and L. palliata) and the Rock
Barnacle (Balanus balanoides).

COLLECTING ALONG NEW JERSEY COAST 25

The woodwork of wharves and piling are often
eovered with marine life. Sponges, hydroids, bry-
ozoa, sea anemones, sea squirts, mussels and Ivory-
Barnacles, together with a dense growth of algae, al-
most completely cover many such wooden structures.
Destructive species such as the Ship Worm (Teredo
navalis), the boring isopod (Limnoria lignorum) are
also found wherever there is unprotected wood.

The species of the salt marsh are usually very
limited in number. The water is brackish, being
diluted with fresh water, and is harmful to many
species. Moreover, parts of the marshes are entirely
exposed above the water for certain periods of time.
The animals of the salt marsh must be able to with-
stand these changing conditions. Among the species
most characteristic of the New Jersey salt marshes
are the Horse Mussel (JJodiolus demissus), the Fiddler
Crabs (Uca pugnax, U. pugilator, U. minax), the Salt
Marsh Periwinkle (Littorina trrorata) and the Coitce
Snail (Melampus linetaus).

To obtain the animals of the shallow sea zone
it is most desirable to obtain a boat. A small dredge
or even a bucket or shrimp net can be dragged be-
hind a row boat. In this way it is possible to obtain
a small idea of some of the inhabitants of the shallow
water close to shore especially in the bays and
harbors.

As one goes farther out to sea, the depth of the
water increases and with it the difficulty of obtaining
specimens from the bottom of the sea. A larger boat
and more elaborate equipment are necessary for
water deeper than a few fathoms.

As we have seen, many of these off shore animals
are frequently uprooted from their homes at the bot-
tom of the sea and carried to the beach. The easiest

26 ANIMALS OF THE SEASHORE

way to collect some of these off shore animals is to
walk leisurely along one of the beaches after a severe
storm.

Obviously the animals of the greatest depths
are seldom or never carried to the beaches. It is
only those that live within a reasonable distance off
shore and at a reasonable depth that are even
occasionally found along the beach. For that reason
we will consider here, with a few exceptions, only
those species that ive within about twenty-five miles
of the shore and in water of twenty-five fathoms
(150 feet) or less in depth.

CuaptTer Four

FOSSIL SHELLS OF THE NEW JERSEY
BEACHES

It is well known that the oceans have not always
been in exactly the same places that they are today.
We know that at certain times in the history of the
earth the seas were higher and covered certain parts
of what is now land. Variations in the amount of
water in the sea together with movements of the land
have brought about these various changes in the
position of the oceans.

We find evidence for these ancient seas in the
fossil remains of sea animals—vertebrate and _ in-
vertebrate—that are found far from the present
seashore, even on the tops of mountains. Fossils
are defined as ‘‘remains or traces of animals or
piants that lived in a period earlier than the
present.’’ They may be petrified remains, or they
may be unaltered, consisting of the hard parts of
the original animal, such as bones or shells. Ordi-
narily fossil sea animals are easily recognized
because they are different from living species and
beeause they are often found far from salt water.

Fossil shells are often found washed up on the
sea beaches where they have been carried from some
nearby deposits on land or perhaps from some
deposit at the bottom of the sea. Many of these
shells are unaltered, and are difficult or impossible
to distinguish from recent shells. In many cases,
the species are extinet and are not to be found living

ry |

28 ANIMALS OF THE SEASHORE

anywhere in present seas. Such species are common
along parts of Chesapeake Bay and at certain places
along the coast of North and South Carolina.
Fossil shells are frequently found on the New
Jersey beaches, but they are almost always those of
species still living in the ocean. While they cannot
always be spotted with certainty, they can often be
recognized by their black color and worn character.
While most of these fossil shells belong to species
still living in the sea, there are a few that are not
living in the waters of New Jersey today. Some of
these live in warmer seas farther south between Cape
Hatteras and Florida. These are thought to have
lived perhaps 100,000 years ago during the last inter-
glacial stage, Just before the last great ice sheets
came down from the north. The seas were probably
warmer then than at present and it would have been
possible for these warm water animals to have lived
as far north as New Jersey. The deposit containing
these fossils is known as the Cape May formation.
During interglacial time there was more water
in the sea than at present because there was less ice
on the earth; the melting of the polar glaciers had
poured an extra quantity of water into the sea
causing it to submerge parts of the present land.
The advance of the ice in (Wisconsin) glacial time
caused sea level to fall.

In a few places along the New Jersey coast
fossils from this interglacial sea are found in gravel,
sand or clay above present sea level. However,
better fossils are obtained below the surface in well
borings or dredgings.

At certain places along the New Jersey coast,
especially on the coastal islands, real estate develop-
ments have been created by pumping sand upon the

FOSSIL SHELLS of NEW JERSEY COAST = 29

salt marshes by means of hydraulic dredging from
30 to 50 feet below the bottom of the thoroughfares
or channels back of the coastal islands. In the sand
thus pumped to the surface are often shells and other
remains of sea animals. These are probably from
the Cape May formation which underlies these
coastal islands, and which, as we have just seen,
was deposited during the last interglacial stage.
Many of the species now live only in more southern
waters and are the same as those frequently found
washed up on the beach. Two Mile Beach, south
of Wildwood, is the best place to collect these fossil
shells. Other similar hydraulic fills are found all
along the New Jersey coast, as well as at a few places
on the ‘‘Del-Mar-Va Peninsula. ’’

Some of the commoner of these warm water
fossils are listed in the chapters on mollusks.
The following is the complete list of the Pleistocene
shells of New Jersey which at present are restricted
to the warmer seas south of that state: Terebra
concava, T. dislocata, Fulgur perversuin, Polinices lactea,
Sinum perspectivum, Thais floridana, Fissurella alternata,
Mangelia stellata, Cantharus cancellaria, Arca ponderosa,
Transenella stimpsont, Rangia cuneata, Odostomia wim-
pressa Var. granitina, Chione cribaria. In addition these
fossil deposits contain many species still living in the
region.

A few species of fossil shells from the New Jersey
beaches are known alive only from the seas north of
New Jersey and thus indicate a former colder tempe-
rature. It is probable that these shells lived in the
sea during Glacial times, perhaps 25,000 years ago
when the climate was colder than it is today because
immense ice sheets covered the northern parts of
earth.

30 ANIMALS OF THE SEASHORE

There was less water in the sea than at present
because immense quantities of water were locked up
in the land ice. The shore line of New Jersey conse-
quently extended far beyond its present position.
For instance, the site of Atlantic City would have
been some 75 miles from the sea! Fossils laid down
in this glacial sea would have been deposited far
from the present shore line and would consequently
seldom be found on the beach except when they were
earried by unusually heavy seas.

The following species, at present only living north
of New Jersey, probably lived in this glacial sea:
Buccinum undatum, Neptunea decemcostata and Colus
gracilis, Neptunea stoneit, an extinct gastropod of
northern affinities, probably also is a shell of this
olacial sea. All these species are very rare on the
New Jersey beaches.

CHAPTER FIVE

PORLEBERA
(The Sponges)

Sponges at one time were regarded as plants.
When, at last, their animal nature was discovered,
their exact relationship and position in the animal
kingdom was not clear. For a while they were
thought to be large colonies or masses of unicellular,
microscopic animals. Finally, from a study of their
life history, it was concluded that they were individ-
ual multicellular animals. Although there are a
ereat Many microscopic animals made up of a single
cell (Protozoa), the sponges are usually regarded as
the simplest group of multicellular animals (Meta-
zoa).

The sponge with which everyone is familiar, the
commercial Bath Sponge, is really only the dried
skeleton of the original living animal. When these
large sponges are seen alive in their native environ-
ment, such as off the coast of Florida, they can be
seen to be covered with a thin gelatinous layer of
skin. After the sponges are obtained from their
home at the bottom of the sea, they are dried and in
this way the fleshy skin is removed.

The greatest variety of sponges of the east
coast of North America is found off Florida, the
Bahamas and the West Indies. Visitors to. Tarpon
Springs, Florida, or to Nassau, Bahamas, often visit
the sponge boats to see the interesting diving equip-
ment and the unusual animals found at the bottom

Jl

32 ANIMALS OF THE SEASHORE

of the sea associated with the sponges. Great quanti-
ties of sponges can usually be seen drying on the
wharves.

Although the large commercial sponges are
found only in warm seas, there are a number of
varieties that are found all along the east coast of
the United States. While these are mostly small and
of no commercial value, some are very beautiful.

A few sponges have rather peculiar habits. The
Red Sponge (Microciona prolifera) is often found
erowing on the back of Spider Crabs which use the
sponge as a camouflage. The Sulphur Sponge (Cliona
celata) bores into shells of oysters, clams and other
bivalves, and finally succeeds in killing the bivalve

Sponges have no regular mouths. Their bodies
contain a great number of small canals which finally
open again to the outside through larger openings
or oscula. These oscula are fairly conspicuous im
the ordinary Bath Sponge. Sea water is constantly
owing through these canals, entering the sponge
through the small pores and leaving it through the
larger oscula. As this steady stream of water is
passing through the sponge, the small microscopic
plants and animals in the water are removed by the
sponge and utilized as food.

The skeletal framework of sponges is composed
of a great many small fibers of a horny, calcareous
or silicious substance. These fibers are known as
spicules, and are very important in the classification
of the various species of sponges.

PORIFERA do

Cliona celata Grant (Sulphur Sponge,
(Cliona sulphurea Desor) Boring Sponge,

Yellow Coral,
“Punk

PLATE I. Fig. 1,4

The Boring Sponge is fairly common in New
Jersey waters, especially in the oyster grounds in
Delaware Bay, where it bores into the oyster shells.
This sponge usually consists of small, yellow, wart-
like protuberances which project about one-eighth
of an inch above the shell. However, at times it
grows out of the shell which it has excavated and
assumes a massive form, sometimes as much as three
feet square. This massive form of the sponge is
known to the fishermen as ‘‘Yellow Coral’’ or
‘“*Punk’’ and is frequently associated with good
fishing grounds. It is especially abundant in Dela-
ware Bay near ‘‘Old Bare Shoal,’’ off the mouth of
Mispillion River, Delaware, in Maurice River Cove
on the New Jersey side of the bay and in Ludlam’s
Bay near Sea Isle City, New Jersey. It is present,
but less conspicuous in other parts of the New Jersey
coastal waters. It is rarely found in the open ocean.

Many shells, especially the Oyster and Clam
(Venus), are cast up on the beach riddled with smali
holes, showing the work of this sponge.

Chalina arbuscula Verrill (Dead Man’s Fingers)

PEATE. “LS (Bis:-2Z

This branched or finger-like sponge lives in

Bua IT

Cliona celata Grant
Chalina arbuscula Verrill
Microciona prolifera Verrill

Shell bored by Cliona celata Grant

36 ANIMALS OF THE SEASHORE

water about fifty feet deep some ten miles off the
New Jersey coast. It is buff or grayish when alive
but as it dries it turns a yellowish color. Dried speci-
mens are occasionally found washed up on the New
Jersey beaches particularly in the northern part of
the state (Sandy Hook to Barnegat).

This sponge occurs in shallow water from Cape |
Cod to Cape Hatteras. <A closely related species,
Chalina oculata occurs off the coast of northern New
England.

Microciona prolifera Verrill (Red Sponge)

PLATE I. Fig. 3

This is the most common of the New Jersey
sponges. When young, it forms thin bright red
incrustations on shells; when fully grown, it rises
in irregular slender branches as much as six inches
high. It is very abundant on the oyster shells in
Maurice River Cove in Delaware Bay, Ludlam’s Bay,
Great Hee Harbor, Barnegat Bay and many other
parts of the Inland Coastal Waterways of New
Jersey. It is seldom found in the open ocean or
washed up on the ocean beaches.

In the spring, after the breaking up of the ice,
many sponges are dislodged from their shell and
washed upon the beaches of Delaware Bay. The
beaches at Cape May Point in early April are fre-
quently covered with great masses of this red sponge
which turns brown as it dries. The same occurrence
is noted after severe storms, for instance after
the ‘‘Northeaster’’ of Apml 12, 1928. It fre-
quently grows on the back of spider crabs

PORIFERA ot

(Libinia). At certain times this sponge is said to
be poisonous.
Found from New Eneland to the Carolinas.
ro)

Suberites compacta Verrill

An irregular elongate sponge, bright yellow in
color, occasionally found attached to shells or
stranded on the beach. Known from Maine to
Virginia but rare in New Jersey.

CHAPTER SIX

CORLENTERATA

1. HYDROZOA Hydroids: and small jellyfish
2. SCYPHOZOA Larger jellyfish
3. ACTINOZOA Sea Anemones and Corals

HYDROZOA

Hydroids at first glance resemble plants rather
than animals for they appear to have a stem, root,
branches and even flowers. In fact, they are very
often collected and preserved as sea-weeds. Never-
theless, they are really animals, or more strictly
speaking, groups or colonies of associated animals.
A true hydroid colony is made up of two, or in some
cases three, kinds of individuals or polyps, each
performing different functions for the benefit of the
entire colony. Some individuals have mouths and
tentacles and obtain the food for the colony; these
are the nutritive polyps. Other individuals serve a
reproductive function and produce the young of the
next generation. Some species possess a third type
of individual, serving a protective function. These
may be armed with thousands of small stinging cells
which serve the double purpose of protecting the
colony from enemies and in paralyzing the prey
which is to be used as food.

Many of the species of Hydrozoa pass through
what is known as Alternation of Generations; in
other words, they have two distinct forms, (1) the

38

COELENTERATA og

hydroid stage, briefly deseribed above and (2) the
medusa or jellyfish stage. As we have just seen,
this plant-like hydroid possesses reproductive
polyps; by a form of budding these polyps preduce
minute jellyfish. In many species these break loose
from the colony and become free-swimming hydro-
medusae. Although very minute when liberated,
they may attain a size of an inch or so at maturity.
In some species they always remain very minute and
attached to the hydroid stalk.

When the medusa is mature, it produces eges
which soon develop into minute free-swimming or-
ganisms known as planuae. Soon, however, these
planulae settle down and attach themselves to some
object and grow, plant-like, into a hydroid. Thus
the cyele is completed. The animal has passed
through an alternation of two generations (1) the
hydroid stage which reproduces by plant-like bud-
ding (asexually) to form (2) the medusa stage which
in turn reproduces by ege’s (sexually) to again form
the hydroid.

These two forms, hydroid and medusa, are
totally different in appearance and one would never
suspect that they belonged to the same species. In
fact, early naturalists did not realize this and gave
different names to the two stages.

Not all Hydrozoa pass through the same life
history. Some species have only a hydroid stage,
while others have only a medusa. One group
(Siphonophora) consists of large free-floating com-
munities. The Portuguese Man of War (Physalia
pelagica) is the best known example of this group.
(see page 59)

Most of the hydroids are very small and are
easily overlooked by the casual collector. The

40) ANIMALS OF THE SEASHORE

species are usually very difficult to determine and
the identifications are based upon the size, shape and
position of the reproductive polyps (gonosomes) and
upon the structure of the nutritive polyp or hy-
dranth. Some hydranths are uncovered (Tubulari-
idae) while most are protected by a horny receptacle
or hydrotheea.

Hydroids are usually attached to some solid
object by a_ root-like structure (hydrorhiza),
although a few float freely on the surface of the sea.
From this root arises the main stalk, which is usually
branched and from these branches hang the various
polyps.

The medusa stage resembles a tiny umbrella.
At the lower part of the handle (manubrium) is the
mouth which opens into various canals. A mem-
braneous velum or veil usually projects inward from
the rim of the umbrella.

The average collector along the New Jersey
coast will find only three conspicuous hydroids—
Tubularia crocea and Iydractinia echinata and Thuraria
argentea. Most of the other species are small and in
order to identify them it is necessary to make a
careful study of their structure with a fairly high
powered microscope. The student especially inter-
ested in the Hydrozoa will find them adequately
treated in the references cited in the bibhography.
For the benefit of the more casual student, condensed
descriptions of some of the New Jersey forms are
given here. In writing these descriptions free use
has been made of the sources cited in the biblio-
eraphy.

Tubularian Hydroids

Hydroids with naked hydranths, that is, without

any protective cups (hydrothecae).

COEKLENTERATA 41

This pinkish covering is found on shells and
occasionally on pebbles throughout the entire coastal
waters of New Jersey, as well as along the New
Kngland coast. The shells covered by /[]ydractinia
are frequently inhabited by Hermit Crabs (Parugus).

Under the microscope or fairly powerful lens
the rather complicated organization of this colony
ean be observed. There is a root-lke net work
covering the surface of the shell; from this covermg
various polyps or individuals of the colony arise.

Hydractinia echinata Fleming
Fig. 1

Hydractinia echinata Fleming

There are three types of polyp: one for feeding, one
for reproduction and a third type for protection,
armed with stinging cells or nematocysts.

The peculiar association between the Hydractinia
and the Hermit Crab in the shell is known as com-
mensalism, which is a sort of partnership formed
for mutual benefit. The crab benefits by being partly
concealed by the hydroid and by the stinging cells
of Hydractinia which protect it from enemies and
paralyze its prey; in exchange the hydroid obtains
transportation from the crab, thereby being able to

PEATE i

Thuiaria argentea Hllis and Solander
Clytia minuta Nutting

Clytia edwardsii Nutting
Bougainvillia carolinensis McCrady
Obelia commissuralis MceCrady
Plumularia inermis Nutting

Obelia flabellata Hincks
Gonothyrea loveni Allman

Obelia longissima Pallas

Sertularia pumila Linne

Obelia gelatinosa Pallas

Halecium gracile Verrill

Thuiaria cupressina Linne
Plumularia alternata Nutting
Campanularia verticillata Linne

Plumularia floridana Nutting

44 ANIMALS OF THE SEASHORE

procure a better food supply (microscopic organ-
isms) than if it were rooted to one spot.

Hydractinia is found in shallow water in tide
pools, inlets, and like situations, also in deeper water
off the coast at least to 26 fathoms.

Tubularia crocea Agassiz (Sea Strawberries)

PLATE UM. Bis.

This hydroid grows in large clusters; The stems
are smooth, about six inches in height and each is
surmounted with a flower-like head of deep pink.
This color gives the local name ‘‘Sea Strawberries. ”’
The reproductive zooids are not liberated as free
medusae (jellyfish) but remain attached to the stem
like a bunch of grapes.

It grows on wharves, wrecks, driftwood, ete.,
and occasionally on the back of Spider Crabs, from
New England to the Carolinas; it is more frequent in
hays and inlets than in the open ocean. After storms
this hydroid is frequently cast up on the beach,
either loose or attached to driftwood.

It is sometimes found in winter, but the polyp
has usually contracted within the tube during that
season.

Bougainvillia carolinensis McCrady

PLATE Il. Fig. 4

Branched; up to 12 inches in height although
usually less; nutritive polyps (hydranths) grow on
both main stem and branches; annulations (rings)
on stalk below the polyp. Polyp with single band of

COELENTERATA 45

tentacles above which there is a conical shaped
structure known as the proboscis bearing the mouth;
the proboscis is occasionally saucer-shaped; color
usually reddish brown.

Reproductive polyps (gonosomes) in clusters
on main stalk and branches; mature medusae (jelly-
fish) break off and become free swimming.

The hydroid is frequently found attached to
woodwork from Cape Cod southward.

For medusa of this species see page 04.

Eudendrium ramosum [Linne

Piatt -Riess9

Much branched; up to six inches in height; main
stem fascicled (compound, apparently made up of a
bundle of stems); annulations (rings) at base of
branches only; in many respects resembles Bougatn-
villia, but distinguished from it by its more trumpet-
shaped proboscis.

Two types of reproductive polyps (gonosomes) ;
male polyps red and usually found in clusters below
the nutritive polyp; female ones orange and pyri-
form; does not produce free medusae.

Labrador to North Carolina.

Pennaria tiarella McCrady

Fig. 2

Much branched; about six inches in height;
stems dark brown or black with conspicuous annula-
tions. The hydranths are pink; proboscis elongate;

46 ANIMALS OF THE SHASHORE

two rows of tentacles, one at basal portion of pro-
boscis, the other on the upper part of the proboscis.

Reproductive polyps attached to the hydranth
body just above the lower band of tentacles; the

Fig, 2
Pennaria tiarella McGrady

medusae thus formed sometimes remain attached
to the stalk; other times they become free swimming,
although always very minute (1.5 mm. bv 0.8 mm.).

This hydroid is abundant at Woods Hoje, Massa-
chusetts, and is known as far south as Florida In
New Jersey it lives off shore and the dead stems are
occasionally washed up on the beach.

Because of their small size the medusae have
not been observed in New Jersey.

Campanularian Hydroids

Hydroids with hydranths at the end of stalks
and protected by a bell-shaped cup (hydrotheea).

COELENTERATA 47
Clytia edwardsii Nutting

(Campanularta edwardsi Nutting)

PAE Ly, Eig 3

About an ineh in height, branching irregularly;
annulations confined to proximal portions of the
stems and just below the hydrotheca. Hydrotheca
large with 12 to 14 sharp teeth.

On wood work, sponges, ete., just below low
tide. Originally described from Woods Hole,
Massachusetts. Sometimes present at Cape May,
New Jersey, in late September and October.

Clytia minuta Nutting
(Campanularia minuta Nutting )

PLATE WM. Pies 2

Smaller than the above (44 inch); branches
as the above although the stem is more extensively
annulated; hydrotheca small with 8 to 10 teeth.

Grows on Obelia and other hydroids. Deseribed
from Woods Hole, Massachusetts. Occasionally
seen at Cape May, New Jersey, in September and
October together with the above.

Campanularia verticillata Linne

PLATE II. Fig. 15

~~

Branched, about five inches in height; stem
and branches fascicled (composed of a bundle of
tubes); hydranth provided with a _ cup-shaped

48 ANIMALS OF THE SEASHORE

chitinous receptacle (hydrotheca) into which the
hydranth retracts; stalk of hydranth annulated and
arises from the stem in a verticillate manner.

Reproductive polyps on main stem and branches,
oblong flask-shaped with necks often produced into
tubular extensions with terminal openings. No free
swimming medusae are found in this genus. |

Found attached to stones, shells, ete., in Block
Island Sound, Fishers Island Sound and Delaware
Bay; not common. Numerous other species of
Campanularia have been reported along the New
England and Carolina coasts and may be looked
for in New Jersey waters.

Obelia commissuralis McCrady

PLATE II. Fig. 5

A delicate form, up to 8 inches high; stem not
fascicled, branched in a flabellate manner with 4
or 5 annulations above the origin of each branch;
hydranths on annulated stalks; hydrothecae sub-
triangular, not toothed.

Reproductive polyps (gonosomes) are ovoid
and larger than the hydranths and are borne at the
angles of the branches. Medusae are liberated
from these gonosomes (see page 95).

Abundant along the New England coast growing
on docks, ete. Present but not so abundant in
similar situations along the New Jersey coast:
occasionally found stranded on the beach; southern
limit of species, South Carolina.

COELENTERATA 49
Obelia flabellata Hincks

PAT BC: ) Fie 7

Very similar to the above and difficult to
distinguish from it; hydranth-bearing stalks arise
from shoulders of the branches instead of directly
from the branches as in O. commissuralis.

Rarer than the above; known from New England
and northern New Jersey (Shark River); medusae
not reported from New Jersey.

Obelia longissima Pallas

PEATE TH. Figs 9

Colony longer than the two preceeding species,
reaching a length of 12 to 14 inches; main stem
fascicled and branched; stalks annulated; hydro-
thecae with numerous very small teeth.

Reproductive polyps ovate with collared apert-
ures. Medusae with 20 to 24 tentacles when
liberated. |

Reported from the coast of Massachusetts; occa-
sionally washed on the New Jersey beaches in con-
siderable quantities in the spring of the year.

Obelia gelatinosa Pallas

PLATE Il. Fiz 11

Very similar to the above; stalks shorter (3 to
5 annulations); hydrothecae triangular and with

50 ANIMALS OF THE SEASHORE

teeth more prominent than in O. longissima. Liberated
medusae with 16 tentacles.

Reported from shallow water attached to
oysters, woodwork, ete., from Vineyard Sound
(Massachusetts) to Great Kgg Harbor Bay (New
Jersey); rare.

Gonothyrea loveni Allman

PLATE II. Fig. 8

Stem not fascicled, irregularly branched, less
than one inch in height. Stalks with 2 to 5 annula-
(ions; hydranth toothed and tapering toward the
base.

Reproductive polyps (gonosomes) attached to
the angles of the branches. These do not give rise
to mature medusae, but rather to modified medusae
known as sporosaes which always remain attached
to the colony.

Attaches to shells, stones, ete., from Maine to
New Jersey (first record Pierces Point, Delaware
Bay, September 19, 1928).

Halecium gracille Verrill

PLATE Ti Fig. 12

Colony branched; stem fascicled; hydrothecae
reduced to saucer-shaped hydrophores, frequently
ornamented with a necklace of bright dots, and much
too shallow to accommodate the hydranth.

The gonosomes do not produce free medusae.

On shells, floating wood, ete., from Labrador

COEKLENTERATA ol

to New Jersey (Great Egg Harbor Bay); rare in
New Jersey and not reported in recent years .

Sertularian Hydroids

Hydroids with hydrotheeca sessile, that 1s,
without stalks, and arranged on both sides of the
branches.

Sertularia pumila Linne

PLATE II. Fig. 10

Usually branched; stem divided into regular
nodes and internodes, each bearing a pair of oppo-
site hydrothecae which hardly touch each other in
front; no stalks.

Reproductive polyps (gonosomes) ovate with a
short stalk and a terminal collar containing an apert-
ure. No free swimming medusae are liberated.

Grows in shallow water on sea- weed, eel grass,
ete., from Arctic Seas to New Jersey. Common near
Woods Hole, Massachusetts; occasionally found on
the New Jersey coast on Fucus (Rock Weed) or eel
erass. Frequently grows flat on the seaweed with a
few upright branches about an inch or so high.

Thuiaria argentea Ellis and Solander

PLATE Il. Fig. 1

Dark stem with silver branches; often a foot or
more in length; stem and branches divided into

o2 ANIMALS OF THE SEASHORE

internodes each of which bears hydrothecae. Hydro-
theeae sub-alternate, not opposite as in Sertularia,
and curve outward so that the terminals are one-
third free; aperture with two opposite teeth, one
much longer than the other.

Reproductive polyps (gonosomes) are urn-
shaped with two lateral projections; medusae are
not liberated.

Fairly common in water from 1 to 100 fathoms
from Chesapeake Bay northward; probably extends
farther south. Frequently large masses of dead
stalks are washed on the beaches. The species
appears to be particularly abundant in the Dela-
ware and Chesapeake Bays.

Some years ago, when marine material was used
extensively for trimming women’s hats, this species
was used more than any other.

Thuiaria cupressina Linne (Sea Cypress)

PLATE Lise Bigs 13

Somewhat similar to the above, but usually
longer and less branched; internodes shorter than
argentea; hydrothecae not quite opposite and almost
entirely in contact with the main stem instead of
being partially free as in argentea.

Gonosomes similar to those of the above; borne
in rows; usually reddish in color and appearing in
April (New Jersey).

Found in similar situations as the above but not
as common; known from New Jersey northward.

COHKLENTERATA Do

Plumularian Hydroids

Feather-like hydroids with hydrothecae on one
side of the branches only. Nematophores, minute
trumpet-shaped or tubular organs containing sting-
ing cells (nematocysts), are always present.

Plumularia alternata Nutting

PLATE II. Fig. 14

About one-half inch in height; hydrothecae not
stalked, arranged on one side of the branches only;
branches divided into segments, every other one
supporting a hydrothecae; nematophores movable.

On sea-weed, etc., from New Jersey southward;
common near Beaufort, North Carolina. First
record in New Jersey (Great Egg Harbor Bay, July
a, 41031).

Plumularia fioridana Nutting

PLATE II. Fig. 16

Resembles the above except that the hydro-
thecae are more cylindrical and there are usually 2
or 3 annulations at each node.

On sea-weed, ete., Delaware Bay (first record,
August 4, 1931), Chesapeake Bay, Beaufort, North
Carolina, and southward.

o4 ANIMALS OF THE SEASHORE

Plumularia inermis Nutting

PLATE IL. Fig. 6

Internodes long and slender, usually with hydro-
thecae on each; otherwise similar to the above two
species in general characters.

North Carolina southward; rarely found on
floating Gulf Weed (Sargassum) as far north as New
Jersey (first record, Cape May Point, September 15,
1934).

Medusae
(Jelly-fish)

Nemopsis bachei Agassiz

PLATE Mt. Figes5

A small jelly-fish (about 1% inch in diameter) ;
four clusters of tentacles, each cluster with an erect
clavate pair which arches over the long tentacles.

The life history of this species is unknown and
no hydroid stage has been found.

Common throughout the summer from Massa-
chusetts to Florida; often abundant in New Jersey
in September.

Bougainvillia carolinensis McCrady

PLATE Ill. Fig. 8

Very similar to the above but without the erect
clavate tentacles. For hydroid stage see page 44;
not as common as the above. ‘

DN

Ol

COELENTERATA

Syncoryne mirabilis Agassiz

{

PLATE Ht... Fig. 4
Almost hemispherical, 6 to 12 mm. in diameter;
4 long tentacles.
Arctie seas to New Jersey; not common in New
Jersey.

