if dy OW f MY Ki i qf td ih ARTS ivi Me vee my ; Te TN yy i i At arty 4) Re nl rhe | ye ilik 4 7 Ve rave et ahi Ven Ce ine hh vr? Bae ay CR, f ay ane ht Lamha ae tte Li h a ae rel ore Py 2 rie Shey 5, ' aah ‘ ; F ‘e), iy : : ' : Aa A ee a ag Pas Bye \ , f he ! he Ld ne nn : Mg A ae vi i mrs, ‘ 1 ro if 1 Rg a I THE ANNALS AND MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY, INCLUDING ZOOLOGY, BOTANY, ann GEOLOGY. (BEING A CONTINUATION OF THE ‘ANNALS’ COMBINED WITH LOUDON AND CHARLESWORTH’S ‘ MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY.’) CONDUCTED BY ALBERT C. L. G. GUNTHER, M.A., M.D., Ph.D., F.RB.S., WILLIAM 8. DALLAS, F.LS., WILLIAM CARRUTHERS, F.B.S., P.LS., F.G.S., AND WILLIAM FRANCIS, Ph.D., F.L.S. a eee——eeEeeaeaEeEeEeee os VOL. XVII.—FIFTH SERIES: — —_—_——eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeoee oreo LONDON: PRINTED AND PUBLISHED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS. SOLD BY LONGMANS, GREEN, AND CO.; SIMPKIN, MARSHALL, AND CO.; KENT AND CO.; WHITTAKER AND CO.: BAILLIERE, PARIS: MACLACHLAN AND STEWART, EDINBURGH : HODGES, FOSTER, AND CO., DUBLIN: AND ASHER, BERLIN, 1886. “Omnes res create sunt divine sapientizx et potentix testes, divitie felicitatis human :—ex harum usu donitas Creatoris; ex pulchritudine sapientia Domini; “eX ceconomia in conseryatione, proportione, renovatione, potentia majestatis elucet. Earum itaque indagatio ab hominibus sibi relictis semper estimata ; a veré eruditis et sapientibus semper exculta; malé doctis et barbaris semper inimica fuit.”—Linnaus. “Quel que soit le principe de la vie animale, il ne faut qu’ouvrir les yeux pour voir qu’elle est le chef-d’ceuvre de la Toute-puissance, et le but auquel se rappor- tent toutes ses opérations.”—Bruckner, Théorie du Systéme Animal, Leyden, 1767. 300 6 ... .. . The sylvan powers Obey our summons; from their deepest dells The Dryads come, and throw their garlands wild And odorous branches at our feet; the Nymphs That press with nimble step the mountain-thyme And purple heath-flower come not empty-handed, But scatter round ten thousand forms minute Of velvet moss or lichen, torn from rock Or rifted oak or cavern deep: the Naiads too Quit their loved native stream, from whose smooth face They crop the lily, and each sedge and rush That drinks the rippling tide: the frozen poles, Where peril waits the bold adventurer’s tread, The burning sands of Borneo and Cayenne, All, all to us unlock their secret stores And pay their cheerful tribute. J. Tayntor, Norwich, 1818. ALERE FLAMMAM, CONTENTS OF VOL, XVIII. [FIFTH SERIES. } NUMBER CIII. I. On Aphis rumicis, Linn., asa Pest on the Mangel-Wurzel Crops in Shropshire in the Autumn of 1885, and on a Fungus destructive of the same Aphis. By Rev. Witt1am Hoveuron, M.A, F.LS., and WILLIAM Puiuiies, F.L.S. (Plate U1.) 22... 0.05. .nee ee. II. Description of a Moth of the Genus Milionia from Borneo. Dyexkriie Ge BULLER ELS. SC... i. ody ne eee meee ce ee III. On some new or imperfectly-known Species of Stromato- poroids. By H. Arteynx Nicuorson, M.D., D.Sc., Regius Professor of Natural History in the University of Aberdeen.—Part II. (Plates 1s.0'5 JUL os od erase ar nae Ar ear Par cP CCC i ACA i Co IV. The Origin of Metagenesis among the Hydromeduse. By Ry eM ROOK Se ies. aie. tnsc tee 4 sine @ 46 seltie slam alsie Wale a's plenerae V. Endogenous as distinct from Exogenous Division in the Ameeban Rhizopods. By Surgeon-Major Wauuicy, M.D......... VI. Descriptions of Sponges from the Neighbourhood of Port Phillip Heads, South Australia, continued. By H. J. Carrer, JP IRIS GHGr Gs oa aio) Be pee Renan coca Perec Dininioicmioin ror cicoi VI. Prof. E. Ray Lankester’s Memoir “ J.imulus an Arachnid,” and the Pretensions and Charges founded upon it. By Prof. Carn Se Sr arep te cant ah eeiade ree 2 epehsettele Sean wie inka say tdsiclaTe Seay she «Loy8) gis VIII. Remarks on Dr. Hamann’s Researches in the Morphology of the Echinoidea. By Prof. P. Marnriy Duncan, F.R.S. &e. .... New Book :—Memoirs of the Geological Survey of India. Palzeon- tologia Indica, being Figures and Descriptions of the Organic Remains procured during the Progress of the Geological Survey of India. Ser. x. Indian Tertiary and Post-Tertiary Vertebrata. Vol. Ill. Part 6. Siwalik and Narbada Chelonia. By R. eK Se Ae, am nOGCoa ls aaiadi a old atwiGale coun nied we 5 908 Page 34 69 lv CONTENTS. Page On the Question of the Existence of Different Plasma-layers in the Soft Body of the Rhizopoda, by Dr. A. Gruber ; Observations on the Embryology of Insects and Arachnids, by A. T. Bruce; Notes on the Embryology of the Gasteropods, by J. Playfair MeMurrich ; On the Development and Minute Structure of the Pedunculated Eyes of Branchipus, by Dr. Carl Claus ...... 71—78 NUMBER CIV. IX. Notes from the St. Andrews Marine Laboratory (under the Fishery Board for Scotland).—No. V. On the Paternal Instincts of Cyclopterus lumpus, L. By Prof. M‘Inrosu, M.D., LL.D.,F.R.S., &e. 81 X. On the Presence of Oleaginous Spheres in the Yolk of Tele- ostean Ova. By Epwarp E. Prince, St. Andrews Marine Laboratory 84 XI. Description of a new Gecko of the Genus Nephrurus. By G. PASH OU MENGHID Geycs minis an sicKb aie aise oie ce) eialsielere fete tate Sie 91 XII. Report on the Testaceous Mollusca obtained during a Dredging-excursion in the Gulf of Suez in the Months of February and March 1869. By Roperr MacAnprew.—Republished, with Additions and Corrections, by ALFRED Hanps Cooker, M.A., Curator in Zoology, Museum of Zoology and Comparative Anatomy, Cam- bridee:——Part Ve. (fouatasatiiccaneicis tes ack Cee eee 92 XITI. A new Form of Freshwater Cclenterate. By Dr. M. Wissow. s(Plate TVs), ay sjiesc «citi. hte cietesare oxeiee mye oie eae eee 110 XIV. Description of a new Species of Vesperugo from North America. By G. E. Dosson, M.A., F.R.S. XV. Descriptions of Sponges from the Neighbourhood of Port Phillip Heads, South Australia, continued. By H. J. Carrer, SRS es, < re Dix cd bseinnate + bors, 0is 0. Secs Oras oho St OS) Ae reaetana ee ee 126 XVI. Descriptions of four new Species of Butterflies from Burmah. By PEI MGHROSE (SMITE 0 hc cies alcielelae tices gone sists a lasrus ets eel eee 149 XVII. On Proteleta Sollast, a new Geuus and Species of Monaxonid Sponges allied to Polymastia. By Arntuur Denpy, B.Sc., Associate of the Owens College, and Sruart O. Ripuey, M.A., F.L.S., of the Zoological Department, British Museum, (Plate V.) ............ 152 New Books :—Memoirs of the Geological Survey of India. Palaon- tologia Indica, being Figures and Descriptions of the Organic Remains precured during the Progress of the Geological Survey of India. Ser. x. Indian ‘Tertiary and Post-Tertiary Vertebrata. Vol. III. Parts 7 and 8. Siwalik Crocodilia, Lacertilia, and Ophidia; and Tertiary Fishes. By R. Lyprxxer, B.A., F.G.S., &e.—Les Glandes du Pied et les Pores Aquiféres chez les Lamellibranches. Par le Dr. THroporr Barrois.—An- nual Report and Proceedings of the Belfast Naturalists’ Field- Club, 1884-85. Series ji. vol. i. part Vv... cia esp ene teens 159—163 CONTENTS, Vv Pa On the Significance of Conjugation in the Infusoria, by Dr. A. Gruber ; On the Influence of certain Rhizocephalous Parasites upon the External Sexual Characters of their Host, by M. A. Giard; The Bed-Bug and its Odoriferous Apparatus, by M. J. Kiinckel. .164—167 NUMBER CV. XVIII. On the Genus Hindia, Dunc. By Dr. H. Raurr ..... . 169 XIX. Prof. Claus: a Rejoinder. By Prof. E, Ray LANKEsTER, 21 ad6\ yall. D's] SSR) ON ES aa Se cer Fables Carn rms ee GS ena 179 XX. On a Collection of Lepidoptera made by Commander Alfred Carpenter, R.N., in Upper Burma, in the Winter of 1885-86. By AAT CO eDUTLER, ELS. EZ. Ce oe aicdeae as 5 va le eealele 5 182 XXI. Note on Orbitolites italica, Costa, sp. (Orbitolites tenuissima, Carpenter), °\By ELENRY 'B: BRADY) FRS. (xi. eaics siete oe ae» ieee 191 XXII. Larval Theory of the Origin of Tissue. By A. Hyatr .. 193 XXIII. Preliminary Communication on some Investigations upon the Histological Structure of the Central Nervous System in the Ascidia and in Myxine glutinosa. By Friptjor NANSEN ........ 209 XXIV. On the Genus Hindia and its Species. By Prof. P. Martin J DSU 1 [FT BB (LTS 06 Bs ao 226 XXYV. Contributions to the Study of the Littoral Fauna of the Anglo-Norman Islands (Jersey, Guernsey, Herm, and Sark). By Pierce PC GREER,» (E1RGG! Kalco eberoucooteas’ ON ais st wind lol uala REEL es 229 Freshwater Sponges from Newfoundland: anew Species, by Edward Potts; On the Biological and Morphological Value of the Bul- billi of Fungi, by M. Hugo Zukal; Note on the Arterial System ot the Scorpions, by MF. Houssay: i... .0e.i cece s. 243—248 NUMBER CVI. XXVI. Notes on the Paleozoic Bivalved Entomostraca.— No. XXII. On some undescribed Species of British Carboniferous Ostracoda. By Prof. T. Rupert Jones, F.R.S., and James W. Rape elicd... Celates Vi, VEE VIER GX.) cote cs eee anes ece 249 XXVII. Description of a new Species of Lamellaria from South aac Pelee Dye E DG AI) As JOMEPELs w 4,0 0c «ola sos x v'epsie dies J anela ga ec’ 270 XXVIII. Supplement to the Descriptions of Mr. J. Bracebridge Wilson’s Australian Sponges. By H. J. Carrer, F.R.S. &e. PVETN BEY OG) vlc edl SG CH RCS IEDC COR ACACIA EAN a Bees! vi CONTENTS. Page XXIX. Contributions to the Study of the Littoral Fauna of the Anglo-Norman Islands (Jersey, Guernsey, Herm, and Sark). By AD ESPEUMIGRETTTER, 6S) ala ie vio i pels ety © terete no ese shee er 290 XXX. Notes from the St. Andrews Marine Laboratory (under the Fishery Board for Scotland).