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COLLECTION
OE.
WILLIAM SCHAUS
©
PRESENTER
TO THE
NATIONAL MUSEUM
MCMV
A he
a
tal on ae .
BY as ah; thant
THE ANNALS
AND
MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY,
INCLUDING
ZOOLOGY, BOTANY, ann GEOLOGY.
BEING A CONTINUATION OF THE ‘ANNALS’ COMBINED WITIT LOUDON AND
CHARLESWORTH’S ‘ MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY. cd)
CONDUCTED BY
ALBERT C. L. G. GUNTHER, M.A, M.D., Ph.D. F.R.S.,
WILLIAM CARRUTHERS, Ph.D., F.RS., F.LS., F.G.S.,
AND
WILLIAM FRANCIS, F.L.S,
eneae
| VOL. VII.—EIGHTH SERIESS°?) ay S Colles
PDI II SN
A2Z3O04O
LONDON:
PRINTED AND PUBLISHED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS,
SOLD BY SIMPKIN, MARSHALL, HAMILTON, KENT, AND Co., LD, ;
BAILLIERE, PARIS; HODGES, FIGGIS, AND CO. DUBLIN ;
AND ASHER, BERLIN,
bony,
“Omnes res creatie sunt divine sapientix et potenti testes, divitie felicitatis
human :—ex harum usu donifas Creatoris; ex pulchritudine sapientia Domini ;
ex ceconomid in conseryatione, proportione, renovatione, potentia majestatis
elucet. Earum itaque indagatio ab hominibus sibi relictis semper sestimata ;
4 veré eruditis et sapientibus semper exculta; malé doctis et barbaris semper
inimica fuit.”—Linnaus.
“Quel que soit le principe de la vie animale, il me faut qu’ouvrir les yeux pour
voir quelle est le chef-d’ceuvre de la Toute-puissance, et le but auquel se rappor-
tent toutes ses opérations.”—Bruckner, Théorie du Systeme Animal, Leyden,
1767.
eee ee ee ee es» Lhesylvan powers
Obey our summons; from their deepest dells
The Dryads come, and throw their garlands wild
And odorous branches at our feet; the Nymphs
That press with nimble step the mountain-thyme
And purple heath-flower come not empty-handed,
But seatter round ten thousand forms minute
Of velvet moss or lichen, torn from rock
Or rifted oak or cavern deep: the Naiads too
Quit their loved native stream, from whose smooth faes
They crop the lily, and each sedge and rush
That drinks the rippling tide: the frozen poles,
Where peril waits the bold adyenturer’s tread,
The burning sands of Borneo and Cayenne,
All, all to us unlock their secret stores
And pay their cheerful tribute.
J. Taytor, Norwich, 188,
ALERE: @ FLAMMAM.
Nag eee
CONTENTS OF VOL. VII.
(KIGHTH SERIES. }
NUMBER 37.
Page
I. The Anatomy and Classification of the Teleostean Fishes of the
Orders Berycomorphi and Xenoberyces. By C. Tarr Reean, M.A.
Mielerricale rae raraictrens ts, AIS ernie! AG hielo a Wine ca ake own oes aren © il
Il. The Collections of William John Burchell, D.C.L., in the
Hope Department, Oxford University Museum ;—
IV. On the Lepidoptera Rhopalocera collected by W. J.
Burchell in Brazil, 1825-1830. By kk. G. Josrpu, of
Pancoln Callege, Oxtordy, yon gsc scan 55 64 shen ood aids 9
IIL. Descriptions of new Reptiles from the Andes of South
America, preserved in the British Museum. By G. A. BouLENGER,
Bab sea Nee Ne ay ara bea tak okay Mat Seay ak wai nc Sat ele tu a. se oa ws AiG ooh eee Meee! 19
IV. On some Freshwater HEntomostraca from Egypt and the
Noudan. . By Roper Guenny, M.A. (Plate IL.) 2.2... .000cc0e. 25
V. New Species of. Heterocera from Costa Rica—IlV. By
Bek CHUM Oe Mies as veins ae die ee ais ihn casio ele winlga saya nveceipe a6" 30
VI. A Synoptical Revision of the Dynastid Genus Lonchotus.
yates ERP MALROWW NS) Daarts har a Bits sisi bs anctals po Gopatarp dw sywsievslo a § af 84
VII. Two new Genera of Starfishes. By Wa rer K. FisHer,
Stantord, University? @alitormiar :!.). 220405 oils 2 a Saved waeeaael obey: 89
VIII. Description of a new Species of Temnophyllus, Brunn.-
Watt. (Orthoptera: Phasgonuride), from the Malay PenInsula.
By W. F. Kirsy, F.L.S., F.ELS., late Assistant in Zoological De-
partment, Natural History Museum, South Kensington. (PlateIII.) 93
IX. Some new Curculionine from Central and South America,
Rye ACER MP LONG Lig Hioces Aon whiten sitanay aig Sales de oeeersyalar eas 0 94
X. New Species of Diploptera in the Collection of the British
Museum,—Part III. By Grorrrry MeapE-Watpo, B.A. ..,.,. 98
iv CONTENTS.
Page
XI. Three new South-African Rodents. By OrpFreip THomas, 113
XII. Diagnoses of new Mammals from the Trengganu Archipelago,
East Coast of the Malay Peninsula. By C. Bopen Kuoss ......
XIII. The Anatomy and Classification of the Teleostean Fishes
of the Order Iniomi. By C. Tare REGAn, M.A... cece eens 120
XIV. A Description of Venus stimpsoni, Gould, By A.J. JuKkus-
Brownkg, B.A., F.R.S., M.M.S. (Plate IV.) ..ceseeseeeereeees 133
XV. Notes on the Lamellicorn Beetles of the Genus Golofa, with
Descriptions of Three new Species. By Girpert J. ARRow .... 136
New Book :—A Descriptive Catalogue of the Marine Reptiles of the
Oxford Clay. Part I. By Caarites WILLIAM ANDREWS,
PRIS. iS sire g co ers aici Sis hae s. ope beens mia ae eae 141
Proceedings of the Geological Society ......... essen eens 142, 143
NUMBER 38.
XVI. Notes from the Gatty Marine Laboratory, St. Andrews.—
No, XXXII. By Prof. MInrosp, M.D., LL D., F.RS., &c.
(Plates: Vs Vibe). vos ius cS eipioha rasa ie Sines Gini tM eames oid a 145
XVII. New Species of Heterocera from Costa Rica.—V. By
WV. Semana, 2,5: 20S. 5 alae heise yee, Wee suetd wee ~~ ie
XVIII. A Synopsis of the Marsipobranchs of the Order Hypero-
arti, ~ By C. Tare ReGan; MA loinc. 320s ids ao alc wt wie 0.0 193
XIX. On the Systematic Position of Macristiwm chavesi. By C.
BATH REGAN? MLGAL, —jheed pigs 5 oorieje Miesereue Otley o a's wees icles een 204
XX. New Asiatic Muride. By O_pFirLp THomMAs.......... 205
XXI. Description of a new Genus of Molossine Bats from West
Africa, By Goy Doniman, BeAG oie. cs 6. eee sess seein 210
XXII. Descriptions of Three new Characinid Fishes from South-
western Colombia. By G. A. Boutenesr, F.RS. .............. 212
XXII. Entomological Notes from the London School of Tropical
Medicine.—No. I. Description of a new Species of Tabanide from
British Guiana. By Soria L. M. Summers, M.A., B.Sc. ...... 213
XXIV. Description of Two new Tetragonopterid Fishes in the
British Museum. By Prof. C. H. EIGENMANN ................ 216
XXV. Scorpions and Solifugz collected by Captain S. 8S. Flower
in the Anglo-Mgyptian Sudan, By 8S. Hirst ......... Sins 217
ee
——
CONTENTS. Vv
Page
New Book :—Catalogue of the Lepidoptera Phaleeng in the British
Museum, Vol. X. Noctuwide. By Sir Grorcr F, Hampson,
TET fierce le Sines acele> Stele sn Sel «tom's waa ate, oho sec wean e we Leet Pere 2
Proceedings of the Geological Society. ........ eee eee eee e eee 223
Corrections by Major CONNOLLY .........-. 000. cess rete eee e ees 224
NUMBER 389.
XXVI. Descriptions and Records of Bees—XXXIV. By T. D. A.
CocKERELL, University of Colorado ...... cece eee e eee eee e ene 225
XXVII. Notes on the Cocoons and Descriptions of Four new
Species of the Genus Trichostibas. By EmBrik Stranp, of the
ovale Berlin: Zoological MuseuMt.. os... 6.05 nm sce seca ee mene 237
XXVIII. Rhyuchotal Notes—LUI. By W. L. Distant...... 242
XXIX. On the Cirrhitiform Percoids. By C. Tarr Rre@an,
BN Napa e eres HCATTR CK eC SIT tial xc cote.) iene! ot cloak PMP Caue oeideh AS etey ox wse/! owt bro's. 259
XXX. New Species of Heterocera from Costa Rica.—VI. By
pS CEVA SEZs pale cette ied opt aloes cgay mi Glau cist erss ab ole Slee « 262
XXXI. Descriptions of some new Species of Heterocera from
Tropical South America, and Two new Species of Geometride from
West Africa. By Herprrr Druce, F.LS. &c. ....... ee eee 287
XXXII. The Anatomy and Classification of the Teleostean Fishes
of the Order Salmoperece. By C. Tare Reean, M.A. .......... 294
Ma HyA TE NGA LUTON teva shal shniatyreestke ee tle)» brrconantoe wtehand ways eal A watt 296
NUMBER 40.
XXXIII. Notes on Fossorial Hymenoptera.—III. By Rotanp
Roa WENA Rt Pecan Ray his, A archaleie Ghar & lv ave va td MR SRD Goo «kaa 297
XXXIV. Descriptions and Records of Bees—XXXV. By T. D.
MOOCoOCKHRELL, University of Colorado: 4.5 e032 eqs ndacees aeons 310
XXXV. The Osteology and Classification of the Teleostean Fishes
of the Order Microcyprini. By C.Tarr Rucan, M.A. (Plate VIII.) 320
XXXVI. The Classification of the Teleostean Fishes of the Order
Synentognathi. By C. Tarz RreGan, M.A. (Plate IX.) ........ 327
-XXXVII. Note on Parasitic Castration in the Earthworm Zum-
bricus herculeus. By Icerna B. J. Soias, B.Sc., Newnham College,
Peni bieel Cea ae Coe Ae Lhe Male Mk AA SEs Pa veiatal ule ettalslete dd decaale 335
vi CONTENTS.
_ Page
XXXVIII. Ona new Marsupial. By Prof. F. Fourstrr and the
Hon. WALTER ROTHRCHILD, CHD... nse connie Soto oye bie ye 307
XXXIX. Rhynchotal Notes—LIV. By W. L. Distant ...... 308
XL. New Species of Heterocera from Costa Rica—VII. By
BUY SAGDIG pSHEU ites choc a's esas tn,» arm Sire Wloka nim 6 Ween baeperet see es ate wee cher 359
XLI. Descriptions of new Freshwater Tishes discovered by Dr.
W. J. Ansorge in Portuguese Guinea. By G. A. BouLENGER,
LDS oid Seo OO ooo oO UO oD ogo co DO MOON Ooo 378
XLII. Description of a new Cichlid Fish from Mashonaland.
By G. A. BouLENGSR, F.R.S. 2.0.0... eee een ee eee eee cece nee 377
XLIIT. Description of a new Fish of the Genus Polypterus from
Liberia. By G. A. BoULENGER, F.LR.S. «2.0... eee ee cee ee eee ab,
XLIV. On new A‘rican Muride. By OvpFietp THomas .... 878
XLY. A new Vole from Eastern Asia. By OLpFrELD THomAS. . 383
XLVI. Three new Mammals from Dutch New Guinea. By
OLDRIEED LHOMAG SH. i Oe st coe sb ole wl eats Fim none fare tals ve areal 384
XLVII. Note on anew Leech (Placobdella egyptiaca) from Egypt.
By Wi A: Hanoua, MoAns Fda8. 00:5 i5cc5 sands ahs somes nei 388
XLVIII. On Lamellicorn Beetles belonging to the Subfamilies
Ochodeine, Orphnine, Hybosorine, and Troygine. By Grier J.
BNCRUELO) Wists con urs ove oye ese o's Wine tele to Buse roiale mga leo eRe eS ge eae 390
XLIX. On Gammarus campylops, Leach. By AtFrrep O.
Vote aS, ZS Py seat eis tevayerwvalabnia ete arelate theake cual nein tere 597
L. A new African Corethra. By Frep. V. THropaxp, M.A.,
Se AGGe,, aig ais a Bia ye prac fissle actA habekeenahe/le ole, jefe Nebegetna is Sacer
ATT
485
494
518
vill CONTENTS.
Page
LXXIII. New Species of Heterocera from Costa Rica.—VII. By
IW. SOHAUS) FZ Ya x. atte «+ als dare te ls oi peste es Siem ia 612
LXXIV. Seven new Asiatic Mammals, with Note on the
“Viverra fasciata” of Gmelin. By ERNST SCHWARZ ....--..0006 684
LXXY. Six new Fruit-bats of the Genera Macroglossus and
Syconycteris. By KNUD ANDERSEN «1... .eceecse eee eeneeeens 641
LXXVI. A new Unstalked Crinoid from Christmas Island. By
Austin Hopart CLarK ....-+..« Scho eh seen monet cca geet 644
Jew Book :—Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Schwedischen Zoolo-
gischen Expedition nach dem Kilimandjaro, dem Meru und den
Umgebenden Massaisteppen, Deutsch-Ostafrikas, 1905-1906,
unter Leitung von Prof. Dr. Yngve Sjéstedt...... Aaric NA TS 646
Proceedings of the Geological Society. ..........sseeeeee ee . 648, 649
Index Graceani ser er ae AES A deena elareinlentior parte siete seen 5 650
PLATES IN VOL. VIL.
Puate I, Hoplopteryx affinis.
II. Freshwater Entomostraca from Egypt and the Sudan.
III. Temnophyllus knighti, Avrdy.
IV. Venus stimpsoni, Gould.
Ni
vi Nevaya whiteavesi and Cirratulide.
VU;
VIII. Goodea atripinnis.
IX. Pharyngeals of Synentognathi.
X. South African Pupide.
a New shells from British East Africa.
XIII. Oligocheeta from Travancore.
XIV. Tryphosites alleni.
Veo
Vol. 7. EIGHTH SERIES. No. 37. ¥g
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{
THE ANNALS
AND
MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY.
[EIGHTH SERIES.]
Meena ceaseane eee per litora spargite muscum,
Naiades, et circtim vitreos considite fontes:
Pollice virgineo teneros hic carpite flores:
Floribus et pictum, dive, replete canistrum.
At vos, o Nymphe Craterides, ite sub undas ;
Ite, recurvato variata corallia trunco
Vellite muscosis e rupibus, et mihi conchas
Ferte, Dez pelagi, et pingui conchylia suceo.”
« Parthenii Giannettasi, Hel. 1.
Noa. JANUARY 1911:
I.—The Anatomy and Classification of the Teleostean Fishes
of the Orders Berycomorphi and Xenoberyces. By C. Tate
Reaan, M.A.
(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.)
[Plate I.]
THe Berycomorphous fishes are a group of considerable
interest, for on the one hand they approach the Perches in
general structure, and on the other they retain many features
of generalization which indicate their relationship to primitive
Clupeoids.
The order was well represented in Cretaceous times, and
the fossil genera were included in the fourth volume of
Dr. Smith Woodward’s ‘ Catalogue of Fossil Fishes,’ issued
in 1901. The best descriptions and figures of the extinct
species are those of W. von der Marck (Paleont. xi. 1863)
and of Smith Woodward (Paleontogr. Soc. 1902). Dr. E.
C. Starks has given a useful account of the osteology of
some of the recent types, with figures of the crania of
Polymizia, Beryx, Hoplostethus, Monocentris, and Holo-
cenirus (Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xxvii. 1904) ; I fully agree
with him that the Pempheridze do not pertain to this order,
but to the Percomorphi. The skeleton of Holocentrus has
been figured by Agassiz (Poiss. Foss. vol. iv.) and that of
Beryx by Giinther (‘ Challenger’ Deep-sea Fishes).
Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 8. Vol. vii. i
2 Mr. C. T. Regan on the Anatomy and
In the following account both recent and extinct forms
are dealt with, and the more important characters of the
order and its component families are set forth; three families,
Berycopsidee, Diretmide, and Anomalopide, hitherto regarded
as of uncertain affinities, are assigned a definite place in the
system, and the Melamphaide, until now included in the
Berycide, are rejected from the order.
Order BERYCOMORPHI.
Parietals separated by the supraoccipital; nasals large,
posteriorly attached to the frontals; opisthotic well-deve-
loped, bounded in front by the pro-otic and below by the
exoccipital; orbitosphenoid present, united by suture with
the alisphenoids, but well separated from the mesethmoid ;
a Y-shaped basisphenoid present; a thin-walled auditory
bulla, containing a large otolith, formed by the pro-otic,
parasphenoid, basi-occipital, exoccipital, and sometimes the
opisthotic. Mouth bordered above by the protractile pre-
maxillaries ; maxillary articulated with the vomer and
attached near its proximal end to the well-developed maxil-
lary process of the palatine; one or two supramaxillaries ;
lower jaw of dentary, articulare and angulare. First pharyngo-
branchial suspensory ; third and fourth ankylosed; lower
pharyngeals separate ; three ossified basi-branchials. 4 gills;
pseudobranchie ; 7 to 9 branchiostegals. Hyo-palatine and
opercular bones normally developed. Vertebral column of
solid centra which are co-ossified with the arches ; anterior
ribs sessile ; posterior ribs on parapophyses ; hypurals more
or less fused and expanded; three epurals (epaxial basalia)
and two uroneurals. Post-temporal forked, attached to the
eplotic and opisthotic ; usually two post-cleithra on each side ;
no mesocoracoid ; pectoral radials four, hourglass-shaped,
only the lowest in contact with the hypocoracoid. Air-
bladder without pneumatic duct *. Anterior rays of vertical
fins spinous ; pelvic fins thoracic or subabdominal, with or
without spine and with from 3 to 13 soft rays; caudal fin
typically with 19 principal rays, 17 of which are branched
(18, with 16 branched, in the Polymixiide).
Family 1. Polymixiide.
Dorsal and anal fins long or moderately elongate, with a
few graduated spines and rather numerous soft rays; caudal
* I cannot find a duct in any of the genera I have examined, including
Beryx and Holocentrus, which are said to be physostomous.
Classification of some Teleostean Fishes. 3
with 16 branched rays; pelvics subabdominal, 7 or 8 rayed,
without spine. Jaws with villiform teeth in bands; teeth
on parasphenoid, vomer, palatines, pterygoids, and meso-
pterygoids. A pair of hyoid barbels. Upper edge of
maxillary slipping under the preorbital and anterior sub-
orbitals ; two supramaxillaries, the posterior not overlapping
the anterior ; all the suborbitals forming a subocular shelf ;
nasals moderately large, separated in front by the premaxillary
Fig. 1.
' 2:
Skeleton of caudal fin of Polymixia nobilis (1) and Hoplopteryx
affinis (2).
n, neural spine ; ’, heemal spine; ep, epaxial basalia (epurals) ;
u, uroneurals; hy, hypurals; c, c’, centra.
processes and behind by the ethmoid, to which they are
united by suture ; supraoccipital and parietals not overlapped
by the frontals, with prominent crests; occipital crest ex-
tending to anterior edge of frontals ; alisphenoids separate,
bridged by the orbitosphenoid. Hypocoracoids narrowed
forwards below; pelvic bones remote from the cleithra.
Vertebree 28-34 ; last two centra upturned and anterior uro-
neural united with the penultimate centrum by suture.
1*
4 Mr. C. T. Regan on the Anatomy and
In addition to the recent Polymizia, Lowe, the Cretaceous
Platycormus, W. von der Marck, may be placed in_ this
family; it has been well described and figured, and shows
many important resemblances to the recent genus. ‘The less
satisfactorily known Omosoma, Costa, and Pycnosterina,
Heck., may be provisionally associated with Platycormus.
Family 2. Berycopside.
Berycopsis elegans, Dixon, from the Chalk of Sussex and
Kent, has been fully described and figured by Dr. Smith
Woodward. Itis in some respects intermediate between the
Polymixiide and Berycide, but is well distinguished from
both.
Dorsal and anal fins as in the Polymixiide ; pelvic fins not
well known, perhaps as in the Polymixiide; two supra-
maxillaries formed as in Berya, the posterior large and
sending forward a pointed process above the anterior ; ptery-
goid teeth present; occipital and parietal crests terminating
above the middle of the orbit; suborbitals narrow, preorbital
deep, and maxillary exposed; vertebra at least 26 and per-
haps as many as 30.
Family 3. Berycide.
Dorsal and anal with a few graduated spines ; caudal with
17 branched rays; pelvics thoracic, of a spine and 7 to 13
soft rays. Jaws with villiform teeth in bands; teeth on
vomer and palatines. Upper edge of maxillary slipping
under preorbital and anterior suborbitals ; two supra-
maxillaries, the posterior sending forward a pointed process
above the anterior; subocular shelf formed by several sub-
orbitals, or at least extending the whole length of the second ;
nasals moderately large, separated by the premaxillary pro-
cesses, but nearly meeting above them anteriorly; supra-
occipital and parietals not overlapped by the frontals, with
prominent crests which extend forward on the latter to the
interorbital region; frontals anteriorly with prominent
ridges bordering mucus cavities; alisphenoids united by
suture. Hypocoracoids not narrowed forward, reaching the
ventral profile and forming a symphysis behind that of the
cleithra; pelvic bones embraced by the hypocoracoids and
attached to the cleithra above the symphysis. Vertebra 24;
no upturned centra, and the anterior uroneural ankylosed with
the last centrum.
There are two very distinct genera, viz., Beryz, Cuv., and
Hoplopteryx, Agass. ‘The former, with species from the
Classification of some Telcostean Fishes. 5
North Atlantic and Japan, has the dorsal, with IV 13-19
vays, much shorter than the anal, which has III-lV 26-30;
the pelvics have I 10-13 iays. The latter includes three
recent species from South Australia and New Zealand, in
which the dorsal, with VI-VII 12-14 rays, is longer than
the anal, which has IV 12-15, whilst the pelvics have I 7
rays. Moreover, the spines are stouter than in Beryz, and
the scales are larger and structurally different, being slightly
rugose with strongly pectinated edges, instead ot covered
with little spines. There are several Cretaceous species of
Hoplopteryx ; in the Australian H. affinis, Guiuth., the crests
and ridges on the head are arranged exactly as in the
Cretaceous H. lewisiensis described and figured by Dr. Smith
Woodward. I give a figure of H. affinis, for comparison with
the extinct forms (PI. I.).
Family 4. Diretmide.
The type of Diretmus argenteus, Johnson, ia in the British
Museum collection ; it is evidently related to the Berycida.
The dorsal and anal fins appear to be formed mainly of
articulated rays, and probably not more than 3 or 4 are
spinous ; the caudal has 17 branched rays ; each pelvic fin
is composed of a laminar, oblong ovate, obliquely striated
spine and 5 branched rays; (the pelvic spine of Berys is
obliquely striated). The scales are small, adherent, spinulose,
differing from those of Beryw in that the bases of the spinules
are expanded into parallel vertical ridges.
The jaws have narrow bands of villiform teeth, witha series
of larger pointed teeth in the lower; the palate is toothless.
The single large supramaxillary -has the form of the
posterior supramaxillary of the Berycide ; the nasals are
separated by the premaxillary processes; the subocular shelf
and the alisphenoids and orbitosphenoids are as in the
Berycide. The cranial crests and ridges are as in the Bery-
cidee, except that the paired ridges which converge forward
from the parietal crests in the latter are now united to form
a single median ridge, owing to the narrowness of the inter-
orbital region. ‘The thin-walled auditory bulla containing a
large otolith can be seen above the gills. The pelvic bones
are embraced by the enormously expanded hypocoracoids,
which meet in a long symphysis ; this is an exaggeration of
the Berycid condition.
Family 5. Trachichthyide.
Dorsal and anal spines few; pelvic fins thoracic, of a spine
and 6 soft rays. Jaws and dentition as in the Berycida, but
6 Mr. C. T. Regan on the Anatomy and
vomerine teeth sometimes absent and anterior supramaxillary
wanting; a single large supramaxillary, superiorly sending
forward a pointed process ; subocular shelf a small or slender
process of the second suborbital ; nasals very large, united
by suture throughout their length, covering the ethmoid and
the premaxillary processes. Frontals, parietals, and supra-
occipital, with their ridges and crests, arranged much as in
the Berycida. Alisphenoids separate, bridged by the orbito-
sphenoid. Hypocoracoids narrowed forward below, not
reaching the ventral profile, not embracing the pelvic bones,
which are firmly attached to the cleithra above the symphysis.
26 vertebre ; no upturned centra, and the anterior uroneural
alkylosed with the last centrum. Abdomen with a median
seiies of ridged or serrated scales,
Recent genera are Trachichthys, Shaw, Hoplostethus, Cuv.
& Val., Peratrachichthys, Waite, and Gephyroberyx, Bouleng.
‘Lhe Cretaceous Aipichthys, Steind., and Acrogaster, Agass.,
may be provisionally referred to this family. Sphenocephalus,
Agass., shows some resemblance to Tirachichthys, but does
not seem to have the abdominal series of ridged scales.
Family 6. Monocentride.
Differs from the preceding only in the large, bony, rigidly
united scales, the absence of the first four ribs, and the reduc-
tion of the pelvic fin to a spine and 8 soft rays. The trunk-
muscles are inserted only on the posterior surface of the
skull, and on the upper surface the occipital and parietal
crests are converted into ridges bordering mucous channels.
One genus, MJonocentris, Bl. Schn.
Family 7. Anomalopide.
Differs from the Trachichthyide in the absence of mucous
channels on the head and in the presence of a peculiar evertible
subocular luminous organ.
There is a single example of Anomalops katoptron, Bleek.,
in the British Museum, and I have ascertained that the nasal
bones, the orbitosphenoid, and the supramaxillary are as in
the Trachichthyide. ‘There is a median abdominal series of
ridged scales and the caudal fin has 17 branched rays. In
this specimen the right pelvic fin is absent and the left has
only 4 rays; these fins are said to be normally 6-rayed, but
authors disagree as to whether the outer ray is spinous or
articulated. Protoblepharon palpebratus, Bodd., which has
been figured by Max Weber (‘ Siboga’ Exped. p. 109, 1902)
Classification of some Teleostean Fishes. 7
seems to have I 6 pelvic rays, and is otherwise very similar
to Hoplostethus or Trachichthys.
Family 8. Holocentride.
A long spinous dorsal; anal with 4 spines; caudal with
17 branched rays; pelvics thoracic, of a spine and 5 to 8 soft
rays. Jaws and dentition as in the Berycide ; two supra-
maxillaries, the posterior large and sending forward a pointed
process above the small anterior one ; subocular shelf formed
by several suborbitals; nasals moderate, separated by the
premaxillary processes, not convergent anteriorly ; a second
nasal bone on each side below the nostrils. Frontals large,
Skull of Myripristis murdjan, from above.
tn, infra-nasal ; na, nasal; v, vomer; eth, ethmoid ; soc, supra-occipital ;
f, frontal; p, parietal; sp, sphenotic (post-fontal); pt, pterotic
(supra-temporal) ; ep, epiotic; ¢, temporal plate; pét, post-temporal.
overlapping the parietals and supra-occipital, which scarcely
appear on the dorsal surface of the cranium; no parietal
crests; occipital crest not extending on to the frontals, which
have a pair of low longitudinal ridges bordering a median
groove or channel, and posteriorly a varying number of ridges
radiating backwards; trunk-muscles inserted only on poste-
rior surface of skull, excavating large posterior temporal
fossee, which are roofed by the frontals. Hypocoracoids
narrowed forward below, not reaching the ventral profile, not
embracing the pelvic bones, which are loosely attached by
ligament above the symphysis of the cleithra, Vertebrae 26
or 27; no upturned centra, and the anterior uroneural anky-
losed with the last centrum.
8 On the Anatomy &c. of some Teleostean Fishes.
Recent genera are Adioryx, Starks (‘Science,’ xxviii.
1908, p. 614), Holocentrus, Scopoli, Myriprist’s, Cuv. (with
toothed maxillary), and Ostichthys, Langsdorff. The Creta-
ceous Homonotus, Dixon, seems to be near Myripristis ; the
fish described by Dr. Smith Woodward from the Chalk of
Kent under the name Trachithyioides ornatus is known only
from the skull, which is very similar to that of some recent
species of Myripristis, although none of them show the
principal frontal ridges quite so far apart posteriorly nor the
radiating ridges so few. Dinopteryx, A. 8. Woodward, with
seven anal spines, may be provisionally placed in this family.
I propese the new generic name Caproberyx for the fish
from the Chalk of Kent described by Dr. Smith Woodward
under the name Berycopsis major (Paleontogr. Soc. 1902,
p- 11, pl. ii. fig. 2). Of the vertical fins only the anal spines
are known, but the head and pectoral arch are well preserved
and indicate relationship to the Holocentride. In the short
premaxillary processes and the absence of a preopercular spine
Caproberyx resembles Myripristis, in the expanded pre-
orbital and the weak principal and numerous radiating frontal
ridges Holocentrus. Bnt it differs from both in the greater
prominence of the occipital crest, which bas the upper edge
thickened and longitudinally ridged; in this and in some
other features it shows considerable similarity to Antigonia,
and it may be that this resemblance is due to real affinity and
that Caproberyx is nearest of all the Berycoids to the
Zeomorphi.
The Berycomorphi as above restricted do not include the
Stephanoberycidze and Melamphaide. ‘These are probably
derived from the same stock as the Berycomorphous fishes,
resembling them in the structure of the protractile mouth, and
in the caudal fin, which has 19 principal rays, 17 of which
are branched, and the procurrent rays spinous. Not much
importance can be attached to the presence of large mucous
cavities on the head. ‘They differ from typical Beryco-
morphi in the toothless palate, the absence of a subocular
shelf, and the triangular shape of the single supramaxillary,
but especially in the absence of an orbitosphenoid. I find
that in both Melamphaes and Stephanoberyx the widely sepa-
rated alisphenoids extend well forward between the orbits,
but do not seem to be bridged by an orbitosphenoid *.
* T have had no skeletons for examination, and in these two genera, as
in Anomalops and Diretmus, I have only been able to see the arrangement
of the interorbital bones by a temporary displacement of one eye in a
spirit-specimen.
2 —
On Rhopalocera from Brazil. )
I therefore propose provisionally to associate these fishes in
a new order, which may be termed
X ENOBERYCES.
The two families may be thus defined :—
1. Stephanoberycide.
Air-bladder with a pneumatic duct ; dorsal and anal fins
without spines; pelvics abdominal or subabdominal, without
spine, 5- or 6-rayed. 34 gills. Nasal bones joined through-
out their length.
Two genera :—Stephanoberyx, Gill, and Malacosarcus,
Giinth.
2. Melamphaide.
Dorsal and anal fins with a few slender graduated spines ;
pelvics thoracic, of a slender spine and 6 to 9 soft rays;
pelvic bones well behind the cleithra, 4 gills. Nasal bones
separate.
Principal genera :—Melamphaes, Giinth., Plectromus, Gill,
Scopelogadus, Vaill., Anoplogaster, Giinth., and Caulolepis,
Gill.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE I.
Hopiopteryx affinis, Giinth. (xX 4.)
II.—The Collections of William John Burchell, D.C.L.,
in the Hope Department, Oxford University Museum.
IV. On the Lepidoptera Rhopalocera collected by W. J.
Burchell in Brazil, 1825-1830. By E. G. JOSEPH,
of Lincoln College, Oxford.
[Continued from ser. 8, vol. v. p. 346. ]
VIII. Acrazrz.
Tue following paper contains an account of the Acrainse
that were captured by Burchell in Brazil. According to the
interpretation at which I have arrived in consultation with
Professor Poulton, F.R.S., and Mr. W. J. Kaye, Actinote
10 Mr. E. G. Joseph on the Rhopalocera
thalia, Linn., is the only representative of this subfamily that
finds a place in Burchell’s collection. The individuals of that
species, however, exhibit a very large amount of variation
both as regards size and pattern. .
We believe that none of the above-mentioned variations
are of specific value, although a fair proportion of the
specimens answers very well to Godman and Salvin’s descrip-
tion of A. anteas, Doubl. & Hew.', and a few others possess
the rectangularly bent median black bar of the hind wing
that forms so conspicuous a feature of A. pellenea, Hibn.
But seeing that a careful examination of Burchell’s material
shows every intermediate grade between the patterns of
A. thalia and A. anteas on the one hand, and of A. thalia
and A. pellenea-like specimens on the other,—considering,
furthermore, that the whole series was captured in 8.H. Brazil,—
we conclude that, as far as this collection, at any rate, is con-
cerned, the above-mentioned differences are only of varietal
value. It is important, however, to confirm this opinion by
examination of structural characters in fresher and more
perfect specimens than those of the Burchell collection, by
the records of individuals observed ¢n cotéu, and, above all,
by the paramount test of breeding.
I have, moreover, studied the descriptions and drawings of
these three species by recent and older writers, and, after
earetully comparing them with Burchell’s specimens, have
been unable to find any permanent characters by which
A. thalia, A. anteas, and A. pellenea may be separated—a
conclusion already arrived at, as regards the two first-named
forms, by Godman and Salvin, Staudinger, and other autho-
rities. Attention will be directed to any marked variations
that appear in the series, under the respective numbers, It
gives me much pleasure to acknowledge the kind help
rendered by Mr. Harry EHltringham, M.A., of New College,
Oxford, in the endeavour to ascertain the correct sex of the
Burchell specimens—many of them in a very dilapidated
condition.
The whole of the geographical data and other notes bearing
on the scene of Burchell’s botanical and entomological opera-
tions in Brazil has now been transcribed by Professor Poulton
from the Catalogue of Brazilian Plants, containing the
numbers 701-10108, and has been utilized for the purpose of
this paper. It is a record of nearly five years’ continuous
1 ‘Biologia Centrali-Americana,’ Insecta, Lepidoptera Rhopalocera,
vol. i. p. 141 (1879-1901),
a
collected by W. J. Burchell in Brazil. 11
labour, viz. from July 18th, 1825, when Burchell first landed
at Rio de Janeiro, until Feb. 10, 1830, when he left Para’.
Westwood’s list of Burchell’s ‘‘Acrwa &c.” consists of
twenty-two numbers, of which only three—A. 8, A. 9, and
A. 10—refer to the Acreine as now understood. The
numbers and data were written under his direction by a
clerk, while “Acrea sp.,” together with notes descriptive of
individual varieties, were inserted by Westwood himself. He
also wrote a supplementary and more complete catalogue of
the data of A. 8, A. 9, and A. 10 on a separate slip of paper,
but a single date, correctly recorded by the clerk, is omitted
from the slip—a remarkable error, considering that Westwood
was the writer. K. G. JOSEPH.
Oxford, May 11th, 1910.
Actinote thalia, Linn.
Bz. 326. J. (14. 10. 25.] $= 1443. Minas Geraes. ‘Pa-
pilio.” (As 1357.)
The inner marginal spots of the fore wing are both distinct ~
in this specimen, the upper, as usual, being considerably
smaller than the lower. A fuller account of this character is
given under 1444,
The wings of this specimen are unusually broad and
rounded,—more so than in normal males and females. They
are also far more translucent than those of the typical male
of thalia, thus approaching the characteristic appearance of
the female. In size the specimen is intermediate between
the small male and large female of this species. An exami-
nation of the genitalia and of the fore legs nevertheless shows
clearly that the specimen is a male, although an unusual
form of this sex. ‘The rounded character of the hind wings is
also evident in the rectangulated band of their under surface.
(For a description of this band see under 1444.) It would be
very interesting to endeavour to ascertain by breeding whether
this is a well-marked form of male or one that is transitional
into the normal A. thalia of S.E. Brazil. Two other similar
specimens (1449 and 1453) were captured by Burchell in
Minas Geraes between 14. 10. 25 and 10. 11. 25.
Bz. 353. I. (15.10. 25.] g§ = 1444. MinasGeraes, “Plap-
alio|.” (As 1858.)
The spot within the anal angle of the fore wing upper
1 Burchell’s last day of collecting on a large scale was Feb. 1st, 1830,
but four additional plants beyond 10108 were collected on Feb. 7th and
one on Feb. 8th.
12 Mr. E. G. Joseph on the Rhopalocera
surface and the smaller inner marginal spot immediately
above it, recognized by Staudinger as characteristic of the
anteas form of thalia, will be referred to below as the “ upper
and lower inner marginal spots’? respectively. Their
presence, however faintly indicated, will be noted in each
specimen under the corresponding number, and it will be seen
that Staudinger was quite correct in maintaining that this
character is not of specific value. It will be found that the
Burchell series presents every gradation between a condition
in which the two spots are distinct to that in which a few
scattered scales mark the site of the lower spot. The latter
specimens, of course, are transitional into those that show no
visible trace of the marking.
Another very variable character is the somewhat irregular,
generally narrow, and rectangularly bent fuscous band crossing
the under surface of the hind wing a little beyond the cell.
In its most typical form this band originates from about the
centre of the costa, and runs obliquely towards the apex of
the cell, but does not enter it: opposite the apex it turns
abruptly at right angles towards the inner margin and termi-
nates at the radial streak between the second and first median
nervules. The distal ends of the internervular rays nearest
the costal margin are sometimes much thickened, producing
the appearance of a second, much broader band, which often
fuses with the above-mentioned rectangulated band, forming
a broad, irregular, and ill-defined fuscous patch. LEvery
gradation exists between such a widespread marking and a
band that is narrow, well-defined, and sharply bent. The
rectangulated band is sometimes reproduced, to a variable
extent, upon the upper surface of the hind wing, giving to
the most strongly marked individuals, viz. 1462 and 1468,
a pellenea-like aspect: the extent to which it is developed
will be noted in all specimens that possess it; and it will
be seen that the Burchell material exhibits every inter-
mediate grade between a well-defined broadish band and a
mere thickening at the distal ends of a few of the inter-
nervular rays.
Both inner marginal spots of the fore wing are distinct in
this specimen, the lower, as usual, being considerably larger
than the upper. The rectangulated band on the upper
surface of the hind wing is very faintly indicated.
Bz 360. I, (15. 10. 25.] g=1445. Minas Geraes. Pap-
[ilio]. (As 1858.)
Opposite “ 360” Burchell wrote “ (326),” thus indicating
collected by W. J. Burchell in Brazil. 13
his conclusion that both numbers were affixed to specimens of
the same species.
Inner marginal spots small. Upper surface rectangulated
band very sharply defined, and more distinct on its inner
border, than is the similar marking on the under surface of
the wing. This specimen is placed under A. 9 of West-
wood’s list (see p. 18), characterized by the band above
described.
Bz. 477. I. {16. 10. 25.] g =1446. Minas Geraes. ‘“Pa-
pilio.” (See 1857.)
Opposite 477” Burchell wrote (“353”), thus showing
that he considered both numbers to be affixed to specimens
of the same species.
Lower inner marginal spot very small: upper represented
by a few scattered scales. Very faint indications of the upper
surface rectangulated band appear between the second sub-
costal nervule and the radial nervure, between the latter and
the third median nervule, and between the second and first
median nervules.
854. I, 24. 10. 25. g?= 1447. Minas Geraes. “Pap[ilio].”
(As 1860.)
This specimen bears a female body, and as regards size
approaches the normal A. thalia female, but its gencral
aspect is so male-like in the opacity of the wings that it
seems probable that we are dealing with an unusually large
male to which a female body has accidentally been attached.
It may here be mentioned that in determining the sex of the
Burchell material, we have been obliged to resort to such
superficial characters as the opacity of the wings or the size
of the specimen, when the abdomen and fore legs are wanting.
Lower inner marginal spot very small: upper represented
by a single scale on each fore wing. Upper surface rectan-
gulated band fairly well marked at its origin, but just before
reaching the first subcostal nervule it becomes much fainter
and terminates at the second subcostal.
905. I, 25.10.25. 2 g= 1448, 1449. Minas Geraes.
“Plapilio]. At Discoberto, near Joao Pedro’s house.”
(See 1284.)
It is to be noted that of these two males, taken on the same
day, 1448 is the normal form of the species, while 1449 is a
round-winged individual similar to 1443.
Both spots distinct in 1448; and upper surface rectangu-
lated band of this specimen very faintly indicated, as in
1444. The other ¢ (1449) agrees with 1448 in all essential
respects.
14 Mr. E. G. Joseph on the Rhopalocera
906. I. 25. 10. 25. § = 1450. MinasGeraes. “P[apilio].”
(As 1448.)
Westwood’s “ Catal, A. 8”’ (clerk’s MSS.) is on specimen.
Westwood’s list agrees with this label.
4.11.25. @=1451. Minas Geraes. “ At Francisco
Manoel’s.” ‘‘ Some tropeiros from the rancho seeing me
catching Papilionide, caught a few also for me.
afterwards ascended the hill into the forest northward of
our Rancho and took insects, till wet through in a
thunder shower. In the evening caught some insects by
the candle.” (See 1285.)
10. 11. 25. 2 6 = 1452, 1453. Minas Geraes. Burchell’s
Cat. pl. Braz.’ states that he was ‘‘ Between Mérro
Grande & Soumidotiro.””* On this day Burchell also
speaks of the “Serra do Soumidouro,” “in montibus
Soumidouro,” and the ‘‘ Serra do Corrego secco more
elevated than Serra Estrella’; also “‘ Morro Taquari”
and “ Rancho of Soumidouro,”’ where he ‘ arr[ived]”’ at
cS O4P | Me *
On this day, as on 25. 10. 25, Burchell captured a normal
male (1452) as well as a round-winged form (1458) similar
to 1443.
The upper surface rectangulated band of 1452 is here and
there indicated by a few scales scattered between the veins.
The other ¢ (1453) agrees with 1448 in all essential respects,
save in the absence of the upper spot from fore wing.
29.12. 25. 6 = 1454. Rio de Janeiro. (As 1870.)
Upper surface rectangulated band as in 1444,
31. 12. 25. 2 9 = 1455, 1456. Rio de Janeiro. ‘On the
Corcovédo Mountain, and in the Valley of Laranjeiras.”
“ }}xcursion to the summit of the Corcovado; from
Catete & up the valley of Earanjeiros.” “On the Cor-
covédo Mountain by the way of Laranjeiras commencing
at the summit, at the Flagstaff.” *
Both spots distinct in 1456.
92, 3. 26. b. 6 = 1457. Rio de Janeiro. (As 1411.)
9,12. 26. 2 9 = 1458, 1459. Cubatéd. “ At Rio das Pé-
dras; in the Forest.” ‘Near Cubaté6, (at Rio-das-
Pédras) (In M* Smith’s Citio, & immediate vicinity)
8-10 December 1826.””* On Dec. 9th he was collecting
plants ‘In Sylva.” *
Faint trace of lower spot on right fore wing of 1458: left
fore wing much rubbed. Lower spot distinct on both wings
of 1459.
1 Passages extracted from the Cat. pl. Braz. are always indicated by an
asterisk, thus *.
collected by W. J. Burchell in Brazil. 15
14. 12. 26. 9 = 1460. Cubatéd. No mention is made of
this date in any ef Burchell’s records. But on Dec. 13th
we find, both in the Cat. Geog. and in the Cat. pl. Braz.,
that he was on the lower slopes of the Serra de Cubatdao ;
while on Dec. 15th the same two Catalogues state that
he was at Rio das Pédras: hence it is probable that he
was back again at Rio das Pédras on Dec. 14th, perhaps
engaged in arranging his botanical and zoological
collections.
Westwood’s “Catal. A. 9” is on specimen, and his list
agrees with this label.
It is very difficult to determine, from the nature of the
paper, whether the label borne by this specimen is English
or Brazilian: for though it has the whitish colour, it does not
exhibit the signs of age of the latter type of paper. Inas-
much, however, as it is a little larger than the average Bra-
zilian label, it seems probable that it is made of a different
_ type of English paper from that ordinarily employed by
Barchell—most of the English labels having been written on
paper of a greyish tint. The same difficulty has been expe-
rienced with regard to the labels on 1458, 1459, 1462, and
1471. The two former, however, being a great deal larger
than the ordinary Brazilian label, are almost certainly
English, while the others are probably also English, for the
same reasons that were stated for 1460.
Both spots are distinct, the lower being subtriangular, with
its apex directed towards the base of the wing. It is inter-
esting to note that the lower spot takes this form in all the
Burchell specimens that possess a well-marked rectangulated
band on the upper surface. Moreover, Hiibner clearly repre-
sents this feature as well as a portion of the band in his
figure of A. pel/enea in the ‘ Zutriige zur exotischer Schmetter-
linge’*. ‘Lhe degree of triangularity varies greatly in
pellenea-like as well as in other specimens, and in a large
number of cases the spot loses the triangular shape altogether,
and becomes rectangular or ovoid &c. I conclude, therefore,
that this character is of no more value in separating A. pel-
lenea from A. thalia than is the upper surface band. All
distinctions founded on pattern alone seem to break down;
and if pellenea be really separate from thalia, the evidence must
rest on structural characters as yet insufficiently investigated,
or on the results of breeding.
The upper surface rectangulated band is only faintly indi-
cated, but as the hind wing is almost totally denuded of
1 Figure 741 in the ‘Zutrige zur Sammlung exotischer Schmetter-
linge,’ by J. Hiibner and C, Geyer (Augsburg, 1818-1887),
16 Mr. E. G. Joseph on the Rhopalocera
scales, and in view of the triangular condition of the lower
spot above described, it seems possible that this band was
formerly well developed.
Westwood also refers to this band in his list. (See 1471.)
Bz. 17. 12. 26. 9 =1461. Cubatdd. No mention is made
of Burchell’s whereabouts on this date in any of his
records: but according to the Cat. pl. Braz. he was “ In
the middle part (about $) of the Ascent up the Serra de
Cubatdéd” * on Dec. 16th, and he is not reported to have
made any further expedition till Dee. 22nd; so it is
probable that he spent the days between Dec. 16th and
Dec. 22nd at Rio das Pédras, and may have been
engaged upon his botanical and zoological collections.
The following evidence supports the conclusion that he was
in this locality on one of these days. It is noted in the Cat.
pl. Braz. that ‘ 3628-4” (a botanical specimen) was collected
19, 12.26”. Now 3595-3628 are the botanical entries
for Dec. 15 at Rio das Pédras, and the fact that the last of
these entries was repeated (with the addition of ‘‘—4”’) for
the above-mentioned specimen, suggests that it came trom
the same locality as 3628, ¢. e. that Burchell was at Rio das
Pédras on 19. 12. 26. If this conclusion be correct, it .is
probable that 17. 12. 26 was also spent in the same locality.
Westwood’s list records one other specimen of this date.
Inner marginal spots as in 1460. Detached sections of the
upper surface rectangulated band distinctly shown, and as
this specimen is much rubbed, it is possible for the reasons
given under 1460 that in its original state the band was con-
tinuous and well marked. It is worth noticing that the ray
that runs between the first and second median nervules
traverses and projects a little beyond one of the detached
segments of the upper surface band. It is slightly thickened
at the point of intersection, but gradually tapers at its distal
end, thus creating the impression of a barbed arrow-head.
18. 12. 26. g¢ = 1462. Cubatdéd. Burchell was probably at
Rio das Pédras on this day. (See 1461.) ?
Inner marginal spots as in 1460, but a great deal smaller.
Upper surface band extremely well marked and broad, forming
the ground on which Westwood placed this specimen and
1462 under A. 10 in his list (see p. 18).
‘This specimen and 1463, both males and both taken on the
same day, had been named pellenea after comparison with
specimens in the Godman-Salvin Collection, and so far as
1 3628-2 and 3628-8, collected “in horto” and undated, are probably
to be understood as 15. 12. 26,
2 See also note on 1460.
collected by W. J. Burchell in Brazil. 17
pattern alone can supply evidence they certainly belong to
this form. It has been, however, pointed out on p. 10 that
the pattern of pedlenea is transitional into that of thalva and that
we are not justified in considering them specifically distinct until
stronger evidence has been produced. Burchell’s specimens
do, however, furnish indications of the local development of a
pellenea-like appearance in the 8. Paulo and Cubatao district.
Only a single specimen with a well-marked rectangulated
band on the hind wing upper surface was taken in any other
area, viz. 1445, from Minas Geraes. The most pel/enea-like
males are 1462 and 1463. A corresponding female is to be
found in 1467 and, allowing for its worn condition, probably
in 1460 also. ‘This character is exhibited, but in a less
degree, by 1445 and 1465, both males, and slight indica-
tions of it appear in 1461, a female, and 1466, a male.
Bz. 18.12.26. § = 1463. Cubatdéd. (See 1461.)
Westwood’s “ Catal. A.10”’ is on specimen. Westwood’s
list agrees with this label.
Inner marginal spots and upper surface band as in 1462,
Bz. 24.12. 26. 9? =1464. Cubatéo. “About Rio das
Pédras and Cubatéo.” *
Both spots distinct.
Bz. 1:4.27. = 1465. “At S. Paulo. On the Santos
road, as far as the church of N. 8. da Gloria.” *
This specimen is exceptionally dark, and all the yellow
markings of the fore wing upper surface are greatly reduced,
the basal patch and the spot between the first and second
median nervules being merely represented by a few scattered
yellow scales. The ferrugineous ground-colour of the hind
wing is unustally dark, while the black radiate nervular and
internervular markings are exceptionally developed, thus
contributing to the general dusky appearance of the upper
surface. ‘The upper surface band is very distinct, but compa-
ratively narrow, a character recognized by Westwood when
he classified this specimen under A. 9 in his list (see p. 18).
13. 4.27. ¢=1466. Near S: Paulo.
Upper marginal spots on right fore wing similar to those on
1462, but less developed: left fore wing rubbed. Upper surface
band distinct, but very narrow. ‘lhe specimen is placed
under A. 9 of Westwood’s list (see p. 18).
9, 5.27. 9 = 1467. S. Paulo. “Near the Convénto da
Luz.” “Between Tanque do Zunica & the Luz
Convent.” *
Inner marginal spots as in 1460. Upper surface band
very distinct and rather broad. ‘This specimen seems as
nearly as possible to present the same condition as 1462 and
Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 8. Vol. vii. 2
18 On Rhopalocera from Brazil.
1463, allowing for the greater size and translucency of a female.
The ground-colour of the hind wing is peculiar, being of a
very pale yellow passing into a ferrugineous submarginal
band. ‘The usual nervular and internervular radiate markings
cut into the black marginal and the ferrugineous submar-
ginal bands, as well as the central yellow area. The strongly
marked rectangulated band was recognized by Westwood
when he placed 1467 under A. 10 in his list (see below).
26. 10.27. 9 = 1468. Between Meiaponte and Goyaz.
“S. Joaquim.” “At the Engénho de [blank] 8. Joa-
quim,” * Oct. 25-7, 1827.
Submarginal spots very slightly developed.
Bz.+ 26.10.27. 9 = 1469. Between Meiaponte and
Goyaz. ‘S. Joaquim.” (As 1468.)
Lower spot distinct, upper absent.
5. 8.28. g =1470. Goyaz. ‘ Caught by the rio Vermelho,
near the Carioca aqueduct, by C[ongo].” Congo was
the name of Burchell’s native servant.
Lower spot well developed, upper absent. Upper surface
band faintly indicated as in 1444.
29.4. 28. ¢= 1471. Goyaz.?
Lower spot distinct, upper absent.
Besides the addition alluded to under 1461, Westwood’s list
gives two further specimens, one being caught on 13. 3. 26
at Rio de Janeiro, the other on 16. 11. 26 at Santos. The
data of this species not only appear as A. 8, A. 9, and A. 10
in Westwood’s ‘f Acrea &c.,”’ but also separately on a small
slip of paper. The first of these lists is in a clerk’s hand-
writing and is not quite so complete as the second, though
it correctly records two specimens of the date 18. 12. 26,
while only one such specimen is mentioned in the other list.
Most of the specimens of this species are included under
the number A. 8 of the first list, and Westwood wrote oppo-
site to it ‘ Acraea sp.” , 0 .as.shi daa csevscceesee 2Vearchaster, gen, -noy.
new Genera of Starfishes. ai
bd. Papule extending only one-seventh length
of ray ; mouth-plates with comparatively
few (5 or 6) marginal spines, regularly
graduated in length toward inner teeth
(fig. 2); dorsal muscle-bands stout and
COTS MICUOUS ts Na tcig wd een w 8 hte a eh ena Myonotus, gen. nov.
aa. Abactinal plates flat or convex, not tabu-
late, and though frequently lobed on papu-
lars areas, not strongly so, bearing a central
spine only, or several spinelets in addition,
or one to several small spinelets; supero-
marginals usually with only one large
spine, and inferomarginals with one or two
primary spines; odd interradial marginal
prominent and usually present in all inter-
PAL SRE te AoW ne he he ENG Ore Benthopecten, Verrill.
NEARCHASTER, gen. nov.
Benthopectinide with the odd interradial marginal plate
lacking in from one to four interradii, though sometimes
present in all; not always present in both series of the same
interradius ; abactinal plates large and small intermingled,
the larger primary plates bearing on a low tabulum a long
sharp spine surrounded by a circle of accessory slender
spinules, variable as to number and length—sometimes over
half as long as the primary spine ; secondary plates with a
group of shorter spinelets ; primary plates of papular areas
strongly stellate; papule not in circumscribed areas, but
distributed all over disk (except sometimes the very centre)
and along ray from one-third to three-fifths its length, being
confined to either side of the paxillar area distally ; rays
very long and slender; marginals extremely spiny--2 or
3 long sharp superomarginal spines and 2 to 5 infero-
marginals ; subambulacral spines 1 to 3, usually 2, long;
furrow-spines 1 to 7; mouth-plates large, with numerous
marginal spines, those of each pair of plates disposed in three
independent series ; the median teeth which are the largest
and fewest, and on either side a series of 8 to 12 smaller
spines, subequal or graduated in length toward the mesial
members of the group; pedicellariz when present large,
pectinate, on any or all of the following plates: abactinals,
inferomarginals, actinal intermediates ; dorsal muscle-bands
not attached to an ambulacral ossicle, rather weak.
Type, Acantharchaster aciculosus, Fisher, 1910.
MYONOTUS, gen. nov.
Benthopectinide similar to Nearchaster, but differing in
having the papule confined to the disk and proximal seventh
92 On two new Genera of Starfishes.
of ray, in the comparatively few marginal mouth-spines,
_ regularly graduated in length toward the inner teeth, and in
the very stout dorsal muscle-bands ; marginal plates very
spiny (2 or 3 superomarginal and at least 3 inferomarginal
spines) ; primary abactinal plates of papular areas strongly
lobed and in the form of tabulate paxille, bearing a large
central spine, and a circle of small spinelets on the tabulum ;
odd interradial marginals present in all interradii, the unpaired
superomarginal not conspicuously larger than neighbouring
plates, and its spines not larger than succeeding supero-
marginal spines; adambulacral furrow-spines 1 to 3, long ;
subambulacral spines 2.
Type, Acantharchaster intermedius, Fisher, 1910.
Fig. 1. Mouth-plates of Nearchaster aciculosus. x 8.
2. Mouth-plates of Myonotus intermedius. X 3.
8. Seventh superomarginal plate of Nearchaster aciculosus, from
above. X 3.
4, Highth adambulacral plate of Myonotus intermedius: f, furrow-
spines. X 3.
5. Abactinal paxillee of Nearchaster aciculosus. x 38.
On a new Species of Temnophyllus. 93
VIII.—Description of a new Species of Temnophyllus, Brunn.-
Watt. (Orthoptera: Phasgonuride), from the Malay Penin-
sula. By W. F. Kirsy, F.L.S., F.E.S., late Assistant in
Zoological Department, Natural History Museum, South
Kensington.
[Plate III. ]
Dr. F. Hanirscu has kindly presented to the Natural
History Museum a very handsome Phasgonuride belonging
to the family Pseudophyllidee and the section Phyllomimi of
Brunner. It was collected by Mr. V. Knight at Bukit
Lantai, Sungi Ujong, Malay Peninsula, in July 1910 ; and
at Dr. Hanitsch’s request I have much pleasure in naming 1t
after the collector.
Temnophyllus knighti, sp. 1.
Allied to 7. speciosus, Brunn.-Watt. Mon. Pseudophylliden,
p. 46. n. 1, pl. ii. fig. 13 (1895), from Malacca and Borneo.
Head smooth, conical, white; antennee twice as long as the
teomina, green towards the base, afterwards with long black
spaces, and the latter half almost entirely black; scape
whitish below, above green, with a slight tooth internally.
_ Pronotum dull white, shading into green at the extremity,
the transverse sulci only slightly marked, not so close
together as in Brunner’s figure of ZT. speciosus; the longitu-
dinal sulcus very slightly marked and obsolete in front of the
first transverse sulcus; the surface is marked with small,
scattered, reddish-brown, raised granules, and the deflexed
lobes are strongly serrated at the lower extremities. Tegmina
leaf-green, of nearly uniform breadth, the extremity broadly
emarginate. On the costa is a continuous narrow white line,
and at the base the inner margin and mediastinal nervure are
broadly reddish grey for a short distance. Beneath the
mediastinal nervure are three large triangular white spots,
each bisected by a nervure, and bordered, except at the base,
with black. Just above the base of the mediastinal nervure
is another small triangular white spot, and there is another
small one, of irregular shape, and enclosing a reddish-brown
mark, a little within the middle of the inner margin, Wings
about as long as the tegmina and similarly emarginate, green
as far as visible. Front legs green, inner carina with four
moderate-sized spines ; white beneath, with a broad black
94 Mr. G. C. Champion on new Curculionine
stripe along the middle carina. Front tibiae with both thie
lower carin spinose, and a spine on the upper carina beyond
the middle. Middle and hind femora strongly spined on the
outer caring ; the tibie with the upper and the two lower |
carine all spinose. Under surface of body white; ovipositor
with the valves broad, and black towards the extremities,
which are obtusely pointed.
Length from tip of head to end of tegmina 85 mm. ; breadth
of tegmina 22 mm.; length of antenne 125 mm.
IX.—Some new Curculionine from Central and South
America. By G. C. Cuampion, F.Z.S.
Since the publication of the Appendix to the Curculionins
in the ‘ Biologia Centrali-Americana’ [Coleopt. iv. pt. 7,
pp. 178-212 (Oct. 1910)] a few additional forms have been
found amongst the stores at the British Museum, and as
there are two fine new Zygopids amongst these insects, it is
advisable to describe them at once, before the collection of
this subfamily is presented to the Museum by Dr. F. D.
Godman. ‘The Zygopids are particularly interesting, as they
prove to be common to Costa Rica and Ecuador.
HyLoBIINA.
Hilipus carinicollis, sp. n.
?. Rather short, broad, piceous, the depressions of the
surface somewhat sparsely clothed with very small, hair-like,
ochreous scales, the prothorax with a transverse patch of
broader, similarly-coloured scales on each side in front, a
larger patch on the anterior part of the flanks beneath, and
a few white scales at the base near the hind angles, the
elytra also with several small widely scattered intermixed
patches of rather broad white scales, these being clustered
into an irregular transverse fascia at one-third from the
apex, the scutellum albo-squamose. Head densely punctate,
foveate between the somewhat narrowly separated eyes;
rostrum very feebly curved, moderately stout, a little longer
than the head and rostrum, sparsely punctate, smooth along
the median line to near the tip. Prothorax strongly trans-
verse, slightly rounded at the sides, and abruptly constricted
and narrowed in front ; sharply carinate and coarsely granu-
late. Elytra moderately long, broad, punctate-striate, the
from Central and South America. 95
dorsal interstices raised and each with a series of small,
smooth, shining tubercles extending down their entire
length.
Length 93, breadth 44 millim.
Hab. W. Coast or America, ? Panama (Kellett and Wood).
This insect was received by the British Museum in 1850,
but not incorporated in their general collection. It was
doubtless obtained at Panama, the type of Metamasius
dimidiatipennis (Jekel\, a species known to occur there,
bearing a similar locality-label. H. carinicollis may be
readily identified by its extremely short, sharply carinate,
granulate prothorax, and the coarsely seriato-granulate,
irregularly albo-fasciate elytra. It approaches the Mexican
HZ, cruax-alba.
ANCHONINA.
Anchonus sphericus, sp. n.
Oblong, convex, opaque, black, the antenne piceous or
obscure ferruginous, the surface more or less coated with a
dark brown exudation, amidst which patches of very minute
adpressed scales are visible; the legs sparsely setulose.
Rostrum curved, stout, about as long as the head and pro-
thorax, not constricted at the base, coarsely and closely
seriato-punctate to the tip. Kyes small, depressed, traus-
verse. Antennz inserted near the apex of the rostrum, the
eighth joint of the funiculus large, a little broader than long,
nearly as wide as the base of the club. Prothorax slightly
broader than long, rounded at the sides, narrowed and feebly
constricted in front ; rather sparsely punctate, the punctures
small and each placed in a shallow, rather large fovea, the
interspaces with a few minute, shining, widely scattered,
transverse or rounded granules. Elytra oval, convex, at the
middle much wider than the prothorax; with rows of scattered
punctures, which are each placed in a large shallow fovea,
the interstices with numerous, more or less distinct, rounded,
feeble, tuberculiform prominences and a few minute shining
granules similar to those on the prothorax, 3, 5, and 7
angularly raised or tuberculiform at the base. Ventral
segments 1 and 2 on the same level, the suture between
them sinuous and shallow.
Length 9-10, breadth 44 millim.
Hab. Nicaracua, Chontales (coll. Fry); Cotomsra (Mus.
Briite\s
‘Two examples, the one from Colombia (taken as the type)
96 Mr. G. C. Champion on new Curculionine
with the elytra more distinctly tuberculate, and the pro-
thorax more uneven, than the insect in the Fry collection,
the Nicaraguan locality for which seems to require confirma-
tion. The prominences on the elytra are equal in size and
less conspicuous than in the nearest allied Central-American
forms, from most of which the present species also differs in
its large size and in the trinodose basal margin of the elytra.
The Colombian specimen is labelled with the MS. name
A, sphericus, Buq., in the British Museum.
Anchonus rufipes, sp. 1.
Oblong, convex, opaque, black, the antennz and legs
ferruginous, the surface more or less coated with a brownish
exudation and also set with very minute, short, scattered
sete. Rostrum stout, feebly curved, about as long as the
prothorax, rugosely punctate to the tip, not constricted at
the base. Eyes depressed, transverse. Antenne inserted
near the apex of the rostrum, the eighth joint of the funiculus
transverse. Prothorax broader than long, rounded at the
sides, abruptly constricted in front; densely foveolato-
punctate, the narrow interspaces here and there obliquely
raised or granulate. Elytra oval, at the base a little wider
than the base of the prothorax, moderately produced at the
apex; with rows of closely placed rather fine punctures, the
interstices subcostate, the ridges broken up into small
tubercles on the apical half, and with a few widely scattered,
minute, shining granules. Beneath coarsely puuctate ;
ventral segments ] and 2 connate in their median third.
Length 54, breadth 24 millim.
Hab. Mexico (Dupont).
One specimen, contained in the Bowring collection,
purchased in 1863, and incorrectly labelled A. elongatus, Sch.,
in the British Museum. ‘This species is abundantly distinct
from any of the Anchoni described or enumerated in the
‘Biologia.’ The ridges on the elytra, except towards the
apex, are less interrupted than in most of the Mexican forms,
the insect in this respect approaching A. panamensis; the
tubercles, too, on the apical declivity are small. Compared
with A. elongatus (the type of which I have seen), the present
species is less elongate and has a shorter prothorax, with the
sides strongly rounded, and the seriate punctures on the
elytra are small and closely placed.
From Cenival and South America. 97
ZYGOPINA,
Cratosomus sextuberculatus, sp. i.
Elongate-rhomboidal, broad, black, the elytra and under
surface with a faint eneous, green, or bluish lustre; the
prothorax with a large, transverse, anteriorly rounded patch
on each side at the base, and the elytra with the base and a
transverse postmedian fascia (becoming narrower inwards
and not reaching the suture), finely fulvo- or cinereo-pubescent.
Head closely, minutely punctate ; eyes very large, narrowly
separated in @, a little more distant in 2 ; rostrum curved,
very stout, moderately long, finely punctured, smooth at
the tip. Prothorax transverse, rather convex, rounded at
the sides, much narrowed in front, opaque, closely, minutely
punctate, and with an abbreviated median carina. LElytra
broad, triangular; coarsely foveato-striate, the fovex de-
creasing in size towards the apex; the interstices convex to
about the middle, 3 with a very large rounded tubercle a
little below, and 7 and 9 each with a slightly smaller tubercle
at, the base, that on 9 projecting laterally ; the apices
each armed with a long, stout, oblique, spiniform tooth.
Pygidium broadly exposed beneath in ¢,, narrowly so in 9.
Femora sharply unidentate.
6. The median portion of the metasternum and of the
first two ventral segments densely clothed laterally with
long, erect, reddish-brown hairs, the Jower surface of the
intermediate and posterior femora also densely clothed with
similarly coloured hairs,
Length 25-28, breadth 123-13 millim. (¢ 2.)
Hab. Costa Rica, Tucurrique, 800 metres (Pittier: 93);
Ecuapor, Cachabé (Rosenberg: 3).
Two males, found in Noy. 1896, in the “ tierra caliente ”’
of Ecuador, and one female, received from Mr. Pittier, in
1897, from Costa Rica. Very similar to C. hoplites, Perty
(=lacrimans, Gyll.), but with the elytra tri-tuberculate at
the base and conspicuously fasciate beyond the middle, the
metasternum and first two ventral segments clothed with
long reddish-brown hairs down their median third in the male,
the intermediate and posterior femora also pilose beneath
in this sex. C. subtubercudatus should follow C. spicatus in
the arrangement of the Central-American forms,
Cratosomus biannulatus, sp. n.
Subcuneiform, rather narrow, black ; the prothorax and
elytra with a very large, common, oval annulus (extending
Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 8. Vol. vii. 7
98 Mr. G. Meade- Waldo on
from the middle of the former to the middle of the latter),
the elytra with a common, rounded, smaller annulus on the
apical declivity, the prothorax with an oblique stripe on each
side anteriorly (as seen from above) and the whole of the
flanks (a large spot in the middle excepted), the head around
the eyes, and the base of the rostrum, thickly clothed with
minute, fulvous or brownish-cinereous, hair-like scales, the
under surface and legs sparsely set with slightly longer
similarly-coloured scales. Head densely punctate; eyes
very large, well separated in both sexes; rostrum very stout,
curved, moderately long, finely punctured, smooth at the tip.
-Prothorax a little broader than long, gradually narrowing
from the base, opaque, closely, minutely punctate, and some-
times obsoletely carinate towards the apex. Scutellum
oblong, suleate. Elytra cuneiform, foveato-striate, the foveze
decreasing in size towards the apex; the interstices convex,
1-4 for about two-thirds of their length set with scattered,
small, smooth tubercles and then becoming flat on the apical
declivity; the annulate portions of the surface depressed, the
-humeri rounded. Femora sharply unidentate. Pygidium
broadly exposed beneath in ¢, very narrowly so in ¢.
Length 19-20, breadth 83-82 millim. (3 9.)
Hab. Costa Rica (Mus. Dresden) ; Ecuapor, San Javier
and Lita (coll. Fry, in Mus. Brit.).
Described from four specimens from Ecuador. Dr. Heller,
of the Dresden Museum, has also sent me an example of the
same species, labelled as from Costa Rica, for determination,
the habitat of which seemed to me to be doubtful at the
time, and the insect was therefore omitted from the enume-
ration of the Central-American Cratosomini. There is, how-
ever, no reason to think that a mistake had been made in
labelling, C. sextuberculatus having a similar geographical
distribution. C. biannulatus should follow C. aspersus im
the arrangement of the Central-American forms.
X.—WNew Species of Diploptera in the Collection of the
British Museum. By Grorrrey Meapz-Watpo, B.A.
(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.)
Part III.
In the present paper are contained descriptions of some new
species of the family Vespide from various localities.
The occurrence of two species of Parapolybia in the
-
new Spectes of Diploptera. 99
collection of Hymenoptera made by Escalera in S.W. Persia
is of much interest, since it adds considerably to our know-
ledge of the distribution of the genus.
The measurements of length, as on previous occasions,
have been taken from the front of the head to the apical
margin of the second abdominal segment, unless special
mention is made to the contrary. All the types are in the
National Collection.
Eumenidz, Westwood.
Prerocuitus, Klug.
Pterochilus korbi, Schulz.
Pierochilus korbi, Schulz, Hymenopteren-Studien, pp. 48-52 (1905).
Pterochilus aterrimus, E, Saunders, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. p. 403
(1905).
A comparison between the types of these two species
proves them to be identical. The locality of capture for
both is Biskra. B. korbi has priority of publication by a
few months, although the descriptions of both were published
in the same year.
Vespide, Latr.
Belonogasier buyssoni, sp. n.
B. pusillo similis, sed facie omnino ferrugineo, tarsisque nigris.
2. Ferruginous ; antenne, mesonotum, and segments 2-6
of the abdomen blackish; tergites of segments 2, 3, 4 of abdo-
men with two whitish-yellow oval marks on the latero-apical
margin, the marks on segment 2 being larger than those on
segment 38, and the latter larger than those on segment 4.
Femora obscure, tibie and tarsi black. Head and clypeus
normal, the latter sharply pointed. Antenne short and
slender. Wings hyaline, somewhat cloudy towards the apex,
and golden-yellow along the costa. Stigma golden-yellow.
Abdomen with the petiole long and slender, longer than the
thorax; abdominal segment 2 with a long petiole and
widening gradually towards the posterior end. Pubescence
on thorax short, thick, whitish yellow.
Total length 20 mm.
22
Hab. Iganga Busoga, S. Nigeria (J. J. Simpson). Col-
lected for the Entomological Research Committee (Tropical
Africa), 29. 11. 1909.
7%
100 Mr. G. Meade-Waldo on
This insect, which J have much pleasure in dedicating to
M. R. du Buysson, of the Paris Museum, is very similar to
B. pusillus, Kohl, in general appearance, but may be readily
distinguished by the absence of yellow markings on the face
and clypeus and the totally black tarsi.
MiscHocytTTARvs, Sauss.
Mischocyttarus labiatus.
Zethus labiatus, F. Syst. Piez. 1804, p. 284. no. 6.
Polybia melanaria, Cam. Invert. Pacif. i.
Cameron’s species, described from Belize, British Hon-
duras, is a typical example of M. labiatus, F.
IcariA, Sauss.
Icaria flavopicta, Smith.
Icaria flavopicta, Smith, Cat. Hym. Brit. Mus. vol. vy. p. 99 (1857)
(Borneo).
Icaria ornaticeps, Cam. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) vol. vi. p. 497
(Khasia Hills).
The yellow marks on the head and mesonotum, by which
Cameron says that I. ornaticeps is easily known, are present
in I. favopicta. The type specimen from Borneo varies in
no respect from specimens from the Khasia Hills, Burma,
Tenasserim, and Sikkim in the National Collection.
Icaria conservator, Smith.
Icaria conservator, Smith, Journ. Proc, Linn. Soc., Zool. iv. Suppl.
p- 180. no. 1 (1860).
Polybia limatula, Smith, Journ. Proc. Linn. Soc., Zool. vii. p, 43. no. 1
(1868).
I. conservutor, described from Dory, New Guinea, is
certainly the same species as that described three years later
as P. limatula from Mysol, the type of which, preserved in
the Oxford University Museum, has been compared with
specimens of the former from Smith’s own collection, now in
the British Museum.
Icaria festina, Smith.
Icaria festina, Smith, Journ. Linn, Soc., Zool. viii. p. 90. no. 6 (1864).
Icaria zonata, Cam. Noy. Guinea, v. livr. i. p. 61.
Both specimens described are from New Guinea.
new Species of Diploptera. 101
Pouistes, Latr.
Polistes tristis, sp. n.
Niger, fusco-ferrugineo variegatus, abdomine nigro; alis leviter
infuscatis, cellula radiali fusca.
?. Black; scape entirely and flagellum partially beneath
fusco-ferruginous ; mandibles, clypeus, cheeks, space behind
the eyes, pronotum, scutellum, postscutellum, two longitu-
dinal lines on median segment, the legs (with the exception
of the coxe and femora above) fusco-ferruginous. Two
small marks at extreme apex of median segment and on apex
of first abdominal tergite laterally pale yellow. Wings
fusco-hyaline, distinctly golden along the costal area, radial
cell fuscous. Clypeus pentagonal, gradually widening from
base, widest part at base of mandibles, produced to a point
at apex. Abdomen normal. Clypeus and thorax finely
punctured, median segment coarsely transversely striate.
The whole insect covered with a short thick silver pubescence.
Length 14 mm.
oes
Hab. Mombasa, E. Africa (A. J. Cholmeley).
Quite distinct from any known species in the almost
totally black abdomen. Possibly the two yellow marks on
the first abdominal tergite may be the remains of a yellow
fascia; in one specimen there is no trace whatever of the
yellow marks.
Polistes variabilis regine, var. nov.
Ferrugineus, flavo variegatus; pedibus unicoloribus..
2. Pale ferruginous ; pronotum along the front and hind
margin, narrow transverse lines on the base of scutellum and
postscutellum, a small ovoid spot on mesopleurz, and two
broad longitudinal marks on the posterior face of the median
segment pale testaceous. First abdominal segment (except
for small ferruginous mark on tergite) pale yellow; abdo-
minal segment 2 with narrow transverse apical band, abdo-
minal segments 3, 4,5 with broad transverse apical bands
pale yellow. legs entirely pale ferruginous. The whole
insect densely covered with a short golden pubescence.
Wings fusco-hyaline, slightly golden along the costa.
Length 11 mm.
PION;
Hab. Cooktown, N. Queensland (D. Le Souef).
102 Mr. G. Meade-Waldo on
A well-marked variety of P. variabilis, F., all the black
markings of which are wanting. The pale testaceous
markings are evidently the yellow markings of typical
variabilis much reduced in intensity. The clypeus is ferru-
ginous, not yellow as in P. variabilis.
Polistes phillipinensis, Sauss.
Polistes phillipinensis, Sauss, Et. Fam. Vesp. vol. ii. p. 58.
Polistes nigrifrons, Cam. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) vol. vi. p. 412.
Cameron’s species is from the Khasia Hills, according to
his description. “ Himalaya” is the MS. locality on the
label. Dalla Torre gives “‘ Japan” in Gen. Insect., Fam.
Vespide, p. 71. P. rugifrons is a colour-variety of P. pihil-
lipinensis, probably the variety mentioned by Saussure as
“Tout ’insecte plus ou moins rougeatre.” Two specimens,
collected by Whitehead on Cape Engano, Luzon, and deter-
mined by the late Col. Bingham (Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist.
(6) vol. xvi. p. 444), belong to this variety. The median
segment of Cameron’s type is too mutilated for examination,
but, as far as can be seen, the transverse striation is very
deep.
Polistes tepidus, Fabr.
Polistes tepidus, Faby. Syst. Entom. p. 366. no. 17 (1775).
Polistes malayanus, Cam, Nova Guinea, v. livr. i. p. 60 (1906).
A comparison with the type in the Banksian Collection
makes it evident that P. malayanus from Manokwari, New
Guinea, is typical P. tepidus.
Polistes flavobilineata.
meee ew Se Cam. Journ. Straits Asiat. Soc. vol. xxxvii. p. 102
(
Cameron’s species, described from Borneo, is without
doubt a Polistes. 'The first abdominal segment is of the
normal shape for that genus. It comes very near to P.
manillensis, Sauss., from the Philippines and Borneo. Both
species have the median segment only indistinctly trans-
versely striate on the posterior slope.
Polistes elegans, Smith.
Polistes elegans, Smith, Journ. Proc. Linn. Soc., Zool. iii. 1858, p. 169
(2).
Polistes simulatus, Smith, Journ. Proc. Linn. Soc., Zool. iv. 1860, Suppl.
p. 180,
new Species of Dinloptera. 103
P. elegans, described from Aru and Key Islands, is un-
doubtedly the same as P. simudatus from Batchian and Morty
Island. Smith notes after his description of the latter that
it may be an extreme variety.
Polistes acteon.
Polistes acteon, Hal. Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond. xvii. (8) p. 828 (1836).
Polistes limai, Ihering, Ann. Soe. Ent. Fr. vol. lxxii. p. 145 (1903).
A comparison between this species and the type of P. ac-
tgon proves them to be identical. Dalla Torre (‘ Catalogus
Hymenopterum,’ vol. ix. Vespide, p. 122) gives a reference
to Latreille (‘Encyclopédie Méthodique,’ vol. x. p. 171, 1825)
where no reference is made to P. acteon, and rightly cites
Haliday as the author, though Latreille would have priority.
In ‘Genera Insectorum,’ Fam. Vespide, p. 68 (1904),
Latreille is cited as the author of P. acteon, evidently an
attempt to correct the synonymy in the ‘ Catalogus.’
Polistes humilis, ¥.
Polistes humilis, F. Spec. Insect. i. p. 461. no. 20 (1781).
Polistes tasmaniensis, Sauss. Etud. Fam. Vespid. p. 66 (1853).
Specimens of P. ¢tasmaniensis in the National Collection
are certainly identical with P. humilis, F., the type of which
is in the Banksian Collection (Fabricius, Spec. Insect. 1.
p. 461. no. 20, 1781), and not in Paris as stated by Saussure.
I have not seen the type of P. tasmaniensis, which is in
Paris.
Key to the Australian Species of Polistes.
A. Large species, 18-24 mm.
a. Colour totally ferruginous: length 18mm. schach, F.
b. Colour yellow and black or ferruginous and
black.
a®, Mesothorax black, with two parallel
yellow marks on disc.
a, Scutellum, postscutellum, median
segment, and first abdominal seg-
ment black: length 18 mm. ...... tepidus, F.
3, Scutellum, postscutellum, two lines
on median segment, and first abdo-
minal segment at apex yellow:
length, 21, MMs jcc n cs cena sine picteti, Sauss.
b?, Mesothorax ferruginous; median seg-
ment black: length 24 mm......... erythrinus, Holmgr,
104 Mr. G. Meade-Waldo on
B. Small species, 11-15 mm.
a. Antenne entirely ferruginons.
a”, Median segment black.
a®, Abdominal segments 1-3 bordered
with yellow; no red markings on
abdominal segment2: length 13mm. _ éricolor, Sauss,
b?, Abdomen entirely ferruginous ; abdo-
minal segment 1 with a narrow [ensis, Sauss. jv.
apical yellow fascia: length 12mm. humilis, F. (tasmani-
57. Median segment with two parallel
yellow lines on posterior surface.
a’, Abdominal segments 1, 3 with trans-
verse yellow apical bands.
a’, Abdominal segments 1, 2 black at [ Sauss:.
base: length I2 mm............ variabilis, var. syncecuss,
83, Abdominal segments 1, 2 reddish
brown: length 14mm. ........ bernard, Le Guill.
6?. Abdominal segments 1-5 with trans-
verse yellow apical bands; yellow
thoracic markings indistinct: length [M.-Waldo..
pd: aes ys Alas ede baie da ote = variabilis, var. regine,
b, Antenne black above, ferruginous beneath.
Median segment with two parallel yellow
lines on posterior surface; abdominal
segments 1, 5, 4 bordered with yellow:
Nerigtis ES wails ee hs Se ee eee eee tks variabilis, F.
The length given is from the front of the head to the apex
of the second abdominal segment. In two species (P. ery-
thrinus and P. bernardii), of which specimens have not been.
available for examination, the length as given in the descrip-
tion has been quoted. In the case of P. erythrinus the total
length (24.mm.) has evidently been given, and this is probably
the case with P. synecus.
No specimen of P. picteti from Australia was available,
the whole series in the National Collection coming from
Ceram, Amboyna, and Celebes.
Vespa, Linn,
Vespa wilemani, sp. n.
Caput thoraxque fusco-ferruginei, valde hirsuti; abdomen nigrum,
flavo variegatum, pedibus flavis, alis aureis.
?. Head and thorax dark ferruginous ; mandibles, clypeus,.
aud interantennal space yellow. Abdomen black; abdo-
minal segment 1 marked with ferruginous at base, and with
a narrow apical yellow fascia; abdominal segments 2 and 3
with narrow yellow fasciz on tergites and broad yellow
fascie on sternites; abdominal segment 4 broadly banded
new Species of Diploptera. 105
with yellow on apical margin of both tergite and sternite.
Legs entirely dark orange-yellow. Wings golden hyaline,
darkest along the costa.
Head as broad as thorax, moderately dilated behind the
eyes, the transverse furrow on pronotum very distinct.
Clypeus finely punctured, the anterior angles bluntly rounded.
Thorax broad and short, abdomen broadly truncate at base.
Whole insect covered with a long, dense, black pubescence.
Length 17 mm.
eee
Hab. Formosa (A. E. Wileman).
M. R. du Buysson, who has seen the insect, considers it
to be very closely allied to V. variabilis, du Buyss., of which
species the coloration is very variable.
Vespa mandarinia, Smith.
Vespa mandarinia, Smith, Trans. Entom. Soc. Lond. ii. p. 38, t. viii.
fig. 1 (1852) (Japan).
Vespa magnifica, var. latilineata, Cam., MS.
Syna@ca, Sauss,
There appears to be some difference of opinion as to the
position of the opening in the nests of these wasps.
Du Buysson, in his admirable “ Monographie des Vespides
appartenant aux genres ae
Fast Coast of the Malay Peninsula. By C. Bopsn Kuoss ........
XILI. The Anatomy and Classification of the Teleostean Fishes
of the Order Iniomi, By C. Tare Recay, M.A. ........... taal
XIV. A Description of Venus stimpsoni, sacs By A. J. Towns Si
Browne, BA FRSS ILM. | Plate TV,).04 nice tapes ae vice ae
XV. Notes on the Lamellicorn Beetles of the eau Golofa, with :
Deseriptions of Three new Peete By Giiperr J. ARROW. Se ae 136 BS
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL N OTICE,
A Descriptive Catalogue of the Marine Reptiles of the Oxford es =
Part I. By Cuarues WituiaM eet PRS. Sse ee
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XVI.—Notes from the Gatty Marine Laboratory, St. An-
drews—No. XXXII. By Prof. M‘Intosn, M.D., LL.D.,
Hones acc.
[Plates V.-VII.]
. On the American Syllides verrilli, Percy Moore, from Woods Holl,
Mass.
. On Nevaya whiteavest, a Form with certain Relationships to Sclero-
cheilus, Grube, from Canada,
. On the British Cirratulide. i. .
. Onthe Cirratulide dredged by H.M.S. ‘ Poreupine’ in 1869 and 1870,
. On the Cirratulide dredged in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, Canada,
by Dr. Whiteaves.
. On the Cirratulide dredgedin Norway by Canon Norman, D.C.L., F.R.S,
for) Or 9 bo eS
1. On the American Syllides verrilli, Percy Moore, from
Woods Holl, Mass.
An account of an interesting annelid, captured in the tow-
net off the Marine Biological Laboratory at Woods Holl,
United States of America, was lately given by an able investi-
gator, Mr. J. Percy Moore +, under the name of Syllides
* In the last “ Notes” Polydora carazzi on p. 172 appears to be iden-
tical with Mesnil’s P. caulleryi (Bull. Sc. France et Belgique, t. xxx. p. 88,
pl. iii. figs. 12-16. This paper had been overlooked).
+ Proceed. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, p. 488, text-figs, 1 & 2
(January 29, 1908).
Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 8. Vol. vii. 10
146 Prof. M‘Intosh’s Notes from the
verrilli, sp. n., and careful consideration of the description
and the figures shows that besides the relationships mentioned
by the author this minute form presents affinities with other
types not mentioned by him.
The annelid is minute, viz. 2°5 to 3 mm., and its breadth
is ‘2to'3 mm. The prostomium is large, subquadrate, with
rounded corners ; eyes 8 pairs, reddish brown, the first pair
evidently less important (as they are rudimentary) than the
others, which he behind, in the position usually found in
Syllids, and, from the figure, the anterior pair of these has
lenses. The tentacles are short, stout, and clavate, the
median arising between the middle pair of eyes and the
lateral near the anterior border of the prostomium. The
palpi are “ small, mammiliform, situated on the ventral face
of the prostomium and directed downwards,” nearly invisible
from above. They have enlarged bases and short cirriform
distal portions. 'Tentacular cirri of the shape of the ten-
tacles, but they are supported by short cirrophores. The
colourless body is slightly depressed, the segments increasing
a little in width to the middle, the first seven (to the caudal
end of the gizzard—eighth segment) being short, whilst the
succeeding are longer and contain the gonads. The proboscis
occupies the first three segments, is more or less cylindrical,
with thick brownish chitinous lining, edentulous. The rim
has a circle of ten soft papilla. The pygidium is small
and bears a median unjointed ventral style and a pair of very
long unjointed cirri. The prominent foot is uniramous on
all the segments in the immature worm and on the first
seven of the sexually mature. The dorsal cirrus is of the
same shape and size as the tentacular cirri on the first three
segments. The succeeding are more slender and tapered,
with the tip often differentiated as a more slender and subu-
late process, and they (cirri) increase in length toward the
middle, again diminishing posteriorly, whilst they also be-
come distinctly jointed or moniliform, though the author
adds that there is great difference in this respect, some having
the cirri much more distinctly moniliform than others, and
““ sometimes there is aslight but distinct alternation of longer
and shorter cirri;” but these conditions are not constant.
The setigerous lobe has a single spine, which ends in a rough
flattened knob, is compressed and slopes inward from the
salient dorsal angle. ‘The ventral cirrus leaves the setigerous
lobe near the tip, is comparatively long, and usually presents
“irregular constrictions and a more slender, blunt, terminal
piece.” The setigerous process bears dorsally a single simple
bristle, ‘‘ curved and slightly thickened distally, finely toothed
Gaity Marine Laboratory, St. Andrews. 147
along the convex side, and slightly enlarged and bifid at the
end.’ Beneath this is a fan-like tuft of compound bristles
with slightly curved shafts and somewhat long terminal pieces
which are bifid at the end and with a serrated edge.
Further, sexually mature examples have after segment vil.
a tuft of delicate capillary bristles which spring from the
posterior base of the setigerous process.
Mr. Moore refers the foregoing form to the Syllide, and
thinks that it may be the species referred to by Verrill as
having been taken at Woods Holl along with S. setosa *, and
is perhaps the S. longicirrata, Ersted, of Webster and Bene-
dict, but is not that species as described by European authors.
From typical species of the genus he poiuts out that it differs
in the small size and ventral position of the palpi.
Mr. Moore’s careful description demonstrates the grounds
on which the resemblances to the Syllids are based, yet there
is another group with which it might be compared, viz. the
Staurocephalide. The head (prostomium) is somewhat like
that of Autotylus or Myrianida, with a median aud two
lateral tentacles, the eyes being arranged like those of the
Syllids and Staurocephalus, the anterior rudimentary pair
being, however, peculiar. The absence of a median tentacle
in Staurocephalus is a divergence, but in some Stauro-
cephalids the tentacles are more or less ringed. The body
offers little that is diagnostic in general outline, but the
caudal region has a pygidium with a short median style, as
well as two long lateral cirri, features diverging from the
Staurocephalids, which usually have only the lateral cirri.
The structure of the foot is, perhaps, the most critical feature
in the comparison. In Mr. Moore’s form the foot is strictly
uniramous on the first seven bristled segments in sexually
mature forms and in all the segments in the immature
annelids. In all ordinary Syllids the foot conforms to the
uniramous type, having only a single spine and bristles of
one character, the ventral cirrus often being fused wifh the
lower border of the setigerous process, which usually has a
different outline from that in Syllides verrilli. In the
Staurocephalidz the foot, on the other hand, though there
is but one spine, shows a biramous tendency in so far as the
bristles are in two tufts, and the upper dorsal bristles diverge
in structure from the others, and, in all, the ventral cirrus is
carried far out on the setigerous process.
To go more minutely into the structure of the foot of
Syllides verrilli, the dorsal cirrus is proportionally massive
* Rep. US, Fish. Comm. for 1832 (1884), p. 664, footnote,
e. 1O%
148 Prof. M‘Intosh’s Notes from the
for a Syllid and ends in a conical tip, and, with the exception
of the three anterior segments, the organ is more or less
ringed. It therefore differs from that generally seen in the
Staurocephalide, though obscure rings are occasionally
present in these, while in the form of the conical tip it agrees
with that group (Staurocephalid), as it also does in the
absence of the tapering form so characteristic of the Syllids.
The setigerous lobe again has a conical process superiorly
more marked than in the majority of the Syllids, yet it is
not always present in the Staurocephalids. The tip of the
spine terminates in a large flattened and roughened knob, a
condition approaching that observed in certain Syllids, such
as Odontosyllis ctenostoma, Syllis spengicola, &e. A striking
feature is the occurrence at the dorsal edge of the fascicle of
bristles above the spine of a single simple bristle, which is
curved, slightly thickened, and flattened distally, and with a
blunt bifid tip. At first sight this bristle resembles that
found in certain Staurocephalids, such as Stauwrocephalus
rubrovittatus. Further, the fan of compound bristles which
follows forms two groups in the text-figure, an arrangement
observed in certain Staurocephalids, the large size of the
terminal processes and their bifid tips also resembling those
of the latter *. On the whole, therefore, the structure of the
bristles would indicate relationship with the Staurocephalidze
as well as with the Syllide. In the sexually mature
examples a tuft of long delicate capillary bristles arising
from the dorsal and posterior face of the setigerous process
occurs on each foot after the eighth. Such bristles occur in
the sexual pelagic forms of both Sylhids and Staurocephalids,
and have vo spime in either.
The ventral cirrus, from its proportionately great length
and slightly crenate condition, diverges from that usually
found in the Syllide or Staurocephalide, yet it agrees with
both in being borne by the setigerous lobe, and, as a rule,
well outward.
On the whole, then, Mr. Moore’s form presents interesting
features of relationship with both groups, the shape of the
head, the peculiar palpi, the tentacles and the proboscis, the
absence of a dental apparatus, and the pygidium leaning so
far to the Syllids, whilst the structure of the foot and its
bristles recall certain features observed in the Staurocephalids,
More minute details of the structure of the foot and bristles
by the author would be useful in enabling a more precise
view of its relationships to be made,
* Fig, 2d.
Gatty Marine Laboratory, St. Andrews. 149
2. On Nevaya* whiteavesi, a Form with certain Relationships:
to Sclerocheilus, Grube, from Canada.
Dredged at Station 52, Gulf of St. Lawrence, Canada,
1873, by Dr. Whiteaves.
A fragment of the anterior region of a form (PI. V. fig. 1)
with a somewhat broad flattened body, a little tapered toward
the front and rapidly narrowing behind the broad anterior
region. The feet are deeply cut and have conspicuous
bristles. Moreover, the second bristled segment has specially
modified powerful golden bristles.
The head has anteriorly a somewhat slender prow (Pl. V.
fig. la), slightly blunt at the tip. From this a prominent
and rather narrow median ridge (flattened vertically) passes.
backward to terminate in a small tentacle at the second
bristled segment. The central region of the snout, indeed,
is somewhat spindle-shaped when viewed from the dorsum,
as a dilatation occurs in the middle, followed by the vertically
flattened posterior portion. This condition recalls that in
Nerine, especially as the lanceolate lateral processes resemble
the branchiz of that form. Part of the proboscis is extruded
as a frilled organ. On each side of the median ridge ante-
riorly is an acutely lanceolate lamella (which may be bran-
chial in function) poimting backward and outward, whilst
from its inner border a tuft of slender glistening bristles
(Pl. V. fig. 1 d) is directed upward, thus forming a remark-
able arrangement in this region, and probably representing
the dorsal division of the first pair of feet. Below is a small
conical lamella, followed ventrally by a second of similar
shape, a tuft of bristles projecting downward, outward, and
forward in front and glistening with a brilliant metallic
sheen. The ventral edge of this foot forms a long rounded
elevation directed obliquely outward and forward from the
median line and apparently clasping the buccal region. The
ventral division carries a series of rather stout curved bristles
(Pl. V. tig. 14), with a hook at the tip directed backward,
but considerable differences exist amongst them, some being
longer and more slender. At the posterior part of the
cephalic median ridge another narrow lanceolate lamella
projects on each side, the base being somewhat broader than
that in front. In the preparation it slopes obliquely back-
ward and outward. The arrangement of these lamellz
therefore recalls the condition in Spiophanes. ‘Their relation.
ship to the feet may not be quite free from doubt. The next
* Named after Nevay Park, on the Sidlaws, Forfarshire,
150 Prof. M‘Intosh’s Notes from the
foot has in the ventral division four great flattened golden
bristles with strong blunt points (Pl. V. fig. 1c) attached to
the massive setigerous region, a comparatively large lanceo-
late lamella occurring superiorly, whilst at the ventral edge
is asmall papilla. In the developing organs the points are,
as usual, first formed. The dorsal bristles form a row supe-
riorly, and consist of bristles similar to those in front, though
shorter (Pl. V. fig. 1 e). They taper from the base to the
tip, which is very attenuate, yet they make a somewhat rigid
pencil or fan. Both they and the ventral bristles are en-
crusted with very small particles which obscure their minute
structure.
The next segment is narrow and has a broad though
narrow dorsal lamella which is lateral in position—that is,
lies directly above the foot,—and its bristles are directed
upward in front of it. No ventral bristles are present in
the specimen.
The following three feet are similar, viz., each having a
broad and vertically narrow dorsal lamella, with a bristle-tuft
in front on the dorsum and a well-marked and increasingly
massive ventral division, bearing a tuft of bristles the central
series of which is often abruptly truncated below the tip.
These bristles (Pl. V. fig. 1f/) are rather strong, straight,
narrowed from the base distally, have a slight curvature
below the tip, which is tapered to a fine point and feathered
with a series of spikes. One of the stouter forms from this
region is represented in fig. 1g.
Behind the foregoing the dorsal lamella, which has the
form of a vertical plate, moves further inward on the dorsum,
and by-and-by considerably diminishes in size, as also do the
feet at the posterior end of the fragment, from which the
proboscis projects posteriorly. The dorsal bristles of this
region (Pl. V. fig. 1 #) have long shafts and finely tapered
tips.
The head in this form differs from that in Sclerocheilus in
the absence of the anterior processes and in the absence of
eyes. No protrusible and ciliated nuchal organs are visible
at the base of the snout as in Sclerocheilus. The presence
of the caruncle with the small tentacle behind it also separates
Nevaya from Sclerocheilus, whilst in certain features it
approaches Nerine. The buccal segment in the latter is
achetous. The second segment in Sclerocheilus bears
dorsally and ventrally capillary bristles, and a little below
(‘‘ au-dessus”’) the ventral papilla five or six powerful golden
hooks, which De St. Joseph * thinks enable the animal to
* Ann, Se, Nat, 8° sér. xvii. p. 106.
Gatty Marine Laboratory, St. Andrews. 151
make its tunnel in shells. In Nevaya a fully developed foot
with Jamelle and bristles occurs in front of that with the
four great golden bristles inserted in the massive setigerous
region. Moreover, no bifid or fork-like bristles occur in
Nevaya so far as the single example shows. Both Sclero-
cheilus and Nevaya present a remarkable development of
certain anterior ventral bristles which must in some way be
connected with their dwellings, whether in tubes or burrows ;
yet the divergences in the position and structure of these
organs in each case indicate noteworthy differences in
function. In Polydora the great hook-like bristles occur on
the fifth segment, whereas homologous forms are on the
third foot of Disoma. De St. Joseph after a careful survey
of the structure of Sclerocheilus concludes that it belongs to
the Scalibregmide.
3. On the British Cirratulide.
Four species representing the Cirratulide are given in
Dr. Johnston’s ‘ Catalogue of Worms in the British Museum,’
viz. Cirratulus tentaculatus, Montagu, Cirratulus cirratus,
O. F. Miiller (under the name of C. borealis), Aonis vittata,
Grube, and Dodecaceria concharum, CXrsted.
By De Quatrefages the Cirratulids were classified chiefly
by the arrangement of their branchiz, which either occurred
throughout or were confined to the anterior segment; but
subsequent authors took into consideration the structure of
the bristles and hooks, as shown, for instance, by Langer-
hans, Levinsen, Claparede, and others. Thus two great
divisions of the Cirratulids are made by De St. Joseph, viz. :
(1) those devoid of large prehensile tentacles, and (2) those
having such. Further, they may be grouped : (1) into those
having capillary bristles in both divisions of the foot
throughout, (2) those having only capillary bristles in the
dorsal division and crotchets in a certain number of the
ventral divisions, and (3) those having capillary bristles and
crotchets in a certain number of both dorsal and ventral
divisions. The majority of the British forms fall under the
third group, such as Cirratulus cirratus, C. tentaculatus,
C. bioculatus, Dodecaceria concharum, and Chetozone.
C. tentaculatus is everywhere distributed round our shores
from Shetland to the Channel Islands, and is abundant
under stones on muddy and sandy ground between tide-
marks. Such muddy sand, indeed, is often furrowed by
them and their trailing tentacles, which stretch as orange
threads in every direction ; and, besides, they are found in
152 Prof. M‘Intosh’s Notes from the
various cracks and crevices of the rocks in the same region.
The head (prostomium) is conical, and on each side, a short
distance from the tip, an oblique depression slopes outward
and backward, and from the point at which these converging
grooves meet a ridge runs forward to the tip of the snout.
Ventrally a deep groove leads backward to the mouth, which
is bounded posteriorly by a thick transverse lip. In some
specimens from Lochmaddy a little pigment occurs on the
snout at the posterior and outer angle of the triangular
anterior region, thus simulating eyes—indeed, the pigment
is occasionally symmetrically arranged. In others from
Guernsey and Herm a distinct band of ocular points passes
from one side of the base of the snout to the other just in
front of the constriction indicating the region. A. variety
with a blackish snout is met with at Herm, and Dr. Sowerby
forwarded some in a similar condition from the estuary of
the Orwell near Ipswich.
The body is from 6 to 9 inches in length, rounded on the
dorsum, flattened ventrally, tapered anteriorly and more
distinctly but gradually diminished posteriorly, where it ends
in a pointed tail, the slit-like anus being dorsal, whilst in the
mid-ventral line in some specimens is a small process like a
rudimentary cirrus. Others show in lateraleview a process
above and a little in front of that just mentioned, and some
present only a large terminal anus with a rim and no process.
Such variations probably indicate injuries and reproduction.
The number of segments ranges to 800 and upward in a large
example. Vertical lines of dark pigment occur in the sulci
at the segment-junctions—from the fourth segment back-
ward for some distance.
On an elevated ridge which lies dorsally between the fifth
and sixth bristled segments is a dense mass of tentacles on
each side. The ridge is somewhat crescentic in front,
straight behind, and the tentacles in the cluster number at
least twenty. Hach segment behind the foregoing has on
each side its branchia situated behind and rather above the
level of the upper bristle-tuft, and this throughout the whole
anterior region, to the number of about one hundred in
large examples. The branchiz are more scattered in the
middle and posterior regions, and cease altogether about the
thirty-fifth or fortieth segment from the tip of the tail.
After the seventh or eighth the bristled segments for a con-
siderable distance are narrow, then become slightly wider,
and again toward the tip of the tail are narrow. The
remarkable spiral coils of the branchiz constitute a feature
of the species, and contact with sea-water is apparently less
Gatty Marine Laboratory, St. Andrews. 153
congenial to the animal than with mud, which at least
enables it to separate the long coiled filaments.
The peristomial segment is somewhat narrower than the
two which follow, aud each of which has various transverse
creases or wrinkles. These are devoid of bristles, hooks, or
other appendages. The first setigerous segment follows the
foregoing and is broader than its successors. The foot is
represented in the lateral region only by dorsal and ventral
setigerous processes, which bear tufts of capillary bristles.
Moreover, near the junction with the segment behind and
nearly on a level with the upper bristles is a long coiled
branchia. The capillary bristles have somewhat stout shafts
and long, flattened, tapering tips, with a narrow border of
spines directed distally. The four or five bristled segments
which follow are broadef than those next them, but all have
the capillary bristles dorsally and ventrally. In the groove
between the second and third bristled segment a second and
smaller branchia occurs, the base arising a little above the
level cf the dorsal bristle-tuft. The same takes place in the
groove between the third and fourth and between the fifth
and sixth. The branchize and tentacles vary in size according
to the degree of development, those in process of reproduc-
tion being small, whilst the older examples are thick. Al
are minutely ringed, probably from muscular fibres.
The strong hooks commence in the ventral series of the
large examples from Plymouth at the sixty-second bristled
segment, though they vary in this respect, some commencing
at the forty-fifth, others at the sixtieth. The hooks are at
first slender, but soon become robust, the neck curving
backward and then forward at the tip, and probably they are
the main agents in securing a firm hold of the burrow.
Their appearance in the dorsal division is somewhat later,
viz. between the ninety-first and ninety-fifth bristled seg-
ments. In both cases the foregoing figures differ from those
of von Marenzeller and De St. Joseph. The former states
* that the first ventral hooks appear in C. tentaculatus between
the thirty-third and forty-fifth segments, and the dorsal
between the fortieth and forty-fourth ; whereas in Cirra-
tulus chiajit the ventral appear between the twenty-first and
twenty-third and the dorsal between the fortieth and forty-
fourth. The variation in regard to the appearance of these
structures in British examples of C. tentaculatus would also,
as De St. Joseph observes, lead to some doubt as to specific
identity based on this feature.
An examination of two examples of Cirratulus (Audouinia)
filigerus from Naples shows that in one the anterior tentacles
154 Prof. M‘Intosh’s Noles from the
arise less definitely than in C. tentaculatus, it being difficult
to say whether they are mainly opposite the sixth or the
seventh bristles, whereas in the other they resemble more
closely those of C. tentaculatus in transverse arrangement
and they arise opposite the fifth pair of bristles. In both a
branchia springs in front of the dorsal of the first series of
bristles. The first ventral hooks occur on the thirtieth
bristled segment on the right in the example first referred
to, and the first dorsal hooks on the forty-first; whereas in
the other specimen, with the groups of tentacles opposite
the fifth bristles, the first ventral hook occurs on the nine-
teenth bristled segment and the first dorsal hook on the
thirty-seventh. These hooks are slightly less curved toward
the tip than those of the northern form, but otherwise are
similar. The bristles are also proportionally larger.
A form approaching Cirratulus filigerus, D. Chiaje, from
Malahide, Co. Dublin, obtained by the Royal Irish Academy’s
Expedition, is smaller than the foregoing species and
presents certain differences. It is 3-4 inches in length, but
of similar shape, the anus being dorsal, with a short cone
beneath. Immediately behind and rather above the first
bristled foot is a branchia, and so with the three following.
On the dorsal sulcus between the fourth and fifth bristle-
tufts is a group of four or five slender branchiz. Behind
the foregoing the branchiz occur on each side and are
sparsely distributed along the posterior region almost to the
tip of the tail. The crotchets (hooks) appear in the ventral
division about the twentieth bristled segment, whilst they
occur in the dorsal division about the fortieth. Their curves
are somewhat more pronounced than in C. tentaculatus, and
in the posterior region the ventral are considerably larger
and stronger than the dorsal,
The third form is Cirratulus cirraius, O. F. Miiller, which
is generally distributed round the shores of Britain between —
tide-marks. The head is broader than in C. tentaculatus,
hoof-shaped, but with a slight notch in the centre, and with
two well-marked bands of eyes sloping obliquely outward
and backward. The body is 3 to 4 inches in length and has
about 106 segments, more distinctly outlined than in
C. tentaculatus, and their antero-posterior diameter is greater.
It is rounded dorsally, somewhat flattened ventrally, where a
deep groove runs from the first bristled segment backward to
the tail, which ends in a point or papilla ventrally, with the
Gatty Marine Laboratory, St. Andrews. 155
erenate anus above it. The colour varies from yellowish
orange to deep madder-brown. Two achetous segments
follow the prostomium. The fourth segment has a smaller
sessile foot than the succeeding segments and bears two
minute tufts of bristles which have the same structure as in
C. tentaculatus. It also carries a series of proportionally
large filiform branchial cirri arranged in two lateral tufts,
each of seven or eight cirri of an orange colour, with con-
tained blood-vessels. These coil and twist during the
progress of the animal, and in proportion to the diameter of
the body have a larger buik than those of C. tentaculatus.
The following thirteen or fourteen segments bear branchial
cirri, each arising above and slightly behind a line through
the middle of the bristle-tuft. Some of these show a greater
amount of blood than those in the dense anterior tufts.
Here and there along the body a single cirrus springs from
the dorsal arch considerably above the bristles, but the
posterior region is devoid of them. On the whole, these
cirri are much fewer in number than in C. tentaculatus, and
do not show the remarkable spiral coils so characteristic of
that species.
The feet differ from those of C. tentaculatus in so far as
they are more prominent and the dorsal and ventral divisions
considerably closer—indeed, in some, e.g. the first, the bases,
fused with the body-wall, closely approach. The first twelve
bristled segments have only the simple flattened tapering
bristles, the points being extremely slender, and the ventral
are distinguished from the dorsal by their shortness and in
some by their proportionally broader tips. The dorsal
slightly dilate from the base to the middle of the shaft, then
taper gradually to the very fine hair-like tip. Parasitic
structures, such as alge, abound on them, and render them
pinnate, besides winding round them. - The front edge of
each bristle is mimutely and regularly spinous, the direction
being distal. At the thirteenth foot a single crotchet appears
on the ventral division. In structure the crotchets (hooks)
dilate a little from the base to a point above the middle,
where there is a slight forward curve, thena slight backward
bend occurs, and again a forward curve to form the hook at
the tip. This projects through a neatly rounded aperture in
the cuticle, and is moderately acute in the uninjured forms.
In the sixteenth foot three hooks are present, and four in the
thirtieth. One or two bristles accompany the hooks. The
crotchets commence in the dorsal division about the thirtieth
foot, a slender sharp-pointed one appearing in the twenty-
ninth, or perhaps earlier, along with the bristles, and they
156 Prof. M‘Intosh’s Notes from the
continue to the posterior end, both divisions having a few
slender tapering bristles, which are more conspicuous than
in front. So faras observed, the hocks of the dorsal division
posteriorly are slightly more slender and less curved than
those in the ventral.
A small form (young ?), dredged off Shetland by Dr. Gwyn
Jeffreys in 1867, presents the peculiarity of having only two
eyes, and the head shows less of a basal constriction than is
usual in examples of C. cirratus of the same size. The
complete tentacles of the fourth segment are of very great
length, probably reaching in life beyond the tip of the tail,
which has a ventral papilla similar to that of C. cirratus.
The tenth foot has dorsally a long slender tuft of finely
tapered bristles, whilst the ventral bristles are much shorter
—the flattened tips being expanded like a “ bellied” knife,
and then tapered to a fine point. The hooks by-and-by
appear in both ventral and dorsal divisions, and their
shape corresponds with that of the ordinary examples of
C. cirratus. De St. Joseph* found that in the young of
C. tentaculatus of 12 mm. the crotchets appeared in the
tenth segment; but the structure of the bristles and hooks
of this form differ from those of that species, not to allude
to the structure of the head. Keferstein’s Cirratulus bi-
oculatus t+ differs in the shortness of its tentacles, in the
structure of the hooks, and in the nature of the caudal
region, which has two cirri. Too much reliance, however,
cannot be placed on the representations of the minute struc-
ture of the bristles at that period.
Dodecaceria concharum, O&sst., is common under the roots
of tangles (Laminaria digitata), especially when these have
a crust of Lithothamnion beneath them; occasionally in
sandstone, as at the West Rocks, St. ane ews.
In this the dull greenish head is more attenuated than the
rest of the body, the anterior border being rounded, though
capable of various changes of form. The colour is brownish
red anteriorly, greenish yellow posteriorly, and streaked
longitudinally with the red blood-vessel, Some have touches
of orange. ‘They dye spirit green. The mouth opens a
little behind the tip inferiorly as a Y-shaped slit in which the
action of the cilia is marked, and with a considerable amount
of dark pigment on the lips. The body is about an inch in
* Ann. Se. Nat. 8° sér. t. xvii. p. 50.
+ Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool. Bd, xii. p. 121, Taf. x. figs, 23-2
Bu A=
Gatty Marine Laboratory, St. Andrews. 157
length, slightly tapered toward the snout and distinctly
diminished toward the tail and more or less rounded
throughout. The segments are 60 or more, and when the
body is extended the anterior region is nearly as narrow as
the snout. The tentacles are 12 in number, six on each
side, arise on the dorsal surface opposite each other, and the
bases of the pairs approach quite as closely asin Dodecaceria
ater. They commence on the anterior part of the second
segment, the first pair being longer than the others. As a
rule they are of a pale green colour, with darker pigment at
the tip, but they may be dull orange. A coiled blood-vessel
proceeds along the centre of each, and the edges of the
tentacle are often crenated, and when extended frequently
show a dilatation at the tip, but no cilia. When sickly the
tentacles assume a dull brown hue.
The first seven bristled segments have on each side two
fascicles of simple bristles which taper to very delicate tips.
In the eighth segment the ventral division has a few of the
peculiar bill-hook crotchets amongst the bristles, and at the
tenth the latter only occur in the ventral series, whilst some
show dorsally a few of the simple tapering bristles and about
three stouter bristles, the tips of which have been abraded,
so that an oblique surface remains. The typical crotchet or
hook has a slightly curved shaft, which somewhat increases
in diameter from the base to the distal third, then gently
bends backward to the neck, where the dorsal line again has
a backward curve, and then goes forward to the tip. The
anterior curve, which at the neck is also slightly backward,
is abruptly broken by a bold conical projection, from the
apex of which the distal curve runs to the stout tip. It thus
differs in all respects from the tip of the southern Dodeca-
ceria ater of De Quatrefages.
In the posterior part of the body the dorsal setigerous
cone bears a few of the long slender tapering bristles, and
one or two stout hook-like bristles bevelled at the tip and
representing a modified type of the ventral series, for they
present no enlargement on the anterior face below the
bevelled region. The ventral division likewise has a bristle
or two of a shorter type than the dorsal, which are con-
spicuous in a lateral view from above, and one or two of the
characteristic crotchets, the only peculiarities being their
shortness and the more marked curve of the less robust hook
at the tip. The conical projection at the anterior base of
the curve of the tip is marked.
In a young example 3-4 mm. in length, procured along
158 Prof. M‘Intosh’s Notes from the
with young Arenicola, the little boring Sipunculus, Pholoé,
and swarms of Polydora ciliata at the East Rocks, St. An-
drews, the body, in spirit, is rounded in front, but the poste-
rior third is more or less flattened, as in Heterocirrus. The
colour of the two regions also differs, that in front being
pale greyish, whilst the posterior is brownish red. The
bristled segments are about 35 in number. The snout is
formed as in the adult, with the mouth considerably behind,
and the tentacles and the branchiz are well developed. The
two rounded papille at the vent are more distinct than in
the adult. The characteristic hooks show that whilst the
flattened posterior region simulates that of Heterocirrus ater,
the form is essentially different.
No feature in Guernsey and Herm is more interesting in
the littoral region than the abundance of boring forms in the
coating of Lithothamnion on the surface of the hard gneiss,
especially at low water. Amongst them is the next form,
viz. Dodecaceria ater, De Quatrefages (which is not a variety
of Dodecaceria concharum, which also occurs in the fissures
of the rocks in long galleries curved in various ways).
Langerhans * and De St. Joseph consider this only a variety
of D. concharum, but so marked a variety, especially in regard
to the structure of the hooks, merits in the meantime special
separation. It may be that Langerhans had not the present
form before him, for his figure of the hooks of D. concharum
is good. The head of this species is rather elongated, like
that of Phyllodoce, slightly tapered and smoothly rounded in
front, and with two dark patches of minute eyes in the
median dorso-lateral region, the snout in front of these
generally being pale in the preparations, whilst that behind
is dark. The mouth opens ventrally a short distance behind
the tip of the snout, as in other forms, and not at the tip as
De Quatrefages observes.