Obelia

PEATE EE. Biss

The medusae of this genus are flat and discoid
and very minute—l mm. at time of liberation from
eonosome and up to 5 or 6 mm. at maturity. It is
almost impossible to distinguish the various species
of this genus.

Blackfortia virginica Mayer

BeAr EI Bice 6

Bell about 14 mm. wide, somewhat higher than
a hemisphere with relatively straight, sloping sides
and rounded apex. About 80 long, slender tentacles
with short swollen basal bulbs. Usually one litho-
eyst (minute sense organ) between each pair of
tentacles. Black pigment is conspicuous near the
tentacles. No hydroid stage is known.

Originally described by Mayer from Hampton
Roads, Virginia (October, Novembér, 1904) ; more re-
cently (August, 1931) found in Mullica River, New
Jersey.

12.

PLATE 11

Pelagia cyanella Peron and Lesueur
Stomolophus meleagris Agassiz
Tubularia crocea Agassiz

Syncoryne mirabilis Agassiz
Nemopsis bachei Agassiz
Blackfortia virginica Mayer

Vellela mutica Bosc

Bougainvillia carolinensis McCrady
Eudendrium ramosum Linne

Obelia sp.

Sagartia luciae Verrill

Beroe ovata Chamisso and Kisenharrd

SLATE be,

LSS SS

TLE

r= Se
2 + aA ae
- See :
a hI ==

'” BE
Ney
yy =
= = = D>

yt pie ST, = oe Ii

Rls : wi
SEs.
Lat bie Ta. (ky

< SS
~~ ~S

08 ANIMALS OF THE SEASHORE

Blackfortia manhattensis Mayer

Distinguished from the above chiefly by the ab-
sence of the dark pigment granules adjacent to the
lithoeysts. Originally described from off Sandy
Hook, New Jersey, where it was said to be common
during October.

Aequorea groenlandica Peron and Lesuer
(Zygodactyla groenlandica P. & Lh.)

Aequorea groenlandica Peron and Lesuer

This is the largest American hydromedusa and
may reach a foot in diameter although its more
normal size is about 6 inches. Very many radial
canals.

A northern species usually found north of Cape
Cod; occasionally found in New Jersey waters
especially after storms.

Siphonophores

Free-floating communities made up of different
tvpes of individuals, each performing different fune-
tions in the community.

COELENTERATA og

Physalia pelagica Bose (Portuguese Man of War)

Fig. 4
Physalia pelagica Bosc

A Gulf Stream species which is occasionally
carried to the New Jersey coast after storms. The
Portuguese Man of War is a colonial animal and
consists of a large pear-shaped bladder or float
filled with a gas. On the upper side of this float

60 ANIMALS OF THE SEASHORE

there is an extension known as a sail and from the
lower part hang a great many tentacles, making up
the various types of polyps of the colony. Many
of these tentacles are covered with thousands of
nematocysts or stinging cells and the poison emitted
by these cells is extremely irritating. A swimmer —
coming in contact with a number of large individuals
of this species may become temporarily paralyzed
and as a result may drown.

The float may be six inches or more in length,
whereas the tentacles may extend as far as forty or
fifty feet.

Several were found stranded on the beach at
Cape May on September 14, 1930, after a severe
storm. They were bright red and blue in color.

Vellela mutica Bose

PLATE i Pier

Another Gulf Stream colonial hydroid that is
oceasionally found in New Jersey coastal waters
after storms. It has a blue oblong float about five
inches long and is divided into concentric communi-
cating compartments. There is a three cornered
sail. On the underside there is a mouth and a
number of small tentacular appendages.

Porpita linnaeana Lesson

PEATEAIVs?! Pig.

Somewhat similar to the above but with no sail.
This form is made up of a cireular dise from which

- COKLENTERATA 61

hang short pale green streamers. These circular
dises are sometimes found in great numbers washed
on the beach after storms. After the storm of Sep-
tember, 1930, a great many lving animals were
found on the beach at Cape May.

SCYPHOZOA

To this group belong the larger jelly-fish or
medusae. Although usually larger than the Hydro-
zoan medusae, they have roughly the same structure.
They are umbrella-shaped and from the center of the
umbrella hangs the stalk-like manubrium containing
the mouth and stomach. From the manubrium
radiate numerous canals. The velum or veil is
usually absent; tentacles are present in most species.
Like the hydromedusae, these jelly-fish are equipped
with great quantities of stinging cells or nemato-
cysts. Sometimes these animals are so abundant as
to render ocean bathing very unpleasant if not
actually dangerous.

The alternation of generations, characteristic of
the Hydrozoa, is reduced or absent in the Scyphozoa.
The hydroid stage when present is very minute.
The egg develops into a planula, a sphere-like form,
which swims freely for while. After the free-swim-
ming period, the little creature attaches itself to
some solid object. The planulae of some species grow
into hydroids; in other species the attached planula
erows ina different manner, constricting at intervals,
and at maturity resembles a pile of inverted saucers
(strobila stage). Hach of these saucers becomes de-
tached and is known as an ephyrula and develops
into an adult medusa. A few species mature directly
from the egg without any intervening stage.

62 ANIMALS OF THE SEASHORE

While jelly-fish are able to make some progress
through the water by their own power (by contract-
ing and expanding their umbrella), they usually
drift aimlessly, carried by the waves and currents,
and belong to the so-called plankton of the sea.
Their food consists largely of minute creatures of
the sea.

A Jelly-fish is nearly 99 per cent water. This
ean be observed by watching one dry on the beach in
the sun. After a few hours it will have almost
entirely evaporated.

Cyanea capillata Fabricius (Jelly-fish, Sun Jelly)

(C. artica Peron and Lesueur )

Fig. 5

This is said to be the largest jelly-fish known
and sometimes reaches seven feet in diameter al-
though in New Jersey it rarely reaches more than
four feet. The umbrella is thick and blubber-like.
On the underside is the mouth from which hangs
four curtain-like structures. The tentacles are of
various colors and hang in eight distinct clusters
along the margin of the umbrella. |

This jelly-fish usually begins to appear in the
coastal waters off New Jersey in the middle of June
or early July. By the middle of July large indi-
viduals are frequently found cast up on the beach.
They are often rather rare in August but by the
middle of September they appear again in great
numbers and are often stranded on the beach during
the fall storms.

Known from Arctic seas to North Carolina;
more common toward the north.

COELENTERATA 63

rig. 5

Cyanea capillata Fabricius

Dactylometra quinquecirrha Desor
(Speckled Jellyfish )

Fig. 6

Frequently found with the above but easily
distinguished because tentacles are on the margin of
the umbrella instead of on the underside (as in
Cyanea). Color variable, usually with 16 radiating

64 ANIMALS OF THE SEASHORE

stripes of reddish color upon the surface of the um-
brella. At times the pigment in these stripes is
ereatly reduced, making them very inconspicuous.

This is a Gulf Stream form usually found in New

Fig. 6

Dactylometra quinquecirrha Desor

Jersey waters throughout the summer. Like Cyanea,
it is frequently cast on the beach during the fall
storms. Jelly-fish are scarce or absent in New Jersey
waters in winter; however, a few small individuals
were found on the beach at South Cape May, New
Jersey, on January 27, 1929, after severe storms at
sea. They had probably been carried from the Gulf
Stream. This species ranges from Vineyard Sound
to the tropics. It is highly irritant because of its
stinging cells.

COELENTERATA 65
Chryasora stage of Dactylometra (Sea Nettle)

This a variety of the above species that lives in
brackish waters. All Dactylometras pass through this
form, but those living in brackish water become
mature in this stage. They are smaller, the number
of tentacles is only twenty-four, whereas the typical
marine form has forty, and the pigment is very
poorly developed.

This form is typical of Navesink River, Barne-
gat Bay, upper Delaware Bay and similar brackish
water situations.

This variety is exceptionally abundant in parts
of Chesapeake Bay—making bathing almost im-
possible because of the irritating nature of the
stinging cells of the animal.

Pelagia cyanella Peron and Lesueur

PEASE WE hiss

A Gulf Stream form occasionally seen far off the
New Jersey Coast, rarely seen near shore.

Aurelia aurita Fabricius (Moon Jelly)
(A. flavidula Peron and Lesueur)

Fig. 7, 10

Flat, circular, 8 to 10 inches in diameter; short
marginal tentacles; branching radial canals; four
conspicuous crescent-shaped egg sacs in the center
of the dise.

66 ANIMALS OF THE SHASHORE

A northern jelly-fish which is an occasional
visitor to the New Jersey shores. In early July,
1935, the ocean at Cape May was abnormally cold
(08°) and an unusual abundance of this form was
noted.

Cee
Se

WS
ne Ys WW
Mi) ‘ ~ Ni Xs) BANS:
I Fi SN \YONAZS

(RS, \ ANS

] Da se Yoda a
NIE ES
Fig. 10

Aurelia aurita Fabricius

Fic. 7
Aurelia aurita Fabricius

Stomolophus meleagris A eassiz (Root-mouthed
Jelly-fish)

PLEADE I. Wig2

Hemispherical, about 8 inches in diameter; no
marginal tentacles; the oral lobes extend from the
underside of the umbrella and fuse to form a mouth;
this hanging mouth somewhat resembles a_ root,

COKLENTERATA 67

hence the name, Root-mouthed Jelly-fish. Umbrella
is usually spotted with brown pigment.

Common from the West Indies to the Carolinas;
occasionally found as far north as New England; a
few New Jersey records.

Fig. 8 Fig. 9
Martensia ovum Fabricius Pleurobrachia brunnea Mayer
ACTINOZOA

(Sea Anemones, Corals, etc.)

These coelenterates are usually sack-shaped and
may be either individual or colonial. Sea anemones
are usually solitary and attach themselves to some
hard object by means of a broad adhesive pedal dise.
They are, however, not permanently attached and
may move about as they please. They have a crown
of tentacles, usually bearing nematocysts or stinging
cells. Many sea anemones are very beautiful and of
considerable size—truly flowers of the sea. They
do not have a hard skeleton.

68 ANIMALS OF THE SEASHORE

Corals resemble sea anemones except that the
former are colonial and secrete a limey skeleton. Al|-
though the individual coral animals are usually
small, the colony may reach a great size, forming
immense reefs in the sea. After the individuals of
one generation die, those of the next generation grow
on top of the dead skeletons increasing the size of the
reef. Sometimes these reefs extend above the sea
and we find whole islands made up of the dead skele-
tons of these coral animals.

The coral polyp (often erroneously termed ‘‘in-
sect’’) may be of various colors and is really like a
minute sea anemone. A living mass of coral is really
quite different from the dried skeleton with which
we are more familiar. It feels soft and fleshy be-
cause of the many tentacles of the individual polyps.

With a few exceptions, corals live exclusively in
tropical seas where the water is warm throughout
the year; the most common exception, Astrangia
danae, lives as far north as Cape Cod.

Sea Fans, Sea Pens, Sea Trees and the like are
modified corals, many of which have a horny skele-
ton instead of a calcareous one. Although many
species are tropical, a few live in temperate waters.
The Sea Tree, Leptogorgia virgulata, is a conspicuous
member of the fauna at certain places off the New
Jersey coast.

Sagartia luciae Verrill (Striped Sea Anemone)

PLACE. A. “Mies it

A very individual form—olive green body with
orange stripes. Grows on shells, rocks or seaweed

COELENTERATA 69

(Ulva) in shallow water throughout the summer and
fall.

First obtained at New Haven, Connecticut, in
1892, when it was very rare; since then it has spread
both north and south.

Sagartia modesta Verrill

PRATE IV... Bige3

Flesh-colored elongated body with a crown of
sixty to a hundred tentacles. Buries in the sand or
attaches to hydroids or seaweed. Reaches length
of three inches. The sand flats of Barnegat and
Delaware Bays are favorite habitats for this species.
Known from New Jersey (first record) to Cape Cod.

Cylista leucolena Verrill (The White Armed
Anemone)
(Sagartia leucolena Verrill)

Fig. 11

Smaller than the above and differs from it by a
smaller number of tentacles (40 to 60); more trans-
lucent, enabling one to observe the mesenteries
which appear as whitish longitudinal lines within
the body.

Usually found attached to. rocks or shells. More
common in Long Island Sound and northward on
account of the rocky beaches. Known from North
Carolina to Cape Cod; common on oysters in Dela-
ware Bay, ete.

70 ANIMALS OF THE SEASHORE

Rise 1

Cylista leucolena_ Verrill

Bisidium parasitica Agassiz

An elongated parasitic anemone that lives in
the mouth or stomach of Cyanca (Jelly-fish) ; rare in
New Jersey.

Metridium dianthus HH llis (Brown Anemone)
(M. marginatum Lesson; M. senile Linne )

PLATE. IV. Fig.'5

Although this is the most conspicuous sea ane-
mone of the New England coast, it is quite scarce in
New Jersey waters. The ‘‘column’’ or body is
usually brown although it may be a light shade or
even pink. At the top there is a fringe of tentacles,
many of which bear nematocysts or stinging cells.

COELENTERATA fat

The column contracts and the tentacles are with-
drawn when irritated. Slender white threads (acon-
tia) covered with nematocysts are thrown out by
the column when the anemone is irritated.

In New England this anemone may attaim a
width across the dise of ten inches, although in New
Jersey it is usually much smaller.

It has been found, particularly in the late
summer and fall, attached to woodwork and shells
at Schellenger’s Landing, Cape May, and at Corson’s
Inlet and may be looked for in similar situations
elsewhere in the state.

Astrangia danae Agassiz (Star Coral)

Pb Avani «Pigs

Coral is usually associated with warmer water
to the south of New Jersey. Nevertheless, there is
one species of coral that is found as far north as
New Jersey—in fact, as far as New England. Fairly
large masses of this coral have been dredged in the
channel cf Delaware Bay and in shallow water off
the New Jersey coast.

The living animals or polyps, often popularly
called ‘‘insects,’’ are creamy white in color and rise
above the star-shaped opening.

Small fragments are frequently found cast up on
the beach. Some of these may be from some living
offshore coral association; others, being very worn,
are probably fossil and were washed from a sub-
marine fossil deposit of Pleistocene age. During
part of Pleistocene time (Interglacial) this coral was
more abundant than it is today.

=

bo

Po traee

Dy |

PATH. ry

Porpita linnaeana Lesson
Astrangia danae Agassiz
Sagartia modesta Verrill
Mnemiopsis leidyi Agassiz
Metridium dianthus Hllis

PLATE IV.

ae |

(4 ANIMALS OF THE SEASHORE

Leptogorgia virgulata Lamarck
(Sea Tree, Gorgonid)

iA GE, WV.

This is the only member of the order Gorgonacea
found in New Jersey waters. The group is more
typical of tropical waters. This species is a tree-
like form with a horny skeleton which forms a
branched axis, covered with a layer of polyps and
having’ spicules of lime distributed through the mass
giving some firmness to the bark-like covering.

Sea Trees vary in color from yellow to orange
and red. They appear to be very abundant at ‘‘Old
Grounds’’ some thirty miles south of Cape May and
fourteen miles east of Indian River, Delaware. The
floor of the ocean is rocky here, thereby affording a
foothold for these ‘‘trees.’? ‘‘Old Grounds’? is well
known for its good fishing and many of the party
boats from Cape May and elsewhere make a daily
visit to the spot. Fishermen often bring up one of
these trees on their lines and marvel at its beauty.
Within the past few years there have been a number
of newspaper accounts describing this new form of
‘‘plant life’’ discovered by a fisherman. It is, of
course, an animal—or more accurately, a group of
animals—related to the corals and Sea Fans.

It has also been found in Long Island Sound,
Delaware Bay, off Hereford Inlet, New Jersey, in
Chesapeake Bay, near Beaufort, North Carolina, and
elsewhere along the southern coast.

PLATE V.

Leptogorgia virgulata Lamarck

CHAPTER SEVEN

CTENOPHORA
(Comb Jelly-fish)

Ctenophores are delicate creatures that re-
semble jelly-fish in general appearance but differ
from them in several details. They are practically
transparent and have rows of hair-like cilia which
appear in bands on the surface of the animal, giving
the appearance of the teeth of a comb. These cilia
propel the animal through the water. No stinging
cells (nematocysts) are present in this group.

These ctenophores often occur in immense num-
bers and devour the microscopic life of the sea, in-
cluding the eggs and larvae of certain fish.

Ctenophores are more abundant on the surface
of the sea at night. Many species are luminous and
are one of the causes of the ‘‘phosphorescence’’ often
seen on the sea at night.” When rowing through
the water on August nights along the New Jersey
coast one often notices a flash of light every time
the oars strike the water. These flashes are pro-
duced by Mnemtopsis leidt.

(1) Luminous microscopic protozoa (especially Noctiluca miliaris
Suri) also produce the so-called phosphorescence of the sea.

76

CTENOPHORA vt
Mnemiopsis leidyi Agassiz (Rainbow Jelly)

PLATE IV. Fig: 4

Oval, up to 6 inches or more in length and about
half that in width; lower part of the body divided
into two large lobes; eight longitudinal rows of cilia
constitute the ‘‘combs’’ by which these jelly-fish
move. These ctenophores are nearly transparent
but have a prismatic coloring caused by the waving
cilia, hence the name ‘‘Rainbow Jelly.’’? They are
highly luminous at night.

This is the most common of the Ctenophores
recorded from New Jersey. It is present in the
coastal waters during a large part of the summer and
fall but is especially abundant in August.

Beroe ovata Chamisso and (Sea Walnut)
Hisenharrd

PEATE Iii, Fig, 12

Oval, 3 to 4 inches high, half as broad; pink or
light brown in color. In September and October this
etenophore appears in New Jersey coastal waters in
great numbers. Usually in late October during the
first cold off-shore wind, Beroe becomes numb and
sinks to the bottom. Then they are carried to the
shore by the bottom current and are frequently
stranded in immense numbers.on the beach. In this
way Beroe disappears from the coastal waters for the
winter. Its usual home is the open ocean and it is
only a casual visitor to the New Jersey inland coastal
waters, appearing only after the heat of the summer

78 ANIMALS OF THE SEASHORE

is past Like Mnemiopsis, Beroe is highly luminous
at night.

Pleurobrachia brunnea Mayer
(P. pileus Fabricius )

Nearly spherical _ . ih long feather-hke
tentacles. This species is . j7 rare in our coastal

waters. It occurs in large swarms off the coast of
New Jersey, but seldom approaches the shore.

On October 11, 1920, Dr. 'T. C. Nelson found it
occuring in large swarms on the surface of the
shallow water (1 fathom) at the mouth of Mullica
River This is, so far, the only record from the New
Jersey coastal waters. It is more common toward
the north.

Martensia ovum Fabricius
Fig. 8

An Arctic species very rarely found as far
south as New Jersey and only during winter months.
Somewhat similar to the above, but more pyriform
in shape.

CraPpTER KIGHT

1. ASTEROIDEA Starfis’
2. OPHIUROIDEA Brit* or Serpent Stars
5 ECHINOIDEA and Sand Dollars
4) HOLOTHUROIDEA duikivers
5. CRINOIDEA ioids 6r Sea Lilies and Feather-s‘ars
ASTEROIDEA
(Starfish)

Starfish are perhaps the most distinctive ant-
mals of the sea and their star-like shape makes them
an object of curiosity to even the most casual visitor
to the seashore.

While the common starfish (Asterias) normally
has five arms, some species have more; some of the
Sun Stars (//eliaster) of the southern Pacific coast
have forty or more.

Starfish are carniverous and are especially de-
structive to mollusks. The common Asterias feeds on
oysters and its unusual method of procuring its food
is described on page

The mouth of the starfish is at the center of the
under side. This leads into the stomach which
occupies the center of the disc with projections
(caeca) into the various arms.

Extending from the mouth to the tips of the
various arms are grooves known as ambulacral
erooves, one on each arm. In these grooves are
situated a great number of small tube-like processes

79

PLATE, Vi

Asterias forbesi Desor

Leptasterias. tenera compta Stimpson
Ophiopholis aculeata Linne
Amphipholis squamata Delle Chiaje
Ophioderma brevispina Say
Henricia sanguinolenta Miller
Astropecten americana Verrill
Arbacia punctulata Lamarck

Strongylocentrotus drobachiensis Miller

PLATE. Vi.

82 ANIMALS OF THE SEASHORE

with or without terminal suckers; these are the tube
feet—the locomotive organs of the starfish.

On the upper side of the anima! there is a small
circular sieve-like structure, frequently colored dif-
ferently from the rest of the animal. This is the
madreporic plate. Water enters the body of the
starfish through this plate and is carried by a series |
of canals ultimately to the tube feet. A complicated
system made up of a valve, reservoir and various
muscles regulates the passage of water through
these canals and thereby governs the movement of
the tube feet.

Asterias forbesi Desor (Common Starfish )

PEATE. Vin. ties ie PLATE, Wai) jie ae

This is the common starfish of the Atlantic coast
from Massachusetts to Florida. Although not
abundant along the sandy shores of New Jersey, it
thrives on the mussel bottom of many of the fishing
vrounds offshore; after storms starfish are fre-
quently found cast up on the beach.

The starfish is cne of the greatest enemies of the
oyster and a great menace to that industry. Every
year starfish kill thousands of young oysters and
consequently cause a great financial loss to oyster-
men all along the coast.

The starfish’s method of attack is unique. It
seizes the oyster (or other bivalve) with the tube
feet of its opposite arms attached to opposite shells
of the oyster. The starfish is then able to exert a
tremendous force (more than 1300 grams) and in a
short time the muscles of the oyster that keep the
shell closed (adductor muscles) become fatigued and
relaxed, and consequently the valves hang loosely.

KCHINODERMATA 85

The mouth of the starfish is small and it is there-
fore impossible for the animal to take much of its
food directly through the mouth. So, the hungry
starfish everts its sac-like stomach through its mouth
and places it between the two shells of the oyster.
Then digestive juices are secreted and the oyster is
digested and absorbed. Finally, the stomach is

Fig. 12
Six-armed Starfish (Asterias forbesii Desor)

withdrawn from between the oyster shells and is
returned within the body of the starfish. Rather a
peculhar method of eating, but a highly destructive
one to the victim! (Plate VII).

The oyster grounds of Long Island Sound are
particularly troubled with starfish. Fortunately the
great oyster beds of Maurice River Cove (Delaware
Bay) are relatively free from these pests, although

PEATE Vii.

Starfish devouring an oyster

ECHINODERMATA 85

at times, probably due to an increased salinity
caused by drought, they become very abundant.

The usual number of rays of this starfish is five;
however variations from one to eight are occasion-
ally found. Starfish possess the power of regenera- |
tion—that is if an arm is injured or broken off, it
will usually grow back again. The new arm may be
very small or rudimentary, thereby accounting for
numbers less than five; or, two arms may grow in the
place of a single injury, thereby causing freaks of
six, seven or eight arms.

Asterias vulgaris Verrill (Northern Starfish)

Common along the northern coast from Labra-
dor to Massachusetts. In Long Island Sound it is
less common than the above species (A. forbest) and
is found only in deeper water. Off New Jersey it is
usually larger than the above and lives in deeper
water, although the two are not infrequently found
in the same association.

The following key ? will distinguish the com-
mon starfish (A. forbest) from the northern starfish
(A. vulgaris), although they are very closely related
and should probably be regarded merely as varieties
of a single species:

Rays blunt at the ends; skeleton quite firm; spines
scattered, pedicellariae (Small scissor-like
spines) near ambulacral grooves short and
broad; madreporic plate usually orange.

Shataotad Sa ge ests A. forbest

1) W.R. Coe: The Echinoderms of Connecticut. Conn. Geol. and
Nat. Hist. Surv. Bull. 19 p. 59 (1912).

86 ANIMALS OF THE SEASHORE

Rays pointed at the ends; skeleton rather soft; spines
seattered, but often forming a rather distinct
median longitudinal row on the aboral side of
each ray; pedicellariae near ambulacral
groove slender; madreporie plate pale yellow.

ye oe eer et a A. vulgaris

Lepasterias tenera form compta Stimpson
(Slender Armed Starfish )

PLATE VL “Pige2

Rays nearly cylindrical, tapering and slender.
A., tenera was described from Massachusetts Bay,
A. compta from off New Jersey. These represent two
forms of the same species which range from Nova
Scotia to the mouth of Chesapeake Bay in fairly deep
water (10 to 129 fathoms). Off New Jersey records
are scarce and only from water greater than 20
fathoms. :

Henricia sanguinolenta Miller (Blood Starfish)

PLAGE: Vix Shigss7

Dise and rays comparatively smooth; usually
brilliant red in color above and orange below. Like
the above this species is of northern distribution,
being fairly abundant and of large size from Labra-
dor to Maine. Farther south it becomes smaller and
is found only in cold, deep water between Cape Cod
and Cape Hatteras.

It is fairly common at ‘‘Old Grounds”? off Indian

KHCHINODERMATA 87

River, Delaware, in about 110 feet of water where the
bottom temperature is unusually low. It rarely
reaches 4 inches in diameter this far south.

Astropecten americanus Verril!

PEATE, V1.7 Bice.

Body flat, the arms long, narrow and sharp-
pointed bordered with a row of conspicuous large
plates; color yellow.

A common starfish of deep water; known te live
75 miles off Cape May; occasionally brought in by
the deep sea fishing boats.

OPHIUROIDEA
(Brittle Stars or Serpent Stars)

The animals of this group differ from the true
starfish (Asteroidea) in that the arms are quite di-
stinet from the body and there are no extensions of
the body organs into them. These arms are very
flexible and serpent-like, hence the name Serpent
Stars; also they break readily, hence the name
Brittle Stars.

These animals move about fairly actively and at
the approach of the shehtest danger they throw off
one or more of their arms. They, however, possess
the power of regeneration and the missing parts are
soon replaced.

88 ANIMALS OF THE SEASHORE
Ophioderma brevispina Say (Green Brittle Star)

PLATE-Vi. Fig. 6

Usually greenish or brown, more or less mottled;
the dise is completely covered with closely set
minute granules; each arm segment has 7 or 8 very
short spines on each side that lie close down on the
arm. Dise usually about 1% inch in diameter; arms
about 2 inches long. This brittle star lives from Buz-
zard’s Bay to the Greater Antilles. It is very rare
off New Jersey. It burrows under oyster shells and

other objects lying on the mud.

Ophiopholis aculeata Linne (Daisy Brittle Star)

PLATE V1.3-Fig. 3

Usually red, brown or purple, sometimes yellow
or green, often mottled or spotted; surface of the
dise closely beset with small pointed tubercles
among which are a number (usually 30 to 50) of well
separated rounded plates; each upper arm plate is
encircled by a row of very small plates; the five or
SIX arm spines are broad and flattened, and project
directly outward from the arm. The dise is usually
about 142 inch in diameter, and the arms are from 2
to 3 inches long.

An arctic and subarctic species occurring south
to Cape Cod along the shore, and in deep water south
to New Jersey, where it is recorded from 38 and 89
fathoms.

ECHINODERMATA 89
Amphipholis squamata Delle Chiaje

PLATE VI. Fig. 4,5

A very small viviparous brittle star with the
disc less than 14 inch in diameter and the very
slender arms about 2 inches long. Cosmopolitan, but
rare on the New Jersey coast.

Amphioplus abditus Verrill

Occurs at Woods Hole, Mass., and Nohank,
Conn., and also in Florida, but as yet has not been
found on the New Jersey coast. It burrows deeply
in mud.

ECHINOIDEA
(Sea Urchins, Sand Dollars, etc.)

These animals are not pointed like the starfish
but rather are globular, hemispherical or discoid.
They are covered with spines which in the Sea
Urchins are usually long and prominent while in
some of the Sand Dollar type they are very minute.

The internal anatomy of the Echinoids re-
sembles that of the starfish, but there is a coiled
digestive tube and certain modifications due to the
different shape of the test or shell. Many urchins
show a five pointed petaloid design on the test. Tube
feet are present as in the starfish; however, some Sea
Urchins (as Arbacia) also move by walking on their
spines.

Most Sea Urchins are vegetarians, or feed on

90 ANIMALS OF THE SEASHORE

detritus on the sea bottom. Some, like most of the
starfish and holothurians, swallow mud and digest
the organic matter out of it

Arbacia punctulata Lamarck
(Purple Sea Urchin; Sea Poreupine)

PLATE VI. Fig 9

This sea urchin ranges from Cape Cod to the
West Indies and Gulf of Mexico and is the only
urchin ever found in considerable numbers along
the New Jersey coast. The test or shell is from 1 to
2 inches in diameter and is usually deep purple in
color. It is thickly covered with spines from 14 to
to 1 inch in length.

It lives in shallow water down to 25 fathoms or
more all along the New Jersey coast and occasionally
in the inlets and thorofares. After storms the beach
is often strewn with tests of this species.

This sea urchin may walk fairly rapidly by
means of its spines.