—No. VI. On the very young Cod and other Food-Fishes. By Prof. M‘Inrosn, M.D., LL.D., F.R.S., CMM NEN aac 3s Vein fae cc. o ehdimtalG Dhsvele lave wcecah Sa oan gan 307 XXXI. Histological Investigations upon the Nervous System of theiChztopode. By Dr: Emm, ROHDE }.:j.deas. «= 0./nee eee 311 XXXII. An Entomogenous Fungus. By Witi1am Fawcerr, PBSC py EES, «cage ee eserscc cone lamatereza-oreteitetdeen Noes co Oe ges ues ope ee ee 316 XXXIIL. Description of a new Species of Sphenophorus (Coleo- ptera, Calandridee). By Cuartes O, WATERHOUSE ............ 318 New Books :—Catalogue of the Birds of Suffolk ; with an Introduc- tion and Remarks on their Distribution. By CHurcHii Basineton, D.D., V.P.RS.1L, F.L.8., &c.—Birds on the British List, their title to enrolment considered, especially with reference to the British Ornithological Union’s List of British Birds, with a few Remarks on Evolution and Notes upon the rarer Egos. By the Rev. GREGory Smart, M.A.,, late Scholar of Lrimity Collese, Cambridge Sy.) csc ees ce tee 519, 320 On a new Parasitic and Nidulant Rhabdoccelan (Fecampia erythro- cephaia), by M. A. Giard; Observations on the Pollinization of the Indigenous Orchideee, by M. Paul Maury ; Manual of North- American Birds tic nn sa. ane oss abla soci ciety eee 021—824 NUMBER CVIL. XXXIV. Preliminary Report on the Monaxonida collected by H.M.S. ‘Challenger.’ By Sruarr O. Ripuey, M.A., F.L.S., of the British Museum, and Arraur Denpy, B.Sc., Associate of the Owens Collece, Manchester Jy. spire ciees = bese ine ee 325 XXXY. Contributions to the Study of the Littoral Fauna of the Anglo-Norman Islands (Jersey, Guernsey, Herm, and Sark). By DPR GEHILIER 4 1 wotioutes oie seas, aeatine mete e.g eee 351 XXXVI. Note on Pachymetopon and the Australian Species of Pimelepterus. By Dr. A. GtnrHer, Keeper of the Zoological Department, British, Museum... 345 45 detent jae a eee 367 XXXVII. Supplement to the Descriptions of Mr. J. Bracebridge Wilson’s Australian Sponges. By H. J. Carrmr, F.R.S &e....... 369 CONTENTS. Vil Page XXXVIII. On the Molluscan Fauna of the Gulf of Suez in its Relation to that of other Seas. By Atrrep Hanps Cooks, M.A., Curator in Zoology, Museum of Zoology and Comparative Anatomy, eee DAN OOM erro sscle ves, 1 wave! sMaayepn sockeye ici ooate. 0 excel ahsiet che «ous vie XXXIX. Note on the Structure of Crotalocrinus. By P. HEr- BERT CARPENTER, D.Sc., F.R.S., F.L.S., Assistant Master at Kton COLE) SRG ale PR RE Ren RP Se en Cee oan oe oa ay ea New Books :—Revision of the Paleocrinoidea.—Part III, Discussion of the Classification and Relations of the Brachiate Crinoids, and Conclusion of the Generic Descriptions. By CHARLES WacusmutTH and FranK SpRINGER.—Catalogue of the Blas- toidea in the Geological Department of the British Museum (Natural History), with an Account of the Morphology and Systematic Position of the Group, and a Revision of the Genera and Species. By Ropert ErHeripes, Jun., and P. HERBERT 380 397 CARPE NEEE, OSC. Ee Luice, Palio s ake js caves av ols caters 406, 412 On the Heart, the Digestive Tube, and the Generative Organs of Amarecium torquatum, by M. C. Maurice; A new Form of Opalina, by M. N. Warpachowsky ; A new Gazelle from the pomaliqland, by; M. rang Kohl”. 20... os. ecscseees 418—420 NUMBER CVIII. . XL, Note on Hesperomys pyrrhorhinus, Pr, Max. By OLpFIELD iPaoncAd, Natural History Museum: ........ 6.86 tiele ise bacvees XLI. A Synopsis of the Reptiles and Batrachians of the Province Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, By G. A. BOULENGER .,............ XLII. Supplement to the Descriptions of Mr. J. Bracebridge Wilson’s Australian Sponges. By H. J. Carrer, F.RS. &....... XLITI. Reply to Prof. E. Ray Lankester’s ‘ Rejoinder.” By -FiPDIE (Or (GAIUS 38 ole CGE p Gib dtib.c> ue Up gine Gbmicgn Ooei canee Loma XLIV. Preliminary Report on the Monaxonida collected by H.M.S. ‘Challenger’ By Sruarr O. Ripuey, M.A., F.L.S., of the British Museum, and ARTHUR DeNDy, B.Sc., Associate of the Dy eTISEO OCR. NUANCHESTCD jus, cis ae ie sie nS oe ieceiahe t aig es 40 edits XLV. On Harpacanthus, a new Genus of Carboniferous Sela- elim Spines.. By Dr. RK. Hi. Traquair, FUR.S:, FG:S. .......... XLVI. Description of a new Species of Saw-fly from Albania. By tire EGIIUE Net eines waa old ch tnusls a vaste e 0 8 ees Vili CONTENTS. ° Page The Homologies of the Larve of Comatule, by M. J. Barrois; Notes on the Distribution of Ceratella fusca, Gray, by J. BRE CRC MLS: 5 i clogs osley ts sorte cue oe 497—499 PLATES IN VOL. XVIII. : New Species of Stromatoporoids. III. Aphis rumicis.—Entomophthora ferruginea. IV. Polypodium hydriforme. V. Proteleia Sollasi. VII New British Carboniferous Ostracoda. X. Australian Sponges. XJ. Balanoglossus sarniensis.—¢@pophilus Bonnairei. THE ANNALS AND MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY. [FIFTH SERIES.] Ca einenane tetotoenes per litora spargite muscum, Naiades, et circiim vitreos considite fontes: Pollice virgineo teneros hic carpite flores: Floribus et pictum, dive, replete canistrum. At vos, o Nymphe Craterides, ite sub undas; Ite, recuryato variata corallia trunco Vellite muscosis e rupibus, et mihi conchas Perte, Dez pelagi, et pingui conchylia succo.”’ N. Parthenii Giannettasii Bel. t, No. 1038. JULY 1886. T—On Aphis rumicis, Linn., as a Pest on the Mangel- Wurzel Crops tn Shropshire in the Autumn of 1885, and on a Fungus destructive of the same Aphis. By Rev. Wituram Hovuenton, M.A., F.L.S., and Wii Puituirs, F.L.8. [Plate III.] To the Kditors of the Annals and Magazine of Natural LHistory. GENTLEMEN,—I have to record the occurrence of a species of Aphis, which I take to be the A. rumicis of Linné, the A. Jabe of Curtis, infesting the leaves of the mangel plants in this neighbourhood, last September and October, to a con- siderable and very threatening degree. I never noticed any species of Aphis to any extent on mangel crops before last autumn. As arule, this plant has, in our own country at least, comparatively few insect enemies. No record of man- gels suffering much from any insect attack appears till the year 1844, when, in the north of Ireland, entire crops were destroyed by the larvee of one of the carrion-beetles, Sidpha opaca, which infested the young plants in spring, feeding on the leaves and leaving only the fibres; the roots were not attacked. In 1846 and 1847 they again injured the crops, and, indeed, to this day it appears that they continue to be an Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 5, Vol. xviii. 1 2 Rey. W. Houghton and Mr. W. Phillips on Irish pest. A few other mangel enemies are known to have caused much damage in I’rance, but not in this country, with the notable exception of the two-winged fly (Anthomyia bete), which first, I think, in the autumn of 1862 attacked the crops in Shropshire and the Midland counties generally, causing very serious injury*. Since that date this Anthomyia has, from time to time, caused considerable damage in different English counties, sometimes appearing on the dicotyledonous leaves in the early summer as well as on the full-grown leaves in the autumn; and now, for the first time in Shropshire, another insect foe, whose known antecedents imply the possi- bility of very serious mischief to the mangels, appears. The Aphis rumicis, Linn., popularly known as “ black dolphin” in some districts, ‘‘ collier”? or “ black smother-fly,” is, I feel pretty sure, the species in question. The diagnosis of the Aphides in closely allied species is very difficult, and the absolute differentiation of A. rumictis and A. atriplicis, for instance, is especially so. However, I carefully compared a ereat number of these mangel Aphides with specimens on the beans in my own garden, and could see no difference between the two lots. Mr. Buckton, the author of the valuable ‘ Monograph of British Aphides,’ Ray Society, to whom I sent fresh speci- mens of the Aphis on some affected leaves, corroborated my | identification. Miss Ormerod informs me that A. papaveris is mentioned by Kaltenbach as occurring on almost all kinds of plants, and especially on mangel; but I feel sure that A. papaveris is not the species | examined. The same lady also informs me that in the course of the year before last she received numerous specimens on mangels, which appeared to her to belong to A. atriplicis, Linn. It is not improbable therefore that the three species—A. rumicis, as noticed by myself, A. papaverts, as mentioned by Kaltenbach, and A. atriplicis, as examined by Miss Ormerod—are all occasional mangel pests. Buckton says that A. rwmicis is almost omnivorous ; though its common food-plants are Rumex crispus, Carduus lanceo- latus, and the stalks and top shoots of the broad-bean ; it is also found on the flower-heads of the garden rhubarb and ivy- shoots, on Polygonum persicaria, Borago officinalis, Digitalis purpurea, and other plants. Mr. Buckton also informs us that in 1854 the ravages of this Aphis in the turnip-fields of Yorkshire were very marked, many hundred acres being utterly ruined. Now, one of the fields visited by me last * See my paper in the ‘Quarterly Journal of Microscepic Science’ for 1868, where the female fly is figured and described for the first time. Aphis rumicis on the Mangel-Wurzel in Shropshire. 