ntl nth ees Sct eet teehee Et er S Ate i ¥ oie i . BEty4 bay THE ANNALS AND MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY, INCLUDING ZOOLOGY, BOTANY, ann GEOLOGY. ee A CONTINUATION OF THE ‘ANNALS’ COMBINED WITH LOUDON AND CHARLESWORTUH’S ‘ MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY. ) CONDUCTED BY ALBERT C. L. G. GUNTHER, M.A., M.D., Ph.D., F.RB.S., WILLIAM S. DALLAS, F.LS WILLIAM CARRUTHERS, F.R.S., F.LS., F.G.S., AND WILLIAM FRANCIS, Ph.D., F.L.S. PARRA eee VOL. XVII.—FIFTH iy oe DPI OOOO ait LONDON: PRINTED AND PUBLISHED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS. SOLD BY LONGMANS, GREEN, AND CO.; SIMPKIN, MARSHALL, AND CO. ; KENT AND CO.; WHITTAKER AND CO,: BAILLIERE, PARIS: MACLACHLAN AND STEWART, EDINBURGH : HODGES, FOSTER, AND CO., DUBLIN: AND ASHER, BERLIN, 1886. \ \ Sores } wire a ,. f a “ Omnes res create sunt divine sapientiz et potenti testes, divitia felicitatis humane :—ex harum usu Jonitas Creatoris; ex pulchritudine sapéentia Domini; ex ceconomié in conservatione, proportione, renovatione, potentia majestatis elucet. Earum itaque indagatio ab hominibus sibi relictis semper zstimata ; a veré eruditis et sapientibus semper exculta; malé doctis et barbaris semper inimica fuit.”—Liyyzvs. “Quel que soit le principe de la vie animale, il ne faut qu’ouvrir les yeux pour voir qu’elle est le chef-d’ceuvre de la Toute-puissance, et le but auquel se rappor- tent toutes ses opérations.”—Brucnner, Théorie du Systéme Animal, Leyden, 1767. sio0.t -.... . Dhesylvan powers Obey our summons; from their deepest dells The Dryads come, and throw their garlands wild And odorous branches at our feet; the Nymphs That press with nimble step the mountain-thyme And purple heath-flower come not empty-handed, But scatter round ten thousand forms minute Of velvet moss or lichen, torn from rock Or rifted oak or cavern deep: the Naiads too Quit their loved native stream, from whose smooth face They crop the lily, and each sedge and rush That drinks the rippling tide: the frozen poles, Where peril waits the bold adventurer’s tread, The burning sands of Borneo and Cayenne, All, all to us unlock their secret stores And pay their cheerful tribute. J. Taynor, Norwich, 1818. CONTENTS OF VOL. XVII. [FIFTH SERIES. } NUMBER XCVII. Page I, On a living Spinose Rhynchonella from Japan. By the late RAOMWAS DAVIDSON UNG SDY He ES a dates tie bce eld oh we ete biaptecs see's 1 Il, An Account of the Earth-Snakes of the Peninsula of India . and Ceylon. By Colonel R, H. Beppomg, F.LS............... rife OG III. On the Bruchide of Japan. By D.SHarp................ 34 IV. A new Genus of Heteromerous Coleoptera allied to Notovus. by CHARGES Os WATERHOUSE, 4). i025 sickest ¢ aes ts ces cso 39 V. Descriptions of Sponges from the Neighbourhood of Port Phillip Heads, South Australia, continued. By H. J. Carrer, RES SNCE.* PURI Berghe sera ete fe a) sha tiye: aols\ 3) Pe van Siehcidck ens aed d et seyt 40 VI. On the Occurrence of Sowerby’s Whale (Mesoplodon bidens) on the Yorkshire Coast. By Tuomas SourHwett, F.Z.S., and Warn AMOU ANG Em OA Kar MSE oak ats ce cee bie needed bau ed 53 VII. On Vulsella, a Genus.of Acephalous Mollusca. By ALFRED Hanps Cooke, M.A., Curator in Zoology, Museum of Zoology and Comparative Anatomy, Cambridge ...... A OD Oe 59 VIII. Description of an apparently new Species of Sezncus from Muscat. By James A. Murray, Curator of the Kurrachee Museum 67 IX. On the Geodephagous Coleoptera collected by Mr. George itewisin Ceylon... By H.-W. Barus, BRS... cee cee ees ee 68 New Book :—Crustacea Isopoda Terrestria per familias et genera et species descripta a Gustavo BuDDE-LUND .............. 81 Diagnoses of three new Oriental Mammals, by Oldfield Thomas, Natu- val History Museum; An Endoparasite of Moteus, by Sara Gwendolen Foulke ; On the Stellerida collected during the Expe- dition of the ‘Talisman,’ by M. E. Perrier; Reproduction of Freshwater Planariv by Transverse Division,............. 84—88 lv CONTENTS. Page NUMBER XCVIII. X. Notes on some Earthworms from Ceylon and the Philippine Islands, including a Description of two new Species. By Frank E. Bepparp, M.A., F.R.S.E., Prosector to the Zoological Society of Mondon. (Plate LL) is << ...2. siskeps eye's > mai os nudlerecerepalshelent nee ymmeraea tae 89 XI. Some new Infusoria from American Fresh Waters.—No. 2. By Dr. Aurrep C. Stoxes. (Plate L.).............0..sceeeees 98 XII. Descriptions of Sponges from the Neighbourhood of Port Phillip Heads, South Australia, continued. By H. J. Carrer, JU, LSS bag li aio ne Imeeecran Mm adiigcn occ cured SA aio = eb ol 112 XIII. Report on the Testaceous Mollusca obtained during a Dredging-excursion in the Gulf of Suez in the Months of February and March 1869. By Roperr MacAnprEw.—Republished, with Additions and Corrections, by ALFRED Hanps Cooxk, M.A., Curator in Zoology, Museum of Zoology and Comparative Anatomy, Cam- bridge —Part TV. 0.5 se cn neits ate eeahie gee aces aie lajeter= 0 yel sein epee : kes XIV. On the Geodephagous Coleoptera collected by Mr. George Lewis in Ceylon. By H. W. Bares, PRS... 065 fees seen 143 XV. Note on Delias belladonna of Fabricius. By H. J. Euwes,. 157 Proceedings of the Dublin Microscopical Club .............. 161—166 Notes on the Stomatopoda, by W. Ix. Brooks; On the Heart of the Gamaside and its Significance in the Phylogenetic Considera- tion of the Acarida and Arachnoidea, and the Classification of the Arthropoda, by Prof. Carl Claus; Virulence of the Common Parsnip, by ‘Thomas Meehan ; Freshwater Sponges from Mexico, by Edward Potties etnsie ts sours Gace eee 166—170 NUMBER XCIX. _ XVI. On the Tasmanian and Australian Species of the Genus Stenopora, Lonsdale. By H. Attryne Nicnouson, M.D., D.Sce., Regius Professor of Natural History in the University of Aberdeen, and RopertT ETHERIDGE, Jun. (Plates III. & IV.)............ 173 _ XVII. The Abyssal Decapod Crustacea of the ‘ Albatross’ Dredg- ings in the North Atlantic. By Sipnny I. SmiTH .............. 187 XVIII. On the Geodephagous Coleoptera collected by George Ihewis'in Ceylon. .By H. W. Barss, F.R:S:.. 4.40450 : RE Rie 2 199 _ XIX. Notes on the Genus Tertas, with Descriptions of new Species in the Collection of the British Museum. By Arruur G. Bur.er, F.LS., F.Z.8S., &c, (Plate V.) ©)0 16) \a! 0 Ele, (0.c08 (0 Aete: eke pateniamippralip ale lfqte tatty alee: ie’ teed CONTENTS. Vv XX. On some new or imperfectly-known Species of Stromato- poroids. By H. ArteyNneE Nicuoxson, M.D., D.Sc., Regius Professor of Natural History in the University of Aberdeen.—Part I. (Plates Nae tas cadnat edad ssh ence ser cumagdens aw + eile 225 XXI. Descriptions of some new Longicornia, chiefly Asiatic and Auticam Gay HE RANCISP, PASCOM ; 41512 .:0 i. g!tsislsaelea elec ies a ores « 289 XXII. Description of a new Gerbillus from Sind. By James A. Murray, Curator, Kurrachee Municipal Museum ............44. 246 ' XXIII. A Reply to M. de Betia’s Remarks on “ Rana temporaria.” py a Chae SO UTEING HE socfs staid» Sickele ls ie clos fein Savin alycie wen. 6 tale 5 248 XXIV. Description of a new Brazilian Species of Hesperomys. By _ OLDFIELD Tuomas, Natural History Museum .................. 260 XXV. Contributions to a Knowledge of Malayan Entomology. Eee IV em OVW at PP PDERSIS ANTE cee, an cf coasts ers) oye. «oe7 «de are vi epeoaie hou « 251 XXVI. The Polyzoa of the Adriatic: a Supplement to Prof. Heller’s ‘ Die Bryozoen des adriatischen Meeres,’ 1867. By the Rey. Tomas Hanoks, B.A joF RS. (Plates 1X; & X.) ..0ccc acces es 254 XXVIL. Hystricrinus, Hinde, versus Arthroacantha, Williams: a Question of Nomenclature. By GroreGr Jennines Hinpe, Ph.D., LEA GIIS Ss citadel cacti Et eet ae ee iA ERP Encl NG a PER NaC 271 New Books :—Fossii Crinows.—Paléontologie Francaise ou descrip- tion des fossiles de la France. Terrain jurassique, tome xi. premiére partie: Crinoides, par M. P. pe Lorroi.—Revision of the Paleeocrinoidea. Part III. Discussion of the Classification and Relations of the Brachiate Crinoids, and Conclusion of the Generic Descriptions. By CHarLEs WacusmutTH and FRANK SEDUN EME uma a We tce eR Ay Ne op ease oe kh slo oy meas eles Slee 2 276 Proceedings of the Geological Society s...........00-.00005 289—295 Ou the Question of the Origin of the European Races of Dogs, by Prof. J. N. Woldtich ; Pelagic Animals from Freshwater Basins in Alsace-Lorraine, by Dr. O. E. Imhof; Worms in Ice, by Prof. LUISTTILS so Attell ol Sn er er a 295—800 NUMBER C. XXVIII. On Dr. Bertkau’s Classification of the Order Araneze, or Picta ne ye TOR WHORMEIE yess cic 5 qo sit So alae ween enels bas 301 XXIX. Notes from the St. Andrews Marine Laboratory (under the Fishery Board for Scotland) —No. IV. ‘On a Male Tunny (Or- cynus thynnus, L.). By Prof. M‘Inrosu, M.D., LL.D., F.R.S., &c. ee i ee ere Mrs easy elena Se onraveG eee i lke oe Ph ee eases e's 326 vi CONTENTS. Page XXX. Notes on the Paleozoic Bivalved Entomostraca.—No. XX. On the Genus Beyrichia and some new Species. By Prof. T. RupERT Jones, F.R.S., and Dr. H. B. Hout, F.G.S. (Plate XIL) ...... 337 XXXI. Professor Claus and the Classification of the Arthropoda. By E. Ray Lanxester, M.A., LL.D., F.R.S., Jodrell Professor of Zoology in University College, London ............eeceeeeueees 364 XXXII. Contributions towards the Knowledge of the Nervous and Muscular Systems of the Horny Sponges. By Dr. R. von MECN ION ETD) 000 tess as cide ORE AO aE Ee tee 372 XXXIII. A few Remarks on Mr. Butler’s Notes on the Genus henas:) (By W; Tb. DISTANT. t.lieeees cock ieee be ont New Book :—Evolution without Natural Selection ; or, the Segre- gation of Species without the aid of the Darwinian Hypothesis. iby CHamumMs DION 5 tr 842 7848 ate eee ae pete een 381 Remarks on the Occurrence of Diplommatina in Trinidad, by R. J. Lechmere Guppy; Globiferi, new Organs of the Echinida, by Dr. Otto Hamann; Some new Infusoria from American Fresh Waters, by Dr. Alfred C. Stokes ; Striated Muscles in Echinida, iby Des Otto Hamann: a. 00's <2. cet eaaeuys velar eereeen 385—388 NUMBER CI. XXXIV. On a new Genus of Devonian Corals, with Descriptions of some Species of the same. By H. ALLEYNE Nicyoxson, M.D., D.Sc., Regius Professor of Natural History in the University of Aberdeen; and Arruur H. Foorp,F.G.S., late of the Geological Nurveywor Canada. “(Plates 2V.. GP XVI) oF, ci see eee nee eee 389 XXXV. Note on Orcynus thynnus (L.). By Francis Day, EVAL See RE Lies ana) ARG. Ms sets Sots il. ees ala la te aide See o tks cate ete eae le ee 400 XXXVI. Notes on the Paleozoic Bivalved Entomostraca.-— No. XXI. On some Silurian Genera and Species. By Prof. T. Rurrrr Jones, F.R.S., and Dr. H. B. Hoty, F.G.8S. (Plates XIII. MEME Ren 2 cleat ies are Ae Gln lace da gh sta coun Ws ales a tatene Sle eee 403 XXXVII. New Neotropical Curculionide.— Part VI. By HSHAINGES wee ASCOR.- oh.: das eictedelsuis<« ss tei Mens = hea he ee 415 © XXXVIII. Striated Muscles in Echinida. By Frank E. Bepparb, M.A., F.RS.E., Prosector to the Zoological Society .../ 428 XXXIX. Description of a hitherto unnamed Butterfly from Madeira; By Anraurn G. Burner, WLS. &C. o..4 5. ye fees 450 XL. Descriptions of Sponges from the Neighbourhood of Port Phillip Heads, South Australia, continued. By H. J. Carrmr, USERS BUGG yra6 hive seth Fos ae 5 ate'e wiate stove it ote ie dee Ree Oram a 431 CONTENTS. Vil x XLI. On the British Weevers, the Bib, and the Poor-Cod. By EB TOie VERN TOSH Ve Deel De, BORIS:, Cs... 5 occ ccs tees se scans 441 XLII. Early Stages in the Development of the Food-Fishes. By Epwarp E. Princr, St. Andrews Marine Laboratory .......... 445 XLII. On the Oviposition in Phyllomedusa Ihering. By Dr. H. von InErtne, Rio Grande, Brazil. With Remarks by G. A. SESE DH PRG HIERN 40a Ahlan civ euahatel shees neat a < ais s)sn dora ocede sgofm bey ve vi a aoe 461 New Book :—British Zoophytes: an Introduction to the Hydroida, Actinozoa, and Polyzoa found in Great Britain, Ireland, and the Channel Islands. By ArtHur S. Pennineton, F.L.5., ABs Mier et Abe fetes eelats sfes eraisla ele sivleis's' sive Semis o's sie es 465 A few Words in Answer to Mr. Distant’s “ Remarks” on the Genus Terias, by Arthur G. Butler, F.L.S. &c.; The Nerve-termina- tions in the Pedicellarie of Echinida, their Sense-organs and Glands, by Dr. Otto Hamann; Discovery of the Heart in Ga- osm wy clete Pa MIGHAG] 65.5. . ase. wes ose ries 468—472 NUMBER CII. XLIV. Contributions to the Knowledge of the Physiology and Biology of the Protozoa. By Dr. AuGust GRUBFR.............. 473 XLV. On a new Species of Pszlotites from the Lanarkshire Coal- Holds by ROBMAT WOIDSTON Ee OOs oc vce bo nies sass cae ops abe ADL XLVI. Characters of undescribed Coleoptera in the British Mu- Scum ey OrARTEHS OLN ATHRHOQUSH \) t...r cies oul daesnea ces 497 XLVII. Descriptions of Sponges from the Neighbourhood of Port Phillip Heads, South Australia, continued. By H. J. Carrer, IRR GEL © 55.0 STS re RO MEE Ch eee sto si dice aoe Wo Hah 502 XLVIII. On a Species of Echinocardium from the Channel HSlanCeaw yok MRR MY DT AVA ws 5 sah eli-wie'y vic ave dort /d Sosiate 516 XLIX. On a new Genus of Devonian Corals, with Descriptions of some Species of the same. By H. AtLtEyNE NicHoxson, M.D., D.Se., Regius Professor of Natural History in the University of Aberdeen; and Artuur H. Foorp, F.G.S., late of the Geological Damuovmon Cannda: alate MVE ees cet ke ecy ese eee earl e es 518 L. Additional Remarks on the External Aspect of the Tunny. Pye oroi Ne IN TOSsts MD. Wil HORS. GC. ines ct css peels vgn OLS LI. On the British Weevers, the Bib, and the Poor-Cod. By PRUrAIe rey nye CEB. BoD, GbGe int'l hie ate ev lede sea es WA geese 526 Vill CONTENTS. Page LIT. Notes on Synonymy of: Australian Lepidoptera described by Mr, Rosenstock.” By HE. Muynicr, B.A., F.HIS. .....0..00000005 528 LIII. Contributions to a Knowledge of Malayan Entomology. EatLeVs Gye WV. STANT sOCl Ic Aloe evoke ae eee ee Vee New Book :—Memoirs of the Geological Survey of India. Palzeonto- logia Indica, being Figures and Descriptions of the Organic Re- mains procured during the Progress of the Geological ‘Sur vey of India. Ser. iv. Indian Pretertiar y Vertebrata. Vol. I. Part 5. The Reptilia and Amphibia of the Maleri and Denwa Groups. By Rt. ovprerncer,. BA.,; EiGaS. Je.) kimi be enero 532 Some new Infusoria from American Fresh Waters, by Dr. A. C. Stokes; On Entoniscus menadis, by M. A. Giard; On the Cal- careous Sponges of Minorca, by M. Lakschewitz; On a new Rhizopod, Arcyothrix Balbianii, by M. Paul Hallez ..., 534—539 PLATES IN VOL. XVI. Puate I. New Freshwater Infusoria. II. New Species of Earthworms. a Tasmanian and Australian Species of Stenopora. v. New Species of Terias. Vir VIL. 4s ew Stromatoporoids. 2 New Polyzoa from the Adriatic. XI. Anatomy of Orcynus thynnus. XII. New Species of Beyrichia. oS Silurian Paleozoic Bivalved Entomostraca. XV: XV. XVI.$ New Devonian Corals. OVALE: THE ANNALS AND MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY. (FIFTH SERIES. } GY, ceasievtsecsasss per litora spargite museum, Naiades, et circitm vitreos considite fontes: Pollice virgineo teneros hic carpite flores: Floribus et pictum, divee, replete canistrum. At vos, o Nymphe Craterides, ite sub undas ; Tte, recurvato variata corallia trunco Vellite muscosis e rupibus, et mihi conchas Ferte, Dez pelagi, et pingui conchylia succo.” N. Parthenii Giannettasii Eel. 1. No. 97. JANUARY 1886. ———>—- I.—On a living Spinose Rhynchonella from Japan. By the late 'THomas Davipson, LL.D., F.R.S. {Inrropuctory.—The material for this paper was found on Dr. Davidson’s table after his death, with a wood-block drawn from his own illustrations. In accordance with his wishes I have prepared for press the following short notice of this new and most interesting recent Brachiopod, the last he was des- tined to figure and describe, for death put an end to his life- long labours on the Brachiopoda on October 14. Dr. Davidson intended this paper for the ‘ Annals and Maga- zine of Natural History,’ and it now seems peculiarly fitting that it should be published in the periodical which issued his first important memoir on the group, that “On the Classifi- cation of the Brachiopoda”’ (vol. ix. 2nd series, 1852), just thirty-three years ago.— AGNES CRANE. ] Rhynchonella Doderleint, Dav., n. sp. Shell transversely subpentagonal, wider than long, hinge- line obtusely angular. Dorsal valve deep, posteriorly uni- formly convex, anteriorly divided into three lobes, the central one forming a broad, rounded, mesial fold, varying in eleva- tion according to the age of the individual. Ventral valve much less deep than the dorsal one, with a broad mesial sinus of greater or lesser depth commencing at a third of the length of the shell and extending to the front. Beak moderately produced, almost erect, with an oval-shaped foramen situated under its gently incurved angular extremity and margined by narrow deltidial plates. Lateral margins of the valves Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 5. Vol. xvii. 1 2 Dr. T. Davidson on a living Spinose Rhynchonella. slightly sinuated and forming in front a more or less elevated curve. Surface of valves marked with numerous delicate radi- ating ribs, with interspaces between them of almost equal width, and increasing in number at variable distances from the beak by the interpolation of shorter riblets. Ribs num- bering in full-grown specimens sixty, close to the margin. Valves closely crossed by numerous equidistant concentric raised or foliated lines of growth, giving rise at the margin on each riblet to short, sloping or erect, hollow spinules. Shell-structure fibrous, colour light yellowish grey. In the interior of the dorsal valve are two short curved lamellee for the support of the labial appendages. Length 12, breadth 13, depth 7 lines *. In the young state the shell is much flatter, without a mesial fold, the ribs are fewer in number, and the spines have not yet become developed. Number of ribs about thirty, half of which originate from the interpolation of shorter ones. between the others; some are also due to bifurcations. Habitat. Several specimens of this new and interesting species were dredged by Dr. L. Déderlein in the living state in about 160 fathoms in Sagami Bay, Japan. &. Déderleini is often found attached to corals. It was associated with Hexac- tinellide, the crab Liuthodes hystrix, Laqueus rubellus, Ter. Blanfordii, and T. caput- serpentis. I am informed by Dr. Déderlein that it was dredged close by ‘station 232” of the ‘ Challenger’ Expedition, but a little nearer the coast, in from 100 to 250 fathoms. The sea-bottom was covered with mud, stones, and volcanic débris, and was rich in animal life f. Observations —In this very remarkable species, by far the most noteworthy of all the living J | members of the Rhynchonellide, A. Adult 2h. Déderleini, the spines project from each rib. Dav. — They are arranged in regular B. Portion of external sur- rows, and not irregularly scat- qnep enlargedzato.stinng pilis ? : c interspaces, concentric lines tered over the surface of the and spines. é shell, as in Lh. spinosa, a some- * | Dr. Davidson’s description verbatim.—A. C. | +t No less than thirty-two species of Brachiopoda have now been obtained from Japanese and Chinese waters. On the Karth-Snakes of India and Ceylon. 3 what similar form from the Inferior Oolite of Dundry and elsewhere. That species and its allies, A. bradfordiensis and f. Crosst, are profusely covered with longer spines, which appear to be a characteristic of age, as they are not so deve- loped in young specimens. 2. Déderleini therefore exhibits an interesting survival of a form of shell-ornamentation which formerly prevailed among the Palzozoic Productide, Orthide, &c., and the Oolitic Spiriferidee and Rhynchonellide, No spinose Brachiopoda are known from the Cretaceous or Tertiary period, and the species now described is the first example of the kind among living species of the group. I have named Lh. Déderleini atter its discoverer, Dr. L. Déderlein, of the Naturhistorisches Museum of Strassburg, who kindly placed the specimens he dredged in Sagami Bay, Japan, at my disposal for description and illustration. THOMAS DAVIDSON. II1.—An Account of the Earth-Snakes of the Peninsula of India and Ceylon. By Colonel R. H. Beppome, F.L.S. Uropeltide. Body cylindrical, with a small head, not distinct from the neck ; eye very small or moderate. Cleft of the mouth of moderate width ; teeth small in the maxillary and mandibu- lar bones, none in the palate ; only one pair of frontals, four upper labials ; a longitudinal fold at the chin only in Melano- phidium; tail very short, truncated, and terminating in a rough shield, which is rounded, square and more or less bi- cuspid, or flat with the caudal scales more or less keeled; or somewhat tapering, with a small terminal scute, which is 1-2- pointed, or with a horizontal ridge, with the caudal scales often quite smooth; anal bifid. The species of this tribe are confined to the peninsula of India and Ceylon and are peculiar to the mountainous dis- tricts or to the heavy forests at the immediate foot of the mountains ; their headquarters are the western zanges of mountains from Canara to Cape Comorin, only one species having been found on the mountains of the east coast, and only three north of the Kudra Mukh in South Canara, on the west side; some few only are widely distributed, others are exceed- ingly local and appear to be very rare in their localities. They burrow into the ground, and are often dug up about coffee- and tea-estates ; but they can always be collected by 1% 4 Col. R. H. Beddome on the turning over logs and large stones in the forests, and even on the grass-land at high elevations, and during the rainy season they are not unfrequently found about the roads. They are generally of small size, about 1 foot long, with a girth of scarcely 1 inch; the maximum length as yet known is 24 inches (a specimen of Stlybura grandis), the maximum girth 3 inches (Uropeltis grandis). They never attempt to bite, however much they may be handled or teased; they will at once twine themselves tightly round a stick, and can be carried along without their attempting to escape. They are all ovo- viparous ; they live almost entirely upon earth-worms. ‘The eye is generally exceedingly small and lies well within the margin of the ocular shield (which is formed by the confluence of the supraorbital and postocular) ; itis only in Platyplectrurus that the eye can be said to be distinct and to have a post- ocular as well as a supraorbital, for, although there is a supra- orbital in Plectrurus and in Teretrurus, the ocular shield is more or less produced round and underneath the eye, and cannot be strictly called a postocular. MJelanophidium shows an approach to the Calamaride in the longitudinal fold at the chin, and Platyplectrurus shows a still nearer approach in its broad head, the situation of the eye, and the arrangement of the surrounding shields, so that the tribe Uropeltide will probably not be allowed to stand unless it be only for the genera with the truncated tail. Many of the species are beautifully coloured with red and yellow when alive; the yellow colour always, and the red sometimes, fades to white in spirits. Green and blue colours are never present, but many of the species, particularly of the genus Melanophidium, have a most lovely iridescence when held in a certain light, and the violet - and blue tints are very beautiful. I have had many of the commoner species for long periods in captivity in boxes of earth, feeding them on earth-worms ; ; but I have never known them to breed in captivity. Synopsis of the Genera. Tail truncated. The caudal shield rounded, scaleless, the caudal scales generally smut. cee ee Polen RuINOopuHIs. The caudal shield large, flat, scaleless .......... URopELTIs. The terminal scute square at the end or bicuspid, the points side by side; the caudal scales generally strongly keeled’. |.) tein ces es « SILYBURA. The terminal scute vertically compressed, the points superposed... .......2-2 sesh eaeeees PLECTRURUS. Tail tapering. The terminal scute a single sharp point; no median groove along thexchin: § ius cy eae TERETRURUS. Or Earth-Snakes of India and Ceylon. The terminal scute a single sharp point or fur- nished above with two parallel ridges, which are pointed at the end; a median groove along the chin....... Serpe crabe hs Rea teases sh aiel 20 MELANOPHIDIUM. The terminal scute, at least in the male, ending in a horizontal ridge; no median groove.... PLATYPLECTRURUS, Ruioruis, Hemprich. (Dapatnaya, Kelaart ; Mytilia, Gray.) Tail cylindrical, very short in the female, rather longer in the male, terminating in a rounded scaleless rough shield, the caudal scales smooth, but sometimes with faint traces of keels ; head conical, rostral acutely pointed, produced back, and sepa- rating the nasals ; eye always very small, lying in the front part of the ocular shield and well within the margin ; the first pair of lower labials generally form a suture behind the median shield, followed immediately by the first ventral; a pair of chin-shields sometimes present. No supraorbital. No mental groove. Scales round the middle of the body in 17, rarely in 15 rows. Hab, Ceylon and South India. Synopsis of the Species. Caudal shield in extent equal to the head. Rostral very long, with distinct keel above. Wolourenea tly suUmMtOrM 2) 55). Alviso 8 ated ene cc's oot oxyrhynchus. Witrehe diattedere ists feeuw ais obyele horace acisare dks ete ot punctatus, Rostral shorter, without distinct keel. No red markings (Ceylon species). Wentralslo6—I/6.0.5 Fak oe. ate rar Tate ate she planiceps. fee MAIS ESO at silt OO De We A Trevelyanus, Belly red (South-Indian species) ................ sanyuineus. Caudal shield much smaller than the head ..... are iat Blythit. LRhinophis oxyrhynchus. Typhlops oxyrhynchus, Schneider, Hist. Amph. ii. p. 341. Rhinophis oxyrhynchus, Hemprich, Grundr. Naturg. p. 119; Dum. & Bibr. vil. p. 154; Peters, Uropelt. p. 9, tab. 2, fig. 1; Giinther, Rept. of Brit. Ind. p. 184. Dapatnaya lankadivana, Kelaart, Prod. ii. p. 16, Mytiha unimaculata, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1858, p. 264. Snout acutely pointed; rostral about half as long as the head, compressed, and furnished with a distinct longitudinal keel above; caudal shield large, obtusely rounded, extending to the lower surface of the tail, its extent equal to that of the head; all the caudal scales quite smooth both on the upper and lower surface of the tail; the first pair of lower labials scarcely meet behind the median, but there is a pair of chin- 6 Col. R. H. Beddome on the shields (often unequal) between them and the first ventral. Scales round the middle of the body in 17 rows; ventrals not much larger than the adjoining scales, from 214 in the males to 223 in the females ; subcaudals 7 or 8 in the males, 5 or 6 in the females, generally in pairs, but often some of them single. Adults up to about 15-17 inches in length, with a girth of about 11-12 inch. Body and belly nearly uniform brown, each scale with a lighter margin, some yellow markings about the tail. Hab. Ceylon, Central Provinces. Rhinophis punctatus. Rhinophis punctatus, J. Miiller, Treviran. Zeitschr. Phys. iv. p. 248; Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 157; Peters, Urop. p. 12, tab. 3. Pseudotyphlops oxyrhynchus, Schl. Abbild. p. 43, t. 12. Snout acutely pointed; rostral about half as long as the head, compressed and furnished with a distinct longitudinal keel above ; caudal shield large, obtusely rounded, extending to the lower surface of the tail, its extent being equal to that of the head; all the caudal scales quite smooth both on the upper and lower surface of the tail; the first pair of lower labials do not form a suture behind the median shield, but a pair of chin-shields, often unequal in size, form a suture be- tween the median and the first ventral. Scales round the middle of the body in 17 rows; ventrals not much larger than the adjoining scales, 228 to 246 without reference to sex (a male with 9*subcaudals having 246, and a female with 6 sub- eaudals 240). Subcandals 8 or 9 in the males, 6 or 7 in the females; the caudal scales faintly keeled. Length of adults up to 15-18 inches, with a girth of +1 inch. Yellowish in colour, each scale with a blackish or brown central spot, the scales in the series adjoining the vertebral series without spot. Hab. Ceylon, Central Provinces ; in the neighbourhood of Kandy, under stones. Rhinophis planiceps. Typhlops philippinus, Cuy. Régne Anim. ii. p. 74. Rhinophis philippinus, Mill. Trev. Zeitschr. Phys. iv. p. 249; Dum. & Bibr. vii. p.154, t. 59. fig. 1 ; Peters, Uropelt.p.15; Jan, Icon. Géné- rale des Ophidiens. Rhinophis planiceps, Peters, Uropelt. p. 17, fig. 9. Snout acutely pointed; rostral less than half the length of the head, quite flat or scarcely compressed above; caudal shield large, obtusely rounded, extending to the lower surface of the tail, its extent being about equal to that of the head; some of the caudal scales, both on the upper and lower surface Earth-Snakes of India and Ceylon. 7 of the tail, with faint traces of keels both in males and females, but fainter in the latter, some of those along the central row on the upper surface often much enlarged; no chin- shields between the first pair of lower labials and the ventrals. Scales round the middle of body in 17 rows; ventrals not twice as large as the adjoining scales, from about 154 in the males to 176 in the females; subcaudals 6 or 7 in the males, 3 or 4 in the females, generally in pairs, sometimes single. Length of adults 11-12 inches, girth about ¢ inch. Blackish brown or brown above, each scale with a lighter margin, a lighter colour below; a yellow band across the vent ; some- ae some yellow blotches on the anterior portion of the trunk. Hab. Ceylon, Central Provinces. I have adopted Peters’s later name, as the older one of philippinus was given on the erroneous supposition that this species was found in the Philippine Islands. The vertical shield does not afford a specific character in any species of Rhinophis or Stlybura, as it differs as much in individuals of the same species as it does in different species ; the supposed planiceps differs in no way from philippinus. Lthinophis Trevelyanus. Dapatnaya Trevelyana, Kelaart, Prodr. Fauna Zeyl. ii. p. 17. Mytilia Gerrardi, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1858, pp. 58, 263, tab. 13. Rhinophis homolepis, Hemprich, Grundr. der Nat. ; Peters, Urop. p. 14. Snout acutely pointed ; rostral shield much less than half the length of the head, slightly compressed into a keel above ; caudal shield large, obtusely rounded, extending to the lower surface of the head, its extent being rather more than that of the head; all the caudal shields quite smooth both on the upper and lower surface of the tail; the first pair of lower labials form a suture behind the mental, but there are no chin-shields between these and the ventrals. Scales round the middle of the body in 17 rows ; ventrals not much larger than the scales of the adjoining series, from about 191 in the males to 203 in females ; tail very short, 5 subcaudals in the males and 4 in the females. Length of adults about 11-12 inches, with a girth of about Linch. Body blackish, with the margins of the scales lighter; belly cream-coloured, the sides with a series of triangular cream-coloured or whitish bands which do not meet across the back. Hab. Ceylon, Central Provinces ; in the vicinity of Kandy, under stones. 8 Col. R. H. Beddome on the Rhinophis sanguineus. Rhinophis sanguineus, Bedd. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1863, p. 227; Giimther, Rept. Brit. India, p. 186. Rhinophis microlepis, Bedd. 1. c. cum icon. (young), Snout acutely pointed ; rostral one third as long as the head, slightly compressed, with an obtuse longitudinal keel above ; caudal shield large, roughly lined, obtusely rounded, extend- ing to the lower surface of the tail, its extent being about that of the head; caudal scales in the males smooth on the upper surface of the tail, 4~8 keeled on the lower surface, in the females smooth both above and below, scales of the central row along the upper surface of the tail often enlarged; a pair of chin-shields present between the first pair of lower labials and the ventrals. Scales round the middle of the body in 15 rows ; ventrals twice as large as the scales of the adjoining series, a few near the anal region in the male keeled (as are often some of the adjoining scales of the body), from 197 to 209 without reference to sex (a male with 9 subcaudals having 209, a female with 6 subcaudals, 204). Subcaudals 9 or 10 in the males, 5 or 6 in the females, generally in pairs, sometimes a few entire. Length of adults 16-17 inches, girth up to 12 inch. Back uniform bluish black, belly and 3 or 4 outer series of scales bright red blotched with black; caudal shield black, with a red band on each side and sometimes a similar one down the centre (the red colours fade to white in spirit). Hab, South India: Cherambady in the Wynad, at about 3000 feet elevation ; on the Brumagherries (North Wynad), under stones, 8000 to 4000 feet elevation; Nellambur, in Malabar, dug up in the forests about the Government teak- plantations, about 500 feet above sea-level (but close under the mountains); the Anamallays; Tinnevelly and Travan- core ghats. This species has exactly the caudal disk of the Ceylon species of this genus; but it differs from them in having 15 rows of scales instead of 17, and in its.much larger ventrals. It js a curious fact that only one species should have been found in Southern India when Ceylon possesses five; but the fact of its occurring almost throughout the South Indian Uropelt region is rather against the chance of other species being detected. Rhinophis Blytnii. Rhinophis Blyth, Kelaart, Prodr. ii, p. 14; Peters, Uropelt. p. 17; Gunther, Rept. of Brit. Ind. p. 186, in part only. Mytilia Templetonit, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1858, p. 263. Snout acutely pointed ; rostral much less than one half the length of head, very slightly compressed, generally produced Earth-Snakes of India and Ceylon. 9 back to the middle of the frontals ; caudal shield much smaller than in the other species, asperous, in extent less than one half the surface of the head, obtusely rounded, rarely with a small ridge down its centre. Some of the final caudal scales on the upper surface of the tail in both males and females with faint traces of keels, some of the central row on the upper surface often enlarged ; no chin-shields between the first pair of lower labials and the ventrals. Scales round the middle of the body in 17 rows; ventrals not much larger than the scales of the adjoining series, from 145 to 156 in the males, and from 159 to 164 in the females. Subcaudals 7 pairs in the males, 5 or 6 pairs in the females. Length of adults up to 13-14 inches, girth 14 inch. Body brown, belly and sides more or less mottled with yellow or with a yellowish band along the anterior portion of the trunk; a complete yel- Jowish ring round the end of the trunk near the anal region, and generally several triangular yellowish blotches up the sides of the anterior portion of the trunk, but not meeting over the back. Hab. Ceylon, Central Provinces; common about Kandy and elsewhere. This appears to be the stoutcst of all the species of this genus, being nearly 2 inches in circumference; it has been confounded with St/ybura melanogaster by Dr. Giinther, but it is much larger than that species, has a different caudal disk, and a different coloration; this and S¢/ybura melanogaster appear to be the only species very common in Ceylon, and I took them both all over the Central Provinces, though never together ; whereas I only found a single example. each of Rhinophis punctatus, R. Trevelyanus, and Ur opeltis grandis. I never found Rhinophis oxyrhynchus or planiceps. UROPELTIS, Cuvier. Tail cylindric, obliquely Panented as if cut by a knife, the truncated portion flat, scaleless, rough; head conical, nasal shields forming a suture behind the “rostral, no supra- orbital; the first pair of lower labials form a suture behind the median shield and are followed by a pair of chin-shields. No mental groove. Hab. Ceylon, . Uropeltis grandis. Uropeltis philippinus, Cuv. Régne Anim. i. p. 76; Dum. & Bibr, vii. p- 161, pl. lix, fig. 2; Peters, Uropelt. p. 20; Tennant’s Ceylon, vol. 1. p. 195. Pseudotyphlops philippinus, Schlegel, Abbildungen, p. 44. Uropeltis saffragamus, grandis, and pardalis, Kelaart, Prody.ii. pp. 15, 16. Uropeltis grandis, Gunther, Rept. Brit. Ind. p, 188. Snout pointed ; ae convex, produced behind, nearly as long as the vertical ; ; ventrals not much larg ger than the scales 10 Col. R. H. Beddome on the of the adjoining series, from 130 to 148, probably without reference to sex, or at least not more in the female than in the male (one with 5 subcaudals having 183; one with 6 having 138; one with 9 having 143) ; subcaudals 5 to 9 pairs; very faint traces of keels on some of the terminal caudal scales ; scales in 19 rows round the middle of the body. Length of large adult 20 inches, with a girth of 3 inches. Back a metallic bluish brown, the lateral scales and ventrals brown with a broad yellowish margin. Hab. Ceylon, Central Provinces. There are only 19 rows of scales round the middle of the body in all the specimens in the British Museum. Schlegel and Giinther have described it with 21. STLYBURA. (Stluboura, Gray ; Silybura, Peters.) Caudal disk flat, as if severed by a knife, or convex and ill- defined; the scales on the upperside generally furnished with very prominent keels, rarely smooth or nearly so, but faint keels are nearly always visible; terminal scute a horny horizontal scale, which is generally bispinous with the points side by side, more rarely square. Head more or Jess conical; nasal shields forming a suture behind the rostral, or more rarely separated by that shield; no supra- orbital; no mental groove. Eye small or moderate, lying in the front part of the ocular shield; the first pair of lower labials generally form a suture behind the median shield, fol- lowed immediately by the first ventral, or in some cases a pair of chin-shields intervene between the lower labials and the first ventral. Scales in 19, 17, or 15 rows. Hab. 8. India and Ceylon. Synopsis of Species. Scales in 19 rows. Caudal disk flat, snout pointed...... elereCan on eties we Brougham. Caudal disk convex. Not ocellated ; ventrals 206-214 ........0..seee. grands. Ocellated ; ventrals 164-185...... Se geen stare nigra. Scales in 17 rows. Caudal disk flat. Spout pointed ay. scm we ae ye cers Meudon eee asa te dindigalensis, Snout obtuse. With red markings. Two broad TEGsliNes wanna ca eee Cea on: rubrolineata. Large red blotches aoe er kop rent aey rea RAR hc tired rubromaculata, Wathout xed markings) 1.52... obo weit es actetas nilyherriensis. Caudal disk convex. Snout pointed. Ocellated. Ventrals 214 in males to 283 in females..,... ochracea. Earth- Snakes of India and Ceylon. ag Ventrals 193 in males to 203 in females .... ocellata, re 173 in males to 188 in females .... hiura. Not ocellated. Wertrals ao Ml Lentnles! soto aisicie vain estes macrorhynecha, “ 188 in males to 194 in females .... mtida. » 156 in males to 166 in females .... melanogaster. Snout variable, pointed or obtuse; ventrals 147- ESA sox stare ole ezerdiacai's EN iak Say te kuaie Wess of. Elliotir. Snout obtuse. Nasals not separated by rostral. WNAicliomtimed manliness antares owes vice hse ss Peterst. Withired (blotches? ticitet. inch. Hab. Stagnant pond-water. This rather peculiar form would seem to be foreshadowed by Phacus acuminatus, Stokes t, in which it is only necessary to suppress the short, straight, and sharply-pointed caudal prolongation, to have essentially the infusorian here described. ‘The latter is, however, nearly twice as large as Ph. acumi- natus, and its body is very much thicker and stouter. It is, indeed, more robust in every particular than any previously recorded species of the genus. This peculiarity is conspicu- ously apparent. Chrysopyxis urceolata, sp. nov. (Pl. I. fig. 5.) Lorica urceolate, less than twice as long as broad, widest anteriorly, tapering posteriorly to an obtusely rounded point of attachment, the margins then convex; or with nearly straight lateral borders and an acute point of attachment; narrowed anteriorly and prolonged as a short, truncate, neck- like portion with slightly converging margins ; animalcule sub- spheroidal, occupying the centre of the lorica, to which it is in * xukdds, round; a, privative; ovpa, tail. + ‘American Monthly Microscopical Journal,’ Oct. 1885, new Infusoria from American Fresh Waters. 