Strongylocentrotus drobachiensis Miller |
(Green Sea Urchin)

PLATE: Vii. Fig.-10

This is the common sea urchin of the Maine
coast. The test is usually greenish and the spines
are shorter than in the above species. New Jersey
specimens are very small and restricted to deep
water (32 fathoms). It is an arctic and subarctic
species, ranging south, in deep water, to Chesapeake
Bay.

HCHINODERMATA Oil
Echinarachnius parma Lamarck (Sand Dollar)
PLATE VIII. Fig. 3

Dise or shell flat and ecireular, about 3 inches in
diameter and covered with small brownish spines;
often covered with a fine alga (sea weed) giving a
greenish color. On the upper side can be seen a
plainly marked five pointed petal design.

This sand dollar is very common on the New
England eccast. It is abundant locally off the New
Jersey coast, particularly near Five Fathom Bank
(14 miles off Wildwood) in 60 feet of water and 7
miles off Atlantic City in 50 feet. It ranges from
New Jersey to Labrador and is also found from
Bering Sea to Puget Sound.

New England fishermen sometimes prepare an
indelible purple ink by grinding the tests of this
animal and mixing’ with water.

Mellita quinquesperforata Leske (Kevhole Dollar)
(M. pentapora Gmelin; M. testudinata Klein)

PLATE VIII. Fig. 1

Superficially similar to the above but with five
narrow keyhole-like openings (lunules) in the test.
Dried white tests of this species are occasionally
found on beaches in southern New Jersey, but as far
as 1s known, it has not been found alive north of
Virginia. Very common on beaches from North
Carolina to Florida and locally to Brazil. It is com-
mon as a fossil in the Pleistocene deposits (Cape
May formation) of New Jersey, and it is possible
that some of the tests found on the beach had been
washed from some submarine fossil deposit.

PLATE VIII

Mellita quinquesperforata Leske
Thyone briareus Lesueur

Echinarachnius parma Lamarck
Leytosynapta inhaerens Miller
Cucumaria pulcherrima Ayers
Brisaster fragilis Diben and Koren
Echinocardium cordatum Pennant

(73 66 ec

Brisaster fragilis Diiben and Koren

PLATE Vill.

94 ANIMALS OF THE SEASHORE

Echinocardium cordatum Pennant (Heart Urchin)
PLATE VIM. Fig.°7, 8

Heart shaped test covered with fine spines.
This species burrows deep in the mud and is seldom
seen alive. When they die the empty tests often fill
with gas and rise through the mud to the floor of the
sea; sometimes after storms they are washed upon
the beach. It reaches a size of about 4 inches in
diameter.

Not seen alive in New Jersey although empty
tests have been found at a number of places off the
coast near Cape May. Almost cosmopolitan in distri-
bution.

Brisaster fragilis Diben & Koren (Heart Urchin)
PE Vili ie6,79

Very young individuals of this species (44 inch
in diameter) were dredged at MeCrie Shoal, 7 miles
off Cape May, in 21 feet of water (August 28, 1928).
This species is known from the Gulf of St. Lawrence
and the Bay of Fundy southward to Florida. It also
occurs in northwestern Hurope and at the Cape of
Good Hope.

HOLOTHUROIDEA
(Sea Cucumbers)

Although externally totally different from star-
fish, the Sea Cucumbers have most of the external

ECHINODERMATA 99

features of the group. They are cylindrical or elon-
vate and many (such as Synapta) resemble the
worms.

The mouth is surrounded by a crown of ten-
tacles. The whole body is very flexible and although
tube feet are present, the usual method of locomotion
of many Sea Cucumbers is by contracting and ex-
panding the body in a worm-hke manner.

Like other Echinoderms, Sea Cucumbers have
the power of regenerating injured parts. One very
peculiar habit is possessed by certain of these ani-
mals. Just as the Brittle Star may throw off its
arms in an attempt to elude its enemies, some of
the Sea Cucumbers may eject a large part of the
internal organs, growing them again when they have
escaped.

In its diet the Sea Cucumber resembles some —
of the worms. It ingests sand and mud and utilizes
as food the small organic particles contained therein.

Thyone briareus Lesueur (Sea Cucumber}
PEATE Vit, “Fies2

Sac-like, about 3 to 6 inches long. At one end
there is a crown of tentacles which may be retracted.
It usually buries itself deep in mud in a U-shaped
position; its color is brown or dark purple. Fairly
eommon in mud flats and muddy bottoms off shore
from Cape Cod to the Gulf of Mexico. In New
Jersey it is found in Delaware Bay and other brack-
ish water associations, as well as in the open ocean.

96 ANIMALS OF THE SEASHORE
Leptosynapta inhaerens Miller (Synapta)

(Synapta inhaerens Miller)
PLATE Vill. «Bio. 4

A long slender worm-like form which is very
common in sand and mud along the New England
coast and in Long Island Sound. It occurs sparing-
ly as far south as North Carolina.

Cucumaria pulcherrima Ayers
PLATE VIII. Fig. 5

A small white or yellowish form usually about
1 inch long and 1% inch in diameter, occasionally
slightly larger. Rarely found alive, but dead speci-
mens have been picked up on beaches between Vine-
yard Sound and South Carolina, usually after severe
storms. (Cape May, N. J. September 9, 1927).

CRINOIDEA
(Sea Lilies and Feather Stars)

On. our Atlantic coast these live only in deep
water where, however, they are locally abundant.
The sea lilies have a flower-like crown at the sum-
mit of a slender stalk. In the feather stars there is
no stalk, but instead circlets of jointed hook-like
processes by means of which the animals attach
themselves to objects on the sea bottom.

Feather stars are especially numerous on the

ECHINODERMATA ot

coral reefs of the Kast Indies and in water of moder-
ate depth in the tropics generally. Most of the sea-
lilies live in water of moderate depth in the tropies.
As in the case of other echinoderms, many of both
types live in very deep cold water.

These animals, which in the present seas are
about as numerous as the starfishes, are very bony
and are therefore exceptionally adapted for fossili-
zation, so that their fossil record is unusually com-
plete.

Hathrometra tenella Retzius
(Feather star, Crinoid)
(Alectro dentata Say; Antedon dentata Say)

From a small button-like central portion radiate
10 long very slender arms each with two rows of
side branches so that it has the general appearance
of a feather, and also a large number of much shorter
eurved processes. The color varies from dark green
dotted with white to light grayish brown with nar-
row darker bands. It lives in rather deep water.

This species was originally described from Great
Egg Harbor, New Jersey in 1825 but has not been
found in coastal waters during recent years. It
lives in rather deep water from the Newfoundland
Banks to Chesapeake Bay.

CuapTer NINE

BR LOZe >

(Moss Animals or Corallines)

These are colonial animals, many of which
resemble Hydroids. They are, however, more com-
plex in structure and belong to a higher branch of
{he animal kingdom.

There are two main types of Bryozoa, the up-
right type and the encrusting type. The former
more closely resemble hydroids and sea-weeds. The
common Bryozca, Bugula, is frequently preserved as
a hydroid or as an alga. The group is sometimes
called Polyzoa.

Contrasted to the hydroids, each individual
(zocecium) of the Bryozoan colony is a complete
organism and there is no ‘‘division of labor.’’ The
tentacles on the brvezean are ciliated (covered with
hairs) whereas thoce of the hydroid are smooth. The
complete digestive system of the Bryozoa also helps
distinguish it from the hydroid.

The enerusting bryozoa are sometimes called
Sea Mats. Many form delicate lace-like coverings
to shells, stones, ete. Other species are more massive
and resemble corals—hence their popular name,
Coralline.

A pocket lens or microscope is needed to dis-
tinguish the different species.

98

BRYOZOA O9

Crisia eburnea Linne

PLATE X. Fig. 16

Colonies form bushy tufts one-half to one inch
high. Attaches to Hel Grass or Algae and is especi-
ally common in New Jersey during the winter
months. Known from New Jersey northwards.

Bugula turrita Desor
PLATE XI. Fig. 14; PLATE X. Fig. 7

Grows in dense bush-like masses about six
inches long, occasionally as long as one foot; orange-
yellow in color. Small clusters are occasionally
found on floating sea-weed and piling along the New
Jersey shore; very abundant in water from 4 to 9
fathoms off southern New Jersey. It is often
washed on the beach and mistaken for a hydroid or
sea-weed (alga).

This is the most common species of Bugula in
New Jersey waters. It may be distinguished from
the other New Jersey species by its larger size and
because the zooecia (individual animals) are al-
ways arranged in two rows. Common from Maine
to North Carolina.

Bugula gracilis uncinata Hincks
PLATE XI. Fig. 15

A smaller colony, about an inch or two in height
occasionally found growing on Hel Grass or sea-weed

ew pe

wD) |

>

PLATE [X

Electra monostachys Busk
Hemiseptella denticulata Smitt
Amathia vidovici Heller

Bugula flabellata Thompson
Schizomorpha avicularis Hincks

Schizoporella unicornis Johnston

PEALE IX,

102 ANIMALS OF THE SEASHORE

in the region. Zooecia arranged in two rows but
distinguished from B. turrita by its smaller size and
by having hooked processes in place of root fibers.

Not common; known from Chesapeake Bay to
Massachusetts.

Bugula flabellata Thompson
PLATE, Xie Fie. 17; PEARE bee ip 4

A small colony rarely exceeding an inch; easily
distinguished from the above two species because
the zocecia are arranged in three to seven rows in-
stead of two.

Grows in fan-like fronds on Kel Grass, ete
Itnown from Cape May (first New Jersey record)
northward to northern New Hneland.

Electra monestachys Busk

(Membrantpora monostachys Busk )
PLATE 1X) Fig: 1 PUATE-X, (Fig 2° “PLATE x Wie 93

Forms small irregular calcareous encrustations
on shells, stones, ete. Often radiate in growth.
Zooecia oval with usually a series of small marginal
spines and one more prominent basal spine. The
species varies considerably in the number and ar-
rangement of the spines and they may be entirely
absent.

Shallow water to 19 fathoms from Delaware Bay
northward.

Ip OZOA 105

Membranipora tuberculata Bosc
(Membranipora tehuelcha D’Orbigny )

PEATE 2 Pig! 12

Somewhat simiiar to the above but in this region
only found growing on Gulf Weed (Sargassum fili-
pendulum). Gulf Weed, as the name implies, is an
inhabitant of the Gulf Stream and is only oceasional-
ly earried to the New Jersey coast, usually after
September storms. Gulf Weed and its aceompany-
ing bryozoon are fairly common in the vicinity of
Nantucket and Cape Cod because of the proximity
of the Gulf Stream, and are very abundant on the
Florida beaches.

Hemiseptella denticulata Smitt

(Membranipora tenuis Desor )
PUATE AX. Bige2: PiATE x). Pics 10

A laece-like encrustation, made up of very small,
crowded, oval or oblong cells, which have the inner
part of the front partly closed over, but with an ir-
regular, usually three-lobed .aperture toward the
outer end, which is bordered by smal! irregular spin-
ules. Enerusts pebbles, shells, ete.

Fairly common Vineyard Sound to Chesapeake
Bay and south to the Gulf of Mexico,

104 ANIMALS OF THE SEASHORE

Conopeum reticulatum Linne
(Membrancpora lacroiaw Audoum)

PLALE 2 (Pies 1

An encrusting form somewhat similar to the
above; usually with no spines whatever; occasionally
with a few very slender erect spinules.

Enerusts pebbles, ete., along entire Hastern
Coast.

Schizoporella unicornis Johnston
PLATE 1X. Fig. 6;. PLATE 'X. Fig. 4

The most abundant of the encrusting bryozoa in
New Jersey. Enecrusts pebbles, shells, ete., and some-
times reaches a considerable size and may be many
layers in thickness.

Zooecia roughly hexagonal or rectangular, pune-
tured with a variable number of small pores. Orifice
or opening approximately circular with a prominent
indentation; very variable in form. Usually pink
when living but turns to gray when dried.

Because of its frequent massive appearance this
form is often erroneously called ‘‘Coral.’’

Intertidal zone to 25 or more fathoms from Cape
Cod to South Carolina.

Cryptosula pallasiana Moll
(Lepralia pallasiana Moll)

PEALE XS Pigs sear Xx ies

Encrusts stones, ete.; not as common as Schizo-
porella unicorns and Membrantpora monostachys.

BRYOZOA 105

Found in shallow water or washed upon the beach.
Characterized by its keyhole shaped orifice (open-
ing); no ovicells.

Entire coast Canada to Gulf of Mexico.

Hippodiplosia americana Verrill
(Lepralia americana Verrill)

PEATE? Seto Pig. it

Similar to the above but distinguished from it
by its oval instead of keyhole shaped orifice and
the presence of ovicells.

New Jersey to New England.

Smittia trispinosa var. nitida Verrill
PLATE X. Fig.8; PLATE XI. Fig. 9

Encrusting stones, shells, ete. Characterized
by the presence of three spines on the rounded
opening. Rare; dredged.in 7 fathomp off Cape
May, New Jersey. Ranges from the Gulf of Mexico

to Canada.

Schizomopora avicularis Hincks
(Cellepora avicularis Hincks)

PEATE. Axn hie. 6

Enerusts shells, pebbles, ete., at Five Fathom
Bank and elsewhere along the New Jersey coast;
not common.

This species has been confused with S. americana
Osburn which may be a varietal form. According

PLATE X

Conopeum reticulatum Linne
Electra monostachys Busk
Hippopoedra edax Busk
Schizoporella unicornis Johnston
Alcyonidium verrilli Osburn
Cryptosula pallasiana Moll
Bugula turrita Desor

Smittina trispinosa nitida Verrill

PEATE X.

108 ANIMALS OF THE SEASHORE

to Dr. Osburn some specimens collected near Cape
May, New Jersey, are the first definite record for
S. avicularis from the Kast Coast of America.

Hippoporidra edax Busk
PLATE X. Fig. 3

Forms wart-like encrustations on gastropod
shells. A southern species not hitherto reported
north of Florida. It has been dredged alive at
Five Fathom Bank, fourteen miles off Wildwood,
in fifty-four feet of water. Also occurs as a fossil
in the Pleistocene at Two Mile Beach, New Jersey.

Bowerbankia gracilis Leidy
PLATE XI. Fig. 18

A delicate white creeping form with cylindrical
zooids rising’ singly or in clusters from the creeping
stolon or base. On pebbles, algae, ete., in shallow
water from Chesapeake Bay northward. New
Jersey specimens are usually the variety known
as form densa. |

Amathia vidovici Heller
(Amathia dichotoma Verril)

PLATE, ax) Diged

Grows in thick clusters 1 to 2 inches high.
The branches stand in different planes so as to give
a miniature tree-like effect. When a branch divides
there is a joint formed at the base of each of the

BRYOZOA 109

forks by the interpolation of a very short segment
of a dark brown opaque substance, which contrasts
strongly with the white translucent substance of
the rest of the stem. LHasily recognized by its
bushy character and spotted appearance; often
mistaken for a hydroid.

Very abundant, washed on the New Jersey
beaches during some summers; other years entirely
absent. Reported from Maine to New Jersey; prob-
ably more widespread.

Alcyonidium verrilli Osburn
(A. ramosum Verril)

PEATE, Mig.5;. PLATE. XI. Fig.S

Fleshy, much branched, usually about !/3 inch
in diameter; sometimes reaches as much as 12 inches
in height.

Known from shallow water from Chesapeake
Bay to Cape Cod; at times abundant on the beaches
of Chesapeake and Delaware Bays.

Alcyonidium polyoum Hassall
(A. mytilt Dalyell)

PLATE XI. Mig. 7

Forms a fleshy covering to stones and shells;
usually impregnated with earthy material giving
the shell or stone the appearance of being coated
with mud.

Known from shallow water from Delaware Bay
to Nova Scotia. Frequently dredged in New Jersey
waters or found washed up on the beach.

'@ Wp ‘le .N
HAPTER HN

VERMES

l UNSEGMENTED WORMS

a. Platyhelminthes (Flat worms)

b. Nemertinea (Nemertinean worms)

c. Nemathelminthe; (ound worms or thread worms)
d. Chaetognatha (Glass worms)

e. Sipunculoidea

2. ANNELIDA OR SEGMENTED WORMS

1. Unsegmented Worms

When we think of worms we usually think of
the rather common earthworm. However, the
worms of the sea are sometimes very much more
beautiful than the earthworm. They are of various
colors and many resemble flowers and are among
the most brilliant creatures of the sea.

There are two groups of worms—the segmented
and the unseemented. Although the various groups
of unsegmented worms are not always closely re-
lated, they bear a superficial resemb!anece and for
convenience will be grouped together here.

Although there are many species of unseg-
mented worms, they form a relatively inconspicuous
part of the seashore fauna as contrasted with the
segmented annelid worms. Many species ave very
minute and easily overlooked; the larger species

110

VERMES 111

are seldom common along our coast. <A few of
the more easily recognized are described below.

PLATYHELMINTHES
(Flatworms)

Flat, unsegmented worms, most of which are
parasitic, such as the Tape Worm, Liver Fluke, ete.
A few are free-living and can be found along most
sea coasts.

Leptoplana variabilis Girard
PEATE 31 iig: 3

A yellow leaf-like flatworm about an inch long
by half an inch wide, occasionally found lving on
Ulva (Sea Lettuce) or other algae.

Bdelloura candida Girard
PLATE XI. Fig. 5

Elongate with antericr end tapering and _ pos-
terior end with an adhesive disk. Lives on the gills
of the King Crab (Limulus polyphemus). Thought
by some to be parasitic, but probably merely a com-
mensal form doing’ no harm to its host.

Syncoelidium pellucidum Wheeler
Smaller than the above (14 inch long) and

tapering to both ends. Also found on the gills of
the King Crab, but not as common as the preceding.

ere ek

Fal

PLAT: XI]

Cerebratulus lacteus Leidy
Micrura leidyi Verrill
Leptoplana variabilis Girard
Cryptosula pallasiana Moll
Bdelloura candida Girard
Malacobdella grossa Miller
Alcyonidium polyoum Hassall
Alcyonidium verrilli Osburn
Smittina trispinosa nitida Verrill
Hemiseptella denticulata Smitt
Hippodiplosia americana Verrill
Membranipora tuberculata Bosc
Electra monostachys Busk
Bugula turrita Desor

Bugula gracilis uncinata Hincks
Crisia eburnea Linne

Bugula flabellata Thompson

Bowerbankia gracilis Leidy

PLATE XI

114 ANIMALS OF THE SEASHORE
NEMERTINEA

Klongate, unsegmented worms, usually narrow
and flat; characterized by the presence of a very long
proboscis—sometimes as long as the body of the
worm—which may be everted. These worms are
“arnivorous and some are cannibalistic. They pos- |
sess the power of regeneration to a marked degree.

Cerebratulus lacteus Leidy
(Meckelia ingens Verrill)

PEA Xo ign Al

One of the longest of all marine worms; when
full grown it may attain a length of six feet and
an inch in breadth; however, worms of this length
are very rare along the New Jersey coast and most
individuals are much smaller. It usually burrows
in sand or mud near low water mark but is occasion-
ally seen swimming in the water. Because of its
great length, it is difficult to collect a perfect speci-
men. Maine to Florida.

Micrura leidyi Verrill
PLATE XI. Fig. 2

Red-brown or vellow, about 6 inches long;
prominent flesh-colored proboscis. Burrows in mud
fats near low water mark from Cape Ann (Massa-
echusetts) to Cape May; fairly common.

VERMES ia i:
Malacobdella grossa Miller

A small flatworm of leech-like form that lives
as a commensal in the Clam (Venus mercenaria) and
other bivalves.

NEMATHELMINTHES
(Round Worms, Thread Worms)

Round, unsegmented worms, a large number of
which are parasitic. However, great quantities of
minute thread worms are to be found in sea water.
If one examines a few drops of sea water under a
microscope, particularly water containing some
algae or sea weeds, one can see these tiny thread
worms constantly coiling and uncoiling themselves.
Many species have been described, but since they
are all very minute and difficult to determine, they
are not discussed here.

CHAETOGNATHA
(Glass Worms)

Hlongate, unsegmented worms with two or three
pairs of fins.

Sagitta elegans Verrill (Arrow Worm; Glass Worm)

Slender, transparent and very minute (about 3
mm. long); three pairs of fins. Various species of
Sagitta, often of larger size, are abundant in all seas.
S. elegans is known from Chesapeake Bay northward.

116 ANIMALS OF THE SEASHORE
SIPULCULOIDEA

Unsegmented worms usually made up of two
divisions—a slender head portion (introvert) which
ean be retracted within a thicker posterior portion.

Phascolosoma gouldi Pourtales
PLATE XIU Fig. 8

About 6 inches in length; occasionally dredged
off the New Jersey coast.

2. Segmented Worms

The segmented worms (Annelids) are composed |
of a series of ring-like segments, each segment con-
taining a complete set of internal organs. The most
conspicuous marine annelids belong to the class
Polychaeta (meaning many bristles). These worms
possess a pair of leg-like structures (parapodia) on
each segment; on each parapodium there are numer-
ous bristles (chaetae) usually in two bundles.

The annelid worms are much higher in the scale
of animal life than the unsegmented worms. They
have better sense organs, a well developed nervous
system as well as a digestive system and blood
vessels.

Most annelids burrow in the sand or mud; some
build tubes of sand or shell. Certain species can be
found swimming on the surface of the sea especially
at night. Some worms are carnivorous, while others
are vegetarian. Many ingest mud and obtain their
nourishment from the minute organic particles in-
eluded therein.

Another group of annelids, the Oligochaeta, in-

VERMES D5

cludes the common Karthworm. ‘These have no
parapodia and only a few small bristles. Although
most species are terrestrial or of fresh water, a few
are marine. However, they are inconspicuous and
are not included here.

Still another group, the Hirunidea, includes the
Leeches. These possess a conspicuous: terminal
sucker at each end. While most of the species live in
fresh water, many are marine and occasionally they
are seen attached to a fish or free swimming.

ANNELIDA

Lepidonotus squamatus [Linne

Fig. 15

Flat, about one inch long, usually brown in color,
covered with twelve pairs of rough seales. Often
found on underside of stones or in dead shells; com-
mon along the New Jersey coast from between the
tides to ten fathoms or more. JKnown from Delaware
to Labrador; probably extends farther south also.
When disturbed it rolls itself into a ball.

Lepidonotus sublaevis Verrill

Similar to the above except that the twelve pairs
of scales are smooth and lighter in color.

Harmothoe imbricata [inne

Similar to the above except with sixteen pairs
of smooth scales; not as common as Lepidonotus but
known from Delaware Bay to the Arctic. In New
Jersey it is known from shallow water to 84 feet.

118 ANIMALS OF THE SEASHORE

Fig. 13 Fig. 14 Hie 15
Eupomotus dianthus Sabellaria vulgaris Lepidcnotus squamatus
Verrill Verrill Linne

Fig. 16
Aphrodita hastata Moore
Aphrodita hastata Moore (Sea Mouse)
Fig. 16

Elliptical, about 5 inches long and 1!% inches
wide. Characterized by a thick growth of setae
which form a fur-like coating on its back; beauti-
fully iridescent in color.

Lives in the mud below low tide along the New
England and New Jersey shore. Occasionally washed
upon the beach after storms.

VERMES 119
Nereis pelagica [Linne (Clam Worm)
PLATE XIII.- Fig. 7; Fig.-17

Red-brown, up to five inches long; body widest
at the middle. Head with pair of tentacles and four
pairs of cirri (hair-like structures).

Very common in shallow water along the New
Kingland coast. Present along the New Jersey coast
but not as abundant as NV. limbata; reported as far
south as South Carolina. Found among mussels,
under stones, ete., from between the tides to deep
water. Females longer than males. Used as bait
as are all species of Nerezs.

Nereis limbata Khlers !
PLATES: XE) Fie! 3

Usually shorter than the above and always
widest at the anterior end instead of at the middle
(as pelagica). Common all along the New Jersey
eoast and especially abundant in the oyster beds of
Delaware Bay.

1 One phase of this species is very similar to the European

Nereis dumerilit Audouin and Milne-Edwards and it is pos-
sible that some of the records of N. dumerilii from the east
coast of the United States are really N. Limbata. The follow-
ing key, kindly furnished by Dr. J. Percy Moore, will help the
more technical reader to identify the three species of Nerets
found along the New Jersey coast:
Notocirral lobe of parapodia enlarged and foliacious
Foliacious lobes broad ovate and on all
parapodia nearly to the anterior end .......... N. virens
Foliacious lobes more or less narrow and
elongate (lingulate and confined to
middle and’ posterior secments <.. 0.5... 5% N. limbata
Notocirral lobe not foliacious but simply
CONTRI S CIE tit Chea at Mig RE ee a oe Re PIS N. pelagica

120 ANIMALS OF THE SEASHORE

Fig. .17
Nereis pelagica Linne

Nereis virens Sais

Larger than the above two, sometimes reaching
18 inches; flesh-colored with a greenish sheen. A
common New England species that is occasionally
found along the New Jersey coast.

Nepthys incisa Malmgren
(Nepthys ingens Stimpson) |

PLATE, XHIy Fis6

Up to six inches in length and 14 inch in dia-
meter. Body white with red blood vessel visible
on dorsal side; appendages dark brown or black.
Very active, burrowing in mud or sand between the
tides and in shallow water. Delaware Bay to Bay
of Fundy; fairly common in Cape May Harbor, New
Jersey.

Nepthys picta Hhlers
(N. bucera Ehlers)

More slender than the above. From low water
mark to 21 feet. Massachusetts Bay to South Caro-
lina.

VERMES 121

Fig. 18
Tubes of Diopatra cuprea Bosc in mud flats along Delaware Bay’,

Diopatra cuprea Bosc (Plumed Worm)
PLATE XII. Fig. 2; Fig. 18

As much as a foot in length and ' inch broad.
Lives in a parchment-like tube, the tops of which
project two or three inches above the surface of mud
flats and are often covered with bits of debris, sea-
weed, etc. The tubes may extend three feet or more
obliquely into the mud. The worm is reddish brown
in color, specked with gray. Many-branched red
gills are conspicuous from the fifth segment to the
posterior end of the animal. The appendages are
yellowish brown and green. Common in mud flats
along the whole New Jersey coast and dredged to
six fathoms off Cape May, New Jersey. Cape Cod
to South Carolina.

Smee bi

Or

hal OA UG LL pee S|

Cirratulus grandis Verrill
Diopatra cuprea Bosc
Cistenides gouldi Verrill
Arabella ornata Verrill

Clymenella terquata Leidy

124 ANIMALS OF THE SEASHORE
Arabella opalina Verrill (Opal Worm)

PLATE A, Pig. 4

This a red-brown worm, a foot or so in length
with a brilliant opal-like iridescence, hence its
specific name; tapers to the ends; appendages short.
It burrows into the sandy mud near low water mark,
but does not build permanent tubes. When removed
from its burrow, the worm coils in a spiral manner.
Common in mud flats at Beach Haven, Sea Isle City,
Cape May, and elsewhere on the Jersey Coast;
known from the West Indies to Maine.

Fig. 19

Lumbrinereis tenuis Verrill

Lumbrinereis tenuis Verrill
Fig. 19

Very slender, about 12 inches in length; bright
red with a conical head without eyes or appendages.
Somewhat iridescent; resembles a_ slender red
thread. Often abundant in sandy mud from New
England to Virginia.

VERMES 12
Glycera dibranchiata Khlers (Blood Worm

st Ou

A long smooth worm tapering to each end; head
small, pointed and with four short tentacles. Simple
gills on each side of appendages; proboscis long.
Sandy mud flats from North Carolina to Bay of
Fundy. Common in New Jersey waters to 15 feet
in depth.

Fig. 20

Glycera americana Leidy

Glycera americana Leidy ; (Blood Worm)

Fig. 20

Branched gills on upper side of appendages; no
gills on lower side. Not as common as the above.

PLATE. Xiit

Amphitrite ornata Leidy
Sabellaria vulgaris Verrill
Nereis limbata Ichlers
Potamilla oculifera Leidy
Spio setosa Verrill
Nepthys incisa Malmgren
Nereis pelagica Linne

Phascolosoma gouldi Pourtales

Pia be XT.

i A

HA

128 ANIMALS OF THE SEASHORE
Spio setosa Verrill

An elongate worm up to three inches long; seg-
ments all alike. Inhabits small round holes or tubes
in the mud near low water mark. Massachusetts to
New Jersey. |

Polydora ligni Webster

Somewhat similar to the above except that the
fifth segment is much longer than the others.

Lives in fragile tubes which it constructs with
great rapidity out of dirt. When disturbed, the
worm retracts within the tube. Lives in shallow
water along the New Jersey coast. Numerous other
species of Polydora are found among tunicates and
mussels on piles and in similar habitats elsewhere
along the Kast Coast.

Amphitrite ornata Leidy
PLATE XIII. Fig. 1

One of the most beautiful worms on our coast.
It constructs rather firm tubes out of the mud and
sand in which it lives. The worm is flesh-colored
and has three pairs of large red plume-like gills and
flesh-colored tentacles at the head end. Mud flats at
low water, North Carolina to Cape Cod; fairly com-
mon in New Jersey.

VERMES 129
Amage pusila Verrill

A small worm inhabitating mud tubes below low
tide line. New England and New Jersey.

