son ae Sectors eae rene eePet weeeeh tat ere Sores tet owes setetes me eeembesescsrssase ese POR Mae He weeH = F=t~ 2: - ~ - : —t ee ~ - > On Ben Om tetere a ‘ : “ 7 PTO BO Ow <2 ek wee ee - = ©. - ; y CONSE Om wer Oe tee ee ee et t= ¢ ~e a—* eoter : ; ; . a neaeees oneeene 9 - Sate ee ese tates ote te “4 > eeese. Pts Rat etatetwtatetatotabeten. Le Bw ke Sm Pe Sah ete Fo Pel et eS Sete So s— Rete te eet ee . . : ~ t4 = tole ei eeens tia 4 > « . et nerte® Sate tesco tees + he ewe Hehe hae er va ae Sistas tetehar toe ay wien ae o« BPRS Owteteewocee Te er eeat oon o 2] te 5- rei wessre epee eho hah owe =the Be Raotebes — Been aes5 Tey ‘sas 19S Diners? es Mevdled oat ee 7 a ee os = ene ee ee er ee ae ee ee ; oe - ra re > . + - 7 7 ee 7 1 ne Tai ae ne: eo ee re a eee a — _ = ar ad _ 7 : - Ss a een ler — es ae | : oa Pie i » The . - = ve a= cn are sil ooh Se _ > en = = Sees ai THE ANNALS AND MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY. INCLUDING ZOOLOGY, BOTANY, ann GEOLOGY. (BEING A CONTINUATION OF THE ‘ANNALS’ COMBINED WITH LOUDON AND CHARLESWORTH'S ‘MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY. ) CONDUCTED BY P. J. SELBY, Ese., F.L.S., GEORGE JOHNSTON, M.D., CHARLES C. BABINGTON, Esqa., M.A., F.R.S., F.L.S., F.G.S., J. H. BALFOUR, M.D., Prof. Bot. Edinburgh, AND RICHARD TAY I.S., F.G.S. VOL. XV.—SECOND SERIES. ws LONDON: PRINTED AND PUBLISHED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS. SOLD BY LONGMAN, BROWN, GREEN, AND LONGMANS; S. HIGHLEY; SIMPKIN, MARSHALL, AND CO.; PIPER AND CO.; W. WOOD, TAVISTOCK STREET ; BAILLIERE, REGENT STREET, AND PARIS: LIZARS, AND MACLACHLAN AND STEWART, EDINBURGH: CURRY, DUBLIN: AND ASHER, BERLIN. 1855. ‘*Omnes res create sunt divine sapientiz et potentiz testes, divitie felicitatis humane :—ex harum usu bonitas Creatoris; ex pulchritudine sapientia Domini; ex ceconomia in conservatione, proportione, renovatione, potentia majestatis elucet. Earum itaque indagatio ab hominibus sibi relictis semper estimata; a veré eruditis et sapientibus semper exculta; malé doctis et barbaris semper inimica fuit.”— LINNZUS. ** Quelque soit le principe de la vie animale, il ne faut qu’ouvrir les yeux pour voir qu’elle est le chef-d’ceuvre de la Toute-puissance, et le but auquel se rapportent toutes ses opérations.’—BRUCKNER, Théorie du Systeme Animal, Leyden, 1767. weg Tee e «iw Le) A oe Ree, OPEV DOWers Obey our summons ; from their deepest dells The Dryads come, and throw their garlands wild And odorous branches at our feet ; the Nymphs That press with nimble step the mountain thyme And purple heath-flower come not empty-handed, But scatter round ten thousand forms minute Of velvet moss or lichen, torn from rock Or rifted oak or cavern deep: the Naiads too Quit their loved native stream, from whose smooth face They crop the lily, and each sedge and rush That drinks the rippling tide: the frozen poles, Where peril waits the bold adventurer’s tread, The burning sands of Borneo and Cayenne, All, all to us unlock their secret stores And pay their cheerful tribute. J. Taytor, Norwich, 1818. CONTENTS OF VOL. XV. [SECOND SERIES.] NUMBER LXXXV. ; Page I. Notes of an Excursion to the South of France and the Auvergne in search of Diatomacee. By the Rev. Wituiam Situ, F.LS., Professor of Natural History, Queen’s College, Cork. (With a Plate.) 1 II. Amended Characters of the singular Lymneadous Genus Cam- ptoceras, and description of a new Ancylus, inhabitants of North- western India, By W. H. BENSON, Esq. ...seseescecsessesrecnereeeeeeees 9 III. Characters of the Genus Opjgthoporus, an Eastern form of the Cyclostomacea, with Remarks on its Affinities and Notes on several Opercula, By W. H. BENSON, Esq. ..0c-.sssescccseccesereceorveccvseesees 13 IV. On Artificial Sea’ Water. By Puiiie H. Gosss, A.L.S. ...... 17 V. Notes on Swiss Mollusca. By J. Gwyn Jerrreys, Esq., F.R.S. 20 VI. Sketch of the Life of the late Professor Edward Forbes. By J. H. Batrour, M.D., Professor of Botany, Edinburgh ............... 35 New Books :—The Entomologist’s Annual for 1855, Edited by H. T. Stainton.—A Catalogue of British Fossils, by John Morris. Second Edition.—Popular Conchology, by Agnes Catlow. Second Edi- GEONAS iagace ods cos Vbved vbdaa Rats seus ape seb castoossuese biesbivans WisGasnse 53—-63 Proceedings of the Zoological Society .........sceseeeee sivwabsecesenys 64—76 Note on the Reproduction of Ligula, by M. Brullé; Description of the Animal of Cyclina sinensis, by Dr. J. E. Gray; Observations on the Development of Actinia, by M. Lacaze-Duthiers ; Meteo- rological Observations and Table ..........sccecececevsceeeseeaeas 76—80 NUMBER LXXXVI. VII. Some Account of the Actiniade found upon the coast near Teignmouth, Devon. By Ropert C. R. Jorpan, M.B. Lond., Pro- fessor of Comparative Anatomy, Queen’s Coll. Birmingham ............ 81 1V CONTENTS. Page VIII. On a Monstrous Oyster-Shell. By Grorce Busk, Esq. (With. 8 Piste.) ys cas sexes sense Heh ctnakigennsiseheeetiarkuessuatinns as se¥asenen 91 TX. On Hypericum anglicum. By Cuaruss C. Basineton, M.A., F.R.S. &e. X. On the Ornithology of Malacca. By A. R. WauuAce, Esq.... 95 XI. Deseriptions of the Animals of certain Genera of Bivalve Shells. By 3S. P. Woopwakn; Haq: ah Gib i igaieicsas ialiss nescecpoas cabanas 99 . XII. On Fossil Echinoderms from the Island of Malta; with Notes on the stratigraphical distribution of the Fossil Organisms in the Maltese Beds. By THomas Wrieut, M.D. &ec. (With four Plates.) 101 XIII. Notes on British Zoophytes, with descriptions of new species. By the Rev. Taomas Hincks, B.A. (With two Plates.) .........+6. 127 XIV. On the Marine Vivarium. By C.S. Harris, Esq. ...... see 130 Proceedings of the Zoological Society ; Linnean Society ; Royal So- ciety ; Botanical Society of Edinburgh — ............sceseeeee 134—157 Observations on the Nests of Humming Birds, by John Gould, F.R.S. &e.; On a Marsupial Frog (Notodelphys ovifera) from Venezuela, by Dr. D. F. Weinland ; Descriptions of two new species of Péi- lonopus, by George Robert Gray, F.L.S. & F.Z.S.; Meteorolo- gical Observations and Table .............sssccsceccseeseeseseees 157—160 NUMBER LXXXVII. XV. A Monograph of the Indian species of Phylloscopus and its immediate affines. By Epwarp BLYTH, Esq. .........2..eeeceeeeeaneees 161 XVI. On Fossil Echinoderms from the Island of Malta; with Notes on the stratigraphical distribution of the Fossil Organisms in the Maltese Beds. By THomas WRIGHT, M.D. &c. .......cecccccccccsccece 175 XVII. On the Genera Pionandra, Cliocarpus and Pecilochroma. By Joon Mire, Esq.; FR-S., Flas Ge. cestesss cxscstscsegseve deseet 196 XVIII. On the Discovery of bos se Fish in Louisiana. By B. Dow. er, M.D. - *steuvots sis ssbatetgere the oben Nteycaiecks eeevcbusenen 206 XIX. On the Anomalous Oyster-Shell described in the ‘ Annals’ for Febrnary. By Dried. Me Cama Wauiiiivssevsresncush ces ive cases evoeee 210 XX. On Actinophrys Sol. By E. Cuaparkpe. (With a Plate.) 