101 no way attached ; flagella projecting considerably beyond the lorica mouth, widely diverging ; colour bands yellow, laterally placed ; contractile vesicle single or double, minute, posteriorly located. Length of lorica 3455 inch. Hab. Freshwater, attached to filamentous Alga. Gre- garious. Chrysopyxis dispar, sp. nov. (Pl. I. fig. 6 and 6 a.) Lorica urceolate, once and a half to twice as long as broad, widest anteriorly, tapering posteriorly to a subacute point of attachment, the lateral borders then nearly straight ; or the body of the lorica subspherical, tapering, and constricted poste- riorly ; both forms narrowed anteriorly to produce a straight, more or less conspicuous neck-like prolongation ; a curved partition extending transversely across the lorica near the centre, and dividing its cavity into two unequal parts; animal- cule subspheroidal, not attached to the lorica, but supported by the transverse partition; colour bands yellow, lateral. Length of lorica -2y5 to ts'o5 Inch. Hab. Freshwater, on confervoid Alge, in company with the preceding. Urotricha platystoma, sp. nov. (Pl. I. fig. 7.) Body oval or somewhat obovate, less than twice as long as broad, subcylindrical, entirely ciliate, the cilia vibrating irre- eularly and independently, shortest and least numerous on the posterior border ; cuticular surface conspicuously ornamented by minute hemispherical elevations arranged in longitudinal series ; oral aperture apical, the margins slightly protruding, giving it a pouting aspect; posterior springing hair shorter than the body, obliquely directed, its distal extremity usually curved ; contractile vesicle single, spherical, near the lateral border of the posterior extremity; anal aperture postero- terminal near the pulsating vacuole. Length of body go inch. Hab. Standing water, with Sphagnum; movements rota- tory and leaping by means of the posterior seta. Reproduc- tion by transverse fission. The oral aperture is enormously expansile. An individual has been seen attempting to engulf the empty lorica of Trach- elomonas volvocina, Khy., expanding the oral orifice to an extent nearly equalling the diameter of the spherical shell. The position of the anal aperture has not been previously ob- served in the species of this genus. Tillina campyla, sp. nov. (Pl. I. fig. 8.) Body elongate-ovate, entirely ciliate, soft, flexible, about three times as long as broad, widest and rounded posteriorly, 102 Dr. A. C. Stokes on some the anterior extremity recurved towards the ventral surface, the ovate oral aperture placed in the ventral concavity thus formed; cuticular surface longitudinally striate; pharynx short, recurved, the roof bearing a series of fine cilia, longest ante- riorly, and projecting beyond the oral aperture ; contractile vesicle single, spherical, posteriorly placed near the ventral surface ; nucleus single, subspherical, and subcentral. Length of body zty inch. Hab. Standing water, with dead leaves. Movements rapid. The pharyngeal ciliation seems to be confined to the superior wall or roof. The cilia are very fine, and usually vibrate synchronously, thus presenting so close a resemblance to an undulating membrane, that their character can be satisfac- torily determined only when the infusorian is in a dying condition. Amphileptus monilatus, sp. nov. (Pl. I. fig. 9.) Body elongate, subfusiform, about fifteen times as long as broad, the dorsal surface flattened, the ventral convex, the . anterior trunk-like portion forming one fourth of the entire length of the body; the posterior attenuate tail-like part about one sixth of that length, the trunk bearing a fringe of larger cilia on its lower surface, and an even inferior row of trichocysts ; contractile vesicles small, numerous, in a single series along the dorsal border, but not extending into the posterior attenuation ; nucleus moniliform, the nodules small, ovate ; pharnyx conical, finely plicate; anal aperture at the base of the caudal prolongation. Length of body 3; inch. Hab. Still water, with Ceratophyllum and Utricularia. In general appearance this Infusorian closely resembles A. gigas, C. & L., differing chiefly in the shorter trunk, and espe- cially in the moniliform nucleus, the latter, in A. gigas, being band-like. In connexion with A. gigas I have been able to verify the statement of Wrzesniowski, that reproduction takes place by oblique central fission. The first noticeable change in the appearance of the body is the development of an obliquely di- rected subcentral ridge apparently surrounding the animaleule. The division is rapid, the anterior portion of the posterior moiety being very obliquely truncate and finally developing into the trunk; the posterior surface of the anterior part being evenly rounded immediately after fission. ‘The oral aperture and conical pharynx are formed in the posteriorly separating moiety before the final division of the two individuals. Con- jugation has been observed with a form which I have identified new Infusoria from American Fresh Waters. 103 doubtfully with A. margaritifer, Ehy., union taking place between the parts anterior to the oral aperture, this orifice being occasionally included. Loxophyllum vorax, sp.nov. (Pl. 1. fig. 10.) Body elongate lanceolate, three times as long as broad, longitudinally striate, soft, flexible, and elastic, both extre- mities rounded and somewhat curved towards the ventral border, the posterior widest, the body tapering thence towards the frontal region ; oral aperture subterminal, enormously ex- pansile; dorsal border convex, the ventral usually flattened ; nucleus single, ovate, subcentral ; contractile vesicle single, spherical, situated near the ventral border of the posterior extremity ; trichocysts numerous, conspicuous, arranged in a parallel series perpendicular to the frontal, dorsal, and posterior borders; anal aperture not observed. Length of extended body y4> inch. Hab, Standing water, with Sphagnum. In a single instance the transparent colourless body was wonderfully distorted by the internal pressure of two Rotéfers which the Infusorian had engulphed. The body was here scarcely longer than broad, and the surface was most irregu- larly protruded. As digestion was accomplished the normal contour was resumed, and the animal’s sluggish movements became more active. When swimming the movements are often rotatory on the long axis. Colpidium putrinum, sp. nov. (PI. I. fig. 11.) Body ovate, less than twice as long as broad, longitudi- nally striate, the anterior extremity obtusely pointed, the ventral surface slightly flattened ; vibratile membrane small ; contractile vesicle single, spherical, laterally located near the posterior extremity; nucleus subspherical, subcentrally placed ; endoplasm granular, usually crowded with small spherical food-masses ; anal aperture inferiorly postero-terminal. Length of body =, to go inch. Hab. A putrid vegetable infusion in creek-water. Reproduction is by transverse fission, a second contractile vesicle generally appearing previous to the beginning of the process. Colpidium striatum, sp. nov. (Pl. 1. fig. 12.) Body subreniform, twice as long as broad, longitudinally striate, the anterior extremity slightly curved towards the ventral aspect ; vibratile membrane conspicuous; contractile 104 Dr. A. C. Stokes on some vesicle single, spherical, postero-lateral, often leaving several small vacuoles after systole; nucleus single, subcentral. Length of body sho inch. Hab. An infusion of decaying aquatic vegetation. In form this resembles C. cucellus (Schrank), S. K., being somewhat more curved anteriorly. It differs in having but one nucleus, and in the postero-lateral position of the pul- sating vacuole. Reproduction is by transverse fission. DIPLOMASTAX, gen. nov. Animalcules free-swimming, holotrichous, elongate-ovate, subcylindrical, produced posteriorly in a more or less retrac- tile tail-like prolongation ; oral aperture ventral, enclosing two vibratile membranes; contractile vesicle single; tricho- cysts absent. The proper position of the genus is probably with the Ophryo- glenide of Kent, although the presence of two vibratile mem- branes will necessitate a slight change in the diagnosis of the family as now formulated. Diplomastax frontata, sp. nov. (PI. I. figs. 13 and 14.) Body elongate-obovate, subcylindrical, transparent, longi- tudinally striate, and finely reticulated, five times as long as broad, the lower or ventral surface convex, the dorsal slightly concave, tapering posteriorly to a somewhat retractile tail-like prolongation forming about one fifth of the entire body ; an- terior extremity narrowed, obtusely pointed; oral aperture narrow, ovate, obliquely placed on the ventral or convex surface at some distance from the anterior extremity, enclosing two small vibratile membranes; contractile vesicle single, spherical, near the centre of the dorsal or concave border ; nucleus presumably represented by a large, ovate, subcentral, clear space. Length of body y4y inch. | Hab. Still water, with Myriophyllum. The aspect of this interesting Infusorian floating on the concave or dorsal surface, with the obliquely placed oral aperture thus directed upwards, at once suggests the thought of a microscopic shark—the suggestion and the resemblance not being far-fetched. It is the appearance, however, that brings the shark to mind. Reproduction is accomplished by transverse fission, pre- sumably after conjugation, which I have observed, union being made at the anterior portions of the ventral surfaces. When fission is about to take place that part of the body in advance new Infusoria from American Fresh Waters. 105 of the oral aperture elongates, an opening, which finally be- comes the mouth of the anterior moiety, forming at or near the frontal border and developing from each side a very con- spicuous vibratile membrane, the one on the right-hand margin usually being the larger. The frontal cilia are then also more conspicuous and apparently larger than in the mature individual. ‘The dividing portion finally separates, having the posterior tail-like prolongation and a terminal oral aperture containing the two prominent membranes, leaving the posterior or original animalcule apparently unchanged. The separated moiety, which at first but remotely resembles the mature animal- cule, remains sluggish for some time. ‘The large, projecting, flap-like membranes on the frontal border seem to be an in- cumbrance, and, until the oral aperture assumes its proper position and the membranes become enclosed, the Infusorian seldom moves unless jostled by some more active inhabitant of the live-slide, when it quickly darts forward only to resume its quiet waiting. ‘The existence of the two vibratile flaps might readily have been overlooked, or the two mistaken for a single one, if reproductive fission had not been observed, since to separate them, even with a high-power objective, is no easy matter. HISTIOBALANTIUM®*, gen. nov. Animalcules free-swimming, heterotrichous, ovate, some- what depressed, persistent in shape, the ventral aspect flat- tened; setose hairs abundantly developed on all parts of the surface ; the oral fossa near the centre of the ventral aspect, on the left-hand side of the median line, ovate, capacious, the cilia of the left-hand border long, fine, setose, the frontal wall bearing a ciliary tuft, and the mght-hand margin supporting an undulating membrane, which forms posteriorly a freely motile infundibuliform sack continued backward as a narrow membranous tubular passage, at the posterior extremity of which is the oral aperture, the oral fossa also enclosing ante- riorly a secondary vibratile tuft of long cilia ; contractile vesicle multiple; nucleus ovate, anter iorly situated. Inhabiting fresh waters. This Infusorian is excluded from “the Bursariade of Stein by the presence of the vibratile membrane, to say nothing of the remarkable infundibuliform sack with the tubular poste- rior prolongation and the anterior ciliary tufts. ‘The adoral cilia fringing the left-hand border of the oral fossa apparently do not surround the posterior margin of the peristomial depres- * iotiov, a membrane; Sadavruor, a little sack. Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 5. Vol. xvii. 8 106 Dr. A. C. Stokes on some sion, but are there met by the cilia of the right-hand margin, which do not conspicuously differ from those clothing the cuticular surface. From the remaining families of the order this Infusorian is excluded by the linear arrangement of cilia just referred to ; the formation of a new family group will there- fore be necessary for its reception, the position of the new group in a system of classification beg immediately following Stein’s Bursariade and preceding the Spirostomide of Kent, Histiobalantiide necessarily being the family title. Histiobalantium agile, sp. nov. (Pl. I. figs. 15 and 16.) Body ovate, one and a half times as long as broad, some- what depressed, the dorsal surface convex, the ventral slightly flattened, both extremities evenly rounded; the left-hand body-margin evenly convex, the right-hand border gibbous ; cuticular cilia abundant, curved; numerous long, fine, setose hairs projecting from all parts of the surface ; oral fossa ovate, capacious, situated near the centre of the right-hand side of the ventral aspect, its posterior region supporting a conspicuous retractile and freely motile infundibuliform membranous sack, which is posteriorly prolonged as a narrow, flexible, mem- branous, and tubular passage leading to the oral aperture, and anteriorly continued as a broad undulating membrane attached to the right-hand border of the oral fossa, and as an incon- spicuous membranous velum adherent to the left-hand side of the same depression and enclosed within it; adoral cilia on the left-hand margin of the oral depression long, fine, setose ; a broad tuft of lone setose cilia springing from the frontal border of the oral fossa and directed backward, a second broad tuft of vibratile setose cilia anteriorly enclosed within the oral cavity, attached to the anterior superior wall, their posterior extremities free ; oral aperture near the posterior extremity of the body, followed by a short somewhat adcurved pharyngeal passage ; contractile vesicles small, multiple, scattered ; nucleus ovate, situated near the anterior border; anal aper- ture not observed ; endoplasm granular, colourless, transparent. Length of body sts inch. Hab. Fresh water, with Ceratophyllum. The enclosed adoral sack and its posterior tubular prolon- gation appear to be adherent to the walls of the oral fossa only at the points where the tubular passage surrounds the oral aperture, and anteriorly by the membranous continuation of the infundibulum. The entire organ, composed of bag-like velum and tubular adoral passage, is freely motile, being variously protruded and retracted and rolled from side to side, new Infusoria from American Fresh Waters. 107 the thin anterior right-hand membrane being at times thrust into the oral fossa or arched above it like a protecting shield. The enclosed superior vibratile tuft of cilia which, so far as I have observed, never protrudes beyond the margin of the oral fossa, is, when not in motion, usually pressed upward against the roof of the cavity, and when the Infusorian is viewed in a lateral position, or in vertical optic section, appears like the thickened edge of a vibratile membrane ; it is only when the animaleule is examined by focussing through the thickness of the body from the dorsal surface, or when the creature fortu- nately comes to rest with the ventral aspect towards the ob- server, that the true character of the organ can be ascertained. The cluster widens posteriorly by a separation of its constituent cilia, as also does the lower and more nearly external frontal tuft. The latter, however, seldom or never vibrates. Its function appears to be to assist in imprisoning the food by closing down over the cavity, or by entering the latter in company with the undulating membrane. The setose hairs extending beyond the cuticular cilia are about twice their length. They are evidently tactile in func- tion, being used to inform the Infusorian of the approach of food or of an enemy to be avoided. If the former, the ani- malcule immediately and most actively leaps upon it, seizing and forcing it into the endoplasm so quickly that, although I have repeatedly witnessed the act, I am ignorant of the pre- cise method employed in the capture. If an approaching free-swimming animalcule ever so slightly touches a setose hair on any part of the surface, Histiobalantium at once leaps upon it, frequently making a haif-revolution on the transverse axis, and seldom missing the object wished for. The undu- lating membrane closes over the oral depression, often forcing itself within the cavity; the Infusorian makes a strong con- tractile, somewhat convulsive effort, at once reminding the observer of the similar movement by Floscularia ornata when food is passing onward towards the mastax, and the captive is dashed through the oral aperture into the posterior part of the body, whence it is gradually transferred to the anterior and dorsal regions for digestion. The whole act is performed with remarkable swiftness, the food being accompanied by an unusually large bubble of water, as if the oral fossa had poured its entire liquid contents into the endoplasm. This habit probably accounts for the development of the multiple contractile vesicles. The peculiar springing movements described are, it is supposed, caused by the sudden action of the setose hairs so abundant on the body. The entire oral apparatus is remarkably complex. I may ge 108 Dr. A. C. Stokes on some therefore have misinterpreted some of the appearances. My drawings are, I fear, little more than diagrams. Rhabdostyla pusilla, sp. nov. (PI. I. fig. 17.) Body campanulate, tapering posteriorly, less than twice as long as broad; cuticular surface transversely striate ; peri- stomial border revolute, slightly exceeding the body-centre in width ; pedicle scarcely longer than the body; contracted animalcule ovate. Length of body 773; inch. Hab. Pond water, on Ceratophyllum. Thus far but three individuals of this readily recognizable form have been met with, all of these being attached near together on a fragment of Ceratophyllum. It is the smallest member of the genus yet observed, and could easily be iden- tified by its diminutive proportions alone. ach ot the three specimens noted had the pedicle attached as shown in the ficure, the extremity being adherent to the side of the plant opposite to that on which the Infusorian habitually expanded itself, the lower portion therefore curving around the basis of support and apparently acting as a spring whereby the con- tracted animalcule was suddenly and rapidly thrown to that side of the plant to which the pedicle was attached, the body of the animalcule then, as well as on its return to the former position, describing a semicircular path through the water. That this is, as I believe, characteristic of the species can be determined only by examining a larger number than has yet been obtained. Vorticella Lemne, sp. nov. (PI. I. fig. 18.) Body conical-campanulate or subpyriform, not changeable in shape, less than twice as long as broad, widest centrally, the posterior extremity tapering; cuticular surface finely striate transversely ; peristomial border revolute, not everted, slightly narrower than the body-centre ; pedicle from two to three times as long as the body ; pharyngeal passage long ; con- tractile. vesicle close to the vestibulum. Length of body 94> inch. Hab. Pond water, on the rootlets of Lemna. Solitary. In form this resembles V. octava, Stokes *, but is readily recognized as different by its persistence of shape, by the proportionate length of the pedicle, and especially by the absence of the peculiar twisted appearance of the sheath. * This journal, June 1885. ° new Infusoria from American Fresh Waters. 109 Vaginicola ampulla, sp. nov. (PI. I. fig. 21.) Lorica retort-shaped, erect, about three times as long as broad, widest posteriorly, tapering thence to the rounded point of attachment, and anteriorly to the curved neck-like portion ; aperture obliquely directed, the margins very slightly everted, the frontal border truncate ; enclosed animalcule, when fully extended, projecting for about one third of its length beyond the lorica. Length of lorica +45 inch. Hab. Fresh water ; attached to filamentous Alge. The lorica is hyaline when young, becoming deep chestnut- brown with age. Very frequently individual lorice were observed with varying proportions of the posterior region coloured and semiopaque, while the frontal portion remained colourless and transparent, others with the entire sheath darkly tinged being almost as numerous. ‘This leads me to suggest that Vaginicola vestita (the Planicola vestita of De Fromentel), in which the colour is described as being restricted to the pos- terior part of the lorica, may have been diagnosed from an In: fusorian approaching maturity, and consequently beginning to assume its mature coloration. This seems more plausible than Saville Kent’s conjecture that the sheaths may have been re- paired, or that the animalcule had occupied an old and deserted lorica on which it had built a new frontal addition. . BaLANITOZOON *, gen. nov. Animalcules free-swimming, ovate or subpyriform, persis- tent in form, not cuirassed, the anterior portion of the cuti- cular surface clothed with vibratile cilia, the posterior region naked ; oral aperture apical, without larger adoral cilia; pha- rynx apparent; a single postero-terminal seta present; ani- malcules leaping as well as swimming. Inhabiting fresh water. The ciliation of the anterior one half or two thirds of the cuticular surface, the absence of a series of differentiated oral cilia, and the reduction in the number of the springing hairs to one, and the position of that one on the posterior extremity of the body, exclude this remarkable Infusorian from the Halteriidee of Claparéde and Lachmann. — Its ordinal position, the writer supposes, is among the Peritricha, although there is at present no type known in that infusorial order to which it bears a resemblance, the extensive cillation of the anterior region and the absence of distinct oral cilia being clharacter- istic of Balanitozoon alone. Only a slight effort of the imagi- * Badavirns, shaped like an acorn; Coop. 185 ) 110 Dr. A. C. Stokes on some nation is needed to further suggest that this form is connectant or transitional between the Holotricha and the Peritricha, the presence of cilia on the posterior body region being alone needed to relegate the creature to the former order, and the develop- ment of distinctly differentiated adoral cilia, in addition to the cuticular series now existing, being only necessary to admit it as an undoubted member of the Peritricha. Its peculiar springing or leaping movements call to mind the similar saltatory efforts of //alterta. Occasionally a depression is formed around the body at a short distance trom the posterior extremity, when the little creature not remotely resembles an acorn in its cup, an appearance that suggested the generic name. Balanitozoon agile, sp. nov. (Pl. I. fig. 19.) Body conical or subpyriform, less than twice as long as broad, widest and truncate posteriorly, thence tapering to the frontal border; the anterior two thirds only of the cuticular surface clothed with long adeurved cilia; posterior terminal seta subequal to the body in length, its distal extremity usually curved; oral aperture apical; anal opening not ob- served ; contractile vesicle single, spherical, situated near one side of the posterior border; nucleus small, subspherical, placed near the centre of one lateral margin; endoplasm colourless, often granular posteriorly, and enclosing coloured food particles ; movements rotatory on the longitudinal axis, with frequent and violent lateral leaps. Length of body rs inch. Hab. Standing water, with Sphagnum. Reproduction by transverse fission. The cuticular cilia appear to be disposed in distinct parallel circles, not in the spirals so common to the Peritricha. Neither is there any sign of the peritrichous arrangement of an anterior or adoral ciliary wreath where one arm of the spiral descends into an oral fossa, since no fossa exists here, the oral aperture being a minute orifice followed by a short but distinctly visible pharyngeal passage. The cilia are com- paratively long and are usually curved towards the frontal extremity. The movements, in addition to the sudden lateral leaps, which are presumably caused by the action of the postero- terminal seta, are rapid and erratic. Reproduction is b transverse fission, the springing seta being developed from the posterior portion of the anterior moiety, and projecting obliquely from and beyond the deepening constriction for a . . fe e c=} . long time before the final separation of the animalcule. new Infusoria from American Fresh Waters, 111 Uroleptus Sphagni, sp. nov. (Pl. I. fig. 20.) Body clavate or broadly obovate, depressed, three times as long as broad, extensile posteriorly ; widest and rounded ante- riorly, somewhat curved towards the left-hand side, thence tapering to an attenuate, usually pointed, caudal prolongation, which, when extended, equals or exceeds in length the greatest width of the body; lip crescentic, prominent; ante- rior border somewhat curved towards the dorsal aspect, thus forming a conspicuous transverse groove or depression on the frontal region of the dorsum; peristomial field broad, extend- ing through the anterior one third of the ventral surface, its posterior termination curved toward the right-hand side, the left-hand margin bearing the adoral and a series of fine par- oral cilia, the right-hand border finely ciliated and supporting an undulating membrane ; frontal styles four or five ; ventral sete in two median lines extending into the caudal prolon- gation; marginal sete projecting posteriorly, those on the left-hand side originating at the posterior extremity of the peristomial field in close proximity to the ventral sete, and extending obliquely and longitudinally towards the posterior portion of the left-hand border; contractile vesicle single, sphe- rical,on the left-hand side of the peristome-termination, near the body-margin ; nucleus double, elongate-ovate, with a laterally- attached nucleolus; dorsal hispid seta: numerous, fine and short; anal aperture on the left-hand border of the dorsal surface near the origin of the caudal prolongation. Length of body ys» inch. Hab. Standing water, with Sphagnum. The caudal prolongation is very frequently extended until it becomes almost filiform. It is then also often arcuately curved. In the numerous specimens examined I have been able to determine the existence of but one nucleolus, which is attached to the anterior nuclear nodule. ven the use of reagents failed to disclose a second. EXPLANATION OF PLATE I. Fig. 1. Heteromita variabilis, X 675. Fig. 2. Paramonas alata. Diagram. Fig. 3. Clostenema socialis, X 1225, Fig. 4. Cyclanura orbiculata, X 330. Fig. 5. Chrysopyxts urceolata, X 1350. Figs. 6 & 6a. Chrysopyais dispar, X 1350. Fig. 7. Urotricha platystoma, X 380. Fig. 8. Tillina campyla, x 400. ig. 9. Amphileptus monilatus, x 100, vg. 10. Loxophyllum vorax, X 266. 112 Mr. H. J. Carter on Fig. 11. Colpidium putrnum, x 300. Fig. 12. Colpidium striatum, x 450. Fig. 13. Diplomastax frontata, Ventral, x 250, Fig. 14. Diplomastax frontata, Reproductive fission. Fig. 15. Histiobalantium agile. Dorsal, X 300. Fig. 16. Histiobalantium agile. Lateral, x 450. Fig. 17. Rhabdostyla pusilla, X 500. Fig. 18. Vorticella Lemne, X 360. Fig. 19. Balanitozoon agile, X 810, Fig. 20. Uroleptus Sphagni, x 155. Fig. 21. Vaginicola ampulla, X 187. Trenton, New Jersey, U.S. America. XII.— Descriptions of Sponges from the Neighbourhood of Port Phillip Heads, South Australia, continued. By H. J. CahTER, F.R.S. &e. [Continued from p. 53. } Fam. 2. Suberitida. Group 11. SUBERITINA (new group). (Proposed instead of the original groups 10, 11, and 12, viz. Cavernosa, Compacta, Laxa, and the subsequently added group, viz. Subcompacta, which the group Suberitina is in- tended to include as subdivisions.) SPIRASTRELLA, Sdt. (Spongf. Kiiste v. Algier, 1868, p. 17, taf. ii. fig. 8). General Observations. This genus is chiefly characterized by its spiculation, con- sisting of a pin-like skeletal and spinispirular flesh-spicule, the latter, like most flesh-spicules, congregated more or less thickly into a layer on the surface; hence Schmidt placed it among his “ Corticate”’ (!), our Pachytragida. But inasmuch as there are two kinds, if not species, of this sponge which possess the same form of spiculation, it becomes necessary to seek in the size of their spicules, their structures, and their adult forms respectively for their differences. Thus while the spicules in the original species, viz. Spirastrella cunctatrix, Sdt., may be set down as longer and thinner, those of the other kind or variety, which we shall term Spirastrella cunc- tatrix, var. robusta, are shorter and stouter (a fact of general oecurrence too with adult spicules of all kinds even in the same specimen, as I have often stated). Sponges from South Australia. 113 It is to these two kinds of Spirastrella that I have long since alluded as coming both from the south coast of Australia and the Mauritius (‘ Annals,’ 1882, vol. ix. p. 351). Again, while the adult form of Spdrastrella cunctatrix is more or less massive, pyramidal, and sessile, and has a comparatively open fibro-reticulate structure in the interior and a pinkish or lilac, more or less brown colour externally in the dried state; that of the variety is compressed, erect, flabellate, lobed, and stipitate, with a comparatively compact structure in the interior of a chalky consistence and an “ orange-red colour’? when fresh, but in its dried state light ochre-yellow throughout. Lastly, the surface of Spiras- trella cunctatrix presents slight scar-like elevations in juxta- position, which, becoming more and more prominent towards the lower part, may pass from simple elevations into prolife- rous growths or processes at the base, while the surface of the variety is uniformly smooth, especially towards the stem. Thus contrasted, so far as my observation extends, let us pass to a brief description of the typical species as well as the variety, both of which occur in Mr. Wilson’s collection. 11. Spirastrella cunctatrix, Sdt. Massive, compressed, sessile, elongated, convex or arched longitudinally, wider below than above, where it terminates in a longitudinal narrow space, bounded throughout by a slight elevation of the sides, which thus converts it into a kind of trough or gutter. Consistence firm. Colour, when fresh, “tawny brown,” now lilac dark-grey or lilacdark-mouse-colour. Surface consisting of a smooth dermis covering the slight elevations of the subjacent structure, which are in juxtaposition, more or less uniform in size and shape, scar-like, subsiding to a common level upwards, increasing in prominence down- wards, until at the base they pass into enlarged proliferous growths. Vents numerous, contined to the longitudinal space or trough which forms the summit. Spicules of two forms, viz. :—1, skeletal, pin-like, of which the prevailing shape of the head is subglobular, varying to simple acuate (as is usuall the case with this spicule wherever it occurs), shaft fusiform, finely pointed, 200 by 23-6000ths in. ; 2, flesh-spicule a spini- spirular of four bends, varying under 12 by 3-6000ths in., including the spines, shaft without the spines about 1-6000th in. in diameter. Structure from without inwards consisting of a tough fibrous dermis, which covers a thick compact layer plentifully charged with the flesh-spicules of the species, passing gradually ito a less compact interior mottled grey and 114 Mr. H. J. Carter on yellow, in accordance with the transparency of the spiculo- fibrous reticulated skeleton and the sarcode filling its inter- stices respectively. Size 3 in. high by 9x 3 horizontally. Depth 19 fath. Obs. There is another specimen in the collection apparently of thesame species, which is simply conical, with a very smooth surface throughout. It is 8} in. high by 2x33 in. in the base. As an instance of the occurrence among the Suberitina of a form almost identical with that first described, although appa- rently a different but closely allied species, I might cite Sub- erites capensis, Carter, which is now, in its dried state, 144 in. long and 5} in. in diameter at the base. It is the specimen to which I have alluded in the ‘Annals’ for 1882 (vol. ix. p- 850) as having been brought from Port Elizabeth (Cape Colony), and now in the British Museum, bearing my running no. 10,” and registered “71. 6. 5.1.” The pin-like spicule is stouter and shorter than that of Spirastrella cunctatrix, and the spinispirula only half the size ; so that with the identity in form it can hardly be considered more than a variety of the latter. The structural elevations of the surface in both cases appear to me to occur so often in the Suberites under different forms as to be of characteristic value, while they are most typically developed in Lhaphyrus Griffithsii, Bk. (Cliona celata), where they present themselves in defined polygonal spaces in juxtaposition, with a papilliform area in the centre, which led Schmidt to call this sponge ‘‘Papillina suberea.” 12. Spirastrella cunctatrix, var. robusta, Carter. Massive, stipitate, or much contracted at the base, com- pressed, flabellate, about 3 in. thick ; proliferously lobed, especially on one side; lobes more or less compressed, with round, more or less crenulated, border. Consistence firm, mealy when dry. Colour when fresh “ orange-red,” now light ochre-yellow. Surface smooth. Vents small, congre- gated about the margin of the lobes. Spicules of two forms, viz. :—1, skeletal, pin-like, prevailing shape of head globular, but very variable; shaft fusiform, rather obtusely pointed, about 105 by 24-6000ths m. more or less; 2, flesh-spicule a robust spinispirula, the thickest and largest altogether that I have seen, consisting of 25 bends varymg under 11 by 8- 6000ths in., including the spines; shaft without spines, 2- 6000ths in. thick ; the former chiefly confined to the interior and the latter to the surface, where it forms a thick layer, Sponges from South Australia. 115 as in the typical form. Structure from without inwards, consisting of this compact stratum of flesh-spicules, passing inwards into a less compact structure composed of sarcode and skeletal spicules, the latter forming a spiculo-fibrous skeletal reticulation of a grey colour, whose interstices are filled up by a yellowish sarcode, and the whole when dry of course not only still more compact, but mealy in appearance and fracture. Size variable, the largest of several specimens 7 in. high by 8 x 6 horizontally. Depth 20 fath. Obs. This presents the same characters in structure, colour, and spiculation as that on the little crab’s back now in the Liverpool Museum, which came from the Mauritius, and to which I have already alluded. In both these forms there is a great variety in the size of the spinispirular flesh-spicule as well as in the form of the head and dimensions of the pin-like or skeletal spicule, of which only those of the largest have been given, since, as may be easily conceived, where the spicules must be small before they are great (like everything in nature), and are continually and successively being formed, this must be the case. 13. Spirastrella cunctatrix, var. porcata (dry). This specimen appears to have been pyramidal in form when fresh, with a smooth surface, or only slightly charac- terized by the suberitic elevations to which I have alluded ; but now presents a number of thick rugee running from the base towards the apex, which appear to have arisen from a lue-like nature of the cortical layer, that has thus been thrown into folds whilst drying ; but whether this consistence, of which the less compact structure of the interior more or less partakes, is natural or caused by partial decomposition I am unable to state. Certainly specimens of a similar species and form have passed through my hands; but then other similar species have, when half decomposed, presented a gluey flabby nature when wet, and a correspondingly compact gluey cha- racter when dry, although still retaining part of their original structure in a glutinized condition. In every other respect this specimen resembles Spirastrella cunctatrix, and has been designated a variety of it under the name “ porcata” on account of the ploughed-field lke form of the surface. This glue-like character of the sarcode often presents itself in dried specimens. Is it owing to partial decomposition or to a naturally more inspissated condition of the sarcode ? 