Sthenelais leidyi Quatrefages
CS. picta Verrill)

A seale worm, up to 6 inches in Jength and com-
posed of more than 100 segments. Body gray with a
dark stripe along the middle of the back; head brown
with one red spot and two white spots. Shallow
water, New England to Carolinas.

Autolytus varians Verrill

A slender worm, about an inch in length. The
intestines are marked with bright red spots which
ean be seen through the body wall; often found
among hydroids. Known from Maine to North Caro-
lina, but rare in New Jersey.

Cistenides gouldii Verrill (Mason Worm)
(Pectinarta gouldw Verrill)

PEATE Xily Bis.3

This worm constructs conical free tubes of sand
- grains arranged in a single layer bound together by
a waterproof cement. Body red or flesh color with
groups of golden bristles (setae). Lives in sandy
mud from between tides, North Carolina to Maine.
The characteristic tubes are frequently found on

130 ANIMALS OF THE SEASHORE

mud flats and a little digging will generally yield the
living animal. Common on New Jersey coast.
Sandy Hock to Cape May and dredged offshore.

Clymenella torquata Leidy
PLATE XII. Fig. 5

Bedy long and slender, composed of 22 conspicu-
ous segments, the fifth of which bears a peculiar
collar-ike fold; caudal extremity (tail) funne!
shaped; color pale red. Constructs tubes of sand
from between the tides to ten or more fathoms; the
tubes are occasionally built on shells.

Found with the preceding species but usually
in more sandy associations. North Carolina to Bay
of Fundy; fairly common in southern New Jersey.

Cirratulus grandis Verrill
PLATE XII. Fig. 1

A slender worm about 4 to 6 inches in length
and about 14 inch in width. Characterized by its
very long red and orange cirri, almost as long as the
worm itself; these cirri occur on almost every seg-
ment except the first three; burrows in sand and
eravel in shallow water; known from Cape Cod to
Virginia, but rare in New Jersey.

VERMES eal
Polycirrus eximius Leidy
Fig, 21
A small red worm, usually less than one inch,
with long crowded tentacles extending in every dl-
rection. Lives in sand near low water mark. New
Knglend end southward.

Fig. 21

Polycirrus eximius Leidy

Chaetopterus pergamentaceus Cuvier

A short stout worm with the anterior (head)
region much flattened; the middle region is composed
of one segment bearing large wing-lke parapodia
and four swollen segments; highly luminous. The
worm lives in a U-shaped parchment-lke tube up
to two feet in length, which is buried in the sand
or mud. Known from Cape Cod to North Carolina.

L.

132 ANIMALS OF THE SEASHORE
Potamilla oculifera Leidy

PLATE, Sit) Fis, 4

‘‘Another beautiful annelid, related somewhat
to the Serpula (Hupomotus), but its tubes are tough —
and flexible; they are constructed out of fine sand
and other foreign matters, glued firmly together
with the special secretions of the animal. These
tubes are often found attached to the under sides of
stones, but, passing around to the sides, open upward
by a free extremity; they also frequently occur in
sheltered nooks in the tide-pools. The worm, when
undisturbed, puts out a beautiful wreath of branchiae
somewhat resembling that of the Serpula (Hupe-
motus), but there is no operculum. The branchiae
are always beautifully colored, though the colors are
quite variable. In one of the commonest styles of
coloration, the branchiae are surrounded at base
with reddish brown; above this with a ring of white;
next by a band of reddish brown; then for the termi-
nal half the color is yellowish gray, with indistinct
blotches of brown; on the outer sides of the branchiae
stem there are one to three dark red eyes. There are
ten or more branchiae in each half of the wreath, and

ey are longer on one side than on the other.’’!

New Jersey to Bay of Fundy in shallow water.

Eupomotus dianthus Verrill
(Serpula dianthus Verrill; Hydroides dianthus Verrill)
Fig. 13

Forms white calcareous tubes on shells, rocks,
etc. Commoz srom depth of 1 to 15 feet. Shells cast

Verrill, 1874, pp. 322-3

VERMES 133

on the beach are often covered with worm tubes of
this species. Frequently present on Pleistocene
shells.

Spirorbis spirorbis Linne
(Sprrorbis borealis Daudin)

Lives in a minute coiled calcareous tube at-
tached to sea-weed, shells, ete. Common from Long
Island Sound northward. This and other species
occur in New Jersey. Found on Sargassum (Gulf
Weed) after storm at Cape May. (September 1934)

Sabellaria vulgaris Verrill
(S. varians Webster)

Pia xi, Pig. 2 ig 14

Forms firm sand tubes which may be attached
to shells or may grow into large masses perhaps a
foot thick. Especially common on oysters in Dela-
ware Bay but dredged in the ocean off the New Jer-
sey coast to 20 fathoms. The tubes of this worm a’
commonly washed on the beach. Worm is sm: .,
reddish yellow. North Carolina to Cape Cod.

CHAPTER ELEVEN

MOLLUSCA

Mollusks, Shellfish

PELECY PODA Clams, oysters, etc.
GASTROPODA Sea snails, etc.
CEPHALOPODA Squid, Octopus, etc.

Ww KR

PELECYPODA

The name Pelecypoda means hatched-foot and
refers to the type of foot usually possessed by the
mollusks of this group. The more popular name,
bivalves, is often applied to the group and refers to
the fact that the animals have two shells.

The muscles that the bivalve uses to open and
close its shell are known as the aductor muscles and
are often very strong; the scars where these muscles
are attached to the shells are sometimes conspicuous
even after the muscle itself has disintergrated.

The two shells of the bivalve are held together
by the hinge hgament, a tough leathery substance
which often is lost when the shell is cast upon the
beach, and usually by one or more pairs of inter-
locking teeth. The arrangement of these teeth 1s
often of paramount importance in identifying the
families and genera of bivalves.

The foot, as indicated by the name Pelecypoda,
is usually hatchet shaped. In some species the foot
is used for slow locomotion along the ocean bottom,

134

MOLLUSCA 155

while in others it is used for rapid burrowing. The
oyster and other species, however, possess a foot only
in their young stages, while in the mussel (Mytilus)
and related genera, the foot contains a gland which
secretes silk-like fibers which constitute a byssus or.
‘‘anchor’’. These may be used for temporary or
permanent attachment. In a few species the foot is
used as a rasping or boring organ and may drill a
hole through other shells (as does Urosalpinx, Thars,
etc.) or may even penetrate hard rock (as does Litho-
domus, Pholas, ete.).

Most bivalves possess two tubes or siphons;
through one the water passes into the animal and
through the other it is discharged. In some species
the siphons are very long and conspicuous (as Mya,
Pholas), while in others they are very inconspicuous
and are contained within the shells. |

The group Peleeypoda contains various species
of considerable economic importance. While the
Hard She!l and Soft Shell Clam, the oyster and the
scallop, are the only bivalves frequently eaten in
our region, many other species are a!so edible and
are used as food in other parts of the world.

While the species mentioned in this book are all
inhabitants of salt or brackish water, many bivalves
live in freshwater streams and /akes.

Solemya velum Say

PEAPE OG, Pie 6

These shells are very thin and fragile, about an
inch long and '% inch wide and covered by a corne-
ous epidermis of deep chestnut color. Radiating
lines are prominent. Known from Nova Scotia to

136 ANIMALS OF THE SEASHORE

Florida but rare in New Jersey. Has been found in
the mud of Cape May Harbor.

Fig. 24 Fag.-25
Nucula proxima Say Mulinia lateralis Say

Nucula proxima Say
Fig. 24

A small oblique shell, less than 1% inch in length.
Its hinge is marked with two rows of comb-like teeth,
one on each side of a central pit.

It is very common along the New England coast;
south of Cape Cod it appears to be local but is often
very abundant when found. The ocean floor off
Cape Henlopen, Delaware (particularly near Hen
and Chicken Shoals) is covered with this species.
It is also known from Delaware Bay, Barnegat Bay,
Raritan Bay and elsewhere in New Jersey waters.
It is rare south of Delaware.

MOLLUSCA 137

Several varieties of the species have been
described.

Yoldia limatula Say
PLATE XV. Fig. 3

Hinge and color somewhat similar to Nucula but
larger (up to 2 inches) and with one end tapering.
Lives in shallow water in muddy associations. The
shell is rarely found on the beach but has been dredg-
ed in Delaware Bay, Barnegat Bay, etc. Range: Gulf
of St. Lawrence to North Carolina.

Arca campechiensis Gmelin (Ark; Bloody Clam)
(A. pexata Say)

PLATE xI1V.- Big, 4d

One of the commonest shells of the New Jersey
beaches. The genus Arca is characterized by the
long row of comb-like hinge teeth. A. campechiensis
has an oblong shell with its beak directed forward.
Radiating ribs are prominent and the shell is
covered with a hairy brown epidermis, which, how-
ever, is often removed before the shell is washed
upon the beach. Up to 3 inches in length. Lives
in both inland waterways and in shallow water
in the open ocean. Known from Massachusetts to
Yucatan, Mexico; its name is taken from the Gulf
of Campeche (Mexico) where it was first described.

Arca transversa Say (Ark; Transverse Ark)

=~

PLATE. XIV. Fig..5

Similar to the above but elongate and with
beak more central and not directed forward.

PLATE XIV

Arca campechiensis Gmelin
Arca ponderosa Say
Macoma balthica Linne
Venericardia borealis Conrad
Arca transversa Say
Laevicardium mortoni Conrad
Mactra solidissima Dillwyn

7 66 66
Petricola pholadiformis Lamarck
Divarcella quadrisulcata D’Orbigny
Lyonsia hyalina Conrad
Siliqua costata Say
Pandora gouldiana Dall
Tellina tenera Say
Mesodesma arctatum Conrad

Donax fossor Say

140 ANIMALS OF THE SEASHORE

Similar habits to those of the above except that it
is more often found in the open ocean than in the
harbors, ete. The shell is common on the beach
from Massachusetts to Texas.

Arca ponderosa Say (Large Ark) —
PLATE XIV. Fig. 2

This shell is larger and thicker than the above
two species. The two beaks are directed forward
and do not touch each other, there being a large
space between them. There is a prominent con-
striction on the ventral margin of the two valves.
This shell is not known alive north of Cape Hatteras
(except for a questionable record from Vineyard
Sound, Massachusetts). Nevertheless it is fre-
quently found on beaches as far north as Massa-
chusetts. A. ponderosa is abundant in Pleistocene
deposits from Florida as far north as Nantucket,
Mass., and it seems plausible that the beach shells
have been washed from some nearby fossil deposit.
Many of these shells are worn and dark in color, sug-
gesting considerable antiquity. They are often
fairly numerous on New Jersey beaches after storms.

Ostrea virginica Gmelin (Oyster)

The oyster is too well known to figure or to
describe in detail. It is undoubtedly the most im-
portant bivalve of the entire Atlantic Coast and
one of the most important of all animals of the sea.
The oyster industry is one of the largest of New
Jersey’s industries, and in a single year more than
$3,000,000 worth of these bivalves have been ship-

MOLLUSCA 141

Fig. 22

Oyster Reef, Pierces Point, N. J. (Delaware Bay)

ped from the oyster grounds of Maurice River Cove
alone.

Oysters live in great beds in bays and esturaries
where the sea water is diluted with considerable
fresh water from the rivers. In most places oysters
live in shallow water and from New Jersey south-
ward they may often be seen exposed between the
tides. Figure shows an oyster bed or reef in
Delaware Bay as it appears at low tide.

The life history of the oyster is very inter-
esting, and one that has received considerable study
from biologists. In the spring or early summer, or
as soon as the water has reached a temperature of
68° or 70° F., the oyster begins to spawn. The time
of spawning varies considerably with the locality.
In Long Island Sound, most oysters spawn in late
July; in New Jersey spawning occurs in May or

142 ANIMALS OF THE SEASHORE

June and along the southern Atlantic or Gulf Coast,
it may occur as early as March.

The embryo produced by the spawning is a
minute (0.25 mm.) spherical body. It is able to
move over the surface of the water by means of its
small hair line cilia or swimming organs. This free
swimming stage may last two or three weeks.
However it soon wearies of a free swimming exist-
ence and falls down through the water and ‘‘sets”’
or attaches itself to the substratum. Jf the young
oyster happens to fall on something hard, it
will immediately attach itself, and lose forever its
cilia. On the other hand, if it falls on something
soft, such as mud, it will be unable to set, and will
consequently soon die. It is therefcre to the great

Oyster shells, Bivalve, N. J.

interest of the oystermen, that the young oyster
find something hard when it begins to set. It is

MOLLUSCA 145

in many places the practice to save all the empty
shells and throw them back into the water. See
figure 23.

After setting, the oyster grows and in about
two years (in New Jersey) will reach a market-
able size. Very often the oystermen will dredge
the young oyster (spat) and replant them in order
to thin out the beds to avoid overcrowding. Some-
times oysters are transported a considerable distance
before replanting.

In the United States, the oyster occurs from
Massachusetts to Southern Texas. As demon-
strated by the presence of large Indian shell heaps,
the oyster undoubtedly lived as far north o* Maine
within the past few hundred years. There are
various species of oysters (Ostrea) in tropical waters,
and QO. virginica has been reported at leest as far
south as Honduras.

In New Jersey, the most important oyster

grounds are found in Maurice River i a part
of Delaware Bay. The towns of Biva Port
Norris are the center of the oyster indus. this
State. |

The trade names of oysters such’as ‘‘Lynn-
bayeng = >“Blye- Pomts’’.*‘Maurice River ‘Salts’,
ete. are local variations in size, shape, ete. probably
due to ecological conditions of the environment.

Pecten gibbus irradians Lamarck (Bay Scallop)
PLATE XV. Fig. 9

This fan-shaped shell is found on all beaches
from New England to Florida. In this species the
‘Coars’’ of the shell near the beak are about equal in
s1Zze,

(i 9 NI

PLATH: XV

Ensis directus Conrad
Tagelus gibbus Spengler
Yoldia limatula Say
Anomia simplex D’Orbigny
Pholas: truncata Say
Sclemya velum Say

Astarte castanea Say

Pitar morrhuana Gould

Pecten gibbus irradians Lamarck

PEATE XV.

146 ANIMALS OF THE SEASHORE

This scallop was formerly of considerable eco-
nomic importance in New Jersey; however, the num-
ber of scallops has steadily decreased, and now al-
though the shells are frequently found on the beach,
they do not occur in commercial numbers at many
places within the state. )

It is only the muscle that connects the two shells
of the seallop that is eaten and this is usually con-
sidered very delicious.

The seallop is one of the few bivalves that is
able to swim through the water. By means of quick-
ly opening and closing its shell it is able to make
fairly good progress.

It is also one of the few bivalves equipped with
200d eyes (ocelli). These small black dots can be
seen lining the margin of the shell.

The seallop lives in shallow water and is often
very common on mud flats. Various varieties have
been described from different parts of the Kast Coast,
differentiated by the number of ribs, convexity
of the shell and other minor variations. The color of
irradians varies from white to brown. The black
scallop shells occasionally found on certain beaches
are probably fossils redeposited from some nearby
Pleistocene formation.

Pecten grandis Sollander
(Sea Scallop; Giant Scallop)
(P. magellanica Gmelin; P. tenuicostata Mighells)

PLATE. XVI, Fisk 3

Much larger than the Bay Scallop and with
much finer ridges; reaches a length of almost 6
inches; upper valve brown, lower one white; this
scallop is fairly common north of Cape Cod, especial-
ly on Georges Bank, where it is dredged by the com-

MOLLUSCA 147

mercial fishing beats. South of Cape Cod it is
restricted to the deeper cold water and while it is
known as far south as Hatteras, it is very rare south
of Cape May. Beds of the Sea Scallop off the coast
of New Jersey are occasionally visited by some of
the fishing boats.

Anomia simplex D’Orbigny (Toe Nail; Jingle)
(A. ephippium Linne )

PLATE XV. Fig. 4

Roughly round in shape, up te 3 inches in dia-
meter; shells are very variable in color from pale
yellow to dark brown and black; especially char-
acterized by its pearl-like nacre. One valve is flat
and there is a large cblong hole near the beak;
through this hole projects a calcareous byssus by
means cf which the animal anchors itself to some
hard object such as another shell or pebble; the other
valve is curved.

Sometimes hundreds cf these shells showing all
variations in shape and color can be found on the
New Jersey beaches; the toe nail can be seen alive
attached toe larger shells, stones, etc. in shallow
water. The Toe Nail is known from New Kngland
to Florida.

Mytilus edulis Linne (Mussel)
PEATE KV

The mussel is abundant along the east coast
from the Arctic regions to North Carolina, although
it is more common from New Jersey northward. The
shell is easily recognized by its usual jet black color
and by its beak at the tip of the shell. There is a
form with green and yellow rays, sometimes called

148 ANIMALS OF THE SEASHORE

variety pellucidus, and a brown form known as notatus
but these are probably merely genetic types and
occur with the typical edulis.

The mussel is frequently found attached by its
thread-like byssus to piles and rocks along the New
Jersey coast; it also lives below low water and is
known from 25 or more fathoms. The mussels from
deeper water often grow much larger than those of
the intertidal zone. The bottom of the ocean and
Delaware Bay in many places is covered with
mussels, and after severe storms these shells are
washed up on the beach in great numbers. Starfish
are often abundant on these mussel grounds.

Although usually anchored to one spot by its
byssus, the mussel may ‘‘break anchor’’ and move
about by means of its foot and attach itself by secret-
ing new byssal threads.

The mussel is prized as food in Europe but does
not seem to have found much favor in the United
States.

Mytilus recurvus Rafinesque (Southern Mussel)
(M. hamatus Say; M. clava Meuschen) .

PLATS XEX.” lig? 12

Differs from the above by being twisted near
the beak and by being striated; usually dark brown
in color and smaller than the above. Abundant from
Chesapeake Bay southward; local in New Jersey and
southern New England; probably introduced into
Barnegat Bay with seed oysters from the Chesa-
peake.

Phare XVI:

Mytilus edulis Linne

150 ANIMALS OF THE SEASHORE

Modiolus modiolus Linne (Bearded Mussel)
PLATE XIX. Fig, 11

In this genus the beak is not at the tip of the
shell but a little to one side. The shell is large (up
to 5 inches) and is covered with a dark brown epider-
mis and a tough growth of hair. Common from New
Knegland to the Arctic; known from deep water off
Long Island, New Jersey and North Carolina; a few
shells have been found on the beach at Point
Pleasant, N. J., Wildwood, N. J., and Cape May, N. J.

Modiolus demissus Dillwyn (Horse Mussel)
(M. plicatula Lamarck )

PEAS, ox. Picwl0

Beak similar to the above but the shell has
numerous radiating ribs; the epidermis is very thin
and of pale brown color; length up to 4 inches. Very
common in New Jersey on tidal mud flats and estu-
aries, extending into brackish and almost fresh
water; found between the tides and above high water
mark. Known from the Gulf of St. Lawrence to
Florida; not edible, frequently poisonous.

Pandora gouldiana Dall (Pandora)
(P. trilineata Gould; P. trilineata Say (?) )

PACs 2oLV. igs TS

An extremely flat white shell about 1 inch long.
The shell is shiny, rounded anteriorly and extended

MOLLUSCA 151

posteriorly into an upturned tip which gapes to
accomodate two little siphons.

P. gouldiana is found in shallow water on sandy
bottom from Prince Hdward Island to North Caro-
lina. The southern form P. trilineata Say, known
from North Carolina to the Gulf of Mexico, differs so
slightly from the northern form that it seems probab-
le that they should be regarded as the same species.

Pandora, while not common in New Jersey, is
fairly numerous in a few places, particularly in parts
of Delaware Bay.

Lyensia hyalina Conrad
PLATE XIV. Fig. 11

Shell pearly and transparent, a little less than
™% inch long with the left valve shehtly larger than
the right. Anterior end rounded, posterior end
elongate. Lives-in shallow muddy water from the
Gulf of St. Lawrence to Texas. In New Jersey it is
known from Barnegat and Delaware Bays; not com-
mon.

Cyprina islandica Linne
(Arctica tslandica Linne )

PEATE DOK] vireo: 4

A large clam up to 4 inches in length easily
recognized by its thick wrinkled black epidermis;
usually lives in deep water (6-90 fathoms) and is
oceasional but not common on the New England
beaches after storms. IKnown from New Jersey by
only one record, 20 miles southeast of Atlantie City.

152 ANIMALS OF THE SEASHORE

Astarte castanea Say
PLATE XV. Fig. 7

Shell thick, smooth, about 1 inch in length and
eovered with a hght brown epidermis. Found be-
tween Nova Scotia and Cape Hatteras but very rare
south of Delaware; fairly common on sandy grounds
off northern New Jersey and frequently found on
the beaches of Asbury Park, Seaside Park, Beach
Haven and vicinity. Less common in Southern New
Jersey but is known to occur off Atlantic City and
near Five Fathom Bank (14 miles off Wildwood).

Astarte is a northern genus and there are a num-
ber of species found along the coast of Northern New
England, Nova Scotia and Newfoundland.

Venericardia borealis Conrad
(Cardita borealis Conrad)

PLATE XIV. Fig. 4

A heart-shaped shell with conspicuous radiating
ribs; two prominent hinge teeth; rusty brown epider-
mis. Fairly common Labrador to Cape Cod; rare
and in deep water south of that cape; a few shells
have been found on the New Jersey beaches at Cape
May and elsewhere; about an inch in length.

Venericardia tridentata Say

PLATE XIX. Fig. 9

A small (4% inch) somewhat triangular clam

.
a

with prominent ribs; decidedly a southern species

MOLLUSCA 155

not: hitherto reported north of North Carolina. It
occurs in considerable numbers near the mouth of
Delaware Bay and elsewhere in southern New
Jersey.

Divarcella quadrisulcata D’Orbigny
(Dollar a Dozen)
(Lucina dentata Wood)

PLATE SAV: Pre 10

Shell up to about 1 inch in length, with well
marked concentric lines crossed by a series of wavy
lines. This shell is frequently found on beaches
along the whole length of New Jersey from Sandy
Hook to Cape May, but has never been seen alive in
New Jersey waters. It is said to live in from 10 to
30 fathoms between Massachusetts and Brazil; it is
much more common, and the shells are much fresher
in appearance south of New Jersey; it is probable
that many of the New Jersey shells are fossils.

Laevicardium mortoni Conrad
(Heart Shell; saath Cockle)

(Cardvum mortont Conrad )
PLATE xX1V.. Pig. 6

A smooth white, somewhat heart-shaped shell,
seldom more than an inch in length and about the
same in height; hinge typical. of the genus with two
teeth in the center and one lateral tooth on each side
and some little distance from the center (beak).

A rather rare shell which occasionally can be
found burrowing in the sand or mud in shallow

154 ANIMALS OF THE SEASHORE

water; it is found between Nova Scotia and the Gulf
of Mexico, but is more common toward the south.

Cardium 18 a more or less southern genus, a
eoodly number of species being known from Florida.
The large, ribbed, C. robustum, which may reach as
much as 5 inches in height, is common from Virginia. —

Venus mercenaria l[Linne
(Hard Shell Clam; Little Neck; Quohog)

PLAGE XX. “Bigs 5

This is the common clam of the New Jersey coast
and the one most frequently used as food. It lives
in the sandy mud flats. It burrows into the mud,
and, especially when young, can dig or crawl fairly
rapidly by means of its foot. It obtains its food
through the small siphon cr neck which is projected
upward. ‘This small siphon has given the popular
name Little Neck as contrasted with the Soft Shell
Clam or Nanny Nose (J/ya arenaria) which has a long
prcojecting siphon.

The Hard Shell Clam was frequently used as
food by the Indians who gave it the name Quohog.
Large piles of the shells of this species will often
indicate the site of a former Indian village. The
purple portion of the inside of the shell was frequent-
lv used as Wampum or money.

The species ranges from the Gulf of St. Law-
renee to the Gulf of Mc ‘co. The large shells, parti-
cularly those from the su. ‘hern coast, are frequently
difficult to distinguish from Venas campechiensis; it 18
highly possible that mercenaria aud campechiensis
should be regarded as ecological or genetic varieties
of a single species.

MOLLUSCA 159

The shells of Venus mercenaria as well as V.
camnechiensis from the Pleistocene are often consider-
l . . .
ably thicker than those living today.

Venus mercenaria notata Say

A variety of the common clam (V. mercenaria)
with zig-zag color markings on the shell; said to live
on the sandbars off shore; shells are occasionally
found on the beach, but the variety is by no meats
common.

Venus campechiensis Gmelin
(V. mortont Conrad)

Very similar to V. mercenaria but distinguished
from it by having its concentric ridges extending
across the entire shell, whereas in mercenaria they are
cbscured except near the beak. Campechiensis never
has the interior purple characteristic of mercenarta.

V. campechiensis is a southeru form and in the
Carolinas, Georgia and Florida may attain a con-
siderable size (as much as 8 inches in diameter).

New Jersey specimens are very small—rarely
more than 2 inches in length—and can usually be
distinguished from mercenaria by their conspicuous
concentric ridges.

Gemma gemma ‘Totten ; (Gem Shell)

A minute clam (usually less than 14 inch) with
typical venerid hinge, frequently found in great
numbers in tide pools along the entire New Jersey

156 ANIMALS OF THE SEASHORE

coast. This species, made up of three varieties, is
known from Labrador to the Gulf of Mexico.

Pitar morrhuana Gould
(Cytherea convexa Say; Callocardia morrhuana Gould)

PLATE XV. Fig.8

Closely resembles Venus mercenaria, but rarely
grows larger than 2 inches; shell smoother and with
no purple marks on the interior; hinge has both
lateral and cardinal teeth.

Lives in shallow water from Nova Scotia to
Florida; not uncommon on New Jersey beaches but
more abundant farther south.

Petricola pholadiformis Lamarck (Angel Wings)
PLATE XIV. Fig. 9

Shell thin, white, with numerous ribs; about
2 inches in length; when spread open resembles
a pair of wings, hence the name. It burrows to
the depth of about 6 inches in mud or hard clay
offshore or near salt marshes. Frequently after
storms large clumps of old meadow sod or peat
are washed ashore from below low tide _ line,
and are found to contain these mollusks. After
a storm at Cape May Point, N. J. (September 20,
1928), a log was washed ashore containing a large
number of individuals of this species associated with
Pholas truncata and Teredo (Ship Worm).

Known from Prince Edward Island to the Gulf
of Mexico, boring in clay or peat.

MOLLUSCA 157
Tellina tenera Say (Tellen )

PLATE XIV... Fig. 14

A small white shell occasionally tinted pink;
common in sand associations from the littoral zone
to about 10 fathoms. This species, which is frequent-
ly found on the New Jersey beaches, is known from
Prince Edward Island to Florida.

Tellina is a southern genus, and many beautiful
species are known between Cape Hatteras and
Florida and in the West Indies.

Macoma tenta Say

Very similar to the above but without the lateral
hinge teeth. Not as common as 7. tenera, but known
from Cape Cod to Florida.

Macoma balthica Linne
PLATE XIV. Fig. 3

A white or pink shell, about an inch long,
rounded in shape, often with a thin dusky epidermis;
characteristic of brackish water and _ especially
abundant in Delaware Bay.

Known from the Arctic regions, where it 1s very
common, as far south as Georgia.

Macoma calcarea Gmelin

Similar to the above but more pointed posterior-
ly. A northern species known from the Arctic to

158 ANIMALS OF THE SEASHORE

New Jersey; abundant in the north; rare in New
Jersey and cecasionally found associated with MM.
balthica.

Donax fossor Say (Wedge Clam).
PLATE XIV. Fig. 16

A small shell, up to '% inch in length, elongated
in front, obliquely rounded and short behind. The
radiating sculpture is superimposed by a thin layer
making the surface of the shell entirely smooth;
white or purple in color. Very common on sandy
beaches where it often may be seen burrowing into
the sand at low tide line just as the waves recede
Very common from Long Island to Texas, abundant
in New Jersey.

A closely related form, Donax variabilis Say 1s
found cn beaches from North Carolina southward.
This species has the posterior obliquely truncated
and the sides noticeably angular; it reaches a length
of 14% inches and usually is more brilliantly colored
than the more northern fossor.. In Florida, where this
species is especially abundant, it ts known as the
Coquina or Pompano Clam, and is often used for
broth.

Tagelus gibbus Spengler
PEATE.XV- Bie?
An elongated white shell covered with a yellow-

ish epidermis. It burrows deep in the mud and is
seldom seen alive. The shell is very common on all

MOLLUSCA 159

New Jersey beaches. Range: Massachusetts to the
Gulf of Mexico.

Tagelus divisus Spengler

Smaller and narrower than the above; similar in
range and habits, but much rarer.

Ensis directus Conrad (Razor Clam)
(Solen americana Gould)

PATE eV. hig

This is the common razor clam of the New Jersey
coast; shell shehtly curved, white, but covered with
an olive green epidermis; up to 6 inches in length;
two teeth on the right valve and three on the left.