211 Proceedings of the Zoological Society; Royal Society; Botanical Society Of Hedimburgy ssi ccthowss cis trvieaisseess .cscecees cus 218—237 CONTENTS. ae Page On the Movements and Reproduction of the Navicule, by M. Focke ; On Lottia zebrina and L. Scurra, by Dr. J. E. Gray ; Description of a new species of Sorex from India, by R. Templeton; Meteo- rological Observations and Table ...s+.s0+...40 abo aad scheint 237—240 NUMBER LXXXVIII. XXI. A Comparative View of the more important Stages of Deve- lopment of some of the higher Cryptogamia and the Phanerogamia. By CHARLES JENNER ....cscccecscsesscteevsccnecsceensensesescncesesscouesous 241 XXII. Observations on the Natural History and Habits of the Common Prawn, Palemon serratus. By RopERT WARINGTON, Esq. 247 XXIII. Report on a Collection of Diatomacee made in the district of Braemar by Professor Balfour and Mr. George Lawson. By BR. K. Grevituz, LL.D. &c. (With a Plate.) ............cccecececneceee 252 XXIV. On Fossil Echinoderms from the Island of Malta; with Notes on the stratigraphical distribution of the Fossil Organisms in the Maltese Beds. By THomas WriGHrt, M.D. &. «....eseceeceecaes 262 XXV. On Monopus medusicola, a species of Leech. By Puiuip Henry Gossz, A.L.S. (With a Plate.) ............ SeRRiRApanuates Gave 277 XXVI. On Ancylus oblongus and A. fluviatilis. By WiLLiam RMR, hashes tay ak scsken rss vomdade cers yesinws Sey *cnseree Peamevessvactebed XXVII. On Aciinophrys Sol. By BE. CLAPAREDE ........cceeeeeees 285 Proceedings of the Royal Society; Zoological Society; Linnzan Society ; Botanical Society of Edinburgh ...............-..068 291—313 On the Anomalous Oyster-Shell, by Prof. J. S. Henslow ; Description of a new species of Corynactis, by William Thompson; On the Species confounded under the name of Laminaria digitata, with some Observations on the genus Laminaria, by M. A. Le Jolis; Descriptions of two new species of Humming Birds from Peru, by John Gould, F.R.S.; Meteorological Observations and MPS = Wabisoesecan sch rs gags UMRAO MU REKRMTE SS Se iescnag ibs cbcudvnga 314—320 NUMBER LXXXIX. XXVIII. On the Structure of Chlorophyll. By Huco von Mout. 321 XXIX. Notice on the question of the presence of an Operculum in ' the genus Diplommatina, Benson, and description of a New Species. By W.. Eds See ee phaibninide nila pnatc daiveic Castes daskaveorsdevesee’ 329 XXX. Short Characters of some new Genera and Species of Algze vi CONTENTS. Page discovered on the coast of the Colony of Victoria, Australia. By W. H. Harvey, M.D., M.R.I.A. &e., Keeper of the Herbarium of the University of Dublin. (With a Plate.) .........0000+. PGW esta ceiveastes 332 XXXI. Some Remarks on Vegetable Placentation. By JoHN CLELAND, Esq. = ceors.sccessecees ESTAA lad tha Cow danveebentnttaahassaaeaeerays 336 XXXII. On the Attitudes and Figures of the Morse. By Dr. J. E. Grav; FOG, VeP 2 Bic, sisvesgevecsssasenbysuvecssess COS RSPOOL SEAS Siglo 339 XXXIII. Descriptions of Eight New Species of Birds from South America. By JoHN GouLp, Esq., F.R.S. ..seseeeee Sabbsnivdecdectonene 343 XXXIV. On the Impregnation and Germination of the Alge. By Dr. PRINGSHBIM« 6. ieee ais levee ec occtecneceseoeccohenceumeee uns onehs dees 346 New Books :—A History of the British Marine Testaceous Mollusca, distributed in their Natural Order, by William Clark.—The Ferns of Great Britain. Illustrated by John E. Sowerby. The Descriptions, Synonyms, &c. by C. Johnson.—First Steps in Economic Botany, for the use of Students, by Thomas Croxen Archer.—The Entomologist’s Annual for 1855, edited by H. T. SSGRIGORLS weds 5 cdi shedios 5 058 ebeeks co's se oc'sase cs weeeE ASI CR ERNE TEE s 349—357 : Proceedings of the Royal Society; Linnzan Society; Zoological Society ; Botanical Society of Edinburgh ...... Sa edi vanes dia 357—383 Origin of Wheat; Mr. Busk’s Anomalous Shell, by Prof. J. S. Hens- low; On the Fructification of the Arachis hypogea, by Hugh M. Neisler; On the Structure of the Starch Granule, by Mr. Grundy; Description of a New Species of dAulacorhamphus, by John Gould, F.R.S.; Meteorological Observations and RP MNSMD ocda.u fevdshacs dae tuctstaek vaphriian rok eee ss Vhs cannes dqacebaantona 383—392 NUMBER XC. XXXV. Monograph on the British species of Phalangiide or Harvest-men. By R.H.Mzeape,F.R.C.S. (With two Plates.) ...... 393: XXXVI. On the Structure of Chlorophyll. By Huco von Mout. 416 XXXVII. On Perna quadrata, Sow. By Joun Lycert, Esq. ... 427 XXXVIII. Notes on the Ornithology of Madeira. By Epwarp WRENON TEARCOURT, FE6G. 4; :0csnpedesinevas : 3 . TTT TTT Qn AWS Q vosn]joW 4 eee e eee e ete tae r erro es OOO eH tweets eseeserseeerr rose BIdBIsID) cule Ske epee se thes 620 45.6 Cthe ane OSeneel chee aneeeee ey vipoduiig WerrTrePrPEPCOPCePrIerirr retire ieee eplpuny Cee ee meres eee seset SPOOR reHEEF EEE EeSESEEEe eyeUIS oul 2 5S Greek 0 cbs Crna Oe ea ee RB eke et UyUIpUY POP OSS TSH HEE SHH SOSH EEEEHHH SEETHER SHE BEDSHETHEEED BIOFLULMAV1O COOOL e eee eH SEH H CTH EHE SEE SETHE HEED maniIpryyuey POPC R See eee Hee FEE SHH eee tOSeeeeeeeTF OOS eeeees acing Semel sere errr teh eeereneneseseetsrerereeseee® VIIVMOFVI CY eee cece rere recs eeresee Seeeneserenseestssseeseres® wezUel gq eRe AR ByV[NoyAYy *soroodg “e1oUd4) |ssotedg “e19U94) *sorvadg)|*e10ue4) *TedonIppV *uOryIPA 31 ‘UONIPA PUTS [seventeen aD | ***BIVIGI}AI A i ) > BIBIGI}AVAUT Bibliographical Notices. 