3 autumn contained a crop of mangels and a crop of swedes ; the former plants were covered with the conspicuous black Aphis-population, but the swedes were not attacked at all; even the row adjacent to the infected mangels was free from them. Aphis brassicw occurred, but not A. rumicis. This fact would lead one to believe that the Aphis prefers mangels to swedes, and that probably it has a predilection for plants either of the same species or belonging to the same natural order. Inthe absence of an abundant supply of their favourite food the insects take to other food-plants readily accessible. The question of its almost omnivorous habits may be to some extent determined by the absence of its favourite food from certain localities. The affected leaves presented on their under surfaces large black masses of Aphis-life, almost every leaf of the plant was sometimes covered, the result being that the whole showed a sickly yellow hue, the underside of the leaves being deeply puckered and distorted; after a time the leaves drooped and withered. For some time the damage continued, the apterous viviparous females being excessively prolific and producing their young larve in prodigious numbers. I have counted as many as thirty larve in various stages of development in a single individual. One might occasionally see amongst these black Aphis masses some dried-up skins of the insect, the result of ichneumon-parasitism ; but, on the whole, no marked beneficial result from insect-agency was apparent, and one began to fear for the mangel crops. Fortunately, however, an effective aid suddenly came to the rescue in the presence of a microscopic fungus of some kind which completely covered the Aphides. About the beginning of October I noticed that these black Aphis-patches on the leaves contained a number of red or rust-coloured spots, which proved to be Aphides either in a moribund or dead state. The microscope revealed the presence of some fungus, which it was quite clear was plying its beneficial destructive agency most vigorously on the Aphis-groups. I placed some infected aphides under a glass with healthy specimens from my garden-beans, and in a short time these became similarly covered with the same red-coloured fungoid growth. The niggers took the scarlet fever and died. On submitting this fungoid growth to the microscope, I could detect numerous conidia amongst the filaments, but could not quite satisfy myself as to their origin and mode of attachment. About the end of October another phenomenon presented itself: the red aphides turned a dull green both on the plants in the fields and on the leaves I had under L* 4 Rev. W. Houghton and Mr. W. Phillips on observation in my study. The aphides had already suc- cumbed to the red fungus ; what was the green growth which supervened? Was it the same fungus under a different aspect and in a more complete stage of development, or was it another fungus altogether? Were these two growths—the preliminary rusty-red one and the subsequent green one— genetically related to each other, or were they distinct plants ? With a view to determine this question I sent specimens to my friend Mr. William Phillips, of Shrewsbury, a gentle- man who has paid great attention to mycological subjects, and who is one of our most painstaking and cautious ob- servers. The occurrence of fungoid growth on aphides is mentioned by Buckton (Brit. Aphides, 1. p. 18, iv. p. 184), and has been noticed by several investigators. The first-named writer says that on the leaves of peach-trees in summer “there are often to be found isolated specimens of Rhopalo- siphon dianthi whose bodies have been entirely destroyed by what would appear to be a species of Penicillium. The outer surface of the body to the eye appears like the pile of reddish velvet, which, under a high magnifying-power, resolves itself into a mass of jointed threads. On cutting into the body of such an aphis, the adipose matter, usually so abundant, appears to have undergone a saccharine degrada- tion.” This fungus may prove to belong to the genus Hntomo- phihora, and to be identical with that of which Mr. Phillips gives an account in the following letter :— “Fungus on Aphides. ‘Two conditions of the dead bodies of the aphides on mangel-leaves you kindly sent me were noticeable—the one a rusty red, the other a dull green colour—both produced by the growth of one or more, probably two, species of fungi. It was not possible to say at first sight whether the red pre- ceded or followed the green growth, or whether the two were genetically related. On placing a few bodies covered by the red growth under a bell-glass in a damp atmosphere they became covered in about two days by the green growth, whereas the green so treated did not change to red. It is very difficult to determine the question of relationship between fungi thus associated, and all I was able to do in the time at my command was to examine the morphology of these fungi with a view of ascertaining their relationship to allied species already described. The result may be given in a few words. Aphis rumicis on the Mangel-Wurzel in Shropshire. 5 “Those insects which were killed by the red fungus had died in a standing position with the legs extended (Pl. III. A, fig. 1) or, more rarely, folded beneath the body. The bodies of some were only partially discoloured by the little patches of the fungus, while others were completely covered, except the legs, so as to conceal all markings of the body. In this last condition they are considerably enlarged, but retain their general outline, and are firm and tough under the knife. When viewed with a 1-inch object-glass the fungus is seen as a closely-packed layer of glistening reddish-brown particles, which, when recourse is had to the higher power of a quarter of an inch, are resolved into elliptic or obovate cells supported on subcylindrical elongated cells issuing from the inside of the insect’s body (figs. 8-12). Dividing one of the bodies by a longitudinal cut, the viscera are seen to be absorbed and replaced by a compact mass of fungus-threads of the same colour as those on the surface. Examining this mass under a quarter-inch object-glass, it is seen to be made up of more or less elongated tubular cells (figs. 2-7), varying in diameter from ‘005 to ‘015 millim., and in length from -05 to -15 millim.; they are irregularly bent, sometimes branched (fig. 5), and occasionally septate (fig. 7) ; the interior of the cells is filled with coarsely granular protoplasm, with nume- rous large vacuoles. ‘The ends of these cells force themselves through the body of the insect to the outside, and bear conidia on their summits, which are formed by abstriction (figs. 8-12). If these conidia are detached from the conidio- phore before they are mature, as happens under the pressure of the covering-glass, the base is truncate (fig. 13, a, a, a), but if allowed to mature they are elliptic or obovate (fig. 13, b, 6) ; they are occasionally in a later stage observed throw- ing out germ-tubes at either end (fig. 13, ¢, c). “From the above brief description it will be at once appa- rent that this rusty-red fungus causing the destruction of the aphides is a close ally of the well-known Hmpusa musce, Cohn, which attacks and kills the common house-ly. Fre- senius has created the genus Hntomophthora * for the reception of these insect-killing species, in which Dr. Winter, in his new edition of Rabenhorst’s ‘ Kryptogamen Flora,’ includes ten species. One of these, #. aphedis, Hoffm.f, is found on an aphis on Cornus sanguinea ; but this is essentially different from the one found on mangel, as I have been able to satisfy myself by the examination of an authentic specimen kindly * Bot. Zeitung, 1856, p. 883. + Fresenius, “ Ueber die Pilzgattung Entomophthora,” in Abhandl. der Senckenb. natur. Gesellsch. Band ii. p. 208, t. ix. figs. 59-67. 