This species is known as the razor clam because
of its resemblance to an old fashioned razor. These
clams burrow into the mud perpendicularly to a
depth of 2 or 3 feet. Sometimes they can be seen
projecting slightly out of their holes; however, they
burrow very rapidly and are often very difficult to
catch. ;

An easy method of obtaining some of these ani-
mals alive is to sprinkle salt on the mud flats where
they are living. The salt will cause them to quickly
come out of their holes and they may then be readily
collected. One must be careful to put the speci-
mens in a jar or other container, because upon being
laid flat on the mud they soon recover and with a
quick movement of their foot, they may right them-
selves and burrow rapidly again into the mud.

This clam is common in mud flats and shallow

160 ANIMALS OF THE SEASHORE

water from Labrador to Florida and the shell is
frequently found on the beach; occasionally used
as food.

Ensis viridis Say (Green Razor Clam)

Shell smaller and straighter than the above with
a single tooth in each valve; heht green in color.
Rhode Island to Florida, very rare.

Siliqua costata Say
PLATE, XIV) Fig. 12

A very thin elliptical shell, up to 2 inches long;
characterized by a rib extending across the inside
of the shell; greenish epidermis. Lives in shallow
water from Nova Scotia to Cape Hatteras; rare in
New Jersey and only occasionally seen on the beach
after a storm.

Mactra solidissima Dillwyn (Surf Clam; Sea Clam)
PLATE XIV. Fig. 7,8

One of the commonest shells on the New Jersey
beaches. Shell large, up to 7 inches in length, and
covered with a pale brown epidermis which is usu-
ally worn off before the shell is washed up on the
beach. A triangular shaped cartilage plate at the
hinge is characteristic of the family.

Often found living on sandy beaches at low
water mark; also dredged in considerable numbers

MOLLUSCA 161

off southern New Jersey from shallow water to 10
fathoms; occasionally used as food, but usually re-
garded as too tough or too sandy; sometimes
gathered in considerable numbers for use as fish
bait.

Mulinia lateralis Say (Salt Marsh Clam)
(Mactra lateralis Say)

Fig. 25

Hinge similar to the above but the shell is much
smaller (less than an inch in length). A prominent
shelf or constriction on the shell is characteristic of
this species. Very common in brackish water in
sandy associations from 1 to 4 fathoms; especially
abundant in Delaware Bay.

Labiosa canaliculata Say
PLATE XVII. Fig. 1

Hinge somewhat similar to Mactra, but the shell
is very thin and ornamented with ridges; fairly
common south of Virginia; broken shells are oc-
easionally found on the beaches of southern New
Jersey.

Mesodesma arctatum Conrad
(Ceronta arctata Conrad )

PLAVE XIV.) Hie? 15

A northern species that is occasionally found
on the New Jersey beaches from Seaside Park north-
ward.

162 ANIMALS OF THE SEASHORE

Mya arenaria Linne (Soft Shelled Clam;
Nanny-Nose)

PLATE XIX. Fig.

Shell oval and net as thick as the Hard Shell
Clam (Venus). <A single large tooth on one valve
fits into a pit on the opposite valve. :

The soft clam fives in mud flats along the New
Jersey coast, but usually prefers a more muddy asso-
ciation than Venus. Its siphons are much longer than
those of the hard clam and may even be longer than
the shell of the clam. When disturbed in its burrow
it quickly withdraws its siphon within the shell
ejecting a jet of water into the air. Its usual size
is 2 to 3 inches in length. Known from the Arctic
regions to Cape Hatteras, but rare south of Chesa-
peake Bay. It is used as food, but is not quite as
popular in New Jersey as the Hard Shell Clam.

Corbula contracta Say
PLATE XIX Figs

About half an inch long with a single tooth in
each valve fitting into a pit on-the opposite valve;
shell smocth with concentric ridges. Cape Cod to
Florida; occasionally dredged in shallow water off
the New Jersey coast.

PEALE XVII.

1. Labiosa canaliculata Say 2. Pholas costata Linne

3)

3. Pecten grandis Solander

164 ANIMALS OF THE SEASHORE

Pholas costata Linne
(Barnea costata Linne ) (Large Angel Wings)
PLAGE. XVI, Fig.2

This conspicuous white shell reaches as much
as 6 inches in length. It burrows 2 feet or more deep
in the mud or clay and is very difficult to obtain
alive. This species had not been seen alive along
our northeastern coast for a good many years and
it was thought that they were possibly becoming
extinct. However, it has recently turned up again
and is found to live in considerable numbers in the
mud flats along Delaware Bay and in Cape May
Harbor. :

There is a large bed of these mollusks along
Delaware Bay near Fishing Creek. They can some-
times be seen at low tide in the shallow pools with
their siphons slightly elevated above the mud. Upon
trying to capture them, they burrow very rapidly
some two feet or more into the mud. In attempting
to resist capture the animal will frequently draw
itself into the shell with such force that the shell
becomes broken. The shell is indeed very fragile
and although many fragments are found on the New
Jersey beaches, it is seldom than one finds a perfect
pair.

A few years ago a fisherman at Cape May found
a bed of these bivalves in Cape May Harbor and re-
ported that they were good to eat.

These shells are known from Cape Cod to the
West Indies, and are more frequent on beaches south
of Cape Hatteras.

Although not closely related, this shell at first
glance resembles Petricola pholadiformis and the popu-
lar name for the two species is sometimes the same.

MOLLUSCA 165

Pholas truncata Say
(Barnea truncata Say)

PEALE XV, Fig:'S

Smaller than the above and more truncate; bur-
rows in mud and peat and found between Maine and
the Gulf of Mexico. The shell is fairly common in
New Jersey, especially along Delaware Bay beaches;
it has been observed burrowing into a log washed
ashore at Cape May Point. (September 21, 1928).

Zirphaea crispata Linne

Somewhat similar in general appearance to the
above but with a prominent furrow which divided
each valve into two parts.

A northern shell living in hard clay or rocks;
very rare in New Jersey.

Teredo navalis Linne (Ship Worm)
Fig. 26 |

One would naturally expect that the ship worm
was an annelid worm. However, it is really a bi-
valve mollusk of a very modified type. It is worm-
hke in form and lives in a shelly tube not unlike
that of the worm Fupomotus dianthus. It does how-
ever, have a very small shell (14 inch long) at the
wider end of the tube. At the other end of the tube
there are two calcareous structures known as pallets
which are used to close the tube.

Ship worms bore into submerged wood and are

166 ANIMALS OF THE SEASHORE

Wood bored by Shipworm (Teredo navallis Linne)

very destructive to piling, wharves, buoys and even
vessels. Various kinds of paints have been perfected
to coat the weod in an attempt to protect it from the
ravages of this pest.

The ship worm is world-wide in distribution;
along the New Jersey coast the tubes grow to 6
inches in length. In tropical waters they may attain
the length of two feet or more.

Various species or varieties of the ship worm
have been deseribed, based upon slight differences
in the shell or pallets.

GASTROPODA

The word Gastropoda means stomach-footed;
the foot cf this mollusk is really a thickening of the
surface of the animal, giving the impression that the
animal walks on its stomach. There is a great deal

MOLLUSCA 167

of variation in the size and shape of the foot among
the various species of gastropods.

As contrasted to the bivalves, the gastropods
are often called univalves because they usually pos-
sess a single shell, generally coiled or spiral; a few,
however, such as the slugs and nudibranchs possess
no external shell whatever. (These are not treated
in this book.)

Another common name for this group of mol-
lusks is Sea Snails.

The openimg through which the animal projects
out of the shell is known as the aperture and is in
some species covered by a horny or calcareous lid
known as the operculum.

The top of the shell is called the apex and each
turn of the spiral is known as a whorl. The seulpt-
ure of the whorls is cften very complicated and is
of importance in the determination of the various
species. The cuter edge of the aperture is known
as the outer lip, while the inner lip is termed the
columella.

Although externally very different from the bi-
valves, the internal anatomy of both bivalves and
univalves is essentially similar. One structure, how-
ever, peculiar to univalves is the radula or tongue.
This structure is equipped with mnmany small teeth
and is used to grind the food obtained by the mol-
lusk. The radula is hidden among the muscular
tissue which lines the inside of the snail. The struct-
ure of the radula is of great importance im the differ-
entiation of species, particularly of land mollusks.

As is the case with the Peleeypoda many gastro-
peds are of economic importance as food, although
they seem not to be especially favored along our
coast. Among others, the Moon Snail (Polinices

168 ANIMALS OF THE SEASHORE

heros) and the Periwinkle (Jittorina litorea) are
eaten with much relish in Newfoundland, and vari-
ous species of Conch (Strombus, Fulgur, ete.) are often
eaten in Florida and the West Indies.

Gastropods are found in the sea, in fresh water
and on land.

Fissurella alternata Say _ (Key Hole Limpet)
Fig. 30 B

A southern shell occasionally found on the
beaches of southern New Jersey, probably washed
from a Pleistocene fossil deposit. Not known alive
north of Cape Hatteras. 3

Scalaria lineata Say
(Scala lineata Say; Epitonium lineatum (Say) )

Fig. 30 D

Shell white, sometimes with a few brown lines;
about 1 inch long with about eight whorls, promi-
nently ribbed. Not common on the beach, but
occasionally found in from 2 to 25 fathoms off
shore; known from Vineyard Sound to the Gulf of
Mexico; more common north of New Jersey.

Scalaria humphrysii Kiener
(Scalaria sayana Dall; Epitonium humphrysiu (Krener) )

PLATE, XG Big dt
Ribs more prominent than those of the above;

color usually pure white; similar in habits and
range as the above; rare.

MOLLUSCA 169

Janthina janthina Linne (Floating Shell)
(J. communis Lamarck; J. fragilis Lamarck)

Fig. 27

A pelagic species, that is one that floats on the
surface of the sea, usually far from shore. After
storms they are occasionally washed upon the
beaches from Nantucket to the West Indies. The
shell is very thin and is usually purple in color.
The animal is kept on the surface of the water by
a gelatinous secretion from the foot. Very rare
on New Jersey beaches (one record from Cape May
Point); more common on Florida beaches.

Fig. 27

Janthina janthina Linne

Stilifer stimpsoni Verrill

A small, elongate shell that lives among the
spines of the Green Sea Urchin (Strongylocentrotus
drobachtensis), usually in deep water. One record
from 35 fathoms off New Jersey.

POMPE XVI

Crepidula fornicata Linne
Crepidula plana Say
Sinum perspectivum Say
Crepidula convexa Say
Columbella avara Say
Nassa trivittata Say
Melampus lir-atus Say
Terebra c va Say

7 7
Terebra u. ocata Say
Polinices duplicata Say

Polinices heros Say

PEATE XVIIE

Loptesnesaninsssisieeite

172 ANIMALS OF THE SEASHORE

Fig. 28

(a) Littorina saxatila;) (b) L. obtussata; (c) Wactuid-visets:

(d) Paludestrina minuta; (e) Columbella lunata; (f) Odostomia

impressa; (g) O.seminuda; (h) Triphora perversa nigrocincta;
(i) Bittranr alternatum; (j) -Actoocina canaliculata;

(k) Natica pusila.

Odostomia impressa Say
Fig. 28 F

A small smooth shell (less than 14 inch long)
occasionally found on sea weed between the tides
and in shallow water.

Odostomia seminuda ©. B. Adams

Fig. 28G

Similar in general appearance and habits to
the above, but distinguished by its more granulated
surface.

Turbonilla

This isa genus composed of numerous species of
minute shells, several of which are to be found in
New Jersey waters. They are long, slender spiral
shells, seldom reaching '% inch in length. The

MOLLUSCA 173

various species are very difficult to determine. They
can be distinguished from Odostomia by an oblique
fold on the columella (shell axis).

The most common New Jersey species are 7.
conradt Bush and T. interrupia Totten.

Fig. 29
Polinices duplicata Say

Polinices duplicata Say (Sea Snail; Moon Snail;
(Natica duplicata Say ) Sand Collar Snail)

PAE ey Mite is ks. Hie 29

A large shell (up to 3 inches in diameter) with
a comparatively flat apex; characterized by a thick
brown callus almost covering the umbilicus. Usu-
ally found partially buried in the sand from the
intertidal zone to relatively deep water; known
from Massachusetts to the Gulf of Mexico; common
in New Jersey.

174 ANIMALS OF THE SEASHORE

This snail forms a curious eve case known as
the sand collar. The animal elues together grains
of sand in the form of a collar and deposits its
egos in the gelatinous substance between the sand
erains. (Fig...29).. The operculum (or lid of the
shell) is horny.

Polinices heros Say (Moon Snail)
PipAa hao Valo aghic 2

Somewhat similar to the above but without
the callus on the umbilicus; therefore easily disting-
uished by the ‘‘hole’’. Often larger than duplicata
(up to 4 inches); similar habits as the above but
more common in deeper water (to 238 fathoms).
Found between Newfoundland and North Carolina,
especially abundant north of Long Island Sound.
Used as bait for cod fish.

Polinices triseriata Say

Hixactly similar to P. heros except for its smaller
size and for three rows of brown spots on the shell;
probably the young of P. heros.

Natica pusila Say
Fig. 28 K

Shell small (14 inch) with white callus almost
completely filling the umbilicus. Lives in shallow

MOLLUSCA 1(9

water from Massachusetts to Florida. Not common
in New Jersey coastal waters but occasionally
dredged off shore.

Natica clausa Broderip and Sowerby

A small species with a white callus in the um-
bilicus; operculum (lid) calcareous instead of horny
(as in heros, trisertata and duplicata). A northern
species very rare in New Jersey.

sinum perspectivum Say (Har Shell)
(Sigaretus perspectivus Say)

PEERS XVal Bigs <3

A flat ear-shaped shell which is really a modi-
fied Natica. Common on southern beaches but only
a few have been found in New Jersey (Atlantic
City, Wildwood, Two Mile Beach and Cape May);
some of these may be fossils.

Crepidula fornicata [Line (Boat Shell; Slipper
Limpet )

PPA by Vi Shien, A

One of the most easily recognized shells of the
New Jersey beaches. The top of the shell is pointed
and the spire is merely an inconspicucus apex closely
pressed against the shell. The top part of the shell
is rounded giving it a boat-like appearance. A
shelf covering the upper part of the aperture

PLATE XIX

Fulgur canaliculata Linne
Fulgur perversa Linne
Fulgur carica Gmelin
Cyprina islandica Linne
Venus mercenaria Linne
Mya arenaria Linne
Marginella guttata Dillwyn
Corbula contracta Say
Venericardia tridentata Say
Modiolus demissus Dillwyn
Modiolus modiolus Linne

Mytilus recurvus Rafinesque

PLAT EXIX.

178 ANIMALS OF THE SEASHORE

corresponds to the forecastle of the ship. The color
is white frequently with brown markings.

These shells are found attached to other shells,
stones, and often to each other; most frequent
on shells inhabited by hermit crabs. Very large
boat shells are sometimes found attached to King
Crabs and occasionally to Blue Crabs. !

Variable in shape because of the object to which
they are attached. Very common all along the New
Jersey coast from tide pools to at least 25 fathoms;
range: Prince Edward Island to the West Indies.

Crepidula plana Say (Flat Boat Shell; White
Boat Shell)

PEATE XVI Mig Z

Shell white and flat with suppressed spire at the
tip of the ‘‘bow’’; The ‘‘stern’’ is square, Found
on the inside of shells, frequently those mhabited
by Hermit Crabs; occasionally on the outside of
flat shells, such as the oyster. Similar distribution
to the above.

Crepidula convexa Say (Convex Boat Shell)
PLATE XVIII. Fig. 4

Very convex; usually spotted brown in color;
erows on pebbles or other objects suitable to its
shape. Very abundant from Nova Scotia to
Florida.

MOLLUSCA if

Paludestrina minuta ‘l'otten
(Rissoa minuta Totten)

Ne)

Fig. 28D

A small (14 inch) shell common in salt marsh
pools and brackish waters frori James Bay and
Labrador to New Jersey; often found on sea weed
in New Jersey Inland Waterways. It can often be
obtained by drying masses of Sea Lettuce (Ulva)
and then shaking it thoroughly and collecting the
small shells that were adhering to it.

Littorina litorea Linne (Periwinkle; Wrinkle)
PLATE XX. Fig. 6

This thick black shell is the most conspicuous
member of the littoral marine fauna from Labrador
to Long Island. It is said to have been accidently
introduced into Nova Scotia from the Old World
about 1863 and has since migrated north and south
along the coast. It is usually associated with a
rocky coast and is therefore not to be expected along
the sandy shores of New Jersey. However, the
rock breakwaters along the coast have in recent
years afforded a habitat for this species and it 1s
now firmly established at a number of places along
the New Jersey coast. As far as is known, Cape
May is the southermost point that the Periwinkle
has vet been reported.

In Great Britain and other Kuropean countries
these periwinkles are used as food and are regarded
as quite a delicacy. In Newfoundland, where they
are known as ‘‘Wrinkles’’ they are also frequently
eaten.

180 ANIMALS OF THE SEASHORE
Littorina irrorata Say (Salt Marsh Periwinkle)
PLATE XX. Fig. 4

Resembles L. litorea in general appearance but
with a higher spire; usually white with a series
of brown revolving lines or dots. Very common in.
New Jersey attached to Eel Grass or other salt
marsh plants. It is usually found between tides
or above high tide and lives in brackish or even
almost fresh water. Known from Massachusetts
to Texas, but is rare north of New Jersey and pos-
sibly in some cases a recent addition either by
migration or introduction with oysters.

Littorina obtusata Linne
(L. paliata Say)

Fig. 28B

Small (1% inch in length), low spired, usually
olive in color, occasionally banded. Found on sea
weed and associated with L. litorea along the coast
of New England. Rare in New Jersey but occasion-
ally found in brackish water or associated with L.
litorea on various rock jetties along the coast. Cape
May appears to be its southern limit.

Littorina saxatila Olivi
(L. rudis Maton; L. groenlandica Menke)

Fig. 283A

About the same size as the above; the spire is
higher and there are usually revolving bands; usu-

MOLLUSCA 181

ally white or olive in color. Similar habits as ZL.
obtussata; known from Cape May, N. J. to Labrador
and Hudson Bay.

Lacuna vincta Montagu
Fig. 28 C

Shell less than 42 inch in length, usually purp-
lish in color. The umbilicus forms a lengthened
groove along the columella. A northern shell known
from Labrador to New Jersey. It is frequently
common on Sea Lettuce (Ulva) between the tides
and in shallow water. It is inconspicuous on the
living sea weed, and may best be found by drying
some, and then shaking it to obtain the small shells
that were adhering to the weed; often associated
with Paludestrina minuta. Cape May is the southern
limit.

Cerithiopsis subulata Montagu
(C. emersont Adams)

PEATE XX. (Fig; 9

A small gastropod known from 2 to 15 fathoms
between Massachusetts and the West Indies. Not
seen alive in New Jersey waters, but occasionally
found in the Pleistocene deposits or washed upon
the beach.

182 ANIMALS OF THE SEASHORE

Triphora perversa nigrocincta C. B. Adams
Fig. 28 H

Shell black, about 4% inch long. This species is
easily recognized because it is sinistral or left-
handed—that is the whorls turn to the left and the ~
opening is on the left side. Cape Cod to Florida;
rare in New Jersey.

Bittium alternatum Say
(B. nigrum Totten; Diastoma virginica Tlenderson &
Bartsch

PRAT SOXs) Piss 10

A right handed shell about 4% inch long;
rounded aperture; often abundant in shallow water
Massachusetts to North Carolina.

Urosalpinx cinerea Say (Oyster Drill; Drill; Borer)
PLATE XX, Fig. 8

These .astropods bore small round holes in
shells, pa ilarly those of the young oyster. They
are found in great numbers in Delaware Bay where
they cause considerable damage to the beds in
Maurice River Cove. They are especially abundant
below low tide, although they may sometimes be seen
alive on the exposed beach or mud flats. They are
not as resistant to fresh water as the oyster and are
therefore not common in the upper part of Delaware
Bay and are rare above Fortesque. Drills are also

MOLLUSCA 183

common along the rest of the New Jersey coast.
The species is known from Prince Kdward Island
to Florida, and is particularly abundant in Long
Island Sound, Delaware Bay and Chesapeake Bay
where it feeds on young oysters.

Eupleura caudata Say (Oyster Driil; Drill; Borer)
Bie, 30'C

Flatter in appearance than Urosalpinz but simi-
lar to it in habits and distribution, although not
nearly as common. Of some 10,000 borers taken
from Delaware Bay by the New Jersey Oyster In-
vestigation Laboratory in one season, 3% proved
to be this species, the other 97% being Uvrosalpina.

Thais floridana Conrad

(Purpura haemastoma floridana Conrad )
PLATE XX. Fig. 7

Although not known alive north of North
Carolina, the shell is ocecasionaliy found on New
Jersey beaches where they have probably been
washed from some fossil deposit.

In southern waters where this species abounds,
they cause considerable damage to oysters by drull-
ing holes in the same manner as Urosalpinx and
Hupleura.

PLATE XX

Buccinum undatum Linne
Colus gracilis Da Costa
Neptunea stonei Pilsbry
Littorina irrorata Say

Nassa vibex Say

Littorina litorea Linne

Thais floridana Conrad
Urosalpinx cinerea Say
Cerithiopsis subulata Montagu
Bittium alternatum Say

Scalaria humphrysii [iener

Seek! 2
aheas:

186 ANIMALS7@F: THE SEASHORE

Columbella avara Say
(Anachis avara Say)

PEATE SV Ul. Hic.S

A slender shell about 45 inch long; upper
whorls smooth, lower ones undulated; yellowish -
white in color. Fairly common in sandy associa-
tions from 3 to 25 fathoms; not found in the inter-
tidal zone or in the inland waterways. [known from
Massachusetts to Florida.

Columbella lunata Say
(Mitrella lunata Say; Astyrts lunata Say)

Fig. 28 E

Less than 14 inch in length; reddish brown
with circular rows of white spots or ‘‘half moons”’.
Common on sea weed, ete. from low tide to 10
fathoms or more, particularly abundant on the
bryozoon Bugula turrita in a large area of 3 to 6
fathoms depth off Wildwood and Cape May.

Nassa obsoleta Say (Mud Snail)

(Nassarius obsoleta Say; Alectrion obsoleta Say)
Fig. 30 A

This small (1 inch) black snail is exceedingly
abundant on mud flats from between the tides to
about 2 fathoms, occasionally deeper; usually found
in inlets or in brackish water, never in the open
ocean; the mud fats along Delaware Bay are almost

MOLLUSCA 187

Fig. 30

(ajo Nassa -obsoleta> ~(b)- Fissurella, <alternata; (c) Eupléura

caudata; (d) Scalaria lineata

literally covered with these snails. This species
does not drill holes in oyster shells as does Urosalpinx
and Hupleura but is a scavenger and eagerly devours
dead animals of various kinds.

The eges, small white bodies, are common in
May and June and may be found attached to sea
weeds or floating plants. The species is known
from the Gulf of St. Lawrence to Florida; the mud
flats of New Jersey are perhaps its favorite home.

188 ANIMALS OF THE SEASHORE

Nassa trivittata Say (Sand Flat Snail; White
Mud Snail)
(Nassarius trivittata Say; Tritva trivittata Say; Alectrion
trivittata Say )

PLATE XVIII. Fig. 6

About the size of N. obsoleta, but white and
eranulated in appearance. Common on sandy shores
from just below low tide to fathoms; more common
in the open ocean than in the inlets and bays al-
though it is frequent in parts of Delaware Bay.
Shells of this and the above species, often inhabited
by Hermit Crabs are very abundant in tide pools
and washed up on the beaches. Known from the
Gulf of St. Lawrence to Florida.

Nassa vibex Say (Southern Mud Snail)

PLATE XX... Big. 5

This species is not common north of Cape
Charles, Virginia. It has, however, been collected
alive from the New Jersey coast and as far north
as Vineyard Sound, Massachusetts. The shell is
slightly smaller than the two preceding species and
is white with brownish spots. It is very common
in sandy bays along the Florida coast; known from
the Pleistocene deposits of New Jersey.

MOLLUSCA 189

Fig. 31

Neptunea decemcostata Say

Buccinum undatum [Linne (Whelk)
PLATE: %X, Fig 1

This large gastropod (2 to 3 inches long) 1s
common on the coast of Newfoundland and along
northern New England. Farther south it is re-
stricted to deep water and off New Jersey is known
only from 32 fathoms or deeper. Occasionally shells
are found on the beach, some of which are probably
fossils which lived during a part of the Pleistocene
when the climate was cooler than the present—
probably during a glacial stage.

The peculiar egg masses of this species are
common on northern beaches and are occasionally

190 ANIMALS OF THE SEASHORE

dredged in deep water off New Jersey or as far
south as Ocean City, Maryland, the recorded south-
erp limit of the species.

Neptunea decemcostata Say
Fig. 31

A large shell decorated with ten revolving ribs;
known from Nova Scotia to Massachusetts Bay. A
few fossil specimens have been found on the New
Jersey beaches; these, like the above species pro-
bablv lived off the New Jersey coast during Glacial
times when the water was considerably cooler than
it is to-day.

Neptunea stonei Pilsbry

(Chrysodomus stonet Pilsbry)
PAGE OX eee 3

An extinet species that is occasionally picked
up on the New Jersey beaches. Jt is known from
Pleistocene deposits on Gardiners Island, N. Y.,
Marthas Vineyard and Nantucket, Massachusetts,
and probably lived during or just before the last
elaciation; rare and never found perfect.

MOLLUSCA 191

Colus gracilis DaCosta
PLATE XX! Fig. 2

Ancther northern species which probably lived
in New Jersey waters during the Glacial period;
one fossil shell has been found on the beach at

Asbury Park, N. J.

Pipe 32

Egg case of Conch (Fulgur)

Fulgur carica Gmelin (IXnobbed Conch)
(Busycon caricum Gmelin)

PLATE XIX. Fig: 3
The conchs are the largest gastropod shells

north cf Cape Hatteras. They may be seen crawling
among the Kel Grass in shallow water or may be

192 ANIMALS OF THE SEASHORE

dredged from deep water; the shells are common
on most beaches. The conch has a proboscis lke
an elephant’s trunk, which it holds before it as it —
crawls about looking for food.

The Knobbed Conch is the largest of the Conchs
off the coast of New Jersey and adjacent states and
may reach 9 inches in length. It may easily be
identified by the wart-like knobs near the top of
the shell.

This conch as well as the two following species,
is edible, but it is not extensively used. along this
coast. |

The egg cases of this species are often found
upon the beach (Figure 32). If one of the pockets
of a mature case is opened, one will discover scores
of minute ‘‘baby conch shells. ”’

Known from Cape Cod to Florida.

Fulgur canaliculata Linne (Channeled Conch)
(Busycon canaliculatum Linne.)

PLATE +X1X,, Pig: t

This specie, .. ..ghtly smaller than the above
eonch; instead of having knobs, the shoulder is
flattened and there are deeply channeled sutures.
Same distribution as the above. The egg case of
this species differs from the above in that the
margins of the capsules or pockets are thin and
wedge-shaped rather than square and angular.

MOLLUSCA 193
Fulgur perversa Linne (Left-Handed Conch)

(Busycon perversum Linne)
PUATE, XIX Fig, 2

Similar to the above species except that it is
sinistral or ‘‘left-handed.’’ In other words the
opening is on the left instead of the right as in
carica and canaliculata. For this reason most people
eall it the ‘‘left-handed conch.’’ However, accord-
ing to some, this is a ‘‘right-handed’’ shell, whereas
the other two species are ‘‘left-handed,’’ because
perversa is held in the right hand when used as a
drinking cup and the other species are held in the
left hand. This double meaning of the popular name
has caused some rather amusing incidents among
collectors.

F. perversa is not known alive to-day north of
Cape Hatteras. Nevertheless worn shells are oc-
casionally found on the beaches as far north as New
Jersey and occasionally southern New England. It
is believed that these are fossil shells and that they
were washed from some deposit of Pleistocene age.
This species apparently lived in New Jersey waters
during interglacial time, when the climate was some-
what milder than that of the pr ~ont.

Marginella guttata Dillwyn
PEATE XIX; Fig. 7

An attractive southern shell that has only re-
cently been found in New Jersey waters; about an
inch long and usually pink in color.

194 ANIMALS OF THE SEASHORE

Terebra dislocata Say (Spiral; Staircase Shell)

PLATE -XVUELL., Fig.10

A spiral shell up to 2 inthes long; numerous
minute radiating lines; prominently ribbed with
numerous revolving grooves.

Although this species is not known alive north
of North Carolina (or possibly Maryland), shells
are occasionally found on the New Jersey beaches.
The species is frequent in the Pleistocene (inter-
olacial) deposits and it is probable that the beach
shells were transported from some such deposit.

Terebra concava Say
PLATE XVII. Fig. 8 9

Distinguished from the abcve because the
radiating lines or nodules do not extend across the
grooves. Similar distribution as 7. dislocata but not
quite as common in the Pleistocene of New Jersey.

Mangelia cerina Kurtz and Stimpson

This small species, although reported from
Massachusetts to Florida in 3 to 10 fathoms, has
not been found alive in New Jersey waters; known
from the Pleistocene (interglacial) deposits at Two
Mile Beach.