57 We will now offer some remarks on the separate groups above tabulated ; reminding our readers that not merely do the differential numbers indicate the addition of a large mass of published material to the lists (viz. 3388 species), but that, besides the absolute nu- merical increase of species, an important change has often taken place in the presumed generic and specific relations of previously re- corded fossils, tasking the critical acumen of the Author and demand- ing much labour. This result cannot be readily seen by the figures, but practical paleeontologists will quickly discover it, and it may be seen in even a cursory comparison Of this with the former edition. The increased number of recorded fossil Plants is chiefly derived from the Jurassic and Tertiary beds. To those from the latter should also be added the twenty-two forms of fossil leaves, &c. from the Lower Eocene clay of Reading, figured by Mr. Prestwich, and the other tertiary plant-remains described by the same geologist, and, with the former, noticed in the “ Addenda” of the ‘ Catalogue,’ p. 363 ; where from 300 to 400 species of fruits from the London Clay in Mr. Bowerbank’s collection are also referred to as being still unde- scribed. The Diatomacee are in this edition grouped with the plants (at p. 25), in accordance with the corrected notions of natu- ralists with regard to the affinities of these organisms. Doubtless this short list of the siliceous infusoria may be increased by judicious microscopical research ; but we cannot too strongly urge upon those who may take in hand the examination of any deposit with the view of searching for these remains and enlarging the bounds of ‘‘ Micro- geology,” that the utmost care should be taken that the examination is made with hands and instruments innocent of errant infusoria, and in fact in apartments into which stray Diatomaceze do not come. Rich fields for paleeobotanical research are still open in the London Clay, and in the tertiary plant-beds of Newhaven, Alum Bay, Bourne- mouth, Poole, and Corfe; and, not to speak of the Jurassic coal- deposits, we must remind geologists that the Carboniferous flora of Great Britain has not nearly received the labour it deserves of our geologists and paleeobotanists, and that it requires much attention before it can be fairly compared with the “‘ palzozoic”’ floras of the Continent and other regions. We may here observe that Dr. Hooker’s notice of the Trigonocarpon, read before the Royal Society, refers this fruit to the Coniferze ; a correction to this effect may be made at p. 24 of the ‘ Catalogue.’ A large proportion of the increase of the Amorphozoa is due to the addition of the thirty-six species (belonging to four genera) of the Ventriculidee, so elaborately worked out by Mr. Toulmin Smith. The position here assigned to this group does not accord with that advocated by their investigator. As their assumed polyzoan character has not been generally accepted, nor their exact relations recognized, probably they owe their present location solely to the hospitality _ of the Amorphozoa, and may be they rest contented, on the principle that a “home is home however homely.” From the large access of species and the numerous indications of undetermined or unpublished forms in the list of the Foraminifera, it 58 Bibliographical Notices. appears that much may be expected of future investigators of these curious microscopic forms. The not unfrequent occurrence of lengthy lists of synonyms, especially at pages 33, 37, 39, and 41, may be re- ferred to as an indication not only of the interest taken in this group by the author and his friends (Messrs. 8. V. Wood, T. R. Jones, and W. Harris) to whom he refers in the Preface, but also by numerous naturalists of ancient and modern times. Some of the genera appear to be common to several formations, e. g. Textularia, coming down fromthe Carboniferous Limestone and Permian to the Tertiary and Recent Epochs (and we may add that this genus occurs also in the: Upper Silurian); but others are limited in their vertical range, and furnish more reliable characteristic species for the geologist. Among these latter the Nummulite is pre-eminent ; although the important exceptions of a few peculiar ancient Nummulitoid forms,—from the Upper Jurassic of the Dep. de la Meuse (Buvignier), the Lias of Fretherne, Gloucestershire * (Jones), and the Carboniferous Lime- stone of Miatschlous, Russia (Rouillier), as well as another, similar perhaps to the last, from the Upper Silurian of Shropshire,—must not’ be lost sight: of by the paleontologist. The specific forms of the Nummulite, though very closely allied and subject to individual vagary and local variations, are highly characteristic, and play an important’ part’ on the tertiary stage. A masterly sketch of the zoological’ and geological relations of this interesting genus, com- prising a review of ‘M. D’Archiac’s monograph, occupies several pages of the Presidential Address delivered to the Geological Society of London, February 17, 1854, by the late and most sincerely lamented Prof. E. Forbes. In the former'edition both the Bryozoa and the Anthozoa were included under Zoophyta.' The former (so often confounded by amateurs and others with Corals, and not unfrequently also erro- neously’ termed Corallines), being now regarded’ as mollusean in their relations, are separately grouped. The Zoophytes, as they now stand: (Anthozoa or Corals), exhibit a very extensive augmentation of species, resulting from the labours of Messrs. Lonsdale and M‘Coy, and their French collaborateurs, MM. M.-Edwards and J. Haime. In noticing the present advanced state of our knowledge of the fossil Echinodermata, as exhibited in the ‘Catalogue,’ we have again to refer to ‘one whose loss the scientific world deplores and whose early departure bereaves so many sorrowing friends. Prof. E. Forbes and Messrs. Austin, M‘Coy, and Wright have worked well in this department ; the addition of the Cystidese and the very complete and well-determined list of the other forms render this portion of the ‘ Catalogue’ of the greatest ‘value.’ Not only for a large proportion of the material of this list, but for its arrangement and revision, we are indebted to’ the lamented chief of- British palzeontologists. ‘The chief additions to the Annelida are paleeozoic species; and several neozoic species are brought into position under Vermicularia. The Cirripedia, both fossil and recent, have of late, as naturalists * Annals and Mag. Nat. Hist. 2nd Ser, vol. xii. p. 275. Bibliographical Notices. ia 59 well know, been critically examined by Mr.C. Darwin. The list, as it now appears, doubled in number and highly valuable for its accu- racy and, completeness, has been founded on Mr. Darwin’s Mono- graphs, and has been subject to his revision. The large number of species accruing from recent researches among the fossil Crustaceans is an important element in this catalogue, and indicates the industry of the observers... The extensive corrections, also, of the generic affinities imply a great amount of labour and a decided advance in our paleontological knowledge of this interesting subclass of the Invertebrata. The Malacostraca, or higher forms, are but. few in proportion to the Entomostraca.. They afford only 46, species, in 26. genera, and are chiefly jurassic, cretaceous, and eocene.. Their present arrangement and nomenclature are mainly due to Prof. M‘Coy. Of the Entomostraca there are three groups which are worthy of notice. Firstly ; the Trilobites so characteristic of the Lower Paleeozoic rocks. They are very numerous and present 139 species, in 35 genera. ‘The revision of this group has occupied the attention of several foreign and British paleeontologists ; we may allude to Barrande*, M‘Coy, and. Salter. In the, preface of the ‘Catalogue’ Mr. Salter’s thorough revision of the list of the British spe- cies is specially acknowledged. The second group referred to consists of 32 species of Phyllopods and. Peecilopods, in. 10 genera; which are chiefly paleeozoic, and known by Salters’s and. M‘Coy’s descriptions. Some of the Limnadiade, however, from recent unpublished obser- vations, appear, to range from the. Devonian) to, the present epoch. Thirdly, the microscopic Ostracoda ; of these, 81 species, in 9 genera and subgenera, have been arranged in the catalogue by Rupert Jones. At, present the majority appears. to belong to the Carboniferous, Per- mian,,Cretaceous, and Tertiary formations... Those of the. first. are chiefly Prof. M‘Coy’s species ; the next two groups, have been mono- graphed. by Mr. R, Jones.; and, the tertiary British forms: await a similar treatment. In the mean time geologists have M. Bosquet’s beautiful treatise on the tertiary Entomostraca of France. and, Belgium to.refer/to. The jurassic strata will probably yield: their share in due.time., Extensive undescribed collections exist., Altogether, this extensive member of the, Entomostracous group promises, to afford useful, characteristics for the geologist. filam The. fragmentary and,,obscure conditions under which Insect- remains are usually found. have, rendered it difficult for, Mr,,West- wood, Mr.. Brodie, and, their fellow-labourers to specify. the, exact relations of the many, specimens from the Lias, Great) Qolite, Pur- beck, and other formations., The numbers given in the above: Table are, only approximate; the specimens themselves. are, exceedingly numerous.....In.,the ‘‘ Addenda,’’ the discovery of Insect-remains in the Wealden. by the Messrs. Binfield is noticed, as well as the re- searches of Mr. Brodie and Mr. Westwood in the Purbeck Insects of Dorset. Mr. Westweod’s memoir has since appeared, with numerous illustrations. | * See Annals and Mag. Nat. Hist. 2nd Ser. vol. xii. p. 130. 60 Bibliographical Notices. In the Mollusca, as a whole, we have the enormous increase of 1889 species, in 119 genera. The annexation of the Bryozoa, and the enlarged lists of the Palliobranchiates, Lamellibranchiates, Gas- teropods, and Cephalopods, make up the mass of the added material. It is impossible to analyse this here. To enumerate the authors of this increase in the bulk and improvement in the arrangement of these species, we must catalogue the paleeontologists themselves who have worked together during the last ten years,—and amongst them Mr. Morris himself, as an eminent historian of the fossil molluscs and of the conditions under which they lived. And, alas! too, we should have to recall the names of some, dearly lamented, who have been taken from amongst us before their hands were weary of ham- mer or of pen. We refer then to the Preface and to the Book itself for indications of the work done in this wide department by the collectors, the authors, and the compiler of the ‘ Catalogue ;’ and we will offer but one or two special remarks. Amongst the most important points connected with the emended catalogue of the Molluscs, we must notice that in the family of the Palliobranchiates several good distinctive groupings have been use- fully introduced. Thus the large group formerly comprised under Terebratula has now been subdivided into Terebratula and Rhyn- chonella, so well characterized not only by the peculiar position of the foramen and by the external aspect, but also by the marked dif- ference of the internal calcareous appendages. As minor divisions of the original group, we find Argiope, Terebratulina, Terebratella, and others carefully distinguished. The genus Siphonotetra, pre- viously recognized only as a Russian form, is an interesting addition by the Author himself to the British list. Why the bad word *‘Brachiopod”’ should be retained when every body is willing to allow its inappropriateness for a creature that has not in any sense either arms or feet, we cannot tell, unless it be on account of the determined adhesion of some modern naturalists to the habit of naming things on the /ucus a non lucendo principle. This would have been a proper opportunity for throwing overboard an incorrect word, the place of which is already well supplied. The Radiolites may now follow Diceras into the Dimyaria, and take their place near the Chamide, in accordance with Mr. 8. P. Woodward’s elaborate exposition of the alliances of the Rudista lately read before the Geological Soeiety ; this view is also explained in his valuable and concise ‘ Treatise on Shells’ lately published. -Amongst the mollusca there are several genera that are very rich in the number of their species, In these instances the species are grouped either in the great geologic or the smaller stratigraphical series, as most convenient for the student. Thus Avicula, Nucula, and Natica have their paleeozoic, secondary, and tertiary groups ; and Rhynchonella and Terebratula are sorted into palzeozoic, oolitic, cretaceous, and tertiary. Lastly, we have occasion to remark that the locality of ‘ Brackle- sham,” so important as indicative of a peculiar formation, is occa- Bibliographical Notices. 