6 On Aphis rumicis on the Mangel-Wurzel in Shropshire. lent me by Dr. Cooke. I was not fortunate enough to find the resting-spore in the mangel aphis; but should it appear again this autumn I may be more successful. The species may be called pro tem. Hntomophthora ferruginea, n. s. “ The dull green fungus which at a later stage covers the dead bodies of the aphides and entirely obscures, though it does not destroy, the above-described Hntomophthora, bears a general resemblance to Penicillium glaucum to the naked eye (Pl. ILI. B, fig. 1). This also sends its more delicate mycelial threads through the mummified aphides, appearing at length on the outer surface as erect dendritic conidiophores (fig. 2). It can be best traced in the legs of the insect, which are usually unaffected by the Entomophthora. After traversing the inte- rior of the leg it issues from between the joints (fig. 3), throwing up a number of slender septate threads, about °5 millim. high and 004 millim. broad, which form a fasciculate head of dichotomously branching chains of conidia, which are cylindrical, rounded at the ends, and variable in length. This appears to agree with Penicillium cladosporioides, Fresen. Beitr. t. i. figs. 23-28.” Since the above was in type, Mr. Phillips informs me that he has not seen Lntomophthora Planchoniana, described by Prof. Max Cornu, of Paris, which also grows on aphides, and should be compared with the above (vide ‘ Bulletin de la Société Bot. de France,’ 1873, p. 189). I observe also that Miss Ormerod records, as an insect injurious to mangels, the beetle Steropus madidus (Royal Agricult. Soc. Report, April 1886, p. 311), “ previously believed to be only carnivorous.” As this insect is one of the Harpalidee, some species of which are known to be herbivorous (see Westwood’s ‘ Mod. Class. of Insects,” i. p. 63), it is quite probable that we may hear more ot this little beetle as an enemy to mangel crops. W. HouGutTon. EXPLANATION OF PLATE IIL. AG Fig. 1. An aphis killed by Enxtomophthora ferruginea, the natural size. Figs. 2-7. Mycelial cells found in the interior of the body of the aphis. Magnitied about 350 times. Figs. 8-12. Mycelial cells, bearing on their summits the conidia in various stages of formation by abstriction. Fig. 18. Conidia in different conditions. a, a, a, a, showing the truncate base by which they were attached to the conidiophores ; 8, 6, conidia with the base rounded off; c, c, others throwing out germ-tubes from both ends, Mr. A. G. Butler on a Milionia from Borneo. 7 B. Fig. 1. An aphis previously attacked and killed by the Entomophthora now invaded by a Penicillium. Natural size. Fig. 2, The leg of an aphis out of which the Penicillium is growing, mostly at the joints. Magnified 70 times. Fig. 3. Penicillium cladosporioides, Fresen., removed from the insect and placed under a higher power, showing the form of growth. Magnified 350 times. Figs. 4', 4". Conidia of various sizes, some of those on the right showing minute side-growths, Il.—Description of a Moth of the Genus Milionia from Borneo. By A. G. Burier, F.L.S. &e. EAr.y in the present year the Museum purchased a small series of Lepidoptera from Borneo, amongst which was a Milionia, allied to MW. zonea, and which I fully believed, at the time when I selected it, to be the Burmese J. pyrozonis. On comparison with the two species from Darjiling and 'Tenas- serim I find it to be intermediate in character, and to be the male of an insect which we have long had unnamed in the collection, on account of the indefinite character of the locality received with it— EK. India.” I propose to call this species M. Sharpet,in honour of our ornithologist Mr. R. B. Sharpe, through whose efforts the collection was submitted to us. Milionia Sharpet, sp. n. Size and coloration of I zonea, of Darjiling, the wings being velvety blue-black with metallic cobalt-blue streaks upon the veins at the base; the primaries with an oblique bright orange belt and the secondaries with the outer third of the same colour, with five large oval black spots immedi- ately before the fringe. Body dull purplish black, the head, collar, and tegule spotted and streaked with metallic blue- green; the abdominal segments edged with metallic blue ; anal tuft grey ; legs with their upper surfaces brilliant metallic blue. Expanse of wings 65 millim. @, Borneo; 9,“ BH. India.” Coll. B. M. From MM. zonea this species may readily be distinguished by the belt of the primaries, which is quite a third narrower towards its inferior extremity and more arched throughout, and from both M. zonea and J. pyrozonis by the narrower external orange area to the secondaries, upon which the spots are oval rather than fusiform, and by the dark grey instead of stramineous or dull white colour of the anal tuft. In JZ pyro- zonis also the colouring of the orange belts is considerably redder ; but this naturally alters with age. § Prof. H. A. Nicholson on some new or WI.— On some new or ‘tmperfectly-known Species of Stromatoporoids. By H. Atteyne Nicnorson, M.D., D.Sc., Regius Professor of Natural History in the Uni- versity of Aberdeen.—Part II. [Plates I. & E.] Stromatoporelia curiosa, Barg., sp. (PL I. figs. 1-3.) Stromatopora polymorpha, Goldfuss, Petref. Germ. pl. lxiv. figs. 8 a, 8, & 8d (cet. excl.) (1826). Stromatopora curiosa, Bargatzky, Die Stromatoporen des rheinischen Devons, p. 55 (1881). P Stromatopora nulliporoides, Nicholson, Report on the Paleontology of the Province of Ontario, p. 78 (1875). ? Cenostroma incrustans, Hall & Whitfield, Twenty-third Annual Re- port on the State Cabinet, p. 227, pl. ix. fig. 5 (1873). Ccenosteum encrusting, thin, attached by the whole of the inferior surface to some foreign body, and usually developing externally numerous irregular pointed eminences, at the ex- tremities of which the astrorhize open. Surface usually covered with minute rounded tubercles, the apices of which may be perforated, and also exhibiting branched astrorhizal canals; in other cases part or the whole of the surface may be covered by a thin calcareous membrane, which exhibits few or no apertures of any kind. As regards internal structure the skeleton-fibre is minutely porous, and the skeletal tissue is of the imperfectly reticulate type. The concentric lamine are thick and well-marked, often with a median clear line in each (as seen in vertical section), and they are placed from 7 to 2 millim. apart. The transversely divided ends of the radial pillars can be more or less extensively recognized as distinet structures in tangential sections. The astrorhize are fur- nished with vertical axial canals, and astrorhizal tabule may be sparingly present. Definite zodidal tubes are not recog- nizable. Obs. This is a typical example of an encrusting and para- sitic Stromatoporoid. It envelops Rugose corals or other organisms, and forms crusts varying in thickness from less than a millimetre up to 5 or 6 millim. One of its most character- istic and conspicuous external features is the fact that the exterior is more or less extensively covered with pointed coni- cal eminences (Pl. I. fig. 1), which may be imperforate, or which may terminate in an aperture corresponding with the centre of one of the astrorhizal systems. ‘These eminences or ‘““mamelons ’”’? may be comparatively large, sometimes more imperfectly-known Species of Stromatoporoids. 9 than a centimetre in height, in which case they are compara- tively few in number. More usually they are smaller, per- haps 2 or 8 millim. in height, and in this case they are numerous. When well developed each of these pointed eminences consists of concentrically laminated tissue traversed centrally by the axial canal of an astrorhizal system, and having the external opening of the same at its apex, while the astrorhizal twigs run down its sides externally. The surface presents curious and very puzzling variations in different examples, or in different regions of the same specimen. Sometimes the whole, or a part only, of the surface is covered with minute rounded or elongated tuber- cles, which sometimes coalesce into vermiculate ridges, and which may have their apices perforated with minute circular apertures. ‘This seems to be the normal condition of the surface. In many specimens, however, this granulated sur- face is extensively, or completely, concealed from view by the development of a delicate smooth calcareous pellicle or mem- brane. ‘This external membrane may pass unbrokenly over the mamelons as well as over the general surface; but com- monly the apices of the mamelons show a few small apertures or the single larger opening of an astrorhizal canal. In this latter case the appearances presented remind one of the general surface of Distichopora at points where ampulle are de- veloped. As regards internal structure, the general appearances pre- sented by tangential and vertical sections (Pl. I. figs. 2 and 3) are very similar to those of corresponding sections of Stromato- porella eifeliensis, Nich., and need not be more minutely dis- eussed here. The present species is distinguished from S. evfeliensis, as from the other related species of Stromatoporella, by its uniformly encrusting habit, the development of pointed mamelons, and the characters of its surface. It does not appear to differ, to any marked extent, from an encrusting Stromatoporoid trom the Hamilton formation of North America, to which I gave the name of Stromatopora nulliporotdes (loc. cit. supra) ; and the latter name will therefore probably have to be regarded as a synonym. It also seems to me ver probable that the form described by Professors Hall and Whitfield, from the Chemung group of North America, under the name of Canostroma incrustans (loc. cit. supra) will prove to be really identical with the present species. Formation and Locality. Common in the Middle Devonian formation of Biichel (in the Paffrath district). I have also found it at Paffrath, and, more rarely, at Gerolstein and Biirendorf (Hillesheim) in the Hifel. 