MOLLUSCA 195
Mangelia plicosa ©. Bb. Adams

Range similar to that of the above; not found
alive in New Jersey although present in the Pleisto-
eene (interglacial) deposits at Two Mile Beach and
Peermont.

Acteccina canaliculata Say
(Tornatina canaliculata Say)

Fig. 28 J

A small (144 inch) white shell occasionally
found on sea weed or dredged in shallow water be-
tween Prince Edward Island and Florida.

Melampus lineatus Say (Salt Marsh Snail;
(M. bidentatus Montagu) Coffee Snail)

PICA EE SON Pe Bis 27

A small brown pulmonate (air breathing) snail
that is always found near salt water; almost always
found above high tide line; since, contrary to most
marine snails, it is air breathing, it seldom is found
in the water, although it has been found on some
mussels (Mytilus edulis) submerged between the
tides,

CEPHALOPODA

The name Cephalopoda means head-footed ana
was applied to this group of mollusks, because the

196 ANIMALS OF THE SEASHORE

foot is partly fused with the head above the eyes
and around the mouth.

Except for the Nautilus and one or two others,
the animals of this group do not possess an external
shell. The shell is internal and very much modified.
The common squid (Loligo pealet) has a horny struct-
ure known as the pen which is really a modified inter- —
nal shell. The Squid of the Mediterranean (Sepia)
has a hard pen known as the cuttle bone, of which
the canary birds are so fond.

In former geological ages, Cephalopods were
much more abundant than at present and their
fossil remains are often abundant in the rocks. Many
reached a great size, either elongate such as the
modern squid, or coiled like the Nautilus. Pens of
Bellemnitella americana are abundant in the Cretace-
ous deposits of New Jersey and elsewhere on the
Southern Atlantic Coastal Plain.

Loligo pealei Leseur (Squid)
Fig. 33

Body cylindrical, about 8 inches long, tapering
to a point; terminal fins about half as long as the
body. The internal shell or pen is as long as the
main part of the animal; conspicuous eyes equipped
with a cornea.

The squid resembles a submarine boat. Its
method of locomotion is rather unique. It squirts
a stream of water from a little tube near its neck;
if it squirts forward, the animal moves backward.
The squid, therefore, is the Rocket Animal of the

MOLLUSCA 19%

Fig. 33
Loligo pealei Leseur

sea. It can move just as rapidly in either direction.

The pen acts as a sort of backbone to support
the soft parts of the body. This pen is really the
shell of the animal, which has become very much
modified and is entirely within the body of the
animal.

If the squid is in danger, it will discharge a
great quantity of a black fluid out of its mouth,
which acts like a smoke screen and enables it to
escape. This fluid is India ink.

The squid is often caught off the New Jersey
coast for use as bait. It is usually found in the open
ocean and rarely comes within a mile or so of shore.

Its eggs are laid in elongate jelly-like masses
about 3 inches long which form large clusters on
stones or other submerged objects. Thousands of
minute squid can sometimes be seen in one of these
masses which occasionally wash ashore in the early
summer. ;

In some countries the squid is considered quite
a delicacy, but it is seldom eaten in the United
States.

198 ANIMALS OF THE SEASHORE
Ommastrephes illecebrosus Lesueur (Sea Arrow;
Flying Squid)

Similar to the above but with fins only half as
long as the trunk and with eves not equipped with a
cornea. A more northern species which usually .
lives farther from shore than Loligo. Known from
New Jersey to the Bay of Fundy.

Rossia sublaevis Verrill

About 2 inches in length with fins near the
middle of the body; pen small.

A northern species not hitherto reported south
of Cape Cod. Occasionally seen in New Jersey
waters especially during the winter.

Octopus sp. (Octopus)

The octopus has been reported from New Jersey
waters but its presence has not been verified. It
resembles a squid but has a much larger head, pro-
portionally, and possesses eight arms which are
equipped with suckers.

The terrifying stories about the tropical octopus
do not apply to those individuals from New Jersey
and vicinity. If it does occur in New Jersey, the
specimens would be small and entirely harmless
and might easily be confused with the common
Squid.

CHAPTER TWELVE

GRUSTACEA

1 COPEPODA ( Copepods )

2-*CIRERIPEDTA (Barnacles )

on, MYSIDACEA (Mysids; Opossum Shrimp)

A, EPUPEHAUSIACEA (Euphausids )

5. AMPHIPODA (Amphipods; Beach Fleas; Scuds; etc.)

6;-1SOPODA (Isopods )

7. STOMATOPODA (Squill)

8: DECAPODA (Shrimps, Lobsters, Crabs, etc.)
COPEPODA
(Copepods)

To this group belong a great many very minute
forms which are of great importance because they
form a large part of the food of many fishes. Many
copepods live on the surface of the sea and may be
collected by means of a ‘‘tow net’’ or ‘‘plankton
net,’’ usually made of fine silk or bolting cloth to the
end of which is attached a small bottle. This net
is dragged behind a slowly moving boat and these
minute creatures are gathered by the net and con-
centrated in the bottle. Small jellyfish and other
plankton or floating animals are obtained im the
same way. Many more species of copepeds live in
the sand along beaches and off-shore bars.

In addition to the great many free living cope-
pods, there are numerous species that are para-
sitiec on fishes and other sea animals.

The copepods are too minute to be seen by the

199

200 ANIMALS OF THE SEASHORE

average collector, or if seen the species are very
difficult to determine. Therefore they are not
treated in this book.

Other minute Crustacea often obtained by a tow
net, which are not discussed in this book, are the
Cladocera (Water fleas), Ostracoda and Cumacea.

CIRRIPEDIA
(Barnacles)

Barnacles were for a long time classified with
the Mollusea (shell-fish) and it was not until their
life history was studied that their position within
the group Crustacea was fully recognized.

When young, the barnacle is a minute free-
swimming animal with one eye, three pairs of legs
and a single shell. It grows and moults in the
manner of an insect until it has two eyes, six pairs
of legs and two shells. Then it attaches itself to
some solid object and completely changes its ap-
pearance. The bivalve shell disappears and it
develops a new shell made up of various plates. The
legs become modified to ‘‘cirripeds’’—meaning
curled legs—giving the name to the order. These
legs are feather-like and, when extended, are con-
stantly waving, thus creating a current which carries
food to the mouth of the barnacle. These legs are
withdrawn within the shell when the animal is
disturbed.

Some barnacles are sessile, attaching themselves
directly to some solid object; others are stalked.
Many barnacles attach themselves to ships and often
occur in such great numbers as seriously to diminish
the speed of the vessel.

CRUSTACEA 201
Lepas anatifera Linne (Goose Barnacle)
PLATE -XXI.

On fleshy stalk which is about as long as the
shell of the barnacle (1 inch); shell smooth and
white. Attaches to ships, driftwood, etc., and is of
worldwide distribution. Periodic along the New
Jersey coast and when present is apt to be exceeding-
ly abundant, for example, late in the summer of
1931 when the Jersey beaches were covered with
driftwood to which this barnacle was attached.

There is an old tradition that these shells, which
somewhat resemble eges, hatched into geese—hence
the common name Goose Barnacle.

Balanus balanoides Linne (Rock Barnacle)
PLATE XXII.

Very common on rocks between the tides; grows
abundantly on the rocky coast of New England;
south of Long Island it is found only where rock
jetties have been built; it is attached to the rock
by its membraneous base; known as far south as
Cape Charles, Virginia.

Balanus eburneus Gould (Ivory Barnacle)
PEATE SScirr.

Found at or below low tide, especially on wood-
work; frequently found inside large shells and
occasionally on the back of King Crabs; young bar-
nacles are sometimes found on sea weed; easily

|g) Bo clea, 4

Lepas anatifera Linne

CRUSTACHA 203

distinguished from the above by its shelly base.
Range: Massachusetts to South America in shallow
water; extends into brackish and almost fresh
water.

Balanus crenatus Bruguiere

A white barnacle, usually rougher in appear-
ance than B. eburneus and with a somewhat thinner
caleareous base; about 1 inch wide and up to 1%
inches high, although usually less.

Common on rocks and stones from Long Island
Sound northward; rare in New Jersey, although
occasionally found as far south as Cape May.

Balanus amphitrite niveus Darwin

Resembles B. crenatus with which it may easily
be confused; it may, however, be differentiated by
its smaller size and by the fact that its base is
porous, whereas in crenatus it is not, and also by the
fact that there is a fairly well marked ridge on the
scutum (plate of the shell). Rarely reaches more
than 4% inch in diameter.

Grows on wood ete. from Cape Cod to Florida.
Not common in New Jersey.

Chelonobia testudinaria Linne (Turtle Barnacle)
Fig. 34

A large white barnacle that lives attached to
the shells of Sea Turtles.

PLATE XXII.

Balanus balanoides Linne

PEATE, XXIII.

>

Sak Sete,
=e

Balanus eburneus Gould

206 ANIMALS OF THE SEASHORE

Fig. 34

Chelonobia testudinoria Linne

Platylepas hexastylos Fabricius
Fig. 35

Lives on the Green Turtle (Chelonia mydas
Linne). Noted at Cape May, New Jersey and Chinco-
teague, Virginia.

Coronula diadema [inne (Whale Barnacle)
Fig. 36

A crown-shaped barnacle that attaches itself to
the back of whales; known in New Jersey from
whales off Sandy Hook and from a broken piece
washed on the beach at Cape May.

Fig. 35

Platylepas hexastylas Fabricius on skull of Green Turtle

Fig. 36

Coronula diadema Linne

208 ANIMALS OF THE SEASHORE
MYSIDACEA

These are small, elongate crustacea usually less
than an inch in length. The appendages of the
thorax (head region) are branched (biramous)—
hence the name Schizopoda (meaning cleft-footed)
by which these animals were formerly called. No-
gills present.

Numerous species are known from our coast,
although only one is common in New Jersey.

Mysis americana Smith (Opossum Shrimp)

About half an inch in length, translucent with
prominent eyes. Particularly common in winter
and early spring on the surface of shallow water,
especially in Delaware Bay. ‘These small animals
form an important part of the food supply of many
of our food fishes.

In this species the eggs are carried in pouches
under the thorax, giving the common name ‘‘Opos-
sum shrimp.’’

EUPHAUSIACEA

These shrimp-like crustaceans were formerly
erouped with the Mysidacea in the Order Schizopoda
because in common with them the thoracic append-
ages are biramous. However, they differ from the
Mysidacea in having gills attached to the thoracic
legs. They are considered as of much higher degree
of development and are classified nearer the decapod
crustaceans.

CRUSTACEA 209

Meganyctiphanes norvegica Sars

A small shrimp-like form, frequently luminous,
that forms an important part of the plankton of the
North Atlantic. The only New Jersey records are
from a considerable distance off shore. The species
may occur at times in the coastal waters of the state.

AMPHIPODA

This group comprises mostly small, and usually
laterally compressed crustaceans, covered with a
shiny, segmented cuticle. There are usually seven
thoracic legs, and seven abdominal appendages.
The first three abdominal appendages are the plio-
pods or sircurmerets, the next three the uropods,
and the last the telson, which is sometimes fused
with the last abdominal segment. Gills or branchial
vesicles aré usually present on the inside base of
the last six legs. The various appendages are im-
portant in the differentiation of the various species.

While most species, including all the New Jersey
forms, rarely exceed an inch or two in length, there
are a few known from the deeper ocean waters that
reach a length of about 5'% inches.

A few Amphipods hop about on the sandy
beaches, but by far the greater number live in tide
pools, the shallow water close to shore, and in the
off-shore waters of the ocean.

The following are the most conspicuous species
to be found in our region.

~

PATH 2xXry

Talorchestia longicornis Say
Talorchestia megalopthalma Bate
Gammarus locusta Linne
Orchestia planensis Kroyer
Orchestia grillus Bose

Cerapus tubularis Say

Caprella auctifrons Latreille
Ancinus depressus Say

Cirolina concharum Stimpson

Livoneca ovalis Say

. Idotea balthica Pallas

Limnoria lignorum Rathke

PLATE XXIV.

212 ANIMALS OF THE SEASHORE

Orchestia platensis Kroyer (Beach Flea)
(O. agilis Smith)

PLATE. XXIV. Fig, 4

Small, 42 inch or less in length, light brown
in color; occurs in great numbers among moist sea-
weed washed on the beach near high water mark;
jumps out rapidly when disturbed. Found along
the whole coast.

Orchestia grillus Bose
(O. palustrus Smith)

PLATE XXIV. Fig. 5

Larger than the above (about 1 inch in length),
with longer first antennae; light brown in color.
Found among grass in salt marshes; does not hop
about as much as the above. Cape Cod to Texas.

Talorchestia longicornis Say
(Talitrus longicornis Say)

PEATE OSV.) Figat

Resembles Orchestia agilis, except for being
whitish in color; about 1 inch in length; long an-
tennae. Lives in small burrows near and above high
water mark, usually farther from the water than
the home of O. agilis; hops about the sand particular-
ly at night. Cape Cod to New Jersey.

CRUSTACEA 213
Talorchestia megalopthalma Bate
(Talitrus megalopthalmus Bate)
PEATE, Xx, Hig. 2 |
Similar in habits to the above; distinguished

by its shorter antennae and very large eyes; not
neariy as common. Maine to New Jersey.

Gammarus locusta Linne (Scud)
PLATHOX XIV obig; 3

Resembles the beach fleas in general appearance
but is usually larger and lives exclusively in water;
very common among seaweed, under stones, ete., in
shallow water. Arctic to Virginia and probably
southward.

Cerapus tubularis Say (Tube Scud; Tube Shrimp)
PHATE XXIV. Fig-6

This animal lives in a small tube which it carries
about with it. Often very abundant in New Jersey
coastal waters.

Caprella auctifrons Latreille (Skeleton Shrimp)
(C’. geometrica Say)

PEATE Oye eiie 7

Very slender; walks like the measuring worm.
Common on oyster shells in Delaware Bay and in
shallow water in general throughout the state.

214 ANIMALS OF THE SEASHORE
ISOPODA

Isopods differ from Amphipods in that their
bodies are flattened dorso-ventrally instead of
laterally. In other words, they are flattened on
top and bottom. The two groups resemble each
other in size and in many details of anatomy. As in -
the Amphipods there are 6 or 7 pairs of legs.

Some species of Isopoda may be found among
seaweed, under rocks or among woodwork in the
intertidal zone, while others swim in the sea either
on the surface or at considerable depths. A large
number of species are parasitic.

The following are the most frequently en-
countered species of this region.

Idotea balthica Pallas

(I. marina Lianne )
PLATE. XPV. Figs il

The commonest New Jersey isopod; a greenish
form about 1 inch long; exceedingly abundant in
tide pools and among seaweed in shallow water.
It has also been found on the surface of the ocean
many miles off shore. Common from Delaware
northward; local farther south.

Livoneca ovalis Say (Sea Louse)
PLATE XXIV. Fig. 10

Parasitic on the gills of numerous fish caught
along the New Jersey coast.

CRUSTACEA 215
Cirolina concharum Stimpson
PLATE XXIV. Fig. 9

Very common in New Jersey waters in winter;
free swimming or parasitic.

Limnoria lignorum Rathke (Gribble)
PLATE 22X1V. Bigti2

A small form, 1/5 inch in length that bores into
wood doing considerable damage to piling, ete. The
animal is covered with minute hairs. In New Jersey
it is present from low water mark to about 10
fathoms, more frequent near shore.

Ancinus depressus Say
PLATE XXIV. Fig. 8

This species was originally described from Egg
Harbor (Bay) by Thomas Say in 1818. It was not
collected again until very recently. It is now known
to be common along the New Jersey and Delaware
coasts and probably occurs elsewhere along the
Atlantic seaboard.

STOMATOPODA

These animals are elongate and somewhat re-
semble the lobster, although the abdomen is longer
in proportion and the legs are very different. Be-
cause of their peculiarly formed chelipeds, or great

216 ANIMALS OF THE SEASHORE

claws, which resemble those of the praying mantis
of our gardens, they are commonly called mantis
shrimp. The carapace or shell is softer and does
not cover the entire thorax (head and neck region).
The gills are on the abdominal appendages. Only
one species is known from New Jersey. A few
closely related forms are known from more southern:
waters.

3 3 zs vs) rte crate

) Pa

‘

Fig. 37

Chloridella empusa Say

Chloridellaempusa Say (Squill; Mantis Shrimp)
(Squilla empusa Say)

Fig. 37

This stomatopod is rarely seen in New Jersey
waters during the summer, but sometimes is very
conspicuous during October and November in
shallow water or stranded on the beach, particularly
in the southern part of the state. It is horny, brown

CRUSTACEA 217

in color, and from 8 to 10 inches in length. Known
from Cape Cod to Florida, especially in muddy
association. oalth

DECAPODS
(Crabs, Shrimp, Lobsters, etc.)

The decapods are the most conspicuous group
of Crustacea. To this group belong the crabs, lob-
sters, shrimp and other related forms. When adult
there are five pairs of legs of which the first pair,
in crabs at least, forms conspicuous claws or chelae.
(The name decapoda means ten legs.) The head
and thorax (neck region) are united into a cephalo-
thorax which is covered by a chitinous or calcareous
shell or carapace. The eyes are on stalks.

Many decapods are of economic importance
because of their food value. Shrimp, lobsters and
crabs are gathered for the market along the Eastern
seaboard. The Spiny Lobster (Palinurus argus) is
found along the Florida coast and is equally deli-
cious as the nothern lobster (Homarus americanus).
Crawfish, inhabitants of fresh and brackish water
are also frequently eaten, especially in the South.
In Cuba they are known as ‘“‘langustina’’ and are
considered a delicacy.

The following is the current classification of
the Decapoda:

Natantia

Usually with well developed abdomen and com-
pressed cephalothorax. Shrimp.

218 ANIMALS OF THE SHASHORE
Reptantia

Lobster and crab-like forms; divided into four
groups: !

1. Palinura: Abdomen extended; rostrum short
or wanting; cheliped (large claw) absent. Not
represented in this region—Spiny Lobster.

2. Astacura: Abdomen extended; rostrum short;
cheliped present. Lobster.

3. Anomura: Abdomen usually bent under cephalo-
thorax or more or less spirally twisted and con-
cealed in a shell; last pair of thorasic legs re-
duced in size and extended upwards. Hermit
Crabs, Hippa, ete.

4. Brachyura: Abdomen shorter than cephalothorax

and permanently folded under it; no uropod
(tail fin). True Crabs.

According to older classification the two divi-
sions were Macrura and Brachyura—the former in-
cluding the shrimp, lobsters, hermit crabs and the
like, while the latter included the true crabs. The
term Macrura is not used today while the term
Brachyura is still used for the crabs but is a sub-
division of Reptantia.

Natantia
(True Shrimp)

_ Crago septemspinosus Say . (Shrimp)
(Crago vulgaris Verrill)
Fig. 39

The common shrimp of the New Jersey coast.
It occurs in great numbers in shallow water from

bo
=
lo)

CRUSTACEA

Fig. 39

(1) Penaeus setiferus Linne (2) Crago septemspinosus Say

Labrador to South Carolina. Usually pale in color,
oceasionally speckled or gray. This shrimp rarely
exceeds 2!% inches in length and is too small to be
used to any extent as food by man although it is
devoured by fish and other sea animals.

220 ANIMALS OF THE SEASHORE

Fig. 38

Palaemonetes vulgaris Say

Palaemonetes vulgaris Say (Prawn; Shrimp)
Fig. 38

Usually slightly smaller than Crago and more
translucent and almost colorless. It differs from
Crago also by its longer rostrum and by having its
first two pairs of legs chelate (equipped with forcep-
like pincers) whereas in Crago the first pair is very
stout and subchelate. An inhabitant of brackish
water and muddy associations rather than the open
ocean with Crago. Known from Massachusetts to
Florida and along the Gulf Coast.

Palaemontes carolinus Stimpson

Occurs with the above but very much rarer.
This species is exceedingly difficult to distinguish
from P. vulgaris and has the same distribution. The
following key from Kemp 1 will help the student
differentiate these two species:

Outer antennular flagellum with free part of
shorter ramus very little longer than fused part.

1. Records of Indian Museum, vol. 27, pt. 4, p. 317.

CRUSTACEA 221

1 tooth on carapace behind orbit; carpus of second
leg longer than palm and half fingers ...... carolinus.

Outer antennular flagellum with free part of
shorter ramus 1% times as long as fused part; 2
teeth generally present in carapace behind orbit;
carpus of second leg not longer than palm in adult
female, in male not longer than palm and 1/3 of
Ne ee NS, Se ee on cis Ga se arco vulgaris.

Penaeus setiferus Linne (Southern Shrimp)
Fig. 39

This is the common shrimp of southern waters
and is highly valued as food. Although it does not
not occur in commercial numbers north of Chesa-
peake Bay, it is occasionally found in New Jersey
waters. When full grown it normally reaches about
6 inches in length; some abnormally large individ-
uals have been taken from New Jersey waters, one
measuring 11 inches.

Penaeus brasiliensis Latreille (Brazilian Shrimp
or Prawn)

Differs from the above by having a groove on
each side of the ridge which runs through the center
and whole length of the carapace. Much rarer than
the above and not seen in New Jersey for many
years; frequents brackish and fresh water along the
southern coast. Of less commercial value because
it cannot be shipped in a fresh condition.

222 ANIMALS OF THE SEASHORE

Fig. 40

Homarus americanus Milne-Edwards

Reptantia

1. Astacura

Homarus americanus Milne-Kdwards (Lobster)
Fig. 40

The common Lobster of the North Atlantic
Coast which is known from Labrador to Delaware
and locally farther south. In the northern part of
New Jersey lobsters are taken near shore, but in the
Cape May region they are confined to the co!der
water farther off shore.

Some years ago lobsters were ‘‘planted’’ on the
Rock Pile at Cape May, but none are present there
today. They are fairly numerous among the rocks
at the Breakwater at Lewes, Delaware.

CRUSTACEA 293

2.. Anomura
Upogebia affinis Say (Mud Lobster)

Light brown in color and somewhat resembling
a lobster; integument thin and hairy; lives along
muddy shores where it digs burrows near low water
mark. Known from Massachusetts southward; not
common in New Jersey.

Emerita talpoida Say (Sand Bug; Hippa)
(HTippa talpoida Say)

PRALRE 2X. Fg. '6

Body egg shaped, white with two conspicuous
plume-like antennae which strain the water for
micro-organisms which it uses as food.

Very abundant on all sandy beaches of the state.
It may be seen burrowing rapidly into the sand,
head first, as the waves break upon the beach. Often
hundreds of these little Sand Bugs may be seen in
tide pools. In late summer and early fall young
Hippas are very numerous. Known from Cape Cod
to Florida. |

Pagarus longicarpus Say (Small Hermit Crab)

This crustacean differs from those we have Just
seen in that its hind end or abdomen is not protected
with a hard covering. It, therefore, must find some
means of defending itself from any enemy that might
attack its soft and defenceless abdomen, so it steals

PLATE XXV
Cancer irroratus Say
Ovalipes ocellatus Herbst
Planes minutus Linne
Calappa flammea Herbst
Persephona punctata Linne
Emerita talpoida Say
Pinnixia chaetopterana Stimpson
Pinnotheres ostreum Say
Pagurus pollicaris Stimpson

66 66 66

Sesarma reticulatum Say

PRATE OOXV.

226 ANIMALS OF THE SEASHORE

the shell of a sea snail and inserts its abdomen there-
in. These hermit’ crabs move about very rapidly,
earrying their ‘‘houses’’ on their backs.

As the hermit grows, his house becomes too
small for him, and it is necessary for him to seek a
new one. The hermit often encounters trouble in
this home-seeking task, for two crabs may choose
the same house; as a consequence, there is a fight and
the victor takes the house while the loser is forced
to continue his search elsewhere. At times a home-
less hermit crab may attack and dispossess another
erab which happens to have a desirable home.

These crabs are very abundant on the bottom of
the ocean off the New Jersey coast; they are also
frequently found in tide pools along the beach. It
is amusing to collect some and watch their antics in
a small glass dish or aquarium.

This species usually inhabits shells of Nassa,
Urosalpiny, Hupleura or other small gastropods. The
shells are frequently covered with the hydroid
Hydractinia echinata.

Very common Massachusetts to Florida.

Pagurus pollicaris Say (Big Hermit Crab)

PATE Oxy Fig. 9% 10

Larger than the above and with broader hands;
usually bright in color and covered with hairs. In-
habits shells of Fulgur and Polinices. Common with
the above, but more apt to be found off shore, al-
though frequently found stranded on the beach.
Like the above they are often covered with Hydrac-
tinia. Common from Massachusetts to Florida.

CRUSTACEA 227
3., Brachyura

Libinia emarginata Leach (Spider Crab; Sea
Spider )

PLATE XXVI. Fig. 2

The common Spider Crab of the New Jersey
coast; very common on sandy and muddy grounds
from shallow water to 25 fathoms, rarely deeper;
found in bays and inlets as well as in the open ocean.
The carapace of the Spider Crab is often covered
with hydroids, sponges or algae which serve to mask
the crab and make it invisible to its enemies. The
median line of the carapace has about nine spines.
Known from Maine to Florida. Of no commercial
value. Sometimes reaches a foot or more in size,
usually smaller.

Different from the Blue Crab (Callinectes sapt-
dus) in that the claws of this crab are not at all
sharp and one may pick it up without danger.

The Spider Crab occasionally lives as a com-
mensal within a jelly-fish.

Libinia dubia Milne-Hdwards (Spider Crab)

Six median spines instead of nine and with a
longer rostrum (beak); similar habits to the above.
Not as common.

Hyas coarctataus Leach (Toad Crab)

=

The affinities of this to the Spider Crabs are
obvious, but it strongly resembles a toad. A north-
ern species not seen in New Jersey since Leidy

PLATE XXVI
Callinectes sapidus Rathbun
Libinia emarginata Leach
Portunus gibbesii Stimpson
Portunus spinimanus Latreille
Ocypoda albicans Bosc

Arenaeus cribarius Lamarck

PLATE XVI,

230 ANIMALS OF THE SEASHORE

recorded it in 1855; not uncommon along the New
Wngland coast.

Calappa flammea Herbst (Box Crab)

PATE SUSY.) Big, 4

A buff or ight purple crab of southern distri-
bution which is fairly common from Cape Hatteras
to Florida. The larval stages occasionally drift as
far north as New Jersey or southern New England.
Rarely, one survives a mild winter and is found,
as an adult, at one of the Jersey beaches. Seen at
Corsons Inlet and Cape May Point, New Jersey.

Neopanope texana sayi Smith (Southern Mud
Crab)

PILATE XVI, Figs

Carapace quite convex with a dentate anterior
border; 3/5 as long as broad; usually a dark slaty
bluish green.

Very common on the oyster grounds of Delaware
Bay and generally distributed in shallow muddy
water throughout the state. Massachusetts to
Florida.

Eurypanopeus depressus Smith (Flat Mud Crab)
PLATE XXVIE Fig: 3

Similar to the above with a flatter carapace.
In similar localities to the above but less common:
Cape Cod to Gulf of Mexico.

CRUSTACEA Zo
Eupanopeus herbstii Milne-Kdwards (Mud Crab)
PLATE XXVIL Fig. 4

Larger than the above two species (up to 2
inches); carapace with a dentate anterior border
and with a tubercle just beneath the first tooth; the
larger claw has a tubercle at the base of the movable
segment; terminal abdominal segment of the male
rounded. Gray with black fingers.

With the above three species but not common;
Long Island to Florida, more common south of
Virginia.

Rithropanopeus harrisii Gould (Brackish Water
Mud Crab)

PEA Xe, sBirg 2

Smaller than H. herbstii (less than 1 inch); dull
brown or gray with fingers pale.

Frequents brackish water and salt marshes;
known from Dennis Creek, New Jersey, and Mis-
pillion River, Delaware, and can probably be found
in similar habitats elsewhere in the region. Known
from Massachusetts to Florida.

Eurytium limosum Say
PIA, Ooi Bien 7

Differs from the above four species by being
more oval and having a nearly smooth carapace
with ridges; bright purple-blue in color. <A tropical
erab known as far north as New York, but very rare
north of South Carolina. Some specimens were ob-
tained many years ago from the New Jersey coast.

PEATE: XXViIL

Neopanope texana sayi Smith
Rithropanopeus harrisii Gould
Eurypanopeus depressus Smith
Eupanopeus herbstii Milne-Hdwards
Uca pugilator Bosc

Uca minax Le Conte

Eurytium limosum Say

Pinnotheres maculatus Say

PLATE XXVII.

254 ANIMALS OF THE SKASHORE

Fig. 41

Carcinides maenas Linne

Carcinides maenas [Linne (Green Crab)
Fig. 41

About 2 inches long, slightly wider; character-
ized by five prominent teeth on_each side of the ecara-
pace; color greenish with yellow spots above, paler
below.

Principally a New England crab living in the
rock pools between the tides and in shallow water.
The southern hmit appears to be South Carolina,
but it is rare south of Delaware Bay. In New Jersey
it frequents tide pools and shallow water and is
usually more common during the colder months.