The body is 1-2 inches long, rounded or slightly flattened
in front, more distinctly flattened after the anterior third,
and often forming a broad oar-like region posteriorly before
abruptly narrowing toward the tip, which presents a papilla
on each side of the vent. It is slightly tapered toward the
snout and the segments throughout are distinctly marked,
their antero-posterior diameter being larger in front than
behind, though the first four or five bristled segments are
narrow. The colour is of a very dark blackish green
throughout, the tentacles being pale green, with a central
* Zeitschr. f. w. Zool. Bd, xxxiv. p. 96.
Gatty Marine Laboratory, St. Andrews. 159
red streak (vessel). It tinges spirit green, giving out a dark
green exudation like dark specimens of Cirratulus.
De Quatrefages thought that the buceal segment was in
abeyance (“ L’anneau buccal a presque entiérement disparu’”’),
yet not only the mouth-parts, but the bases of the great
tentacles are close to the peristomium. ‘The large tentacles
are prominent organs, with a deep groove on their ventral
surface; and as the edges of these are crenated, they in all
probability approach in function to those of Polydora and
other Spionidee. Above and behind the tentacles is a
branchia, and, as a rule, three others follow, each on the
dorsal arch of its segment, and with a diminishing distance
transversely between the bases. ‘They are of moderate
length, and in some have a tendency to form curves and a
few coils. .
Behind the tentacles are indications of five segments, but
whether the imperfect first of these should be regarded
as an independent one may be an open question, The four
following have dorsal and ventral bristles of asimple tapering
kind, minutely serrated along the anterior edge. These and
the next are all narrow segments, and differ in this respect
from those which follow. The foot is represented by a
dorsal and a ventral setigerous papilla, with a ridge between.
The type of foot, however, changes at the seventh, where the
characteristic crotchets occur dorsally and ventrally. On
their first appearance these organs have a slight forward
curve of the shaft as far as the distal third, where a back-
ward curve takes place. ‘The shatt shows only a slight
dilatation from the base upward for a short distance, re-
maining nearly of the same diameter to the neck, where it
bends backward and again forward at the tip (Pl. V. fig. 2 a).
The latter in certain antero-posterior views presents a median
rib and two lateral wing-like areas, but probably this appear-
ance is due to the thicker tissue in the centre and the thinner
and slightly expanded lateral regions. In lateral view the
hollow of the distal hook appears to be scooped out like am
old snuff-spoon, but there is no knob at the anterior base as
in D. concharum. These hooks inerease gradually in
strength though not in length in both divisions of the foot
posteriorly, and their number toward the tip of the tail
diminishes, but they are of proportionally great size, and.
thus in contrast with those of D. concharum. Two occur in
the dorsal and three in the ventral division just in front
of the tail, but the number is variable. The alterations of
the contour of the tips of the hooks weuld indicate that
they have special functions in connexion with the tube, and
160 Prof. M‘Tntosh’s Notes from the
their gradual increase in length from before backward
corroborates this view. In some, when seen antero-poste-
riorly, the tips are spatula-shaped, a slight constriction
occurring at the neck. One or two capillary bristles, with a
slight flattening of the tapered and serrated tip, accompany
the dorsal hooks. Several procured at Guernsey and Herm
in July and August had well-developed eggs. Moreover, an
epitokous male more than 2 inches long occurred amongst
the others. In this the anterior region of about twenty-two
segments (exclusive of the head and six or seven segments) is
modified, whilst the caudal of about thirty segments is not
materially changed. The pigmented area of the eyes is
perhaps a little larger, and the dorsal tuberosity of the head
somewhat more prominent, whilst the tentacles and branchiz
are normal. The whole of the anterior and middle regions
are enlarged and softer, and have long resplendent dorsal
swimming-bristles which in length exceed the diameter of
the body. They are smooth, simple, tapering bristles with
very faint longitudinal lines, and of a pale yellow hue, best
seen by transmitted light, and their tips are remarkably
attenuate. The anterior dorsal bristles are little altered, but
from the eighth to the thirty-first they form conspicuous
tufts on each side. This bristled region, with the head, is
probably thrown off and discharges the sexual elements,
whilst the unchanged and flattened moiety of about thirty
segments reproduces a head and anterior region. ‘The fact
that this example, which was not quite ripe, still occupied its
tube in Lithothamnion would indicate that up to the period
of “swarming” the oar-shaped posterior region and its
series of powerful hooks would be of material service to the
form, and, further, after the separation of the sexual region,
if such is found to occur, the remnant would be ready for
the emergencies of its life in the calcareous crusts and
masses. The great size of the hooks or crotchets throughout,
and especially in the posterior region, shows that the form is
adult and that the shovel-shaped and abraded posterior hooks
have been in constant use. In the dorsal division one or
two of the tapering capillary bristles with the anterior edge
of the tip serrated are present.
The great size of the hooks in Dodecaceria ater and their
special structure at once attract attention, especially when
contrasted with those of D. concharum.
A form (Chetozone dunmanni), which appears to be inter-
mediate between Cirratulus and Chetozone, comes from
Gatty Marine Laboratory, St. Andrews. 161
Dunmanus Bay. 11. 2. 92 in the collection of the Royal
Trish Museum,
The snout forms a blunt cone, with slight lateral notches
which may indicate sensory grooves, and the peristomial
segment is devoid of bristles. The mouth opens ventrally as
a large aperture, having a crescentic groove posteriorly and a
median furrow between the two lateral lips anteriorly.
From the peristomial segment the body gradually widens to
the eighth or ninth bristled segment, and then rather
abruptly dilates into an ovoid swelling including about ten
segments, when it again contracts, such being doubtless due
to the mode of preparation. The segments of the anterior
region are distinctly marked and one-ringed, and the feet
are represented by lateral ridges with dorsal and ventral
setigerous processes and a minute flat intermediate papilla.
Anteriorly the feet present, as at the sixth, a long dorsal
tuft of capillary bristles and a shorter one ventrally. This
arrangement continues toward the thirtieth foot, when a
stouter series appear—at first simply modified ordinary bristles
with a double curvature of the shaft and a finely tapered tip,
the ventral series apparently preceding the dorsal. Finally,
posteriorly both divisions have the elongated and charac-
teristic hooks. These have long, straight, finely striated
shafts, which at the upper part have a slight curve forward,
then gently curve forward to the sharp tip. The strize cease
about the middle of the tip. They thus differ from the con-
dition in Chetozone and approach that in Cirratulus.
A species (Chetozone zetlandica) dredged by Dr. Gwyn
Jeffreys in 100 fathoms in St. Magnus Bay, Shetland, in
July 1867, appears to differ from Chetozone setosa. It isa
fragment about 4 an inch in length of the middle and poste-
rior regions, including more than sixty bristled segments,
and is distinguished from C. setosa by the flattened body,
the more hirsute lateral regions, the button-shaped anus, and
the absence of the differentiated posterior region so charac-
teristic of the species just mentioned. The broad flattened
body has very distinct segments, with sctigerous papille
projecting as conical eminences on each side. The posterior
end seems to have been reproduced, about fifteen segments
being thus added with the large button-shaped pygidium ;
but the general structure of the feet remains as in front,
and it differs from the condition in C. setosa, in which the
modification of the crotchets in the posterior region is
characteristic.
Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 8. Vol. vii. tL
162 Prof. M‘Intosh’s Notes from the
The feet at the anterior end of the fragment present
dorsally a few very long and finely tapered capillary bristles
and a series of broad flattened bristles, curved and faintly
striated and with tapered extremities. They represent the
intermediate forms ushering in the anterior crotchets of
C. setosa. The ventral division consists of a few shorter
capillary bristles and a shorter series of the same curved,
flattened, faintly striated bristles, with tapering tips as in the
dorsal division. In front of the reproduced tail the dorsal
division has a few long, tapering, capillary bristles, the main
series, however, consisting of long, stiff, curved, and striated
forms, with a nearly cylindrical shaft inserted in the tissues,
a constriction being evident before passing through the skin,
after which it curves forward, and ends in the long, flattened,
curved, and tapering tip. The ventral division, again, has
shorter bristles of the same kind as the foregoing, besides a
series of stouter crotchets, which have flattened shafts in-
serted in the tissues and slightly narrowed curved tips
tapering to a blunt point.
This form, therefore, appears to pertain to De St. Joseph’s
second series, viz., those with capillary bristles in the dorsal
throughout and crotchets in a certain number of the ventral
divisions of the feet, but the absence of reliable figures
makes its relationship to known forms uncertain.
4. On the Cirratulide dredged by H.M.S. ‘ Porcupine’
in 1869 and 1870.
A Cirratulid (Cirratulus tessellatus) dredged in the ‘ Por-
cupine’ Expedition of 1870 at Station 50, off the Algerine
coast in 7-51 fathoms, appears to differ from any described.
It was probably procured by the tangles attached to the
dredge. The head forms a short cone with a large lateral
eye on each side just in front of the posterior constriction
and the collar of the next segment, which, however, is
connected dorsally with the head by a bridge. The mouth
opens ventrally as a comparatively small aperture in the
snout in front of the collar. The body is about 2 inches in
length and fusiform in outline, the greatest diameter occur-
ring at the anterior third, from which it tapers to the snout
and more gently to the tail. It is rounded dorsally, flattened
ventrally, though posteriorly it is somewhat compressed on
both surfaces. The segments are narrow and numerous.
Anteriorly the rings are slightly tessellated, after the manner
of Scelibregma, though to a less extent, and this condition
probably occurs throughout in the fresh or well-preserved
Gatty Marine Laboratory, St. Andrews. 163
animal. A median streak occupies the centre of the dorsum
and another the mid-ventral line. Apparently three ache-
tous segments follow the head, the third and broadest being
tessellated or crenate ventrally as well as dorsally, the latter
surface being so broad as to reach the area of the next
segment toward the middle line, the lateral region being
occupied by the elongated scar for the tentacles, only traces
of which are present in the examples. The outer edge of
each tentacular area abuts on the prominence of the dorsal
division of the first bristled foot, which occupies a dorso-
lateral position, the dorsal divisions of the succeeding feet
forming a well-marked oblique ridge on each side and
causing the body to appear as if sheathed in the anterior
region (snout and achetous segments). This arrangement
is due to the greater distance between the dorsal and ventral
divisions of the first feet, the oblique region including about
fifteen feet. Thereafter the dorsal and ventral divisions
approach more closely, the space between them, however,
remaining distinct to the posterior end. ach division of
the foot carries a tuft of long, pale golden, capillary bristles
(Pl. VI. fig. 3) issuing from a distinct setigerous process, and
no change in the structure of these organs occurs from front
to rear. The dorsal bristles, as a rule, are longer than the
ventral and are curved outward and backward, the length
being less than half the diameter of the body anteriorly.
Each consists of a long basal region or shaft slightly
narrowed proximally, remaining of the same diameter for
some distance, and then gradually tapering to a fine point.
Posteriorly one of the dorsal bristles in each tuft is con-
siderably larger than the rest, the tip stretching outward as
a long delicate hair. The tips of all, indeed, in this region
are very fine. The ventral bristles are shorter and slightly
broader, but also have delicately tapered tips. The ventral
setigerous processes and tufts are really ventral in position,
for in the preparations they are visible only in ventral and
lateral views.
The structure of the bristles of this form distinguishes it
from the Chetozone macrophthalma of Langerhans *, and,
moreover, the skin of the species from Madeira is smooth.
The Heterocirrus marioni of De St. Joseph + from Dinard
has no crotchets, capillary bristles occurring throughout
both divisions, but the ventral bristle is flattened at the tip
and with a hair-like termination.
* Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool. Bd. xxxiv. p 98, Taf. iv. fig 10,
+ Ann. Sc. Nat. 8¢ sér. t. xvii. p. 56, pl. ili. figs. 62-64.
11*
164 Prof. M‘Intosh’s Notes from the
A Heterocirrus (Heterocirrus gravieri, sp. un.) dredged at
Station 29 off Cadiz, to the west of the Straits of Gibraltar,
in 227 fathoms, in the ‘ Porcupine’ Expedition of 1870,
appears to differ from any described. At this station, ac-
cording to Dr. Gwyn Jeffreys, there was an admixture of
northern and southern forms. The head is pointed in front
and constricted posteriorly, so that from the dorsum it is
almost cordate in outline. The mouth, as in allied forms,
opens a little behind the tip of the snout. The body is
about an inch in length, somewhat narrow and elongate, and
slightly flattened from above downward throughout, the tail
not being wider than the preceding region, and terminating
in a pointed extremity with the anus above it. The colour
in spirit is pale brown, darker at the tip of the tail. Ante-
riorly the dorsal bristles (Pl. VI. fig. 3) are longer than in
allied forms with the exception of Chetozone, but they
become shorter posteriorly. A pair of tentacles occurs in
front and a pair of branchize on each side behind it. The
tentacle is darker, longer, and thicker than the others,
though apparently not differing in external structure. It
arises immediately behind the head and may be the homo-
logue of the grooved tentacle, e. g., of Dodecaceria ater. A
branchia springs just above it.
The first foot has a distinct dorsal setigerous papilla and
along tuft of simple tapering bristles which nearly equal
the diameter of the body. ‘The ventral division has a similar
though shorter tuft. This arrangement continues for some
distance and then the characteristic hooks appear in the
ventral division. ‘These (Pl. V. fig. 3a) are comparatively
long and slender, with a slight forward curve. ‘The shaft
dilates a little from the base to the distal third, where a
slight backward curve and a diminution take place to the
neck. The tip has an enlargement beyond the neck, then
the posterior curve, in lateral view, forms a segment of a
large circle and again points forward at the hooked tip.
The anterior curve again is chiefly backward and then for-
ward at the terminal hook. The length of the distal region
in this hook is characteristic. A few bristles accompany
the ventral hooks to the posterior end. By-and-by between
the twentieth and thirtieth foot the hooks appear also in the
dorsai division, one or two of these organs accompanying
the bristles, which continue to the posterior end of the
annelid.
This species inhabits a firm though thin calcareous tube
strengthened externally by grains of sand, foraminifera, and
fragments of shells. The interior of the tube is perfectly
Gatty Marine Laboratory, St. Andrews. 165
smooth. At one point the tube had been broken and
repaired, but an angle on each side indicates the union.
The tube had also been fractured in capture, and the annelid
had doubled itself into the largest fragment—the head and
tentacles being completely protected, but the tip of the tail
protruded.
This form has certain resemblances to the Heterocirrus
caput esocis of De St. Joseph, but the absence of eyes and
the structure of the anus and of the hooks indicate
divergences.
Chetozone A.
A fragmentary form without snout or terminal region was
dredged on the 3rd September, in the ‘ Porcupine’ Expedition
of 1870, in the Bay of Tunis. In all probability it adhered
to the “ tangles,” which the naturalists then used, after the
time-honoured practice of the coral-fishermen of the Medi-
terranean. The absence of the head and posterior region
renders diagnosis and description imperfect, but externally
it differs in certain respects from the northern Chetozone
setosa. Thus the body is more rounded, presents no dorsal
groove in the preparation, and the ventral groove is slightly
marked, whereas both are usually distinct in C. setosa. The
lateral bristles are much shorter, and though the specimen
is a small one, the basal deep brown hue and the great
breadth of the yellow tips, as at the tenth foot (for so all is
termed beyond the bend at the end of the shaft), are diagnostic
(Pl. VI. fig. 4). The broad terminal blade tapers to a
long and fine point which is usually curved. Moreover,
whilst they are somewhat brittle, they do not exhibit that
proneness to split from the edge downward and backward as
commonly seen in C. setosa. Accompanying the foregoing are
a few narrow forms (Pl. VI. fig.4.a@). Although proportion-
ally the crotchets should have been present in the portion
of the posterior region attached, only bristles exist. The
inserted basal region or shaft of the bristle is deep brown,
curved and dilated from the somewhat narrow end upward,
and is striated.
Two fragments of the anterior region of a Chetozuneé
which does not appear to differ from C. setosa, Malmgren, were
procured probably by the tangles in Bono Bay, on the coast
of Algiers, in the ‘ Porcupine’ Expedition of 1870. As no
crotchets are present, a certain amount of doubt remains,
especially as the bristles at the end of one fragment are
166 Prof. M‘Intosh’s Notes from the
unusually long. The bristles are proportionally longer than
in C. setosa, and their bases have a deep brown tinge.
Besides the foregoing, two fragmentary examples (x)
apparently agreeing with C. setosa occur, but as only the
anterior region is present in each, there is doubt. The
snout in one is acutely conical, whereas in the other it is
retracted into a blunt cone, and reddish-brown pigment
marks the origin of each capillary bristle-bundle, both
dorsally and ventrally.
Chetozone carpenteri *.
The anterior region of a form presenting characteristic
features was dredged in the ‘ Porcupine’ Expedition of
1870 in Bono Bay, on the coast of Algiers, in 25 fathoms.
It also appeared off Cape Guardia, off Cape Finisterre,
in the same Expedition. It is a somewhat larger and
more rounded form and does not show the dorsal and
ventral grooves of C. setusa. The snout (Pl. VI. fig. 5) is
somewhat longer than in the common form and in one has
a dark speck on each side at the posterior border of the
prostomium, and these specks are best seen on the ventral
surface, or from the front; the mouth opens on the ventral
surface, a short distance behind them. The body has the
usual fusiform shape, its largest diameter being about the
anterior third. The bristles, which stretch from each side
with an upward and backward curve, are proportionally
longer than in C. setosa. They commence as considerable
tufts in the first foot, the slightly yellow shaft being con-
stricted about the level of the skin, and then the tip flattens
out more in the shorter and less in the long forms, and
finally tapers to a long hair-like curved extremity. The
broader blades (Pl. VI. fig. 5 a) readily split in this region
so as to make a brush-like appearance, the direction beimg
downward and backward. The most characteristic feature,
however, is the appearance about the tenth foot of crotchets
in the dorsal and then in the ventral division (Pl. VI.
fig. 55). In this foot (tenth) the bristles have attained
great length, the dorsal being considerably longer than the
ventral, the slight constriction below the long flattened blade
being noteworthy, as well as the length of the attenuate tip.
Those injured show the brush-like fractures already alluded
to. The shorter forms have stouter shafts, and by a little
modification the crotchets (Pl. VI. fig. 5c), which are still
* Named after the late Dr. W. B. Carpenter.
Gatty Marine Laboratory, St. Andrews. 167
thicker, are developed. The shaft dilates in its progress
upward, then gradually diminishes to the slightly curved tip,
which is rather blunt. At the twentieth bristled foot the
bristles are still longer but more slender, and two crotchets
are present ventrally, whilst dorsally there are four con-
siderably stouter, and the bristles are very long, stretching
far beyond the body. A considerable number of bristles
occur ventrally between the hooks, whilst there are three
dorsally. At the fortieth foot (Pl. VI. fig. 5 d) four large
crotchets are present in each division—now closely approxi-
mated, the ventral being shaped like a scapel set in its
handle, with a slight constriction and bend at the end of the
handle ; both shaft and tip are longitudinally striated. The
dorsal crotchets still are the stronger (PI. VI. fig. 5 e) and
the tip (or blade) is more distinctly curved. Four long
bristles occur between the third and fourth (that is, toward
the ventral edge) ; whilst ventrally two bristles lie between
the first and second and two between the second and third.
These posterior crotchets differ from those of C. setosa in
their great size and in the absence of longer intermediate
forms, as well as in their occurrence anteriorly.
Chetozone Z.
A fragment of the posterior end of a form not hitherto seen,
and having the shape of a gradually widening and spathulate
tail with the broad end posteriorly. The posterior border is
bluntly rounded, with a median ridge dorsally and ventrally,
the former curving downward to terminate in the ventral anus
which has a peak anteriorly. The region in front of the broad
tail is considerably narrower, the dorsal surface being rounded
and the ventral flattened. The segments are numerous and
narrow, and have dorsal and ventral tufts of slender
capillary bristles (Pl. VI. fig. 6 a) of a pale yellow colour
and nearly straight. It was procurved in the ‘ Porcupine’
Expedition of 1870, no locality being given.
A peculiar form, which may temporarily be termed Cirra-
tulispio, was dredged in the ‘ Porcupine’ Expedition of 1869
in 378 fathoms in sticky mud off the coast of Ireland. The
mud contained fragments of foraminifera, coccoliths, and
sandy debris.
The head (Pl. VI. fig. 7) is bluntly conical and the sides
of the cone slightly hollowed. A pair of slender tentacles
pass from the bristled segment immediately behind, and
therefore apparently posterior to the buccal ring.
168 Prof. M‘TIntosh’s Notes from the
The body is filiform and elongated, probably 2-3 inches
in length, apparently tubicolous, and it is imperfect pos-
teriorly ; but at least two regions are recognizable—namely,
the anterior with nine pairs of well-marked pale golden
bristles, and the succeeding division.
The first region agrees with the Chetopterids in the
number of the segments (nine), and each foot has a dorsal
and a ventral tuft of moderately long capillary, pale golden
bristles (Pl. VII. fig. 7a} which have a slight convergent
curve—that is, the dorsal bending downward and the ventral
upward. Both arise close together in the tissues, then slant
from each other so that a flat cone in the middle of the foot
lies between them. The dorsal tuft is considerably longer
than the ventral, but the structure of the bristles is the same
in both. Each bristle has a long cylindrical shaft not
differentiated from the tip, and gradually tapering to a fine
point from its middle, though in the shorter ventral forms
there are differences in this respect.
No special differentiation separates the first region of the
body from that which follows, and therein it differs from
the Cheetopterids ; but the first segment of the succeeding
region is three times broader (antero-posteriorly) than those
in front, and its bristles are shorter and structurally different,
whilst each of the two divisions carries a continuous row of
stout curved crotchets without the differentiation between
shaft and tip as observed in Chetozone (Pl. VII. fig. 7 6
representing one from the tenth foot). Dorsally are two
smooth capillary bristles, followed by five or six crotchets
with the tips produced into slender processes, and then a
series of the stout curved crotchets with slightly tapered tips
ending in a stout though more or less pointed tip. The
arrangement of these crotchets recalls the condition in
Chetozone setosa, bristles being also interposed between the
crotchets in the rows.
5. On the Cirratulidze dredged in the Gulf of St. Lawrence,
Canada, by Dr. Whiteaves.
Chetozone I.
A fragment of a Chetozone (?), apparently the posterior end
of a large form, was dredged at Station A. 6, 1872, by
Dr. Whiteaves. The total length is about an inch and a
quarter, The segments are distinct though narrow through-
out, and the body is somewhat dilated in front of the tail,
and then gently tapers to the terminal anus, below which a
process with a median groove projects posteriorly. The
Gatty Marine Laboratory, St. Andrews. 169
body is rounded dorsally, slightly flattened ventrally, and
the latter surface has a median groove. Both dorsal and
ventral bristles (Pl. VII. fig. 8) are throughout capillary, and
little difference exists between the most anterior and those
at the tip of the tail. This, therefore, belongs to the
first series of De St. Joseph, viz., those with capillary bristles
throughout,
Chetozone setosa, var. canadensis. Stations 32-34—1873.
In this form, which has a general resemblance to C. setosa,
though the body is more flattened posteriorly, the anterior
bristles differ from those of C. setosa, for example at the tenth
foot in having a distinct curve at the end of the shaft, and
the long tip widens into a flat blade (Pl. VII. fig. 9), which
then tapers to a fine tip; the whole, however, is considerably
shorter than in the typical C. setosa. The general arrange-
ment of the posterior hooks resembles that of C. setosa,
though the crotchets (Pl. VII. fig. 9a) are considerably
larger and similarly alternate with a long capillary bristle
(Pl. VII. fig. 9). It would be difficult to draw a specific
distinction, however, from mere size.
Chetozone whiteavesi.
Dredged in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, Canada, by
Dr. Whiteaves at Station A. 6 in 1872.
This species has much of the appearance anteriorly of
Chetozone setosa, the snout being acutely pointed, and the
tentacles and branchiz being similar. The body is rounded
dorsally in front, then is somewhat flattened, and again is
rounded toward the tail, which is only a little tapered, and
has a terminal anus with two small rounded papille veutrally.
The ventral surface of the body is marked by a median
groove from end to end, whilst the sides are flanked by tufts
of long capillary bristles from the front to the middle of
the body, and by shorter capillary bristles from the middle
tothe tip of the tail. This arrangement at once differentiates
the species from C. setosa and allied forms, for their crotchets
are conspicuous posteriorly. The gut shows through the
integumentary layers in the region behind the middle—
especially dorsally—the colour being dull pink.
The bristles throughout are capillary, the dorsal in front
(Pl. VII. fig. 10) being considerably longer than the ventral
and stronger than those in the succeeding region. Both
dorsal and ventral tufts are shorter in the middle of the
body, and the disproportion between dorsal and ventral is
less marked, whilst posteriorly they are almost equal.
170 Prof. M'Intosh’s Notes from the
6. On the Cirratulidee dredged in Norway by
Canon Norman, D.C.L., F.R.S.
The northern form, Chetozone setosa, was first found in
Finmark by Malmgren and in Sweden by Lovén, and it is
abundant in the Fjords of Norway, where it was dredged
by Canon Norman. The head is acutely pointed and some-
what triangular, with the mouth on the ventral surface a
short distance from the tip. The body is about an inch in
length, elongate-fusiform, tapering a little anteriorly and
more gradually and distinctly posteriorly, where it terminates
in a pointed extremity with the anus at the tip, which varies
in acuteness according to the condition of regeneration,
some being rather blunt after recent loss of segments. The
thickest part of the body is about the end of the anterior
third. It is more or less rounded throughout, with a
tendency, however, to dorsal and ventral flattening. The
segments number 70-90, and are narrow in front, but more
evident posteriorly from the increased antero-posterior
diameter. The surface is greyish in the preparations and is
iridescent.
The long tentacles arise on the dorso-lateral region
immediately behind the head, and seem to be rarely present
in examples caught by the dredge. They have the ventral
and probably ciliated groove of other forms.
The branchiz occur in pairs, one on each side, probably
from fourteen to twenty in succession, and then at intervals
to the posterior third. They are slender filaments, those in
front being long and sinuous. ‘The first bristled foot occurs
behind the tentacles and has a dorsal and a ventral tuft of
pale golden capillary bristles,with a cylindrical shaft generally
imbedded in the tissues, and a broader flattened serrated tip
which tapers to a fine point. Little difference exists in the
anterior region between the lengths of the dorsal and the
ventral bristles, but after the twentieth, or thereabout, the
dorsal elongate to about the diameter of the body, forming
glistening tufts usually carried transversely in the pre-
parations. Toward the posterior region stout, short,
crotchet-like forms appear amongst the long bristles in
the ventral and then in the dorsal division. They are more
slender in the dorsal than in the ventral, and the dorsal
bristles are fewer in number and more attenuate, only a brief
flattened part occurring beyond the skin, the rest being hair-
like. Moreover, the ventral bristles present intermediate
forms, the shafts being three times the diameter of the ordinary
Gatty Marine Laboratory, St. Andrews. 171
bristles, then a slight constriction takes place at the level of the
cuticle, the tip being broad and more or less striated, but ter-
minating in a long hair-like process. The perfect crotchet
or hook is best seen in the posterior region of about fifteen
segments, the shaft dilating a little from the soft base up-
ward, then narrows about the level of the skin, from which
a noticeable forward bend occurs, the long stout tip ending
in a blunt point. The whole organ is striated to the point
and somewhat resembles a miniature scalpel which has a
curve backward (Pl. VII. fig. 11). The direction of these
crotchets is at first slightly backward, but by-and-by they
project transversely outward, and in four or five of the
terminal segments they are directed forward—doubtless in
connexion with their functions in mud or sandy mud.
Cirratulus norvegicus ?
A form dredged off Drébak, Christiania Fjord, in 80-100
fathoms, in 1879, somewhat resembles Cirratulus tessellatus in
so far as the dorsal divisions of the anterior feet approach
each other dorsally, and in some are raised, so that the spaces
between the lateral lines at the base of the feet are narrow in
front and gradually widen in their course backward. More-
over, a considerable amount of dark pigment characterizes
the anterior dorsal region and also occurs along the poste-
rior lip of the gaping mouth.
The head has the form of a small blunt cone, sometimes
constricted posteriorly, and when the button-shaped proboscis
is extruded, as in the majority of the specimens, it projects
upward and forward, or, in complete extrusion, upward.
The body is probably between 1 and 2 inches in length,
flattened anteriorly, and somewhat rounded posteriorly. It
is tapered rather abruptly anteriorly, but does not appear to
be much tapered posteriorly, only a slight diminution taking
place in the preparation; but such may be an incomplete
specimen. It terminates posteriorly in a pouting button-
shaped vent, which is produced ventrally into a process with
a median fissure and a fillet on each side of it (Pl. VII. fig. 12).
The ventral surface is flattened, sometimes with a median
ridge and two lateral elevations, though in a few neither is
visible. ‘The buccal and two achztous segments follow the
head, and in one example each has a dorso-lateral frill, it
may be from imperfect preservation. Every example presents
two short lappets (or, it may be, the bases of tentacles)
interposed between the converging lateral lines of the feet
nearly opposite the first bristle-bundles. A series of long
172 Notes from the Gatty Marine Laboratory.
slender branchiz project from the dorsal edge of more than
twenty of the anterior feet, and traces appeared in some
considerably behind these. ‘lhe anterior segments are
closely arranged, but posteriorly they are a little less so, and
the number is probably from seventy to one hundred, though
no specimen is complete.
Some had well-developed ova in July.
‘The structure of the feet throughout is the same, viz., a
dorsal and a ventral setigerous process, each having a tuft of
translucent pale yellow capillary bristles (Pl. VII. fig. 12 a),
the tips being slightly flattened at the somewhat narrow
base, and tapering to delicate hair-like extremities. ‘lhe
dorsal are the longer, and they increase in length toward
the middle of the body, and remain of considerable length
posteriorly, where the distinction between the more slender
and Jonger dorsal and the shorter and proportionally broader
ventral is maintained. A curious series of coiled tubes (?)
occurs posteriorly.
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
PLATE V.
Fig. 1. View of Nevaya whiteavesi from the dorsum. The proboscis pro-
jects posteriorly from the ruptured end. Enlarged.
Fig. 1 a, Head and anterior region of the foregoing, still more enlarged.
Fig. 16. Strong hooked bristle of first foot. x Zeiss oc. 4, obj. A.
Fig. 1c. Powerful hook of the second foot. x Zeiss oc. 4, obj. A+] in.
draw-tube.
Fig. 1d. One of the first dorsal bristles. x Zeiss oc. 4, obj. D.%
Fig. 1 e. Dorsal bristle of the second foot. x Zeiss oc. 4, obj. D.
Fig. 1f. Bristle with curved and serrated tip from the ventral division
of the fourth foot. x Zeiss oc. 4, obj. D.
Fig. 1g. Stouter serrated bristle from the same region. X as above.
Fig. 1h. Posterior dorsal bristle. x as before.
Fig. 2. Bristle of Cirratulus tessellatus. X Zeiss oc. 4, obj. D.
Fg. 3a. Anterior hook of the foregoing, x Zeiss oc. 4, obj. D4] in.
draw-tube.
PLATE VI,
Fig. 3. Simple anterior bristle of Heterocirrus graviert, with minutely
serrated anterior edge. x Zeiss oc. 4, obj. D+full draw-
tube.
Fig. 4. Bristle of Chetozone A, showing entire outline. X Zeiss oc. 2,
obj. D reduced.
Fig. 4a. Tip of one of the foregoing of less breadth. x Zeiss oc. 4,
obj. D, full draw-tube.
Fig. 5, Head and anterior region of Chetozone carpenteri. Enlarged.
Fig. 5a. Bristle of the first foot of the foregoing. x Zeiss oc, 2,
obj. D, full draw-tube.
Fig. 5b. erase a (dorsal division) of Chetozone carpenteri, En-
arged.
>
On Heterocera from Costa Rica, 173
Fig. 5c. Crotchet or hook of the foregoing. x Zeiss oc. 2, obj. D.
Fig. 5d. Fortieth foot of the same. Enlarged.
Fig. 5 e. Dorsal crotchet of the fortieth foot. x Zeiss oc. 2, obj. D.
Fig. 6a. Bristle of Chetozone Z. x Zeiss oc. 4, obj. D.
Fig. 7. Head and anterior region of Cirratulispio. Enlarged.
PLatTEe VIL.
Fig. 7a. Bristle from the seventh foot of Cirratulispio. X Zeiss oc. 4
obj. D, with full draw-tube.
Fig. 76. Crotchet from the first sezment of the second region of the
foregoing. X Zeiss oc. 4, obj. D.
Fig. 8. Bristle of Chetosone I., Canada. x Zeiss oc. 4, obj. D.
Fig. 9. Anterior bristle of Chetozone setosa, var. canadensis, from the
tenth foot. x Zeiss oc. 4, obj. D.
Fig. 9a. Posterior hook (crotchet) of the same. X as above.
Fig. 9b. Capillary bristle alternating with crotchets. Xx as above.
Fig. 10. Bristles of Chetozone whiteavesi. x Zeiss oc. 4, obj. D.
Fig. 11. Boor of Chetozone setosa, var., from Norway. X Zeiss oc, 4,
obj. D.
Fig. 12. Tip of tail of Cirratulus norvegicus, unfortunately from a speci-
men not quite complete.
Fig. 12a. Bristles of the foregoing. X as above.
XVII.— New Species of Heterocera from Costa Rica.—V.
By W. Scuaus, F.Z.S.
Syntomide.
Isanthrene monticola, sp. n.
Antenne with the shaft black on basal half and at tips,
otherwise white. Body ochreous; palpi tipped with black ;
black spots on tegule, five on thorax; black line en shoulders;
dorsal and lateral black spots on basal segment of abdomen,
followed by black intersegmental spots on other segments.
Wings hyaline, the margins ochreous. Fore wings: the
veins ochreous, partly irrorated with black ; black streaks at
base of costal and subcostal veins; apex and tornus more
broadly ochreous, inwardly edged with black. Hind wings :
the veins and inner margin finely black.
Expanse 34 mm.
Hab. El Sitio.
Sarosa mora, sp. n.
Antenne black tipped with rufous. Body black; some
blue on frons; whitish-yellow spots on tegule outwardly
174 Mr. W. Schaus on
edged with bright metallic blue; a dorsal whitish-yellow
band at base of abdomen, extending laterally behind. Abdo-
men with two rows of metallic-blue spots above and a row
of sublateral spots ; a white band below beyond base ; legs
black spotted with blue; tarsi ochreous. Wings hyaline.
Fore wings faintly tinged with brown ; veins, terminal
dashes between veins, outer half of inner margin, and the
outer margin black; base of inner margin and costal mar-
gin reddish brown; the discocellular reddish brown ; some
bright blue metallic scales at base. Hind wings: the veins,
outer margin narrowly, and a broader space at anal angle
black.
Expanse 34 mm.
Hab. El Sitio, Sixola.
Loxophlebia egregia, sp. n.
Palpi and head black; frons white; a white spot on
vertex. Body red; thorax medially black; abdomen dorsally
black on three basal segments; last segment and anus black ;
coxe roseate buff; legs outwardly black, inwardly roseate
buff. Wings hyaline; veins and margins narrowly black,
wider at apices and tornus; base of fore wings and inner
margins of hind wings red.
Expanse 21 mm.
Hab. Guapiles.
Mesothen temperata, sp. n.
Antenne black, irrorated with white before tip. Palpi
and head black; the frons white. Collar black in front,
yellow behind. Thorax black ; patagiadeep yellow. Abdo-
men deep yellow; a black dorsal spot on first segment ; a
large similar dorsal space on following three segments extend-
ing laterally, and shot with steel-blue ; the last two segments
black, shot with steel-blue; a lateral black band on seg-
ments 2-4; ventral valve black except at base. Thorax
below yellow. Legs: femora yellow; fore and hind tibiz
and tarsi black; hind tibia and tarsi yellow, only black at
joints. Wings hyaline: the veins and margins black,
fore wings: the tornus and apex broadly black ; a yellow
streak medially on subcostal; a black spot on discocellular.
Hind wings: the costal margin medially yellow.
Exxpanse 29 mm.
Hab. Juan Vinas.
Hleterocera from Costa Rica. 175
Mesothen montana, sp. n.
Antenne black. Head, collar, and thorax dark brown.
Abdomen yellow; two rows of black dorsal spots on seg-
ments 2-6. Thorax below dark brown. Legs yellow; tarsi
and part of hind tibie dark brown. Wings hyaline; the
veins and margins narrowly dark brown, widening at apices ;
the discocellular of fore wings broadly blackish brown.
Expanse 39 mm.
Hab. Volcano Poas, 7000 ft.
Mesothen ethela, sp. n.
Palpi brown. Head black; frons white; small white
spots behind antenne. Collar and thorax dark brown,
patagia black; large white spots on shoulders. Abdomen
bright yellow, terminally black. Fore legs brown, coxe
white; hind legs outwardly black, inwardly buff. Wings
hyaline, the veins and margins brown. Fore wings: apex
and tornus more broadly brown, a small white spot at base
of subcostal vein.
Expanse 28 mm.
Hab. Sixola.
Chrostosoma sitiona, sp. n.
Palpi, antennz, and head black. Body yellow, the abdo-
men terminally black. Legs black, coxe yellow. Wings
hyaline ; veins and inner margins finely black; apices very
broadly black. Fore wings: the costal and outer margin
rather broadly black ; some yellow at base.
Expanse 29 mm.
fab. Hl Sitio.
Cosmosoma nobilis, sp. n.
Antenne, palpi, and head black; the frons metallic blue.
Collar black with metallic-blue spots. Thorax black ; some
dorsal blue scales; a large opalescent blue spot on meta-
thorax. Abdomen black ; the segments posteriorly narrowly
yellow ; lateral transverse blue lines and sublateral blue spot ;
the last two segments metallic blue ; two opalescent spots
dorsally on frst segment. Legs black irrorated with blue.
The wings hyaline ; veins and margins black, broadly at
apices. Fore wings: a large black spot at end of cell; the
base of costal margin and below cell with metallic-blue
scales. Fore wings below: the basal third of costa streaked
176 Mr. W. Schaus on
with blue; some blue scales below cell at base. Hind wings
below: the basal half of costal margin streaked with,blue
extending into cell.
Expanse 44 millim.
Hab. Juan Vinas.
Cosmosoma guapila, sp. n.
Antenne and body black; palpi irrorated with white in
front ; metallic-blue spots on frons, vertex, collar, shoulders,
and patagia anteriorly ; paired spots on metathorax ; dorsal
and lateral blue spots on abdomen ; transverse creamy-buff
streak on third and fourth segments; anal segment orange-
red; ventral valve banded with white; coxe white; legs
black, irrorated with metallic blue at joints; fore tibia
streaked with white; hind tarsi partly whitish. Wings pale
brownish hyaline; the veins and margins finely black ;
metallic-blue spots at base of fore wings. Hind wings: the
basal half of costa and cell creamy buff; the inner margin
broadly black.
Expanse 29 mm.
flab. Guapiles.
Allied to C. beatriz, Dr., but much smaller.
Cosmosoma cinctuta, sp. n.
@. Antenne and palpi black. Head black, irrorated with
blue on vertex; some white on frons. Tegulz and patagia
orange edged with black. Thorax black, irrorated with blue
behind. Abdomen: basal segment orange, divided by a
black dorsal line, ochreous black with two rows of blue spots,
and dorsal blue spots obsolescent on segments 3 and 4;
two small orange spots on fourth segment. Legs orange,
partly streaked with black. Wings hyaline, the veins and
margins black. Fore wings: the apex more broadly black ;
an orange streak on costa from base to black apical portion ;
some orange on base of inner margin. Hind wings: some
orange at base of inner margin.
Expanse 30 mm.
Hab. Juan Vinas.
Allied to C. saron, Druce.
Cosmosoma rubritarsis, sp. ne.
Antenne black, tipped with white. Palpi, head, and
thorax black ; some dark blue on frons and vertex. Abdomen
above crimson; a dorsal black line expanding on_ basal
Fleterocera from Costa Rica. 177
segment ; last two segments black with small blue spots ;
three triangular black lateral spots, partly irrorated with
blue; underneath black. Coxe and legs red, the latter
outwardly streaked with black; tarsi red. Wings hyaline,
the veins and margins black. Fore wings: the apex more
broadly black ; a narrow black spot on discocellular.
Expanse 38 mm.
Hab. Guapiles.
Cosmosoma colona, sp. n.
Antenne black, irrorated with white at tips. Body black:
frons, tegule, and patagia shaded with dark metallic blue.
Abdomen with transverse dark blue lines interrupted dorsally ;
the last two segments vermilion-red ; a lateral white spot
on first segment; white spots at base of mid and hind coxe.
Legs streaked with dark blue. Wings hyaline, the veins
and margins black. Fore wings: the apex broadly black;
a black streak on discocellular. Hind wings: the inner
margin broadly black.
Hixpanse 33 mm.
Hab. Sixola.
Cosmosoma angustimargo, sp. ne
Antennze, head, collar, thorax, and last two segments of
abdomen black ; abdomen otherwise bright yellow; frons
laterally white; a white spot laterally behind eyes; a few
white scales on vertex. Legs dark brown ; fore coxe streaked
with white. Wings hyaline, the veins and margins narrowly
black, widening at apices. Fore wing: the discocellular
angled, finely black ; a white spot at base, followed by a
similar white spot.
Expanse, 3 29 mm.
Expanse, 2? 37 mm.
Hab. Juan Vinas.
Cosmosoma impudica, sp. 0.
Antenne, pectus, legs, palpi, and head black; two white
spots on frons. Collar, thorax, and abdomen bright yellow.
Wings hyaline, the veins and margins black. Fore wings:
the base yellow; an inwardly angled black spot on disco-
cellular ; the terminal band wider at apex and at tornus.
Hind wing: the inner margin and apex more broadly
black.
Expanse 37 mm.
Hab. Juan Vinas, El Sitio.
Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 8. Vol. vii. 12
178 Mr. W. Schaus ov
Differs from C. pudica, Druce, in having no black terminally
on abdomen.
Holophea gentilicia, sp. n.
&. Antenne and abdomen above black, some blue on anal
segment. Frons dark brown, irrorated with metallic blue.
Vertex, collar, and thorax red. Body below and legs black-
brown. Fore wings dark brown; the base of costa and
below cell red. Hind wings similar dark brown; a blackish
area below cell.
Expanse 30 mm.
The female has less red at base of fore wings, and the last
three segments of abdomen are blue-black.
Expanse 31 mm.
Hab. Juan Vinas, Tuis.
Psilopleura dolens, sp. n.
g. Antenne and body black ; red spots on shoulders and
patagia. Wings smoky hyaline; the veins and margins
blackish, widest at apices and on inner margin and anal
angle of hind wings.
Expanse, ¢ 22 mm.
Expanse, ? 25 mm.
Hab. Sixola.
Saurita latens, sp. n.
gd. Antenne and body black; a red spot on shoulders
and a small red dorsal spot at base of abdomen ; fore tibiz
inwardly buff. Wings black-brown, the veins darker.
Expanse, ¢ 25 mm.
Expanse, 2? 30 mm.
Hab. Juan Vinas, El Sitio.
Saurita rubripuncta, sp. n.
9. Antenne black, irrorated with white at apex. Body
black ; metallic-blue spots on frons, vertex, tegule, and
metathorax ; metallic streaks on thorax and patagia; lateral
spots on abdomen ; a transverse red streak at base of
abdomen; sublateral white spots on two basal segments;
base of abdomen below shot with dark green; basal seg-
ments fringed with white and followed by a large white spot ;
cox white. Wings hyaline, the veins black. Fore wings:
the base black with a crimson spot; a broad transverse
Heterocera from Costa Rica. Ta
median black band suffusing with the more broadly black
inner margin at tornus; the apex broadly black, especially
above vein 5. Hind wings: the outer margin narrowly
black, the apex broadly black. Underneath with a crimson
spot at base of both wings.
Expanse 29 mm.
Hab. Sixola, Banana River.
Saurtta diffusa, sp. n.
3. Antennz and body black; metallic-green patches on
frons, behind antenna, on tegule, metathorax, and lateral
and sublateral spots on abdomen; shoulders crimson; a
dorsal crimson spot on base of abdomen ; fore coxe metallic
green. Fore wings blackish brown, the veins black. Hind
wings very broad, black; the costal margin broadly dark
greyish buff.
Expanse 29 mm.
The female similar, but rather lighter brown; the hind
wings normal, fuscous.
Hxpanse 30 mm.
Hab. Juan Vinas, El Sitio, Tuis.
Saurita submacula, sp. n.
Antenne black. Body and wings dark brown; a few
blue scales on frons, on tegule outwardly, and on meso-
thorax ; a large crimson spot on patagia. Fore wings: some
blue scales at base of costa and cell. Hind wings: a buff
streak and a small patch of roseate scales at base below cell.
Wings below: a red space at base of hind wings, narrower
below cell and not reaching inner margin.
Expanse 36 mm.
Hab. Lia Laguna.
Argyraides notha, sp. n.
Antenne, head, collar, thorax, and first segment of abdo-
men black; frons white. Abdomen: second segment
constricted, unscaled, otherwise dark brownish green above;
laterally roseate, meeting ventrally on last two segments ;
roseate band ventrally on segments 3-5; segments 1 and 2
white below. Thorax below and legs black ; femora and
some lateral spots white; a crimson streak on fore tibiz.
Wings hyaline; the veins and margins narrowly black.
Fore wings: a hyaline streak at base of costal margin; a
crimson basal spot; a small crimson spot terminally below
12*
180 Mr. W. Schaus on
vein 2. Hind wings: the apex and inner margin more
broadly black.
Expanse 25 mm.
Hab. Juan Vinas.
Argyreides spectrum, sp. n.
Antenne reddish brown, the pectinations black. Body
above black ; a transverse buff streak behind metathorax.
Abdomen : a lateral white streak on three basal segments ; a
ventral white streak. Thorax below with some white streaks.
Legs light brown. Wings hyaline. Fore wings: the veins,
base of inner margin, outer half of costal margin, and cilia
light reddish brown; the outer margin from above vein 4 to
apex narrowly dark brown, irrorated with light reddish brown.
Hind wings: the outer margin from before vein 8 to apex
broadly dark brown.
Expanse 28 mm.
Hab. Volcano Poas.
Chrysostola mellita, sp. n.
Palpi, head, collar, and thorax black ; opalescent lilacine
purple spots on vertex and tegule in front. Abdomen : first
segment above black, mixed with yellow hairs dorsally;
segments 2-5 yellow ; last segments black, shot with lilacine
purple ; underneath yellow, except last two segments, which
are black. Thorax below and legs yellow; tarsi black.
Wings hyaline. Fore wings: the basal half of costal mar-
gin and veins, also inner margin to near tornus, yellow,
irrorated with black at base; the outer half of veins and
margins otherwise finely black ; the apex broadly black; a
black streak on discocellular. Hind wings: costal margin,
veins, and inner margin yellow, the latter with some fuscous
hairs; the apex broadly black, narrowing to vein 2; the
veins black close to black area.
Hxpanse 30 mm.
Hab. Sixola.
Ficdemus obscuratum, sp. n.
Palpi ochreous and white at base, otherwise black, streaked
with white in front; some ochreous below and at sides of
eyes. Antenne black, irrorated with white at tips. Collar
and thorax black. Abdomen blue-black above, white ven-
trally ; coxes white; some whitish streaks on legs. Fore
wings black, the veins distinct ; a hyaline streak above and
below median vein, with short streaks between veins 2-5,
Fleterocera frum Costa Rica. 181
all thinly irrorated with black scales. Hind wings hyaline
white ; the veins, costal margin, and outer margins blackish.
Expanse 25 mm.
Hab. Guapiles.
Antichloris puriscal, sp. n.
Palpi black, streaked with white in front. Shaft of
antenne dark green, the pectinations black. Head black
and dark green, with red patches below at sides. Collar
dark green. Thorax black, the patagia streaked with dark
green. Abdomen black; basal segment dorsally blue-green,
a bright green dorsal stripe and duller green lateral stripes ;
a sublateral white line. Legs black-green, inwardly streaked
with buff; fore coxee white. Wings velvety black. Fore
wings: green streaks at base on subcostal, and above and
below submedian; the apex white. Hind wings: the costal
margin broadly silky grey-white.
Expanse 36 mm.
Hab. Puriscal Mts.
Aclytia albistriga, sp. n.
Palpi ochreous at base, otherwise grey-black, fringed with
grey in front and whitish behind. Head, collar, and thorax
black ; white streaks on frons and patagia ; ochreous spots
on head behind, and ochreous scales on tegule outwardly.
Abdomen metallic blue above, black sublaterally, white
ventrally. Legs grey, streaked with white. Fore wings
black-brown ; a greyish-blue patch at base of inner margin ;
an oblique white fascia from below costa beyond middle
to just above tornus. Hind wings blue-black; a hyaline
streak from base below cell, including lower portion of cell
outwardly and a little beyond cell; a slight hyaline streak at
base of inner margin.
Expanse 32mm. 4
Hab. Guapiles.
Agyrta conspicua, sp. n.
3. Palpi red tipped with black. Antenne black. Head
crimson. Body above dark blue ; a fine dorsal whitish line
on abdomen; underneath irrorated with white. Legs black,
streaked with white and blue; fore coxze white. Wings
and veins blue-black, the costal and inner margins shot
with brilliant blue. Fore wings: a large hyaline space
in and below cell, outcurved at vein 4 to near outer
margin at vein 2. Hind wings: a broad hyaline streak
182 Mr. W. Schaus on
from base through lower part of cell and below it to near
oufer margin.
Expanse 45 mm.
Hab. Tuis.
Lucereon relegatum, sp. n.
Palpi ochreous brown at base, otherwise black. Head,
collar, and thorax black; a brown line from behind antennz
across tegule; tegule dorsally and patagia edged with
brown ; shoulders brown; brown hairs on metathorax.
Abdomen black above, laterally orange, expanding terminally
and leaving only a dorsal black line ; anus black; under-
neath yellowish white except on last segment. Legs black,
streaked with buff. Fore wings greyish, the veins and inner
margin dark brown, the former edged with lighter brown ;
oval black spots edged with buff, two basal, three antemedial
from below cell, two medial above and below submedian ; a
long fuscous spot on costa extending across cell but shorter
basally ; two fuscous spots at end of cell and others beyond
between the veins and on costa, the spot above vein 2
largest and suffusing with subterminal spot; subterminal
fuscous spots, smallest between veins 3 and 5; terminal
fuscous spots between the veins. Hind wings white, semi-
hyaline; the veins light brown; the margins narrowly
fuscous.
Expanse 42 mm.
Hab. Cartago, Juan Vinas, Avangarez.
This species is the Central American form of EF. setosum,
Sepp.
Correbia semitransversa, sp. 0.
6. Palpi black, streaked below with ochreous brown.
Frons black. Vertex and collar ochreous brown with a
black medial streak. Thorax black; the patagia anteriorly
ochreous brown. Abdomen black; a lateral stripe and
ventrally except last-two segments ochreous brown. Fore
wings ochreous brown; a medial black band from costa to
submedian ; a black space at apex streaked with steel-grey,
the inner edge outbent below 5 and narrowing to vein 2.
Hind wing semihyaline fuscous ; the veins and outer margin
black ; the costal margin yellow except at apex and with
some medial black marks.
Expanse 39 mm.
Hab. Juan Vinas.
Allied to C. obtusa, Druce.
Heterocera from Costa Rica. 183
Correbidia costinotata, sp. n.
Palpi fulvous yellow, tipped and streaked above with black.
Antenne and frons black. Vertex, collar, and thorax fulvous
yellow with a black central streak. Legs black; coxee and
base of femora fulvous yellow. Abdomen black ; a lateral
yellowish streak on first three segments. Fore wings fulvous
yellow ; a large purplish-black patch at apex, its inner edge
irregular; a small black spot medially on costa; a fine
black streak on inner margin from just beyond base. Hind
wings semihyaline yellowish white, the inner and outer
margin suffused with black. Underneath the costal margins
more deeply yellow.
Hxpanse 33 mm.
Hab. Juan Vinas, Tuis.
Allied to C. elegans, Druce.
Propyria flora, sp. n.
Body and fore wings dark green: some blue scales on
thorax and base of costa. Hind wings: the outer margin
broadly black; a lilacine-white space from base to middle
below cell, broadly surrounded by brilliant light blue metallic
scales.
Eixpanse 24 min.
Hab. Cachi.
Allied to P. criton, Druce.
Arctiide.
Prumala herbosa, Schs.
In the ‘Annals’ for last August I described two forms
under the above name. The first male described must sink
as a synonym of P. underwoodi, Roths., erroneously described
as a Diacrisia. ‘The name “ herbosa”’ can be retained for
the males mentioned as having the postmedial band reduced
to a line. The female of P. herbosa has the postmedial
spots almost obsolescent, whereas in P. underwoodi they are
well marked.
Automolis priscilla, sp. n.
3. Palpi yellow at base, otherwise grey-white with a fine
lateral dark streak. Head orange; a black transverse line
on frons and a black spot on vertex. Collar orange with two
olive-brown dorsal lines. Thorax olive-brown; a dorsal
whitish line; patagia orange, edged with olive-brown and
184 Mr. W. Schaus on
whitish lines. Abdomen orange ; a large dorsal black patch
on three basal segments ; last segment black; anal hairs
whitish. Legs whitish grey, with dark grey streaks; fore
coxee orange. Fore wings olive-brown, the submedian fold
and veins white except on large postmedial yellow spot,
broad on costa, narrowing to vein 8. Hind wings yellow ;
the outer margin fuscous grey from anal angle to just above
vein 3.
Expanse 33 mm.
The female has a black dorsal spot beyond the basal patch,
and a lateral black line on abdomen. ‘The hind wings have
the outer margin broadly black.
Expanse 38 mm.
Hab. El Sitio, La Florida.
Closely allied to A. persimilis marginata, R., but differs
in the markings of the head and collar, and narrow margin
to hind wings in male.
Pelochyta misera, sp. n.
&. Palpi orange, the tips dark brown; a black lateral
spot. Frons orange, spotted with black. Vertex ochreous
brown; two black spots, one between antennz, the other
posteriorly. Collar orange in front, dark brown behind ;
four black spots. Thorax dark brown, some orange on
shoulders. Abdomen above dark brown on basal half, black
terminally ; underneath orange; lateral black spots. Legs
chiefly black ; fore coxze orange spotted with black. Wings
dark brown. Fore wings: a small orange spot at base; a
black shade on discocellular.
Expanse 37 mm.
Hab. Guapiles.
Halsidota montana, sp. n.
g. Antenne light brown. Body ochreous buff above,
the abdomen dorsally tinged with orange ; two brown points
on collar. Fore wings yellowish ; the extreme costa tinged
with light brown; the inner margin from beyond base dark
brown; a brown spot across middle of discocellular; some
small brown spots along costa and along the faint traces of
darker lines, sometimes obsolescent. Hind wings semi-
hyaline, whitish tinged with yellow on inner margin.
Expanse 42 mm.
Hab. Volcano Poas.
Allied to H. flavescens, R.
Tleterocera from Costa Rica. 185
Halisidota cirphis, sp. n.
d. Ochreous ; pectinations of antenne, head, and collar
tinged with pale olivaceous brown, and with small fuscous
spots on collar, and on patagia anteriorly and medially ; the
ochreous hairs at base of abdomen shading to brown pos-
teriorly. Fore wings with scattered brown scales not forming
lines, a black spot at end of cell at veins 4 and 5, and a
minute spot in cell medially ; a subterminal row of small
. dark brown spots. Hind wings paler, the area below cell
and vein 2 shaded with fuscous brown ; a marginal dark
streak below vein 6. Underside with fuscous streaks below
cell and along inner margin. ‘Tarsi tipped with dark brown.
Expanse 38 mm.
Hab. Juan Vinas, Voleano Turrialba, 5800 ft.
Halisidota turrialba, sp. n.
Palpi and head ochreous brown. Collar and thorax ochre-
ous yellow, streaked with brown. Abdomen brown above,
yellowish white laterally and underneath. Fore wings yellow,
heavily shaded with brown, except at base, on outer margin
and apical third of costal margin, forming a dark space at
end of cell, a broad streak to apex, and a large medial space
from cell to inner margin: on this latter are elongated
- Junular yellow spots below vein 2, and between veins 2 and 4,
also a yellow patch on middle of inner margin; an elon-
gated yellow spot at end of cell above median and one beyond
cell between 5 and 6 ; some brown irrorations at base, except
on inner margin, and on outer margin, forming a series
of small submarginal and marginal spots. Hind wings
fuscous brown ; the costal margin broadly yellowish white ;
a small brown spot at apex.
Expanse 59 mm.
Hab. Turrialba, 5800 ft.
Halisidota subannula, sp. n.
d+. Ochreous: pectinations, a line on frons, spots on
vertex and tegule and dorsal edge of patagia brown. Fore
wings: the lines brown; a basal and subbasal line almost
meeting on submedian ; an antemedial line outwardly broadly
shaded with brown on costa, followed by fine annular
spots and a fine medial line; a linear white spot at end
of cell preceded by a short black dash and outwardly edged
by the inner line of postmedial, which is geminate, wavy,
partly filled in with brown shadings ; the subterminal nearly
186 Mr. W. Schaus on
straight, outwardly shaded with brown and followed by an
irregular fine line ; submarginal and marginal line coalescing
at veins, the latter extending outwardly between veins and
forming dark points on the white cilia ; a dark submarginal
point between 5 and 6; the inner margin from beyond base
dark brown. Hind wings semihyaline yellow. On the
underside of hind wings a small annular spot on costa dis-
tinguishes this species from any allied forms.
Expanse 34 mm.
Hab. Banana River.
Hypocrisias gemella, sp. n.
3. Head and collar cinnamon-brown, with darker edging
to tegule. ‘Thorax yellowish buff. Abdomen brown above,
yellowish buff below. Fore wings yellowish buff, thickly
irrorated with dull brown, except on basal space, which is
crossed by some fine brown lines, and is limited by a dull
brown antemedial shade outcurved on its basal side; a
medial spot on costa, one at end of cell, surmounted by
a smaller costal spot, postmedial and subterminal spots clear
yellowish buff, edged with dull brown; the postmedial spots
obsolescent between veins 2 and 5; the subterminal spot
between 3 and 4 replaced by a brown point; the veins, a
terminal line, and cilia brown. Hind wings white, tinged
with brown; the veins and a terminal line brown; cilia
brownish white.
Expanse 38 mm.
The female rather brighter in colour, the spots larger and
all present ; the postmedial between 3 and 5 very small.
Expanse 40 mm.
Near H. punctata, Druce.
Ecpantheria perplexa, sp. n.
g. Frons black. Vertex, collar, and thorax white ; black
annuli on collar and mesothorax; elongated linear black
spots on patagia and metathorax. Abdomen dorsally brown
on two basal segments, otherwise dark blue, with dorsal
orange spots sometimes expanding and forming transverse
orange bands; lateral orange stripes or spots; a sublateral
black line; ventrally white with rows of black spots. Fore
wings white; basal, antemedial, medial, postmedial, and
subterminal annuli, some filled in with light grey; large
terminal black spots, round, cuneiform, or elongated ; the
costal spots large, entirely black, the medial spot suffusing
with a black spot at end of cell, below which is a black
Fleterocera from Costa Rica. AST
streak and another black spot beyond cell. Secondaries
white; a black streak along inner margin; a broad black
medial fascia trom end of cell to inner margin ; a black spot
on anal lobe.
Expanse 53 mm.
Hab. Guapiles, Limon, Tuis.
Paranerita niobe, sp. n.
2. Palpi roseate above, yellowish below. F rons, collar,
and thorax purplish brown; vertex yellow. Abdomen above
crimson. Body below whitish. Fore wings purplish brown ;
a yellow space medially on costa connected with a yellowish-
white spot in cell posteriorly rounded, the whole edged by a
fine red line, and looking like an inverted hat with a wide
brim ; a yellow spot on costa at apex; the outer margin
narrowly yellow, inset at vein 4, and inwardly lunular from
4 to apex. Hind wings roseate, the costal margin yellowish.
Expanse 35 mm.
Differs from P. grandis, R., in the colour of hind wings.
Hyponerita amelia, sp. n.
g. Palpi roseate, yellowish in front. Head yellow;
some roseate on frons and on vertex behind. Collar and
thorax lilacine brown, the patagia and mesothorax irrorated
with red. Abdomen roseate above. Body below luteous;
fore coxee roseate. Fore wings purplish brown; a large
yellow spot on middle of costa, extending to vein 4, edged
with crimson, which extends on costa towards base and apex ;
a small yellow spot below vein 2 edged with crimson which
coalesces with the boider of large spot; base of inner margin
yellow, shaded above with crimson ; outer margin yellow,
widest below vein 4, and inwardly edged by a crimson line,
outwardly lunular from vein 4 to apex. Hind wings roseate.
Expanse 24 mm.
Hab. Sixola.
Noctuidae.
Letis albociliata, sp. n.
?. Body and wings dark brown, the abdomen shaded
with dark violaceous. Fore wings : some whitish irrorations
chiefly on costa ; antemedial buff on costa, inset, straight,
in cell black, below cell lunular, black, inwardly edged with
light brown; orbicular round, black, circled with light
brown; reniform large, oval, somewhat oblique, linear,
188 Mr. W. Schaus on
black, outwardly edged with buff; a wavy black medial line
beyond reniform, followed by two fainter black lines less
wavy; the postmedial lunular black, outwardly edged with
light brown, and with white on costa ; subterminal small
clusters of whitish scales ; a wavy submarginal black line ;
a marginal straighter brown line; cilia white; fringe on
inner margin fuscous. Hind wings slightly glossed with
purple; the lines continued from fore wings; terminal
yellowish shades at tips of veins; cilia black from vein 4 to
anal angle. Underneath lighter brown ; black spots at end
of cells; fuscous medial and postmedial lines, with a fainter
geminate line between them ; subterminal white spots more
distinct.
Expanse 84 mm.
Hab, La Florida, Guapiles.
Allied to L. ephianassa, Cr.
Letis twisana, sp. n.
&. Head, thorax, and wings dark brown, glossed with
purplish. Abdomen black, tinged with purple; fine trans-
verse lilacine lines posteriorly on segments. Fore wings:
the base of costa with white irrorations ; a fuscous streak on
base of costa; a fuscous streak in cell more remote from
base ; antemedial black, interrupted in cell by orbicular,
which is black, annular, outwardly edged with light brown
and lilacine ; reniform large, outlined as in orbicular, closely
followed by a wavy geminate black medial line, filled in with
lilacine brown; a similar line between the medial and post-
medial, which is broad, lilacine brown, edged and crossed by
lunular black lines, and terminating in a small white spot
on costa; a subterminal fuscous shade spotted with lilacine
brown, which becomes a line below vein 2; a submarginal
wavy black line, outwardly shaded finely with light brown
between the veins ; a marginal finer black line ; cilia fuscous.
Hind wings with similar lines ; the margin deeply crenulate ;
buff spot on cilia terminally. Fore wings below greyish
brown; a fuscous spot in cell; a dark spot on discocellular ;
a dentate fuscous postmedial line; subterminal lilacine-white
spots, forming a line below vein 3 inwardly shaded with
fuscous; small black marginal spots between the veins.
Hind wings below darker than fore wings and strongly
tinged with purple ; a large black spot on discocellular; a
fine fuscous medial line, followed by a faint geminate dark
shade; the postmedial black, lunular, dentate, outwardly
shaded with lilacine; a broad fuscous subterminal shade,
Fleterocera from Costa Rica. 189
outwardly shaded with white from inner margin to vein 3,
and from vein 6 to apex.
Expanse 80 mm.
The female has the lines shaded with lilacine, the spots
outwardly edged with white; the postmedial broadly white,
lunular dentate, crossed by a heavy fuscous-brown line ; the
subterminal shade spotted, white, the spot below costa
largest. Underneath the posimedial line is outwardly shaded
with white.
Expanse 87 mm.
Hab. Tuis.
Trissophaes colubra, sp. n.
3. Head, collar, and thorax dark violaceous brown ;
golden-brown patches on metathorax; a few lilacine scales
on patagia. Abdomen orange ; fuscous-brown dorsal tufts
at base. Fore wings: the base to antemedial golden brown,
crossed by a dark basal line ; the antemedial inwardly oblique
from costa to submedian near base, fine, blackish ; the space
beyond to outer line shaded with silky lilacine, and crossed
by some fine brown lines; the orbicular a black point ; the
reniform consisting of two brownish lines and followed by a
postmedial brown line from costa to vein 5; the outer
line blackish from apex to inner margin before middle, and
followed by a broad golden-brown shade, changing to lilacine
brown on outer margin and towards apex; a submarginal
dark streak between veins 3 and 7. Hind wings orange ;
the outer margin above vein 2 broadly black, its inner edge
somewhat dentate; an irregular postmedial black fascia
from vein 5 to inner margin above angle. Underneath the
outer margin of hind wings is broadly black from veins 2-7,
the apex irrorated with black.
Expanse 74 mm,
The female similar, except the fore wings which are dark
silky brown, strongly tinged with purplish and with dull
lilacine on outer margin ; the basal and antemedial lines and
medial shade inwardly oblique from costa, dark reddish
brown, most noticeable on lobe of inner margin; the reni-
form projecting inwardly and outwardly along median vein,
dark reddish brown; the postmedial irregular wavy, very
oblique inwardly from vein 4 to inner margin; the outer
line oblique from apex to between 5 and 6, straight to
between 3 and 4 and outwardly shaded with very dark
brown, then very oblique to middle of inner margin, where
it is followed by a large reddish-brown space to near tornus,
and has a whitish point on it between veins 2 and 3; sub-
190 Mr. W. Schaus on
terminal greyish shadings between 2 and 4, and others at
tornus ; dark marginal strize above vein 4 to apex.
Expanse 90 mm.
Hab. Juan Vinas, El Sitio.
Also in B.M. from Peru.
Trissophaes anguina, sp. Ne
&. Palpi dark grey-brown. Thorax olive-brown. Abdo-
men dorsally grey, tinged with yellow laterally, and with
transverse yellowish lines on segments posteriorly. Fore
wings silky lilacine brown, finely striated ; basal, antemedial,
and medial darker shades, interrupted on median vein; a
similar round shade at end of cell and a short line beyond it ;
a fine distinct line from apex to beyond middle of inner
margin, outwardly shaded with darker brown above vein 2 ;
terminal brown spots from vein 2 to apex; inner margin
with a triangular lobe on basal half and excised before tornus.
Hind wings deep yellow; a fuscous postmedial patch from
vein 3 to anal angle; outer margin broadly fuscous above
vein 2.
Expanse 53 mm.
Hab. Tuis.
There is a female of this species in the B.M. from the
Godman Collection, where it was referred erroneously to
T.. collusoria, Cr.
Graphigona ? magnifica, sp. 0.
@. Body dull brown, faintly tinged with lilacine on head,
collar, and thorax anteriorly, more strongly so on abdomen
terminally and laterally; the abdomen above with long dark
reddish-brown hairs. Fore wings dull dark brown; the
costal margin medially tinged with lilacine, extending down-
wards across cell basally, and outwardly across reniform, which
consists of a small reddish-brown crescent, followed by light
brown and buff scales; a postmedial lilacine shade from
costa to vein 4; a large round white spot between veins 2
and 3 and a smaller spot between 3 and 4; a large sub-
terminal grey and light brown spot between veins 4 and 6,
crossed by black stria, and two smaller similar spots between
6 and 8 extending towards apex; afew buff strize on costa
and outer portion of wing. Hind wings black; a large
postmedial roseate space from vein 5 to near anal angle.
Fore wings below with a large white patch from vein 5 to
near tornus. Hind wings below with roseate striz between
roseate patch and costa.
Hleterocera from Costa Rica. 191
Expanse 120 mm.
Hab. San José.
This may be the female of G. ? roseifer, Feld., and was
taken by Mr. U. H. Lankester in his house at San José.
Laccsomide.
Cicinnus pudens, sp. n.
$. Body and wings light brown, thinly irrorated with
black. Fore wings: a fine antemedial fuscous line angled
on costa, then straight to inner margin; a small fuscous-
brown spot at end of cell; a fuscous-brown oblique shade
subterminally on costa, a large similar shade beyond to apex,
and a fine geminate fuscous line from vein 7 to inner margin ;
a marginal dark brown shade from vein 4 to tornus. Hind
wings: the outer margin shaded with dark brown; a fine
fuscous postmedial line forming an outward curve near inner
margin.
Expanse 45 mm.
Hab. Sixola, Juan Vinas, Avangarez.
Allied to C. incerta, Mésch.
Castniade.
Castnia drucet, sp. n.
¢. Head, thorax, and basal half of abdomen dorsally
dark brown; abdomen otherwise whitish buff. Fore wings
dark brown, shaded with dark green, an indistinct pale
band from middle of costa to tornus, varying in intensity.
Hind wings: the base dark brown, otherwise light reddish
brown, except a large white area at anal angle and inner
margin tapering to a point medially at vein 5. Fore wings
below light brown; the transverse band broad, white, pre-
ceded by a reddish-brown shade and followed by a dark
brown shade to a postmedial wavy white band from costa to
vein 4; faint subterminal whitish spots, chiefly between
veins 3 and 5. Hind wings below light brownish buff ; a
fine reddish medial line broken into spots near inner margin
which is white, and followed by a faint brownish shade down-
curved to anal angle ; faintly darker marginal shades.
Expanse 84 mm.
The female differs in having the transverse band on fore
wings white, and there are six postmedial white spots, the
three lower ones between veins 4 and 7 outcurved.
Expanse 89 mm.
192 On Heterocera from Costa Rica.
Hab. Rio Grande, Guapiles, San Geronimo. At Avangarez
a male form was found which has the fore wings almost
as light reddish brown as the hind wings and the transverse
line on fore wings very distinct.
Castnia druce? is well figured in the ‘ Biologia’ as C. futilis,
Wik., but is quite distinct. The type of C. futilis is pro-
bably only a form of C. atymnius, Dalm., as already suggested
by Westwood.
Castnia delecta, sp. n.
&. Palpi white in front. Frons black with some brown
outwardly. Vertex, collar, and thorax brown, shading to
reddish brown on abdomen above; abdomen below orange-
yellow ; thorax whitish grey; legs chiefly reddish brown ;
coxe white. Fore wings reddish brown, thinly irrorated
with dull brown; a large round spot at end of cell; a dark
brown line from middle of inner margin to apex, somewhat
obsolescent above vein 7; a subterminal small white spot
edged with dark brown between 7 and 8; cilia dark brown.
Hind wings reddish ; a black shade at base of inner margin ;
five large black spots from near tornus to vein 6, and a
smaller brown spot above vein 6; a narrow brown terminal
shade, inwardly lunular and partly irrorated by a black line,
from tornus to vein 6.
Expanse 49 mm.
Hab. Hisperanza.
9. Fore wings yellow, faintly tinged with green, more
darkly shaded at apex, on inner margin beyond line, and on
discal spot which is larger and extends on to costa; the
subterminal white spot larger, and there is another minute
white spot below vein 7; the basal third shaded with light
reddish brown. Hind wings reddish yellow; the veins
orange ; the spots smaller, edged with reddish brown, some-
what indentate on veins, and the black line more distinct.
Expanse 57 mm.
Hab. Cordova, Mexico.
Gazera carilla, sp. n.
g. Antenne yellow, black at base. Head black, spotted
with white; white lines behind eyes; collar black, shaded
with green, edged posteriorly with yellow. Thorax dark
brown, the patagia black shaded with green; yellow spots on
mesothorax and metathorax. Abdomen above rufous at base,
shading to green-grey, a lateral rufous band ; a sublateral
black stripe ; underneath whitish yellow. Legs black,
A Synopsis of the Order Hyperoartit. 193
streaked with white ; coxe yellow. Fore.wings black ; the
basal half of cell and a broad fascia above inner margin
from base to beyond vein 2 reddish brown ; a spot at end of
cell and streak on costa above it yellow, irrorated with pale
olive-brown ; a postmedial quadrate, downwardly oblique,
brownish patch crossed by vein 3; a subterminal oblique
row of spots from costa to vein 4, yellowish, thickly irrorated
with pale olive-brown ; a marginal row of yellowish-white
spots, smaller and quadrate between veins 3-6, otherwise
elongated, the subcostal spots irrorated with brown. Hind
wings rufous; a broad black fascia along subcostal; the
outer margin black, deeply dentate inwardly on veins, the
interspaces with yellowish spots at their base; a postmedial
black fascia from veins 2-4. Underneath the spots on fore
wings are chiefly clear yellow.
Expanse 96 mm.
Hab. Carillo.
Allied to G. zagrea, Feld., but the basal brown markings
are entirely different.
XVIII.—A Synopsis of the Marsipobranchs of the Order
Hyperoartit. By C. Tate Reaan, M.A.
(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.)
Tue Hyperoartii (Lampreys) are Marsipobranchs with the
nasal aperture on the upper surface of the head and the
naso-palatine canal ending blindly posteriorly. Eyes well-
developed (in the adult). T’wo semicircular canals. Mouth
with expanded toothed lips ; tongue with a single anterior
and a pair of posterior cuspidate laminz (compound teeth).
Branchial sacs seven on each side, not far behind the head,
communicating internally with a suboesophageal canal which
opens anteriorly into the pharynx ; an extra-branchial skele-
ton forming a basket-work. Hggs small, numerous; seg-
mentation holoblastic ; a metamorphosis. A caudal and two
dorsal fins, sometimes united.
The larve (Ammocetes) appear to be extremely similar in
all the northern genera. ‘They are toothless, with a small
transverse lower lip and a hood-like upper lip; a circle of
fringed barbels surrounds the mouth. ‘The eyes are rudi-
mentary and subcutaneous, the small gill-openings lie in a
Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 8. Vol. vii. be
194 Mr. C. T. Regan—A Synopsis of the
groove, and the vertical fins are confluent. The branchial
pouches communicate directly with the cesophagus.
Family Petromyzonide.
Characters included in the ordinal diagnosis.
Coasts and rivers of temperate regions, most or all
spawning in fresh water.
The specimens enumerated are those in the British Museum
collection.
Synopsis of the Genera.
I. Two tricuspid supraoral lamine............ 1. Mordacia.
II. A single supraoral lamina.
A. Anterior lingual lamina bi- or tricuspid ; supraoral lamina broad,
Guadmicuspid es), ete: sation nete ee tere 2. Geotria.
B. Anterior lingual lamina with two curved denticulated ridges
separated by a median longitudinal groove ; supraoral lamina
NALLOW, MICUSPIG slacge wai le aici ok est vay tei 5. Petromyzon.
C. Anterior lingual lamina with a single transverse denticulated
ridge.
1, Supraoral lamina narrow.
Supraoral lamina bi- or tricuspid ; dorsal fins united. 4. Ichthyomyzon.
Supraoral lamina unicuspid; dorsal fins separate .. 5, Caspiomyzon.
2. Supraoral lamina broad, bi- or tricuspid.
a, Dise covered with numerous teeth, radially arranged.
6. Hudontomyzon.
b. Disc with a marginal series of small teeth, an anterior group
of teeth, and 3 or 4 enlarged teeth on each side; no radial
series of teeth.
Last pair of lateral teeth connected by a posterior
series of teeth parallel to the marginal series.. 7. Entosphenus,
Posterior part of disc toothless, except for the
AAT PHAM: SOPIOS oc wesicuvele «sie us vis west v sk Blac 8. Lampetra.
1. Morpacta.
Caragola, Gray, Chondropt. p. 143 (1851), or Proc. Zool. Soc. 1851,
p. 2389.
Mer tae, Gray, t.c. p. 144, and /. c.; Giinth. Cat. Fish. viii. p. 507
(1870).
Disc covered with radially arranged teeth. T'wo well-
separated tricuspid supraoral lamine ; infraoral lamina with
9 unequal cusps. Anterior lingual lamina with a V-shaped
denticulated ridge, the apex of the V directed backwards, the
most anterior denticle on each side more or less enlarged.
Dorsal fins separate.
Australia ; Chile.
Marsipobranchs of the Order Hyperoartit. 195
Synopsis of the Species.
I, Enlarged cusps of anterior lingual lamina small, the denticulated
ridge evident.
The two most anterior of the radial series of labial teeth
meet behind and, diverging in front, are separated by
BREE SIESOEO QUI aiataaaianoiel aheisia Sis'e 2 vig) = oti yo oeteteenen
The two most anterior of the radial series of labial teeth
are entirely separated by a group of three teeth ....
IJ. Enlarged cusps of anterior lingual lamina very strong, hiding the
denticulated ridges ..... 2 Ca NOR URE Ere ne . 9d. acutidens,
1. lapicida,
2. mordax.
1. Mordacia lapicida.
Caragola lapicida, Gray, Chondropt. p. 1438, pl. 1. fig. 5 (1851), or Proc.
Zool. Soc. 1851, p. 239.
Mordacia mordax (part.), Giinth. Cat. Fish. viii. p. 507 (1870).
Mordacia lapicida, Plate, Zool. Jahrb. Suppl. v. 1902, p. 656, pl. xix.
figs, 3-4,
Chile.
1, 160 mm. (type of the species). Valparaiso.
2. Mordacta mordax.
Petromyzon mordax, Richards, Ereb. & Terr. Fish. p. 62, pl. xxxviii.
figs. 3-6 (1848).
Mordacia mordax, Gray, Chondropt. p. 144, pl. i. fig. 6 (1851), or
Proc. Zool. Soe. 1851, p. 239, pl. iv. fig. 6; Ogilb. Proc. Linn. Soe.
N.S.W. xxi. 1896, p. 400; Plate, Zool. Jahrb. Suppl. v. 1902,
p. 654, pl. xix. figs. 1-2.
Mordacia mordax (part.), Giinth. Cat. Fish. viii. p. 507 (1870).
New South Wales; Victoria; Tasmania.
1. 250 mm. (type of the species). Tasmania.
2. 350 mm. a
Haslar Coll.
M. Allport, Esq,
3. Mordacia acutidens.
? Petromyzon anwandteri, Philippi, Arch. f. Nat. 1868, p. 207, pl. x.
fio. 5.
Petromyzon acutidens, Philippi, ib. 1864, p. 107, or Ann, & Mag. Nat.
Hist. xvi. 1865, p. 221.
Mordacia acutidens, Plate, Zool. Jahrb. Suppl. v. 1902, p. 657, pl. xix.
figs, 5-6,
Chile.
1-2. 320-3380 mm. Chile. Gerrard.
196 Mr. C. T. Regan—A Synopsis of the
2. GEOTRIA.
Geotria, Gray, Chondropt. p. 142 (1851); Giinth. Cat. Fish. viii. p, 508
(1870).
Velasia, Gray, 1. ¢.
Yarra, Casteln. Proc. Zool. Soc. Vict. i. 1872, p. 281.
Neomordacia, Casteln. ¢. e. p. 282.
Exomegas, Gill, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. v. 1882, p. 524.
Macrophthalmia, Plate, Sitzungsb. Ges. naturf. Fr. Berlin, 1897, p. 187.
Disc covered with radially arranged teeth. A single broad
quadricuspid supraoral lamina; infraoral lamina usually
weakly cuspidate. Anterior lingual lamina bi- or tricuspid.
Dorsal fins separate.
Australia; New Zealand; Chile.
Synopsis of the Species.
I, Disc small, with the labial teeth close together, almost imbricating ;
gular pouch small or absent. — ( Vedasza.)
Inner pair of supraoral cusps spatulate; anterior
lingual plate bicuspid, the cusps very strong;
length of base of first dorsal considerably more
than its distance from the second .............. 1. chilensis.
Inner pair of supraoral cusps either ovate or triangular
and acutely pointed ; anterior lingual plate usually
tricuspid ; leneth of base of first dorsal from a
little less to a little more than its distance from
THE BECONA YE. 2o..2ts ole ha kts GRC sh oes eee oie 2. stenostoma.
II. Dise large, with the labial teeth well separated ; a gular pouch.
(Geotria.)
A, Supraoral lamina prominent.
Lateral cusp of supraoral lamina broader than the ad-
jacent lateral part of the lamina, from which it is
separated by a groove; anterior lingual tooth
tricuspid ; base of first dorsal fin a little shorter
than its distance from the second ............4. 3. saccifera.
Lateral cusp of supraoral lamina narrower than the
adjacent lateral part of the lamina; anterior
lingual tooth bicuspid ; base of first dorsal longer
than its distance from the second.............. 4. australis.
B. Supraoral lamina hidden; anterior lingual tooth tricuspid ; base
of first dorsal much longer than its distance from the second.
5. macrostomus.
1. Geotria chilensis.
Velasia chilensis, Gray, Chondropt. p. 143, pl. i. fig. 4 (1851).
Geotria chilensis (part.), Gunth. Cat. Fish. viii. p. 509 (1870).
1. 380 mm. (type of the species). Chile.
Marsipobranchs of the Order Hyperoarti. 19%
2. Geotria stenostoma.
Geotria chilensis (part.), Giinth, Cat. Fish. viii. p. 509 (1870).
Velasia stenostomus, Ovilby, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. xxi. 1896, p. 409,
Macrophthalmia chilensis, Plate, Sitazungsh. Ges, naturf. Fr. Berlin,
1897, p. 137.
Geotria chilensis, Plate, Zool. Jahrb. Suppl. v. 1902, p. €60, pl. xix.
tigs. 7-16.
Geotria stenostumus, Plate, t. c. p. 671, pl. xix. fig. 21.
Australia; New Zealand ; Chile.
1, 510 mm. Otago. Otago Mus.
2-3. 500-530 mm. New Zealand. W. Colenso, Esq.
4, 540 mm. Swan River.
In all these the middle cusp of the anterior lingual lamina
is well developed, but shorter and weaker than the lateral
cusps. Ogilby (p. 410} describes the median cusp as being “as
long as the outer pair,” but elsewhere (p. 416) he states that
the middle cusp is absent in one of his three examples. Four
of Plate’s specimens agree in this character with those listed
above, but in a fifth the median cusp is as long as the others,
and in a sixth (his G. stenostomus) not only as long but as
strong as the lateral cusps.
3. Geotria saccifera, sp. n.
New Zealand.
1, 420 mm. (type of the species). Otago. Otago Mus.
4. Geotria australis.
Geotria australis, Gray, Chondropt. p. 142, pl. 11. (1851), or Proc. Zool.
Soc. 1851, p. 238; Giinth. Cat. Fish. viii. p. 508 (1870); Ogilby,
Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. xxi. 1896, p. 422; Plate, Zool. Jahrb.
Suppl. v. 1902, p. 668, pl. xix. figs. 17-19.
Velasia chilensis, Philippi, Arch. f. Nat. 1857, p. 266, and 1863, pl. x.
fig. a.
iy hy sanochilus valdivianus, Philippi, t. e. p. 268.
Geotria allportii, Giinth. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871, p. 675, pl. Ixx.
Australia; Chile.
1. 480 mm. (type of the species). Inkaspinki. R. A. Pain, Esq.
2. 410 mm. S. Australia. Army Med. Coll.
3. 350 mm. (type of G. allportiz). Tasmania. M. Allport, Esq.
5. Geotria macrostoma.
Petromyzon macrostomus, Burmeister, Ann. Mus. Buenos Aires, pt. 5,
1868; Act. Soc. Paleont. p. xxxvi; Giinth. Cat. Fish. viii. p. 506
(1870).
198 Mr. C. T. Regan—A Synopsis of the
Exomegas macrostomus, Gill, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. v. 1882, p. 524;
_ Berg, Commun. Mus. Buenos Aires, i. 1899, p. 91.
Geotria macrostoma, Berg, Ann. Mus. La Plata, Zool. i. 1893, p. 3,
pl. i.
Geotria macrostoma, var. gallegensis, Smith, Bih, Svensk. Vet.-Akad.
Handl, xxvi. iv. no. 18, p. 26, pl. iv.
Argentina; Patagonia.
Recent descriptions show that this species is a true Greotria ;
the supraoral lamina appears to have the same form as in the
other species of the genus; the infraoral lamina is absent or
deciduous, but this may be the case in G. australis also ; the
so-called enlarged outer series of teeth seem to be the fringes
of the disc.
3. PETROMYZON.
Petromyzon (part.), Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 10, p. 280 (1758); Ginth.
Cat. Fish. viii. p. 500 (1870).
Petromyzon, Gray, Chondropt. p. 148 (1851).
Bathymyzon, Gill, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus, 1883, p. 254.
Disc covered with radially arranged teeth. A single
narrow bicuspid supraoral lamina; infraoral lamina cuspi-
date. Anterior lingual lamina with two curved denticulated
ridges separated by a median longitudinal groove. Dorsal
fins separate.
North Atlantic and Mediterranean, entering rivers.
1. Petromyzon marinus.
Petromyzon marinus, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 10, p. 280 (1758); Gunth.
Cat. Fish. viii. p. 501 (1870); Day, Fish. Brit. ii. p. 356, pl. clxxviii,
(1884) ; Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896, p. 10;
Berg, Bull. Imp. Acad. St. Petersb. (5) xxiv. 1906, p. 176.
Bathymyzon bairdii, Gill, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1883, p. 254; Jord. &
Everm. @. ¢. p. 9.
Petromyzon dorsatus, Gage, Wilder Quarter Century Book, p. 425,
pls. i., iii., & vi. fig. 19 (1898).
Petromyzon marinus unicolor, Jord, & Everm. ¢.¢. p. 9.
Infraoral lamina with 7 to 9 cusps ; 4 inner labial teeth on
each side enlarged, bicuspid.
North Atlantic and Mediterranean, entering rivers in
Europe and North America.
1. 780 mm. —. Dr. F. Day.
2. 600 mm. Baltie. Haslar Coll.
8. 210 mm, Scotland. Dr. Johnston.
4, 550 mm, Lough Neagh. R. Patterson, Esq.
5. 6380 mm. Devonshire.
6. 800 mm. 3 London Market.
7, 620 mm. Holland. Lidth de Jeude Coll.
Marstpobranchs of the Order Hyperoartit. £99
8. 720 mm, Coruna, Mons. V. L. Seoane.
9. 800 mm. Lisbon, Rey. R. 'T. Lowe.
10. 170 mm, Mediterranean,
11. 210 mm, ~ W. Africa. J.C. Salmon, Esq.
12. 180 mm. Nova Scotia. M. Jones, Esq.
13, 14. 620-640 mm. New York.
15. 5380 mm. Merrimack R.
16. 270 mm. Muscatine, Iowa. Field Mus.
17. 170 mm, Val-de-Grace, U.S.A. Dr, F. Day.
Specimen no. 11 has the supraoral cusps small and close
together and the infraoral cusps weak, as described for
Bathymyzon bairdit.
4. IcHTHYOMYZON.
Ichthyomyzon, Girard, Pac. R. R. Surv. x. p. 381 (1858).
Dise covered with radially arranged teeth. A single
narrow bicuspid or tricuspid sapraoral lamina; infraoral
lamina cuspidate. Anterior lingual lamina with a single
transverse denticulated ridge. Dorsal fins united.
Eastern North America.
1. Ichthyomyzon bdellium.
Petromyzon argenteus (non Bloch), Kirtland, Bost. Journ, N. H. 11.
1840, p. 342, pl. iv. fig. 3.
Petromyzon bdellium, Jord. Cat. Fish. N. Am. p. 4 (1885).
Ichthyomyzon concolor, Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii.
1896, p. 11 *.
Supraoral lamina bicuspid ; all the labial teeth unicuspid ;
infraoral lamina with 7 cusps.
Great Lakes and Upper Mississippi.
1, 240 mm. Louisville, Kentucky. Smithsonian Inst.
2. Ichthyomyzon castaneus.
Ichthyomyzon castaneus, Girard, Pac. R. R. Surv. x. p. 381 (1858) ;
Gunth. Cat. Fish. viii. p. 507 (1870); Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S,
Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896, p. 11.
Ichthyomyzon hirudo, Girard, t. c. p. 382; Giinth. J, e.
Supraoral lamina tricuspid; some of the lateral labial
teeth bicuspid; infraoral lamina with 7 to 12 cusps.
Mississippi.
* I cannot see that the larva described by Kirtland as Ammocetes
concolor differs in any way from that of Lampetra planerit.
200 Mr. C. T. Regan—A Synopsis of the
5. CASPIOMYZON.
Caspiomyzon, Berg, Bull. Acad. Imp, St. Petersb. (5) xxiv. 1906,
pili.
Agnathomyzon, Gratzianow, Dneve. zool. otd. obse. liub. jest. Moskva,
iii, 1907, p. 18.
Dise covered with radially arranged teeth. A _ single
narrow unicuspid supraoral lamina; infraoral lamina cuspi-
date. Anterior lingual lamina with a single transverse
denticulated ridge. Dorsal fins separate.
Caspian Sea and rivers flowing into it.
1. Caspiomyzon wagnert.
Petromyzon wagnert, Kessler, Trud. St. Petersb. Obshch. Estestv. 1.
1870, pp. 207, 302, pl. iii. figs. 4, 5.
Caspiomyzon wagneri, Berg, Bull. Acad. Imp. St. Petersburg, (5) xxiv.
1906, p. 178.
Agnathomyzon wagnert, Gratzianow, Dneve. zool, otd. obsc. liub. jest.
Moskva, iii. 1907, p. 18.
Caspian Sea and the rivers falling into it.
1-3. 300-830 mm. Astrachan. St. Petersburg Mus.
4, 340 mm. oy
”
A second species, C. caspicus, has been described (Agna-
thomyzon caspicus, Gratzianow, Dneve. zool. otd. obse. liub.
jest. Moskva, iii. 1907, p. 18; Caspriomyzon caspicus, Grat-
zianow, ‘I'rd. otd. icht. obsc. Moskva, vi. 1907, p. 18) ; it is
said to differ from C. wagnert only in the dentition of the
tongue and is probably a synonym.
6. EUDONTOMYZON, gen. nov.
Dise covered with radially arranged teeth. A single broad
bicuspid supraoral lamina ; intraoral lamina cuspidate.
Anterior lingual lamina with a single transverse denticulated
ridge. Dorsal fins separate.
‘Transylvania.
1. Eudontomyzon danfordi, sp. n.
Labial teeth numerous, small, pointed; on each side
3 enlarged teeth, the first and third uni- or bicuspid, the
middle one bi- or tricuspid. Infraoral lamina with 9 to 11
cusps. Anterior lingual lamina usually with an enlarged
median cusp.
Transylvania.
Marsipobranchs of the Order Hyperoartit. 201
1-6. Adult, 120-220 mm. ‘Transylvania. OC. G. Danford, Esq., and
(types of the species). J. A. Harvie-Brown, Esq.
7-12. Larvee, 95-185 mm. s Vs
13, Adult, 210 mm, R. Sebés. C. G. Danford, Esq.
7. ENTOSPHENUS.
Entosphenus, Gill, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1862, p. 331.
Disc without radially arranged series of teeth, but with a
marginal series of small teeth, an anterior group of teeth,
3 or 4 enlarged teeth on each side, and a posterior series of
small teeth, parallel to the marginal series, connecting the
last pair of enlarged lateral teeth. A single broad bicuspid
or tricuspid supraoral lamina; infraoral lamina cuspidate.
Anterior lingual lamina with a single transverse denticulated
ridge. Dorsal fins separate or subcontinuous.
Europe ; North America ; Japan.
Synopsis of the Species.
J. Supraoral lamina tricuspid ; infraoral lamina with
5 or 6 cusps; on each side 4 enlarged lateral
teeth, the first and last bicuspid, the middle ones
PMC USEC ety oy cx ayer rete oak aw hal sper xesete oh s/s 4ni) Bate one 1. tridentatus,
II. Supraoral lamina bicuspid ; infraoral lamina with 6 to 9 cusps.
A. On each side 4 enlarged lateral teeth, the first
uni- or bicuspid, the others bicuspid ........ 2. spadiceus.
B. On each side 3 enlarged bicuspid lateral teeth.
Worsalfinsiwell separated oj... 0 wise ncse es cae eaiea 3. japonicus.
Dorsal fins only separated by anotch.............. 4, weldert,
1. Entosphenus tridentatus.
Petromyzon tridentatus, Richards. Faun, Bor.-Am., p. 293 (1836),
Ichthyomyzon tridentatus, Ginth. Cat. Fish. viii. p. 506 (1870).
Ichthyomyzon astori (Girard, 1858), Giinth. J. ¢.
Entosphenus tridentatus, Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii.
1896, p. 12.
Pacific Coast of North America, from Unalaska to Cali-
fornia, entering rivers.
1-2. 570-590 mm. La Grande, Oregon. Prof. C, H, Eigenmann.
3. 480 mm. Walla Walla, Columbia R. Smithsonian Inst.
2. Entosphenus spadiceus.
Lampetra spadicea, Bean, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1887, p. 374; Jord. &
Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896, p. 18.
Rio Lerma, Mexico.
1. 175 mm. Jacona, Michoachan. Mexico Mus,
2-5, 110-155 mm, (larve). FS i %
202 Mr. C, T. Regan—A Synopsts of the
3. Entosphenus japonicus.
Petromyzon japonicus, Martens, Arch, f. Nat. xxxiv. 1858, p. 3; Giinth.
Cat. Fish. viii. p. 504 (1870).
Lampetra japonica, Jord. & Snyd. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus, xxiii. 1901,
p. 733,
Japan; Russia.
1, 500 mm. . Echigo. Dr. Kishinouye.
2. 400 mm. Hokkaido. Prof. D’Arcy Thompson.
3. 380 mm. Tokyo. Dr. D. 8. Jordan.
Two Lampreys from Archangel, noticed by Smitt, with a
figure of the dentition (Scand. Fish. p. 1191, fig. 353, 1895),
have been kindly sent to me for examination by Prof. H.
Loéunberg, and are in every way similar to Japanese examples
of HL. japonicus.
4, Entosphenus wilderi.
Petromyzon branchialis (non Linn.), Gage, Wilder Quarter Century
Book, p. 436, pl. iv. and pl. vi. fig. 21 (1893). :
Lampetra wilderi, Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896,
p. 18.
Eastern North America.
1. 150 mm. New York. Prof. Bashford Dean.
2. 160 mm. Waukegan, Illinois. Smithsonian Inst.
3-8. 120-160 mm. Cedar Rapids, Lowa. Field Mus.
8. LAMPETRA,
Petromyzon (part.), Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 10, p. 280 (1758); Gunth.
Cat. Fish. viii. p. 500 (1870).
Lampetra, Gray, Chondropt. p. 148 (1851).
Differs from. Entosphenus only in the absence of the
posterior series of teeth which connect the last pair of en-
larged lateral teeth in that genus.
Europe; Northern Asia; North America.
1. Lampetra fluviatilis.
Petromyzon fluviatilis, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 10, p. 280 (1758) ; Giinth.
Cat. Fish. viii. p. 502 (1870); Day, Fish. Brit. ii. p. 359, pl. clxxix.
fig. 1 (1884).
Lampetra fluviatilis, Gray, Chondropt. p. 148 (1851), or Proc. Zool.
Soc. 1851, p, 287, pl. iv. fig. 2; Berg, Bull. Acad. Imp. St. Petersb.
(5) xxiv. 1906, p. 181.
Petromyzon plumbeus (non Shaw), Ayres, Proc. Calif. Acad. 1854,
. 28.
Patronage ayresi, Giinth. t. c. p- 505,
Petromyzon ernsti, Dybowski, Verhandl. zool.-bot. Gesellsch. Wien,
xxii. 1872, p. 220.
Marsipobranchs of' the Order Hyperoartit. 203
Lampetra aurea (Bean, 1881), Jord. & Everm, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus.
xlvii. 1896, p. 13.
Lampetra cibaria (? Girard, 1858), Jord. & Everm. é. ¢. :
? Lampetra opisthodon, Gratzianow, Dneve. zool, otd. obse. liub. jest.
Moskva, iii. 1907, p. 18.
Supraoral lamina bicuspid ; infraoral lamina with 6 to 9
more or less acutely pointed cusps. On each side 3 enlarged
teeth, the first and last usually bicuspid, the middle one
usually tricuspid. First dorsal separated from the second by
an interspace ; second dorsal triangular.
Coasts and rivers of Europe, Siberia, Kamchatka, and
Western North America, from Alaska to California.
1-2, 3-5, 6, 7. 150-400 mm. England.
8-10, 280-320 mm. R. Thames. A. Smee, Esq.
11. 290 mm. Bs J. Doubleday, Esq.
12. 330 mm, Tewkesbury. Dr. A. Giinther.
15, 210 mm. Devonshire. Mus. Leach.
14-18. 220-400 mm. Holland.
19-21. 150-230 mm. Belgium. Prof. van Beneden,
22. 130 mm. (incompletely Bavaria. Prof. von Siebold.
metamorphosed).
28. 300 mm. R. Narowa. St. Petersburg Mus.
24, 210 mm. N. America.
25, 170 mm. Russian R., California.
2. Lampetra planeri.
Petromyzon planer, Bloch, Fisch. Deutschl. iii. p. 47 (1782).
Petromyzon branchialis (? Linn.), Giinth. Cat. Fish. viii. p. 504 (1870) ;
Day, Fish. Brit. ii. p. 862, pl. clxxix. figs. 2-3 (1884).
Lampetra planert, Gray, Chondropt. p. 144 (1851) ; Berg, Bull, Acad.
Imp. St. Petersburg, (5) xxiv. 1906, p. 181.
Petromyzon reissneri, Dybowski, Verhand. zool.-bot. Gesellsch, Wien,
xix. 1869, p. 958.
Lampetra mitsukurti, Hatta, Annot. Zool. Japon. iv. 1901, no. 1, p. 24;
Jord. & Snyd. Proc. U.S, Nat. Mus, xxiii. 1901, p. 734,
Supraoral lamina bicuspid, sometimes tricuspid ; infraoral
lamina with 6 to 9 obtuse cusps. On each side 3 enlarged
teeth, the first and third usually bicuspid, the middle one bi-
or tricuspid. First dorsal contiguous to or continuous with
the second, separated from it by a notch; second dorsal with
convex free edge.
Europe ; Siberia; Japan.
1-2. 110-115 mm. Belfast. R. Patterson, Esq,
3-7. 120-140 mm. Firth of Forth. Dr. Parnell.
8-17. 110-140 mm. Hawksfold, Sussex. O. Salvin, Esq.
18-27. 110-150 mm. Berlin. Berlin Mus,
(4 adults, 4 larvee, and
5 intermediate speci-
mens),
28-29. 150-165 mm, Tauber, Wirtemburg. Stuttgart Coll,
204 Systematic Position of Macristium chavesi.
30. 120 mm. Onon R. Godeffroy Mus.
31-32. 100-105 mm. Inland Sea of Japan. R. Gordon Smith,
[ Esq.
33-42, 80-100 mm Gifu, Mino Proy., Japan. Prof, Mitsukuri.
Ammocetes branchialis, Linn.
Under this name may be placed a number of larvae, most
of which probably pertain to Lampetra, but some to other
Petromyzonids.
i. Tweed.
2. Eaton. Leach Coll.
3-6. R. Enz, Wiirtemburg. Stuttgart Coll.
Of R. Blau, ay ”
8-17. Bavaria. Dr. Gemminger.
18-19. Sardinia. Prof. Bonelli.
20-21. L. Garda. Dr. Werner.
22-31. L. Biwa, Japan. Mr. Sugubi.
32-41. British Columbia. Boundary Commission.
XIX.— On the Systematic Position of Macristium ehavesi.
By C. Tate Reean, M.A.
In 1903 (Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) xii. p. 345) I described
a remarkable fish from the Azores, to which I gave the name
Macristium chavest. Recently, when working at the osteology
and classification of the Iniomi, it seemed to me desirable to
re-examine this fish; I accordingly wrote to Major F. A.
Chaves, who has kindly sent me the specimen.
The type of Macristium chavest measures 110 mm. to the
base of the caudal fin; it has been a good deal damaged, and
in the absence of precise information I should judge that it
may have been washed ashore. The snout and the end of
the lower jaw are injured and the premaxillaries have been
lost; one of the pectoral fins is complete, but none of the
other fins has even a single ray entire.
Originally I believed that Macristiwm was related to
Bathysaurus, Giinth., which it resembles in the position of
the fins and the number of rays. I am now of the opinion
that this resemblance is misleading, for I think that in all
probability the premaxillaries would not exclude the max-
illaries from the gape. In any case, Macristium must be
made the type of a distinct family, Macristiidee, probably
related to the Alepocephalide.
Before returning the fish to the Ponta Delgada Museum it
seems to me best to make a figure of it and to reinforce my
original description.
The body is elongate, moderately compressed, naked ; the
On new Asiatic Muride. 205
abdomen seems to be very distensible and the vent is situated
just in front of the anal fin. The myotomes number about
62. The caudal fin has 19 principal rays and there are 18
rays in the dorsal fin, 12 in the anal, 16 in the pectoral, and
8 in the pelvic ; all the rays of the dorsal, anal, and pelvic
fins appear to be very elongate and unbranched, but some of
them may have been branched distally; the pelvic fins are
rather widely separated and are inserted just behind the
pectorals. The gill-membranes are free from the isthmus
and the branchiostegals are rather long, slender, and curved,
==
MULE
SY IY,
YW
ODI
Macristium chavesi (slightly reduced). «a, head from above.
about 8 in number on each side; there are 4 gills and no
pseudobranchize. Small acutely pointed teeth are present in
the lower jaw and on the vomer, palatines, and tongue ; the
maxillary is broad, rounded posteriorly, without supra-
maxillary. There are two nostrils on each side which are
superior rather than lateral in position and lie near the end
of the snout in front of the anterior end of what appears to
be an elongate supraorbital bone; the lead is flattish above
and the frontals are slightly raised above each eye. ‘The
post-temporals approach each other rather closely in the
occipital region.
XX.—New Asiatic Muride. By OLpFIELD THomas.
(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.)
Epimys whitehead perlutus, subsp. n.
Essential characters of true whitehead’, but with larger
skull and greyish belly.
206 Mr. O. Thomas on
General colour above of the same mixture of buffy and
grey, lined with blackish, as in whitehead’. Under surface
(instead of being more or less buffy ochraceous) clear pale
grey, near “ lavender-grey,”’ fairly well defined laterally ;
some specimens, however, with a faint buffy wash along the
centre of the chest and abdomen.
Skull, compared with that of true whiteheadi, larger
throughout, and the brain-case broader. Frontal region
concave, the supraorbital and parietal ridges strongly marked.
Palatal foramina very short.
Dimensions of the type :—
Head and body 130 mm.; tail 120; hind foot 29-7.
Skull: greatest length 35°5 ; basilar length 28:2; zygo-
matic breadth 15°5; nasals 11°7; interorbital breadth 5-7;
breadth across parietal ridges 14°3; palatilar length 14;
diastema 9 ; palatal foramina 4°5 x 2°4; upper molar series 5°8.
Hab. Balangean, Northern Central Sarawak.
Type. Old female. B.M. no. 11.1.19.2. Original num-
ber 27. Collected 3rd July, 1910. Presented by the Sara-
wak Museum. Five specimens examined.
This would seem to be a larger pale-bellied form of the
Kina-Balu H. whitehead?, a species which, curiously enough,
has not as yet turned up in the intermediate region of Baram,
so well worked by Messrs. Hose and Everett.
I owe the opportunity of describing this rat to the kindness
of Mr. J. C. Moulton, of the Sarawak Museum, who has sent
to the British Museum a small collection of Muride from
Balangean for determination.
Chiropodomys legatus, sp. n.
Like Ch. major, but larger.
External characters much as in major, but size larger. Fur
rather longer and softer; hairs of back about 7°5 mm, in
length. Colour above of the same greyish fawn; under
surface pure sharply defined white. Hands and feet dull
whitish, with but little darkening on the metatarsals. Tail
longer than in major, rather less heavily tufted. .
Skull longer than that of Ch. major, rather less broad in
proportion. Supraorbital ledges well developed. Nasals
not projected anteriorly in front of gnathion. Palatal fora-
mina decidedly longer than in major.
Dimensions of the type (measured in skin) :—
Head and body 133 mm.; tail 152; hind foot (wet) 24:5;
ear (wet) 16.
Skull: tip of nasals to front corner of interparietal 28 ;
henselion to basilar suture 22; zygomatic breadth 17:2;
new Asiatic Muride. 207
length of nasals 11; interorbital breadth 5:5; breadth of
brain-case 14°8; palatilar length 15; diastema 9°8; palatal
foramina 5 ; length of upper molar series 4°9.
Hab. Mt. Kina Balu, N. Borneo. Type from “ above
Pinokok.”
Type. Adult male. B.M. no. 93. 4. 1. 21. Collected
October 1892 by A. Everett.
This is the largest Chiropodomys yet discovered. It
differs from its ally Ch. major by its larger size, longer
tail, and longer palatal foramina. The abbreviation of the
nasals anteriorly is also worthy of note, the same character
occurring in the next species, while the nasals of Ch. major
are as in ordinary Murines.
Chiropodomys pictor, sp. n.
Rather smaller than Ch. major.
Size about as much smaller than in Ch. major as it is
larger in Ch. legatus. Fur soft and close; hairs of back
about 6 mm. in length. General colour above greyish fawn,
rather paler on the sides. Under surface pure sharply defined
creamy white. Eyes with dark rings. Ears brown. Hands
and feet silvery whitish, a narrow dark patch along the
middle of the metatarsals. ‘Tail uniformly dark brown as
usual; heavily tufted terminally.
Skull with broad rounded brain-case, much bowed in upper
profile. Nasals not reaching forward to the level of guathion.
Palatal foramina short.
Dimensions of the type (measured in skin) :—
Head and body (c.) 120 mm.; tail 120; hind foot (wet)
20°5 ; ear (wet) 16.
Skull: tip of nasals to front corner of interparietal 24°5;
henselion to basilar suture 18°6 ; zygomatic breadth 16°5;
length of nasals 8:8; interorbital breadth 5°3; breadth of
brain-case 14; palatilar length 12°8 ; diastema 8°2; palatine
foramina 3°7 ; upper molar series 4.
A perfect skull taken from a spirit-specimen is 27°6 mm.
in total length; basilar length 21:7.
Hab. Mt. Kina Balu, N. Borneo.
Type. Adult male. B.M. no. 94. 7.2.43. Collected
January 1894 by A. Everett.
H&ROMYS, gen. nov.
Like Chiropodomys in shape of skull and_ prehensile
character of feet, but the molars of the general Mus-Hpimys
208 Mr. O. Thomas on
type, without postero-internal cusp (cusp 7 or w cusp), the
lamine simple, not corrugated.
Type. H. margarette (Mus margarette, Thos.).
Other species:—H, pusillus (Mus margarette pusillus,
Thos., 1893) and H. minahasse, Thos.
This genus, whose peculiarities have been already fully
detailed in the descriptions of the species, seems to bear in
Borneo to Chiropodomys something of the same sort of rela-
tionship that in Africa the Thamnomys-like mice do to true
Thamnomys; but the difference between the two is greater
and more sharply defined, and the generic distinction of
Heromys from EHpimys indubitable.
The asserted resemblance of the feet of H. minahasse to
those of “Jlus,” as given in the original description, seems to
have been due to the specimen being a dried skin, so that
their structure could not be easily made out. ‘They appear
to be much the same as.in [7/, margarette.
Uromys obtensts, sp. n.
A medium-sized species, with white belly.
Size rather less than in U. bruijnii. Fur thick, soft, and
woolly ; wool-hairs of back about 11 mm. in length. General
colour above dark clay-colour, more tawny on crown and
rump, clearer and more butty. on sides. Under surface and
inner sides of limbs pure white to the bases of the hairs, but
the white area somewhat narrowed on the belly. Face
greyish brown. Lars short, naked, dull brown. Hands and
feet thinly haired, almost naked, white or flesh-coloured.
‘Tail rather long in proportion, dark brown, a few fine scattered
bristles upon it; rings of scales about 14 to the centimetre.
Skull of about normal height; supraorbital edges little
developed. Palatal foramina unusually prolonged backwards,
their posterior end almost level with the front of the anterior
root of m’.
Dimensions of the type (measured in skin) :—
Head and body 142 mm.; tail 154; hind foot (wet) 28;
ear (wet) 14.
Skull: nasals 11:3 ; interorbital breadth 5°6; height from
supraorbital ledge to alveolus of m2 9° os palatilar length 16 ;
diastema 9°2; palatal foramina 6°1 ; length of upper molar
series 6°4,
Hab. Obi Island.
Type. Adult female. B.M. no. 3.4.10.1. Collected
29th April, 1902, by Mr. Waterstradt.
This species represents the farthest western extension of
new Asiatic Muride. 209
the genus Uromys, its nearest neighbour being the somewhat
larger U. bruijnit of Salawatti.
Microtus (EHothenomys) melanogaster colurnus, subsp. n.
Similar in all essential characters to true melanogaster,
but much brighter in colour, the type form being something
between ‘“bistre” and “ mummy-brown,” while the present
animal is rather darker and richer than “hazel.” The tail
also seems to average shorter, but properly measured series
are not at present available.
Dimensions of the type (measured in skin) :—
Head and body 110 mm. ; tail 35; hind foot 17:5.
Skull: condylo-basal length 26-2.
Hab. Kuatun, N.W. Fokien.
Type. Adult male. B.M. no. 0. 5. 8. 38. Original num-
ber 52. Collected 24th October, 1899, and presented by
C. B. Rickett, Esq.
A large number of specimens examined, presented by
Messrs. C. B. Rickett, F. W. Styan, and J. de La Touche.
Plecotus wardt, sp. n.
A pale-coloured species with large skull.
Size large. Fur very long and fine. General colour pale,
paler than ‘ drab-grey ;”’ under surface broadly washed with
greyish white (grey no. 10), lighter than in any other form.
Thumb long.
Skull broad and rounded. Bullee large.
Dimensions of type :—
Forearm 45°5 mm.
Head and body 53; tail 50; ear 41; thumb, c. u. (exclu-
sive of metacarpal) 7:8; lower leg and foot (c. u.) 29°5.
Skull: condylo-basal length 16°6 ; basi-sinual length 13:1 ;
greatest horizontal diameter of bulla 4°4.
Hab. Leh, Ladak. Alt. 10,500’.
Type. Adult female. B.M. no. 6. 10. 3. 2. Original
number 73. Collected 10th June, 1906, by C. A. Crump.
Presented by Col. A. EH. Ward.
Distinguishable from P. homochrous and puck by the
broader skull and paler colour.
Named in honour of the donor, to whom the Museum is
indebted for valuable series of Kashmir animals.
Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 8. Vol. vii. 14
210 Mr. G. -Dollman on
XXI.—Description of a new Genus of Molossine Bats from
West Africa. By Guy Douiman, B.A.
(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.)
AmonG a collection of West-African mammals recently
presented to the British Museum by Dr. H.G. F. Spurrell is
a bat representing a new genus of the family Molossida.
XIPHONYCTERIS, gen. nov.
Size similar to that of the smaller species of Myctinomus.
Wings small, membranous area much reduced. Lars, feet,
and tail much as in Nyctinomus.
Skull with median anterior palatal emargination like that
of Nyctinomus, but emargination quite small and incon-
spicuous, though extending behind roots of incisors. Teeth
according to the following formula :—
1—1 1—1 2—3 3-3 2 8
G. poy ©: Ty P+ 9=5) ™. 33>
Upper incisors quite small and closely in contact with
canines; widely separated from each other, wider apart at
base than at tip. Upper canine rather similar to that of
Nyctinomus, but with cingulum very prominent and shaft of
tooth longer, much flatter anteriorly, and pointing slightly
outwards. Base of canines much enlarged, the anterior edges
of the cingula on a level with the anterior limit of the upper
incisors; when looked at from above the cingula appear as two
prominent crescentie ridges with the minute incisors between
them, the incisors being so placed as to resemble two antero-
internal cusps on the cingula of the canines. Behind the shaft
the cingulum is expanded to form a large flat area, its posterior
edge closely in contact with the small anterior premolars.
Upper premolars and molars as in NVyctinomus, the molars
with well-developed hypocones. Lower incisors reduced to a
single pair of very minute functionless teeth, bridged over by
the junction of the lower canines ; cutting-edges deeply bifid.
Lower canines with well-developed cingula, forming ante-
riorly prominent secondary cusps, which meet together in
the mid-line as a bridge over the minute incisors ; posterior
portion of cingulum large and well developed, much more so
than in the allied genera. Lower molars and premolars as
in Nyctinomus.
Type, X¢phonycteris spurrelli.