116 Mr. H. J. Carter on General Observations. Here it might be again stated that the spinispirula or flesh- spicule in the Suberitina becomes gradually diminished in size from Sprrastrella cunctatrix downwards, so as to at last disappear altogether and leave nothing but the skeletal or pin- like spicule, as shown in the “ List’ to which I have referred (‘ Annals,’ 1882, vol. ix. p. 347 &c.). Hence there may be Suberitina without the spinispirula or any other form that the flesh-spicule in these sponges may assume, as the following will show : 14.. Suberites Wilsont, Carter (‘ Annals,’ 1885, vol. xv. p. 113). In this sponge, so remarkable for its carmine colour, there is no flesh-spicule, as may be seen by a reference to the description (/. ¢.). 15. Suberites Wilsont, var. albidus (dry). This is precisely the same as the foregoing in respect of its pyramidal shape, spiculation, and areniferous composition, but the surface is more even, although still retaining traces linearly of the suberitic elevation or polygonal division to which I have alluded, and, where there has been a vent, more or less torn from contraction when drying. It only seems to differ from Suberttes Wialsont in the absence ot colour. The specimen is 6 in. high by 7x5 at the base. Neither original colour nor depth is given. 16. Suberites globosa. Massive, globular in one specimen, globular-elongate in the other, for there are two specimens, both stipitate, rising from a thick, round, short stem. Consistence firm. Colour in the former when fresh “‘ wax-yellow,” now whitish grey; in the latter ‘ orange-buff,” now much thesame. Surface smooth as glass from the compactness of the dermis. Vents in plurality on the summit of the globular form, reduced to one very large one with everted edge in the centre of the elongated one. Spicules of one form only, viz. pin-like, comparatively small, shaft fusiform, finely pointed, about 75 by #-6000ths in. Structure from without inwards, consisting of an extremely thin skin in the globular form, but thick (1-24th in.), tough and fibrous in the elongated one; internally the same in each, viz. very compact, mottled- grey and yellow by the Sponges from South Australia. 117 presence of the sarcode in the midst of the spiculo-fibrous skeleton. Size of globular form 1} in. in diameter; that of the elongated one 3 in. high by 44 x 24 horizontally. Depth 19 and 18 fath. respectively. Obs. Somewhat different as these two forms are they nevertheless appear to me to belong to the same species; hence they have been described together under the same designation. 17. Suberites flabellatus. Massive, thick, flabellate, stipitate, lobate on the surface ; stem thick. Consistence soft, resilient. Colour when fresh “dull orange-brown,” now dull ochre-yellow. Surface smooth, presenting every degree of lobulation from simple elevation to proliterous processes. Vents rather large, sur- rounded by a thin projecting margin, scattered irregularly over the surface and on the prominent ends of the proliferous growths. Spicules of one form only, viz. pin-like, prevailing form of head subglobular, varying to simple acuate; shaft fusiform, fine-pointed, about 190 by 3-6000ths in. Structure internally from without inwards, consisting of a thin dermal covering, followed by spiculo-fibrous skeletal reticulation imbedded in sarcode, which becomes :brown, stiff, and gluey when dry. Size 53 in. high by 53 x 22 in. horizontally. Depth 7 fath. 18. Suberites biceps. Massive, stipitate, terminating above irregularly in pointed lobes; stem thick. Consistence firm. Colour when fresh ‘“erimson,” now pinkish grey. Surface smooth, minutely reticulated. Vents scattered over the surtace, chiefly towards the lower part. Spicule of one form only, viz. acerate, slightly fusiform, globularly inflated at each extremity (hence the designation), 185 by 15-6000th in. Structure from with- out inwards, consisting of a thin reticulated dermis followed by a subcompact tissue imbedding the spicules of the species in a fibro-reticulated skeletal mass traversed by the excretory canals which end at the vents mentioned. Size 3 in. high by 24 horizontally. Depth 19 fath. Obs. This form of skeletal spicule is not uncommon in combination with flesh-spicules (anchorates and _ tricurvates &c.) ; and with sparsely-spined ends occurs in Suberites fistu- ‘ latus, Carter, from South Australia (‘ Annals,’ 1880, vol. vi. p- 53, pl. v. fig. 22). The pin-like inflation at each end of 118 Mr. H. J. Carter on this spicule shows that the pin-Uke form alone cannot be considered “ monactinellid’’ (one-rayed) any more than the simple acerate, which consists of two rays growing in oppo- site directions from the central cell. “ Diactinellid” would etymologically suit this form best (two-rayed). 19. Suberites insignis. Massive, sessile, depressed, elliptical, slightly convex, trun- cated below; covered with warty tubercles at one end and with large thin-mouthed vents at the other, each in juxta- position, with a smooth space in the centre between them, altogether looking very much like a large sea-slug. Con- sistence firm, tough. Colour when fresh ‘“ dark slate-grey,” now much the same, with a tinge of violet-red. Surface smooth, dermis thin. Vents congregated chiefly over one end. Spicules of one form only, viz. pin-like; head varying from subglobular to simple acuate, 100 by 1$-6000th in. more or less. Internal structure cavernous, tissue compact. Size 14 in. high by 4x 23 horizontally. Depth 19 fath. Obs. This is a very remarkable sponge on account of its structure, which consists chiefly of enormously dilated excretory canals, into which the water &c. entering through the pores and their subdermal cavities is received and dis- charged by the vents; while the surface of the excretory canals as usual presents the characteristic subcircular ruge together with the apertures of small canals between them. Passing from the surface inwards the dermis may be ob- served to be composed of a finely reticulated structure, in each interstice of which are several pores whose apertures lead into the subjacent subdermal cavities, which together form a layer that is continued over the warty tubercles as well as over every other part of the surface, forming in many parts the outer wall or roof of the great dilated excretory canals, which thus receive the contents of the subdermal cavities through holes corresponding to the pores externally, and finally eject them, or such parts as are not necessary for the nourishment of the sponge, through the large thin-. mouthed vents at the other end of the specimen, thus affording another instance of a direct communication between the pore and excretory canal systems. The “cavernous” structure seems to find an analogue in the similarly-dilated canal-struc- ture (lacuna) of Chondrosia reniformis, Nardo, and C. Ram- sayt, Von Lendenfeld (Proc. Linn. Soc. N. 8S. Wales, vol. x. pt. 1, p. 147, pl. i), of which there are two or more speci- mens in Mr. Wilson’s collection trom ‘* Western Port.” Sponges from South Australia. 119 20. Suberites parasitica. This consists of a thin layer of small pin-like spicules about 40 by 1-6000th in., together with others of ? Hilichon- dria panicea about twice the length, parasitically covering a fucus (Thamnoclonium flabelliforme, Harvey, Freemantle. See ‘ Annals,’ 1878, vol. ii. p. 162 &c., “ Parasites on the Spongida ’’). Group 13. POLYMASTINA (new group). 21. Polymastia bicolor. Massive, flattish, slightly convex, circular, sessile, bossed with slightly convex circular knobs of a dark grey- -brown colour, set as it were in a yellowish flat mass; “ bosses” varying in diameter under # in. Consistence hard, firm. Colour when fresh “dark grey-brown,” now, as just men- tioned. Surface dermally smooth, especially over the dark projecting portions or “ bosses.” Vents lateral and towards the base. Spicules of one form only, but of two sizes, according to their position :—1, skeletal, Sue like, varying to simple acuate, 150 by 25 -6000ths in. ; 2, the same, but much smaller, viz. 10 to 20- “G000ths long ; : the former radia- ting in bundles from the interior to mingle their points with a layer of the latter, which are confined to the surface. Struc- ture consisting from without inwards of an areniferous dermal layer of a yellow colour, followed by a tough compact basal tissue composed of radiating bundles of the large spicule traversing a yellow sarcode and extending in a diminishing degree, core-like, through the centre of the bosses, where its presence at the summit can just be distinguished ; bosses otherwise composed of the same radiating kind of spicular structure, but in a dark grey sarcode, which makes the differ- ence on the surface that led to the designation “ bicolor.” Excretory canal-systems traversing the whole in such a pecu- liar form that it will be desirable to describe this particularly in the “ Observations.” Size 1} in. high by 8x 4$ hori- zontally. Depth 7 fath. 22. Polymastia bicolor, var. glomerata. The same, but with the bosses enlarged and elongated so as to obscure the yellow basal structure beneath, and thus only present a conglomeration of mamilliform processes. 120 Mr. H. J. Carter on 23. Polymastia bicolor, vay. crassa. The same, with only three or four processes of much greater length, one of which is 2 in. long by 3 in. in diameter at the base. Obs. Not being able at first to see any vents about the specimens, which, as before stated, present a more or less areniferous dermal coat of a yellow colour over the basal structure, that is between the bosses or mamilliform appen- dages, I slit open the largest process of no. 23, and found that the excretory canal commenced in small branches towards the summit, in a spongy tissue which, formed of a labyrinthic hypertrophy of the pore and subdermal cavity-structure, filled up the end and sides of the mamilliform extension; and tracing these downwards by means of their size and the subcircular folds which characterize an excretory canal, they were observed to unite into a single trunk, which, when pursued through the yellow tissue of the body, was found to end in a vent situated laterally towards the base of the speci- men; thus affording still another instance of a direct com- munication between the pore and subdermal cavity and the excretory canal-systems at the surface of a sponge. This was also found to be the case in the bosses of Polymastia bicolor and in the mamilliform processes of no. 22. There is a dry specimen of Polymastia bicolor among the late Dr. Bowerbank’s specimens from the south coast of Australia, now in the British Museum; but it must have been much larger when fresh, for it is now 13 in. high by 73 x 54 horizontally. Indeed there are so inany specimens of this species in Mr. Wilson’s collection that it, like many others, must be very abundant about Port Phillip Heads. Dr. v. Lendenfeld states that his Aplysilla violacea covers “many thousand square metres in Port Phillip” (Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. Wales, vol. ix. p. 311). Here I would observe with reference to a former state- ment as to the “vents” of Desmacidon Jeffreysii, Bk.= Oceanapia, Norman, not having been discovered (‘ Aunals,’ 1882, vol. x. p. 119), that it is just possible that they may be found on a level with the surface of the sponge quite independently of the long tubular appendages, which, beng in structure very much like the mamilliform processes of Polymastia, may in like manner be simply for tnhalent purposes ; except by accident, when the end of the tube may be converted into a vent. Sponges from South Australia. 121 24. Polymastia massalis. Massive, irregularly hemispherical, truncated (? cut off by the dredge) at the base; scattered over with small wart-like conical processes, like mamille in miniature, not being more than + in. long. Consistence compact, firm. Colour when fresh “ purplish brown,” now light yellow-grey throughout. Surface smooth. Vents in plurality, partly at the ends of the warty processes and eae on a level with the surface. Spi- cules of two forms, viz. :—1, skeletal, acuate, very long, 130 by §-6000th in.; 2, calipne like, 30. by 1_G000th and under ; the torment in bundles radiating from the body, and the latter confined to the surface, where they form a layer intermingled with the points of the skeletal bundles. Structure compact, traversed by the canals of the excretory systems, which open at the vents mentioned. Size of specimen 14 in. high by 3 xX 3 horizontally. Depth 19 fath. Obs. The mamilliform processes in this species differ in structure from those of the foregoing species and its varie- ties, inasmuch as “the vents” are distinctly in some of the mamilliform processes, which then seem to be entirely devoted to them, while in others the same kind of structure prevails as in Polymastia bicolor &¢. Group 14. TRACHYINA (new group). 25. Trachya globosa. Globular, stipitate; stem thick, cylindrical. Consistence firm, unyielding. Colour when fresh “ bright ochre-yellow,” now whitish grey. Surface smooth, but uneven, from the dermal layer overlying slight elevations of the subjacent structure. Vents Tea round the summit coronally. Spi- cules of two forms, viz.:—1, skeletal, acerate, exceedingly long, fusiform, eradually seen on each side toa very fine point, 1000 by 9-6000ths in., or about } in. long ; 2, flesh- spicule, bihamate (fibula), C- and 8- shaped, very minute, v1zZ. about 2-6000ths in. long ; the former arranged in bundles radiating from a condensed centre to the circumference, the latter confined to the sareode. Structure from without inwards consisting of a thick dermis, followed by a radiating arrangement of the skeletal spicules in bundles trom the con- densed centre to the circumference, imbedded in sarcode, which is abundantly traversed by exCretOny canals, especially towards the border. Size of head about 24 in. in diameter; stem, which is truncated (? cut off by the dredge), 4 in. in diameter. Depth 19 fath. Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 5. Vol. xvii. 9 122 Mr. H. J. Carter on Obs. There are four specimens of this sponge, all more or less alike, but one is double-headed. At first they look so much like specimens of Donatia that one is inclined to place them in the same group; however, the stipitate form (there is no stem in Donatéa) and the spiculation soon dispels this delusion. Group 15. DONATINA, 26. Tethea Cliftoni, Bk. Tethea Cliftoni, Bk., Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 16, pl. ili. figs. 14 &e. Donatia, Gray, tb. 1867, p. 541. This seems to me to be only an enlarged form of our Donatia lyncurtum, and therefore ought to be considered a variety rather than a distinct species. The surface is more prominently tuberculated and the root-like appendages larger and more prolonged than in the British species; but the colour is pink or orange when fresh and the spiculation and internal structure are nearly the same. ‘There are several specimens in Mr. Wilson’s collections averaging 2 inches in diameter, which is twice the size of the British species (see my illustrated description of the latter, ‘ Annals,’ 1869, vol. iv. p- 7, pl. ii. figs. 1-3). In distribution it seems to be “ world- wide.” Group 19. CHONDROPSINA (new group, provisional). 27. Chondropsis arentfera. More or less globular, sessile. Consistence firm, almost unyielding. Colour when fresh “ buff or reddish grey,” now whitish grey externally. Surface irregular, but smooth. Vents numerous, irregular in size, large, scattered over the surface, especially round the summit. Spicules of two forms, accompanied by a great quantity of sand :—1, Skeletal, cylin- drical, with obtuse ends, 70 by $-6000th in. ; 2, acuate, much smaller, viz. 50 by 2-6000th in. Sand diffused, not cireum- scribed, that is notin the form of fibre. Structure from without inwards consisting of a thin reticulate dermis whose fibre is charged with minute acuates mixed with grains of sand, pass- ing into a cartilaginons fibreless tissue partly charged with the spicules above mentioned in yellow sarcode, and partly with grains of sand throughout, that is presenting no nuclear condensation. When dry the sand appears in aggregations distinct from the yellow sarcode, then of a brown colour like glue, in which the spicules are chiefly imbedded. Size of Sponges from South Australia. 123 largest specimen (of which there are three) globular, nearly 3 in. in diameter. Depth 20 fath. Obs. This specimen is infested with a short oscillatorian parasite in great abundance, whose filaments vary in length under 25-6000ths in. The species has been provistonally inserted here for the reasons mentioned in my observations on the “ group,” p. 45 antea). Group 25. STELLETTINA. 28. Stelletta bacillifera, var. robusta, Carter (‘ Annals,’ 1883, vole xiep. ool): Massive, globular, sessile, or attached by one part of its circumference. Consistence hard. Colour when fresh “ dull maroon-red,”’ now sulphur-yellow, txternally. Surface hard, minutely granulated. Vents scattered here and there over the body, chiefly towards the point of attachment. Spicules of four forms, viz. :—1, ‘the body-spicule,” as usual, a large acerate, 245 by 14-6000th in.; 2, “¢ zone-spicule” or tetrac- tinellid, arms simple, expanded laterally and rather recurved, head 11-6000ths in, broad, shaft 120 by 14-6000th in.; 3, flesh-spicule, bacillar, 12 by 1-6000th in., spined all over ; 4, flesh-spicule, stellate, 2 6000ths in. in diameter. No “forks” or “ anchors’ were seen, which may or may not be a constant feature. Flesh-spicules confined to the dermal layer, which is thin and receives the heads of the zone- spicules, together with the outer ends of the body-spicules or large acerates. Structure internally consisting of the body- spicule chiefly, imbedded in sulphur-yellow sarcode, which still retains its brilliancy, traversed largely by the canals of the excretory systems, especially about the centre. Size of specimen 1? in. in diameter. Depth 19 fath. Obs. If not the same this seems to differ so slightly from Stelletta bacillifera, var. robusta, Carter (/. c.), as not to re- quire a distinct appellation ; but as the latter was described in the dried state, in which the colour of the interior when fresh could not be determined, I have thought it desirable to describe Mr. Wilson’s specimen also, as the yellow colour of the interior is so bright and striking. Of course, to become better acquainted with the species it will be advisable to read what I have published on the subject where the original has been described. 29. Stelletta wruginosa. Globular, sessile, that is adhering by one part of the cir- gk 124 ; My. H. J. Carter on cumference only to the object on which it may be fixed. Consistence hard. Colour verdigris-green or blue throughout. Surface smooth. Vents irreg oulatly scattered over the surface. Spicules of five forms, together with a large pigmeuy cell, viz. :—1, body- -spicule, as usual, a long acerate, 288 by 23- 6000ths in.; 2, zone-spicules or tetractinellids, arms simple, remarkably fong, at first projected for a little distance ante- riorly and later ‘ally, and then horizontally for the rest of the course, head 100-6000ths in. in diameter, shaft 344 by 3- G000ths in.; 3 and 4, anchors and forks, each with short thick arms and, as usual, long shafts, the former plenti- ful, the latter small and scanty ; 5, tlesh-spicules, stellates of two SIZES, the Jargest about 6- and the smallest 2-6000ths in. in diameter, rays spined verticillately. Pigmental cell globular or slightly “elliptical, distinctly nucleated and granu- liferous, granules. brown ; cell 4-6000ths in. in diaierem eranules strongly marked, 1-6000th in. Structure compact, consisting from without inwards of a fibrous dermis in which are imbedded the pigmental cells (which, from their compara- tively large size, are striking objects), tog ether with the smaller stellates, ‘the outer points of the body- spicules, and the heads of the zone-spicules all mixed together. Size variable, under an inch in diameter. Depth about 6 fath. Obs. There are upwards of a dozen specimens of this sponge under the size above mentioned down to that of a pea, and all attached to different objects, sometimes one or two together or following each other, especially on the stalks of Chalina polychotoma. Like the foregoing, they do not part with their colour on being kept in ave Direct communication between the pore-structure and the cavities of the excretory canals is presented at their circumference. 30. Stelletta mamilliformis. Globoconical, mamilliform, sessile. Consistence tough, dense. Colour whitish, colourless. Surface rough, being more or less covered with grains of sand agglutinated to the dermis. Vent single, terminal large. Spicules of five forms, together with a pigment-cell, viz. :—1, body-spicule, as usual, a ‘long large acerate, 345- G000ths in. in lengths. 2, zone- spicule or tetractinellid, arms at first simple, then bifurcate, the simple or proximal part projected anteriorly and laterall and the forked part horizontally, head 84-6000ths in. in diameter, shaft 844-6000ths in. long; 3 and 4, anchors and forks present as usual, with long slender shafts and more slender arms than those of the foregoing species; 5, flesh- Sponges from South Australia. 125 spicules, stellates of two sizes as usual, viz. 6- and 4-6000ths in. in diameter respectively. Pigmental cells globular or slightly elliptical, distinctly nucleated and granuliferous, granules brown, sometimes colourless ; cell 4-G000ths in. in diameter, granule 1-6000th in. Structure compact, consisting from without inwards of a thin fibrous dermis charged with grains of sand, piemental cells, and stellates, in which are imbedded the distal ends of body-spicules together with the tetractinellid heads of the zone-spicules. Size about > in. in diameter. Depth not mentioned, being one of a great number of small specimens tied up in a cloth. Obs. There are two of these which have grown together, indicative of their having belonged to a group, thus growing like the yellow variety of Tethya (Stelletta) dactyloidea, Carter, in the sandy estuary of Mahim at Bombay (‘ Aunals,’ 1869, vol. ii. p. 15, and 1872, vol. ix. p. 82). 31. Stelletta geodides. Subglobose, sessile. Consistence hard. Colour when fresh ‘dark slate,” the same now. Surface minutely granu- lated over low mulberry-like elevations. Vents small, nume- rous, in the grooves between the elevations. Spicules of tour forms, together with a pigment-cell, viz.:—1, body-spicule, as usual a long large acerate, about 600 by 6-6000ths in. ; 2, zone-spicule or tetractinellid, in which the arms are simple, very short and thick comparatively, rather recurved and _ pro- jected forwards and laterally, head 20-GO000ths in. in dia- meter, shaft 375 by 6-6000ths in. No anchors or forks seen. 3, flesh-spicules, solid, elliptical, microspined all over, 2 by 2-6000th in.; 4, flesh-spicule, stellates varying under 5-600Uths in. in diameter. Pigmental cell large, globo- elliptical, 10 by 8-6000ths in. in diameter, distinctly nucleated and granuliterous, granules large and brown-coloured. Structure from without inwards consisting of a dark cortex about =; in. in thickness, of which the outer half is composed of a layer of the flesh-spicules, nos. 3 and 4, imbedding the distal ends of body-spicules and the heads of the zone-spicules 5 and the inner half is composed of the subdermal cavities cir- cumscribed by tissue charged with the pigmental cell, followed by the body-substance, which chiefly consists of the body- spicules and the sarcode scantily charged with stellates and plentifully traversed by the canals of the excretory system which end in the vents mentioned. Size 24 in. in diameter. Depth 13 fath. Obs. The cortical layer, which in its outer half is chiefly 126 Mr. H. J. Carter on composed of the spiniferous, elliptical, solid bodies, gives this sponge very much the character of a G'eodia ; hence the desig- nation. But the alliance is between these flesh-spicules and the bacilliform bodies of Stelletta bacillifera, var. robusta, rather than with the siliceous balls of Geodia, as may be seen by their structure and development, together with a reference to the illustrations of the varieties in form assumed by the bacillar flesh-spicules given in connexion with my descrip- tion of S. bacillifera, var. robusta (‘ Annals,’ 1883, vol. x1. p: dol, pl. xiv. fig. 3,9). Group 26. STELLETTINOPSINA (new group). 32. Stellettinopsts simplex, Carter (‘ Annals,’ 1879, vol. iil. p. 349, pl. xxviii. figs. 16-18). 33. Stellettinopsis tuberculata. Massive, sessile, nodularly tuberculated ; tubercles agglo- merated into groups. Consistence hard. Colour when fresh “ dull purple-brown,” now dark brown. Surface rough, 7. e. minutely and uniformly granulated. Vents small, numerous, and in the sulci between the agglomerated tubercles. Spicules of two forms, viz. :—l1, skeletal, a large, smooth, acerate, 180 by 3-6000ths in. ; 2, flesh-spicule, a minute stellate about 2- 6000ths in. in diameter. Structure from without inwards consisting of a thick dark dermal layer charged with sand and stellates, traversed by the distal ends of the body-spicules which are situated near the surface, followed by a compact body-substance composed of the large acerate spicule imbedded in sarcode of a lighter colour than the dermis charged with the minute stellate. Size 4} in. high by 4x 3 horizontally. Depth 3 fath. 34. Stellettinopsis coriacea. A large, irregularly shaped (¢. e. amorphous) fragment. Massive, enclosing bivalve shells an inch in diameter in its tissue ; partly covered by a remarkably thick smooth skin. Consistence firm. Colour when fresh “ dull purple,” now dark pinkish slate, turning to madder-red under the action of liq. potassee or nitric acid. Surface characteristically smooth. Vents in small groups here and there. Spicules of four forms, viz. :—1 and 2, skeletal, large acerates and acuates about the same dimensions, viz. 824 by 43-6000ths in. ; 3, small acerates, about 25-6000ths in.; 4, flesh-spicule, the usual small stellate, about 2-6000ths in. in diameter. ‘The skeletal spicules are Sponges from South Australia. 127 chiefly confined to the body and the small spicules to the surface. Structure from without inwards consisting of a thick, fibrous, tough, and smooth dermal layer, now of a dark pinkish slate-colour, as above stated, charged with the small or flesh-spicules, and contrasting strongly in colour with the body-substance, which is much lighter and composed of the body-spicules chiefly. Fragment about 3 in. in diameter. Depth 20 fath. Group 28. TETHYINA. 35. Tethya cranium, var. australiensis. Massive, elliptical, convex, truncate, sessile (? cut off at the base by the dredge). Consistence tough, firm. Colour when fresh “yellow,” now much the same, but faded. Surface finely hispid. Vents small and numerous, here and there among the pores of the reticulated dermis. Spicules of four forms, viz.:—1, skeletal, the body-spicule, an ex- tremely long acerate, fusiform, with elongated and_ finely pointed extremities, 1350 by 9-6000ths in., ¢. e. about 4 in. by about 1-600th ; 2, zone-spicule or tetractinellid, arms simple, extended fork-like, about 32-G000ths in. long, shaft a little less than that of the body-spicule ; 3, a fine, minute, fusiform acerate, microspined throughout, about 50-6000ths in. long ; 4, bihamate or fibula, C- or S-shaped, about 4-6000ths in. long. Structure from without inwards consisting of a thin fibro-reticulate dermis, charged with the bihamate flesh- spicule, in the interstices of which reticulation the pores are situated, and through which the distal ends of the body-spicules and the trifid ones of the tetractinellids project, which gives the surface its fine, delicate, hispid character, followed in- wardly by a compact structure, composed of bundles of the skeletal acerates radiating from the centre towards the circum- ference, held together by the sarcode, charged with the micro- spined acerates and the bihamate flesh-spicules, and traversed by the canals of the excretory systems. Size 44 in. high in the centre by 24 x 14 horizontally. Depth 20 fath. Obs. The presence of the fine microspined acerate in great abundance throughout the body-substance is the chief distin- guishing character of this variety. I saw no anchors (smaller tetractinellids with recurved arms) ; but as their heads when exposed are generally broken off (for they catch in every- thing that they touch), it does not follow that they do not form part of the spiculation, particularly as they are present in most of the other species that have been described. Mr. A. H. Cooke on Testaceous Mollusca 128 Woy pus ‘snyy “IM yt Ul pefleqry snyy suemreds ey} wo yuedtayrp aymy ‘pynjooundg vuyanhy) Yuya ino sv wtoJ poyourd ous oy} Jo Tonut Ato A ‘BVZS1Z IpNSaLIt we ‘sngzvur9000 UL se “ou ‘QAIND AR[N.Gel BV AOT[OF YOM ‘reyjoue aud ULOIF oURISIP AoJVaLS Bw WV ‘sodrIjs Jemez Yonut ur poesodstp ‘spuvq arya IB[TUtIs A Pala puB PUL, UT sues oy gy ‘SuULMOTOD oy} puv ‘redeep Yonu aINyNs OY} ‘LomorreU ATULLOJTUN ST [TOYS oYy yng {snpvueoo0a eytjun you syurod Auvm uy ‘aatds S}I JO Sseu}IOYS ey} Ul pue amofod oyy ut Ajdutis coytp 07 sveodde qt yoruqa moay “ry ‘snpnpyos UOUUIOD oY} Jo ApOIIVA B aq 07 yno ung ATquqord [TIM ‘pouttmexe eeq savy suottioeds JUSIONpNS Moya ‘soroads oy, *SyIBULOY ‘vag BUTT eg) ["[BIVN ‘MosyoR lr 440g ‘Aeqr uoqaroyy ‘uedep ‘saurddrpyg ‘seqeyodeg =‘Auqmog] ‘snyuneyy ‘JULY UBisieg» ‘Bag pey [yt0x odeg}] ‘yn5 uersiegy ; [ ‘mosypor ¢* wog ‘Arg uojyatopy = ‘erpeasny ‘TN ‘SOpetqozy]T Mon ‘etmopered mon ‘soutddyyg] ‘voumy oy “HOTJNG LAIST [92% ‘d‘tax ‘Joa wor ponurzuo;) | ‘suotutoeds oar], ‘suotuteds org forex |-000 [uoejoy | snpnutoong a ee ee | ee es MOTIRIS ‘stourtoads oy | pE Py Seyeordiq —— ‘MOULULOD JON |* °° pnp “IsLeT[LA. —— "MOWLNIOD JON "PP “PH ‘vyessnoop vuyaTAD ‘suomipeds oom |* 7 ‘stsXyd voyepAzy ‘suotutoeds wey, |" ‘py ‘Pp ‘snzeT[asse4 “pp y ‘sypemyns — | ‘aaaagy ‘snyRuto ‘Ww AITIOg SS TIPUS $$ ——__—_ "AT HeG—espuqmey ‘Kmoyeuy aatyetvduioyy pues Asojooy jo wmesnyy ‘ASojooy ur song “yy ‘aM00) SANVET asuatTy 49 ‘suoy -004l0) puv suonppy yyn ‘paysyqnday— MATIN YOV IV guagoyy AG “69ST younyy pun havnagag fo syjuoyy ay, ur zany fo Jing ay, ur uorsunoxa-burbpoacy 0 burp paurwjzgo vosnpopy snoeovjsay ay, uo j40day— TTX 129 obtained in the Gulf of Suez. ‘SUTIMPULY WALO S,ALIIPUY OV] UT IST, [BULS{LO 9} OF Popp aLB Pa[fsqvl SNq} SontpRoo] pure sowoadg , “7, 0} {vou AIA IV STs oy} Jey} ou 0F swvadde y_ ‘stoyepeas oyetpouttezur Aue JNOYIIM ‘FLOM 4SVl eT] JO [AAdl[ eq} Wor yno Surtomo} Aydivys xede ue syuesotdet amsy Sjess[ eptya ‘Suis ATpenpess ‘xode payotmy A[poyreur B osye aAey AeTy {s]LOYAL AMOF AVY puR VegVULOT B LOF aSLR] LayyVt ore syjegs quesead oyy, .3snq 1p snquopifup “Dynuul,, SL YIM [LEYS B saqitasep (ef ‘Sg ‘t ‘qd ‘zyp ‘d ‘ossoyy IB) [essE ‘“WOHROYYUpwrt wv st sig, OO eae ead hy [ude ‘seag vuryy | ad (4 ey} UL wey} poonpord etom seyyeI aitdg [‘spreayg soatoy, fovory, Jo purysy | ‘PV “VW ‘stusofisnf waory sotoads str Jo moyriredas oy} JUBLIVM 07 ‘seaTesTUdT]} sT[eys ey ut.to yassy Aq UALS uoNdttosep [ mosypue dy} UL LoyzIe ‘aoUedeyIp OU JoOAOOSTp UOT |;10T ‘syteIyg seuoy, ‘yIoX ode | [yao K odey ‘Avg oyop1eYO SSOOUTL | ‘SPIRIZY SomMOT, | ‘Bag vUIy/D "snoyns 1nd 41 Buryyeos 9d} JO aYVISLU OLYSTIOPORI eyo ayy soyeu ‘snanesoy_y, , ot ul ‘stuepy ‘VY ‘sIq} AjitoA 0} oTqe Ueeq you sAVT JT ote ‘SPTBIQ SOI J, ‘purysy Aopuryy utorwy (09g ‘d “IST MM ‘SN ‘00g ‘UUITT 001) LaIzeaIg, JO vanunu puyoyhy oy} yOu St 4T “(QOL ‘A Sossoy ae [oP ‘oRRIY “Tess[ ees) eswayrzy SscuMopny SB [[eYS ours oy} ota 0} savodde pur ‘TT ‘d GIST ‘SZ ‘q wl ‘pamsy my ‘Apotiq Ato peqiosep st4y ,quonbary ‘ds,, at} st styy, ‘sotoeds umouy Aue TUM yt AFWUapt 07 ‘toAoMoT fopqevuN ue T (i stunesegy,, 94} Ul uoydiiosep ssuepy S)aureue elevereelaus Sa. © [0:6 Te (6: eleltele) Wiaerais [yjuugy “tLOyOOUY, ¢ |} [ssuoutoads mo | | passy ‘erqisud , —_— [‘uotatoods aug ||" “pp “py ‘stuLAojIsny, —— [‘suamttoads useyty | |°***** Aone “eqnjoa, —— ‘(pr ‘Py ‘sruogisny=] p08 ‘OIBI JON |-s7 ‘STUULOFBATO VUIBVULO J, "OIBIT Chick (ONC On DE Oe “en10Z1q, ‘quonbaay |*** ays ‘snpnostarnd ‘Lpny MSTA aealfats) siecelisislon ot =| yr a7 uy, —<—— Mr. A. H. Cooke on Testaceous Mollusca 130 ‘soroeds oures oy} st ‘(s.07aq 90S) DV “EL ‘yassp shgp *Xtjowxo puodse.a09 soroeds oy} speruesse [[v UT mq ‘ue -oads reSIey vB WoT, poqiiosep Sutoq SULA} paeqo . or0U Ayysys ev sey vgnecjsondo * Burpedord ayy worg (QEG 'd “Xt ZIST “IST ‘qBN ORY 2 ‘UUW UL paquiosep) setoads sty} ayeredes 0} arqissod 41 yur you op J “puEys 10930q PUT ‘TTays ety JO UILOF YSo.ry ayy aureq ‘yAgua) SPOUBISMUNILL aq} Lapun qnq $(¢ 1 ds "qu pr) v.tauaz 04 Syrro1d OABT Apiodo. ee prnoys (FZ "ds ‘wyng snanvsot, , s Aqtomog ul ‘stepy) vaqeq, “SNI “IMET ay} UL poutwuexe oq ues sedsy oy, ‘avod -destp ox0jotor} ysnurt pure ‘ycawaz JO WULF peyovesq oy} syuosorder ATdunis soweds sry, ZN JO sNUITAST aq} JO saps TOG 0} MOUIMOD sT[EYSs JO IST, ay} 09 eL1oUL auO Surppe suqy ‘soroeds uvedorngy aerprury ot} Suwq suewoeds asoyy jo yqnop ou eary yz {Jo qnog | “AT[BIQUASSO TOYJIP OSL -19q}0 you seop ynq fartds pozyrouns acour ApYySYs vB sey (supe ‘WIG ur ‘euo puq AroA v) ody asoya “py “Vy ‘audsound 04 soya AIOA ATT OF (our ae st eddy oy}) ott 04 suvoddy “gr “Sy tu yd ‘tr d Zzgr'S'7‘d ‘(OL8T ‘SZ ‘d) Wepay AA Moxy “GPU “uayoowy “SyIVUA YY [‘syruqyg sarsoy,] ‘sourddrpryg [ ‘vIseu -Apog}) ‘yy uersiogs ‘souddynyg [‘uBacop7 oy} 07 AeypRIqL mop ‘6s sopts qoq LO ‘URETRLIOYTPITY Oty qnoysno.xn} pus ‘uepemg ‘Av AON ‘purl -olT “pUBp}OIG punodr Te ‘puypouly *SBOS uvodomop UI} Giele 59 «| ee avene)a exes “UOT LI4STCT ‘LPR Vy “eano=] ‘eyetysmnbea, “PV “V ‘e}ANIg —— [‘suetatoads onryy | [pees [-suotutsads out] | ** ‘Ll py ‘py “ereue, ‘suottoeds aaty |=] pr YP “veazts ‘suotmtoeds aay, |" * PY 'F “Btouey wourueyy “MOT]IPUOD poos UL uommo0s you ‘fedoyg]' 7 “endure eng ‘suommtoods omy, | “Snug “eyeutmmnoe eynAayo : q l TRATOA ‘[ pp 2 ‘eudsougyd = |] ‘?F [suouttoads yy Sig | |z7 “enordsuocout vayeuoy WONG TIS 131 he Gulf of Suez. in t ned t obta aaoayy ‘snourdaouds ATureytoo st “(TZ “SY ‘9g ‘ds ‘nyng sey) ‘PV “Vv ‘vzpbuoja YO TIM “qT, ‘vaupuyho Jo soyowes jjeus Ajetamt sev ‘raAemoy ‘sotoeds yQ0q predery ‘amnsy sty ut yodsa.t srqy ut Om4 oy} waaajeq souerieyrp Aue epeut Aqie -MOG sBY psepur tou ‘uoTpRmmdes yURITeAL 0} JUSLOYFNS JOU SI MONoUYSIp sty} Ing ‘papunod St vpnoyY JO ywyI [TTA ‘eseq payBounsy BSB vs~vons yyy St (QZT “SY ‘ag ‘ds ‘oT, “3g ‘eg “ds ‘nyng {snamesoqy, , ‘K{qtaMog) suorjdiosep ssaepy wlo1y ; (“410K qno opvUt oq Wed TOIT soMAaLayIp ATWO ayy ade ‘vaumy MeN sourddriq Sarpy ‘vjnoeyy WLOdy arqvystncuystpun am’ ‘MO[AI—) ‘saqpoqasag | ‘BIG pet [‘syTeyg sattoy, Spurpery AVON ‘spursy uoutojog ‘uotAeg | ‘oeutog ‘sotoads ay} Jo 01 -tsod ond} ot} 0} sv purm ATU UT 4qnop ou avy J pur ‘uremter T[ys Loy} yor oy. URTy qUWatoUN sseyT SuauItOads ay] JO OM] LO AMO UT nq {SSuIyARUI-dadBfNs oy} pardnosqo Wouryy Sesvd Ot[} JO JSOW UI svy sty, ‘snus stqy O STJEYS pO UL MOMIUIOD Os a.in}xaq Jo sseu -enbedo avipnoad yey} pauardadns sey ater} YI taao ‘y7un9 Jo suauttoeds pjo ATJUep -IA9 91B PUB OU aLOJaq alB YassT fo seddy ony, “(OOT “SY ‘aL ‘eying {snanes 2], » 09) ‘py *y ‘vqcno Jo wAuowds B St Jt ‘puooes oy} ut ‘ eatds ay} eaoqe pozwa -9[9 Suteq you diy 1oyno oy} ‘vauunzT v ynq ‘sfizp7 uv jou st serads sryy ‘eoryd qsay ay} UE “TL “d ‘281 SZ ‘dA UE pequose, ISHN oe OU USE: Ons yo ed£y om? §(QZ ‘d ‘OORT ‘'S °Z ‘d) 282d ‘nynrysruas Jo Sunok ay} Ayuo st sovoods sity J, [‘spurysy yorapueg) “MOTO Vswwons WO SYIVULaI 99g [we “Bop “pea |-urpAo= | ‘wyzyr “estoons speeqi"** “crea? “winoned —— ‘(pp py ‘eyano vourtu [‘sueutveds ueaeg | |B Y= | ‘PP ‘1988.4 —— ‘Lrant ‘aspag ‘BYVLIYSTULes = | ‘peap ‘atoyg | zassy ‘Lodoqueryyy ~=—— ae ‘JUH ursswgy Cog pay log-g ut Suray ‘yuepunqy | ya] Py “emore eAry Mr. A. H. Cooke on Testaceous Mollusca 132 @iejelace mole! MoIZ poysmMsuysip oq uvo suamttoeds [vo -1do.uy a} TOU Aq OTJSLLop VIVID oLouIs B TAONstp 0} poydurezyv ULeA UT sey oy 98q3 syvader opm “A ‘TOA *PouoL “qui ‘sharyor) , MONT YON Wor esoyy YALA TRoLUEpt Aqwaytoods ot 0} avodde puxlraz MeN pur ‘eipeasuy ‘odofzy poox Jo odeg aq} woay suomDedg ,, “WReURLe}IpayY et} JO epoyAr ay} puw solwary oy} 0} AVALON WOT Saouvt If ‘sJsvoo ano Jo “ry ‘wpvady “YT UOMULOD ay} UY? aot Butqyou st (QLT “d ‘GOgL “ouoy ep ‘umMos) LayostT pur assay) jo wsphup vayyng ayy st youzas ‘satoeds stu yf, ‘SNYY “IIE, oy upeddy, “2pg ‘d “xt ‘GIST “ISTH IN ‘SU PUNY UL poqitose(y “WOT}0eT[00 oT} UI ION ‘poruipuyha jo wof Sunod ATOA oY} URIA axoursurgou uormtdo Auta ‘sup “ye 1g ou} ursodéy, ‘oped ‘xt ‘ZzQT ‘ISIE VEN “SLI YUU UL peqiosey = *UOTZOa][OO oT} Ut JON ‘QUO [PAYS oy} WoL BpyNe, Fo soroeds uo aproap oF arqrssodcur st yt yeqy (Tee “d ‘IIL JOA "YOUOL Jo ‘uMoL ‘LOU ) SuLpreUt -al UOOUYSIP 9} SUTBJac ‘~eTUITUR oY UT auUalayIp B JO punoLs at} UO ‘asvag Inq {paUtI9M09 ST [TOYS oy} SB IRF Os ‘wsr2vns jo widuouds v st ‘osvag ‘syega “worurdo oures ay} Jo st (ppe ‘d xt ‘ZIT “JSUT “UN ‘Sup ‘uwy) TIM “Val “TY IBY eas a0uls | ‘woniprnphia Jo ‘IVA JawMp B ATAIS -sod st “ong, | ppyos yeuy “MMOD J YoryAa Yt ‘uorsesons AreMoTyNpoOAeL (UAT TOF) aT} JNO SMOLT} WIA (‘TAX "JOA “OT ‘oUA) ‘SyIVULOY ‘eruvusey, J -yove? JO SULMALBCT WO ‘SHIRDS saltoy, fadoyy~ poor jo ade { > UBOlL -BLLOITPO TI [‘puxreez MaN ‘Fx sjusouLA Vg ‘MOS Ssomruusg 07 ABMION | OO Uvied. Cro TO OO GO eoerreene ‘PURIST 8, Poo]] p.ory OTN LIST] “TWF G-E Ut DULATT ee ‘peag |" ‘pp ‘Pp ‘vLeyyuep shy y ‘UOT}RIG :O1OYS WO UOTUUOS) |Jassy ‘(7 ‘ey1ede =} “HUUTIVA — OUTTN cr | ypuusy ‘vy cg “epurau}| = — [ant “qpapr ‘rorpurpsa = ‘ypuug vy ‘gq ‘eyeysnsue | ‘TPAS a rf we f of Sue obtained in the Gul. "qqnop J sya nq ‘ sepqnrima Siq jo uAaouds vB sv sprvsol (6g ‘d ‘TOW “aye -png) ssnery ‘poopur ‘yor “(sniytme py) us ‘yuuvauos yo suaweds oyerodnedep 10 Sunod oy] oLOUI ou OF WES ST[EYS otf], ‘AOMOPYUOD OULOY YITM WOTUN STZ OYVUL 07 aur eyquue ‘syoadsat esoq] UL TOTPRITVA a][qIS -sod Atoao Suymasaad ‘(99g 1940) aut BL0JOq stattpeds jo daqninud aay ey, “sql jo AjtenSottt aayeredurod paw amoypoo Jo AJISMOJUE SV SONUALATJIP [BJOLIBVA TPONs uRqy atoll Sutyjou quosard ‘ssnery ‘sesewoynyou pue farce ‘voruoznp Saaoayy ‘saseasolinhis aIYM ‘TRoyuapt st ‘easay ‘seeuwwofupyyoog « pourw1e4 -opun ‘soroads INOJ ‘MNUMIL,, ay} St SIL, ‘opsue aq} AO[9q Pamoyod eLOUL ‘OPT LO MOTIA/ rN ysyeq ‘pptady Woay *a 2 “QUD)ND A MOIZ IayIp jou seop seeds ey (TT ‘d ‘ZL8I “SZ ‘q) emsyg pure uvoydosep ayy wor aopnl oF ‘uoroeT]OO ey UL JON ‘UBOURLLE}IPo J ['S}wIG satoy, ‘ey ‘sourd -dityg | yy uvistegy ooyoramy [‘sqImajg somos, “erpuy | [‘Boleury "NI 1800 "47 BOTBLUE f * septs y0q ‘solozy ‘ay Laue], ‘Itopeyy ‘aAdvspy 0} Aeueprony | [sourddryrypg ‘aopfag | [‘u0pkag | OOOO OMOuOnO cme oh ‘PoeMUUOYVY Sexy | ssnv.cy ‘stpIGerewa, —— “quepunqe ‘ToYUM "anaany paw Ysry useayog | ‘stsuayovuny evreuoydig Fae ; OV. Varad. a vIOFTIMOW , — BUATJOIETq ‘[yuoyy Be as ret ‘eyvpNoyuep wruoonery | ‘peop ‘a1oyg |ysaqy ‘snqurosey, sndarepyy ‘earmMouay AON NPA 6 on: 1 ‘ f y 2 ~ peop - smatmtoeds OMT, (UOSTOPUV y BI [SUTPovlelwdg ‘[-7 “eq1ede= ] PF ‘Y sisuextyy dra Mr. A. H. Cooke on Testaceous Mollusca 134 ‘(eee “4 ‘T28T | /Youoy ep ‘umor) Youu se syrape ‘vag pey pure uvouviteyrpepy oy} 01 woUMIOD seroads ery} spuy ATuo oy ‘aya SET TY WoApT *s}sv0d MO Jo sneuya MOTE -UlOd eT Woy o[qeysmMsaystpun ory AoyY ; qe IVY} 9etsv eytnb 7 ‘staqyo oy} 01 se { ‘TaTILD : eussuel : ‘snewojpuas Jo TJeys utom vB ATpeyqnopun pecan aul a ea ees Vokareg ay water tannd SE pelfeqey snyy suaweds varyy ay} Jo sug ‘UvouRLle}Ipeyy ‘ureyiag -UNsIp eq youuvo * ate 7 ‘sutiweA —— ‘eAVOY Y "py ‘sngjsoaans st rvary ‘snquajnony jo wXuouks Wo “sn “ILE ON UL 40Tqv} aes ay} WO Wey paotyou savy | | I Yonoyy ‘oavary ‘sngeeanany “ULOdy YOUTYSTp | “saa & “pr MyBTNoT ST qnq 0} wou sol, Yor “oaoary YZ “py ' Pen ties a ds ae ele 1 ‘snyppnoyusp St TOYS oY, ‘oyeysu v st stryz,| [Oeutog] ‘sourddyryg ‘snyianeyy POA TBA Oar DCR asad TIQBi ‘ ‘oT ‘sBoonTOTY | ‘yuonbaay jou ‘eto July ‘snt1ozetes | *aoys | ‘vag poy fF OATVA B pu Sunod Ae ‘jaw ‘snqyuopournsues | ‘J[Ny uristegq ‘atodarpyyy wo yuanbaay [+ Mny ‘SnPIAT pel fa He eae ue | ‘snqua Mae = saaTeA) saddy seaoay *Ajttorad gaye} pur q eee me = sotoeds eues oy st “yeurr) ‘snpeapownbung | [sniqune zy | | ‘SOATVA SalOYg jadraay ‘snuurMuU0D ueqveg ‘sotoeds uRtpuy | “ISO AA BST SUOUL SPpoaMBAS JO S}OOI 9Y} UO | | UAMOLS BART YIM wpyNINI Jo Bunok 043 | | come uRyy aspe Suryjou <,qeqord ore sareds stqq ee [ anf “thlogr 0} UMOp ynd saayva plo dary] Io OMY OY, ‘SOIPUT ISO AA | BOATENG vyeynona)] 7 ‘suoay ‘(purpeaz Men) prnoxy | | ‘pyp.wauojb pue ‘(Ceurnyy) ‘uuteyd ‘oynoyd | Popes eq Apquqord Avut esayy 04 ‘ sudu | -ouds ore “ue ‘anysiog pure cumeyg | *[BIVN ‘pudoonu.too mete sao shar Aopue yy ae ‘purleaz Men “eurqg] -‘sourddyryg “sor “TayBM MOTT | * tatogr “Bye [NONI Bed}s(—) | | | ‘H CICULSCQ | | [ear ESN aos) See ee ‘SYIVUIOY “MOTNGII}SICT "MOTPRIS | TEAS a 135 obtained in the Gulf of Suez. ‘sodvS rotseysod puv Iomeyue ey} Jo TepvIeyo yueteyIp ATeIyUe ay} UT osTe { QSODLIJUGA BIOUL JVIPMOTIOS SUTEq SepIseq ‘seTNpou PUR SqIX ot} JO LopoRIVyO oy} UT pgnos WOrZ ATOPLM SIAYTP YT "UT G. yey our GJ. BUOT : BISHSTR TTBUTPTed vere ‘SIVOUTASTp -ur ‘stared stpnoLme ‘srpiqye ‘stpunjzod stpou ‘yy BULIe SSOPOU SNGI}WdseTBOI S|soTTINT Spree S800) ‘QyUUIY QV] gorjue “xTA gorsod mauuniq ‘eLoteyqns “eTNosNtyoor B4S0} "7 :ayoog ‘nauwunug (saprouary) vuvyT “Mou fqaanyue oq 0} teoddu seus Ud, ‘(satoeds UBIPUT-JSe AA B) ULOG, ‘v.Lgvos alv TOTILA Jo auou ‘uauttoeds yoojted otto Pus BOATBA ANT, ‘964 ‘2 ‘OL8T 'S “Z'd "SaLIas OUY B sey MorpuyoRNY TOYA Jo ‘suautioads UVIUBLLA}IPoT WOAT erqeysmaurstpun azine?) ‘Ude}Jy SV AUBUT sv eos ‘ouT SB MOT SB GALT OU aLofoq suoutoads oT} Jo amog ‘ATqeraptsuos Area 03 savedde sqta JO coqumnt oy Topas wt ‘soeds yuesord aq} 0} Suojeq ye Aoyy, ‘yseqr ‘nwaf -yyng 0} puey uMouyun euros Aq pr1eq]e spivaiaye pue “uery ‘vsoupmnhs paypaqry ‘snotmtoads auy 9vatq} suTeyuOO ‘an.coye}R9 [BULSIIO at]} UI peuoTjuEW Jou ‘parvo reyouy ‘stu AU -ouds ore ‘oavay ‘pzsapou pur ‘ardery ‘vsoptT ‘yourysIp ALAA ore ‘srguapournbuns JO esOy} Wo; JUeLeYIp eyinb ate YoryAr ‘YNpH.L JO SSULPIVU OIYSLIoJoVIVYD OF} NG _isnguajoumbups uloam pue sunod v ‘puey esuuupy “V ul ‘soeq oy} UO peTjaqeryT ‘sotoads OM} 04 WedAgoq e0uD -1o}f{p [VIZWaSsE OU STIIVES aIATY JN f aAeaIT ‘sapronaqny 04 aoipuyoryy Aq poseypy ‘UBIURLIO PAT "oIVy, ‘OUVY “SOATVA {OL BY ‘g10d ‘molmney |-eipyyyY uo yuoenbaqyun JON |* “RITRIISN YY (‘sourddyryg | siissrid) in) ayia) ue c8he Ge) 58) enw ‘yuonbaayun JON ‘uautoeds 9u¢ "WIRy 9-G “quonberg ‘Layoo9 ‘pouunaq |wlog ‘eaqros Cifelaitenisine 7) 4 YEE ‘smmuez nhs syeuayg “eyeyur * nog “eyeysootoned evmry ‘Mog ‘ststeceaty Ata ‘rss [yams Sepnpet] Wo econ sce) “7 “eoryd . H. Cooke on Testaceous Mollusca Mr. 136 ‘qouog 94} Ur eAdaxT sv ofdtound ores ay} uodn euoS oAvy 0} stloes morpuyoryy “AVOMIBA VB Aypavy st ‘(‘sT 8, poopy prory) aaoary ‘ahunun5 “WOTJVOY MEPL [HJIQuop A1aa W “UOISTA -a1 ajofdaioo soambat “numa ‘snguylipy ‘nop *o a) stoyjo Auvut os ayty ‘suuad aL ‘SuoIsnpouod uMo Au plover ynq Uv T ING SUONOyTMEpT [UFIQnop AqoA B “Ua ‘sngnajnov sv UMOUY YVy4 ATTRIOUES ‘stmoy tayyo oymnb YIM sayhipuody zong a} poyyUepr savy ‘TRotUept oq JOU prnoo S¥as OM} OTT} JO Sotoods oY] 4VTY ATSeY 003 sdeyrod surumsse ‘s[pays zang uo stozlIM LIYIO TV yVyy otvav we JT *AyLrepruts quejsuoo jo Auvtw pure AquevptMissrp queqs -u0d jo yurod ou puy uo T Yo Jo seres SuuiUexe uQ, “wey ‘srdowapoh urouwrr -I9}Ipo| UMOUY-[PAM oy} Wor, suotmtoeds soy} oyeivdos 0} efqvun oymb ure 7 4ryy wamod peo Jo yuvm wor sdeqaod sr 47 "s64 ‘d ‘QOL8T ‘SZ 'd “SIPLVULOY, a a a a ee ee ee Se ee ee oe ee ———— | ee. [pura MON ‘BITVIysNy “Gg pue ‘Ny “sT yormpurg ‘ueder] sautddryiqg | | BIpBsny “Gg ‘Perey ‘snytMe ry | ‘J[WY urisieg, ‘oytoeg ‘Wea, Uetpu Fee ete gee oer ef Creer eer eer ee ene "BAS pee ‘sourddryryg | ‘sniqiineyy ‘avedg uvipuy ‘JMy uvisie gy Snyunepy [‘purjstven?y ‘u0ySurssoy jtog Why] “sy qorapurg sourddypyg "J[Nx) ueIsiogy F COTING LUST T | | | | Jo ‘ | CC __——— OEE EE EEE EL ‘[pmoxy “yea ‘JOVVM ALOT JV JUBpuNqY -nf= | a2aagz ‘eyvotmum —— ‘Tequy ‘UDT tr ‘uonbety “wloyyttesreut vUuLIsvopoyy ‘uotutdeds aug ** aaaagy “eyerouremt ‘[e109 To fatey | ‘wewayg “TALOO-vTR BNOTAY | SIIROG ‘© AITOOIAW | ‘una ‘Tunieorddryryd — vpnqvoryg aul) ‘[e100 uy | ‘wmeproyApuods wmnpeg ‘aATVA OUQ) * ‘aaaayy ‘susourdstmyd ‘any ‘oy = ‘suidonopad] wruayp [etoo uo fiajwa AMoTTeEyg | ‘snqvernoe ~— snfApuodg ‘quonbawy ‘soarea “Tey OF | ‘PR zy ‘eyeurjood veurry "OTR "aIRy [Mays igo ‘sitLsvay et “MOTYRIG | TAS 137 obtained in the Gulf of Suez. eee ‘oAVaTT Jo wnunibuods +4 ay} JON | ‘29-69 “dd ‘ogeT ‘ue doy ,speury , 04} UI epi Att ees ‘MAAS oloy ypjasz{ jo sorsads ay} Jo suolroyuept ey} 40,7 ‘tae’y ‘sngnzunaap yo wiAuouds vB ATUC “Mey ‘sMQUNIaP WOIF yOUTy -SIP JOU st ft ‘syueuseIZ ay} Jo souvreoddy [eteues oy} wloazy aspnt 07 ‘nq { saoard 0} peyseus st (snypy ‘yg ut) edéq ony, ‘TOYS JUeTayIp B st pur ‘efenzeta A THOTT St (snyy “yiutq ut) wnpaquyl jo addy oy, “IUOL) ‘vsojngaw { aAsayy ‘sunipn.le faavayy ‘npp.0av £ aAdoeyy ‘saproruoun $ eAdayT ‘nuquyf Sarcexyy, ‘na00 Seaeaxy ‘nsou yun serosa ‘vynounu ‘arco ‘nyo -LiQuei—: “Z1A ‘AVOLIVA B JO ATT VY} WeAd SULAIASEp JOU Wey} JO 9ULOS ‘TeotyUEpt are “sn ‘IM oy} Ul ore yous Jo sodAq ay} ‘sotoeds SurmMoppoy ayy yey} uorutdo Aw proses ATduais TL ynq ‘yno worysenb oY} FIOM 07 oLey dvds ou dAV YT ‘snuad ayqeiwA sou sq} ut ueurtoeds Ares JO yno sotoads Bw SuLyeU Jo yeyy ‘ZA “WOOT eeS) Ped ‘Rag Paty AIS etal [‘J[My ueisieg “vag poy] ‘aeqizue7 [‘uveoQ) uvtpuy] “vog poy ‘JIN UISIegy ‘svoonToyy eo [‘elpensny ‘g “sy wots -uaosy] ‘Jpn ueistegy ‘sourddyryg ['syreIyg somos] ‘purTjozy aon eerceeeseoecsreeos ‘quanbaty |-ut= 3] woz ‘eur Au Ch OeUiet ecient ‘tomtads auc OsUe oO Ch Oo ‘uauttoads aug ‘Taea “wun “eyetn3 r "wT ‘wniersuods = | aaa ‘Stpay-wnsury —— ‘Lun ‘camaersuods = ] aaa = ‘etprroost =—— ‘wo ‘omaersaods= | aaa ‘eyzynueta —— ‘{ aaaaay tou “wT “eso -ni= | aaaagy “vyeT]o109 —— ‘[wuny “eye sury = | aaa “eByenue,}e eTTes—NA ‘| wo ‘snyeymo -op= | aaaayy ‘snus —— ‘Lun ‘snyeynoap |= aay = ‘SntieyIjos ~——— PINES Dine, ‘enBar "ULDT ‘SNYRLAMIP SHETTBT ‘[pynoy ‘eyeony= | aaoy ‘cINTTEqey, —— ‘{ pinoy) ‘eye -uj=] aazay ‘eye108, 10 Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 5. Vol. xvii. Cooke on Testaceous Mollusca H A ie M 138 ‘pjoid yo Ayotrwa @ ATUO ATqvqorg "MOTJLOJSIP souvyD vB savodde ‘ (9 ‘DG OY ‘ATX “quy ‘qaossepa(y) “wey Letsppoapind ‘ Toys e[qerrea siqy Jo amnowte q30q are “uey ‘nuagdounispyd pus “peux ‘p17 ‘sutpesord ay} JO tao poonpoad Aypensnun uv ATerout st (ATUO @ATBA oo) uetmeds epSurIs ory, ‘amo g[q{VlIVA B TONS st snues oy} Ue ‘UOTy -eiedes JuRLiva 0} AYWeDYNs IeyIp you op ‘senelyy ‘puafyuap pure ‘ease 77) -nyqods ‘asaayy ‘vqnqo) ‘(° peur ‘uaunbay YIM Suryoosuuo0d ‘wt0f ooIey v) 9A00IT ‘seunpnbuvipond Serva “nyurjoag ‘wery ‘snajonu YJIM yeojuept out o, sivedde zo vd POO » UL poqttosep ‘seroeds stty, “kyearpaytsu0y jo peoysut Ajonbyqo peonp -ord ‘moreUto;TVUr oTqvyteutot ev ATMO st DJOpNV BTM ‘Y7PnJS0077H) PUR ‘seuofonb -uy ‘sipns DULAT SIG JI JO Jno oepeur sey aAooy = ‘puey yensn ayy Aq pur ‘soreds Q[QVUBA B JO o}VJ TeNsN aq} YIM your sey UlpeUy JO uawnbhay vauscEQ plo a], ‘maRy ‘wunwnribuods ‘2 'T Dsohnt WRIYOIVUIV'T AY} JO Vapl SnoeT O19 SPAGIY WOIF POMBE rv ST[OYS esoryy S eAeayy ‘n72n70L00= “UBT ‘vsohnt end} OT J, “SYIVUIAY eee nating "Bog poy "S95 Ped BOS PY (tfq “sy voueg] [st 40190] | Bag poy JID wrist og poy “UOLNGLYSIC ‘asuods {a1oyg eC rr i ey 8) a fe \e @ie ¢ (6.0) 648.8 1016.0 16 “MOUITLOK, —oos UOYRIG Se A NS Oe bo ‘[ pau ‘eqord= | ‘wT ‘saptopyAut —— so wupT ‘styeySOorq [yay “eyord = | ‘UMT ‘SILBTNOTAR VINPVUELD ‘Teun ‘sneponu | wunyoy “eyRI4sod ‘(uy ‘snoponu= | aaaoy ‘stavpnsuvipenb —— ‘Lun ‘snepo nu=] pynoxyy ‘vuva —— [pup ‘caunsey = } Jaaae ‘eyep “189 route | | mwouL0u.sosy “* -woT ‘ancersuods ‘Luo ‘wmaerSuods | ‘unT ‘esosnt vI[es[NA, ‘TPIS 139 obtained in the Gulf of Suez. 1 Sn RRRRnU remem nan SEE ‘tuey ‘nynomns st {peys oules oT} JO WOJ ULITRISNW oT} eTITAr ‘utoy passorduros ao payourd ex Ayqeq -ord “yuney “atarguadinyy $-suncy “28 UtLO JT ‘ava ATadvys oxour ‘resu0y Bite Seti En Get ines neon ’ microphthalma, ‘Smith O0.08 brevirostris, Smith .......... eracilis; Smiths. uci sees. s.0 Ce ry ee eeee viscus, Smith CC er a ee —— pracilis, Smith...ceceecsecs . PASIPHAID®, cristata, Smith......... roe compta, Smith. cisvevcs eves PENAIDA. . Hymenopenzeus microps, Smith... . . Aristeus P tridens, Smrth.......... . Hepomadus tener, Smith 7. Amalopenzeus elegans, Smith . Benthcecetes Bartletti, Smzth 9. Benthonectes filipes, Smzth . Benthesicymus ? carinatus, Smith .. Ce ee Py eeeeee moratus, Smith SERGESTID®, ee Sergestes arcticus, Kroyer robustus, Snuth —— mollis, Smith ey Ce faths, { Surface * and 105 to 2949 2069 . 2574 to 2620 1395 to 2949 2512 1356 " 1309 to 1555 2949 1106 to 1630 . 2369 to 2949 26 to 2949 444 to 1342 516 to 2949 826 to 1628 1537 to 2369 906 to 2620 845 to 2620 1209 to 2949 445 to 2369 578 to 1081 693 to 1043 1020 1537 to 1710 221 to 2516 500 to 2574 373 to 2949 189 The following species, though not yet recorded from below 1000 fathoms, might properly enough be added to this list, as they all undoubtedly extend below the 1000-fathom line :— 45, 46. 47. 48. 49, Sclerocrangon Agassizii, Smith .... Sabinea princeps, Smith .......... Nematocarcinus cursor, A. M.-Edw. Acanthephyra eximia, Smith Ephyrina Benedicti, Smith ee vece faths. . 390 to 959 358 to 888 384 to 838 938 * A small specimen, unquestionably of this species, was taken at the surface in a hand-net at 10.45 p.m., Aug. 11, 1884, north lat. 39° 35’, west long. 71° 18’ approximately. an hour, and then placed in alcohol while still alive. Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 5, Vol. xvii. 14 The specimen was kept alive for half 190 Mr. 8. I. Smith on the Abyssal The first question which arises in discussing the bathyme- trical habitats of the species in this list is: Which of them actually inhabited the bottom, or the region near the bottom, at the depths from which they are recorded, and what depths do the remaining species inhabit ?. That none of them are truly pelagic surface species may, I think, be taken for granted, for with the single exception of Acanthephyra Agassizii none of the free-swimming species have been taken anywhere near the surface. The first fifteen species in the list, and 45 and 46 as well, are unquestionably inhabitants of the bottom, and never swim any great distance from it. Nos. 16, 17, 18, and 47, though species which may swim freely for considerable distances from the bottom, undoubtedly rest upon it a part of the time, the structure of the perzopods being fitted apparently to do this. The species of Acanthephyra, Oplophorus, Ephyrina, Noto- stomus, Meningodora, and Hymenodora, which are very much alike in the structure of the articular appendages and branchie and are here grouped together as Miersiide, are among the most common and characteristic forms taken in trawling at great depths; and it is perhaps doubtful whether any of them are, strictly speaking, inhabitants of the bottom. The occur- rence at the surface of a living and active specimen of Acan- thephyra Agassizii shows that this species at least is capable of living at the surface in water of a temperature more than thirty degrees higher than that of the abyssal depths. Such facts make it very difficult to draw any conclusions from the mere finding of specimens of any free-swimming species in the trawl coming from particular depths, and we are compelled to resort to the structure of the animal itself for evidence as to the depth of its habitat.. The highly-developed black eyes, the comparatively small eggs, and the firm integument of Acanthephyra Agassizvi and A. eximia are some evidence, though perhaps inconclusive, that these species do not nor- mally inhabit the greatest depths from which the former species has been recorded; and neither the length nor the structure of the pereeopods shows special adaptation for resting on soft oozy bottoms. We are therefore led to conclude that these two species normally inhabit the upper part of the vast space between the surface and bottom regions. The similarity in the structure of the pereeopods in all the species of the genus except A. gracilis apparently indicates similarity in habits ; but the imperfectly developed eyes and soft integu- ment of A. microphthalma and A. brevirostris are evidence that these species inhabit greater depths than A. Agassizi¢ and A. eximia, and that they are truly abyssal if not bottom- Decapod Crustacea of the North Atlantic. 198 inhabiting species, and their absence from the trawl when coming from moderate depths, as shown in the records of their capture, helps to confirm this. The small number and great size of the eges of A. gracilis would seem to indicate an abyssal habitat for that species also; but the large black eyes are probable evidence that it does not descend to the extreme depths inhabited by A. microphthalma. Their similarity of structure makes it probable that the species of Oplophorus, Ephyrina, Notostomus, Meningodora, and Hymenodora are similar in habits to the species of Acan- thephyra, and the structure of their eyes and integument, and the small number and great size of the eggs in the species in which they are known, as well as the records of their capture, indicate that they are all abyssal or at least deep-water species. The form of the body and the structure of the perseopods of Pasiphaé princeps indicate that, like the other species of the genus, it is a free-swimming species, probably never resting on the bottom. It is probably neither a truly abyssal nor, judging from the size of the eggs as well as the records of its capture, a surface species. The structure of the eyes, the very small number and great size of the eggs, and the soft integument of the species of Parapastphaé, render it probable that they are really abyssal species, though probably not con- fined to the immediate region of the bottom. The eight species of Penzeidee in the list are undoubtedly all free-swimming forms not confined to the immediate region of the bottom ; but, judging from the relatively small size of the eyes and the presence of well-developed ocular papille, they are all deep-water if not abyssal species. The records of occurrence of the three species of Sergestes show that they are not confined to abyssal depths. The relatively small eyes and exceedingly soft integument of S. mollis would seem to indicate that it inhabited much greater depths than the other species; but the records of its capture afford no additional evidence of this. We may then divide these species provisionally into the four following classes :— I. Species inhabiting the Bottom or its immediate Neighbourhood. Geryon quinquedens. Munidopsis similis. Kthusina abyssicola. -— Bairdii. Lithodes Agassizii. rostrata, Parapagurus pilosimanus. Pentacheles scupltus. Munidopsis curvirostra, nanus. crassa. —— debilis. 14* 192 Mr. S. I. Smith on the Abyssal Be Sclerocrangon Agassizii. Bythocaris gracilis. Pontophilus abyssi. Heterocarpus oryx. Sabinea princeps. Nematocarcinus ensiferus, Glyphocrangon sculptus. ——— cursor. —— longirostris. Species probably not confined to the immediate Neigh- hourhood of the Bottom, but showing structural evidence of inhabiting Abyssal Depths. Acanthephyra microphthalma. Hymenodvra glacialis. brevirostris. eracilis. Oplophorus, sp. Parapasiphaé suleatifrons. Notostomus robustus. cristata. viscus, compta. Meningodora mollis. Ill. Doubtful, but probably inhabiting Abyssal Depths. Acanthephyra gracilis. Bentheecetes Bartletti. Ephyrina Benedicti. Benthonectes filipes. Hymenopeneus microps. Benthesicymus ? carinatus. Aristeus ? tridens. moratus, Hepomadus tener. Sergestes mollis, Amalopenzus elegans, IV. Species probably not inhabiting Abyssal Depths. Acanthephyra Agassizil. Pasiphaé princeps. eximia, Sergestes arcticus. , Sp. robustus. Summing up these lists according to the greatest depths from which the species are recorded, we have the following :-— | Below 1000 | Below 2000 Class. Abyssal. faths. faths, | I. From the neizhbour-| | | hood of the bottom 2) 18 5 II. Abyssal, but not con- tined to the bottom. ll ll of | ILL. Doubtful, but probably; | abyesal ¢ 2. uM: fac 11 10 6 IV. Probably not abyssal. . 6 5 4 Total to je ag ae eos The great differences in depth through which some of the species, unquestionably inhabiting the region of the bottom, Decapod Crustacea of the North Atlantic. 193 are recorded as ranging is worthy of notice. Of the 18 inhabitants of the neighbourhood of the bottom which are recorded as taken below 1000 fathoms, 9 have a recorded range of over 800 fathoms, and one of them, Parapagurus pilosimanus, of nearly 2000 fathoms. The case of the Para- pagurus is very remarkable. It was taken at fifteen stations and in from 250 to 640 fathoms by the ‘ Fish Hawk’ and ‘ Blake’ in 1880-82, and in great abundance at one station in 319 fathoms, where nearly four hundred large specimens were taken at once. All these earlier specimens were inhabiting carcineecia of Epizoanthus paguriphilus. In the ‘ Albatross’ dredgings of 1883-85 it was taken at twenty-one stations, ranging in depth from 353 to 2221 fathoms ; but at fourteen of these stations, all of which were below 1500 fathoms, none of the specimens were associated with the same species of Zptzoanthus, some of them being in Epizoanthus abyssorum, others in naked gastropod shells, and others still in an actinian polyp, apparently the Uriicina consors, Verrill, which often serves for the carcincecium of Sympagurus pictus from 164 to 264 fathoms. The large size of many of the species is very remarkable, but no more so than the apparent absence of all very small species of Decapoda from the abyssal fauna. Of the forty- nine species enumerated above, not one can be considered small for the group to which it belongs, while more than a dozen of them are very large. Geryon quinguedens is one of the largest Brachyurans ‘known, the carapace in some specimens being 5 5inches long and 6 broad : specimens of the great spiny Lithodes Agassizit. measure 7 inches in oa and 6 in breadth of carapace, and the outstretched legs over 3 feet in extent; Munidopsis crassa, Bairdit, and rostrata, are the three largest known species of Galatheide ; Sabinea princeps reaches over 5 inches in length, and is probably the largest known Cran- gonid, though its size is very nearly equalled by the species of Glyphocrangon ; Notostomus robustus is often 6 inches in length and very stout ; Pasiphaé princeps attains a length of nearly 3 inches, and is a giant in the family to Sarak it belongs; Ardsteus? tridens equals a foot in length, and is but little larger than Hepomadus tener ; and Sergestes robustus and mollis are apparently the largest known species of Ser- gestidee. The colour of the abyssal Decapoda is very characteristic. A few species are apparently nearly colourless; but the great majority are some shade of red or orange, and T have seen no evidence of any other bright colour. A few species from between 100 and 300 fathoms are conspicuously marked with 194 Mr. §. I. Smith on the Abyssal scarlet or vermilion; but such bright markings were not noticed in any species from below 1000 fathoms. Below this depth orange-red of varying intensity is apparently the most common colour, although in several species, very notably in Notostomus robustus, the colour is an exceedingly intense dark crimson. The structure of the eyes of the abyssal Decapoda is of the highest interest, and worthy of the most minute and careful investigation and comparison with the corresponding struc- tures of shallow-water species. Such an investigation I have not been able thus far to make; but the importance of the subject induces me to record the results of a superficial exa- mination of the external characters of the eyes of most of the abyssal species from the ‘ Albatross’ collections. If we exclude from this examination all the species whose bathymetrical habitat is in any degree doubtful, and examine the twenty-one species given as inhabiting the immediate neighbourhood of the bottom, we find that Geryon quinquedens, Lithodes Agassizi?, and Sabinea princeps have normal well- developed large black eyes, apparently entirely similar to those of the allied shallow-water species ; Sclerocrangon Agassizit, Bythocaris gracilis, Heterocarpus oryx, Nematocarcinus ensi- ferus, and N. cursor have normal black eyes a little smaller than the allied shallow-water species; Lthusina abyssicola and Parapagurus pilosimanus have distinctly faceted black eyes, which, though very much smaller than in most shallow- water species, are still fully as large and apparently quite as perfect as in those of some shallow-water species, in which they are evidently sensitive to ordinary changes of light. The eyes of the species of Glyphocrangon are very large, with the faceted surface much larger than in the allied shallow-water species ; but they are borne on very short stalks with compa- ratively little mobility, and have dark purple instead of black pigment ; the eyes of Pontophilus abyssi are lighter in colour than those of the species of Glyphocrangon, but are faceted and apparently have some of the normal visual elements ; all the species of Munidopsis and Pentacheles have peculiarly modified eyes from which the normal visual elements are apparently wanting. Of these twenty-one abyssal species, eight are thus seen to have normal black eyes, two have abnormally small eyes, and three have eyes with purplish or very light-coloured pigment, while eight have eyes of doubtful function. If we confine the examination to the five species taken below 2000 fathoms, we have one with well-developed black eyes, two with abnormally small black eyes, one with light-coloured eyes, and one with eyes of doubtful function. Decapod Crustacea of the North Atlantic. 195 These facts and the comparison of the eyes and the colour: of the abyssal species with the blind and colourless cave- dwelling Crustaceans certainly indicate some difference in the conditions as to light in caverns and in the abysses of the ocean, and make it appear probable, in spite of the objections of the physicists, that some kind of luminous vibrations do penetrate to Hevine exceeding even 2000 fathoms. The fact that, excluding shallow-water species, there is no definite rela- tion between the amount of the modification of the eyes and the depth which the species inhabit, many of the species with the most highly moditied eyes being inhabitants of much less than 1000 fathoms, might at first be thought antagonistic to this view. But when we consider how vastly creater the purity of the water must be in the deep ocean far from land than in the comparatively shallow waters near the borders of the continents, and how much more transparent the waters of the ocean abysses than the surface waters above, we can readily understand that there may usually be as much light at 2000 fathoms in mid-ocean as at 500, or even at 200, near a continental border. ‘These considerations also explain how the eyes of specimens of species like Paropagurus pilosimanus, coming from 2220 fathoms, are not perceptibly different from the eyes of specimens from 250 fathoms. Although some abyssal species do have well-developed black eyes, there can be no question that there is a tendency towards very radical modification or obliteration of the normal visual organs in species inhabiting deep water. The simplest and most direct form of this tendency 1 is shown in the gradual reduction in the number of the visual elements, resulting in the obsolescence and in some cases in final obliteration ot the eye. ‘The stages of such a process are well represented even unong the adults of living species. ‘The abyssal species with black eyes referred to in a previous paragraph contain the first part of such a series, beginning with species like Geryon quinguedens and Lithodes Agassizti and ending with Hthusina abyssicola, in which there are only a few visual elements at an tips of the immobile eyestalks. . A still later stage is re- presented by A. Milne-Edwards’s genus Cymonomus, in which the eyestalks are immobile spiny rods tapering to obtuse points, without visual elements or even (according to the description) a cornea. Cymonemus is not known to be an abyssal genus, neither of the species having been recorded from much below 700 fathoms, and is a good example of the fact already mentioned that many of the species with the most highly modified eyes are inhabitants of comparatively shallow water. ‘here are, however, several cases of closely allied 196 Mr. 8. 1. Smith on the Abyssal species inhabiting different depths where the eyes of the deeper- water species are much the smaller; for example: Sympa- gurus pictus, 164 to 264, and Parapaqgurus pilosimanus, 250 to 2221 fathoms ; Pontophilus gracilis, 225 to 458, and P. abysst, 1917 to 2221 fathoms ; and Nemaiocarcinus cursor, 384 to 838, and N. ensiferus, 588 to 2033 fathoms. In a large number of deep-water and abyssal species the ocular pigment is dark purplish, brownish, reddish, light purplish, light reddish, or even nearly colourless, while the number of visual elements may be either very much less or very much greater than usual. The eyes of the species of Glyphocrangon and of Benthonectes are good examples of highly developed eyes of this class. In many cases the presence of light-coloured pigment is accompanied with reduction in the number of visual elements precisely as in black eyes, Parapasiphaé sulcatifrons, P. cristata, Acanthephyra microph- thalma, and the species of Hymenodora being good ex- amples. In other cases there are apparently radical modifications in the structural elements of the eye without manifest obscles- cence. The large and highly-developed but very short-stalked eyes of the species of Glyphocrangon, apparently specialized for use in deep water, probably represent one of the earlier stages of a transformation which results finally in the oblite- ration of the visual elements of the normal compound eye and the substitution of an essentially different sensory structure. In Pontophilus abyssi the transformation has gone further ; the eyes, though fully as large as in the allied shallow-water species, are nearly colourless, not very distinctly faceted, and have probably begun to lose the normal visual elements over a portion of the surface. In the eyes of several of the species of Munidopsis the normal visual elements have entirely dis- appeared, and there is an expanded transparent cornea backed by whitish pigment and nervous elements of some kind. I am well aware that there is as yet no conclusive evidence that these colourless eyes are anything more than the functionless remnants of post-embryonic or inherited organs ; but the fact that in some species they are as large as the normal eyes of allied shallow-water forms is certainly a strong argument against this view. In the species of Pentacheles there is still better evidence that the eyes are not functionless; for, although they have retreated beneath the front of the cara- pace, they are still exposed above by the formation of a deep sinus in the margin, and the ocular lobe itself has thrown off a process which is exposed in a special sinus in the ventral margin. It is easy to conceive how these highly modified ey es of Pentacheles may have been derived trom eyes like those Decapod Crustacea of the North Atlantic. 197 of the species of Glyphocrangon and Pontophilus abysst through a stage like the eyes of Calocaris, which are practically sessile, have lost all of the normal visual elements, and have only colourless pigment, but still present a large flattened transparent cornea at the anterior margin of the carapace. It is interesting to note that the highly modified eyes of Pentacheles are found in a well-defined group, all the species of which have probably been inhabitants of deep water for considerable geological periods ; while the equally deep- water species with less modified or obsolescent eyes are much more closely allied to shallow-water species, from whose an- cestors they may have been derived in comparatively recent times. The large size and small number of the eggs is a very marked characteristic of many deep-sea Decapoda. ‘The eggs are extraordinarily large in several species of Munidopsis, Glyphocrangon, and Bythocaris, and in Elasmonotus tnermis, Sabinea princeps, and Pasiphaé princeps. But the largest Crustacean egg which I have seen is that of the little shrimp Parapasiphaé sulcatifrons, which carries only from fifteen to twenty eggs, each of which is more than 4 millim. in diameter, and approximately equal to a hundredth of the bulk of the animal producing it. My suggestion (Amer. Journ. Sci. xxviii. . 56, 1884) that the great size of the eggs in the deep-water Wecenoda was probably accompanied by an abbreviated metamorphosis within the egg, thus producing young of large size and im an advanced stage of development, specially fitting them to live under conditions similar to those envi- roning the adults, has already been proved true by Prof. G. O. Sars in the case of Bythocaris leucopis, in which the young are in a stage essentially like the adult before leaving the ege. Although the great size of the eggs is highly characteristic of many deep-water species, it is by no means characteristic of all; and, as the following ‘Table of measurements shows, the size of the eggs has no definite relation 1o the bathyme- trical habitat and is often very different in closely allied species, even when both are inhabitants of deep water. For example, the eggs of Acanthephyra gracilis are very large, while those of A. brevirostris and A. Agassizii are normally small, and those of Pontophilus abysst are fully as small as in the comparatively shallow-water species of the genus, and much smaller than those of many shallow-water species of Crangonide. Tor the purpose of comparing the size of the eggs of deep- and shallow-water species, measurements of the egys of a number of species of Decapoda, and in some cases the number, or approximate number, carried by an individual, are given in 198 On the Decapod Crustacea of the North Atlantic. the following Table, in which the bathymetrical habitat is given approximately in even hundreds of fathoms, habitats of less than one hundred fathoms being indicated by —100; the diameter is the approximate average of the longer and shorter diameters, usually of several eggs from two or three indivi- duals; and the number, or estimated number, of eggs is for a single individual of medium or large size, or the extremes of variation in two or more individuals. Diameter and Number of Decapod Eggs. Species and Bathymetrical Habitat. Diameter. Number. BRACHYURA. fathoms. millim. Callinectes hastatus — 100 0-28 4,500,000 Geryon quinquedens ,... 100 to 1100 0-74 47,000 ANOMURA. Latreillia elegans........ —100 to 200 0°45 1,660 Eupagurus bernhardus . —100 0:57 = POLIS i a eatipies » ey —100 to 600 1:12 2,000 Parapagurus pilosimanus. . 300 to 2200 1:2 Munidopsis curvirostra .. 100 to 1300 16 14 to 52 CRASsaliate i157 soso ans 1700 to 2600 35 TOSLAUBAsboyere paveie te broke 1100 to 1400 3:7 230 Anoplonotus politus —100 to 200 11 25 MACRURA. Pentacheles nanus ...... 700 to 1990 0:77 1250 to 1500 Homarus americanus . — 100 19 12,000 to 20,000 Crangon vulgaris........ — 100 0-47 : : Sclerocrangon Agassizii . . 400 to 1000 25 Pontophilus norvegicus . . 100 to 600 Tl brevirostrig..,...,. —100 to 200 0:7 SOWISST io .2 4Pst ye aegis: 1900 to 2200 0:7 Sabinea princeps........ 300 to 900 2-8 253 Sars Ato aera 100 to 200 1:3 Glyphocrangon sculptus.. 1000 to 1400 3-0 97 longirostris........ 800 to 1100 3-0 86 Palemon forceps ...... — 100 0-6 7000 Paleemonetes vulgaris —100 0:7 260 Nematocarcinus ensiferus 600 to 2000 0:68 | 16,000 to 21.000 URsO RS fre Fes Ee 400 to 800 0-64 90,000 ” Acanthephyra Agassizii.. —100 to 3000 0:85 5,000 brevirostris........ 1400 to 8000 0:70 POIBRLLIN 2, a ea) p25 1600 to 2500 2:5 2] Pasiphaé tarda ........ 100 to 200 9-0 O4 PEINCOPS es sielela.c os 400 to 1400 35 Parapasiphae sulcatifrons 500 to 3000 4-2 15 to 19 New Haven, Connecticut, U.S. A., December 1885. On Geodephagous Coleoptera from Ceylon. 199 XVIIIL.—On the Geodephagous Coleoptera collected by Mr. George Lewis in Ceylon. By H. W. Bares, F.R.S. [Coneluded from p, 156. } Subfamily LacuvopHorinZ. Selina Westermannt. Selina Westermanni, Motschulsky, Etud. Ent. 1857, p. 110, t. i. fig. 6; Schaum, Berl. ent. Zeit. 1860, p. 172, t. iii. fig. ll a,b (= Pselapha- nax setosus, Walker, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 1859, iii. p.52); Water- house, Aids to Identif. no. 15, pl. exx. Peradeniya; running in moist places in the half-dry river. Subfamily Opacanruiwa. Ophionea cyanocephala. Ophionea cyanocephala, Fabr. Ent. Syst. Suppl. p. 60; Dej. Sp. Gén. ee ae Wise Colombo, in marshes. Ophionea interstitialis. Ophionea interstitiahs, Schmidt-Gobel, Faun. Col. Birm. p. 20. Colombo, in marshes. Casnonia hemorrhotdalis. Casnonia hemorrhoidalis, Motschulsky,. Bull. Mosc. 1864, ii. p. 219 ; Chaud. Bull. Mose. 1872, i. p. 404. Colombo, in marshes. This species must be very near Nietner’s C. punctata (Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 1858), but his description does not agree in many points, especially in the colour of the palpi, base of > antenne, and legs. Subfamily Porrsrrcuivm. Planetes simplex. EL. eleganti (Nietner) affinis ; differt colore supra toto nigro ; episto- mate, partibus oris, antennis pedibusque rufo-testaceis ; capite thoraceque politis discrete punctatis, vertice medio impunctato ; thorace sat angusto, subcordato, angulis posticis subacutis, mar- gine tenuiangustissime reflexo ; elytris subopacis, lineis totis fere zequaliter elevatis. Long. 7 millim. Peradeniya ; dry sandy bed of river. One example only. 200 Mr. Il. W. Bates on Geodephagous Helluodes taprobane. Helluodes taprobane, \Westwood, Trans. Ent. Soc. iv. p. 279, t. xxi. fig. B Kitugalle, in Rest-house, at night. Physocrotaphus ceylonicus. Physocrotaphus ceylonicus, Parry, Trans. Ent. Soc. v. p. 180, t. xviii. fig. 4 Dikoya. Pogonoglossus —— ? Kandy. One example, apparently belonging to this genus, but differing in the upper surface being clothed with blonde hairs. It is, however, not in good condition and cannot be satisfac- torily determined. Subfamily Harzvoni.z. Creagris labrosa. Creagris labrosa, Nietner, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 1857, p. 159. Acanthogenius piceus, Schaum, Berl. ent. Zeitschr. 1863, p. 80. Colombo, old trees. Chaudoir restored the genus Creagris (Nietn.), which Schaum had incorporated with Acanthogentus, on account of the bilobed penultimate tarsal joints of the species on which it was founded; with this he restored also the specific name, changed by Schaum, as it had been previously used by Dejean for an African species of Acanthogenius. Omphra rufipes. Omphra rufipes, Klug, Jahrb, i. p. 72. Colombo. Subfamily Bracuiiva. Pheropsophus bimaculatus. Pheropsophus bimaculatus, Linn. Mant. p. 532; Dejean, Sp. Gén. i. p- 299; Chaudoir, Monogr. des Brachyn. 1876, p. 24. Kitugalle. Pheropsophus fuscicollis. Pheropsophus fuscicollis, De}. Sp. Gén. i. p. 806; Chaudoir, Monogr, des Brachyn. 1876, p. 27. Kitugalle. Coleoptera from Ceylon. 201 Pheropsophus Catoiret. Pheropsophus Catoirei, Dej. Sp. Gén. i. p. 301; Chaudoir, Monogr. des Brachyn. 1876, p. 14. Kandy and Peradeniya. Subfamily Orrzocowriwz. Orthogonius parallelus, Orthogonius parallelus, Chaudoir, Ann. Soe, Ent. Belg. xiv. p. 109. Subfamily Txrragowoperin&. Tetragonoderus notaphioides. Tetragonoderus notaphioides, Motschulsky, Bull. Mosc. 1861, i. p. 99; Chaudoir, Etude Monogr, des Masoréides, des Tetragonodérides, &c. 1876, p. 54. Dikoya, at high elevations, in refuse. A species allied to the widely-distributed 7. arewatus. In addition to the subapical pale fascia, it has a subbasal macular belt extending from the second to the seventh interstice, and a lateral spot nearer the middle on the seventh and eighth inter- stices, the surface having a changing silky gloss. Mr. Lewis obtained a good series of the species; 1n some specimens the sub- basal fascia is very faint towards the suture. ‘The thorax has a few ochreous spots, apparently formed of fine tomentum, as in the allied species. Tetragonoderus cursor. T. dilatato (Wiedm.) affinis; differt elytrorum fasciis multo angusti- oribus anterioreque marginem haud attingente, ete. Fuscescenti- cupreus, sericeus ; antennis, palpis et pedibus melleo-flavis ; elytris fasciis maculosis angustis duabus, apud interstitia secundo ad octavum, anteriore versus suturam e maculis segregatis formata ; capite thoraceque relative parvis, sericeo-gneis ; elytris ampliatis, margine basali minus obiquo quam in 7’. dilatato, angulisque humeralibus minus acutis. Long. 7. millim. Kandy, in the moist sand of river-beds. Belongs to the same section as 7’. dilatatus, in which the intermediate tarsi in the male have four rather broad dilated joints. ‘The hind legs are much elongated and the middle femora in the male abruptly dilated beneath and armed with short spines. The elytral fasciz are about half the width of those of 7’. dilatatus, but the spots or lineoles of which they are composed have the same proportion ¢nter se as they have in that species, as far as the eighth interstice, where they end in 7’. cursor. 