10 Prof. H. A. Nicholson on some new or Stromatoporella granulata, Nich. Stromatopora granuata, Nicholson, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, vol. xii. p. 94, pl. iv. figs. 8, 8a (1878). Coenosteum forming laminar expansions, attached basally by a peduncle, and having the rest of the lower surface covered by concentrically striated and wrinkled epitheca. The thick- ness of the coenosteum varies from less than 2 millim. up to 2-3 centim. The surface shows a variable number of low rounded or conical eminences or ‘ mamelons,” the apices of which are usually perforated, each with a single circular opening representing the axial canal of one of the astrorhizal systems. From the apices of the mamelons radiate more or less con- spicuous astrorhizal gutters, and the general surface is covered with close-set tubercles of various sizes, the smaller of these being imperforate, while the larger ones are perforated at their apices by distinct circular apertures. In places the tubercles coalesce into vermiculate ridges. Parts of the sur- face may be covered with a thin calcareous membrane, per- forated by the apertures of the larger tubercles above spoken of. As regards internal structure the skeleton-fibre is minutely porous, and the skeletal tissue is of the incompletely reticu- late type. Vertical sections show well-developed concentric laminee, each often with a median clear line, the radial pillars being thick and the interlaminar spaces from 2 to + millim. in height. Imperfect zodidal tubes, with few tabule, are often recognizable. In tangential sections the transversely divided ends of the radial pillars are seen, each often in the form of a ring enclosing a central circular space. It is the free upper ends of these which form the perforated tubercles on the surface. ‘The intervals between the cut ends of the radial pillars are often crossed by delicate partitions, indicating the presence of astrorhizal tabule. Obs. S. granulata is the type-species of the genus Stromato- porella, and I have elsewhere figured its minute structure with some fulness (‘ Monograph Brit. Stromatoporoids,’ parti. pl. i. figs, 14, 15, pl. iv. fig. 6, and pl. vn. fies. 5,6) ese have not repeated these figures here, it is not necessary to discuss the minute characters of the species in greater detail on the present occasion. SS. granulata is undoubtedly very nearly related to S. ezfeliensis, Nich., but seems to be specifically distinct. As compared with the latter species it is most readily distinguished by the much smaller development of the astrorhizal system, and by the conspicuous presence of hollow radial pillars which appear on the surface as large imperfectly-known Species of Stromatoporoids. 11 perforated tubercles, and which are clearly recognizable in tangential sections. The mterlaminar spaces are also wider, and the general tissue is of a coarser type than in S. e¢feliensis; while the ramified tubulation of the skeleton-fibre in the latter is represented by a finely porous structure. Lastly, 8. ecfeliensis is an almost constantly encrusting type, while I have never observed a similar habit of growth in S. granulata. _ Formation and Locality. Not uncommon in the Hamilton formation of Arkona, Ontario ; also in the Corniferous Lime- stone of Port Colborne and other localities in Western Ontario. Labechia conferta, Lonsd., sp. ae conferta, Lonsdale, in Murchison, Sil. Syst. p. 688, pl. xvi. fig. 5 (1859). Labeshebs See Milne-Edwards & Jules Haime, Pol. Foss. des Terr. Pal. p. 280 (1851), and Mon. Brit. Foss. Cor. p. 269, pl. Lxii. figs. 6-Ge (1855). Ccenosteum usually in the form of a laminar expansion of variable thickness, attached by a basal peduncle, and having the rest of the lower surface covered by a concentrically wrinkled epitheca. Upper surface without monticules, covered with prominent, rounded or elongated, often conical tubercles, the apices of which may be imperforate, or which exhibit a minute circular summit-aperture. Often the tubercles become coalescent to a greater or less extent, and give rise to vermi- culate ridges. The surface between the tubercles is smooth, and no astrorhizal grooves are developed, In internal structure the coenosteum consists of stout, circu- lar or oval, radial pillars, which have a diameter of } to 4 millim., and terminate upwards in pointed extremities, each being traversed by a central canal. The pillars give rise to radiating “‘arms’”’ or plates, which unite with one another in such a manner that the entire space between the pillars becomes filled with a tissue of calcareous vesicles, the convexities of which are directed upwards. Obs. ‘This well-known species occurs typically in the form of laminar expansions with an epithecate base and peduncle of attachment, but in some instances an encrusting habit of growth is observable. Young examples may be only 2 or 3 centim. in diameter, and 1 millim. in thickness; but old specimens may be of greater size, perhaps a foot in diameter, and may reach a thickness of 2-3 centim. A single specimen often consists of two or more superposed colonies. ‘I'he sur- face differs from that of many Stromatoporoids in the complete absence of ‘‘ mamelons,’’ and of any indications of an astro- rhizal system, being covered throughout with prominent 12 Prof. H. A. Nicholson on some new or tubercles, which may be about 4 millim. in height, and about the same diameter at their base. ‘The tubercles may be placed about + to 4 millim. apart, or may be in contact, often coalescing i in sinuous rows. The apices of the tubercles may be simply rounded or pointed, and may be apparently imperforate. In other cases a distinct circular aperture may be detected at the apex of a pillar, though it is not clear that this is not the result of weathering. Vertical sections (woodcut, fig. B) show that the cceno- steum is essentially composed of very stout radial pillars, Sections of Labechia conferta, Lonsd., sp., enlarged twelve times. Wen- lock Limestone, Tronbridge ua Tangential section. B. Vertical section. pp radial pillars : 8 OG. connecting processes or “arms.” which spring from the basal epitheca and are continued to the upper surface, where they terminate in the prominent tubercles above spoken of. The interspaces between the pillars are occupied by a vesicular Hissue formed by the coales- cence of connecting processes, or “ arms,” given out from the pillars, the convexities of the ie being turned towards the upper sur face. imperfectly-known Species of Stromatoporoids. 13 Tangential sections (woodcut, fig. A) show that the radial pillars are hollow, each being traversed by a well-marked axial canal. The tissue forming the periphery of the pillars is composed of very delicate laminee which surround the axial canal concentrically, and which often show a minute cribri- form structure. ‘The connecting processes spring from this tissue, and can commonly be followed in vertical sections for a considerable distance into the substance of the pillars. Tangential sections further exhibit irregular dark lines con- necting the transversely divided tangential pillars; these lines are the cut edges of the vesicular plates or processes which fill the intervals between the pillars. There is, apparently, a complete absence of definite zodidal tubes or surface apertures, and the “concentric laminz ” of the ordinary Stromatoporoids are represented solely by the vesicular tissue which unites the pillars together. Formation and Locality. Abundant in the Wenlock Lime- stone of Britain (Ironbridge, Dudley, Dormington, Longhope, &e.). I have also specimens from the Wenlock Limestone of Gotland (presented to me by Prof. Lindstrém) ; but I have not obtained the species in the Silurian deposits of Msthonia or Oesel. Labechia ohioensis, Nich. (PI. II. figs. 1 and 2.) Labechia ohioensis, Nicholson, Mon. Brit. Strom, p. 32, footnote, pl. ii. fies. 1 & 2 (1885). Labechia montifera, Ulrich, Contributions to American Paleontology, vol. i. p. 33, pl. ii. figs. 9, 9a (1886). Ccenosteum sometimes laminar and pedunculate (?), often encrusting foreign bodies. Upper surface sometimes smooth, but more commonly with small conical “‘ mamelons,” covered throughout with minute rounded or pointed tubercles. Radial pulars about 4 millim. in diameter, and placed at distances of from +to1millim. apart. The radial pillars are mostly more or less angulated, and sometimes exhibit distinct traces of axial canals. ‘The interspaces between the pillars are occupied by delicate vesicular tissue formed of minute vesicles, the con- vexities of which are directed towards the surface. Obs. In general structure this well-marked species resem- bles L. conferta, Lonsd., sp. It is distinguished from this, however, by the much smaller size of the radial pillars, and the correspondingly smaller and less prominent tubercles upon the surface. Moreover, the pillars commonly appear angulated or stellate in cross-section instead of being round or oval. Lastly, the vesicles of the interstitial tissue are much smaller and more delicate, and are developed in proportionally greater quantity than is the case in L. conferta (Pl. IL. fig. 1). 