This genus would appear to be most nearly related to the
anew Genus of Bats from West Africa. 211
genus Myct’énomus, which it resembles in general external
characters and in the presence of the small upper premolar ;
but the absence of @3, the peculiar position of the single pair
of minute lower incisors, and the unusual shape and
arrangement of the upper and lower canines are more than
sufficient reasons for considering the genera as quite distinct.
As regards the genus Cheerephon the same differences hold
good, “with the additional character of the median anterior
palatal emargination present in Xiphonycteris.
In the possession of only a single pair of lower incisors,
and in having the lower canines in contact with one another,
this genus in some ways resembles the South-American
genus Molossops; but the two genera, on account of numerous
important differences, cannot be looked upon as close allies.
Xiphonycterts spurrelli, sp. n
General appearance and size much as in the smaller species
of Nyctinomus. Kars roughly triangular in shape, with
rounded corners; tragus and antitragus apparently normal.
Feet comparatively small; toes hairy, the hairs extending
along the margin of the interfembdral membrane for about
10 mm. Wings small, forearm only 27 mm. long; wing-
membrane very narrow. Hair on back short, a few longer
hairs near base of tail. General colour of back rusty red,
hairs rather lighter at base than at tips. Under surface of
body buffy white, the hairs becoming brownish on the flanks
and sides of neck. ‘l'ail, as described above, with terminal
half free. Interfemoral membrane naked on upper surface,
below thinly clad with very minute white hairs.
Skull with rather narrow brain-case, markedly so in the
occipital region. Supraoccipital crest well developed, ex-
tending back some distance beyond the exoccipital region.
Sagittal crest but little developed. Zygoma fairly strong,
expanded posteriorly. Anteorbital foramen large. Lachrymal
ridge faintly indicated. Anterior palatal emargination about
as large as base of upper incisor, extending well behind
the roots of incisors. Palate slightly arched laterally, nearly
flat antero-posteriorly ; pterygoids almost parallel, slightly
divergent behind; basisphenoid pits moderately developed.
Auditory bulla small and rather flat.
Teeth as described above.
Dimensions of the type (measured in flesh) :—
Head and body 56 mm. ; tail 24; hind toot 8; ear 13;
forearm 27.
Skull: greatest length 17; basilar length 12°2; condylo-
basi'ar length 14; greatest zygomatic breadth 10; inter-
14*
212 On new Fishes from South-western Colombia.
orbital breadth 3°5 ; breadth of brain-case (across squamosal
region) 8°6; breadth of rostrum (across lachrymal region) 6 ;
palatilar length 9°8 ; width of palate inside m? 3°33; width
across palate outside m? 7; postpalatal length 6°5; length of
upper tooth-row from front of canine to back of m* 6:4;
length of upper tooth-row from front of first premolar to
back of m® 4°9; height of canine 3:2.
Hab. Bibianaha, 60 miles W. of Kumasi, Gold Coast.
Altitude 700 feet.
'Type.: Adult male. B.M. no. 41. 1, 14, 1... Original
number 34. Collected on December 8th, 1910, by the donor,
Dr, Ho Ge Pj Spurrell.
It gives me great pleasure to associate this new and in-
teresting bat with the name of Dr. Spurrell, to whom the
National Collection is already indebted for many rare and
unique West-African mammals,
i
XXI.— Descriptions of Three new Characinid Fishes fon
South-western Colombias By G. A. BOULENGER, F.R.5.
(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.)
Lebiasina multimaculata.
Depth of body 44 to 5 times in total length, length of
head 4 to 44 times. Eye 3 (young) to 4 times in length of
head, as long as snout in adult; interorbital width 24 times ;
maxillary extending to below anterior third of eye. Dorsal
II 8, about 12 times as distant from end of snout as from
root of caudal. Anal ILI 8. Pectoral % length of head.
Caudal deeply notched. Caudal peduncle a little longer
than deep. Scales 28-29 in a longitudinal series, 18 round
the body; lateral line reduced to the 4 anterior scales.
Dark brown above, whitish beneath ; 9 to 11 roundish black
spots along each side, the last at root of caudal; a blackish
band on the anal.
Total length 100 mm.
Three specimens from the Condoto River at Condoto,
Choco, 150 ft., from the collection of Mr. M. G. Palmer.
‘These types and the following preserved in the British
Museum. i
Luciocharae striatus.
Depth of body 63 times in total length, length of head
nearly 3 times. Snout longer than postocular part of head,
4 times diameter of eye, which is 13 times in interorbital
On a new Species of Tabanide from British Guiana. 218
width ; maxillary extending to below posterior border of eye.
Gill-rakers rather long and slender, 12 on lower part of
anterior arch. Dorsal II 8, 24 times as distant from head or
from root of caudal. Anal III 8, originating below middle of
dorsal. Pectoral 2 length of head. Caudal deeply notched.
Caudal peduncle twice as long as deep. Scales 48 3, dt be-
tween lateral line and ventral; lateral scales with 16 to 18
radiating strong keels terminating in spines ; lateral line 30.
Olive-brown above, whitish on the sides, with five olive-brown
longitudinal streaks running between the series of scales,
silvery white beneath; a large black ocellar spot, edged
with yellow, at the root of the caudal; dorsal and caudal
greyish, other fins whitish.
Total length 200 mm.
A single specimen from Boca de Calima, Choco, 5200 ft.,
from the collection of Mr. M. G. Palmer.
Curimatus lineopunctatus.
Depth of body 24 to 22 times in total length, length of
head 4 times. Head nearly twice as long as deep, upper
profile scarcely concave at occiput ; eye a little longer than
snout, a little shorter than interorbital width, 3 times in
length of head; adipose eyelid rudimentary. Gill-rakers
short, 16 or 17 on lower part of anterior arch. Dorsal IIT9,
its origin nearer end of snout than root of caudal. Anal
III 7. Pectoral 2? length of head, not reaching ventral.
Belly not keeled behind the ventrals. Caudal deeply forked,
a little longer than head. Caudal peduncle as long as deep.
Scales 40-42 ~" 6-7 between lateral line and ventral. Steel-
erey above, silvery white beneath, the scales on the sides
with round black spots forming regular longitudinal series ;
a large round black blotch on the caudal peduncle.
Total length 135 mm.
Five specimens from Novita, Rio Tamana, Choco, 150-
200 ft., from the collection of Mr. M. G. Palmer.
XXIII.—Entomological Notes from the London School of
Tropical Medicine.—No. I. Description of a new Species
of Tabanide from British Guiana. By Sopuia L. M.
SumMERS, M.A., B.Sc.*
THE species described below is near Dichclacera testacea,
Macq., which, as Miss Ricardo states, has not the typical
——— * Communicated by Lt.-Colonel A. Alcock, C.LE., F.R.S.
214 Ona new Species of Tabanide from British Guiana.
colouring and shape of the other species of the genus as she
restricts it. It is much larger than D. testacea, measuring
19 mm. Its wings are smoky and blotched, whereas in
D. testacea the wings are hyaline all except three dark spots.
The tibia of the fore leg is white, but in D. testacea it is
black. The abdomen is dark brown, in D. testacea a rusty
brown.
Dichelacera robiginosa, sp. n.
Head broader than the thorax, front and face orange-
yellow. Eyes large, black with a bronze shimmer, bare.
Frontal callus a narrow stripe, hardly widening at the base.
First two joints of the antenne reddish orange, third joint
reddish brown, its spur reaching to the second annulation
and sparsely beset with small bristles on its dorsal surface.
First three annulations of the third joint dark brown, fourth
almost black. Palps about as long as antenne, yellow,
curved, rather thinly tomentose. Proboscis long, brown,
blackish at the tip.
Thorax avd scutellum rusty brown, under surface light
brown.
Legs: all the femora reddish yellow, as also are the tibia
and greater part of the first tarsal joint of the second and third
legs. Tibia of the first leg whitish in its proximal two-
thirds, dark cinnamon-brown in its distal third. All the
tarsal segments of the first legs nearly black, the last four
tarsal segments of the second and third legs dark brown.
Wings much clouded, the veins very dark. Costal cell
smoky yellow. Between the subcostal and the fifth longi-
tudinal veins the wing is blotchy and smoky, but the greater
part of the discal and of the fifth posterior cells and a part of
the fourth posterior cell are transparent, and the greater part
of the second basal as well as a distal patch in the marginal
and second submarginal cells and two narrow streaks in the
first submarginal cell are translucent. The smoky biotches
are darkest at the tip of the first longitudinal vein and its
neighbourhood, round the anterior cross-vein and its neigh-
bourhood, at the bifurcation of the third longitudinal vein,
and at the tip of the discal cell.
Abdomen dark brown, each segment from the second to the
fifth inclusive with a well-defined median triangular yellow
pateh. Under surface light brown.
The specimen that constitutes the type of this species was
sent to the London School of Tropical Medicine by Dr. K.S.
Wise, Government Medical Officer, Georgetown, Demerara,
On new Fishes in the British Museum. 215
and will be placed at the disposal of the British Museum.
Dr. Wise has also sent specimens of the same species to the
British Museum direct, and these—thanks to the kindness of
Mr. K. E. Austen, whose ungrudging assistance in other
ways I have also to acknowledge—have been compared in
formulating the description of the species.
XXIV.— Description of Two new Tetragonopterid Fishes in
the British Museum. By Prof. C. H. HIGENMANN.
DuRING a visit to the British Museum to examine types of
South-American freshwater fishes Mr. G. A. Boulenger
referred the following new material to me for identification.
NEMATOBRYCON, gen. nov.
Caudal three-pronged, the middle two rays nearly as long
as, or even longer than, the outer rays, which are prolonged,
filiform, Lateral line incomplete; no adipose fin; pre-
maxillary teeth multicuspid, in two series; maxillary with
large conical teeth along nearly its entire length ; caudal
naked.
A Tetragonopterid genus distinguished from all other
genera of the subfamily by the absence of an adipose fin and
the filamentous three lobes of the caudal.
Nematobrycon palmeri, sp. n.
Several specimens, 8-20 mm., from Condoto, Rio Condoto,
and Novita, Rio T'amana, 8.W. Colombia. Collected by
Mr. M. G. Palmer. British Museum.
Head 4°2; depth 2°66; D. 10 or 11; A. 29-31. Scales
7—7+26—5. Hye3in head, “5-75 in snout, about equal to
interorbital.
Compressed, resembling Crenuchus and Pwctlocharax in
general appearance and the absence of an adipose fin; dorsal
and ventral profiles nearly equally arched ; highest point of
dorsal profile at origin of dorsal fin; ventral profile regularly
arched ; predorsal area with a median series of about seven
scales ; preventral area narrowly rounded ; occipital process
with three scales on each side, the process about one-fifth
as long as its distance from its base to the dorsal; frontal
fontanel minute ; interorbital moderately convex; second
suborbital heavy, convex, in contact with the preopercle
216 On new Fishes in the British Museum.
below; mouth oblique, jaws equal; maxillary equal to
snout and one-third or one-half of the eye; premaxillary
with three teeth in the outer series, four in the inner, about
eleven teeth on the maxillary ; mandible with four large teeth
in front and minute ones on the side.
Scales regularly arranged, no interpolated scales over the
anal; a basal sheath of scales on anal and caudal, these fins
otherwise naked ; few or no radial striz.
Origin of dorsal fin about equidistant from snout and
middle caudal rays ; highest dorsal ray about 2 in the length ;
in adult male the outer and middle caudal rays are produced
in filaments about half as long as the body. Anal long,
slightly emarginate in front, its origin equidistant from base
of the middle caudal rays and the middle or end of the eye;
ventrals reaching beyond origin of the anal; pectorals to or
beyond origin of anal.
(In formalin) a broad black band from the eye down and
to the lower half of the caudal, margined above by a light
line, fading out downwards. Upper surface coppery in
life (?) ; dorsal filament, outer caudal filament, middle caudal
rays and filament, and submarginal anal band black ; margin
of anal hyaline. The dark lateral band most intense in
Novita specimens.
Knodus meride, sp. n.
A specimen 53mm. Merida, Venezuela. C. M. Briceno.
British Museum.
Head4; depth4; D.10; A.16. Scales4—33—2. Eye
3°25 in the head, about *8 in snout, 1°25 in the interorbital.
Basal half of caudal sealed. Slender, dorsal and ventral
profiles scarcely arched. Snout short, blunt. Second sub-
orbital covering the entire cheek, without a naked angle
below its anterior corner. Maxillary 2 in snout and eye,
Occipital process about one-cighth the distance of its base
from the dorsal. Five teeth in outer row of premaxillary,
the second retreated from the line; four teeth in inner series
of premaxillary ; maxillary with 3 broad multicuspid teeth ;
mandible with 8 graduated teeth. 'T'wo scales between lateral
line and anal; each scale of sides with numerous radii ;
bases of anal and caudal with large scales. First dorsal a
little nearer to snout than to the base of middle caudal rays,
the highest ray a little more than 5 in the length. Upper
caudal lobe nearly 5 in the length, the lower slightly shorter.
Anal scarcely emarginate; ventrals reaching to anal;
pectorals not quite to ventrals,
On Scorpions and Solifuge from the Sudan. 27,
A broad silvery band tapering on the caudal peduncle,
continued to end of middle caudal rays. No humeral or
caudal spots.
XXV.—Scorpions and Solifuge collected by Captain S. S.
Flower in the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. By 8S. Hirst.
(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.)
SCORPIONS.
Buthus citrinus, H. & E.
Loc. Wady Halfa.
Buthus acutecarinatus, Sim.
Loc. Khartoum and the Senaar Province; in the British
Museum collection there are present also examples from
Atbara (Dr. S. K, Malouf), and from Thebes and Ghizeh
(S. S. #.) in Egypt.
Buthus minax, L. Koch.
Loc. Captain Flower collected examples of this species at
Khartoum ; the mouth of the Pinder River; Senaar and
Roseires. There are also specimens in the British Museum
collection from Abyssinia.
Remarks.—The male of Buthus * minaw differs from that of
B. emini, Poc., principally in the structure of the tail, the
upper keels of which are very much weaker, the lateral ones
being exceedingly weak or absent in segments 2-4; more-
over, the upper keel of the fifth caudal segment is represented
by only a very short series of granules and the intercarinal
spaces of the caudal segments are not nearly so strongly
granular as 1s the case in B. emini.
Tn the male of B. emini, on the other hand, segments 1-4
of the tail are each furnished with ten well-defined granular
keels, the upper and lateral keels being quite distinct and
composed of separate granules, which show no tendency to fuse
with one another; the fifth caudal segment has a well-marked
upper keel, which runs the entire length of the segment.
[Buthus polystictus, Poc., is very closely allied to B. minazx
and B. emeni, and Prof. Kraepelin + believes that it is only
* Birula’s observations on Buthus minax and its allies (Sitz. Ber. Ak.
Wiss. exvii. p. 141, 1908) should be consulted.
+ Zool. Jahrb. (Syst.) xviii. p. 560 (1903),
218 Mr. S. Hirst on Scorpions and Solifuge
a variety of the latter. I think that it is undoubtedly more
closely allied to B. eminé than to B. minaz, but that it should
be regarded as a distinct species and not merely as a variety.
The male can be readily distinguished from that of B.emind
by its much narrower hand, which is only slightly broader
than the brachium, and longer and more slender fingers ;
moreover, the movable finger has only a very slight low
lobation, and the immovable finger is without any definite
lobe. The hand and fingers, indeed, are very similar in
shape in both sexes in B. polystictus and resemble closely
those of the female of B. emini. In the male of B. eminz,
however, the hand is very much broader than the brachium,
and the fingers are very different in shape to those of the
female; they are shorter and stouter, and both the movable
one and the immovable one in the adult are furnished
with very distinct lobes, that of the immovable finger being
especially strong. In addition to the specimens of B. poly-
stictus determined by Mr. Pocock, I have examined sixteen
males and forty-three females and young from Berbera, and
eleven males and twenty-two females from the Wagar
Mountains behind Berbera; these specimens were collected
by Mr. G. W. Bury.]
Buthus quinquestriatus, H. & E.
Loe. Captain Flower collected examples of this well-
known species at Wady Halfa, Khartoum, and the Blue
Nile.
[A specimen of the following species from the Sudan has
been acquired by the Trustees of the British Museum. |
Parabuthus liosoma hunteri, Poe.
Parabuthus huntert, Poe. J. Linn, Soc., Zool. xxv. p. 309 (1895).
Additional Loe. Omdurman, Sudan. A _ large male
example collected by Capt. H. N. Dunn, R.A.M.C.
Measurements of this specimen in mm.—Total length 99 ;
length of carapace 11°5, of fifth caudal segment 12°5; width
of fitth caudal segment 7°25.
Remarks.—'Vhis scorpion was described from specimens
obtained at Duroor and Suakin. As pointed out by
Mr. Pocock, it can be distinguished from Parabuthus liosoma
[typical form] by the greater slenderness of the tail and by
the presence of a basal tubercle on the fingers of the hand,
&c. It must be noted, however, that the width of the tail
varies somewhat even in specimens from the same locality.
from the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. 209
The example from Omdurman has a more slender tail than
any of the original specimens.
Pandinus exitialis, Poe.
Scorpio exitialis, Poc. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) ii. p. 249 (1888).
Pandinus exitialis, Krpln. Das Tierr. Scorp. &e, p. 119 (1899); Krpln.
Zool. Jahrb. (Syst.) xviii. p. 567 (1903).
Loc. Abu Haraz, Blue Nile (Capt. S. S. Flower) ; asmall
male example measuring 85 mm. in length.
Remarks.—This example from the Blue Nile is a slight
variety of P. exttial’s, The granulation of the under surface
of the humerus of the palp is very weak, except at the edges.
Four complete keels and a short inner keel are present on
the dorsal surface of the hand, and the tubercles are confluent
in places, but not nearly to the same extent as in the variety,
which I describe below under the name sudanicus.
In his account of P. exitialis, Mr. Pocock says that there
is a single dry specimen from Schoa in the British Museum
collection. ‘There are present, however, in the collection,
three dry examples (co-types) of this species, all of which
were collected by Sir W. C. Harris at Schoa. Four com-
plete keels are distinctly visible on the hand of one of these
specimens, and traces of these keels can be seen in the other
two and in the variety from Gebel Mel.
[ Var. sudanicus, var. nov.
‘This variety may be compared with the typical form of
the species (from Schoa) as follows :—Dorsal surface of
the hand much smoother, nearly the entire surface of the
lobe being furnished with low anastomosing ridges instead
of isolated tubercles (fhese ridges are smaller and narrower
than those of P. greguryi, and they are finely, but distinctly,
punctured as in that species) ; the keels on the under surface
of the hand are more sparsely and weakly granular than
in the typical form. Proximal half of the under side
of the humerus granular as in the typical form. Tarsal
lobes of posterior legs with three spines, which are arranged
in the same way as in the typical P. eadtialis; the total
number of spines on the anterior side of the tarsus is four,
and the total number on the posterior side six or seven.
Pectinal teeth twenty-one or twenty-two in number. Last
abdominal sternite without any trace of keels.
Measurements in mm.—Total length 111 ; length of cara-
pace 18.
Loc. Gebel Mel, 12 miles south of Obeid, Sudan ; a single
female example captured by Capt. H. N. Dunn, R.A.M.C.]
220 Mr. 8. Hirst on Scorpions and Solifuge
SOLIFUGA.
Galeodes arabs, C. L. Koch.
Loc. Wady Walfa (Surgeon-Mujor Penton and Capt. 8.8.
Flower); Omdurman and Khartoum (Capt. S. S. Flower).
The Museum possesses also examples from the Nabardi
Mines (Sudan), from the White Nile, and from a number of
places in Egypt.
Remarks.—A large male specimen (in spirit) collected by
Capt. Flower at Wady Halfa differs from all others of this
species, which I have seen, in having the spinal armature of
the tarsi of both the legs of the third pair | 2+2+42 | 2 |
instead of | 1+2+4+2|2]. The armature of the legs of the
second pair is, as usual, | 1+2+2|2]. In all other details
both of colour and structure this specimen agrees with some
quite typical specimens of G. arabs from the same locality.
The young example from Shendy, Sudan, which was deter-
mined by Dr. Tullgren * as G. araneoides, Pallas, is, perhaps,
only an aberration of G. arabs, similar to this one from
Wady Halfa.
OTHOES, gen. nov.
Patella and tibia of maxillipalp (of female) without either
spines or bristles. Legs long and slender; the tarsus of the
first leg apparently without claws and furnished at the end
with a dense scopula of fine hairs, which are forked at their
extremities. ‘T'arsi of second and third legs with the spinal
Fig. 1.
_
oOo
.O
Fig. 1.—Galeodes arabs, C. L. Koch, side view of claws of fourth leg.
Fig. 2.—Othoes floweri, gen. et sp. n. = ns be
_
armature | 1+1+2+2 | 2(1) |; as will be seen from this
formula, an additional unpaired spine is present on the
proximal segment, the spines on the anterior side of this
segment being four in number (two of which are unpaired),
* In Jagerskidld’s ‘ Results of the Swedish Zoological Expedition to
Egypt, 1901,’ Uppsala, pt. 3, no. 21 a, p. 1 (1909).
from the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. 221
and those on the posterior side only two in number. Claws
of the second, third, and fourth pairs of legs much longer than
in Galeodes, those of the legs of the fourth pair being the
longest (fig. 1 and fig. 2).
Othoes flowert, sp. n.
Immovable finger of the chelicera with the second and
fifth teeth (counting from the distal end) the largest ; the
posterior of the two teeth which are present between these
major teeth is exceedingly minute; first tooth of the row of
large size and separated from the second by a fairly large
gap. Between the two large teeth of the movable finger,
also, two minor teeth are present, and the posterior of them
is very minute (fig. 3). Mazillipalp very long and slender,
~ ao
Fic. Oe
Othoes flower?, gen. et sp. n., chelicera from the inner side.
and its femur is furnished below, on the inner side, with a
row of about five or six fairly strong spines and also with
weaker spines; patella and tibia without either thorns or
bristles, the latter narrowed distally; tarsus freely movable
and more slender and not so abruptly narrowed as is the case
in the species of Galeodes—moreover, it is furnished with a
scopula composed of forked hairs, similar to those at the end
of the tarsus of the first leg. Handles of the maleoli about
equal in length to or a little less than the greatest length of
the blades. Metatarsus of fourth leg with the spinal arma-
ture (L+1)+1+2+42, but the proximal unpaired spines
(enclosed in brackets in the formula) are much weaker than
the others. ‘lhe spinal armature of the tarsus of the fourth
leg is |2+2+2|2[0]|.
Colour.—Body, cheliceree, and legs pale yellow; a fine
blackish line is present, however, along the anterior margin
of the head-plate, and the ocular tubercle is also black, but it
has an ill-defined longitudinal yellowish streak in the middle.
Patella and tibia of maxillipalp black and the tarsus
slightly darkened ; the basal segments of this appendage are
pale yellow.
222 Bibliographical Notice.
Measurements in mm.—Laength of body 22°5; greatest
breadth of anterior margin of head-plate 5°75; length of
chelicera 9, of palp (excluding the coxa) 29°75, of patella
es palp 11, of tibia of palp 6°75, of tarsus of palp 2, of fourth
eg 44:5.
Loc. Wady Halfa; a single female specimen, collected by
Capt. 8. S. Flower.
Desia sp.
Loe. Khartoum and the Blue Nile; owing to the absence
of the male, I have not ventured to determine this species.
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTICE.
Catalogue of the Lepidoptera Phalene in the British Museum.
Vol. X. Noctuide, By Sir Georce F. Hampson, Bart. London:
Printed by Order of the Trustees, 1910. Price 20s. 8vo.
Pp. xix, 829.
Ir will hardly be disputed that Sir George F. Hampson is one of
the most energetic and hard-working of living Entomologists,
when we consider that this huge volume, the thickest of the whole
series, was published at the end of the same year, the beginning
of which saw the appearance of vol. ix. of the series, though that
volume was smaller and contained only 552 pages, The fascicule
of coloured plates belonging to vol. x., however, is not yet ready,
but will appear shortly. The present volume is devoted to the
subfamily Hrastriane, and includes 1222 species belonging to
136 genera, illustrated by 214 figures in the text, showing wings,
neuration, head, &e.
We believe that another volume will probably complete the
Noctuids, of which the author has already described 6197 in vols.
iv._x. of his work.
The Erastriane, as the term is used by the author, include all
the British moths classed under the section Minores by Guenée,
except Acontia luctuosa and Hrastria venustula; the latter, how-
ever, is described by Hampson in his vol. vii. p. 493, n. 4201,
as Monodces venustula in the subfamily Acronyctine.
The British species described and sometimes figured in vol. x.,
under Erastriane, are Hublemma ostrina, Hiibn. (p. 118),
E. parva, Hiibn. (p. 186), Lithacodia fasciana, L. (= fuscula,
Schiff. (p. 539), Hustrotia uncula, Clerck (p. 578, fig.), Hustrotia
olivana, Schiff. (= bankiana, Fabr.) (p. 580), EHrastria trabealis,
Scop. (= sulphuralis, L.) (p. 660, fig.), and Tarache lucida, Hutn.
(= solaris, Schiff.). Except Lithacodia fuscula, all these species are
local in Britain (though one or two are common in their special
Geological Society. 223
localities) and some are very rare, though the small species of
Eublemma may be liable to be overlooked, from their inconspicuous
appearance; they frequent waste ground.
The Hrastriune, as recognized by Sir George Hampson, are
characterized as follows :—‘ Vein 5 of the hind wing is typically
nearly fully developed and usually arises from well above the
lower angle of the cell, although it is rarely obsolescent and then
springs from the middle of the discocellulars; the eyes are not
hairy ; the tibie are not spined; and the larve have the first
pair or first two pairs of prolegs aborted.
‘The subfamily is to a large extent confined to the tropical and
warmer temperate regions, especially the more arid districts,
and it has few species in the colder zones, and none in the Arctic
and Alpine zones.”
We may add that the species are usually of small or moderate
size and of varied patterns, and often attractively coloured, the so-
called “* Noctwa-pattern ” being rarely distinctly indicated.
PROCEEDINGS OF LEARNED SOCIETIES.
GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY.
January 11th, 1911.—Prof. W. W. Watts, Sc.D., M.Se., F.R.S.,
President, in the Chair.
The following communication was read :—
‘The Zonal Classification of the Salopian Rocks of Cautley
and Ravenstonedale. By Miss G. R. Watney and Miss E, G.
Welch.
The district described lies north-east of Sedbergh and west of
the Dent Fault. An account of the literature treating of previous
work is given, and the succession of the zones is described. They
are as follows :— .
Ties D 3. Zone of Monograptus leintwardinensis.
ower | Ho M Cee a Na
Kaos. ; 5 onograptus nilssont.
IDA » Phacops obtusicaudatus.
C 4. » Cyrtograptus lundgreni.
C 3. » Cyrtograptus rigidus.
ValesiSBHele as 4 » Monograptus riccartonensis.
Cl. », Cyrtograptus murchisoni.
Below are Valentian rocks (A & B divisions of the Stockdale
Shales).
The Wenlock Beds are most fully developed in some streams
entering the River Rawthey from the south. The detailed succession
of these is given, and confirmatory sections are described in other
parts of the district.
224 Miscellaneous.
The Ludlow Beds are found mainly in the northern part of the
area, where the geology is simpler.
A comparison is instituted between these beds and those described
in the Welsh Borderland by Miss Elles & Miss Wood (Mrs.
Shakespear), and those of Wenlock age in Southern Sweden described
by Tullberg.
Zone of Monograptus leintwardinensis.| Zone of IL. leintwardinensis.
CAUTLEY. Wetsu BorpDERrs. SouTHERN SWEDEN.
; M. tumescens
Red grits and flags; P=/| ” : : :
EASON » MM. scanicus.
Zone of Monograptus nilssoni. » DM. nilssoni.
» Phacops obtusicaudatus. ?=| ,, WM. vulgaris.
» Cyrtograptus lundgreni. » OC. lundgreni. Zone of C. carruthersi.
C. rigidus
9 QO * soe
ees ie : . rigidus.
», Cyrtograptus rigidus. » C. linnarssoni. eg fe ee
» C.symmetricus.
» IM. riccartonensis.
» Monograptus riccartonensis. » DU. riccartonensis.
» Cyrtograptus murchisoni. » C. murchisoni. 3» CC. murehisoni,
A description of a Cyrtograptus intermediate in character be-
tween OC. rigidus and C. symmetricus, and of a new Monograptus
from the Nilssoni Beds of Wandale Hill, is given in a palzonto-
logical section.
MISCELLANEOUS.
Wirn reference to Plate vi. in our issue of September last,
Major Connolly finds that, in course of reproduction, the artist's
original drawings were reduced by one-fortieth. This is unfortunate,
as the small figures were intended to represent the actual size of the
specimens figured. Also in fig. 1 of the same plate, representing
Euonyma turriformis, the shell erroneously shows a marginal suture.
This is due to a wrong light-effect, and does not exist in the
original,
Soeben erschienen!
Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der schwedischen zoologischen Expedition
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und den umgebenden Massaisteppen Deutsch-Ostafrikas
1905-1906
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This Work is the only one of its kind and is the largest in Swedish Research
which has been published concerning a Swedish Zoological Journey. It is complete, —
over 59,000 animals having beeii collected’ by the Expedition, and deals with over
4300 species, of which more than 1400 have proved new to Science. Absolutely
necessary for every explorer who interests himself in the African Fauna.
“La faune d’aucune partie de l’Afrique n’a été encore |’objet d’une aussi belle
monographie.”’—d’Orbigny. ;
CONTENTS OF NUMBER 38.—Eighth ee a
_ Page me
XVI. Notes from the Gatty Marine Laboratory, St. Andree ;
No. XXXIL By Prof. MInzosu, M.D., LL.D, F.RS, &. en
(Plates VAViL) io citias coy encase ery eas aise ye oe
XVII. New Species of Heterocera from Costa Rica.—V. By
W. Somavs, WLS. ......00scee.000 a oe os eo eee 173
XVIII. A Synopsis of the Marsipobranchs of the Order Hypero- si x
arti. By C. Tare Reean, M.A. ....... A EN eA
XIX. On the Systematic Position of Macristium chavesi, By C. 4
Darn Regan, MASS Coss ceeq eine cee AME ase ute ceeeeee 204 | by:
XX. New Asiatic Muride. By eee Tera Cr oli eee ao
XXI. Description of a new Genus of Molossine Bats from West
Africa. By Guy DoLuMAN, B.A. eeceectcee 01876, 87058) 4 Re 0) S B98 iarw ree 210
_ XXII. Descriptions of Three new Characinid Fishes from South- — a
western Colombia. By G. A. Boununenr, F.R.S. ..........-- ne 212
XXIII. Entomological Notes from the London School of Tropical : &
Medicine.—No. I. Description of a new Species of Zabanide from = he
British Guiana. By Soruia L. M. Summers, M.A., B. Se. ny eae ee oy
XXIV. Description of Two new Tetragonopterid Fishes in the 4
British Museum. By Prof. C. H. EIGEnMANN .......0+ccsecese+ 215
XXV. Scorpions and Solifuge collected by Captain s. 8. Flower in
the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. By S. Hinst......-....00- ete ‘
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTICE.
Catalogue of the Lepidoptera Phalenz in the British Missa
Vol. X. Noctuide, By Sir Groner F, per Barty ess
PROCEEDINGS OF LEARNED SOOIETIES.
Geological Society eeeoeeceseoeoeoeceoeeece coset eevee eeeer ee ee ee eee eee
MISCELLANEOUS.
Corrections by Major ConnoLhy ..... ces ce cceescesectececens 2h
*,* Itis requested that all Communications for this Work may be alldscacea
post-paid, to the Care of Messrs. Taylor and Francis, Printing Office, a
Red Lion Court, Fleet Street, London. me
* Vol. a _ EIGHTH SERIES. No. ae
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THE.ANNALS
MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY.
[FIGHTH SERIES.]
No. 39. MARCH 1911,
XX VI. — Descriptions and Records of Bees —XXXIV.
By T. D. A. Cockeret, University of Colorado.
LITHANTHIDIUM, gen. nov.
Related apparently to Anthidium; robust, thorax above
very finely and densely punctured, sides of thorax with large
coarse punctures (this sculpture practically as in Dianthi-
dium say?) ; hind tibie densely hairy. Abdomen probably
with a ventral scopa, but it is not clearly preserved ; stigma
large ; marginal cell narrowly rounded at tip, the apex a little
below costa ; two submarginal cells, the second receiving both
recurrent nervures, the first some distance from base, the
second a little before apex ; outer side of second s.m. with a
single gentle curve; basal nervure strongly arched at lower
(basad) end, where it meets the trausverso-medial, the latter
being shghtly arched outwards and not noticeably oblique.
The arching of the base of the basal nervure is also observed
in the living (Asiatic) Protanthidium steloides, which differs,
however, in the shape of the second s.m., and in having the
second r.n. going beyond apex of second s.m. There is
some resemblance to the fossil Pelandrena reducta, but in
Pelandrena the second s.m. is contracted apically and the
t.-m. is oblique.
Lithanthidium pertriste, sp. n.
Black, very robust. Head and thorax about 4 mm. long,
abdomen about 43, doubtless 5 when extended; anterior
_ Ann, & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 8. Vol. vii. 15
226 Mr. T. D. A. Cockerell—Deseriptions and
wings 5 mm. long, strongly dusky throughout, stigma and
nervures dark reddish brown. Wing-measurements as
follows in w: depth of stigma 255; length of marginal cell
1632; depth of marginal cell 425 ; upper end of second t.-c.
to end of marginal cell 935; second s.m. on marginal 476 ;
length of outer side of second s.m. 510; first discoidal on
second s.m. 153; greatest length (diagonally) of first dis-
coidal 1445; third discoidal on second s.m. 595; end of
second r.n. to end of second s.m. 51; basal nervure on
first s.m. 272; b. n. on first discoidal (not allowing for
curve) 578; length of t.-m. 408.
Hab. Fossil in the Miocene shales of Florissant, Colorado,
at Station 14 (W. P. Cockerel!).
Dasypoda comberi, sp. n.
9? .—Like D. plumipes (Panz.), perhaps averaging rather
smaller, with the hair of head and thorax above entirely
fulvo-ochraceous, without black or fuscous. Wings duskier,
especially the broad apical margin; knees, tibiz, and tarsi
ferruginous, outer side of anterior tibiz dusky; thick fringe
of fifth abdominal segment, and hair of apical segment,
warm ochraceous, not at all sooty or black; scattered hair
between the abdominal bands partly black and _ partly
ochraceous.
go .—Pubescence pale yellowish, almost grey, white be-
neath; abdomen slender, about 2 mm. broad ; flagellum
dusky ferruginous beneath; legs coloured as in female; no
dark hair on vertex ; abdomen without black hair; sixth
ventral segment broadly emarginate in middle, and with the
lateral margins raised and thickened.
Hab. Karachi, India, 29, 1 ¢ (EH. Comber). British
Museum. The females are labelled April 1909. The genus
is new to India.
In Friese’s table of Paleearctic species the Indian species
falls between D. plumipes and D. panzeri, having rather the
coloration of the latter, while the abdomen is formed as in
plumipes, only rather more slender in the female, con-
siderably more in the male. In the female the third
antennal joint (about 425 pw) is equal to the next two com-
bined. It is evident that D. plumipes, var. flavescens, Friese,
from Egypt, is very like our insect, being substantially a
plumipes coloured like panzeri; but, so far as Friese’s account
shows, the legs of flavescens are as in plumipes, and the
colour-peculiarities seem to be confined to the abdomen.
D. grohmanni, Spinola, from Sicily, has the legs coloured
as in D. comberi, but it is a large form like D. visnaga.
Records of Bees. 227
Euaspis (Parevaspis) carbonaria (Smith).
Salsette, N.W. India (Z. Comber). British Museum,
Euaspis (Parevaspis) basalis (Rits.).
Both sexes from Takao, Formosa, Aug. 20, 1907 (Sauter).
Berlin Museum. These agree with the southern material of
E. basalis, rather than with the Japanese, but I have not
been able to recognize more than one species (¢f. Aun. & Mag.
Nat. Hist., Sept. 1904, p. 207).
Systropha tropicalis, sp. 0.
3 .—Length about 9 mm.
Black, closely resembling S. curvicornis (Seopoli), with
the same peculiar antenne, except that the apical joints are
considerably shorter, but differing conspicuously as follows :
Wings darker and browner ; stigma and nervures very dark
brown; first s.m. much shorter ; sides of vertex very smooth
and shining; area of metathorax a broad sharply-margined
smooth and shining transverse channel. Abdomen narrower,
much more delicately sculptured, finely pruinose-pubescent
(not coarsely hairy) above, at sides with rather abundant
long pale hair; apex rounded, rather narrow ; second
yentral segment with a pair of low transversely elongated
shining tubercles, third with a pair of broad conical
tubercles.
? —Length about 8 mm.
Like S. curvicornis, with the same thickencd flagellum,
but wings as described for male; mesothorax and scutellum
more shining; area of metathorax granular, but sharply
margined. - Abdomen more finely sculptured ; segments 3 to
5 with short black hair.
Hab. Ceylon, 1910 (EZ. Comber). British Museum.
The type is a male from Kandy, collected in February ;
another male is labelled “ Kandy,” March. Females are from
Kandy (February) and Matale (March). Nurse records
S. planidens, Giraud, from Quetta, but the occurrence of
this Palzearctic genus in Ceylon is very remarkable.
Melecta formosana, sp. 0.
9 .—Length about 14 mm.
Black, the abdomen stained with reddish, the hind margin
of second segment broadly clear ferruginous; head and
thorax with abundant long pale ochreous hair, but very long
dark brown hairs on vertex and at extreme sides of face,
; 15*
228 Mr. T. D. A. Cockerell—Deseriptions and
and thorax with a broad band of dark chocolate-brown hair
between the wings, also a little brown hair just below the
bases of the wings, and a large tuft of the same at the base
of each of the very long, curved, acute scutellar spines ;
legs very dark reddish or reddish black, with ochreous
pubescence and ferruginous spurs ; hind basitarsus straight ;
tegule margined with ferruginous. Wings very brown,
though translucent ; abdomen broad-conical, without spots,
but covered with very fine appressed fox-red pubescence.
Mandibles dark red except at base and apex ; labrum broadly
emarginate at apex ; clypeus minutely granular, the linear
margin shining; flagellum dark reddish; fourth antennal
joiut much longer than fifth, but not nearly twice as long;
mesothorax shining, with strong separate punctures ; apical
plate of abdomen extremely narrow. Close to M. hima-
layana, Bingham, but differing in details of sculpture and
pubescence.
Hab. Kosempo, Formosa, 1908 (Sauter). Berlin Museum.
This is an example of a Formosan species resembling a
Himalayan one. The genus is new to Formosa.
Sphecodes formosanus, sp. 0.
? .—Length 10-105 mm.
Black, the abdomen chestnut-red, with the last two segments
and the apical middle of the fourth more or less black ; face
broad, yet not so broad as in S. fuscipennis ; eyes prominent ;
mandibles long, curved, dark reddish in the middle, with a
strong inner tooth far from the apex; hair of head and
thorax dull white, rather dense on face, especially at sides,
very dense along border of prothorax and tubercles. Clypeus
short, transverse, shining, with large dense punctures and
no median groove ; antenne black, flagellum faintly brown-
ish ; third and fourth antennal joints very short, much
broader than long, fourth a little the longer, both together
longer than fifth; front and vertex very strongly and densely
punctured ; mesothorax shining, the rather dense punctures
very large and strong (not so dense as in S. japonicus, Ckll.) ;
scutellum like hind part of mesothorax ; pleura very coarsely
rugoso-punctate; metathorax broadly truncate, the basal
area shining, with very strong ridges, which are crossed by
a transverse ridge, its apical part with large irregular pits ;
tegule black at base, dilute brown beyond, the margin
partly whitish. Wings dark fuscous, hyaline basally ; legs
normal, claw-joimts red at end. Abdomen shining, rather
closely punctured, the punctures strong, though much
Records of Bees. 229
smaller than those of thorax (they are about as in S. fusci-
pennis) ; first two segments gibbous subapically (especially
at sides) and depressed apically ; apical segments with some
fuscous hair.
Hab. Formosa (Sauter). Berlin Museum.
This type is labelled simply “ Formosa”; others are from
Taihanroku, June 4 and 11, 1908. Near to the Indian
S. fuscipennis, Smith, but that has only the first abdominal
segment constricted apically. Also rather like the European
S. fuscipennis, Rossi. The well-punctured abdomen readily
separates it from the Japanese S. japonicus, Ckll. The
genus is new to Formosa.
Andrena formosana, sp. n.
? .—Length 12-13 mm.
Black, the small joints of tarsi reddish brown; hair of
head and thorax above ferruginous, not dense—on vertex it
is dark fuscous, on under side of head and thorax it is dull
white. Head very broad, facial quadrangle much broader
than long ; clypeus large, smooth and shining, with scattered
distinct punctures, and a faint median raised line on its
lower third ; malar space linear ; process of labrum broadly
truncate, the truncation shallowly emarginate; cheeks
broadly rounded, ordinary; face on each side of clypeus
rugosely punctured ; facial fovee reddish, broad, occupying
at least half distance between eye and antenne, not separated
from orbit, ending below slightly below level of upper
margin of clypeus; antenne dark, third joint lounger than
the next two combined ; mesothorax and scutellum shining,
strongly punctured, the punctures sparse on mesothorax
posteriorly and disc of scutellum ; metathorax rugose, basal
area triangular, rather poorly defined, irregularly wrinkled
and rugose, without any distinct longitudinal ridges, the
apical part transversely striate; tegule ferruginous, darker
basally. Wings strongly dusky; stigma moderate, dark
rufo-piceous, nervures rufo-fuscous ; second s.m. receiving
first r. n. at (sometimes before) middle; third s.m. twice as
broad as second, narrowed one-half above; legs normal,
inner side of anterior and middle tarsi with reddish hair,
but of hind tarsi with purplish sooty ; hair of hind tibize
fuscous posteriorly ; scopa of hind femora and trochanteric
floceus white.. Abdomen shining, strongly, moderately
closely punctured, more sparsely on first segment; second
segment very feebly depressed, less than one-half; the very
scanty hair beyond first segment dark fuscous, as also the
230 Mr. T. D. A. Coekerell— Descriptions and
apical fimbria, but hind margins of segments 2 to 4 with
very narrow white hair-bands, which in most of the speci-
mens are partly or wholly lost.
3 .—Length about 9 mm.
Clypeus (except two black spots) and large triangular
lateral marks (nearly fillmg space between elypeus and eye,
but hardly going above level of top of clypeus) very light
yellow ; hair of head and thorax above pale reddish. Abdo-
men with sparse small punctures, and the hind margins of
the segments reddish ; third antennal joint shorter than the
next two comhined ; abdomen without hair- bands.
Hab. Formosa (Sauter), 6 9,3 ¢, in Berlin Museum.
The genus is new to Formosa. In its broad head this
resembles 4. vitiosa, Smith, from China, but it differs in
many other respects. There is also evident affinity with the
European A. /abialis, Kirby. I possess only the male of
labialis, which is considerably larger than that of formosana,
with the lateral face-marks longer and the abdomen duller
and much more hairy. ‘The type of A. formosana is a
female.
Nomada secessa, sp. 0.
? .— Length about 11 mm.
Ferruginous, marked with black and yellow ; no yellow
on thorax or legs; on face a little at lower corners, but no
other yellow on head ; pubescence scanty, short and fox red
on vertex, mesothorax, and scutellum, white on cheeks,
pleura, and metathorax ; clypeus with scattered fuscous hairs,
especially toward sides ; head broad, facial quadrangle about
square ; mandibles simple ; labrum with a minute tooth or
tubercle ; area of ocelli, middle of face irregularly (enclosing
a dull reddish supraclypeal patch), and hind part of cheeks
black ; antenne stout, ordinary, ferruginous, the flagellum
with a dusky shade; third antennal joint conspicuously
shorter than fourth; mesothorax as densely punctured as
possible, dull reddish, with a broad black median band and
evanescent lateral ones ; scutellum rather prominent, but
little bilobed ; metathorax with a dusky median band ; pleura
red; tegule shining red, punctured. Wings dark on apical
margin; b. nu. going some distance basad of t.-m.; second
s.m. nearly as broad above as third, receiving first r. n. at or
slightly before middle ; legs shining red, femora clouded
with black at base. Abdomen red, very finely punctured ;
first segment rather narrow, its basal half black, its apical
red, without yellow; second rather narrowly black at base
and apex, with a large lemon-yellow spot on each side, the
Records of Bees. 231
distance between the spots over twice the diameter of either 5
third dark at extreme base and apex, with four small spots of
yellow, the inner ones mere dots; fourth broadly black at
base, with an obscure yellow dot on each side, and a broad
transverse median yellow band, truncate on each side aud
constricted in the middle ; fifth with a broad yellow band
across middle; pygidial plate very large, covered with
shining yellowish-silvery hair; third and fourth ventral seg-
ments with large yellow marks, fifth with a bifid mark im
middle and an elongate one on each side.
Hab. Formosa (Sauter),19@. Berlin Museum. Genus
new to Formosa.
In Nurse’s key to the Indian species, Nomada secessa runs
to N. beata, Nurse, to which it seems to he related, differing
in the sculpture of the metathorax (the area in secessa
granular, plicate basally, without a median impressed line)
and the details of the ornamentation. In Schmiedeknecht’s
table of European species it runs with little difficulty to
N. ruficornis, L., to which it is evidently related, although
certaiuly distinct.
Allodape marginata, Smith.
So far as I can at present determine, A. marginata, Smith,
A. philippinensis (Ashmead), and A. cupulifera, Vachal, con-
stitute a single widely distributed species. I have before
me, from the Berlin Museum, one male and twenty-five
females collected by Sauter in Formosa, mostly at Takao,
Aug. 18 to Dec. 2, 1907. One female is from Taihanroku,
June 11, 1908. The male only differs from cupulifera in the
absence of a yellow line on the scape. The linear lateral
face-marks are mentioned by Vachal, but overlooked by
Bingham. The first abdominal segment in some specimens
collapses on drying, giving rise to the “cupulilera 2
character.
A, picitarsis, Cameron, from the Laccadive Islands, is a
close relative, but the light colour of the female clypeus is
not at all broadened below, and there are other differences.
My specimen of picitarsis (one of the original lot) has the
first abdominal segment cupuliferous through collapsing.
Exoneura libanensis, Friese.
I am greatly indebted to the Rey. F. D. Morice for one of
the original examples of this Syrian species. It is a female ;
the male is unknown. Mr. Morice writes me that it was
found high up on Lebanon, in a climate much like that of
232 Mr. T. D. A. Cockerell— Descriptions and
Switzerland or the Tyrol, among cherry-trees, vines, and fig-
trees. The occurrence is very remarkable, since the other
species of Hxoneura are Australian.
Compared with the Australian E. bicolor, the Syrian insect
differs not only in colour, but very conspicuously in the
elongated face, with projecting elypeus and large malar space ;
also in the shape of the abdomen and the venation. Com-
pared with LF. bicolor, E. libanensis has the stigma smaller,
the marginal cell narrower, the second s.m. smaller, and the
lower section of b. n. much more oblique.
In general, . libanensis is very like the Australian Allo-
dape simillima, Smith, or the African A. nigricollis, Vachal ;
but both of these have the lower section of b. n. much more
nearly vertical, H#. libanensis has a shallow basin-hke
depression at the base of the metathorax, aud the same is
well indicated in Allodape simillima. There is no doubt that
E. libanensis is an offshoot from Allodape, but it probably
arose by a parallel variation, quite independently of the
Australian forms. The South-African Allodape rufogastra,
Lep. (the type of the genus), has the lower section of b. n.
oblique as in Ewoneura libanensis. This is not the case,
however, in A. variegata, Smith, another species with red
abdomen.
In view of the differences noted, Hxoneura libanensis may
be taken as the type of a subgenus (? genns) HxXoNeuRIDIA.
Lithurgus collaris, Smith.
This Japanese species was described from the male. A
female from Formosa, 145 mm. long, agrees with Smith’s
description, except for the usual sexual characters, including
the roughened mesothorax. The clypeus is longitudinally
keeled, and the hair along its lower margin, as well as that
on lower part of cheeks and front of anterior coxee, is ferru-
ginous. The Polynesian L. albofimbriatus, Sichel, has a tuft
of black hair just behind the wings, but is otherwise practi-
cally the same. The Formosan L. collaris was taken by
Sauter at Pilam, 1908, and is in the Berlin Museum.
Andrena albihirta (Ashmead).
Mr. S. A. Rohwer took both sexes in numbers at flowers
of Salix brachycarpa, at Florissant, Colorado, June 1 and 2,
1907. The male has no tooth on the mandibles below and
is not the same as A. perarmata, Ckll., which Viereck in 1904
considered synonymous. ‘True male A. perarmata, with
toothed mandibles, has been taken by Mrs. Bennett at
Records of Bees. 233
Boulder, Colorado, April 10, at flowers of Negundo. The
male of. .A. cockerelli, Grzenicher, has the hair on lower half
of sides of metathorax white, and hair all white on middle and
hind femora, but otherwise it is like A. albihirta. Male
albihirta has the hair on sides of metathorax all black and a
good deal of long black hair on all the femora.
Prosopis mediolucens, sp. 0.
¢.—Length 6 mm. or slightly more.
Black, with yellow markings (turned red by cyanide in
the type). Head ordinary, rather broad; front extremely
densely and minutely punctured, sides of vertex irregularly
and more sparsely, showing the shining surface; clypeus
with large close punctures; face below antenne yellow ;
supraclypeal mark ending obtusely between antenne ; lateral
marks ending at about level of middle of scape, where they
are obliquely truncate, somewhat notched ; scape only mode-
rately thick, with a broad yellow stripe in front ; flagellum
dark ferruginous above, pale ferrugmous beneath ; thorax
with short white hair, as usual; mesothorax finely and closely
punctured, but shining, scutellum more coarsely and irregu-
larly punctured ; metathorax convex, finely rugulose, but
basal area large, semicircular, smooth and shining, with
strong transverse ridges laterally ; pleura coarsely and
densely punctured ; upper border of prothorax interrupted
in middle, and tubercles yellow; tegule hight testaceous.
Wings clear, stigma ferruginous ; first r. n. joining extreme
apical corner of first s.m. ; second s.m. much longer than
high. Legs shining, with the knees, apical third of anterior
femora beneath, anterior tibix except a patch behind, middle
and hind tibie except a broad subapical annulus, and the
basitarsi yellow ; small joints of tarsi ferruginous. Abdo-
men shining, finely punctured, the first segment sparsely
and feebly ; hind margins of first three segments at sides
thinly hairy ; apex with a brush of white hair.
Hab. Takao, Formosa, Nov. 21, 1907 (Sauter). Berlin
Museum.
Genus new to Formosa. An ordinary-looking little species
of Palearctic facies, with face-marks nearly as in the American
P. citrinifrons, Ckll., but recognizable by the character of
the metathorax. With a compound microscope it is seen
that the apical half of the metathoracic enclosure has three
complete transverse ridges, which are quite straight, while
the basal half has four somewhat oblique ridges on each side,
these being evanescent and more or less coalescent in the
middle. So far as I know, this sculpturing is unique.
234 Mr. T. D. A. Cockerell—Deseriptions and
Epeolus peregrinus, sp. 0.
¢ .— Length about 7 mm.; expanse about 14.
Black, including legs and antenne, except that the scape
has a red spot at extreme base; pubescent markings white ;
apical half of mandibles dark reddish; labrum coarsely
rugoso-punctate, with a pair of little tubercles on the lower
part; eyes pale grey, orbits strongly converging below ; face,
except lower margin of clypeus, densely covered with white
hair; third antennal joint much longer than fourth, but not
as long as fourth and tifth together ; sides of vertex shining,
with very large punctures; occipital margin sharp; cheeks
covered with white hair; white hair on upper border of
prothorax interrupted in middle, the interval finely punc-
tured ; mesothorax and scutellum shining, with large irre-
gular punctures ; mesothorax with a pair of short, broad,
greyish-white hair-bands anteriorly, one half as long on each
margin in front of tegule, and a spot at each posterior
corner; scutellum projecting but obtuse, with a strong
median depression; axillar teeth thick, well-developed ;
mesopleura and mesosternum densely covered with white
hair, but a dusky band extends obliquely upwards and
forwards from middle coxe halfway across pleura, and
ventrally there is a small black spot on each side; tegule
black, punctured, the margin slightly reddish. Wings
strongly smoky, stigma and nervures very dark rufo-piceous ;
marginal cell very obtuse at end, not appendiculate ; second
s.m. narrowed almost to a point above, very broad below,
receiving first r. n. far beyond the middle. 'Tibize and tarsi
with white hair on outer side, tarsi with ferruginous on
inner; spurs dark. First abdominal segment broadly
covered with white hair at sides, the inner excavation broad
and rounded, ending posteriorly in a point, where the apical
band ends obliquely, being as widely interrupted on the
margin as the breadth of the median black area; second
segment with a very broad band on each side, having a large
anterior Jobe laterally, the band squarely interrupted, the
interval about equal to either lateral section; remaining
segments with large subdorsal spots, the third also with
lateral spots ; first ventral segment with sharp ridges forming
a sort of very broad Y ; fourth with a fringe of black curled
hairs (“ Wimperhaare” of Friese).
Hab. Nasik, N.W. India, Sept. 28, 1908 (N. B. K.).
British Museum.
Nurse records EF. pictus (Nyl.) from Quetta; otherwise
the genus is new to India.
Records of Bees. 235
The present species belongs to Friese’s group 1 (dark
forms), and by the character of the labrum is allied to
KE. tristis, Smith, differmg by the smaller size and the
markings of the abdomen.
Nomioides karachensis, sp. n.
? .—Length about 7 mm.
Head and thorax brassy green, with quite abundant white
hair, especially long, forming a sort of radiating tuft, on
postscutellum ; head shaped like male N. variegata (as
figured by Handlirsch), with the red eyes deeply emargi-
nate ; front granular and punctured, vertex more shining;
clypeus small, shining, sparsely punctured, pale yellow ;
lateral face-marks very small, oblong, situated between
clypeus and base of mandibles; mandibles simple, pale
yellow, with the apex ferruginous ; scape slender, pale
yellow, black behind except at base; flagellum ferruginous,
infuscated above ; mesothorax and scutellum brilliantly
shining; tubercles, extending to line on prothorax, pale
yellow, and a pale spot in middle of rather projecting post-
scutellum ; sides of prothorax beneath dark purplish; area
of metathorax granular, plicatulate basally, and with a tuft
of very white hair on each side; tegule hyaline, with a
yellowish spot. Wings milky hyaline, nervures and the
large stigma very pale yellowish ; marginal cell rather broadly
obliquely truncate at apex ; second and third submarginals
greatly narrowed above ; first r. n. meeting second t.-c.; b.n.
very strongly bent. Legs black basally; the ends of the
femora more or less broadly, the tibize and the tarsi pale
yellow, the hind tibiz with a large dusky patch in front.
Abdomen light yellow, broad, dull, only the hind margins of
the segments shining; first segment with a dark greenish
patch on each side basally and a narrow, black, transverse,
subapical band, not nearly reaching the lateral margins;
segments 2 to 4 with dusky lateral basal marks, those on 2
largest and darkest; sides of apical region with long white
hair; apical half of venter very strongly stained with dark
brown.
Hab, Karachi, N.W. India, July 1909 (£. Comber).
British Museum.
Very distinct by its large size and pallid abdomen, wherein
it closely resembles the American Perdita pallidior, Ckll., and
its allies. The face-markings are nearly as in the much
smaller Nomioides parvula (Fabr.).
236 Descriptions and Records of Bees.
Nomioides comberi, sp. n.
& —Length 6 mm. or slightly more.
Head and thorax bluish green, truncation of metathorax
yellower ; abundant white hair as in N. karachensis, with
the same tuft on postscutellum ; clypeus, labrum, small round
mark between clypeus and base of mandibles, and mandibles
except ferruginous apex all white; eyes very deeply emar-
ginate ; shape of head about as in male N. fallax (as figured
by Handlirsch), but emargination of eyes much stronger ;
face and cheeks with much white hair; front dullish,
granular, vertex shiming; scape short, cream-colour, black
behind; flagellum long, rather thickened apically, black
above, beneath pale brown, reddish at base, joints 9 to 12
whitish, last joint black beneath, strongly contrasting ; upper
border of prothorax and tubercles white ; no light marks on
scutellum or postscutellum; mesothorax and _ scutellum
shining ; area of metathorax very finely transversely striate,
the striation passing into a cancellate pattern in the middle;
tegule hyaline, with an angular white patch. Wings per-
fectly clear, strongly iridescent ; stigma and nervures very
pale yellow; second r.n. bowed outwards; first r.n. meeting
second t.-c. or entering base of thirds.m. Legs marked as
in N. karachensis, but the hind tibiz and all the tarsi are
white, though the anterior and middle tibiz are light canary-
yellow. Abdomen rather narrow, shining, black above and
below, with pale yellow bands on segments & to 5, the first
two slightly interrupted, or the first entire, the last two
broadly interrupted ; venter without bands.
Hab. Karachi, N.W. India, three males (EH. Comber).
British Museum. One is dated September 1909.
This is too different from N. karachensis to be its male.
There is some resemblance to N. variegata (Oliv.), but the
large size and peculiar coloration of the antenn readily
distinguish it.
In his last publication (Trans. Ent. Soc. London, Sept.
1908) Edward Saunders removed Nomioides from the vicinity
of Halictus and placed it between Cilissa and Panurgus. It
certainly appears to have Panurgine affinities, as shown by
the truncate marginal cell, the slender tongue, and the
general appearance. The species look exactly like species
of the American Panurgid genus Perdita, and it is difficult
to believe that Perdita did not arise either from Nomioides or
some close relative now extinct. There are, however, great
differences in the mouth-parts as well as the venation; thus
On Cocoons of the Genus Trichostibas. 237
in Perdita the maxillary blade far exceeds the palpus, while
the reverse is true in Nomioides. If Perdita is related to
Nomioides, as suggested, we have a remarkable illustration
of the persistence of colour-patterns in the face of great
structural changes; and as the different colour-types of
Nomioides can hardly have given rise separately to similar
types of Perdita, we have also an illustration of kaleidoscopic
variation, the characters combining in various ways and
sorting out again, no doubt according to Mendelian principles.
A strong argument against the suggested relationship may
be based on the facial fovee of Perdita—certainly an
Andrenoid character.
XX VII.—WNotes on the Cocoons and Descriptions of Four new
Species of the Genus Trichostibas. By HMBRIK STRAND,
of the Royal Berlin Zoological Museum.
In his interesting paper on the genus Z7richostilas (Proc.
U.S. Nat. Mus. vol. xxxviii. no. 1765, October 15, 1910)
Mr. August Busck describes, besides new species, also the
cocoons, referring to the previous accounts of these. |
should, however, like to point out that more and older
accounts of these cocoons exist in the literature, viz., in
Bates, ‘Naturalist on the Amazons,’ and in Blanchard,
‘ Metamorphoses, Mceurs et Instinctes des Insectes,’ 2° édit.
1877. Bates figures and describes (/. c. p. 379 of the
German edition: Leipzig,» Dyk’sche Buchhandlung, 1866)
the cocoon and gives also a most interesting account of the
manner in which the larva manages to construct the net-
work of the cocoon. Bates gives his insect no name, but
regards it as belonging to the Lithosiide, which is easily
explained through the great similitude of the moths of the
genus T'richostibas to the Lithosiide ; owing to this simili-
tude, Walsingham points out (Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1897,
p- 115) that if Walker described the specimens of T'richo-
stibas fumosa Z., which probably are in the British Museum,
“he would be most likely to locate the species in the Litho-
siade.” Blanchard gives (J. c. p. 298) a figure of the cocoon,
which he ascribes to an ‘ Alucita du Brésil.”
In the Royal Berlin Zoological Museum are several cocoons
of this kind, most of them belonging to the former Staudinger
Collection, now in the possession of the Museum. A few
remarks on these may not be without interest, as they differ
238 Mr. E. Strand on new
not only in the colour, as pointed out by previous authors,
but also in the shape, the network, &e.
In the ancient collection of the Museum is one cocoon from
Caracas (Gr'ollmer leg.) and one from Cuba (Gundlach leg.),
both, Iam sorry to say, without the insects. The former is
15 mm. long and 8 mm. broad, the supporting thread is only
7 mm. long, but has probably been torn off; the colour black.
The latter cocoon is 12x 6 mm.,, the thread ca. 50 mm., the
colour white. In the Staudinger Collection are three bright
salmon-red or orange-coloured cocoons from the Upper
Amazons—Fonteboa, 8. Paulo, and Pebas, the first two with
the insects bred from them ( Trichostibas fonteboe sp. n., and
sanctt-paulensis sp. n.)—and a white one trom Merida. The
latter differs from the one from Cuba inasmuch as the
network is more fine-meshed ; the supporting thread is only
4 mm. long and at the end strongly enlarged in the form of
a plate, which is 2°5 mm. wide; Iam not sure, however, if
this thread is entire. The species described below as Tricho-
stibas merida sp. n. belongs probably -to this cocoon. ‘The
supporting thread of the orange-coloured cocoons bears fine,
perpendicularly offstanding fibrils, which are hardly to be
seen with the naked eye, and are as long as the diameter of
the thread. Owing to these fibrils the thread has a rough
appearance and easily clings tc other objects. The thread of
the cocoon from Pebas bears, moreover, long, fine, woolly-
looking fibres, which are mostly parallelly directed. ‘The
white cocoon from Merida and the black one from Caracas
have no such perpendicular fibrils at all; the orange ones, on
the contrary, bear such ones also on the heavier parallel
threads of the network, but none on the thinner cross-threads ;
woolly-looking fibres are never to be seen on the cocoons
themselves. ‘The supporting thread is never fastened on the
inner side of the wall of the cocoon, but often distinctly on
the outer side. ‘The cocoon from 8. Paulo is especially
interesting, owing to the fact that the meshes are filled up
with a tissue of fine fibres, so that now but little of the
original network is to be seen; this cocoon is also more
eylindriform than the others, 25 by 11 mm., the thread ca.
160 mm. long, while the thread of the cocoon from Fonteboa
is only 65 mm. The meshes form mostly an elongate
parallelogram, but those of the black cocoon from Uaracas
are pentagonal or hexagonal; it measures 15 by 9 mm.
The opening at the upper end of the cocoon is apparently
made, or at least widened, when the moth issues; the net-
work around the opening is often denser than in the middle
of the cccoon. Blanchard says (/. ¢.) that the cocoons may
Species of the Genus Trichostibas. 239
be “une jolie couleur violette” ; it appears from his figure
that he has seen the perpendicular fibrils.
I now give descriptions of three of the moths belonging
(or, in one ease, probably belonging) to the said cocoons and
of one more, to which no biological information at all is
appended.
1. Trichostibas merida Strand sp. n.
29 9 and2 ¢@6 from Merida (Hahnel leg.).
Related to Zr. fumosa Z., but the male has no “aus
ockergelben, kurzen, gedriingten Haarschuppen gebildeten
Fleck’ on the underside of the primaries, the markings
differ (also from those of the likewise nearly related Zr. dm-
tans, K. et Reh.), &e.
?. Labial palpi, tace, head, and antenne black with in-
distinct violet sheen ; abdomen brownish black, with at least
at the end of the upperside a little violet sheen. ‘Thorax
with patagia greyish black. Primaries dark brown, with
cupreous-violet sheen and with dirty greyish-white markings,
as follows: across the wing at the end of the basal third are
three longish spots—an upper, which is distant from the
costal edge about the length of the shortest diameter ; a lower,
which is a little more remote from the dorsal edge than the
upper is from the costal edge ; further a twice as long central
spot: just beyond the middleof the wing is a broad band, broken
up in two or more spots, an upper, longish oval one touching
the costal edge, and a middle in and at the end of the cell,
which two spots at the inner end almost unite, but towards
the margin distinctly diverge ; the middle spot unites with a
dirty greyish-white cloud, which extends along the dorsal
edge and perhaps sometimes appears as a distinct third spot.
_ Along the outer margin is a band in the middle widening so
~as to form a tooth, that almost unites with the middle
spot of the submedian band. ‘he veins partly dark brown.
‘he edge of the wing as well as the cilia like the ground-
colour. Underside of the primaries dark brown, without the
sheen or the spots of the upperside. Secondaries rather
transparent on the basal half, opaque, blackish on the distal,
especially at the apex. Underside more uniformly dusky
than the upperside, but nevertheless lighter than the under-
side of the primaries. Cilia as dark as on the primaries.
Ovipositor about 2-3 mm. protruding, brownish. Alar
expanse 32°59 mm.,, alar length 16 mm., length of the body
(without ovipositor) 12 mm.
¢ differs from the 2 in being smaller (alar expanse
240 Mr. E. Strand on new
27 mm,; length of the wing 13, of the body 11 mm.); the
primaries are in the dorsal half of the basal area partly lead-
coloured ; the face and vertex of one of my specimens greyish,
of the other dark-coloured (perhaps the former is the natural
colour, as the latter specimen appears to be somewhat greasy).
Most probably the described cocoon from Merida belongs
to this species.
2. Trichostibas sanctipaulensis Strand sp. n.
1 2? from 8. Paulo, Upper Amazonas (Hahnel leg.),
Cocoon, vide supra.
Is one of the largest of the known Trichostibas: alar
expanse 36 mm. ; length of the wing 16°5, of the body 15 mm. ;
and accordingly almost as large as 77. isthmiella Busck, to
which our species appears to be also in other respects closely
related.
Labial palpi black. Tongue whitish. Face and head
black, with bluish and greenish sheen. Antenne dark blue
above, blackish below. ‘Thorax and primaries dark with, in
certain lights, a rather strong violet sheen, in others rather
dusky, appearing unicolorous or hardly with a slight trace of
a lighter transverse band at the end of the basal third and
with blackish cilia. Secondaries as the cilia of the primaries,
at the base slightly transparent, the veins also in the middle
a little darker than the wing. Underside of both wings
dusky, unicolorous grey-brownish black, the distal half of
the cilia slightly lighter. Legs as the thorax, the violet
sheen partly rather strong. Abdomen like that of the
following species.
3. Trichostibas fonteboe Strand sp. n.
1 g from Fonteboa, Upper Amazonas (Hahnel leg.).
Cocoon, vide supra.
From Tr. sanctipaulensis m. this species differs by a dis-
tinct, dirty gyreyish-white, transverse (a little obliquely
directed) band at the end of the basal third of the primaries ;
this band is 1°8 mm. broad and about 1 mm. distant from
both the costal and the dorsal edge, almost straight and
parallel-sided and about 2°5 mm. (in the dorsal area) to
4 mm. (in the costal area) distant from the base. At the
end of the second third is an indistinct, horseshoe-shaped,
ereyish-white, transverse figure, the convexity of which is
directed towards the margin and the anterior end is some-
what dilated; sometimes perhaps this figure is divided
into three spots. The underside of the primaries and the
ground-colour of the secondaries as well as the cilia of both
Species of the Genus Trichostibas. 241
wings are as in Z'r, sanctipaulensis, but the secondaries are
in the basal two-thirds strongly transparent and accordingly
greyish white appearing, with hardly darker veins. ‘The
hair pencil of the base of the costa of the secondaries long
and snow-white. The underside of the secondaries only in
the basal and dorsal area a little lighter than the primaries.
Abdomen anteriorly more greyish than the thorax, posteriorly
as this or with a stronger greenish sheen. Anal tuft distinct.
Hind tibia thickly covered with long hairs. Alar expanse
29 mm.; length of the primaries 13, of the body 12°5 mm.
That this form is not the other sex of the previous species
(Tr. sanctipaulens’s m.) is evident from, among others, the
fact, that the cocoons are different (vide supra).
4, Trichostibas distincta Strand sp. n.
1 g from Chiriqui, Vulkan, 1892 (Trétsch leg.).
Belongs to the spotted group of the species and is easily
distinguished. Primaries olivaceous brown, with light,
unusually distinct spots, which are so large as to fill up at
least half of the wing, light greyish white, sharply marked,
and form the following figures: in the basal half a trans-
verse band consisting of four longish spots, only indistinctly
separated by the veins, of which the posterior touches the
dorsal edge and is about three times as long as broad, the
following is hardly half as long as the posterior, the next
following is about two-thirds as long as the posterior, while
the anterior is the smallest of the four and does not touch the
costal edge. The area of the outer margin, as well as the
cilia, covered with a band of the same light colour, which is
2-3 mm. broad and posteriorly and submedially indistinctly
unites with a large, roundish, but rather irregular spot, which
fills up almost the whole median area from the costal edge to
the fold, and looks like an irregular annuliform figure, in-
cluding a triangular spot, or as if formed by six to seven spots,
partly joining. Underside of the primaries greyish brown,
along the outer margin somewhat lighter, in the dorsal area
with a yellowish-whitish spot, and before this with some
violet sheen. Secondaries transparent, with blackish-brown
cilia and veins, the costal area and a line on the outer margin
opaque, blackish brown ; of the hair pencil of the costal edge
ouly a few greyish-white hairs are to be seen. ‘I'he body is
much worn, but appears, as well as the appendages, to be
dark brown or blackish; thorax above partly or wholly
greyish white.
Alar expanse 27 mm.; length of the wing 12°5, of the
body 10 mm.
Ann. & Jag. N. Hist. Ser. 8. Vol. vii. 16
242 Mr. W.L. Distant on Neotropical Pentatomide.
XXVIII.—RaAynchotal Notes.—LIII. By W. L. Distant.
Neotropical Pentatomide.
Genus GALEACIUS.
Galeacius, Dist. Biol. Centr.-Am., Het. i. p. 316 (1889).
Type, G. tessellatus, Dist.
Galeacius crawleyi, sp. n-
Head pale castaneous, apex of central lobe dull ochra-
eeous ; antenne ochraceous, second joint fuscous, first joint
not quite reaching apex of head, first, second, and third
joints short, subequal in length, fourth and fifth longest and
subequal ; pronotum with the lateral and anterior areas
ochraceous, the basal area brownish ochraceous, the middle
of the anterior area appears as an elongate spot, angularly
narrowed and produced posteriorly with its base dark casta-
neous, the produced lateral angles with a central waved
transverse castaneous line, their apiees broadly obliquely
truncate, the basal area with a darker longitudinal fascia on
each side ; scutellum brownish ochraceous, with large pale
ochraceous marginal spots, situate two at base, two on each
lateral margin, and two subapical, the apex also broadly pale
ochraceous, all these spots are more or less narrowly mar-
gined with castaneous, and the subapical spots are posteriorly
smuate; body beneath and legs ochraceous; head beneath,
a central fascia to sternum, broad lateral fasciz to abdomen
(transversely connected before apex) piceous or black ;
rostrum reaching the posterior coxz, its apex black ; femora
and tibiz more or less annulated with pale ochraceous.
Long., ¢, 9 mm.; exp. pronot. angl. 7 mm.
Hab. Brazil, St. Catherine (Crowley Bequest, Brit. Mus.).
Alhed to G. martini, Schout., from which it may be
separated, apart from colour-differences, by the apices of the
strongly produced lateral angles of the pronotum, which
are broadly obliquely truncate, not subangulate.
Genus PotyTes.
Polytes, Stl, Ofv. Vet.-Ak. Forh. 1867, p. 492.
Type, P. lineolatus, Dall.
Mr. W. L. Distant on Neotropical Pentatomide. 243
Polytes fenestra.
Polytes fenestra, Bredd. Soc. Ent. xviii. p. 122 (1903); Schout. in
Wytsm. Gen. Ins. fase. xxiv. pl. iii. fig. 4 (1904).
Var.—Differs from the typical form as figured by Schou-
teden in having the central black longitudinal fascia to the
scutellum obliquely branching on each side near middle to
lateral margins.
Hab. K. Peru; Marcapata (Brit. Mus.).
Polytes rubromaculatus, sp. u.
Black ; pronotum with the lateral margins very narrowly
ochraceous and with two large suboblong sanguineous spots
on each side of middle and which nearly reach base, but only
extend a little beyond middle anteriorly ; scutellum with an
oblique sanguineous fascia ou each side near base and two more
longitudinal sanguineous fasciz, somewhat close together, on
apical area; body beneath and legs shining blackish; an-
tenn piceous, first, second, and third joints short, almost
subequal in length, fourth and fifth joints much longer and
about subequal in length ; head thickly coarsely punctate ;
pronotum and scutellum thickly punctate, but less so on the
sanguineous spots ; rostrum brownish ochraceous, the apical
joint black; body beneath thickly, rather finely punctate,
posterior margins of the sixth and anal segments ochraceous ;
lateral margins of the prosternum very narrowly ochraceous.
Long. 8 mm. ,
Hab. Ecuador ; Santa Inéz (R. Haensch, Brit. Mus.).
Polytes leopardinus, sp. n.
Head black ; pronotum and scutellum sanguineous, longi-
tudinally striped with black ; pronotum with six longitudinal
black stripes, the lateral ones broadest, the two central ones
more or less fused and obliquely widened posteriorly, ex-
treme lateral margins narrowly ochraceous ; scutellum with
six longitudinal black stripes, the outermost short and oblique
on basal area, intermediate stripe discontinuous, the two
central stripes continuous, more longitudinal, and broadened
at their bases; body beneath and legs black, a lunate spot
at apex of abdomen, two contiguous spots near anterior
margin and the lateral margins (narrowly) of prosternum, and
costal spots ochraceous ; rostrum piceous, buccule ochra-
ceous; head thickly punctate ; antenne mutilated in typical
16*
244 Mr. W.L. Distant on Neotropical Pentatomide.
specimen; pronotum and scutellum thickly but very finely
punctate ; body beneath thickly finely punctate.
Long. 9 mm.
Hab. Peru.
Polytes bicolor, sp. n.
Head, pronotum, body beneath, and legs black or piceous ;
scutellum sanguineous, its basal margin black; two con-
tiguous spots near anterior margin and narrow lateral
margins of prosternum, apex of central lobe to head, coxal
spots, and a lunate spot at apex of abdomen ochraceous ;
antennze black, first, second, and third joints short, almost
subequal in length, fourth and fifth considerably longer and
also subequal in length ; head punctate and finely wrinkled,
the lateral margins “rather strongly sinuate; pronotum and
scutellum thickly but very finely punctate; body beneath
thickly, finely, but distinctly punctate ; rostrum piceous or
black.
Long. 84 mm.
Hab. Peru.
Genus CHELYCORIS.
Demoleus, Stal, Ofv. Vet.-Ak. Férh. 1867, p- 493 (nom. preeoec.).
Chelycoris, Bergy. Rey. Ent. x. p. 285 (1891), n. nom.
Type, C. scitulus, Walk.
Chelycoris vittatus, sp. n.
Head and pronotum ochraceous, thickly, eoarsely, darkly
punctate ; head with the apex of the central lobe somewhat
distinctly prominent; ocelli red, much nearer eyes than to
each other; antennz ochraceous, first, second, and third
joints shortest and subequal in length, fourth and fifth
longest and subequal; pronotum with the lateral margins
slightly laminate, oblique, concolorously punctate, lateral
angles rounded, longer than head, about twice as broad at
base as medial length, declivous towards head at less than
one-third from base, the disk moderately rugulose ; scutel-
lum ochraceous, thickly finely punctate, with two broad dark
oblique fascize with a common origin at base and obliquely
directed on each side to a little beyond middle, where they
are outwardly broadened and a little upturned ; between these
fasciz and the lateral margins near base is a somewhat
circular patch of the same dark colour, some of the punctures
in these dark areas are blackish, longer than broad at base,
Mr. W. L. Distant on Neotropical Pentatomide. 245
the apical area obliquely deflected; body beneath pale
ochraceous, the legs darker ochraceous ; sternum and abdo-
men thickly concolorously punctate ; mesosternum centrally
sulcately impressed ; abdominal incisures transverse on disk,
obliquely deflected and moderately bent on lateral areas,
apices of incisures at lateral margins distinctly tuberculate,
spiracles prominent and tuberculate, nearer to anterior
incisures than to lateral margins.
Long. 114 mm.
Hab. Paraguay; Sapucay (W. Foster, Brit. Mus.).
Brazil ; Goyaz.
Differs from C. haglundi, Mont., and C. lethierryi, Mont.,
in the apically narrower head and the totally different and
fasciate punctuations to the scutellum.
Genus Moncvs.
Moncus, Stl, Ofv. Vet.-Ak. Forh. 1867, p. 524.
Hemingius, Dist. Ann, & Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) iv. p. 423 (1899).
Type, M. obscurus, Dall.
When revising Walker’s species in 1899 I accepted that
writer’s arrangement and labelling of his Ochlerus scaber at
its face value, although on founding my genus Hemingius on
that species I stated that the type did not agree with the
description. I wrote: “ Walker, in his diagnosis of this
species, describes the scutellum as ‘ more than half the length
of the abdomen,’ whereas it reaches the apex of the abdomen
&e.” On further consideration I think it certain that
Walker misplaced the labels, for Stal saw Dallas’s type before
Walker commenced his Catalogue, and I therefore sink my
genus and follow Stal’s determination.
Moncus obscurus.
Ochlerus obscurus, Dall. List Hem. 1. p. 157 (1851).
Moncus obscurus, Stal, Ofv. Vet.-Ak. Forh. 1867, p. 524.
Hemingius scaber, Dist, Aun. & Mag, Nat. Hist. (7) iv. p. 424 (1899).
HERRICHELLA, gen. nov.
Body subovate; head longer than broad, lateral margins
moderately reflexed, lateral lobes longer than the central
lobe, passing its apex but not meeting beyond it, their apical
margins distinctly curved inward ; eyes prominent, mode-
rately transversely exserted, distinctly separated from base
of head; ocelli placed very near base ; antennz five-jointed,
first joint slightly passing apex of head, second joint scarcely
246 Mr. W. L. Distant on Neotropical Pentatomide.
as long as first, third longest, fourth and fifth subequal in
length, each much shorter than third ; antenniferous tubercles
distinctly outwardly spined in front of eyes; pronotum
about twice as broad at base as long, anterior angles shortly
transversely spined, the lateral angles subprominent and
emarginate, lateral margins oblique, anterior margin slightly
concave; scutellum shorter than corium, almost as long as
head and pronotum together, moderately convex, the apex
rounded; corium somewhat apically widened, its apical
margin finely sinuate near apex; tegmina somewhat short,
the veins longitudinal, not anastomosed, but with about two
small cells near base; rostrum slightly passing the posterior
coxe, first joint about reaching base of head, second extending
midway between anterior and intermediate coxe ; third
almost passing intermediate coxve ; abdomen beneath obso-
letely centrally longitudinally suleate on the first three
segments.
Allied to Schaefferella, but apical lateral margins of the
scutellum not reflexed, membranal veins not anastomosed, &c.
Herrichella thoracica, sp. n.
Black; anterior two-thirds of pronotum more or less
ochraceous; antenne dark chocolate-brown; head very
thickly punctate and obliquely striate; pronotum sub-
rugulose, very coarsely blackly punctate at base, on the pale
area equally black coarse punctures arranged sparsely in
clusters ; scutellum subrugulose and sparsely coarsely punc-
tate, the apical area and lateral margins finely and more
thickly punctate ; corium thickly punctate ; membrane dark
cupreous ; body beneath thickly punctate, much less so on
discal ridge of abdomen and on the posterior lateral margins
of the prosternum, which are ochraceous ; tarsi brownish
ochraceous; other structural characters as in generic
diagnosis.
Long., ?, 15 mm.; exp. pronot. angl. 8 mm.
Hab. Colombia; Dagua (Brit. Mus.).
PARALINCUS, gen. Nov.
Head longer than broad, the lateral lobes longer than the
central lobe, passing its apex but somewhat widely separated,
their lateral margins moderately reflexed ; eyes large, trans-
versely exserted, situate between the insertion of the an-
tenne and base of head ; ocelli wide apart near base ; antennz
five-jointed, first joint only slightly passing apex of head,
second, third, fourth, and fifth jomts almost subequal in
Mr. W. L. Distant on Neotropical Pentatomide. 247
length, each considerably longer than first; antenniferous
tubercles distinctly spined ; pronotum twice as broad at base
as long, the anterior angles shortly spinous, lateral angles
subprominernt and subacute, lateral margins moderately
sinuate, anterior and posterior margins truncate ; scutellum
as long as head and pronotum together, the apex subangu-
larly rounded ; corium with the inner apical margin rounded,
membrane with the veins simple, net anastomosed; con-
nexivum exposed from basal half of corium, the segmental
angles moderately distinct ; rostrum reaching the middle of
abdomen, first joint about reaching the middle of prosternum,
second joint extending to intermediate coxz, third joint
passing posterior coxe; basal half of abdomen broadly,
obsoletely, centrally, longitudinally sulcate ; meso- and meta-
sterna centrally, longitudinally, finely carinate; abdomen
beneath moderately convex.
Type, P. terminalis, Walk.
Allied to Lineus, Stal, from which it differs by the broader
and truncate anterior margin of the pronotum and by the
short anterior angles of same; from Phereclus, Stal, it is to
be distinguished by the different structure of the antenne
&c.; from Ochlerus it is separated by the length of the
lateral lobes of the head.
Paralincus terminalis.
Ochlerus terminalis, Walk. Cat. Het. i. p. 195 (1867).
Hab, Amazons.
Walker writes “lateral lobes not extending beyond the
middle one,” but this is incorrect ; the sanguineous spot to
the corium is very distinct ; pronotum and scutellum rugu-
lose ; corium thickly finely punctate.
Genus PHERECLUS.
Phereclus, Stal, Stett. ent. Zeit. xxiii. p. 98 (1862).
Type, P. pluto, Stal.
Phereclus antennatus, sp. n.
Black or piceous, antenne with the fourth and fifth joints
ochraceous, base of fourth and apex of fifth narrowly black ;
head with the lateral margins reflexed, the lateral lobes not
meeting beyond the central lobe; first joint of antenne
slightly passing the apex of head, second a little shorter than
first, third about two and a half times as long as second,
248 Mr. W.L. Distant on Neotropical Pentatomide.
fourth only slightly longer than second, fifth a little shorter
than third; pronotum with the lateral margins strongly
sinuate, near apex obtusely broadly bispinous, the lateral
angles subprominent and broadly subspinous, the disk
distinctly rugulose and with two distinct transverse tubercles
on the anterior area; scutellum finely punctate, distinctly
rugulose near base, at apex the margins moderately reflexed ;
corium thickly punctate ; membrane dark cupreous ; body
beneath more or less punctate ; rostrum reaching the penul-
timate abdominal segment ; tarsi brownish ochraceous.
Long. 10-114 mm. ; exp. pronot. angl. 5-55 mm.
Hab. Colombia; Cali (Brit. Mus.). Costa Rica ; Tala-
manca (Pittier, Coll. Dist.).
Differs from P. pluto, Stal, by the different colour of the
antennz and the relative length of the joints, the sinuate
lateral margins of the pronotum and the anterior bidentate
armature of the same, two anterior callosities to the pro-
notum, length of rostrum, &c.
Genus TRINCAVELLIUS.
Trincavellius, Dist. Tr, Ent. Soc. Lond. 1900, p. 163.
Type, T. galapagoensis, But).
Trincavellius chilensis, sp. 0.
Ochraceous, with fine scattered blackish markings ; head
large, broad, somewhat truncate in front, a little shorter
than breadth between outer margin of eyes, the lateral
margins obtusely angulate in front of eyes; antennge ochra-
ceous, first joint short, not reaching apex of head, second
distinctly longer than third, which has its apex black (re-
maining joints mutilated in type) ; pronotum nearly twice
as broad at base as long, the lateral areas laminately ampliate
and reflexed, the anterior angles acute, finely granulose,
moderately pilose, the anterior lateral margins and central
anterior and posterior margins more or less mottled with
black ; scutellum longer than head and pronotum together,
a black spot at each basal angle, basal third moderately
convex, remaining area finely speckled with blackish, some-
what thickly finely punctate ; corium thickly finely darkly
punctate; membrane small, ochraceous, not reaching apex
of abdomen; connexivum ochraceous, a black line on each
side of the incisures; body beneath and legs ochraceous ;
head beneath and sternum coarsely darkly punctate, abdo-
men concolorously punctate; femora darkly speckled and
Mr. W. L. Distant on Neotropical Pentatomide. 249
darkly subapically annulate; spots to abdominal lateral
margins and a central longitudinal spot to sixth abdominal
segment black.
Long. 7 mm.
Hab. Chili (Brit. Mus.).
Differs from 7. galapagoensis, Butl., by its smaller size,
more acute anterior angles of the pronotum, and more
reflexed lateral margins of same; body more elongate and
less ovate than in Butler’s species.
Trincavellius peruviensis, sp. n.
Brownish ochraceous, finely wrinkled and punctate ; head
large, broad, about as long as breadth between the outer
margins of eyes, the lateral margins distinctly angularly
dilated in front of eyes, anterior margin truncately rounded ;
antennze with the first joint not reaching apex of head, second
very slightly longer than third, third, fourth, and fifth
almost subequal in length, the last two joints infuscate ;
pronotum with the lateral margins oblique, laminately
reflexed, a little recurved towards their apices, which are
distinctly minutely spined, a subobsolete central longitudinal
carinate line ; corium scarcely wrinkled but thickly finely
punctate ; membrane hyaline, very slightly passing abdo-
minal apex ; rostrum reaching the posterior coxa, its apex
fuscous ; body beneath and legs a little paler than above,
minutely speckled with brown ; scutellum with a longitu-
dinal brownish spot near apex of lateral margins, the apex
itself narrowly ochraceous.
Long. 8 mm.
Hab. Peru; Callao.
Allied to T. galapagoensis, Butl., but narrower, head more
truncate in front, angle at anterior margin of pronotum
more acute, lateral pronotal margins much more oblique,
membrane longer, &c.; differs from chilensis, Dist., by the
broader body, absence of black spots to basal angles of
scutellum, longer membrane, &c.
Genus Loxa.
Loxa, Amy. & Sery. Hist. Hém. p. 1387 (1848).
Type, L. flavicollis, Drury.
Lowa bartletti, sp. v.
‘Dull pale ochraceous, possibly more virescent in living
specimens ; eyes and lateral pronotal angles black; first
250 Mr. W. L. Distant on Neotropical Pentatomide.
joint of antenne reaching apex of head, remaining four joints
almost subequal in length; head triangularly narrowed in
front, the lateral lobes longer than the central, their apices
acutely narrowed, longitudinally ridged and slightly trans-
versely wrinkled ; ocelli reddish; pronotum with the lateral
margins a little concavely sinuate and distinctly serrate, the
lateral angles acutely produced and slightly directed for-
wardly, the surface finely wrinkled and more obscurely punc-
tate ; scutellum finely wrinkled, more distinctly punctate on
basal than on apical area; corium thickly finely punctate ;
membrane hyaline, slightly minutely spotted with ochraceous,
considerably passing the abdominal apex; body beneath
paler and more shining in hue, legs only slightly paler than
surface of body above ; rostrum reaching the posterior cox
and with a black central line above.
Long., ?, 17 mm.; exp. pronot. angl. 85 mm.
Hab. Brit. Guiana (A. W. Bartlett, Brit. Mus.).
A narrow form of the genus, in that respect resembling
L. variegata, Dist.
Lowa fryi, sp. n.
Body above olivaceous green, thickly and distinctly punc-
tate; body beneath much paler green; antenne, rostrum,
legs, and a central longitudinal fascia to abdomen ochraceous ;
head with the laterai lobes longer than the central, distinctly
passing but not meeting beyond it, their margins ridged,
finely transversely wrinkled, more or less punctate ; antenne
with the first joint not reaching apex of head, second longer
than first, shorter than third, fourth and fifth subequal in
length ; pronotum subrugulose and thickly punctate, the
lateral margins finely serrate and moderately concavely
sinuate, the lateral angles black, short, acute, directed
forwardly, the areas of the cicatrices almost impunctate ;
scutellum finely wrinkled and punctured; corium thickly
finely punctate; membrane hyaline and passing the abdo-
minal apex; rostrum reaching the posterior coxe.
Long. 12 mm,
Hab. Brazil? (Fry Coll., Brit. Mus.).
A small species allied to and resembling L. variegata,
Dist., but smaller, the lateral pronotal angles shorter and
much more anteriorly directed, &c.
Genus MuRGANTIA.
Murgantia, Stal, Stett. ent. Zeit. xxiii. p. 105 (1862).
Type, M. tessellata, Amy. & Serv.
Mr. W. L. Distant on Neotropical Pentatomide. 251
Murgantia simulans, sp. n.
Dark metallic blue; lateral, posterior, and subanterior
margins of pronotum, the two lateral united by a central
longitudinal fascia, a central longitudinal fascia and apex to
scutellum, basal lateral margin and a transverse fascia
(beyond middle) to corium pale ochraceous ; apical margins
of membrane somewhat broadly greyish; lateral margins of
sternum and abdomen, posterior margin of metasternum and
margins of abdominal segments (broadest medially) pale
ochraceous ; antennee dark bluish black, second joint slightly
longer than first, shorter than third, which is also slightly
shorter than fourth (fifth mutilated in typical specimen) ;
head distinctly depressed near base ; pronotum distinctly and
broadly transversely depressed near middle, sparingly coarsely
punctate except on the ochraceous markings, which are
impunctate, lateral margins distinctly reflexed ; scutellum
with the basal third moderately gibbous and very finely
wrinkled, remaining area (excluding the ochraceous portions,
which are impunctate) thickly coarsely punctate ; corium
thickly finely punctate; membrane passing the abdominal
apex.
Long. 10 mm.
Hab. Peru; Chandramayo (Rosenberg, Brit. Mus.).
Allied to M. bifasciata, Herr.-Sch., from which it differs
by the unicolorous and more broadly rounded head, the
ochraceous posterior pronotal margin, the more distinctly
gibbous basal area of the scutellum, and the absence of the
transverse fascia and the presence of the longitudinal fascia
to same ; body beneath differently coloured, &c.
Genus Banasa.
Banasa, Stal, Rio Hem. i. p. 24 (1860).
Type, B. induta, Stal.
Banasa salvini, sp. un.
Above pale greenish ; head, anterior half of pronotum,
body beneath, and legs ochraceous; membrane hyaline,
passing the abdominal apex ; head with a somewhat reddish
tint and darkly punctate, excluding the basal half of the
central disk it is levigate, impunctate ; antenne greenish, first
joint not reaching apex of head, third a little longer than
second, slightly shorter than fourth, which is subequal to
fifth ; pronotum sparingly distinctly punctate, the lateral
252 Mr. W. L. Distant on Neotropical Pentatomide.
margins slightly sinuate, the lateral angles rounded ; scu-
tellum slightly wrinkled, sparingly punctate, rather more
than basal half slightly purplish in hue; corium thickly,
very finely punctate; connexivum ochraceous; rostrum
reaching the posterior coxee, its apex black ; apical areas of
the posterior femora moderately infuscate.
Long. 133 mm.
Hab. Guatemala (O. Salvin, Brit. Mus.).
Allied to B. stali, Dist., but differing by the less punctate
head, the basal half of the central disk being impunctate,
levigate, third joint of antenne only a little longer than
second, lateral margins of pronotum slightly sinuate, different
coloration, &c.
I have again used Stal’s genus, though in 1880 I referred
to the great difficulty with which it could be separated from
Nezara, a view also advanced by Bergroth in 1891. As,
however, it has recently been proposed to use Banasa as a
distinct subgenus, the name is better treated as previously.
Genus DispERiA.
Disderia, Bergr. Entomol. News, xxi. p. 20 (1910).
Type, D. decorata, Dist.
Tarsi three-jointed, second joint very small; scutellum
“with the apical part moderately broad,” the apex not
rounded, but subangulate.
D. decorata appears to be widely distributed in Central
America. I have previously recorded it from Mexico,
Honduras, and Guatemala, and have since received it from
Nicaragua.
Genus OpLomus.
Oplomus, Spin. Ess. Hem. p, 855 (1887).
Type, O. tripustulatus, Fabr.
Oplomus stellatus, sp. n.
Black, coarsely punctate ; anterior and lateral margins
(including lateral angles) and three large oblong spots to
pronotum, the central spot connected with the anterior
margin, a large oblique spot near each basal angle and the
apex to the scutellum, apical angle and a small suffusion near
middle of costal area to corium, basal spine and basal spot to
abdomen beneath, and a lateral segmental series of irregular
spots and lateral margins of sternum bright ochraceous ;
Mr. W. L. Distant on Neotropical Pentatomida. 253
antenne black, first joint not reaching head, second joint a
little longer, third, fourth, and fifth almost subequal in
length; pronotum coarsely punctate, the lateral margins
and a central line traversing the central spot levigate, the
anterior margin with some scattered very coarse punctures,
the lateral angles subprominent and levigate; scutellum
somewhat thickly punctate, the oblique basal spots almost
impunctate; corium thickly finely punctate; membrane
cupreous, passing abdominal apex; abdominal basal spine
slightly passing the posterior coxee.
Long. 9} mm.; exp. pronot. angl. 5 mm.
Hab. Argentina; Tucuman Prov. (Brit. Mus.).
Oplomus equestris, sp. 0.
Pronotum, scutellum, and corium sanguineous; head,
narrow lateral margins, and two large irregularly sub-
triangular spots to pronotum (widest at base), a broad central
transverse fascia to scutellum, a large spot a little behind
middle of corium, and basal area of membrane black ;
sternum and legs dark indigo-blue; abdomen beneath pale
ochraceous, with transverse marginal spots, a large subapical
spot, and the anal segment dark indigo-blue; antenne
black, first joint not quite reaching apex of head, second and
third almost subequalin length ; head punctate, the lateral
areas transversely striate, outer apical angles of the lateral
lobes rounded; pronotum somewhat sparsely and coarsely
punctate; scutellum with the basal area coarsely sparsely
punctate, remaining area more thickly and finely punctate ;
in the middle a broad central longitudinal carination ;
- corium thickly finely punctate ; sternum more or less coarsely
punctate; rostrum dark indigo-blue and reaching the
posterior coxze.
Var.—Abdomen beneath sanguineous, not pale ochra-
ceous ; corium without the dark spot.
Long. 13 mm.; exp. pronot. angl. 7 mm.
Hab. Centr. Brazil ; Chapada (A. Robert, Brit. Mus.).
The variety described is in my own collection, but
unlocalized.
Allied to O. marginalis, Westw.
PARAJALLA, gen. nov.
Jalla, sect. aa (part.), Stal, En. Hem. i. p. 84 (1870).
Allied to Jalla, but differing in the following particulars :—
Pronotum with the lateral margins moderately but dis-
254 Mr. W. L. Distant on Neotropical Pentatomide.
tinctly sinuate, the lateral angles a little prominent; scu-
tellum with the apical area broader and the apex more
truncate.
Type, P. sanguineosignata, Spin.
The structure of the scutellum is the most distinguishing
character of this Southern Neotropical genus from the
Palearctic genus Jalla. It is also quite distinct from the
Australian genus Jalloides, in which Schouteden, following
Stal, but with doubt and hesitation, placed the typical species.
Parajalla sanguineosignata.
Jalla sanguineo-signata, Spin. in Gay, Hist. de Chile, vii. p. 120 (1852) ;
Sign. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr, (4) i. p. 544 (1863).
Jalloides ? sanguineonotata, Schout. in Wytsm. Gen, Ins. fase. li. p. 42
(1907).
//ab. Patagonia; V. del Lago Xanco (Chubut, Brit. Mus.).
The British Museum now possesses four examples of this
rare species.
PsEUDOBEBAUS, gen. nov.
Head about as long or only slightly longer than breadth
at base, the lateral lobes distinctly longer than the central
lobe, passing but not meeting beyond it, the apex being thus
distinctly cleft ; antenne five-joimted, first jot not reaching
apex of head, second very slightly shorter than third, fourth
and fifth longest, subequal in length; pronotum more than
twice broader between the lateral angles than long, the
lateral angles longly broadly produced, the lateral margins
serrate, finely near apex, longly towards the produced angles,
anterior margin moderately concave, posterior margin trun-
cate in front of scutellum, the lateral margins before the .
produced angles almost oblique and the disk from the same
area sharply obliquely depressed to head; scutellum about
as long as broad at base, the lateral margins moderately
oblique for about half their length from base and then more
longitudinally narrowing to apex, which is subangulate ;
corium slightly longer than pronotum, the inner apical angle
rounded; membrane passing the abdominal apex, the veins
mostly longitudinal ; rostrum reaching the posterior coxe,
first joint reaching base of head; basal abdominal spine
reaching the anterior margins of the posterior coxe ; tarsal
joints two in number.
Allied to Bebeus, Dall., in general appearance and struc-
ture of head and lateral pronotal angles ; but lateral pronotal
margins strongly serrate, ventral spine only slightly passing
posterior Coxe, joints of antennze different, &c.
Mr. W. L. Distant on Neotropical Pentatomide. 255
Pseudobebeus goyazensis, sp. u.
Brownish ochraceous, speckled and punctured with black ;
head thickly, darkly, coarsely punctate ; antennz brownish
ochraceous, the apical joint a little paler ; pronotum ochra-
eeous, darkly punctate, more coarsely and thickly so on
anterior and posterior areas, on the paler discal interspace a
transverse series of four blackish spots, the broad apices of
the produced lateral angles black, rounded and with a short
spine anteriorly, concavely sinuate and with a broader spine
posteriorly ; scutellum blackly punctate, a central, longitu-
dinal, subimpunctate linear marking, not reaching base ;
corium thickly blackly punctate, a discal, longitudinal, im-
punctate space a little behind middle; membrane pale fuli-
ginous, the veins much darker; body beneath brownish
ochraceous, finely darkly punctate on abdomen beneath, the
central longitudinal ridge almost impunctate ; sternum more
coarsely punctate; apex of scutellum black; structural
characters as in generic diagnosis.
Long. 10 mm.; exp. pronot. ang]. 9 mm.
Hab. Brazil; Goyaz.
Genus Lanopis.
Lanopis, Sign. Ann. Soc, Ent. Fr. (4) iii. p. 549 (1863).
Type, L. rugosus, Sign.
Lanopis chubuti, sp. n.
Body and legs ochraceous; antennz with the first, second,
and third joints magenta-red, fourth aud fifth joints. (ex-
cepting their extreme bases) piceous, first joint slightly
passing apex of head, second much longer than third and a
little longer than first, fourth and fifth subequal; head
coarsely sparingly punctate, the lateral margins a little but
distinctly reflexed, lateral and central lobes subequal in
length; pronotum about half as long as breadth between
the lateral angles, punctate and rugulose, the lateral angles
broadly angularly produced, their margins anteriorly convex,
posteriorly oblique, their whole marginal area moderately
reflexed ; scutellum sparingly coarsely punctate, the poste-
rior half with a central longitudinal carination ; corium
thickly finely punctate, the lateral margins - moderately
subangularly amphate, apical margin obliquely straight,
membrane dull obscure hyaline, the veins darker, distinctly
passing the abdominal apex; sternum coarsely punctate ;
256 Mr. W.L. Distant on Neotropical Pentatomide.
posterior angles of abdominal segments at lateral margins
distinctly prominent, tumescent; rostrum reaching the
intermediate coxe, its apex black ; abdomen above testaceous
red.
Long. 10-11 mm.; exp. pronot. angl. 55 mm.
Hab. Patagonia; V.del Lago Xanco (Chubut, Brit. Mus.).
Allied to L. rugosus, Sign., but larger, lateral angles more
produced, colour of antennze and body above different, &c.
From L. testaceus, Reed, a species I have not seen, it differs
by the totally different antennze &c.
Lanopis splendens, sp n.
Ochraceous ; head (excluding large basal spot), two oblique
discal longitudinal fasciz to pronotum, which are a little
widened posteriorly and more distinctly so at anterior
margin, scutellum (excluding apical area and corium) more
or less carmine-red ; antennze with the basal joint carmine-
red, second and third joints ochraceous, fourth and fifth
(excluding their extreme bases) piceous, first and third sub-
equal in length, second a little longest, fourth and fifth
subequal ; head sparingly punctate, the lateral lobes slightly
longer than the central, the former with their margins
slightly reflexed ; pronotum strongly rugulose and punctate,
the lateral angles very much as in L. chubuti, the anterior
angles shortly distinctly obtusely angulate; scutellum
coarsely punctate, apical half distinctly centrally longitu-
dinally carinate ; corium thickly finely punctate, the lateral
margins slightly subangularly ampliated, apical margins
obliquely straight ; membrane dull ochraceous, subhyaline,
the veins a little darker, distinctly passing the abdominal
apex ; body beneath and legs ochraceous ; abdomen beneath
and legs sprinkled with carmine-red; sternum coarsely
punctate ; rostrum reaching the intermediate cox, its apex
black ; abdomen above carmine-red, posterior angles of
abdominal segments at lateral margins distinctly prominent,
tumescent.
Long. 103-11 mm. ; exp. pronot, angl. 53-6 mm.
Ha). Patagonia; V. del Lago Xanco (Chubut, Brit. Mus.).
* Genus PLANoIs.
Planois, Sign. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr, (4) iii. p. 548 (1868).
Type, P. bimaculatus, Sign.
Planois patagonus, sp. 0.
Ochraceous, thickly punctate ; two small spots on anterior
Mr. W. L. Distant on Neotropical Pentatomide. 257
area of pronotum and the posterior sublateral margins of
same, basal lateral margins of scutellum (widened near basal
angles), and clavus more or less sanguineous ; corium on
apical area suffused with blackish ; connexivum pale ochra-
ceous, with large black spots ; membrane greyish, subhyaline,
not passing the abdominal apex ; body beneath and legs
ochraceous, lateral areas of sternum and abdomen pale
sanguineous ; antennz ochraceous, first joint longly passing
apex of head and about as long as the head itself, second and
third subequal in length, apex of third black, remaining
joimts mutilated in typical specimen ; head sparsely punctate
and very finely transversely striate, the lateral margins
reflexed ; pronotum thickly somewhat finely punctate, the
lateral margims oblique, very slightly sinuate, the lateral
angles subprominent, rounded, and with their margins black ;
scutellum somewhat sparsely punctate and with a subobsolete
pale longitudinal levigate line ; corium thickly punctate;
abdomen beneath sparsely very finely punctate, and with a
central longitudinal dark fasciate line ; rostrum reaching the
posterior cox, with its apex black ; odoriferous apertures
shortly produced.
Long. 13 mm.
Hab. Patagonia; V. del Lago Xanco (Chubut, Brit. Mus.).
Differs from Le bimaculatus, Sign., in having the second
joint of the antenne scarcely longer than the third, absence
of the pale spot to corium, &c.
Ea, gen. nov.
Moderately flat, subovate ; head about as broad between
the eyes as long, lobes of equal length, but the apices of the
lateral lobes a little obliquely directed to the central, which
makes the latter appear slightly prominent; ocelli near base,
much nearer to eyes than to each other; antennz five-
jointed, basal joint robust, slightly passing apex of head,
second joint slightly longest, third short, about equal to
first, fourth and fifth subequal, each a little shorter than
second ; pronotum about half as long as broad at base,
lateral margins roundly oblique, very slightly sinuate, lateral
angles rounded, not prominent, anterior margin concavely
sinuate, anterior angles slightly angularly prominent, basal
margin almost truncate; scutellum longer than broad,
obliquely narrowed to apex, which is subangulate, a little
longer than pronotum ; corium about as long as scutellum
and pronotum together, the apical margin straightly oblique ;
membrane scarcely passing the abdominal apex, veins longi-
Ann. & Mag. N. Hist, Ser. 8. Vol. vii. nay
258 Mr. W. L. Distant on Neotropical Pentatomide.
tudinal, not anastomosed ; rostrum reaching the posterior
coxe, first joint about reaching base of head, second extending
to nearly the anterior coxe ; basal abdominal spine distinct,
not passing the posterior coxee; odoriferous apertures distinct,
transverse, about as long as coxe and trochanters together ;
femora moderately incrassate, tarsi two-jointed, first joint a
little shorter than second.
A genus apparently to be placed near Hellica, Stal, and
Sniploa, Sign.
Ea australis, sp. n.
Olivaceous green, thickly, coarsely, darkly punctate ; an-
tennze, rostrum, body beneath, and legs ochraceous; trans-
verse lateral spots to pro-, meso-, and metasterna, lateral
marginal abdominal spots inwardly preceded and united to
an irregular longitudinal submarginal fascia, carmine-red ;
margins of head and pronotum and basal lateral margins of
corium very narrowly and obscurely ochraceous, the mar-
gins of the pronotal lateral angles narrowly black ; head with
the lateral lobes distinctly transversely striate; pronotum,
scutellum, and corium distinctly rugulose as well as coarsely
punctate ; pronotum and scutellum with an obscure central
longitudinal linear ridge; membrane ochraceous, with a
central and apical castaneous suffusion ; connexivum ochra-
ceous, with large black spots; other structural characters as
in generic diagnosis.
Long. 103-1] mm.
Hab. Patagonia; Valle del Lago Blanco (Brit. Mus.).
SynonyMIcaL Nores.
I take this opportunity for substituting new names for
some that have proved to be preoccupied.
N&rocENSORINUS, D. nom.
Censorinus, Dist. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) vi. p. 598 (1910), nom.
przeoce.
Aspongopus circumclusus, 1. nom.
Aspongopus circumcinctus, Dist. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) vi. p. 221
(1910), nom. preeoce.
Penthimia reticulosa, n. nom.
Penthimia reticulata, Dist. Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. 1908, p. 108, nom,
preeoce.
On the Cirrhitiform Percoids. 259
XXIX.—On the Cirrhitiform Percoids.
By C. Tate Reaan, M.A.
(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.)
Dr. Guntaer included in the family Cirrhitidee a number of
Perch-like fishes with the lower pectoral rays simple and with
the pelvic fins rather far behind the pectorals, Haplodactylus,
which resembled the Cirrhitide in these features, was placed
by him in the Sparidz on account of its different dentition,
the teeth being compressed instead of villiform.
After making a detailed study of these fishes, I conclude
that the Cirrhitide of Giinther, with the addition of Haplo-
dactylus, are a natural and well-defined group which might
almost be regarded as a single family with five subfamilies,
but which it is, perhaps, better to recognize as a division—
Cirrhitiformes—of the suborder Percoidea of the order
Percomorphi.
The Cirrhitiform Percoids have the following character-
istics :—Body scaly; lateral line complete, continuous,
nearly straight. Spinous dorsal well developed; 3 anal
spines ; caudal of 15 principal rays, all or 13 branched; pec-
torals with the lower 5 to 8 rays simple; pelvics rather far
behind the pectorals, each of a spine and 5 branched rays,
without scaly axillary process. Two nostrils on each side.
Gill-membranes united, free from the isthmus; 3 to 6
branchiostegals ; 4 gills; pseudobranchie. Last 3 upper
pharyngeals toothed; lower pharyngeals separate. Pre-
maxillaries with ascending pedicels of moderate length ;
maxillary ramus expanded distally, without supramaxillary ;
preorbital expanded ; preoperculum subcrescentic ; oper-
culum rather deep, with the free posterior edge more or less
concave between two obtuse or acute prominences; sub-
operculum long and narrow, projecting beyond operculum ;
hyo-palatine bones typically Percoid; parietals separated
by supraoccipital ; a basisphenoid; alisphenoids not in con-
tact. Skull more or less compressed, rather elevated poste-
riorly ; upper surface flattish or somewhat convex ; occipital
crest not extending forward on frontals; parietal crests
vestigial or absent ; exoccipital condyles contiguous. Post-
temporal forked ; upper post-cleithrum laminar, lower
slender; lower part of cleithrum much expanded antero-
posteriorly, meeting its fellow in a long carinate symphysis ;
cleithra also with broad transverse laminar expansions ;
hypercoracoid perforate, hypocoracoid with an inferior process
1i*
260 Mr. C. T. Regan on
which is truncated distally, where it joins the cleithrum above
the symphysis; 4 radials, the lower rather strongly enlarged
and with large foramina between them, the lowest and part of
the next inserted on the hypocoracoid. Pelvic bones elongate.
Vertebre 26 to 35; ribs and epipleurals inserted together, on
parapophyses when these are developed.
Five families may be recognized, and their relations may
be expressed thus :—
Haplodactylide. Latrididee.
Chironemide. Chilodactylidee.
Cirrhitide.
1. Cirrhitide.
Dorsal X 11-14. Anal III 6-9. Simple rays of the
pectoral more or less thickened and produced. Mouth
terminal, protractile ; villiform teeth in jaws and on vomer,
sometimes on palatines ; jaws formed as in the Serranida, the
premaxillary rami with posterior expansions, the maxillaries
exposed, broadest distally. A broad subocular shelf. Occi-
pital crest moderate, commencing behind or above the poste-
rior part of the orbit; parietal crests feeble or absent ;
frontals with well-marked supraorbital flanges. Vertebre
26 to 28 (10+16-18) ; preecaudals with parapophyses from
the fourth or fifth ; 1 to 3 ribs sessile.
Genera: Isobuna, Cirrhites, Cirrhitichthys, Oxycirrhites.
2. Chironemide.
Dorsal XIV-XV 16-18. Anal III 6-7. Villiform or
conical teeth in jaws and on vomer. Premaxillary rami
with posterior expansions vestigial or absent ; maxillary with
a strong posterior expansion just below its palatine articula-
tion. No subocular shelf. Occipital crest very short, deve-
loped only on the posterior surface of the skull ; no parietal
crests. Vertebre 33 (13+20); precaudals with para.
the Cirrhitiform Percoids. 261
pophyses from the fourth or fifth; 1 or 2 ribs sessile. In
other characters similar to the Cirrhitide.
Two genera: Chironemus and Threpterius.
3. Haplodactylide.
Dorsal X V—X VII 18-21. Anal III 6-8. Mouth trans-
verse, subterminal, not or scarcely protractile; jaws with
bands of lanceolate or tricuspid incisors; teeth on the vomer.
Jaws, head skeleton, &c. as in Chironemus, except that the
frontals have no definite supraorbital flanges. Vertebra
389 (16419); all the preecaudals with parapophyses; no
sessile ribs.
A single genus, Haplodactylus, scarcely differing from
Chironemus, except in the mouth and dentition, and the
greater development of the parapophyses.
4. Chilodactylidee.
Dorsal XVI-XIX 23-33. Anal III 7-19, considerably
shorter than the soft dorsal. Mouth, jaws, and dentition as
in the Cirrhitide, except that the maxillary ramus has a
strong posterior expansion just below its palatine articulation
and there are no teeth on the palate. Skull as in the
Cirrhitide ; subocular shelf well developed. Vertebree
30 (14421); in the preecaudal region expanded lamin at
the bases of the neural spines; all the preecaudals with para-
pophyses ; no sessile ribs.
Chilodactylus and Nemadactylus differ from the Cirrhitidee
only in the increased number of vertebre and fin-rays, the
absence of vomerine teeth, the form of the maxillary, and the
structure of the preecaudal vertebree.
5. Latridide.
Dorsal XVII-XXIIT 24-39. Anal III 18-32, nearly as
long as soft dorsal. Simple pectoral rays feeble, not pro-
duced. No subocular shelf. Vertebrae 85 (14-421).
Latris and Mendosoma, in other characters similar to the
Chilodacty lide.
From the above it will be seen that I am not in agreement
with the views of Boulenger*, who, in 1896, redescribed
Threpterius maculosus, Richards., and offered some remarks on
the systematic position of the genus Threpterius and others
* Ann, & Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) xviii. p. 398.
262 Mr. W. Schaus on
which had been placed in its neighbourhood and whose
relations he thought had been misunderstood. He wrote
that an examination of the skeletons showed the family
Cirrhitide of Giinther to be a most artificial group, and that
if a natural arrangement were to be attempted the only way
to deal with it would be to disband it altogether. He then
proposed to place Cirrhites in the Serranide ; Chelodactylus
was to join J/aplodactylus in the Sparide, and a distinct
family, Latridide, was established for Chironemus, Threp-
tertus, and Latris. ‘The presence or absence of a subocular
shelf and of parapophyses on the anterior vertebra were
apparently the only characters taken into consideration in
this arrangement. That Chilodactylus has and Haplo-
dactylus has not a subocular shelf was apparently overlooked,
and Latris, which resembles these genera and differs from
Chironemus and Threptertus in having parapophyses on all
the precaudal vertebre, was evidently associated with the
latter owing to an error in the tabular statement of the struc-
ture of the vertebral column.