202 Mr. H. W. Bates on Geodephagous Tetragonoderus jimbriatus. T. dilatato affinis, sed differt thorace latiore, transverso, elytrisque aliter coloratis. Late oblongo-ovatus, nigro-seneus ; elytris fusco- testaceis, fasciis latis duabus flavo-testaceis nigro-marginatis, mar- ginem attingentibus anterioreque versus marginem valde dilatata, ibique punctis ocellatis nigro-eneis insignita; antennis, palpis pedibusque flavo-testaceis ; abdomine versus apicem rufo-testaceo ; elytris interstitio tertio bipunctato. Long. 7 millim. Kandy, with 7. cursor. Similar in its broad form to 7. dilatatus, and having four similarly dilated joints to the intermediate tarsi of the male ; but the thorax is of broader form and more dilated anteriorly. The head also is not narrowly ovate as in 7. dilatatus, the eyes especially being more prominent. ‘Lhe anterior elytral fascia is similar in width up to the sixth interstice; but on the seventh and eighth, as also on the margin, it greatly expands, being there one third the length of the elytra. The posterior fascia is nearly of the same proportions as in 7’. dilatatus. Subfamily Copropzrivz. Tantillus brunneus. Tantillus brunneus, Chaudoir, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. xii. p. 126. Dikoya, dead branches. Tantillus vittatus. Oblongus, nigro-piceus, nitidus; elytris tulyo-testaceis, vitta lata com- muni suturali (apicem haud attingente) nigro-picea, margine laterali medio infuseato ; antennis, palpis pedibusque flavo-testaceis. Long. 5 millim. Bogawantalawa. Ditters from 7. brunneus (the only other known species) in the colour of the elytra, which in 7. brunneus are uniform blackish brown or piceous. ‘The elytra are truncated in a similar way, and have the two large setiferous punctures on the third interstice in the same position, viz. the first towards the base and the second very near the apex. Miscelus ceylonicus. Miscelus ceylonicus, Chaudoir, Berl, ent. Zeitschr. 1861, p. 125. Cymindis rufiventris, Walker, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist, 1858, ii, p- 202. Colombo. Coleoptera from Ceylon. 203 Holcoderus preemorsus. Tolcoderus premorsus, Chaudoir, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. xii. p. 153. Bogawantalawa and Dikoya, at high altitudes. Catascopus cingalensis. C. faciali et C. angulato affinis, sed differt capite post oculos sulco transverso impresso ; subviolaceo-cyaneus, capite thoraceque sub- viridi-cyaneis; fronte prope oculos sicut in C. factali confuse rugato, vertice subtiliter punctulato; elytris apice extus brevis- sime acute dentato, apice suturali obtuse subrotundatim producto, punctato-striatis, interstitiis 1-4 sequalibus, planis, quinto angus- tiore parum elevato, septimo angustissime carinato; thorace sicut in C. angulato, angulis posticis rectis reflexis. Long. 12-14 millim, Kandy and Balangoda. Differs from all the numerous varieties of the widely-distri- buted C. factalis and C.angulatus in the more sharply impressed transverse groove behind the eyes. ‘The groove is, however, not so sharply impressed as in C. wquatus. The colour of the elytra is not a rich violet, as on the disk and, in Assamese examples, over the whole surface of C. factalis, but a dullish steely violet, with a faint «neous tinge perceptible on the borders. In one of the two examples the outer tooth of the elytral truncature is extremely small; this seems to approach the insect described by Chaudoir erroneously as C. reductus, Walker, but it differs in the fifth elytral interstice being not carinated. Coptodera interrupta. Coptodera mnterrupta, Schmidt-Gobel, Faun, Col. Birm. p. 53; Chau- doir, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. xii. p. 194. Colombo. Mochtherus tetrasptiotus. Mochtherus tetraspilotus, MacLeay, Ann. Jav, pp. 25, 47 (Dromius) ; Chaudoir, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. xii. p. 241. Thyreopterus tetrasemus, Dejean, Sp. Gén. vy. p. 448. Mochtherus angulatus, Schmidt-Gobel, Faun. Col. Birm. p. 76. Panageus (!) retractus, Walker, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 1858, ii. . 203. Cyrtopterus quadrinotatus, Motschulsky, Bull. Mose. 1861, i. p. 106. Galle and Colombo. 204 Mr. H. W. Bates on Geodephagous Dolichoctis quadriplagiatus. Dolichoctis quadriplagiatus, Motschulsky, Bull. Mosc. 1861, p. 106 (Cyrtopterus); Chaudoir, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. xii. p. 245. Colpodes marginicollis, Walker, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 1859, iii. p. Ol, In many places, on fungi. The specific name marginicollis was used for a Colpodes in Chaudoir’s ‘ Monograph,’ published the same year as Walker’s unrecognizable description. Dolichoctis vitticollis. D. quadriplagiato multo minor, piceo-fuscus ; thorace late ovato, lateribus late explanatis minime reflexis, angulis posticis late rotundatis, pallide testaceo, vittis duabus piceo-fuscis ; elytris mar- ginibus maculisque elongatis utrinque duabus (interdum in vittam conjunctis) ; palpis, antennis et pedibus pallide testaceis. Long. 33-5 millim, Dikoya; refuse in damp jungle. The thorax is relatively broader and much more regularly ovate than in D. guadriplagiatus, the hind angles being entirely rounded off, the sides evenly rounded, with broadly explanated and very slightly upturned margins. The head is smaller and the eyes less prominent; the elytra are relatively short and ovate in outline; the lateral pale border occupies the two marginal interstices. Dolichoctis gonioderus. Angustus, fusco-piceus, nitidus; elytris nigro-piceis; antennis, parti- bus oris, thoracis margine pedibusque pallide testaceis, femoribus medio tibiisque fuscescentibus, elytris margine laterali et utrinque maculis elongatis tribus (prima antero-discoidali secunda et tertia subapicalibus) pallide testaceis ; thorace angusto, hexagono, marginibus lateralibus anguste explanatis, valde reflexis, ante medium utrinque valde angulatis, angulis anticis prominulis, pos- ticis obtusis, margine basali prope angulum obliquato. Long. 4 millim. Kitugalle, in refuse. One example only. Allied to D. angulicollis (Chaud.), but the spots of the elytra different in number and position, being three on each elytron—one elongate, not reaching the base, and ending nearly in a point about the middle ; the two others shorter, side by side near the apex, the outer spot a little anterior to the inner one. Coleoptera from Ceylon. 205 Dolichoctis fasciola. D. striate quoad formam similis, sed thorace paullo angustiore, elytris maculis rufis quatuor subtransversis. Piceo-fuscus ; antennis, palpis, labri margine, genubus, tibiis apice tarsisque melleo-flavis ; thorace transverso medio angulato, angulis posticis subrotundatis, margine laterali late reflexo, rufo-testaceo; elytris marginibus et maculis utrinque duabus sat magnis transversim ovatis, rufis, apice oblique sinuato-truncatis. Long. 5 millim. Balangoda, under bark among fungi. Differs from the other similarly-coloured red-spotted species (D. tetracolon and DP, tetrastigma) in the obtuse bind angles of the thorax, which are rounded at their apices, and not preceded by a sinuosity. In this respect it agrees with D. striata, ‘from which it differs in the thorax being less broad, its width being not more than one third more than the length. The anterior red spot of the elytra extends from the third to the eighth stria, the posterior (which is narrower) from the first to the eighth. ‘The elytra have not the irides- cent gloss that distinguishes J). strdata, and the margins of the thorax are much paler in colour. Subfamily Dromrmz. Dromtus orthogonioides. D. brevicipiti (Bates) affinis ; differt thorace late quadrato a medio an- ticeleviter rotundato-angustato, angulisanticis rotundatis ete. Ob- longus, piceo-fuscus, subnitidus, thorace marginibus pallidioribus ; antennis, partibus oris tarsisque testaceo-flavis, femoribus tibiisque pallide fuscis; capite lato antice brevi et obtuso, oculis magnis ; palpis sat crassis, articulo apicali oblongo, apice oblique excavato- truncato ; thorace sicut in Orthogonio late quadrato, antice rotun- dato, leviter angustato, angulis anticis omnino rotundatis, posticis rectis, margine laterali late explanato-reflexo, dorso subtiliter transversim striato ; elytris oblongis, sat profunde striatis, apice transversim leviter sinuatim truncatis, interstitius subconvexis, striis fundo hic illic subinterruptis, interstitio septimo seriatim punctato. Long. 543 millim. Dikoya, under bark. The facies of this species, owing to its broad thorax and oblong parallel-sided outline, is very unlike that of the genus Dromius, but all its essential characters are those of that genus. The thickened palpi, with their truncated apices obliquely sliced off and hollowed on one side, are a further development Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 5. Vol. xvii. 15 206 Mr. H. W. Bates on Geodephagous of what is seen in D. breviceps and D. crassipalpis of Japan. Many species, including D. piceus, have the peculiar row of punctures on the seventh interstice, near the sixth stria, which is a reliable sign of affinity. Dromius steno. D. longicipiti (Dej.) quoad formam similis. inescenti-fuscus sub- rufescens ; antennis, partibus oris pedibusque melleo-flavis ; capite elongato, oculis parum prominentibus, fronte et occipite (medio verticis levi excepto) longitudinaliter strigosis ; thorace anguste cordato, lateribus perparum sinuatis, anguste explanato-reflexis, angulis posticis obtusis, dorso transversim strigoso ; elytris elon- gatis ab humeris valde angustis usque ad apicem gradatim leviter dilatatis, apice recte obtuse truncatis, striis omnibus integris sat acute insculptis, interstitiis mediocriter convexis, tertio et septimo serlatim setifero-punctatis. Long. 6 millim. Nuwara Eliya, near the lake. Allied to D. longiceps. Palpi with acuminated terminal joints. Claws with about four strong denticulations. The eyes are more prominent than in JD. longiceps, the thorax similar in shape, but with more distinct hind angles, which form with the base nearly a rectangle, obtuse at the apex ; the elytra have rather strongly incised striz, which are scarce perceptibly punctulated. Blechrus xanthopus. Minutus, depressus, fusco- vel nigro-geneus, vix nitidus; antennis pal- pis et femoribus piceo-fuscis, tibiis tarsisque pallide flavis ; capite quam in B. glabrato majore, planato, alutaceo; thorace fere sicut in B. glabrato cordato, basi rotundato-lobato, angulis exstantibus, acutis ; elytris alutaceis, haud profunde striatis. Long. 2} millim. Colombo. One example. The legs are coloured and the elytra striated as in B. strigt- collis ; the whole upper surface is subopaque, silky-shining, and very finely alutaceous, the thorax less so than the head and elytra. Apristus subtransparens. Apristus subtransparens, Motschulsky, Bull. Mose. 1861, 1. p. 104. Hadley and Dikoya, running on banks in the mid-day sun. Agrees very well with Motschulsky’s description, except that the surface is much more silky than his phrase “ yix Coleoptera from Ceylon. 207 sericeo nitidus’”’ would seem to express, and the thorax can scarcely be called “ subtransverso.” The species belongs to the narrow forms of the genus, and the thorax is cordate with prominent angles, as broad as long only at its apex. Lionychus albiviitis. L. quadrillo (Dufts.) quoad formam similis, sed multo minor et relative paullo brevior. Supra totus alutaceus fere opacus, obscure viridi-zneus ; elytris utrinque vitta lata testaceo-alba a medio basi (ibique angustata) usque longe ultra medium; antennis articulis 1—2 tibiisque rufo-testaceis ; epistomate acute tricarinato; elytris margine basali prope scutellum anguste sinuato, versus humeros valde antice arcuato, dorso subtilissime striatis, sericeis. Long. 22 millim. Peradeniya, in hot sandy places. The broad white vitta on each elytron extends from the middle of the base to four fifths the elytral length, and leaves the sutural (one or two interstices) and a broader but more irregular marginal vitta of the dull blackish ground-colour. Subfamily Dewerrirz. Tetragonica fusca, Tetragcnica fusca, Motschulsky, Etud. Ent. 1859, p. 28. Nuwara Eliya, Dikoya, and Bogawantalawa; by beating dead branches. Motschulsky’s description of hisgenus Tetragonica is full and accurate ; can only add to it that the feebly emarginated tip of the ligula bears two bristles, that the surface of the tarsi is clothed with a number of stiff hairs, and the side of the thorax has two sete, the first before the middle and the second near the hind angle. It is nearly allied to Demetrias, with which it agrees in the paraglosse not surrounding the apex of the ligula, which is horny and slightly emarginated, and the acu- minated palpi, characters which, according to Chaudoir, exclude Demetrias and its allies from his subfamily Callei- dine. ‘The thorax is truncated at the base and shows no tendency to the lobular form characteristic of the Lebiine, Cymindine, and most of the Dromiine. The genus Peliocypas, of which Schmidt-Gébel describes four species from Burma, agrees exactly with Tetragonica, except that the labial palpi are truncated. If it could be sup- osed that so careful an observer had mistaken the form of the labial palpi, some of his descriptions accord well with Ceylonese species of Tetragonica. 15* 208 Mr. H. W. Bates on Geodephagous Tetragonica mellea. Melleo-flava; capite thoraceque rufo- vel fusco-testaceis, nitidis ; elytris vitta utrinque submarginali vage delimitata (interdum obsoleta) ante apicem intus curvata, fusca; fronte quadrifoveolato, capite post oculos oblique recte angustato ; thorace quadrato, lateribus rectis postice perparum sinuatis; elytris anguste elongato- oblongis, postice paullo dilatatis, apice valde oblique sinuato-trun- catis, angulo exteriore rotundato, suturalique recto, hand profunde striatis, striis 8-9 approximatis, parallelis, interstitiis planis, tertio punctis setiferis magnis duobus, primo versus basin secundo prope apicem: pedibus curtis, tibiis 4 posticis, intus spinulosis, tarsis supra setis paucis, unguibus pectinatis. Long. 6 millim. Colombo. The four posterior tibiz though slender are slightly thick- ened, or calf-shaped, in the middle of their inner sides. The basal joint of the hind tarsi is nearly as long as two to four taken together. The two setiferous punctures of the elytra occupy the whole width of the third interstice. Tetragonica catenata. T. mellee quoad formam simillima; colore obscurior ; castaneo-fusca, nitida ; elytris castaneo-rufis, post medium fuscis apiceque utrinque macula sat grandi flavo-testacea; antennis, partibus oris pedibusque melleo-flavis; fronte 4-foveolata ; thorace quadrato, angulis posticis valde obtusis vel oblique truncatis ; elytris interstitiis convexis, tertio punctis setiferis sex, quinto tribus, spatiis inter puncta elon- gato-tuberculatis. Long. 5 millim. Bogawantalawa. The elongated tubercles or parts of the interstices between the setiferous punctures, which latter extend across the inter- stices, are chiefly near the base of the elytra, Tetragonica intermedia. T. mellee quoad formam et colores simillima, differt solum vitta fusca, postice haud intus curvata apiceque elytrorum late clare flavescenti; thorace quadrato, angulis posticis fere rectis, nullo modo truncatis; elytris subpunctato-striatis, interstitiis paullo eleyatis, tertio et quinto punctis setiferis tribus. Long. 42 millim. Horton Plains. Exactly intermediate in colours, in the form of the hind angles of the thorax and elytral interstices, between 7. mellea and 7’. catenata. Coleoptera from Ceylon. 209 Tetragonica euproctoides. Brevius, preecipue elytris latius oblongis, postice minus dilatatis, rufo- testaceis ; antennis, palpis, pedibus et elytris flavo-testaceis, his sutura, vitta submarginali (per apicem usque ad suturam ducta) fasclaque post medium (apud suturam dilatata) sat vage delimi- tata, fuscis ; thorace brevius quadrato, paullo transverso, lateribus postice leviter sinuatis, angulis posticis fere rectis, apice haud acutis et margine basali prope angulos paullulum obliquato, dorso transversim strigoso ; elytris oblongis, apice minus oblique sinu- ato-truncatis, subpunctulato-striatis, interstitiis fere planis, tertio punctis setiferis duobus, primo versus basin secundo versus apicem. Long. 5 millim. Colombo. In colour and markings resembling Central-American species of Huproctus, and, judging from the description, also Peliocypas signifer of Schmidt-Gébel. The latter is, how- ever, a much smaller insect (1? lin.). The hindmost tibize have a calf-like dilatation, much less pronounced than in T, mellea and fringed with finer sete. Subfamily Carrerpivz. Physodera Eschscholtzit. Physodera Eschscholtzit, Parry, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1849, vy. p.179, t. xviii. fig. 2. Peradeniya. Subfamily Pewragonrerwa. Pentagonica transparipes. Pentagonica transparipes, Motsch. Etud, Ent. 1859, p. 29. Kandy. Subfamily Lesrwx, Lebia exsanguis. Quoad formam ZL. hemorrhoidali (Fab.) similis, sed tota pallide testacea, glabra; capite thoraceque leevibus, hoc transverso, mar- ginibus lateralibus late explanato-reflexis; elytris valde levi- striatis, interstitio tertio bipunctato; tarsis articulo penultimo bilobo. Long. 44 millim. Dikoya. Belongs to Section I. ty. 2. B. a. B. §§ of Chaudoir’s laby- rinthine ‘ Monographie des Lébiides’ (1871), 210 Mr. H. W. Bates on Geodephagous Note on the remaining Ceylonese Species of Geodephaga described by Walker. In addition to the species included in the synonymy of the foregoing there are several described by Walker which were not met with by Mr. Lewis. ‘The following notes made on an examination of the types will be useful. Dromius marginifer. This is a Dolichoctis closely allied to D. quadriplagiatus, which Walker described as a Colpodes. It agrees in size (6 millim.) with the smaller examples of that species, and is almost exactly the same in colours and markings, the chief difference being that the basal spot of the elytra is not oblique but rounded or slightly transverse and placed near the shoulder. In form the insect is narrower than D. quadripla- giatus; the thorax is rather more quadrate, 7. e. less rounded on the sides, but with similarly distinct subrectangular hind angles. Dromius repandens. A Tetragonica similar in colour to T. intermedia, 2. e. rusty brown, with disk of elytra paler tawny and sides vaguely fuscous. The thorax, however, differs in outline from that of all the described species, being gradually and rather strongly narrowed behind, with rectangular hind angles. The third elytral interstice has two setiferous punctures, one near the base, the other near the apex. Catascopus reductus. A very different species from C. reductus, Walker, described by Chaudoir. It is one of the smaller species allied to C. vio- laceus (Schmidt-Gébel) ; the thorax angulated on the sides, the forehead with two strong carine on each side, and the elytra metallic olive-green, strongly punctate-striate, with the seventh interstice only slightly elevated. Scarites designans. An Ozylobus with broad and plane elytral interstices. Chaudoir, in his revised ‘ Monograph’ (1879), refers it to Scarites sculptilis, Westw.; it is not clear why, as there is nothing in Westwood’s description to lead one so to identify the two species. 0. destgnans is distinct from O. lateralis, Dej., to which it is referred in the Munich Catalogue. Coleoptera from Ceylon. 211 Morio trogositotdes. As stated above under Jf. Walkert (p. 143), this is distin- guished from that species by the thorax being very distinctly triangularly excised in the middle of the front margin. ‘he anterior angles of the thorax are very prominent, as in J, orientalis, from which it seems to differ only in the frontal fovee not being dilated behind. I have specimens very similar from the Andaman Islands. Morio cucujoides, I doubt whether the insect referred doubtfully by Chaudoir to M. cucujoides is the same species. ‘The type represents a flat species with red legs, very similar to the widely-distributed M. luzonicus, but differing in being a little narrower and having impunctate elytral striz. Leistus linearis. This is the Celwnephes parallelus of Schmidt-G6bel, a widely-distributed indian and Australasian species. The reference of a ‘T'runcatipenne allied to Dromdus to the genus Leistus must be considered one of Walker’s greatest feats of random identification. Maraga planigera. A small Orthogonius with very broad and short thorax, broadest at the hind angles. Harpalus stolidus. This is the tolerably well-known tropical Asian Stenolophus smaragdulus of Fabricius and Dejean. Curtonotus conposttus. I have been unable to examine the type of this species satisfactorily. It is a black closely-punctured Harpalid, with reddish legs and the usual lines of punctures on the alternate elytral interstices characteristic of Platymetopus and Seleno- phorus. It may be my Stopelus ferreus, Bembidium finitimum. Is a Tachys of the section Barytachys ; very glossy casta- neous, with only two (very sharply incised) striz on each side of the suture, and the marginal strie divaricate in the middle of their course; the frontal striz are short and dupli- 212 Mr. A. G. Butler on the Genus Terias. cated on each side, and the thorax is moderately narrowed behind, and not sinuated before the angles. Platysma retinens. This belongs to Eccoptogentus (Chaudoir), a genus closely allied to Rembus and having no near affinity with T'rigono- toma, near which Chaudoir placed it. Walker’s species is closely allied to, if not identical with, £. mestus, Chaud. Drimostoma marginale. A Harpalid, with upper surface finely punctured and frontal furrows as in Bradycellus and allies. The type being female, its generic position cannot be ascertained. There remain four species of Walker of which I have no notes, viz. Clivina recta, Agonum placidulum, Stenolophus infixus, and Tachys rufula. The synonymy of Tricondyla jemorata is given in the Munich Catalogue. Of Z'ricondyla tumidula and scitiscabra, Mr. C.O. Waterhouse informs me, the types cannot be found. XIX .—WNotes on the Genus Terias, with Descriptions of new Species in the Collection of the British Museum. By Artuur G. Butter, F.L.8., F.Z.S., &e. [Plate V.] I HAVE recently been rearranging the Museum series of the Lepidopterous genus Terias, of which genus we possess most of the named forms; as I suspected, our species fully bear out my expressed opinion that any attempt to associate the allied forms without most careful attention to breeding, and that through several generations (in order to avoid all possi- bility of mistake), will result in the union of the entire series (the sections Xanthidia and Eurema being perhaps excepted) as one variable species, a consummation devoutly to be depre- cated. Of the various modifications of typical Tertas we have in the Museum series upwards of 150, some of which must certainly be varieties, whereas others doubtless have a full right to be regarded as genuine, because unvarying and locally fixed, species; but it is quite impossible for any one, Mr. A. G. Butler on the Genus Terias. 213 in our present profound ignorance of the earlier stages of most of the species and our imperfect knowledge of those of all, to lay down the law as to which of these forms is worthy of a distinctive name and which not. In these matters one can only be guided by private opinion. Terias drona group. Although the species of this group pass almost impercep- tibly into the 7. smdlax group, it is convenient to speak of it as if it were well defined. Of the named forms we possess the following :— T. pulchella, Boisd.; T. zoé, Hopff.; T. senna, Feld. ; T. lerna, Weld.; 1. zoraide, Feld.; 7. drona, Horsf.; TZ. lisa, Boisd.; 7. ewterpe, Ménétr.; 7. sulphurina, Poey; T. lby- thea, Fabr.; T. cingala, Moore; 7’. santana, Feld. (=rubella, Wall.) ; Z. venata, Moore; 7’. pallitana, Moore; T. ingana, Wall. ; Z. sana, Butl.; T. sinta, Wall.; 7. candace, Feld. ; T. brigitta, Cram. Respecting one or two of the above I have observations to make :— Terias senna, Felder. Although this species is most abundant in the North- western Provinces of India, there can be no doubt that it is a wide-ranging species ; indeed we have a female from Camorta, and Felder describes the species as coming from the interior of Malacca. Mr. Distant, with the laudable desire of trying to identify it with some known Malaccan species, figures 7’. imanata as representing it; whereas a careful perusal of Felder’s description should convince every candid reader that the two forms are as wide apart as any in the genus. If we set aside the description itself, which states that the external border of the primaries is trisinuate— the costa and terminal border black-brown, tolerably broad, gradually decreasing, entire internally as far as the third median branch, then un- equally bisinuate, before the internal angle more deeply sinu- ated”. —the remarks at the end of the description are con- clusive :—“ From the preceding species (7’. santana) easily to be distinguished by its longer, blunter front wings, broader outer border of the latter, and broader marginal limitation of the hind wings.” Not one of the above-mentioned characters applies to 7. inanata, which indeed, as Mr. Distant upon reflection will see, cannot be remotely allied to 7. santana. Diet Mr. A. G. Butler on the Genus 'Terias. Terias zoraide, Felder (australis, Wallace). This is doubtless the representative of 7. drona occurring in Australia; it is very like the latter, but has comparatively broader and shorter primaries. Terias drona, Horsfield. Usually a little darker than the preceding (unless, indeed, the colouring deepens with age). We have it only from Java, the Indian representative usually identified as 7’. drona being the true 7’. senna. Terias lisa, Boisd. In Zeller’s collection were examples labelled as this species from Texas. I believe them to represent a distinct species, the males differing from typical 7. /ésa in the broader external border of all the wings, that of the primaries with its inner edge very oblique from costa to third median branch, thence transverse and trisinuate to inner margin; the female chiefly differs in its clear sulphur-yellow colour. Jam not aware that this species has been named; but so many butterflies have recently been described in North America that I think it better to leave it to students of that fauna than to run the risk of making a synonym. Terias brigitta, Cramer. This is the southern representative of 7’. candace ; the flesh- tinted under surface of secondaries and apex of primaries readily distinguish it. Tertas hespera, sp. n. g. Allied to J. sinta from Moreton Bay and to the 7. smilax * group. Wings above gamboge-yellow; primaries slightly pink at the base and sparsely irrorated with black scales ; costal margin narrowly black, slightly increasing in width to beyond the cell, when it abruptly widens into a broad apical border, the inner edge of which is oblique and unbroken to the lower radial vein, whence it is quadrisinuate and tapers to the extremity of the first median branch; a minute blackish dot at extremity of submedian vein: secon- daries with marginal black dots at the extremities of the veins ; fringe pink: body as usual. Primaries below brighter yellow ; * It is a curious thing that Donovan should have included this Cen- tral-American insect in his ‘ Insects of New Holland ;’ I can only suppose that the specimen was labelled West Indies, that he misread it Kast Indies, and believed it to be from the Moluccas. Mr. A. G. Butler on the Genus Terias. 215 the costal and apical borders broadly flesh-coloured, with golden reflections; internal area sulphur-yellow: secondaries flesh-coloured, with the usual markings indicated by a few brownish scales. Expanse of wings 35 millim. N.E. Australia. This species, though extremely like 7. s¢nta on the upper surtace, differs wholly in the coloration of the under surface. Terias smilax group. This, as I have stated, is completely linked to the 7. drona group, and it passes on smoothly enough to Z. formosa and allies; but nevertheless it will be convenient to restrict it to the following, so far as our named specimens are con- cerned :— T. nelphe, Feld.; T. smilax, Donov. ; T. smilacina, Feld. ; T. chilensis, Blanch.; 7. deva, Doubl.; T. paulina, Bates ; T. flavilla, Bates; T. leuce, Boisd.; 7. diodina, Butl. Terias dina group. Consisting of a few species slightly deeper in tint than the preceding, and, asa whole, exhibiting rather more distinction in the pattern of the sexes. The following named ones are in the Museum :— T. mimulus, Butl.; T. Westwoodit, Boisd.; ZT. dina, Hiibn.; 7. calceolaria, Butl. Terias formosa group. Differing principally from the preceding in the brighter yellow colour of the upper surface and immaculate under surface, in which characters, however, the species closely approach 7. flavilla and T. leuce. Three species are in the Museum :— 1’. formosa, Hiibn.; T. harina, Horst.; T. butyrosa, Butl. Terias blanda group. A little brighter in tint than the preceding and with more or less prominent markings on the under surface. T. mandarina, De VOrza; T. attenuata, Moore; T. con- nexiva, Butl.; T. fimbriata, Wall.; 7. narcissus, Butl.; T. blanda, Boisd.; 7. Desjardinsti, Boisd.; T. aliena, Butl. Terias attenuata, Moore. We have this species from Loo-choo (Oo-Sima) ; it corre- sponds with slightly-marked specimens of 7’, connexiva on the upper surface, but the under surface shows its aflinity to 7. Jimbriata, being marked after the manner of 7. @siope. 216 Mr. A. G. Butler on the Genus Terias. Terias jimbriata, Wall. Above very similar to the most heavily marked specimens of T. connexiva, but below heavily ornamented, as in 7”. westope. It is a North-west Indian species. Terias Moorei, sp.n. (Pl. V. fig. 1.) 3. Wings above bright chrome-yellow ; costa of primaries from the middle narrowly greyish; external border narrow, tapering from costa to internal angle, dentate-sinuate inter- nally, the two strongest denticles being at the extremities of the lower radial vein and third median branch: secondaries with black marginal dots connected by grey scales. Wings below bright chrome-yellow ; primaries with the inner border pale sulphur-yellow ; a black dot near the base of the cell, followed by two 7-shaped markings, the cell terminating in a comma-shaped discocellular spot in outline; all the veins terminating in black dots: secondaries with two black dots at the middle of the cell, an irregular marking in outline at the end of it, and an irregular arched series of more or less angular squamose markings across the disk ; veins terminating in black dots. Expanse of wings 45 millim. Camorta (De Roepstorff ). The type of this species was presented to the Museum by Mr. F. Moore. Terias floricola group. At this point the bisinuation of the outer border, charac- teristic of the bulk of the species in the genus, begins to be faintly indicated ; it is, however, lost again before attaining the marked character which it possesses in the 7. hecabe group. The following species are in the Museum :-- T. floricola, Boisd.; 7. lifuana, Butl.; 7. anemone, Feld. ; T. hybrida, Butl.; 7. sinapina, Butl.; LT. pumilaris, Butl. ; T. anjuana, Butl.; 7. asphodelus, Butl.; TZ. laratensis, Butl. ; T. trregularis, Moore ; Z. apicalis, Moore. Terias Swinhoet, sp. n. Associated by Col. Swinhoe with his series of specimens of T. asphodelus, but labelled both “T. excavata” and “T. aspho- delus”’ amongst his duplicates ; it may at once be distinguished from the latter, to which it is most nearly allied, by the wider marginal border and consequently deeper bisinuation of this border on the primaries and the continuous marginal border Mr. A. G. Butler on the Genus Terias. 2UT of the secondaries in place of the minute black dots observable in T. asphodelus. Expanse of wings 31-38 millim. Bombay and Poona (Col. Swinhoe). The duplicate specimens in Col. Swinhoe’s collection were labelled whilst still unset, and had never been subsequently critically examined by him. §8o far as I remember, his private collection was, with very few exceptions, correctly named, and the species represented by typical specimens. Terias simplex, sp.n. (Pl. V. fig. 2.) Terias fimbriata 2 , Moore, P. Z. 8S. 1882, p. 255. @. Allied to 7. apicalis ; sulphur-yellow ; primaries with an oblong black patch at apex, its inner edge oblique and tapering to a point along the costa, confluent in front with a narrow black marginal border, the inner edge of which shows scarcely a trace of sinuation; fringe grey, witha yellow basal line: secondaries with a marginal series of black dots, fringe a little paler than in the primaries ; abdominal border white: body greenish. Under surface as in 7. apicalis, the spots at the end of the cells being shorter and more suffused than in T. fimbriata. Expanse of wings 41 millim. Kangra, North-west Himalayas (Hocking). Excepting in its yellow colour and superior size the upper surface of this species bears considerable resemblance to T. gnathene from the New World; the female of 7. fimbriata would be much larger and more like the male in pattern. Tertas senegalensis group. Linked to the preceding and succeeding groups, but differ- ing from the former in the wider apical portion of the outer border of primaries and from the latter in the usually narrower or entirely aborted posterior portion of this border. We have the following named forms :— T. Boisduvaliana, Mab.; T. brenda, Doubl.; T. stlhetana, Wall.; 7. distnuata, Butl.; 7. chalcomicta, Butl.; 7. denti- limbata, Butl.; T. rotundalis, Moore; T. purreea, Moore; T. suava, Boisd.; T. vallivolans, Butl.; 7. Bewshert, Butl. ; T. senegalensis, Boisd.; T. decipiens, Butl. Terias Boisduvaliana, Mabille. We have this species from Ashanti, West Africa (probably Camaroons), Fernando Po, and the island of Johanna; it varies not a little in size, and entirely resembles 7. brenda upon the upper surface. The species described by Mabille 218 Mr. A. G. Butler on the Genus Terias. under the name of T. hapale is represented by two females (probably both of this species), which he has figured as sexes. Terias Templetonii, sp. n. g. Chrome-yellow ; primaries with black border, as in 7. purreea and T’, senegalensis; secondaries with narrow inter- nally-sinuated black border. Wings below gamboge-yellow, with well-defined black marginal dots: primaries with two black dots, followed by a little {-shaped marking within the cell; a transverse black-edged spot closing the cell: secon- daries with three black ring-spots near the base, a black-edged angular spot at the end of the cell and a discal bisinuated series of irregular squamose and therefore somewhat indistinct brown dashes across the disk. Hxpanse of wings 42-51 millim. (type 47 millim.). Ceylon (Templeton). Nerias ceres,sp.n. -(Pl2V. tig. 3.) 3d. Probably hitherto confounded with TY. floricola, but nearer to JT. chalcomieta. Wings above gamboge-yellow ; the black outer border of primaries much wider at apex and more angular than in 7. florico/a, and interrupted at external angle so as to leave only a black point at the extremity of the submedian vein: secondaries with very minute marginal points. Under surface of secondaries and costal third of pri- maries of a sericeous creamy-yellow colour, remainder of primaries a little paler than above ; costal and external mar- gins ochraceous; a small oblique black dash near the base of the cell, an -shaped brown marking in the centre, and a white-centred brown P-shaped marking closing the cell; an irregular, transverse, subapical, lilacine brownish patch, beyond which the apical area is suffused with reddish brown ; black spots at the extremities of all the veins extending into the fringe, which is also tipped with blackish: secondaries with a small brown crescent near base of subcostal area, three brown-edged white dots in an angular series across the basal fourth, and a brown-edged white A-shaped marking at the end of the cell; an irregularly bisinuated series of squa- mose greyish dashes across the disk. Hxpanse of wings 42 millim. @. Bright sulphur-yellow, with the apical patch broader both above and below than in the male, so that this female in almost every respect resembles the males of the India T. silhetana. 3, Mauritius (Macgillivray); g, South Africa (Z. C. Buxton). Mr. A. G. Butler on the Genus Terias. 