CRUSTACEA 925

Callinectes sapidus Rathbun (Blue Crab)

PLATE XXVL._ Fig. 1

This crab is probably familiar to everyone be-
cause it is very frequently used as food. It lives
in muddy regions all along the coast of New Jersey
and is particularly abundant in bays and harbors.
Summer visitors to the New Jersey often go crab-
bing from the ends of piers or from row boats 1m
the shallow bays.

It has a hard shell and five pairs of legs. The
front pair of legs is larger than the rest and is
equipped with nipper-like claws. These are used
in defence from enemies and in obtaining food.
These claws are very sharp and can inflict an ex-
tremely painful wound. The next three pairs of
legs are smaller and pointed at the tips and are
used for walking along the sea bottom. The fifth
pair of legs has rounded paddle-like structures at
the ends which are used by the crab as oars or
paddles when it swims through the water. As the
crab grows, the hard blue shell does not grow
with it; in the course of time the shell becomes too
tight for the growing crab; so the shell splits, and
the crab crawls out with a new soft shell of the
proper size upon its body. This crab, which we call
a soft shelled crab, makes especially delicious food.
After a time the soft shell hardens and the story
is repeated. This process is called moulting, and is
the same thing that happens to a great many in-
sects.

Common from Cape Cod to Florida.

236 ANIMALS OF THE SEASHORE

Callinectes ornatus Ordway

Closely resembles C. sapidus, but distinguished
from it by having six front teeth instead of four.

This crab has not hitherto been reported north
of Beaufort, North Carolina. However, the young
of this species now frequently occur in small num-
bers during the summer in southern New Jersey.
They may be looked for in the inlets and thorough-
fares, although they have also been found in Dela-
ware Bay (to 10 fathoms). No adult specimens have
been seen in New Jersey or Beaufort; in New Jersey
it never reaches over 2 inches in length. The adults
are common from South Carolina to the West Indies
and in South America. Its nip is said to be more
painful than that of C. sapidus.

Arenaeus cribarius Lamarck

PLATE SOA. Figa6

Resembles a young Callinectes but easily disting-
uished from it by its color and design. It is hght
brown or olive and is thiekly covered with small
rounded white spots; it rarely reaches a length of
more than 2 inches. This is a southern species that
is rare north of Virginia. Its home is the deeper
water off shore but it is frequently carried to the
coastal waters or stranded on the beach. It has been
seen as far north as Vineyard Sound, Massachusetts.

CRUSTACHA 237

Portunus gibbesii Stimpson

Pie DEX Vi. “Fig. 3

Resembles Callinectes but thickly covered with
small spherical granules; arms long and _ slender;
color reddish brown with small iridescent areas on
the carapace (shell); usually about 2 to 3 inches
wide.

Known from Massachusetts to Texas, usually
in moderately deep water; very rare in New Jersey.

Portunus spinimanus Latreille

PLATE XXVI. Fig. 4

Resembles P. gibbesii but distinguished from it
by being narrower and rounder and by the absence
of the iridescent patches characteristic of gibbesi.
Yellow-brown or red-brown in color; usually about
2 to 3 inches wide.

Known from New Jersey to South America;
rare and usually in moderately deep water. Speci-
mens dredged in Delaware Bay mark a new northern
lmit for this species.

Ovalipes ocellatus Herbst (Lady Crab)
PLATE XXV. Fig. 2

Easily recognized by its shape and color;
white or cream shell covered with small reddish-
brown rings; 2 to 3 inches in width; five teeth on each
side with three between the eyes.

238 ANIMALS OF THE SEASHORE

Very common on sandy ground from between
the tides to 20 fathoms or more. It can often be
found at low tide on sandy beaches buried in the
sand up to its eyes; here the crab waits for its prey.
Having seen something promising, it quickly comes
from its hiding place, takes a nip with its very
sharp claws, and immediately retreats beneath the
sand. Often a bather’s toe is the subject of such
an attack.

Occasionally used as food in the South; Range:
Cape Cod to the Gulf of Mexico.

Cancer irroratus Say (Rock Crab)

PLATE XXV. Fis 4

Sub-oval, broader than long; average size 3 to
4 inches; carapace smooth with nine blunt teeth on
each side. Color yellowish closely spotted with red-
brown dots.

Common along the rocky shores of New England
from shallow water to about 25 fathoms; fairly
common in shallow water along the New Jersey
coast, but rare south of Cape Henlopen, Delaware,
although reported as far as South Carolina. |

Oceasionally used as food, but not prized as
much as Callinectes sapidus.

Cancer borealis Stimpson (Jonah Crab)

Very similar to the above but usually larger
and with a rougher carapace with irregular gran-
ules; the teeth of the lateral margins have denti-
culate edges.

CRUSTACEA 239

Common on the rocky shores of New England
in snallow and deep water Not frequent in New
Jersey, although occasionally seen with the more
common C. irroratus, especially in the northern part
of the State. Rare south of New Jersey but found in
deep water as far south as Florida.

Pinnotheres ostreum Say (Oyster Crab)

PLATE “XXV. °oFigs*S

Carapace nearly circular, somewhat membrane-
ous; surface smooth and white; rarely more than
14 inch across the carapace (female). The females
live as commensals in the mantle cavity of oysters;
the males are very minute and are free swimming.

The females are frequently found in oysters
taken from New Jersey waters, and in fact, are
eaten with the oysters; the males are seldom seen.
Known from Massachusetts to Florida and the West
Indies.

Pinnotheres maculatus Say (Mussel Crab)
PLATE XXVIE Fig. 8

Carapace sheghtly firmer than the above and
covered with a hairy growth; females about the
size of the above; males smaller than the females,
but not as small as the males of P. ostreum. Females
commensal in the shells of the Mussel (Mytilus edulis)
or other bivalves; males either free swimming or
commensal.

240 ANIMALS OF THE SEASHORE

Not as common as the above in New Jersey,
although occasionally seen in Mussel shells. Similar
range.

Pinnixia chaetopterana Stimpson

PLATE, XV. Umie-7

Carapace transversely oval; shghtly more than
twice as wide as long; hairy; length of carapace 5
to 6 mm.; width 12 to 14 mm.; lives commensal in
tubes of annelid worms (Amphitrite ornata and Chae-
topterus permagmentareus). Male and female about
the same size but the carapace is smoother in the
female.

Found from Massachusetts to South America;
not uncommon in New Jersey especially in tubes of
Amphitrite; occasionally taken free swimming.

‘esarma reticulatum Say (Marsh Crab)

PLATE XXV. Pig: it

Carapace rectangular; usually about 1 inch in
width, slightly less in length; color dark olive or
black. :

Lives in holes similar to those of the Fiddler
Crab (Uca) although of larger size due to the greater
size of the crab. Lives near high water mark in mud
flats, inlets, ete. Not common in New Jersey al-
though it may occasionally be seen associated with

CRUSTACEA 241

Uca. It is known from Massachusetts to Florida
but is more common south of Virginia.

Persephona punctata Linne (Purse Crab)

PLATE XXV. Fig. 5

An odd-looking crab with a globular carapace
thickly covered with granules; legs also with numer-
ous granules; gray-brown; carapace about 1 to 1%
inches in length, the same in width. A southern
species, common from Cape Hatteras southward.
One specimen was taken from the New Jersey coast
10 miles southeast of Barnegat Light.

Planes minutus Linne (Gulf Weed Crab)
PLATE, XXV Hig.-3

Carapace rectangular, about as wide as long;
usually smaller than Sesarma and easily recognized
by its more brilliant color which is extremely vari-
able. It is usually olive green blotched with hel
greenish yellow or pale purple and with three sma!
white spots on the front of the carapace.

This is a pelagic crab that lives on floating Gulf
Weed (Sargassum filipendulum) throughout the
whole length of the Gulf Stream. It has been carried
at least twice to the New Jersey shore. H. L. Vier-
eck found it at Cape May on September 20, 1904
(Fowler) and the writer found it at Cape May
Point on September 24, 1928, after the ‘‘Florida-
Porto Rico Hurricane.’’ It may be looked for after
any severe storm.

242 ANIMALS OF THE SEASHORE
Uca pugnax Smith (Marsh Fiddler Crab)

This odd looking crab is often found in great
numbers scurrying about the mud flats. The males
all have one claw very much enlarged; this large
claw is used for fighting and in defending the fe-
males. The females have smaller claws of equal
size. Fiddler crabs live in burrows in the mud just
beyond the reach of the tide; upon the approach of
danger they quickly disappear within their holes.
The resemblance of the large claws of the male to
a fiddle gives the name fiddler crab. Cape Cod to
Florida:

Uca pugilator Bose (Sand Fiddler Crab)
PLATE XXViTy (Fie5

Similar to the above except that the inner sur-
face of the large claw (cheliped) does not have the
oblique ridge which is present in U. pugnax. Its color
also is different, the carapace being purplish gray
with irregular markings of brown, dark gray or
violet.

It is usually found in more sandy associations
than U. pugnax, but is often seen associated with it.
Habits and distribution similar to the above; not
quite as common in New Jersey.

oe)

CRUSTACEA 24:
Uca minax LeConte (Red Jointed Fiddler Crab)

PLATE XXVIII. Fig. 6

Larger than the other Fiddlers and easily
distinguished by the red marks at the joints of the
chelipeds (legs).

It is found in marshes in brackish or almost
fresh water. It digs holes, often as big as 2 inches
in diameter, considerably above high tide line; it
often builds an archway over the mouth of its bur-
row, which it uses as an ‘‘outlook.’’

Common in the Delaware Bay region in Dennis
Creek, Maurice River, ete., and in similar situations
elsewhere in the state; known from Cape Cod to
Florida.

Ocypoda albicans Bosc (Sand Crab; Ghost Crab)

(O. arenaria Say)

Pig XO Ve. igs 5

Somewhat resembles Uca but without the great-
ly enlarged claw. Carapace almost square in shape
and about 2 inches long; white or gray im color.

This species burrows round holes in the sand
near and not infrequently above hgh water mark.
The animals may be seen scurrying very rapidly over
the sand and disappearing into their burrows. These
heles may be as much as 3 feet deep and often
honeycomb the sand with underground passages.
The movable eyestalks of these crabs are very con-
spicuous.

Very difficult to catch because of their great
speed. However, because of their nocturnal habits

244 ANIMALS OF THE SEASHORE

they may often be blinded by a flashlight and thus
obtained at night.

From Long Island to South America. They are
particularly large and abundant along the North
Carolina coast and may often be seen far from the
water and even in the sandy streets of some of the
towns of the outer beaches of this region. They
are often abundant in New Jersey, particularly in
the southern part of the state. Young individuals
are often conspicuous in the late summer.

CHAPTER THIRTEEN

ARACHNOIDEA

XIPHOSURA (King Crabs)
PYCNOGONIDA (Sea Spiders)
ARACHNIDA (Spiders )

(Not marine—omitted in this book)

2 ies

XIPHOSURA
(King Crabs)

Although frequently grouped with the Crusta-
cea, the Xiphosura are probably more closely related
to the Arachnida (Spiders), although perhaps they
should better be placed in a group by themselves.

The Xiphosura form a group of great geological
antiquity, closely related to the Trilobites, which
lived in the seas of Palaeozoic times, millions of
years ago.

Limulus polyphemus Linne (King Crab; Horse-
shoe Crab)

Fig. 42, 43

This conspicuous animal is found all along the
coast from Maine to the Gulf of Mexico. It prefers
sandy and muddy associations in bays and harbors
where the salinity is not as high as in tl. open
ocean.

246 ANIMALS OF THE SEASHORE

Fig. 42 Fig. 43
Limulus polyphemus Linne Mating of Limulus
Cape. May, “Nef. St. Petersburg, Fla.

The body of the King Crab is in three parts—
a horseshoe shaped head, an approximately triangu-
lar abdomen and a spinelike tail. The total length
from head to tip of tail may be as much as two feet.

King Crabs are abundant in Delaware Bay. In
May and June they come ashore in great numbers
to deposit their eggs on the beach near high tide
mark. The crabs come up the beach im pairs, the
males being the smaller, riding on the backs of the
females. After the eggs are deposited in the sand,
the males fertilize them, and then the crabs return
to the deeper water of the bay.

A number of years ago Limulus was much more
abundant than at present. Hvery year many of these
crabs are collected along the New Jersey shore of
Delaware Bay. They are allowed to dry on the
beach in large pens and then are ground up and
used as fertilizer. Because of this industry Limulus
is dying out in some places.

ARACHNOIDEA 247

PYCNOGONIDA
(Sea Spiders)

This is another group of uncertain relationship,
although it is probably somewhat related to the
Arachnida (Spiders). The Sea Spiders( not to be:
confused with the Spider Crabs) are small creatures
with very conspicuous legs. They may frequently
be seen among hydroids, seaweeds, submerged logs,
ete. Undoubtedly various species are represented in
our waters. The following species is the only one
actually noted in the coastal waters of New Jersey.

Tanystylum orbiculare Wilson (Sea Spider)

A small spider-like animal, about 1% mm. long:
occasionally found among hydroids, algae or sub-
merged timber. Vineyard Sound to Virginia. Known
from Delaware Bay.

CHAPTER FouRTEEN

INSECTA

(Insects)

Insects are not usually regarded as marine, yet
there are a few that are so characteristic of the sea-
shore that they merit inclusion here. Of the marine
insects, even in a broad sense of the word, the num-
ber of species in this region is very small. One of
these few, a minute blue collembolan or Spring Tail
(Anurida maritima Guerin) is occasionally seen
among rocks or pebbles in tide pools along the New
Kngland and New Jersey coasts. <A few closely
related species have been found on Long Island
beaches but have not yet been found in New Jersey.

The larvae of certain midges (Chironomidae)
frequently live in tide-pools feeding on the green
algae. These are truly aquatic larvae, breathing
oxygen by means of gill filaments. The adults of
these midges usually inhabit the region adjacent to
the seashore. Occasionally these larvae are dredged
at a considerable distance from shore in water up
to 20 fathoms in depth. The most common species is
Chironomus oceanicus Packard, which is known from
Maine, Massachusetts and New Jersey and probably
lives elsewhere along our coast.

Numerous insects may be considered as mari-
time since they are to be found in the brackish water
of the salt marshes and inlets and yet are not to be
found in the open ocean where the salinity is higher.
The most conspicuous of these are the larvae of the

248

INSECTA 249

four species of mosquito—A edes sollicittans Walker, A.
taentorynchus Widemann, A. cantator Coquillet and
Culex salinarius Coquillet, which breed only in salt
marshes.

Insects are often picked up in a mass of seaweed
or other refuse cast up on the beach by the waves.
These insects can hardly be considered marine since
their presence in the water was probably caused by
an unusually venturesome flight which carried them
too far for a safe return to land. After a violent off-
shore wind the insect drift may be very large. Vari-
ous groups of insects are represented in this drift.
The common Lady Bug is among the most frequent.

The only truly marine insects, in the strictest
sense of the word, are a small group of Hemiptera or
bugs. Whereas most of the insects mentioned above
spend only part of their life (either larval or adult)
in the ocean, these hemiptera live their entire life
on the surface of the sea. These wholly marine in-
sects belong to a single genus, /Halobates, of the
family Gerridae. All members ef this family of
insects live on the surface of water either fresh or
salt. The familiar Water Spider (Gerrits) is fre-
quently seen on the surface of our fresh water ponds.

Of the genus Halobates about fifteen species have
been deseribed. All are inhabitants of tropic and
temperate seas. Some have been taken near shore
while others are found as much as 400 miles from the
nearest land.

CHAPTER FIFTEEN

CHIOIn Dad A:

The Cherdata is the highest phylum of the ani-
mal kingdom. It is in this group that all the higher
animals are found, even including man. The main
characteristic of the phylum is the possession—some-
time during life—of a notochord. In higher chor-
dates this notochord becomes surrounded with ecar-
tilage or bone and becomes the spinal column. The
higher groups of chordates—those that possess a
backbone—are the vertebrates and include the fishes,
amphibia, reptiles, birds and mammals.

There are a few groups of chordates that do not
possess a backbone and therefore are invertebrates
and are to be considered in this book. In many of
these lower chordates the notochord remains
throughout life; in others it disappears after a larval
stage.

ENTEROPNEUSTA

Worm-like cherdates in which the notochord
consist of a hollow dorsal projection of the forward
part of the digestive tube.

250

CHORDATA 201

Dolichoglossus kowalevskyi Agassiz

An elongate worm-like animal made up of three
= a ; ii
parts, a proboscis, a short neck and a trunk. The
trunk is usually orange-yellow, while the proboscis
is more pink with the collar a darker tint. It reaches
a length of about 6 inches.

It may easily be mistaken for an annelid worm,
but may be recognized by its proboscis and neck. It
is often common, burrowing into the sand flats be-
tween tides from Massachusetts to North Carolina.

TUNICATA

These are degenerate chordates in which the
adult is cylindrical or globular and is encased in a
cuticular or cellulose covering called the tunic. The
most conspicuous tunicates are the Ascidians.
Some, the ‘‘simple Ascidians’’, are usually solitary
and attached to some solid object... Others, the
‘“‘Compound Ascidians’’ are largely colonial forms
embedded in a gelatinous substance.

The larval stages are free-swimming and pos-
sess a notochord. Later they assume a sedentary
habit and undergo considerable changes in structure.
In this process of degeneration, the notochord dis-
appears.

Another group, the Thaliecea, comprise the
Salpas, pelagic tunicates which are abundant on the
surface of most seas.

202 ANIMALS OF THE SEASHORE

Thaliacea

Salpa democratica Forskuli (Salpa)

Salpa and related genera pass through an alter-
nation of generations. One stage is solitary and con-
sists of small transparent, ovoid individuals about
an inch long, each with two posterior projections.
These simple animals reproduce by budding and
thus form long chains, the animals always being
arranged in two rows. These chains may be a foot
or more in length and may be composed of 30 or 40
pairs of Salpas. The individuals of the chain pro-
duce eggs and from these eges new solitary Salpas
are formed. Thus the cycle, or alternation of genera-
tions is completed. The life history reminds us of
that of the hydroids.

Salpa is often very numerous floating on the
surface of the sea and may frequently be collected
by a tow net or plankton net. Although able to
swim with a snake-like motion, Salpa is usually
earried by the currents, and thus belongs to the
plankton of the sea.

Widespread distribution; often very abundant
in summer off the New Jersey and New England
coasts. |

Simple Ascidians

Molgula manhattensis De Kay (Sea Squirt; Sea
Grapes)

Fig. 44

A globular form with two contractile siphons or
tubes; often found growing in clusters in shallow

CHORDATA 253

Fig. 44 | Fig. 45

Molgula manhattensis DeKay Botryllus schlosseri Pallas

water attached to piling, sea weed or Hel Grass and
often coated with small bits of sea weed, sand, ete.

This species will live throughout the winter un-
less frozen by the ice; those living in deeper water,
where there is little danger of ice, usually reach a
larger size. The average size is about an inch in
diameter. Its usual color is pale olive green. Maine
to North Carolina; often abundant in New Jersey.

Molgula arenata Stimpson
PLATE XXVIII Fig. 3

Flatter than the above and with shorter siphons;
usually heavily coated with sand grains which ad-
here tightly to the tunic or body. Lives unattached.
Found in shehtly deeper water than JM/. manhattensis
and not nearly as common. Some specimens dredged
at McCrie Shoal, 7 miles off Cape May, in 21 feet
of water, mark the farthest south that this species
has yet been found.

204 ANIMALS OF THE SEASHORE

Perophora viridis Verrill

Simple tunicates, about 1% inch long, but con-
nected at the base by a common creeping stem;
ereenish in color. Covers piling, sea weed, ete. in
shallow water from Vineyard Sound to Bermuda.
Often found in New Jersey’s inland waterways. The
pulsation of the heart is easily noted under a low
powered microscope.

Compound Ascidians

Botryllus schlosseri Pallas
Fig. 45

A colonial form that occurs as fleshy masses
attached to algae, eel grass, ete. The individuals
of the colony (zooids) form elliptical or stellate pat-
terns with as many as ten individuals in a design.
The whole colony is embedded in a common gelatin-
ous tunic. The color of the zooids is variable but
usually some bright shade of purple.

known from New Jersey northward; often com-
pletely covers a group of Molgula.

Amaroucium pellucidum Leidy
PLATE“ XXVIIL@ Figen

A colonial tunicate which forms large gelatin-
ous masses as much as 6 inches in diameter; often
coated with sand grains. The individual zooids are
elongate and are arranged in tightly crowded stalked

PLATE AXV UT.

See
&

1. Amaroucium pellucidum Leidy
2. Amaroucium constellatum Verrill
3. Molgula arenata Stimpson

256 ANIMALS OF THE SEASHORE

lobes. IXnown from Cape Cod to North Carolina, but
rare in New Jersey. Characteristic of a sandy bot-
tom.

Amaroucium constellatum Verrill (Sea Pork)
PLATE XXVIII. Fig. 2

Sunilar to the above but with much larger lobes.
The zooids are usually pink or orange and the rest
eream. This species is fairly common in rocky asso-
ciations from Long Island northward. It was re-
cently dredged at the ‘‘Old Grounds’’, 14 miles off
Indian River, Delaware. The water was about 130
feet deep and the bottom was rocky.

GLOSSARY OF TECHNICAL TERMS MOST
FREQUENTLY USED.

Acontia—Long slender threads equipped with nematocysts or sting-
ing cells, in sea anemones.

Adductor muscle—The muscle used in opening and closing shells
of bivalve mollusks.

Algae—Unicellular plants; sea weeds.

Ambulacral groove—The elongate groove on the lower surface
of the arms of starfish.

Antennae—Slender hair-like appendages located on the head of
various animals; “feelers.”

Bivalve—A mollusk composed of two individual valves or shells.

Branchia—A gill.

Byssus—A group of threads secreted by the foot of certain
bivalve mollusks for the purpose of attachment.

Carapace—The shell covering the cephalo-thoracic region of crabs
and other crustaceans.

Cephalothorax—The body-division of crustaceans formed by the
fusion of the head and neck regions.

Cheliped—The pincer or large grasping claw of crabs, lobsters
and other crustaceans.

Chetae—Same as setae

Cilia—Small hair-like projections on the outer surface of certain
animals; used for locomotion in certain lower forms.

Columella—The axis of a spiral gastropod shell.
Epidermis—The outer layer or skin.
Fascicled—Compound or in bundles.

Gonosome—An individual of a hydroid colony which bears the
reproductive organs.

Hydranth—An individual of a hydroid colony which performs the
nutritive or digestive functions.

Hydrorhiza—The root-like structure by which the hydroid is at-
tached to stones, shells or other substrata.

Hydrotheca—The chitinous recepticle into which the hydranths
of many hydroids may retract.

Hydroid—The sessile, asexual generation of the Hydrozoa.

Lithocyst—A marginal sense organ in certain medusae.

Littoral—Pertaining to the seashore, particularly the intertidal
zone.

Madreporic plate—A porous plate on the upper surface of echino-
derms through which fluids may enter the system.

257

258

Manubrium—tThe projection of the body of a medusa (jellyfish)
which bears the mouth.

Medusa—Jellyfish.

Mesentery—A sheet of leaf-like connective tissue supporting various
viscera; in Coelenterates, a partition extending inward
from the body wall.

Notochord—A cylindrical rod of cells ventral to the spinal cord
and dorsal to the alimentary tract. Occurs in Chordate
embryos.

Nematocysts—Stinging cells in Coelenterata.

Operculum—A plate used for closing the shell of gastropod mol-
lusks.

Oriface—Opening.

Osculum—The excurrent opening in sponges.

Parapodium—A flat fleshy segmental appendage found in many
marine annelid worms; used for locomotion and respira-
tion.

Pedicellariae—Minute pincer-like organs on the external surface of
starfish.

Pelagic—Pertaining to the open sea—not near shore.

Plankton—Animals and plants that drift on the surface of the
water; usually without much ability of locomotion.

Planula—The free-swimming, usually pear-shaped ciliated body,
into which the egg of a hydroid develops.

Pleistocene—The most recent period of geologic time; frequently
spoken of as “The Great Ice Age”.

Proboscis—The portion of the hydranth body that usually surmounts
the basal tentacles and which contains the mouth. In
other animals a tubular extension of any part of the body.

Polyp—An individual member of a hydroid colony.

Rostrum—A_ projection of the carapace in crustaceans.

Seta—A bristle in worms.

Siphon—A tube-like organ through which water enters and leaves
the body of mollusks and ascidians.

Spat—The larval stage of an oyster.

Spicule—A minute calcareous or silicious body in sponges or echino-
derms.

Strobila—The attached compound stage in the Scyphozoa.

Tentacle—An elongated tactile organ.

Thorax—The body division of Arthropods following the head;
the neck region.

Tube feet—Tubular locomotor organs in echinoderms.

Umbrella—Curved or cup-like body of a jellyfish.

Umbilicus—The depression in gastropod shells at the base of the
Ba Ce

Velum—The circular muscular membrane of medusae.

Zooectum—An individual belonging to a bryozoan colony.

Zoo:d—A member of a hydroid colony.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

The following bibliography makes no pretense at being
complete. It merely lists a few books which the reader may
consult if he is interested in obtaining further information
on the various groups of invertebrate animals found along the East
Coast of the United States and especially between Cape Cod and
Cape Hatteras. For details on the anatomy of the various animals,
the reader is referred to any text book in Invertebrate Zoology

GENERAL
ARNOLD, AuGusTa F. The Sea Beach at Ebb Tide.
Century Co., New York, 1901.
BurcEss, THORNTON W. The Burgess Seashore Book for
Children.
Little, Brown & Co., Boston,
1929.
Cow tgs, R. P. Biological Study of the Offshore

Waters of Chesapeake Bay.

Bull: Bur:.-of Wish, Vol. 46,
1930

CROWDER, WILLIAM Dwellers of the Sea and Shore.
Macmillan Co., New York,
1923.

CROWDER, WILLIAM A Naturalist at the Seashore.
Century Co., New York, 1928.

CrowpFr, WILLIAM Between the Tides
Dodd, Mead & Co., New York,
1931.

HEILPRIN, ANGELO The Animal Life of Our Seashore.
J. B. Lippincott Co., Phila-
delphia, 1888.

Mayer, A. G. Seashore Life.
N. Y. Zoological Society, 1911.

259

260

Prart, H.'S; A Manual of the Common In-
vertebrate Animals. (revised edi-
tion).

A. C. McClurg & Co., Chicago,
1935.

SHANNON, H. J. The Book of the Seashore.
Doubleday, Doran & Co., New
York, 1935.

SuMNER, F. B., OsBorN, A Biological Survey of the Waters

BR, C., Coun, L: J:, and of Woods Hole and Vicinity.

Davis, B. M. Bull Bur, of Hishs Yolr ou
al MS

VERRILL, A. E. and Report of the Invertebrate Am-

Situ, 8. I. mals of the Vineyard Sound.

Rept. U. 8S. Fish. Comm
1871-2, 1874.
WHITEAVES, J. F. Catalogue of the Marine Inverte-
brata of Canada.
Geol. Surv. of Canada, 1901.

PORIFERA
GEorRGE, W. C. and Sponges of Beaufort (North Caro-
Witson, H. V. lina) Harbor and Vicinity.
Bull. -Bur: of Kish, Volk ss}
LOTS:
COELENTERATA
Aqassiz, A. North American Acalphae.

Illus. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zool.
Harvard, No. 2, 1865.
Some Hydroids of Beaufort, NV. C.

Fraser, C. M. Bull. Bur. of Fish., Vol: 30,
19k:

Hareirt, C. W. Medusae of the Woods Hole
Region.

Bull, Bur. of Fish., Vole 24,
1904.

Hareitt, C. W.

Mayer, A. G.

Nuttine, C. C.

Nurtine, C. C.

Mayer, A. G.

Nuuson; T. C:

AGAssiz, A.

Crark, Hl.

CLARK, H. L.

261

Anthozoa of the Woods Hole

Region.

Bull. Bur. of Fish., Vol. 32,
1914.

Medusae of the World (3 vol.)
Carn. Tnt. Wash; Paps i0d;
1910.

Hydroids of the Woods Hole

Region.

Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., Vol.
19, 1899.

American Hydroids. (3 volumes).
Special Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
Washington, D. C., 1900-1915.

CTENOPHORA

Ctenophores of the Atlantic Coast
of North America.

Carn. Ins Pub. 162, 1911.
On the Occurrence and Food
Habits of Ctenophores in New
Jersey Inland Coastal Waters.

Biol. Bull., Vol. 48, pp. 92-111,

1925.

ECHINODERMATA

Revision of the Echina.
Cat. Mus. Comp. Zool., Har-
vard, No. 7, 1872.
The Synaptas of the New Eng-
land Coast.
U. S. Fish Comm. Bull. for
1899, p. 21-31, 1899.
Echinoderms of the Woods Hole
Region.
Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., Vol.
22, 1902.

Coz, W. R.

Basser, R. S.

OsBuRN, R. C.

OspurN, R. C.

GEROULD, J. H.

VERRILL, A. BH.

VerRiLi, A. E.

Wesster, H. E.

ALDRICH, BERTHA and
SNYDER, ETHEL

sey

262

Echinoderms of Connecticut.
Conn. Geol. & Nat. Hist. Surv.,
Bull. 19, Hartford, 1912:

BRYOZOA

The Bryozoa or Moss Animals.
Smithsonian Rept. for 1920
(Pub. 2633), 1922.