In the ‘ Cambridge Natural History’ (1904) the Currhitinee
form a subfamily of the Serranide; the Latridide include
only Laétris, and are placed next to the Haplodactylide,
comprising Haplodactylus, Chilodactylus, Chironemus, and
Threpterius ; parapophyses are said to be developed from the
third or fourth vertebra and a subocular shelf to be absent ;
neither of these statements is true of all the genera.
The presence or absence of a subocular shelf and the
development of parapophyses have some taxonomic import-
ance ; but other characters—for example, the number of
anal spines and the presence or absence of a pelvic axillary
process—are equally useful in classifying the Percoids.
Apparently the subocular shelf has been lost twice and para-
pophyses have been twice independently developed on the
anterior preecaudal vertebree, within the limits of a single small
and uniform group, the Cirrhitiformes.
XXX.—WNew Species of Heterocera from Costa Rica —VI.
By W. Scuaus, F.Z.S.
Heorta mitis, sp. n.
¢@. Head and collar lilacine buff. Thorax pale greenish
and light brown, irrorated with fuscous-brown scales. Abdo-
men above fuscous grey ; a dorsal tuft of brown scales at
Feterocera from Costa Rica. 263
base. Fore wings dull greenish grey, shaded with brown in
cell and on inner margin; three fine black streaks on costa
at base, and others more remote from base below cell; ante-
medial fuscous points on veins; a geminate fine curved
medial line, the inner part punctiform on veins; an oblique
pale shade across end of cell; a black point anteriorly on
discocellular ; a geminate postmedial line, very indistinct,
forming a lunule between 6 and 4, and punctiform on veins
below, followed by fuscous-brown shades between 3 and 6; a
subterminal, wavy, velvety black line from costa to vein 4,
thickening somewhat between the veins, followed by fuscous-
grey shades on veins; marginal black lunules between the
veins; terminal fuscous spots between veins extending on
cilia, and interrupting a terminal black line. Hind wings
fuscous ; cilia whitish.
EXxpanse 37 mm.
Hab. Juan Vinas, Sixola.
Bardaxima hippioides, sp. n.
Palpi whitish buff in front, with a lateral dark streak,
violaceous brown behind. Frons and tufts in front dark
violaceous ; tufts behind and vertex whitish buff. Collar
mottled buff and reddish brown. ‘Thorax dark violaceous
brown. Abdomen fuscous brown; a velvety dark brown
tuft dorsally at base. Fore wings dark violaceous brown ;
the base dull brown, with a short dark velvety streak and
some white scales below cell; antemedial dull brown, edged
in places with dark scales, outset on subcostal and just above
median, preceded below cell by a patch of greenish scales; a
dull brown shade on discocellular, crossed by a velvety dark
brown lunule and followed by a wedge-shaped velvety spot,
above which is a white streak along vein 5, limited by a
white transverse line from 5 to 6, both edged with dark
brown ; from above streak a light brown shade oblique to
apex, becoming creamy buff between 7 and 8; dark brown
streaks between 5 and 7, outwardly limited by buff lunules;
marginal velvety spots, edged with light brown; cilia fuscous,
with light brown points at veins. Hind wings fuscous.
Expanse 45 mm.
Hab, Hl Sitio, Cartago.
Antiopha excelsa, sp. n.
?. Palpi, head, and coller fuscous brown, the vertex
mottled with lilacine and reddish brown. Thorax and patagia
lilacine brown. Abdomen above fuscous, Fore wings: the
264 Mr. W. Schaus on
costal margin for two-thirds from base, the base, and basal
half of inner margin fuscous grey, streaked with dark brown ;
the cell and beyond it lilacine, streaked with reddish brown ;
the apical third of costal margin reddish brown ; outer portion
of inner margin greyish brown, with oblique reddish-brown
streaks between submedian and vein 2; along median and
vein 3 to outer margin a broad fuscous-brown shade; the
outer margin tinged with fuscous grey; the reddish-brown
streaks between veins geminate and subterminal lines between
them bifurcating towards termen and enclosing marginal
white points; some postmedial white points from vein 6 to
costa. Hind wings fuscous, somewhat whitish at base; cilia
fuscous brown at base, greyish terminally.
Expanse 53 mm.
Hab. Avangarez.
Poresta punctulum, sp. n.
3. Palpi grey in front, brown behind, and with a lateral
black streak. Head: frons light brown; vertex ochreous
buff ; tufts dark brown and grey. Collar and thorax ochreous
buff, partly shaded with dark brown; patagia dark grey.
Abdomen fuscous grey, terminally shaded with reddish
brown. Fore wings reddish brown; a white line from near
base of costa oblique to near submedian and parallel with it
to termen, below the line the base and inner margin is greenish
grey irrorated with fuscous; a black point on discocellular ;
the costal margin finely paler ; a black line outwardly shaded
with dark violaceous from apex to white line medially ;
the outer margin shaded with violaceous; marginal black
points between the veins slightly shaded with grey, a curved
terminal line between veins 2 and 3, outwardly filled in with
white and grey. Hind wings fuscous ; a whitish-buff streak
along inner margin.
Hxpanse, ¢ 41, ¢ 54 mm.
Hab. Juan Vinas, Tuis.
Allied to P. thermesia, Felder.
Dasylophia nigrescens, sp. n.
9. Palpi, head, and tufts dark brown, the latter shaded
with whitish. Collar and thorax black. Abdomen light
brown; a greyish dorsal line. Fore wings greyish brown ;
the basal third black, with a black-brown streak in cell and
above submedian, and followed by a lighter brown shade,
and black medial line in cell, and below cell by the dark
medial line and a white shade; the postmedial fuscous,
Fleterccera from Costa Rica. 265
geminate, wavy, incurved to submedian fold, then outcurved,
with a velvety dak spot just below vein 2, and a similar
line between 2 and 3; a subterminal black shade very broad
on costa, narrowing to a point at vein 2, with velvety
streaks between the veins, which are followed by angled
brown lines inwardly shaded with buff; a dark point at
lower angle of cell ; a terminal black line preceded by grey
irrorations. Hind wings whitish; the veins on outer half
dark brown; the margins fuscous shaded.
Hixpanse 45 mm.
flab. Avangarez.
A male similar to this female is in the National Museum,
Washington, from Cuernavaca, Mexico,
Dasylophia placida, sp. n.
3. Palpi and head brown ; tufts on head, thorax, and
patagia lilacine brown. Collar dark violaceous brown.
Abdomen light brown. Fore wings light brown, faintly
tinged with lilacine, and with grey on outer half of inner
margin; black irrorations on veins; some faint darker streaks
at base ; a faint dentate antemedial shade; a medial shade,
inwardly very oblique from submedian fold to submedian
vein, and there preceded by a fine reddish-brown shade ; a
velvety black spot at lower angle of cell ; a geminate post-
medial wavy fuscous shade, incurved below vein 4, the two
lines well apart, the outer one followed by a pale shade, and
some reddish brown above and below vein 2; a subterminal
fuscous shade with dark streaks between veins 4 to 8, and
fuscous spots between 2 and 4, the dark streaks followed by
buff streaks; a terminal dark lunular line, the points ex-
tending on cilia. Hind wings whitish ; the veins on outer
half and margins fuscous.
Expanse 40 mm.
flab. Sav José, Avangarez.
Allied to D. guarana, Schs., but the antenna in the female
of placida are simple, whereas in guarana they are pectinated.
Dasylophia indecoris, sp. n.
3. Antenne pectinated to near tips. Palpi, head, and
patagia dark lilacine grey; a dark brown lateral line on
palpi; collar dark brown. Abdomen grey-brown. Fore
wings grey-biown ; the cell and costal margin broadly shaded
with tuscous brown; an oblique fuscous shade from costa
antemedially to end of cell, angled and inwardly oblique to
inuer margin; a pale postmedial shade on costa; median vein
266 Mr. W. Schaus on
greyish buff edged with reddish brown; veins 2-4 and 5-7
terminally with fine fuscous streaks, edged with greyish
buff; geminate brown streaks coalescing partly between
veins 4-8; subterminal and terminal fuscous spots between
veins 2-4. Hind wings fuscous brown, tinged with white at
base, in and just beyond cell.
Expanse 38 mm.
Hab, Cachi.
Allied to D. seriata, Druce.
Dasylophia angustipennis, sp. n.
d. Frons and collar buff-brown; vertex and_ thorax
reddish brown ; patagia violaceous brown; tufts at base of
antenne greyish brown. Abdomen above greyish brown,
with dark irrorations terminally. Fore wings brown ; base
of costa and inner margin buff; avery oblique reddish-brown
shade from costa across middle of cell, incurved and finely
dentate to inner margin, followed by a fine geminate fuscous
line from vein 2, sharply oblique towards base from sub-
median fold, punctiform at fold and vein 2; postmedial
space below 4 to tornus shaded with grey; veins 4-7 dark
brown; geminate fuscous and brown streaks from cell to
termen and subterminal buff streaks between veins 4-8;
traces of a curved postmedial line, followed by a white and
black spot between 2 and 3; a subterminal lunular buff line
edged with reddish brown between 2 and 4. Hind wings
white ; veins terminally, inner margin broadly, and apex
slightly irrorated with fuscous.
Eixpanse 46 mm.
Hab, El Sitio, Juan Vinas.
Wings longer and narrower than usual,
Arhacia corina, sp. n.
3d. Palpi, head, collar, and thorax violaceous brown ;
palpi tipped with buff; a geminate dorsal whitish streak
from antenne to tips of patagia. Abdomen fuscous brown;
a dorsal tuft at base mottled brown and white. Fore wings:
a broad brownish-black shade from base of costa through cell
and just below it to near termen between 4 and 6, on which
the veins are still darker streaked; a buff shade above this
along costa and below vein 7 to near termen with some brown
streaks ; the apical third of costa above vein 7 shaded with
lighter brown; below dark shade the wing is lilacine brown;
an outcurved dark geminate antemedial line; a faint post-
medial line also geminate; a subterminal fuscous-brown
FHleterocera from Costa Rica. 267
shade darkest from below vein 2 to vein 4; an olive-brown
terminal line cut by veins and preceded by a buff line; cilia
buff, with darker spots at veins. Hind wings whitish; the
margins and veins terminally fuscous brown.
Expanse 35 mm.
The female has the hind wings entirely fuscous brown, the
cilia whitish buff.
Expanse 42 mm.
Hab. Juan Vinas, Tuis.
Cerura laqueata, sp. n.
3. Head white, edged with black laterally ; a black spot
on vertex. Collar white, edged with black in front and
behind. Thorax white, streaked with black. Abdomen
white at base and terminally, otherwise fuscous grey with
whitish transverse lines; a postmedial black line on last
segment. Fore wings silvery white, the markings black ;
basal and subbasal lines to submedian; antemedial and
medial lines parallel, wavy, indentate on submedian, outbent
to inner margin; the cell-spot large, formed by a heavy
incurved line on medial side, outwardly straight between 2
and 3, obtusely projecting between 3 and 4, incurved between
4 and subcostal ; a geminate lunular postmedial line, followed
on costa by a thicker line; marginal oblique black lines
from 6 to termen of 4, 4 to 3, 3 to 2, and 2 to tornus
terminating in spots on cilia ; from apex to vein 6 a straight
line. Hind wings white; a fuscous patch at apex; some
fuscous hairs on inner margin; a few fuscous irrorations on
outer margin; dark points on cilia.
Expanse 34 mm.
Hab. Sixola.
Lirimiris imitans, sp. n.
3. Palpi and frons reddish brown, irrorated with white;
vertex whitish buff, shaded with light brown ; collar brown;
patagia brown, edged with buff. Abdomen grey-brown
above ; a dark reddish-brown dorsal tuft at base; terminal
segment and anal hairs buff, streaked with pale reddish
brown. Fore wings buff tinged with pale brown, and longi-
tudinal brownish streaks from base; a geminate dark reddish-
brown streak from base below cell to middle, followed by a
broad olive-brown shade, terminating at a small cluster of
black scales between veins 3 and 4; an olive-grey streak
near base above submedian ; the costal and inner margins
reddish brown, with darker streaks, from a little beyond base ;
268 Mr. W. Schaus on
the outer margin narrowly dark olive-green, preceded by a
light buff shade, followed by a fine whitish and a fine black
line, and terminally as well as cilia reddish brown crossed by
a darker brown line; transverse whitish and pale reddish-
brown lines at end of cell. Hind wings brown, the costal
margin and anterior portion of cell yellowish white; a mar-
ginal darker brown shade, divided by a wavy buff line on
anner half ; a terminal pale shade, divided by a darker brown
line, becoming black near anal angle.
Expanse 57 mm. ‘
Hab. Sixola.
Fore wings similar to Arhacia combusta, H.-S. ; hind
wings differ in colour and in having veins 3 and 4 well apart.
Dicentria patula, sp. n.
3. Palpi, head, collar, and patagia brown ; a fuscous spot
on vertex; thorax fuscous and dark brown. Abdomen
above fuscous; the terminal segment and anal hairs fuscous
and buff. Fore wings: basal half of costa, cell, and a shade
along submedian to termen dull violaceous grey ; a velvety
dark brown streak at base below cell, and a similar streak on
discocellular, followed by a brown shade ; an olive-brown
shade below cell ; a broad curved postmedial buff shade from
costa to vein 2, divided by an interrupted fine brownish line ;
vein 5 edged with dark brown to termen; a subterminal dark
brown space above vein 2, extending to termen on vein 3,
with a buff spot below 3 ; vein 4, 6 to costa, and apex pale
olive-brown, with some terminal buff streaks. Hind wings
whitish; fuscous hairs along inner margin; the veins light
brown, becoming darker terminally.
Expanse 41 mm.
Hab, Cartago, Juan Vinas; Volcano Turrialba, 5800 feet.
Dicentria missilis, sp. n.
d. Head, collar, and thorax fuscous, mottled with grey
and light brown. Abdomen above fuscous brown, darkest
dorsally at base. Fore wings light brown, tinged with buff
in and below cell and on outer margin between 3 and6; a
velvety black-brown streak on discocellular, followed by a
long similar streak between veins 4 and 5; vein 5 terminally
broadly olive-brown ; veins 3, 4, and 6 finely dark brown; a
subterminal dark brown shade between veins 2 and 3; a
dark shade at base of veins 2-4; a dark streak from base
below cell to antemedial line, which is fine olive-brown,
forming three outward curves; a whitish marginal spot
Fleterocera from Costa Rica. 269
between veins 2 and 33; an indistinct subterminal line,
punctiform on veins ; cilia whitish buff and brown. Hind
wings white, the veins and margin irrorated with fuscous
hairs; a fuscous streak near inner margin.
Expanse 31 mm.
Hab. Sixola, Juan Vinas.
Allied to D. stridula, Schs., and D. disparilis, Schs.
Dicentria rivalis, sp. n.
6. Palpi buff, a fuscous-brown patch laterally. Head and
thorax mottled brown and fuscous. Abdomen above fuscous,
the terminal segments buff and brown. Fore wings buff-
brown, shaded with pale reddish brown on inner margin; a
dark brown space at base of costa and cell; a pale line on
either side of discocellular, preceded in cell by a dark shade
and followed by a dark brown streak from between 4 and 5
obliquely across vein 5; antemedial line faintly indicated ;
small postmedial geminate streaks on veins; subterminal
fuscous spots above vein 6; a dark brown space on outer
margin from vein 2 to above vein 3; veins terminally
fuscous ; terminal brown spots between veins ; fuscous spots
on cilia at veins. Hind wings white, some terminal brown
scales ; a fuscous shade at anal angle.
Expanse 35 mm.
@. Fore wings greyer; the lines and spots more distinct ;
the spot on discocellular oval, whitish grey, with dark centre ;
a geminate dark wavy line before cell-spot ; acurved dentate
fuscous line just beyond cell; the postmedial very oblique on
_costa and finely dentate, geminate; the subterminal spots
larger. Hind wings: the veins terminally and outer margin
fuscous.
Expanse 44 mm.
Hab. Juan Vinas, Guapiles.
Allied to D. palmita, Schs.
Dicentria rustica, sp. n.
¢@. Head and thorax mottled grey-brown and fuscous ;
frons shaded with buff. Abdomen above black; a buff
space dorsally on last two segments; underneath whitish
buff ; a black ventral space at base; the legs fringed with
long. black hairs. Fore wings dull brown, irrorated with
fuscous brown, especially at base, on inner margin, and above
tornus; a fuscous shade at end of cell; antemedial very
indistinct, fuscous; fine fuscous streaks between veins beyond
cell; postmedial black points on veins; veins dark brown ;
270 Mr. W. Schaus on
subterminal fuscous spots between veins shaded with buff
near toznus. Hind wings white; fine terminal fuscous
irrorations ; a fuscous-brown streak near inner margin from
base, ending in a fuscous shade at anal angle. Underneath
white. Fore wings: the veins on terminal half fuscous; the
postmedial area shaded with fuscous above vein 4; a sub-
terminal dentate fuscous shade; sagittate fuscous spots on
veins terminally. Hind wings: a small fuscous shade at
anal angle,
9. Fore wings rather darker, the markings very confused.
Hind wings fuscous; the basal area in and below cell shaded
with white; a curved whitish line above anal angle. .
Expanse 45 mm.
Hab. Sixola, Juan Vinas.
Dicentria tacita, sp. n.
Palpi, head, and collar medially brownish buff ; collar
otherwise, and thorax mottled brown and fuscous. Abdomen
above fuscous brown, the terminal segments whitish buff.
Fore wings brown, irrorated with fuscous at base, below cell
and vein 2, and on outer margin between veins 2 and 4;
traces of dark brown lines between the veins beyond cell;
marginal white spots at tornus and between veins 2 and 4;
black marginal spots between veins 6 and 8. Hind wings
white ; some brownish scales terminally ; a fuscous-brown
shade along inner margin.
Hxpanse 34 mm.
Hab. Sixola.
Dicentria limosoides, sp. n.
&. Head, collar, and thorax mottled light brown and
fuscous; some silvery white scales on patagia. Fore wings
brown ; the costal margin, apex, and cell paler, shaded with
olive-green and pale buff; an olive-green spot at end of cell,
edged with whitish ; postmedial line geminate, dentate,
lunular and punctiform on veins, rather indistinct ; no streaks
between the veins; elongated subterminal fuscous spots,
outwardly shaded with white on costa and at tornus; veins
broadly tipped with black. Hind wings white; a terminal
brown line; veins terminally shaded with brown; a fuscous
shade at apex ; a fuscous line near inner margin; anal angle
fuscous.
Expanse 32 mm.
@. The markings more distinct; a geminate antemedial
line; the subterminal spots all shaded outwardly with buff.
Hind wings whitish ; the margins broadly fuscous.
Feterocera from Costa Rica. 271
Expanse 42 mm.
Hab. Juan Vinas, Sixola.
Very closely allied to Dicentria (Meragisa) limosa, Schs.
Psilacron arthurt, sp. n.
6. Head, collar, and thorax mottled greenish buff and
brown; a black-brown transverse line on collar. “Abdomen
fuscous above; basal tufts greenish buff ; terminal segment
and anal hairs buff. Fore wings: some greenish buff at
base, and a black point below cell followed by a fuscous-grey
shade limited by the antemedial line, which is fine, black-
brown, geminate, somewhat oblique from costa to submedian,
then incurved ; medially and below vein 4 grey, with darker
irrorations; a greenish-buff shade between 3 and 4 near cell,
above submedian medially, and about tornus; a small brown
spot on discocellular, followed by a curved brownish shade
consisting of short streaks ; postmedial geminate, interrupted,
forming short velvety streaks on veins, followed between
veins 4-7 by a large fuscous-grey shade; a marginal dark
grey shade from costa to vein 4; a terminal olive-brown
line; terminal black streaks on veins; cilia whitish, with
fuscous spots. Hind wings fuscous grey, the veins and inner
margin darker; a geminate postmedial line on costa filled in
with greenish buff.
Expanse 37 mm.
9. Fore wings olive-brown, shaded with fuscous and dark
grey, tie lines as in the male ; a large whitish patch on outer
margin from vein 2 to just above vein 4. Hind wings with
indistinct medial and geminate postmedial fuscous lines.
ixpanse 41 mm.
Hab. Juan Vinas.
Psilacron discolor, sp. n.
3. Head, collar, and thorax mottled brown and greenish.
Abdomen above greyish brown ; dorsal greenish tufts at base.
Fore wings yellowish green, probably faded, shaded with
fuscous grey in and below cell medially; a subterminal dull
fuscous-grey shade from vein 4-7; a large antemedial
black space from below cell to inner margin ; a velvety black
semilunar spot at end of cell, and an inward fuscous shade
below it ; a fine incurved dark line from costa before sub-
terminal shade to vein 3, geminate from vein 7-3; a sub-
terminal fuscous shade between veins 2 and 3; a paler mar-
ginal line, lunular below vein 4. Hind wings brownish,
tinged with fuscous grey.
272 Mr. W. Schaus on
Eixpanse 41 mm.
The female has the outer margin broadly shaded with
white between veins 2 and 4.
Expanse 47 mm
Hab. Juan Vinas, Tuis
‘This species may vrove to be a variety of P. roberti, Schs.
it is readily distinguished by the discal spot and black ante-
medial spaces.
FHleterocampa altilis, sp. n.
9. Head, collar, and thorax mottled green and fuscous
brown. Abdomen fuscous grey, with dark velvety scales at
base. Fore wings: from base to tornus, end of cell, and
slightly beyond on costa dull green and brown, with some
fuscous shadings antemedially ; inner margin finely brown-
black; a fine black medial line forming three outward
curves and inwardly shaded with dull green ; a buff streak on
discocellular, outbent anteriorly and divided by a fine black
line ; a geminate white postmedial line on costa; from be-
yond cell and from vein 2 to costa a large greyish-black space
almost reaching termen, on which veins 2-6 are brown-black,
and there are intervenal dark brown streaks except between
veins 3 and 4, and also a postmedial and subterminal dark
brown shade, the latter limiting the dark streaks ; between
veins 3 and 4 an ovate space containing a whitish streak
along vein 3 and some green shadings ; a marginal green
shade outwardly edged by a fine black line; termen brownish,
with a terminal dark line. Hind wings fuscous brown; a
faint postmedial pale line.
Expanse 44 mm.
Hab. El Sitio.
Heterocampa apparata, sp. n.
3. Palpi fuscous brown, fringed in front with light brown,
Head greenish brown; a darker shade on vertex. Collar
and thorax violaceous brown, the former tipped with dark
green ; patagia and dorsal tuft at base of abdomen dark
green. Abdomen fuscous brown; the anal hairs yellowish
green. Fore wings apple-green; a geminate black basal
line on costa; a black streak below cell at base; antemedial
line fine, black, geminate, lunular, preceded by a brown spot
on costa, and a similar space below cell to inner margin ;
bluish-white irrorations on costa medially, and an oblique
patch of similar scales between veins 2 and 3 from disco-
cellular, preceded below end of cell by some dark green
Fleterocera from Costa Rica. 273
scales ; discocellular light brown, edged with velvety fuscous
brown ; a fuscous geminate medial line on costa and a single
black medial line from vein 2 to inner margin ; postmedial
fine, black, indistinct, lunular and oblique to vein 3, then
incurved and lunular, followed between 4 and 7 by some
scattered black irrorations ; a subterminal wavy black shade;
base of cilia yellowish. Hind wings fuscous grey, tinged
with lilacine ; a dark postmedial line on costa, followed by a
whitish spot; cilia green.
Eixpanse 39 mm,
Hab. 'Tuis.
Fleterocampa delecta, sp. n.
3. Head, collar, and thorax olive-green. - Abdomen above
fuscous grey. Tore wings olive-green, strongly shaded with
white on outer half of costal margin and beyond cell; an
oblique geminate basal fuscous line, filled in with brown above
cell; a wavy geminate antemedial fuscous line, rather in-
distinct ; a fuscous medial line, outwardly edged with white
on costa, interrupted by a brown line on discocellular ; the
postmedial from vein 7, lunular fuscous and brown, spotted
with white on veins 2-7; a faint dentate brownish subterminal
shade. Hind wings fuscous grey ; a geminate dark post-
medial line on costal margin, followed by a large white space
at apex.
Hixpanse, g 35, 2? 45 mm.
Hab, Juan Vinas, El Sitio.
Heterocampa dolorosa, sp. 0.
Palpi brown, tipped with grey. Frons light brown.
Thorax black-brown, mottled with grey ; a white patch on
patagia. Abdomen dorsally brown, a darker patch at base;
terminal segments shaded with white. Legs and body below
greyish brown. Fore wings fuscous brown ; a large whitish
space from base of costa to medial, extending to submedian on
inner margin, inwardly limited by an oblique basal brown
shade and outwardly by the medial, which is outcurved
around end of cell and dentate below submedian fold ; the
antemedial geminate, black, inbent on subcostal and sub-
median, only faintly marked above median; a black point in
cell; a brown lunule on discocellular; postmedial black,
geminate, lunular, divided by greyish lunules ; a subterminal
fuscous dentate line, outwardly partly shaded with whitish,
suffusing with marginal whitish spots between veins 2 and 4;
cilia whitish, spotted with fuscous. Hind wings white;
Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 8. Vol. vii. 18
2T4 Mr. W. Schaus on
geminate fuscous:-postmedial lines on eosta and a spot at apex 5
inner margin broadly fuscous.
Expanse, f° 52, ¢ 61 mm.
Hab. Tuis, Juan Vinas.
Olosely allied to H. atrax, Schs.
Heterocampu livida, sp. n-
3g. Head and thorax olive-brown. Tegule and patagia
steel-blue, edged with green. Abdomen fuscous grey ; base
and terminal segment buff. Fore wings green ; steel-blue
spots on basal half of costa and one on mner margin ante-
medially ; some darker green at base below cell; antemedial
line indistinct, geminate ; an oblique dark green shade from
eelk to middle of imner margm, followed by a bluish-grey
shade in and below eell; a paler green space at end of cell
extending on to costa, containing a small brown spot at end
ef cell, and followed above vein 4 by a dark greenish shade
to subterminal, this shade being erossed by the fine lanular,
gemimate, postmedial line ; the subterminal broad, steel-blue,
edged with fuscous, inset below vein 3; a pale green space
at apex ; a submarginal fuscous hunular shade from vems 3-7 ;
a terminal fuscous shade from vein 3 to apex, irrorated with
white on veins; cilia spotted with brown. Hind wings
fuseous; the base whitish buff; a black postnmedial line,
followed by a pale shade.
Expanse 41 mm. .
@. Head and thorax steel-blue, the collar edged with
fuscous. Fore wings steel-blue, the lines Iunular, black,
geminate ; the basab line filled in with green in and below
cell; the antemedial shaded with green towards inner margin ;
a curved black line at end of cell, followed by a brown-tinged
space, extending below cell to antemedial ; the postmedial
shaded with brown from veins 3-7 ; the subterminal single,
tunular, heavily marked, black, shaded with white and olive-
brown outwardly ; terminal black streaks on veins, expanding
into spots on cilia. Hind wings fuscous brown, darkest on
outer margin; a paler postmedial shade; cilia terminally
whitish and with fuscous spots.
Expanse 51 mm.
Hab. Juan Vinas, Tuis.
Heterocampa lucoides, sp. n.
G. Head, collar, and thorax olive-green, with darker
patches on patagia. Abdomen above fuscous grey. Fore
wings yellowish green, mottled with olive-green, forming a
fleterocera from Costa Rica. 275
dark patch around end of cell ; a subbasal line; a basal spot
on costa and below cell; an antemedial spot on costa, followed
from subcostal to inner margin by a deeply lunular geminate
line, outwardly heavily shaded with dark green between cell
and submedian fold; a pale line on discocellular outwardly
darkly shaded ; the postmedial geminate, lunular from vein 6
to inner margin, followed by a dark shade between veins 2
and 3; subterminal dark green lunular shades, heaviest
between veins 3-6; a submarginal olive-green shade;
terminal dark spots between the veins; dark green spots on
cilia at end of veins. Hind wings somewhat smoky, tinged
with roseate buff; a paler postmedial shade.
Expanse 40 mm.
Hab. Juan Vinas.
Allied to Heterocampa (Luca) herbida, WI\k.
Heterocampa meretricia, sp. n.
Palpi black behind, greenish buff in front. Frons light
brown. Vertex, collar, and thorax olive-green. Abdomen
green above, paler on two terminal segments; underneath
luteous. Fore wings light green; the base to antemedial,
which is nearly straight, dark olive-green ; a faint irregular
medial line; a large buff spot at end of cell, containing two
brown spots on discocellular; a postmedial fuscous line,
lunular and faintly geminate, starting from a fuscous shade
on costa; subterminal black spots, inset between veins 4
and 6; quadrate black spots on cilia at ends of veins. Hind
wings roseate; the outer margin broadly fuscous, preceded
by a fuscous postmedial line; cilia pale green spotted with
black.
Expanse 40 mm.
flab. Tuis.
FTeterocampa novella, sp. n.
Head, collar, and thorax brown tinged with violaceous,
the vertex mottled with dull green. Abdomen brown tinged
with grey. Fore wings brown; the costal margin from base
to postmedial mottled with dull green; the inner and outer
margins dull green ; the lines indistinct, consisting of vague
fuscous shades; the antemedial geminate on costa; the
discocellular lighter brown with a fuscous shade beyond and
below it; a small whitish postmedial spot on costa; a broad
subterminal fuscous shade from vein 3 to near apex, preceded
by a faint pale brown shade ; a fine black interrupted mar-
ginal line ; cilia roseate brown with fuscous spots at veins,
18%
276 Mr. W. Schaus on
Hind wings thinly scaled, the inner and outer margins
more distinctly fuscous brown; a dark postmedial line
followed by a paler shade; cilia roseate brown tipped with
white.
Expanse 39 mm.
flab. Sixola, Avangarez.
Allied to H. sylla, Druce.
Heterocampa peralta, sp. n.
¢g. Head and collar violaceous brown. Patagia pale green
with a white spot on dorsal edge; pale green tufts on thorax
behind with long spatulate scales. Abdomen rich brown.
Fore wings dull fustous brown; a green basal line; ante-
medial and medial green spots on costa; an oblique fuscous
shade across end ot cell to near tornus; area beyond cell and
above vein 3 lighter brown; outer half of inner margin
white, coalescing with two small white spots on submedian,
and marked by a greenish spot between them; outer
margin shaded with fuscous to near apex; a_ terminal
whitish-grey line; cilia light brown spotted with fuscous
at veins. Hind wings dark brown; traces of a pale
postmedial line; cilia whitish streaked with brown at
veins.
Expanse 33 mm.
Hab. Peralta.
Heterocampa perplexa, sp. n.
g. Head and thorax mottled green and brown; the
tegulee dark violaceous brown. Abdomen brown dorsally,
becoming paler terminally ; laterally fuscous. Fore wings :
the base narrowly green, crossed and limited by a dark brown
line; a black point below cell; antemedial space dark
violaceous brown, limited by the geminate dark antemedial
line which forms three outward curves below subcostal ;
medial space dark reddish brown from subcostal to sub-
median fold, below which it is green, and there are some
green spots on costa; a light brown shade on discocellular
closely followed by a black medial line; beyond medial the
wing is green ; the postmedial lunular, geminate, black, partly
indistinct ; subterminal brownish spots between veins 4-7,
crossed by a pale line; an inwardly lunular marginal black
line; the veins terminally streaked with black. Hind
wings white; the inner margin and a terminal line fuscous ;
the veins terminally fuscous; a buff spot at anal angle.
Two specimens from Sixola have a dark grey streak from
Fleteroceva frum Costa Rica. 277
medial to subterminal between veins 4 and 5, and the
reddish-brown medial shade extends between veins 2 and 3
to near tornus ; the veins on hind wings are black except at
base.
Expanse 39 mm.
@. Head, collar, and thorax moss-green. Fore wings
paler in tint; three dark spots on subterminal shade between
4 and 7, and three spots between vein 3 and inner margin,
the spot between 2 and 3 largest. Hind wings fuscous grey ;
a buff spot at anal angle; the cilia light brown and white
with dark spots at veins.
Expanse 43 mm.
Hab. Juan Vinas, Sixola, Avangarez.
Heterocampa plebeia, sp. n.
Palpi dark brown fringed with buff-brown. Thorax dark
brown ; head, collar, and patagia light brown. Abdomen
fuscous brown. Fore wings brown, the lines darker; the
basal geminate; the antemedial geminate, finely dentate
‘on costa and in cell, wavy below cell, dentate on sub-
median; antemedial space dark brown from costa across
cell ; a whitish-buff space below cell and on base of inner
margin ; a dark brown spot at end of cell, followed by a
dull shade oblique from costa, angled at vein 4; the post-
medial indistinct, geminate, followed by greyish scales on
submedian and veins 2-4, and by dark brown shades on
costa, and from vein 2 to inner margin, also by a quadrate dark
brown shade between veins 4 and 5; a subterminal whitish-
buff line, obsolescent towards apex; the veins beyond post-
medial streaked with black; a faint terminal buff line above
tornus. Hind wings brown; an indistinct postmedial buff
shade ; cilia whitish buff.
Expanse 38 mm.
Hab. Juan Vinas, El Sitio, Tuis.
Heterocampa princeps, sp. n.
@. Head, thorax, and fore wings pale yellowish green.
Abdomen light buff; some reddish brown at base dorsally ;
two transverse patches on last segment dorsally. Fore
wings: a dark oblique shade from base of cell to inner
margin suffusing above submedian with a fine curved ante-
medial line; an oblique darker green shade medially from
costa to vein 2 subterminally, on which is a still darker
Junate spot on discocellular ; postmedial greenish-white spots
on veins preceded and followed by small dark spots
most noticeable on veins 2-4 ; dark streaks close to celi on
278 Mi. W. Schats on
veins 3 and 43 an indistinet subterminal shade with darker
shadings on veins; dark green points on cilia at veins.
Hind wings white faintly tinged with yellow, more distinctly
on inner margin.
Expanse 45 mm,
fla. Juan Vinas, El Sitio.
Fleterocampa proba, sp. nk
&. Head and thorax dark moss-green; some white scales
on tegule behind. Abdomen above brown, paler dorsally ;
aval hairs tinged with rufous. Fore wings dark moss-green ;
a curved geminate dark brown basal line, filled in with
lighter brown; the antemedial, geminate, finely wavy,
junular; an indistinet brownish mark on discocellutar 3 the
postmedial lunular between veins, faintly geminate, with
white points on veins and a white line on inner margin;
subterminal brown and fuscous spots between the veins,
inset between 4 and 6; the veins on terminal third of wing
tinged with fuscous and irrorated with grey scales; white
points terminally on veins. Hind wings brown; the cell
and beyond more thinly scaled showing a whitish ground ;
the costal margin dark moss-green, with a geminate post-
medial line, continuing as a pale shade to inner margin.
EXxpanse 40 mm.
@. The abdomen with dark brown dorsal tufts. Fore
wings brighter green; the subterminal spots sagittate.
Hind wings greyer, the outer margin tinged with green.
xpanse 49 mm.
Hab. Juan Vinas.
Allied to H. delira, Schs,
Heterocampa spectra, sp. ii.
2. Head, collar, and thorax white mottled with brownish-
grey hairs. Abdomen ochreous buff, the terminal segment
dorsally whitish. Fore wings white, thinly irrorated with
ochreous brown and dark brewn; a wavy, curved, basal
ochreous-brown line; the antemedial faint, geminate, fuscous,
oblique from cell, terminating in a fuscous patch on middle
of inner margin ; a small dark brewn spot at end of cell, and
two oblique brown lines above it on costa; pestmediad
geminate, lunular, fuscous, indistinct, followed by a brownish
shade on costa; subterminal sagittate black spots between
the veins; cilia white spotted with brown at veins. Hind
wings light greyish brown; a dark terminal line; a post-
medial whitish shade.
© Meterocera from Coste, Rica. 279
Expanse 47 mm.
flab. Poas.
Allied to HZ. ésidra, Schs.
Rhuda tuisa, sp. re
Palpi and frons mottled grey and brown, the latter crossed
by a brown line. Vertex, collar, and thorax olive-brown ;
whitish lines on collar in front; patagia crossed by a white
transverse line, and posteriorly with a large lilacine-grey
patch. Abdomen brownish above, ochreous tufts laterally ;
underneath yellowish. Fore wings: a silvery-white stripe
frem base of cell to submedian at inner line, below which the
basal area is white irrorated with fuscous brown; a brown
shade from base of costa to tornus and along inner margin
beyond the inner line, with a fuscous streak at base of sub-
costal and median, and submedian medially; above the
brown shade the wing is roseate across cell and between
veins 2 and4 to mear termen, and is crossed by three fine
outer lines, very ebliqgue inwardly from vein 4, the outer of
the three lines much thickened between 2 and 3; abeve the
roseate shade a narrow silvery-white shade surrounding an
elongated silky olive-brown space along costa which is
posteriorly edged by a fuscous-brown line, oblique from costa
to lower angle of cell, straight along vein 4 to within 4 mm.
of termen and then finely crenulate to costa; a wavy mar-
ginal brown line, beyond which the termen is thickly irrorated
with brown. Hind wings yellow; the apex snd outer
margin broadly black.
Expanse, ¢ 50 mm.
Hxpanse, ? 59 mm.
flab. Sixola, Tuis.
Chadisra hibrida, sp. 1.
&. Palpi, head, collar, and thorax light browa shaded
with reddish brown; a black spot on vertex behind ; patagia
grey mottled with brown. Abdomen above fuscous brown ;
greyish tuft at base, and grey dorsal line expanding ter-
minally. Fore wings grey: an interrupted basal black line
beyond which to antemedial the space is tinged with fuscous
brown; the antemedial geminate, the first line indistinet
fuscous, the second line velvety fuscous brown, sinuous, the
narrow shade between them lighter browm; an inbent
whitish line en discecellular followed by a vague medial
fuscous shade ; the postmedial velvety fuscous brown, slightly
incurved from subcostal to vein 4 then wavy and somewhat
280 Mr. W. Schaus on
oblique to inner margin, followed by a brownish shade
limited by the subterminal, which consists of coalescing
clusters of velvety scales between 5 and 8, followed by a
whitish line somewhat outcurved on vein 4, and parallel with
termen to inner margin ; the outer margin whitish irrorated
with brown, very densely so above vein 4; some marginal
dark brown lunules between 4 and 7; terminal dark spots
at veins extending on cilia. Hind wings white, the vein on
outer half dark brown; the outer margin fuscous brown ;
cilia white.
Expanse 38 mm.
2. Collar fuscous brown. Fore wings very similar to
male, the subterminal velvety black continuous, almost
straight from costa to below vein 4, where it is angled out-
wardly, then inbent, and finely dentate, outwardly edged
with white ; a fine marginal brown line, angled helow vein 4.
Hind wings fuscous, tinged with white at base; cilia
brownish tipped with white.
Expanse 38 mm.
Hab. Tuis.
Chadisra luculenta, sp. n.
Palpi dark brown, greyish in front. Frons dark grey.
Vertex, collar, and thorax buff shaded with brown; patagia
grey irrorated with fuscous, and dorsally edged with brown.
Abdomen dorsally and terminally grey, laterally broadly
fuscous brown; underneath white. Fore wings light brown
irrorated with fuscous below cell on basal third; the costal
margin crossed by black lines medially, spotted with black
and white on apical third; an antemedial geminate black
line filled in with white from subcostal to submedian, followed
by a broad white space crossed by dentate black lines,
limited by a geminate lunular black line inset on vein 3, so
the white space becomes much narrower and terminates in a
point on inner margin ; the apex shaded with white; sub-
terminal triangular black spots between veins 5 and 8, and
small dark brown intervenal spots below vein 4; an irregular
marginal black line ; an interrupted dark brown line at base
of cilia, which is white with geminate brownish streaks.
Hind wings white; the outer margin black, widest at
apex; some fuscous hairs on inner margin above angle.
Expanse, ¢ 37 mm. |
Expanse, 9? 41 mm.
Hab. Juan Vinas, Tuis.
Heterocera from Costa Rica. 281
Chadisra prelauta, sp. n.
@. Palpi in front white irrorated with brown, dark brown
behind. Head, collar, and thorax brown; patagia grey.
Abdomen brown above, the basal segment whitish grey.
Fore wings: basal third of costal margin and cell whitish
irrorated with brown; below cell more narrowly similar,
limited by an inwardly oblique fuscous shade from cell, and
with a brown streak below median; a wavy black medial
line divided in cell by a light brown shade and followed by
a dark grey shade at end of cell; the medial space brown; a
postmedial lunular black line inset on vein 3, irregularly
edged with white and followed by a brown space, leaving
the terminal area above vein 3 white thinly irrorated with
brown; subterminal black spots between veins 6 and 8, and
smaller spots between 2 and 4; a marginal irregular brown
line, beyond which the irrorations are thicker, Hind wings:
basal half whitish irrorated with brown; outer half fuscous,
narrowing at anal angle; cilia white.
Eixpanse 35 mm.
Hab. Tuis.
Rifargia dissepta, sp, n.
$. Head brownish mottled with grey, Tegule brown,
tipped with grey behind, and with two lines of grey scales in
front. Thorax and abdomen grey irrorated with brown
except on four basal segments of abdomen, Tore wings and
cilia whitish thickly irrorated with light brown; a brownish
basal shade on costa, preceded by an oblique white spot and
some darker brown scales in and below cell; two fine black
lines on either side of discocellular, the inner one angled
anteriorly, the branch extending towards base, the outer one
angled at middle of discocellular, the branches extending
outwardly ; a fine brownish medial shade and fine postmedial
lunular line around end of cell; a subterminal whitish den-
tate shade with fuscous streaks between veins 4-8 and a
small fuscous spot above and below vein 2; a marginal dark
line straight from costa to vein 4, then lunular, Hind wings
white at base, the veins and some hairs brownish; the outer
margin broadly black ; cilia white,
Expanse 45 mm.
9. Fore wings: no basal dark markings; traces of an
antemedial lunular line ; no black lines at discocellular, the
medial area from cell to inner margin tinged with fuscous
brown, and a similar shade at end of cell.
Hixpanse 47 mm.
Hab, Avangarez.
Possibly only an extreme form of &. distinguenda, Wl|k.
282 Mr. W. Schaus o#
Lobeza trrorata, sp. 1.
3. Head, collar, and thorax whitish grey mottled with
dark brown hairs; on thorax posteriorly a curved dark brown
line, the scales partly tipped with ochreous. Abdomen:
dorsally fuscous brown, with light brown shades anteriorly
on segments ; a small white tuft at base and a white dorsal
line; last segment grey. Body below white. Fore wings
white thinly irrorated with dark brown and ochreous, the
latter chiefly along the lines and on antemedial portion of
inner margin; an indistinct geminate antemedial line, deeply
dentate and sulfusing with medial shade above submedian ;
the medial crossing end of cell, nearly straight and outwardly
toothed on veins, followed by a broad whitish space; the
postmedial, geminate, lunular, more wavy in the female, and
thickly irrorated with dark brown and echreous ; the termen
clearer white; an irregular brown marginal line. Hind wings
white; some fuscous scales at base; a medial fascous line
not reaching costa.
Expanse 69 mm.
9. Fore wings mere evenly and thickly irrorated with
brown scales.
Expanse 90 mm.
Hab. Juan Vinas, Tuis, Sixola.
Allied to Z. schausi, Dogn.
Anita costalis, sp. Ye
Palpi whitish buff in front, dark brown behind. Head,
collar, and thorax dark brown; a streak in front of antenna
and patagia whitish buff. Abdomen above fuscous brown.
Fore wings: the cell anteriorly and costal margin whitish
buff; the extreme costa finely black-brown, somewhat broader
towards apex; the wing otherwise olive-brown, paler be-
tween veins 4 and 6; veins 5 and © and 7 terminaily dark
brown; a transverse fuscous-brown shade at base; traces of
a darker geminate antemedial line below cell; a curved dark
shade on discocelluiar, edged with whitish buff; traces of a
postmedial line from below vein 5, outwardly shaded with
whitish buff between 3 and 4. Hind wings irrorated with
fuscous brown.
Hixpanse 42 mm.
Hab. Sixola.
Allied to A. basipuncta, Schaus.
Hemiceras amanda, sp. 0
@. Head and thorax lilacine brown; some white irro-
rations on vertex. Abdomen brown above, buff underneath.
Fleterocera from Costa Rica. 283
Kore wings brown tinged with lilacine; the lines consisting
ef white points on veins ; a white point at base below median ;
the antemedial nearly straight ; the outer line from costa at
2mm. from apex to middle of inner margin; an oblique
fuscous spot at end of cell, from which an oblique slightly
darker brown shade extends to outer margin; faint sub-
terminal dark streaks on veins 6-8 ; a few whitish scales at
apex; cilia brown; the inner margin lobed and excised.
Hind wings brown, the veins darker; cilia tipped with
white ; no epaque spot.
Kxpanse 38 mm.
Hab. Juan Vinas.
Allied to H. muscosa, Schs.
Hemiceras ceiba, sp. ns
6. Head and cellar fawn-colour, the vertex white.
Thorax lilacine brown. Abdomen light brown above tinged
with fuscous. Body underneath buff-brown. Fore wings
bright reddish brown tinged with lilacine ; a fine grey streak
aleng costa ; three antemedial black points, the one on median
more remote from base; apex fuscous with white irrorations ;
a fine straight dark brown line from apex to middle of inner
margin, faintly punctiform on veins, and outwardly edged
by a lighter brown line; inner margin lebed and excised.
Hind wings whitish tinged with ,brown ; the veins, inner
and outer margins light brown; the stigma darker brown.
Expanse 48 mm.
flab. Tuis.
Hemiceras celia, sp. 1.
6. Head and collar reddish brown; vertex and base of
antennz white; collar posteriorly, patagia, and abdomen
dorsally violaceous brown. Body below brownish buff.
Hore wings silky reddish brown tinged with violaceous
except on outer margin which is dull reddish brown, branching
to postmedial between veins 3 and 4; extreme costa irrorated
with fuscous and white, but very indistinct ; antemedial fine,
nearly straight, dull reddish brown, indistinctly punctiform on
veins; a fine black streak on discocellular; postmedial
similar, linear frem vein 2 to inner margin, consisting of
black points on veins from 2 to costa; inner margin lobed
and excised. Hind wings silky brown without a stigma ;
cilia tipped with white.
Expanse 45 mm.
Hab, Tuis.
284 Mr. W. Schaus on
Llemiceras clarki, sp. n.
¢. Head, collar, thorax, and fore wings brownish buff
faintly tinged with roseate; collar edged posteriorly with
fuscous grey. Abdomen above fuscous brown. Body below
whitish. Fore wings: lines fine, yellowish buff, edged on
medial side with olive-brown ; the antemedial slightly out-
curved ; the postmedial from costa at 2 mm. from apex to
middle of inner margin; the inner margin straight ; a large
black spot at end of cell, preceded by another spot below
subcostal ; veins finely irrorated with greyish ; a faint darker
subterminal shade inset at vein 4. Hind wings light silky
brown; the opaque spot concolorous.
Expanse 46 mm,
The female has the discal spots faintly indicated.
Hab. Juan Vinas, Alajuela.
Named after Mr. J. B, Clark of Alajuela, at whose house
I first discovered this species.
Flemiceras corema, sp. 0.
6. Head, collar, and thorax lilacine brown; a white line
across top of frons. Abdomen slightly darker above. Body
below whitish. Fore wings lilacine brown; the costa finely
whitish ; the lines light buff, shaded with darker brown on
medial side; the antemedial straight; the postmedial oblique
from costa at 3 mm, from apex to Inner margin just beyond
middle ; a black spot on discocellular preceded by a black
spot close to subcostal ; the veins partly irrorated with grey
and fuscous ; faint traces of a pale subterminal shade; cilia
dark brown, finely tipped with white ; inner margin sinuous.
Hind wings whitish shaded with brown, darkest on outer
margin ; an opaque brown spot at vein 2; cilia brown basally, —
outer half white.
Expanse 42 mm.
flab. Sixola, Avangarez.
Allied to H. pulverula, Gn., and H. indigna, Schs.
flemiceras lepida, sp. n.
3d. Head, collar, and thorax lilacine brown; a white band
across top of frons. Abdomen greyish brown above, whitish
underneath. Fore wings light lilacine brown irrorated with
pale reddish brown; antemedial line from subcostal, fine,
wavy, indistinct, brown, followed by a darker brown shade
outwardly curved to inner margin near tornus; a faint oblique
fuscous streak at end of cell, from which a brown shade
extends to outer margin, where it expands towards apex and
Feterocera from Costa Rica. 285
tornus ; an outer row of black points on veins from costa at
3 mm. from apex to vein 2; an indistinct subterminal dentate
brown shade ; cilia brown. Hind wings whitish ; the veins
and margins tinged with brown; a large opaque brown spot
at vein 2; cilia tipped with white. Inner margin of fore
wings slightly lobed and excised.
Expanse 45 mm.
Lab. Juan Vinas, Tuis, Limon.
Flemiceras rava, sp. n.
3S. Head, collar, and thorax lilacine brown. Abdomen
above greyish brown. Body below pale buff. Fore wings
brown ; the antemedial fine, black, nearly straight, with a
black point on median and submedian; an oblique darker
brown spot at end of cell; postmedial consisting of black
points on veins partly irrorated with grey scales, inwardly
oblique from costa at 2mm. from apex to middle of inner
margin and followed by a dark shade below vein 2; a deeply
dentate subterminal darker brown shade from costa to vein 2 :
inner margin nearly straight. Hind wings light brown ; the
veins and outer margin darker brown; a whitish shade at
base due to thin scaling.
ixpanse 37 mm.
flab. Sixola, Guapiles, Tuis, Juan Vinas.
Very closely allied to H. lotula, Gn., and /7, tulola, Schs.
Hemiceras siderea, sp. n.
@. Palpi and frons ochreous buff. Vertex fuscous brown
and white. Collar dark reddish brown and white. Thorax
fuscous brown irrorated with white ; patagia ochreous brown.
Abdomen above fuscous grey. Body below and anal hairs
yellowish. Fore wings reddish brown tinged with grey,
except on costal and outer margins ; the extreme costa white ; ,
two oblique black points at end of cell; antemedial outlined
by whitish irrorations on either side below cell to inner margin,
and a white point on subcostal ; postmedial similarly formed,
being preceded by white points on veins which are irrorated
with black and white from cell, and followed by broad whitish
streaks irrorated with reddish brown along veins to near
termen, these streaks being also spotted with fuscous brown
subterminally ; outer margin otherwise broadly deep yellow ;
inner margin slightly lobed and excised. Hind wings fuscous
brown ; cilia yellowish white,
Expanse 45 mm.
flab. Guapiles, El Sitio.
286 On Heterocera from Costa Rica.
Hemiceras torva, sp. n.
Palpi buff in front, brown behind. Head: frons lilacine
brown; a white band behind; vertex white irrorated with
brown. Collar buff shaded with brown and violaceous be-
hind. Thorax violaceous ; patagia ochreous buff. Abdomen
light brown above. Body yellowish white underneath. Fore
wings ochreous buff; a fine wavy antemedial line, faintly
punctiform on veins; a small brownish spot at end of cell,
preceded by a point below subcostal ; a row of fuscous points
on veins from costa at 2 mm. from apcx to a large spot on
inner margin at excision, this spot somewhat reniform, brown
broadly edged with dark violaceous; the lobe and excision
on inner margin finely edged with dark violaceous ; a sub-
terminal dentate pale brownish shade from vein 4 to apex.
Hind wings brownish white ; the veins terminally, inner and
outer margins more distinctly brown; the stigma still
darker.
Expanse 41 mm.
Hab. Sixola, Guapiles.
Close to H. valkeri, Schs.
Hemiceras zula, sp. n.
Head : frons reddish brown; vertex grey mottled with
white. Collar and thorax greyish, irrorated with reddish
brown. Abdomen above fuscous grey. Body below whitish.
Fore wings silky grey, palest on costal margin; antemedial
line fine, dark brown, outwardly oblique across cell, indentate
below cell, then outwardly oblique but slightly indentate on
submedian, with black points at subcostal and at angles ;
postmedial very fine, brown, lunular, dentate with black
points on veins; a faint silky brown shade from vein 2 to
inner margin crossed by postmedial; some faint silky brown
shades on outer margin ; inner margin lobed and excised.
Hind wings greyish brown ; a whitish shade in and beyond
cell ; cilia white, opaque spot concolorous.
Expanse 42 mm.
The female has pectinated antenna.
Expanse 46 mm,
Hab. 'Tuis.
Distinguished from H, deornata, Wlk., by the pectinated
antenne in the female and the more angular antemedial
line.
On new Sipecies of [Heteroecra. 287
XX XI.—Deseriptions of some new Species of Heteroeera from
Tropical South America, and Two new Species of Geome-
tridee from West Africa. By Herperr Deuce, F.L.S. &e.
Fam. Syntomide.
Homeocera sandion, sp. ne
Male.—Head and antenne black, collar and tegule dark
orange-yellow ; thorax and abdomen greenish black, banded
with orange-yellow at the base and on the sides of the abdo-
men ; legs orange-yellow, banded with black, Primaries
hyaline, the veins and margins black: secondaries hyaline,
the veins and inner margin black.
Expanse 14 inch.
Hab. Colombia, Pueblo Rico, San Juan ; Choco, 5200 feet
(Mus. Druce).
Homeocera duronta, sp. 1.
Male.—Head, palpi, thorax, and abdomen black; an-
tennz black, tipped with white, the base of the thorax and
the last four segments of the abdomen banded with red; the
underside of the abdomen metallic green; the legs pure
white. Primaries hyaline, the base, costal margin, a spot at
the end of the cell, and a mark below the apex on the outer
margin all black ; the veins dark: secondaries hyaline, the
inner margin broadly black.
Expanse 1% inch.
Hab. Colombia, 2700 m. (Mus. Druce}.
Allied to Homeocera rodriguez’, Druce.
Macrocneme semiviridis, sp. n.
Male.— Head, palpi, antenne, collar, tegule, and thorax
black, antenne tipped with white; abdomen and legs bluish
black, the sides of the abdomen spotted with white at the
base ; the underside of the abdomen with a central row of
white spots extending from the base to the anus. Primaries
black, the basal half metallic blue-green, the veins and fringe
black : secondaries metallic blue-green, the apex and outer
‘margin black, the fringe black. Underside very similar to
the upperside.
Expanse 1? inch.
Hab. Colombia, Siato, Rio Siato; slopes of Choco, 5200 feet
(Mus. Druce).
288 Mr. H. Druce on
Fam. Hypsida.
Hucyane meres, sp. n.
Male.—Head, antennee, collar, tegule, and thorax black ;
abdomen and legs black, glossed with dark blue. Primaries
black, crossed from the costal margin beyond the cell almost
to the anal angle by a narrow crimson line, which is widest
on the costal margin; the fringe black: secondaries glossy
dark blue, almost black in some lights; the fringe black.
The underside similar to the upperside, but the crimson band
wider.
Expanse 23 inches.
Hab. Colombia, Siato, Rio Siato ; slopes of Choco, 5200 feet
(Alus. Druce).
Pericopis practides, sp. n.
Male-——Head, antennze, palpi, collar, tegule, thorax,
abdomen, and legs black, the tegule tipped with yellow, the
sides of the abdomen spotted with white, the underside of the
abdomen with a double row of yellow spots; the anal tuft
red, Primaries blackish brown, shaded with semihyaline
grey at the end of the cell and beyond the cell to the inner
margin; the inner margin edged with chrome-yellow, ex-
tending from the base to the anal angle; a marginal row of
small white dots extends from the apex to the anal angle; a
red spot at the base of the wing: secondaries semihyaline
white, clouded with blackish brown, the veins black; the
costal and outer margin broadly bordered with chrome-yellow,
edged with black on both sides; a series of white points
extends from the apex to the anal angle. Underside very
similar to the upperside, except that the outer margin of the
primaries is broadly bordered with chrome-yellow almost to
the apex.—Female very similar to the male, but browner
and the marking more indistinct ; the submarginal greyish-
white line much more distinct; the abdomen banded with
white.
Expanse, ¢ 24, ¢ 3 inches. e
Hab. Colombia, Paso del Quindin, 3600 m. (Mus. Druce),
Allied to Pericopis arema, Boisd., and Pericopis palmer,
Druce.
Hyalurga grandis, sp. n.
Male,—Head and collar black, spotted with white; an-
tenne and legs black; tegule chrome-yellow, edged with
black ; thorax black, with two large white spots at the base ;
new Species of Lleterocera. 289
abdomen above chrome-yellow, with a wide central black line
extending from the base to the anus; a greyish-black line on
each side of the abdomen, the underside pure white. Pri-
maries semihyaline white, the costal margin, apex, outer and
inner margin broadly bordered with chrome-yellow, edged
with black on both sides, the veins and a spot at the end of
the cell all black: secondaries hyaline white, broadly bordered
with chrome-yellow from the apex to the anal angle; the veins
all black. he underside of both wings very similar to the
upperside, but with the outer margins much blacker.
Eixpanse 24 inches.
Hab. Peru, Chanchamayo (Mus. Druce).
This species is allied to Hyalurga noquet, Dogn.; it differs
from all the other species of //yalurga known to me by
having all the veins of both wings black.
Ilyalurga whiteleyt, sp. n.
Male.—Head, antenne, and collar black, the head spotted
with white; tegule yellow ; thorax black, with two white
spots at the base; abdomen fawn-colour above, the sides and
underside white; a brownish-black line on each side ex-
tending from the base to the anus; legs black and white.
Primaries whitish hyaline, the costal margin from the base
to about the middle dark yellow, then grey nearly to the apex ;
the apex and outer margin to the anal angle edged with
yellow, bordered with black on the inner side, the marginal
line white ; the fringe black ; a narrow black line crosses the
wing near the apex to the outer margin above the anal angle,
the veins dusky : secondaries hyaline white, bordered with
yellow from the apex to the anal angle, and edged with black
on the inner side; the marginal line white ; the fringe black.
The underside very similar to the upperside, but without any
of the yellow borders.
Expanse 2 inches.
Hab. Peru, Rio Napo (Waiteley) ; Kcuador, Sarayacu
(Buckley, Mus. Druce).
Fam. Lithoside.
Josiomorphia albolineata, sp. n.
Male.—Head, palpi, antenna, collar, tegule, and thorax
black ; abdomen glossy dark bluish black ; legs black. Pri-
maries black, with a wide white central band extending from
the base and crossing the lower half of the cell almost to the
outer margin ; the fringe black: secondaries white, bordered
Ann. & Mag. N. Hist, Ser. 8. Vol. vii. 19
290 Mr. H. Druce ox
with black from the base to the apex and from the apex to
the anal angle; the inner margin white; the fringe black.
Underside as above.
Eixpanse 1? inch.
Hab. Colombia, Pueblo Rico, La Selva, San Juan; Choco,
2500 feet (Ilus. Druce).
Josiomorphia andosa, sp. n.
Male.—Head, palpi, antenne, collar, tegule, thorax, abdo-
men, and legs black ; abdomen with a white line on each side
extending from the base to the anus; the underside of the
abdomen white. Primaries black; a pale yellow central
band extends from the base to nearly the outer margin ; the
band is wide to the end of the cell and then becomes narrow :
secondaries pale yellow, bordered with black on the costal and
outer margins; the fringe black. Underside as above.
Eixpanse 2 inches.
Hab. Colombia, Siato, Rio Siato; Chaco, 5000 feet (Aus.
Druce).
Allied to Josiomorphia patula, Walk., and Jostomorphia
striata, Druce.
Fam. Cosside.
Brachylia inconspicua, sp. n.
Male.—Head, antenne, collar, and thorax reddish brown ;
tegulee reddish brown, with a white spot at the base; abdo-
men pale brown, clothed with greyish hairs. Primaries pale
brown, striated with dark reddish-brown lines ; three bands
of reddish-brown spots edged with white cross the wing from
the costal to the inner margin nearest the base; the fringe
pale brown: secondaries blackish brown, mottled with grey
spots. The underside of both wings very similar to the
upperside, but paler in colour.
Hixpanse 14 inch.
Hab. W. Colombia, San Antonio, 5500 feet (Ilus. Druce).
Brachylia dentilinea, sp. n.
Male.—Head, collar, tegule, thorax, and abdomen above
pinkish brown; the underside of the abdomen and legs
greyish; antenne black. Primaries pale pinkish brown,
darkest from the end of the cell to the apex and outer margin ;
a series of fine dentated dark brown lines cross the wing from
the costal to the inner margin; the fringe dark brown:
secondaries pale brown, striated with fine dark brown lines.
new Species of Heterocera. 291
Underside of both wings very similar to the upperside.—
The female like the male, but slightly larger.
Expanse, ¢ 14, 9 12 inch.
Hab. Colombia, Tado, Rio San Juan; Choco, 250 feet
(Jlus. Druce).
Langsdorphia pallida, sp. n.
Male.—Head, antenne, collar, tegula, thorax, abdomen,
and legs pale greyish brown. Primaries pale brown, the
costal margin spotted with dark brown ; arow of pear-shaped
dark brown spots edged with white extends from the apex to
the middle of the inner margin ; a square-shaped brown spot
edged with white close to the base; several indistinct white
lines extend from the base partly across the wing ; the fringe
dark brown: secondaries greyish white, with a submarginal
row of indistinct pale brown spots from the apex to the anal
angle; the fringe dark brown.
Expanse 14 inch.
Hab. Chili (Mus. Druce).
Zeucera itys, Sp. Ne
Male.—Head, collar, tegule, thorax, and abdomen sordid
white ; antenne yellowish brown; legs greyish brown.
Primaries white, thickly striated with fine brown lines; a
black band close to the base and a black spot on the costal
margin beyond the cell: secondaries white, the veins pale
yellowish brown. Underside of both wings very similar to
the upperside.
Expanse 12 inch.
Hab. Colombia, Jimenez; Rio Dagua, 1600 feet (Jus.
Druce).
Zeuzera rowvana, sp. n.
Male.—Head, collar, tegule, thorax, legs, and abdomen
dark grey; antenne yellowish brown. Primaries grey,
thickly irrorated with dark brown scales; a short black band
on the inner margin near the base; the fringe dark grey:
secondaries dark grey, irrorated with black scales.
Exxpanse 14 inch.
Hab. Colombia, Tado, Rio San Juan; Choco, 250 feet
(ALus. Druce).
Zeuzera undulosa, sp. n.
Male.—Head, collar, tegule, thorax, abdomen, and legs
greyish white; antenne pale brown. Primaries white,
292 Mr. H. Druce on
thickly marked with indistinct brown spots and small lines :
secondaries greyish white. Underside similar to the upper-
side.
Expanse 14 inch.
Hab. Colombia, Tado; Rio San Juan, 250 feet (Aus.
Druce).
Fam. Notodontide.
Rosema falcata, sp. n.
Alale—Head, thorax, and tegule green; antenne and
collar black ; base of thorax blackish brown ;. abdomen
pinkish cream-colour; legs brown. Primaries green, the
apex very slightly edged with brown: secondaries dark
pinkish cream-colour. Underside of both wings pinkish
brown, the primaries green on the inner margin.
Expanse 1? inch,
Hab. Colombia, Siato, Rio Siato; slopes of Chaco,
5200 feet (Aus. Druce).
Fam. Egeride.
Aigeria ventralis, sp. 0.
Male.—Head, antenne, palpi, tegule, thorax, abdomen,
and legs black; collar and anal tuft bright red, with some
long black hairs beyond. Primaries and secondaries hyaline,
the costal and outer margins of both wings black ; the veins
black.
Expanse 1 inch.
Hab. Kast Peru, Chanchamayo, 2000 m. (J/us. Druce).
Atgeria peruviana, sp. 0.
Male.—Head, palpi, antenna, collar, tegule, and thorax
black ; abdomen black, the two basal segments dark brown ;
legs pale yellowish brown. Primaries and secondaries pale
yellowish hyaline, the veins all dark brown; the fringe of
both wings brown.
Expanse 1 inch.
Hab. Peru, Chanchamayo, La Mercede, 1000 m. (Jus.
Druce).
Fam. Geometrida.
Agathia minuta, sp. n.
Male.x—Head, collar, tegule, thorax, and abdomen pale
green; antennze brown; palpi green above, white on the
underside; Jegs and underside of the abdomen whitish
new Species of [leterocera, 293
brown. Primaries pea-green, the costal margin, a waved
line crossing the wing at the end of the cell, and a band
crossing the wing beyond pale brown; the marginal line
brown ; the fringe white: secondaries green, the anal angle
and part of the outer margin pale greyish brown ; the brown
lines similar to those on the primaries. Underside of both
wings uniformly pale whitish green, both wings with a rather
wide submarginal black band.
Expanse 1 inch.
Hab. West Africa, Bitje, Ja River, Cameroons, 2000 feet,
dry season (Jfus. Druce).
Agatha (?) semirufa, sp. n.
Female.—Front of head and palpi black; head, collar,
tegule, and thorax yellowish green; abdomen pale brown ;
legs black. Primaries yellowish green, broadly bordered
from the middle of the outer margin to the anal angle with
dark blackish brown: secondaries orange-red, broadly
bordered from the apex to the anal angle with blackish
brown, irrorated with orange-red scales ; the fringes of both
wings black. Underside of both wings red, with blackish-
brown borders.
Expanse 14 inch.
Hab. West Africa, Bitje, Ja River, Cameroons, 2000 feet,
dry season (Jus. Druce).
Oospila dolens, sp. n.
Male.—Head, collar, tegule, and thorax dull green; an-
tenne black; abdomen black above, greenish on the under-
side; legs brown. Primaries black, the base, a spot at the
apex, and a small spot about the middle of the outer margin
dull green ; the fringe black : secondaries dull green, broadly
bordered from the apex to the anal angle with black; a black
dot at the end of the cell; the fringe black and dull white.
Underside very similar to the upperside.
Expanse 1,}5 inch.
Hab. West Colombia, La Maria, Dagua Valley, 4700 feet
(Mus. Druce).
Recheospila ockendent, sp. n.
Male.—Head, palpi, antenna, collar, thorax, and abdomen
reddish brown ; tegule white, edged with green on the upper
side; legs greenish white, Primaries dull green, banded
and irrorated with white; a wide submarginal brown band
extends from near the apex to the anal angle, where it is
294 Mr. C. T. Regan on the Anatomy and
irrorated with black and white scales: secondaries similar to
the primaries, with a large brown spot at the anal angle; the
marginal line black ; the fringe white. Underside greenish
white : primaries with a wide submarginal black band ex-
tending from near the apex to the anal angle: secondaries
with a large black spot at the anal angle.
Jixpanse 1? inch.
Hab. Perv, La Union, Rio Huacamaya, Carabaya,
2000 feet (AZus. Druce).
Allied to Racheospila calliope, Druce, from Mexico, but
very distinct.
XXXIT.—The Anatomy and Classification of the Teleostean
Fishes of the Order Salmoperce. By C. Tate Reaan, M.A.
(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.)
THE order Salmopercee includes only three genera—Percopsis,
Columbia, and Aphredoderus—each with a single species,
little fishes of the fresh waters of North America. It is an
isolated group, showing resemblances to the Iniomi, Micro-
cyprini, and Berycomorphi, but quite distinct from them all.
The following description is based on examples of all three
species :-—
External characters.—Body moderately elongate, com-
pressed, covered with adherent ciliated scales; lateral line
complete, running along middle of side. Mouth rather
small, terminal or subterminal, not or scarcely protractile,
bordered above mainly by the preemaxillaries ; maxillary
concealed or slightly exposed distally, without supramaxillary ;
small villiform teeth in the jaws. Head with large muciferous
cavities ; interorbital region flattish ; eyes lateral; two
nostrils on each side. Gill-membranes attached to isthmus;
6 branchiostegals; 4 gills; pseudobranchie. Dorsal fin
median, of 2 to 4 spines and 9 to 11 soft rays; anal of 1 or
2 spines and 6 or 7 soft rays ; caudal with 18 or 19 principal
rays, 16 or 17 branched; pectorals lateral ; pelvics sub-
abdominal, each of 7 or 8 rays, the outermost simple and with
a rudimentary spine adnate to its basal part.
Air-bladder.—The Salmoperce are physoclistic ; I cannot
find any trace of a pneumatic duct. In this I am confirmed
by Dr. W. G. Ridewood, who kindly examined an example
of Columbia transmontana.
Head-skeleton.—There are no parietal crests and the
occipital crest is developed only on the posterior face of the
skull; the posterior temporal fossee are open above; the
Classification of the Order Salmoperce. 295
muciferous channels on the upper surface of the head are
separated in the interorbital region by a median ridge or pair
of ridges formed by the frontals and continued forward on
the mesethmoid ; on the snout the muciferous channels lie in
the large thin nasal bones, which are concave, with both outer
and inner edges raised, the latter nearly or quite meeting
above the ethmoidal ridge. The parietals are separated by
the supraoccipital ; the otic bones are all well developed ; the
exoccipital condyles are contiguous ; there is a thin-walled
auditory bulla formed mainly by the basioccipital, exoccipital,
and pro-otic ; there is no basisphenoid, and the pro-oties do not
form a roof for the myodome ; the alisphenoids do not meet
in the middle line, and there is no orbitosphenoid. The pre-
orbital and suborbitals are ossified, without subocular shelf;
there is no supraorbital ; the opercular and hyopalatine bones
are all present and normally developed; the palatine is
attached to the head of the vomer and has a maxillary
process; the premaxillaries have short pedicels which lie
between the proximal ends of the maxillaries ; the latter are
broadest distally and have no supramaxillaries ; the lower
jaw is formed of dentary, articulare, and angulare. The lower
pharyngeals are coalescent by their inner edges ; there are 3
separate dentigerous upper pharyngeals on each side.
Vertebral column.—There are 30 to 36 vertebre (13-17 +
17-19) ; the centra and arches are co-ossified; most of the
preecaudals have rather strong transverse parapophyses ; the
ribs are strong, mostly inserted on the parapophyses ; the
epipleurals are feeble.
ING B.
Columbia transmontana.—-A. Pelvic bones. B. Caudal fin skeleton.
ep, epurals (epaxial basalia) ; Ay, hypurals; ¢, last centrum; w, urostyle,
Skeleton of caudal fin.—The caudal fin skeleton (fig. B)
shows one feature of generalization, in that the hypurals of
the upper and lower lobes are attached to separate centra; in
other characters it is highly specialized, for the hypurals are
few and the uroneurals are reduced, ankylosed with each
other and with the last centrum, forming a urostyle,
296 Miscellaneous.
Skeleton of patred jfins.—The post-temporal is forked,
attached to the epiotic above and the opisthotic below; the
hypercoracoid is perforate and the hypocoracoid is narrowed
forward below, meeting the cleithrum at or above the sym-
physis ; there is no mesocoracoid; there are 4 hourglass-
shaped radials, only the lowest on the hypocoracoid ; the
post-cleithrum is single, laminar above, and slender and rod-
like below ; the pelvic bones are connected with the post-
cleithra; they are formed of transverse portions which
broadly overlap and are united, and of rather slender pro-
cesses which converge anteriorly (fig. A).
‘wo families may be recognized :—
l. Percopsidz.
An adipose fin. Caudal of 19 principal rays, 17 branched ;
pelvics 8-rayed. Vent just in front of anal fin. Palate
toothless. Vertebra 34 to 36 (16-17+17-19).
Two genera: Percopsis and Columbia.
2. Aphredoderide.
No adipose fin. Caudal of 18 principal rays, 16 branched ;
pelvics 7-rayed. Vent at the throat (in the adult). Teeth
on vomer and palatines. Vertebre 30 (13+17).
A single genus: Aphredoderus.
Jordan and Evermann (Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896,
pp. 782-786) recognize to a certain extent the relationship
between these two families, but make each the type of a
separate order ; their idea that these fishes may be rather
closely related to the Percoid families Percide: and Centrarch-
ide is not confirmed by astudy of the anatomy. Boulenger,
in the ‘Cambridge Natural History’ (1904), includes the
Percopside in the heterogeneous group Haplomi, whilst
Aphredoderus is placed in the Berycide. Starks (Proc. U.S.
Nat. Mus. xxvii. 1904, p. 603) has noted some of the cha-
racters which separate Aphredoderus from the Berycoids.
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CONTENTS OF NUMBER 39.—Lighth Series.
Page s
XXVI. Descriptions and Records of Bees. XXXIV. BY. T. D.
A. Cocxnrett, University of Colorado ......0..seeseeeceenee ss 229
XXVII. Notes on the Cocoons and Descriptions of Four: new wae 3 :
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AV BORAUS, FOBots view Wate kas Re Oey bas HONE SNS eee severe 262 0
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Poti CX
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XXXIII.—Notes on Fossorial Hymenoptera.—III.
By Roxranp E. Turner, F.Z.S., F.E.S.
On some Species of Thynnide, Scoliide, and Sapygide.
Untess otherwise mentioned, the insects described in this
paper are in the National Collection at South Kensington.
Some are in the collection of the Berlin Museum.
Family Thynnide.
Spilothynnus tucumanensis, sp. n.
9. Nigra, abdominis segmento primo macula mediali, segmentis
2-5 maculis lateralibus flavis, segmento primo antice producto,
tuberculato ; pedibus pallide testaceis.
Long. 8 mm,
Head nearly as long as the anterior breadth, strongly
rounded posteriorly, closely and rather deeply punctured,
slightly convex, depressed anteriorly, with a shining, slightly
concave area between the eyes and the base of the antenne.
Thorax very narrow ; the pronotum as long as the breadth
on the anterior margin, slightly narrowed posteriorly, shining,
with a few scattered punctures, the anterior angles prominent
and subtuberculate, a short longitudinal groove from the
anterior margin, the sides strongly depressed near the
posterior margin; scutellum and median segment shining,
very narrow; the median segment depressed and flattened,
longer than broad. Abdomen narrowed at the extremities,
Ann. & Mag. N. Mist. Ser. 8. Vol. vii. 20
298 Mr. R. E. Turner on Possorial Hymenoptera.
the first segment shining and sparsely punctured, narrowed
towards the base and produced into a bluntly rounded pro-
minence which projects over the apex of the median segment ;
second segment slightly broadened from the base, with three
well-marked transverse carine, in addition to which the
apical margin is slightly raised; the remaining segments
shining and very sparsely punctured; pygidium almost
vertically truncate, the surface of the truncation rugose,
small and ovate, the ventral plate projecting beyond the
dorsal and pointed at the apex. Ventral segments sparsely
punctured, most deeply on the fifth.
Black ; the first dorsal abdominal segment (except at the
base and on the middle of the apical margin), a small spot
on each side near the base of the second segment, a large
spot on each side on the third and fourth segments, and a
small spot on each side of the fifth segment vellow; legs
testaceous brown ; mandibles and antennze fuscous.
Length 8 mm.
Hab. Tucuman, N. Argentina (S/einbach).
‘Type in Berlin Museum.
The shape of the first abdominal segment somewhat recalls
S. bituberculatus, Turn.
Parelaphroptera rollei, Turn.
Pseudelaphroptera rollei, Turn. Trans. Ent. Soc. London, p. 72
(1908). 3.
Parelaphroptera rollet, Turn, Wytsman’s Genera. Insectorum, cv.
Deals Mises
?. Mandibles simple, not bidentate ; clypeus without a
carina, the anterior margin transverse. Head distinctly
broader than long, slightly narrowed anteriorly, the posterior
angles rounded, shining and almost smooth, with a very
short frontal sulcus, the position of the ocelli indicated by
shallow and rather indistinct punctures, the cheeks produced
at the base of the mandibles into a blunt tubercle notched at
the apex. Antenne short, the length of the flagellum not
exceeding the length of the head. Pronotum nearly twice as
broad as long, the sides parallel, almost as broad as the head,
finely and closely punctured; scutellum much broader than
long, narrowed towards the apex and sparsely punctured ;
median segment as long as the pronotum, broadened from the
base, very steeply sloped posteriorly, sparsely punctured.
First abdominal segment vertically truncate at the base, much
shorter than the second and not much narrowed anteriorly ;
second segment with a low carina near the base, another,
higher, near the apex separated by a deep groove from the
Mr. R. E. Turner on Fossorial Hymenoptera. 299
raised apical margin, the space between the basaland pre-apical
carinz indistinctly transversely rugulose ; the remaining seg-
ments verysparsely punctured. Pygidium not compressed or
narrowed, the greatest breadth nearly as great as the length,
rather narrowly rounded at the apex. Intermediate tibiz
broad, tarsal ungues toothed.
Brownish black ; tibize and tarsi testaceous ; a line on the
posterior margin of the pronotum, the posterior margin of
the seutellum, and a transverse band on the dorsal abdominal
segments ]-5, narrowly interrupted in the middle on seg-
ments 8-5 and broadly interrupted on the second segment,
pale yellow.
Length 10 mm.
Hab. La Paz, Mendoza (Jensen-Haarup).
This species differs considerably in both sexes from
P. flavomaculata, André, the type of the genus, especially in
the absence of lateral spines on the hypopygium of the male
and in the sculpture of the second abdominal segment in
the female.
Anodontyra haarupi, Turn.
Pseudelaphroptera haarupi, Turn, Aun. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) iii.
p- 183 (1909). 9.
Parelaphroptera haarupi, Turn. Wytsman’s Genera Insectorum, ev.
p. 21 (1910). @.
I was wrong in placing this species in my genus Parela-
phroptera, and also in my suggestion that it might prove to
be the female of P. rollei, op urn. I have now received
specimens of the male, and there can be no doubt that the
insect should be placed in the nearly related genus Anodon-
tyra, Westw.
3. Mandibles bidentate, the outer tooth much longer
than the inner. Clypeus slightly produced and rather nar-
rowly truncate at the apex, moderately convex, shining and
almost smooth. Antenne about as long as the thorax and
median segment combined, the apical joints slightly arcuate
beneath, the third joint of the flagellum longer than the
second. Head finely and very closely punctured, covered
sparsely with short grey pubescence. Thorax and median
segment finely and rather closely punctured, the scutellum
and postscutellum almost smooth, shining; pronotum
strongly rounded at the anterior angles; median segment
steeply sloped posteriorly. Abdomen str ongly but not very
closely punctured, not very slender, tapering slightly to the
extremities ; a deep transverse groove close to the base of
the second dorsal segment ; seventh dorsal segment narrowed
20*
300 My. R. E. Turner on Fossorial Hymenoptera.
to the apex; hypopygium short and not very narrow, pro-
jecting very little beyond the dorsal segment and truncate
at the apex. Third abscissa of the radius a litle longer
than the second; first recurrent nervure received at two-
thirds from the base of the second cubital cell, second at
one-fifth from the base of the third cubital cell, the divisiou
of the first cubital cell incomplete.
Black; the mandibles at the base, the clypeus (except a
narrow transverse line near the apex), pronotum (except a
narrow transverse band on the sides, not nearly reaching the
middle), a large spot on the mesonotum, tegule, scutellum
(except the margins), postscutellum, a broad, undulating,
transverse band on the median segment, mesopleurz, a band
broadly interrupted in the middle on dorsal segments 2-6, a
spot on each side on the first dorsal segment, a narrower
band on ventral segments 2-4, the femora beneath and the
tibize above bright yellow ; tibia beneath and tarsi testaceous
brown. Wings hyaline; nervures testaceous at the base,
black at the apex.
Length 17 mm.
Hab. Wa Paz, Mendoza (Jensen-Haarup).
On a second specimen the yellow markings, especially on
the median segment and abdomen, are more developed than
in the specimen described.
Genus Eucyrrotuynnvs, Turn.
Eucyrtothynnus, Turn. Wytsman’s Genera Insectorum, ey. p. 24 (1910).
In this genus should be included several species placed
provisionally in Hlaphroptera in my paper, Zool. Jahrb.
xxix. 2, 1910, viz. E. rosenbergi, E. anisitsi, E. acutidentata,
FE. obfuscata, and, with much doubt, H. mapirensis and
E. inferna. EE. steinbachii might be included in the genus
Chrysothynnus provisionally, which might also include
E. bogotana, E. mimula, and probably also E. deserta and
E. desponsa, but none of them are very near the typical
species C. inca, Turn., of which the female is still unknown.
Eucyrtothynnus heymonsi, sp. n.
3. Niger, mandibulis, clypeo, marginibus oculorum, pronoto, macula
magna scutelli, postscutello, segmenti mediani fasciis duabus
longitudinalibus, maculisque lateralibus segmenti 1™, 2ndi, 3tii
quartique flavis ; alis subhyalinis, nervulis fuscis ; clypeo emar-
ginato.
Clypeus slightly produced, shallowly emarginate at the
apex, the emargination not very broad, but extending over
Mr. R. KE. Turner on Fossorial Hymenoptera. 301
the whole apical margin, the angles only slightly produced,
a narrow transverse depression on the middle of the clypeus,
the apical half slightly porrect. Mandibles bidentate, the
outer tooth acute, the inner very broadly truncate. Antenne
as long as the head, thorax, and median segment combined,
the apical joints slightly arcuate. Head and thorax finely
and closely punctured, abdomen more sparsely punctured
and shining. Median segment as long as the breadth at the
base. Abdomen rather slender; the first segment gradually
broadened from the base ; seventh dorsal segment narrowly
truncate at the apex, the lateral margins raised; hypo-
pygium short and narrow, rounded at the apex. Third
abscissa of the radius a little longer than the second, the
second recurrent nervure received at one-third from the base
of the third cubital cell.
Black; the mandibles (except at the apex), clypeus
(except the depressed line on the middle), the frontal pro-
minences above the antennze, the margins of the eyes very
narrowly (except at the summit), a line on each side on the
posterior margin of the head, the margins of the pronotum,
a small spot on the tegul, a small spot on the mesopleure,
a large spot on the scutellum and a small one at each of the
anterior angles, a line on the postscutellum, a broad longi-
tudinal band on each side on the median segment, a large
spot on each side on dorsal abdominal segments 1-4, and a
line on the anterior tibiz beneath yellow; anterior tarsi
luteous. Wings shaded with fuscous, a little more deeply
in the radial cell than elsewhere; nervures fuscous, stigma
testaceous.
Length 13 mm.
Hab. Tucuman, N. Argentina (Steinbach).
‘Type in Berlin Museum.
Near the group of L. maculipennis, Guér., but is a less
robust species, the clypeus is more produced and much
narrower at the apex, and the difference in colouring is
considerable.
Genus THYNNUS.
The species placed in this genus in my paper on the
Thynnide of the Hungarian Museum (Ann. Mus. Nat.
Hung. vill. 1910) were not published in time for inclusion
in my revision ofthe family in Wytsmau’s ‘Genera In-
sectorum.’ The following changes in the generic names are
necessary :—Thynnus (Zeleboria) compar should be placed in
Neozeleboria, Rohw. (Zeleboria, Turn.) ; T. (Aolothynnus)
exiguus and T. (oluthynnus) lactarius should be included
302 Mr. R. E. Turner on Fossorital Llymenoptera.
in Asthenothynnus, and T. rufoluteus, T. conator,’ and
71. biroi in Zaspilothynnus.
Family Scoliide.
Subfamily Myzrviw2.
Myzine (Pseudomeria) dakarensis, Buyss.
Pseudomeria dakarensis, Buyss. Soc. Linn. Bordeaux, p. 340 (1910). 9.
Specimens from Mogador differ in having the whole of
the legs red, instead of only the tibiz and tarsi, and the
absence of white hairs on the scape and posterior margin of
the head. They may possibly represent a distinct species,
but I have not seen specimens of dakarensis, and the differ-
ences do not seem sufficient to be of specific importance.
Hab, Mogador (Escalera). December and March.
Myzine (Pseudomeria ?) mogadorensis, sp. n.
3. Niger, punctatus, clypei apice, marginibus prothoracis, mesonoti
macula quadrata, scutelli maculis duabus, postscutelli macula,
fasciisque latis apicalibus segmentorum abdominis flavis ; pedibus
ferrugineis, flavo-variegatis ; segmenti septimi angulis apicalibus
acutis.
Antenne about half as long again as the head, thorax, and
median segment combined. Clypeus widely and shallowly
emarginate at the apex ; head, thorax, and median segment
closely punctured and rather sparsely clothed with long
greyish pubescence, a small space below the anterior ocellus
smooth and shining ; the anterior margin of the pronotum
transverse. Abdomen shining, finely and shallowly punc-
tured, rather robust, the segments not constricted, the basal
segment short and almost sessile; the emargination of the
seventh dorsal segment broad, but not very deep, distinctly
broader at the apex than deep, the angles at the apex
pointed, the dorsal surface of the segmeut before the emargi-
nation with a short median longitudinal groove. ‘Third
abscissa of the radius no longer than the second, radial cell
rounded at the apex.
Black ; the clypeus at the apex (sometimes entirely), the
margins of the pronotum, interrupted in the middle on the
anterior margin, a quadrate spot on the mesonotum (some-
times obsolete), a spot on each side on the scutellum (some-
times obsolete), a transverse spot on the postscutellum, a
spot on the mesopleure below the anterior wings, the tegule,
and a transverse apical band, broadest on the sides, on all the
Mr. R. E. Turner on Fossorial Hymenoptera. 303
dorsal abdominal segments and on ventral segments 2-7,
often enclosing a brown spot on each side on the ventral
segments, yellow; legs light ferruginous marked with
yellow. Wings hyaline, nervures black, the stigma pale
ferruginous.
Length 11-16 mm.
Hab. Mogador, 8.W. Morocco (Escalera). March.
In the pointed angles of the seventh dorsal segment this
species resembles Jacteipennis, KE. Saund., from Algeria.
From the date of capture and the locality I consider that it
is probably the male of Psewdomeria dakarensis, but it would
be unjustifiable to place them together without more con-
clusive evidence. In some specimens the third abscissa of
the radius is much shorter than the second ; the details of
neuration in Myzine cannot be relied upon for specific
characters, slight differences often occurring on the different
sides of the same specimen. I do not look on Pseudomeria
as of more than subgeneric importance.
Myzine oraniensis, Luc.
Myzine oraniensis, Luc. Explor. se. Algérie, Zool. iii. p. 284 (1846). g.
Hab. Morocco City (Escalera). April, 1 @.
The specimen differs from an Algerian specimen in the
British Museum in having a black spot at the apex of the
clypeus, the punctures on the abdomen not quite as distinct,
and the third abscissa of the radius more distinctly shorter
than the second, especially on the left anterior wing.
Myzine fasciculata, E. Saund.
Myzine fasciculata, E. Saund. Trans. Ent. Soc. London, p. 533
(G01). a
Two specimens from Morocco City differ from the type in
having the antennz black, the base and sides of the clypeus
only yellow, a yellow spot on each side above the antenne,
the apex and sides of the seventh dorsal segment narrowly
margined with yellow, the radial cell shorter and the stigma
shorter and broader and of a darker colour, there is also a
large yellow spot on the mesopleure.
These probably represent a subspecies, but longer series
of both forms are required as well as the opposite sex.
Elis (Mesa) ruficeps, Sim.
Myzine ruficeps, Sm. Cat. Hym. B, M. iii. p. 75 (1855).
This species may be divided into several subspecies,
Q
304 Mr. R. E. Turner on Fossorial Hymenoptera.
differing slightly in colour, though not always very constant :
(1) E. ruficeps, Sm., the typical form, is from Natal ;
(2) E. ruficeps diapherogamia, Sauss., from the south of the
Transvaal; (3) E. ruficeps atopogamia, Sauss., from Lake
Nyasa. Other forms which are nearly related and will pro-
bably prove to be subspecies are EL. adeloyamia, Turn., from
Basutoland; EH. heterogamia, Sauss., which ranges from
Delagoa Bay to Mlangi in South Nyasaland ; and FH. hova,
Turn. (nodosa, Guér., 9 ?},from Madagascar. If the latter
is included, nodosa will have to be used as the specific name.
I am able to associate males with the three subspecies given,
though only on circumstantial evidence.
The following key will serve to distinguish the nearly allied
forms in both sexes :—
2 2. A. Wings hyaline, slightly tinted with
fuscous. Legs black ............ E. heterogamia, Sauss.
5. Wings fuscous, more or less glossed
with blue or purple.
a. Legs black.
a°’, Front and scape black ...... E. adelogamia, Turn.
b?. Front and scape red.......... E. hova, Turn.
b. Legs red.
a’, Pronotum black, except on the
posterior margin; mesonotum
and scutellum black ........ E, ruficeps ruficeps, Sm.
5°. Pronotum and scutellum red.
a’, Mesonotum almost entirely [gamia, Sauss.
ACO a iictah sah alonieut ee one E. ruficeps diaphero-
b*,| Mesonotamyped yt chin tists. 2 E. ruficeps atopogamia,
[Sauss.
3 od. A. Posterior tibize and tarsi testaceous.
Wings clear hyaline, without blue
POSS pacters tind wee te Sea een E. nodosa, Guér.
B. Posterior tibie and tarsi black above,
sometimes ferruginous beneath,
a. Wings hyaline, slightly glossed
with ablug a, Spe. chet eee ee E. ruficeps diaphero-
6, Wings strongly shaded with fus- gama, Sauss.
cous. ( =disjuncta, Turn.).
a’, Abdomen finely but distinetly
punctured, with short pubes-
GENCE eveteia la? | (mini eimai .... E. ruficeps ruficeps,Sm.
6°’, Abdomen obsoletely punctured
at the base, shining and with [Sauss.
less pubescence, \..s.accs eds E. ruficeps atopogamia,
The comparative length of the second and third abscissz
of the radius does not seem to be quite constant in either
sex, but the second abscissa is shorter in hova and diaphero-
gamia than in the other forms. Hova also differs in being
more closely punctured. In nodosa, Guér., the basal abdo-
minal segment is much more slender than in the other forms.
Mr. R. E. Turner on Fossorial Hymenoptera. 305
In all the males the apical dorsal segment is shallowly in-
cised at the apex.
Elis (Mesa) ametalla, sp. n.
3. Front longitudinally rugose, vertex punctured ; cly-
peus and front below the base of the antenne rather densely
clothed with white pubescence; scape strongly punctured
beneath, the third joint of the flayellum longer than the
second; antenne as long as the head, thorax, and median
segment combined. Thorax closely punctured, much nar-
rower than the head; the anterior margin of the pronotum
straight and slightly raised, with prominent angles; meso-
notum longer than the pronotum. Median segment coarsely
rugose. Abdomen very slender; the first segment half as
long again as the posterior femur and trochanter combined,
the basal half forming a narrow petiole flattened on the
dorsal surface, the apical half swollen, contracted at the
apex; second segment about half as long as the first, twice
as wide at the apex as at the base; third segment a little
longer than broad. Seventh dorsal segment almost pointed
at the apex, not incised. The whole abdomen subopaque,
minutely punctured and thinly covered with delicate whitish
pubescence. Third abscissa of the radius more than half as
long again as the second; first recurrent nervure received
beyond the middle of the second cubital cell, second just
beyond one quarter from the base of the third cubital
cell.
Black ; the apical half of the clypeus, an interrupted line
on the posterior margin of the pronotum, a transverse line
on the apical margin of the third, fourth, and fifth dorsal
segments of the abdomen, a. transverse spot at the apical
angles of the second and sixth segments, a line on the
anterior femora and on the anterior and intermediate tibiz,
the anterior tarsi and the basal joint of the intermediate and
posterior tarsi pale yellow. Abdomen without blue re-
flections. Wings clear hyaline, nervures black.
Length 1]—14 mm.
Hab. Mianji Boma, Nyasaland; 2400 ft. (S. da. Neave).
26 April-5 May, 1910. Three specimens.
Almost certainly the male of H. innotuta, Turn., which
was taken in considerable numbers at the same time.
E. heterogamia, Sauss., a larger species, also occurs more
sparingly in the same locality.
Very near EL. asmarensis, 'Yurn., but the second and third
dorsal segments are more elongate in the present species, the
third abscissa of the radius is longer, and the seventh dorsal
segment is without a carina.
306 Mr. R. E. Turner on Fossorial Hymenoptera.
Ehs varicolor, sp. n.
Q. Nigra, nitida, sparsissime punctata, capite pallide ferrugineo ;
prothorace, macula magna mesonoti, tegulis, macula scutelli, linea
postscutelli, macula magna mesopleurarum, tibiis tarsisque anticis
aurantiacis; maculis lateralibus segmentorum abdominis (sexto
excepto) flavis; alis subhyalinis, venis fuscis.
Long. 16 mm.
Clypeus shining, deeply punctured at the base. Head
shining, the vertex and ocellar region smooth, front closely
punctured, prominent above the base of the antenne and
divided by a short, shallow, longitudinal sulcus. Scape
shining, very sparsely punctured. Pronotum and meso-
pleuree coarsely but not closely punctured, mesonctum and
scutellum very sparsely punctured ; median segment almost
smooth, with a coarsely punctured space near the middle of
the apical margin, the sides of the segment indistinctly
obliquely striated. Abdomen shining, with a few scattered
punctures towards the apex, the apical segment finely longi-
tudinally striated. Radial cell very narrowly rounded at the
apex, the second abscissa of the radius nearly half as long
again as the third, cubitus of the hind wing interstitial with
the transverse median nervure.
Black; the head pale ferruginous red ; pronotum, a large
spot on the mesonotum, another on the scutellum, a trans-
verse line on the postscutellum, the tegule, a large spot on
the mesopleuree, and the anterior tibiz and femora orange; a
large spot on each side of abdominal segments 1-5 yellow ;
calcaria whitish. Wings hyaline, tinged with yellow,
nervures fuscous.
Hab. Brazil (Sello).
Type in the Berlin Museum.
Elis frontalis, Burm.
Plesia frontalis, Burm, Stett. ent. Zeit. xxvii. p. 177 (1876).
Hab. Cordova (Burmeister) ; Salta (Steinbach).
Elis ephippium, Fabr.
Tiphia ephippium, Fabry. Ent. Syst. ii. p. 228 (1793).
Hab. Porto Rico; St. Thomas ; St. John (Berlin Museum).
Subfamily Ureurr.
Epomidiopteron elegantulum, Sm.
Epomidiopleron elegantulum, Sm. Journal of Entomology, i. p. 79
(1860).
There is some confusion about this name, the specimen
Mr. R. E. Turner on Fossorial Hymenoptera. 307
marked as the type in the British Museum collection being
i. julit, Rom., which does not at all agree with the de-
scription. In Smith’s collection I found under the name
LE. elegantulum two specimens of Elis obscura, Fabr., which
answer well to the description. 1 am inclined to think
that Smith’s label must have been shifted accidentally inthe
Museum collection, and that elegantulum should be treated
as a synonym of Elis obscura, Fabr.
Tiphia gigantea, sp. n.
®. Nigra, nitidissima, sparse punctata, segmento dorsali sexto
longitudinaliter rugoso ; alis fuscis.
Long. 16-19 mm.
Clypeus depressed, transverse at the apex, shining, finely
punctured at the base. Head shining, very sparsely punc-
tured on the vertex and round the ocelli, more closely on the
front ; posterior ocelli nearly twice as far from the eyes as
from each other ; scape shining, with long pale fulvous hairs
beneath; the apical joint of the flagellum rather slender,
narrowed to the apex and longer than the penultimate joint.
Pronotum sparsely punctured anteriorly, with a_ broad
smooth area posteriorly separated from the anterior portion
by a slightly depressed, arched row of deep punctures.
Mesonotum and scutellum shining, with a few scattered
punctures; tegule large and smooth; pleure sparsely
punctured. Median segment smooth, subopaque, the margins
sharply defined, nearly half as broad again as long, with
three longitudinal carine, the outer ones almost parallel and
separated from each other by a distance equal to about one-
third of their length, the sides of the segment obliquely
striated, the face of the posterior truncation opaque, shallowly
punctured at the base. Abdomen shining, the segments
sparsely punctured at the base and the apex, more strongly
on the fourth and fifth segments ; the basal segment short,
almost smooth, without a carina at the base, the second
segment slightly constricted at the base; the sixth dorsal
segment longitudinally punctured-rugose, the sides of the
apical segments with rather sparse whitish pubescence. First
transverse cubital nervure short, the second three times as
long and slightly curved inwards in the middle. First re-
current nervure received at the middle of the first cubital
cell, second just before three-quarters from the base of the
second cubital cell; stigma very small.
Black ; the apex of the sixth dorsal segment dark reddish
brown. Wings rather pale fuscous, nervures black.
Hab. Petropolis, Brazil. August and October.
308 Mr. R. E. Turner on Fossorial Hymenoptera.
Type in the Berlin Museum.
Much larger than any other known 8.-American species of
the genus. It closely resembles large specimens of 7. in-
ornata, Say, but is much more sparsely punctured, the median
segment is longer, the base of the second dorsal segment is
without longitudinal striz, and the wings are somewhat
longer and darker. It is more sparsely punctured than
either 7’. montezuma, Cam., or 7. parallela, Sm., and the
apical joint of the flagellum in the latter species is much
stouter.
Subfamily Coszzrvz.
Anthobosca carbonaria, Burm.
Myzine carbonaria, Burm. Stett. ent. Zeit. xxxvil. p. 168 (1876). 2.
In a Brazilian specimen in the Berlin Museum the colour
of the hairs near the apex of the sixth dorsal segment is
bright fulvous. In another specimen from Nova Freiburg
the colour is much more obscure.
Subfamily Scozrys.
Scolia (Dielis) palauensis, sp. n.
2. Nigra, nitida, sparse punctata, abdominis segmento dorsali
primo fascia apicali lata, secundo fascia longitudinali laterali,
tertio maculis lateralibus flavis, segmentis 2-4 apice flavo-
fasciatis ; alis subhyalinis.
Long. 19 mm.
3. Niger, clypeo, pronoto, maculis duabus scutelli, fascia post-
scutelli, pleuris, pedibus, fasciis apicalibus segmentorum 1-4
flavis, abdomine ceruleo micante ; alis subhyalinis.
Long. 16 mm.
9. Clypeus rounded at the apex, smooth and shining,
punctured on the sides, with sparse cinereous pubescence.
Head shining, very sparsely punctured, smooth round tl
ocelli, closely punctured above the base of the antenna.
Thorax shining, sparsely punctured; the posterior slope of
the median segment smooth and subopaque ; pleurz almost
smooth, covered with very short and delicate pubescence.
Abdomen shining, with a few scattered punctures ; segments
3-5 with a short fringe of fulvous pubescence at the apex ;
the sixth dorsal segment coarsely rugose, covered with stiff
fulvous hairs.
Black ; the abdomen with faint blue reflections ; a broad
transverse band at the apex of the first dorsal segment, a
narrow band at the apex of segments 2-4, the sides of the
Mr. R. E. Turner on Fossorial EHymenoptera. 309
second segment, and a spot on each side of the third segment
yellow. Wings subhyaline ; nervures fuscous.
3. Head and thorax subopaque, more closely and finely
punctured than in the female, and thinly covered with short
greyish pubescence ; abdomen strongly but rather sparsely
punctured, the first segment longer than the greatest
breadth.
Black ; the abdomen with strong blue reflections ; clypeus,
the scape beneath, a transverse band interrupted in the
middle on the scutellum,a band on the postscutellum, the
pronotum, the greater part of the pleure and the legs yellow,
an apical band on segments 1-4, very broad on the first
segment and continued on the ventral surface, brownish
orange, ventral surface of abdomen and three apical dorsal
segments dull testaceous brown. Wings subhyaline, nervures
fuscous ; the radial cell very broadly rounded at the apex.
Hab. Palau Islands (Semper).
Types in Berlin Museum,
Family Sapygide.
Sapyga morawitzi, sp. n.
9. Flava, vertice, mesonoto, macula meliali flava, scutelli post-
scutellique marginibus, segmenti medialis apice, mesosterno,
abdominisque segmentis basi et apice ferrugineis; antennis
pallide ferrugineis, scapo flavo; alis hyalinis, venis fuscis ; clypeo
margine apicali dentibus binis armato.
Long. 12 mm.
? . Clypeus coarsely and closely punctured, with two teeth
near the middle of the apical margin. Antenne a little
longer than the head and thorax without the median seg-
ment, the second joint of the flagellum as long as the scape
and slightly longer than the third joint ; the apical joints
distinctly longer than broad. Head, thorax, and median
segment closely and coarsely punctured ; the metapleure
shining and much more shallowly punctured, not striated.
Dorsal segments of the abdomen finely and closely punctured-
rugulose, much more finely so on the ventral segments.
Tegule shining, with a few punctures. Submedian cell a
little longer than the median, third abscissa of the radius
more than twice as long as the second, first recurrent nervure
received just before the middle of the second cubital cell,
second at about one-eighth from the base of the second
cubital cell.
Pale yellow; the flagellum and the femora above pale
ferrugimous ; vertex, the area round the ocelli, mesonotum
310 Mr. T. D. A. Cockerell—Deseriptions and
except a yellow median spot, spots on the pleurz above the
coxze, the margins of the scutellum and postscutelium, the
mesosternum, a triangular spot at the apex of the median
segment, and the base and apex of each of the abdominal
segments rather broadly above, more narrowly beneath, dull
ferruginous. Wings hyaline; nervures fuscous, testaceous
at the extreme base.
¢. As in the female ; but the margins of segments 4-7
are black instead of ferruginous. ‘The first recurrent nervure
is received at the middle of the second cubital cell, the
second at one-quarter from the base of the third cubital cell.
The submedian cell is no longer than the median. In both
sexes the mandibles are black at the apex.
Length, 2 12 mm., ¢ 16 mm.
Hab. S.W. Persia (Hscalera).
Very near S. glasunovii, Mor., but in the present species
the second joint of the flagellum is distinctly longer than the
third, the tegule are less strongly punctured, the metapleure
are not striated, the colour also differs considerably. I have
not seen specimens of glasunovii, and it is possible that the
differences may prove to be of subspecific rather than of
full specifie importance. The slight differences in neuration
between the sexes are remarkable.
The 9? is the type.
XXXIV.—Descriptions and Records of Bees—XXXV.
By T. D. A. Cocxerntt, University of Colorado.
Xylocopa amethystina sigiriana, subsp. n.
& .—Face very narrow, facial quadrangle at least twice as
long as broad; all of face below antenne, and a small bi-
lobed spot on labrum, ivory-colour ; flagellum, except first
joint, dark red beneath ; vertex with a tuft of white hair;
hair of cheeks white; hair of thorax in front broadly, and
of pleura except the uppermost part, white, that of thorax
dullish and rather yellowish ; hair of metathorax all black ;
light hair of anterior legs white, and a little white hair on
outer side of middle tarsi. Abdomen with shining white
hair beneath. Wings translucent, strongly stained with
brown, especially in the region of the marginal and sub-
marginal cells, and the apex, the vems and parts immediately
adjacent shining brilliant purple. Hind legs quite ordinary ;
Records of Bees, O11
hind femora not incrassate and without any lobe or tooth,
hind tibiz not arched,
? .—Black, with the wings very dark fuliginous, very
brilliantly purple throughout ; face black, clypeus strongly
punctured, with a median carina; a strong keel extending
from middle ocellus to level of antennz ; hind tibis very
short and thick ; second s.m. in both sexes short.
Hab, Sigiri, N.W. India, March 1910 (2. Comber). One
male (type) and two females in British Museum.
This agrees with X, amethystina as defined by Bingham,
except in the colour of the hair of the male, the paler wings
of that sex; and in the female the more carinate clypeus
and front. Bingham’s amethystina is presumably the species
of Fabricius, but it is not the amethystina of Lepeletier,
which has quite different hind legs in the male. Bingham
wrongly places minuta, Lepeletier, asa synonym of amethys-
tina, it really belongs to X. cyanescens, X. ignita, Smith,
based on a female, is doubtless amcthystina. In the female
this species exactly imitates Anthophura violacea, Lepeletier,
which was taken by Mr. Comber at Karachi, N.W. India.
Crocisa takaonis, sp. 0.
Black, with white markings; in size and appearance
exactly like C. ramosa, Lep., but differing as follows :
scutellum with a white apical hair-patch, as well as white
hair projecting from beneath; apical plate of abdomen
strongly keeled; mesothorax and scutellum more finely
punctured ; white L on each side of first abdominal segment
thicker, its inner angle rounded. By having the third
autcunal joint in the female equal to the fourth, and a patch
of hair at apex of scutellum, C. tukaonis resembles C. affinis,
Mor., but the male antenne are not unusually short or
thick, the flagellar joints being, as usual, longer than broad.
The hind femora of the male have rounded compressed lobes
beneath, but are not dentate. The wings are very dark;
the lower part of the pleura is black, with a white spot.
Hab. Takao, Formosa, two of each sex (Sauter). Berlin
Museum. ‘The dates of capture are Oct. 11 and 80, Noy. 2
and Dec, 1, 1907.
A Crocisa from Foochow, China (H. 2. Caldwell), is be-
tween this species and U. ramosa, Like ramosa, it lacks the
white hair-patch on the scutellum ; tie apical plate of the
abdomen has a weak keel; the mesothorax and scutellum
are punctured as in takaonis, but the second abdominal
segment is less closely punctured ; white markings on first
312 Mr. T. D. A. Cockerell—Deser/ptions and
abdominal segment practically as in takaonis; the margins
of the scutellar incision are curved, producing a ——, not
practically straight as in takaonis.
Crocisa amata, sp. 0.
Length 9 to 13 mm.
Black with very brilliant but not shining turquoise-blue
markings: runs in my table in ‘Entomologist,’ Aug. 1910,
to CU. decora, Smith, to which it is very closely allied. Com-
pared with a Singapore example of decora, it differs as
follows: markings a little lighter, with a faint greenish
shade, occasionally almost white; basal band of first abdo-
minal segment very thick in middle, projecting from beneath
scutellum, but sublaterally interrupted or much narrowed
(in decora thick and even, with a linear median interruption) ;
sublateral discal spots of thorax smaller.
Hab. Formosa (Sauter). Berlin Museum.
I have before me 37 males and 27 females ; the type is a
male from Takao. The localities and dates are Takao,
Oct. 11, 19, 80, Nov. 2, Dec. 5, 15, 1907 ; Kanshi, June 8,
1908; Fuhosho, July 1909 ; Kanshirei, June 8, 1908.
This is a blue-marked species, with the hind femora of the
male bearing a large, sharp, thorn-like tooth, in all respects
very close to the mainland C. decora. Ishould have thought
it a variety of decora, had I received only a single specimen,
but the very long series holds its characters well, slight as
they are. In the ‘Entomologist,’ 1910, p. 219, I expressed
some fear that | might not have correctly identified decora ;
but since then Mr. Meade-Waldo has examined Smith’s type
(a female from N. China) for me, and returns to me one of
the specimens from Singapore I had considered decora,
assuring me that it is a true exponent of the species.
Mr. Meade-Waldo adds: ‘‘ decora is certainly marked with
strong, dark blue (not the pallid wash of Transcaspian
specimens of the genus Crocisa) ; the bands on the abdomen,
viewed from above, almost meet (rather more so than in
Singapore specimen) ; the mesothoracic spots are far from
the prothoracic band, a line drawn through the extreme
anterior edge of the tegule would just pass through the
hinder edge of the mesothoracic spots.”
Crocisa kanshireana, sp. 0.
Length about 12 to 14 mm.
Black with cobalt-blue markings, which are not at all
shining; scutellum —-—-like, with a blue apical patch.
Records of Bees. 313
Abdomen in male with purple and green tints ; bisal band
of first abdominal segment narrow, slender, often interrupted
in middle; apical band of first segment also rather slender,
interrupted in middle line by a space about equal to distance
from notch in scutellum to one of its lateral points ; bands
of first segment not united at sides; the other bands, four
in number, are transverse, interrupted about as widely as
that on apex of first segment ; median stripe of mesothorax
going back about to middle; discal spots small, isolated ;
mesothorax with much black hair; pleura crossed by a blue
band, narrowed in middle. Wings very dark ; apex of male
abdomen with three low lobes (in C. amata truncate, with a
tooth-like pencil of hair on each side) ; hind femora of male
unarmed ; hind tibiz with a patch of blue hair at base;
hair of basitarsi black, in female with a fair amount of blue,
in male with the blue reduced to a few hairs, often only on
anterior tarsi.
Hab. Kanshirei, Formosa, June 8, 1908 (Sauter). 6 g,
2 2,1n Berlin Museum.
A very closely related Crocisa from Foochow, China
(Caldwell), differs by the much duller, greyish-blue of the
abdominal markings; the W-like scutellum, without an
apical blue patch ; the broader median mesothoracic band ;
the apical band of first abdominal segment very narrowly or
not interrupted, and joined at sides by a longitudinal band
to the basal ; and the abundant light hair on the tarsi.
In Friese’s table of Oriental and Australian Crocisa (Ann.
Mus. Nat. Hung. 1909) this runs in both sexes straight to
C. emarginata, but it is certainly not the emaryginata of
Lepeletier, which has shining blue markings. In my tab'e
in ‘ Entomologist,’ Aug. 1910, it runs nearest to C. decora,
to which it is not closely allied.
It is seen from the above that Formosa contains three
species of Crocisa, all of different groups. All are close to
Chinese species, but nevertheless distinct.
ANDROGYN ELLA, gen. Nov.
like Megachile, but female with 13-jointed antenne, and
ventral surface of abdomen smooth and bare, without any
trace of ascopa. Junction of third and fourth antennal
joints in female very oblique. Male with short flattened
anterior coxal spines or lamelle ; anterior tarsi somewhat
modified. Type r of families of soft-
rayed fishes with abdominal pelvic fins, which are thrown
together because they lack the mesocoracoid bone, the presence
of which characterizes the order Isospondyli or Malaco-
pterygii. It was only to be expected that further study of
such a large and heterogeneous group,’ detined by a single
negative character, would prove it to be unnatural.
IT have already called attention to the fact that Retropinna,
Microstoma, and Salanx have no mesocoracoid*, although
they are closely related to the Argentinidee, in which that
bone is well developed. Moreover, Retropinna, which repre-
sents Osmerus in Australiaand New Zealand, is a connecting-
link between the northern family Argentinide and the
southern Haplochitonidw and Galaxiide. All these fishes
are extremely similar in osteology, dentition, and other
characters, and are very closely related. The Haplochitonidee
and Galaxiide, then, are not Haplomi, although they have
lost the mesocoracoid ; they are Salmonoids.
The third family of the Haplomi in the ‘ Cambridge
Natural History’ is the Enchodontide, Cretaceous fishes
which seem to me to be related to the Stomiatide, which
they resemble in mouth-structure and in cranial osteology.
I have already dealt with the osteology and classification
of many of the other groups included in the Haplomi by
Boulenger, viz. the Percopsidee (which I have united with
the Aphredoderidee to form the isolated order Salmoperce),
the Stephanoberycide (provisionally placed with the Melam-
phaidw in an order Xenoberyces, apparently related to the
Berycomorphi), the Scopelide, Alepidosauride, Cetomimide,
and Chirothricidee, which with the Ateleopide form the order
Iniomi, an offshoot from very primitive isospondylous fishes.
The Kneriide have already been removed to the [sospondyli
by Boulenger (Cat. African Freshwater Fish.) ; this family
ig not very remote from the Chanide.
* Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) iii. 1909, p. 82.
Classification of the Order Microcyprint. 321
There remain, then, for consideration only the Esocide,
Umbride, and Dalliide, the Haplomi sensu strictu, and the
Cyprinodontidee and Amblyopsidz, for which I have proposed
the ordinal name Microcyprini.
These two groups resemble each other in the absence of a
mesocoracoid and an orbitosphenoid, the separation of the
parietals by the supraoccipital, &c., but they differ widely in
other respects, and do not seem to be closely related.
The Haplomi are physostomous, the maxillary enters the
gape, the mesethmoid is represented by a pair of dermal
bones, and the ribs are borne on autogenous parapophyses *.
The Microcyprini appear to be physoclistic, the mouth is
bordered above by the pramaxillaries only, the mesethmoid
is unpaired, and all or most of the ribs are inserted on strong
transverse processes. Whereas the Haplomi show relation-
ship to the most generalized isospondylous fishes, the Micro-
cyprini bear more resemblance to the Salmopercee and
Synentognathi, especially the latter.
Order MICROCYPRINI.