14 Prof. H. A. Nicholson on some new or In minute structure ZL. ohtoensis presents nothing very special. Owing apparently to imperfect preservation the axial canals of the pillars are only occasionally recognizable ; but I have seen traces of a cribriform structure of the tissue of the pillars. In the specimen which I figured originally the actual skeleton of the fossil has been replaced by calcite, all the cavities of the coenosteum being filled with matrix. In the specimen here figured (for which I am indebted to the kindness, of my friend Mr. Arthur H. Foord) the skeleton is preserved in the normal manner. Mr. Foord has also drawn my attention to the fact that some of the appearances which he described (Contrib. to the Micro-Pal. of the Cambro-Silurian Rocks of Canada, p. 25, 1883) as characterizing Tetradium huronense, Bill., sp., are really due to the fact that the specimens of this coral which he examined were covered with a crust of Labechia ohioensis. Thus the granules or tubercles described as covering the surface of Tetradium huronense are referable to the investing Stromatoporoid and not to the coral itself. While these pages have been going through the press I have received from Mr. KE. O. Ulrich a copy of his ‘ Con- tributions to American Paleontology’ (vol. i. no. 1, May 1, 1886), in which a species of Labechia is described from the Cincinnati formation under the name of L. montifera. Mr. Ulrich’s description and figures seem to render it certain that the species named ec. is identical with the one to which I had previously applied the name of L. ohdoensis. In all essential points the internal structure of these is the same, though Mr. Ulrich’s specimens seem to have been in some respects ina better state of preservation than those which have come under my notice. According to Mr. Ulrich the species occurs in the upper part of the Cincinnati group in Ohio and Indiana. Formation and Locality. Cincinnati group, Waynesville, Ohio (coll. HH, A. Nicholson) ; Hudson-River formation, Cape Smythe, Lake Huron (coll. A. H. Foord). Labechia canadensis, Nich. & Murie, sp. (PIS ig. tos) Stromatocerium canadense, Nicholson & Murie, Journ, Linn. Soe., Zool. vol. xiv. p. 223, pl. iil. figs. 9, 10 (1878). Labechia canadensis, Nicholson, Mon. Brit. Stromatoporoids, pl. ii. figs, 3-5, Coenosteum sometimes massive, sometimes composed of thick laminz with a basal epitheca. Surface imperfectly known, but apparently possessing irregular tubercles and conical mamelons. radial pillars large and irregularly deve- loped. The vesicular tissue between the pillars is also very imperfectly-known Species of Stromatoporoids. 15 irregularly developed, the vesicles being sometimes of mode- rate dimensions, but being at other places of large size and irregular form. The vesicles have their convexities turned upwards, and the radial pillars terminate upwards in pointed extremities. Obs. All the examples of this species which I have exa- mined are in a highly mineralized condition, and are not in a state to allow of the satisfactory working out of minute struc- tural details. That the specimens are rightly referable to the genus Labechia is, however, clear, and there can also be no doubt as to the distinctness of the species. Many of the specimens which I have collected, both from America and Russia, have the skeleton replaced by calcite; but I have here figured a vertical section of a Russian example in which the skeleton is preserved in the normal manner. The species is most nearly allied to L. conferta, Lonsd., but is sufficiently distinguished from it by the much more irregular development of the radial pillars and the correspondingly irregular develop- ment, as regards both size and shape, of the interstitial vesicles. Formation and Locality. Ordovician formation (‘Trenton Limestone), Peterborough, Ontario. Also in the same forma- tion (Upper “ Jewesche Schichten” or ‘ Wassalem beds”’), Saak, Esthonia. [It is interesting to notice that another Trenton fossil, viz. Solenopora compacta, Bill., sp., is also common at Saak.| Labechia serotina, Nich. (PI. II. figs. 3 and 4.) Labechia serotina, Nicholson, Mon. Brit. Stromatoporoids, p. 45, wood- cut, fig. 4 (1885) (figured but not described). General form and surface of the coenosteum unknown. In internal structure the skeleton is composed of cylindrical radial pillars, which have a diameter of about } millim., and which are traversed by large axial canals. The canals of the pillars are provided with curved internal partitions, which run transversely to the canal, and have their convexities turned upwards. The pillars are very rarely isolated, but are mostly in contact laterally in such a way that they give rise to sinu- ous rows, forming a network of much the same pattern as that produced by the corallites of Halysites escharoides, Linn. The interspaces between the winding rows of pillars are crossed by delicate calcareous fibres or plates, which connect the pillars together, and which are only rarely and partially vesicular. These connecting plates are usually straight, and are only occasionally curved; hence they give to vertical sections the aspect of a tabulate coral. 16 Prof. H. A. Nicholson on some new or Obs. The only example which I possess of this remarkable Stromatoporoid is a small polished fragment from the Devo- nian Limestone of Devonshire, w heh I purchased from Mr. Sclater, of Teignmouth. The structure of the skeleton differs so widely from that of the ordinary species of Labechia that it is unnecessary to compare it minutely with these. The characteristic features of L. serotina are the confluence of the radial pillars into a reticulation of sinuous rows, the large size of the axial canals, the presence of curved transverse par- titions in the interior of the axial canals of the pillars, and the fact that the interstitial tissue is composed of straight hori- zontal plates, which only rarely become vesicular, and then only to a very limited extent. I may mention that there exists in the Devonian limestones of Devonshire another form of Labechia, the structure of which accords essentially with that of the normal species of the genus. I have not, however, as yet completely investi- eated this form, and shall therefore defer its description to a later time. Formation and Locality. Middle Devonian of Devonshire. The specimen is in a red limestone, and is probably from the neighbourhood of Torquay. Labechia? Schmidivi, Nich. (PI. IL. figs. 6-8.) Labechia conferta, Fr. Schmidt, Silur. Form. von Ehstland &e. p. 280 (1858). Labechia conferta, Lindstrom, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, vol. xviii. p. 4 (1876). Labechia conferta (“ Oesel’sche Form”), Dybowski, Die Cheetetiden der cstbaltischen Silur-Formation, p. 55, pl. iii. figs. 7, 7 a@ (1877). Labechia conferta, Ferd. Roemer, Letheea Paleozoica, p. 543, file 126 (1883). Coenosteum in the form of laminar expansions, attached by a basal peduncle, and having the rest of the lower surface covered by a concentrically-striated epitheca. The ccenosteum may be of very considerable size, and its thickness varies from a couple of millimetres up to perhaps two centimetres. The upper surface is in many cases studded with very prominent and large tubercles, which are placed close together in oblique lines, but which rarely touch or become confluent, The free extremities of the tubercles are in some specimens round, in others pointed, and they mostly show no openings at their apices. In some cases there is the appearance of apical apertures ; but it seems probable that this is only the result of wearing down of the surface. In many specimens the whole or a large part of the surface may be covered with a thin calcareous “membrane, which passes over the summits of imperfectly-known Species of Stromatoporoids. Ay the tubercles, either completely concealing these or only allow- ing their ends to be faintly discerned. As regards internal structure, the entire coenosteum appears to be composed of approximated parallel horizontal lamine, which are bent into a system of close-set conical elevations, which, in the last-formed layer, give rise to the surface- tubercles. ‘The structures representative of the radial pillars are thus composed of the successively superimposed upward bendings of the horizontal laminz ; and the interspaces between these are occupied by the same lamine bent downwards and closely approximated to one another. Obs. The structure of this form has been well described by Lindstrém and Dybowski. From the description given above and from the accompanying figures (PI. II. figs. 7, 8) it will be evident that, supposing the structure to be really what it appears to be, we have to deal with a type exceedingly different from Labechia conferta, Lonsd., though the superficial resemblances between the two are very striking. On this oint Dybowski is