The Bryozoa of the Woods Hole

Region.

Bull Bur. of. Fish:, Vol. 30,
1912,

The Bryozoa of th. Mount Desert

Region.

Publ. Biol. Surv. Mt. Desert
Region, 1933.

VERMES

The Sipunculids of the Eastern

Coast of North America.
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. 44,
1913.

New England Annelids.
Trans. Conn. Acad., Vol. 4,
1881.

Marine Nemerteans of New Eng-

land and Adjacent Waters.
Trans. Conn. Acad.) Vole:
1892.

Annelida Chaetopoda of New Jer-

22nd. Rept. N. Y. State Mus.
Nat. Hist. 1879:

MOLLUSCA

Florida Sea Shells.
Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston,
1936.

Datu, W. H.

De Kay: JE.

JOHNSON, C. W.

GouLp, A. A.

ProctEerR, WILLIAM

ROGERS, J ULIA

SmitH, MAXWELL

WEBB, WALTER

De Kay, J. Hi.

Fow .er, H. W.

263

A Preliminary Catalogue of the

Shell-bearing marine mollusks

and brachiopods of the South-

eastern coast of the Umted States.
Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 37,
1889,

Mollusca and Crustacea of New
York.

Nat. Hist. of N. Y., 1843.

List of Marine Mollusca of the
Atlantic Coast from Labrador to
Texas,

Proe. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist.,

Vol. 40, No. 1, 19384.

Report on the Invertebrata of
Massachusetts (edited by W. G.
Binney).

Wright & Potter, Boston, 1870.
The Molluscs of the Mount Desert
Region.

Publ. Biol. Surv. Mt. Desert

tezion, 1933.

The Shell Book.

Doubleday, Page & Co., 1931.
East Coast Marine Shells.

Edwards Bros., Ann Arbor,

Nich,~ 1937,

Handbook for Shell Collectors

/

Rochester, N. Y., 1936.

CRUSTACEA

Mollusca and Crustacea of New
York:
Nat. Hist. of N. Y. 1843.
The Crustacea of New Jersey.
Rept. N. J. State Museum for
£901, £912:

Hay, W. P. and SHORE,
OE

HoimEs, S. J.

PAULMIER, F. C.

Pinseey,. H.-A.

RatTHBuUN, M. J.

RATHBUN, M. J.

RATHBUN, M. J.

RATHBUN, M. J.

RICHARDSON, HARRIET

264

The Decapod Crustaceans of
Beaufort, North Carolina and
Surrounding Region.
Bul, Bur, of Mish VYoreo
1918.

The Amphipoda of Southern New

England. ,
Bull. Bur. of Fish. Vol. 24,
1905,

Higher Crustacea of New York
City.
N. Y. State Mus. Balloo
10S:

The Sessile Barnacles.

Bull. 93, U.S. Nat. Mus., 1916.

The Grapsoid Crabs of America.
Bull, 97, U.S. (Nai aioe
nN eres

The Spider Crabs of America.
Bull.-129, U.S. VNat. Maes
1920.

The Cancroid Crabs of America.
Bull. 152, U.S; 9 Nate aise
1930:

The Oxystomatous and Allied
Crabs of America. Bull. 166,
U.S. Nat. Maus... 1930:

Monograph of the Isopods_ of

North America,

Bull. 54, U.S. Nat. Mus., 1905.

ARACHNOIDEA

Fow er, H. W.

The King Crab Fisheries in Dela-

ware Bay.

Rept. N.- J: State. Mus for
1907, pp. 111-119, 1908.

265

CHORDATA

Van Name, W. Compound Ascidians of the Coasts
of New England and Neighboring
British Provinces.
Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist.,
Vol. 34, pp. 339-424, 1910.

Van Name, W. Simple Ascidians of the Coasts of
New England and Neighboring
British Provinces.
Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist.,
Vol, 34, pp. 439-619, 1912.

INDEX

Names in italics represent synonyms; words in capital letters repre-

sent common names.

A PUR Pras eee tact oe en hate 137
Acteocina canaliculata ..... 195 Astarte castamea) ..-..-.---+ 152
PCHES? CANUALOF Se. < fo. ars. 240 -ASterias forbesi. G27 =: 82
Medes solicitans © ...%..5..'. 249 + Asterias vulgaris .......... 85
Aedes taeniorynchus ....... 249 Astrangia danae ee ri
Aequorea groenlandica ..... 58 Astropecten AMMeRICARTS® ». 2. 87
Alcyonidium polyoum ...... 109. Astyris lunata ......-.-.+.- 186
Alcyomdum mytil, 1.2... 109 Aurelia aurita ...... sess ee. 65
Alcyonidium ramosum ...... 109 Aurela flavidula .......... 65
Alcyonidium verrilli ........ 100° Autolytus-varians J....5.4.:.. 129
Htlectrion-obsoleta... 22.25%: 186
Alectrion trivitiata ........ 188
PIVEN O) GONTGIG: ~ 5. os ca ee ss 97 B
Paease Pusilas sts -. 2s. : 129 Balanus amphitrite niveus .. 203
Amaroucium constellatum .. 256 Balanus balanoides ........ 201
Amaroucium pellucidum . 254 Balanus crenatus .......... 203
Amathia dichotoma ........ 0S: “Balanus.chucneus 2.1.50... 201
Amathia vidovici .......... 108 Barnea costata ............ 164
Amphioplus abditus ........ 89 Barnea truncata ...........- 165
Punpimitrite Ornata ..-....: . 128 aRAV SCALEORs hn eae. 143
Amphipholis squamata ...... 89 BEARDED MUSSEL ..... 150
IILGHIS CUGTIR a ao so ke Ss 136: PEACH RIGe Ae. a ee 212
Ancinus depressus .......... 215. Bdelloura candida .......... ht
ANGEL WINGS ...... SG; 7164 "Beracroval: oe ee ee Ws
Anomia ephippium ......... 14 BiG-HERMIT CRAP? 4 26
Amomia siniplex—<.. ss... ve 147" Bisidiam parasitica ........ 70
Antedon dentata ........... 97 Bittium alternatum ......... 182
Anurida maritima .......... 248 Bittium MEGUMI lo eta 182
Aphrodita hastata .......... 118 Blackfortia manhattensis .. 58
Arabella wpalina: 3.5.5 sce 124 Bisderoris virginica ....... 55
Arbacia punetilata. 0.2.2: 50: “BEOOD SEAREISH: == 86
Arca campechiensis ........ 137 ‘BRLOODAWOENE ... ce 125
PAGCO PETUED ox 5 Disekeow «22 13? BEOODY CLAM... 137
Arca ponderosa ....... 22a BIC CECA, 2 nace ae 235
PLACA. AEALSVCESA. 2. 42 4 oid -m wes 17 = BOAT SHEE: (Atal 6 175
Arctica islandica ........... 1S BORE IRO: te eee ee 182, 183
EAtenseus Chinatitis: :.; ss ys. + 230 “BORING SPONGE 222. .=. a3
267 7.3

a LI
> ee

CPLR
£ 3 er ce —

, wea

BRARY

/

\

Botryllus schlosseri ........ 254
Bougainvillia carolinensis . 44, 54
Bowerbankia gracilis ...... 108
BONG HORAN... Lin ale tae 230

BRACKISH WATER €CRAB= 231

BRAZILETAN- SHRIMP: 2 “221
Brisaster fragilis. occu. we 94
BROWN ANEMONE ...... 70
Buccinum: undatum’)..<.2° 30, 189
Busta, labellata 6 siedcres ao: 102
Bugula gracilis uncinata .... 99
Buena MUntitd we: sees eat oe 99
Busycon canaliculatum ..... 192
Busyeone CATICUM onvee sees 191
Busycon perversum ........ 193
LG
Calappatiammes is... s : 230
Callimnectes. ornattis. ........ 236
Calhiieetes: “sapidds .:. <2. s; 235
Callocardia morrhuana .... 156
Campanularia edwards .... 47
Campanularia minuta ...... 47

Campanularia verticillata .. 47

Cancer ‘borealis: 2.06... 525 hax 238
Cancer iroratuS: ...<4.5«. 6s 238
Gantharus cancellaria. <2... 29
Caprella -auctifroms. -'.2.<2.. Abs
Caprellla geometrica ...... VA
Cancinides imaenas, .2,0.).22. 234
Cardium mortoni .......... 153
Carcditim xsobustum, .222-% 154
Caatta’ borealis... sak tn nsk 152
Cellepora avicularis ...... 105
Cerapus: tubularis..03 << 23
Cerebratulus lacteus ....... 114
Cerithiopsis emersoni ..... 181

Cerithiopsis, subulata .....-.. 181
Ceronia arctata
Chaetopterus pergmentaceus 131

Chalina arbuscular. ..2+.. 30
Giatinar pceulata << sees | a: 36
CHANNELED CONG@H=.. 4.192
Chelonobia testudinaria . 203
Chione:: cribatid= iether 29
Chironomus oceanicus ...... 248
Chloridella empusa ....... 216
Tinea Ob ae 2 leis viv clee 8 ees 65

268

Chrysodomus stonei ....... 190
Cicolina. concharum .. 52522. 215
Gisratulus orandis: 425.0 130
Cistenides. zouldit .....-..25. 129
CLAM WORM. ..... hemes 119
Chona. celatay «224, sme ae 33
Chiona, sulphurea wi ones d cox 33
Chymenella. torquata 4.2 eae 130
Civtia. edwardsit.....\;75. tances 47
Claire tiinista coer 2 be wk 47
COBPEEK SNAM,.. oo..2208 195
Columbella, avara.«.ca:.i0.4 186
Columbella Tlumata:.. ......... 186

Cohusyoractise ols owas :
COMMON STARFISH, 2 = G82

CONGE! 2 asae ener 191, 192, 193
Conopeum reticulatum ...... 104
CONVEX BOAT SHELL . 176
Corbula contpacta. .5. cee 162
Coronulal diadema cs... sa. e8 206
Crago septemspinosus ...... 218
CHOCO VUIGOTIS ake kes 218
Crepidula convexd \. ..2..0-5 178
Crepidula. formicata, +). o.494.. 175
Crepidula plana (3k <..0ns 178
Crista, Churned <...4o8.o0 ead 99
Cryptésula pallasiatia, a4... 104
Cucumaria pulcherrima .... 96
Culex sahimarius .srwcon eee 249
Cyauee Ones’ <<.c.J0.teeae 62
Cyanes: capillata<. 5.30 p
€ythista, leucolena .:...,
Cyprinaislandica 2... "Ty

Cytherea convexa .....¥. 100

D
Dactylometra quinquecirrha .. 63

DAISY BRITTLE STAR ace
DEAD MAN’S FINGERS 2 =3a

Diastoma virginica ......... 182
Diopatra Cuprenehcsee ae 121
Divarcella quadrisulcata .... 153
Dolichoglossus kowalevskyi.. 251
DOLLAR A DOZEN: A558 153
Dotiasctosson.. > ac. Se une eee 158
Dona warialoilis 1.4 seen eee 158
DRM ea ce Scenes 182, 183

269

ERE Sy cL Cl ee a 175
Echinocardium cordatum ... 94
Echinarachnits parma i... 91

Electra monostachys ......- 102
Emérita-talpoida .........- fd
Basic directs ss 2cte eects 159
Basis witidts "Pos Sees 160
Epitonium humphrysu ...... 168
Epitonitum lineatum ........ 168
Eudendrium ramosum ...... 45
Eupanopeus herbstiii ...... 231
Buplenra-caudata:....5+... 183
Eupomotus dianthus ........ 132
Eurypanopeus depressus .... 230
Paytivnd: limosiar ©. 05... 6
F
BEARER STAR oS. caw 97
PIDDEER-CRAB=...<%;% 242, 243
Bassunella alternata. © 2.2. <* 168
Bit BOAT SHELE, «Ge, 178
lest WDC RAR eee, 3 os 230
BEOATING SHELL. 2.22... 169
BEVIN GeSOULD. 7. S024 198
Buleun canaliculata. .3.%2. 2 192
BiplettmeiGarica ses. Seas a 0d <tr 191
Fulgur perversa ........ 29; 193
G

[Scie tata Soar s2 213

ROTI A ac Bes iret het 155
OEE 56/5 bah ey ie an 243
GUAN tSCAGTVOP 222 sad 146
Giycerar americana... .....< 125
Glycera dibranchiata ....... 125
Gonothyrea loveni.......... 50
GHOSE BARNACLE 5.2: 201
GON MIDs perc aha to 5. are 74

GREEN BRITTLE STAR. 88
GREEN CRAB 234
GREEN RAZOR CLAM... 160

alate) @6) @..5 18) 9:6) 6

GREEN SEA URCHIN <..7- 90

leg) Ey By Ci] a ene ae aa 215

GULE WEED CRAB ..::.. 241
H

Malectumi oracle, sce. <-255 50

inlalobatess-s© eh bey sce, te ee:
HARD. SHED GeAM 4... is4

Harmothoe imbricata ...... 117
Hathrometra tenella ....... 97
HEART SRE. gett 153
BUA ARS ENG ae ene ae 94
Hemiseptella denticulata ... 103
Henricia sanguinolenta ..... 86
PEER MAT CRA Be ons 223,226
1c Ud ed Ee erga Oe Oe 223
Fiap pa talpoula 22.5.2 eee ok 223
Hippediplosia americana .... 105
Hippopoedra-edax .......... 108
Homarus americanus ...... 222,
HORSE MUSSEL acm oe, 150

HORSESHOE CRAB 2.34 245

Eelyas'.coarctatus 42.08 s<o5 227
Ey dtactinia. echinata &. 2.2: 41
AHydroides dianthus ........ 132
i
lidoteadbalthicane.cse.gee uc. 214
Idotea marina ....7........ 214
IVORY BARNACK E52 <2 201
J Z:
Janthina communis ........ 169
Janthina, fragiis. <2 255.5. 169
Janthina-|atibaiia - sae 169
SN IGHIC ak oo Sa 5 os Se 147
OUNCE CR ANB ees ee coms 238
K
KEYHOLE DOLLAR. == 9]
REYHOMEEIMPET Jo: 168
FCUN Ga AR eS eras . tere 245
ISNOB BED CONCH =.= 191
1,
Labiosa canaliculata ....... 161
IBaGtimacVittctay 0s hen ee ee 181
ee OR CRO co ota ee ee 257
Laevicardium mortoni...... 153
LARGE ANGEL WINGS... 164
EL Clone Pal eee eee, See ee 140

LEPT HANDED: CONCH. <:7.193
Tsepas aMaMiehas <cscnccss ween: 201

Lepasterias tenera compta .. 86

Lepidonotus squamatus ..... Li7
Lepidonotus sublaevis ...... 117
Lepralia americana ........ 105
Lepralia pallasiana ......... 104
Leptosorsia vireulata ~. : 3. 74
Leptoplana variabilis). 2... 1Et
Leptosynapta inhaerens .... 96
Peaietaie ita ise 24 peeks ones Z2F
Libinia emarginata ....... 227
Limnoria. lisnorum) <.:..75%. 215
Limulus polyphemus ...... 245
PPT EE NECK ..26.25-G5¢ 154
Littorina groenlandica ...... 180
Vattorina, teorata fear caxeae 180
iaittorina. literea. O.l4. 59% 179
Lattorima obtusata; eee 180
Littorina paliata ........... 180
EAPOTING FUAIS: seen ees 6 180
Pattoriaa saxitila, 6.2.4 5.5. 180
Lejyoneca Ovals 2.2.sc. eos © 214
TOV get ets erg sae go a oe sesen 222
WPM @OnBCalel) 25.7. tesks tin sees 196
(eerie GENIE ee ke ees 153
Lumbrinereis tenuis ....... 124
Pyonsia tyalinal scan. 2. sr 151
M
Macoma balthica” ..5.....2. 157
Meacoma caleared...5 165 <> 157
Macoma tetitars. ms wee tas «ose 157.
NMiacira AGteras <0 es oes 161
Mactra: solidissimia. ..0...... 160
Malacobdella grossa ........ 115
Maneelia Gerina 25222 194
Mangelia plicosa\...:)-%.2%.. <1 195
Manvelia.stellata:....2 cicc4e- 29
MAN TIS SHRIMP 25355 216
Marginella guttata ......... 193
MAUR S EE GieA DB. . cata wis eet 240
MARSH FIDDLER CRAB) 242
WMertensia Oviiiint ips 0 es. « 200% 78
MASON WORM: 2223. -.<: 129
Meckelia ingens ......+..+-- 114
Meganyctiphanes norvegica . 209
Melampus bidentatus ....... 195
Melampus lineatus ......... 195
Mellita pentapora .......... 91

Mellita quinquesperforata .. 91

Mellita testudinata
Membranipora lacroxti ..... 104
Membranipora monostachys 102
Membranipora tehuelcha ... 103

Membranipora tenuis ...... 103
Membranipora tuberculata .. 103
Mesodesma arctatum ....... 161
Metridium dianthus ........ 70
Metridium marginatum .... 70
Metridium senile .......... 70
Microciona prolifera ....... 36
Micrica, leidvs: .<-. ¢.ee oe 114
Matrella luneta <.v.0cs nese. 186
Menemiopsis leidyi ......... 77
Modiolus demissis: 3)... ese 150
Modiolus. modiolus: 22.2225 150
Modiolus plicatula ......... 150
Moleula arenatas i202 22ee 253
Molgula manhattensis ...... 252
MOON S Nee Ge 173,174
MOON WEMILY =... eee 65
MUD CRAB ..o2 eee 231
MUDASN ADL. 1). 2 Uae 186
NUD LOBSTERS... Sealer 225
Miralomiar lateralis: Sot \ime a eee 161
RUS SED Se ie eee 147
MUSSEL CRAB cece 239
Miya arenatiar ou. cnc8 oe ee 162
Miysis: “americana. 22.2520 758 208
Moytius clav@ :. sss. sdee 148
Mytilus edulis... %...4 55a 147
Myttlus-hamatus .....250625 148
Mytilus recurvus ...cateere 148
N
NANNY: NOS Hac ce smted 162
Nassa obsoleta..5tcun.cemee 186
Nassa. trivittata ys cess 188
Wassa-ViDex 2.405. .oeeeeeee 188
Nassarms obsoleta. 22. sa- 186
Nassarius trivittata ........ 188
Naticarelanisat.: <a 175
Natsca duplicate: 22-.62=- 6 173
Natica pusilay.cennee se case 174
Nemopsis: backer... tee 54
Neopanope texana sayl...... 230
Nepthys bucera ..... ...+4- 120
Nepthys I1Cisa’ ...6 0.2.05 su 120
Nepthys ingens ......--++: 120

271

Nentiys: pict! yi. .eaek es 120 Pecten magellantca ........ 146
Neptunea decemcostata .. 30,190 Pecten tenuicostata ......... 146
Neptunea stonei ........ 30, 190 Pectinarta gouldw ....... 65: 129
Were. damerit .. ...t26s. 8 HS .. sPélagia. cyanella se72ac% 622 65
Neners dimbatay a0 $5,<: yar s 119 ~ Penaeus brasiliensis ........ 221
Wereis pelagica ......s.205% eo.” | ePeNAEIS SetiberUsy 6x.0* a. leaw 4 HA |
MEFEIS. WITENS ~...'\ «doe. Ta) 6yBennaria Harel 4.2 sos se 45
HOR THER N STARBISE., 85 PERIWINKEE 1 ...0x. 179,180
Nucdia - proxitias 2.2 sees bs 136 * Perophora. viridis sc. <0 <3 254
Persephona punctata ...... 241
Petricola pholadiformis .... 156
O .
Obelia commissuralis ...... 48 tages es aol) est os
Obelia flabellata ....-...... 20s Phalicateiee ee 165
Obelia ee isle ce gi 49 Physalia pelagica .......... 59
ean ho eho IS ie a ei ie Pinnixia chaetopterana .... 240
SIS Cea ee ise Pinnotheres maculatus ...... 239
OCTOPUS tg he eee hes ah 198 Pinnotheres ostreum ....... 239
Ocypoda albicans .......... 243 Pitar morrhuana ........... 156
Ocypoda arenaria .......... 243 Planes minutus ............ 241
Odostomia impressa ........ 172 Platylepas hexastylos ...... 206
Odostomia impressa granitina 29 pjeyrobrachia brunnea ..... 78
Odostomia seminuda ....... 172 Pleurobrachia DIC G 2 eh Ant 78
Ommastrephes illecobrosus . -= PLUMED WORM 00... 121
OPAL WORM ..........5. 124 Plumularia alternata ....... 53
Onn pies Sages = Plomulariaytoridanar 4252-7: 53
: ae fae Ota Plumularia-amermis ......:.- 54
OPOSSUM SHRIMP ---. 208 — Polinices chinplicatay sere see 173
Orchestia agilis .......++++. a Polinices heros ..........s: 174
Orchestia grillus eae godine 212 Polinices lactea ..........-- 29
Orchestia palustris Nahe hers = 212 = Polinices triseriata .......-. 174
Orchestia platensis ......... 212 Polycirrus eximius ......... 131
Ostrea virginica ........... 130" Polydera foul vc). -.. 128
Oyalipes: octelatus: .. 5.2.55 a Porpita lisnacane 2... 60
OMSTMER 2: kk cc csoeees 141 pA priciiece WAKCOR
OMS CRABS ioc ios anda 239 Ue nee ea ae ee)
OYSTER DRILL ..... 182,183 portunus SID DESH A sown anes 237
Portunus spintmanus ..¢<....<- 237
P Potanulla eculifera: 1.2.2. ao: 132
Pasurus longicarpus .<..;. 2: 223 PRAWN .........--..--5. 220
Pagurus pollicaris Bee ee See 226 PUNK Dichchialt of eteimebiolre dial /s> olieltoniens a “pais 33
Palaemonetes carolinus .... 220 PURPLE SEA URCHIN ie 90
Palaemonetes vulgaris ...... 220 ee haemastoma flort- 133
Paludestrina minuta ....... 179 idles AONE AER BE RE AES
Pandora couldmna, 22.43... 159 PURSE CRAB ............ 24]
Pandora trilineata ......... 150
EO A spr ec). ies 150
Pecten gibbus irradians .... 143 Q

Recto, orandis. 46a. 4 <eo. 04: 16) “OUOHOG =. ae en see ee 154

272

R
RAINBOW SELEY. ieee 77
Rangiacunears teks ccs Sere 29
RAZOR (AME Ae oes 159

RED JOINTED FIDDLER

CRAs Seek gc oakoeadek 243
FED SIP OMGE ccc et te 36
Kissoa mipuia- ...c5.. 518 179
Rithropanopeus harrisii ..... Zo
ROCK BRRNACEE oo. 201
ROCK-CRAB .. 22 & 238
ROOT-MOUTHED: JELLY-

PISEGS ce tee oh ee 66
Rossia siiblaevisy 253). 3. 198

S
Sabellaria varians .......... 133
Sebelaria villoanises: io. Pes: 133
Sagartia leucolena .......... 69
Sacaitia Wticiae a: acre eras 68
Sd@antia modesta’ o. c.f aces 69
Sapitias clegansy o. os.%. 2 ccs its
Salpa democratica «..200..5. 252
fied Be Be RR Ae katt hi eR 252

SALT MARSH CLAM ).... “164
SALT MARSH PERT-

NV ASINGEGIEIB: #5 28 2 oe ener are 180
Sa MARSH SNiAdie 02 * 195
SIND BUG See er 223
SAND COLEAR SNATECS. 73
SAID CRAB cat 25 S05 aes 243
San WO RAR ae. oe ores 91
SAND FIDDLER CRAB. .--242
SAN Dp PLAT SNATE #525 188
SCULE AMEOIEGS 0 tee ae eee 168
Scalatia humpltyst <5... . 168
Sealants lincatak i 26 seeks 168
SCG SONDHO.-. 80 Fe be ee 168
SCOP Pris eens: 143, 146
Schizmopora avicularis .... 105
Schizoporella unicornis .... 104
SING IIE, oe ce ie Ae chee ee! 213
SEA AR ROM. cee s oe 198
SA Ole Nh eA eres ee 160
SEA CUCUMBER: 2 oyi6..5 95
SEAN COY PRE St ik Alou 52
ol: EC Gl > ee 252
Se OUI Se \.-7 ce neire 214

Smo MOUSES 37 a4)" 118
See As NS Ee <2 oe oe ee 65
SLA. PORCILPENE: 3250255 90
SEA -PORS, (yee eee 256
SEA. SCALEOR eas 146
SEA SNAIL .«>.222ceeeeee 173
SIA.S PDEA eae 227, 247
SEA SOUPRT sc. ee 252
SEA. STRAWBERRIES (30) 944
SA TIREGE, 2 5,2 eae 74
SOURCE MM 22... oae ae 90
Sa VA NU: sae ia.
Serpula dianthus .......... iy
Seridlaria pumila 2... sa. 51
pesarma- reticulatum ~..2.., 240
SELEP WORM cos. 3 0: aes 165
SRN see ae ae 218, 220
Sigaretus perspectivus ..... 175
Siltqua’ COStdtas=.2 0 eee 160
Sinuni perspectivum .2.. eee 175
SKELETON SHRIMP 233s
SLIPPER: LIMPED ese WIS)

BUSTER Ss re aa ee
SMALL HERMITCRAB >. 225
Smittina trispinosa nitida .. 105

SMOOTH. COCKER 50 153
SOFT SHELE-CLAM + =. ee
Soleintyawelunt ..e sees 135
Solen americana .......... 159

SOUTHERN MUD CRAB 230
SOUTHERN MUD SNAIL 188
SOUTHERN MUSSEL ... 14%
SOUTHERN SHRIMP 2.2.9 1e!
Se RCKLED JERE YETSh ae

SE LDEIOR: CRAB] poate oe 227,
Silo: Setosa. iu. See ee 128
SPT RATE. oe canta eae eee 194
Spirorbis borealis in. +. wus 133
Spirorbis, spirorbis 2a. <s-eee 133
SOULDE oo 3s .ntehcid te eee 196
SOUWILE «aga. eee eee 216
SQmula CMPUSE ti o.ae 22a ae 216
STAIRCASE SHELL) woe: 194
STAR CORAL +2. 545.5 pl
ST ARELS EE tawae een 82, 85
Sthenelais: letdyi.....24 aceon 129
Sthenelats: Pit. 200 i Ee 129

Stilifer stimpsoni

Stomolophus meleagris .... 66
STRIPED SEA

PRON ENGINE: oa < & « soto meen 68
Strongylocentrotus drobach-
6/02 0S See na oe 90
Subiteres compacta .... 5 .=.s. 37
SPUR SPONGE yc... 515)
S OES ed 27 i Ceres ott oe 62
SUR CLAM 22ccak0 ss ne (oll)
Synapta inhaerens ........4% 96
Sw GS 050 cat gear 96
Syncoelidium pellucidum ... 111
Syncoryne mirabilis ........ 55

ily

Wagelus sdivisus” <0). cc 2. 159°
Parcs eeiDbUs: ax <b ae oon 158
Talstrus longicornis ....... ANZ
Talitrus megalopthalmus ... 213

Talorchestia longicornis .... 212
Talorchestia magalopthalma 213

Tanystylum orbiculare ..... 247
GUARINO ne es 8 x cs 157
Mietltaa stenera, icc voc Sek 157
Merebeatconcava :....d6<<. 29, 194
Penepes dislocata- <<<: 3 29, 194
Mieredonitaralign.\. c's b2 su esis 165
Mais aiObIdaN a: %.%5 sce oes ae 183
Whightatia- areentea’ 24.0. .3. 51
Phiiaria .cupressina’ .:.......'. 52
Mhvone DRIATCUS:. sssui<s. sss 95
AU O02 UD SX 2.0 5 eee DoF
I @ ENE pe ee ee 147
TRANSVERSE ARK .... 137
Tornitina canaliculata ..... 195
Transenella stimpsoni ...... 29
Triphora perversa nigrocincta 182
Evie TOUII® . oo ee. wee 188
TEE Hs SCL cae. lone ateek 21S

Tubularia crocea ..........

Turbonilla

Wea tina xt. eos meee
ica: piucllaterae.tae< eens
Wear pirenian. © ese aie ace
Upotepimratiims-.-.5- 2-2
Uirosalpins cinerea. ice de.

Velella

mutica

Venericardia borealis .....
Venericardia tridentata ....
Venus campechiensis .....
Venus: mercefiaria 22:2...
Venus mercenaria notata ..
Venus mortont ......e.000-

W
WEDGE CLAM

VEDA BARNACLE 12:

WHELK
WHITE ARMED SEA
ANEMONE

WHITEY BOAT (SHEE...

WHITE, MUD SNATE

VINCI ee ee

WA

YELLOW CORAL +...5
Yoldia: lamatulay iio oes. oee

ZiLpinacaGhispaids “stat saece
Zygodactyla groenlandica .

LURTLE BARMACIE.... 05

oo

.

”

>

ma

F

Say
a

« ®

a

i
P.

<

on
ex s
et

a

+

ea) belch t

¥

iteaid ss

Brees