Malacopterous physoclists with abdominal pelvic fins, each
of 6 or fewer rays. No lateral line. Mouth terminal,
bordered above by the premaxillaries; second, third, and
fourth upper pharyngeals dentigerous; lower pharyngeals
either separate, or if united with the median suture persistent ;
branchiostegals 6 or less. Parietals separated by supra-
occipital ; mesethmoid unpaired; no orbitosphenoid ; ali-
sphenoids well separated ; basisphenoid, when present, small,
free superiorly ; roof of myodome membranous or tbinly
ossified ; a short occipital, but no parietal crests. Pectoral
arch attached to skull; post-temporal foiked, or the lower
limb sometimes ligamentous ; supra-cleithrum small; no
mesocoracoid ; radials 4, short and broad, 2 or 3 on hyper-
coracoid. Vertebral column of solid centra which are
co-ossified with the arches; all or most of the preecaudals
with strong parapophyses bearing the ribs ; epipleurals, but
no epineurals ; ribs commencing on second vertebra; no
up‘urned centra at base of caudal fin; hypurals ankylosed
with the last centrum.
I have examined a number of genera, and I believe that
all are physoclistic, but I have not undertaken the detailed
research necessary to establish this. Valenciennes came to
* Cf. Starks, Biol. Bull. vii. 1904, p. 254, and Zool, Jahrb. 1904,
p. 249.
322 Mr. C. T. Regan on the Osteology and
the same conclusion in the case of Pwcilia and Anableps
(Hist. Nat. Poiss. xvii, 1846, pp. 126, 258), and Philippi
has recently shown that Glaridichthys and Cnesterodon are
physoclists (Sitzungsb. Gesellsch. naturf. Freund. 1906,
. Bae)
‘ Starks has published some notes on the osteology of
Amblyopsis, Cyprinodon, Fundulus, and Pecilia (Biol. Bull.
vil, 1904).
Suborder 1. AMBLYOPSOIDEA.
Mouth rather wide, not protractile ; teeth in jaws and on
palatines ; gill-membranes attached to istlmus ; pelvic fins
small or absent; vent jugular. Parietals large ; opisthotic
normal. Palatine distinct from pterygoid ; metapterygoid
present. No post-cleithrum. Pracaudal vertebre with
parapophyses from the fourth ; first two ribs sessile.
Family Amblyopside.
This family includes Chologaster and the blind cave-fishes
Amblyopsis and Typhlichthys (cf. Jord. & Everm. Bull. U.S.
Nat. Mus. xlvii. 1896, p. 702). I am able to confirm Stark’s
account of the skeleton of Amblyopsis (Biol. Bull. vii. 1904,
p- 261), except for the statement that all the praecaudal
vertebree have parapophyses. Higenmann has studied the
degeneration of the eyes in the blind cave-fishes (‘ Cave
Vertebrates of America’: Washington, 1909).
Suborder 2. P@CILIOIDEA.
Mouth small, unless the jaws are produced ; preemaxillaries
usually protractile ; maxillary little movable, adnate to pre-
orbital ; teeth in jaws and sometimes on vomer, never on
palatines ; gill-membranes free from isthmus; pelvic fins
usually weil-developed, 6-rayed, sometimes absent. Parietals,
when present, small or moderate; opisthotic, if present,
adherent to outer surface of exoccipital. Palatine and ptery-
goid ankylosed; no metapterygoid. A single laminar post-
cleithrum on each side (except in Anableps). Precaudal
vertebrae with parapophyses from the first or second; all the
ribs on parapophyses.
The fishes of this suborder have usually been regarded as
a single family, Cyprinodontidze or Peeciliide ; in that case
several subfamilies should be recognized.
Classification of the Order Microcyprini. 323
Family Peciliide.
Synopsis of the Subfamilies.
I. Exoccipital condyles present; anal fin of both sexes similar in
position.
A. Oviparous ; anal fin of both sexes similar in structure *,
1. Teeth tricuspid; parietals absent ....,, 1, Cyprinodontine.
2. Teeth conical or villiform.
Parietals present; pelvic fins present ; epipleurals
RETRO ah Jet ast Rl hake digit to echedl ce aoe 2. Funduline.
Parietals absent; pelvic fins absent ; epipleurals bi-
Greate OF EMUPCALO. ho. jac. aed ae 3. Orestiine.
B, Viviparous; anal fin of male with the first 5 or 6 rays short,
stiff and subequal, separated by a shallow notch from the rest
pichesiay rn segs pee cata reer eee 4, Characodontine,
C. Viviparous; anal fin of male modified into an intromittent
organ, the rays of the fin supporting the tubular prolongation
of the urogenital duct.
Eyes normal; intromittent organ naked; skull nor-
mMele ye vertebrie oll... % ce Yee ose eee sed 5. Jenynstine.
Kyes divided transversely ; intromittent organ scaly ;
skull very depressed; vertebrae 46 to 53....., 6. Anablepine.
II. Exoccipital condyles absent ; viviparous; anal fin of male advanced
and some of its anterior rays enlarged and produced.
7. Peciliine,
1. Cyprivoponrin 2.
Differ from the Funduline only in the tricuspid teeth and
the absence of parietals. Vertebra 26 (in Ledias dispar).
Cyprinodon and Jordanella from North America; Lebias
and Yella from Africa and Svuthern Europe. Some of the
species are marine. The Miocene Pachylelias, A. S. Wood-
ward, may be placed here.
2. Founpvriw2z.
Oviparous. Teeth conical or villiform. Parietals present.
Exoccipital condyles well developed. Epipleurals simple,
The most generalized and the most widely distributed
group of the Peecilioids. None differs much from Goodea in
osteology, but Lamprichthys retains the basisplenoid, as in
the Cyprinodontine.
The vertebra number 28 to 41 (28 in Hlaplochilichthys,
* Except in some species of Fundudus in which the oviduct is produced
on the al fin,
324 Mr. C. T. Regan on the Osteology and
29 in Panchaw, 32 or 33 in Fundulus, 84 in Révulus, 41 in
Lamprichthys) .
The South-American genera of this subfamily are Rivulus
and Cynolebias. The North-American species are numerous ;
many are marine, and most of them appear to be congeneric
with Fundulus heteroclitus; Lucania and probably Empe-
trichthys are related genera. With the exception of the
problematical Pundulichthys virescens, the Asiatic species fall
into two groups ; in both the short dorsal fin is placed above
the posterior end of the rather long anal, but they differ
widely in other respects. In the one the praemaxillaries are
flattish and somewhat produced, protractile, the cleft of the
mouth is rather wide, horizontal, almost semicircular, the
teeth are in bands, with an outer and a more or less distinct
inner series of enlarged teeth, vomerine teeth and pseudo-
branchiz are present, the gill-membranes are not united, and
the pectoral fins are placed low. In the other the mouth is
small, transverse, not protractile, with the teeth in a single
series, sometimes followed by a second series of minute
teeth; there are no vomerine teeth or pseudobranchie, the
gill-membranes are broadly united, and the pectoral fins are
placed high. McClelland, in 1839, included one species of
each group in his genus Aplochetlus (Haplochilus). Valen-
ciennes, in 1846, gave the name Panchaz to the tirst of these
groups, and Bleeker afterwards definitely restricted Haplo-
chilus to the second. Oryzias, Jord. & Snyder, is a synonym
of Haplochilus.
Most of the African fishes which have been referred to Hap-
lochilus belong to one or the other of two rather distinct types ;
a number of species may be placed in Panchaz, since the
differ from the Asiatic species of that genus only in the less
produced premaxillaries ; 27. playfairti, sex/asciatus, fasciatus,
senegalensis, chaperi, Ke. are species of Panchax. Several
species which have been placed in Haplochilus appear to be
congeneric with Hap/ochilechthys spilauchen ; in these pseudo-
branchiz and vomerine teeth are always absent, but they are
not invariably present in Panchaw. Haplochilichthys resembles
Haplochilus and differs from Panchaz in the high position of
the pectoral fins and the united gill-membranes, but has the
mouth protractile and the teeth in bands, the outer series
enlarged; H. macrurus, johnstonii, antinorii, myopose, &e.
are species of this genus. Procatopus is closely related to
Haplochilichthys. Most of the Atrican species which have
been placed in /undulus appear to belong to the genns Wotho-
branchius, which differs from Panchax in having the dorsal
fin as long as the anal.
Classification of the Order Microcyprint. 325
I here propose the new generic name Lamprichthys for
Haplochilus tanganicanus, Bouleng., a silvery fish which
differs from Haplochilichthys in the strongly compressed
body, the very long anal fin, and the more numerous vertebra
(41 instead of 28).
The Oligocene and Miocene Prolebias, Sauv., seems to be
related to Fundulus ; it has 32 to 34 vertebree (A. 8. Wood-
ward, Cat. Foss. Fish. iv. p. 290, 1901).
3. Orgsrirmv a.
The remarkable genus Orestias includes about twelve
species from elevated lakes in the Andes of Peru, Bolivia,
and Chile. Externally it differs from Fundulus chiefly in
the absence of pelvic fins, but the absence of parietals and the
forked epipleurals are differences of considerable importance.
Vertebree (in O. pentlandi’) 36. Pellegrin has given an
interesting account of these fishes (‘ Lacs ‘des Haut Plateaux
de l’Amérique du Sud,’ 1907; also in C. R, Acad. des
Sciences, 1904, and Bull. Soc. Zool. xxix. 1904, p. 90).
4, OnARACODONTINE.
Differ from the Funduline especially in that they are
viviparous; the anal fin of the male has the first 5 or 6 rays
short, stiff and subequal, separated by a more or less distinct
notch from the rest of the fin. Vertebra rather numerous
(38 in Zoogoneticus robustus, 44 in Goodca atripinnis).
Four genera, Zoogoneticus, Guodea, Girardinichthys, Chara-
codon, with seventeen species, almost peculiar to the system
of the Rio Lerma in Mexico.
Zoogoneticus has the jaws and teeth of a Mundulus, but
Characodon aud Girardinichthys connect it with Goodea, in
which the mouth is small, the teeth are movable, compressed,
and bicuspid, and the rami of the lower jaw are loosely
connected (cf. Regan, Biologia Centr.-Am., Pisces, pp. xviii
and 8d).
5. JenynsrinZ.
Jenynsia, with three or four species from the La Plata
and Argentina, has the osteological characters of the Fundu-
line, but it has tricuspid teeth and is viviparous; the male
intromittent organ is so similar to that of Anableps that it
can hardly have been independently evolved in the two
genera. As noted by Garman, the males of Jenynsia are
“rights and lefts,” @. e. the intromittent organ is more easily
326 On the Osteology kc. of the Order Microcyprini.
moved to one side than the other, is usually somewhat curved
towards that side, and is otherwise not quite symmetrical ;
the urogenital orifice of the female appears to be median and
symmetrical.
6. ANABLEPINZ.
The remarkable genus Anableps, with three species from —
Central and South America, shows relationship to Jenynsia
in the structure of the intromittent organ, but has a number
of other characters which are unique in the suborder. The
eyes are divided transversely into an upper and a lower
portion, the former raised above the surface of the head and
adapted for vision in the air. The skull is flat, so depressed
that in the orbital region the broad parasphenoid and the
frontals are separated by a scarcely perceptible interspace ;
the frontals are raised above the orbits; there are no post-
cleithra and the pelvic bones are well separated; the vertebra
are numerous (46 to 53), the preseaudals with strong para-
pophyses which are grooved superiorly and have the ribs
attached near their distal extremities.
Garman’s account of this genus (‘he Cyprinodonts,’
pp. 70-79, pls. vi. & vii.) is of considerable interest ; he has
shown that both males and females are “ rights and lefts; ”
in Anableps anableps the female urogenital orifice is covered
by an enlarged scale, unattached on one side or the other, so
as to open to the right or left; presumably dextral males
pair with sinistral females, and vice versd.
7. Pa@crriiNns#.
The fishes of this subfamily differ from all the others of the
order in the absence of exoccipital condyles. ‘They are vivi-
parous, and in the males the anal fin is advanced and modified,
some of the anterior rays being enlarged and produced.
Higenmann has studied the structure of this intromittent
organ in the Peeciliids of the La Plata (Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus.
xxxii, 1907, p. 425); he has found that it is the third,
fourth, and fifth rays which are prolonged ; these rays may
be rolled up to form a tube, or they may be armed with
recurved hooks or with terminal finger-like or antler-like
processes. The anal fin of the male is supported by special
bony stays, 2 to 5 in number, which project downwards and
forwards from the bridges connecting the parapophyses of
some of the posterior preecaudal vertebrae (ef. Garman, ‘ The
Cyprinodonts,’ pl. viii.).
‘The osteology is much as in the Funduline, except for
On the Classification of the Order Synentognatht. 327
the characters noted above ; parietals are present, but there is
no basisphenoid. Vertebre 30 to 36 (Gambusia 32, Belo-
nesox 36, Pecilia, Mollienisia, and Xiphophorus 30 or 31).
The principal genera are Belonesox, Gambusia, Petalo-
soma, Glaridichthys, Cnesterodon, Heterandria, Pecilia,
Girardinus, Acanthophacelus, Phalloptychus, Phalloceros.
In Belonesox the jaws are produced and the teeth cardi-
form ; some of the others are carnivorous and have the mouth
and dentition of a Fundulus, but these are closely related to
those mud-eating forms which have a small transverse mouth,
movable compressed teeth, and the rami of the lower jaw
loosely connected, All the species are American, ranging on
the coasts and in the rivers from the scuthern United States
to the La Plata, and especially abounding in Central America
and the West Indies. The males of some of the species are
among the smallest known fishes.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE VIII.
Goodea atripinnis.
Fig. 1. Hyopalatine and opercular bones (internal view). pal, palatine ;
g, quadrate ; ms, mesopterygoid ; Am, hyomandibular ; sy, sym-
plectic ; op, operculum ; sop, suboperculum ; zop, interoperculum,
Fig. 2. Pectoral arch (except post-temporal and supra-cleithrum). cd,
cleithrum ; pel, post-cleithrum ; sc, hypercoracoid; cor, hypo-
coracoid ; 7, radials.
Figs. 3-5. Skull: 3, from behind; 4, from above; 5, from below. soc,
supraoccipital ; boc, basioccipital ; eoc, exoccipital ; epo, epiotic ;
opo, opisthotic ; spo, sphenotic; pto, pterotic; pro, pro-otic ;
asp, alisphenoid; psp, parasphenoid ; v, vomer; eth, meseth-
moid ; leth, lateral ethmoid; x, nasal ; por, preorbital ; f, fron-
tal; p, parietal ; ptt, post-temporal.
XXXVI.—The Classification of the Teleostean Fishes of the
Order Synentognatht. By C. Tare Reean, M.A.
(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.)
[Plate IX. ]
Tue order Synentognathi (Pharyngognathi malacopterygii
of Johannes Miller) may be shortly diagnosed as comprising
malacopterous physoclists with the lower pharyngeals com-
pletely united. In these fishes the dorsal fin is placed far
back, above the anal, the branched rays of the caudal are
only 13 in number, the pectorals are placed high, and the
328 Mr. C. T. Regan on the
pelvic fins are abdominal, 6-rayed. The scales are thin and
eycloid, and the lateral line runs very low. The pre-
maxillaries are non-protractile and the maxillaries enter the
border of the mouth to a greater or less extent; the lower
jaw includes a sesamoid articulare, composed of a laminar
portion adherent to the inner face of the articulare, and of a
rather stout process which projects above the edge of the
jaw; the hyo-palatine and opercular bones are normally
developed; the branchiostegals number from 9 to 15; the
more or less enlarged third upper pharyngeals are denti-
gerous, opposed to the united lower pharyngeals ; the fourth
are small or absent; the upper surface of the cranium 1s
flattish, without crests; the nasals are superior in position,
firmly united to the frontals and ethmoid; the upper edge
of the large przorbital is attached to the outer edge of the
nasal, at right angles to the latter; the parietals, when
present, are very small, separated by the supraoccipital ;
there is no orbitosphenoid ; the well-separated alisphenoids
are not always recognizable as distinct elements; a basi-
sphenoid is present and the myodome has an osseous roof ;
the opisthotic is absent, and the epiotic and pterotic are
produced backwards into a laminar expansion, with which a
similar projection of the exoccipital is usually united. The
post-temporal is usually simple, attached to the epiotic and
pterotic lamina, but there may be a very small inner fork
joining the exoccipital ; the supra-cleithrum is reduced ; the
short pectoral radials are rigidly united with the hyper-
coracoid and hypocoracoid, and the latter is expanded ; there
is no mesocoracoid. The vertebrz are numerous, the centra
and arches are ankylosed, and the ribs and epipleurals are
inserted together on the transvere processes, the ribs com-
mencing on the third vertebra; the hypurals are reduced in
number and ankylosed with the last centrum, which bears a
prominent horizontal ridge on each side.
The Synentognathi are an isolated group, without evident
close relationship to any other fishes, but showing certain
resemblances to the Microcyprini. The large number of
branchiostegals, the absence of spinous fin-rays, the truly
abdominal pelvic fins, the mouth-structure, and other cha-
racters indicate their derivation from malacopterous physo-
stomes ; they donot appear to be even remotely allied to the
Percesoces, which I am now disposed to unite with the
Perecomorphi, for I cannot believe that two groups so pre-
cisely similar in their anatomy are not closely related, nor
that they have independently acquired the combination of a
spinous dorsal, 3 anal spines, 15 branched caudal rays, pelvic
fins anterior, of a spine and 5 soft rays, and 24 vertebre.
Classification of the Order Synentognathi. 329
The fishes of this order have often been considered to form
but a single family, Scombresocide (Giinth. Cat. Fish. vi.
p. 234; Bouleng. Camb. Nat. Hist. Fish. p. 637). In 1878
Cope (Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. xvii. p. 695) proposed to place
Belone in a separate family, the possession of a coronoid
bone and of zygapophyses being said to distinguish it from
the Exocoetide. In 1895 (Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xviii. p. 167)
Dr. G:ll put forward the following scheme :—
Family Exoc@rTip#,.
Synentognathi with the supramaxillaries [maxillaries] only in contact
with the intermaxillaries [ premaxillaries], the mandible with a reduced
intradentary bone, the hypopharyngeals united in a broad triangular
body, the third pair of epipharyngeals much enlarged, those of the fourth
pair aborted or united with the third, and the vertebra without zyga-
pophysoid processes.
Subfamily ScOMBERESOCINE,
Exoceetids with both jaws more or less elongated and attenuated
forward, pectoral fins moderate, and the epipharyngeals of the third pair
separate,
Subfamily Exoca@rinz.
Exoccetids with both jaws rounded or simply angulated forward,
pectoral tins enlarged and adapted for sustentation of the body in the
air, and the epipharyngeals of the third pair separate,
Subfamily HeEMIRHAMPHIN#,
Exoceetids with the upper jaw angulate and the lower produced into
an elongated beak, pectoral fins moderate or little enlarged, and the
epipharyngeals of the third pair closely united in a transverse plate.
Family Esocipm* [BELONID &].
Synentognathi with the supramaxillaries united by suture with the
intermaxillaries, the mandible with an elongated intradentary bone, the
hypopharyngeals united in a narrow body, the third pair of epipharyngeals
little enlarged, those of the fourth pair distinct from the third and from
each other and the vertebrae with distinct zygapophysoid processes.
* There can be no question that Artedi and Linneus regarded the
pike, Lsox luctus, as the type of the genus Zsor. Linneus, in the sixth
edition of the ‘Systema Nature,’ included three species in the genus—
1. luctus, 2. belone, 3. acus; and in the ‘ Fauna Suecica’ two—l. luecius,
2. belone. Artedi, in the ‘ Bibliotheca Ichthyologica’ (1738), also
placed the pike, Esox rostro plagioplateo, as the first species of the genus
Esox, and as the first synonym gave Esox, Pliny. Thus, by the rule of
tautonymy, £. luctus is the type of Esov, and Rafinesque’s restriction of
the name to £. belone may be ignored. The fact that in all probability
Artedi was mistaken in thinking that Pliny’s Zsox was the pike has no
importance in this connexion.
Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 8. Vol. vii. 22
330 Mr. C, T. Regan on the
This classification was adopted by Jordan and Evermann
(Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xlvi. 1896, p. 707) except that the
subfamilies were given family rank. The diagnostic cha-
racters were practically unchanged, except that the position
and size of the additional bone in the lower jaw were correctly
indicated. Ridewood (P. Z.S. 1904, ii. p. 72) has pointed out
that the names “addentary” and “intradentary ”’ proposed
by Gill were based on a misconception ; the best name for this
bone is that given by Ridewood, namely “ sesamoid articu-
lare.” The development of this bone is more or less propor-
tional to the length of the jaw and the strength of the
dentition; it is largest in Tyloswrus and smallest in Exocetus
(cf. text-fig.). None of the characters used by Gill to charac- .
terize his two families is really distinctive. In Scombresox
Tnner view of left ramus of lower jaw of: 1. Evoceetus arcticepas.
2. Chriodorus atherinoides. 38. Scombresox saurus. 4. Belone belone.
s, sesamoid articulare; a7, articulare ; an, angulare; d, dentary.
the form of the maxillary and its mode of attachment to
the premaxillary are exactly as in the Belonidz, and the
pharyngeal bones and teeth are much more similar to those
of Belone and Tylosurus than to those of Hemirhamphus or
Exocetus (cf. PL IX.). Zygapophyses are equally well
developed in all the Synentognaths; throughout the group
the neural arch of each vertebra has on each side a posterior
Classification of the Order Synentognathi. 331
projection fitting an emargination of an anterior laminar
expansion of the neural arch behind it; in the posterior
caudal region the hemal arches articulate in a somewhat
similar manner, but on the anterior caudal and posterior
precaudal vertebrie the posterior processes are longer and
directed vertically downward.
I find that the structure of the jaws, the pharyngeal bones
and teeth, the skull, the pectoral arch, and the pelvic bones
call for the recognition of two very distinct suborders, each
including two closely related families.
Order SYNENTOGNATHI.
Suborder 1. SCOMBRESOCOIDEA.
Synentognaths with small scales and with the mouth
typically large, the jaws usually produced and narrowed
forwards ; rami of the lower jaw united by the interlocking
of a series of inner processes (except in Cololabis) ; maxillaries
firmly united to premaxillaries. Third upper pharyngeals
moderately enlarged, separate ; fourth usually present ; lower
pharyngeal triangular or long and narrow. Pharyngeal teeth
usually villiform or granular, some of the teeth of the
principal plates often compressed, tricuspid. Parasphenoid
without apophysis; myodome elongate, the parasphenoid
and pro-otic meeting in a long sutural union; auditory
bulla, if distinct, little prominent, with but a shallow depres-
sion in front of it. Post-temporal more or less expanded
and laminar, simple or with a small inner fork; supra-
cleithrum small, partly or entirely hidden by the post-
temporal ; cleithrum connected with basioccipital by a strong
ligament. Hach pelvic bone of an anterior subtriangular
lamina and an erect laminar process, which is more or less
expanded superiorly.
Family 1. Belonida.
Post-temporal forked, the upper fork more or less ex-
panded, anteriorly attached to the nearly horizontal epiotic
and pterotic lamina, the lower fork short and_ slender,
attached to a process of the exoccipital lamina; supra-
cleithrum small, vertical, more or less concealed beneath the
post-temporal. Vertebree 57 to 77 (57 in Xenentodon*, 74
in Potamorrhaphis, 77 in Belone) ; preecaudals with strong
* 57 also in the Miocene Belone tenuis (Kramberger, Glasnik Soc. Hist,
Nat. Croatia, x. 1898, p. 26, pl. ii. fig. 1).
22*
332 Mr. C. T. Regan on the
parapophyses to which the ribs are attached. Both jaws
strongly produced, furnished with bands of small teeth and
with a single series of more or less strongly enlarged, erect,
conical, pointed teeth. No finlets.
Synopsis of the Genera.
I, Gill-rakers developed ; jaws comparatively slender ; enlarged. teeth
of upper jaw moderate, of lower comparatively small and close-
set; lower pharyngeal triangular; second and third upper pha-
ryngeals dentigerous ; fourth usually distinct, dentigerous.
Body scarcely or moderately compressed. 1. Belone, Cuv., 1817 *.
Body very strongly compressed ........ 2. Petalichthys, Regan, 1904.
II. Gill-rakers absent or vestigial; jaws comparatively stout ; enlarged
teeth of both jaws strong, spaced canines.
A. Dorsal rays subequal; lower pharyngeal triangular; second,
third, and fourth upper pharyngeals separate, dentigerous.
3. Potamorrhaphis, Giinth.,
[ 1866.
B. Anterior dorsal rays forming a lobe; lower pharyngeal elon-
gate, narrow, the dentigerous plate scarcely expanded poste-
riorly ; second and third upper pharyngeals dentigerous ; fourth
usually distinct, dentigerous.
Body scarcely or moderately compressed. 4. J'ylosurts, Cocco, 1829.
Body strongly compressed ............ 5. Athlennes, Jord., 1886.
C. Anterior dorsal rays forming a lobe; lower pharyngeal small,
narrow, pointed or rounded at both ends; only one pair of
dentigerous upper pharyngeals, the third.
6. Xenentodon, gen. noy.
I have examined the pharyngeal dentition in the following
species :—Belone belone, Linn., acus, Risso, trachura, Cuv. &
Val., platura, Benn., gracilis, Lowe ; Petalichthys capensis,
Regan; Tylosurus acus, Lacep., marinus, Walb., annulatus,
Cuv. & Val., robustus, Gunth., caudimaculatus, Cuv., strongy-
lurus, Bleek., anastomella, Cuv. & Val.; Athlennes hians,
Cuv. & Val. ; Xenentodon cancila, Buch. Ham., canciloides,
Bleek.
The lower pharyngeal plate of Xenentodon seems to be
derived from that of Tylosurus by the constriction off of the
anterior part and disappearance of the remainder.
* According to the synonymy given by Dr. Gill, Raphistoma, Rafinesque,
1815, has priority over Belone, Cuv., 1817. Rafinesque (‘ Analyse de la
Nature,’ p. 89) placed Raphistoma after Esox in the subfamily Esoxidia
(‘‘Une seule nageoire dorsale; dos non aguillonné”) of the family Siagonia
(‘‘Machoires trés-prolongées, dentées”) of the order Gastripia (‘ Les
abdominaux”). The only generic diagnosis is a reference to Belone, Gr.
[Gronoyius]. As the name Belone apparently does not occur in the
writings of Gronovius, Raphistoma may be regarded as a nomen nudum.
Classification of the Order Synentognathi. 333
Family 2. Scombresocide.
Post-temporal simple, a broad lamina anteriorly overlapping
the nearly vertical epiotic and pterotic lamina; supra-
cleithrum a small bone adherent to the inner face of the
post-temporal at its posterior edge. Vertebre 65-70 *,
parapophyses mostly very short, with the ribs nearly sessile.
Jaws more or less produced and attenuated forwards ; teeth
very small. Posterior rays of dorsal and anal detached
tinlets.
Two genera, Scombresox, Lacep., and Cololabis, Gill. In
both the pharyngeal bones and teeth are much as in Belone ;
the third upper pharyngeals are moderately large, separate,
and are followed by the very small fourth pair, which bear
a few teeth; the lower pharyngeals form a moderately broad
triangular plate. In Scombresox the structure of the jaws is
exactly as in the Belonidz, even to the presence of the inter-
locking processes which unite the produced portions of the
rami of the lower jaw ; the absence of these anterior exten-
sions in Cololabis may be regarded as probably secondary.
Suborder 2. Exoc@TorIpEA.
Synentognaths with rather large scales and small mouth.
Second and third upper pharyngeals dentigerous, the third
pair strongly enlarged, together forming a somewhat convex
ovoid plate; fourth upper pharyngeals absent ; lower
pharyngeal broad, triangular, with concave upper surface ;
teeth on principal pharyngeal plates anteriorly villiform,
posteriorly incisors with transversely expanded horizontal
edge, the two types connected by teeth of intermediate
form, many of which are tricuspid. Parasphenoid with an
inferior apophysis in front of the upper pharyngeals; myo-
dome short, a deep depression between its outer wall and the
prominent compressed auditory bulla. Post-temporal and
supra-cleithrum simple, slender, curved, the former attached
along the posterior edge of the pterotic lamina; supra-
cleithrum suspended from the posterior end of the post-
temporal; cleithrum curved inwards above, articulating
directly with basioccipital. Each pelvic bone of an anterior
subtriangular lamina and an erect slender process,
* 65 in Scombresox saurus ; 70 in the Miocene Scombresox acutirostris
(Sauvage, Ann. Sci. Géol. iv, 1878, no. 1, fig. 68, and xi, 1880, no, 3,
p- 48).
334 On the Classification of the Order Synentognatht.
Family 1. Hemirhamphide.
Przemaxillaries anteriorly forming a flat triangular ex-
pansion; maxillaries firmly united to przemaxillaries ; teeth
in jaws small, compressed, usually tricuspid; third upper
pharyngeals ankylosed. Vertebrae 49 to 55 ; parapophyses
strong, nearly horizontal. Pectoral fins short or moderately
long.
Genera: Cobitopsis (probably including Chriodorus),
Arrhamphus, Hemirhamphus, Hemirhamphodon, Zenarcho-
pterus, Dermatogenys, Oxyporhamphus, Euleptorhamphus.
Hemirhamphus occurs in the Upper Eocene of Monte
Bolea.
Cobitopsis acutus, from the Lower Miocene of France, is
very closely related to Chriodorus atherinoides from the coast
of Florida. Dr. Smith Woodward has permitted me to
examine examples of the extinct species, which I have com-
pared with specimens of C. atherinoides. The two agree in
almost every detail; the form, position, and structure of the
fins and the number of rays are exactly the same ; the jaws,
opercles, pectoral arch, &c. are extremely similar in the two
species, and the number of vertebra is nearly or quite
identical. In an example of Chriodorus atherinoides I count
16 dorsal, 17 anal, 12 pectoral, 6 pelvic, and 13 branched
caudal rays, and I find these numbers also in Codbitopsis
acutus ; I find 49 vertebree in C. atherinoides, and approxi-
mately this number in C. acutus.
In making a restoration of the extinct species Dr. Smith
Woodward* hasevidently been influenced by Mr. Boulenger’s
opinion that this fish was related to Ammodytes. The broad
cleithrum of the Hemirhamphide is represented as the
enlarged suboperculum of the Ammodytide, and the pectorals
are shown as symmetrical and placed low, whereas they
appear to me to be asymmetrical and placed high. C. acutus
has usually been described as toothless, but I believe that I
can recognize traces of small teeth in the jaws of one of the
specimens.
In C. acutus the head is longer than in C. atherinoides,
measuring more than + of the length of the fish to the base
of the caudal, the lower jaw seems to be longer, more than }
the length of the head, and the snout is apparently more
produced. .
* Cat. Fossil Fish. iv. p. 355 (1901).
On Parasitic Castration in Lumbricus herculeus. 335
Family 2. Exocetide.
Premaxillaries with straight transverse anterior margin ;
maxillaries free from or merely adherent to premaxillaries ;
teeth in jaws minute, villiform; third upper pharyngeals
simply coalescent, the plate readily separating into its two
components. Vertebree 44 to52; most of the parapophyses
oa somewhat downwards and forwards. Pectoral fins
arge..
Genera: Exocetus, Halocypselus, Parexocetus, Fodiator.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE IX.
Dentigerous pharyngeal bones of: A. Ezxocetus lineatus; B. Hemi-
rhamphus intermedius; C. Xenentodon cancila; D. Tylosurus
acus; EK. Belone belone; F. Scombresox saurus. The second,
third, and fourth upper pharyngeals are numbered.
XXXVII.—WNote on Parasitic Castration in the Earthworm
Lumbricus herculeus. By Icerna B. J. SoLuAs, B.Sc.,
Newnham College, Cambridge.
ALL observations on parasitic castration have acquired fresh
interest since the publication of Mr. Geoffrey Smith’s work on
the experimental analysis of sex (3). Also, so far as I know,
no case of parasitic castration of a hermaphrodite animal is at
present on record.
The castration described in this note attracted my attention
in February 1910, when I found that of ten full-sized earth-
worms provided for demonstration purposes five possessed
either no clitellum or an imperfectly developed clitellum, and
in the abnormal individuals the seminal vesicles were either
small and contained no sperm at any stage of development,
or they were more or less normal as to size, but contained
chiefly immature stages of sperm-cells. ‘The spermathece
were empty; the ovaries were normal. In those worms in
-which the degeneration of the seminal vesicles was most com-
plete not only was there no trace of clitellum, but the lips of
the male duct were not tumid and the genital chests were not
more prominent than the rest. Further batches of worms
were obtained from the same locality, and rather less than
half their number proved to lack the clitellum. A number
of specimens without clitellum have also been found in various
other localities.
336 On Parasitic Castration in Lumbricus herculeus.
Microscopical examination showed that the cause of the
abnormality lay in a bacterial infection, not only the cyto-
phores but the spermatocytes themselves being crowded with
minute spherical bacteria in active movement. ‘The contents
of the seminal vesicles of some of those individuals (from the
same plot of ground) which possessed a clitellum were also
not entirely normal, acertain proportion of the sperm mother-
cells containing the bacteria.
The greater number of the bacteria are spherical, measuring
about ‘0014 mm. in diameter; others are elongated, measuring
‘007 by ‘0014 mm. Sometimes distinctly larger individuals
occur, measuring *0035 by 0043 mm.
In all the infected worms the seminal vesicles contained
unusually large numbers of Monocystis—spores, cysts, and
free swimming individuals, but not the attached form.
In all cases the amcebocytes were conspicuous in the
seminal vesicles, and were crowded with ingested and now
motionless individuals of the bacterium in question. In this
connexion Brasil’s remarks are interesting (1) :—“ La
présence d’amibocytes nombreux dans les vésicules séminales
des Lumbricus est normale et connue. Les amibocytes
seraient attirés dans ces organes, a-t-on dit, par les parasites
qui y abondent presque toujours (Grégarines du genre Mono-
cystis) et contribueraient par leurs propriétés phagocytaires
prévenir un encombrement qui, s’il n’était entravé, abouti-
rait fatalement Aa la castration tout au moins partielle de
Phéte.” Brasil, however, thinks that the amcebocytes have
another and more general function :—“ Le réle principale des
amibocytes des vésicules séminales consisterait dans le nettoy-
age complet de ces organes aprés les émissions spermatiques.
... L’action sur les parasites ne serait qu’un épisode particu-
lier de cette fonction plus générale.”
I have never observed this asserted resorption of the repro-
ductive elements by the phagocytes: in those instances in
which I have found the seminal vesicles of the earthworm
containing only amoebocytes charged with granules, as Brasil
describes, the condition has been brought about by the
bacterial destruction of the spermatic elements.
This bacterium is probably as constant an occupant of the
seminal vesicles of the earthworm as is Monocystis. I have
found it in smal] numbers in healthy worms obtained from
various places. Ina healthy worm, however, the majority
of the bacteria are ingested by the amcebocytes and are
consequently motionless ; often great crowds of bacteria are
seen in the ameebocytes, while living individuals are only
found by searching. Their inconspicuousness when motion-
On a new Marsupial. 337
less no doubt accounts for their having so long escaped notice.
That they are a serious and constant enemy of the earthworm
seems to be shown by the comparative frequency with which
worms devoid of clitellum and normai sperm occur, and also
by observations upon earthworms found travelling over the
surface of paths after rain. These are stated by Latter (2)
to be “in the majority of cases infected by larvee of parasitic
flies and doomed to die.” All the specimens that I have
examined have contained large numbers of bacteria in the
seminal vesicles and no ripe sperm. It may be that some of
them were also infected by fly larve ; but, even if so, my
observations show that when conditions are otherwise un-
favourable the bacterium is always ready to take advantage.
Literature referred to.
(1) Bras, L.—C. R. Ac. Sci. xl. pt. 9, 1905, p. 597.
(2) Larrmr, O.— The Natural History of some Common Animals,’ 1904,
3
p. 3.
(3) Smiru, G.—Quart. J. Microse. Sci. liv. 1910, p. 577.
XXXVITI—On a new Marsupial. By Prof. F. FoERSTER
and the Hon. WALTER RoruscHiLp, Ph.D.
Phalanger larvatus, sp. n.
Fur of pelage velvety, smoky grey, an ill-defined mesial
dorsal line or stripe of dark brown expanding into a distinct
smoky black band over head and face to the nose. Throat
black, a black band from throat across cheeks to ears, a
similar one on crown between theears. Snout smoky black ;
face tawny ochraceous. Forearms washed with tawny ochra-
ceous on outside. Underside dirty grey, paler in centre;
chest and lower throat yellowish white. Tail hairy to tip,
black, with a few scattered silky grey hairs at base ; underside
of tail naked for the apical 120 mm. Ears hairy outside,
tawny ochraceous, naked within. Upper dental series, dis-
tance between ¢ and 73=to that between ¢ and pm 1.
Nearest toavarus, Thom. P. larvatus as well as P. avarus,
Thom., can always be distinguished from the forms of
P. canescens by the tawny outside of the ears; from P. ava-
rus it is at once distinguished by the entirely black tail.
Dimensions. Head and body 840 mm.; tail 230-250;
nose to ear 35; ear 8.
Hab. Rawlinson Mts., German New Guinea. 2 $9.
338 Mr. W. L. Distant on Pentatomide.
XXXIX.—Rhynchotal Notes.—LIV. By W. L. Distant.
Pentatomidz from various Regions.
Moonta, gen. nov.
Body elongate ; head depressed, longer than broad at base,
somewhat angularly narrowed and pointed at apex, moderately
deeply inserted at base in the pronotum; eyes prominent,
but not reaching the anterior pronotal angles; antenne
pilose, first joint not reaching apex of head, second joint
slightly longer than the third, subequal to fourth ; pronotum
not quite twice as broad at base as long, the lateral margins
rounded, the anterior angles truncate behind eyes, beyond
which they also project, anterior margin deeply excavate for
the reception of head, posterior margin truncate, the disk a
little convex ; scutellum much longer than broad, almost as
long as head and pronotum together, attenuated to apex,
which is somewhat flattened and reaching the inner apical
angles of the corium; corium longer than scutellum, apical
margin oblique; membrane small, not passing abdominal
apex; rostrum reaching the intermediate coxe, the second
joint in type apparently angularly raised from base, but this
character may be artificial ; -tibiz strongly spinulose.
In general appearance this genus resembles the Oriental
genus Gampsotes, Sign., from which it is at once distinguished
by the shorter rostrum, the narrow pointed head, and the
more excavate anterior margin of the pronotum.
Moonta alexandria, sp. un.
Head, pronotum, and scutellum shining black, corium
more purplish black, membrane pale ochraceous, subhyaline,
darker on basal area; head practically impunctate, the ocelli
red, near eyes and far apart from each other; pronotum
sparsely but distinctly punctate on posterior half, the extreme
lateral margins acute; scutellum (excluding base and apex)
very coarsely punctate; corium thickly finely punctate ;
antenne pitchy brown; anterior and intermediate legs pitchy
brown, posterior legs piceous; other structural characters as
in generic diagnosis. ;
Long. 6 mm.
Hab. N. Australia; Alexandria (W, Stalker, Brit. Mus.).
Mr. W. L. Distant on Pentatomide. 339
GAMBIANA, gen. nov.
Body suboblong ; head longer than broad between eyes,
lateral lobes a little longer than the central lobe, but not
meeting beyond it, the lateral margins distinctly reflexed,
rounded at apices, a distinct curved spine a little outwardly
directed in front of each eye; antenne five-jointed, joints 1
to 4 almost subequal in length, basal joint not quite reaching
Gambiana asper, Walk.
apex of head; pronotum about twice as broad at base as
long, roundly deflected towards head, lateral margins roundly
oblique, lateral angles subprominent, very distinctly toothed,
between them a transverse impression, and a central longi-
tudinal ridge which neither reaches the anterior nor the
posterior margin, anterior area irregularly sculptured or
rugose; scutellum much longer than broad, apparently
reaching the abdominal apex (abdomen mutilated in type),
strongly sinuate on each side near base, apex broadly trun-
cate, a very distinct central basal rounded foveation, the
margins of which are strongly ridged and continued poste-
riorly for a short distance on disk ; corium exposed on each
side for about two-thirds the length of scutellum; rostrum
reaching the posterior coxe ; abdomen mutilated.
This genus is founded on, and intended to elucidate, the
species described by Walker as Podops asper, the condition
of the type specimens I considered being too bad for exact
determination when I referred to them in 1899 (Ann. & Mag.
Nat. Hist. (7) iv. p. 48). They have recently, by the skilled
attention of Mr. Ewd. Waterhouse, been thoroughly cleaned
and reset, and the accompanying figure has been made by
340 Mr. W. L. Distant on Pentatomide.
Mr. Knight. The principal character is found in the extra-
ordinary sculpture of the scutellum, a point not observed by
Walker in the badly pinned specimen which formed his type.
It seems to be nearest allied to Oncozygidea, Reut.
Gambiana asper.
Podops asper, Walk. Cat. Het. i. p. 72 (1867).
Hab. Gambia (Brit. Mus.).
In his excellent treatment of the Graphosomatinz, Schou-
teden considered that this species, which he referred to as
aspera, might prove to be a synonym of Scotinophora fibu-
lata, Germ. The present figure and above description will
serve to prevent further misconception. The pronotum is
more or less ochraceously pilose.
AMBERIANA, gen. nov.
Head a little longer than the breadth at base between eyes,
the lateral margins strongly sinuate, the apical marginal
area rounded, central lobe prominent but not distinctly ex-
tending beyond the lateral lobes, lateral margins slightly
reflexed ; eyes laterally prominent ; antennee with the basal
joint not reaching apex of head, second joint short, shorter
than first, third longer than first and second together, re-
maining joint or joints mutilated in the specimens now before
me; ocelli near base, almost as far from eyes as from each
other; pronotum about twice broader at base than medial
length, the lateral margins lobately ampliate, not serrate, on
anterior half more strongly lobately ampliate and continued
considerably beyond but not in front of eyes, the posterior
half less ampliate, with the lateral angles subprominent,
anterior margin a little concave, posterior margin truncate,
the cicatrices prominent and broad, behind them a distinct
transverse impression; scutellum short, about as long as
broad at base, the disk moderately globose, the lateral margins
oblique for about basal two-thirds and then straightly
narrowed to apex, which is rounded, a black levigate spot
at each basal angle; corium about as long as head and
pronotum together, broad, apex broadly angularly rounded ;
membrane not quite reaching abdominal apex, the veins
broadly reticulate ; rostrum long, reaching the base of the
third abdominal segment in ¢, base of fifth in @, first joint
reaching base of head, third joint a little longest; meso-
sternum centrally suleate; abdomen broadly, centrally, longi-
tudinally sulcate; legs moderately short, anterior femora
Mr. W. L. Distant on Pentatomide. 341
very obscurely toothed before apex, tibize shorter than the
femora and more or less longitudinally sulcate ; tarsi two-
jointed.
This genus of Halyaria is allied to Paraleria, Reut., by
the aberrant character of the two-jointed tarsi, but it is
at once separated from it by the non-crenulated lateral
pronotal margins and the entirely different structure of the
same.
Amberiana montana, sp. n.
Ochraceous with black markings ; membrane dull greyish,
the reticulate venation black; antennie with the first and
second joints ochraceous, the third black, with the apex
ochraceous; head with the eyes and two longitudinal
streaks at the region of the ocelli, and sometimes the basal
margins of the central lobe, black; pronotum with four
variable, more or less broken, oblique black fasciate
markings ; scutellum with the basal angles, two central
basal and two central lateral marginal linear spots black ;
corium with variable and indeterminate black markings ;
connexivum ochraceous, with large segmental black spots ;
sublateral margins of sternum, central disk of mesosternum,
linear spots to extreme lateral margins of abdomen, spiracles,
an incised line behind them, margins of the abdominal seg-
ments, and a large spot on apical segment black; rostrum
castaneous brown; head, pronotum, scutellum, and corium
slightly rugulose and thickly punctate ; the black sublateral
margins to sternum granulose; other structural characters
as In generic diagnosis.
Long., g 84, 9 10 mm.
Hab, Madagascar; Amber Mts. (Brit. Mus.).
KapunDa, gen. nov.
Head about as long as broad at base, the lobes subequal
in length, the central lobe above a little prominent, the
lateral margins slightly straightly oblique, the apex broadly
rounded ; antennz with the first, second, and third joints
almost subequal in length, first a little shortest ; pronotum
twice as broad at base as long, moderately depressed ante-
riorly and laterally, the lateral margins convex and mode-
rately laminately reflexed, anterior and posterior margins
truncate, anterior angles truncate behind eyes, lateral angles
rounded, not prominent; scutellum longer than pronotum,
broad, narrowed but not attenuated to apex, which is
rounded ; corium about as long as scutellum, but its apex
342 Mr. W. L. Distant on Pentatomide.
slightly passing apex of scutellum; membrane short, not
passing apex of abdomen, veins simple, somewhat irregularly
cellular on basal area; rostrum reaching the intermediate
cox, first joint not quite reaching base of head; tibie
setose and sulcate ; posterior tarsi with the first joint shorter
than the two apical joints together, the joints robust.
Allied to Menaccarus, A. & S8., but distinguished from
that genus by the first jomt of the posterior tarsi being
shorter than the two apical joints together.
Kapunda typica, sp. n.
Dull ochraceous, darkly punctate; lateral margins of the
pronotum and basal lateral margins of corium pale ochra-
ceous and much more sparsely punctate; scutellum with a
small black foveate spot in each basal angle, preceded by a
pale ochraceous elongate levigate spot, a black elongate
marginal spot on each side before apex, which is narrowly
ochraceous and impunctate; membrane pale hyaline; con-
nexivum ochraceous, with large punctate black spots at the
apices of the incisures ; body beneath ochraceous, head and
sternum darkly punctate, the punctures forming more or less
distinct dark spots on the lateral areas of pro-, meso-, and
metasterna; abdomen beneath with a distinct black jongi-
tudinal submarginal fascia on each side; femora more or
less spotted with piceous or testaceous ; on disk of abdomen
beneath a few minute reddish spots ; structural characters
as in generic diagnosis.
~ Long. 6 mm.
Hab. New South Wales; Sydney (Comm. J. J. Walker,
Brit. Mus.).
NEOMENESTHEUS, gen. nov.
Head about as long as broad between outer margins of
eyes, a little longer than the pronotum, lateral lobes longer
than the central, meeting beyond it but cleft at their apices,
their lateral margins moderately reflexed ; ocelli near base,
much nearer eyes than to each other ; antennz five-jointed,
third joint about reaching apex of head, first and second sub-
equal in length, third a little shortest, fourth and fifth sub-
equal and longest; pronotum transverse, the lateral margins
oblique and narrowly reflexed, anterior and posterior margins
subtruncate, lateral anglesrounded, not prominent; scutellum
about as long as broad at base, only moderately narrowed to
apex, which is somewhat broadly rounded ; corium about as
Mr. W. L. Distant on Pentatomide. 343
long as scutellum, though its apex passes the apex of scutel-
lum, its apical margin roundly oblique; membrane short, not
nearly reaching abdominal apex, the veins simple ; connexi-
vum exposed from about posterior half of corium; buccule
elevated, outwardly curved and divergent from middle to
base of head ; rostrum reaching the posterior coxe, first
joint slightly passing base of head, second longest and
reaching the intermediate coxee ; sternum centrally longitu-
dinally impressed ; tarsi three-jointed, second joint smallest.
Alhed to Menestheus, Stal, and Paramenestheus, Bredd.,
from which it principally differs by the scutellum not longer
than broad and with its apex broadly rounded.
Neomenestheus walkeri, sp. n.
Ochraceous, somewhat thickly punctate; head with the
lateral margins and the margins of the central lobe distinctly
darkly punctate ; antenne with the first, second, and third
joints ochraceous, the fourth and fifth joints and apex of first
black ; pronotum thickly coarsely punctate, a small black
spot near anterior angles, another near middle and sublateral,
a third near the lateral angles; scutellum more distinctly
punctate on basal and lateral areas, a small punctate black
spot near each basal angle; corium thickly and more finely
punctate ; membranal veins piceous ; connexivum yellowish,
with small black spots at the segmental incisures ; body
beneath and legs ochraceous, finely punctate; apices of tarsi
black ; structural characters as in generic diagnosis.
Long. 7 mm.
Hab. New South Wales; Sydney (Comm. J. J. Walker,
Brit. Mus.).
“ Genus AGoNnoscELis.
Agonoscelis, Spin. Hss. p. 527 (1887).
Type, A. nubila, Fabr.
\, Agonoscelis antennata, sp. n.
Head ochraceous, coarsely thickly darkly punctate, the
lateral lobes shghtly outwardly projecting beyond the central
lobe, which, being less punctate, is paler in hue; antenne
black, the basal joint more or less, and the remaining joints
distinctly, basally pale ochraceous, first joint not reaching
apex of head, second, fourth, and fifth longest and subequal
in length; pronotum dull obscure ochraceous, somewhat
coarsely darkly punctate, anterior lateral margins impunctate
344 Mr. W. L. Distant on Pentatomide.
and somewhat longly pilose, the lateral angular areas spotted
with black ; scutellum ochraceous, somewhat sparingly darkly
punctate, the apex broadly pale ochraceous ; corium more or
less purplish, thickly finely punctate; membrane pale ochra-
ceous, subhyaline, the basal areas reflecting the dark abdomen
beneath, somewhat longly passing the abdominal apex ; con-
nexivum ochraceous, with large black spots at the apices of
the incisures; body beneath and legs pale ochraceous ;
sternal spots, spiracles, small scattered spots to abdomen
beneath, apex of rostrum, apical spots to femora, and tarsi
(mostly) black ; rostrum about reaching the posterior cox.
Long. 11-13 mm.
Hab. Corea; Quelpart Island (S. Ichikawa, Brit. Mus.).
Genus Hop istopERA.
Hoplistodera, Westw. in Hope Cat. i. p. 18 (1887).
Type, H. testacea, Westw.
Hoplistodera fergussoni, sp. n.
Brownish ochraceous; antenne with the first joint
stoutest, not reaching apex of head, second joint distinctly
longer than first, subequal in length to third, remaining
joints mutilated in type ; head with the central lobe promi-
nent, its apex slightly projecting beyond the lateral lobes,
and there it is transversely impressed, lateral lobes and basal
area more or less coarsely punctate, on basal area the punc-
tures arranged in three longitudinal fasciate series; pro-
notum coarsely punctate, moderately levigately rugulose, an
indistinct central longitudinal levigate line, the lateral angles
distinctly produced, their apices acute and recurved ; scutel-
Jum coarsely punctate, on apical half more finely and thickly
punctate, on basal half somewhat transversely rugulose ;
corium sparingly finely punctate, more coarsely and thickly
punctate on the costal and subclaval areas ; membrane pale
brownish ochraceous, subhyaline, distinctly passing the abdo-
minal apex; sternum distinctly, abdomen finely punctate ;
connexivum ochraceous, with a dark spot on each side of the
segmental incisures.
Long. 74 mm.; exp. pronot. angl. 65 mm.
Hab. China; Mountains 50 miles N.W. of Chengtu
(W. N. Fergusson, Brit. Mus.).
Genus AXIAGASTUS.
Axiagastus, Dall. List Hem. i. p. 221 (1851).
Type, A. rosmarus, Dall.
Mr. W. L. Distant on Pentatomid:e. 345
Axviagastus cambelli, sp. n.
Black; lateral margins and longitudinal lines to head,
sublateral margins and suffusions to anterior area of pro-
notum, basal margin, central lateral margins and apex of
scutellum, a spot on posterior disk of corium, antenn,
rostrum, body beneath, and legs ochraceous; transverse
fascize to sternum and abdomen, two curved longitudinal
lines at middle of head beneath, spiracles and a central
longitudinal fascia to abdomen, and apex of rostrum black ;
first joint of antenne not reaching apex of head, second and
third subequal in length, fourth and fifth a little longest and
also subequal ; spines from buccule long, acutely downwardly
produced ; body above thickly punctate except on the ochra-
ceous markings ; connexivum ochraceous, with black spots
at the abdominal incisures, and inwardly margined with the
same colour; membrane dark bronzy, slightly passing the
abdominal apex.
Long. 15 mm. ; exp. pronot. angl. 8 mm.
Hab. Solomon Islands (W. H. Cambell); Duke of York
Island ; Aignan Island (Brit. Mus.). On Solomon Islands
“destructive to coconuts” (W. H. Cambell).
Genus Euryaspis.
Euryaspis, Sign. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr, (2) ix. p. 342 (1851),
Type, EL. transversalis, Sign.
Euryaspis flavescens, sp. 0.
Flavescent ; antennz reddish testaceous, first joint not
reaching apex of head, second a little longer than first, much
shorter than third, which is a little longer than either fourth
or fifth, these being almost equal in length; head more or
less suffused with pale testaceous red, lobes equal in length ;
pronotum thickly, obscurely, finely punctate, the extreme
anterior and lateral margins narrowly palely levigate, the
cicatrices near the anterior margin; scutellum and corium
thickly, obscurely, fiuely punctate ; rostrum (excluding basal
joint) testaceous, reaching intermediate coxe; sternum
finely punctate, abdomen more obscurely finely punctate ;
abdominal spiracles’ black ; abdomen basally, centrally,
spinously tuberculate ; metasternum elevated ; mesosternal
carination somewhat strongly elevated, in front reaching the
anterior coxze, posteriorly ampliated.
Long. 13-1445 mm.
Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 8. Vol. vii. 23
346 Mr. W. L. Distant on Pentatomide.
Hab. China; Foo Chow (C. B. Rickett, Brit. Mus.). E.
Borneo, Moorjawa (H. D. Jensen, Brit. Mus.).
This is the largest species of the genus yet described, and
is the second known from the Oriental Region.
Genus Utana.
Utana, Dist. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) v. p. 423 (1900),
Type, U. suprema, Walk.
Utana albertisi, sp. n.
Head ochraceous, punctured and mottled with shining
green, the punctures coarse, central lobe more sparingly
punctate ; antenne ochraceous, first joint not reaching apex
of head, second longer than first, a little shorter than third ;
pronotum with the anterior half ochraceous, posterior half
dark castaneous, the ochraceous area with a few dark punc-
tures on disk, the antero-lateral and the auterior margins
thickly darkly punctate, the posterior dark area finely some-
what thickly punctate, the lateral angles produced, with their
apices broad and backwardly recurved ; scutellum and corium
dark castaneous, the first with the basal disk a little convex
and slightly tinged with olivaceous green, distinctly punctate ;
corium thickly and more finely punctate ; membrane
cupreous, passing the abdominal apex; body beneath and
legs shining ochraceous ; two small dark spots on each side
of pro-, meso-, and metasterna; legs spotted with casta-
neous, the apices of the femora broadly of the same colour ;
rostrum scarcely passing the posterior coxe; sternal keel
extending a little beyond the anterior coxe, ventral spine
moderately short; prosternum coarsely punctate; abdominal
spiracles black.
Long. 144 mm.; exp. pronot. ang]. 9$ mm.
Hab. New Guinea; Yule Island (LZ. M. D’ Albertis).
Differs from U. suprema, Walk., the only other known
species of the genus at the present time, by the shorter, less
acute, and recurved lateral pronotal angles, and by the sternal
keel extending a little beyond the anterior coxe, and the
shorter rostrum ; the last two characters render it almost
what is by some considered as of a subgeneric position.
Genus BorHROcOoRIS.
Brachystethus, subgen, Bothrocoris, Mayr, Reis, Noy., Hem. p. 68
(1866),
Type, B. quinguedentatus, Spin.
Mr. W. L. Distant on Pentatomide. 347
Bothrocoris consanguineus, sp. n.
Above purplish brown, finely rugulose and thickly punc-
tate; lateral margins of the pronotum, three small spots at
basal margin and a spot on each side of apex of scutellum,
and basal third of costal lateral margin pale levigate ochra-
ceous ; a black impressed spot at each basal angle of scutel-
Jum ; membrane purplish brown, the apical margin narrowly
ochraceous ; connexivum ochraceous, with large black spots
on each side of the incisures ; body beneath purplish brown,
finely irrorated with ochraceous and more or less darkly
punctate; lateral margins of sternum and abdomen pale
levigate ochraceous; spiracles shining black, sublateral margins
of abdomen more or less black; legs reddish testaceous ;
rostrum about reaching the intermediate cox; antennz
with the first joint reddish testaceous, remaining joints black,
first joint passing apex of head, third, fourth, and fifth joints
subequal in length, each longer than second; anterior mar-
gins of lateral lobes of head narrowly ochraceous.
Long. 12 mm.
Hab. Paraguay ; Sapucay (W. Foster, Brit. Mus.).
Closely allied to B. guinquedentatus, Spin., but the lateral
pronotal margins more straightly oblique, apical markings of
the scutellum very different, &c.
’ OKEANOs, gen. nov.
Subelongate; head a little longer than breadth between
eyes, lobes of equal length, the lateral lobes obliquely
rounded at their apices, ocelli near base and eyes; antenne
five-jointed, first joint almost reaching apex of head, third,
fourth, and fifth joimts subequal in length, each a little
longer than second ; pronotum about three times broader
between lateral angles than long, moderately declivous ante-
riorly, anterior angles prominently acutely spinous, lateral
angles robustly produced, their apices broadly truncate,
lateral margins strongly oblique, anterior margin behind
head and the posterior margin before scutellum truncate ;
scutellum much longer than broad at base, a little shorter
than corium, the apical area strongly attenuated and
centrally apically longitudinally depressed; corium with the
inner angle rounded, the apical margin oblique ; membrane
passing the abdominal apex, the veins longitudinal; rostrum
reaching or slightly passing the posterior coxz, basal joint
not extending beyond the buccule and only slightly passing
anterior half of head, second joint slightly passing the
23
348 Mr. W. L. Distant on Pentatomide.
anterior coxe, third joint reaching the intermediate coxee ;
pro- and mesosterna centrally longitudinally carinate ; abdo-
minal basal spine long, almost reaching the anterior coxe ;
abdomen distinctly, centrally, longitudinally ridged ; odori-
ferous apertures transverse, elongate; legs of moderate
length; tarsi three-jointed, the second joint small.
Allied to Priassus, Stal, from which it principally differs
by the structure of the pronotum, which in Okeanos is shorter,
the lateral angles not acutely produced, the anterior angles
distinctly acutely prominent, the lateral margins entire,
neither crenulate nor serrate.
Ss
~~
Okeanos quelpartensis, sp. 0.
Purplish brown ; the anterior area of pronotum, apex of
scutellum, connexivum, body beneath, and legs ochraceous ;
lateral pronotal angles black ; central basal margin of pro-
notum, lateral margins of scutellum (not reaching apex), and
lateral margins of corium (more or less) resplendent oliva-
ceous green ; antenne black, fourth and fifth joimts fuscous,
the first joint and bases of fourth and fifth joints ochra-
ceous ; head thickly, coarsely, darkly punctate ; pronotum
with the anterior pale area moderately punctate, the basal
area coarsely punctate and moderately rugulose ; scutellum
somewhat sparingly coarsely punctate, on central disk
obscure indications of a central longitudinal ridge; corium
very thickly and somewhat coarsely punctate ; prosternum
finely but distinctly punctate; abdominal spiracles black ;
other structural characters as in generic diagnosis.
Long. 18 mm.; exp. pronot. ang]. 10 mm.
Hab. Corea; Quelpart Island (S. Ichikawa, Brit. Mus.).
GUDEA, gen. nov.
Head about as long as breadth between outer margins of
eyes ; lobes equal in length, but the apices of the lateral lobes
obliquely inclined inwardly; lateral margins distinctly
sinuate a little in front of eyes, and thence to apex slightly
reflexed ; ocelli nearer eyes than to each other ; antennz
five-jointed, first joint stout, remaining joints slender, first
not reaching apex of head, remaining joints almost subequal
in length; pronotum about half as long as broad at base,
lateral margins concavely oblique, somewhat coarsely serrate,
lateral angles broadly slightly prominent, their apices sub-
truncate, anteriorly rounded, posteriorly slightly toothed or
angulated, anterior angles distinct, deflected from about
middle towards head, anterior margin truncate behind base
Mr. W. L. Distant on Pentatomide. 349
of head, posterior margin truncate; scutellum considerably
longer than broad at base, the apical area elongately
attenuate, the apex subangulate ; corium about as long as
scutellum and half of pronotum combined, its inner angle
rounded, apical margin oblique, slightly sinuate, apex a little
angularly produced ; membrane moderately passing the
abdominal apex, the veins longitudinal ; rostrum passing the
posterior coxe, first joint not extending beyond buccule,
which only extend about two-thirds from apex, second joint
passing anterior coxe, third passing intermediate coxe ;
pro- and mesosterna centrally, longitudinally, finely carinate,
basal abdominal spine or tubercle broad, short, obtuse, not
passing the posterior coxe; femora moderately thickened,
about equal in length to tibiz, tarsi three-jointed, second
joint shortest ; odoriferous apertures shortly transverse,
moderately curved, a little longer than first joint of tarsi.
Allied to Lelia, Walk., from which it is separated by the
short obtuse basal spine or tubercle to the abdomen
beneath, &c.
Gudea ichikawana, sp. n.
Above pale brownish ochraceous, thickly darkly punctate ;
antenne ochraceous, base of first joint and apical areas of
third, fourth, and fifth jomts more or less piceous ; head
thickly darkly punctate, the lateral lobes obliquely trans-
versely wrinkled; pronotum thickly darkly punctate, the
lateral margins pale stramineous, apices of the lateral angles
black ; scutellum a little more sparingly punctate than the
corium ; body beneath and legs ochraceous ; apex of rostrum
black ; prosternum finely punctate ; structural characters as
in generic diagnosis.
Long. 20 mm.; exp. pronot. ang]. 115 mm.
Hab. Corea; Quelpart Island (8. Ichikawa, Brit. Mus.).
Genus J ALLOIDES.
Jalloides, Schout. in Wytsm. Gen. Ins. fase, li, p. 41 (1907),
Type, J. rubricosus, Stal.
Jalloides opulentus, sp. n.
Head and pronotum testaceous, apical area of head bluish
black ; antennz bluish black; scutellum and corium blue or
purplish blue, apex of scutellum testaceous; membrane
blackish, the apical margin ochraceous ; connexivum testa-
ceous; body beneath and legs ochraceous; disks of meso-
350 Mr. W. L. Distant on Pentatomide.
and metasterna, apical segment of abdomen, tibiz, tarsi, and
apices of femora, aud apex of rostrum bluish or blackish
blue; antenne with the first joint not reaching apex of
head, second and fourth and third and fifth joints subequal
in length ; head obscurely punctate and wrinkled; pronotum
with the lateral angles a little prominent, the lateral margins
sinuate, the anterior angles prominent, sparsely and irregu-
larly punctate ; scutellum somewhat coarsely punctate, with
a more or less distinct longitudinal levigate line ; corium
thickly finely punctate, the basal lateral margin testaceous ;
rostrum reaching the intermediate coxe.
Var, a.—Pronotum with a prominent, central, oblong,
bluish-black spot.
Var. 6.—Resembling var. a, but pronotum with an addi-
tional bluish-black spot on each lateral margin.
Long. 11-12 mm.
Hab. N. Queensland (Kelsall, Brit. Mus.) ; Cairns (Coll.
Dist.) ; near Port Moresby (Coll. Dist.).
Differs from J. rubricosus, Stal, apart from colour-
markings, by the more elongate form, the less strongly
punctured pronotum and scutellum, the more sinuate lateral
margins of the pronotum, &c.
Jalloides versicolor, sp. n.
Head, pronotum, and scutellum ochraceous, thickly some-
what darkly punctate; base of head (broadest near eyes),
irregular margins of the cicatrices, and two large spots at
base of pronotum black; apex of scutellum ivory-white ;
corium bluish black, some light suffusions and a large round
spot near apex testaceous; membrane blackish, its apex:
hyaline and passing the abdominal apex ; body beneath and
legs pale ochraceous ; sternum more or less punctured and
spotted with black, a large black lateral spot on each abdo-
minal segment beneath, and a subapical spot of the same
colour; antennz pale ochraceous, apical area of the third
and the whole of the fourth and fifth joints black, first joint
not reaching apex of head, remaining joints almost subequal
in length ; head scarcely punctate except on the dark basal
patches near the ocelli ; pronotum and scutellum somewhat
sparingly coarsely punctate ; corium more thickly and finely
punctate ; anterior femoral spine prominent.
Long. 84 mm.
Hab. Queensland ; Kuranda (F. P. Dodd, Brit. Mus.).
~ eon
er
Mr. W. L. Distant on Pentatomide. 351
"Genus CanrHeconivea.
Cantheconidea, Schout. in Wytsm, Gen. Ins. fase. lii. p. 44 (1907).
Type, C. javana, Dall.
Cantheconidea thomsoni, sp. n.
Purplish black ; head thickly punctate, the lateral lobes
broadly reflexed at their apical areas and apically rounded, a
short central longitudinal line at base, a small marginal spot
in front of each eye, and a small obscure spot at apex of
central lobe ochraceous ; pronotum very coarsely punctate
and subrugulose, the anterior lateral margins serrate, the
lateral angles shortly produced and recurved, their apices
roundly angulate, the anterior lateral margins and nine or
ten irregular spots on anterior area ochraceous ; scutellum
coarsely punctate, more finely so and with a levigate longi-
tudinal space on apical area, a levigate spot near each basal
angle, aud the apex ochraceous ; corium thickly, somewhat
finely punctate ; membrane bronzy, distinctly passing the
abdominal apex ; connexivum ochraceous, punctate, with
large blackish spots at the incisures ; body beneath and legs
ochraceous; sternum somewhat irregularly spotted and
marked with black; abdomen with the spiracles, marginal
spots, and some central elongate spots black; apices of *
femora, bases and apices of tibiz, and apices of tarsi black ;
rostrum reaching the posterior coxe, its apex black; an-
tenne black, first joint not reaching apex of head, second,
third, and fourth joints subequal in length (fifth mutilated
in type).
Long., g, 14 mm.; exp. pronot. ang]. 8 mm,
Hab. N.E. China ; Shan-hai-kwan (Ff. M. Thomson, Brit.
Mus.).
~ Genus Puarynorus.
Platynopus, Amy. & Sery. Hist. Hém, p, 79 (1843).
Type, P. melanoleucus, Westw.
Platynopus turnert, sp. n.
Head longer than broad, ochraceous, much mottled with
resplendent green, very coarsely punctate, the punctures in
somewhat longitudinal series ; antennz brownish ochraceous,
third, fourth, and fifth joints (excluding bases) infuscate,
first joint short, not reaching apex of head, second and fourth
a little longest and subequal in length, third and fifth also
”
352 Mr. W. L. Distant on Pentatomide.
subequal; pronotum brownish ochraceous, very coarsely
darkly punctate, the lateral margins entire, not crenulate,
somewhat broadly pale ochraceous and almost impunctate,
the lateral angles black, robust, moderately longly and almost
straightly produced, a more or less distinct central longitu-
dinal ridge; scutellum brownish ochraceous, coarsely darkly
punctate, with a central longitudinal ridge, the apex more or
less pale ochraceous and darkly punctate, the apex broad,
truncately rounded ; corium brownish ochraceous, thickly
but more finely punctate, in some specimens suffused with
greenish, the apical margin narrowly pale levigate ; mem-
brane bronzy brown, with a large pale spot on the lateral
and a smaller spot on the apical margins pale hyaline; body
beneath ochraceous, darkly punctate, here and there suffused
with greenish, a more or less distinct central longitudinal
series of blackish spots to abdomen; legs ochraceous, apices
of femora and bases and apices of tibiz more or less
brownish, anterior tibiz not dilated with a distinct spine
beyond middle, anterior femora with a moderately long
spine near apex ; rostrum reaching the posterior coxz.
Long., ¢ 2, 9-13 mm.; exp. pronot. ang]. 6-7 mm.
Hab. Queensland ; Mackay (R. EL. Turner, Brit. Mus.) ;
Townsville (F. P. Dodd, Brit. Mus.).
Allied to P. melacanthus, Boisd.; apices of pronotal lateral
angles entire, not notched, &c.
JANEIRONA, gen. Noy.
Subelongate; head longer than broad between eyes, the
lateral margins distinctly, somewhat strongly*reflexed, lateral
lobes passing the apex of the central lobe but not meeting
beyond it, their apices truncate; ocelli near base, a little
nearer to eyes than to each other, a distinct spine before eyes
on each antenniferous tubercle ; antenne pilose, basal joint
elobosely incrassated, slightly shorter than head, but longly
passing it, second joint about three times as long as first,
considerably longer than third (remaining joints mutilated
in typical specimen) ; pronotum about twice as broad at
base as long, the anterior angles moderately obtusely trans-
versely prominent, lateral margins oblique, lateral angles
subpromiment, posterior margin truncate, anterior margin
moderately concave; scutellum much longer than broad,
the apical third moderately attenuated, the apex subangulate
and reaching or slightly passing the inner apical angle of the
corium, a little depressed behind middle ;.corium elongate,
its apical angle distinctly produced; membrane slightly
Mr. W. L. Distant on Pentatomide. 353
passing abdominal apex, the venation longitudinal, with a
distinct transverse cell at base ; rostrum reaching the poste-
rior coxe, first joint almost reaching base of head, second
passing anterior cox, third not quite reaching intermediate
coxe; sternum centrally, finely, longitudinally carinate,
becoming considerably prominent on the metasternum ;
abdomen only moderately convex, spiracles on basal segment
exposed, distinctly visible, central base slightly roundly pro-
duced, but not reaching posterior cox, apical angles of
sixth segment (in ¢) distinctly produced, apical angles of
anal segment strongly, broadly, angularly produced, central
apical margin of sixth seement truncate ; tarsi three-jointed.
By the elongate scutellum this genus should represent a
new division among the first four enumerated by Horvath
(1900) in his table of divisions in the Tessaratomine Seis
the third genus of the subfamily at present recorded from
the Neotropical Region.
Janeirona insignis, sp. n.
Black a spot at lateral angles of pronotum, a transverse
spot at base and a small discal spot beyond middle of corium,
legs and rostrum ochraceous; basal longitudinal disk of
abdomen beneath testaceous; antenne distinctly palely
pilose; head more or less transversely wrinkled; ocelli
sanguincous ; pronotum and scutellum somewhat thickly
finely punctate, the latter with two obscure central longi-
tudinal raised lines on the apical area ; corium thickly finely
punctate ; all the ochraceous spots impunctate ; body beneath
more or less thickly finely punctate; tarsi pale ochraceous,
longly pilose; other structural characters as in generic
diagnosis.
Long., 3,19 mm.; exp. pronot. angl. 8 mm.
Hab. Fifty miles west of Rio Janeiro, 1000-1200 feet (Sir
Wm. Smith, Brit. Mus.).
Genus Mrcymenvum.
Megymenum, Laporte, Ess. Hém. p. 52 (1832),
Type, M. dentatum, Boisd.
Megymenum pratti, sp. un.
Fuscous brown, more or less palely pilose ; membrane pale
ochraceous; head above concave, before eves with a some-
what longly acute lateral spine directed both a little up-
wardly and backwardly ; antennez fuscous brown, the apical
354 Mr. W. L. Distant on Pentatomide.
joint ochraceous, first joint not reaching apex of head, second
longest, third and fourth subequal; pronotum nodulose, a
more distinct oblong nodule near centre of anterior margin,
anterior angular spines long, curved and slender, lateral
margins centrally angulate ; scutellum with a centrally longi-
tudinal ridge not reaching apex ; lateral abdominal margins
strongly obtusely angularly toothed.
Long. 13 mm.; exp. pronot. angl. 7 mm.
Hab. Centr. China; Kiukiang (Pratt, Brit. Mus.).
Closely allied to M. gracilicornis, Dall., from which it
differs by the longer, more slender, and acute anterior pro-
notal angles, which in Dallas’s species are shorter, broader,
flattened, and with their apices acutely pointed.
Genus SasTRAGALA.
Sastragala, Amy. & Serv. Hist. Hém, p. 155 (1843).
Type, S. uniguttata, Don.
Sastragala quinquemaculata, sp. 0.
Head and pronotum ochraceous, the latter darkly punc-
tate; lateral pronotal angles and the scutellum and corium
testaceous; two large spots near base and the apex of scutel-
lum, a somewhat oblique spot behind middle, and the costal
area to corium ochraceous; membrane pale bronzy sub-
hyaline; body beneath ochraceous, abdominal apex purplish
red ; antenn ochraceous, basal joint stoutest, a little curved,
considerably passing apex of head, second slightly longer
than either first or third and subequal to fourth ; head some-
what irregularly impressed; pronotum somewhat sparingly
but very coarsely punctate, the lateral angles longly pro-
duced and recurved ; scutellum more finely punctate, ex-
cepting the ochraceous markings, which are impunctate ;
corium thickly and more coarsely punctate; membrane
passing the abdominal apex ; sternal process elevated, com-
pressed, anteriorly extending slightly beyond base of head ;
abdomen beneath centrally longitudinally ridged; rostrum
about reaching the posterior coxe.
Long., ?, 144 mm.; exp. pronot. angl. ]] mm.
Hab. Philippine Islands; Irisan, Benquet Prov., Luzon
(R. C. McGregor, Brit. Mus.).
The longly produced and recurved pronotal angles and the
very prominent macular markings render this species easily
recognizable.
On Heterocera from Costa Rica. 355
XL.— New Species of Heterocera from Costa Rica.—V LI.
By W. Scuaus, F.Z.S.
Arctiada.
Subfamily Nozzaz.
Celama carilla, sp. n.
Palpi white, fringed in front with light brown. Body
white, the abdomen faintly tinged with grey; a small dorsal
patch of yellowish scales at base. Fore wings white; a
small dark brown spot at base of median and some diffuse
hight brown basal scales ; raised tufts in cell light brown ;
lines light brown, irrorated with a few dark scales ; ante-
medial slightly curved, more heavily darkly scaled above
submedian ; medial slightly curved; postmedial outcurved
beyond cell, punctiform on veins 2-6; subterminal inset
below vein 33; an indistinct marginal line. Hind wings
white, tinged with grey, more darkly on outer margin.
Expanse 13 mm.
Hab. Carillo.
Reselia pernitens, sp. n.
6. Palpi brown. Head, collar, and thorax white. Abdo-
men light brown, banded with white. Fore wings silvery
white; an antemedial spot on costa brown, irrorated with
fuscous scales; a medial triangular spot on costa grey-brown,
edged inwardly by a black line; smaller spots on costa to
apex ; outer margin broadly shaded: with brown from vein 6
to tornus, and irrorated with fuscous and silvery scales.
Hind wings white, the veins and outer margin tinged with
grey.
Eixpanse 14 mm.
Hab. Guapiles.
Reselia placens, sp. n.
3. Palpi light brown. Head white; a dark brown line
across frons, Collar and shoulders buff, edged with brown.
Vhorax lilacine white. Abdomen lizht brown; some white
at base. Fore wings lilacine white; costal margin and cell
anteriorly light brown, suffusing with a large light brown
space at end of cell, irrorated with dark brown, and with two
dark brown lines on costa above it ; costa terminally grey ;
a postmedial grey-brown shade, suffusing with brown space
356 Mr. W. Schaus on
at end of cell ; a broad subterminal grey shade, slightly inset
at vein 5 and at vein 2; the outer margin thickly irrorated
with light brown. Hind wings grey-brown ; an indistinct
dark shade on discocellular.
Expanse 17 mm.
Hab. Tuis.
Reselia unilinea, sp. n.
3. Palpi brown, tipped with white. Body white, the
abdomen tinged with brown. Fore wings white; a brown
and fuscous spot on costa near base ; a medial brown spot on
costa, from which a well-marked brown line extends to inner
margin, being somewhat oblique and inbent at submedian
fold ; some faint brown shades on costa towards apex and
along outer margin. Hind wings white, faintly tinged with
light brown on outer margin.
Eixpanse 15 mm.
Hab. Carillo.
Reselia sabulosa, sp. n.
¢. Palpi, head, collar, and thorax whitish, thinly irrorated
with brown. Abdomen whitish buff. fore wings bufl-
brown, irrorated with olive-brown and fuscous scales; a
geminate fuscous line on costa near base; a broad medial
darker shade across costa and cell, edged with fuscous points ;
a geminate postmedial row of fuscous points on veins, in-
wardly oblique to submedian fold, then straight; a sub-
terminal row of brown streaks on veins; terminal dark
clusters of scales on veins. Hind wings dirty white; a dark
grey terminal line and a similar spot on discocellular.
Expanse 25 mm.
flab. Poas, Juan Vinas.
Reselia decepta, sp. n.
3. Palpi white, shaded with brown at base. Head and
thorax white. Abdomen greyish. J ore wings white ; basal,
antemedial, and medial dark grey shades on costa, the last
larger and suffusing with fuscous line on discocellular; a faint
antemedial line, inwardly oblique from costa; some medial
streaks and irrorations below cell ; the postmedial outcurved
around cell, fine, punctiform, geminate on inner margin; a.
subterminal irregular greyish shade, outwardly oblique from
costa, suffusing with terminal greyish shades at tornus; cilia
very long, grey. Hind wings whitish grey. Underneath,
Heterocera from Costa Rica. 357
the costal margin of hind wings is coarsely irrorated with
fuscous grey.
Expanse 11 mm.
Hab, Guapiles.
Subfamily Zrrnosravz.
Macroptila monstralis, sp. n.
3. Frons brown. Vertex, collar, and thorax grey. Ab-
domen whitish. Legs whitish, the fore tibia above with
ridge of long ochreous hairs. Fore wings light grey, be-
coming dark grey on inner margin, costal” margin and veins
above 3 white; the extreme costa finely ochreous. Hind
wings: the inner area broadly white; the costal portion
above median light brown ; the outer margin from vein 2 to
apex shaded with dark grey; a small spot of androconia in
cell at base.
Expanse 30 mm.
Hab. Sixola.
Fore wings with veins 3 and 4 on rather long stalk; 6
from near upper angle of cell; 7-9 stalked; 10 free. Hind
wings with 3 and 4 from lower angle; 5 absent or on long
stalk with 4; 6 and 7 from upper angle apart ; costal margin
straight and with a projecting lobe before apex.
Macroptila nubecula, sp. n.
3. Head, collar, and thorax lilacine grey, the frons paler.
Abdomen buff-white. Fore wings: costal margin, cell, and
from vein 3 to apex silvery white, faintly tinged with buff ;
below cell lilacine buff, shading to lilacine grey above and
below submedian. Hind wings faintly tinged with buff and
shaded with grey at apex; the cell filled with a large patch
of dark brown androconia, partly covered by an ‘upturned
ridge of long hairs on median vein. Underneath whitish,
the costal margins yellowish buff.
Hxpanse 32 mm.
Hab, Sixola, Tuis, Esperanza.
‘This species will fall into a new section. Fore wing with
cell narrow, the median arched ; vein 6 from well below
angle of cell; 7-9 stalked; 10 free. Hind wing with a large
patch of androconia in cell; veins 3-5 stalked ; veins 6 and 7
stalked, downturned; the costal margin concave before apex.
APTILOSIA, gen. nov.
Proboscis fully developed. Antenne of male with short
358 Mr. W. Schaus on
bristles and minute cilia. Abdomen covered with rough hair.
Fore wings broad; vein 2 from beyond middle ; 3 from
before angle; 4 and 5 from a point; 6 from near upper
angle; 7- 10 stalked ; 11 anastomosing with 12. Hind wings
broad ; the costal mar gin arched and oblique on outer half ;
apex rounded ; outer margin nearly straight to anal angle ; a
Jarge patch of androconia in cell ; vein 2 from beyond middle
of cell; 3 from before angle; 4 from angle; 5 from above
anele ; 6 and 7 coincident.
A ptilosia crocea, sp. n.
@. Head and thorax lilacine grey. Abdomen pale
yellowish. Fore wings yellowish white; the inner margin
broadly lilacine grey, narrowing at tornus. Hind wings pale
yellowish, with a ridge of long yellow hairs along median.
Expanse 29 mm.
Hab. Juan Vinas, Tuis, Guapiles.
Agylla erigone, sp. n.
6. Head and thorax dark grey. Abdomen light grey ;
buff hairs on anal segment. Fore wings silvery white, pale
grey below cell and vein 2, shading to dark grey along inner
margin; the costa finely ochreous. Hind wings white.
Fore wings underneath grey, shaded with pale buff along
costal margin, at end of cell, and slightly below cell. Hind
wings underneath white, shaded with grey from apex to
vein o.
Expanse 40 mm.
?. Fore wings white, the inner margin broadly dark grey.
Fore wings underneath grey ; the costal margin except at
base white ; a whitish shade at end of cell, extending beyond
it, and the postmedial space between veins 2—6 shaded with
white. Hind wings below white, with a faint trace of grey
at apex.
Expanse 44 mm.
Hab. Juan Vinas, Volcano Turrialba, 5800 ft.
Allied to A. hampsoni, Dogn.
Agylla asra, sp. n.
¢- Head and thorax dark grey, abdomen lighter grey.
Fore wings grey, darkest along inner margin ; veins except
submedian broadly white; a dark grey terminal line; the
cilia divided by a dark grey line. Hind wings white at base
and along inner margin, otherwise grey; a black spot on
Heterocera from Costa Rica. 359
costa near base. Underneath dark grey; the outer half of
costa of fore wings shaded with buff; the basal and inner
area of hind wings white.
Expanse 20 mm.
Hab. Sixola.
Near A. hampson?, Dogn.,
Agylla subcinerea, sp. n.
g. Head, collar, and thorax brownish grey ; some whitish
hairs on basal joint of antenne. Abdomen dark grey above,
with lighter grey hairs at base and on terminal segment.
Fore wings white ; the basal third of costa finely dark grey,
the outer two-thirds finely creamy buff; the inner margin
below fold dark grey. Hind wings: the base and inner
margin white, otherwise grey; the cilia white. Underneath
dark grey ; the inner area of hind wings white; the costal
margin of fore wings as above,
Expanse 27 mm.
?. Similar to male, but with costa of fore wings white ;
the hind wings only tinged with grey at apex. Underneath
paler grey, the white on hind wings more extended.
Expanse 28 mm.
Hab. Tuis, Juan Vinas, Los Bajos.
Near A, sancte johannis, Schs.
Agylla albivenis, sp. n.
g. Palpi dark brown, fringed with whitish. Frons pale
buff. Vertex, collar, and ‘thorax dark grey-brown. Abdomen
grey above, the lateral tufts and underneath whitish buff.
Legs white; fore and hind tibia streaked with dark grey ;
fore tibia black, with white rings. Fore wings: the costa
with light brown downturned scales, not reaching base ; the
cell and veins except submedian white; intervenal spaces
light grey, darker between 2 and 4 and at end of cell; the
inner margin fuscous grey. Hind wings white; fuscous
shadings on costal and outer margin. Underneath, the fore
wings fuscous grey, becoming paler on outer margin; the
hind wings white, tinged with buff on costa.
Expanse 26 mm.
¢. Frons white. Fore wings white, tinged with grey
between 2 and 3 near cell; the inner margin dark fuscous
grey. Hind wings white ; a few fuscous scales at apex,
Expanse 28 mm.
Hab. Juan Vinas, Tuis.
Section near A. barbieosta, H.
360 Mr. W. Schaus on
Agylla peasia, sp. n.
3. Head, collar, and thorax smoky grey ; patagia tipped
with white. Abdomen darker grey, with light grey hairs at
base; terminal segment light brown. Fore wings silvery
white 5 the inner margin smoky grey. Hind wings white,
tinged with yellow. Underneath : fore wings fuscous grey ;
a white streak below subcostal; the inner margin white.
Hind wings white. :
Expanse 35 mm.
2. Differs from the male in having the hind wings
clearer white; the fore wings underneath whitish grey.
Hixpanse 36 mm.
Hab. Poas.
Near A. sericea, Druce.
Agylla abrosa, sp. n.
3d. Frons dark brown. Vertex, collar, thorax, and abdo-
men above light greyish brown; abdomen laterally and
underneath white. Fore wings silky white; the inner
margin narrowly light greyish ‘brown. Hind wings white,
rather broad, the outer margin truncate from apex fo vein 2d,
then rounded. Fore wings “underneath thickly irrorated with
brown, the base of costa darker; the inner margin below
submedian whitish buff. Hind wings below with the costa
faintly tinged with brown.
Expanse 33 mm.
Hab. Voleano Turrialba, 5800 ft.
Agylla submacula, sp. n
do. Head, collar, and thorax dark grey ; patagia outwardly
and tipped with white. Abdomen above light grey. Fore
wings silvery white; the inner margin below fold brownish
grey. Hind wings white, shaded with grey at anal angle.
Fore wings below white; the inner margin grey ; a laree
postmedial greyish-brown patch from vein 2-11 ; the outer
margin tinged with grey-brown.
Expanse o7 mm.
Hab. Cartago, Juan Vinas, Volcano Turrialba.
Belongs to section near A. involuta, Hmpsn.
Agylla euscissa, sp. n.
Head, collar, and thorax smoky grey, the frons buff.
Abdomen. buff. grey. Fore wings narrow terminally, the
Fleterocera from Costa Rica. 361
inner margin deeply lobed on basal two-thirds to vein 2, then
straight to tornus at vein 3, silvery white; the lobe on inner
margin brown-grey ; the costa finely ochreous. Hind wings
broad, the outer margin rounded, silvery white; a large
yellow patch of androconia at base in cell, covered by lobe of
fore wings; some buff shadings below and beyond cell to
near apex; a postmedial brown-grey shade above vein 2;
the inner margin dull white. Fore wings bclow white; a
fuscous streak on base of costa ; a streak of cinnamon-brown
androconia below cell; the medial space roughly scaled,
yellow ; the outer margin suffused with light brownish grey.
Hind wings below black-brown ; some ochreous shadings at
base ; the inner margin white; the outer margin above vein 3
shaded with white.
Expanse 35 mm.
Hab. Juan Vinas, Sixola.
Belongs to a new section near A. argentea, Wlk.
Balbura fasciata, sp. n.
Body black ; the patagia roseate. Fore wings light buff-
brown; the submedian fold, costa, and inner margin finely
black ; some roseate at base, limited by a black shade; a
fuscous streak on costal margin and one in cell suffusing at
end of cell with a broad, transverse, medial, fuscous shade,
which extends from costal to inner margins; long terminal
black intervenal streaks between veins 3-7, the streak between
5 and 6 extending from cell; cilia black. Hind wings dark
brown. Underneath dark brown.
Expanse 34 mm.
Hab. Guapiles, Sixola.
Differs from typical Balbura in having, on hind wings,
veins 4 and 5 trom lower angle, and 6 and 7 from upper
angle of cell.
Balbura intervenata, sp. n.
3d. Head, collar, and abdomen black. Thorax red; the
patagia fringed with black outwardly. Fore wings fuscous
brown; the inner margin broadly black; terminal black
streaks between the veins, the streak between 5 and 6 from
within cell. Hind wings black ; the cell, below and beyond
it semihyaline.
Expanse 27 mm.
Hab. Sixola.
In this species veins 4 and 5 on hind wings are from lower
angle of cell.
Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 8. Vol. vii. 24
362 Mr. W. Schaus on
DOLICHESIA, gen. nov.
Proboscis well developed. Palpi porrect, reaching beyond
frons; female antenna flattened, laminate. Hind tibia with
the medial spur absent. Fore wing long and narrow, the
costa arched and falcate; vein 2 from middle of cell; 3 from
well before angle; 5 from a little above 4; 6 from upper
angle; 7, 8,9 stalked ; 7 from beyond 9; 10 ‘free ; 11 anas-
tomosing with 12. Hind wings: vein 5 absent ; 6 and 7
coincident.
Near Hudoliche, Mésch.
Dolichesia falsimonia, sp. n.
Head and thorax grey-brown, Abdomen roseate. Thorax
below white ; legs grey-brown. Fore wings grey-brown ; a
pale greyish medial shade from costa incurved to inner
margin near base, followed by a dark brown oblique streak
from cell to inner margin; a similar postmedial oblique streak
from vein 4 to inner margin; a light reddish-brown terminal
line from costa before apex to vein 4; terminal black spots
from below apex to tornus, where they suffuse and extend on to
cilia; cilia white except at apex, where they are black. Hind
wings roseate; the outer margin broadly black, narrowing at
anal angle. Fore wings below fuscous; the inner margin
grey ; some roseate postmedially at submedian. Hind wings
underneath as above, with the costa narrowly black.
Expanse 16 mm.
Hab. Sixola.
Cloésia digna, sp. n.
Body and fore wings above dark metallic blue. Hind
wings fuscous brown, thinly scaled; dark metallic blue
streaks on inner margin, along vein 2, and on outer margin
below apex.
Expanse 28 mm.
Hab. Sixola.
Allied to C. parthia, Druce.
Thyone grisescens, sp. n.
Body and wings violaceous grey, the hind wingsand abdo-
men slightly darker than the thorax and fore wings.
Expanse 22 mm.
Hab. Juan Vinas, Tuis, Guapiles.
Allied to 7. muricolor, Schs.
Eeterocera from Costa Rica. 363
Afrida parvula, sp. n.
Head, collar, and thorax lilacine buff, the vertex tinged
with light brown. Abdomen buff-brown. Fore wings
greyish buff; a broad curved antemedial black shade, not
reaching inner margin; a broad dark grey medial shade,
edged by black lines, tinged with brown, and crossed by a
fine black line, the outer edge incurved, and followed by a
black point on discocellular; some marginal light brown
shadings and terminal dark points. Hind wings suffused
with fuscous, darkest terminally ; a dark discal point.
Expanse 14 mm.
Hab. Tuis, Juan Vinas,
Chrysochlorosia magnifica, sp. n.
$. Body dark metallic bluish green. Fore wings dark
green ; the outer margin and cilia deep blue or black according
to the light. Hind wings black; the cilia dark metallic
green. Underneath, the wings are dark bluish green, some-
what metallic.
Eixpanse 22 mm.
Hab. Sixola.
Near C. splendida, Druce.
Odozana sixola, sp. n.
dg. Head and collar black. Thorax and abdomen above
crimson ; abdomen ventrally black. Fore wings blackish
brown, with fine slightly iridescent strize. Hind wings black,
the inne: margin from within cell to near angle crimson.
Underneath dull dark brown ; the inner margin of fore wings
with light brown hairs; the crimson patch on hind wings as
above.
Expanse 18 mm.
Hab. Banana River, Sixola.
Allied to O. methemata, Hmpsn.
Odozana inconspicua, sp. n.
@. Head, collar, and wings dark brown; the fore wings
with iridescent striz. Thorax and basal tufts on abdomen
crimson ; abdomen otherwise black.
Expanse 17 mm.
Hab. Sixola.
94%
364 Mr. W. Schaus on
Odozana decepta, sp. 0.
3. Head and collar blue-black, Thorax and fore wings
dark brown, with iridescent strie. Abdomen brown at base,
otherwise crimson above, black ventrally. Hind wings dull -
dark brown.
Expanse 19 mm.
Hab. Sixola.
Metalobosia ducalis, sp. n.
3d. Head, collar, thorax, and fore wings dark metallic
green. Abdomen crimson; brown hairs at base; terminal
segment black; lateral whitish tufts. Thorax below and
legs metallic blue-black ; hind tibia with long crimson tufts.
Hind wings crimson; the apex black, narrowing towards ~
vein 3.
Expanse 18 mm.
Hab. Juan Vinas.
Belongs to new section: the inner margin of fore wings
evenly curved; the hind wings broad, truncate towards anal
angle, which is slightly produced; a broad fold on inner
margin, containing a tuft of yellow scales at anal angle.
ve " 7
Nodozana piciurata, sp. n. j
Head and thorax white. Abdomen pale yellowish. Fore
wings: the base, basal half of costal margin, and apex white,
otherwise pale yellow; a faint antemedial curved orange line ;
a large orange spot medially from cell to inner margin; a
postmedial fine orange line from costa to vein 53; a sub-
terminal orange line touching outer margin at vein 4, then
inbent, followed by an oblique greyish shade from costa to
vein 3 ; cilia grey. Hind wings pale yellowish. Underneath
a broad grey shade along costal margin of fore wings, curving
before apex.
Expanse 13 mm.
Hab. Sixola.
Near N. pyrophora, Umpsn.
Lycomorphodes correbioides, sp. 0.
&. Head ochreous, some fuscous on frons; collar and
thorax ochreous, crossed by a black line outwardly. Abdo-
men fuscous; anal tufts ochreous. Fore wings ochreous; a
broad medial fuscous shade, except on median vein and sub-
median fold; the termen broadly fuscous above vein 3, more
fleterocera from Costa Rica. 365
narrowly so below 3. Hind wings fuscous; the costal margin
ochreous, not reaching apex.
Expanse 16 mm.
?. Differs in having the black markings more reduced.
Expanse 18 mm.
Hab. Sixola, Tuis.
Veins 3-5 on fore wings stalked; fore tibia of male
without tuft of hair.
Talara cara, sp. n.
Head ochreous; collar and thorax reddish ochreous.
Abdomen black; some reddish-ochreous hairs at base
dorsally. Fore wings ochreous, tinged with red except on
costal margin; the outer margin broadly black from apex to
submedian. Hind wings black, the base shaded with roseate.
Underneath the black more extended, leaving a reddish space
on less than basal half of wings, which is, however, some-
what produced on costal margin of fore wings ; the inner
margin of fore wings yellowish.
ixpanse 16 mm.
Hab. Sixola.
Talara lepida, sp. n.
g. Head, collar, thorax, and fore wings grey, finely
irrorated with darker scales. Abdomen crimson above ;
underneath black, banded with roseate. Hind wings crim-
son; the apex broadly black, narrowing to before anal angle.
Expanse 13 mm.
Hab. Sixola.
Talara esperanza, sp. n.
Head, thorax, and anal hairs reddish. Abdomen pale
roseate buff. Legs red, tarsi ringed with black. Fore wings
yellowish ; the veins and submedian fold broadly reddish; a
fine black medial line, outcurved through cell, inwardly
angled at fold and outwardly at submedian vein, preceded by
black irrorations in cell and antemedially above and below
submedian fold; the postmedial black line outcurved, in-
wardly angled on fold, followed by black irrorations; cilia
luteous. Hind wings rosea: ; cilia luteous.
Expanse 12 mm.
Hab. Esperanza, Tuis, Sixola, Guapiles.
Near 7. ditis, Butl.
366 Mr. W. Schaus on
Talara rubida, sp. n.
Head, collar, thorax, base of abdomen, and fore wings red ;
abdomen otherwise and hind wing black; some red at base of
hind wings. Legs black; tarsi roseate white at base.
Wings underneath: fore wings roseate, with a large fuscous
patch on outer half, not extending above vein 8 nor quite
reaching inner margin; hind wings roseate at base, otherwise
black.
Expanse 17 mm.
Hab. Juan Vinas, Tuis.
Near 7’. coccinea, Butl.
Paratalara commixta, sp. n.
6. Head and collar white. Abdomen above brown,
underneath and anal hairs whitish buff. Fore wings: basal
third whitish buff; an antemedial dark grey spot in cell and
a larger similar spot on inner margin, the two connected by
greyish irrorations; a grey streak on costa above cell-spot ;
medial space buff-brown below subcostal, greyish above it,
limited outwardly by a dark brown line, angled and incurved
below vein 4; a fine dark brown line above vein 2, and
another below vein 3; a cluster of dark scales at end of cell
and just beyond it; outer space white; a large cluster of
brown scales between 2 and 8 and a smaller cluster between
4 and 6. Hind wings white; a small spot of black andro-
conia in end of cell, edged with grey; the inner margin
tinged with buff; some buff scales on outer margin. Fore
wings below with a patch of coarse scales at and above end
of cell anteriorly.
Expanse 16 mm.
Hab, La Florida.
Clemensta mucida, sp. n.
6. Palpi brown. Body dark grey. Fore wings greyish
white, thinly irrorated with brown along margins; a fuscous
brown basal line not reaching inner margin; a heavier ante-
medial line, faintly curved, interrupted above and below
submedian ; a broad postmedial brown shade outwardly
shaded with fuscous brown, rather broadly from vein 2 to
inner margin, and containing a black oblique streak on disco-
cellular ; a subterminal brown shade on costa and between 4
and 6; terminal brown points extending on cilia. Hind
wings grey. Underneath grey, with indistinct discoidal
spots.
Fleterocera from Costa Rica. 367
Expanse 15 mm.
Hab. Juan Vinas, °
Would follow C. parapatella, Dogn., in Sir George
Hampson’s Catalogue.
Clemensia cincinnata, sp. n.
3. Palpi and abdomen dark brown. Head, collar, and
thorax grey-brown mottled with white. Fore wings greyish
white, irrorated with brown and fuscous and shaded with dark
grey and brown except at base and on outer margin; a fine
black basal line ; a broad fuscous-brown antemedial curved
line; a black streak on discocellular ; medial and subterminal
black spots on costa; three medial black points on submedian ;
terminal brown points ; cilia white, spotted with brown at
vein 4 and apex. Hind wings: costa silvery white; cell
pale yellow ; inner area and outer margin broadly dark grey,
narrowing at apex. Fore wings below: base of cell with
upturned silvery scales, downturned at middle of cell; a patch
of brown androconia above submedian and long yellowish
hairs,
Eixpanse 21 mm.
?. Anal hairs of abdomen whitish. Fore wings whiter ;
the antemedial followed by a fine line; an ochreous shade
medially above submedian; a medial and a postmedial
brown line. Hind wings fuscous grey.
Hixpanse 18 mm.
Hed, Juan Vinas.
Clemensta leopardina, sp. n.
Palpi black. Head, collar, and thorax light grey; four
black spots on metathorax. Abdomen dark grey ; anal hairs
bufi-brown. Fore wings light grey, a basal black spot on
costa and one on inner margin; a subbasal spot on costa, one
below cell, and a short streak below submedian ; an ante-
medial row of spots on costa, subcostal, below cell, and on
submedian ; a spot on inner margin nearer base and one on
submedian fold at origin of ochreous streak which extends to
a subterminal spot above inner margin; a spot in middle of
cell, followed by a medial row of small spots almost coalescing ;
a large spot at end of cell ; a postmnedial row of streaks inset
below vein 3 and replaced by spots on submedian and inner
margin ; subterminal large spots on costa, between 4 and 6,
and on inner margin; terminal black points ; cilia spotted
with fuscous at vein 4 and at apex. Hind wings whitish ;
the outer margin irregularly dark grey.
368 Mr. W. Scliaus on
Expanse 22 mm.
Hab. Sixola.
Allied to C. ophrydina, Dr.
ANAULOSIA, gen. nov.
Proboscis fully developed ; palpi upturned ; anal segment
tufted. Fore wings: apex acute; outer margin excised
below apex and above tornus; vein 2 from just beyond
middle of cell ; 3 from well before angle; 4and 5 from lower
angle; 6 from just below upper angle; 7, 8, 9 on long
stalk; 10 and 11 free. Hind wing with vein 2 from near
angle ; 3 and 4 coincident ; 5 from well above angle ; 6 and7
on very long stalk ; 8 from middle of cell.
Anaulosia impolita, sp. n.
Head, collar, thorax, and fore wings dull leaden brown.
Abdomen and hind wings dull dark brown. Fore wings: a
faint postmedial whitish line from costa, outwardly oblique ;
some postmedial, inwardly oblique, faint whitish spots from
vein 4; a terminal whitish shade, interrupted between 4 and
5; cilia greyish buff from vein 3 to tornus, otherwise black,
tipped with greyish buff just below apex.
Eixpanse 15 mm. .
Hab. Guapiles.
Diarhabdosia coroides, sp. n.
g. Frons and metathorax dark grey. Vertex and collar
buff-white, the latter edged behind with roseate. Meso-
thorax roseate, the patagia buff-white, tipped with dark grey.
Abdomen whitish yellow. Fore wings dark lilacine grey ;
the costal margin except at base, the inner margin broadly,
a streak through cell to outer margin, and cilia whitish
yellow. Hind wings smoky grey ; the costal, inner margin,
and cilia whitish yellow. Underneath the fore wings are more
fuscous grey, the streak in cell very fine and not reaching
outer margin ; the hind wings whitish yellow, suffused with
grey at apex.
Hixpanse 18 mm.
@. Similar to male, but hind wings above and below dark
grey, the costal margin and cilia whitish.
Expanse 20 mm.
Hab. Guapiles, Tuis, Sixola.
Allied to D. cora, Dyar.
Fleterocera from Costa Rica, 369
Diarhabdosia melinda, sp. n.
3d. Head whitish; a dark grey spot between antenne.
Collar whitish, edged behind with roseate. Thorax roseate.
Abdomen yellowish white; a transverse dark grey line on
last segment. Fore wings whitish yellow ; a lilacine grey
shade at end of cell, expanding towards costa, and continuing
towards apex, where it is upturned and ends in a dark
point on costa; a broad similar shade below cell and to
outer margin, terminating in a darker point; the base of inner
margin shaded with lilacine grey. Hind wings still paler;
a dark terminal shade from vein 4 to apex ; a dark terminal
point below vein 2. Underneath whitish ; the dark shades
on fore wings not reaching base and more pronounced ;
the shade at apex of hind wings somewhat reduced.
Expanse 20 mm.
Hab. Banana River.
Allied to D. mandana, Dyar.
Metallosia nitens, sp. n.
?. Head, collar, and thorax dark golden green. Abdomen
black, shot with dark green terminally. Legs shaded with
dark metallic green. Fore wings golden green; a fuscous
streak below cell and vein 2. Hind wings black.
Expanse 17 mm.
Hab. Sixola,
Lasiocampida.
Lebeda angustipennis, sp. n.
3. Head violaceous brown, thinly irrorated with ochreous-
brown hairs. Collar and thorax ochreous brown, irrorated
with violaceous brown. Abdomen brown, darkest dorsally,
slightly tinged with violaceous. fore wings dark violaceous
brown, irrorated with ochreous-brown scales; an ochreous
point at end of cell; traces of duller antemedial, medial, and
postmedial shades, all very indistinct; cilia deep reddish
brown. Hind wings dull dark brown, only the costal margin
irrorated with ochreous brown. The fore wings long and
narrow, the outer margin very oblique. Hind wings with the
costal margin deeply excised.
Jixpanse 78 mm.
Hab. 'Tuis.
370 Mr. W. Schaus on
Metanastria rufescens, sp. n.
Palpi violaceous brown, irrorated with buff above.
Head and collar greyish, the base of the scales brown. Thorax
and abdomen reddish brown; some greyish-buff hairs ter-
minally on abdomen. Fore wings reddish brown, darkest
medially and on outer margin ; some ochreous shading at
base of inner margin; a broad antemedial space crossed on
either side by ochreous-buff lines and slightly irrorated with
ochreous buff ; a white point in cell, followed by a long
fuscous shade reaching subterminal spots; the postmedial
space broad, ochreous buff, crossed by two reddish-brown
lines ; subterminal ochreous-buff blotches spotted with black
between 7 and 9 and above and below vein 23; the outer
margin slightly tinged with violaceous. Hind wings reddish
brown; the cilia tipped with white.
ixpanse 75 mm.
Hab. Juan Vinas, Tuis.
Metanastria antonia, sp. n.
3. Palpi violaceous brown, tipped with buff. Head,
collar, and thorax light brown, the scales tipped with buff.
Abdomen brown. Fore wings brown, thickly irrorated with
buff; the lines buff, outwardly edged with darker brown
except the medial line, which is inwardly so shaded ; basal
line straight at some distance from base; antemedial straight,
followed in cell by a white point; medial and postmedial
lines faintly curved on costa and inwardly oblique, parallel ;
irregular subterminal darker shadings, hardly discernible,
and two black spots near tornus. Hind wings violaceous
brown.
Hixpanse 69-74 mm.
Hab. Juan Vinas, Tuis, Cariblanco.
Metanastria tremula, sp. n.
Head and thorax brown, tinged with lilacine, the scales
tipped with buff. Abdomen reddish brown. Fore wings:
base to medial space brown, thickly irrorated with buff,
crossed by an antemedial, finely wavy, fuscous line ; medial
space dark brown, narrowing on inner margin, edged bya
finely dentate buff line, and containing a white point in cell ;
space beyond to subterminal spots rather paler than basal
area and crossed by an indistinct buff line, also finely dentate,
curved on costa and inwardly oblique to inner margin; an
Fleterocera from Costa Rica. 371
irregular row of subterminal black spots, beyond which the
outer margin is shaded with drab. Hind wings dark brown ;
the costal margin similar to postmedial space of fore wings ;
a medial and a postmedial faint buff shade.
Eixpanse 76 mm.
flab. Tuis, Juan Vinas.
Metanastria vibrans, sp. n.
Palpi violaceous brown. Head, collar, and thorax brown,
irrorated with whitish buff. Abdomen above brown. Fore
wings brown, tinged with violaceous, the medial space
darkest ; the lines fine, dentate on costal margin, finely wavy
across wing ; the basal line remote from base, upright ; the
antemedial slightly oblique, incurved between vein 2 and
submedian, closely followed in cell by a white point; the
medial line slightly oblique, outcurved between 2 and sub-
median ; the postmedial curved on costal margin, parallel to
medial line; an irregular row of subterminal buff spots, each
containing a cluster of black scales. Hind wings rich brown.
Eixpanse 70 mm,
flab. El Sitio, Cariblanco.
Claphe inflata, sp. n.
¢. Body and wings buff-brown. Abdomen with violaceous-
brown tufts dorsally, except on first segment; anal hairs
very long, tipped with reddish brown. Fore wings: an
antemedial fuscous shade on costa, crossed by an oblique pale
buffish line to inner margin, where it is outeurved and upbent
to vein 8, then fainter and lunular to vein 6, enclosing be-
tween vein 3 and inner margin a dark reddish-brown space,
crossed by vein 2 and submedian, which are buff; medial
space between the lines from vein 3 to 6 and subcostal shaded
with grey and crossed on discocellular by a rather heavy
dark reddish-brown streak; a subterminal series of spots,
almost coalescent, and indicated by their slightly paler edging,
ending above vein 8 in dark reddish-brown spots ; terminal
lunular whitish streaks between the veins, outwardly finely
edged with darker brown. Hind wings rather darker, except
on outer margin ; a terminal brown line, inwardly edged with
buff.
Expanse 35 mm.
Hab. Sixola.
Ss
~i
bo
On Heterocera from Costa Rica.
Claphe caramina, sp. n.
Head and thorax ochreous brown; a darker tuft on meta-
thorax. Abdomen ochreous dorsally, yellowish laterally.
Fore wings: costa finely ochreous brown; anterior space
above median and vein 4 smoky grey, below median and
vein 4 ochreous brown, irrorated with white, chiefly on grey
portion ; a fine medial and postmedial brown line; a sub-
terminal whitish line incurved between 7 and 4, where it is
followed by a curved ochreous-red spot; a terminal whitish
line similarly incurved, leaving a brown space on margin
between 7 and 4; the veins at apex whitish; two black
points on discocellular, Hind wings yellowish ; a fuscous-
grey geminate shade at apex.
Expanse 25 mm.
2. Buff-brown, darkest on terminal half ; subterminal line
wavy, indistinct. Hind wings outwardly shaded with brown
and crossed by a paler subterminal shade; other markings as
in male.
Expanse 29 mm.
Hab. Juan Vinas, Tuis.
Allied to C. ocruma, Schs.
Ocha casada, sp. n.
3. Head and thorax lilacine buff. Abdomen yellowish.
Fore wings yellowish, shaded with lilacine buff above median
to postmedial line and on outer margin; some reddish-brown
shading at base; basal half of cell dark brown ; a whitish
basal line; an antemedial fine brown line, forming an out-
ward curve on costal margin and below cell, inwardly angled
above inner margin; two black points on discocellular; a
medial line outcurved between 9 and 5, dark brown, becoming
paler towards inner margin and on costa, outbent below
vein 2; postmedial line close to medial to vein 6, then
straighter to inner margin, pale yellow indicated by the
darker shadings on either side; a dark brown shade between
5 and 6 to subterminal, and a clear yellow space above it to
vein 8; subterminal outcurved below costa, inwardly shaded
with brown, and dark brown between 6 and 8, irregular
below 6, indicated by the lilacine buff shade it crosses ; cilia
with dark points between the veins. Hind wings pale
yellow; three brown lines on costa towards apex.
Expanse 24 mm.
Hab. Juan Vinas, Sixola, Guapiles.
On new Freshwater Fishes from Portuguese Guinea. 373
XLI.—Deseriptions of new Freshwater Fishes discovered by
Dr. W. J. Ansorge in Portuguese Guinea. By G. A.
BouLenGcerR, F.R.S.
(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.)
REPRESENTATIVES of the following six new species form
part of a large collection made at or near Batata by Dr.
Ansorge, and sent by him to the British Museum. Some
specimens are from the Geba River, others from the Culufi
River, an affluent of the Geba.
Petersius septentrionalis.
Depth of body equal to length of head, 34 to 32 times in
total length. Head twice as long as broad, longer than deep ;
lower jaw projecting slightly beyond snout; snout shorter
than eye, which is 2} times in length of head and exceeds
interorbital width ; maxillary extending to below anterior
border of eye ; outer premaxillary teeth 4, alternating with
those of the inner row, 8 in number; 8 teeth in lower jaw.
Gill-rakers moderately long, 12 on lower part of anterior
arch. Dorsal IL 7, originating above ventral, at equal
distance from centre of eye and from root of caudal. Adipose
fin very small. Anal III 13-14. Pectoral nearly as long as
head, not quite reaching ventral. Caudal deeply forked.
Caudal peduncle a little longer thandeep. Scales 25-26 a
or 14 between lateral line and ventral. Silvery, finely
speckled with brown on the back; a blackish lateral band ;
fins white.
Total length 45 mm.
Several specimens trom the Geba and Culufi Rivers.
The northernmost species of the genus. Distinguished
from all the species with alternating preemaxillary teeth and
a complete lateral line by the low number of scales in the
lateral line.
Distichodus ansorgit.
Depth of body 32 to 4} times in total length, length of
head 43 to 5 times. Head longer than deep; snout rounded,
not compressed, projecting very slightly beyond mouth,
shorter than eye, which is 23 to 22 times in length of head
and equals interorbital width ; maxillary extending to below
nostrils; teeth in a single series, 20 or 22 in each jaw.
374 Mr. G. A. Boulenger on new
Dorsal 17-19 (4 unbranched), equally distant from occiput
and from caudal, its base equal to its distance from adipose
fin, which is not scaly. Anal 11-12 (3-4 unbranched), its
base much shorter than that of dorsal. Pectoral about 2
length of head. Caudal deeply forked, lobes pointed.
Caudal peduncle as long as deep or a little longer than deep.
Scales 55-62 aoe 4-6 between lateral line and root of
ventral. Yellow, speckled with brown above the lateral line,
silvery white below; a more or less distinct blackish band
may be present along the lateral line ; dorsal and caudal fins
lemon-yellow, the former with a black spot in the upper
third of its anterior part.
Total length 70 mm.
Many specimens were obtained in the Geba and Culufi
Rivers.
A very distinct species, the smallest and most slender of
the genus, further remarkable for the absence of scales on the
adipose dorsal fin.
Nannocharax ansorgit.
Depth of body 3% to 44 times in total length, length of
head 3} to 32? times. Head deeper than broad; snout as
long as or a little shorter than eye, which is 3 to 33 times in
length of head and equals interorbital width. Dorsal III 9-10,
originating a little in front of base of ventral, situated at
equal distance from centre of eye and from root of caudal,
longest ray a little shorter than head. Anal III 7-8. Pec-
toral 3 to # length of head, not reaching root of ventral,
Caudal forked, with pointed lobes. Caudal peduncle 14 times
as long as deep. Scales 40-45 i, 4—41 between lateral line
and ventral. Back straw-yellow, with numerous fine dark
longitudinal lines ; a lateral series of large black spots on the
Jateral line, usually confluent into a broad band terminating
on the caudal fin; bases of dorsal, ventral, and caudal fins
pale orange.
Total length 43 mm.
Several specimens from the Geba and Culufi Rivers.
Allied to NV. tenia, Blgr., and WV. dimidiatus, Pellegr.
Barbus macrops.
Depth of body equal to length of head, 34 to 33 times in
total length. Snout rounded, much shorter than eye, which
is 24 to 22 times in length of head; interorbital width 22
Freshwater Fishes from Portuguese Guinea. 375
to 3 times in length of head; mouth subinferior; lips
moderately developed ; two barbels on each side, anterior 4,
posterior 4 diameter of eye. Dorsal III 8, equally distant
from centre of eye and from base of caudal, border feebly
concave; last simple ray not enlarged, as long as head.