quite clear, and he speaks of this type as the “‘ Oesel’sche Form” of Labechia conferta. The first speci- men which I examined was one kindly sent me by Prof. Ferd. Roemer, and as I found it to be highly crystallized I thought it possible that it might be generically identical with Labechia conferta, Lonsd., and that its apparently very different internal structure might be only the result of extreme mineralization (Mon. Brit. Strom. p. 83). Since then I have collected and examined an extensive series of specimens from the Silurian rocks of Oesel; and I have come to the conclusion that the present form is unquestionably specifically distinct from L, conferta, Lonsd., and that it is very doubtful indeed if it can be referred to the genus Labechia at all. All the specimens which I have seen are in a state of com- plete crystallization internally, though the upper and under surfaces are excellently preserved. ‘This mineralization has not obliterated the internal structure, though it may be assumed to have considerably obscured it. ‘l'angential sec- tions (Pl. II. fig. 7) exhibit rows of circular spaces, surroun- ded by a dark line, often exhibiting a dark central spot, and composed of more or less clearly recognizable concentric lamine surrounding this central spot. ‘hese circular spaces are about 4 millim. in diameter, and clearly correspond with the cut ends of the radial pillars, as seen in tangential sections of L. conferta, Lonsd. ‘The dark central spot also probably indicates an axial canal. On the other hand, the intervals between these circular spaces are occupied by a dense brown tissue belonging to the coenosteum itself, whereas in L. conferta Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 5. Vol, xviii. 2 18 Prof. H. A. Nicholson on some new or the corresponding intervals are filled with clear calcite, crossed here and there by the cut edges of the interstitial vesicles. In vertical sections (PI. IL. fig. 8) the differences between L.? Schmidtii and L. conferta are still more striking. In- stead of seeing the well-marked radial pillars separated by intervals filled with lenticular vesicles, as we should do in the latter species, we now see a uniformly brown section, in which there are no recognizable spaces filled with calcite, and no vesicular tissue. All that the vertical section exhibits in L. ? Schmidtii is a series of sharply undulated and exceedingly thin lamelle, which appear to be in elose apposition. The upward bendings of these lamellz correspond with the radial pillars, and the downward bendings correspond with the intervals between these. Periodically a thicker and stronger lamella than the rest is produced, indicating a pause in the growth of the organism. The whole texture of the section is also more or less obviously crystalline, though not more so than one often sees in sections of Echinodermal structures. It need not be doubted that the peculiarities of these sec- tions are in part the result of crystallization and secondary change; but I have come to the conclusion that this is not sufficient to account for the greater portion of the remarkable internal structure of this species. More particularly I have come to the conclusion that no amount of crystallization could account for the absence of the interstitial vesicular tissue which fills in the intervals between the pillars in the normal forms of Labechia, supposing this tissue ever to have existed in the Oesel form. I have, in fact, examined thin sections of specimens of L. conferta, Lonsd., from Dudley, in a condition of intense crystallization, and I have neither observed any appearances in these at all comparable with those seen in the Russian examples, nor have I ever failed to recognize in them the radial pillars and interstitial vesicular tissue. If, however, the form now under consideration be really destitute of interstitial vesicular tissue, and if it be really composed of sharply undulated and closely approximated cal- careous lamin, then it obviously can no longer find a place in the genus Labechia, EK. & H. The form which it most closely resembles is one which I described from the Niagara Limestone of North America under the name of Dictyostroma undulatum (Pal. of Ohio, vol. ii. p. 254, pl. xxiv. fig. 6, 1875). The surface, when somewhat exfoliated (PI. LI. fig. 6), has, in particular, a close resemblance to what is seen in Dictyostroma undulatum. Unfortunately, the microscopic structure of the Ohio species has not yet been investigated, and the genus Dictyostroma cannot therefore be regarded as imperfectly-known Species of Stromatoporoids. 19 satisfactorily established. In the meantime, however, I am disposed to think that these two forms are congeneric, and that the structure of the genus D¢ctyostroma, Nich,, will therefore prove to be that which I have here described as characterizing Labechia? Schmidtit. In any case, even supposing that the present type were left in the genus Labechia, it would still be clearly separated as a species from L. conferta, Lonsd. Thus, apart from the presumed want of continuous radial pillars and interstitial vesicular tissue, the surface-tubercles of L.? Schmidtit are much more prominent and much larger than they are in L. conferta, Lonsd., and they rarely, or never to any extent, coalesce, as they so commonly do in the latter. Again, I have never observed in L. conferta any trace of the singular surface-pellicle which so commonly spreads over the last- formed layer of tubercles in the Russian form. I have there- fore no difficulty in agreeing with Dybowski as to the specific distinctness of the latter, and I have named it after Magister Friedrich Schmidt, by whom it was originally discovered in the Silurian rocks of Oesel. Formation and Locality. Common in the Silurian formation (Upper Oesel beds) of Hoheneichen, Oesel. I have also found it at Kattri-pank and at Lode, near Arensburg. Rosenella dentata, Rosen, sp. (PI. I. figs. 4 and 5.) Stromatopora dentata, Rosen, Ueber die Natur der Stromatoporen, p. 75, pl. x. figs. 1-8 (1867). Labechia dentata, Ferd. Roemer, Lethza Paleeozoica, p. 545 (1883), Coenosteum massive; surface unknown. ‘The skeleton is composed of undulating concentric lamina, which unite to form elongated vesicles, the convexities of which point up- wards. ‘The radial pillars are rudimentary and are repre- sented only by close-set conical tubercles, which cover the upper convex surface of the vesicles, very rarely reaching the under surface of the lamina next above. The lamine are not specially thickened and are mostly placed at intervals of } to 1 millim. apart, the vesicles generally being from 1 to 2 millim, in greatest length. Here and there, however, are found irregular spaces, often apparently periodically produced, in which the vesicles are of considerably larger size, and the lamine therefore further apart. Obs. This species is a characteristic example of the genus Rosenella, Nich.*. Vertical sections exhibit the elongated * The genus Rosenella was founded by me (Mon. Brit. Stromatopo- roids, p. 84, 1885) for forms which differ from Zabdechia in the fact that the feel pillars are reduced to tubercles, covering the upper surfaces of comparatively large lenticular vesicles. oe 20 Prot. H. A. Nicholson on some new or lenticular vesicles of which the entire ccenosteum is composed, and which bear on their upper surfaces prominent, pointed, and close-set tubercles (Pl. I. fig. 4). Tangential sections (Pl. I. fig. 5) exhibit the transversely-divided ends of the tubercles or the irregularly-cut edges of the vesicles. The species is structurally very similar to Rosenella macro- eystis, Nich., from the Wenlock Limestone of Gotland, but is separated by the much smaller size of the vesicles. I have examined the original specimens upon which von Rosen founded the species, and I have also collected others myself; but I have never seen any example satisfactorily exhibiting the form of the coenosteum er its mode of growth. The species was, however, evidently of large size and apparently non-encrusting. Formation and Locality. “ Zone of Pentamerus esthonus” (Silurian), Kattentack, Esthonia. Rosen’s type specimen is from St. Johannis, in Oesel. Rosenella macrocystis, Nich. (PI. I. fig. 8.) Rosenella macrocystts, Nicholson, Mon. Brit. Strom. p. 84, pl. vii. figs. 12 and 18 (1885). (Figured without description.) Ccenosteum laminar, with a basal peduncle of attachment and a concentrically-wrinkled epitheca. Surface flat, without ‘‘mamelons,”” showing no astrorhizal grooves, and covered uniformly with minute, extremely close-set granules or tubercles. The coenosteum is composed of approximately horizontal plates, which are so undulated or bent as to give rise to a tissue of elongated and greatly flattened vesicles of variable sizes, the larger ones being commonly from 5 to 15 millim, in length. Hach lamina has its upper surface covered with close-set minute tubercles, which fall short of the lamina next above. Tangential sections show the cut ends of the tubercles or the irregularly divided edges of the undulating lamine. Obs. In general structure this species closely resembles R. dentata, Rosen. It is, however, sufficiently distinguished from this by the much more minute size of the tubercles which cover the upper surfaces of the laminz, and by the much larger size of the vesicles which make up the whole ceenosteum. It is, moreover, a laminar form with an epi- theca, whereas 2. dentata would rather appear to have grown in large masses. I have only seen a single specimen of 2. macrocystis, which was collected in Gotland by Dr. George J. Hinde, who was good enough to submit it to me for examination. In imperfectly-known Species of Stromatoporoids. 