61 sionally omitted in connection with the middle eocene species in the ‘Catalogue.’ This may be corrected by reference to ‘ Dixon’s fossils of Sussex and Hants.’ The lists of London Clay and Bracklesham fossils just published in the ‘ Quart. Geol. Journal,’ by Mr. Prest- wich, may be here mentioned as valuable adjuncts to this portion of the ‘ Catalogue.’ For the augmented and revised list of the Fishes the author acknowledges his obligation to Sir P. Egerton, who, with Professor Agassiz, has so eminently advanced our knowledge of palichthyology. The additions to the Reptiles have been compiled chiefly from the publications of Prof. Owen and the late Dr. Mantell. The newest additions are the Nuthetes and Macellodus, discovered early this year in the Purbeck rocks near Swanage. In the present edition we find a page devoted to Ichnites, or the footsteps and tracks of Reptiles, including the Cheirotherium, the interesting series from Corncockle Muir, and perhaps nearly every instance published in English works. The footmarks in the Wealden, as yet of doubtful origin, have since been made the subject of a memoir by Mr. Beckles. The short list of fossil Birds increases but slowly from year to year. To the present list, however, there is still a brace or so from the Caves to be added, besides an interesting relic from the Lower Eocene beds near Woolwich, noticed by Mr. Prestwich in the ‘ Geol. Journal’ of May 1854. Since the Catalogue was published Mr. Bowerbauk has described another bird’s bone from the London Clay of Sheppey. The augmented Catalogue of Mammalia speaks everywhere of Prof. Owen’s labours. The Spalacotherium tricuspidens (misprinted in the ‘ Catalogue’) is the latest arrival. Its affinities and geo- logical value are dwelt upon fully in Prof. Owen’s memoir in the ‘Geol. Soc. Journal.’ Mr. Charlesworth’s new mammal (Sfereo- gnathus) from the Stonesfield Oolite is a good beginning for the Supplement, which we hope will soon have to be made for this valuable ‘ Catalogue.’ The list of organic remains zncerte sedis, though relieved of a few now better understood forms, is still the receptacle for a variety of dubiums and problematicums from various geological sources. The Parka decipiens, of Fleming, may be added to this list with pro- priety, to take its chance with the others of being elucidated by the perseverance, the acumen, and the good fortune of palzeontologists. With this list of puzzling odds and ends,—and very few they are in comparison with the 8359 species enumerated in the ‘ Catalogue,’ — we close our remarks on the results afforded by the foregoing Table. Of the natural groups into which the materials of the ‘Catalogue’ are thrown, nearly all have a more or less elaborate table of families, and sometimes of genera, prefixed. These appear to have been con- structed with special reference to paleobotany and paleozoology ; and they will prove of great service in keeping the remembrance of the natural orders and affinities distinct in the mind of the student and the amateur. Such comprehensive tables for the Plants, Crus- taceans, and the Fishes in particular, could not be found elsewhere. “The chief object of the author of the valuable compilation under 62 Bibliographical Notices. notice has been to supply references to the best figures that have been published of the fossils of the British Isles, including, if pos- sible, the earliest illustrations ; so that all the “types” may readily be found. Occasionally more latitude has been allowed, and the re- ferences to the figures and descriptions indicate everything that has been published on the respective species. In all cases, monographs that embrace the bibliographical history of the several forms are carefully adverted to. Hence this work is eminently useful to the geologist and paleeonto- logist ; for it assists them in the strict determination of the species peculiar to each formation ; and they are hereby enabled without loss of time to prove the full value of their observations and collections, to draw up lists of the fossils of their respective neighbourhoods, compare the fossil products of various localities, and advance the og of both practical and theoretical geology in the British sles. And not only in our own country, but in Europe, America, India, Australia,—wherever geology is studied, this work will be found of essential service. For although all the references to foreign works are not given (English publications having generally the preference), and though the foreign localities of species not peculiar to the Bri- tish Isles are not always mentioned,—yet, in common with geologists at: home, our foreign brethren in the science will find Mr. Morris’s unpretending work a rich mine of paleontological knowledge, ever ready to yield information to the student in his researches in biblio- graphy, or in his examination into natural-history affinities. ° > | That foreign naturalists fully appreciated the value of the ‘ Cata+ logue’ in its first edition, the “European reputation”? which the author earned by its production is sufficient evidence’; and the gene ral ‘Index’ by Bronn and his colleagues, and some’ of the valuable Catalogues: by D’Orbigny, Giebel, Geinitz, and others, whether ‘ general or local in their characters, have avowedly’ had ‘ Morris’s Catalogue ”’ for their example. The general catalogues above referred to are highly valuable, and are indeed) often mdispensable to the student,—for' they afford sy- nopses of all the known fossil forms of animal and vegetable life, and of their distribution in the geologic series (as far’ as the accounts of the very numerous observers can be reduced to an‘ orderly arrange- ment) ; and moreover the German authors have laboured to supply every bibliographic reference, of whatever value, for each species ; yet the great desideratum of strict specific determination, combined with an exact indication of stratigraphical and geographical locality, is only supplied in such a work as that before us. Prof. J. Phillips has well observed that “‘ the most important re- sults to geology, arising from the contemplation of organic remains, are founded on a minute scrutiny of their specific characters, and a careful register of their localities in the strata. It is not enough for the rigid accuracy of modern inquiry, to say that a given rock con- tains corals, shells, and bones of fishes ; but we must know the par- ticular species, and determine all the circumstances of their occur- Bibliographical Notices. 