Anal III 5, not reaching caudal. Pectoral 2 to # length of
head, not quite reaching ventral; base of latter below ante-
rior rays of dorsal. Caudal peduncle 14 to 1} times as long
as deep. Ncales radiately striated, 23-25 5 2-21 between
lateral line and ventral, 12 round caudal peduncle. Yellow
above, silvery below, scales on back and sides finely speckled
with brown, with a more or less distinct dark brown spot at
the base; a black straight lateral band from the end of the
snout, through the eye, to the base of the caudal ; fins yellow,
dorsal and caudal orange at the base ; a blackish spot at the
end of the longest rays of the dorsal.
Total length 65 millim.
Numerous specimens from the Geba and Culufi Rivers.
Near B. ablabes, Blkr. Distinguished by the much larger
eye.
Synodontis ansorgit.
Depth of body 3 to 3} times in total length, length of head
32 to 4 times. Head a little longer than broad, granulate
above from between the eyes ; snout rounded, as long as post-
ocular part of head; eye supero-lateral, 834 (young) to 44
times in length of head, 13 to 12 times in interorbital width ;
lips moderately developed ; preemaxillary teeth forming a
short and very broad band; movable mandibular teeth }to 3
diameter of eye, 60 to 80 (50 in young) in number. Maxillary
barbel with a broad marginal membrane in its basal third, 1
to 1} times length of head, reaching between anterior fourth
and posterior third of pectoral spine; outer mandibular barbel
14 to 2 times as long as inner, former with long slender
branches, latter with tubercular ramifications. Gill-opening
not extending downwards beyond root of pectoral spine.
Occipito-nuchal shield granulate like the occiput, obtusely
tectiform, 14 to 12 times as long as broad, posterior processes
rounded or obliquely truncate. Humeral process much longer
than broad, granulate, not keeled, obtusely pointed, extending
as far or not quite so far as occipito-nuchal process. Dorsal
17; spine nearly straight, as long as or longer than head,
not serrated, terminating ina long filament. Adipose dorsal
2 to 3 times as long as deep, 23 to 3 times as long as its
distance from rayed dorsal. Anal IV-V 7-8, rounded.
376 On new Freshwater Fishes from Portuguese Guinea.
Pectoral spine as long as or slightly longer than head,
strongly serrated on both sides. Ventral reaching origin of
anal or a little beyond. Caudal deeply notched, upper lobe
the longer. Caudal peduncle as long as deep or a little
deeper than long. Dark brown above and below, head, body,
and dorsal fins with numerous round black spots. Young
paler brown, with larger and fewer black spots ; fins whitish,
with large black spots forming cross-bars on the anal and
caudal.
Total length 235 mm.
Numerous specimens from the Geba and Culufi Rivers.
This species, which may be placed near S. nigrita, C.& V.,
and melanopterus, Blgr., is very distinct from any previously
described.
Tilapia ansorgiv.
Depth of body twice in total length, length of head 3 times.
Head 13 times as long as broad, upper profile slightly con-
cave; snout as long as broad, 1§ times as long as eye in
adult, as long as eye in young; eye 3 (young) to 4 times in
length of head, 1 to 1? times in interorbital width, equal to
depth of preorbital ; mouth extending to between nostril and
eye, extremity of maxillary exposed ; outer teeth in both jaws
large, obtusely bilobed, 20 (young) to 38 in upper jaw,
followed after a wide interspace by a few minute tricuspid
teeth arranged in 2 or 3 transverse series; 5 or 6 series of
scales on the cheek, the vertical diameter of the scaly part
below the eye equal to diameter of latter. Gill-rakers rather
short, the larger anvil-shaped, 11 or 12 on lower part of
anterior arch. Dorsal XIV—XV 14-15 ; spines increasing in
length to the last, which measures } to 3 length of head ;
longest soft ray ? to 2 length of head. Anal III 10-11;
third spine longest, stronger but shorter than longest dorsal.
Pectoral a little shorter than head, not reaching vertical of
origin of anal. Ventral produced into a long filament,
reaching origin of anal or beyond. Caudal rounded, scaly all
overin the adult. Caudal peduncle deeperthan long. Scales
not or but very feebly denticulate, 30-32 2733 ; lat. 1. 7222
Grey or brown, with seven or eight broad black vertical bars
descending to the mid-ventral line, the first passing through
the eye, the last on the caudal peduncle ; pectoral greyish,
other fins blackish.
Total length 210 mm.
Several specimens from the Geba and Culufi Rivers.
Mr. G. A. Boulenger on new Fishes. out
XLII.— Description of a new Cichlid Fish frem Mashonaland.
By G. A. BouLencer, F.R.S.
(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.)
Pelmatochromis darlingt.
Depth of body equal to length of head, 24 times in total
length. Head 2} times as long as broad ; snout as long as
broad, with slightly convex upper profile, a little longer than
eye, which is 33 times in length of head and slightly exceeds
interorbital width or least depth of preorbital; jaws equal
in front ; mouth extending to below anterior border of eye ;
3 series of teeth in each jaw, outer rather large; 4 series of
scales on the cheek, the depth of the scaly part below the eye
slightly less than diameter of eye. Gill-rakers very short,
9 on lower part of anterior arch. Dorsal XV 11; spines
increasing in length to the last, which measures } length of
head ; longest soft ray 2 length of head. Anal [II 8; third
spine longest, stronger but a little shorter than last dorsal.
Pectoral pointed, a little shorter than head, reaching vertical
of origin of anal. Ventral extending a little beyond origin
of anal. Caudal rounded. Caudal peduncle a little longer
thandeep. Scales very feebly denticulate, 32 = ; lateral lines
*. Brownish above, whitish beneath, with seven very in-
distinct darker cross-bars ; a dark bar below anterior third of
eye; dorsal fin with round dark brown spots.
Total length 110 mm.
A single specimen from the Makabusi River (Zambesi
System) near Salisbury, Mashonaland, presented to the
British\ Museum by Mr. J. ff. Darling.
Allied\to P. welwitschii, Blgv.
XLI.—Deseription of a new Fish of the Genus Polypterus
from Liberia. By G. A. BouLencer, F.R.S.
(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.)
Polypterus lower.
Body subcylindrical. Head 13 to 1? times as long as
broad, 6 times in total length, with lateral eyes and convex
Ann, & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 8. Vol. vii. 25
378 Mr. O. Thomas on
interorbital region ; snout projecting beyond lower jaw; eye
7 to 9 times in length of head, 2 to 24 times in interorbital
width ; head-shields all paired ; suboperculum a little smaller
than eye. Dorsal with VII-VIII spines, anterior widely
separated when folded. Anal12-13. Pectoral widely sepa-
rated from first dorsal spine. 56-59 scales in a longitudinal
series, 30-33 between occiput and first dorsal spine, 36-38
round middle of body. Dark olive above, yellow beneath,
back and sides spotted or marbled with blackish ; no large
black spot on the muscular part of the pectoral fin.
Four specimens, measuring from 137 to 223 mm., were
obtained by Mr. Willoughby P. Lowe at Nanna Kru, Liberian
coast, in January 1911.
P. lowei is intermediate between P. palmas, Ayres (buett?-
kofert, Stdr.), and P. retropinnis, Vaill. It is readily distin-
guished from the first by the smaller eye and the higher
number of scales between occiput and dorsal fin (30-33
instead of 23-26), from the second by the lower number of
these scales and by the absence of a large black spot on the
muscular part of the pectoral fin. Besides, the snout of this
fish is broader than in either of the two species with which it
should be compared.
XLIV.—On new African Muride.
By OLpFie_p THOMAS.
(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.)
Gnomys ornatus, sp. n.
A small species, with a maximum development of the
bright coloration typical of the genus.
Size only about two-thirds that of Gi. hypowanthus. Fur
of medium texture; hairs of back about 11 mm., the longer
bristles attaining 16 mm. General style of coloration like
that of hypowanthus, but the yellowish and reddish markings
especially bright. Upper surface of body “raw umber,”
paling on sides to near “tawny olive.” Under surface white
(to roots of hairs) on throat, chest, and inguinal region;
belly washed with clear buff; a broad line of bright “ buff”
edging the body-colour on sides. Muzzle, including eye-rings,
“tawny ochraceous.” ars deep tawny. Hands and feet
tawny ochraceous ; wrists, lower legs, and ankles rich buff or
new African Muride. 379
ochraceous buff in continuation with the buffy line on the
sides. Hairs round base of tail with bright buffy ends. Tail
practically naked, dark brown, scarcely lighter below.
Skull conspicuously smaller than that of G. hypoxanthus.
Cranial ridges less strongly developed. Supraorbital ridges
more divergent posteriorly. Palatal foramina broad in front,
strongly narrowed behind. Palate between molars very
narrow. ‘Teeth essentially as in GQ. hypoxanthus.
Dimensions of the type (measured in flesh) :—
Head and body 112 mm. ; tail 157 ; hind foot 29; ear 17.
Skull: greatest length 30°5 ; basilar length 23°6; greatest
breadth 15°3 ; nasals 11°6 ; interorbital breadth 4°8; pala-
tilar length 13; palatal foramina 5:1; breadth of palate
between m* 1°8 ; upper molar series 6°6.
Hab. Bibianaha, near Dunkwa, Gold Coast. Alt. 700’.
Type. Young adult female. B.M. no. 11. 2. 14. 9.
Original number 58. Collected 12th Jan., 1911, and pre-
sented by Dr. H. G. F. Spurrell. Two young specimens
also sent.
This beautiful species presents the extreme of a type of
colouring found in several different parts of the world—for
instance, in S. America, in Peramys (scalops &c.) and in
Akodon (bacchante &c.). In Africa all the members of
nomys show something of it, the different subspecies being
characterized by its degree of intensity.
The young specimens of C4, ornatus are even more vividly
coloured than the adult, the ears especially standing out in
marked contrast to the rest of the head.
As a species Gi. ornatus is at once separable from the
Western Gi. hypoxanthus, and in a less degree from the
Eastern Gi. bacchante, by its much smaller skull and teeth,
though the hind foot is of nearly equal length to that of the
latter.
The opposite extreme of the Gnomys coloration is pre-
sented by the following :—
Gnomys bacchante m@rens, subsp. n.
An Cnomys almost without buffy markings, the belly
suffused with slaty.
Size and other essential characters asin bacchante. Colour
throughout much darker and less ornamented. Upper
surface dark, between “olive” and “ bistre,” the rump and
legs with an almost imperceptible suffusion of clay-colour.
Under surface lighter than the upper, the hairs dark slaty
proximally, dull clay-colour terminally, no lateral line ot
25*
380 Mr. O. Thomas on
demarcation perceptible; inconspicuous patches of whitish
on chin and sides of chest between fore limbs. Head rather -
greyer than back. Sides of muzzle suffused with dull in-
conspicuous tawny, barely extending back to theeyes. Ears
dark brown. Hands and feet brown, not buffy. Tail dark
brown, scarcely lighter below.
Skull essentially like that of bacchante, the bulle a little
smaller. ‘Teeth small, as in all the Eastern forms, though
still decidedly larger than in the far Western GZ. ornatus.
Dimensions of the type (measured in flesh) :—
Head and body 137 mm. ; tail 165; hind foot 31 ; ear 19°5.
Skull: greatest length 37°4 ; basilar length 29°4; palatal
foramina 7; upper molar series 7.
Hab. Solai, western slope of Mt. Kenya, B.E.A. Alt.
8000’.
Type. Adult female. Original number 1561. Collected
by Robin Kemp. Presented by C. D. Rudd, Esq. Six
specimens.
This Kenya Gnomys differs from all the known forms of
the genus by the slaty bases to its belly-hairs.
Gnomys oris, sp. 0.
As in @., bacchante, but size larger.
Size about as great as in the Western hypoxanthus, there-
fore markedly larger than in Z. bacchante. . Colour quite as
in the latter. Feet pale brown.
Skull shaped as in @., bacchante, but larger throughout.
Interorbital region narrower than in hypowanthus. Bulle
large.
Teeth large and heavy, quite equalling those of Cameroon
examples of GZ. hypoxanthus.
Dimensions of the type (measured in flesh) :-—
Head and body 179 mm.; tail 184; hind foot 32°55; ear 22.
Skull: greatest length 41; basilar length 33; greatest
breadth 20 ; interorbital breadth 5:3; breadth of brain-case
15:7; palatilar length 18:4; palatal foramina 8°2; upper
molar series 7°8.
Hab. Mt. Kinangop, Aberdare Range, British Hast
Africa, Alt. 11,000’.
Type. Old male. B.M. no. 10. 5. 38.154. Original num-
ber 696. Collected 25th February, 1910, by Robin Kemp.
Presented by C. D. Rudd, Esq.
The ordinary E.-African C. bacchante was found by
Mr. Kemp well up on the Aberdare Range, but the subject of
the present description differs from all the other specimens
new African Muride. 381
from the range by its materially larger size, longer skull,
and heavier teeth, in which respects it equals Cameroon
specimens of G4. hypowvanthus.
Lophuromys naso, sp. n.
Size and other characters of Z. nudicaudus, Hell., but teeth
peculiarly cuspidate.
External appearance about as in LZ. nudicaudus, the colour
above rather paler brown and below duller (between ochraceous
tawny and clay-colour), ‘Tail rather longer.
Skull with a peculiar slender low muzzle, its upper profile
flattened, even concave at a point above the front end of the
palatal foramina. Anterior zygoma-root as in L. nudicaudus.
Incisors apparently a little more thrown forwards than in
L. nudicaudus. Molars narrow; m’* with the small outer
accessory cusps very unusually developed, the one between
the first and second lamine about as long as it ever is in
ordinary Lophuromys, while that between the second and third
Jaminze is produced into a high upstanding cusp almost
rivalling in height the main outer cusp just behind it.
Dimensions of the type (measured in skin) :—
Head and body (probably shrunk) 95 mm.; tail 63; hind
foot 19; ear 15.
Skull: tip of nasals to anterior corner of interparietal 24°5 ;
nasals 11°7 ; interorbital breadth 6; breadth of brain-case
12°5; palatilar length 11°5; palatal foramina 5°5; upper
molar serics 4°7.
Hab. Gaboon.
Type. Adult. B.M. no. 7. 1. 1. 85. ‘Tomes Collection.
Obtained from Messrs. Verreaux about 1855.
Lhe great development of the accessory cusps of m! and
the peculiar shape of the muzzle will distinguish this species
from any Lophuromys hitherto described.
This specimen, from Mr. 'Tomes’s collection, belongs to a
small set of skins from the Gaaboon which are labelled as
having been described by J. and KE. Verreaux in the ‘ Revue
et Magasin de Zoologie,’ 1855, under various names, all
unknown to naturalists, but apparently the paper was never
published. Had it been, Peters’s name Lophuromys for the
genus would have been antedated by that proposed by the
brothers Verreaux.
, Lhamnomys bunting?, sp. n.
A Western species of the dbeanus and macmillani group.
General external appearance as in other members of the
382 On new African Muride.
group, in fact quite like Elgon specimens referred to 7. thernus
except that the ears are smaller. Head and anterior half of
body lined olive-grey, posterior half passing into dull tawny
ochraceous. Under surface sharply defined pure white, a
very narrow buffy edging along the posterior part of the line
of demarcation. ars rather small, coloured like the head.
Hands and feet pale buffy. Tail as usual long, well-haired,
and slightly pencilled terminally, brown above and at the
end, inconspicuously lighter below proximally, where the hairs
are dull buffy except along the centre, where they form a
slightly darker median line.
Skull rather longer than that of maemillani, but with even
smaller bullae. Anterior palatine foramina comparatively
short, not reaching back even to the level of the front of the
root of m1. ‘Teeth very small.
Dimensions of the type (measured in the flesh) :—
Head and body 108 mm.; tail 170; hind foot 23°5; ear 15.
Skull: greatest length 29°3 ; condylo-incisive length 27 ;
zygomatic breadth 14:2; nasals 11; interorbital breadth 4:5 ;
brain-case breadth 12°8; palatilar length 12; diastema 7:5;
palatal foramina 6°1 ; upper molar series 4°3.
Hab. Gonyon, Bassa, Liberia.
Type. Old male. Original number 86. Collected 29th
November, 1910, by R. H. Bunting.
This Thamnomys is readily distinguishable from other
members of the genus by its size, small teeth, small bulla,
and short palatal foramina. It is the first of this group of
Thamnomys to be discovered in West Africa, the previously
known species ranging from Abyssinia to the Cape.
I have named it after Mr. R. H. Bunting, its captor, in
whose collection there are several interesting Liberian species
not previously possessed by the Museum, such as “ Mus”
trivirgatus, ‘Vemm., Epimys defua, Mill., Dasymys rufulus,
Mill., and Malacomys edwardsi, Rochebr.
'TYPOMYS, gen. nov.
External characters as in Hybomys, except for the three-
striped instead of one-striped pattern of coloration. Mamme
0—2=4, these varying in Hybomys from 0—2=4 to
1—2=6.
Skull less broad than in Hybomys. Brain-case smaller,
muzzle longer. Anterior zygoma-root with the upper bridge
over the foramen, the hinder edge of the zygomatic plate, and
the front half of m! all in one straight vertical line (in Hy-
bomys the bridge is decidedly anterior to the hinder edge of
On a new Vole from Eastern Asia. 383
the plate, and the latter, again, is opposite the extreme front
edge of m1). Front edge of zygomatic plate slanted, little
curved, not subangularly projected forward. Palatal foramina
shorter, barely equalling the length of the molar series.
Molars not so simple and Epimys-like as in Hybomys, but
more tending to the character of those of Mdylomys as com-
pared to Pelomys *, although not so extreme.
The middle cusp of each lamina is, as in Mylomys, highly
developed, beak-like, directed backwards, the lamine are
similarly curved round, and complicated by the development
of connecting-ridges between the laminze, notably between
the first and second laminz of m’.
Type. Typomys trivirgatus (Alus trivirgatus, Temm.).
The character of the molars of this animal is one common
to several African genera—e. g., Mylomys, Ginomys, and
Desmomys,—but as to whether it is an independent develop-
ment in each case or shows any community of origin 1 am
not at present prepared to express an opinion. Sfybomys,
otherwise not widely different from TZypomys, has quite
normally constructed molars.
Six specimens of Typomys trivirgatus were obtained by
Mr. Bunting in Liberia.
XLV.—A new Vole from Eastern Asia,
By OLpFIELD ‘THOMAS.
(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.)
Microtus pelliceus, sp. n.
A large vole allied to MW. calamorum, Thos.
Size large as compared with ordinary voles, about as in
M. calamorum. Fur long, soft, very sleek and fine ; hairs of
back about 15 mm. in length, the long bristle-hairs attaining
20 mm. or more. General colour above sepia-brown, formed
of mixed black and dull buffy, the resulting mixture very
heavily and coarsely lined. Under surface soiled greyish
white, the bases of the hairs slaty, the ends dull whitish.
Ears rather short, dull greyish brown. Hands and feet
brown on metapodials, whitish on digits ; soles with only 5
pads. Tail long, well-haired, the hairs quite hiding the
scales; sharply bicolor, deep brown above, white below.
* Cf. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) xviii. p. 224 (1906).
384 Mr. O. Thomas on
Skull of the same high and rather narrow shape as in
M. calamorum; upper outline rather less bowed. _ Brain-case
high, narrow, its anterior angles well marked. Palatal
foramina of medium length, narrow. Posterior palatal pits
well marked. Opening of posterior nares rounded.
‘Teeth in essential structure as in WZ, calamorum, but rather
narrower. J/*° with four spaces and a terminal C, four inner
and three outer angles. J, with six closed spaces and an
anterior trefoil, five inner and three outer angles.
Dimensions of the type (measured in flesh) :—
Head and body 150 mm.; tail 70; hind foot (s. u.) 23,
(c. u.) 25°5.
Skull: upper length (tip of nasals to back of interparietal)
29; greatest breadth 18; nasals 9x4:1; interorbital
breadth 4; breadth of brain-case 13°3 ; height from alveolus
of m? 11; palatilar length 17; palatal foramina 5°6 ; upper
molar series (crowns) 8°7.
Hab. Ussuri River, E. Siberia.
Type. Adult. B.M. no. 91.6.29.2. Collected by Messrs.
Dorries on November 28, 1889.
This fine vole is distinguished from J. calamorum by its
larger size and longer fur. No other described species seems
to be nearly related to it.
XLVI.—Three new Mammals from Dutch New Guinea.
By OLDFIELD ‘THOMAS.
(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.)
THE collection of mammals obtained by the B.O.U. Expe-
dition to New Guinea contains several species new to the
Museum and the following three new to science. All were
collected in the low country near the coast, south of the
Charles Louis Range in Dutch New Guinea, and are pre-
sented to the National Museum by the Subscribers to the
Expedition.
Emballonura furaz, sp. n.
A very large species with greatly expanded muzzle.
Size larger than in any described species. Fur long, close,
and straight; hairs of back rather over 7 mm. in length.
General colour above uniform rich brown (between vandyke-
brown and burnt umber), the hairs rather paler basally.
9
new Mammals from Dutch New Guinea. 385
Under surface paler brown, the ends of the hairs lighter.
Membranes naked throughout. Tragus of medium length,
broader above than at base, its anterior and posterior margins
both evenly convex, its tip rounded.
Skull of quite unusual appearance, owing to the enormous
development of the muzzle, the area of the facial expansion
being distinctly greater than that of the brain-case. Ina
general way the face is constructed as in #. semicaudata, but
the expanded portion is produced on each side into a marked
lateral projection in front of the orbits and just over m’, while
the same swelling posteiiorly overhangs and almost hides
from above the flat floor of the orbit. Edges of the swollen
part rounded throughout. Postorbital processes small but
distinct. ‘Top of muzzle with a median groove extending
back to the level of the postorbital processes, its edges
smoothly rounded. Posterior palate produced some little
distance behind the level of m’, as in 2. semicaudata.
Upper incisors subequal. Canine with a distinct posterior
basal cusp. P* and molars large, rounded, their postero-
internal lobes so developed that there are practically no gaps
between them. J” large, rounded, its antero-posterior
diameter greater than usual, about two-thirds of its transverse
extent.
Dimensions of the type (the starred measurements taken
in the flesh) :—
Forearm (c.) 53 mm.t
Head and body *61; tail *19; ear *19; third finger,
metacarpus 47, first phalanx 18°5, second phalanx 22 ; lower
leg and foot (c. u, 27.
Skull: greatest length 18°7 ; basi-sinual length 14; zygo-
matic breadth Tis: brevdit across facial iafation 9°5; inter-
temporal breadth 4°1 ; breadth of brain- case Bike palato-sinual
length 7°7; front of canine to back of m® 7: 5; breadth across
palate outside m? 8°L.
flab. Kapari River, 5.W. New Guinea. Type from
“ Whitewater Camp.” 400!.
Type. Adult female. Original number 2514. Collected
by CO. H. B. Grant during the B.O.U. Expedition to New
Guinea. Presented by the Subscribers.
This fine species is a giant in the genus Hmballonura, the
largest previously known species, L. semicaudata, having a
skull-length of only about 15°5 mm., while the enormous
expansion of the facial region makes it quite unique in the
group.
+ Both forearms are broken in the type, and the above is an estimate,
founded mainly on the length of the metacarpus.
386 Mr. O. Thomas on
Uromys naso, sp. n.
Near U. lorentzit, but skull longer and more compressed.
Size slightly larger than in U. lorentzii, the hind foot
decidedly longer. Fur crisp and velvety; hairs of back
between 8 and 9 mm. in length. General colour above as
usual brown, becoming more rufous onrump. Under surface
greyish white, the hairs slaty basally, dull greyish white
terminally ; line of demarcation on sides rather well defined.
Head grey. Hands and feet dull whitish. Tail black, its
under surface inconspicuously marked with dull whitish—
equally different from the sharply bicolor tail of lorentzvi and
the wholly black one of the next species.
Skull longer and narrower than that of U. lorentzii, the
greatest spread of the zy gomata at their anterior end, instead
of posteriorly. Muzzle high, narrow and compressed late-
rally, the nasals long and narrow. Maxillary part of zygo-
mata broadened vertically, so that the vertical diameter,
opposite the back of m', is nearly 3 mm., the broadest in a
series of lorenizit being under 2 mm. Palatal foramina
rather longer than in lorentziz. Molars comparatively narrow.
Dimensions of the type (measured in flesh) :—
Head and body 188 mm.; tail 132; hind foot (s. u.) 36;
ear 21.
Skull: greatest length 45°5; condylo-incisive length ft
41°3; zygomatic breadth 20:2; nasals 17 x 5; interorbital
breadth 7 ; breadth of brain-case 16°5 ; height of crown from
alveolus of m? 11°63; palatilar length 21; diastema 12°7;
palatal foramina 7 x 3°23; upper molar series 8°6.
Hab. Kafari River, S.W. New Guinea. Type from
“ Whitewater Camp.” Alt. 400.
Type. Adult female. Original number 2512. Collected
19th October, 1910, by C. H. B. Grant on the B.O.U. Expe-
dition to New Guinea. Presented by the Subscribers.
Compared with a series of skulls of what I refer to
Uromys lorentzit, Jent., that of the present animal is at once
distinguishable by its more elongate shape, compressed
muzzle, and by the peculiar broadening of the maxillary part
of the zygomatic arch. Externally the animals are closely
similar, though U. naso has not the conspicuously bicolor tail
of U. lorentzit, and its foot is longer.
{| From the back of the condyle to the most anterior point on the
convex front surface of the incisors. This measurement, which I have
already used in the case of shrews, I believe to be a better one for rodents
than any other that has been proposed.
new Mammals from Dutch New Guinea. 387
Uromys stalker calidior, subsp. n.
Similar to true sta/kert of Hastern New Guinea in all
essential characters, but fur crisper and colour darker, warmer,
and more heavily ticked with black. Sides of belly edged
with buffy.
Fur crisp, decidedly crisper than in the soft-haired stalker? ;
hairs of back about 9 mm. in length. General colour above
nearest to “cinnamon,” that of stadker? more approaching
“‘clay-colour,”’ the back heavily lined, owing to the black
tips to the hairs. In stalker¢ the colour is almost uniform,
hardly any of the hairs having black tips. Under surface
white, the white area broader than in sta/keri, the hairs
normally white to their bases. Lower edge of flanks with a
more or less distinct buffy or ochraceous-buff line, contrasting
with the white of the belly, but in some specimens the buffy
passes right across the belly, and in these the bases of the
ventral hairs are commonly slaty. Head grey, darker than
in stalker?. Hands whitish generally, with a darker meta-
carpal patch ; feet dull whitish brown. Tail wholly black.
Skull apparently as in stalkerd, except that the nasals pro-
ject backwards slightly beyond the premaxillary process.
Dimensions of the type (measured in flesh) :—
Head and body 153 mm.; tail 156 ; hind foot 30; ear 17.
Skull: greatest length 33°8 ; condylo-incisive length 33:4 ;
zygomatic breadth 17°7 ; nasals 11 ; interorbital breadth 6:2 ;
palatilar length 16:2; palatal foramina 4:8; upper molar
series 65.
Hab, Coast area of Dutch New Guinea, south of the Charles
Louis Range. Type from the Mimika River. Alt. 420’.
Others from the Wataikwa River.
Type. Old male. Original number 3013. Collected
30th March, 1910, by G. C. Shortridge, on the B.O.U. New
Guinea Expedition. Nine adults and tive young examined.
This small Uromys is very closely allied to the Eastern
U. stalkert, but appears to be separable by the colour-
characters above described. Some of the specimens are in
a grey phase (approaching ‘“‘ smoke-grey”’), but these are
apparently immature.
It is smaller than Dr. Jentink’s leucogaster and larger than
the same author’s sexplicatus. Its wholly black tail forms a
ready means of distinguishing it from lorentzii and naso.
388 Mr. W. A. Harding on a
XLVII.—WNote on anew Leech (Placobdella egyptiaca) from
Egypt. By W. A. Harpine, M.A., F.LS.
I Am indebted to Professor Jeffrey Bell * for the opportunity
of examining a number of specimens of a leech ectoparasitic
on the mud-tortoise (7reonyx triunguis), sent by Capt. Flower
from Cairo, which proved to be examples of a species hitherto
unrecorded. ‘The material, which was preserved in alcohol,
was unfortunately in a state most unfavourable for deter-
mination, and consequently the analysis of the annulation
given below is to be considered, as far as the extremities of
the body are concerned, as subject to revision. ‘lhe following
is a brief diagnosis of the new species, for which, as it is the
first of the Glossosiphonide to be described from Egypt, I
propose the specific name egyptiaca.
Body (somewhat contracted in alcohol) ovate-oblong, flat-
tened ; the head-region not distinct ; the rings smooth ven-
trally, and covered dorsally by numerous, low, irregularly
disposed papillee.
Colour faded in alcohol to a more or less uniform brownish
grey without any trace of pattern.
The rings composing the body tend to resolve themselves
into groups, separated by somewhat deep grooves, and corre-
sponding to each segment or somite. In the middle portion
of the body the first ring in each group was found to contain
a ganglion of the ventral chain, and thus, in the absence of
colour-markings or conspicuous papille, the complete somite
was seen to be composed of three rings. In each complete
somite the groove separating rings 2 and 3 is greater than
that between rings 1 and 2, whilst that between the rings of
contiguous somites is still more marked.
Rings 71 in number.
Somites v.-xxili. complete with three rings; Xxiv.—xxvil.
biannulate, the first ring of xxiv. being divided at its margins.
Eyes 2, conspicuous, near together, situated on ring 3.
Anterior sucker imperforate; the mouth piercing its ante-
rior lip and nearly terminal.
Genital apertures separated by two rings, the male orifice
being situated between somites xi. and xiL, the female be-
tween the first and second rings of xii.
* [On receiving the draft of this paper from Mr. Harding I suggested
to him that it would be well to let me communicate with Capt. Flower
before sending the paper for publication. In return Capt. Flower wrote :
“ Speaking from recollection, the leeches have no colour and no pattern ;
these are the only leeches I have ever seen in Egypt, and it is impossible
to say when we can obtain more specimens. Trzonya is very rare in this
part of Egypt.” The student must therefore be satisfied with what
My, Harding is able to tell him.—F. J. B.]
new Leech from Egypt. 389
Crop with seven pairs of czeca.
Anus situated between the two rings of somite xxvii. and
separated by one ring from the posterior sucker.
Size of the largest example, in a medium state of contrac-
tion, 14°5 mm. long and 5 mm. wide.
Placobdella egyptiaca, sp. n.
Diagram showing dorsal surface, part of anterior ventral surface, annula-
tion, digestive tract, &e. Somites indicated in Roman figures, rings
numbered in italics, mth., mouth; pé.s., proboscis-sheath ; cr.
crop; st¢., stomach ; zz., intestine; an., anus.
The nearly terminal mouth, the seven pairs of crop-ceca,
and the fact that its host is a tortoise place this leech beyond
doubt in the Glossosiphonid genus Placobdelia (R. Blanchard,
1893). Another small species of Placobdella closely re-
sembling the one under consideration, recently sent to me
from India for identification and not yet described, preys
upon Trionyx gangeticus.
390 Mr. G. J. Arrow on Lamellicorn Beetles.
XLVIII.— On Lamellicorn Beetles belonging to the Subfamilies
Ochodseine, Orphnine, Hybosorinw, and Trogine. By
GILBERT J. ARROW.
(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.)
OcHODHINA.
THE genus Ochodeus is evidently destined to become a very
large one, especially as regards its American representatives.
Nineteen species from the United States have been recently
enumerated by Mr. Fall (Journ. New York Ent. Soc. xvii.
1909, p. 80), and the four from Central America and three
from South America, which are all that have yet been
described from that huge area, certainly give a wholly in-
adequate notion of those actually existing there. Owing no
doubt to peculiarly retiring habits possessed by these beetles,
single specimens only seem to be generally found, and those
rarely. ‘I'he sexes differ in the most distinctive characters,
which are generally those of the male, so that the proper
association of male and female is difficult. ‘he types of all
the seven species mentioned above are in the British Mu-
seum, and as the discrimination of the Central-American
forms in the ‘ Biol. Centr.-Americana’ is unsatisfactory, I
have thought it desirable to draw up a table of the species,
adding a few new ones, by which the total is raised to ten.
Synopsis of Central-American Species of Ochodeeus.
6). Apical angles of the elytra produced.
5). Pronotum closely granulated.
4), Vertex of the head bearing a transverse
COTUAHAS Casino soo Oe tem enaa eats legals luridus, Westw.
(3). Vertex of the head without a transverse
CHMING kk Seemincen Caio eee Sie .. brarmatus, Lec.
(2). Pronotum distinctly punctured .......... puncticollis, sp. n.
(1). Apical angles of the elytra not produced.
(10). Head without tubercles.
(9). Head flat; clypeus not very small ...... planiceps, sp. 0.
(8). Clypeus very small, with the margin feebly
elevated at the sides and middle ...... presidii, Bates.
7). Head tuberculate.
). Clypeus bituberculate.
). Pronotum distinctly punctured .......... pollicaris, Bates.
. Pronotum densely granulated.
. Elytra clothed with close decumbent sete. hondure, sp. n.
15 (14). Elytra clothed with erect sete.
16 (17). Vertex bearing a slight transverse carina,. fraterculus, sp. n.
17 (16). Vertex without a transverse carina ...... setulosus, Bates.
18 (11).°Clypeus unitubereulate . . Se - euops, Sp. N.
(
(
(
Whore Co CONS Or Ca COS
oiled a
Mr. G. J. Arrow on Lamellicorn Beetles. 391
I have included O. bearmatus, Lec., among the Central-
American species on the strength of a single specimen from
Durango left unnamed by Bates. It is apparently a female,
and I am unable to distinguish it from that sex of the North-
American species.
The two Mexican specimens referred by Bates to O. luridus,
Westw., agree exactly with the type, and are not, as he
suggested, the other sex. He evidently did not recognize
the two tubercles described by Westwood in the interrupted
carina upon the vertex of the head. On the other hand, the
Guatemalan specimen also placed here by Bates belongs to
quite a different species, which, for the sake of clearness, I
describe.
Ochodeus puncticollis, sp. n.
Rufo-brunneus, ovatus, sat nitidus, parce fulvo-setosus, capite
grosse granulato, vertice fortiter transverse carinato, clypeo parvo,
late arcuato, margine medio subtuberculato, mento parvo, levi,
subquadrato ; prothorace sat fortiter, medio disperse, lateraliter
erebre, punctato, marginibus lateralibus fere rectis, angulis
posticis paulo rotundatis; elytris brevissime setosis, fortiter
striatis, striis grosse punctatis, angulis posticis productis ; tibiis
anticis fortiter 3-dentatis, dente supero ab secundo parum remoto,
tarsorum posticorum articulo primo quam reliquis conjunctis
multo breviori.
Long. 7°5 mm.; lat. max. 4°25 mm.
Hab. GUATEMALA: Tepan (Conradt).
The single specimen is probably a female. The shining,
sparsely punctured prothorax distinguishes it from most other
species of the genus. ‘The posterior angles of the elytra are
distinctly dentate, the mentum is small, rather square, smooth,
and very feebly impressed along the middle, the vertex bears
a short but sharply elevated transverse carina, and the small
clypeus bears a rudimentary tubercle (which is, perhaps, more
developed in the male) at the middle of the front margin,
Ochodeus planiceps, sp. n.
Piceo-rufus, capite prothoraceque paulo dilutioribus, ubique sat
dense fulvo-setosus, ovatus, capite granuloso-rugoso, plano, clypeo
late arcuato, mento elevato, postice polito, antice sulcato, hirto ;
pronoto dense et sequaliter granuloso-rugoso; elytris fortiter
striato-punctatis, angulis posticis haud productis; pedibus simpli-
cibus, haud brevibus, tibiis anticis 3-dentatis, dente supero minuto,
a basi haud remoto:
3, tibiz antic apice intus acute producto.
Long. 7°5 mm.; lat. max. 4 mm.
392 Mr. G. J. Arrow on Lamellicorn Beetles.
Hab. GUATEMALA: San Isidro (1600 ft.).
The single specimen found by Mr. G. C. Champion was
recorded, but not named, by Bates in the ‘ Biol. Centr.-
Americana.’ It resembles O. presidi?, Bates, being clothed
like it with rather long yellow sete, but it is much darker in
colour, the head is flatter, and the legs are rather Jong and
slender, without femoral tooth or dilated tibie. he head is
strongly and closely granulated and very flat, without
elevation of any kind.
The finger-like terminal process at the inner edge of the
front tibia is absent in the male of O. presidii. Although
not found in several species, I believe when present this is
always distinctive of the male.
Ochodeeus hondure, sp. n.
Piceo-rufus, ovalis, dense fulvo-setosus, capite lato, modice crebre
punctato, medio excavato, clypeo brevissime arcuato, margine
crassato, angulis basalibus utrinque tuberculatis, mento elevato,
haud impresso, postice glabro, antice angustato, longe fulvo-hirto ;
prothorace crebre et esequaliter rugoso-punctato ; elytris fortiter
punctato-striatis, angulis posticis haud productis; tibiis anticis
haud acute 3-dentatis, dente supero minuto, a basi haud remoto,
pedibus simplicibus, tarsorum posticorum articulo primo ad
reliquos conjunctos longitudine fere equali :
do, tibiz antice apice intus producto.
Long. 8:5-9 mm.; lat. max. 5-5°5 mm.
Hab. Honpuras, MEXIco.
There are two male specimens in the British Museum, one
of them, labelled ‘‘ Mexico: Sallé Coll.,” having been re-
ferred to by Bates. The second, from Honduras, agrees with
it, but is less well-preserved. It isa fairly large species, with
the head formed almost as in O. biarmatus, Lec., which is
much smaller and lighter-coloured. O.hondure is dark,
densely sculptured, and clothed above with fine greyish seta,
closely and uniformly disposed and lying close on the elytra.
The head is strongly but not very closely punctured, hollowed
in the middle, without any trace of a posterior carina, but
with a rounded tubercle at each angle of the short rounded
clypeus.
Ochodeus fraterculus, sp. n.
Ovalis, rufus, sat longe erecte fulvo-setosus, capite grosse granuloso,
medio depresso, postice obsolete carinato, clypeo breviter arcuato,
angulis basalibus utrinque tuberculatis, mento elevato, haud
impresso, postice glabro, antice longe fulvo-hirto; prothorace
Mr. G. J. Arrow on Lamellicorn Beetles. 393
erebre et equaliter rugoso-punctato ; elytris fortiter punctato-
striatis, angulis posticis haud productis; tibiis anticis haud acute
3-dentatis, dente supero minuto, a basi haud remoto, femoribus
quatuor posterioribus apice fere dentatis, tarsorum posticorum
articulo primo ad reliquos conjunctos longitudine vix equali:
3, tibie antice apice intus acute producto,
Long. 8 mm.; lat. max. 4°5 mm.
Hab. Costa Rica: San Francisco de Guadeloupe (3609
feet).
A single male was sent to the British Museum by the late
M. Pittier de Fabrega, by whom it was taken in September
1892.
It is closely allied structurally to O. hondure. It is
smaller and of a brighter red colour, and the pubescence with
which it is clothed is longer and coarser and does not lie flat
as in that species. The sculpture of the upper surface is
almost the same, but the head is covered with large granules
or rugosities an@ no definite punctures can be traced. There
is a slight vestige of a transverse carina between the eyes.
Ochodeus euops, sp. n.
Ovalis, rufus, ubique sat longe pilosus, capite grosse granuloso,
piloso, oculis prominentissimis, nitidissimis, clypeo parvo, tuber-
culo lato, haud acuto, bene elevato, ante marginem priedito, vertice
haud carinato, mento plano, postice polito, antice fulvo-hirto ;
prothorace crebre sat equaliter granuloso; elytris fortiter striato-
punctatis, angulis posticis haud productis ; tibiis anticis fortiter
bidentatis, dente tertio minutissimo a basi haud remoto, tarsorum
posticorum articulo primo quam reliquis conjunctis paulo
breviori :
3, tibiee antice apice intus acute producto.
Long. 8 mm.; lat. max. 4 mm.
Hab. Mexico: Amula, Guerrero (6000 ft., H. H. Smith),
I have seen only the single male specimen. It is of a.
rather bright rusty red colour and clothed above and beneath
with long erect yellow hair. The eyes are extremely promi-
nent and very shining, the facets being only visible when
. highly magnified. The head is coarsely granulated and the
small clypeus is almost entirely occupied by the broad
shining tubercle. The species seems to be related to
O. frontalis, Lec., but the male is without the femoral teeth
characteristic of that insect and the head is quite destitute of
a posterior carina,
It may be noted here that the Javan Ochodeus maculi-
pennis, Arrow, is (Scarabeeus) wanthomelas, Wied., which was
Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser, 8. Vol. vii. 26
394 Mr. G. J. Arrow on Lamellicorn Beetles.
placed in the genus Athyreus in the Munich Catalogue. I
have been able to compare the two types by the kindness of
Dr. Adam Boving, of the Copenhagen Museum.
OrPHNINEE.
I have found it necessary to change the name of Hybalus
gazella, Raffray, to H. raffrayt, the name gazella having
been applied by Mulsant as long ago as 1842 to a variety of
Hi, dorcas, F. (=H. glabratus, F .).
Mr. H. Maxwell Lefroy has sent me specimens from the
Punjab of a very remarkable little beetle which I have recog-
nized as belonging to the genus Dynamopus of Semenow,
and apparently to the same species as that described by him
from Turkestan (Dynamopus athleta, Sem.). The author,
however, has not correctly described the structure of the head
and mouth-parts, having evidently not dissected the latter.
The mandibles are not, as he supposed, concealed, but very
prominent, as in the whole of the beetles of the present group
of subfamilies ; but, quite unlike any other beetle known to
me, Dynamopus has the mandibles firmly consolidated with
the sides of the head, where they form the lateral processes
described by Semenow. So extraordinary is this fixation
that without dissection it was an almost inevitable assumpticn
that these processes were mere outgrowths and that the true
mandibles were hidden within the mouth; but, having care-
fully removed all the mouth-appendages from one of the
two specimens sent to me, this is conclusively disproved.
The fixed mandibles have a slight upward curvature and
are blunt and without teeth. Although their original func-
tion is obviously lost, it must be supposed that they have
acquired some other use, for they appear to have undergone
no diminution.
I have transferred the genus to the Orphninz, to which its
characters point rather than to the Hybosorinee. The maxille
are very well developed, with a long but not corneous outer
lobe, and the inner lobe highly chitinized and armed with .
very strong and sharp teeth. The labium is soft, with a
bilobed ligula; the labrum rather fleshy, prominent, bilobed,
and studded with very strong bristles. ‘he antennal club is
not telescopic, as in the Hybosorine, but there appears to be
no coxal stridulating-organ, a feature of most of the Orphnine.
The remarkable fimbriate spurs of the middle and hind tibiz
seem to indicate a relationship with the Ochodeine, in which
Mr. G. J. Arrow on Lamellicorn Beetles. 395
one of the spurs (and occasionally two) has a similar struc-
ture. The front tibial spur is not absent, as stated by
Mr. Semenow, but is slender and inconspicuous.
Herr Carl Felsche has sent mea pair of anewand peculiar
insect of this subfamily for which it seems necessary to form
a new genus. It is an Orphnus with certain peculiarities
which separate it sharply from all others. Chief of these is
the shape of the mandibles, which have an abrupt lateral
angulation and are nearly straight in front and at the side,
whereas in Orphnus they are always regularly rounded exter-
nally. ‘The transverse carina upon the head of the female is
also characteristic, as is the form of the thorax of the male.
This is formed very much as in many small species of Copris.
It is not excavated in the middle, but very convex, armed
with four conical processes and almost vertically truncated in
front.
I propose to call the genus
GONIORPHNUS, gen. nov.
Corpus crassum,convexum. Mandibula extus rectangula lateraliter
et antice fere recta, angulo sat acuto, paulo recuryo. Clypeus
brevis, late arcuatus, lateribus obtuse angulatis, paulo recurvatis.
3, clypeus antice cornu gracili, marginali armatus; pronotum
antice truncatum, haud excavatum.
2, clypeus muticus, a fronte carina lata, acute elevata, divisus.
Alia ut in genere Orphno.
Gontorphnus felschei, sp. n.
Niger vel nigro-piceus, nitidus, convexus, latus; prothorace toto
marginato, utrinque grosse sat parce punctato; elytris levibus,
disco leviter sulcato, sulcis haud profunde irregulariter annulato-
punctatis, extus irregulariter fere rugose punctatis ; tibiis anticis
fortiter tridentatis :
3, capite impunctato, margine antico cornu gracili erecto paulo
deplanato, haud acuminato, munito; prothorace politissimo,
lateribus grosse punctatis, dorso convexo, dentibus 4 validis,
conicis, fere sequidistantibus, oblique antrorsum directis, serie
transverso munito, antice medio fere perpendiculariter retuso,
utrinque paulo excayato:
@ , clypeo indistincte punctulato, a fronte carina lata paulo arcuata
divisa, vertice sat crebre transverse punctato; prothorace sub-
tiliter punctulato, punctis majoribus lateralibus nonnullisque
medianis sparsuto.
Long. 10-11°5 mm. ; lat. max. 5-6 mm.
Hab, Frencu Coneo: Kuilu (Mocquerys, 1892).
26%
396 Mr. G. J. Arrow on Lamellicorn Beetles.
Hyposorinz.
In arecent paper I referred to the genus Dicrw@odon an
unnamed insect from Guatemala placed by H. W. Bates in
Celodes. Having since seen two further specimens from
Herr U. Felsche’s collection, I take this opportunity of
describing the species.
Diereodon punctatum, sp. n.
Testaceus, capite, prothorace scutelloque interdum obscurioribus ;
eapite parce irregulariter punctato; prothorace sat grosse
irregulariter punctato, valde transverso, fere semicirculari, late-
ribus valde arcuatis, angulis posticis distinctis, obtusis; scutello
antice punctato, postice levi; elytris grosse seriato-punctatis,
serie juxta-suturali impresso, reliquis vix impressis, margini-
bus externis antice parce sed longissime ciliatis, apicibus
excisis, biangulatis; tibiis anticis longe bidentatis, denteque
tertio brevissimo obtuso, tibiis posticis apice dilatatis, tarsis quam
tibiis haud longioribus, pedum posticorum calcare superiore longo,
valde inquinato; mandibulis dente acuto apicali alteroque minus
acuto pone apicem munitis.
Long. 4 mm.; lat. max. 2 mm.
Hab. GUATEMALA: Zapote (G. C. Champion) ; COLOM-
BIA: Cali (W. F. Rosenberg).
The three specimens I have examined appear to be females,
as they agree in the form of the mandibles, the dilated hind
tibiz, short tarsi, and very long elytral fringe with the
female of Dicreodon (Aporolaus) fimbriatus, Bates. Itis a
much smaller species, of nearly the same size as D. basalis,
Westw. It differs from both in the much larger punctures
of the elytra, arranged in rows which are only half as nume-
rous. ‘he strong hooked spurs of the hind legs are very
remarkable.
In the paper referred to above I remarked that the genus
Hapalonychus was exceptional in being apparently confined
to the West-Indian islands. The species here described
dissipates that idea, having the unexpected habitat of
Paraguay.
Hapalonychus pusillus, sp. n.
Niger, nitidus, sat elongatus, prothoracis et elytrorum marginibus
externis longe ciliatis; capite paulo impresso, grosse punctato,
labro angusto, elliptico; prothorace valde transverso, fortiter
irregulariter punctato, lateribus antice valde contractis, postice
On Gammarus campylops, Leach. 397
arcuatis, basi levissime sinuato ; elytris crebre seriato-punctatis,
interstitiis minute irregulariter punctulatis :
d, antennarum clava elongata, tibiis anticis longe bidentatis, tarsis
anticis gracilibus, posterioribus brevibus et crassis, pedum omnium
articulo ultimo magno, unguibus longis, medio fissis,
Long. 5 mm.; lat. max. 2°5 mm.
Hab. Paraguay (Dr. Bohls).
1 have seen only two male examples of this interesting
species, the type of which has been kindly presented to the
British Museum by Herr Carl Felsche. Although agreeing
in its essential generic characters with the two other species
of Hapalonychus, it is very different in appearance. It is
much smaller, black, and much more coarsely and irregularly
punctured,
Trogina.
I have found that the species described by me in 1903 as
Cleotus acutipes is C. nitens, Guér., which therefore ranges
from Mexico to South Brazil. It is probably also nigerrimus,
Bl.
Cleotus puncticollis, Har., must be renamed in consequence
of that name having been previously applied by Hrichson to
C. globosus, Say. It may be called C. haroldi.
XLIX.—On Gammarus campylops, Leach.
By Aurrep O. Watker, F.L.S., F.Z.S.
THere has been an extraordinary amount of confusion in
regard to this Amphipod. To begin with the name: it first
appeared in the ‘ Edinburgh Encyclopedia,’ Article “ Crusta-
ceology,’’ vol. vii. 1813, under the meaningless name camy-
lops—no doubt a printer’ s error: in the appendix to the
same article (1814?) it appears as camylosps. It is next to
be found in Dr. Leach’s “ Arrangement of the Crustacea, &c.”
in the ‘Transactions of the Linnean Society of London,’
vol. xi. (1815) p. 360, as campylops, from the Greek kampulos,
crooked, and ops, eye—a perfectly appropriate name. And
here I may be permitted to say, with all due respect to the
law of priority, that when the first name published is
obviously an error, shortly afterwards corrected by the
author, it is surely better to adopt the corrected form. The
correct name is used by Desmarest in 1825, by Milne-
Edwards in 1840, and A. White in 1847 (List Crust. Brit.
Mus. p. 88), but the last-named author in the same List,
398 On Gammarus eampylops, Leach.
published 1850, follows Samouelle’s ‘ Entomologist’s Useful
Compendium’ in calling it camptolops. Milne-Hdwards, in
Ann. Sci. Nat. vol. xx. (1830) p. 367, has camphylops.
Its next appearance of any importance is in Spence Bate’s
‘Catalogue of Amphipodous Crustacea in the Brit. Mus.’
(1862) as camptolops, but the same author in 1863 (Bate &
Westwood, ‘ Brit. Sess.-eyed Crast.’) calls it campylops, at
which it remained till the revival of camylops in ‘ Das Tier-
reich’ (1906).
The confusion in regard to the description of the animal
has been even greater, and for this Leach himself was largely
responsible. His first notice gives practically no description
by which the species could be recognized, except the S-like
eyes. In the Trans. Linn. Soc. /. c. he divides the genus
Gammarus as follows :—
A. Cauda stylis geminatis superioribus stylo supero brevissimo
(7. e. Upper, or inner, ramus of the third uropods very short).
Spec. 1. GAMMARUS AQUATICUS.
Gammarus pulex, Leach, Edin. Encyel. vii. 402-82.
Habitat in rivulis et stagnis vulgatissima.
Spec. 2. GAMMARUS MARINUS.
Habitat in Danmoniae australis mari.
B. Cauda stylis geminatis superioribus stylis subeequalibus
(7. e. Rami of the third uropods subequal),
Spec. 8. GamMARus Locusta.
G. oculis lunatis.
Cancer Gammarus Locusta, Montagu, Linn. Trans, ix. 92.
Habitat in Britanniae mari vulgatissime.
Spec. 4. GAMMARUS CAMPYLOPS,
G. oculis flexuosis.
Gammarus campylops (sic), Leach, Edin. Encyel, vii. 403.
Habitat in mari prope Loch-Ranza in Arran Insula.
There is clearly something wrong here: G. aquaticus (now .
called G. pulex), which, as the common freshwater species,
cannot be mistaken, has the rami of the third uropods at least
as nearly equal as G. locusta, yet is bracketed with G. mari-
nus, which has the upper or Inner ramus less than half as
long as the lower or outer and is therefore rightly placed in
the first group. As G. locusta is correctly placed in the
second group, it follows that, in all probability, G. pulea and
G. campylops have been transposed and that the latter has the
inner ramus very short.
Fortunately Leach’s original specimens (2) from the Isle
On a new African Corethra. 399
of Arran are still preserved, in excellent condition, in the
British Museum, and, with Dr. W. T. Calman’s kind assist-
tance, I was recently able to examine them, The third
uropods are very plainly to be seen, and, as might be expected
from the above statement, the inner ramus is as short as in
G. marinus. In fact, and in the opinion of both Dr. Calman
and myself, they are only distinguishable from G. marinus
by the S-shaped eyes. This is hardly enough to constitute
a distinct species—indeed, Spence Bate (Cat. Amph. Crust.
p- 209) says it “is a feature by no means to be depended
upon as a specific character. Among a considerable number
sent to me by Mr. Barlee (from the Shetlands) the eyes
were as frequently, if not more often, of a linear form.” He
figures the third uropod correctly both in the above work
and in the Brit. Sess.-eyed Crust. p. 375, showing the inner
ramus less than half the length of the outer, yet concludes
his remarks in the latter work by saying that he considers
G. campylops to be identical with G. locusta (Lin.) of Lilje-
borg (‘Ofversigt....af slagtet Gammarus,’ p. 448), in
which the inner ramus is described as about two-thirds
of the length of the outer! The antennal characters are
not of much importance, and it is impossible to resist the
conclusion that G. campylops, Leach, is merely a variety of
G. marinus, Leach.
It follows from the above that G. campylops, Leach, of
G. O. Sars (‘ Amphipoda of Norway,’ p. 500, pl. 176. fig. 2),
is not that species. In addition to the character of the
third uropods, the type specimens are very much larger—
about 12 mm. Prof. Sars was probably misled by Leach’s
mistake, and there is little doubt that his G. campylops is a
young G. locusta. In a specimen of the latter, from a
gathering of all ages examined by me, of the same size as
Sars’s campylops (6 mm.), the lateral angles of the head are
almost rounded and the telson is armed with a single lateral
spine (both unlike the adult), exactly as shown in his invariably
accurate figures.
I have to thank Dr. Calman for much valuable assistance
in the above.
L.—A new African Corethra.
By Frep. V. Turosatp, M.A., F.E.S., &c.
Corethra pallidipes, sp. n.
Head almost black, rostrum and palpi dark brown.
Thorax rich deep brown, pleure ochreous and ochreous brown.
400 On a new African Corethra.
Abdomen greyish brown, with dark apical borders to the
segments and pale hairs. Legs unbanded, pale ochreons,
semitransparent, hairs pale. Wings pale ochreous, rather
pointed at the tip.
?. Head black, with a few brown hairs ; proboscis deep
brown, acuminate, short, with numerous brown hairs, longest
at the base and tufted apically; palpi deep brown, with
brown hairs and some showing paler reflections ; antenne .
brown, with dark basal segment and with pale hairs.
Thorax deep rich brown, with long pale hairs, a median
line and a somewhat darker area on each side of it in front ;
prothoracic lobes very dark brown, with long pale g golden-
brown hairs; scutellum dark brown, almost black in some
lights, with brown hairs with dull golden- brown reflections ;
metanotum deep brown; pleurz ochreous with darker
markings,
Abdomen brown with a greyish sheen, the apical borders
of the segments dark, the segments spotted with small
round darker brown spots, each with a.dark central spot
from which arises a brown hair with paler reflections
apically,
Legs uniformly pale ochreous, with pale hairs which are
dense; the ungues equal, simple, dark brown, and rather
straight. The legs look semitransparent in some lights.
‘Whines pale ochreous to pale brown, varying in colour in
different lights, also the hairs; first submarginal cell much
longer and slightly narrower than the second posterior cell,
somewhat contracted near the apex, its base nearer the base
of the wing than the second posterior cell, its stem less than
one-third the length of the cell; stem of the second
posterior about one and two-thirds the length of the cell ;
posterior cross-vein not quite its own length distant from
the mid cross-vein.
Halteres pallid.
Length 3°5 mm.
Hab. Kampala Swamp, Uganda.
Time of capture. 25. xi. 1909.
Observations. Described from a single female. It differs
from the other African species so far described (C. cerato-
pagones, Theobald) in the pale unbanded legs and dark
thorax.
This specimen was included in a collection of Culicide
made by Mr. Fraser, R.A.M.C., and Dr. C. J. Baker, M.O.,
of Kampala, Uganda.
Type in the British Museum (Nat. Hist.).
On South-African Species and Varietics of Pupa. 401
LI.—A Revision of ‘A Survey of the Species and Varieties
of Pupa, Draparnaud (Jaminia, Risso), occurring in South
Africa,” by James Cosmo Melvill, M.A., F.L.S., and John
Henry Ponsonby, F.Z.8.* By Henry C. BuRNup.
[Plate X.]
As there are no greater authorities on the South-African
molluscan fauna than the authors of the paper under review,
it is only after long hesitation that I have ventured on my
present task.
The Survey having been largely based upon notes of mine
comprised in a lengthy correspondence, and many of the
passages therein which appear to require correction or further
elucidation having been written in consequence of the authors
having misunderstood certain parts of those notes, I feel
justified in here offering opinions in opposition to the published
views of these eminent writers.
The meaning of many sentences in their paper was
distorted or rendered obscure through an unfortunate succes-
sion ef printer’s errors, only a few of which were emended in
the “ Errata” to the volume. In some few instances opinions
were expressed as being mine, which, in fact, were not mine,
though they were probably arrived at through the study of
my initial work. .
Thus, the consignment of so many species to the synonymy
of P. fontana, Krs., was not prompted by me, as would
appear to be the case from the text. Neither do I concur in
the view that P. intradentata, Burnup, is a variety of
P. dysorata, M. & P.
Among the printer’s errors the most unfortunate is the
rendering of the word dabrum (outer lip) into labiwm (inner
lip) in nearly every instance in which it was used in the MS.,
so completely altering the meaning.
This and a few other misrenderings have necessitated the
publication of amended descriptions of the species affected, in
the following pages.
Since the publication of the paper under discussion the
kindness of friends and correspondents, especially Messrs.
Ponsonby, Farquhar, and Tomlin, Dr. Sturany, and Major
Connolly, has enabled me to study certain forms, specimens
of which were unobtainable before, to describe two new
varieties, add a few notes on matters not referred to in Melvill
and Ponsonby’s paper, and offer some new figures.
* Ann, & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser, 8, vol. i, (1908) pp. 70-86, pls. i. & ii.
402 Mr. H. C. Burnup on South-African
I am particularly indebted to Mr. Ponsonby for the patient
care with which he, during a recent visit to South Africa,
discussed the Survey with me, and encouraged me to publish
the emendments and additions to be found in the present
revision.
Although Mr, Woodward’s arguments in favour of the
supercession of the name Pupa, Drap., by Jaminia, Risso *,
seem to me quite convincing, I have in the following
notes and descriptions, for the sake of convenience in
reference, adhered as far as possible to Melvill and Ponsonby’s
nomenclature.
1. Pupa crawfordiana (M. & F.).
(Pl, XxX. figs. 102.)
Melvill and Ponsonby say of this species: ‘ Allied to
P. layardi, Bens.” ; but it is easily distinguishable by its
stouter form, less ventricose whorls, shallower sutures, more
regularly conical spire, less mammillated apex, rather
smoother surface, less effuse peristome, and by the absence of
the seventh, minute, plait to be seen, in P. layardi, at the
junction of the parietal wall with the columella. The arrange-
ment of the other peristomatal processes is practically iden-
tical in both species.
The original figure is defective in form and deficient in
detail, so I herewith offer new figures drawn from the co-type
in Mr. Ponsonby’s collection, kindly lent to me for the
purpose. Mr. Ponsonby has compared my figures with the
type in the British Museum, and finds that they correspond
accurately, except that the cal/us in the type 1s not chipped
as in the co-type, so verifying that part of the original
description recording the peristome as continuous. Of the
co-type it would be more accurate to say that the ends of the
peristome converge and are connected by a callus. A com-
parison of fig. 2 with fig. 4 well illustrates the difference in
profuseness of peristome.
Dimensions of co-type :—Alt. 6°96, lat. 3°38 mm.
2. Pupa cryptoplax, M. & P.
The specimen figured in the Survey measures as follows :—
Height 3°36, width 1°95 mm.
The dimensions of other specimens measured are :—
Height 3°76, width 2°15 mm.
3 DOs byt ee eos,
py ROA ea ae
* B. B. Woodward, Journ. of Conch, vol. x. (1903) pp. 358-861.
Species and Varieties of Pupa. 403
3. Pupa dadion, Bens.
This species is ovoviviparous.
Further localities :—Karkloof, Nottingham Road, and
Inhluzani Mountain, Natal.
4, Pupa damarica, Ancey.
1888. Pupa damarica, Ancey, Le Naturaliste, p. 200.
1892. Pupa ovampoensis, M. & P. Ann, & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6,
vol. ix. p. 91, pl. vi. fig. 11.
1901. Pupa ridibunda, M. & P. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 7,
vol. viil. p. 320, pl. ii. fig. 11.
1908. Pupa ovampoensis, M. & P. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 8,
vol. i. p. 79, pl. ii. fig. 16,
1910. Leucochilus damaricum (Anc.), Bttg. Abhandl. d. Senekenb.
naturt. Gesell. Bd. xxxii. p. 446,
There seems little, if any, reason to doubt the justice of
Beettger’s discrimination in placing P. ovampoensis, M. & P.,
in the synonymy of this species, as Ancey’s description
conveys a faithful image of the shell known to South-African
collectors as P. ovampoensis ; but it must not be lost sight of
that 14 mm., Ancey’s width dimension, seems excessive, 1mm.
being the greatest width that I have observed with a height
corresponding to that of Ancey’s type, though in one very
large specimen in my collection from Johannesburg (McBean),
whose height is 2°5 mm., the width almost equals Ancey’s
measurement, being 1-11 mm,
The figure chosen by Melv. & Pons. to represent their
species in the Survey is that of the lirate var. from Rusten-
berg (McBean), which shows more sculpture than the normal
form, but agrees in other respects. The shell figured
measures 2°25 mm. high and 1 mm. wide.
5. Pupa dysorata, M. & P.
The emended description given in the Survey has
become somewhat involved, owing apparently to two causes,
viz., firstly, to the authors having included cntradentata as a
var. of this species (with which I cannot agree) and their
desire to differentiate the typical form, in its description,
from its supposed var.; and, secondly, to their having mis-
understood the position of the “deep-seated postlabial* tooth ”
of intradentata, treating it as a columellar process instead of
one situate “in the gullet.” In addition to this, my measure-
ment of the type, kindly lent to me by Mr. E. R. Sykes, is
* Perhaps the common expression “labial,” used to express pertaining
to any part of the peristome or lip, is confusing, and lJabral would be
better when the position wished to be indicated pertains to the labrum.
A404 Mr. H. C. Burnup on South-African
misquoted. It therefore seems desirable to substitute the
following description :—
Shell minute, umbilicate, shortly cylindrical, thin,
shining, horn-coloured ; spire cylindrical, being almost equally
wide at the third, fourth, and fifth whorls ; sutures impressed,
apex rounded; whorls about 53, convex, deeply closely
transversely striate, excepting the apical whorls, which are
smooth, the last rounded below and compressed about the
umbilicus ; aperture erect, somewhat quadrate, rounded above
and below, exceeding 4 the height of the shell. Peristome
slightly thickened and expanded, widely so at the columellar
margin (which in the type is longitudinally chipped), paler
than the rest of the shell, with labrum slightly bent inwards
about the middle and columella nearly straight. There are
no apertural processes,
Height 1:57, width 0°9 mm. (type in Ooll. E. R. Sykes).
Hab. Griqualand Kast.
In the very large series of shells from divers localities in
South Africa that I was privileged to examine no duplicate
of this unique specimen, with its very distinctive characters,
could be identified.
6. Pupa farquhari, M. & P.
The dimensions of the shell figured in Melvill and Pon-
sonby’s paper are :—
Height 4°24, width 2:07 mm.
7. Pupa fontana, Krauss.
Of the eight forms consigned to the synonymy, I have seen
well-authenticated specimens of four only, viz. amphodon,
elizabethensis, endoplaz, and frustillum ; and I agree with the
authors that these names cannot stand. Of the remaining
four, viz. charybdica, custodita, kerwa, and omicronaria,
having seen no representatives, I can offer no opinion; but I
am prepared to accept their views.
On p. 75 of the Survey, 10th line from the bottom, the
substitution of the word (abéwm for labrum destroys the
meaning of the sentence.
The following localities may now be added :—
Edendale, near Maritzburg, and at the mouth of the
Tongaat River on the Natal coast.
Boettger (1910) places this species, with P. tetrodus, Bttg.,
in Pupilla (see note at foot of p. 411).
Species and Varieties of Pupa. AOS
8. Pupa griqualandica, M. & P.
This species must be closely akin to P. bisulcata, Jick.,
from Abyssinia, judging alone from description and figure,
for I have not been able to examine the type or authenticated
specimens of Jickeli’s species. Mr. Ponsonby has, however,
very kindly examined for me the specimens in the British
Museum bearing that name, in conjunction with specimens
of griqualandica, and, while finding them ‘very similar,’
pronounced them to be “at once separable,” basing the
separation apparently mainly upon the presence of ‘a large
prominent tooth on the outer lip” of bisulcata. This tooth or
plait, if not so large, is also present in griqualandica, though,
perhaps through being in shadow, is not so conspicuous in
the figures chosen by Melvill and Ponsonby to illustrate their
species as in Jickeli’s figure. No mentionis made in Melvill
and Ponsonby’s description of the two sulez on the outer lip
(corresponding with the labral plaits) to be discerned in
griqualandica as represented in the figure of disulcata. On
the other hand, Jickeli does not record the presence of the
sixth, minute, internal basal plait “ visible in some specimens,”
which appears te me to be a constant character of griqua-
landica, though it is easily overlooked owing to its extreme
smallness and internal position. The dimensions given by
Jickeli representa considerably larger and comparatively
narrower shell than griqualandica, but, as they do not corre-
spond with the proportions of his figure, one or other must
be wrong-—so neither is reliable. If his figure actually repre-
sents a shell of 1{ mm. in height, its width is 1:27 instead of
1 mm. as he states.
The dimensions of the shells figured in Melvill and Pon-
sonby’s paper are as follows :—
Fig. 8. Height 1°52, width 0-89 mm.
Fig. 9. jt tA ei | GeSab,
‘The average of twenty-one specimens measured by me is :—
Height 1:53, width 0°87 mm., the largest being height 16,
width 0°99 mm.
The following new localities may be added :—Edendale
Falls, near Maritzburg, and mouth of Tongaat River, Natal
. coast.
9. Pupa haploa, M. & P.
10. Pupa intradentata, Burnup.
1908. Pupa dysorata, M. & P., var. intradenta, Burnup, M, & P, Ann,
'& Mag. Nat. Hist. ser, 8, yol. i. p. 73, pl. i. figs. 5, 6,
406 Mr. H. C. Burnup on South-African
Typographical errors in the original render a new descrip-
tion necessary.
Shell minute, rimate, subcylindrical, elliptical, thin, trans-
lucent, shining, very pale brown; spire elongate-turbinate,
with greatest width at the fourth whorl; sutures rather
deeply impressed, apex very obtuse ; whorls 54, very convex,
closely transversely striate, excepting the first 14, which are
smooth, the last compressed round the umbilical region ;
aperture nearly erect, rounded, nearly 4 the height of the
shell. Peristome slightly thickened and reflexed, more so at
the columellar margin, scarcely paler than the rest of the
shell, with labrum slightly straightened about the middle and
much receding towards the base; columella arcuate. The
only tooth, conspicuous, white, rounded, and remote, is
situate inside, about midway between the last suture and the
base and about half a turn from the labrum.
Height 1:47, width 0°79 [fig. 5 (Survey)].
gptetdSaye. 62 \(O%8)| gio tau le
Hab. Pretoria (Farquhar § Ponsonby). Major Connolly
has since supplied me with many specimens, quite agreeing
with the type, from the same locality.
The following are the dimensions of the largest and
smallest adult specimens measured :—
Largest: height 1°51, width 0°80.
mmalleste +) > a 32) 1.40107,
This is the smallest of the South-African group examined
by me, and is of a paler colour than most. As compared
with P. perpleaa, which seems to be its nearest ally, it is
smaller, smoother, paler, and less cylindrical, is only rimate
instead of umbilicate, has the peristome less reflexed, and is
destitute of the postcolumellar and parietal plaits. As com-
pared with dysorata, of which dntradentata appears in the
Survey as a variety, it is smaller, more slender, paler, less
cylindrical, more loosely coiled, with more ventricose whorls
and deeper sutures, and is rimate instead of umbilicate ; the
aperture is smaller and rounder, receding more at the base,
and is furnished with a tooth in the gullet, not found in
dysorata.
I am indebted to Mr. Ponsonby for making a careful
comparison between Mr. Sykes’s type of dysorata and the
type of intradentata in the British Museum, when he was
able to confirm most of the details given above.
11. Pupa iota, M. & P.
if the word /abrum be read instead of ‘‘labiwm”’ in each
Species and Varieties of Pupa. 407
case where the latter occurs, the description in the Survey
seems sufficiently to describe the species.
The dimensions of the shell depicted in the figure are :—
Height 2°06, width 0°87 mm.; the smallest apparently mature
specimen that I have measured being 1°67 high and 0°81 mm.
wide, and having only about 6 whorls.
Var. livingstone, Burnup.
A new locality may be recorded for both the typical form
and the var., viz. Stander’s Kop, Transvaal (Connolly).
The type of the var., said to be in my collection, has since
been transferred to the British Museum with the types of the
other new forms described in the Survey. Its dimensions
are :—Height 2°02, width 0°84 mm.
12. Pupa layardi, Benson. (PI. X. figs. 3, 4.)
The fig. presented by Melv. & Pons. does not express the
detail with sufficient accuracy for the purposes of comparison ;
I therefore take this opportunity of offering new figures for
comparison with those of ?layardi, var. minor, Beas.
(?= P. stoaphora, Bens.), and P. crawfordiana (M. & P.) on
same plate.
‘he shells chosen for my illustrations do not include that
figured by Melvill and Ponsonby, though Mr. Ponsonby
kindly laid his shell at my disposal for the purpose. They
are chosen from a series collected at Hermanus, Caledon
Division, in the Cape Province, by Mr. R. M. Lightfoot, as
being fresher shells than his, free from extraneous matter in
the aperture, and more nearly approaching the size and
proportions of Benson’s type. In all essential characters
they agree closely with the shells given to Mr. Ponsonby by
Mr. Benson.
Since the peristome is not at all thickened at the edge, but,
on the contrary, is remarkably thin and brittle, the lips are
invariably more or less chipped. One of the most conspicuous
differences between the present species and P. crawfordiana,
M. & P., is the absence from the latter of the trumpet-like
extension of the peristome observable in the former.
The dimensions of the specimens here figured are as
follows :—
Fig. 3. Height 7°87, width 3:26 mm.
Ee Aha eels. Lavas) ( cOLOT: 145
The shells of this species may be either white or horn- -
colour, and the position of the seventh peristomatal process,
408 Mr. H. C. Burnup on South-African
the denticle between the inferior parietal and the columellar
plait, is very variable ; it is sometimes seen on the parietal
wall, sometimes on the columella, and sometimes in the
angle between.
Var. minor, Bens.? (PI. X. figs. 5, 6.)
I also take this opportunity of offering figures of two shells
in the collection of Mr. Ponsonby given to him by Mr. Ben-
son as representing his species P. stoaphora. They agree
in all essentials with P. layardi, Bens., except in their
smaller size and darker colour (the larger specimen is chestnut-
brown, the smaller rather paler).
The following are the dimensions :—
Fig. 5. Height 6°88, width 3°07 mm.
T2627 ER “OIG Ve OL aera
The figures are given as a contribution towards answers to
Melvill and Ponsonby’s questions, ‘‘ What is P. stoaphora,
Bens. ?” and “ Can this be a synonym of the var. minor?”
Since the shells given out by the author as 2. stoaphora,
Bens., seem to agree so closely with the description of his
P. layardi, var. minor, and since neither Messrs. Melvill
and Ponsonby nor Dr. Sturany can trace the debatable
species, it seems reasonable to infer that Benson changed its
name to var. minor before publication of his differentiation.
13. Pupa nolter, Bttg.
Beettger * places this species in Leucochiloides (Microstele).
14. Pupa perplexa, Burnup.
Excepting that the word /abrum is printed ‘ labium,” the
description in the Survey appears as it was written. As,
however, it contains certain ambiguous expressions, I emend
it as follows :-—
Shell very small, umbilicate, cylindrical, thin, translucent,
shining, pale brown; spire cylindrical, rounded above, sutures
impressed, apex obtuse ; whorls 6, very convex, closely trans-
versely lirate, except the first two which are smooth, the
shell at the fourth, fifth, and sixth whorls of nearly equal
width, the last half-whorl acquiring its greatest expansion
a little below the suture and then being flattened beneath,
forming an infrasutural angle, the last whorl compressed
towards the umbilicus; aperture rounded, nearly 4 the
height of the shell; peristome whitish, reflexed, especially
* Abhandl. d. Senckenb, naturf, Gesell. Bd. xxxii. (1910) p. 445.
Species and Varieties of Pupa. 409
at the columellar margin, thickened, the ends converging
and connected by a thin callus; labrum slightly incurved
about the middle; columella straight. The processes of
the aperture consist of a small white parietal plait running
inwards and there becoming strong, a stout white post-
columellar plait also running inwards, and a profoundly post-
labral tooth or plait hidden by the columella.
The following are the dimensions of the shell figured in
the Survey :—
Fig. 17. Type: height 1:72, width 0°82 mm.
A ato: (SeCtlonal). «5; iliSO.) Escuen Ort mn os
Twenty-four out of twenty-six specimens measured by me
show very little variation in dimensions, the remaining two,
both apparently mature, being somewhat more divergent,
V1Z. :—
Largest : height 1°88, width 0°83 mm.
Sunailesticnc 59) 2°90). 95.4 0°87 4;
Bloemfontein (Connol/y) may now be added to the localities
quoted by Melv. & Pons.
Judging by the descriptions and figures alone, for I have
not seen Jickeli’s species, this shell must be akin to his
P. lardea, schiller’, and similis from Upper Nubia*, whose
apertural processes seem arranged much on the same plan,
its nearest ally being the last named ; s¢milis is, however,
about one-fourth wider than the present species and has half
a whorl less, while the peristome is less expanded and the
labrum less bowed inwards, and there is no callus. P. lardea
and schiller? are more divergent, being not so high as s¢milis
and broader in proportion.
15. Pupa pretoriensis, M. & P.
16. Pupa psichion, M. & P.
I have not seen specimens that could be referred to either
of the above two species in the very large series of shells from
Pretoria that I have been fortunate enough to have laid at
my disposal for examination, though the number, since my
first study of the group, has been greatly augmented by the
collections of Major Connolly.
17. Pupa quantula, M. & P.
The co-type in Mr. Ponsonby’s collection, figured in the
* Jick. Faun. L. u. Siissw. Moll. N.O.-Af. (1874) pp. 124, 125, 296,
pl. v. figs. 14-16.
Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 8. Vol. vii. 27
410 Mr. H. ©. Burnup on South-African
Survey, is the only specimen of this species that I have
seen. Its nearest ally seems to be P. dysorata, M.& P., which
it strongly resembles in its remarkably cylindrical form, but
from which it may easily be distinguished by its greater
length, comparative narrowness, rounder aperture, and much
finer sculpture.
18. Pupa sykesi, M. & P.
Var. inconspicua, Burnup.
Although, while differentiating cnconspicua from sykes?,
M. & P., from the material then at my disposal, I considered
it to be a distinct species, I can now only concur with Melv.
& Pons. in treating them as one. In coming to this decision
I am largely indebted to Dr. R. Sturany, who not only iden-
tified for me specimens from Dukuduku Forest, Zululand,
as being P. pentheri, Stur., but also sent me co-types of his
species collected by Dr. Penther at Umbilo Road, Durban.
His specimens are somewhat intermediate between sykesz,
M. & P., and ¢nconspicua, Burnup, and leave no doubt as to
all three forms belonging to one species. P. penthert must
therefore be placed in the synonymy of sykes?, and incon-
spicua may be retained as an elongate, narrow, fusiform
variety of the same species,
In adopting my description of the var. ¢xconspicua in its
entirety to represent their species, Melvill and Ponsonby are
led into certain errors, in that their type is more conic and
less fusiform than the var., and has only about 62 whorls
instead of 74, while the aperture is more than, instead of
nearly, } of the height of the shell; besides which the dimen-
sions given do not refer to the type, which measures :—
Height 1°82, width 0°83.
It may be noted that while the height of imconspicua is
greater than that of the type, the width is less. As this
attenuate form has so far only been met with at Dargle, it
may well be a local race.
19. Pupa tabularis, M. & P.
YVhe dimensions of the figured specimen, which is in
Mr. Ponsonby’s collection, are not given in the Survey.
They are as follows :—
Height 3°63, breadth 1°88 mm.
20. Pupa tetrodus, Bttg.
1870. Pupa tetrodus, Bttg. Ber. Offenbach. Ver. Naturk, xi. p. 46,
pl. i. figs. 1 a-c.
Species and Varieties of Pupa. 411
1880, Pupa (Vertiyo) sinistrorsa, Craven, Proc. Zool. Soc. p. 618,
pl. lvii. fig. 8.
1891. Vertigo thaumasta, Mely. & Pons. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6,
vol. viii. p. 239.
sae ena thaumasta, Melv. & Pons. ibid. vol. ix. p. 94, pl. vi.
1908. Pupa (Vertigo) sinistrorsa, Craven, Melv. & Pons. Ann. & Mag.
Nat. Hist. ser. 8, vol. i. p. 83.
1910. Pupilla* tetrodus (Bttg.), Abhandl. d. Senckenb. naturf. Gesell.
Bd. xxxii. p. 446,
21. Pupa (Faueulus) capensis (Kurr).
Var. kurri (Krauss).
Var. pottebergensis (Krauss).
These varietal names seem scarcely worth perpetuating, as
all intermediate forms, as well as other forms with attributes
of equal varietal value, exist.
22. Pupa (Fauaulus) fryana (Bens.).
23. Pupa (Fauculus) glanvilleana (Ancey).
As Mr. Ancey described this shell very carefully and with
close attention to detail in order that it might be recognized
from description alone without the help of a figure, it may
be taken for granted that no important feature was omitted
from his diagnosis. It therefore appears to me that Melvill
and Ponsonby erred in choosing the figure of my shell, found
at Dargle, Natal, to illustrate Ancey’s species in their Survey,
for that shell does not by any means closely agree with
Ancey’s description, being shorter and wider than the typical
glanvilleana, and possessing two plaits on the base of the
peristome not mentioned in Ancey’s description, besides
showing other discrepancies. I cannot but doubt if the two
forms belong to one species, but in our present ignorance as
to what Ancey’s shell really is through no figure having been
published with his description, and the type not being avail-
able for reference, it is impossible to estimate exactly the
extent of the divergence, so I have deemed it best tentatively
to treat the Dargle shell as a variety of glanvilleana, with
which it seems to have much in common.
* If B. B. Woodward’s arrangement be followed, Pupilla aos the
subgen. Janimaa (8. 8.).
412 Mr. H. C. Burnup on South-A/rican
Var. darglensis, new var.
Mely. & Pons. Amn, & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 8, vol. i. (1908) pl. ii.
fig. 23 [as Pupa (Fuuxulus) glanvilleana (Anc.)).
Shell small, conic-oval, rimate and very narrowly perforate,
thin, shining, greyish horn-coloured, translucent, sinistral.
Spire ovately conic; apex obtuse and mammillated. Whorls
7$, shghtly convex, gradually increasing, with suture distinct
but not deep, obliquely sculptured with close, sharply-cut,
arched oblique striz, except the first 14 which are smooth, the
last more convex, rounded below, much constricted towards
the peristome and impressed towards the rima and small
perforation, the long inrunning peristomatal processes and
spaces between being represented on the outside by alternate
grooves and ridges. Aperture upright, irregularly ovate,
nearly closed with the following inrunning white plaits :—
parietal 2, the first arising as a narrow thread high on the
body-whorl, becoming. broader and contorted as it descends,
always receding inwards, to below the centre of the aperture,
whence it is bent sharply back, embracing the parietal wall,
till it is lost sight of in the interior of the shell ; the second,
also arising high on the body-whorl, is expanded on the left
till it meets the peristome, with which it combines till the
lobe of the labrum is reached, whence it doubles back in two
foliaceous folds and descends as a simple plait, receding in-
wards and following a line parallel with the first till it too
is lost sight of in the interior of the shell; labral 3, of which
the upper two are small, though deeply penetrating the aper-
ture, and rather close together ; the third, though equally
narrow, is very long and sinuous and as, in its progress
towards the interior, it embraces the expanded outer lip, it
is lost to sight till the far end reappears in the gullet ;
columellar 3, of which the upper two arise, thread-like, on
the edge of the labium, becoming stouter as they curve
inwards, the upper one entering at the junction of the parietal
wall with the columella, and the lower about the middle of
the columella, after taking a wide sweep towards the centre
of the aperture; the lowest columellar plait is smaller, but
long and penetrating : lastly, there are two plaits on the base
of the peristome similar to the lowest columellar plait.
Peristome widely expanded, but little thickened except by the
plaits which arise close to the margin, paler than the rest
of the shell, becoming white at the edges, where its outline
is slightly peaked at the sources of the plaits ; the ends con-
verge and are connected by a stout glossy callus reaching
Sproies and Vurieties of Pupa. 413
high on the body-whorl. The labrum is strongly lobed above
the middle and bayed immediately below; on the lower part
of this lobe the peristome is slightly thickened, almost to the
extent of forming an eleventh plait, between which and the
foliated extension of the lower parietal plait is formed a
partly covered channel to the interior.
Height 3°77, width 2°13 mm.
Hab. Dargle (Burnup), also Inhluzani Mountain, Kar-
kloof, and Mid-Lllovo, all in Natal.
The colour of the shell in life is often whitish grey.
As a contribution towards the elucidation of this intricate
group, Mr. J. R. le B. Tomlin has kindly sent me a shell,
received by him many years ago from either Mr. Ancey or
Miss Glanville as representing Ancey’s species. It is not
likely to be a co-type, as Ancey only mentions the one
locality, Hast London, and Mr. Tomlin’s shell comes from
Albany : moreover, it does not agree in detail with Ancey’s
description ; I can therefore only consider it a second variety.
I am indebted to Mr. W. Iu. Radford for a further example,
agreeing in all essentials with Mr. Tomlin’s shell, which he
collected for me at Kast London. As, therefore, my only
two specimens come from different localities, a geographical,
varietal name seems inexpedient; I therefore propose to
associate it with Mr. Tomlin’s name :—
Var. tomlint, new var. (PI. X. fig. 7.)
Shell like var. darglensis, but larger and more conical, with
peristome less effusively expanded, callus not extending so
high on the body-whorl, and aperture not so much closed by
plaits. The lobe and sinus of the labrum are less developed
and the thickening of the peristome on the lower part of the
lobe ‘‘ almost forming an eleventh plait” is entirely absent,
its place being taken by the first labial plait. Vhe lower
parietal plait is shorter and its foliated extension to the peri-
stome much less effuse, leaving the sutural canal more open.
In place of the two inrunning plaits on the base of the peri-
stome there is only one, about equidistant between the lowest
Jabral and lowest columellar plait. The colour of the
varietal type is almost white, that of the co-type pale brown.
Height (type of var.) 4:0, width 2°11 mm.
» (Kadford’s specimen) 4°17, width 2°27.
Hab. Albany (Tomlin), East London (Radford), both in
the Cape Province. ‘
In comparing these varieties with Ancey’s description it
must be borne in mind that probably what that author treats
414 Mr. H. C. Burnup on South-African
as the uppermost of four ‘ palatal” processes is much in the
same position as that which I consider a second, or lower,
parietal plait. Although, since (in the varieties at any rate)
the process in question arises on its one side high on the
callus on the body-whorl, and on its other side on the lobe
of the labrum, it is conceivable that one student might con-
sider it a parietal, while another treated it as a labral plait ;
yet I think there can be no doubt that it is (in the varieties)
at least the homologue of the second parietal plait to be found
in all other members of Ancey’s section Anisoloma.
The var. tomlind, then, should be easily distinguished from
the type by this plait being less strongly developed, and by
the presence of a narrow perforation and a basal plait, absent
from the type.
24, Pupa (Faueulus) mebeaniana (M. & P.).
(Pix fee.)
This striking shell, larger than the preceding species and
its varieties, may be horn-coloured, greyish-brown, or milk-
white. Normally this species has nine peristomatal processes,
viz. two parietal, two columellar, one basal, and four jabral, ot
which last named the lowest is large, the central small, and
above this, in the sinus of the labrum, are two, very small
and close together. In the type, which is not available to
me for examination, these two small plaits may be merged
into one broad plait, as in the case of a shell from Inhluzani
Mountain, in my collection; for the authors do not refer to
a pair, nor does the original figure show it. One shell in
my collection, also from Inhluzani, bears an additional plait
at the base of the columella ; but as it is only one example
in many, and is otherwise normal, it must only be looked
upon as a sport.
As the original figure is very deficient in the detail of the
peristomatal processes, a new figure, drawn from a shell in
my collection, collected at Dargle, is published herewith.
The dimensions of the figured specimen are as follows :—
Height 4°5, width 2°58 mm.
25. Pupa (Fauaulus) pamphorodon (Benson).
This species seems very variable as to size, the type mea-
suring 9 mm. high and 4 wide, while the only specimen that
1 have measured accurately is 7°5 mm. high and 8°75 wide.
Species and Varieties of Pupa. 415
26. Pupa (Fauxulus) pereaimia (M. & P.).
27. Pupa (Fauaxulus) ponsonbyana (Morelet).
(Pl. X. figs. 9-12.)
As Morelet’s description and original figure * do not clearly
define the positions, nor even the number, of the peristomatal
processes with distinctness, and, moreover, his figure, if cor-
rectly drawn, depicts an imperfect shell with the edges of
the peristome chipped off, a new series of figures is here
offered, which it is hoped will define the species sufficiently
clearly to obviate the necessity of revising the description.
The figures are drawn from four shells from Grahamstown,
kindly supplied to me by Messrs. Ponsonby and Farquhar,
and show to some extent the variability in size and general
form of this very interesting little species. ‘The measure-
ments of a few other shells are given, below the dimensions
of the figured specimens, showing the extremes of such shells
as I have examined,
Fig. 9. Height 3°43, width 1°71 mm.
rie Oe oy OD ay. dd
See Mls sah Oe) frogs | ek gO
ee lee sy <2 Og Voy EO cg,
Dimensions of a few other specimens :—
Height 3°52, width 1°52 mm.
” 3°99, ” 1°86
Huy) a y Lae
Mie, ey oy bE
SO es ae Bs
The crown of little hairs about the middle of the last
whorl, referred to by Ancey [Journ. de Conch. vol. xlix.
(1901) p. 141], arises in the peripheral sulcus and extends
upwards in the suture, but the hairs are very easily rubbed
off. ‘They are not shown in the figures, because washing, so
necessary to obtain a clear view of the peristomatal processes
and a correct estimate of the depth of the sculpture and
suture, has removed every vestige of the hairy coronet. I
have examined many specimens and have found the number
of peristomatal processes, in addition to the two parietals, to
be invariably seven.
So far I have only collected two specimens in Natal (at
* Journ. de Conch. vol. xxxvii. (1889) pp. 9, 10, pl. i. fig, 5 [Pupa
(Faula) ponsonbyana, Morelet}.
416 Bibliographical Notice.
Hilton Road and on Zwaartkop near Maritzburg), and they
are remarkably high and narrow, the former measuring
3°53 mm. high and 1°62 mm. wide. .
The dimensions referring to shells figured in the Survey
and herein are taken in the same positions as the shells are
shown in the figures; thus the measured width of any speci-
men may vary considerably according to whether it is drawn
showing a front or a side view, especially if the labrum be
much expanded.
The types of the new varieties described in this paper will
be placed in the British Museum.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE X.
Figs. 1, 2. Pupa crawfordiana (M. & P.).
Figs. 3, 4. Pupa layardi, Bens.
Figs. 5, 6. Pupa layardt, var. minor, Bens, ?
Fig. 7. Pupa (Fauzulus) glanvilleana (Ancey), var. tomlini, new.
Fig. 8. Pupa (Fauaulus) mebeaniana (M. & P.).
Figs. 9, 10, 11, 12. Pupa (Fauxulus) ponsonbyana (Morelet).
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTICE.
The Amphipoda of Bermuda. By B. W. Kunxen. Trans. Con-
necticut Acad. Arts and Sciences, vol. xvi. pp.. 1-116 (1910).
Tux tropical Amphipodous Crustacea are still so imperfectly known
that this account of species collected in shallow water at the
Bermuda Islands is very welcome. Forty-five species of Gam-
maridea and Caprellidea are described and figured in considerable
detail, of which fifteen are regarded as new, and three new genera
are established. No mention is made of the Hyperiidea, though it is
hardly to be inferred that this extensive suborder is unrepresented
in the Bermudan fauna. In some cases the identification of species
described by previous authors is not placed beyond doubt. For
example, the form referred on p. 10 to Amphilochus brunneus, Della
Valle, differs from the original account of that species in several of
the most important specific characters, but no explanation or dis-
cussion of the fact is given. ‘The author’s references to literature
are scanty and not always correct. For the Caprellide he quotes
Mayer's Monograph of 1882, but neither the important ‘* Nachtrag”
to that work published in 1890 nor the equally important “ Siboga”
Report of the same author (1903). Verrill’s description of Cyamus
fascicularis is reprinted, but no attempt is made to show why the
species should be regarded as distinct from Oyamus physeteris,
Pouchet. T.C
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No. 41. MAY 1911.
LI1.—On the Structure of Magelona. By Prof. M:Intosu,
F.R.S., Gatty Marine Laboratory, St. Andrews *.
In his observations on the Annelids from the Island of
St. Catherine, off the coast of Brazil, Dr. Fritz Miiller, in
1858, briefly mentions fT, under the name of Magelona papilli-
cornis, a remarkable form with a flattened snout, two long
tentacles furnished with cylindrical papille, corpusculated
blood, and other features which appear to agree in the closest
manner with the British annelid which forms the subject of
the following remarks. The type was next referred to by
Dr. Edouard Claparéde in his account { of a larval form
which he found at St. Vaast la Hougue, on the west coast of
France. ‘The same singular species, however, as that indi-
cated by the first-mentioned author was probably originally
discriminated by the late Dr. George Johnston, of Berwick §,
but as his description was not published until 1865 ||—long
after his death—the name (Mea mirabilis) he gave it lapses.
In Britain it has occurred abundantly at St. Andrews, and
also, as Dr. Carrington first showed §, at Southport; indeed,
* Translated from the Zeitsch. f, wiss. Zool. Bd. xxxi. p. 401 (1878).
+ “Einiges uber die Annelidenfauna der Insel Santa Catharina an der
Brasilianischen Kiiste,” von Dr. Fr. Miiller. (Aus einer brieflichen Mit-
theilung an Prof. Grube.) Hierzu Taf. vi. & vii. Archiv fiir Naturges.
1858, p. 211.
+ ‘ Beobachtungen tiber Anat. n. Entwicklungsgeschichte wirb. Thiere
an der Kuste von Normandie angestellt,’ Leipzig, 1863.
§ From preparations forwarded by the distinguished botanist, Dr.
Greville.
|| ‘ British Museum Catalogue of Worms,’ p. 278.
q Proceed. Lit. & Philos, Soc. Manchester, iv, 1865, p. 185.
Ann & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 8. Vol. vii. 28
418 Prof. M-Intosh on the
it probably inhabits similar sandy flats at and beyond the
margin of low water on many shores—in company. with
Valencinia armandi, Glycera, Aricia, Spio, Lanice conchilega,
and the crustacean and mollusecan fauna characteristic of
such sites.
It is a slender annelid, 150 mm. to 200 mm. in length,
pale pinkish anteriorly, dull greyish green (from the glands
of the digestive chamber) posteriorly. The snout is eyeless,
remarkably flattened, translucent, and thinned at the edges,
like a pointed spatula. Behind a constriction on each side
of the head a long tentacle occurs, the anterior surface of
which has rows of elongated papillz of a somewhat cylindrical
outline. The segments of the body are numerous, and they
gradually diminish posteriorly and terminate in a broad
papilla with a cirrus at each side, a little beyond the anus.
The body is divided into two well-marked regions, in the
first of which (besides the head) are nine double pairs of
bristles, and in this respect it approaches the Heterospio
longissima of Prof. Ehlers*, which also has nine anterior
segments. The inferior groups are simple, delicate, and
tapering, and they have a larger free portion and a more
pronounced terminal curve than the superior series. Both
have lateral expansions or wings, which, however, are wider
in the superior bristles and most pronounced posteriorly.
The latter are also more numerous.
The ninth series of bristles has undergone ‘special modifi-
cation. Each of the four broad fan-shaped groups consists
of slender translucent bristles with dilated tips and filiform
processes. The enlargement at the tip seems to be formed
by a modification of the wings, and various degrces of
developmeut can be traced in them: thus in one of those
next the few simple bristles (with broad wings) which
correspond with the anterior tufts, the dilatation at the tip
being comparatively slight. Next the foregoing a larger tip
is found, and then the well-marked series occurs, the axis or
shaft tapering to a fine point near the tip, while the wings
coutinue as broad margins, and coalesce into the translucent
expansion with the filiform process. In the dorsal groups
there is only a tendency to the formation of the simple
bristles at each end of the row, the rest consisting of those
with the enlarged translucent tips. The bristles of this
segment would appear to be homologous with the special
forms in the third segment in Disoma, the fourth in the
Cheetopteride, and the fifth in Po/ydora, and probably are of
* Zeitsch. f. w. Zool. Bd. xxv. p. 60,
Structure of Magelona. 419
service to the animal in protruding its anterior region from
the sand into the surrounding water for aeration and food,
as well as forming a special fulcrum during the movements
of the snout and anterior region in boring.
Behind the preceding each segment is furnished with two
rows of hooks on each side, all corresponding in structure,
viz. winged hooks with bifid crowns, the most anterior having
the larger wings. When the hooks are viewed in front the
wings form a complete guard by uniting in a translucent
arch superiorly.
In the posterior region of the body a tuft of simple curved
bristles occurs as a kind of support to each pillar of the lateral
lamelle. Moreover, a very fine tuft of hair-like bristles,
only observed on careful examination in the living animal,
projects behind the pedicle of the lamella in the same region.
It is difficult to believe that such are the tips of the former,
yet no others can be seen in the mounted preparations. Such
are probably homologous with the curious hidden spicular or
asbestos-like bristles in Polydora.
In the first region of the body the bristles and processes
are situated at*the extreme front of each segment, near the
segment-junction. The ninth series occupies a prominent
ridge near the middle of their extremely short segment. In
the posterior region the hooks are placed at first toward the
anterior margin of the segment; they then gradually pass
backward till they reach the posterior border of each segment
laterally.
The anatomy of Magelona may, for convenience, be
arranged under the following heads :—
I. The Cutaneous System, including: ]. The Cuticle,
and 2. The Hypoderm.
II. The Muscular System.
III. The Digestive System, including the Proboscis.
*1V. The Circulatory System.
* V. The Perivisceral Fluid.
VI. The Nervous System.
VII. The Tentacles.
VII. The Reproductive System.
* IV. and V. have already been translated in the Journ. Anat. &
Physiol. vol. xii. pp. 331-348 (1879). Further remarks may by-and-by
be made, especially in connection with Prof. Benham’s more recent
researches.
238*
420 Prof. M‘Intosh on the
I. THe Curanrovus System.
1. The Cuticle.
In the snout the cuticle forms a dense translucent invest-
ment, thickest in the median line dorsally and diminishing
toward each lateral margin. On the ventral surface the same
arrangement occurs, but the coat is appreciably thinner. In
front of the mouth the depth of the cuticle increases in the
median ventral region, especially behind the separation of
the central longitudinal muscles. It then diminishes in
thickness and becomes continuous with the superficial layer
of the oral region, and will be considered under that head.
Toward the posterior end of the snout a considerable layer
occurs on the body-wall below the decreasing lateral expan-
sions, which likewise have a thicker covering than in front.
In the anterior region of the body it forms a well-marked
layer, though it is proportionally thinner than on the snout.
On the whole, it is thinnest on the lateral regions and the
lamellze beyond the pedicles, while it attains its maximum
on the ventral surface under the nerve-cords and toward
the median line.
When the living animal is viewed from the ventral surface
the small hypodermic pads existing on the fifth, sixth, seventh,
and eighth segments, just in front of the transverse division
of the feet, cause a distinct forward arch of the cuticle in
the median line. The elevation on the fourth segment is
indistinct and the eighth is less than the seventh. At the
latter a pale belt is observed on each side, slanting backward
to meet in the median line, and from the point of junction a
single central band is continued posteriorly. Such probably
indicates the union of the neural canals.
In the second or posterior region of the body the cuticle
is thinner than in the first, the densest part being in the
ventral median line, where the nerve-cords occur. It is very
attenuate at the tip of the tail.
The cuticle (with the hypoderm) is thrown into very
regular wrinkles in contraction. Pores are very difficult to
see in this apparently structureless tunic, even in the most
favourable regions, such as the cuticle covering the tips of
the tentacles and the papille of the same organs; but very
fine specks stud the cuticle of the anterior region of the body.
In life the surface of the cuticle shows many fine palpocils.
It is this coat more than any other which gives firmness
and elasticity to the annelidan surface and distinguishes it
from the soft cihated skin of the Nemerteans (toughness of
Structure of Magelona. 421
cuticle, as in this case, often coinciding with entire absence
of cilia). Instead of that disintegration of surface which so
readily takes place in the latter, it is often found that the
tough hyaline cuticle holds together, as in a bag, the decaying
and. pulpy internal tissues. In this form the cuticle is
characterized by its great strength on the head and anterior
region of the body, so as to enable it to resist the friction
inseparable from such active habits in the sand. M. Clapa-
réde observes that the sedentary annelids are characterized
by the delicacy of this coat, a condition he attributes to the
special protection afforded by their tubes; and the habits of
Magelona would explain the structural differences in this
respect between the anterior and posterior regions of the
body.
The habits of Magelona seem to be too active for the
attachment of external parasites (Infusoria &c.) which are
common in Nephthys aud other forms that burrow in the
sand.
2. The Hypoderm.
The hypoderm forms a very large proportion of the tissues
of the flattened snout *, the whole region outside the four
muscular compartments being occupied by it; and when the
snout attains full development the lateral hypodermic expan-
sion almost equals in breadth the entire muscular region.
The lateral expansion is often deeply frilled during life, and,
moreover, presents certain secondary folds within the edge—
features which would lead one to suppose that it contains no
muscular fibres. In front of the dilatation at the origin of
each tentacle a semilunar fold, with the concavity directed
outward, occurs at the margin. The hypoderm also forms a
wedge-shaped mass between the median muscular compart-
meuts anteriorly. After the muscular chambers are fully
formed the snout may be divided into a median and two
lateral regions, though, of course, the tissue is quite con-
tinuous. ‘I'he dorsal hypoderm forms an almost uniform
belt of cells and granules, which, in vertical transverse
section, present numerous nearly vertical streaks. The
breadth of the ventral hypoderm is greatest toward the
median line, diminishes at each side to a mere streak under
the external muscle, and again expands in the lateral region.
The symmetrical streaks of the median part (which is more
* Ranzania, a form included under the Cheetopterida by M. Claparéde,
has a large bilobed flattened snout i ‘ Les Annél, Chétopodes
du Golfs de Naples,’ p. 126, pl. xi. fig. 1)
492 Prof. M‘Intosh on the
compact and granular than the rest) are directed from each
side downward and inward, then outward toward the narrow
part under the external muscle. The lateral division has the
form of a lanceolate process on each side, the wide base
abutting on the convex margin of the muscular compartment,
from which a chitinous plate proceeds outward along the
central line. The hypodermic tissue is lax at the basal or
wide portion, and becomes more granular toward the free
margin in the preparations. In transverse vertical section
the soft connective-tissue fibres extend from the central
chitinous plate upward and outward dorsally and downward
and outward ventrally, the whole having the aspect of a leaf
with its midrib and veins. At the external margin a fan-like
arrangement of the fibres occurs. In vertical longitudinal
sections a similar appearance is found, though in this case
the leaf is almost linear. No trace of capillaries occurs in
the lateral or other hypoderm of the snout.
Proceeding backward, the ventral hypodermic tissue
increases in bulk, and its structure becomes more distinctly
fibrous, and by-and-by it passes upward so as to separate the
median muscular spaces, as in front. In the large area
formed between the latter spaces the fibres of the hypoderm
follow definite courses. JDorsally they sweep from the
cuticular margin downward and outward to the inner mus-
cular compartment, and a few of the inner fibres pass to the
chamber for the blood-vessels beneath. Ventrally they are
directed from the latter and the chitinous process externally,
downward and inward to the cuticle. Such fibres would aid
in retaining the muscular chambers in position during the
varied movements of the snout and give firmness to the
region. Still increasing in extent, the ventral hypoderm
then presents a small oblong area above the cuticle, in the
median line. This is the precursor of the great transverse
space immediately behind. Above the latter space the hypo-
derm is vertically streaked by somewhat isolated bands of
fibres, and numerous granular cells occur all over, especially
in the more opaque central region superiorly. When the
latter has reached its full development the large dorsal area
with its dense covering of cuticle is divisible into two parts—
an upper cellulo-granular and an inferior fibro-granular
region—stretching from side to side between the remnants
of the central longitudinal muscle. The fibres are chiefly
transverse in direction, though some (apparently pertaining .
to the vertical series previously mentioned) pass at right
angles to these from above downward to the roof of the
space. The ventral hypoederm is now much more lax and
Structure of Magelona. 423
the cuticle thinner, and there are indications, e.g. the lateral
frill, that the mouth is approaching. The lateral expansions
of the snout (which resemble alz in transverse section) also
diminish considerably, their shape alters from the lanceolate
to a more or less cylindrical condition, and then, by a basal
constriction, they resume a clavate appearance. The cuticle
on these expansions is much thicker dorsally than ventrally,
and, while the chitinous raphe is placed in the lower third
instead of the middle of the processes, the hypodermic fibres
preserve the same arrangement in front. Immediately
behind the transverse space alluded to above, and in a line
with the commencement of the dorsal longitudinal muscles,
the hypoderm somewhat increases in thickness toward the
base of the expansion, slightly narrows at the dorsal arch,
and again expands before the decided narrowing occurs over
the dorsal longitudinal muscles. From the inferior border
of the base of the lateral expansion a chitinous septum joins
the raphe at a somewhat acute angle, and cuts off a narrow
strip of hypoderm, to which and the great lobe, projecting
beneath the expansion, it acts as a party-wall. The ventral
hypoderm has now merged into the foliaceous surface of the
oral region.
The lateral expansions of the snout then decrease (in
transverse section) to simple processes in which the raphe is
barely visible and then disappears. They spring from a
thick mass of hypoderm marked by certain Jarge areole, and
which gradually diminishes dorsally until the middle line is
reached. A slender neck of hypoderm proceeds downward
along the now slightly projecting process beneath the ex-
pansion, and then enlarges to form a bulbous ventral mass,
which contains the nerve-cord with its neural canal (situated
externally). It then becomes continuous, by a narrow strip,
with the buccal region. The expansion soon shrinks to a
blunt process, and the hypodermic band between the dorsal
and ventral regions elongates. The ventral hypoderm also
increases and its cuticular investment is thicker. At the
oiigin of the tentacles the hypoderm of the snout forms an
arch over their base, the outer edge being thick, while the
inner part of the arch is more translucent. In some views
it simulates an aperture.
Behind the oral region the hypoderm still forms a com-
plete ring. A narrow arch occurs over the dorsum, but it
widens at each side and at intervals runs into the lateral
lamelle, which, with the exception of the delicate cuticular
investment, are almost wholly formed of this tissue. A
somewhat thick layer courses down the lateral region and
424 Prof. MIntosh on the
over the longitudinal ventral muscle—on the ventral surface
of which it increases in depth,—to protect the nerve-trunk
situated in the hollow next the oblique muscle. The layer
then gradually diminishes toward the middle line, and,
passing over, follows the same arrangement on the opposite
side. The neural canal now lies on the ventral aspect of the
nerve-trunk. The thick layer on the lateral dorsal regions
has the hypodermic fibres directed upward and outward,
while the fibres in the ventral masses at the nerve-trunks
pass outward and downward. ‘The hypodermic nerve-area
soon becomes quite ventral in position, and the neural canal
is inferior and internal to the nerve. The latter is further
protected by a thicker layer of cuticle than that on the
dorsum. Just below the inferior bristle-bundles (at the
lower edge of the attachment of the oblique muscle) a rather
constant fold of the hypoderm and cuticle occurs from the
fourth to about the eighth segment, and in transverse sections
a space (or canal) appears in the hypoderm. The granular
matter next the basement-tissue is also increased at this
point.
The chief change that ensues in the anterior region of the
body is the gradual diminution of the hypodermic area
between the nerve-cords. The neural canals, leaving the
latter, glide inward to the middle line, first getting under
the convex bellies of the transverse muscles and then uniting
in the centre. The nerves still occupy a position on each
side under the point of attachment of the vertical and oblique
muscles. In regard to the disposition of the other parts
of the hypoderm it may be meutioned that besides the
increase at the nerve-cords, other thickenings occur at the
opposite points of the dorsal region in the preparations (viz.
at the dorsal end of the vertical muscular band). The
shortening and diminution of the transverse ventral muscle
toward the posterior end of the region permit the nerve-cords
to approach each other; indeed, little hypoderm is left
between them around the median (neural) canal. In the
ninth segment the dorsal hypoderm is divided into a narrow
layer over the muscles and the two great dorsal lamelle.
That on the lateral wall of the body has diminished in
depth, but the ventral hypoderm is not much altered. Then
the great infero-lateral lamellae oceupy the body-wall, and
confine the ventral hypoderm to a narrower area. Finally,
the dorsal layer diminishes in thickness and spreads outward,
so as to inaugurate the condition of the posterior region,
which consists of a very thin firm granular layer of hypo-
derm over the dorsal longitudinal muscles, with a deeper
Structure of Magelona. 425
wedge in the middle line, and a slightly broader region at
the sides where it joins the lamella. The lateral wall has a
better marked, and in the preparations a loosely cellular,
belt (due to the escape of the bacillary corpuscles), while
the ventral is denser and somewhat broader. The nerves
have now come so close togetier that the neural canal is
thrust beneath them. The fibres of the hypoderm slant
downward and inward beneath the neural canal on each side
in contraction. The cuticle is very thin over the lateral
regions, somewhat thicker on the dorsal aspect, and compa-
ratively dense over the nerve-area.
Toward the posterior end this coat forms a very thin layer
over the dorsal and ventral longitudinal muscles, widening
at the outer edge of each to join the thicker lateral hypoderin
in which bacillary cells abound. On each side of the sub-
neural canal there is an increase in breadth, but the median
dorsal wedge is insignificant. Near the tip of the tail,
again, the neural hypoderm is somewhat larger and passes
further outward ; that on the lateral regions also stretches
further upward and downward, and abounds in large bacillary
cells. The neural canal disappears toward the tip of the
tail.
The tapering tail ends in an intermediate rounded portion
and two lateral cirri, as in certain other members of the
Spionidz. ach of the latter processes has a thin covering
of cuticle, the rest being hypodermic tissue, the cells or
glands being arranged in a somewhat regular manner, espe-
cially along the posterior border, where they pass from the
cuticle downward and inward. The cells are flask-shaped or
fusiform and contain granules and bacilli. The hypoderm
of the cirri blends smoothly into the rounded intermediate
portion.
The description of the lateral lamella (which are two on
each side) falls under this head. Each of these (to take, for
example, the fourth or fifth behind the ninth bristle-bundles)
has a delicate cuticular investment, the interior being
formed by hypodermic tissue. At the base of the lamella
is a group of simple bristles (formerly mentioned) which
apparently serves to strengthen the pedicle. In certain views
a channel appears in the latter, but no fluid has been seen
therein, neither is there a vascular coil in the process.
During life considerable contractions occur on the concave
side, where the striated muscular fibres lying within the
curve of the bristles of the process pass from the inferior
margin of the upper lamella to the body-wall, and then turn
outward to the upper border of the inferior process.
426 Prof. M‘Intosh on the
In the anterior region the dorsal lamell, as usually seen
from the dorsum, are larger than the inferior and somewhat
more translucent. In front of the insertion of the bristles
is a pad of cuticle and hypoderm. While the inferior
lamella is smaller, its bristles are longer. The lamellze of
the ninth body-segment are very prominent, and between
them and the pads in front the bristles project. In the
posterior segments each forms a large fan-shaped process
extending from the body-wall, and a pad at the base bears
the hooks. In addition to the lamella there isa small conical
hypodermic papilla (which, in the living animal, at first sight
resembles the point of a spine) at the inner side of each row
of hooks. Toward the tail they assume a filiform appear-
ance, and in section their structure approaches that of the
caudal cirri.
In minute structure the hypoderm very much resembles
the cutis of the Nemerteans, presenting under pressure a
series of flask-shaped cells or glands, from which the contents
often escape in the form of clear and granular globules.
Moreover, it contains a vast number of bacillary cells or
glands, the structures being slightly acted on by water, which
are found abundantly in the snout, cover for the most part
the entire anterior region, and besides being continuous
along the sides in the posterior region, form a band across
the body behind each row of hooks. They are very con-
spicuous in the caudal region.
Most of the so-called granular glands or cells, indeed,
seem to be bacillary cells. The appearance of the latter
varies according to position, for when seen on end each
appears to be granular, while a lateral view exhibits the rod-
like bacillary bodies. These organs are soon destroyed by
pressure and are not well seen in most spirit-preparations.
They are best observed in living or fresh animals in sea-
water, are common in the Spionide, and are termed by
M. Claparéde bacilliparous glands. When pressure is made
on the posterior end of a fresh specimen the enormous
numbers of these cells and bodies is remarkable, and the
latter often form stellate groups on piercing the cuticle.
Many of the cells contain pigment and others a large clear
globule.
In the tentacles are a number of small but distinctly
granular hypodermic cells, which form rows in the contracted
state between the rugz of the cuticle, at the base, below the
papillose margin.
A hypodermic process (like a short conical tentacle)
Structure of Magelona. 427
projected from the edge of the snout in a specimen apparently
undergoing repair after injury *.
II. Tae Muscuvar System.
Head.—The muscular system of the snout consists of a
median and a lateral pair of longitudinal muscles.
The median form symmetrical muscles which stretch from
the tip of the snout (in advance of the lateral) to the mouth.
Viewed from above the fibres slant backward and inward
toward the middle line throughout the greater part of the
muscles; but after they separate posteriorly the direction of
the fibres is more nearly transverse—slanting from above
downward: and inward at a wide angle and as a boldly
marked series. If a transverse section be made at the very
tip of the snout, the area is hypodermic and cuticular, with
the exception of two small oval regions representing the
attachments of these muscles, which are widely separated by
a hypodermic wedge. The latter gradually diminishes, so
that by-and-by the section of the central muscles has the
aspect of a pair of spectacles, the muscles forming the eyes
and the nasal bridge being represented by the chitinous
connecting-bar, which is continuous with the investment of
each muscle.
As the chitinous basement-tissue just mentioned is of
considerable functional importance in the snout, it may be
well to describe its arrangement before proceeding further
with the muscles with which it is intimately associated. As
indicated, the chitinous supports in this region of the snout
form for each muscle a complete investment, which, more-
over, is connected with its fellow by a median bar; while
from the outer edge of the chitinous rim a thin lamella passes
outward to the tip of the hypodermic expansion, and there-
fore represents the claspers or limbs of the spectacles (in
transverse section). By-and-by (proceeding backward) a
* In these days of elaborate instrumental aids it is well to mention
that, though the majority of such appliances were at command, nothing
better has been found than the following simple method of examining
the structure of such forms in the prepared state:—The specimens are
placed in absolute alcohol, fitted to very fine corks, again immersed with
the latter in alcohol, cut in the hand with a keen razor, and mounted in
chloride of calcium. Dexterity will not, as a rule, enable the observer to
make trustworthy researches on badly prepared examples of the Annelida.