219 Of this species we have five examples exhibiting no varia- tion beyond the more or less strongly pronounced character of the markings on the under surface ; no marking is in any case wanting or even indistinct. Tertias esiope group. In this group the anterior and posterior portions of the external border are of nearly equal width on each side of the bisinuation ; the apical portion, however, a little wider, and widening rapidly from the sinus to the costa. As I have already stated, these distinctions are purely arbitrary, the last species of one group having perhaps as much right to be placed in that following it as the first species of the latter; at the same time it is more convenient to consider a few allied species at a time than to have the whole genus upon one’s hands at once. ‘The following are in the Museum :— T. csiope, Ménétr.; T. unduligera, Butl.; T. variata, Butl.; 7. sulphurata, Butl.; 7. aprica, Butl.; J. Hobsoni, Butl.; 7. hebridina, Butl.; 7. cnanata, Butl. Terias cesiope, Ménétriés. For some years past this species, which is rare in collec- tions, has been entirely misunderstood. The insect figured by Ménétriés is a female, evidently from China; we have it in the Museum from Hong Kong, and Mr. Moore has it from Hainan. The male is very different, resembling on the upper surface my 1’. unduligera, but like its own female on the under surface: we have it from Formosa, Mr. Moore has it from Hainan, and Mr. Distant has figured it as the male of his 7. hecabe, var. a, and gives a number of localities, includ- ing the somewhat wide one of continental India, which makes it evident that he has not discriminated between true 7’. cesiope and the form so called in recently published papers. Terias sulphurata, Butler. The species from Aru recorded under this name in my list of ‘Challenger’ Lepidoptera is probably my 7. aprica, which it agrees with perfectly on the upper surface and very nearly on the under surface. From 1. sulphurata it differs in its deeper colouring, the transverse instead of oblique inner edge of the outer border towards apex of primaries, and the much less prominent subapical markings on the under surface of these wings. The form occurring at Lifu may also prove to be distinct from J. sulphurata, but I should wish to see more specimens betore separating it. 220 Mr. A. G. Butler on the Genus TVerias. Terias hecabe group. The external border of primaries broad and deeply bisinu- ated in both sexes; certain Japanese examples of 7’. Mariesit, however (apparently influenced by crossing with 7’. anemone), have the border as in the 7. esiope group. The following are in the Museum :— T. Mariesit, Butl.; T. hecabe, Linn.; T. nicobariensis, Feld.; 7. solifera, Butl.; T. hecabeotdes, Ménétr.; T. photo- phila, Butl.; 7. simulata, Moore; T. phanospila, Feld.; T. heliophila, Butl.; 7’. maroensis, Butl.; T'. excavata, Moore ; T. citrina, Moore; T. latimargo, Hoptt.; T. sart, Horsf.; 7. diversa, Wall.; T. curiosus, Swinh. Terias hecabe, Linn. This species was originally described from a Chinese speci- men; it, however, ranges, without any variation worth men- tioning, from the north of India to northern Australia. The sexes differ chiefly in tint, the male being of adeep gamboge- or even dark chrome-yellow, the female varying from primrose- to lemon-yellow. In both sexes the outer border of the secondaries is narrow and well defined. Terias phanospila, Felder. This is the 7. hecabe of Horsfield’s Catalogue, the larva and pupa of which are figured by him. The larva is said to feed on A’schynomene sesban and to be found abundantly from January to April. Typical 7. hecabe, from Ceylon, is said to feed “ on Leguminose ”’ and on the “ Madras thorn.” That the above is distinct from 7. hecabe I have no doubt; not only is it a larger insect, the male in pattern appr oaching that sex of 7. estope, both sexes on the under surface also resembling the latter, but the colouring of the upper surface (as described by F elder) is of a deep (ochreous) yellow, showing in certain lights a lilacine gloss. Terias excavata, Moore. This species has frequently been mistaken for 7. esiope, from which it is perfectly distinct; we have a series of seventeen from Kangra, Cachar, Bombay, Assirghur, Poona, Mhow, and Suttara, most of which were presented to us by Colonel Swinhoe. Terias hecabeoides, Ménétriés. Described and figured from a male taken in the N.W. Provinces of India and sent to Ménétriés by Mr. Field; it is Mr. A. G. Butler on the Genus Terias. 221 of a clearer brighter yellow colour than Tertas hecabe, and the outer border of the secondaries, especially of the female, is much broader than in that species. Its range, so far as I can judge, appears to extend eastward from Kurrachee to Assam, and thence southward as far as Malacca. This species has frequently been confounded with TZ. hecabe, owing to the great similarity of the males, but it appears to be distinct. Terias sart, Horsf. The typical T. sari was described from a female example obtained in Java. In Horsfield and Moore’s Catalogue the species is also recorded from Borneo, and a male from this locality in the Museum corresponds so nearly with the female, especially upon the under surface, that I consider it far more likely to be typical 7. sar¢ g than the form figured by Mr. Distant; yet until the male is received from Java the question must remain undecided. The female from Java has the quadrate apical patch below uninterrupted, as in the smaller form from Malacca. Terias phebus,sp.n. (Pl. V. fig. 4.) 2. Bright lemon-yellow (colour of male 7. hecabeotdes) : border of primaries black-brown and very like that of 7. maro- ensis (P.Z.S. 1883, pl. xxxviil.), but decidedly narrower upon the costa and with more irregular inner edge; fringe blackish grey ; costa sprinkled with black scales: secondaries with the marginal line less perfect and more sinuated than in LT. maroensis. Under surface more brightly coloured even than above, with markings disposed as in 7. maroensis, but all of them broader and of a richer chocolate-brown colour; the pri- maries with an oblique dash in place of the minute blackish dot towards external angle; marginal black dots larger. Exxpanse of wings 43 millim. Queensland. Terias latilimbata, sp.n. (PI. V. fig. 5.) 3 ¢. Coloration of ZT. hecabeotdes, but the black external border wider throughout and of twice the width on the median interspaces of the primaries, so as greatly to reduce the depth of the bisinuation ; the inner edge of the border of the secon- daries more strongly dentate-sinuate. Markings below more strongly defined. Expanse of wings 46 millim. gd, Sumatra (Wallace), coll. Hewitson; ¢ 9, coll. F. Moore. Allied to J. diversa of Wallace, and 7. latimargo of Hopffer. Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 5. Vol. xvii. 16 222 Mr. A. G. Butler on the Genus Terias. Terias bidens, sp. n. (PI. V. fig. 7.) 9. Lemon-yellow : primaries with the base and costa irro- rated with blackish scales; external border occupying nearly half the wing, confluent with a costal stripe which commences at basal fourth and gradually widens to just beyond the cell, where it meets the external border; the inner edge of the latter crosses the wing transversely from this point to the third median branch and then is interrupted by two unequal tooth- like sinuations, beyond which it is again continued with a slight inward curvature to the inner margin; the border below the bisinuation is about one fourth narrower than above it: secondaries with the external border about twice as wide as in 7. hecabeotdes 2, its inner edge deeply dentate-sinuate. Under surface as in the preceding species, excepting that there is an irregular transverse streak of subapical brown spots on the primaries, as in species of the 7. ewsiope group. Expanse of wings 49 millim, Sumatra. Colls. Hewitson and F. Moore. Also somewhat allied to 7. diversa, Terias semifusca, sp.n. (Pl. V. fig. 8.) g. Dull lemon-yellow: primaries with the costal margin narrowly black; base and costa irrorated with blackish atoms ; external half chocolate-brown, its inner edge not sharply de- fined but commencing opposite to the end of the cell, crossing the wing transversely to second median branch, then falling obliquely outwards so as to form a shallow sinus on the first median interspace and thence again obliquely outwards to submedian vein and inwards to inner margin: secondaries with the external third occupied by an internally diffused chocolate-brown border ; fringes yellow, that along the exter- nal border of primaries reddish. Wings below clear lemon- yellow, with markings as in 7. hecabeoides, excepting that there is an indication of a brownish biangulated, subapical, transverse streak on the primaries. Expanse of wings A5 inillim. Sumatra (Wallace). Coll. Hewitson. Also belonging to the 7. diversa group. The three preceding species were in Mr. Wallace’s collec- tion, and, considering that he thought 7. diversa sufficiently distinct to be separated from 7. hecadbe, it is to me incompre- hensible how he could have persuaded himself that these far more distinct forms were varieties of the latter species. Terias leonis, sp.n. (PI. V. fig. 6.) ¢@. Above bright golden yellow (colouring and general aspect — Mr. A. G. Butler on the Genus Terias. 223 of the “ 7. senegalensis” of Hiibner’s ‘ Zutriige,’ fig. 969) : primaries with the costa sparsely irrorated with black scales ; a broad black external border, widest upon the costa, its inner edge running obliquely outwards from the apical third of the margin to the upper radial vein, thence slightly inwards to the third median branch, where it abruptly turns outwards, forming a deep oblique bisinuation as in 7. sar?, from the first median to the submedian it forms an angular sinus; the form of the border in this species therefore is unique: secondaries with pale abdominal border ; the veins black at the extremi- ties and terminating in black spots, which expand upon the margin so as almost to form a continuous line. Under surface like 7. hecabeoides. Expanse of wings 41 millim. Sierra Leone (Loaxcroft). This species should precede J. curiosus. Terias rahel group. The passage from the 7. hecabe group into this is so gradual that it is only by placing in it all species in which there is (in one or both sexes) a more or less defined inner marginal border to the primaries that the group can be indicated; yet such species as 2’. zeta, zama, rahel, &c. are so utterly unlike T. hecabe, that nobody could speak of them as belonging to the same group. ‘The following are in the Museum :— T. biformis, Butl.; 7. ewmide, Feld.; 7. telaha, Horsf. ; T. invida, Butl.; 7. Lorquinii, Feld.; JT. alitha, Feld.; T. rahel, Fabr.; T. zama, Feld.; 7’. zita, Feld.; and (in the Hewitson cabinet) 7. tominia, Voll. Terias gradiens, sp.n. (Pl. V. fig. 9.) g. Chrome-yellow : primaries with the costal border black, the outer border broadly black-brown, its inner edge com- mencing just beyond the cell and running with an oblique curve to the third median branch, deeply and unequally bisinuated on the median interspaces, then abruptly running inwards and obliquely downwards, so that the lower part of the border fills nearly half the area between the first median branch and the inner margin, the whole length of the inner margin being also somewhat narrowly black : secondaries with broad black-brown border, narrowing towards apex, its inner edge dentate-sinuate, much as in 7. alitha from the Philip- pines. Under surface pale dull lemon-yellow with indistinct markings, the outer border narrowly brown and diffused as in T. rahel. Kxpanse of wings 45 millim. Borneo (from the E. Indian Museum). This species should be placed between T. ewmide and T. tilaha, though the secondaries more nearly resemble 7. cnvida. LGe 924 Mr. A. G. Butler on the Genus Terias. Terias anguligera, sp.n. (PL. V. fig. 10.) This is the representative of the preceding species at Ton- dano, and differs from it in the much broader outer border to the wings, that of the primaries internally forming five abrupt angles instead of the curves of Z. gradiens, the internal border of the primaries also not reaching the base, but tapering off to a point. Under surface with the markings much more strongly defined. Expanse of wings 55 millim. Tondano (Wallace). Coll. Hewitson. This was labelled “ 7. ewmide” and associated with T. hecabe by Hewitson; but it is widely distinct from Felder’s species, the description of which refers to a pale sulphur- yellow insect, which we have in the Museum collection from near Macassar. A third species nearer to 7. gradiens, from the Sulla Islands, has been presented to the Museum by Mr. Moore ; it is, however, imperfect. Terias candida group. T. celebensis, Wall.; T. xanthomelena, Salv.; T. candida, Cram.; 7. puella, Boisd.; 7. virgo, Wall. Though connected with the preceding group through 7. celebensis and J. tominia, there is at present a slight gap be- tween this group and the next. Terias celebensis, Wall. The male is perfectly intermediate between that sex of T. tominia and 7’, xanthomelena; the female more closely re- sembles 7’, tominia. In the Hewitson cabinet are two males apparently of distinct though allied species—one, marked “ Mak.,” being doubtless the type of Wallace’s 7’. celebensis 3 from Macassar, the other, marked “Sula,” being evidently his Sulla-Island specimen. On such slender material it would be rash to separate two closely allied forms from the same district, although there is hardly a living lepidopterist who, in this genus, has not described forms more closely resembling each other. Terias nise group. T. regularis, Butl.; T. neda, Godt. ; T. equatorialis, Feld.; T. nise, Cram.; T. musa, Fabr.; T. mana, Boisd.; T. agave, Cram.; T. albula, Cram.; 7. sinoé, Godt. ; T. clara, Bates ; T. marginella, Feld. In this group the transition from yellow to white species is clearly traceable, though a few links are still wanting (in colour only, not in pattern). On some new or imperfectly-known Stromatoporoids. 225 Terias messalina group. T. messalina, Fabr.; T. gnathene, Boisd. Though much resembling the preceding group on the upper surface, [ believe that these are merely white species of the 7. dina group. Terias herla group. T. betheseba, Jans.; T. herla, M‘Leay; T. vagans, Wall. ; T. Jegert, Ménétr.; T. leita, Boisd.; 7. subfervens, Butl. This group is perfectly connected through T. betheseba with the 7. nise group (TL. regularts), and therefore in arranging the genus I have placed it between 7. regularis and T. neda ; yet the acute primaries of some of the species, and the unusual style of pattern and coloration on the under surface of their wings, suggests that they should rightly terminate the genus. It is, of course, impossible to arrange every large genus in a linear series, for, at certain points, two divergent series will occasionally branch out, as appears to have occurred in the present instance. Terias Jegeri, Ménétriés. This species has of late years been incorrectly identified with a Japanese butterfly, from which it is perfectly distinct : it was described from a N.W. Indian specimen, and is with- out doubt the pale representative of 7’. deta; but whether it is distinct, or is a seasonal form or mere dimorphic variety of T. leta, can only be proved by repeated observation on some spot where it abounds or by careful breeding. The point being doubtful, I hesitate to separate the Japanese form from T. subfervens of S. Corea: it differs from it normally as 7. Jegert does from 7’. leta; but individuals in a large series obtained in Japan show a tendency towards the fiery under- surface colouring of 7. subfervens. The species described under the names 7’. reticulata and J’. atinas are tailless species of Sphenogona, their neuration being quite different from that of Zervas. XX.—On some new or imperfecily-known Species of Stroma- toporoids. By H. Auuteyne Nicworson, M.D., D.Sc., Regius Professor of Natural History in the University of Aberdeen.—Part I. [Plates VL-VHL.] Havine been for some time engaged in the preparation of a Monograph of the British Stromatoporoids tor the Paleonto- 226 Dr. H. A. Nicholson on some new or graphical Society, I have had occasion to study a very exten- sive series of forms belonging to the same group from the Devonian and Silurian formations of the Continent of Europe. Some of these are new, while others are incompletely known, and though I have had the opportunity of figuring some of these in the first part of my Monograph, I have not been able to give any descriptions of them. In the present communica- tion therefore I propose to give brief descriptions, accompanied by figures, of some of the new or imperfectly-known types in question, reserving for a future memoir a number of further forms which similarly require illustration and description. The figures given all represent the microscopic structure of the species described, want of space rendering it impossible to figure the actual specimens from which the microscopie slides were taken. This omission is the less to be regretted as specific and generic distinctions, in the great majority of cases, among the Stromatoporoids are necessarily drawn from the details of the microscopic structure, the general form and mode of growth often being precisely the same in types of the most diverse affinities, while very wide variations in these parti- culars may be found within the limits of a single species. Several of the species described occur in Britain; but, with one or two exceptions, the figures given are taken from foreign specimens, as I shall have the opportunity of fully illustrating elsewhere the British examples of the same species. I may add that, except in the case of two figures (PI. VI. figs. 6a and 7a), the drawings are all on a uniform scale of enlargement, being magnified about twelve times ; and I have been greatly assisted in their preparation by a series of excel- lent photographs taken for me by Mr. George Gellie, of Aberdeen. Actinostroma clathratum, Nich. (Pl. VI. figs. 1-3.) Stromatopora concentrica, auctt. Ccenosteum massive and very irregular in shape, usually spheroidal in form, growing trom a small base of attachment, and consisting of numerous successive strata superimposed one upon the other. Radial pillars stout, usualiy from % to 4 millim. apart, the concentric lamin being in general placed at a similar distance apart. The horizontal processes or ‘arms’? are given off from the radial pillars with great regu- larity in radiating whorls, the result being the formation of an angular meshwork, which in tangential sections has a close resemblance to the structure of an hexactinellid sponge. The angular pores, formed as above, served for the emission of the imperfectly-known Species of Stromatoporotds. 227 zooids, and definite tabulate zoéidal tubes are not present. Astrorhize are feebly represented or may be wholly wanting. The surface is not furnished with regular eminences or ‘mamelons.”’ Obs. This species is the one which has most generally been identified with Stromatopora concentrica, Goldf., though various other species have been from time to time referred to under the name of S. concentrica. ‘The present species has been more peices identified with S. concentrica, Goldt., by Bargatzky * (‘Stromatoporen des rheinischen Devons,’ p. 54), I have elsewhere pointed out, however (Mon. Brit. Strom. p. 3), that an examination of the original specimen of Stromatopora concentrica, Goldf., now in the museum of the University of Bonn, proves conclusively that this often-quoted type belongs to a totally different section of Stromatoporoids from that in which the present species is tobe placed I have therefore been compelled to establish the new genus Actino- stroma for the reception of this and of a number of related types, and to give a new specific title to the form now under consideration. Actinostroma clathratum, Nich., grows usually in irregular rounded masses, generally, if not always, with a non-epithecate base. Mostly well-marked strata of growth, or ‘ latilamine,” are observable, and the radial pillars are ‘‘ continuous” (as in the genus Actinostroma as a whole), and pass from the bottom to the top of each stratum, however thick. The pillars are stout and rounded, often showing in cross sections (PI. VI. figs. 1 and 3) traces of an axial canal. In vertical sections well-marked concentric lamingz are seen (Pl. VI. fig. 2). The pillars and lamine are about the same average distance apart, viz. from } to gz millim., German specimens having these structures closer than Knglish examples}. The horizontal “arms ”’ are very regularly produced, and give rise by their union to an extremely regular “ hexactinellid”’ structure, the zodidal pores being angular in shape (Pl. VI. figs. 1 and 2). * Having had the advantage of examining many of Bargatzky’s speci- mens with ‘himself, and having purchased his colléction since his death, I am able to speak confidently as to most of the types described in his work on the Stromatoporoids of the Rhenish Devonian formation. + Owing to the great range of individual variation little stress can be laid in most Stromatoporoids upon precise measurements, such as the above. Itis also noticeable that if we compare specimens of what we must regard as the same species from distant localities (7. e. specimens from the British Devonian rocks with others from the Rhenish Devonian, or speci- mens from the British Silurian with examples from the same formation in Sweden or Esthonia), we find them to invariably exhibit certain slight but constant differences. 228 Dr. H. A. Nicholson on some new or ‘6 Astrorhize” seem to be generally wanting in German examples, but are usually present, though very feebly deve- loped, in British specimens. The species with which A. clathratum is most nearly allied is A. verrucosum, Goldt., the differences between the two being wholly as to their mode of growth. From its next nearest ally, viz. A. hebbornense, Nich. (=Stromatopora astrottes, Barg.), the present species is distinguished by its much stouter pillars and generally coarser structure, and also by the fact that the latter possesses very well developed astro- rhize, which are arranged in vertical groups. Formation and Locality. Common in the Middle Devonian of Hebborn (Schladethal) and in other localities in the Paf- frath district ; also very abundant in the same formation in the Eifel (Gerolstein, Sétenich, &c.). Abundant in the Middle Devonian of Devonshire (Dartington &c.). Actinostroma verrucosum, Goldf., sp. Ceriopora verrucosa, Goldf, Petref. Germ. Taf. x. fig. 6 (1826). Stromatopora verrucosa, Bargatzky, Die Stromatoporen des rheinischen Devons, p. 55 (1881). Obs. The minute structure of this species is in all essential respects identical with that of A. clathratum, Nich.; but the ccenosteum is always developed round a series of separate centres of growth, round which the lamine are concentrically produced. Hence the concentric lamine are regularly undu- lated and the surface exhibits numerous prominent conical eminences or mamelons,’’ usually of considerable size, each of these representing a centre or axis of growth. Formation and Locality. Comparatively rare in the Middle Devonian formation of Biichel (Paffrath district), and also in the same formation in the Hifel (Sétenich, Gerolstem, &c.). I have not recognized the species as yet in the Devonian form- ation of Britain, Actinostroma hebbornense, Nich. (Pl. VII. figs. 7 and 8.) Stromatopora astroites, Bargatzky, Die Stromatoporen des rheinischen Devons, p. 56 (1881). — [Non Stromatopora astroites, Rosen. | The ccenosteum in this species is massive and very regu- larly laminated, the surfaces of the lamings being smooth aval exhibiting numerous large astrorhizee, the centres of which are usually from 6 to 8 millim. apart. ‘The radial pillars are “ con- tinuous,” slender, and placed at about 4 millim. apart, the same imperfectly-known Species of Stromatoporotds. 229 average distance separating the concentric lamine. The hori- zontal “‘ arms” given out by the radial pillars are regularly produced in whorls and give rise to an angular meshwork. Obs. This species was identified by Bargatzky with the Stromatopora astroites of von Rosen. I have, however, carefully examined the original specimens of von Rosen’s species and find it to be quite distinct, as I shall immediately show. It has therefore been necessary to give a new specific name to the present species. A. hebbornense is nearly related to A. clathratum, but differs in the obvious character of the possession of numerous large astrorhize, which, according to my observations, are usually arranged in vertical groups and are connected with a main vertical canal belonging to each group. From the presence of the astrowhize the species resembles the form which I shall describe as A. séellulatum, with which I was at first disposed to identify it (Mon. Brit. Strom. p. 76). Further examination, however, has shown that it is only in this single character that these two forms are closely related. ‘The nearest ally of A. hebbornense is undoubtedly A. clathratum, the two agreeing closely in general structure, and especially in the fact that the “ arms” in both give rise to a regularly angular: network (Pl. VIL. fig. 7). The species is, however, distinguished from A. clathratum not only by its abundant and large astrorhize, but also by the much more slender and delicate character of the radial pillars (Pl. VII. fig. 8). formation and Locality. Abundant in the Middle Devonian of Hebborn (Schladethal), in the Paffrath district. I have not yet identitied this species from either the Hitel or from Devonshire. Actinosiroma? astrovtes, Rosen. ? (Pl. VI. figs. 6-7 a.) Stromatopora astroites, Rosen, Ueber die Natur der Stromatoporen, p- 62, pl. ii. figs. 6 and 7 (1867). [Non Stromatopora astroites, Bargatzky. | The coenosteum of this species 1s massive and grows in suc- cessive strata, or “ latilamine,” of varying thickness. The surfaces of all the strata are covered with well-marked branching astrorhize, the centres of which are placed about 10 or 12 millim. apart. In minute structure the skeleton is apparently formed of exceedingly delicate and close-set radial pillars, which are placed from jy to y's millim. apart or even closer, and are united by few horizontal “arms.” Tan- gential sections hence show a very delicate “ hexactinellid ”’ 250 Dr. H. A. Nicholson on some new or structure. In vertical sections (Pl. VI. fig. 7) the entire skeleton is seen to be divided by well-marked concentric lines which are placed at variable intervals, usually in groups of close-set lines separated by wider bands in which these lines are few or wanting. Obs. This species has given me much trouble, and IT am not yet sure of its affinities. J have examined the original specimens collected by von Rosen, which are now preserved in the museum of the University of Dorpat, and also his microscopic sections of these. ‘The original specimens are, however, highly mineralized, and the thin sections show no clearly recognizable structural characters beyond the con- centric lines of growth which are seen in vertical sections. Hence von Roser only figured the surface of his specimens, showing the well-marked astrorhize ; but he gave no illus- trations of the minute structure. I have also collected a number of specimens from von Rosen’s original locality (Kaugatoma-pank) as well as from other localities in the island of Oesel, which agree in every respect with the original specimen upon which the species was founded. Most of these, however, resemble von Rosen’s originals in being so highly crystallized that the essential points in their internal structure are not decipherable. Out of a considerable number of speci- mens which clearly belong to this species I have only found two which show the internal structure in a manner suitable for satisfactory study; and I have figured tangential and vertical sections of these (Pl. VI. figs. 6-7 a). Judging from these the species would seem to be an Actinostroma, with extraordinarily delicate and close-set radial pillars, which are united by irregular horizontal “arms.” ‘The general struc- ture is therefore like that of Actinostroma tintertextum, Nich., only very much finer. In vertical sections, even in the worst preserved specimens, we can recognize numerous concentric lines of growth (not proper ‘ concentric lamine”’), which are usually placed in groups (PI. VI. fig. 7a). The astrorhizee can with difficulty be recognized at all in thin sections, though sufficiently well marked on fractured surfaces. One of the great difficulties about JAS 6. hed. P > Ciera neta EG. he Valves nearly oblong, but rounded at the ends; not very convex, compressed forward, steep at the edges, but less so anteriorly. Sulcus constricted dorsally, so as to form a rather deep subcentral pit. Dorsal view cuneiform, rounded at the thin end (anterior), and truncate behind. This is not a rare form. Some few specimens show a very faint punctation. Fig. 9¢ shows an interior, with the dorsal edge and its hinge- line. Figs. 6a, b, evidently represent a young form of the same lowly but characteristic species. In the Smith Coll. no. 51, there are two very small individuals from Woolhope. In the Vine Coll. xxv, bed no. 25; xxxviu, bed no. 37; LXIII, bed no. 25; LXIVu,s,9, bed no. 37. 12. Primitia valida, sp. nov. CEE XIV. fies: 7 a, 00, 7c) Proportions:—L.18. H.12. Th. 10. A large, thick, Leperditioid Primitia, very convex along the ventral region and at the posterior third ; compressed dor- sally. Surface finely reticulated, often obscured by weather- ing. Valves marked with a shallow, broad, subcentral pit. Carapace half as long again as high, and almost as thick as high. Edge view subovate, sharp im front; end view sharp 410 Prof. T. R. Jones and Dr. H. B. Holl on the above, tumid below. Slight marginal rim traceable in some specimens. ‘This is near P. wmbilicata, but 1s squarer, thicker ventrally, and always more or less reticulated. In Smith Coll. no. 69, Woolhope (poor variety) ; no. 76 (part), Lincoln Hill, Ironbridge. Vine Coll. xxvu, bed no. 46 (a variety) ; XXVII,»,3, bed no. 46; LXvV2, Shales over the Wenlock Limestone; and Lxvul, bed no. 46 (including a variety). 12*. Primitia valida, vay. breviata, nov. (PID XV. ties. 8 a, 8:0.) Proportions :-—L. 18. H.9. Th. 8. This agrees with P. valida in all respects, except in being smaller and relatively shorter, and not showing the central depression. Vine Coll. xxXvty,2,3, bed no. 46 ; LXVjo ¢party, Shales over the Wenlock Limestone. 12**, Primitia valida, var. angustata, nov. (Pl. XIV. figs. 4a, 40.) Proportions :—L. 14, H.8. Th. 6. In this the relative height and thickness of the valves are much less than in the two foregoing forms; otherwise the features are closely similar. The usual depression on the valves is here subcentral, towards the antero-dorsal region, and is more open and undefined. Vine Coll. xxvitty, bed no. 46 ; LXVi3 (part); Shales over the Wenlock Limestone. 13. Primitia tersa, Jones and Holl. Primitia tersa, J. & H., Ann. & Mag. Nat, Hist. ser, 3, vol. xvi. 1865, p. 421, pl. xiii. figs. 3 a, b, ¢. Proportions :—L. 14. H.9. Th. 9. This occurs at the railway-cutting, side of Severn, Iron- bridge, no. 78, Smith Coll., with a quite or nearly smooth surface; but a reticulate variety occurs in no. 78, Dudley Tunnel. 14, Primitia umbilicata, Jones and Holl. Primitia umbilicata, J. & H. op. ett. p. 420, pl. xiii. figs. 2 a-d. Proportions :—L. 15. H.11. Th. 9. This occurs as a reticulated variety in the Smith Collection, no. 73, railway-cutting, side of Severn, Ironbridge, and no. 77, Paleozote Bivalved Entomostraca. All Dudley Tunnel. In nos. 26 and 78, railway-cutting, side of Severn, Ironbridge, it is smocth. In the Vine Collection LXVIz (part), Lickwood Beds, it is also present. 15. Primitia cristata, Jones and Holl. Primitia cristata, J. & H. op. cit. figs. la, b, e. Proportions :—L. 15. H. 11:25. Th. 11°5. This well-marked species is rather abundant in some of the Shales (Tickwood Beds) in Vine Coll. xxx and LXVIz, in both cases showing delicate toothing on the front margin of each valve. 16. Primitia ornata, sp. nov. (Pl. XIV. fig. 5.) Proportions:—L. 10. H. 6. A small, moderately and equally convex, suboblong, Leper- ditioid form ; straight at the back, with a long hinge-line ; curved on the free edges; the ventral longest and gently curved ; ends nearly semicircular, but the posterior boldest. Surface coarsely reticulated with neat meshes and bordered with a slight rim. Dorsal sulcus median and variable, some- times ending in a definite central pit, sometimes represented only by a subumbilical hollow. Though near to P. variolata, this is distinguished by its shape, ornament, and small size. The dorsal profile of the carapace is a narrow oblong with rounded ends. In the Vine Coll. xxtv, bed 25; Smith Coll. nos. 55 and 72, Woolhope, and no. 76 (part), Lincoln Hill, Ironbridge. It is not common. 17. Primitia cornuta, sp. nov. (Pl. XIV. figs. 12 a, 126, and fig. 13 (young).) Piewl2e bh. 18. lO. het, and be= Proportions : tween the tips 11. Bice tse ede El. Gs Carapace semiovate, straight on the back, elliptically curved on the free edges, being semicircular behind, and broadly and obliquely curved on the ventral and anterior margins up to the antero-dorsal angle. Surface finely reticulate, with some meshes larger here and there, forming small pits; convex behind, compressed in front, excepting that the antero-ventral region of each valve bears an outstanding sharp tubercle. Another, but shorter, tubercle projects from each postero-dorsal region. Hence the dorsal view (fig. 12) gives a bluntly rounded end behind, and a sharp tront end, with the lateral 412 Prof. T. R. Jones and Dr. H. B. Holl on the horn-like projections at the anterior third reaching further out than those behind. The small specimen (fig. 13), though smooth and having the antero-ventral tubercle undeveloped, is sufficiently like the foregoing to be regarded as a young form or an arrested dwarf. ‘This specimen (from bed no. 37 ?) has been lost. P. cornuta is represented by a unique carapace in the Vine Collection, xxxv, bed no, 40. We connect this and the two following species with Pri- mitia, regarding the tubercles as representing essentially the elevated sides of the modified dorsal furrow. 18. Primitia equalis, sp. nov. (BIEXTVisies. 1 1ja, eo.) Proportions :—L, 16. H.9. Th. 5, and between the tips 6. This is Leperditioid in shape, and like P. valida, var. angus- tata, in lateral aspect, but differing in dorsal outline. It has two equal, prominent, rounded tubercles in the middle-dorsal region, almost in a line, marking off thirds of the length, and connected below by a feebly-raised loop-like ridge, curving over the centre of the valve. The dorsal aspect is narrow- ovate, with the four outstanding tubercles symmetrically dis- posed in fore and aft pairs. The surface is finely reticulated, and the hinge-line delicately denticulate. Smith Coll., no. 37, railway-cutting, Coalbrook Dale; and no. 38, railway-cutting, side of Severn, Ironbridge. Rare. This species reminds us of P. bicornis, Jones (Aun. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 2, vol. xvi. p. 173, 1855, pl. vi. fig. 23), from thee Lower Silurian ; but, besides other differences, the proportions of the latter are: L. 18°75. H.9°25. Th. 9°25. Lhe faint loop, evidently a family link with Bollia, Placen- tula, and Strepula, serves to show that the centro-dorsal sulcus is not quite obsolete in these cornute Primitie. It is more definitely marked in the allied P. bicornis and P. mun- dula, Jones (op. cit. figs. 23, 28-31). 19. Primitia diversa, sp. nov. (Pl. XIV. figs. i0 a, 10 6, 10.) Proportions :—L. 14. H. 7. Th. 6, and between the tips 8. Valves straight-backed, Leperditioid, and subeonvex. Sur- face finely reticulated or marked with small scattered pits ; irregularly undulate, and rising into two unequal tubercles, one near the middle of the front third, the other low down on the hinder third. Dorsal view of the closed carapace narrow- ovate, with lateral, projecting, unequal tubercles. In the Vine Collection xxxvh, »,3, and XxXvU, bed no. 37; also LXIV, Buildwas Beds. Rather common. Paleozoic Bivalved Entomostraca. 413 20. Primitia seminulum, Jones. (Pl. XIV. figs. 14 a, 140, 14 ¢.) Beyrichia seminulum, Jones, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 2, vol. xvi. 1855, p. 173, pl. vi. fig. 24. Primitia seminulum, J. & H., op. cit. ser. 3, vol. xvi. 1865, p. 418. Mipette, 6: 4. bite 10, Th. 8. Proportions; «Hig. 14¢: .-..... 14, . H. 9. ( Figured in 1855: L.18-75. H. 11°25. The original description of this pretty little semicircular Primitia needs to be supplemented only by the remarks, that the present specimens are clearly and elegantly reticulated ; that the dorsal sulcus traverses rather more than a third of the height of the valve and is not always quite straight; and, lastly, that the individuals vary in relative length. Fig. 14¢ is the outline of a short valve. Smith Coll. no. 26, railway-cutting, side of Severn, Iron- bridge (worn); no. 35, Lincoln Hill, Ivonbridge; no. 54, Woolhope ; no. 74, Wren’s Nest, Dudley; no. 75, Benthall Edge. An abundant species. 21. Primitia furcata, Sp. nov. (Pl: XLV. figs: loa, 15 6.) Proportions :—L. 19. H.9. Th. 8. This unique carapace is skiff-shaped, with a straight back and elliptical lower margin, which curves up sharply behind, and much more gently and slopingly to the projecting antero- dorsal angle. ‘The valves are fully convex in the hinder two thirds, but are compressed in front. ‘The surface is smoéth, and impressed at the middle of the back with a well-marked sulcus, which widens out into a shallow fork at about the middle of the valve. A ueat rim borders the free edge. Dorsal view subovate, acute in front, straight at the sides, and roundly truncate behind. ‘The valves remaining slightly apart in the figured specimen give a slightly deeper outline in fig. 15 @ at first sight than is real. Smith Coll. no. 43, Dudley Tunnel. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. [The figures are magnified about 15 diameters, | PuaTE XIII. Fig. 1, Strepula concentrica, gen, et sp.nov. Carapace: a, lateral view, left valve outwards; 6, dersal view. Smith Coll. no. 42, rail- way-cutting, side of Severn, Ironbridge. Fig. 2. Strepula beyrichioides, sp. nov. Right valve. Smith Coll. no. 11,, Lincoln Hill, Ironbridge. Fig. 3, The same. Right valve. Smith Coll. no. 11;, Lincoln Hill, Tronbridge. 414 On the Paleozoic Bivalved Entomostraca. Strepula concentrica, sp. nov. Right valve. Smith Coll. no. 11,, Lincoln Hill, Ironbridge. Strepula irregularis, sp. nov. Interior of right valve. Smith Coll. no. 11,, Lincoln Hill, Ironbridge. Strepula concentrica, sp. nov. Right valve. Smith Coll. no, 55,, Woolhope. . Strepula irregularis, sp. nov. Left valve. Smith Coll. no, 11,, Lincoln Hill, Ironbridge. . The same. Carapace: a, right valve; 6, dorsal view. Smith Coll. no. 11,, Lincoln Hill, Ironbridge. . The same. Carapace: a, right valve; 0, dorsal view; c, ventral view. Vine Coll. xurx, bed 25. . Placentula excavata, J. & WH. Carapace: a, left valve; 4, dorsal view. Wine Coll. xxrx,, bed 25*. . The same. Right valve. Vine Coll. xxrx,, bed 25*, . Thesame. Right valve. Vine Coll. xxrx,, bed 25*, . Bollia Vinei, var. mitis, sp. et var. nov. Right valve. Vine Coll. xxxtv,, bed 37. . Bollia Vinei, sp. nov. Left valve. Vine Coll. xxxtv,, bed 37. . Strepula irregularis, sp. nov. Interior of right valve. Smith Coll. no. 70, Lincoln Hill, Ironbridge. . Placentuta excavata, J. & H. Interior of right valve. Smith Coll. no. 66, Woolhope. PLATE XIV. . Primitia lenticularis, J, & H. Cavrapace (not reticulate): a, left valve; 6, dorsal view. Vine Coll. xxx, bed 25, . Primitia fabulina, sp. nov. Carapace: a, right valve; 6, ventral view. Smith Coll. no, 481, 2, Dudley Tunnel. . Primitia paucipunctata, J. & H. Carapace: a, right valve; 6, ventral view. Vine Coll. xxmj, 2, bed 25. . Primitia valida, var. angustata, nov. Carapace: a, left valve; 6, end view. Vine Coll. xxvim,, bed 46. . Primitia ornata, sp.nov. Right valve. Vine Coll. xxiv, bed 25, . Primitia humilis, sp. nov. a, right valve; 6, edge view. Vine Coll. xxv, bed 25, . Primitia valida, sp. uoy. Carapace: a, left valve ; 0, edge view ; c,end view. Vine Coll. xxvut,, bed 46. . Primitia valida, var. breviata. Carapace: a, right valve ; 6, edge view. Vine Coll. xxvi,, bed 46. . Primitia humilis, sp. uoy. a, right valve; b, edge view of cara- pace; ¢, interior of left valve, filled with matrix [too convex above |. Vine Coll. ux111, bed 25. . Primitia diversa, sp. nov. a, right valve; b, dorsal view; c¢, ventral view. Different individuals. Vine Coll. xxxvn, 2, 3, bed 37. . Primitia equalis, sp. nov. Carapace: a, right valve; 6, dorsal view. Smuth Coll. no. 38, railway-cutting, lronbridge, 2. Primitia cornuta, sp. nov. Carapace: a, right valve; 6, dorsal view. Vine Coll. xxxv, bed 40. . The same, young. Right valve. Bed 387? (Specimen lost.) . Primitia seminulum, Jones. Carapace: a, left valve; 6, dorsal view ; ¢, outline of a short right valve. Smith Coll. no. 54, W oolhope. . Primitia furcata, sp. noy. Carapace: a, right valve outwards, and edge of left valve partly seen; 6, dorsal view. Smith Coll. no, 43, Dudley Tunnel. Mr. F. P. Pascoe on new Neotropical Curculionide, 415 XXXVII.