21 this specimen, which is only a fragment, the ccenosteum would appear to have been at least 4 inches wide and about + inch thick in the centre. Formation and Locality. Wenlock Limestone, Wisby, Got« land (coll. Dr. George J. Hinde). Rosenella pachyphylla, Nich. (PI. I. figs. 6 and 7.) Coenosteum apparently massive, composed of undulated lamin, which unite to form a tissue of elongated vesicles of very varying sizes, the larger ones being from 5 to 15 millim. or more in length. The upper surfaces of the laminz are covered with exceedingly minute miliary granules or tubercles. The laminze vary much in thickness, many of them being from § to 1 millim. thick. The thicker lamine have a peculiar tubulated structure, being traversed by minute uregular canals, which penetrate them vertically, and thus place successive vesicles in communication. These tubuli are seen in vertical sections (PI. I. fig. 6) crossing the lamine at right angles. In tangential sections (PI. I. fig. 7) the tubuli are seen in places where the section happens to correspond with one of the laminz in question as close-set rounded per- forations in the substance of the lamina. These tubuli pro- bably served to convey stolons of the ccenosarc, and, in the last layer of vesicles, for the lodgment of zooids. Obs. The only specimen J have seen of this species is a fragment of a larger mass, and has a thickness of about 2 inches, indicating that the ccenosteum grew to a large size. Unfortunately neither the under nor the upper surface is satisfactorily preserved. ‘The general structure of the skele- ton conforms to that of Rosenella dentata, Rosen, and R. macrocystis, Nich.; but the present species is sufficiently separated from these by the exceedingly minute size of the tubercles covering the upper surface of the lamine, and still more by the peculiar thickening and tubulation of many of the lamine. Formation and Locality. Silurian (“Zone of Pentamerus esthonus”), Kattentack, Ksthonia. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. Pare I, Fig. 1, A specimen of Stromatoporella curiosa, Barg., ‘pe of the natural size, forming a crust upon a Rugose coral. Middle Devonian, Biichel (Paftrath district). Fig. 2. Tangential section of the same, enlarged twelve times. 22 Mr. W. K. Brooks on the Origin of Fig. 3. Vertical section of the same, similarly enlarged. Fig. 4, Vertical section of Rosenella dentata, Rosen, sp., enlarged twelve times. Silurian, Kattentack, Esthonia. Fig. 5, Tangential section of the same, similarly enlarged. Fig. 6. Vertical section of Rosenella pachyphylla, Nich., enlarged twelve times. Silurian, Kattentack, Esthonia. Fig. 7. Tangential section of the same, similarly enlarged. Fig, 8, Vertical section of Rosenella macrocystis, Nich., enlarged twelve times. Wenlock Limestone, Gotland. Prate Il. Fig. 1. Vertical section of Labechia ohioensis, Nich., enlarged twelve times. Ordovician (Hudson-River Formation), Cape Smythe Lake Huron. fig. 2. Tangential section of the same, similarly enlarged. Fig. 3, Tangential section of Labechia serotina, Nich., enlarged twelve times. Middle Devonian, Devonshire. tg. 4. Vertical section of the same, similarly enlarged. Fig. 5. Vertical section of Labechia canadensis, Nich. & Mur., enlarged twelve times. Ordovician (Jewesche Zone), Saak, Esthonia. Fig. 6. Part of an exfoliated specimen of Labechia? Schmidtii, Nich., enlarged about six times. Silurian (Upper Oesel Zone), Hohen- eichen, Oesel. fg. 7. Tangential section of the same, enlarged twelve times. Fg. 8. Vertical section of the same, similarly enlarged. ? 1V.— The Origin of Metagenesis among the [Hydromeduse. By W. K. Brooks *. Most of the recent writers upon the origin of the sexual Meduse which are set free from communities of sessile hydroids, and upon the relation between them and the hydroids, agree in the opinion that the sessile community is the primitive form, from which the Medusz have been derived through division of labour, and the gradual specialization of the reproductive members of a polymorphic hydroid cormus. In a monograph which has just been published in the ‘Memoirs of the Boston Society of Natural History’ (“ The Life-history of the Hydro-Meduse: a Discussion of the Origin of the Meduse, and of the Significance of Meta- genesis’) I show that the life-history of the Narcomeduse and Trachomeduse is irreconcilable with this view. The accepted view regarding these groups of Meduse is that they have been evolved from ancestors with a sessile hydra-stage and an alternation of generations, and that they have gradu- * From the ‘ Johns Hopkins University Circulars,’ No, 49, May 1886, pp. 86-88, Metagenesis among the Hydromeduse. 23 ally lost the hydra-stage, so that they now develop directly from the egg. I show that there is no reason for this opinion, but that we have in Liridpe among the Trachomeduse and in Aigineta and Cunina octonaria among the Narcomeduse a true planula-stage and a true hydra-stage, although the hydra is simply a larva which develops into a medusa by direct growth and metamorphosis without alternation of generations. The life-history of these forms proves conclusively that the medusa- stage is older than the sessile hydroid cormus, which has arisen through the power to multiply asexually which is possessed by the hydroid larva of the medusa. ’ We have among the existing hydroids the series of stages in the origin of metagenesis which are represented in the following diagrams, in which the sign = denotes direct metamorphosis without multiplication, the sign x denotes asexual multiplication, and the sign < denotes sexual multi- plication. In Zginopsis, as Metschnikoff shows, the egg gives rise to a ciliated swimming planula, which acquires a mouth and tentacles, and thus becomes directly and gradually converted into a floating hydra or actinula, which is at first ciliated like the planula. The tentacular zone of the floating hydra now grows out into a flange or urnbrella, which carries the tentacles with it; sense-organs and a veil are soon acquired, and the hydra becomes a medusa. The whole process is perfectly simple and direct; there is nothing like an alternation of generations, and the single egg becomes a single medusa with an actinula-stage, a floating, hydra-like, larval stage, and a swimming medusa-stage. The life-history is as simple and uninterrupted as that of any other animal which undergoes a metamorphosis, and it may be represented by the following simple diagram :— I, Aeinopsis: Log= Planula=Actinula= Medusa< Eggs. As the floating hydra-stage of Tubularta is well known under the familiar name Acténula, and as it seems desirable to use a special term for the free hydra-stage of Meduse as distinguished from a sessile hydroid, I shall employ this word for this purpose, designating by it a free or floating hydra, which may or may not be ciliated. I have shown that we have in Liriope and its allies a life- history which is very similar to that of Mginopsis, with numerous secondary modifications, most of which are due to the fact that the gelatinous substance of the umbrella begins to be secreted between the endoderm and the ectoderm at a very early stage in the life of the embryo. The acceleration 24 Mr. W. K. Brooks on the Origin of of the formation of the umbrella is exactly parallelled by innumerable similar phenomena in ,the lives of nearly all of the higher Metazoa, and it therefore presents no difficulties ; and if we imagine the gelatinous substance absent, the mouthless, untentaculated, ciliated Lirdope-larva is obviously a planula with an outer layer of ectoderm and a central cap- sule of endoderm. It has a spacious digestive cavity; the two layers are separated by a gelatinous substance; and in our species the cilia are restricted to a small part of the outer surface ; but, in spite of these secondary modifications, it is clearly a planula. It soon acquires a mouth and four solid tentacles, and becomes converted into the floatmg hydra or actinula, with ectoderm, endoderm, stomach, mouth, lasso- cells, and four tentacles, but with neither subumbrella, sense- organs, nor veil. This larva becomes converted into an adult medusa by the growth of the tentacular zone into an umbrella, and by the acquisition of sense-organs, precisely like the Atginopsis-larva, and as each egg gives rise to only one adult, the life-history is simple and direct, with a _planula- stage, a hydra-stage, and a tinal medusa-stage, and it ma therefore be represented by the same diagram which was used tor