If the tissues are so soft that the pressure of the thin glass cover injures
them, it is sometimes convenient to mount them with a very fine section
of the cork in a suitable position,
428 Prof. M‘Intosh on the
second chamber is formed by a loop which adjoins the lateral
and inferior part of the former and surrounds the tip of the
blood-vessels, as well as inferiorly the origin of the lateral
muscles. It is from this anterior loop that the chitinous
lamella of the lateral expansion originates. By the gradual
coalescence of the inner margins of the chitinous rings of
the median muscles their outline in transverse section
resembles a figure of eight; and the lateral loop forms quite
as large a chamber appended to each side. Coalescence of
the chitinous basement-tissue goes on rapidly, so that a
figure resembling a crown is next formed by the investment
of the central muscles. Dorsally is a gently convex arch,
which dips downward at the median line to join the strong
vertical partition, and curves downward externally at the
poiut of junction with the outer wall of the external chamber
and the intermediate septum. The latter passes downward
and inward to meet the short ventral (chitinous) floor, which
in the preparations is slightly drawn upward, where it unites
with the vertical septum. The external loop is large and
rounded, but is thinner than the investment of the central
muscle. It joins the transverse floor at the junction of the
external septum, and on each side encloses the external
muscle and the special space for the blood-vessels, which lie
on the septum between it and the inner chamber. The
crown-like arrangement of the chitinous basement-tissue is
retained throughout the greater part of the snout, though, by
the increase of the lateral chamber and the change in position
of the vascular area, the appearances around it are somewhat
altered. The median and the lateral septa and the transverse
ventral plate are the strongest portions of the chitinous
apparatus. The investment of the outer compartment and
the loop enclosing the vascular area are thin.
When the ventral hypodermic tissue in front of the mouth
attains considerable depth, the median sulcus of the chitinous
crown superiorly is much increased by the shortening of the
septum; and by-and-by the figure-of-eight shape is again
assumed, the lateral septum being almost horizontal
throughout the middle third, over the vascular area, which
now projects inferiorly in its special chitinous investment.
Both chambers are sensibly diminished, and finally the
median separate to form with the lateral a figure of eight in
transverse section on each side of the central hypoderm.
The chitinous ring for the central muscle is irregularly round
and has a firm loop for the vessels attached inferiorly, while
the outer still gives off the lateral lamella. Then the
chitinous investment of the vessels moves to the inner and
Structure of Magelona. 429
inferior margin of the central muscular area, and sends a
bar to meet its fellow of the opposite side. The chitinous
supports of the vascular area and the septa between the
muscular spaces are strong. Lastly, the median muscular
investment disappears, leaving, about the origin of the
tentacles, only the external chamber, which sends a process
outward to the base of the tentacle, and another from the
same point to join the ventral cuticle ; while between these
hie the hypodermic nerve-area and the neural canal (supe-
riorly and externally). The chitinous investment does not
closely surround the external muscle, but, sending its lower
bar upward and inward, a considerable space is by-and-by
formed, Thereafter the chitinous layer is continued back-
ward as the external support of the muscle, and may for the
present be left.
The chitinous basement-system thus constitutes a kind of
endo skeleton for the entire snout, giving, with the cuticle,
firmness to the organ in its ceaseless thrusts into the sand,
supporting its muscles, and confining their action (in lieu of
a circular coat) to the most favourable lines, and with its
flexible plates—even more than the beams of a ship—lending
the necessary power of resistance to the yielding tissues of
the snout and protecting the blood-vessels. Moreover, the
continuity between the base of the tentacles and the chitinous
support of the ventral longitudinal muscles gives a com-
pleteness to the system which most admirably adapts the
whole anterior region for its special functions.
It is found—to continue the account of the median longi-
tudinal muscles—that they are not simple bands, but, as
might be inferred from their chitinous investment and the
arrangement of the fibres, they act to a certain extent
obliquely as well as longitudinally. Before the appearance
of the lateral muscles at the tip of the snout, and when the
spectacle-hke arrangement of the pair exists in transverse
section, each consists of a thick dorsal arch of fibres, which
proceeds a short distance downward at each end, while the
ventral part of the chamber is occupied by granular tissue.
The muscular fasciculi are nearly linear and slant from
above downward, with varying degrees of obliquity according
to the condition of the preparation. When the spaces
assume the form of a crown, fasciculi pass from the arch
nearly at right angles; others extend from the upper part
of the median septum downward and inward. Moreover,
the outer fasciculi from the external septum join the larger
which pass to the bottom, then curve inward along the
ventral chitinous floor, and meet the descending fasciculi at
430 Prof. M‘Intosh on the
the median septum. The histological characters of the lower
half just described differ from the superior, in so far as the
whole section is more granular and the striz less distinct ;
indeed, in most views it presents a glandular appearance
with numerous concentrically arranged striz. Soft cellular
substance generally fills up the space in the centre. When
the crown-like appearance in section has attained full
development, the muscle in each central space is most
bulky internally, and the fasciculi from the median septum
extend further downward, the arrangement having a some-
what pennate appearance. Before the separation of these
chambers occurs (7. e. when they have assumed the form of a
figure of eight) the muscle occupies about three-fourths of
the diminished area, passing from the upper half of the short
median septum, and extending past the junction of the
external chamber superiorly. The direction of the muscular
fasciculi is also more horizontal—except at the outer or
superior border,—and the cellular or glandular tissue is much
less. The latter becomes still more diminished, and the
fasciculi in the nearly circular area are directed downward
and inward, the most conspicuous occupying the middle.
Finally the muscle ceases in ordinary sections in a line with
the tentacles. The median muscles are thus confined
entirely to the snout, and, from their relations with the
chitinous environment, act in various ways on the flattened
organ. ‘The presence of the cellular or glandular tissue
within the same sheath and its changes in those bearing the
lateral organs are also noteworthy. The whole tissues of the
snout, indeed, sympathize with such changes, for the muscles
become less firm and more granular, the chitinous supports
less distinct, and the blood-vessels, as will be seen afterwards,
shrink to short trunks about a third their ordinary length.
The lateral muscles of the snout take origin anteriorly a
little behind the former, gradually widen imto broad ribbon-
shaped bands, then become narrower toward the mouth, and
are continued backward as the ventral longitudinal muscles
of the body-wall. Their fibres are chiefly longitudinal in
direction, and in partial contraction the muscles in the snout
assume a barred appearance at the outer margins—the bars
or ridges slanting from without inward and slightly back-
ward. Careful examination in the fresh specimen also
reveals a series of very fine transverse fibres, which, from
the triangular region in front of the mouth to the anterior
third, slant forward and outward. In general arrangement
these muscles present in the snout certain well-marked
differences from their subsequent structure. In front each
Structure of Magelona,. 431
at first appears in transverse section as a small band, lying
chiefly below the median muscle, and having the vascular
area superiorly and externally. When the crown-shaped
arrangement of the central muscles occurs, the external (or
lateral) have attained a somewhat larger size, and their five
parallel fasciculi in section are placed in a concentric
manner round the chitinous loop. Each muscle therefore
forms a hollow process in the snout, and in the fresh
specimen, under compression, granules and cells rush to and
fro in the median space. ‘lhe latter, in the preparations,
holds lax cellulo-granular tissue—also somewhat conceutri-
cally arranged. The septum between it and the median
muscle is, for the most part, occupied by the vascular area
and presents no fasciculi, so that the muscle thus has the
form of the letter U, the thickest mass occurring superiorly,
and the thinnest at the curve of the U externally. At the
tip of the U superiorly the fasciculi are directed downward
and outward, and inferiorly upward and more obliquely
outward. Proceeding backward the area of the muscle
Jargely increases, chietly toward the ventral surface, but the
general direction of its fasciculi is the same. Before the
separation of the muscles in front of the mouth the area,
again, considerably diminishes, especially in regard to the
lax central tissue. Immediately after the separation, the
gap caused by the passage of the vessels under the central
area is filled by the latter tissue, and the limbs of the U
approach each other more closely at the tip, but they do not
unite. In a line with the base of the tentacles the small
rounded area of each lateral muscle in section is almost
entirely occupied by the fasciculi, which are nearly horizontal
in direction, the upper, however, inclining downward and
the inferior upward. There is now a tendency toward a
ventral position, the superior curve of the muscle disappearing
and the inner ventral region increasing in size. Behind the
tentacles it is almost vertical, with the fasciculi for the most
part directed transversely, the convex chitinous support
being external—its superior edge running into the base-
ment-tissue under the dorsal hypoderm ; while the inferior
border terminates at the insertion of the oblique muscle (in
this region vertical) which forms its inner border and shuts
it in a special compartment. In the concavity of the
muscle is still found a little of the lax cellulo-granular tissue.
The muscle gradually enlarges and moves downward so as to
get beneath the bristles and toward the infero-lateral region.
About the ninth body-segment it becomes chiefly ventral
in position, then rapidly diminishes in size at this segment,
432 Prof. M‘Intosh on the
and is wholly ventral, though with the same immediate
relations, viz., the external (now ventral) chitinous layer,
and internally the fibres of the oblique muscle. In the
fresh specimen the rapid diminution and increase of each
muscle and the perfect continuity of the fibres are well
shown. Thereafter it rapidly enlarges and approaches the
middle line, assuming an ovoid form in transverse section—
the deepest fasciculi being in the middle. On attaining full
development in the posterior region, the size exceeds that of
the dorsal, the fasciculi slanting from the summit of the
nerve near the median line outward to the attachment of the
external vertical muscle. The outline in the preparations
(transverse sections) is convex inferiorly—an approach to
the condition observed at the commencement of the anterior
region of the body. It still has a very thin chitinous in-
vestment externally, and the oblique muscle bounds it
internally, except the ova distend the body-wall and separate
them. Toward the tip of the tail a considerable diminution
takes place before its termination.
In the ordinary condition of the snout, as well as during
the development of the peculiar organs on the sides of the
body, a granular fluid is observed oscillating (under com-
pression) in the interior of both cephalic muscles (median
and lateral). The detached globules (which roll about)
seem to be associated especially with the changes and altered
nutrition of the reproductive period, and occur throughout
the whole extent of the muscular cavity.
After the separation of the central muscles of the snout
the conspicuous hypodermic fibres already described occur
in both dorsal and ventral regions. Such are probably
elastic, and are connected functionally with the great central
vascular region. They form a somewhat radiate arrange-
ment around the ventral space inferiorly. Posterior to the
fibres just mentioned are a series of muscular fibres, which
subdivide the great vascular area—wide in the middle and
narrow at the ends in transverse section. They form a
powerful transverse muscle connecting the inferior ends of
the external chitinous septa (between the central and
external muscles) and the inferior borders of the former
area. The space is further divided by a series of strong
fibres which pass from the centre and sides of the roof
downward to the ventral chamber, where they spread out,
forming intersecting bands. As the central muscle of the
snout rapidly disappears in this region, the transverse
muscular plate is attached at each side to the somewhat
angular inner border of the chitinous investment of the
. Structure of Magelona. 433
lateral (external) muscle ; and it is clear that this powerful
band is the chief agent in narrowing the snout from side to
side. Proceeding backward it is found to increase in
strength, while the vertical fibres in the inferior space
diminish (a few occurring laterally). Then a stronger
vertical series, springing from the middle of the chitinous
arch superiorly—between two lateral channels—and spreading
out in a fan-like manner through the powerful transverse
plate above mentioned, reaches the ventral hypoderm with
its base and obliterates the inferior space. The two muscles
are evidently antagonistic in action, and their important
functions in connection with the vascular system may be
further exemplified by contrasting specimens in which the
region is contracted with those in which it is largely dilated.
‘he inner wall of the chamber being composed of elastic
chitinous tissue, very great expansion is permitted. In
longitudinal sections the transverse muscle is well seen in
its space just in front of the mouth, with the vessels at its
upper border. The space or cavity is comparatively short
(antero-posteriorly) ; indeed, it is confined to the pre-oral
region. Further, the vertical fibres from the chitinous
superior arch seem to meet over the transverse muscle and
send bundles in front of and behind it—the latter being the
stronger. The fibres of the vertical muscle are attached to
a chitinous plate, which springs from the anterior border of
the superior transverse muscle, beneath which the dorsal
blood-vessels pass. The latter muscle in some preparations
is narrow and deep in the middle, and spreads out at each
side.
The next muscles that come under notice are the longi-
tudinal dorsal, which, when viewed from above, take origin
between the forks of the chitinous process over the mouth as
narrow ribbons, widen till about the sixth set of bristles,
then diminish to the ninth, and again spread out thereafter.
In section they are found to commence in front of the
vascular space as two small slips surrounded by the usual
chitinous basement-tissue situated over the transverse
muscle. They then pass below the latter, increase in size,
and form the superior arch of the chamber for the dorsal
blood-vessel. Proceeding backward they gradually extend
outward and enlarge—the deepest part of each being toward
the middle of the muscle, and the thinnest near the mesial
line, where a raphe occurs. Externally is the hypodermic
basement-tissue, internally (in the median line) the dorsal
blood-vessel and the cesophagus at the sides; laterally each
abuts on the origin of the external lateral muscle. Toward
Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 8. Vol. vii. 2g
A34 Prof. M‘Intosh on the .
the ninth body-segment each muscle diminishes to an
irregularly rounded area situated over the dorsal blood-
vessel, the two muscles in the preparations being about as
broad as the constricted intestinal canal of the region. Then
a strong series of obligue fibres appears beneath, and, indeed,
they are circumscribed by muscles all round, This narrow
part merges into the greatly increased dorsal longitudinal
muscles of the next segment. ‘Thereafter the two large
muscles are at first separated by an intermediate hypo-
dermic process, which passes downward to the apex of the
oblique muscle and the alimentary and vascular systems
beneath; then a simple sulcus is left, from which the
fasciculi in transverse section pass off in a pennate manner.
The latter arrangement forms a projecting portion which
impinges on the septum between the dorsal blood-vessels.
The fasciculi of the other parts of each muscle resemble
those of the ventral. By-and-by the median pennate region
becomcs very distinct and regular, though less separated
from the general body of the muscle. In the centre is the
chitmous septum, which is attached to the plate between
the dorsal blood-vessels ; while from each side of the former
the fasciculi proceed in a nearly horizontal manner, except
at the lower fourth, where they incline downward like a
brush, and their fibres become more evidently striated. The
pennate arrangement continues toward the posterior end,
near which the fasciculi are deepest next the middle line of
the dorsum ; but it disappears before the termination of the
muscle, a section near the tep of the tail presenting a simple
ovoid appearance.
The advent of the mouth ushers in considerable changes,
which may be taken in series according to their position in
the body-wall from before backward—in transverse section.
In the dorsal hypoderm the section of the small longitudinal
muscle appears on each side of the middle line, resting on a
narrow tiansverse muscle which spreads out at each end
over the vascular trunks to the tentacle. It has in the
middle line inferiorly a central projection to which the
vertical fibres of the space formerly alluded to are attached.
On each side of the median line, beneath the transverse
muscle, is a continuation of the nerve-centre. The muscle
is intimately associated with the functions of the oral and
post-oral regions, attaining great development for a con-
siderable distance, and then, as the longitudinal dorsal
increase in magnitude, disappearing from the central region.
Just over the origin of the nerve-trunks from the cephalic
mass, the muscle forms a continuous transverse band,
~
Structure of Magelona. 435
stretching from a chitinous origin at the inner surface of the
hypoderm, at a point over the longitudinal ventral muscles,
to a similar attachment on the opposite side. In contraction
it usually presents a double fusiform appearance—pointed
externally, and narrowed at the middle line under the
longitudinal muscles. The tentacular blood-vessels seem to
pass between it and the longitudinal ventral in this region.
While the external terminations of the muscle immediately
become simplified by attachment to the upper end of the
chitinous support (which becomes continuous with the
dorsal hypodermic basement-tissue) of the longitudinal
ventral (at this point lateral) muscle, the central region is
rendered complex by the gradual increase of the dorsal
longitudinal muscle, which causes the fibres to bend down-
wards *, Thus a narrow band of the vertical muscle passes
over the outer edge of the median longitudinal, and a strong
belt of the dorsal transverse separates them from the blood-
vessel beneath. A vertical slip of fibrous tissue passes from
the hypoderm to the roof of the chamber for the dorsal
vessels, between the longitudinal muscles. Thereafter the
latter descend entirely beneath the transverse muscle, and a
chitinous band separates the fibres in the middle line. The
course of the muscle under the hypodermic basement-tissue
and its insertion are similar, and it is pierced by the fibres
of the oblique. Further backward the distance between the
dorsal origins of the muscle greatly increases, until on each
side its divisions are thrust into a dorso-lateral and then
a lateral position, while the fibres are correspondingly
shortened. Toward the ninth body-segment, while the
longitudinal dorsal aud ventral muscles decrease in bulk,
that Just mentioned is much enlarged, stretching on each
side as a broad and powerful mass over the whole dorso-
lateral and lateral regions. At the ninth body-segment it is
still large, and its outer border seems to impinge on the
great bristle-wings. The increase in the size of the longi-
tudinal dorsal and ventral muscles in the posterior region
of the body, and their positions, render this muscle nearly
vertical and of considerable length on each side. It extends
from the hypodermic basement-tissue at the external border
of the dorsal muscle downward to the outer border of the
ventral and during the reproductive season is often greatly
stretched by the vast increase of the ova,
In the living animal the median fibres of the transverse
* Longitudinal sections show the fibres of this muscle passing over
the longitudinal dorsal very clearly, just before its separation by the
median chitinous raphe.
29%
436 Prof. M‘Intosh on the
dorsal muscle are seen from the anterior border of the
mouth to a little behind the tentacular bases. Moreover,
a thin but distinct layer of circular fibres envelops the
body-wall—after its complete formation—beneath the hypo-
dermic basement-tissue, It is continuous to the posterior
end of the worm.
In the space occurring on each side of the mouth, and
which is in connection with the great vascular chamber,
are a series of vertical muscular fibres, proceeding from the
dorsum and attached in the first instance to the upper border
of the buecal mucous tissue. They occupy the region
between the longitudinal ventral muscle and the latter, and
probably act as retractors of the tissue. The fibres soon
increase in strength, and occupy the whole of the somewhat
triangular area between the longitudinal muscle laterally
and a line drawn from its inferior curve to the dorsal median
line. The fan-shaped mass of fibres converges to pass the
longitudinal muscle, but beimg connected with the pro-
boscis their insertion is not observed so readily ; though in
extrusion of the latter organ they are seen to bend .over
into it and become attached, chiefly at the external aspect.
In the latter condition of the proboscis the fibres anteriorly
assume, for the most part, a vertical direction, and, as it were,
bound laterally the great mass of longitudinal muscular
fibres which are placed next the inner border in the extruded
organ. Then (proceeding backward) it is noticed that some
of the outer vertical fibres, which pass down from the
dorsum close by the ventral longitudinal muscle, become
attached to the chitinous continuation of its inferior
boundary, and thus cease to extend into the extruded
proboscis. Further, the fan-shaped mass of fibres is split
into two by the intervention of the blood-channel. Many
of the fibres still pass into the proboscis, but they soon cease
to do so, and are fixed to the chitinous plate above mentioned,
in company with the great transverse ventral muscle. The
latter is attached to the ventral aspect of the chitinous base-
ment-tissue, and therefore probably acts in opposition to
the fan-shaped vertical series. From the extensive con-
nection of the latter with the dorsal region, and the strength
of the transverse ventral muscle, almost the whole body-
cavity will be firmly compressed during their contraction
and the proboscis expelled.
The interposition of the blood-channel in the great fan-
shaped anterior muscle—already noticed—separates it into
a vertical and an oblique division, The vertical fibres
spring from the common origin at the outer border of the
:
Structure of Magelona. 437
longitudinal dorsal and the region external to it, and pass
obliquely downward to be inserted at the inner border of the
ventral. The oblique arise from the wide region between
the upper (external) border of the longitudinal ventral
upward to the superior lateral region, and the fibres extend
downward to the outer part of the common insertion—close
to the inner border of the longitudinal muscle. Shortly
after their attachment, as described, to the basement-tissue,
the arrangement of both is somewhat interfered with by the
very large fasciculi which pass transversely outward from
the sides of the alimentary canal to the body-wall (in the
extruded state of the proboscis). The fibres of the oblique,
again, at this part seem to run superiorly into the largely
increased lateral vertical. Immediately behind, the vertical
appears as a nearly cylindrical muscle (in transverse
vertical section), and the vascular channel lies between it
and the oblique. Masses of the great fasciculi (from the
alimentary canal) still occur at the superior and inferior
attachments of the vertical muscles, and probably represent
the retractor muscles of that part of the pharyngeal region
which is thrust into the proboscis. By the gradual passage
of the longitudinal ventral muscle downward, the inferior
fibres of the oblique become more horizontal, and both
vertical and oblique muscles attain great development
throughout the entire anterior region of the body, so
as to act as powerful compressors, while their elongation
and contraction directly affect the blood-channels between
them. On approaching the ninth body-segment the lower
fibres of the oblique are nearly horizontal, and both this
muscle and the vertical are large; indeed, as the dorsal and
ventral longitudinal muscles diminish in bulk, the former
increase. Immediately in front of the last-mentioned seg—
ment the relations of the muscles are unchanged. It is then
noticed that a series of muscular fibres arise from the
superior insertion of the vertical, outward along the whole
upper arch of the body, and, indeed, to a point considerably
below the upper tibres of the oblique. These by-and-by
form a powerful fan-shaped mass sweeping continuously
from the raphe at the dorsal longitudinal muscle, and at
first even extending over the latter, to the edge of the
longitudinal ventral inferiorly, and converging to the raphe
at its inner border. In some preparations fibres are observed
to pass into the transverse ventral muscle so as to form a
continuous band. The direction of the fibres of this great
muscular expansion is not straight or vertical, but they
curve from before backward, as well as from above down-
438 Prof. M‘Intosh on the
ward and inward. The foregoing arrangement thus holds
the whole body-cavity in control, and, like the complex
muscles of the vertebrate heart, must materially aid the
blood-vessels in propelling the blood forward into the
anterior region and in keeping it there—during the con-
traction of the other muscles of the part—by firm closure of
the channel of communication. Its importance, therefore,
in regard to the functions of the proboscis is apparent.
With the diminution and atrophy of the transverse
ventral muscles over the nerve-cords in the posterior region,
the vertical and oblique also coincide, so that by-and-by
only a few slender fasciculi of each remain—stretched from
the dorsal raphe in the case of the vertical and the lateral
wall in the oblique, to the atrophied transverse on each side
of the ventral blood-vessel. Toward the extremity, again,
both become well developed, the oblique spreading from
the outer part of the arch over the nerve-cord upward and
outward in a fan-like manner to the body-wall; while the
vertical extend from the median part of the arch outward
and then upward to the exterior of the dorsal longitudinal
muscles.
As soon as the under lip of the animal becomes continuous
beneath the extruded proboscis, a series of transverse fibres
pass—from the raphe at the inner side of each longitudinal
ventral muscle—quite across the body, and thus form a very
efficient expulsive system, as well as a barrier to return after
extrusion. It is probably this muscle which is observed in
the living animal, after expulsion of the proboscis, stretched
as a very strong transverse band or arch between the bases
of the tentacles, apparently blocking (with the pre-oral,
transverse and vertical) the passage of blood forward into
the cephalic contractile space, and forming an abutment
against the posterior part of the vascular sinus behind the
triangular region. When the animal is viewed from the
ventral surface (the proboscis being withdrawn) the fibres
pass right across the body-wall in front of the first bristle-
bundles. Behind the latter they become somewhat indistinct,
but at the third pair they are very evident—extending in-
ward and slightly backward to the central raphe. They are
broad in front and gradually diminish toward the posterior
end of the region. This ventral transverse muscle continues
for some distance backward as a powerful layer, and then
presents a chitinous raphe in the median line, so as to form
two muscles. Throughout the anterior region the latter
stretch from the common raphe externally to the ventral
median line, under the hypoderm, and they are sometimes
Structure of Magelona. 439
shortly fusiform or almost baccate in contraction, especially
toward the termination of the region, the median ventral
sulcus being very deep. At the ninth body-segment many of
the fibres, as formerly noticed in connection with the great
fan-shaped muscle of the part, seem to pass right across the
median septum, from one muscle to the other. They
diminish much immediately thereafter, so that at the com-
mencement of the greenish intestine in the next segment
only their form is indicated by two small swellings on the
band between the longitudinal ventral muscles. Finally,
the chitinous band into which they degenerate separates the
ventral blood-vessel from the nerve-cords, and externally
gives attachment to the vertical and oblique muscles. ‘This
double-bellied condition of the atrophied remnant of the
transverse muscle is continued to the posterior end of the
worm—little more than the chitinous tissue (which in front
supported the muscle) being left.
The muscular arrangements of the anterior region of the
body render the presence of dissepiments uunecessary, so
that the first occurs at the commencement of the posterior
division, and they are continued in each segment to the tail.
Each forms a muscular screen situated a short distance
behind the lamellae and hooks, and, while permitting the
passage of the perivisceral fluid, serves to support the
intestine and the blood-vessels.
The bristle-muscles are on the whole feebly developed and
somewhat indistinct, but they seem to agree with those in
allied forms. The roots of the superior bristles of the
anterior region pass obliquely inward to the upper part of
the vascular space between the vertical and oblique muscles,
and the special slips radiate outward to the hypoderm. The
roots of the inferior, again, abut on the upper part of the
hollow of the ventral longitudinal muscle. Their special
slips follow asimilar arrangement. Those of the ninth body-
segment have homologous relations with surrounding parts,
but they form a much larger fan-shaped transverse series,
the diminution of the dorsal and ventral longitudinal muscles
affording ample space for their expansion. In the posterior
region of the body the great increase of the longitudinal
muscles just mentioned causes the hooks to assume a more
or less vertical position. Their muscles are similar to those
moving the anterior bristles ; and as they are on elevated
hypodermic processes continuous with the lamelli, both are
probably acted on thereby.
The foregoing muscular system enables the animal to
perforate the moist sand with great rapidity, as well as to
440 Prof. M‘Intosh on the
swim freely in the water in a wriggling manner ; indeed,
when fresh, its vivacity is remarkable.
III. Tue Dicestive System.
The mouth opens at the base of the flattened snout as a
somewhat triangular or T-shaped slit surrounded by lips of
mucous membrane, and situated between or very slightly in
front of the bases of the tentacles. The anterior lip is
sinuous but complete, while inferiorly is a wide fissure
(bounded laterally by prominent margins) which runs a
considerable distance backward. The lips are very mobile,
and in life frequently expand to gulp water, a feature
common in the Spionidz, but of importance, in relation to
the blood-channels in the neighbourhood, in this form.
The alimentary region behind the mouth is somewhat
complex, and may be divided into pharynx, proboscis,
cesophagus, and intestine. In using these terms, however,
no special weight is placed on them, though it is probable
that the barred region of the pharynx is homologous with
the proventriculus of the Syllide and others; while the
cesophageal division may consist of gullet and ventricule
combined. In the retracted condition of the proboscis the
general arrangement is as follows :—The buccal leads into a
pharyngeal division, which is thrown into numerous prominent
rugze, especially posteriorly, and it is further characterized by
the muscularity of its walls. To this region is appended the
protrusible proboscis in a manner afterwards to be explained.
Behind the pharyngeal is the cesophageal division, which
continues to the ninth body-segment and terminates in the
intestinal region proper.
It has already been noticed that the hypodermic tissue of
the ventral surface of the snout becomes greatly hyper-
trophied in the median region throughout a considerable area
in front of the mouth. It is especially deep anterior to the
space for the transverse muscle, and at the space may fairly
be said to assume the lax translucent character distinctive of
the alimentary modification. In longitudinal sections the
point of separation is recognized by the thinness of the
cuticle. Externally is a distinct layer of transparent chiti-
nous tissue continuous with, though much thinner than, the
cuticle, then a series of granular and rather translucent
gland-cells between the former and the basement-tissue.
The buccal folds occupy a large area in protrusion of the
proboscis at the point of separation of the dorsal transverse
muscle, and they are somewhat symmetrically arranged.
Structure of Magelona. 441
The centre superiorly and the sides near the ventral surface
inferiorly are marked with brownish pigment. This buccal
region, indeed, may be defined as that lying between the
oral aperture in front and the great vertical muscle posteriorly,
the latter, moreover, corresponding to the anterior attach-
ment of the dorsal wall of the proboscis. It has its ventral
margin for the most part open and only completed in the
living animal by the approximation of the included proboscis,
or the closure of its own walls. The buccal mucous tissue
is not extruded to any extent ; that behind is. To the sides
of the buecal region are attached various muscular bands,
which probably retract the buccal flaps or lips during the
extrusion of the proboscis. The anterior buccal tissue,
further, is pulled upon by a series of horizontal fibres which
come from the anterior part of the roof of the pre-oral
chamber in front. At the termination of this region is
superiorly a narrow arch of the buccal wall, upon which the
dorsal blood-vessel lies, and laterally two wide folds which
diminish at their outer and inferior angle, where they are
joined by the proboscidian wall.
The next or pharyngeal region begins at the junction of
the proboscidian wall above mentioned, and is further
characterized by the presence of a series of longitudinal
muscular fibres, which appear outside the basement-tissue of
the lateral regions. The outer margin of the glandular
layer has laterally a considerable breadth of finely granular
tissue, then the chitinous basement-substance, and externally
the layer of longitudinal fibres, which are entirely lateral in
position, 2. e. extending from the dorsal to the ventral curve
on each side. The canal at this point is much enlarged,
while inferiorly the broad glandular lining becomes thinner,
and merges into the chitinous coat of the proboscis, which,
near the junction, shows an incipient glandular layer in-
ternally. Further backward bands of strong oblique fibres
are attached to the inferior and outer region of the canal—
now completed. ‘These muscular bands are evidently the
retractors of the organ. Superiorly a narrow retractor is
inserted into the wall of the canal at the bend, a larger pair
occur laterally, and a similar pair at the ventral border (the
specimen had ejected its proboscis but not its pharynx).
The latter muscles pass transversely outward to be attached
to the great mass at the raphe above the longitudinal ventral
muscles. The dorsal region of the chamber still has a thin
arch of mucous tissue, while it is massive at the sides and
ventral region. A slender muscular band from the dorsal
raphe (at the side of the dorsal longitudinal) passes inward
442 Prof. M‘Intosh on the
to the arch of the canal. It is now noticed that the wall of
the pharynx is greatly thickened by muscular layers, which—
with the massive retractors—fill up a large part of the body-
cavity superiorly. The insertions of the great retractors in
the lateral regions are crossed by the circular fibres, which
extend from the superior fold (beneath the arch) of one side
to that of the opposite, thus forming a strong constricting
layer, very well marked inferiorly. External to the latter at
the ventral surface is a complex layer consisting of longi-
tudinal fibres mixed with a radiating series which pass from
the inner margin through the circular coat. Behind the
foregoing the attachment of the retractors to the superior
raphe is evident, the breadth of the circular layer is increased,
especially inferiorly, and the vertical series, which rad‘ate
downward through the latter, form a prominent mass—
striated with cross-fibres—inferiorly. The ventral region
or floor of the pharynx has again opened out into a less
compact and apparently a chitinous tissue. The structure
remains similar in the next section superiorly, but inferiorly
the mobile glandular region of the pharynx appears in the
middle of the great muscular mass, the sides and ventral
region being formed by a complex meshwork of muscular
fibres—longitudinal, oblique, and radiating—which connect
the inferior to the superior mass. In full development this
system shows a great central region of folded glandular
tissue, surrounded superiorly by the circular fibres and the
retractors, laterally and inferiorly by the densely interlaced
muscular fibres, those next the canal, however, being chiefly
circular in direction. The muscular envelope next diminishes
in thickness, and is confined for the most part to the lower
half of the canal. Within is the circular coat, which pro-
ceeds almost to the superior arch (in transverse section) ;
then inferiorly is a considerable belt of longitudinal fibres
with interfascicular substance. This coating descends lower
until it forms—for the somewhat specialized ventral floor
of the region—an inner strong circular band, and a radiated
mass (with longitudinal fibres) nearly as broad beneath, the
fibres passing vertically through the former to the glandular
border. This complex arrangement—diminishing to a mere
speck—finally disappears, and leaves the chamber surrounded
ouly by its proper walls, which at the termination of the
pharyngeal portion are a thick basement-tissue and an outer
layer of longitudinal and circular fibres. :
The pharyngeal region is interesting as containing that
portion of the canal which, to a greater or less extent, is
thrust into the proboscis in extreme extrusion, and the
Structure of Magelona. 443
special muscular arrangements well adapt it for such a
function. The exsertile portidn, forming a distinct fold,
occupies the dorsal region, and is characterized, in addition
to its muscular development, by having the inner surface of
its floor thrown into very prominent transverse ruge, which
in the uninjured animal appear externally as well-marked
bars. In extrusion a great curve takes place behind the
buccal region, downward and forward into the base of the
exserted proboscis ; yet, though the folds are boldly defined,
it is difficult to follow their windings, or to estimate their
exact relations with the parts in the retracted condition.
Further, it occasionally happens that the great muscular
plexus of the protrusible part is inverted, 7. e., is situated
dorsally instead of ventrally. The region supplied with the
well-marked muscular coat is much dilated in the interior of
the proboscis, and this special disposition will materially aid
in the withdrawal of the organ to its position in the body.
In longitudinal section the circular muscles of the pharyngeal
coat are observed to be clasped between the radiating series
in linear spaces, while the diverging form a very regularly
looped system of crossed fibres, which probably have a some-
what spiral arrangement (and the indistinctness of the
longitudinal fibres in transverse section would thus be
accounted for). The chief muscular retractor, attached
posteriorly to the superior raphe on each side, is well shown,
as is also a band of fibres from the latter raphe, which passes
backward for insertion at the anterior part of the extruded
organ, and which would pull it inward and forward in
retraction. Anteriorly, again, fibres proceed from the
anterior fold of the organ (ventrally) forward to the fold of
the buccal glandular tunic, where it joins the proboscis ; and
in the extrusion of that tissue the anterior region of the
pharynx would be pulled on, thus explaining, in all probability,
the inversion of the latter, which sometimes, as above
mentioned, shows its muscular coat superior in the extrudcd
region.
The expulsion of the proboscis is doubtless the primary
agent in the movement of this pharyngeal region, then
follow the dragging on the anterior part by the ventral
fibres and the action of the body-walls of the animal. In
withdrawal, again, its great retractors, and the contraction
of the expanded special coat, with its longitudinal, looped,
and other fibres, would suffice to bring it into position.
The Proboscis.
This organ in life is thrust out at somewhat regular
444 Prof. M‘Intosh on the
intervals, during the boring operations of the animal, as a
pinkish distensible sac, which, especially in partial extrusion,
often presents a most regularly rugose appearance. In
complete expulsion the general form is that of a reddish
apple marked with flattened ribs, which run from the deep
dimple at the apex to the base. At the upper part of the
protruded organ is a somewhat elongated conical smooth
portion, marked only by the fine longitudinal lines of the
retractor muscle and not by ribs. The blood chiefly occupies
the upper and middle regions, but this is due to position,
since there is no reason why it should not enter any hollow
portion of the extruded organ. Within the body of the
animal it forms a longitudinally folded sac continuous
anteriorly with the great transverse inferior lip, and placed
along the ventral region of the body-cavity, below the
digestive system. Posteriorly it ends in a cul de sac, to the
sides and termination of which the great muscular retractor
is attached. The upper and anterior fold, again, is con-
tinuous with the buccal mucous surface, so that in extrusion
au uninterrupted rim is found at the sides, while the centre
of the alimentary canal is blocked by the outward folds of
the pharynx, the protrusion of the proboscis being thus
inimical to swallowing ; indeed the functions of the organ
are not digestive.
In partial protrusion the proboscis under pressure presents
a series of somewhat radiated lines—due to the prominent
chitmous folds of its linmg membrane, in which no pores
have been made out. The fibres of the short and long
retractors spread out in the central region, and the organ is
crossed by the fibres of the circular coat. The fibres of the
short retractors, which pass from the dorsal raphe on each
side of the body-wall, expand in a fan-like manner, chiefly
at the basal part of the extruded organ, and therefore in the
retracted condition are connected with its anterior region ;
while the fibres of the long retractor spread over a wider
area, for the most part toward the outer part of the organ
in protrusion, and thus in retraction are attached to the
posterior region. In extreme protrusion it forms a large
flattened bag, which does not quite reach the tip of the
snout. Externally, and especially at the tip in extrusion, is
the dense chitinous coat, continuous with that of the mouth
superiorly, and with the cuticle at the transverse fold or
lower lip inferiorly: beneath is a streaked granular layer
homologous with the hypoderm of the body-wall; indeed,
continuous with it. In partial protrusion this coat follows
the previous in forming numerous elevated ridges and folds—
Structure of Magelona. 445
sometimes of a symmetrical appearance, especially if one
fold of the proboscis is included within another. A base-
ment layer succeeds the foregoing, and then a coat of circular
fibres, which attains its greatest development at the superior
or inner side (@. e., next the snout in extrusion) and especially
near the base. ‘There does not appear to be any special
longitudinal coat, other than the expansion of the long
retractor muscle on the walls near the extremity of the
extruded organ. At the latter region the thinner parts have
crossed fibres internally, an appearance probably due to the
commingling of the circular coat and the expanded fibres of
the long retractor. The latter forms a great muscular mass
which occupies the dorsal region of the organ in extrusion,
and therefore les under the digestive canal’ on approaching
the body-cavity. It then is included between the anterior
fan- -shaped retractors, which occupy the lateral region, and
thereafter proceeds along the ventral region of the body-
cavity to the termination of the anterior region. In traus-
verse section the muscle is divided into many large masses,
which are for the most part grouped in two divisions
superiorly, and a flattened band applied to the upper surface
of the transverse ventral muscle. The latter division—at
the point of differentiation of the transverse ventral into two
muscles—has become the most important, forming a compact
layer of elongated fasciculi (in section); while the other
divisions occupy the lateral regions in irregular masses and
in diminished bulk. Finally, behind the pharyngeal region
the lateral divisions disappear in the transverse sections—
probably by being attached to the superior raphe at each
side,—and only the ventral portion of the retractors remains
as a firm double muscle with symmetrically arranged fasci-
culi, situated in the central line over the transverse ventral.
As the muscle diminishes in bulk and approaches the central
line on each side, a firm granular mass is formed, first be-
neath it, then at each side from the vertical muscle inward,
and lastly above it—just before the fibres cease at the
ninth body-segment, and in front of the commencement of
the ventral blood-vessel. The importance of this muscle is
shown by its extensive connections, all of which could not
be readily destroyed at once, so as to interfere with the
boring.
The foregoing structure enables the functions of the
organ in the economy of the animal to be understood. By
its agency the annelid can bore almost continuously forward
in the sand and fashion a tunnel in which the more delicate
posterior part reposes in safety. The contraction of the
446 Prof. M‘Intosh on the
muscular anterior region of the body, and the relaxation of
its retractor muscles, cause the proboscis to yield readily to
the powerful stream of blood that is sent against it from
behind, and it smoothly unrolls outward from the transverse
margin of the lower lip like a very supple membrane, the
pinkish colour of the blood shining through the translucent
tissue. The extrusion goes on until the brownish mass of
the pharyngeal region of the digestive canal approaches the
front of the first body-segment, and sends the muscular coil
into the base of the proboscis, and partly under the long
retractor on its way to the tip—lke a plug,—assisting to
retain the blood therein and giving solidity to the whole
organ. ‘Thus, in its progress forward, the flattened snout is
thrust amongst the sand with an undulating and insinuating
motion till it has advanced about its own length; then the
proboscis is ejected to its full extent, like an indiarubber
dilator, so as to make a suitable channel for the occupation
of the body while again pressing onward the exploratory
snout. Then all the retractile arrangements are brought
into play—the fan-shaped vertical fibres pull in the basal
(anterior) region, the short and long retractors act on the
entire organ, and the withdrawal of the pharyngeal pro-
trusion makes an open channel for the backward stream of
blcod, which rushes into the vessels of the anterior region
out of the returning organ, further constricted by its own
circular muscular coat. These alternate protrusions and
retractions are repeated at somewhat regular intervals, and
continued for a long time. Moreover, an explanation is
perhaps afforded of the fact that the animal is partial to fine
sand, seeing that the larger sharp fragments of coarse gravel
and sand might injure either snout or proboscis, though the
latter is specially protected by its chitinous investment.
Puncture of the anterior region of the body, so as to
give exit to the blood, interferes with the extrusion of the
proboscis; indeed, it is not generally thrust. out after such
an injury.
The exsertile pharyngeal region is followed by a mobile
part of the alimentary canal that undergoes considerable
elongation when the former is thrust forward, bat which is
variously coiled in retraction. In transverse section it is
firm, often somewhat quadrangular, and consists, from within
outward, of the chitinous-like inner tunic, the glandular
layer (of less depth than in front), the basement-tissue, and,
lastly, of an external coat of circular muscular fibres. After
a short course backward the calibre of the canal diminishes,
and a distinct sheath from the vascular system envelops it
Structure of Magelona. A147
externally ; while certain longitudinal fibres which appear
in the latter become by-and-by incorporated with its wall,
which externally shows traces of longitudinal fibres, outside
the circular, though they are difficult to discern. The
relations of the organ with the vascular system at this part
are, indeed, complex. The form of the alimentary canal in
section near the ninth body-segment is now rounded or oval,
with a smooth outline, and instead of the few bold folds of
glandular tissue covered by the chitinous layer internally,
the glandular substance is granular and projects in conical
elevations or papille having a dendritic or radiated appear-
ance. As the canal diminishes the latter become more
pointed and translucent, the basement-tissue more pro-
minent, and within the circular coat are distinct traces of
a layer of longitudinal muscular fibres. At the ninth body-
segment the circular coat is much thickened, the basement-
tissue increased, and the glandular layer more consistent, so
that it projects inward very distinctly. The canal reaches its
minimum diameter about the termination of the transverse
ventral muscles, near the commencement of the ventral
blood-vessel. Just at the point where the dorsal longitudinal
muscles begin to expand, the tube is surrounded by a
powerful ring of muscular fibres, which in the mid-ventral
line join a transverse chitinous raphe, from the under
surface of which spring the strong muscular walls of the
ventral vessel of the region. The canal has now increased
a little in size, but is often squeezed (in the preparations) by
the pressure of the superincumbent blood-vessels, so that it
forms a transverse slit. It then passes the boundary-line
into the succeeding region, and will fall under notice
shortly.
The anterior region of the alimentary canal is distinguished
as a whole by its greater muscularity and firmness, by the
massive nature and chitinous covering of its glandular coat,
and by the absence of evident capillaries from its walls. It
presents a close homology with the Nemertean cesophageal
region, especially in its relation to the circulatory fluid, for
in the latter a rete mirabile likewise occurs. The minute
structure of the wall is similar, but, as on the skin, the
chitinous tunic internally in Magelona takes the place of the
cilia in the Nemertean. Further, like the Nemertean organ,
it retains irritability long after the death of the animal, and
in dissection is often torn from the more fragile tissues of
the anterior region as a tough thread. ‘The functions of the
parts, in regard to digestion, in the respective groups are
probably similar, and may represent all the complex divisions
448 Prof. M‘Intosh on the
in front of the intestine. In Magelona the buccal and
pharyngeal regions receive the food, the great development
of the muscular and glandular tunics in the latter specially
pointing it out as an important part of the canal. The
smoother portion behind probably acts both as an cesophageal
and a ventricular chamber, and thus the food would be partly
digested before passing the harrier at the ninth body-
segment.
Intestinal Region Proper.
The anterior border of the tenth body-segment shows in
transverse section the whole tube greatly enlarged, while
its glandular lining is in a transition-stage dorsally and
ventrally. In the latter regions the tissue is composed of
closely arranged—almost linear—granular glands. Then the
entire canal assumes the soft greenish glandular condition
characteristic of the posterior division, its superior arch being
surmounted by and incorporated with the investment of the
two great dorsal blood-vessels. Viewed from the dorsum
in the living animal at the anterior third of the region, the
centre is occupied by the dorsal vessels and the compressed
glands, each with its central oil-globules ; and occasionally
a peculiar ramose or radiated appearance is assumed by the
contents spreading from the latter as a centre. At the sides
are large masses of bright orange oil-globules enclosed in a
limiting membrane, and the presence of these usually gives
the canal a deep brownish-orange colour by transmitted
light. Moreover, if the specimen is in good condition the
blood-vessels of the alimentary wall are seen as little beads
as they bend over the margin, under pressure. In a lateral
view the prominent condition of the masses containing the
oil-globules is still more apparent. When the gland-cells
are extruded into sea-water they appear as circular bodies
filled with minute granules, and generally presenting a pale
greenish hue. Asa rule the glandular mucous tissue forms
a thinner layer of lobate masses (in section) along the dorsal
arch, and a thicker and more lax coating of large glands
laterally ; but, of course, much depends on the degree of
contraction and the quantity of alimentary matter. In
longitudinal sections of the canal the soft glandular lining
is thrown at somewhat regular intervals into very sym-
metrical dendritic masses. Circular fibres occur all the way
backward, though they are so thin as hardly to merit the
name of a special tunic, and their feebleness is shown by
the marked constrictions at the dissepiments, which cause
the canal to assume a moniliform appearance—well seen in
Structure of Magelona. 449
longitudinal sections, but a special longitudinal coat has not
been made out, either in transverse or longitudinal sections.
The longitudinal muscular coat of the dorsal blood-vessels,
and perhaps the ventral also, may, with the nature of the
wall itself, aid in this respect. ‘The internal surface from
the tenth segment backward is probably covered with cilia
(though they could not be made out in front), and they are
well seen (though not so boldly marked as in Nerine and
Spio) near the tail. The canal, retaining the same structure,
though the circular coat becomes more distinct, diminishes
toward the tip of the tail, and terminates in an anus on the
dorsal surface a little within the margin. The latter part of
the tract shows very active contractions, and the cilia at the
anus are largely developed.
The food consists of sand containing various minute
nutritious particles, translucent chitimous fragments of
crustaceans, foraminifera, and other débris. Sand is very
necessary for the existence of this form, for though the
animals survive a considerable period in captivity in vessels
filled with pure sea-water, they thrive much longer amongst
fine sand, with a few inches of water over it. No parasites,
other than an unknown ovum, have been seen in the ali-
mentary canal—a very different condition from that of its
congener Polydora ciliata, which has many Gregarine in the
same organ.
VI. Tue Nervous System.
The. central mass of the nervous system lies above the
pre-oral chamber—and rather in front of the muscular
blood-vessels of the part—in the form of two superior
gangha, and they are by no means easily made out in the
living animal, Each consists of a mass of nerve-cells—some
of Paneidenible size, with a commissure of fibres—best
marked posteriorly. In the hypodermic region below and
in front of the chamber, another (smaller) nervous mass is
seen in longitudinal section, but the actual connection be-
tween the superior and inferior divisions has not yet been
made out. From the oblique appearance of the nerve-cords
in section, they certainly pass very rapidly down to the sides
of the body from the central mass, and in the living animal
their course outward is similarly abrupt. There is no trace
of eye-specks, but the animals are sensitive to light, and
touch is highly developed.
When the nerve-cord reaches the lateral region it is found
under the channel leading to the tentacle, and somewhat
Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 8. Vol. vii. 30
450 Prof. M‘Intosh on the
inferior and external to the ventral longitudinal muscle.
The area of the nerve in transverse section is crossed by
strong vertical fibres (probably of connective tissue),and the
neural canal is external, its compartment being separated by
a distinct series of vertical fibres passing from the chitinous
support of the ventral longitudinal muscle to the cuticle.
Then the canal becomes more closely related to the nerve,
while the latter moves under the ventral longitudinal muscle.
As soon as the walls of the body are more completely
rounded (in section) the neural canal occurs at the outer
and inferior border of the nerve-area, which now lies
under the raphe to which the vertical and oblique muscles
are attached. Thereafter the neural canal glides on each
side to the inner and inferior border of the nerve and its
calibre is considerably increased. Each then gets wholly
below the nerve, the most conspicuous vertical fibrous band
being external. Within is a fine chitinous-like membrane,
which does not form a very contractile lining, though the
action of the fibres around it may assist in this respect.
The canal shows no current of fluid in the living form, and all
that can be said of it in the preparations is that it sometimes
contains a translucent gelatinous substance. The nerves
and neural canals preserve the foregoing relations till they
reach the region in front of the seventh pair of bristle-bundles,
where the canals leave the nerve-trunks, pass inward under
the short transverse muscle, and unite in the middle line to
form a single large canal, which thus lies between the nerves
and separated from them by a considerable hypodermic
interval. ‘The extreme shortening of the transverse ventral
muscles at the posterior part of the ninth segment permits
the approximation of the nerve-cords, so that at the com-
mencement of the median ventral blood-vessel they are
situated at each side of the large neural canal, and soon (in
the same segment) insinuate themselves above it. This
arrangement continues to the posterior part of the body,
but toward the tip of the tail the nerves form a single
(united) cord ; while the neural canal (which in the ordinary
sections forms a large transversely flattened channel, like
that of a non-contractile vessel) diminishes and disappears.
A series of fine nerve-branches, forming a plexus, is some-
times observed passing out to the lateral organs. The twigs
run in a parallel manner at first, then diverge, their fine
branches anastomosing in various directions,
Structure of Magelona. 451
VII. Tue Tentac.es.
When the annelid is at rest amongst the sand it projects
its extremely elongated tentacles through the aperture of
its tube into the surrounding water, in which they are
jerked to and fro, stand stiffly out, or are gracefully curved
and moved in a serpentine manner here and there over the
sand—indeed, when many are confined in a vessel the organs
resemble independent worms. In largeexamples they measure,
when gently curved from the aperture in the sand, about an
inch and a half or two inches, and are capable of much greater
elongation. In the extended condition of the organs the
papillz are very prominent at the tip, projecting like a series
of pinnee along the inner or anterior border, and susceptible
of decided and independent movements. When the animal
lies in a free condition on the surface of the sand the tentacles
again are often beautifully coiled in a spiral manner or
perform various independent vermiform movements. During
the process of boring the tentacles are trailed behind and
flatly applied to the body, their most delicate region being
in the completed channel, while the stronger smooth part
only meets the slight pressure of the sand against which the
organs are thrust by the advancing snout. When reposing
within its tunnel the organs are stretched in a parallel con-
dition in front of it, ready to be protruded on the return of
the tide.
Each tentacle forms a hollow contractile process, furnished
with a series of papille along the anterior border. Ex-
ternally it is invested by the chitimous cuticle, which is
densest at the basal region on the smooth part of the organ.
On reaching the bases of the papille this coat spreads over
them likewise, but is extremely attenuated toward the tip.
The subjacent hypodermic layer is largely developed, forming
at the base of the tentacle a considerable investment through-
out three-fourths of the circumference, while the remaining
anterior region is greatly thickened, thus foreshadowing the
special arrangement further outward. It is more finely
granular than the hypoderm of the body, shows the usual
fibrous or connective-tissue streaks, and likewise contains
the pigment. Proceeding outward, the thick anterior hypo-
dermic area by-and-by shows numerous low pale warts, which
soon attain a considerable size. In the living specimen each
papilla, in the somewhat contracted condition caused by
slight pressure, has a rather narrowed base, and is composed
of a continuation of the hypoderm and cuticle, as formerly
noticed. The central region is occupied by a series of
30*
452 Prof. M‘Intosh on the
muscular fibres, which diverge superiorly and inferiorly ;
the circumferential region is cellulo-granular, and the tip is
granular, with a few palpocils. A cup-shaped form is often
assumed by the blunt tip, as the central fibres are emi-
nently contractile, and thus give a sucker action to the
extremity. In some views the muscular fibres acting on
the sucker-tip seem to be separated from the hypoderm of
the process. Moreover, in the living animal the very fine
palpocils cover the tip like a series of motionless microscopic
cilia. Further, the walls of the papillae have a few con-
stricting fibres, which are the chief agents in elongating
them. After pressure has continued for a short time various
cells, mucous globules, and granules begin to appear at the
sides and palpocils on the summit. Strings of mucus also
shoot out, enclosing small bacillary cells. Within the hypo-
derm of the tentacle is a well-marked circular muscular coat,
surrounding a thick longitudinal layer, which is arranged in
regular fasciculi, and possessing a raphe at the attachment
of the fibres of the vessels at each pole, that for the artery
opposite the papillze being most distinct.
In the central chamber of the tentacle are two vessels, an
afferent and efferent. The afferent blood-vessel is the smaller:
and lies a little on one side of the pole opposite the papillose
margin. Its wall on section presents the peculiar striated
appearance seen in the anterior dorsal vessel of the body, and
such is probably due to the same longitudinal fibres. Both
during life and in the preparations it is firm and elastic, and
in contrast with the widely dilated efferent vessel. The
latter is not easily made out unless in good preparations, a
suspensory band from the centre (or raphe) of the papillose
region being attached to it, and then proceeding, like a
membranous septum, to the opposite pole. A series of very
distinct transverse mesenteries or dissepiments, again, exist
in the tentacle, at regular intervals and almost to the tip of
the organ.
The tentacles are reproduced with considerable rapidity.
About the third day after removal the new organs appeared
on each side as short blunt processes into which the blood
entered. In other specimens they were about twice the
breadth of the head, but had not yet begun to develop
papille. A distinct artery and vein are apparent in those
about as long as the head, but even though they are three or
four times as long no capillary branches are apparent, the
blood rushing in by the artery to return by the vein. When
only one tentacle is being reproduced the activity in the
circulation of the entire (7. e. the old) organ is very great,
Structure of Magelona. 453
and it is waved about in a vermiform manner in all directions.
The facility with which the blood-vessels form, and the
accuracy with which the various currents keep the required
direction in the developing tentacles and other parts, is imter-
esting. The developing papille in the growing organ first
appear as short pale elevations of the hypoderm, and at a
later stage are more acutely pointed than in the complete
structures. At first they are also few in number, but
gradually increase with the growth of the tentacle.
While the hypodermic and cuticular tissues of the tentacle
are continuous with those enveloping the body generally,
the chitinous basement-tissue and the muscles of these
organs have a special arrangement. Where the tentacle
joins the body-wall the basement-tissue bounding the ventral
longitudinal muscle is specially thickened, and to this is
attached the basal chitinous layer of the tentacle, by a short
anterior and a long posterior curve (as seen from above).
The special muscles of the tentacle take origin from this
point. Moreover, at the termination of the median cephalic
muscle, certain fibres of the transverse muscle, boldly marked
at first (and in keeping with those of the central muscle),
pass outward and backward to the base of each tentacle,
where they are lost. Such are probably attached to the
chitinous basement-tissue, and, as formerly noticed, aid in
the movements of the region.
In a large male loaded with spermatozoa the tentacles
were comparatively short and inert, and from the appear-
ance of other specimens it is possible that at the reproduc-
tive season degeneration of the organs may occur in some
instances, cr the animals themselves may perish. Degenera-
tion of the tips of the tentacles is common in confinement.
On the whole the tentacles show a further differentiation
of the ciliated hypodermic groove observed in Polydora
ciliata and other Spionidee, in Phyllochetopterus and Spio-
chetopterus. The entire absence of cilia, however, demon-
strates that these organs are not always distinctive of a
respiratory function, as M. Claparéde seems to think. The
structure of the papillz, again, would indieate that particles
may be passed from the one to the other, and they often
jerk independently. Further, in regard to the circulation of
the organs, the great contractility of the muscular afferent
vessel has an important physiological bearing, since it not
only sends a swift current to the tip, but through the
numerous capillaries which join it to the efferent. The latter
also possesses a rapid current, but dilates very readily, espe-
cially when an obstruction occurs, as in the movements of
454 Prof. M‘Intosh on the
the proboscis. By rigid contraction, as formerly mentioned,
the blood can be almost entirely driven from the tentacles.
The organs thus capture prey and aid in aerating the blood.
VIII. Tue Rerropucrive System.
The sexual elements are developed in great profusion
from the epithelium of the body-wall of the posterior region.
In males the whole space between the dorsal and ventral
longitudinal muscles is occupied by a mass of sperm-cells
and spermatozoa, especially in summer—the animals, indeed,
assuming an opaque greyish hue from this cause. The head
of the spermatozoon is shaped like a conical bullet with a
pointed tip, and two rounded bodies at the base, from the
centre of which the elongated tail projects. The movements
of the sperms are most active. Many circular cells are also
observed amongst them.
The ova are similarly developed in the females, in the
posterior region, within a very fine limiting membrane or
ovary, and quite fill up the perivisceral chamber with the
exception of the alimentary canal and the region for the
dorsal and ventral blood-vessels. They abounded in examples
at the end of June and had attained considerable size.
In both males and females with developed sexual products
peculiar structures occur on each side of the body (invariably
on the segment immediately behind the mouth—and in this
it first attains perfection), as well as on many of the poste-
rior segments, even in those of reproduced tails. In trans-
verse section at the tenth segment the central structure is
observed to lie within special projections of the body-wall
outside the vertical muscle, which is coated by a granular
layer. It resembles a folded mass, the folds at first sight
simulating a convoluted duct. In the Jiving animal the
organ is first noticed in the middle of each segment as a
somewhat ovoid projection of the lateral wall, and invested
by cuticle, hypoderm, and basement-tissue. It gradually
increases in size, and, when fully developed, presents from
the ventral surface the form of a semicircular pad on each
side. Closer inspection, however, shows that the latter is a
tongue-shaped lamella, which curves upward to cover the
folded membrane, while superiorly there is a slipper-shaped
fold of similar structure which arches over the upper part
of the membrane, its edge being incurved laterally and
inferiorly. Such hypodermic folds seem to be formed by
an outgrowth and splitting of the body-wall. The peculiar
membranous structure is thus to some extent exposed to the
Structure of Magelona. 455
action of the water laterally, and presents in the fresh
animal the aspect of a granular area crossed by numerous
convolutions or folds, which often change their appearance
under examination, like those formed in a translucent and
very fine chitinous membrane. The whole, indeed, simulates
a convoluted duct most closely, since the folds retain a
uniform size throughout, though they are finer at one end of
the mass. The latter can with care be enucleated from its
covering, but in those examined no clear evidence of well-
formed ducts (e. g. indication of a central cavity or an entirely
free coil, on tearing) could be observed. It is possible that
the ambiguous structure was only partially developed and
that the folds may afterwards attain further differentiation.
The exact function of this structure is unknown, and its
presence in both sexes would show that it is not indispensably
related to the ova. It appears to be homologous with the
external ovaries or egg-racemes described by Prof. Mobius in
Leipoceras uviferum, a torm which closely resembles Polydora*.
It is still more nearly related to the egg-sacs (resembling a
swallow’s nest) mentioned by the same author as present
along the sides of Scolecolepis cirrata, Sarst. It may be
that the folded structure in Magelona acts the part of the
network in Scolecolepis, by which the eggs are held in the
pouches, but no proof of this has yet been observed. he
whole arrangement, however, seems to be much more largely
developed in Magelona. The analogy of this structure with
a segmental organ can only be conjectural, though it is
suggestive that M. Claparéde describes a similar but more
highly differentiated organ within the posterior region of the
body in Chetopterus. Finally, so little is known of the life-
history of Magelona, that nothing can be said of its connection
with sexual or other variations.
No opportunity, unfortunately, was available for investi-
gating the development of the species at St. Andrews.
Though mature animals were abundant in summer, the
extreme heat prevented success in this respect in the confined
vessels, especially after the long journey from the sea-coast,
while those with the reproductive elements developed late in
autumn failed to afford a single embryo f{. As previously
indicated, M. Claparéde found a developing form which he
* Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 4th ser. vol. xiii. p. 201.
+ Op. cit. p. 260,
{ The surface of the sea was examined by the towing-net from the
margin of full tide outward for several miles in September, but no larval
type connected with this form was obtained. In subsequent years, how-
ever, all stages have been procured at St. Andrews.
456 On the Structure of Magelona. .
considered to belong to the genus Magelona, Fritz Miller,
at St. Vaast la Hougue. Inits youngest condition it presents
a somewhat club-shaped appearance—broad in front and
rather narrowed posteriorly.. The anterior end has an open
ciliated funnel, then follows about twenty segments, each
with a ciliated ring, while posteriorly the abruptly truncated
tail has a ring of long cilia round the anus. In addition to
the cilia on the funnel the anterior end bears a tuft at each
side (doubtless homologous with the lateral cephalic pencil
in the Nemerteaus), besides a papilla armed with a tuft of
bristles nearly as long as the body, after the manner of the
young Polydora. The alimentary caual proceeds straight
from mouth to anus. The next stage shows a heart-shaped
snout with four eyes, and at the base between it and the
body-collar a pair of short tentacles with brown bars (which
differ quite from the dark pigment-bars of the tentacles in
Magelona) on the anterior border near the tip, and a series
of palpocils; while internally is a cavity containing a czecal
blood-vessel (according to the type M. Claparéde states he
usually found in the Spionidee), with corpusculated blood.
The first body-segment still bears at each side the tuft of
long larval bristles, and is succeeded by eight distinct bristle-
bundles. The ninth segment carries a row of hooks on each
side. A simple pyriform anal papilla terminates the body.
The alimentary canal is differentiated anteriorly into a
muscular cesophagus, and the mouth closely approaches that
of Magelona. Behind the cesophagus the canal exhibits two
short glandular diverticula and then proceeds in the usual
moniliform manner to the anus. The body is tinted with
various brownish transverse bands. In this condition the
flattened spatulate snout has a considerable resemblance to
that in Magelona, but the subsequent stage shows less
affinity, for the long tentacles have slender palpocils, which
difter in character and arrangement from those in the British
form. Moreover, the cephalic region has greatly diminished,
its shape being that of a short truncated cone, with four eyes
arranged in a transverse manner at the base. The first
segment of the body retains the long larval bristles, but the
succeeding segments to the eighth have lost their shorter
temporary bristles. From the ninth segment backward,
however, four or five pairs of longer and stronger bristles
occur, in association with the rows of hooks (which conform
in structure to the Spio type). The blood is bluish. The
posterior end has the form of a peculiar hoof-shaped process
furnished with small papille.
The fragmentary state, therefore, in which our knowledge
On Mammals from Northern Nigeria. 457
of the development of the genus is prevents identification of
the foregoing with the British form unless a very decided
metamorphosis occurs.
The systematic position of Magelona, with its peculiar
external form and internal structure, was a source of un-
certainty to Dr. George Johnston, the only author who
attempted its consideration in this respect. So puzzled was
he that he placed it (his Mea mirabilis) at the end of his
Catalogue for the British Museum under a family specially
constituted for itself (viz. Meade). In the Catalogue of
the Fauna of St. Andrews it was located between the
Cheetopteridze and the Spionide ; but the results of further
investigation clearly relegate it to the latter group*. It
leans, indeed, wholly to the Spionidz in minute structure,
and especially to such forms as Prionospio and Heterospio,
though it is true that in the marked regional distinctions
and the great length of the posterior division of the body it
approaches Spiochetopterus. While it conforms to the
Spionidz in the structure of its body-wall and bristles, it
differs in regard to the absence of the dorsal branchie. In
the mechanism of its proboscis and in the structure of
its snout and circulatory organs, again, it presents features
sui generis.
LIIL.—On Mammals collected by the Rev. G. T. Fou in
Northern Nigeria. By OLDFIELD T'HOMAS.
(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.)
THE British Museum owes to the kindness of the Rev. G. T.
Fox, of the Cambridge University Mission in Northern
Nigeria, a collection of small mammals from that country,
and these prove to be so interesting as to deserve the publi-
cation of a list.
The specimens were mostly obtained at Panyam, on the
plateau of that name, in Bauchi Province, about 9° 30’ E. and
10° N. The plateau is about 4000’ in altitude, and the
climate is therefore comparatively cool. A few skins were
collected at Kabir, on the slope of the plateau, at about 2700’.
The proportion of novelties in the collection is unusually
* Proc. R. 8. E. 1875-6, vol. ix. no, 94, p. 123.
458 Mr. O. Thomas on
large, and shows how little this part of Africa has
been worked. No less than six species and subspecies have
proved to need description out of the small total of fourteen
represented.
‘The most interesting form is the new mole-rat, Georychus
foxi, as the only species of the genus previously known in
West Africa is the widely different G. zechi of Togoland.
The collection is therefore a very valuable accession to the
National Museum, and one most encouraging for the prospects
of further work in the Colony.
1. Eidolon helvum, Kerr.
9. 9. Panyam.
oi. LOT 2 106. Kabir:
2. Rhinolophus sp.
9.10. Panyam, 4000’.
Near &. alcyone, 'Vemm.
3. Petalia hispida, Schr.
g. 4. Panyam, 4000’.
4, Pipistrellus culex, sp. n.
@. 100. Kabir. 2700’. B.M. no. 11.3. 24.4. Col-
lected 15th May, 1910. Type.
A very small pale species. Inner upper incisors practi-
cally unicuspidate.
Size rather greater than in P. stampflit and minusculus.
Fur about 4°5 mm. in length on the back. General colour
above near “* wood-brown,” below rather paler, the hairs both
above and below blackish slaty basally. Hars with a well-
marked squarish lobe at the base of their outer margin ;
tragus without basal lobule, broadest opposite the middle
of its straight inner margin. Wings from the base of the
outer toe. Calcar with a narrow calcareal lobule.
Skull very delicate, low and narrow; the brain-case nar-
rower than in P. stampflit.
Upper incisors slender, unicuspid, the outer nearly as long
as the inner. (If a secondary cusp has been present on the
inner tooth it must have been very small and close to the tip
of the tooth.) Small premolar half internal, visible from
without. Lower incisors tricuspid, not overlapping.
Mammals from Northern Nigeria. 459
Dimensions of the type (the starred measurements taken in
the flesh) :—
Forearm 28°5 mm.
Head and body *39; tail *27; ear *9; tragus on inner
edge 2°6; third finger, metacarpus 27, first phalanx 9;
lower leg and hind foot (ec. u.) 14°5.
Skull: greatest length 11:1; basi-sinual length 8°6 ;
interorbital breadth 3:3; breadth of brain-case 5°9; palato-
sinual length 4°2; front of canine to back of m? 3°6; front
of p* to back of m? 2°2; three lower molars 2°5.
flab. and Type as above.
This little bat would seem to be readily distinguishable
from the other small species of the genus by its pale colour
and unicuspid upper incisors.
5. Crocidura sp.
9. 8. Panyam, 4000’.
Near C. manni, Pet.
6. Crocidura sp.
3. 5. Panyam, 4000’.
Near C. soricotdes, Murr.
@. Taterillus nigeria, sp. n.
3d. 105. Kabir, 2700’. Collected 7th June, 1910. B.M.
no. 11.3. 24.14. Type.
A large dark species, with heavily tufted tail.
Size about as in the geographically near 7. lacustris, Thos.
& Wrought., but colour conspicuously darker, much as in
T. butleri, Wrought. ‘Yop of head and dorsal area with the
usual gerbilline colour much darkened, cheeks and flanks
light sandy; belly, as usual, pure white. Light markings
above eyes scarcely perceptible. Ears brown. Soles with
the characteristic band of hairs across them very strongly
marked. ‘l'ail long, heavily tufted for its terminal halt,
the hairs of the tuft attaining 11 mm. in length, its upper
surface and whole of the tuft dark brown, its sides and under
surface proximally strong buffy.
Skull very like that of 7’. lacustris, but slightly larger.
Anterior palatine foramina rather longer and bull a little
larger.
Dimensions of the type (measured in flesh) :—
Head and body 125 mm.; tail 190 ; hind foot 33; ear 22.
Skull: greatest length 37°35 condylo-incisive length 32°2 ;
460 Mr. O. Thomas on
zygomatic breadth 18°2; breadth of brain-case 15°3 ; ante-
rior palatine foramina 7°2; posterior palatine foramina 4°3 ;
upper molar series 5:4.
Hab. and Type as above.
This gerbil is most like the Soudanese 7. butleri, Wrought.,
being distinguished from 7. gracilis by its greater size and
from 1’. /acustris by its darker colour, these being the only
West-African species hitherto known.
The Museum also contains a young specimen of the same
species collected at Yola by Mr. G. W. Webster.
8. Arvicanthis mordax, sp. n.
d. 5,11 (young); ¢.12. Panyam, 4000’.
Near A. rujinus, Temm., but greyer and teeth larger,
Size large, as in A. rufinus. General colour decidedly
greyer than in rufinus, the head and fore-back more buffy
than “ drab-grey,” the tips of the hairs cream-buff, their
blackish slaty bases showing through. Hind-back and rump
gradually approaching “russet.” Base of tail russet. Under
surface dull greyish, the tips of the hairs varying from
greyish white to drab. Hands and feet dull buffy. Tail
more heavily haired than in rufinus; blackish above, buffy
on sides and below.
Skull very similar to that of A. rufinus, but somewhat
greater in zygomatic spread, the length being about the same.
Incisors, as in A. rujinus, very broad and heavy. Molars
markedly broader than in that species.
Dimensions of the type (measured in flesh) :—
Head and body 164 mm.; tail 147; hind foot 34; ear 22.
Skull: greatest length 40; condylo-incisive length 38:2 ;
zygomatic breadth 20°3; nasals 15:3; interorbital breadth 6-1 ;
palatilar length 18°3; palatal foramina 8:2; upper molar
series 7°6 3; breadth of m! 2°4.
Fab. as above.
Type. Old female. B.M. no. 11.3. 24.11. Original num-
ber 12. Collected 14th September, 1910.
This is no doubt the N.-Nigerian representative of
A. rufinus, from which it differs by its greyer colour and
larger molars.
A specimen of it, without skull, was also obtained during
the Alexander-Gosling Expedition by the late Capt. Boyd
Alexander at Ibi, on the Benue, in 1904,
Mammals from Northern Nigeria. 461
9. Arvicanthis striatus venustus, subsp. n.
¢.1. Panyam, 4000’. B.M. no. 11. 3. 24. 13. Col-
lected 2nd May, 1910. Type.
A pale form of the A. striatus * group.
Size about as in A, pulcher, Wrought., whose distinctness
from pulchellus I am disposed to doubt. General colour very
pale, the ground-colour between “ clay-colour”’ and “raw
umber,” the light punctated stripes less conspicuous than
usual. Under surface dull whitish, not sharply defined
laterally. Median black dorsal line strong and well defined
as usual. Sides of muzzle and a spot above each eye buffy.
Kars with their proectote brown, metentote dull ochraceous ;
a tuft at their anterior bases and a small patch behind them
deep ochraceous. Hands and feet dull buffy white. Tail
brown above, dull whitish below.
Skull very like that of the type of A. pulcher, but the
molars rather larger,
Dimensions of the type (measured in flesh) :—
Head and body 119 mm.; tail 140; hind toot 28.
Skull: greatest length 32; condylo-incisive length 29-3;
greatest breadth 15:5; nasals 12°6; interorbital breadth 6 ;
palatilar length 14; palatal foramina 6°3; upper molar
series 5°6.
Hab. and Type as above.
Quite distinct from any known form of the striatus group
by its pale colour and less conspicuous striping.
10. Hpimys jacksoni viator, subsp. n.
On Os. Se, bs sPanyam, 40001,
Quite like true Central Atrican jacksoni, but the colour
markedly paler.
General colour of upper surface pale rufous fawn, darker
and more rufous than ‘“‘clay-colour.’” Sides dark pinkish
buff. Belly white, the bases of the hairs slaty grey.
Dimensions of the type (measured in flesh) :—
Head and body 109 mm. ; tail 167 ; hind foot 26; ear 20.
Skull: greatest length 32 ; condyle-incisive length 28°8 ;
nasals 12-2; interorbital breadth 4°6; palatal foramina 7:5 ;
upper molar series 5'1.
Hab. as above.
* Cf. P. Z.S. 1911, p. 148. Sierra Leone specimens, however, will be
needed for comparison with the types of pudcher and pulchellus before the
mutual relationships of the three can be made out.
462 On Mammals from Northern Nigeria.
Type. Old female. B.M. no. 11. 3.24. 18, Original
number 6. Collected 12th May, 1910.
The discovery of FE. jacksont in West Africa is somewhat
of a surprise, but I can find no character of importance to
distinguish the Nigerian form from that inhabiting Uganda,
some 1700 miles distant. The paler colour is a natural result
of the more desert conditions obtaining in Nigeria.
11. Hpimys sp.
d. 2. Panyam.
Multimammate group.
12. Epimys sp. (?).
@. 101 (skull lost). Kabir, 2700’.
A white-bellied species ; perhapsallied to #. dalton?, Thos.
13. Acomys sp.
Gad O2.) Kabir 27007
‘he specimen has unfortunately no skull, so that I do not
at present attempt to determine it.
14. Georychus foxi, sp. n.
9.13. Panyam, 4000’. Collected 22nd October, 1910.
B.M. no. 11. 8. 24.19. Type.
A dark-coloured species of medium size.
Size rather smaller than in the large G. leche? and its allies,
larger than in the majority of the species. Fur soft and fine ;
hairs of back about 9 mm. in length. General colour dak,
conspicuously different from the light-coloured G. zechi of
Togoland, nearly as dark as in G. leche’; hairs dark slaty
(grey no. 4) for four-fifths their length, their tips dark brown
(darker than “ broccoli-brown”). Underside like upper.
Face rather browner; a conspicuous white frontal patch
present, but not very large (about 9x4 mm. in the type).
Hands and feet thinly haired, the hairs pale brown, Tail
brown.
Skull much rounded above, though the type appears to be
adult. Nasals broadened in the middle and only slightly
narrowed posteriorly, not running back to a point; pre-
maxillary processes surpassing nasals posteriorly by rather
less than 2 mm. Anteorbital foramina small.
Incisors much thrown forward, their front face not be-
- On new Shells from British East Africa. 463
coming vertical terminally. Last molar disproportionately
smaller than the other cheek-teeth.
Dimensions of the type (measured in flesh) :—
Head and body 143 mm.; tail 13; hind foot 28.
Skull: condylo-basal length 37°6 ; condylo-incisive length
39°6 ; zygomatic breadth 28°7; nasals 16 x 4°7; interorbital
breadth 10°8; palatilar length 22°6; upper molar series
(crowns) 6°8.
Hab. and Type as above.
This interesting rodent-mole, which I have named in
honour of the donor of the collection, is widely different from
any described species, as is, indeed, to be expected from its
locality. Perhaps its nearest ally is the G. /echet of Mon-
buttu, but that is considerably larger. The only other West-
African species, G. zechi, of Togoland, is a very pale animal,
while G. fox? is one of the darkest species of the genus.
LIV.—Descriptions of Thirty-six new Species of Land and
Freshwater Shells from British East Africa, chiefly fr m
Mount Kenia and the neighbouring District. By H. B.
Preston, F.Z.8.
[Plates XI. & XII]
Ennea consobrina, sp.n. (Fig. 1.)
Allied to . unilirata, Smith *, which also occurred at the
same locality, but differing from that species in its larger,
more solid, and more cylindrical form, the later whorls in the
present species not decreasing in size, its coarsely striate
sculpture, broader and more rectangular aperture, and thick
rather broadly reflexed labrum ; moreover it has one whorl
more, the whorls are flatter, and the suture is shallower.
Alt. 4:25, diam. maj. 2°25 mm.
Aperture: alt. 1, diam. °75 mm.
Hab, Mount Kenia, at an altitude of 9000-10,000 feet,
British Hast Africa.
Ennea iota, sp.n. (Fig. 2.)
Shell minute, ovately pyramidal, thin, white; whorls 5,
regularly increasing, the last ascending in front, sculptured
* J. Conch. x. p. 315.
46 4 Mr. H. B. Preston on
with rather coarse, very oblique, transverse strie; suture
somewhat deeply impressed; labrum sinuous, white, scarcely
reflexed, the margins not joined, though it is continued for
some distance along the parietal wall; aperture almost irre-
gularly triangular, furnished with two oblique parietal
lamellze, of which the lower is the coarser, a short lamella on
the outer lip, a coarse basal denticle, and a coarse oblique
lamella on the columella.
Alt. 1:5, diam. maj. 1 mm.
Hab. Between Rumruti and Mount Kenia, British East
Africa.
Ennea keniana, sp. n. (Fig. 3.)
Shell small, ovately cylindrical, white, somewhat polished ;
whorls 8, the first five rather rapidly increasing, sculptured
with obsolete, oblique, transverse striz, which become more
accentuated on the last whorl behind the labrum, the last
whorl tri-strangulate ; suture impressed ; umbilical area exca-
vated, depressed, and finally narrowing to a shallow chink ;
labrum white, continuous; columella descending rather
obliquely ; aperture irregularly rectangular, armed with an
almost vertical parietal plait, which bifurcates above where
it reaches the margin of the peristome, a denticle and below
this a lamella on the outer lip, a rather coarse basal erect
lamella and an inwardly curved lamella on the columella.
Alt. 3°5, diam. maj. 1°5 mm.
Aperture: alt. *75, diam. nearly 5 mm.
Hab. Mount Kenia, at an altitude of 6000-8000 feet,
British East Africa; a single specimen was also taken in the
lower country between Rumruti and Mount Kenia.
Ennea optata, sp.n. (Fig. 4.)
Shell cylindrically ovate, moderately solid, whitish, polished,
shining ; whorls 73, flat, the earlier whorls rather rapidly
increasing, the later very slowly increasing, marked with
transverse arcuate striz, which become finer on the later
whorls, and very fine wavy spiral striz, the last whorl bi-
strangulate behind the labrum; suture linear; umbilical
area shallowly excavated, but without regular perforation ;
labrum white, thickened, reflexed ; aperture irregularly sub-
quadrate, armed with a rather crookedly curved parietal
lamella on the right side, a somewhat coarse lamella situate
between two denticles on the inner margin of the outer lip, a
basal tooth-like lamella and a broad bifurcate lamella on the
columella,
new Shells from British Hast Africa. 465
Alt. 10°75, diam. maj. 5:5 mm.
Aperture: alt. 2°5, diam. 2 mm.
Hab. Mount Kenia, at an altitude of 6000-8000 feet,
British East Africa.
Ennea pilula, sp. n. (Fig. 5.)
Shell ovate, imperforate, solid, yellowish white, slightly
polished ; whorls 74, the apical whorls exserted, smooth, the
third, fourth, and fifth gradually increasing, the sixth and
seventh flat and about of the same breadth, all the later
whorls from the beginning of the third onward sculptured
with transverse arcuate stris, which become obsolete on the
middle and lower portions of the last whorl, the last whorl
tri-strangulate behind the labrum; suture linear ; umbilical
area presenting a shallow elongate depression ; columella
almost vertically descending ; labrum white, thickened,
broadly expanded, reflexed, a coarse white parietal callus
joining the margins; aperture roughly quadrilateral, armed
with a coarse, broad, bifid, reflexed, subparietal lamella,
below which occur on the inner margin of the outer lip three
plaits, the upper of which forms a canal with the subparietal
lamella; below these and at the base of the aperture occurs
a fourth plait, and above this on the columella are situate
three more plaits, of which the middle one is the strongest,
and again above these two denticles.
Alt. 11°25, diam. maj. 6°5 mm.
Aperture; alt. 2°5, diam. 1°75 mm.
Hab. Mount Kenia, at an altitude of 6000-8000 feet,
British East Africa.
Ennea pretiosa, sp.n. (Fig. 6.)
Shell ovate, rimate, thin, whitish when in dead condition ;
whorls 7, the first four rapidly increasing, the sixth the
largest, apical whorl smooth, the remainder sculptured with
distant, thin, erect, transverse costule, between which occur
coarse transverse striz; suture rather deeply impressed ;
umbilicus wide above, suddenly becoming very narrow and
deep below; labrum almost continuous, white, expanded,
reflexed, folded above, and turned downwards into a strong,
parietal, obtusely angular lamella, bearing a nodule on either
side of the angle ; aperture irregularly ovate, armed with a
short, lamelliform tubercle on the outer lip; a broad, basal
denticle, above which occur two denticles, on the columella,
of which the lower is the larger.
Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 8. Vol. vii. 31
466 Mr. H. B. Preston on
Alt. 4°5, diam. maj. 2°5 mm.
Aperture: alt. 1, diam. *5 mm.
Hab. Between Rumruti and Mount Kenia, British East
Africa ; specimens were also taken on Mount Kenia itself at
an altitude of from 6000-8000 feet.
The sculpture of the species is very beautiful, and under a
Jens recalls that of some of the more distantly costulate
Scalarie.
Ennea princei, sp.n. (Fig. 7.)
Shell cylindrically ovate, perforate, cream-coloured ;
whorls 7, the first five rapidly increasing, the last ascending
in front, closely obliquely transversely striate; suture im-
pressed; umbilicus moderately narrow, deep; peristome
nearly continuous, white, narrowly reflexed ; aperture irregu-
larly rectangular, armed with an almost vertical parietal
lamella; a large projecting denticle on the outer lip, opposite
which is situate a similar denticle of about equal size on the
columella,
Alt. 4, diam. maj. 2°25 mm.
Aperture: alt. 1, diam. nearly *75 mm.
Hab. Mount Kenia, at an altitude of 9000-10,000 feet,
British East Africa.
Enea simplicima, sp.n. (Fig. 8.)
Shell cylindrical, very thin, almost membranaceous, per-
forate, pale greenish white ; whorls 6, the first four rapidly
increasing, transversely striate, the striae becoming obsolete
on the later whorls ; suture well impressed; umbilicus very
narrow, nearly concealed by the outward expansion of the
columella; columella descending obliquely, a thin white
callus joining it with the lip above; labrum thin, white,
scarcely reflexed; aperture broadly and shortly inversely
auriform, edentulate.
Alt. 5, diam, maj. 2 mm.
Aperture: alt. 1, diam. °75 mm.
Flab. Mount Kenia, at an altitude of 9000-10,000 feet,
British East Africa.
Thapsia rumrutiensis, sp.n. (Fig. 9.)
Shell perforate, small, depressedly turbinate, moderately
solid, dark straw-colour; whorls 34, rather rapidly increasing,
marked with lines of growth, the last angled at the periphery ;
suture impressed ; base of shell somewhat inflated, sculptured
new Shells from British East Africa. 467
with very fine wavy strie ; umbilicus very narrow ; colu-
mella short, curved; labrum simple, acute; aperture broadly
sublunate.
Alt. 1:25, diam. maj. 2°5, diam. min. 2°25 mm.
Hab. Between Rumruti and Mount Kenia, British East
Africa ; two specimens were also collected at Rumruti on the
Laikipia Plateau.
Zingis gaziensis, sp.n. (Fig. 10.)
Shell depressedly turbinate, thin, pale yellowish brown ;
whorls 43, sculptured with coarse, transverse, subplicate lines
of growth; suture impressed; umbilicus deep ; columella
arched, outwardly dilated above; labrum simple; aperture
rather broadly lunate.
Alt. 4, diam. maj. 7°5, diam. min. 6°5 mm.
Aperture: alt. 3, diam. 2°5 mm.
Hab. Gazi, British East Africa.
Zingis consanguinea, sp.n. (Fig. 11.)
Closely allied to Z. gaziens’s, but darker in colour, with
rather more produced spire and wider umbilicus ; the aperture
also is rather more broadly lunate.
Alt. 4°75, diam. maj. 8°25, diam. min. 7 mm,
Aperture: alt. 3°25, diam. 3°5 mm.
Hab. Between Rumruti and Mount Kenia, British East
Africa; also collected on Mount Kenia at from 6000-8000
feet altitude.
Zingis kentana, sp.n. (Fig. 12.)
Shell turbinate, with moderately exserted spire, thin, pale
brown, painted with a rather broad band of pale reddish
purple just above the periphery; whorls 53, regularly in-
creasing, the last rather globose, marked with growth-ridges
and sculptured with very fine, closely set, silky, oblique,
transverse and fine, spiral striz ; suture impressed, somewhat
wrinkled below ; base of shell spirally striate ; umbilicus very
narrow, deep, overhung by the expansion of the columella ;
columella descending in a curve, outwardly expanded and
diffused into a polished, granular, spirally striate, parietal
callus which reaches the lip above ; labrum simple; aperture
broadly sublunate.
Alt. 10, diam. maj. 14°25, diam. min. 12°5 mm.
Aperture: alt. 7, diam. 6 mm.
Hab. Mount Kenia, at an altitude of 9000-10,000 feet,
British East Africa.
Bl te
468 Mr. H. B. Preston on
Trachycystis planulata, sp. n. (Fig. 13.)'
Shell depressedly suborbicular, with nearly planulate spire,
perforate, thin, horny, pale olivaceous ; whorls 43, rather
rapidly increasing, the last descending in front, angled at the
periphery, marked with coarse, oblique, somewhat arcuate,
transverse riblets; suture well impressed; base of shell
slightly convex ; umbilicus moderately wide, deep ; colu-
mella descending in a very oblique curve; labrum thin,
narrowly reflexed ; aperture broadly sublunate.
Alt. 5:25, diam. maj. 11, diam. min. 9 mm.
Aperture: alt. 5, diam. 5°5 mm.
Hab. Mount Kenia, at an altitude of 9000-10,000 feet,
British East Africa.
Trachycystis pseudocharopa, sp. n. (Fig. 14.)
Shell small, suborbicular, depressed, almost planulate,
somewhat thin, light brown; whorls 33, sculptured with
rather coarse, closely set, oblique, arcuate costule; suture
impressed; umbilicus moderately wide, deep; columella
vertically descending; labrum simple, acute; aperture
broadly sublunate.
Alt. 1°25, diam.'maj.(2°5° mm:
Hab. Naivasha, British East Africa.
A pretty little species, forcibly reminding one of some of
the New Zealand and Australian Charopide.
Trachycystis approximans, sp.n. (Fig. 15.)
Very closely allied to 7. pseudocharopa, but differing in its
much finer sculpture and less depressed form, the present
species being depressedly turbinate.
Alt. 1:5, diam. maj. 2°5, diam, min. 2 mm.
Aperture : alt. °5, diam. about °5 mm.
Hab. Between Rumruti and Mount Kenia, British East
Africa.
Trachycystis rugosa, sp.n. (Fig. 5c
Shell small, depressedly orbicular, covered with a pale
brown periostracum ; whorls 33, regularly increasing, sculp-
tured with distant, rather coarse, transverse costule, between
which occur fine, closely-set, transverse striz ; suture deeply
impressed ; base of shell slightly inflated ; umbilicus wide,
deep ; columella obliquely descending, a callus joining it
with the lip above; labrum simple; aperture subcireular.
new Shells from British East Africa. 469
Alt. 1°5, diam. maj. 2°75, diam. min. 2°25 mm.
Aperture: alt. °5, diam. *5 mm.
Hab. Mount Kenia, at an altitude of 9000-10,000 feet,
British Hast Africa.
Acanthinula expatriata, sp.n. (Fig. 17.)
Shell globosely turbinate, with elevated spire, thin, covered
with a shining pale bronze periostracum, which is raised on
the later whorls into rather distant, regular, very oblique
ridges, each ridge bearing a coarse, long, broad-based, mem-
branaceous bristle at the periphery ; whorls 4, rapidly in-
creasing, convex; suture deeply impressed ; base of shell
convex, showing traces of very fine, spiral sculpture between
the ridges of the periostracum ; umbilicus narrow, very deep,
partly concealed by the expansion of the outer margin of the
columella ; columella descending in an oblique curve and
diffused above into a whitish, parietal callus, both it and the
labrum white, slightly reflexed and outwardly broadly
surrounded by a reflexed extension of the membranaceous
periostracum, thus forming a double margin; aperture sub-
circular,
Alt. nearly 2°5, diam. maj. 2 mm.
Hab. Mount Kenia, at an altitude of 9000-10,000 feet,
British EastAfrica.
Rachis virginea, sp.n. (Fig. 18.)
Shell acuminately ovate, thin, the earlier whorls flesh-
coloured, the later whorls cream-coloured, occasionally spotted
with reddish purple; whorls 54, rather flat, the last angulate
at the periphery, marked with transverse growth lines and
very fine, spiral striz, these latter becoming more marked on
the base of the shell; suture impressed ; columella obliquely
outwardly curved below, reflexed and expanded into a thin
callus ; peristome simple; aperture ovate.
Alt. 14, diam. maj. 9°5, diam. min. 7 mm.
Aperture: alt. 7°5, diam. 4:5 mm.
Hab. Mount Kenia, at an altitude of 6000-8000 feet,
British East Africa.
Rachis turricula, sp.n. (Fig. 19.)
Shell elongately turrite, perforate, thin, corneous, polished,
pale yellowish brown ; whorls 7, the last two rather rapidly
increasing, marked with fine, oblique lines of growth; suture
impressed ; umbilicus very narrow; columella vertically
470 Mr. H. B. Preston on
descending, outwardly reflexed round the narrow perforation ;
aperture inversely auriform.
Alt. 10, diam. maj. 5 mm.
Aperture: alt. 5, diam. 2°5 mm.
Hab. Between Rumruti and Mount Kenia, British East
Africa.
Cerastus nobilis, sp.n. (Fig. 20.)
Shell acuminately ovate, scarcely rimate, somewhat solid,
dark flesh-coloured, shading to a paler hue on the last whorl ;
whorls 6, rapidly increasing, the apical whorls smooth,
the remainder decussately sculptured with fine, spiral and
transverse stria, the upper whorls also being rather coarsely
obliquely transversely striate, and the last coarsely malleated ;
suture impressed, slightly crenellate ; columella rather verti-
cally descending, outwardly expanded above, a faint polished
callus joining it with the margin of the labrum; labrum
thickened, outwardly expanded, reflexed, tinged with pale
reddish brown ; aperture inversely auriform ; interior of shell
rich reddish brown.
Alt. 30, diam. maj. 21, diam. min. 17°5 mm.
Aperture: alt. 13°5, diam. 8°5 mm.
Hab. Mount Kenia, at an altitude of 6000-8000 feet,
British East Africa.
Jaminia desiderata, sp.n. (Fig. 21.)
Shell small, turbinate, with very obtuse apex, reddish
brown; whorls 53, rather slowly increasing, moderately
convex, the last ascending in front; suture well impressed ;
umbilicus broad, somewhat deep, partly concealed by the
reflexion of the columellar margin; columella descending
very obliquely, bearing rather interiorly a single plait;
labrum whitish, sinuous, reflexed, projecting inwardly at a
point some little distance below its junction with the parietal
wall, which bears a weak, very oblique lamella; aperture
irregularly quadrate.
Alt. 3, diam. maj. 2 mm.
Aperture: alt. °75, diam. ‘5 mm.
Hab. Mount Kenia, at an altitude of 9000-10,000 feet
British East Africa.
Fauxulus duplicatus, sp.n. (Fig. 22.)
Shell small, sinistral, cylindrically ovate, rimate, brown ;
whorls 5, the first four regularly increasing, the last ascending
new Shells from British East Africa. ATL
in front, having a somewhat weathered appearance ; suture
well impressed ; umbilicus reduced to a narrow chink ; colu-
mella descending in a curve; labrum continuous, white,
slightly reflexed, obtusely angled above on the outer side ;
aperture roundly ovate, armed with two short, erect, parietal
lamelle placed the one almost above the other, the lower of
which is very interiorly situate, a tubercular lamella on the
columella and a sub-basal lamella on the outer lip, above
which, and well inside the shell, occurs a small denticle.
Alt. 8°25, diam. maj. 1°75 mm.
Aperture: alt. 1, diam. °5 mm.
Hab. Between Rumruti and Mount Kenia, British Hast
Africa.
Clausilia deyeneris, sp.n. (Fig. 23.)
Shell small, thin, cylindrically subulate, brown, streaked
with greyish white; whorls 7, somewhat convex, sculptured
with fine, oblique, closely set, silky, transverse striz ; suture
well impressed ; columella whitish, arched, bearing on the
upper portion a single erect lamella almost at right angles ;
labrum continuous, whitish, slightly thickened, scarcely
reflexed ; aperture ovate.
Alt. 6°25, diam. maj. 1°5 mm.
Aperture: alt. 1, diam. °5 mm.
Hab. Between Rumruti and Mount Kenia, British Hast
Africa.
A small degenerate form which almost marks the southern
limit of the genus on the African continent.
REBMANNIELLA, sec. nov.
Shell having broad, blunt, apical whorls and columella
almost truncate.
Type of section, 2. inepta.
Limicolaria (Rebmanniella) inepta, sp. n. (Fig. 24.)
Shell fusiform, rather solid, the earlier whorls painted with
transverse slate-coloured flame-markings, the later whorls
brownish yellow, stained, streaked, and blotched with greyish
brown ; whorls 64, decussately sculptured throughout with
spiral striz and transverse riblets ; suture impressed, slightly
crenellate, margined below; columella descending nearly
vertically, diffused above into a thin polished callus, which
reaches the margin of the labrum, almost truncate below ;
labrum simple, acute, somewhat receding above and below;
A472 Mr. H. B. Preston on
aperture rather narrowly inversely auriform ; interior of shell
pale bluish white, polished, nacreous.
Alt. 58, diam. maj. 27, diam. min. 24 mm.
Aperture: alt. 21, diam. 14 mm.
Hab. Mount Kenia, at an altitude of 6000-8000 feet,
British East Africa.
T am inclined to include in this section Limicolaria dohertyi,
Smith *, from Uganda, and also Limicolaria kentana, Smith f,
from Mount Kenia.
KRAPFIELLA, gen. nov.
Shell bulimiform, perforate, with apical whorls large, broad,
and sculptured with spiral strive, the later whorls marked
only with transverse wrinkles ; columella nof truncate.
Type of genus, A. mirabilis.
Krapfiella mirabilis, sp. n. (Figs. 254, 25 B.)
Shell elongately ovate, rather thin, yellowish brown;
whorls 51, the apical whorls closely but coarsely spirally
striate, the later whorls sculptured with transverse riblets ;
suture well impressed, somewhat crenellate ; umbilicus
narrow, deep, partly concealed by the outward expansion of
the columella; columella glassy, slightly oblique, outwardly
expanded ; peristome simple; aperture inversely auriform.
Alt. 23:5, diam. maj. 13, diam. min. 11 mm, ©
Aperture; alt. 10°25, diam. 5°5 mm.
Hab. Mount Kenia, at an altitude of 6000-8000 feet,
British Kast Africa.
Homorus egregius, sp.n. (Fig. 26.)
Shell subulate, glossy, polished, shining, yellowish olive ;
whorls 11, somewhat convex, marked with transverse growth
striae; suture well impressed, somewhat crenellate; colu-
mella curved, obliquely truncate below, a light well-defined
callus extending from it to the margin of the labrum above ;
labrum simple ; aperture elongately inversely auriform.
Alt. 51:75, diam. maj. 18, diam. min. 11 mm.
Aperture : alt. 13, diam. 5°5 mm.
Hab. Mount Kenia, at an altitude of 6000-8000 feet,
British East Africa.
Curvella deliciosa, sp. n. (Fig. 27.)
Shell ovately fusiform, thin, vitreous, pale greenish white ;
* J, Malac. viii. p. 95. t J. Conch. x. p. 318.
new Shells from British East Africa. 473
whorls 43, the first three and a half regularly increasing, the
last large, the apical whorls smooth, the later whorls beauti-
fully sculptured with fine, glassy, regularly distant, arcuate
costule ; suture well impressed ; columella almost vertically
descending, stained with pale reddish chestnut, a moderately
thick well-defined parietal callus joining it with the lip above ;
labrum simple, acute, receding above and below; aperture
elongately inversely auriform.
Alt. 6°5, diam, maj. 3°5 mm.
Aperture: alt. 3°5, diam. 1°75 mm.
Hab. Mount Kenia, at an altitude of 9000-10,000 feet,
British East Africa.
KEn1A, subgen. nov.
Shell subulate, transversely striate, with oblique truncate
columella, the later whorls, and especially the last, much
elongated ; aperture receding at base.
Type of subgenus, Kenia suturalis.
Kenia suturalis, sp.n. (Fig. 28.)
Shell subulate, thin, semitransparent, polished, shining,
yellowish olive; whorls 7, the last two flattish and more
elongate in proportion to the remainder, the upper whorls
sculptured with oblique transverse strie, which become less
marked on the later whorls; suture impressed, ornamented
with a narrow, cream-coloured, sublateral, marginal band on
which the terminations of the transverse stria are very
apparent ; columella descending in a very pronounced curve,
obliquely truncate below, diffused outwards and above into a
thin whitish callus which reaches the upper margin of the
labrum ; labrum simple, acute, receding below ; aperture
inversely auriform.
Alt. 29°5, diam. maj. 8°5, diam. min. 8 mm.
Aperture: alt. 8°5, diam. 4°55 mm.
Hab. Mount Kenia, at an altitude of 9000-10,000 feet,
British East Africa.
Subulina dohertyi*, Smith, from Uganda, specimens of
which also occurred on Mount Kenia at from 6000-8000 feet,
may perhaps also be included in the present subgenus.
Kenia tredalei, sp.n. (Fig. 29.)
Shell subulate, whitish, covered with a golden-brown
* J. Conch. x. p. 319.
474 Mr. H. B. Preston on
periostracum ; whorls 7, moderately flat, marked only with
lines of growth ; suture impressed ; columella somewhat
curved, abruptly truncate; labrum simple, receding below ;
aperture inversely auriform.
Alt. 16°75, diam. maj. 4°5 mm.
Aperture: alt. 4°5, diam. 2 mm.
Hab. Mount Kenia, 6000-8000 feet, British East Africa.
Opeas orestias, sp.n. (Fig. 30.)
Shell fusiform, yellowish white, thin, rimate, with obtuse
and rather large apex ; whorls 53, convex, the first one and a
half smooth, the remainder sculptured with somewhat coarse
transverse riblets; suture deeply impressed ; perforation
reduced to a mere chink ; columella descending obliquely,
reflexed ; labrum acute, simple ; aperture elongately ovate.
Alt. 4 mm., diam. maj. 2 mm.
Aperture: alt. 1, diam. nearly ‘5 mm.
Hab. Mount Kenia, at an altitude of 9000-10,000 feet,
British East Africa.
Opeas terebra, sp.n. (Fig. 31.)
Shell elongately subulate, shining, yellowish white, thin ;
whorls 103, the apical whorls smooth, submammillary, the
yemainder flattish, sculptured with fine, transverse, arcuate
costules ; suture impressed, rather coarsely crenellated by the
terminations of the transverse costule ; columella thickened,
descending inaslight curve ; labrum white, slightly reflexed ;
aperture inversely auriform.
Alt. 12°5, diam. maj. 2°75 mm.
Aperture: alt. 2°25, diam. 1 mm.
Hab. Between Rumruti and Mount Kenia, British East
Africa.
Opeas rumrutiensis, sp.n. (Fig. 32.)
Shell rather shortly subulate, thin, semitransparent, wax-
coloured, with rather blunt apex ; whorls 6, slightly convex,
sculptured with transverse, arcuate, somewhat closely-set
costule ; suture impressed, margined below ; columella
vertically descending, narrowly reflexed; labrum simple ;
aperture inversely auriform.
Alt. 6, diam. maj. 2, diam. min. 1°75 mm.
Aperture: alt. 1:75, diam. *5 mm.
Hab. Between Rumruti and Mount Kenia, British East
Africa.
new Shells from British East Africa. 475
Opeas angustior, sp.n. (Fig. 33.)
Shell differing from O. rwmrutiens?s in its rather narrower
form and more acuminate apex, in having an additional
whorl and a half, coarser transverse sculpture, crenellate and
not margined suture, more obliquely descending columella,
and shorter aperture.
Alt. 7:25, diam. maj. nearly 2 mm.
Aperture: alt. 1:25, diam. ‘5 mm.
po” Between Rumruti and Mount Kenia, British Hast
frica.
Opeas vicina, sp.n. (Fig. 34.)
Shell differing from O. angustior in its shorter and more
tapering form, rather more convex whorls, of which there are
but six, coarser sculpture, rather less oblique columella, and
shorter aperture.
Alt. 5°25, diam. maj. 1°75, diam. min. 1°5 mm.
Aperture: alt. 1, diam. °5 mm.
Hab Between Rumruti and Mount Kenia, British Hast
Africa.
Ancylus crassistriatus, sp.n. (Fig. 35.)
Shell somewhat conical, ‘oval, with subcentral apex, choco-
late-brown in colour, scu/ptured with coarse, wavy, radiate
strie ; margin somewhat serrated ; interior reddish brown,
polished, shining.
Alt. 2, diam. maj. 4°5, diam. min. 3 mm.
Hab. Between Rumruti and Mount Kenia, British East
Africa.
Pisidium kenianum, sp.n. (Fig. 36.)
Shell solid, somewhat trigonal, convex, very finely con-
centrically striate; umbones large; dorsal margin arched ;
ventral margin rounded; anterior side rather abruptly
descending ; posterior side slightly produced, rounded ;
cardinal teeth in right valve small, oblique ; anterior lateral
elongate, erect; posterior lateral also elongate, slightly
rounded; cardinal teeth in left valve situated at an. obtuse
angle to one another, the anterior broad below, the posterior
small; the anterior lateral in left valve posteriorly bifid,
angled in the middle, outwardly projecting; the posterior
lateral elongately anteriorly bifid, also projecting, slightly
grooved above.
476 On new Shells from British East Africa.
Long. 3°75, lat. 4 mm.
Hab. Between Rumruti and Mount Kenia, British East
Africa ; a few specimens were also collected on Mount Kenia
at an altitude of from 9000-10,000 feet.
Mr. B. B. Woodward, who has very kindly examined this
species for me, informs me that it in some measure resembles
the P. supinum, A. Schmidt, of North-western Europe.
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
PLATE XI.
. Ennea consobrina, sp. 0.
ig. 1
Fig. 2: dota, Sp. N.
Big: 3S, keniana, sp. 0.
ag. 4. optata, sp. 0.
Fig. 5. —— pilula, sp. n.
Fig. 6, —— pretiosa, sp. n.
Fig. 7. —— princet, sp. n.
Fig. 8. simplicima, sp. Nn.
Fig. 9, Thapsia rumrutiensis, sp. n.
Fig. 10. Zingis gaziensis, sp. n.
Fig. 11; consanguined, sp. N.
Fig. 12 keniana, sp. 0.
Fig. 13. Trachycystis planulata, sp. n.
Fig. 14. pseudocharopa, sp. 0.
Fig. 15 approximans, sp. N.
Fig. 16 rugosa, sp. N.
Fig. 17. Acanthinula expatriata, sp. n.
Fig. 18. Rachis virginea, sp. n. :
: turricula, sp. D.
Fig. 20. Cerastus nobilis, sp. n.
fig. 21. Jaminia desiderata, sp. n.
Fig. 22, Fauxulus duplicatus, sp. n.
Fig. 23. Clausilia degeneris, sp. 0.
PEATE SOE:
tg. 24. Limicolaria (Rebmanniella) inepta, sp. n.
Fig. 25a. Krapfiella mirabilis, sp. n.
Fig. 258. Apex, enlarged.
Fig. 26. Homorus egregius, sp. n.
Fig. 27. Curvella deliciosa, sp. 0.
Fig. 28. Kenia suturalis, sp. n.
tredalet, sp. 0.
Fig. 30, Opeas orestias, sp. 0.
terebra, sp. 1.
Fig. 32. —— rumrutiensis, sp. n.
angustior, sp. 0.
vicina, sp. 0.
Fig. 35. Ancylus crassistriatus, sp. u.
Fig. 36. Pistdium kenianum, sp. n.
On new Freshwater Fishes from South Africa. 477
LV. — Deseriptions of Three new Species of Freshwater
Fishes from South Africa. By J. D. F. Gincurist, D.Sc.,
and W. WARDLAW lHomMesOoN, F.Z.S.
Labeo seeberi, sp. n.
Depth of body nearly 5 times in total length, excluding
caudal, length of head 43 times ; width of head nearly # its
length ; snout prominent, projecting, rounded and slightly
pointed, longer than postocular part of head and 27), times
in length of head; eye lateral, nearer to gill-opening than to
point of snout, 7 times in length of head, 3} times in inter-
orbital width; width of mouth, with lips, a little more than
4 length of head ; lips well-developed, with transverse plice
on inner surface, fringed with papille; the lower lip with
prominent papilla scattered on it and festooned on lower
edge; rostral flap fringed ; no barbel visible.
Dorsal 1V 9, nearly equidistant from nostrils and base of
caudal, upper border emarginate; longest branched ray
about # length of head. Anal III 5, does not reach to base
of caudal. Pectoral # length of head, does not reach to
ventral, which is inserted below 4th branched ray of dorsal.
Caudal deeply forked, the lower lobe pointed and longer than
upper; caudal peduncle nearly twice as long as deep.
Scales 83, lat. tr. = ; 16 rows of scales between lateral line
and root of ventral, about 32 rows round caudal peduncle.
Colour (of preserved specimen) dark bluish brown above,
light coloured on belly ; body covered with minute dark
specks.
One specimen, 268 mm. in length, from Olifant’s River,
Transvaal (Dr. Secber).
Fane SUE o/s
Taricorhinus nasutus, sp. n.
(Morobe.)
Depth of body 33%, times in total length excluding caudal,
length of head 4;%, times ; width of head about 2 its length.
Snout pointed and prominent, shorter than postocular portion
of head; eye lateral, 7 times in length cf head and 34 times
in interorbital width; width of mouth ¢ length of head;
rostral flap pointed and overlaps symphysis of upper jaw ;
a double row of papille behind premaxillary ; two barbels
on each side, the lower longer than the upper and # diameter
of eye.
478 On new Freshwater Fishes from South Africa.
Dorsal IV 9, outer border of fin slightly emarginate, no
ossified ray, the longest branched ray about 4% length of
head; the anterior rays, from 4th to 6th, have a skinny flap
on each side along the greater part of their posterior edge.
Anal IIL 5, similar to dorsal, reaches base of caudal.
Pectoral a little more than # length of head and not reaching
to ventral, which is inserted below posterior half or middle of
dorsal. Caudal forked; depth of caudal peduncle 1} times
in its length. Scales 30, lateral line very indistinct
anteriorly and marked on posterior half of body by small
round holes, lat. tr. : ; 3 rows of scales between lateral line
and base of ventrals, 12 rows round caudal peduncle. The
scales on the body are very large, those below posterior
margin of dorsal being the largest and more than twice
diameter of eye; the scales on the belly are much smaller ;
head entirely scaleless.
Colour (of preserved specimen) bluish above, flesh-
coloured below.
One specimen, 482 mm. in length, from gorge helow
Victoria Falls, Zambesi River (F. W. Sykes).
Varicorhinus nelspruitensis, sp. n.
Boly compressed, depth 33 to 4 times in total length
excluding caudal, length of head 44 to 43 times, width of
head 2 to 3 its length ; snout prominent, rounded, shorter
than postocular portion of head; eye lateral, 42 to 4% times
in length of head and about twice to 22 times in interorbital
width ; width of mouth about 4 length of head; no barbel ;
small tubercles on snout; mouth feebly curved.
Dorsal III 8-9, upper edge slightly emarginate, no ossified
ray, longest branched ray $ to about same length as head.
Anal II 5, similar to dorsal, does not reach base of caudal.
Pectoral # to about same length as head, does not reach
ventral, which is inserted below 2nd branched ray of dorsal.
Caudal forked, the lobes pointed ; caudal peduncle 14 times
to twice as long as deep. Scales 34-35, lat. tr. ae 24 rows
of scales between lateral line and base of ventral, 14 rows
round caudal peduncle.
Colour (of preserved specimens) bluish black, darker
above.
Two specimens, 145 mm. and 158 mm. in length re-
spectively, from Nelspruit, Transvaal.
Mr. R, E. Turner on Fossortal Hymencptera. 479
LVI.—WNotes on Fossorial FHymenoptera.—lV.
By Row.anp EK. Turner, F.Z.S., F.E.S.
Remarks on the Genus Palarus.
THE following remarks are founded on the specimens of
Palarus in the National Collection at South Kensington,
which I have recently rearranged, and also on the collection
of Colonel C. G. Nurse, which he has kindly lent to me for
the purpose. ‘Ihe National Collection, though recently much
improved by the purchase of the Saunders collection and by
specimens from Karachi presented by Mr. Comber, is still
poor, especially in species from Asiatic Russia. The species
with which I am acquainted, together with a few others
which are sufficiently well described, if classified according to
the apical abdominal segment of the male, fall into five
natural groups :—
I, Seventh dorsal segment bifurcate at the apex.
1. P. o’neili, Brauns; 2. P. rujfipes, Latr.; 3. P. variegatus,
Fabr.; 4. P. spinole, Sauss.; 5. P. fortistriolatus, Cam. ;
6. P. affinis, Moraw. ; 7. P. rothschildi, Grib.
If. Seventh dorsal segment narrow and truncate or shallowly emar-
ginate at the apex.
1. P. indicus, Nurse ; 2. P. sawnderst, Morice ; 3. ? P. donga-
lensis, Klug; 4. ? P. aurantiacus, Rad.
III. Seventh dorsal segment tridentate at the apex.
1. P. funerarius, Moraw.; 2. P. bisignatus, Moraw.; 38. P. se-
ravensis, Rad.; 4. P. letus, Klug; 5. P. fabius, Nurse ;
6. P. lepidus, Klug; 7. P. nurset, Turn.; 8. P. confusus,
Turn.
IV. Seventh dorsal segment truncate at the apex, with lateral spines at
the base.
1. P. ortentalis, Kohl; 2. P. latifrons, Kohl.
V. Seventh dorsal segment broadly subtruncate at the apex, without
lateral spines.
1. P. comberi, Turn,
The third group is also distinguished by the greater dis-
. tance between the eyes on the vertex. P. penther/, Brauns,
seems to form a sixth group.
The genus is isolated among the Sphecoidea, showing no
near relationship to any other, and when the group is revised
can hardly be associated with the Larridee. Kohl practically
480 Mr. R. E. Turner on Fossorial Hymenoptera.
leaves the genus unclassified, though associating it provision-
ally with the Larridee.
Most of the species belong to the Palearctic and Ethiopian
Regions, only one species having been found in the part of
India really belonging to the Oriental Region, though seven
must now be included in the fauna of British India. The
collections of Colonel Nurse and Mr. Comber are particularly
interesting, showing that the fauna of Quetta is mainly
Palearctic, while at Karachi and Deesa there is a strong
Palearctic element in a fauna that is mainly Indian, the
country between the Rajputana desert and the passes into
Beluchistan being a borderland between the two regions.
Palarus variegatus, Fabr.
Tiphia variegata, Faby. Spec. Insect. p. 451 (1781). 2.
Crabro flavipes, Fabr. Spec. Insect. p. 470 (1781).
Palarus flavipes, Laty. Gen. Crust. & Insect. 1. (1806).
As I have previously pointed out, the name variegutus
should be used for this species.
Palarus fortistriolatus, Cam.
Palarus fortistriolatus, Cam. Ann, & Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) xx. p. 91
(1907).
This species is nearest to P. spinole, Sauss., but has the
pleuree more closely punctured, ‘There is no tubercle or
lateral spine on the sixth ventral segment of the male.
Palarus indicus, Nurse.
Palarus indicus, Nurse, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. xy. p. 4 (1903).
This is probably a geographical race of P. dongalensis,
Klug, and is somewhat intermediate between the typical
form and P. aurantiacus, Rad. Females from Karachi (ex
coll. Comber) have the median segment black in the middle,
as in Klug’s figure, the mesonotum black, with an obscure
ferruginous line on each side, and the wings flavo-hyaline at
the base. Otherwise the specimens answer well to Radosz-
kowski’s dessription.
Palarus funerarius, Moraw.
Palarus funerarius, Moraw. Hor, Soe. ent. Ross. xxiii. p. 186 (1889). -
Palarus quiescens, Nurse, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soe. xv. p. 5
(1903).
Hab. Deesa (Nurse) ; Karachi (Comber) ; Mongolia
(Morawitz).
Mr. R. E. Turner on Fossorial Hymenoptera. 481
Palarus letus, Klug.
Palarus letus, Klug, Symbol. physic. (1845). $9.
Larra annulata, Walker, List of Hymen. in Egypt, p. 25 (1871). ¢.
Stizus walkeri, Handl. Sitzber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, ci. p. 177 (1892).
A male specimen, evidently named by Walker, is in the
British Museum. It answers well to Walker’s description,
and may possibly be the type.
Palarus fabius, Nurse.
Palarus fabius, Nurse, Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. xv. p. 6 (1908).