—New Neotropical Curculionide.—Part VI. By Francis P. PAscor. BRACHYDERINZ. Athetetes, n. g. globicollis. Melactus, n. 9., for Cyphus bi- spinus &c. Dysphiles, n. g. ferrugatus. ERIRHININ®E. AMtiomerus, n. 2. nodosus. BELIN». Homalocerus punctum, MAGDALINA. Leemosaccus blandus. rufescens. ebenus. CHOLIN”. Cholus Oberthiirii. megaspilus. canescens, Erethistes amplicollis. CRYPTORHYNCHIN2. Elytrocoptus prolifer. Cyphorhynchus diurus. crassus. Cryptacrus scops. Diaporesis, n. g. distincta, ZYGOPINE. Piazurus stellaris. leetus. sacer. diversus, BARIDINZE. Baris magister. fervida, Eurhinus cupripes. eximius. Ganymela, n, 2. nitida. MaADARID®. Eutoxus corax, ATHETETES. Naupacto similis sed differt. Tbiw postice corbellis cavernosis, et elytra quam prothorax haud latiora. This genus agrees with the typical species of Nawpactus in its long and slender antenne and the great length of the second joint of the funicle compared to the first. All others not possessing these characters should be excluded from that genus, as well as those whose elytra are not broader at the base than the prothorax. Some of the latter, like NV. durdus, have been referred to Hurymetopus *, and others, like N. lacer- tosus, to Pantoplanes. In these genera the corbels are open, * This genus of Schénherr’s has been changed in the ‘Munich Cata- logue’ into Metoponeurys as being too near Eurymetopon. If every name among the 80,000 genera of animals is, from a mere similarity of sound, to be changed, except the original, there can be no certainty for many now familiar names; what will be sufficiently clear for some will not for others, for whom such changes are a delight . 416 Mr. F. P. Pascoe on new Neotropical Curculionide. as in Naupactus. Iam not quite sure that what appears to be a minute transverse scutellum is really one. Athetetes globicollis. A. oblongus, piceus, squamis griseis haud dense vestitus ; antenne funiculo articulo secundo quam primo triplo longiore. Long. 4 lin. Hab, Mexico. Oblong, pitchy, clothed with greyish approximate scales ; rostrum flat in front, bounded on each side by two sharply defined lines; antenne very slender, the scape extending to the prothorax, the second joint of the funicle three times as long as the first, the three next equal in length, but to- cether not longer than the second, the last two shorter, e espe- cially the sixth, club oblong- ovate ; prothorax globose, the apex and base truncate; scutellum inconspicuous ; elytra narrower than the prothorax, gradually rounded from the middle, convex, seriate-punctate, punctures small; legs with sparse scales, the anterior much longer, with glaucous green scales, and their femora thicker than the others. MELACTUS. This generic name is proposed for Cyphus bispinus and Cyphus lugubris, but the corbels of the posterior tibie being open, asin Naupactus, it is to the neighbourhood of that genus that, as Lacordaire has pointed out, it must be referred (see Gen. vi. p. 115). DYSPHILES. Oculi depressi. Rostrwm crassiusculum, scrobes arcuate, infra oculos attingentes. Antenne mediocres, feniculo articulis duobus ultimis transversis. Prothoraw rotundatus, apice basique trun- catus. Scutelluminvisum. Slytra breviter ovata, basi quam pro- thorax haud latiora. Abdomen segmento secundo quam tertio quartoque conjunctis eequali. Pedes breves ; femora crassa ; tibie flexuosee ; tarsi lati; wnguiculi liberi. Bastactes is probably the nearest ally of this genus; but in that genus the scrobe does not reach the eye, and the three intermediate segments of the abdomen are equal in length ; the form of the prothorax and elytra are also very different, and, which is of less consequence, the last joint of the fanigle is elongate. Lacordaire is in error in saying there is no scu- tellum ; it is distinct enough ina fresh specimen, and covered Mr. F. P. Pascoe on new Neotropical Curculionide. 417 with silaceous scales. In Dysphiles the elytra form a deep cavity which should be occupied by the scutellum. Dysphiles ferrugatus. D. breviusculus, tomento rufo-brunneo dense tectus, supra tuber- culis plurimis instructus ; capite supra oculos producto. Long. 2 lin. Hab. Brazil. Rather short, closely covered with a reddish-brown tomen- tum; head slightly produced over the eye; rostrum broadly excavated at the side (sometimes filled in by an excess of tomentum) ; antenne ferruginous; prothorax roughly tuber- culate, rounded at the sides; elytra very short, ovate, mode- rately convex, suddenly declivous behind, studded with unequal tubercles, each bearing a stiff curved seta, the inter- vals concave and irregularly punctured; body beneath and Jegs tomentose, with scattered sete ; the claw-joint also setose. AETIOMERUS. Caput haud exsertum; ocul: prominuli, grosse granulati; rostrum prothorace longius, a basi gradatim latius ; scrobes subapicales, infra rostrum currentes. Antenne graciles, scapo oculum attin- gente. Prothorax parvus. Hlytra ampliata, convexa. Pro- pectus breve. Abdomen segmentis duobus basalibus majusculis, sutura prima arcuata. /emora pedunculata, in medio crassa, subtus dentata, sed posteriora dente magno triangulari instructa ; tibie arcuate ; tarsi articulo penultimo profunde bilobo ; wngui- culc liberi. ; A remarkable genus, unlike any other of the group—prin- cipally from New Zealand—to which Mr. C. Waterhouse would refer it. I am half inclined to regard it as an aberrant form allied to Prazurus. Aivtiomerus nodosus. 4. obscure fuscus, supra tuberculis plurimis instructus, prothorace utrinque parallelo apicem versus abrupte constricto. Long. 34 lin. Hab. Wuallaga (Peru). Dull brown, opaque, with numerous unequal tubercles above ; rostrum moderately curved, much broader beyond the insertion of the antenne, coarsely punctured, a well-marked ridge in the middle ; antenne ferruginous, the two basal joints of the funicle of equal length, club ovate, pointed; prothorax slightly transverse, parallel at the sides and suddenly con- 418 Mr. F. P. Pascoe on new Neotropical Curculionide. tracted at the apex, the disk with about eight tubercles ; scutellum oblong, scaly ; elytra as broad again as the pro- thorax, slightly narrowing towards the broadly rounded apex, tubercles numerous, the four principal ones nearly central ; abdomen and metasternum glossy black; legs with much scattered elongate scales. Homalocerus punctum. H. elongatus, parallelus, niger, pilis griseis minutis adspersus; pro- thorace in medio et ad latera macula rubro-aurantiaca ornato; elytris apice ad suturam mucronatis. Long. 4 lin. Hab. Parana. Elongate, parallel at the sides, black, with scattered minute greyish hairs, condensed and forming a stripe on the outer margin of the elytra; eyes very prominent ; rostrum remotely punctured ; prothorax nearly as long as broad, studded with small black granules, a dense patch of clear reddish-orange scales in the centre and a similar patch at the side in front, and behind the latter a larger white one; scutellum incon- spicuous ;_ elytra seriate-punctate, the interstices closely granulate, the apex of each prolonged at the suture into a short conical point ; legs ferruginous. Allied to H. lateralis (an unpublished name, I believe, common in collections), but with a longer and narrower pro- thorax, apiculate elytra, and without the central prothoracic spot. Lemosaccus blandus. L. oblongus, subcylindricus, fusco-castaneus, pilis albis ineequaliter vestitus ; elytris postice abrupte declivibus, apice singulatim tu- berculato-fasciculatis. Long. 24 lin. Hab. Parana. Oblong, subeylindric, dark brown or chestnut, unequally clothed with fine white hairs, those on the basal half of the elytra more densely set, and, in my specimen, assuming the form of the letter X ; rostrum stoutish, finely punctured ; antenne ferruginous; prothorax finely punctured, the sides, except at the apex, nearly parallel, the anterior portion with two well-marked callosities; scutellum round; elytra very slightly broader behind, somewhat interruptedly striate, the interstices finely punctured, the alternate ones raised, the fifth at the declivity with a small black fasciculate tubercle ; legs ferruginous; all the femora with a triangular tooth ; anterior tibie strongly curved. This species may be placed near L. variegatus ; but it Mr. F. P. Pascoe on new Neotropical Curculionide, 419 differs in having no tubercles on the elytra, except the two at the declivity. Lemosaccus rufescens. L. oblongus, postice gradatim latior, rufo-ferrugineus ; elytris pos- tice abrupte declivibus, apice singulatim quadrituberculatis. Long. 23-3 lin. Hab, Parana. Oblong, gradually narrowing behind, reddish ferruginous ; rostrum finely punctured ; prothorax nearly as broad as long, irregularly rounded at the sides, and closely covered (in fresh specimens) with a fulvous tomentum, the apex with two callosities, having a deep excavation between them; scutellum oval, raised ; elytra seriate-punctate, punctures approximate, the alternate interstices raised, the third, fifth, and ninth ending in a tuberele at the declivity, and a larger conical tubercle at the apex; femora obsoletely toothed; anterior tibie nearly straight. In this and the preceding species the two basal joints of the funicle are equal in length, but the first is conspicuously stouter. Lemosaecus ebenus. L. perbrevis, parallelus, niger, nitidus; clava antennarum elongata, funiculo longiore ; elytris apice singulatim rotundatis. Long. 13 lin. Hab. St. Catharine’s. Very short, the sides parallel, glossy black ; antenne feryu- ginous, the club longer than the funicle; rostrum shorter than the head, closely punctured ; prothorax abruptly con- tracted at the apex, reticulate-punctate, scutellar lobe pro- duced ; scutellum round; elytra about a third longer than broad, deeply sulcate and transversely punctate, the punctures closely approximate, interstices raised, especially the middle portion of the third, each elytron rounded at the apex ; femora with a spiniform tooth; anterior tibie slightly curved, with oblong contiguous punctures. The unusually short funicle seems to be the peculiar feature of this curious little species. La@mosaccus has strong affinities with Magdalis; but the latter is placed by Lacordaire in his “‘ Symmerides”’ on account of their contiguous coxe. But this character is common also to the Brazilian species, and, since their affinity to the Australian and Malayan is un- doubted—although perhaps they should be placed in separate genera—the character in this case loses its usual importance, 420 Mr. F. P. Pascoe on new Neotropical Curculionide. and the genus should, I think, therefore be placed in the Magdaline. Cholus Oberthiirit. C. oblongus, fuscus, nitidus, maculis niveis parvis adspersus; rostro ferrugineo, in medio carinato; prothorace transversim subtiliter granulato. Long. 7 lin. Hab. Santo Paulo d’Olivenca (Upper Amazon). Oblong, glossy dark brown; rostrum smooth, ferruginous, with a well-marked ridge in the middle; antenne pitchy, scape moderately long ; prothorax subtriangular, marked with delicate transverse linear granules, the intervals with a few punctures and scattered silaceous scales, some condensed on each side, forming three or four spots; scutellum oblong, rounded at the apex; elytra slightly depressed at the base, seriate-punctate, the interstices marked with narrow transverse interrupted raised lines, and numerous small distinct silaceous spots; legs ferruginous, nearly glabrous; body beneath closely covered with yellowish silaceous scales. Allied to C. Buckleyi, a more convex species without a rostral carina, a minutely punctured prothorax, and otherwise sculptured. Named after M. René Oberthiir, of Rennes, to whom I am indebted for this and other interesting forms. Cholus megaspilus. ©. oblongus, niger, nitidus ; elytris maculis niveis majusculis ornatis ; antennis articulis duabus basalibus funiculi brevibus; scutello angusto. Long. 7 lin. Hab. Sarayacu (Peru). Oblong, black, glossy ; rostrum smooth, with two diverging grooves at the base; antenne: moderately long, the two basal joints of the funicle short ; prothorax minutely punctured ; scutellum narrowly oblong; elytra convex, seriate-punctate, punctures minute, on each four or five round depressions filled with snow-white scales ; body beneath and legs smooth. Closely allied to C. nitidicollis, but with shorter antenne, oblong scutellum, the elytra more convex and with fewer and larger spots. Cholus canescens. C. anguste subellipticus, paulo convexus, castaneus, squamulis pal- lide silaceis sejunctim vestitus ; elytris seriatim punctatis, inter- stitiis conformibus ; mesosterno depresso. Long. 4 lin. Hab. Panama. Mr. F. P. Pascoe on new Neotropical Curculionide. 421 Narrowly subelliptic, slightly convex, chestnut-brown, with small, pale, silaceous, non-contiguous scales; rostrum chest- nut, smooth, except at the base ; antenne ferruginous, basal joint of the funicle nearly as long as the two next together ; prothorax with rounded, more or less remote glossy granules : ; scutellum subscutiform ; elytra seriate-punctate, punctures scarcely approximate, interstices not raised; legs and body beneath with scattered pale yellowish scales, ‘but the last three segments of abdomen smooth except at the sides ; meso- sternum depressed. A narrower species than C. wnizformis, more convex, with comparatively longer elytra, and differently sculptured, Erethistes amplicollis. #. angustus, niger, nitidus; elytris prothorace angustioribus, albo- sexmaculatis, seriatim grosse punctatis; pedibus tenuatis elongatis. Long. 33 lin. Hab. Santo Paulo d’Olivenga. Narrow, black, shining ; elytra with two basal and two sub- apical spots and the apex ‘white ; ; rostrum pitchy, longer than the prothorax, minutely punctured ; antenne ferruginous, first joint of the funicle twice as long as the second, club elongate elliptic; prothorax sensibly longer than broad, regularly rounded at the sides, slightly convex, obsoletely punctured, and with a few short, scarcely elevated, transverse lines posteriorly; scutellum punctifor Mm ; elytra narrower than the prothorax and not much longer, gradually narrowing towards the apex, seriate-punctate, the punctures subtranss verse, a short white oblique spot at the base of each, another behind the middle and the apex white; sides of the sterna closely covered with buff-coloured scales. The nearest ally to this species is . leucospilus, which is much stouter in all its parts and with a normal relation of the prothorax to the elytra; the white spots are also more nume- rous. ; Elytrocoptus prolifer. E. fuseus, opacus; elytris amplis, humeris calloso-productis apiceque late truncatis, linea arcuata determinata silacea ad latera altera- que submarginali ornatis. Long. 6 lin. Hab. Nauta (Ecuador), Opaque dark brown, sides of the elytra with curved sila- ceous lines ; rostrum rather stout ; antenne pitchy ; prothorax transverse, "younded at the sides, scutellar lobe slightly pointed, the disk roughly punctured, the punctures largest in Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 5, Vol. xvii. 29 422 Mr. F. P. Pascoe on new Neotropical Curculionide. the middle towards the base; scutellum small, deeply sunk between the elytra and prothorax; elytra convex, much broader than the prothorax at the base, the apex broadly truncate, a row of coarse punctures by the suture gradually diminishing posteriorly, otherwise impunctate, a well-marked silaceous line beginning at the shoulder, curved inwards at the middle and again near the apex, and connected with a simi- lar submarginal line—together forming a sort of figure of 8 ; body beneath and legs brown, with dispersed scales, anterior and intermediate femora slightly toothed; the two basal seg- ments of the abdomen of equal length. The coloration is somewhat similar to Rhynchenus pusio (what could have induced Linnzus to give so large a species such a specific name ?), but the broadly truncate elytra gives it a place in Chevrolat’s genus. Cyphorhynchus diurus. C. subovatus, fuscus, squamulis flavicantibus adspersus, supra tuber- culatus ; prothorace elytrisque lineis duabus obliquis niveis ad suturam in medio extensis ornatis, apice singulorum preducto. Long. 2 lin. Hab. Huallaga, Peru. Subovate, brown, with scattered, minute, yellowish scales ; a narrow, white, very distinct stripe from the side of the prothorax, continued obliquely to the elytra, and meeting its fellow at about the middle of the suture; rostrum shorter than the prothorax, gibbous at its junction with the head; antenne ferruginous; prothorax very irregular, suddenly narrowed anteriorly, with two tubercles at the apex and two larger ones behind them ; scutelium rounded ; elytra broader than the prothorax, unequally tuberculate, the largest an oblong ridge near the middle and away from the suture, the intervals coarsely punctured, the apex of each diverging into a cylindrical horizontal tubercle ; posterior femora strongly toothed ; tibize compressed, curved; tarsi ferruginous. Allied to C. rugosus (anté ‘ Annals,’ Apr. 1881, p. 304), but smaller, narrower behind, and the elytra apiculate. Cyphorhynchus crassus. C. breviter ovatus, fuscus, supra tuberculatus et fasciculatus ; pro- thorace apice bi- et in medio quadrifasciculato ; elytris postice alte elevatis tune abrupte declivibus. Long. 1? lin. Hab. Brazil. Much stouter than the preceding, the prothorax with six Mr. F. P. Pascoe on new Neotropical Curculionide. 423 fasciculi, the two apical the most prominent; elytra very broad at the base, gradually rising behind, then very abruptly decli- vous, the declivous part and a short oblique line behind the shoulder greyish white, the two largest tubercles above the declivity elongate and studded, as well as elsewhere, with short, thick, erect sete ; legs closely setulose. Cryptacrus scops. C. brevis, convexus, supra squamis griseis fusco-variis obsitus, setu- lisque erectis adspersus ; elytris nodulosis, inzequaliter punctatis . . . . 2 ’ pone medium griseis. Long. 2 lin. Hab. Para. Short, convex, covered with greyish, varied with brownish scales; rostrum rather short, the basal half scaly; antenne ferruginous; prothorax transverse, subtriangular, longitudinally sulcate in the middle, and on each side with two tubercles, the anterior pair at the apex, the posterior larger and approxi- mate to them, scutellar lobe produced ; scutellum punctiform ; elytra much broader than the prothorax, very convex, gene- rally nodulose, the intervals punctured, from the shoulder curving to the suture a greyish raised line, towards the apex entirely pale grey; legs short; tibies compressed. A short stout species with nodulose elytra. DIAPORESIS. Caput rotundatum ; oculi laterales, grosse granulati ; rostrum arcua- tum, basi robustum, apice latius ; scrobes breves. Scapus anten- narum oculum vix attingens; funiculus elongatus, linearis’; clava distincta. Prothorax basi bisinuatus, lobis ocularibus eiliatis. Scutellum inconspicuum. Llytra prothorace paulo latiora, hume- ris rotundatis. ma pectoralis ante coxas intermedias terminata, apice aperta. Pedes modice elongati; femora vix clavata, infra dentata ; tib¢w recte, apice uncinate; tars? articulo basali sub- elongato; unguicule liberi. Abdomen segmento secundo tertio longiore. One of the numerous Cryptorhynchus-forms, which, without any salient characters, seems isolated by its facies from all others ; in mere outline it slightly resembles Memactes. Diaporesis distincta. D. anguste elliptica, picea, squamis fulvo-brunneis vestita ; elytris maculis duabus conspicuis, apiceque albis. Long. 4 lin. Hab. Chontales. Narrowly elliptic, pitchy, clothed with yellowish-brown scales, each elytron with a conspicuous white spot before the 29* 424 Mr. F. P. Pascoe on new Neotropical Curculionide. middle and away from the suture, the apex also white ; ros- trum stout at the base, where it is also very roughly punctured, beyond smooth and glossy; antenne ferruginous, the second and third TOME of the funicle elongate, the latter the shorter of the two; prothorax as long as broad, rounded at the sides, not contracted at the base, coarsely punctured, and with an abbreviated median ridge; the elytra seriate-punctate, punc- tures subquadrangular and approximate, the intervals granuli- form ; body beneath with pale greyish scales. Piazurus stellaris. P. breviter ellipticus, fusco-velutinus, supra silaceo-guttatus ; rostro glabro, basi subbisulcato ; corpore infra nitide nigro, segmentis tribus intermediis abdominis ad latera dense silaceo-squamosis. Long. 5 lin. Hab. Sarayacu. Shortly elliptic, covered with a brown velvety pile; ros- trum dark pitchy, the base lightly marked with two diverging grooves ; antenne ferruginous, the second joint of the funicle considerably longer than the third; prothorax subconical, sides slightty rounded, scutellar lobe emarginate, the disk with from four to six silaceous spots ; scutellum rounded in front, somewhat produced behind, and covered with silaceous scales ; elytra oblong cordate, finely striate, the apex of each obliquely truncate, above with from twelve to sixteen well-defined small silaceous spots, three principal on each side the suture, the posterior only approximating to it; body beneath glossy black, sides of the sterna and three intermediate segments of the abdomen at the sides covered with silaceous scales. The spots vary in size and sometimes in number. Its only near ally is the following. Piazurus letus. P. late ellipticus, olivaceo-velutinus, supra niveo-guttatus; rostro glabro, basi albo-squamoso; corpore infra nigro, nitido, lateribus dense silaceo-squamosis. Long. 4 lin, Hab. Ega. Differs from the preceding in its rich olive-green pile with snowy-white spots; scutellar lobe entire; the elytra much shorter, broader in proportion, and less convex, and the sides of the sterna and abdomen entirely covered with scales. Piazurus sacer. P. ellipticus, flayo-brunneo-squamosus ; elytris pone medium plaga eruciformi albo-marginata ornatis. Long. 54 lin. Hab. Ega? (Amazon). Mr. F. P. Pascoe on new Neotropical Curculionide. 425 Elliptic, closely covered with yellowish-brown pile, the elytra with a large dark brown patch behind the middle; rostrum strongly grooved at the base and _ »>eularly punc- tured; antenne ferruginous, second joint of the cle nearly twice as long as the third; prothorax conical, the ~ = with one or two dark brown stripes, scutellar lobe entire ; scutuilam rounded, covered with a silaceous pile; elytra slightly con- vex, oblong cordate, the apex rounded, seriate-cordate, the “seventh” interstice sharply raised, behind the middle a large dark brown cruciform patch indefinitely bordered with white; body beneath and legs dull brown with scattered greyish scales. This species may be compared to P. phlesus, which is much broader, and, inter alia, has the second and third joints of the funicle of equal length. Piazurus diversus. P. oblongo-ovatus, tuberculatus, squamis nigris silaceo-variis obsi+ tus; antennis funiculo articulo secundo tertio fere triplo lon- giore ; elytris singulatim apice oblique truncatis. Long. 3} lin. Hab. Macas (Ecuador). Oblong ovate, tuberculate above, and covered mostly with black scales and setule; head with a large, round, deeply excavated depression above ; rostrum glossy brown, the base somewhat gibbous ; antenne ferruginous, second joint of the funicle nearly thrice as long as the third; prothorax trans- verse, rounded at the sides, a strongly marked gibbosity in the middle; scutellum rounded, covered with silaceous scales} elytra very gradually narrowing from the base, the surface very unequal, seriate-punctate, the interstices raised, with several small glossy granules on them, the base of each with two tubercles and another behind the middle, also a line of granuliform tubercles externally, each tubercle bearing a sila- ceous scale; body beneath and legs with rufous-brown scales ; posterior femora very large. Allied to P. ostracion, from which it is easily differentiated by the characters of the funicle, elytra, &c. ‘The excavation on the head occurs in other species, but I am not sure that it may not be sexual. Baris magister. B. late ovata, glabra, nigra, nitida; elytris ferrugineis, interrupte striatis ; rostro brevi, fortiter arcuato. Long. 7 lin. Hab. Roraima (Guiana). Broadly ovate, entirely smooth and glossy, black ; the elytra 426 Mr. F. P. Pascoe on new Neotropical Curculionide. ferruginous ; head and rostrum minutely punctured, the latter short and strongly curved ; antenne short and rather slender, the club small prothorax very transverse, suddenly narrowed anteriorly, * .y and remotely punctured, scutellar lobe trun- cate; se .um broadly transverse ; elytra moderately convex, inte’ ,,.edly striate, the deeper parts punctiform, oblong, black, the interstices impunctate, apex broadly rounded ; body beneath and legs glossy black. A fine and very distinct species which may be placed in the same group with B. catenulaia. Barts fervida. B. breviter ovata, glabra, cupreo-aurea ; rostro crasso, brevi, fortiter arcuato; elytris lineatim striatis. Long. 43 lin. Hab. Chontales. Shortly ovate, rich coppery gold; head moderately punc- tured; rostrum short, much curved; antenne black, club large, ovate, pointed; prothorax gibbous, transverse, con- tracted anteriorly, coarsely and closely punctured, scutellar lobe produced; scutellum rounded, but somewhat pointed behind; elytra depressed and irregular above, with linear clean-cut striz, the interstices rather strongly punctured ; body beneath and legs greenish copper. Colour, stout strongly curved rostrum and sculpture, will distinguish this species from its allies, such as ¢nterpunctata, metallica, Kc. Hurhinus cupripes. E. late ovalis, nitidissime viridis; capite, rostro pedibusque pur- pureo-cupreis ; scutello valde transverso; elytris fere obsolete punctatis. Long. 3 lin. Hab. Mexico. Broadly oval, brilliantly green above and beneath, the head, rostrum, and legs a rich purple-copper ; antenne black; pro- thorax impunctate; scutellum very broad, rounded behind ; elytra seriate-punctate, but, except the sutural row, the punc- tures nearly obsolete. Allied to H. cyaneus, but narrower and differently coloured. Eurhinus eximtus. E. late ovalis, nitidissimus; capite prothoraceque cupreo-aureis; elytris cyaneis; rostro a capite separato; funiculo elongato, Long. 22 lin. Hab. Parana. Broadly oval, very glossy; head and prothorax copper Mr. F. P. Pascoe on new Neotropical Curculionidae. 427 with a golden tint; elytra a rich blue; rostrum purplish, distinctly sulcate at the base above the eyes, much longer than the prothorax ; antenne pitchy; funicle with the two basal joints elongate, the remainder gradually shorter, the last two only transverse; prothorax nearly impunctate; scutellum transverse ; elytra linearly striate, the interstices obsoletely punctured ; body beneath and legs greenish. The groove at the base of the rostrum and the elongate funicle are characters at variance with the rest of the genus, but in all other respects they agree. GANYMELA. Ocult rotundi, depressi. Rostrum mediocre ; scrobes laterales, breves ; antenne basi rostri inserte, scapus brevis, articulo primo cras- siusculo, Prothorax transversus, basi subbisinuatus. Hlytra normalia. Cove antice approximate. Femora infra serrata; tubie breves, anteriores arcuate; tarsi latiusculi, articulo ultimo parvo ; waguicule connati. Propectus perparum canaliculatum. Abdomen sutura prima fere obsoleta. According to Lacordaire the approximation of the anterior coxe is the principal character which separates the “ Mado- pterides ” from the rest of his “ Baridiides.” But the genera of the former group are composed of long narrow species very different from the one before us, for which he would probably have constituted another “ groupe.” The genus is remark- able for the basal position of the antenne and the serrated femora. Ganymela nitida. G. fusco-castanea, nitidissima ; prothorace subquadrato, apice subito constricto ; elytris supra inequalibus, lineatim striatis. Long. 4 lin. Hab. Panama. Dark chestnut-brown, very glossy; rostrum shorter than the prothorax, moderately curved, with oblong scattered punc- tures; antenne ferruginous, third joint of the funicle longer than the second; prothorax convex, the sides straight but gradually widening to the base, the disk remotely and minutely punctured; scutellum concave, truncate behind; elytra broader than the prothorax, the surface irregular, nar- rowly striate, femora moderately stout and having on the anterior pair 6-8 serratures beneath, smaller serratures on the intermediate and posterior; tarsi with a yellowish tomentum beneath. Eutoxus corax. &, ellipticus, niger, nitidus ; rostro modice elongato, a basi arcuato ; 428 Mr. F. E. Beddard on Striated Muscles in Echinida. prothorace utrinque omnino rotundato, leviter vage punctato. Long. 5} lin. Hab. Sarayacu. Elliptic, glossy black; rostrum shorter than the elytra, curved from the base, striate-punctate beyond the insertion of the antenne ; prothorax with the sides rounded throughout, the narrow collar at the apex excepted, rather minutely punc- tured; elytra more gradually narrowed from the base, finely punctate-striate ; body beneath punctured throughout. In its only congener, L. reflexus, the rostrum is longer than the elytra and much more slender, the curved portion being chiefly confined to the apical half; the prothorax is somewhat incurved behind the apex, and the elytra are more rapidly narrowed behind. XXXVIII.— Striated Muscles in Echinida. By FRANK E. Bepparp, M.A., F.R.S.E., Prosector to the Zoological Society. Tue April number of this journal contains (p. 388) a trans- lation of a short note by Dr. Otto Hamann on striated muscles in the Echinida, which is evidently preliminary to the publi- cation of a more detailed memoir; the gist of it is contained in the following sentences :— “In Holothurie and Asterida I have sought in vain for transversely striated fibres, but I have now succeeded in finding them in the Echinida. They occur, however, only in a few places, and, indeed, in places where a sudden, rapid, and energetic contraction has to take place. The largest forms of pedicellariz, the pedicell. tridentes s. tridactyles, are best fitted for examination... .. The musculature which moves the three arms .... distinctly shows transverse striation.” The author does not refer to any previous investigations on the subject, but makes his statements in such a way that any one reading the note would naturally assume that Dr. Hamann himself had made the discovery referred to. As a matter of fact the above-quoted observations are not new, but simply confirm the results of an investigation by Mr. Patrick Geddes and myself. Our paper, ‘On the Structure of the Pedicellariz and Muscles of Hchinus sphera,” was pub- lished in vol. xxx. of the ‘ Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh ;’ a brief abstract had been previously com- Mr. F. FE. Beddard on Striated Muscles in Echintda. 429 municated to the French Academy (‘ Comptes Rendus,’ 1881, Feb. 7, p. 808), and this was translated into the Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (vol. vu. ser. 5, 1881, p. 275). The research was completed at M. de Lacaze-Duthiers’s laboratory at Roscoff, and a notice of the main results was published, simultaneously with the detailed communication to the Royal Society of Edinburgh, in the ‘Archives de Zoologie Expérimentale’ (tome x. “ Notes et Revue,” p. xvii). In the ‘ Transactions’ paper the muscles of the pedicellariz—those which serve as adductors of the valves—are figured (pl. xx. fig. 2), and the fact that they are striated is noted in the text (p. 887) of that paper as well as in the other communications on the subject. Since that was written I have had the opportunity, at the Zoological Station of Naples, of studying the structure of the pedicellarize in other Echinoids, and have found, as might be expected, that there is an entire similarity. In Echtnus melo and Echinus brevispinosus the muscles of the ‘ ophiocepha- lous” pedicellariz are striated; in the former species I also observed a striation in the “ gemmiform ”’ pedicellariz, which Mr. Geddes and I were unable to prove in the case of Z. sphera. In Toxopneustes lividus both the “ tridactyle ” and “ ophiocephalous ” pedicellarizs contain striated muscles. Finally, in a species of Arbacia which is very abundant at Naples the “ ophiocephalous”’ pedicellariz show striations. The above statement must not be understood to imply that the other forms of pedicellariz not mentioned—for example the “oemmitorm”’ pedicellarizee of Lehinus brevispinosus—are without striated muscles; I simply take this opportunity of noting a few observations made by me at Naples in the year 1881, which are too fragmentary to be worth publishing in detail. It is not always possible to detect the striations in the pedicellaria-muscles ; and the failure of previous observers to detect them is no doubt due to imperfect methods of preser- vation. Mr. Murray kindly allowed me to examine a num- ber of the ‘ Challenger’ Echinoidea, with a view to an inves- tigation on the comparative anatomy of the pedicellaria ; in no instance, however, did I succeed in seeing any striation on the muscles, which is probably owing to the fact of their preservation in alcohol. The reagents which Mr. Geddes and I found to be best for displaying the striation are mentioned in our paper. In our paper on Lchinus sphera the existence in the ophio- cephalous pedicellariz of certain remarkable skeletal struc- tures was referred to; these have the form of flat plates of elastic tissue formed of a number of about equally-sized 430 Mr. A. G. Butler on a hitherto unnamed Butterfly. fibres, which anastomose with each other and form a highly complicated structure (doc. cit. pl. xx. figs. 10, 11). These also exist in the tridactyle pedicellarize, but are much smaller and hard to discover in teased preparations. I have since found these structures in other species of Hchinus in the same situation and in the ophiocephalous pedicellariz of Arbacia. It would be interesting to have some further information as to the nature and distribution of these very curious structures. XXXIX.—Description of a hitherto unnamed Butterfly from Madeira. By Arruur G. Burier, F.L.S. &e. WHILST incorporating the Zeller collection of Pierinee with our Museum series I came across two specimens of a species from Madeira labelled as the P. chetrantht of Hiibner, but differing considerably from that species. On referring to the Wollaston cabinet of Madeiran insects I found eight specimens of the same species ; proving its con- stancy. I therefore propose to call this butterfly Ganoris Wollastoni, sp. n. Intermediate between G. checranthi and nipalensis, differing from the former in its inferior size, paler and greener tint in both sexes, the female without distinctly yellow secondaries and with the black spots smaller and less distinctly confluent, the three median veins all blackened beyond the black spots. Under surface quite different from thatof either species, the tint of secondaries and apex of primaries being greener even than in G. brassice. From G. nipalensis it differs in having a black longitudinal dash on the second median interspace on the upper surface of the male, and the black spots in the female more or less united by a sinuated blackish streak from the inner margin; all three median branches blackened (whereas in G. nipalensis only the second and third are black); the secondaries below sulphur-yellow, densely irrorated with blackish scales, the costa and apical area of primaries pale sulphur-yellow ; the black spots with two black dots between them. Expanse of wings, ¢ 67 millim., 2 72 millim. Madeira (7. V. Wollaston). On Sponges from South Australia. 431 XL.— Descriptions of Sponges from the Neighbourhood of Port Phillip Heads, South Australia, continued. By H. J. CarTER, F'.R.S. &e. [Continued from p. 127.] Order VII. HEXACTINELLIDA. Families. Groups. 1. Patulina. 1. Vitreoheractinellida .......... 2. Tubulina. 5. Scopulifera. ; Bee Vee \ 4. Rosettifera, 2. Sarcohexractinellida .......45. | 5. Birotulifera. 