63 rence. The more exact and extended our researches on this subject become, the more clear will be our statements on the succession of created beings, the more certain our applications of zoological prin- ciples to determine the relative antiquity of rocks, and the more satisfactory our views of the formation of the strata.” In recommending this new and enlarged edition of Mr. Morris’s ‘Catalogue’ to the careful study of the geologist and the natural- history student, we must express our hope that the Author will edit at frequent intervals, supplemental notices of the new species as they accumulate, as well as a set of synoptical lists and tables compiled from the present work, exhibiting at a glance the stratigraphical distribution of the families, genera, and species of fossils found in Great Britain and Ireland. This, though seemingly but a clerkly task, will require the careful supervision of a master. Popular Conchology. By Agnes Cattow. Second Edition. London: Longmans, 1854, 12mo. Tn this little book, of which a second edition is now before us, Miss Catlow has brought together, in a popular form, the characters of the genera of Mollusca; and although the work is, of course, almost entirely a compilation, the fair author appears to have exercised con- siderable judgment in the selection of materials, and her book, we should, think, will prove exceedingly useful to the younger students of this branch of zoology. The system adopted in the present edition is derived from that given by Philippi in his ‘Handbuch,’ founded: upon the structure ofthe, molluscous animals. In the first. edition, Lamarck’s shell system was followed. . The generic characters are generally copied from the works of other authors ; and, in most cases, the number of species included.in each genus is given from the most recent authorities. Most of the, genera, are illustrated with very good woodcuts of: the shells, which will greatly facilitate the work of the young conchologist in the arrangement of his collection. There are some things, especially in the introductory chapter on the structure of the Mollusca in general, which might have: been improved with very little additional trouble, but which would have rendered the book far more satisfactory. As an instance, we may refer to the very curious account given by our author of the mode of formation of shell. She tells us that from the mantle ‘a liquid exudes, which, on exposure to air or water, hardens into shell,’’—an explanation of the phenomenon which we fear will hardly prove satisfactory to an inquirimg mind. On the whole, however, Miss Catlow has produced a book which will no doubt be highly aceep- table to. a very large class of readers. 64. Zoological Society :— PROCEEDINGS OF LEARNED SOCIETIES. ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. December 14, 1852.—Dr. Gray, F.R.S., V.P., in the Chair. On THE Paintep Pic oF THE CAMAROONS (POTAMOCHERUS PENICILLATUS). By Joun Epwarp Gray, Pu.D., F.R.S., V.P.Z.S. ere. This Pig was imported into Liverpool, where it remained some time, being regarded as the common Cape “ Bosch Vark.’’ It was at length purchased by the Society, and is one of the most interesting additions made during the course of the present year to the very numerous series of animals now in the Gardens. It differs in colour and proportions from the Cape *‘ Bosch Vark,”’ but like it belongs to a very distinct group of Pigs from those found in Europe and Asia, and from the Babyrussa of the Malay Islands. In the ‘Annals and Magazine of Natural History’ for October 1852, I gave a short account of this anima), and formed a genus for this group of African Pigs, to which I gave the name of Choiropota- mus, describing the present species by the name of C. pictus, and it is figured under this name in the ‘ Illustrated London News.’ Since these notices were published, I have found that it will be necessary - to change both these names; the first because there is a genus of fossil animals described by Cuvier, which has been called Cheiropo- tamus. I therefore propose to reverse the words and call the genus Potamocherus. The specific name is changed because the pig appears to have been described in 1848 from a specimen in the Museum of the town of Basle in Switzerland, in a work which has not yet reached this country, but a short abstract of the description has been copied into a French Journal. The group of Pigs (Sus, Cuvier) may be divided into three very well-marked genera, distinguished by their external appearance, pecu- liarities in the skull, and by their geographical distribution, thus :— Genus 1. Sus. The ears rounded; tail slender; face conical, simple, or with a small wart on each cheek ; the hinder upper part of the intermaxillary bones simple; the upper canines coming out on the lower edge of the maxilla and then recurved. Found wild in Europe and Asia, but domesticated in all parts of the world. This genus contains several species, and almost the whole of them are found wild in the forest, whilst some of their descendants are generally to be met with in a domesticated or semi-domesticated state. This is the case with the Pigs found in the islands of the Indian Archi- pelago, which have been regarded as distinct species, I may state that it is exceedingly difficult to distinguish the species of this genus, especially from the examination and comparison of the skull. I have examined with care ten skulls of what I believe to be the European Wild Boar and its offspring, grown in this country, at the Cape of Good Hope, and at the Gambia, and twelve skulls of the Dr. J. E. Gray on Potamocheerus penicillatus. 