8. Sarcovitreohexactinellida .... Only one species known, viz. Huplee- : ; ges tella cucumer, Owen. This arrangement, based on a hasty study of almost all the then-known species of Hexactinellida, whose result may be seen in the ‘ Annals’ of 1873 (vol. xii. p. 349, pls. xiii. to xvil.), will be found towards the end of my Classification (2b. 1875, vol. xvi. pp. 199 and 200), accompanied only by the names of the species respectively which illustrate the groups that have been more particularly noticed in the paper to which I have just alluded. ‘T'wo more species were described and illustrated in 1877 (‘ Annals,’ vol. xix. p. 122, pl. ix.) and two or three more in 1885 (7. vol. xv. pp. 887-406, pls. xii. to xiv.), among which is the famous Farrea occq, now deposited in the British Museum. Those which have been described by others since the date of publication to which I first alluded, and which are very few in number, must be sought for by the student himself. Unfortunately all that I have stated has been from dry specimens, and the only instance worth mentioning in which the structure of the soft parts has been described from a Hexactinellid sponge preserved in the wet state is the description by Prof. Dr. F. E. Schulze of a specimen of Huplectella asper- gillum, which he received in “ January 1880 from the ‘ Chal- lenger’ Office, Edinburgh,” for this purpose (‘ Challenger’ Reports, Sponges Hexactinellide, pl. A). To mention the author’s name is a sufficient guarantee for the authenticity of this kind of work, in which he has never been equalled and can, with his power of delineation, hardly be surpassed. Referring the student to the paper itself, I would only here observe that, at p. 6 of the ‘‘ separate copy ” which the author 432 Mr, H. J. Carter on kindly sent me, it is stated that the ampullaceous sacs (Geis- selkammern), which have a peculiar elongated shape and are placed side by side, with their apertures directed towards the centre of the exhalant canal, like the radial chambers of Grantia ciliata around its cloaca, average ‘ about 100 w” in length and “ about 60 ~” in breadth ; while those whiclr he had previously described and illustrated in Spongelia (Zeit- schrift f. wiss. Zoologie, Bd. xxxu. p. 134, Taf. viii. fig. 5) are stated to have averaged “‘ von 0:06-0'1 mm.” in diameter. The radial chambers of Grantia ciliata vary of course with the size of the specimen, but nay be 1-24th in. long by 1-60th in. in diameter and even more, that is about 1:0159 by :5079 millim., so that there is a great difference in size between the ampullaceous sac of Huplectella aspergillum and its apparent analogue in Grantia ciliata, however much in other respects they may resemble each other. As there are no specimens of the order Hexactinellida in Mr. Wilson’s collections, let us pass on to the next, viz. the Calcarea, wherein will be included not only the specimens which came ‘ from the neighbourhood of Port Phillip Heads,” but those also which were subsequently obtained by Mr. Wilson from ‘‘ Western Port,” about 15 miles to the westward. Order VIII. CALCAREA. Here I cannot premise as heretofore any classificatory arrangement of the species of this order, as I had not studied them sufficiently for this purpose when my Classification of the Spongida generally was published (‘ Annals,’ 7. ¢.) ; and not having done much more since in this way I must still, as I did then, recommend the student to study Hiickel’s work entitled ‘ Die Kalkschwimme’ (eine Monographie in zwei Biinden Text und einem Atlas mit 60 Tateln Abbildungen, 1872), to which, however, I must now add the judicious criticism on this work of Dr. N. Poléjaeff, in his “ Report on the Calcarea collected by the ‘Challenger’ Expedition” (‘Challenger’ Reports, Zoology, vol. vill. pt. xxiv. 1883), and his proposed alterations, throughout which he has not forgotten the respect due to Hiickel nor the advantage he has derived from that first and brilliant step into this field of inquiry which Hickel has put forth in ‘ Die Kalkschwimme.’ Doubtless there are shortcomings in every man’s work, and thus every man’s work helps primarily to supply them ; hence, as Dr. Poléjaeff properly remarks, “every one is son of his time ’’ (Report, p. 6). Sponges from South Australia. 433 The calcareous sponges were divided by Hiickel into three families, viz. ‘‘ Ascones, Leucones, and Sycones,” which, for very satisfactory reasons, Dr. Poldjaetf (Report, p. 22) has reduced to two divisions, viz. ‘‘ Homoccela and Hete- roceela,” the former including the single family of Asconide (Ascones), and the latter those of the families Syconid (Sy- cones), Leuconide (Leucones), and Teichonide (Teichone, Teichonellidx),—the chief differences between the two being that in the division Ascones or Homoccela there is apparently no parenchymatous tissue, that is, the sponge is almost entirely reduced in structure to a mere tube whose wall harc lly amounts to more than a thin layer of spicules held together by and supporting the sarcode (syncytium, H. in part) which contains the soft portions of the species, but branching, anas- tomosing, and rebranching continually during growth, at length may reach a more definite form; while in the Hete- roceela the tissue supporting the soft parts fills up as it were the spaces between the bends of the tortuous tubulation in the Ascones, and thus produces a massive sponge like Teicho- nella prolifera, which in structure closely approaches an ordinary non-caleareous sponge. IJ have said “as it were,” because the “tubulation’’? does not exactly represent the excretory canal-system of Techonella prolifera, which is den- driform, while that of a tubular Ascon is more or less of the same calibre throughout. However, this broad distinction will do for the present, as I shall have to return to the subject more particularly hereafter. But in so far as many of the Sycones are as much reduced to a simple tube in their structure as many Ascones, so F shall transpose Hiickel’s primary 2 or family divisions as Dr. Polejaeff has done, by placing the Sycones hefore the Leucones and the Teichonellide last; thus we shall have an uninterrupted evolution in structure from the simple tube in the Ascones to the most complicated form of that in the Teichonellidz, or, at least, 7. prolifera, for we shall find by-and-by that it will be necessary to place 7’. labyrinthica among the Sycones, as its structure is almost precisely that of Grrantia compressa. Meanwhile it is necessary to begin by defining what a calcareous sponge is, and this may be done by stating that it is a spiculiferous sponge in which all the spicules are cal- careous. After which it may be added that it possesses no fibre, which, together with its tender structure generally and the delicate structure of the excretory canals, renders its tissue more or less fragile in every instance. 434 Mr. H. J. Carter on To examine a calcareous sponge for description it is neces- sary to sectionize the specimen, so that one part or half may be dried and the other kept wet, ¢. e. in a preservative fluid. Thus the sections may be either partial or general, one or more depending on the amount of material at command; but under any circumstances there must be dried sections of the speci- men as well as wet for this purpose. Where time is not an object, as it is with me, for I may have little left, m¢croscopic sections of dyed portions should be made, since without this a complete description of no sponge can be written. Jy descriptions therefore will be incomplete so far as this goes; but it is to be hoped that they will fulfil their purpose in other respects, that is m providing an intro- duction to this inquiry for those who may take it up hereafter. At first, in the description of a calcareous sponge, the form generally of the specimen should be notified, and, if possible, an accurate sketch of the natural size recorded before it may be disfigured by the sectionizing. ‘Then the colour, both in the fresh and dried states, should be mentioned. After this the surface described, generally and in detail. The pores noticed, and also the vent or vents, as the case may be, followed by the cloaca. All this may be regarded as belonging to the general form, outwardly and inwardly. After which the internal structure, viz. that which is situated between the skeletal layer of the surface on the outside and that of the cloaca on the inner side, should be described in detail. Finally the spiculation or spicules, generally and particularly, followed by the size of the specimen, its habitat, locality, and any further observations that may be desirable. At least this is the plan that will be adopted in my deserip- tions. In describing the “form” it may be necessary to use the words ‘ individualized’”’ or ‘ agglomerated,’ the former meaning single or complete in itself, the latter in plurality and more or less sunk into a general mass. Again, the former may be “ solitary,” that 1s when alone, or “ social,” when accompanied by others of the same kind, young or old. Of course the ‘‘ description” of the “ form ”’ can only apply to the specimen in hand, unless there are sufficient examples to afford an average. In the matter of colour, which is generally the same, I would premise here that this is some shade of “ white” or ‘“ sponge-brown,’’ approaching more or less to that of snow, as in Leuconia nivea, Bk. (Leucandra nivea, H.), and that when dry thé exposed parts, viz. the surface and the cloaca, are always whiter than the internal structure, on account of ? Sponges from South Australia. 435 the greater abundance of sarcode in the latter (where the ova are generally seen), which, when dry, assumes a sponge- brown colour. ‘These observations are premised to avoid un- necessary repetition in the text, so that hereafter in the descriptions the colour may not be noticed, unless differing from that above mentioned. The “ structure of the surface” or cortical portion needs no remark beyond the fact that the holes of the cribrated dermal sarcode, 2. e. the pores, are generally much larger than in the non-caleareous sponges ; then the spongozoa are nearly double the size also, and in the fresh state so large that they may often be seen to contain the green zoospore of an alga, which, by its colour, contrasts strongly with the translucent white of the spongozoon, thus favouring the view that it was taken in for nourishment, just as when fed with carmine or indigo paint the gummy part appears to be retained for the same purpose and the colouring-matter rejected, as I have lon since shown (‘ Annals,’ 1857, vol. xx. pp. 28 and 29). In short, as regards this subject I know of no other means of ascertaining these facts satisfactorily than by watching the development of a sponge under water, that 1s while growing, which can only be done in fresh water, with the gemmule or statoblast of a living Spongilla, as I have mentioned (op. et loc. cit.) ; for here there is no tearing to pieces or inter- fering with the sponge, which may be transferred to the field of the microscope (in the watch-glass in which it may be growing) for observation, as long and as often as the student thinks necessary, while a very high power (immersed of course) may be brought to bear upon it during the time that a solution of the carmine paint is added to the water in its neighbourhood. I do not mean to state that this is the only course by which the sponge is nourished, for Lieberkiihn has long since shown that an Infusorium may be taken in by the general substance of a sponge, and there digested in a similar manner to the nutritious fragments which the Infusoria them- selves employ for this purpose, ex. gr. Ameba. The terms “ cortex ”’ and “ structure of the surface” will be often used synonymously; but it should be remembered that generally the surface-layer is so thin that it hardly deserves this name, since it 1s only in one species, viz. Hypo- grantia infrequens, which will be hereafter described, that I have found this layer so thick as to deserve the name of “ cortex,” and of this it is impossible to get a better idea than that conveyed in Poltjaett’s illustration of Ute argentea (op. cit. pl. iv. fig. 3). Returning to our vocabulary: I have used the term “ vent” 436 Mr. H. J. Carter on for what is generally called the “ mouth” or ‘ osculum” in a calcareous sponge, after the manner that this would be applied to a sack; and the word “cloaca” for the cavity to which it leads explains itself; while the apertures on the surface of the latter will be termed “ holes,” and that or those, as the case may be, which are seen to open into them, more or less below the surface, the “ openings,” that is of the chambers or canals of the internal structure or that of the wall; the whole of which is precisely similar to corresponding parts in the non-calcareous sponges. For the interval between the surface or cortex of the body and that of the cloaca the term “ wall” will be adopted; its structure consists of empty spaces accompanied by a variable quantity of minutely cancellated tissue. The former will be termed tubes, chambers, or canals, according to their shapes respectively. Thus they will be called “ radial chambers” (radial tubes, H.) when they are more or less cylindrical or prismatic, straight and extending directly across the “ wall” horizontally, from under the pores on the surface to under the holes of the cloaca respectively, as in Grantia ciliata, Bk. ; or they may be ‘‘subradial,” that is more or less branched under the same circumstances, as in our Hypograntia ; or with no appearance of radiation at all, as in our /eteropia ; or with the empty spaces canalicular and branched, tree-like, as in Teichonella prolifera; while the minutely cancellated tissue which accompanies them will be termed “ parenchyma.” Again, as regards the form and arrangement of the spicules in the structure of the wall; this, in his Sycones, has been divided by Hickel into “ articulate” (geghederte) and “ inar- ticulate” (ungegliederte), that is respectively where the skeletal structure of the radial chambers (tubes, H.) is entirely com- posed of a number of small radiates about the same size, or where it is formed by the simple extension across the wall of the long shafts of large radiates, whose heads support the cortex or dermal structure on one side and that of the cloaca on the other, thus leaving horizontal intervals between them which correspond to the radial chambers ; or these two forms of skeletal structure may be mixed, 7. e. where one portion of the radial chamber is “ articulated ” and the other “ inarticu- lated ;’’ but in all cases the sarcode tympanizing the intervals of these spicules to complete the chamber is pierced by inter- communicating pores; while in the subradial or branched chambers and the still further divided forms, up to that which is dendritic, the chambers, now as it were become canals, are rendered continuous with one another by larger or smaller holes of intercommunication, according to the species and the degree Sponges from South Australia, 437 of subdivision of these canals, that is, of course, where the latter are very small the holes are in proportion. It may also be observed that the chambers immediately under the pore-dermis are often much more dilated than further in, thus resembling the “ subdermal cavities” of the non-calcareous sponges; and a similar dilatation may often be seen immediately under the cloaca, which, to a certain extent, may account for the plurality of openings in the wall- structure appearing through the holes of the latter, as will be noticed hereafter in the descriptions of the respective species where this presents itself; I say “ to a certain extent,’ be- cause where the holes in the cloaca are in proportion to the number of radial chambers, as in Grantia ciliata &c., this cannot occur. : Lastly we come to the “ spiculation,” ¢. e. a description of the different forms of spicules, which are generally found to be more or less constant in particular parts. Thus, beginning with the acerates, it will be noticed that those which fringe the vent or mouth of the cloaca present a peculiarly glistening aspect en masse, which, when they are separate, is found to depend on their long, straight, cylindrical, delicate form, closely resembling “spun glass,” and these, similarly pointed at each end and arranged like a palisading around the ¢nside of the mouth, where their fixed ends are on a level with the surface of the cloaca and their free ones project more or less beyond the mouth or vent, will be called the ‘ peristome;” on the other hand, when there are none, and this feature is consequently absent, the mouth will be called “naked.” At the same time it should be remembered that the two states may occur in a group of the same individuals, so that the presence or absence of the “ peristome ” must not be always regarded as an infallible distinction. Again, the acerates may be more or less scattered over the surface either echinatingly or altogether imbedded in it longi- tudinally, when they will generally be found to be much stouter, more or less curved equally throughout, or more in oue half than the other, which is generally the outside one ; also more or less equally fusiform, in which case the thickest part is outwards and the other more or less sunk into the wall. Occasionally the outer end is “ lanciform,” in a line with the shaft, or bent to one side, like a “ fixed bayonet” on a mus- ket, and limited in its extent by a more or less prominent annular inflation, which extends obliquely or circularly across the shaft at the point of union; or the outer end may be more or less sharply curved or elub-shaped &c. Lastly, there is often a minute straight or sinuous acerate Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 5. Vol. xvii. 30 ¢ y] 438 Mr. H. J. Carter on with more or less lanceolate or, rather, “fixed bayonet” end, like that just described, sometimes serrated, with which the cribriform sarcode of the dermis is charged. ‘Taking the place of the flesh-spicule in the non-calcareous sponges, and thus also strengthening this structure, while it acts in combi- nation with the sarcode as a kind of cement in binding down the larger spicules of the surface generally, it has been termed by Hackel “ Stiibchen-Mortel.”” Hence these spicules may be termed ‘ mortar-spicules,” so that when this term 1s used the reader will know what is meant by it. This form again sometimes attains a larger size, when, as is the wont of the dermal acerates generally, they become mingled with the internal ends of the spicules of the mouth and thus form part of the proximal end of the peristome. But the staple and, therefore, most characteristic spicule of most calcareous sponges is a ‘‘ radiate,” which may be regular or irregular; that is to say, when the arms or rays are all equal in size and all separated from each other at equal angles it may be termed “regular,” and when the reverse “ irre- ular.” The radiates, again, may be divided into three-armed and four-armed spicules, 7¢. e. triradiates and quadriradiates, which may be more or less equally mixed together according to the species or their position in that species. Noticing the triradiates first, it may be observed that they are generally more or less elevated in the centre, so that if on a level surface with the points of their arms downwards they would rest on these points, a feature which attains its maxi- mum in the peculiar form that characterizes the surface of Clathrina tripodijfera, as will be more particularly mentioned hereafter. It may also be observed that when the triradiates depart from their “regular”? form they for the most part become more or less bow-and-arrow shaped (whence they have been termed “ sagittal”’), in which two of the arms may be variously expanded laterally ina more or less curved or undu- lating form, backwards or forwards, while the third remains more or less straight, and hence will be termed the “ shaft.” Under this form they may be generally small or gene- rally large. ‘Thus, as before stated, when generally small and numerous they form the skeletal structure of the radial tube or chamber in the Sycones, which has been termed ‘‘ articulated ;’’ while when large, with long shafts, the latter alone extending across the wall simulates that which has been called ‘ inarticulated.”’ The ‘sagittal’? form appears to be often used for binding down the subjacent spicular structure, and, following it up- Sponges fiom South Australia. 439 wards from the surface of the cloaca, this becomes particularly striking and beautiful at the base of the peristome, where the arms are not only expanded almost perpendicularly across the lower ends of the spicules of the peristome, like cross bars in a palisading, but, to still further extend their use, are abso- lutely flattened vertically, while the shaft remains more or less aborted, thin, round, and directed backwards in a line with the spicules i in the layer of the peristome. The quadriradiates, on the other hand, do not differ from the triradiates except in the addition of what is termed a fourth arm ; but inasmuch as this is for the most part different in form from any of the rest, it has been termed by Dr. Bowerbank the “ spiculum ”’ or "e spiculated ray’’ (Mon. Brit. Spong. vol. i. p. 241, pl. iv. figs. 85 and 6) ; we shall call it the “ fourth ray.” it may be larger or smaller, longer or shorter than either of the other rays, curved or strais ht, simple or ensiform, according to the species and its position in that species, situated perpendicular to the rest of the rays or in- clined forwards in the sagittal forms. In the body of the cloaca, where these spicules constitute a characteristic feature, the fourth arm, which projects into the interior, is perpen- dicular to the other three (which are fixed in the surface of this cavity), with the curve always directed towards the mouth, and in this form they may be traced more or less inte the canals leading into the cloaca. On the other hand, when the quadriradiate is large or constitutes, from its size and predominance, the greater part of the spiculation, as in Leuconia Johnustonit, Carter (Leucandra Johnstonit, H.), it may be more or less like the rest ; but under these circumstances this spicule may in situ be frequently distinguished from the tri- radiate by presenting a dark triangular space in the centre of the other three rays, whose angles are coincident with those of the triradiate portion, and w hose darkness arises from the rays of light at this part passing through the surface instead of being reflected from it; while in the triradiate there is no ‘‘ dark space” visible unless the spicule be viewed laterally, when a similar thing happens through the position of the third ray; but its shape is quadrangular and more or less concave at the sides, like an hour-glass; hence, as these spicules lie dv situ on the surface in L. Johnstonii &e., where the fourth ray is directed inwards and the triradiate portion lies flat on the surface, the ‘‘ dark space” is only seen in the former. Among the triradiates may be mentioned in particular a form very much like a “ tuning-fork,” in which the arms are projected forwards almost parallel to each other and closely 30* 440 On Sponges from South Australia. approximated, whilst the shaft is continued backwards in the opposite direction. The interest attaching to this spicule is that it was first noticed and represented by Dr. Bowerbank in a mounting from a calcareous sponge, found at or near Free- mantle, at the south-western angle of Australia (Phil. Trans. 1862, pl. xxxvi. figs. 18 and 19, repeated in his Mon. Brit. Spongiade, vol. i. p. 268, pl. x. fig. 237), of which Dr. J. E. Gray made a genus under the name of ‘ Le/apia,” and a species under that of “ LZ. australis” (Proc. Zool. Soc. 1867, p- 557), and which Dr. G. J. Hinde, F'.G.S., discovered in two fossilized calcareous sponges, respectively named Sestro- stomella rugosa and S. clavata (‘ Annals,’ 1882, vol. x. p- 185), confirmed by myself in a specimen of the former from the Jura; and, further, that I have now found it abun- dantly in a recent calcareous sponge from the neighbourhood of “ Western Port,” Victoria, 5. Australia, among Mr. Wilson’s collection from this part, as will be seen hereafter, when it will be found to be described under Dr. Gray’s name, i.e. “ Lelapia australis.”” Hiickel observed the same form in his Leucetta pandora, also from the south coast of Aus- tralia (op. cit. ‘Atlas,’ Taf. 23. fig. h), and in his “ con- nective variety”? of Leucortis, viz. Leucandra pulvinar (vb. vol. iii. p. 166), from the western coast of Australia &e.; but in neither is the spiculation the same as in our species, which, as just stated, will be called “ Lelapia australis.” As regards the measurements of the spicules, I would pre- mise that, where given, they are intended to represent the largest size of their kind, or the size of the most characteristic forms of the species that I have seen ; for to go further would be only to multiply assumptions, since in the hasty observation of the minor radiates, which are by far the most numerous, it is difficult to find two which are exactly alike; besides, as I have before stated, the triradiate 1s always more or less raised in the centre, so as to become tripod-like, whereby it becomes next to impossible to measure zs arms accurately. Hence, both in the smaller and the larger spicules, the mea- surements must always be taken as approximative; while they will for the most part be given in ‘ 6000ths” of an inch, that the student may realize their relative dimensions. I regret that | cannot go more into detail in this matter ; but as stated above respecting the dyeing and making microscopic sections, which is a comparatively long process, it is to be hoped that what I am not able to do now may be supplied by others hereatter. Also, to avoid unnecessary repetition in the text, I may at once state that, except in a few instances, neither the ‘“ habi- On the British Weevers, the Bib, and the Poor-Cod. 441 tat’? nor the “depth” will be mentioned, and the same with the “ locality.” For, in the first place, all calcareous sponges are marine; in the second place, most of the specimens that I have discovered among Mr. Wilson’s collections have, as a matter of course, been wnaccompanied by their “ depths,” on account of their insignificant size; and, lastly, the “ loca- lity’? being either ‘ Port Phillip Heads”? or “ Western Port,” about 15 miles further to the west, their neighbourhood may be considered the same from a natural-history point of view. With these preliminary remarks let us proceed to the description of all the specimens of Calcareous Sponges that I have been able to find in Mr. Wilson’s collections generally, beginning with that structure which seems to me most simple, viz. Clathrina cavata, and ending with the most complicated, viz. Teichonella prolifera. I have no further classification to offer, and therefore must refer the reader to the works of Hiickel and Poléjaeff for this purpose, as before mentioned, my own being regarded as only a contribution to the subject. There are forty species, of which many are represented by several specimens, some of which are of considerable size, viz. 6 to 74 in. in their longest diameters, and all in a good state of preservation—far ex- ceeding in every way what is to be found on the British coasts. [To be continued. ] XLI.—On the British Weevers, the Bib, and the Poor- Cod. By Prof. M’Inrosu, M.D., LL.D., F.R.S., &c. Two species of weever * have been described by most authors who have treated of the fishes of our own and continental countries, viz. the greater and the lesser weever. So far as previous and present examinations, however, can guide me, IL am inclined to think there is a very close relationship between them ; indeed it is possible that the one is only a young stage of the other, and that certain distinctions, such as the absence of spines above the orbit in the smaller form and its greater depth in proportion to its length, disappear with age. It is well known, indeed, that noteworthy modification in outline occurs during the growth of several fishes. Moreover, in the large form (greater weever) there is considerable variation, for instance, in the semi-membranous prolongation of the free * Trachinus draco, L, (greater weever), and 7’. vipera. 442. On the British Weevers, the Bib, and the Poor-Cod. margin of the operculum. The diversity in the pigment is easily explicable on other grounds than those of specific dis- tinctness. Further, the fact that the smaller form is fertile at an early age is not altogether a reliable basis of separation. Besides, I have not been so fortunate as to secure the young forms of the so-called greater weever, while the young of the lesser weever have been familiar to me for many years—from an inch in length upwards. The smaller form (lesser weever) frequents extensive sandy reaches, such as those off the west sands, St. Andrews, where it delights to bury itself in the sand, and is tossed on shore after severe storms at all stages. The larger form (greater weever), on the other hand, is found as a rule, especially if well grown, in deeper water. In this habit, however, it would only coincide with the larger forms of certain other species of fishes. A perusal of Dr. Giinther’s accurate and careful remarks * on the two forms above mentioned strengthens the view just expressed. The weevers are well known to fishermen from the wounds inflicted by their opercular spines. A most interesting account of the structure of the parts and the result of an experiment with the living form are given by Prof. Allman in a former number of this journal f. In the standard works on fishes in our country, and in the literature of fishes generally since the time of Linneus, the bib or whiting-pout and the poor- or power-cod are mentioned in close proximity. ‘The latter is described as diminutive in size, seldom exceeding 6 or 7 inches in length, and less deep than the former when of the same length. ‘The barbel on the chin is shorter, and there are minor differences in the length of the fin-rays and in the position of the anal fin. In the most recent work on British fishes, viz. that of Mr. Francis Day, it would appear that the elaborate descriptions in regard to eyes, teeth, fins, scales, lateral line, and colours are not always satisfactory, since they fail to show the rela- tionship existing between the adult and young stages appa- rently of the same species. ‘The experienced author, indeed, observes, under the head of the Poor-Cod :—‘‘ Winther places G. luscus asa variety of this fish ; but G. mdnutus is not near] so deep in the body, while its vent is placed below the last rays of the first dorsal fin, and the free portion of its tail is more extended. I have not had an opportunity of investi- gating both sexes of these two species of fish.” This remark * Catalogue of Fishes (Brit. Mus.), ii. pp. 233 and 236 (1860). + Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 1, vol. vi. pp. 161-165 (1841). ae yes On the Development of the Food-Iishes. 443 indicates some uncertainty on the subject, and my own expe- rience of the species has now led me to conclude that what has been described as the poor- or power-cod (Gadus minutus) by several authors is only the young of the bib. Considerable change occurs in the outline of the fins as the adult condition is reached, and the pigment is also increased; but a large series from various parts of the British seas leaves little doubt as to the identity of the two forms. It would appear that the confusion in regard to this species has partly arisen from an examination of preserved specimens. This is probably one of the reasons why they are separated in Dr. Giinther’s valuable and laborious Catalogue of the Fishes in the British Museum*. It is remarkable that very few males were procured last season, and this out of a large number of examples obtained for examination at the marine laboratory. XLII.—Early Stages in the Development of the Food-Fishes. By Epwarp E. Prince, St. Andrews Marine Laboratoryf. DurtinG the spring and summer of last year (1885) the ova of about twenty species of shore and deep-sea Teleosteans were studied in the Marine Laboratory, St. Andrews. Of these about half were carried through the embryonic stages in the tanks of the laboratory, and several species have, for the first time, been studied and the embryos reared at St. Andrews. Six of the species referred to have claimed special attention on account of their economic importance, and the following observations refer mainly to these, viz. :—Gadus merlangus, Gadus ceglefinus, Gadus morrhua, Trigla gurnardus, Pleuro- nectes flesus, and Pleuronectes limanda. So tar as investigations at present show, this remarkable fact has been estabiished—that, with the notable exception of the herring, the ova of those marine fishes which are of chief commercial value are pelagic, and when mature present almost identical features in structure and appearance. In the course of development likewise few points of dissimilarity appear ; but the warning expressed by Prof. Ray Lankester is none the less just, that each form should be investigated in detail, for “fin embryology the practical lesson is daily being more * Vol. iv. pp. 335, 336 (1862) + Communicated by the Author, having been read at the Aberdeen Meeting of the British Association (Section D), September 1885. 444 Mr. E. E. Prince on the and more impressed upon naturalists, that the assertion of generality throughout a class or phylum of organisms for a phenomenon observed only in two or three, or even more members of that class, is an exceedingly risky proceeding ”’*. Each species has been studied separately and continuously in the laboratory, and much material has been accumulated, which has yet to be exhaustively worked out, and the present paper is chiefly of the nature of a preliminary account. Spermatozoa. The spermatozoa of the different species present no special features and are not readily distinguished from each other. They exhibit, as usual, an enlarged portion or head, which is almost perfectly spherical, with a smooth, refractive, cortical portion and a central translucent part. The vibratile fila- ment, or “tail,” is very long, delicate, and homogeneous. They issue from the fully developed male as a whitish fluid, of a rich creamy consistency, and they become diffused very rapidly in sea-water. A large quantity of milt is produced, and it is often expelled with great force. The vitality of the spermatozoa is considerable ; a small quantity exposed upon a slide for three hours exhibited active movements at the end of that time. The Ovarian Ovum. When approaching maturity the ovum gradually loses the opacity which characterizes it for some time after protrusion from the ovarian stroma. The capsule is disproportionately thick and very pliant; but it is structureless and destitute of the radiating canals or strie seen in many ova. Minute spherules and refrangible particles are abundant in the fluid contents, and the vesicula germinativa is comparatively large and usually shows a very distinct nucleolus. The intra- ovarian eggs do not ripen simultaneously, and in Z. gur- nardus especially few ova appear to mature at the same time, so that the spawning-process would appear to be protracted and intermittent, less so in the Gadide and still less prolonged in the Pleuronectide. The Mature Ovum. The mature ovum is more or less spherical, and when healthy has an almost crystalline transparency. It exhibits (1) a deutoplasmic globe, chiefly food-yolk, homogeneous and colourless, and destitute of large oil-globules, save in the case of 7. gurnardus, which possesses a single spherical oil- * Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci. vol. xvi. p. 377. Development of the Food- Fishes. 445 globule of a pale salmon-tint; (2) a delicate cortical film of protoplasm, i in which small vesicles and granules occur ; (3) a narrow space, the ‘ breathing-chamber”’ of Newport®, separating the vitellus from the external capsule, and permit- ting it to revolve freely within the latter; lastly, the ovum possesses (4) an external protective membrane, the yolk-sac of Ransom Ff. It is structureless, tough, hyaline, destitute of pores or striations, slightly resilient, and varies in thickness in different species, though always comparatively thin and of great transparency. It is of uniform thickness in the same ovum, being most tenuous in P. liémanda, measuring not more than -0001 inch in thickness. It is slightly denser in P. Jlesus, *000127 inch; in Gadus morrhua it measures 00025; but it is considerably thicker in the ovum of 7. gurnar -dus, being no less than ‘0005 inch. One aperture pierces the capsule, and its structure is the same in the several species, exhibiting an ‘ hour-glass’”’ form, with a crater-like external and a larger internal opening. Deposition. As the ova mature they pass posteriorly, and descending to the genital aperture are readily expelled. Differences in the manner and duration of spawning doubtless obtain, as already stated, in the various species of food-fishes; but the ovarian walls, assisted by the abdominal parietes, at this time much distended, probably in all cases effect the extrusion of the ova. Very slight pressure upon the abdomen of a well- developed female causes the eggs to issue in a continuous stream, and artificial spawning may be easily performed. Amongst the Pleuronectids: cases frequently occur of egg- bound females, in which the contained ova are translucent and mature, but, from difficulty in expulsion, are retained beyond the proper time. Such ova, when artificially extruded and fertilized, may develop in due course, though others under observation did not survive. q Sy oe CIA ap SF gs bedve® 2°25 3 4+ fe i, fee ® SF ge 2 ose gh <8? —_ Pie Nae p's & ey sy oe atee s {SSee, % 24% SE ee OSS” . oy SPE S Se $F gt? ge SP ah nek a or. 52 2 atom Fe Sg e* 0g 8, & OD rh “el ee iad bee sy tah FO Seek pe eta ete CB ge Con BE yp. Fe oe Sa 9) oo pg Wy 8, Oe BQ RL OL 7 wee 3 8 FG. Ws oy Be aire AP Sj ered Sts teed s state © Rte ¢ re BF ig me Pi ram A ge OP ye rie a Sy oO Anav.& Mag.Nat.Hist.8.5.Vol.17PU.VL. ps ane mre * i“ apeave i = Me eo if P Sad i @: 4 4 ois _ st PS Soy r a i £ fF :% poh. HA Nicholson del. A.T. Hollick lth. Anw.& Mag.Nat. Hist... 5 Vol TZ, PUVIL Mintern Bros. ump. EIN. Nichol san. del. A.T.Hollick hth Mintern Bros. imp. Ann.& Mag. Nat Hist. 5.5 .Vol.17. Pu. IX. Mintern Bros. hth. 1a. T.Hincks del. tT ee oN, : P * e “-¥ . 1S gap os ete ae 2 - ' rs a ' ‘ . < * v. - a4 = s be < wey 4 x oar bs Chel y . = * = Ani. bo Mag. Nat. Hist.S.5.Vob17, PuX. THincks del. Mintern Bros © hth Vol. 17, PU XL Ann & Mag Nat Mist § 5 if Mantern Bros. se. way Peele. Oe ae Pan MmPS Og en Ney R Arcata A ~{ i a 6 ¢ a i ny fab y " . a ig i, 2 ™~ * bas ’ Wire, ) 4 Uk eee ; Miny Pe eats ha i ; Tey Paes a *e ne! Ann.& Mag. Nat.Hist.S.5.Vol.17. Pv. XII. 14+b C. Knight lith Upper-Silurian Beyrichiez. Ann & Mag. Nat.Hist.S.5.Vol. 17. Pu. XII. ul 106 10a 12 14 73 15 16 Weat Newman &Co.imp E.C Kmight lth Silurian Entomostraca. al - = @ « a. : =e % ~ m ‘—* = - —, e ® ay) @ n - a4, CS ~ : = oa : a = _ - ae ne . ‘ / = = Z = - da Pe a? « < a c Anw& Mog. Nat. Hist.s. 5 Voll tePL dV Nb EE 15b 15 w F.C. Knight lith. West Newman & C° imp Silurian FEmtomostraca. ‘i A.S Foord lith. An. & Mag. Nat. Hist. §.5.Vol.17. PU.XV, pre shee, | { } (iene "spacer peal —eseget \ } H Vie 133 cp a ie a 2 a 3 a ‘e ae dekteds STIS HAN.& AHF del. Mntern Bros. imp. seid pil nore te i i ——— 1 & 7" (Te> E Sek Gk = “il OU ‘ “ts f ee nner Rs ER ee Se | erent (se “a Tt re ae swe ped = eee ane ae i seine (ely eae eae — epee: * L Wi a te ns : - oe en i cena aim atti icy “| Se ore a Sm Anav.&e Mag. Nat. Hist. §.5.VoU.17. PU. XVI. HAN. & A.H.Fdel Mantern Bros. imp. A.S.Foord hth. Anin.& Mag. Nat. Hist. S.5.Vol.17. Pu. XVIL Mintern Bros . mp. 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