65 Wild Boar from Continental India, and though they offer considerable variation, I cannot discover any constant easily-described character by which I can distinguish the European and the Indian kinds from each other, and this is the case with many other genera allied to the Pigs. We have in the Zoological Gardens the Wild Boar of Europe and a Wild Boar and Sow from Madras living side by side, and they have all the appearance of being most distinct species, which may be thus characterized :— Sus APER. Covered with crowded bristles, forming a crest on the withers ; black speckled, with grey tips to the bristles; the legs hairy, black ; hoofs black. Hab, Europe, Germany. Sus Inpicws. Covered with scattered, more rigid bristles, more abundant on the front part of the body ; pale grey, blackish on the outside of the shoulders ; legs slender, covered with a few bristles ; hoofs white. _ Female (perhaps half-bred).—Body rather more hairy ; the outer front hoof of each hind foot black. Sus Indicus, Gray, Cat. Mam. B.M. _ Hab. India, Madras. The skulls of the Wild Hogs from Madras and the Himalaya in the British Museum all appear larger, and have the hinder part of the forehead not so high and dilated as in the common Domestic Boar, much resembling the skull of the sows of that species. They can scarcely be all from female animals of the Indian kind. I may observe that the nasal bones of this genus appear to elongate and occupy a greater part of the length of the face in the adult than in the young animal. In the young they seldom extend beyond a line even with the large foramen on the side of the face, but in the adult they are generally produced much behind it. Genus 2. BABYRUSSA. The ears rounded ; tail and limbs slender ; face conical, simple ; the hinder upper part of the intermaxillary bone smooth; the upper canines (in both sexes) coming out from the side of the jaw and bent - upwards from the base, and then arched backwards, sometimes even spirally recurved. ad. The Indian islands. 1. BABYRUSSA ALFURUS. Genus 3. PoraAMOCHG@RUS. _ The ears elongate, suddenly tapering and ending in a pencil of hairs; face elongate, with a long protuberance on each side halfway between the nose and the eye; the tail thick, high up the rump; the upper part of the intermaxillary bone swollen, rugose; the upper canines arising from a prominent bony case on the side of the jaws, coming out on the lower edge of the jaw and then recurved. Had. Africa. Kotropotamus, Gray, Cat. Mam. B.M. xxvii. Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser.2. Vol.xv. - 5 66 Zoological Society :— Choiropotamus, Gray, Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1852 (not Cheiropota- mus, Cuvier, Oss. Foss.). peysths 1. Poramocua@rvus AFRICANUS. Black ; cheeks whitish, with a large central black spot. African Wild Boar, Daniel, African Scenery, t. 22 3 < Sus africanus, Schreb. Siugth. t. 327, head. Sus larvatus, F. Cuvier, Mém. Mus. viii. 447. t. 22. Blainv. Os- teog. xx. t. Of. t. 8 fh Choiropotamus africanus, Gray, List Mam. B.M. 185. Choiropotamus larvatus, Gray, Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1852. Sus koiropotamus, Des Moul. Dict. Class. H. N. Atlas, t. 79. All the specimens which have come under my notice are coloured as above described. But Dr. Andrew Smith (Zool. South’ Africa) observes, scarcely any two specimens are of the same colour; some are brownish black, variegated with white, and others almost entirely uniform light reddish brown. 2. PoTAMOCHGRUS PENICILLATUS. Bright red bay ; face, forehead, ears and a large spot on the front of the legs black ; edge of the ears, whiskers, streaks over and under the eye, and a continued sub-crested streak along the middle of the back white; hair of the back short (black at the base), of the sides and whiskers elongate ; tail very long, thick. Sus penicillatus, Schinz, Monog. Saugth. 1848, fide Rev. Zool. 1848, 152.* Choiropotamus pictus, Gray, Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1852. Painted Pig of the Camaroons, Illustrated News, 1852. Hab. W. Africa. River Camaroon. ‘‘ Gold Coast, Mus. Basle,” fide Schinz. A fine male of this species has been living in the Gardens of the Zoological Society since September 1852. On THE Horns OF THE SANGA, OR GALLA OXEN, oF GIBBA. By J. E. Gray, Pu.D., F.R.S., V.P.Z.S. L Dr. Gray brought before the Society a pair of horns of these oxen, which the British Museum had lately purchased at the sale of the property of the late Earl of Mountnorris, at Arley Hall. They are the pair mentioned by Mr. Salt in his ‘ Voyage to Abys- sinia,’ at p. 258, 4to edit. 1844, where he observes: “There (Gibba) for the first time I was gratified by the sight of the Galla Oxen, or Sanga, celebrated throughout Abyssinia for the remarkable size of their horns. Three of these animals were grazing among the other cattle in perfect health, which circumstance, to- gether with the testimony of the natives, ‘that the size of the horn is in no instance occasioned by disease,’ completely refutes the fan- ciful theory given by Mr. Bruce respecting this creature. * TI have seen the specimen in the Basle Museum, and it is certainly the spe- cies here described, only differing a little in the depth of the colouring.—J. E.G. ee Dr. J. E. Gray on new species of Tortoises. 67 “The Ras having subsequently made me a present of three of these animals alive, | found them not only in excellent health, but so exceedingly wild, that I was obliged to have them shot. ‘The horns of one of these are now deposited in the Museum of the College of Surgeons, and a still larger pair are placed in the Collection of Lord Valentia, at Arley Hall. The length of the largest horn of this description which I met with was nearly four feet, and its circumference at the base twenty-five inches. “‘T shall only further observe that its colour appears .to vary as much as in the other species of its genus; and that the peculiarity in the size of the horns was not confined to the male, the female being very amply provided with this ornamental appendage on her fore- head, pp. 258, 259. See also Bruce’s ‘ Voyage,’ App. 1. Letters 9 & 10.” Dr. Gray observes that the horns are shorter, and more curved and lyrated than the figure engraved in t. 19, at p. 259 of Salt’s ‘ Travels in Abyssinia,’ which also appears to make them bear a larger - proportion to the size of the animal than the specimen suggests ; and they are quite as remarkable for their erect position on the forehead as for their size. They and the core which supports them are very light, compared to their size, and not half the weight of the smaller wide-spreading horns of the long-horned Cape Waggon Oxen. The horns are thin, pale coloured, and of a loose texture, being worn and fibrous on the surface in several parts. In the lightness and very cellular structure of the core, the thin- ness of the horny coat, and the large size, they agree with the pair of horns in the British Museum brought from Central Africa by Cap- tain Clapperton, R.N., and Major Denham, R.E., which are figured in Griffiths’ ‘Animal Kingdon,’ vol. iv. t. 201. f.4; but these horns are shorter and much larger in diameter, and are spread out on the sides of the head like those of the Common Domestic Oxen, and they are very much lighter for their size than those of the Galla Ozen or Sanga. Sir Richard Vivian has kindly informed me that he has seen a breed ° of cattle in Italy, with the horns rather erect, somewhat resembling those of the Sanga in position. ae, OBS Description OF A New GENUS AND SOME NEw SPECIES OF Tortoises. By Jonn Epwarp Gray, Pu.D., F.R.S., V.P.Z.S. etc. i Fam. 1. Emypip2. 1. Manovria, 0. g. Animal unknown. . Shell rather depressed ; caudal plates double, separate ; sternum solid, broad, produced and slightly nicked in front, notched behind, with only five pairs of broad shields ; pectoral shields short, subtriangular, only occupying the angle between the outer edge of the humeral and abdominal shields; axillary shields small, inguinal larger; the areola of the discal shields central. 5x 68 Zoological Society :— . The depressed form and divided caudal plates induce me to place this genus in Hmydide. In external appearance it much resembles the North American Land Tortoise, Testudo gopher, but it is at once known from that species, and all the other genera of Testudinide, Emydide and Chelydide, by the peculiar form of the pectoral shields, which at first sight might be mistaken for a very large-sized inguinal shield, if that plate were not also present. In this respect it somewhat resembles the genus Kinosternon, but there the shield is only narrower at the inner end, and rather nearer to the centre of the sternum. Various genera of Testudinide have the pectoral plate much smaller than the others; and perhaps the small size of the pectoral shield in this genus shows its affinity among the Lmydide to that family. If it were not for the irregular division of the caudal plates, and the form of the pectoral plate, it might be regarded as nearly allied to the very variable Testudo Indica. 1. MANOURIA FUSCA. Pale brown, nearly uniform ; discal shields concentrically grooved, with a central areola; the anterior and posterior lateral margins acute, slightly sinuated and rather bent up; the humeral and abdominal plates longer than broad, the abdominal very large; the gular pro- duced, narrowed in front. — Hab. Singapore. Unfortunately we only possess a single very imperfect specimen of his very interesting Tortoise, wanting several of the discal shields. 2. EMYS LATICEPS: Shell pale olive, yellowish beneath ; sides rounded, hinder lateral margin rather expanded and recurved, “hinder end rather compressed above ; shields thin, transparent, inferior plates with a narrow black edge; head large, short, broad, covered with a smooth skin; neck with very narrow yellow lines. Hab. West Africa, River Gambia (M. Casténg). This is the on/y Emys yet found in West Africa, and is easily known by its short broad head. Fam. 2. CHELYDIDA. 3. HypDROMEDUSA SUBDEPRESSA. Shell oblong, depressed, dark brown, entire, rounded in front, rather angular behind; nuchal plate short, broader than the post- vertebral ; post-vertebral square, as long as broad, with the front angles produced; sternum pale brown; gular plates short, unequal ; head grey ; lips and beneath white; neck with small conical warts. Hab. Brazils. There is in the British Museum collection a single adult specimen of this species, which has some of the plates of the back and ster- num divided into a number of small roundish shields. The specimen was sent from Brazil to Mr. Brandt of Hamburg, Dr. Baird on new species of Hntozoa. 69 who transmitted it to the Museum. It may be only a variety of H. flavilabris, but the nuchal and post-vertebral shields are very differently shaped. 4. Hypraspris Sprxu, Gray, Cat. Rept. B. M. 30. Shell oblong, depressed ; middle of the back flat ; marginal shields very broad in front, narrow and bent up on the sides, broader and arched over the hind legs; the post-vertebral shield large, as wide as long; third and fourth narrow, longer than broad; the fourth and fifth with an acute keel on the hinder edge; sternum rather broad ; head very large, crown and temples covered with small shields; ears prominent ; neck smooth; lower part of the outer edge of the hind leg with four larger plates, the last compressed and largest. Hab. Brazils, Para. There is an adult stuffed specimen, and a skeleton of nearly the same size, of this species in the British Museum collection. This species is very like H. gibba, but the back is more depresséd, the margin much wider, the head nearly double the size, compared with the size of the body, and the scales on the head are small, more numerous and more equal in size, and those on the edge of the hinder legs are larger and more equal in size. Fam. 3. TRIONYCID. CycLaNorsis PETERSII. Shell broad, rounded before and behind; sternal callosities five. Hab..West Africa, River Gambia. This genus was proposed by Dr. Peters, on his return from Mo- zambique, for a soft Tortoise which he discovered in that country, which has flaps to the sides of the sternum, covering the legs like the Amyde of Asia, but differs from these in having no bones on the mar- gin of the dorsal disk, which is soft and flexible as in the Z'rionyces with exposed legs. : This species from the Gambia appears to be distinct from the one noticed by Dr. Peters in Mozambique; I have therefore named, it after that excellent naturalist, who has made such sacrifices for the a ag of our knowledge of natural history, and of zoology in. par- ticular. February 8, 1853.—John Gould, Esq., F.R.S., in the Chair. DESCRIPTIONS OF SOME New SPECIES OF ENTOZOA FROM THE COLLECTION OF THE BritisH Museum. By W. Barro, M.D., F.L.S. Class ENTOZOA.