Very near letus, Klug, but the depression on the middle of
the median segment is narrower and not so deep, and the
transverse ridge on the second ventral segment of the male is
much less developed. ‘The scutellum in the male is yellow,
as in the female.
Palarus nurset, sp. n.
6. Niger; mandibulis, clypeo, pronoto linea interrupta, callis
humeralibus, macula ante alas, tegulis, mesopleuris macula
magna, postscutello, segmentis dorsalibus fasciis transversis, pedi-
busque flavis; segmento ventrali secundo apice cristato, ano
tridentato.
@. Mari simillima, segmentis abdominis apice fusco-ferrugineis,
area pygidiali ferruginea.
3. Clypeus smooth and shining, very broadly rounded at
the apex ; a narrow longitudinal carina between the antenne,
obscurely continued on the front, not quite reaching the
anterior ocellus. Mandibles strongly notched on the lower
margin. Antenne thickened towards the apex, the second
joint of the flagellum distinctly longer than the third, joints
8-13 broader than long. Anterior ocellus large and round,
the posterior ocelli much smaller and oval. HKyes*separated
on the vertex by a distance not quite equal to the length of
the second joint of the flagellum. Front and mesonotum
minutely punctured and covered with very fine whitish
pubescence. Scutellum shining and almost smooth, with a
strongly depressed line of deep punctures at the base; meso-
pleuree shining and very sparsely punctured. Median seg-
ment with a deep and rather broad longitudinal depression in
the middle, obliquely striated. First dorsal segment concave
at the base, with an elevated carina on each side; first
ventral segment with two small tubercles near the middle,
beyond which the segment is strongly depressed to the apex;
Ann, & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 8. Vol. vii. 32
482 Mr. R. E. Turner on Fosserial Hymenoptera.
second ventral segment raised into a broad transverse ridge
at the apex; ventral segments 3-6 with an arched carina or
raised space before the apex; apical segment tridentate at
the apex, the median tooth stouter and slightly longer than
the lateral. Appendiculate cell not very distinct; third
transverse cubital nervure received very near the apex of the
radial cell; second cubital cell with a very short petiole, very
broadly triangular, longer on the cubitus than the third
cubital cell; first recurrent nervure interstitial with the first
transverse cubital nervure.
Black; the mandibles (except at. the apex), clypeus, a
narrow transverse line above the base of the antenne, an
interrupted line on the pronotum, tegule and a spot in front
of them, a large vertical spot on the mesopleure, post-
scutellum, a broad transverse band on each dorsal segment of
the abdomen, strongly arcuate in the middle on segments 4—6,
the femora (except at the base), tibize, and tarsi pale yellow ;
antenne fuscous; the apical margins of the dorsal abdominal
segments and the ridge at the apex of the second ventral
segment fusco-ferruginous. Wings hyaline, nervures pale
testaceous.
Length 9 mm.
?. As in the male, but differs in the absence of tubercles
or ridges on the ventral abdominal segments; the pygidial
area is smooth, long and narrow, pointed at the apex. The
first recurrent nervure is received by the second cubital cell
near the base.
The sides of the scutellum and of the median segment and
ventral segments 2-4 are marked with yellow. The two
basal ventral segments and the pygidium bright ferruginous.
Posterior and intermediate legs stained with terruginous.
Length 9 mm.
Hab. Quetta (Nurse) ; May and June.
Near P. lepidus, Klug, but differs in the darker ground-
colour of the abdomen ; the front is flatter and has a frontal
carina instead of a groove, and the scutellum is smoother.
In the male the ridge on the second ventral segment is less
developed and the first recurrent nervure is differently placed.
It is also a less robust species.
Palarus confusus, sp. n.
Very near P. nursed, but differs as follows :—
3. The anterior margin of the clypeus almost transverse ;
eyes separated on the vertex by a distance equal to the length
of the two basal joints of the flagellum, posterior ocelli almost
Mr. R. KE. Turner on Fossorial Hymenoptera. 483
round, mesonotum and scutellum more closely and distinctly
punctured, the depression on the median segment broader
anteriorly, abdomen finely and closely punctured instead of
almost smooth; the ridge at the apex of the second ventral
segment only slightly developed; first recurrent nervure
received near the base of the second cubital cell. The yellow
bands are confined to the three basal abdominal segments,
being replaced on the others by fusco-ferruginous. The
wings are very faintly tinged with fuscous.
?. Differs as in the male, but the eyes are quite as near
together on the vertex as in P. nurset; the median segment
has a large yellow spot on each side near the middle and the
pygidial area has a low longitudinal carina and is sparsely
but deeply punctured.
Length, ¢ 8, 2 9 mm.
Hab. Algeria (Eaton), June 1893; ¢ ¢?. Aine Kriar,
June 1896; 9.
Ex coll. E. Saunders, in which it was confused with
P. lepidus, Klug, from which it differs by the frontal cha-
racters, the distance between the eyes on the vertex, and
otherwise. ‘lhe male is of slender build, as in P. nurset,
bnt the female is robust, as in P. lepidus.
The male is the type.
Palarus ortentalis, Kohl.
Palarus orientalis, Kohl, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xxxiv. p. 422
(1884).
Hab. Ceylon (Kohl) ; Deesa (Nurse).
Two males and one female taken at Deesa by Colonel
Nurse (March and April).
The female does not differ from the male in colour. The
pygidial area is black, strongly longitudinally striated, broad
at the base, rather sharply narrowed near the middle and
produced into a point at the apex.
Palarus comberi, sp. n.
3. Niger; clypeo, mandibulis (apice excepto), tegulis, macula
mesopleurarum, fasciisque interruptis segmentorum 1-6 pallide
flavis ; pedibus flayo-variegatis; alis sordide hyalinis, nervulis
testaceis. Pygidium inerme.
Long. 13 mm,
Mandibles with a notch on the outer margin near the
middle ; clypeus very broadly rounded at the apex, slightly
32*
484 Mr. R. E. Turner on Fossortal Hymenoptera.
convex at the base, flattened towards the apex. yes sepa-
rated on the vertex by a very narrow line; the anterior
ocellus much larger than the others, which are oval and
separated by a longitudinal carina. Antenne shorter than
the mesonotum and scutellum combined, thickened towards
the apex, the second joint of the flagellum longer than the
first and third combined, the fifth joint as broad as long.
Mesonotum finely and rather closely punctured, scutellum
shining and almost smooth. Median segment and pleure
very finely punctured, the median segment with a concave
depression rounded posteriorly, a narrow, smooth, triangular
area on the posterior truncation, the margins of the area
raised into carinee which converge before the apex of the
truncation. Abdomen shining, minutely punctured ; the
first segment concave-truncate at the base, densely clothed
with long greyish-white pubescence on each side of the trun-
cation ; the apical half of the second ventral segment very
strongly transversely elevated, the basal and apical margins
of the elevated portion raised and forming strong carine ;
sixth segment with a small tubercle on each side near the
apical angles ; seventh dorsal segment rugosely punctured,
much longer than broad, subcarinate longitudinally in the
middle, slightly depressed and almost truncate at the apex.
Radial cell narrowly truncate at the apex, the appendiculate
cell not clearly defined, second cubital cell small, with a
short petiole, triangular, receiving the second recurrent
nervure just before the apex; the first recurrent nervure
received by the first cubital cell, separated from the second
cubital cell by more than halt the length of that cell on the
cubital nervure ; third transverse cubital nervare not oblique,
slightly curved outwards, not nearly reaching the apex of the
radial cell.
Black ; mandibles (except at the apex), clypeus, a line on
each side of the pronotum, tegulz, a spot on the mesopleura,
a transverse band on each side on dorsal abdominal segments
1-6, narrowly interrupted in the middle on the second and
third segments, more broadly on the others and enclosing a
black spot on each side on segments 53-5, a band on the third
ventral segment and a spot on each side of the second, and
the femora, tibie, and tarsi beneath pale yellow. Wings
hyaline, stained with pale fulvous at the base, nervures testa-
ceous. Pubescence whitish, very close on the sides of the
median segment and on the seventh ventral segment.
9, As in the male, but without the yellow spot on the
mesopleure, without the elevated process on the second
ventral segment; the sixth dorsal segment long, pointed at
Descriptions and Records of Bees. 485
the apex, the sides raised and forming carine, within which
are two caring converging towards the apex and enclosing an
inner rugulose area, raised above the lateral margins. The
first recurrent nervure is rather nearer to the second cubital
cell than in the male.
Hab. Karachi (E£. Comber), October; ¢ 2. Deesa
(Nurse).
The male is the type.
In the almost complete absence of the appendix to the
radial cell this species agrees with latifrons, Kohl. The
second cubital cell is very narrowly triangular, so that the
distance between the recurrent nervures is no greater than is
usual in the genus, although in this species the first recurrent
is received by the first cubital cell. The third cubital cell
is almost rectangular. In the form of the apical segment
in the male the species is isolated, differing from all others,
the dorsal plate being much broader than in P. sawndersz,
Morice, the only other species, so far as I know, in which
there are no spines or bifureation.
P,. saundersi may prove to be the male of dongalensis,
Klug.
LVII.—Descriptions and Records of Bees —XXXVI.
By T. D. A. Cockrrzy, University of Colorado.
Megachile rufovittata, Ckll.
The United States National Museum contains one of each
sex, collected by T. Fukai at Horisha, Formosa. I also find
a male in the Sauter collection from the Berlin Museum,
collected at Kanshirei, Formosa, June 8, 1908. The male is
about 12 mm. long, narrow, with pubescence much as in the
female, the abdomen with narrow entire red hair-bands, and
some red hair in the basal depressions of the segments, the
face with much red hair, the vertex and disc of thorax with
a good deal of black hair. The mandibles are quadridentate,
the teeth sharp, the second one smaller than the others ;
antenne long and black ; anterior coxz with short spines,
hidden amoug the hairs; anterior tibize and tarsi simple ;
sixth abdominal segment retracted, its upper surface granular,
elevated in the middle, and with only scattered erect dark
hairs in the Kanshirei specimen, but in the other with some
appressed pale yellow tomentum in the middle; margin of
486 Mr. T. D. A. Cockerell—Deseriptions and
sixth segment broadly rounded, strongly. notched in the
Kanshirei specimen, slightly in the other, not at all dentate ;
no subapical ventral teeth. The male of M. rufovittata has
a rather close superficial resemblance to MM. rotundipennis,
W. F. Kirby, from Christmas Island.
Megachile igniscopata, sp. n.
? .—Length 13 mm.
Closely resembling the Australian M. pictiventris, Smith,
but with the mesothorax shining, and sparsely punctured in
the middle ; the shovel-shaped abdomen has distinct metallic
purple tints, narrow dull white hair-bands, evanescent in the
middle, and ventral scopa bright orange fulvous, with a few
slightly fuscous hairs at the apex of the last segment. In
Bingham’s table of Indian species it runs to M. chlorigaster,
Cam.,a much smaller species. Hair of head and thorax
mainly white, dense and with a slight creamy tinge on front,
tubercles, and sides of metathorax ; on vertex it is black,
and on mesothorax, where it is very thin and inconspicuous,
largely black, but on scutellum it is all pale; mandibles
quadridentate, the third tooth extremely broad; clypeus
normal, densely punctured, with a smcoth median band,
which forms a T with a smooth band along the lower margin
of the supraclypeal area; eyes dark reddish ; sides of vertex
shining, with strong well-separated punctures ; antenne and
tegule black; scutellum smooth and shining in front, other-
wise well punctured. Wings hyaline, strongly and broadly
darkened along apical margin ; abdomen with small, distinct,
well-separated punctures ; legs black, with pale hair, that on
inner side of tarsi ferruginous ; hind basitarsus broad and
flat ; claws with a basal tooth.
Hab. Takao, Formosa, October 11, 1907 (Sauter). Three
females in Berlin Museum.
Megachile spissula, sp. n.
? .—Length 104 mm.
Black, including legs and fleas) narrow and parallel-
sided, very closely resembling the American M. subezilis,
CkIL ; pubescence rather dull white, forming very narrow
entire bands on the hind margins of the abdominal segments ;
ventral scopa white, with a slight creamy tint, on the last
segment very short and pale reddish. Head oblong, elevated |
posteriorly ; eyes dark brown; mandibles broad, rugose,
quadridentate, the teeth short; sides of face with spreading
a4 Records of Bees. 487
white hair ; clypeus very densely punctured, not keeled, its
lower margin in the middle with a pair of small nodules, and
projecting between them a tuft of pale orange hair; supra-
clypeal region elevated, convex, very densely punctured, the
punctures running into striz ; front very densely punctured ;
vertex with extremely large separated punctures ; punctures
on mesothorax and scutellum large and distinct (but not so
large as those on vertex), those on mesothorax more or less
running into striz; area of metathorax granular; hind part
of mesothorax with a few hardly noticeable brown hairs ;
tegulee piceous. Wings dusky ; anterior tibiz and tarsi
with bright ferruginous hair on inner side; hind basitarsi
broadened and flattened, with red hair on inner side; spurs
light reddish. Abdomen finely but very distinctly punctured,
segments 2 to 4 very strongly transversely sulcate, the
punctures beyond the sulcus larger than those before.
Hab. Formosa (Sauter). One female in Berlin Museum.
In Bingham’s table of Indian species this runs to
M. cephalotes, Smith, which has a quite differently shaped
head. The second and third joints of the maxillary palpi
are very bristly; the claws have no basal tooth; the last
abdominal segment is higher than long, vertically descending
until it bends to form the apical lip; these characters, with
the narrow form and general structure and appearance,
justify the inclusion of M. spissula in Robertson’s subgenus
or genus Oligotropus, hitherto known only in the North
American fauna.
Megachile tranquilla, sp. n.
2? .—Length 8-9 mm.
Black, with black and white hair, the abdomen with con-
spicuous narrow entire white hair-bands; ventral scopa
white, suffused in the middle with ferruginous, on last
segment black; form rather compact ; general appearance
exactly like the European M. rotundata ; it may be known
from rotundata, and also from all the closely allied Formosan
species, by the dense whité hair of the front having con-
spicuous black hairs intermixed. Another very similar
species is the Australian M. quinquelineata, Ckll., but this
has the hair on inner side of hind tarsi purplish black,
whereas in M. tranquilla it is clear ferruginous. Other close
allies are M. seychellensis, Cam., from the Seychelles Islands,
and M. palmarum, Perkins, from the Hawaiian Islands.
Mandibles quadridentate ; hair of head white, black on
vertex, and mixed with black on front ; clypeus very densely
488 Mr. T. D. A. Cockerell—Descriptions and
punctured, but shining, not keeled, the lower margin finely
crenulate or nodulose ; supraclypeal area shining, sparsely
punctured in middle; vertex, mesothorax, and scutellum
closely and finely punctured ; hair of thorax white, abundant,
but black on dise of mesothorax, and much long black hair
on scutellum ; tegule dark brown. Wings slightly dusky.
Legs with silvery hairs, those on inner side of tarsi orange-
ferruginous ; spurs ferruginous; hind basitarsi broad and
flat. Abdomen black between the bands, with short black
hair.
Hab. Formosa (Sauter). Two femalesin Berlin Museum.
The type is from Taihanroku, June 11, 1908; the other
from Takao, Oct. 1, 1907.
Megachile rixator, sp. nu.
? .— Length about 12 mm.
Black (including legs), but flagellum ferruginous beneath ;
form rather narrow and _ parallel-sided; pubescence pale
ochreous, white ventrally, the ventral scopa white at base,
otherwise light fulvous, strongly fulvous apically ; general
form and appearance (except for the yellowish pubescence)
hke the American M. soledadensis, Ckll.
Mandibles quadridentate ; clypeus densely punctured, but
with a broad shining median low ridge, not amounting to a
keel ; supraclypeal area with its lower part bare and shining,
front covered with dense ochreous hair, with no black inter-
mixed ; hair of vertex rather dark reddish ; vertex with fine
punctures ; mesothorax and scutellum finely and very densely
punctured ; thorax thickly clothed with ochreous hair, short
and darker, but not fuscous, above, white beneath ; tegulz
reddish with pallid margins. Wings slightly dusky. Legs
with shining white and pale yellow hair, ferruginous on inner
side of tarsi ; hind basitarsus broad and flat ; spurs very pale ;
claws witha basal tooth. First abdominal segment with much
ochreous hair, the others with conspicuous narrow entire
ochreous hair-bands; apical segment obliquely desceuding,
its lateral profile making an angle of perhaps 45 degrees.
Hab. Takao, Formosa, Sept. 29, 1907 (Sauter). Two
females in Berlin Museum.
A series of 19 other females collected by Sauter in
Formosa were at first separated on superficial appearances,
seeming smaller and more compact (length 9 to 10 mm),
with cordate abdomen. ‘These prove on examination to be
M. rivator, varying in size, and with the abdomen retracted.
They are all from Takao, collected in September and
October.
Records of Bees. 489
Megachile abluta, sp. n.
? .—Length 93-104 mm.
Size, colour, and appearanee exactly as in M. rivator, but
readily separable by the following characters: hair of last
ventral segment black; hair of vertex fuscous; clypeus
densely punctured, without any median smooth line ; flagel-
lum not red beneath ; hair on inner side of tarsi very pale;
ventral scopa usually paler, the basal half white ; otherwise
the two are essentially the same.
6 .—Length 7-9 mm.
Face densely covered with pale ochreous hair ; flagellum
black ; anterior cox with short black spines; anterior tibiz
and tarsi simple, the tarsi red at apex; sixth abdominal
segment bilobed, the lobes rounded, the dorsal surface with
a large kidney-shaped dense patch of pale hair; no subapical
ventral teeth.
This male looks just like the Australian M. sequior, CkIL.,
except that it lacks the thoracic hair-spots conspicuous in
sequior. It is even more like the European M. apicalis,
which is without the hair-spots, but M. abluta has a fairly
evident pallid band in the scutello-mesothoracic suture,
wanting in apicalis. In apicalis the margin of the sixth
abdominal segment is denticulate, which is not at all the case
in abluta. The kidney-shaped patch of hair is more extensive
in apicalis, almost entirely covering the dorsal surface of the
sixth segment.
Hab. Formosa (Sauter). 381 females and 34 males in
Berlin Museum. The type is a female from Takao, Aug. 23,
1907. All the females come from Takao, July to October.
The males bear the following data: Takao, May 3, and July
to October ; Taihanroku, Juneand July ; Koroton, Sept. 8;
Kagi, Aug. 29.
Megachile subusta, sp. n.
6 .—Length 11-12 mm.
In nearly all respects exactly hke the male of M. rufo-
vittata, but with the hair of the vertex and thoracic dorsum
entirely ferrugmous, without any fuscous or black. On the
dise of the mesothorax the punctures are close, yet the
shining surface is clearly visible between them, whereas in
rufovittata this is not the case. The abdomen is much less
closely punctured than in rufovittata ; thus the dise of the
fourth segment is closely punctured in rufovittata, sparsely
490 Mr. T. D. A. Cockerell—Deseriptions and
in subusta. The anterior and middle tarsi have long fringes
of white hair behind.
Hab, Formosa (Sauter). Five males in Berlin Museum.
The type is from Koroton, first half of September, 1907,
Two are from Koroton, Sept. 8; two from Kagi, Aug. 20.
M. subusta and rufovittata are certainly distinct species,
yet extremely closely allied.
Megachile aspernata, sp. n.
6 .—Length about 10 mm.
Black, with pale pubescence, which is white beneath and
on legs, above ochreous-tinted; head broad, eyes pale
greenish, moderately converging below; flagellum ferrugi-
nous beneath ; front very densely and minutely granular-
punctate, concave on each side; vertex finely irregularly
punctured ; mesothorax and scutellum very densely granular-
punctate, like front ; area of metathorax dull ; tegule rather
light brown, with pallid margins. Wings hyaline; second
r.n. ending nearly as far from end of second s.m. as first
from its base. Legs black ; anterior coxee with strong spines ;
anterior femora with inner surface pale ferruginous; their
tibize a little reddish apically, and behind with a brush of
white hair ; their tarsi with the first joint bearing a hollow,
boat-shaped scale or lobe, which is pale ferruginous; the
anterior and middle tarsi are fringed with white hair behind,
the middle ones not only have a large thick fringe, but the
outer surface is densely covered with hair ; the hind tarsi
have a fringe of white hair in front. Abdomen rather short,
finely and closely punctured, with coarse hair-bands ; sixth
segment with the projecting edge broadly rounded, emargi-
nate in middle, and coarsely toothed; dorsal surface of sixth
segment almost wholly covered with a dense mat of creamy-
white hair ; no subapical ventral teeth ; margins of third and
fourth ventral segments each with a little semicircular patch
of glistening appressed pale yellow hair, quite distinct from
the other pubescence.
Hab. Takao, Formosa, July 1, 1907 (Sauter). One male
in Berlin Museum, the dorsal pubescence in poor condition.
Very distinct from all other Formosa species by the
character of the anterior legs; the dentate margin of the
sixth abdominal segment recalls the much larger and other-
wise quite different M. kagiana. I cannot find any species
very closely related to W/. aspernata,
Records of Bees. AQL
Megachile dinura, Cll.
A female from Foochow, China (H. R. Caldwell), in the
U.S. National Museum, cannot be separated from the
Formosan M. dinura. It is in poor condition, having
apparently been in alcohol.
Anthopora zonata (L.).
The Sauter collection from Formosa contains a long series
of A. zonata, or what has passed everywhere as the Linnean
species. The females include eleven from Takao, August to
December, and ten without precise locality. The abdominal
bands vary from bright blue to pale green, but I cannot
distinguish more than one species. So far as the females go,
there is no apparent difficulty in assigning them to 4. zonala,
and, according to current usage, the name var. subcerulea
(Lep.) is applied to those with pale bands. An examination
of the males reveals a curious state of affairs. The colour
of the abdominal bands varies asin the females, but there are
other good characters separating the specimens into three
groups, as follows :—
(1) A. zonata proper, in the sense of Lepeletier and Dours.
Face-markings creamy white; clypeus with only a
narrow black band on each side : hair of hind basi-
tarsus entirely black ; fifth oneal segment black,
with black hair, its apical margin broadly excavated
or emarginate ; last ventral keeled. Thirty speci-
mens; Takao, August to October; Taihanroku,
June 11.
(2) A. korotonensis, nov. Face-markings light primrose-
yellow ; bands at sides of clypeus rather broad, but
essentially as in zonata; outer side of hind basi-
tarsus with much white hair ; fifth ventral segment
very dark reddish, black-haired, with a tuft of
white hair on each side (small white tufts also in
zonata), the apical margin broadly excavated, but
also depressed in middle. Koroton, Sept. 8, 1907.
One specimen.
(3) A. calceifera, nov. Face-markings coloured as in
zonata, but black marks at sides of clypeus large,
notched below, having the form of a boot (ina
single specimen the marks are narrower and band-
like) ; hind basitarsi with a good deal of white hair
on outer side; fifth ventral segment coloured lke
Mr. T. D. A. Cockerell—Deseriptions and
the others, except that there is a subapical, round,
suffused, black spot, the hind margin in middle
straight, neither excavated nor depressed; last
segment with a round shining depression, in which
is a strong carina. Twenty-three specimens.
Takao, March, April, August, October ; Koroton,
Sept. 8, 1907.
Two other forms come from the Asiatic mainland :—
(4) A. caldwelli, nov. Face-markings pale yellow as in
From
korctonensis, but marks at sides of clypeus large
and notched below, shaped entirely as in calceifera ;
hind basitarsus with some white hair, especially at
base ; fifth ventral segment black, except for the
tuft of white hair on each side, its margin broadly
shallowly excavated ; abdominal bands light blue.
Foochow, China (H. R. Caldwell). U.S. National
Museum. I have erroneously determined this as
A. zonata.
. subcarulea, Lepeletier. Face-markings very pale
yellow ; clypeus with very large quadrate black
patches as in the female; hind basitarsus without
white hair; fifth ventral segment with hind margin
straight. Kalutara, Ceylon, March 1910, 2 9,12
(E. Comber); Nasik, India, Sept. 1908 (H. Comber).
British Museum. :;
I suppose that this is Lepeletier’s subcerulea,
as he describes the sexes as having the face-
markings alike. The female agrees well with the
description, except that the antenne are red
beneath from the end of the third segment, and
the fifth abdominal segment has black hair in the
middle and white at the sides (instead of the two
intermixed). The abdominal bands are pale blue,
as in caldwelli.
the standpoint of genetics the above insects are
extremely interesting. The differences may be regarded as
plus and minus variations, corresponding probably to
Mendelian allelomorphic pairs, as follows :—
(1) Face-markings yellow (+) or white (—).
(2) Marks at sides of clypeus like female (+), or boot-
like (first reduction stage) or narrow bands (second
reduction stage).
(3) Hind basitarsus with hair all black (+) or partly
white (—).
(4) Fifth ventral segment entire (+) or emarginate (—).
Records of Bees. 493
According to this scheme the several forms may be
tabulated thus :—
Face-markings. Marksat side Hind basi- Fifth ventral
(Colour. ) of clypeus, tarsus. segment,
AN ZONA ven. _ — (2) + -
A, korotonensis ... + — (2) - =
A, calceifera .... — — (1) ~ +
Ancaldwells “i650 — (1) — —
A, subcerulea,... + + +
According to this plan, A. subcerulea seems to be the
stem-form, while the others represent various degrees of
reduction. A. korotonensis would seem to have been derived
from the Chinese caldwelli ; while zonata and calceifera may
represent independent derivatives from subcerulea. It is
possible, however, that the forms inhabiting the same region
(as zonata and calceifera in Formosa) may freely cross, with
Mendelian results, in which case calecifera cannot be con-
sidered a valid species. Against this last supposition is the
fact that the several characters seem to go together, with the
single exception in regard to the clypeal marks mentioned
under calceifera.
Still another form from North-west India may be
described as follows :—
Anthophora comberi, sp. n.
Hair of head and thorax above pale reddish mixed with
black, as in zonata ; abdominal bands very brilliant shining
turquoise-blue ; face-markings light yellow ; size of zonata.
3 .—Lateral markings of clypeus reduced to small pyri-
form sutural spots (a third reduction stage) ; hind basitarsus
with a few white hairs at extreme base ; fifth ventral segment
elevated in middle and broadly emarginate (Nasik, =type).
? .—Clypeal marks large and elongate-quadrate, shaped
as in subcerulea, and with the median yellow band broad ;
spots at basal corners of labrum small ; hind basitarsi with
the hair all black; light hair of legs white, with a brown
stain apically on middle tibiz. Hab River, Karachi, Sept.
1909:
Hab. Nasik and Hab River (H#. Comber). British
Museum..
In the above scheme this will stand as +, — (3), +?, —.
This is a considerably larger insect than A, subcerulea.
A494 Dr. L. Cognetti de Martiis on the
LVIII.—A Contribution to our Knowledge of the Oligocheta of
Travancore. By Dr. Luigi Coanerti DE Martiis, Torino,
R. Museo Zoologico.
[Plate XIII. ]
THE present paper is the result of the examination of a
collection belonging to the British Museum and entrusted to
me by Prof. F. J. Bell, who received them from the Tri-
vandrum Museum *.
The first work in which Oligochetes from Travancore are
mentioned is a paper by Miss 8. M. Fedarb published in
1897 (4). Prof. Dr. W. Michaelsen has recently discussed
the drilofauna of the entire Indian Empire and adjacent
regions in two valuable works (12, 13). From these works
it results that nineteen species of earthworms have already
been collected in the State of Travancore.
The collection examined by me contains only one of the
species which are contained in Michaelsen’s lists, viz. Glypht-
drilus annandalet, Mich. It contains besides four new species
and a “ peregrine” species, Lampito mauriti’?, Kinb., which
has already been collected in other localities of S. India.
At present our knowledge of the drilofauna of Travancore
extends to twenty-four species, as follows :—
Fam. MonILIGASTRID&. Subfam. OctocH TINA.
Drawida barwelli (Bedd.). Octochetus aitkeni (Fedb.).
ghatensis, Mich. pittnyi, Mich.
pellucidus (Bourne), var.
pallida, Mich.
travancorensis, Mich. i i j
fakir, sp. n. Dicrogaster affinis (Mich.).
Moniligaster deshayesi, E. Perr. bolani (Mich.).
-—— travancorensis (Fedb.).
Subfam. TRIGASTRIN ®.
Fam. MEGASCOLECID2.
Subfam. MrGascoLECIN”. Subfam. OcNERODRILINZ.
Gordiodrilus travancorensis, Mich.
Plutellus timidus, sp. n. : fj F 5
Tee rane teed Hatt Ocnerodrilus occidentalis, Eisen.
Megascolides tenmalai, Meh,
Lampito mauritii, Avb.
Megascolex insignis, Mich. Fam. GLossoscOLECID&.
konkanensis, Mich.
— travancorensis, f. typica,
Subfam. GLOSSOSCOLECINZ.
Mich. Pontoscolex corethrurus (F. Midi.)
var. ghatensis, Mich.
var. quilonensis, Mech. Subfam. MicrocHarTiInm.
—— ratus, sp. n.
Glyphidrilus annandalei, Mich.
eunephrus, sp. 0. _
Pheretima travancorensis (Fedb.).
2 So a ES ee
* [ have to express my sincere thanks to Prof. F. J. Bell for this new
proof of consideration in sending me this very interesting collection.
Oligocheeta of Travancore. 495
This paper was already in type when I received, by the
kindness of Prof. Dr. W. Michaelsen, his monograph “ Die
Oligochitenfauna der vorderindisch-ceylonischen Region” (13),
issued in September, 1910. In the following pages is found
a description of Glyphidrilus annandalet, Mich., which I
wrote before receiving this monograph. My description agrees
with that of Michaelsen ; the two descriptions supplement
each other.
Fam. Moniligastride.
Drawida fakir, sp.n. (Pl. XIII. figs, 1-3.)
A single immature specimen.
External characters.—Length 85 mm., greatest thickness
3 mm.; number of segments 98.
Colour uniformly lilac-grey.
Head prolobous; body cylindrical, slightly reduced in
diameter at the tail.
Sete strictly paired: aa=bc; dd a little larger than half
the circumference of the body.
Dorsal pores not seen. Clitellum not developed. Nephri-
dial pores from the third segment, on the antericr margin, in
the lines of the superior dorsal setze (d).
At the intersegmental furrow x.—xi., a little laterally to the
lines of ventral bundles of sete, is present a pair of small
conical tubercles, contained in two small and not very deep
pouches; these tubercles are in relation with the male pores,
but L have not been able to determine whether the pores are at
the summit or at the base of the tubercles (Pl. XIII. fig. 1).
The tubercles correspond in shape with those drawn by
Michaelsen (12, pl. xii. fig. 2) for Drawida sulcata, Mich.
Female pores at anterior margin of the xil. segment, in the
lines of the superior ventral setze (0).
Spermathecal pores at intersegmental furrow vii.—vili., a
little laterally to the lines of ventral bundles of sete.
Internal anatomy.—Septa vi.-vil.—vili.-ix. somewhat
thickened.
Four strong gizzards are distributed in segments xiii., xiv.,
Xv., and xvi.
The paired hearts are found in segments vi.-ix. At
x. segment, close behind the anterior septum, a pair of trunks
originate from the dorsal vessel. ‘These two trunks are
directed backwards in the ventral region, to unite with the
subneural blood-vessel close to the anterior surface of septum
X1.—Xil.
496 Dr. L. Cognetti de Martiis on the
A large pair of testicular vesicles runs through septum
ix.-x. laterally to the gut. The anteseptal part of each
vesicle (a little more developed at the left side) is divided
into two globular portions by a constriction. The postseptal
part is more developed than the anteseptal, from which it is
separated by a deep constriction. The postseptal part is
irregularly pear-shaped, diminishing in diameter at the poste-
rior end, and it is entirely contained in the x. segment
(Pl. XIII. fig. 2). On the left side the postseptal part is
longer than on the right, and at the end is rather S-shaped.
A sperm-duct-funnel is found in the postseptal portion of
each vesicle, united to its ventral wall just behind septum
ix._x. The sperm-ducts are short and a little undulated ;
they enter into the proximal part of the prostates. The
prostates are white and tubular ; they are closely coiled on each
side. They are of equal thickness throughout their length,
and their distal extremity is provided with a short, thinner,
muscular tract.
A pair of enormously developed ovaries lies in the x1.
segment, suspended to the anterior septum along a line that
almost entirely encloses the gut. The ovaries are enclosed in
a very thin-walled pericesophageal capsule that extends from
septum x.-xi. to septum xi-xi. At the posterior wall of
the ovarial capsule (viz. septum xi.—xil.) are placed, on each
side, the orifice of an egg-sac and the funnel of the oviduct.
The first is surrounded by a circle and placed dorsally to
the gut. The little oviducal funnels are ventral and con-
nected with the short and straight oviducts.
The egg-sacs are cylindrical and prolonged backwards, but
contained in the xii. segment, in which they are only once.
folded. The cavity of the egg-sacs is partially obliterated by
a rich network of blood-vessels, but eggs are wanting.
Spermathecee in vill. segment near to septum vil.—viil.
Each spermatheca consists of a white, thin-walled, spherical
ampulla and a thin, long, bent duct * which traverses the
body-wall to open directly to the exterior, Muscular atrial
chambers are wanting. ‘The two ampullee he dorsally to the
cesophagus, and the pole of each ampulla, which is opposite
to the origin of the canal, is fastened to the middle line of
the posterior surface of septum vii.-vill. by a very short and
straight ligament (Pl. XILI. fig. 3).
Hab. Arumanallur, 45 km. H.S.E. from Trevandrum (Jr.
FR. Shungara Narayana, 23. vi. 1910).
This new species of Drawida is easily dlstinguished from
* See Michaelsen, (12) p, 189,
Oligocheta of Travancore. 497
the other species of the same genus by the position of the
male and spermathecal pores, number and position of the
gizzards, and shape of prostates.
Fam. Megascolecida.
Subfam. Mereascorecryz.
Plutellus timidus, sp. n. (Pl. XIII. fig. 4.)
Five mature specimens are in the collection.
External characters.—Length 80-48 mm., thickness about
1 mm.; segments nearly constant in number, viz. 116-119.
Colour violaceous grey, at the clitellum brown violaceous.
Head epilobous, prostomium small. ‘lhe body is a little
compressed behind the clitellum, except the tail.
Sete paired all along. ‘The dorsal bundles are beyond the
lateral lines. About at the x. segment aa=3 ab, ab=} be,
be=cd, cd somewhat smaller than dd, dd a little larger than
4 of the whole circumference. The middle lateral distances
increase in amplitude behind the clitellum, whilst the
middle dorsal distance is gradually reduced. At the middle
region of the body aa=3 ab, ab=} be, cd=2 be, dd=cd.
At the tail aa=ab=3 be, dd=cd=}¢ be.
First dorsal pore at the intersegmental furrow xi.-xii.
(? x.—xi.).
Nephridial pores, at least before the clitellum, nearly in
the lines of the sete 6. Clitellum developed all round the
body, and occupying segments xiv.-xvil. The interseg-
mental furrows xiv.—xv., Xv.-xXvi., and xvi.-xvil. are neaily
obliterated.
Male pores on small papille on the xviii. segment, about
equally distant from the two bundles of sete. A second pair
of papilla on the xix. segment, close laterally to the ventral
sete 6. ‘These papilla are prolonged forwards and obliquely,
and they are connected on each side with the anterior papilla
(PR OCh. fig. ).
Female pores on the xiv. segment, a little forwards and
internally to the first ventral sete (a). ‘These pores are
situated in a small transverse-oval area, which is rather more
distinct than the clitellum (Pl. XIII. fig. 4).
A pair of spermathecal pores on the vill. segment, in the
zone of the sete, between the lines of sete 6 and ce.
Internal anatomy.—First septum v.—vi. very thin; septa
vii.-vili.—xil.—-xill, thickened. A not very strong gizzard
in the v. segment. Intestine without typhlosole.
Nephridial system meganephiric.
Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 8. Vol. vi, 33
498 Dr. L. Cognetti de Martiis on the
Testes and sperm-duct-funnels free in the x. and xi. seg-
ments. A pair of little grape-like sperm-sacs depends from
septum xi.-xil. into the x11. segment.
A pair of tubular prostates lies in the xviii. segment, but
a short proximal part of these organs stretches out into
the xix. segment through septum xviii.-xix. The delicate
axial tube of each prostate is not ramified, The sperm-ducts
enter the proximal part of the muscular ducts of the prostates,
which is a little coiled. There are no penial sete.
A pair of ovaries and oviduct-funnels in the xiii. segment ;
a pair of small egg-sacs in xiv.
A pair of spermathece in the viii. segment. These organs
consist only of a long pear-shaped ampulla. There are no
diverticula.
Hab. Muvattupuzha, 170 km. N.N.E. from Trevandrum
(Mr. Shungara Narayana, 28. iv. 1910).
This interesting new species is distinguished from others
of the same genus by the possession of a single pair of
spermathecee. ‘This character requires some slight modifi-
eation of the definition of the genus Plutellus as given by
Michaelsen *. Spermathecal pores on the viii. segment, in
the zone of sete, were already found by Michaelsen in
his Plutel/us indicus f. typica t, but that species possesses
a second pair of spermathecal pores in intersegmental
furrow Vill.-ix.
Lampito mauritit, Kinb.
Megascolex mauritii, Michaelsen, (7) p. 227.
Lampito mauritiz, Michaelsen, (11) p. 160; (12) pp. 108, 178, 179.
Some mature and several young specimens were collected,
Hab. Murukunpuzha, 15 km. N.W. from Trevandrum
(Mr. Shungara Narayana, 5. v. 1910) ; Vazhote, 25 km.
E.N.E. from Trevandrum (ditto, 27. vi. 1910) ; Shertalay,
150 km. N.N.W. from Trevandrum (ditto, 10. iv. 1910).
Megascolex eunephrus, sp.n. (Pl. XIII. figs. 5-7.)
A mature but incomplete specimen.
External characters.—Length 85 mm. (the tail is wanting),
greatest thickness (before the clitellum) 3 mm. ; number of
segments 195.
Colour uniformly lilac-grey.
Head proepilobous. The segments are not biannulated.
* See (7) p. 163, and (10) p. 159.
t+ See (11) p. 148, and (12) pp. 154, 155.
Oligocheta of Travancore. 499
Number of setze nearly constant in each segment, about 24,
both at the anterior and at the middle and posterior regions.
The circles of sete are regularly but not broadly interrupted
ventrally (aa=2ab); dorsally the sete are a little more
distant.
Clitellum developed all round the body and occupying
segments XlV.—XVll.
First dorsal pore on intersegmental furrow viii.-ix.
On intersegmental furrows (?ii.—iii.) i11.-iv.—vili.-ix. is
found a pair of little nephridial pores, in the lines of sete e.
In the middle ventral region of the xviii. segment there
are a few large, but well-marked triangular papille, which
enclose a little triangular area (PI. XIII. fig.5). One of the
angles of the papilla is directed forwards and extended on
the posterior margin of the xvii. segment. Other angles are
lateral, and near them are found the male pores, in the lines
of setee b.
Spermathecal pores two pairs, on intersegmental furrows
Vil.—vill. and viil.-ix., in the lines of setee 0.
Internal anatomy. — Septa vi.—vii.—ix.—x. moderately
thickened.
A gizzard in the v. segment. The cesophagus is irregu-
larly swollen in segments xv.—-xx., but is not provided with
calciferous glands. ‘he wide intestine suddenly begins in
the xxi. segment. Last hearts in the xiii. segment.
On segments ili.-ix. is found respectively a pair of large
nephridia. These organs consist of a proximal portion, from
which originates a thin-walled ribbon-like duct, which in-
creases in length from the first to the seventh pair of
nephridia and passes through the body-wall at the extreme
anterior margin of each segment. ‘The proximal portion of
these meganephridia is conspicuous, and consists of a tuft of
very thin whitish filaments, each of which contains a long
strip of nephridial tubule.
From the x. segment the nephridia are diffused and very
small, but on the xiv. and xv. segments, on each side of the
cesophagus, is found a pair of meganephridia (besides the
small micronephridia) which are similar to those of segments
ili.—ix.
Testes and sperm-duct-funnels free in the x. and xi. seg-
ments. ‘Two pairs of grape-like sperm-sacs lie in segments xi.
and xi1., depending from the anterior septum.
The glandular part of the prostates is much lobed and
extended into segments xvil.-xx. The muscular duct of
each prostate lies in the xviil. segment, in which it describes
a curve towards the middle ventral line, from the anterior
IO
JO
500 Dr. L. Cognetti de Martiis on the
septum to the male pore, which is placed just behind the
circle of setee (Pl. XIII. fig. 6). Penial setee are wanting.
There are two pairs of spermathece in segments viii. and
ix. The main pouch is club-shaped; the diverticulum is
finger-shaped and opens into the distal part of the duct of
the main pouch. ‘The length of the diverticulum is nearly
equal to a third of the main pouch (PI. XIII. fig. 7).
Hab, Coorloon (Mr. Shungara Narayana, 23. vi. 1910).
An important character of this new species of Megascolex
is the presence of large paired meganephridia in the anterior
segments. Similar nephridia have been found by Prof.
Benham in Megascolex laingi?, Benh.*, but perhaps in the
cephalic region only, where they “ probably ” perform the
office of peptonephridia. ;
Megascolex ratus, sp.n. (Pl. XIII. figs. 8-10.)
Four mature specimens in the collection, but only three
of these are complete.
External characters —Length: A 230, B 260, C315 mm. ;
greatest thickness, on x. segment: A 7, B 9, C 10 mm.
Number of segments: A 162, B 168, C 218.
Colour dorsally violet-brown or dark violet, ventrally grey ;
grey lines are present corresponding to the circles of sete.
Head tanylobous. ‘The prostomium is short, broad, and
provided dorsally with longitudinal furrows, prolonged on
to the first segment; this segment is provided with several
longitudinal furrows, which do not reach the posterior
margin. Segments x.—xiil. are biannulated.
Sete more crowded in the ventral than in the dorsal region,
particularly towards the clitellum, where the circles of sete
are interrupted in the middle ventral line (aa=2 ab,
ab=be=cd....), but the interstice is wanting at the
dorsal region (cz=yz=ay....). Somewhat behind the
clitellum the circles of sete are provided with two middle
interstices (aa=3 or 4 ab, zze=3 or 4 yz).
There is no great difference in the dimensions of the sete
of acircle. At the x.segment there are about 180 sete, and
in the middle region of the body about 135 sete on each
segment.
Clitellum saddle-shaped, occupying segments xiv.—xvlil.,
unprovided with intersegmental iurrows. On the xiv.
and xv. segments it is a little more extended than on the
following segments (PI. XIII. fig. 8).
* See (1) pp. 273, 274. “The worm is micronephridic, anteriorly is
a large glandular body, which is probably a peptonephridium.” As
regards the term “ peptonephridium,” consult my note of 1905 (2).
Oligocheta of Travancore. 50L
On the clitellum the sete are wanting. Male pores on
the xviii, segment corresponding to the lines of sete A ;
between the male pores the sete are wanting. Each male
pore is placed on a whitish tubercle, which is supported by a
swollen papilla (Pl. XIII. fig. 8).
There are other paired papillee on intersegmental furrows
XV1I.—-XVll., XIX.-XX., XX.-XXi., and xx1.—xxil., crowded in the
middle ventral line. The last or the last two pairs of
papille may be wanting ; the pair of intersegmental
furrows Xvi.—xvil. is more developed and swollen than other
pairs (Pl. XIII. fig. 8). Female pores in the anterior part
of the xiv. segment, about in the lines of the sete a, ina
transversely extended little area, placed towards the circle of
the setze.
Spermathecal pores two pairs, hidden in intersegmental
furrows vil.—viil. and viii.—ix. in the lines of the sete f.
Internal anatomy.—Septa vil.—vill. — xil.—xiil. much
thickened.
A strong gizzard in the vi. segment. The sacculated
intestine begins in the xiv. segment. Last hearts in the xiii.
segment.
Micronephridia very small.
T'wo pairs of testes and sperm-duct-funnels lie ventrally
in the x. and xi. segments. The testes and funnels of a single
segment are included in a pair of large and a few lobated cap-
sules, which join dorsally to the cesophagus. These capsules
are compressed between the strong funnel-like septa ix.—x.,
X.-x1., and xi.—xii., to which they are united only in the
ventral region of the body ; in other regions they are free.
It is to be noted that the capsules round the cesophagus are
traversed by little muscular bundles, which go from one septum
to another, and sometimes are prolonged to the body-wall.
A pair of white, finger-shaped sperm-sacs depends from
septum ix.—x. into the ix. segment ; a second pair of similar
sacs depends from septum xi.—xii. into the xii, segment.
_ The sperm-sacs are somewhat smaller than the testicular
capsules.
The prostates consist of a strong, cylindrical, muscular
duct; that from the male pore goes laterally, and then back-
wards into the xix. segment, to unite with the glandular
portion. This portion is well developed and provided with
grooves which form lobes at the margins. ‘The glandular
ortion extends from the xix. to the xxii. segment inclusive
(Pl. XIEL. figs 9).
There are two pairs of spermathece in the vill. and ix,
segments. he main pouch consists of a sac-shaped trans-
502 Dr. L. Cognetti de Martiis on the
versely striped ampulla, which is somewhat broader distally
than at the rounded proximal end, and of an abruptly
separated duct, about a third as long and as broad as the
ampulla. Into the proximal end of this duct opens a small
diverticulum, which contains some (4-5) oval seminal
chambers. ‘The diverticulum is enclosed in the duct-wall,
but projects above its surface (Pl. XIII. fig. 10).
Hab. Coorloon (Mr. Shungara Narayana, 23. vi. 1910).
The diverticulum of the spermathecze enclosed in the duct-
wall is an important feature of this new species, which also
appears in Megascolex coeruleus, R. Templ.*, and MM. hender-
soni, Mich. t, but MM. ratus is distinguished from these two
species by well-defined characters, viz., papilla, number and
shape of the sperm-sacs, &c.
Fam. Glossoscolecide.
Subfam. Mrcrocrzriv 2.
Glyphidrilus annandalet, Mich. (Pl. XIII. figs. 11 & 12.)
Glyphidrilus annandalet, Michaelsen, (13) p. 101.
Nine mature or nearly mature specimens, six of them com-
plete and three incomplete young specimens.
External characters.—The longest, but not fully mature,
specimen measures 165 mm. in length, and 2°5-3 mm. in
greatest (at the x. segment and clitellum{) or 1 mm. in
smallest thickness (at the posterior end), This specimen is
composed of 205 segments, but the tail is wanting. Other
mature or nearly mature specimens: length 90-128 mm.,
greatest thickness 3°5-4 mm., smallest thickness 1-1°5 mm. ;
number of segments 125 (for a length of 90 mm.) to 322 (for
a length of 128 mm.).
The shape of the body is very similar to that of Criodrilus
and Alma. ‘The anterior region is conical and provided at
the end with a broad and short prostomium.
In some specimens there is a small transverse furrow on
the dorsal surface of the prostomium, which determines the
head prolobous.
Segments i.—iiil, are short, iv.—xil. are the longest of all,
and appear more or less distinctly triannulated.
In the mature specimens the body is somewhat depressed
between the xxv. and xxxv. segments, and this depression
extends often to all the clitellar region.
* See Michaelsen, (7) p. 282, ubi liter.
+ See Michaelsen, (11) p. 162, and (12) p. 184, pl. xiii. fig. 28.
{ The fin-like lateral plates are not included,
Oliyocheta of Travancore. 503
The posterior third of the body is coiled and distinctly
tetragonous ; the transverse section of the tail is trapezoid,
the largest side corresponding to the dorsal surface of the
body, and the four angles to the bundles of the sete.
The tail is smaller than the cephalic region. ‘he anal
pore appears as a short longitudinal cleft in the middle
dorsal line of the last three segments.
Colour violet-grey, clearer and with a tendency torose-colour
at the clitellum, especially on segments... . XVII—XXXIIIl,....
The body-wall is very thin, especially at the tail, and
internal organs can be seen through them: for example, the
spermathece on intersegmental furrows Xili.—xXiv. to XVi-
XV. In mature specimens,
The sete are paired, but not strictly. On x. segment
aa nearly =2 ab, ab=4 be, cd=ab, dd a little larger than 2 cd
or than aa. On the posterior half of the body the sete are
more strictly paired: aa nearly=3 ab, aa=be, ab=cd, dd
nearly =4 cd.
All mature specimens are provided with unpaired middle
ventral papilla on segments (xii.) xill. to the xvill.....
Xxlll. (xxv.). In one specimen there are also small median
papille on segments xxxill.-xxxv.
Paired lateral papille are found close laterally to the sete b
of segments xXviil.-xxvi. and xxxiv.-xxxv. Some speci-
mens are also provided with scattered paired papille on
segments Xvi., XVil., and xxvii.—xxxlll., or on some of these
(Pl. XIII. fig. 11).
All the papille are slightly swollen, more so near the
posterior than the anterior margin of their respective seg-
ments. Hach papilla has the appearance of a little grey
round stain, which is provided in its centre with a small
whitish circle (Pl. XIII. fig. 12).
The clitellum is developed all round the body, and occupies
at most twenty-five segments. Indeed, in a specimen from
Achencoil River banks it extends from the xv. to the xxxix.
segment, and is more or less evident from its rose-grey
colour, and for the slight tumefaction, which is in relation
to a greater quantity of glandular cells in the epidermis.
In other specimens the posterior margin of the clitellum is
between the xxxv. and xl. segments, while its anterior margin
seems to be constantly on intersegmental furrow xvii.—xviil.
All the intersegmental furrows of the clitellum are recog-
nizable, but not very distinctly those included between the
xxv. and xxxiv. segments (Pl. XIII. fig. 11).
The clitellar region may be depressed, at least partially,
and its lateral margins, often rather sharp, are provided with
504 Dr. L. Cognetti de Martiis on the
two small longitudinal stripes, which are interrupted at the
intersegmental furrows. The stripes extend on segments
XVill. to xxvi. (4 xxvil.) and on segments (4 xxxil., xxxili.)
1/n xxxili. and xxxiv. They are placed laterally to the lines
of sete 6; between these lines and stripes are found the
paired lateral papille. Close ventrally to the stripes, for
their whole length, are two thin grey bands, which are inter-
rupted, as are the stripes, on the space between segments
EXVi., and Xxxill. or xxxiv. (Pl. XU e132).
In this space the body-depression is greatest, and the lateral
margins are quite sharp and expanded to form two fin-like
plates, a little undulated, which extend to segments xxvii.—
Xxxll. or 4 xxxiil. (or xxxiil.), being in the lines of the stripes
described above (PI. XIII. tig. 11). Hach plate is about
1 mm. wide, their margins are parallel, and their ends
diminish rapidly in breadth.
The two stripes, with the adjacent grey bands, are similar
to the tubercula pubertatis of some Lumbricide—for example,
of Octolasium complanatum (Ant. Dug.) *,—and the fin-like
plates correspond to the organs which in other species of
Glyphidrilus have been named by Rosa fF “ tubercula puber-
tatis,” by Horst} ‘clitellar ridges,” and by Michaelsen §
“ Pubertitstuberkel - Walle,” ‘ clitelliale Langswiilste,”
“ Pubertatssiume.”’
It seems to me that these fin-like plates may be regarded
as corresponding to those curious appendages which have
been described in the Criodriline genera Alma and Criodrilus
under the name of ‘penes.”’ ‘They are provided, among
other things, with a rich vascularization || like the last-
named organs. ‘The whole shape is altogether different.
The nephridial pores are in the lines of sete d.
I found the male pores only in two specimens. They
appear as two point-like d pressions on intersegmental furrow
XX1X.-XXx, in the lines of setee 0D.
The female pores are not visible.
The small spermathecal pores are distributed in various
numbers—to six pairs—on intersegmental furrows xiil.—xiv.
to xvi-xvil. On each side they are contained between the
* See the figure of the clitellar region of this species given by Rosa,
(14) pl. i. fig. 4.
+ See Rosa, (15) p. 387, pl. xii. fig. 1.
t See Horst, (5) pp. 388, 76, and pl. i. fig. 18.
§ See Michaelsen, (6) pp. 196, 197, 242, and pl. xiii. fig. 1 ew.;
(7) pp. 459-461 ; (8) p. 86; (13) p. 102.
|| See Horst, (5) p. 39. The structure and development of the “ penes”
of the Criodriline are the subject of a recent paper by me (3).
Oligocheta of Travancore. 505
first and last lines of sete, rarely more ventrally, and they
are, nearly always, quite in the lines of the sete.
Internal anatomy.—The septa 6-7 to 11-12 are slightly
thickened.
A moderately developed oblong gizzard occupies the entire
length of the vill. segment and a little part of the vii. The
intestine begins in the xiv. segment. There are three pairs
of hearts in segments ix., x., and xi. .
Two pairs of testes and sperm-duct-funnels lie free in
segments x. and xi. The sperm-sacs are paired and placed
In segments ix., x., xi., and xii. Those of the first three
pairs are nearly equal in size, but those of the last pair are
somewhat larger, and push backwards the two thin septa
X11,—X1ll, and xill.-xiv,
No prostates are recognizable with the dissection lens.
The ovaries depend in the xiii. segment from the ventral
margin of septum xil.-xill.
The spermathecze are quite intersegmental in position, and
they appear as white littie spherical bodies, which are visible
through the thin body-wall. They are not provided with a
distinct duct. ‘Their number may reaeh to six pairs on each
of the intersegmental furrows Xill.-xiv., Xiv.-xv., XV.-XVi.,
and xvi.—xvil.
Hab. Achencoil River banks (Mr. Shungara Narayana,
3, v. 1910), Arumanallur, 45 km. E.S.K. from Trevandrum
(cdem, 23. vi. 1910), ? Azhagiapandipuram, 55 km. H.S.E.
from ‘Trevandrum (young specimens, idem, 20. vii. 1910).
A specimen from the second locality shows its external and
internal organs transferred three segments forwards. Its
male pores are on intersegmental furrow XXvi.—xxXvil., a
little laterally to the lines of sete 6. The anterior end is
regularly shaped and shows no signs of regeneration,
Memoirs cited.
(1) Brennam, W. B.—1902. On a new Species of Earthworm from
Norfolk Island. Trans. & Proc. N.Z. Inst. xxxv.
(2) Cocnetr1 DE Maris, L.—1905. Sui peptonefridi degli Oligo-
cheti. Boll. Mus. Zool. Anat. Comp. Torino, xx.
(3) Coenetti1 DE Marrits, L.—1908. I cosidetti “ peni” dei Crio-
drilini. Atti R. Acc, d. Scienze di Torino, xliii.
(4) Fepars, 8S. M.—1897. On some Earthworms from India, J.
Bombay N. H. Soe. xi.
(5) Horst, R.—1892, _ Karthworms from the Malay Archipelago.
M. Weber's Zool. Ergebn, einer Reise in Niederl. Ost-Indien, ii.
(6) MicHArLsEN, W.—1897. Oligochaeten. Abh. Senckenb. Nat.
Ges. Frankfurt-a.-M. xxiii.
(7) MicnaELsen, W.—-1900, Ohgocheta. Das Tierreich, Lief. x.
506 On the Oligocheta of Travancore.
(8) MrcHaRLsen, W.—1902. Neue Oligochaeten und neue Fundorte
alt-bekannter. Mitt. Mus. Hamburg, xix.
(9) Mrcnartsen, W.—1903. Die geographische Verbreitung der
Oligochaeten. Berlin: Friedlaender.
(10) MicuaELsEn, W.—1907. Oligocheta. Die Fauna Stdwest-
Australiens, Bd. i. Lief. 2.
(11) MicHartsen, W.—1907. Neue Oligochiten von Vorder-Indien,
Ceylon, Birma und den Andaman-Inseln. Mitt. Mus. Hamburg,
xxiv.
(12) MrcHantsen, W.—1909. The Oligocheeta of India, Nepal, Ceylon,
Burma, and the Andaman Islands. Mem. Indian Mus. i. no. 3.
(13) Micnarisen, W.—1910. Die Oligochitenfauna der vorderindisch-
ceylonisches Region. Abh. natw. Ver. Hamburg, xix. Bd. 5. Heft.
(14) Rosa, D.—1884. I Lumbricidi del Piemonte. Torino, U.T.E.
(15) Rosa, D.—1889-90. Viaggio di L. Fea in Birmania e regioni
vicine: XXV. Moniligastridi, Geoscolicidi ed Eudrilidi. Ann.
Mus. Civ. Genova, (2) ix.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIII.
List of the Abbreviations.
el.=clitellum, n.c.=neural chord, @.=cesophagus, p.=fin-like plate,
s.=septum.
Drawida fakir, sp. n.
Fig. 1. Ventral view of x. and xi. segments, with the male tubercles at
the intersegmental furrow. xX 6.
Fig. 2. Testicular vesicle of the right side, seen laterally. x 6.
Fig. 8. Hinder surface of septum viiviii., with a transverse section of
the esophagus and the two spherical spermathecz, provided
with coiled duct. x 6.
Plutellus timidus, sp. n.
Fig. 4. Ventral view of the clitellum and adjacent region (semidiagram-
matic). x 6.
Megascolex eunephrus, sp. 0.
Fig. 5. Ventral view of the xviii. and adjacent segments (semidiagram-
matic). xX 6.
Fig. 6. The right prostate. X 6.
Fig. 7. A spermatheca. X 6.
Megascolex ratus, sp. n.
Fig. 8. Ventral view of the clitellar and adjacent regions (semidiagram-
matic). xX 6.
Fig. 9. The right prostate. x 25
Fig. 10. A spermatheca. x 6.
Glyphidrilus achencoili, sp. 0.
Fig. 11, Ventral view of the anterior and clitellar regions (diagram-
matic). The greatest number of papillie are figured. x 2.
Fig. 12. Ventral view of three segments of the clitellar region before the
fin-like plates. x 6.
On a new Species of Polytoreutus. 507
LIX.— Description of a new Species of the Genus Polytoreutus.
By Dr. Luter Cognerri De Martits, R. Museo Zoologico,
Torino.
Pror. F. J. BEL, of the British Museum, has recently sent
me an Hast-African earthworm which I have been able to
recognize as the type of a new species. I wish to express
my thanks to him for his kindness in sending me many earth-
worms which from time to time have come into his hands
for identification.
Polytoreutus baralypton *.
External characters.—Length 225 mm., thickness 4-5 mm. ;
number of segments 310.
Colour white yellowish.
Ventral setze much wider apart than the external sete. At
the x. segment aa=2} ab, ab=}be, ad equal to half of
the whole circumference. At the middle region of the body
aa=2 ab=be, ad always = } circumference. Nephridial
pores in the lines of the lateral bundles of sete.
Clitellum developed all round the body and occupying
segments xill, to xvill.
A single male pore on intersegmental furrow xvii.—xviii.,
in the middle ventral line ; a small depressed oval area
surrounds this pore.
Female pores are not recognizable. They lie in the inter-
segmental furrow xiv.-xv., and are, ventrally, near to the
lines of nephridial pores.
A single spermathecal pore behind the male pore upon
intersegmental furrow xvill.—xix. It is surrounded by a
whitish ring.
Internal anatomy.—Septa v.—vi. to xi.—xii. a little thick-
ened.
A strong gizzard lies in the v. segment.
Unpaired cesophageal glands or ventral pouches (“ Chylus-
taschen’’) in segments ix., x., and xi.; a pair of calci-
ferous glands in the xiii. segment, developed around the
cesophagus, but interrupted in the dorsal and ventral middle
lines.
Dorsal vessel single ; large hearts in the x. and xi. segments.
A pair of testes (? free) depends in the xi. segment from
* Philosophical term.
508 Dr. L. Coguetti de Martiis on a
septum x.-xi, Opposite to them are found the spindle-
shaped dilated chambers (‘Samenmagazine’’) at the be-
ginning of the sperm-ducts,
A pair of sperm-sacs depends from the posterior surface of
septum X1.-xil.
These organs extend slightly into the xii. segment,
where their surface appears a little furrowed ; the expanded
portion is provided posteriorly with a tubular appendix.
Lhe tubular appendix of the sperm-sac of the left side is
Fig. A.-— Female generative organs and prostates of Polytoreutus
baralypton, sp.n. X 4.
Fig. B.—The central female generative organs of the left side, more
magnified. xX 6.
app.=globular appendix ; div.=diverticulum of the spermatheca ; e.c,=
ege-capsule ; e.s.=ege-sac; W.=ligament ; 0.d.=oviduct ; pr.=
prostate; s.d.=sperm-duct; s.p.=spermathecal pore; 92 =female
pore.
short and closed in the xii. segment, but that of the right side
is longer and reaches the xvill, segment, being ribbon-
like and a little dilated at the extremity. ‘his inequality in
the length of the sperm-sacs has also been found by Beddard *
* See Proc. Zool. Soc. 1907, pp. 417 et seq.
new Species of Polytoreutus. 509
in Polytoreutus ruwenzorii, Bed |., and P. grant’, Bedd.; but
in these two species the right sperm-sac is longer than the
left.
The sperm-ducts run backwards against the ventral body-
wall till they reach the prostates near to the male pore
(fig. A, s.d., pr.). The prostates are oblong and irregularly
moniliform, and they appear of a yellowish colour. They
extend from intersegmental furrow xviixvill. to the xxvi.
segment, and pass from the ventral to the dorsal region of
the body. A distal muscular duct is not distinguishable ;
a strong bursa propulsoria in relation with the male pore
is wanting (fig. A, pr.).
A pair of nearly globose shortly stalked egg-saes depends
in the ventral region from the posterior surface of the very
thin septum xili—xiv. (figs. A and B, es.). The stalk of
each egg-sac extends laterally into the rectilinear oviduct
(o.d.), and in the opposite direction it passes into a duct,
which is a prolongation of the oviduct itself, and which opens
out into one of the anterior diverticula of the spermatheca
(div.) after it has described a short spiral line. This duct is
provided, at the extremity which opens into the spermathecal
diverticulum, with a little globular lateral appendix (app.).
A small egg-capsule, or “ Ovarialblase,” is present at the distal
extremity of this duct, where the egg-sac opens into it (e.c.).
This egg-capsule is fastened in the xii. segment by a short
ligament (/7.).
The spermatheca is anteriorly bicornuous, @. e. it is divided
into two oblong diverticula, which lie in the xiii. segment,
and extends dorsally around the cesophagus and calciferous
glands (fig. A, div.).
The unpaired ventral median spermathecal. sac underlies
the nerve-cord, and is compressed against the body-wall.
In the two most anterior thirds it appears more dilated
than near the spermathecal pore. Corresponding to septa
XY.-xvl. and xvi.—-xvil., which are traversed, it shows two
constiictions, which form three pairs of rudimentary lateral
diverticula that le in segments xv., xvi., and xvii. In the
Xvili. segment the distal portion of the spermatheca is thin-
walled and reaches direct to the external pore (s.p.).
There is no muscular chamber to this pore.
Hab. ? Nairobi, British East Africa.
Polytoreutus baralypton is well distinguished from other
species of the genus by several important characters, viz.: the
absence of muscular chambers to the male and spermathecal
pores, the number and arrangement of the spermathecal
diverticula, &e.
510 Mr. E. W. Sexton on
LX.—A new Amphipod Species, Tryphosites alleni. By
E. W. Sexton, Marine Biological Laboratory, Plymouth.
[Plate XIV.]
Two specimens of the species described below were taken by
Dr. Allen during the cruise of the ‘ Huxley’ in the north of
the Bay of Biscay, August 1906, trawled in 246 fathoms,
ASS i! IN.; Bo LS! Wi.
Fam. Lysianasside.
Genus TRYPHOSITES, G. O. Sars.
Tryphosites alleni, sp.n. (Pl. XLV.)
Two specimens, ovigerous females, measuring 10 mm. from
the tip of the rostrum to the tip of the telson.
Besides these two specimens I have been able, through
Mr. Tattersall’s kindness, to examine some fourteen others,
taken, together with the type species, 7. longipes, by the
‘Helga’ on the west of Ireland, in 200 fathoms. They were
of all sizes, measuring from 2°) mm. to 10 mm. in length ;
the four largest were males.
With regard to the distribution of the two species, Mr.
Tattersall has informed me that “ 7’. longipes is alone found
in shallow water. The other form is alone found in very
deep water, and the two forms together in intermediate
depths.”
Description.
In general aspect much resembling the type species,
T’. longipes*, the principal distinguishing characters being
found in the hand of gnathopod 2, the shape of side-plate 4,
the epimera of pleon-segment 3, and the telson.
Head longer than the first pereon-segment, but not equal
to the first two in length; lateral corners much produced and
acute.
Eyes large, a long oval, pigment faded.
Side-plates as in the type species with the exception of
side-plate 4; in this (fig. 1) the projecting portion of the
lower hind margin is rounded, in longipes it is truncate and
angular.
* A full description and figures will be found in Prof. Sars’s ‘ Crustacea
of Norway,’ vol. i. p. 81, pl. xxviii. fig. 3, and pl. xxix. fig. 1.
anew Amphipod Species. Wks
Pleon-segments 1 and 2, hind margins straight, postero-
lateral angles obtuse. Pleon-segment 3 is the most easily
observed distinguishing character of the species; in longipes
the posterior lobe is acutely upturned, rounding gradually
below into the inferior margin, while in a/lenz, in all stages
of growth, the lobe is acutely produced below as well as
above, the margin between the points being deeply concave
(fig. 2).
Antenne.—Superior antenna: peduncle as in longipes ;
flagella longer in proportion ; primary flagellum in the large
female considerably more than twice the length of the
peduncle, 18-jointed; accessory flagellum nearly one-thid
the length of the primary, 6-jointed. The largest male in
Mr. 'Tattersall’s collection had 22 joints in the primary, 6 in
the accessory.
Inferior antenna shorter than the superior in the female ;
flagellum 15-jointed. In the male the flagellum is filiform,
62 joints in the largest specimen, 46 in the smallest.
Ural parts.— Lower lip much as figured by Sars for longipes,
densely covered with fine hairs, as is also the upper lip.
Mandibles (figs. 3 and 4) much as in the type species, but
distinguished from it by the different proportions of the joints
of the palp. Cutting-plates large, rounded, with a small
recurved tooth above. ‘Ihe left mandible (fig. 3) has a very
small accessory plate, the margin of which is divided into
three rounded teeth. Spine-row with three spines. Molar
large, prominent; crown reniform in shape, transversely
ridged. ‘The palp is very long and slender, the second joint
longer in proportion than in dongipes, twice the length of the
third, with a row of graduated setiform spines crossing its
distal end diagonally ; third joint narrow, tapering to the tip,
with a row of serrate spines on the inner margin, and an
apical cluster of four lenger ones setting out at a different
angle.
Mazilla 1 (fig. 5).—Jnner plate tipped with 2 plumose
sete; outer plate large, apex obliquely truncate, with 11
strong, flat, dentate spines, 10 of which are arranged close
together in two 1ows, the remaining one being inset lower
down on the inner margin. -Palp large and broad ; apical
margin rounded and beset with 7 small stout teeth and 1
short spine.
Mazxilla 2 as in longipes.
Mawillipeds (fig. 6).—Jnner plate: apex truncate, with 3
short stout teeth ; a row of plumose sete starting from the
outer angle runs halfway down the inner margin. Outer
plate very large, furnished with 2 stout teeth apically and a
p12 On a new Amphipod Species.
row of 13 minute ones along the inner margin; 6 small
spines are inset submarginally on the outer surface. Palp
short, hardly longer than the outer plate; terminal joint
with a distinct nail and 3 setules subapically ; the second
and third joints setose on the inner margins.
Gnathopod 1 much as in longipes; second joint slightly
longer in proportion; sixth joint, palm oblique, with two
sensory spines at the angle; palmar margin convex and
serrulate; finger a little longer than the palm, furnished with -
a decurrent tooth near the apex, 3 setules inset in the notch
and 1 behind it.
Gnathopod 2 (figs. 7 and 8) much more slender than in
longipes. The second joint is longer in proportion. The
sixth joint differs from that of the type species. In longipes
it is described by Sars as being a little shorter than the fifth,
oblong-oval, with the “ superior edge straight, inferior one
bulging out at the middle”; the distal end is truncate, the
finger being inset in the middle of the margin; the palm
straight, rounding into the hind margin. In alleni the sixth
joint is considerably shorter than the fifth; it is long and
narrow, inferior margin straight, not bulging, front margin
straight, curving a little distally to the insertion of the finger.
The palm is convex and produced at the palmar angle; the
finger smaller than in longipes, of the same construction, but
with the base more swollen; tip curved, acute, with a
decurrent tooth and a cluster of stiff bristles subapically.
‘The bristles on the outer side of the hand are more striking
than in longipes ; the bases are more swollen, being twice the
width of the shafts, and the apical flagella are much longer
and thinner (see fig. 8).
Pereopods much as in longipes; first and second alike,
slender, densely setose on the hind margins of the fourth,
fifth, and sixth joints ; finger long, nearly three-quarters the
length of the sixth joint. The hinder pereopods rapidly
increase in length ; basal joints closely set with small spines
anteriorly, posterior margin serrated; the other joints very
slender, spinose, fingers equalling those of the anterior pereo-
pods in length, but only half their width.
Pleopods.—Rami long, with about 17 joints in the inner,
and 19 in the outer ramus ; 5 cleft spines ; coupling spines
small, the lower one with 3 recurved teeth, the upper and
smaller one with 4.
Uropods more slender and more spinose than in the type
species. Uropod 1: peduncle very long and slender, with a
row of 20 short spines on the outer curve, 8 longer ones on
the inner side; rami only two-thirds as !ong as the peduncle,
On new Mammals from Tropical South America. 513
subequal to each other in length, very slender, with short
spines on the outer curve and longer ones on the inner.
Uropod 2 (fig. 9): peduncle much shorter and nearly twice
as stout as that of uropod 1; rami snbequal to it in length;
the inner ramus, of the form characteristic of the genus, is
much longer and narrower than in longipes ; it is actually of
the same length as the outer ramus, but appears shorter
through being inset at a different level. Uropod 3 (tig. 10) :
peduncle broad, shorter than the rami; inner ramus slightly
the shorter, margin serrated, furnished with sensory spines
and 1 plumose seta proximally ; outer ramus 2-jcinted, outer
margin with spines, inner margin serrate, with 3 long
plumose setz ; a setule in each apex.
Telson (fig. 11).—The sixth pleon-segment is produced in
an acute process on either side of the telson ; in longipes these
processes are shorter and rounded.
It tapers distally ; cleft to nearly three-quarters the length ;
apices serrate on the inner side, each with 1 strong spine
inset ; a pair of mobile ciliated hairs on either side of the
cleft. ‘There were 6 spines on one side in the largest female
examined, 4 on the other (probably two have been broken
off), but the number is less in the smaller specimens.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIV.
Fig. 1. Side-plate 4, x 17.
Fig. 2. Epimeron of the third pleon-segment, x 17.
Fig. 3. Left mandible, x 58.
Fig. 4. Right mandible, x 58.
Fig. 5. Maxilla 1, x 58.
Fig. 6. Maxillipeds, x 58.
Fig. 7. Gnathopod 2, x 42.
Fig. 8. Finger and one of the spines, gnathoped 2, x 268.
Fig. 9. Uropod 2, x 42.
Fig. 10. Uropod 3, x 42.
Fig. 11. Telson, x 42.
LXI.—New Mammals from Tropical South America.
By OLDFIELD ‘THOMAS.
(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.)
Phodotes tumidirostris continentis, subsp. n.
3. 77; 2. 50, 78, 124.
Quite like the type form, as described by Miller * from the
Island of Curagao, but markedly larger.
* P. Biol. Soc. Wash. xiii. p. 160 (1900).
Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 8. Vol. vii. 34
514 Mr. O. Thomas on
Dimensions of the type (the starred measurements taken
in flesh) :—
Forearm 38:7 mm. (other specimens: ?, 38°5, 38°8, 39).
Head and body *43; tail *48; ear *14; third finger,
metacarpus 35°7, first phalanx 14°8; lower leg and foot
(c. u:) 26.
Skull: greatest length 16°8; condylo-basal length 15:6 ;
breadth across muzzle 5°4; breadth of brain-case 8°4 ; front
of canine to back of m* 7:1.
Hab. San Esteban, Carabobo, N. Venezuela.
Type. Adult male. Original number 77. Collected 24th
December, 1910.
The four specimens are so uniformly larger than Miller’s
type (forearm of g 36 mm., of ? 35), that it is evident that
the form inhabiting the Island of Curacao is a small insular
race of its representative on the continent of South America.
In studying this most interesting bat I am able to confirm
Miller’s statement as to the imperfection of the posterior
palate, which is as he describes in all the specimens, one of
which I examined myself under a microscope before the soft
palate was disturbed.
The palate-ridges are nine in number, the anterior ones
simple and transverse, the posterior divided mesially and
directed backwards in the centre, the whole series passing
gradually from the one condition to the other.
Marmosa grenade, sp. n.
Allied to M. murina, but with 7—1—7 mamme.
General characters of the red members of the genus, but
the back is less rufous and more greyish than in most of
them. Central dorsal area approaching ‘ broccoli-brown,”
the sides becoming nearer ‘‘ clay-colour,” but the specimen
has been skinned out of spirit, so that the colours are probably
altered to some extent. Under surface creamy white, the
hairs white to their roots except in a narrow area on each side
of the belly, bordering the darker colour of the flanks. ‘Tail
pale grey, not becoming white terminally. Mammz 7—1—7
=15, the South-American J, murina having 4—1—4=9 or
5—1—5=11.
Skull shaped as in the Trinidad Marmosa, broader than in
that of Tobago; supraorbital ridges thickened, projecting
slightly over the orbits, but not forming angular postorbital
processes.
new Mammals from Tropical South America. 515
Dimensions of the type (measured as a spirit-specimen) :—
Head and body 128 mm.; tail 174; hind foot 21°5 ; ear 25:5.
' Skull: greatest length 39°5; condylo-basal length 38;
zygomatic breadth 22; nasals 18x 5-2; interorbital breadth
6°5; palatal length 22 ; three anterior molariform teeth 6°2.
Hab. Island of Grenada, West Indies. Type from
Annandale.
Type. Adult female. B.M. no. 87. 6.30.5. Collected
during the Grenada Kclipse Expedition of 1886, and pre-
sented by G. R. M. Murray, Hsq. Three specimens
examined.
Marmosa tobag?, sp. n.
Size about as in MM. grenade, but skull more slenderly
built. General colour nearly as in the Trinidal Marmosa,
dark cinnamon, becoming more russet posteriorly, above ;
below creamy or buffy white, the hairs of the ventral region
nearly all slaty at base. Mammary formula not known.
Skull narrower and with more slender muzzle than that of
M. grenade.
Dimensions of the type (measured in the flesh) :—
Head and body 137 mm.; tail 196; hind foot 22.
Skull: condylo-basal length 37°5; zygomatic breadth 20;
nasals 16°2 x 5°6 ; interorbital breadth 7; palatal length 21;
three anterior molariform teeth 61.
flab. Island of Tobago, West Indies.
Type: Adult male. B.M. no. 97.6.7.53. Collected 11th
March, 1897, and presented by Dr. Percy Rendall.
Marmosa nesea, sp. n.
Size comparatively large, form stouter than in either the
adjacent mainland or Tobago animals. General colour above
between cinnamon and tawny, tending more towards ochra-
ceous on cheeks and flanks. Under surface cream-buff, the
hairs on the abdomen slaty at base, those on throat, centre of
chest, and inguinal region buffy to their roots.
Skull larger and heavier than in the allied forms, the
zygomata widely expanded. Supraorbital ridges thick and
heavy, but rarely angularly projected over the orbits.
Dimensions of the type (measure1 in flesh) :—
Head and body 159 mm.; tail 209; hind foot 27; ear 26.
Skull: greatest length 42:3; condyle ghee 41;
516 Mr. O. Thomas on
zygomatic breadth 22°6; nasals 19°5x 5°63; interorbital
breadth 7-1 ; palatal length 23°3; three anterior molariform
teeth 6-7.
An older skull of similar length attains 25 mm. in zygo-
matic spread.
flab. Trinidad. Type from Caparo.
Type. Adult male. B.M.no. 97.6.7. 24. Collected 18th
January, 1897, by Dr. Percy Rendall.
The Trinidad Marmosa is a larger, stronger-coloured
animal than its neighbours on Grenada and Tobago and than
that on the opposite mainland which I assign to M. mits,
Bangs. The true M. murina of Guiana has much smaller
teeth. J. mit’s extends along the mountainous ranges from
Santa Marta through Merida to Cumana, and appears to
extend southwards into Colombia and Ecuador. ‘The hairs
of the sides of its belly are always conspicuously slaty at
base, in contradistinction to the following form.
Marmosa mitis casta, subsp. n.
Size and other characters as in M. mitis, but nearly or
quite the whole of the hairs of the under. surface cream-
coloured to their bases. If a few of the hairs on each side of
the belly have slaty bases, these are quite hidden by the
long cream-coloured ends, while in true mites the area of
slaty-based hairs is readily perceptible.
Skull as in mites.
Dimensions of the type (measured in flesh) :—
Head and body 138 mm.; tail 190; hind foot 22; ear 27.
Skull: condylo-basal length 37°2; zygomatic breadth 20°5 ;
three anterior molariform teeth 6°4.
Hab. San Esteban, Carabobo, N. Venezuela.
Type. Adult male. Original number 207. Collected 6th
February, 1911, by Mr. 8. M. Klages. Twelve specimens
examined,
Marmosa dorothea, sp. n.
General appearance about as in Md. mitis casta; skull-
ridges as in MM. impavida.
Colour above a rather pale “ murina’”’-colour, paler than
“cinnamon” and rather more suffused with ‘‘ russet.”’
Under surface wholly ‘‘ cream-buff,” the hairs light to their
roots; line of demarcation on sides well marked. Hands and
feet whitish, ‘Tail grey, the end gradually becoming white
or whitish.
new Mammals from Tropical South America. 517
Skull of the same long narrow shape as in M. impavida,
Tsch., and the supraorbital edges similarly with tine narrow
beadings parallel to each other, not thickened as in all the
previous species, and not projecting laterally over the orbits.
Teeth decidedly smaller than in impavida.
Dimensions of the type (measured in skin) :—
Head and body 130 mm.; tail 158; hind foot 18; ear 25.
Skull: greatest length 35:4; condylo-basal length 34:2 ;
zygomatic breadth 17:6; nasals 16°8x4°3; interorbital
breadth 6 ; breadth of brain-case 12°8; palate length 19:4;
three anterior molariform teeth 5°7.
Hab. N.W. Bolivia. Type from Rio Solocame, 67° W.,
16° 8. Alt. 2300 m. Another specimen from Mapiri.
Dipe, Adult temale,) BM. nos I Gavi, 709: ~Otieinal
number 1329. Collected 26th January, 1901, by Perry O.
Simons. Presented by Oldfield Thomas.
Readily distinguishable from its nearest ally, the JZ, im-
pavida of Central Peru, with which it shares the general
structure of the skull, by its wholly light belly and smaller
teeth.
Marmosa parata, sp. n.
Allied to true JZ. murina, but teeth not so small.
More grey-brown than in most of the group of red Mar-
mosas, the general colour above similar to, but considerably
darker than, ‘“ wood-brown.” Under surface “ pinkish
buff,” the hairs of the belly slaty at base nearly or quite to
the middle line. Dark orbital patch large, extending nearly
to the tip of the nose. Hands and feet brownish white.
Tail grey-brown to the tip.
Skull with broadly expanded zygomata. Interorbital
region with angular ledges projecting over the orbits. Teeth
larger than in true M. murina.
Dimensions of the type (measured in flesh) :—
Head and body 140 mm.; tail 180; hind foot 18; ear 24.
Skull: greatest length 35°8 ; condylo-basal length 34:6 ;
zygomatic breadth 20; nasals 15:2 x 5°1; interorbital breadth
6:2; breadth across postorbital processes 7:7; breadth of
brain-case 13°7; palatal length 19°7; three anterior molari-
form teeth 5°8.
Hab. Para. Type from Igarapé-Assu. Alt. 50 m.
Type. Adult female. B.M. no. 4. 7. 4. 100. Original
number 1879. Collected 12th May, 1904, by A. Robert.
Presented by Oldfield Thomas.
518 Mr. G. Dollman on
LXII.—List of Mammals from British East Africa, ob-
tained by Mr. Robin Kemp and presented to the British
Museum by Mr. C. D. Rudd, with additional Notes on
Specimens collected and presented by Mr. A. Blaney
Percival. By Guy Dottman.
(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.)
Tue following is a list of the specimens collected by
Messrs. Kemp and Percival during December 1910 and
the early part of this year.
Xerus dabagala rufifrons, subsp. nu.
&. 94,102; 9. 85. Kusso Nyiro.
Similar to X. dabagala, but with rufous marking on
muzzle extending back on to the head, and general colour
of dorsal surface richer.
Size and general proportions as in X. dabagala. General
colour of back bright yellowish red, speckled with black,
the yellow tint gradually passing into the pinkish brown of
the flanks. Back of head slightly darker than rest of dorsal
surface and speckled with bright yellow and orange-red,
very different from the greyish-brown head of X. dabagala.
Muzzle and forehead bright orange-red (tan colour no. 2,
‘Repertoire de Couleurs’), the reddish colour spreading on
to the top of the head and mixing with the dark area on
the back of the head. The orange-rufous tint is much
brighter and more vivid than in X. dabagala, where the
muzzle is more the colour of the flanks. Sides of muzzle,
face, and neck bright orange-yellow (maize-yellow no. 4,
‘Repertoire de Couleurs’), strikingly different from the
white face and neck of X. dabagala. Ocular rings pure
white. Flanks pinkish brown, speckled with white and
black, the white speckling being due to the light tips and
the black to dark roots of the hairs. Ventral surface
and tail as in _X. dabagala.
Skull similar to that of X. dabagala; rather broader
across the interorbital region.
Dimensions of the type (measured in the flesh) :—
Head and body 205 mm.; tail 155; hind foot 54;
eur 14.
Skull: greatest length 54:5; condylo-basilar length 45 ;
zygomatic breadth 31; interorbital breadth 15°5 ; breadth
of brain-case (across squamosal region) 24; greatest length
Mammals from British East Africa. 519
of nasals 17°5 ; width of palate (inside m!) 7:5; length of
upper cheek-teeth 9:7.
Hab, Eusso Nyiro.
Type. Adult male. Original number 94. Collected by
Mr. A. Blaney Percival on the 9th of January, 1911, and
presented by him to the British Museum.
The bright orange rufous on the forehead and head and
orange-coloured face are the chief characters wherein this
form differs from X. dabagala.
Xerus dabagala dorsalis, subsp. n.
36. 1356, 1357, 1858, 1365, 1376, 1401, 1402, 1405, 1406,
1408; ?. 1869, 1871, 1377, 1387, 1404, 1409, 1410.
Baringo.
Allied to X. dabagala stephanicus, Thos., from which it is
distinguished by its much darker dorsal surface.
Size and general proportions as in the other members of
this group. General colour of back dark olive, speckled with
yellow and white, the general effect much darker than in
stephanicus. 'Top of head black, speckled with pale buff and
orange, rather darker than rest of dorsal surface and
markedly different from the brownish head of stephanicus.
Orange rufous on nose and colouring of face much as in
stephanicus. Flanks richer and darker, the black speckling
rather more evident. Limbs, ventral surface, and tail similar
to those of X. d. stephanicus.
Skull much as in X. stephanicus, broader across inter-
orbital region ; auditory bullz less inflated.
Dimensions of the type (measured in the flesh) :—
Head and body 239 mm.; tail 192; hind foot 55:5;
ear 12.
Skull: greatest length 54°5 ; basilar length 40°5 ; condylo-
basilar length 44°7 ; condylo-incisive length 47; zygomatic
breadth 30; interorbital breadth 15; breadth of brain-case
(across squamosal region) 24°6; greatest length of nasals
17-5; palatilar length 23-4; width of palate (inside m') 69 ;
length of upper cheek-teeth 9°7.
Hab. Baringo, British East Africa, Altitude 4000 feet.
Type. Adult male. B.M. no. 10.12.19. 4. Original
number 1376. Collected in October 1910.
This form, though evidently closely related to X. d. ste-
phanicus, is readily recognized by the dark olive coloration of
the dorsal surface and the blackish area on the top of the
head. The rufous patch on the muzzle is similar to that of
stephanicus and therefore renders this Baringo form easily
520 Mr. G. Dollman on
distinguishable from X. dabagala rufifrons, where the rufous
area spreads on to the forehead and head.
Graphiurus microtis saturatus, Dollm.
9. 1548, 1707. Solai, Mount Kenya.
Dipodillus diminutus, sp, n.
Allied to Dipodillus harwoodi, Thos., but smaller in size,
with much smaller teeth, and more rufous in colour.
Size and proportions less than in D. harwoodi. General
colour of upper surface bright orange-rufous (between bistre
no. 8 and tan-colour no. 2, ‘ Repertoire de Couleurs’),
slightly darker down the middle of the back, but not nearly
so much as in harwoodi. Hairs of back with pale slate-grey
bases, bright orange-buff subterminal rings, and short
brownish tips. Flanks pure orange-buff in colour, hairs with
light grey bases paling to white towards the tips ; subter-
minal rings orange-buff, extreme tips of hairs brownish.
Muzzle and top of head orange-buff, an indistinct dark line
extending from the nose to the forehead. Cheeks and lips
white, hairs white to roots. Sides of face below eyes buff,
speckled with black. Ears clothed with short brownish
hairs. Backs of hands and feet white. Entire under surface
white; hairs of belly white to roots. Tail much as in
D. harwoodi, rather shorter, but similar in colour.
Skull much smaller than that of D. harwoodi; with nar-
rower brain- case, shorter nasals, smaller auditory bull, and
very much smaller teeth.
Dimensions of the type (measured in the flesh) :-—
Head and body 67 mm.; tail 79; hind foot 20; ear 10.
Skull: greatest length 23°6 ; condylo-incisive length 20 ;
zygomatic breadth 12:3 ; interorbital breadth 4°7; breadth
of brain-case (across squamosal region) 11:2; length of
nasals 9; width of palate (inside m1) 2°8; length of palatal
foramina 4°38 ; length of upper molar series 3:2.
Hab. Nyama Nyango, Eusso Nyiro. Altitude 3200 feet.
Type. Old male. Original number 1861. Collected on
February 2nd, 1911.
This Gerbil is at once distinguishable from the Naivasha
species, D. harwoodi, by its brighter colour, smaller size, and
very much smaller teeth.
Taterillus tenebricus, sp. n.
Allied to T. harringtoni, Thos., but with dorsal surface
Mammals from British East Africa. 521
washed with a slate-black tint, and with rather larger hands
and feet.
Size of body and tail as in T. harringtoni. General colour
of back bright buff, washed over with slaty black, the black
coloration most prominent on the back of the head. Poste-
rior back and rump buff-coloured, the slaty-black tint only
appearing in this region as a broad median stripe, but
spreading out on the anterior back and shoulders. Hairs
of back (in dark region) slaty black, with narrow subter-
minal buff-coloured rings; extreme tips blackish. Flanks
bright yellowish buff (cinnamon no. 1, ‘ Repertoire de
Couleurs ’) ; hairs with slate-grey bases, paling to pure white
and tipped with buff. Face with well-marked black stripe
extending back from tip of nose to dark area on head. Sides
of nose and face buff-coloured, eyes surrounded with buff-
coloured hairs. Lips white. Backs of hands and feet white,
the feet marked on the tarsal and metatarsal regions with
buff. Under surface of body white, hairs of belly white to
roots. ‘Tail much as in harringtoni, but more hairy and
blacker, underside markedly lighter than upper.
Skull much the same pattern as that of harringtoni; brain-
case broader and molar teeth larger.
Dimensions of the type (measured in the flesh) :—
Head and body $2mm.; tail 128; hind foot 30; ear 17-5.
Skull: greatest length 80; condylo-incisive length 26 ;
zygomatic breadth 15:5 ; length of nasals 11:5; breadth of
brain-case (across squamosal region) 9°6; length of upper
molar series 5.
Hab. Nyama Nyango, Eusso Nyiro. Altitude 3200 feet.
Type. Subadult female. Original number 206. Collected
on February 2nd, 1911, by Mr. A. B. Percival, and pre-
sented by him to the British Museum.
It is interesting to find a member of the genus Taterillus
exhibiting the striking coloration met with in this species.
Although agreeing in general proportions with 7. harring-
toni, the conspicuous dark markings on the back of this
Eusso Nyiro form readily distinguish it from the Lake
Rudolf species.
Tatera iconica, sp. n.
A light-coloured species allied to T. vicina, Pet.
Size and general proportions much as in 7. vicina. Colour
of dorsal surface pale buffy brown, washed with dark
brownish on the posterior part of the back, the general effect
very much lighter than in 7’ vicina, where the predominating
522 Mr. G. Dollman on
effect of the black hair-tips is most marked. Face and head
pale buff-coloured, rather darker and redder on the back of
head and neck (buff no. 2, ‘ Repertoire de Couleurs’). Sides
of face and flanks pale buff (pale buff no. 1, ‘ Repertoire de
Couleurs’); hairs with slate-grey bases, paling to white
towards the tips, apical third buff-coloured. Ears clothed
with short brownish and buff-colonred hairs; tips of ears
greyish white. Backs of hands and feet and ventral surface
of body white. Tail about as hairy as in vicina, much lighter
above, the hairs on upper surface brownish red. Ventral
surface of tail, like that of vicina, light anteriorly and
darkening towards the tip.
Size of skull rather less than in 7. vicina; molar teeth a
good deal smaller.
Dimensions of the type (measured in the flesh) :—
Head and body 145 mm.; tail 182; hind foot 35 ; ear 21°5.
Skull: greatest length 41; basilar length 31:2; condylo-
incisive length 86:2; zygomatic breadth 21; interorbital
breadth 7; breadth of brain-case (across squamosal region)
18; length of nasals 18; palatilar length 19; breadth of
palate (inside m!) 5; length of palatal foramina 7*5; greatest
diameter of bulle 11; alveolar length of upper check-
teeth 6°5.
Hab. Nyama Nyango, Eusso Nyiro. Altitude 3000 feet.
Type. Old female. Original number 1799. Collected
January 27th, 1911.
The light colour of the upper surface, both of the back and
tail, of this Eusso Nyiro Tatera readily distinguishes it from
the Kitui species, 7. vicina, and, taking into consideration
the cranial differences between the two forms, the Eusso
Nyiro specimens must be regarded as specifically distinct.
Tatera nigricauda nyama, subsp. n.
Closely allied to Tatera nigricauda, Pet., but smaller in
size and with a lighter-coloured tail.
Size rather less than in 7. nigricauda, a feature more
noticeable in the skull- than in the skin-dimensions. General
colour of upper surface much as in 7’. nigricauda, the dark
hair-tips not so prominent, the general effect a little lighter
(buff no. 1 mixed with snuff-brown no. 2, ‘ Repertoire de
Couleurs’). Flanks rather purer in colour (pale buff no. 1,
“Rep. de Coul.’), the grey bases of the hairs much lighter,
in some cases being almost white. Backs of hands and feet
and entire ventral surface white. Tail very similar to that
of nigricauda, but hairs lighter and browner, the general
Mammals from British East Africa. 523
effect produced being that of a reddish-brown tail, and not of
a black one.
Skull a great deal smaller than that of nigricauda, shorter
and narrower ; markedly shorter nasals and narrower brain-
case. Auditory bullz much smaller and shorter.
Dimensions of the type Coed in the flesh) :—
Head and body 164mm. ; tail 208; hind foot 40°5 ; ear 22.
Skull: greatest length 48 ; basilar length 36°8; condylo-
incisive length 42 ; zygomatic breadth 24°7 ; interorbital
breadth 86; breadth of brain-case (across squamosal
region) 17°75; length of nasals 20°5; palatilar length 21°5 ;
width of palate (inside m') 4°3 ; length of palatal foramina 9 ;
greatest diameter of bulle 12°5; alveolar length of upper
cheek-teeth 7:2.
Hab. Nyama Nyango, Eusso Nyiro. Altitude 3000 feet.
Type. Old male. Original number 1798. Collected on
January 27th, 1911.
The much smaller size of the skull and lighter-coloured
tail are the chief points wherein this new form differs from
the Mombasa species. I have taken as representing 7. nigri-
cauda a long series of specimens recently obtained by
Mr. Kemp at Voi and Taveta. The following are the cranial
dimensions of an adult male :—
Greatest length 51 mm.; basilar length 40; condylo-
incisive lene the 45°3 ; rai ibie breadth "36" 8; interorbital
breadth 9; breadth of brain-case (across squamosal region) 20 ;
length of nasals 23; palatilar length 23:6; length of palatal
foramina 10; greatest diameter of bullee 14; alveolar length
of upper cheek-teeth 7-5.
Tatera varia, described by Heller from the Eusso Nyiro
River, Sotik District, would appear to be the only other
member of the genus described from this district. T. varia
belongs to the fallax group with the white-tipped tails, and
is in no way related to nigricauda or the form here described.
Otomys irroratus elgonis, Wrought.
3. 1528, 1526, 1527, 1531, 1567, 1571, 1582, 1583, 1595,
1596, 1617, 1618, 1637, 1641, 1642, 1655, 1663, 1668, 1714,
1715; 9. 1522, 1572, 1597, 1658,1710. Solai, Mt. Kenya,
Otomys angoniensis elassodon, Osg.
6 Idle; Aoalas Vala 9 2307, 1314... Nakure.
3S. 1421, 1428, 1438, 1448, 1450, 1457, 1478, 1481, 1502,
1514, 1506; 2. 1422, 1458, 1459, 1475, 1485, 1497, 1498,
1499, 1515, 1516. Rumruti, Laikipia Plateau.
524 Mr. G. Dollman on
Dendromus insignis, Thos.
3. 1633, 1647, 1664, 1680, 1697,1713; 2. 1542, 1660,
1720. Solai, Mt. Kenya.
Epimys dennie, Thos.
6. 1537, 1544, 1545, 1631, 1648, 1703, 1727; ¢@. 1570.
Solai, Mt. Kenya.
Epimys jacksoni, de Wint.
g. 1549, 1550, 1557, 1562, 1569, 1627, 1639, 1649, 1702,
1717, 1722; 9. 1577, 1601, 1608, 1693. Solai, Mt. Kenya.
o6. 1490; 9. 1483. Rumruti, Laikipia Plateau.
Epimys medicatus, Wrought.
g. 1500, 1503; 9. 1487, 1507, 1508: .Rumrute
Laikipia Plateau.
3. 1839, 1851, 1360. Baringo.
Epimys effectus, sp. u.
Similar in general colouring to E. uganda, de Wint., but
smaller in size.
Size and general proportions less than in FH. ugande ; hind
foot markedly smaller, measuring only 22 or 23 mm. in
length, while in EH. ugande the hind foot is much larger,
measuring about 26 or 28 mm. in length. ‘Tail rather short
compared with that of EH. ugande. Size of body small.
General colour of upper surface brownish buff, the effect
being very much as in Apodemus sylvaticus, but rather
yellower. Hairs all with slate-grey bases, buff-coloured
subterminal rings and dark tips, the dark hair-tips most
prominent down the middle of the back. Flanks yellowish
buff, faintly speckled with brown, the buffy tint passing
abruptly into the white coloration of the ventral surface.
Sides of face and neck bright buff-coloured. Backs of hands
and feet white. Entire underparts, as in EL. ugande, greyish
white ; hairs of belly all with slate-grey bases and whitish
tips. Tail, as in the other members of the multi-cmammate
group, almost naked and rather darker above than below.
Skull markedly smaller than in wgande, shorter and con-
siderably narrower across the zygomatic region. Auditory
bullz and teeth smaller.
Dimensions of the type (measured in the flesh) :—
Head and body 139 mm.; tail 124; hind foot 23°5 ;
ear 18.
Mammals from British East Africa. 525
Skull: greatest length 32:1; basilar length 26°6; con-
dylo-incisive length 81; zygomatic breadth 15; breadth of
brain-case (across squamosal region) 12°53; interorbital
breadth 4°7; greatest length of nasals 13°5; palatilar
length 15; width of palate (inside m') 8:2; length of
palatal foramina 8; alveolar length of upper molar
series 5:2.
Hab. Baringo. Altitude 4000 feet.
Type. Old female. B.M. no. 10.12.19.27. Original
number 1358. Collected on October 10th, 1910.
The smaller size of this species is at once sufficient to
distinguish it from de Winton’s EL. ugande. ‘This new form
appears to be fairly widely distributed and to occur side by
side with the larger species, as is evident by examination of
the series of specimens in the Museum collection. Both
species were obtained by the Ruwenzori Expedition, and
Mr. Kemp has collected E. ugande and EH. effectus at
Mumias and Mt. Elgon. There is a considerable range of
variation in size aud colour presented by the series of
specimens from Elgon and Ruwenzori, but not suflicient to
indicate that they represent more than one species. As
regards the other known forms of this group, the coast
species, EL. hildebrandti, is rather similar in size to L. efectus,
but greyer and lighter in colour. E. panya, recently de-
scribed by Heller from the Athi Plains, appears to resemble
this new species in general colour, except that the dorsal
aid ventral surfaces in panya are described as merging
gradually into one another, whereas in efectus there is a
distinct line of demarcation between the rich buffy tint of
the flanks and the white under surface. The dimensions of
the two species are also conspicuously different.
It is evident from Heller’s description of H. panya that
it is not generally known that the type specimen of ugande
is a young individual, and to this fact are due both its dark
colouring and small size. In the Museum collection is a
series of adult specimens from Entebbe, the type locality,
received since de Winton described the species, and the
following brief description of the appearance of EH. ugande
in the adult phase may not here be out of place :—
Size rather large, hind foot measuring 27 or 28 mm.
in length.
General colour of back dark brown washed with buff,
rather darker and blacker down the back and more buffy on
the flanks. Buffy tint on flanks gradually merging into the
greyish-white underparts. Sides of base buffy orange.
Hands and feet white. Underparts dirty white, hairs with
526 Mr. G. Dollman on
slate-grey bases and buffy- white tips. Tail as in the other
species of the group.
Skull large and broad, an fairly large molars and broad
brain-case.
Dimensions (measured in flesh) :—
Head and body 140 mm.; tail 135; hind foot 28;
ear 22.
Skull : greatest length 34°3 ; basilar length 29; condylo-
incisive length 33 ; zygomatic breadth 16: 8; interorbital
breadth 4-9 ; leneth of nasals 14; palatilar ‘leneth 15°4;
width of palate (inside m") 3°2; length of palatal foramina
6; length of upper molar series 5°9.
The Entebbe specimens of wgande exhibit a considerable
degree of variation in colour, as do a similar series of this
species from Mt. Ruwenzori, and it is evident that, like the
smaller form described above, de Winton’s species is subject
to much variation in colour.
It is interesting to note that while the young individuals
of E. ugande are dark blackish in colour, the juvenile pelage
of E. effectus is ashy grey.
Epimys evelyni, sp. n.
A pale greyish-yellow-coloured species, about equal in size
to EH. ugande, and probably allied to same.
Size and general proportions much as in H. ugande, hind
foot and tail rather shorter. General colour of dorsal surface
pale greyish buff, tinted with brownish buff down the middle
of the back. Hairs of back with slate-grey bases, buffy
subterminal rings, and dark brownish tips. Flanks and
sides of face pale grey, washed over with a light buffy tint,
the buff-coloured area merging rather sharply into the hight
colour of the ventral surface. Ears covered with minute
greyish hairs; a light orange patch of hair at auterior in-
sertion of ear. Backs of hands and feet dirty white.
Ventral surface of body greyish white, the general effect
lighter than in EF. ugande. Hairs of belly with pale grey
bases and white tips.
Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker on
Staphylinochrous whytei latimargo, var. nov.
@. Head, thorax, and abdomen orange-brown ; antenne
black. Both wings dull orange-colour, with the outer area
black for a full third.
Expanse 42 mm.
Hab. Lokoja District (100 miles north).
‘T'ype in my collection.
Staphylinochrous pygmea, sp. n.
3. Head, thorax, and abdomen with yellowish-grey hairs ;
antenne black. Primaries black, with the basal half of the
cell and the area below it cream-colour. Secondaries cream-
colour, with the outer third blackish.
Expanse 30 mm.
Hab. okoja District (100 miles north).
‘l'ype in my collection.
Next S. melanoleuca, Hmpsn.
Staphylinochrous albabasis, sp. n.
@. Head, antenne, thorax, and abdomen tawny. Pri-
maries with the basal half of the wings hyaline white, the
outer area being sooty grey. Secondaries hyaline greyish
white, with the terminal area narrowly dark grey.
Expanse 36 mm.
Hab. Malange; December.
Type in my collection.
ZYGHNINA.
Neurcosymploca nigromarginata, sp. n.
g. Head, thorax, and abdomen black. Primaries dirty
ochre-yellow, with a narrow black margin around the entire
wing except the basal third of the costa; the margin is
broadest along the costa and apex and gradually narrows
beyond. Secondaries with the basal two-thirds pink, the
outer full third being blackish and the whole of the abdo-
minal fold dusky hyaline.
Expanse 26 mm.
Hab. Malange, W. Africa; December.
‘l'ype in my collection.
This is probably a local form of NV, ochretpennis, Btl., but
the whole abdomen of my species is black, there is also a
new African Heterocera. 579
much narrower black border to the primaries and a smaller
pink area in the secondaries.
Saliunca biplagata, sp. n.
¢. Head, thorax, and abdomen bronzy metallie green.
Both wings bronzy green. Primaries with a broad stripe
below the cell slightly irrorated with fine bronzy scales ; at
the end of the cell a largish whitish spot, with a narrow oval
one below it. Secondaries with a white spot across the end
of the cell, the area below the cell at the base being hyaline.
Hixpanse 37 mm.
flab. Kamililo, Nandi Country; June.
‘'ype in my collection.
Saliunca kamilila, sp. n.
3. Frons, head, and collar bright orange-yellow; thorax
and abdomen metallic bronzy green. Primaries brownish
buff, with the costa darker madder-brown, and with a broad,
curved, indefinite, madder-brown band across the end of the
cell to the termen about veins 2 to 4. Secondaries purplish
grey, somewhat hyaline in the cell and below it.
Expanse 30 mm.
Hab. Kamililo, Nandi Country; June.
Type in my collection.
Byblisia albaproaima, sp. n.
&. Head black, frons white; thorax and ablomen
metallic green, the latter with a white band on proximal
segment ; anal segment orange-yellow. Both wings steely
bluish black. Primaries with a narrow hyaline dash below
the cell, followed by three narrow similar dashes (two near
the end of cell and one below it) ; two small hyaline spots
between veins 6 and 8, and two similar. ones between veins 3
and 5. Secondaries with basal area hyaline, composed of
four spots—a large one in the cell, a smaller one below it,
and a yet smaller one below it at the extreme base, the
fourth being between the first two at the extremity of the
second; beyond these is a cluster of three hyaline spots,
Expanse 32 mm.
Hab. Oni (Lagos) ; April.
Type in the Hope Museum.
Near B, setipes, Plotz.
576 Mr. W. L. Distant on Australastan Coreide.
Psychide.
Monda cassualalle, sp. n.
g. Head, thorax, and abdomen dark grey. Primaries
dark grey, area below the cell and vein 2 ‘hyaline white.
Secondaries hyaline white.
Expanse 26 mm.
Hab. Cassualalla, N. Angola; August (Ansorge).
Type in my collection,
LXV.—Rhynchotal Notes.—LV. By W. L. Disrant.
Australasian Coreidz and Berytide.
Coreide.
Genus AmorBUs.
Amorbus, Dall. List Hem. ii. p. 408 (1852).
Type, A. alternatus, Dall.
Amorbus damelus, sp. n.
¢. Head, antenne, pronotum, and corium cinnamomeous ;
body beneath and legs testaceous ; abdomen above black, with
two prominent, central, transverse, discal red spots, one each
at the anterior margins of the fourth and fifth segments and
a very narrow spot at the anterior margin of the sixth seg-
ment; connexivum testaceous, with marginal elongate black
spots ; antenne moderately robust, joints 1-3 almost sub-
equal in length, remaining joint mutilated in typical speci-
men; head with a submarginal black fascia on each side;
pronotum thickly finely granulose, the lateral margins
slightly recurved and more or less shaded with black ; scu-
tellum black ; corium thickly punctate ; membrane bronzy
brown ; body beneath more or less finely granulcese ; poste-
rior femora distinctly thickened, somewhat sinuate, inner
margin shortly serrate, shortly but more prominently toothed
a little before apex; posterior tibize very strongly curved,
inwardly toothed, the tooth a little nearer base than apex,
from tooth to apex the inner margin is shortly serrate.
Long., ¢ 19 mm.
Hab. New South Wales (Ldward Damel, Brit. Mus.).
Mr. W. L. Distant on Australasian Coreide. BY |
Allied to A. alternatus, Dall., by the apparently shorter
and distinctly much more curved posterior tibia, different
colour of the abdomen above, &c.
Some difficulty occurs with the species described as
A, planus, Walk., and which, as I pointed out in 1900 (Ann.
& Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) vi. p. 376), is a synonym of A. alter-
natus, Dall. This apples to the female, which he first
described ; he then added a description of a male specimen,
which is another species altogether, and forms the type of
the above.
TAMBOURINA, gen, nov.
Head subquadrate, about as long as breadth between eyes ;
lobes about equal in length, but central lobe slightly promi-
nent and a little apically deflected ; ocelli at a short distance
from base, almost as near each other as to eyes ; antenne
four-jointed, first, second, and fourth joints longest and
about subequal in length, third a little shortest ; pronotum
with the breadth at base less than twice its length, mode-
rately deflected on anterior area, lateral margins sinuate,
lateral angles distinctly roundly prominent, a slightly promi-
nent subbasal transverse ridge, the lateral margins at anterior
area obsoletely crenulate; scutellum about as broad at base
as long ; corium subequal in length to head, pronotum, and
scutellum together; membrane closely, somewhat reticu-
lately veined ; rostrum passing the anterior coxa, first joint
not reaching base of head, third shortest and reaching ante-
rior coxe ; pro- and mesosterna distinctly, centrally, longi-
tudinally sulcate, the suleation of the latter confined to its
anterior area, which is a little angularly produced between
the anterior coxz ; abdomen beneath in male with a distinct,
central, broad callosity on second segment; anterior and
intermediate femora with a distinct spine beneath near apex,
posterior femora somewhat strongly incrassated, spined
beneath on apical third, shortly sparingly tuberculate near
upper surface ; posterior tibize distinctly dilated on each side,
roundly above, angularly beneath, the dilatation gradually
increasing from base and terminating a little beyond middle ;
posterior tarsi three-jointed, basal joint shortest.
Allied to Amorbus, from which it differs by the relatively
shorter and broader pronotum, the posterior tibiz dilated on
each side, &c.
Tambourina kelsalli, sp. n.
g. Brownish ochraceous, abdomen above and beneath
578 Mr. W. L. Distant on Australasian Coreide.
testaceous ; antenne pale castaneous, the apical joint ochra-
ceous; head above and anterior area of pronotum mode-
rately palely pilose ; pronotum and scutellum finely granu-
lose ; corium thickly finely punctate; membrane subhyaline ;
abdomen above testaceous, connexivum with dark castaneous
spots, becoming obsolete on basal area, and the inner abdo-
minal lateral margins with black marks, becoming obsolete
on apical half; sternum more darkly granulose and punctate ;
abdomen beneath with two central longitudinal series of
black punctures, the spiracles and an inner segmental series
of small spots black, anal segment castaneous ; legs ochra-
ceous, femora above pale castaneous, posterior tibiz and tarsi
pale ochraceous, the base and dilated area black ; structural
characters as in generic diagnosis.
Long., ¢ 17 mm.
Hab. S. Queensland; Tambourine Mts. (Kelsall, Brit.
Mus.).
KURNAINA, gen. nov.
3. Body subelongate; head slightly longer than broad,
subquadrate, not produced beyond the antenniferous tubercles,
lateral lobes scarcely longer than the central lobe, but dis-
tinctly divided at their apices; ocelli at base behind eyes,
about as wide apart as from lateral margins ; eyes slightly
longer than broad, adpressed on sides of head, situate at
about one-third from base; antennz with the basal joint
moderately incrassate, about as long as head, second and
third longest, fourth shorter than third, stouter and pyri-
form ; pronotum about as long as broad between the lateral
angles, lateral margins straightly oblique, anterior margin
truncate, posterior margin depressed, subconvex, lateral
angles subprominent ; scutellum small, apparently triangular,
but imperfectly seen’in the coarsely pinned type; corium
about as long as head, pronotum, and scutellum together ;
membrane not quite reaching apex of abdomen, veins nume-
rous and somewhat reticulate; connexivum exposed from
about middle of corium, distinctly upwardly reflexed ; ros-
trum reaching the intermediate coxe, first jot reaching
base of head, second extending to anterior cox, third and
fourth short, subequal in length; mesosternum distinctly
centrally sulcate; abdomen beneath moderately convex,
narrowed beyond middle to apex, the lateral margins lami-
nately depressed ; anterior femora obscurely bidentate at
apices, all the femora equally stout, posterior femora not
more incrassated.
Mr. W. L. Distant on Australasian Coreide. 579
Allied to Gelonus, Stal, but differing by the non-apically
spined intermediate and posterior femora, different structure
of the pronotum, &c.
Kurnaina tridens, sp. n.
Brownish ochraceous ; pronotum, connexivum, and body
beneath paler in hue; membrane shining fuscous brown;
antennz brownish ochraceous, basal joint fuscous brown,
apical joint piceous, second joint slightly longer than third ;
head and pronotum finely granulose, the latter with an in-
distinct central longitudinal impression and a similarly
indistinct transverse impression about one-third from apex,
lateral margins very obscurely crenulate ; corium thickly
coarsely punctate, a distinct longitudinal series of close
punctures at lateral margins ; body beneath closely punctate,
more coarsely on sternum than on abdomen, the latter with
obscure darker irregular spots on lateral margins; legs and
rostrum brownish ochraceous, the latter with its apex black.
Long., ¢ 12 mm.
Hab, Centr. Australia; Hermannsburg (4. J. Hillier,
Brit. Mus.).
TURRANA, gen. nov.
Body long, narrow and elongate; head slightly longer
than broad, not produced beyond the antenniferous tubercles,
but centrally deeply incised between them; eyes small,
round, situate on lateral margins of head about midway
between base and insertion of antennz ; antenne robust, first
joint stoutest, narrowing towards apex, subequal in length
to third, second shorter than either first or third, fourth
shortest and pyriform; pronotum distinctly longer than
broad, the lateral margins almost straightly oblique, but
distinctly moderately ampliately reflexed, anterior angles
subprominent, anterior margin subtruncate, posterior margin
with two distinct central impressions ; scutellum small, with
a distinct central ridge ; corium subequal in length to head,
pronotum, and scutellum together, its apical margin longer
than claval suture, but only very slightly longer than outer
claval margin, lateral margin slightly convex and narrowing
inwardly beyond middle to apex; membrane only slightly
passing the base of the penultimate abdominal segment,
the venation reticulate; rostrum not passing the anterior
coxee, second joint shorter than third and fourth together ;
mesonotum anteriorly and posteriorly centrally sulcated ;
legs short, femora moderately evenly thickened, thickly
580 Mr. W. L. Distant on Australasian Coreida.
finely tuberculate, tibize finely and obscurely granulose ;
abdomen beneath somewhat thickly longitudinally ridged
and centrally finely linearly sulcate.
Allied to Pomponatius, Dist.; differing by the deeply
incised head between the antenniferous tubercles, different
comparative lengths of the antennal joints, rostrum not
passing the anterior coxe, the more elongate body and
shorter hemelytra, &c.
Turrana abnormis, sp. 0.
Head, pronotum, scutellum, and corium brownish ochra-
ceous; membrane pale castaneous; antenne black above,
shortly greyishly pilose ; body beneath greyish ochraceous ;
legs black or blackish, tibize (excluding apices) dull ochra-
ceous ; head finely and obscurely punctate and pilose; pro-
notum with the posterior two-thirds sparsely coarsely punc-
tate, with a central pale levigate line, the anterior area finely
irregularly granulose ; scutellum with a fine central longitu-
dinal ridge, on each side of which the colour is piceous;
corium irregularly punctate, some of the punctures profound ;
abdomen above testaceous, with a central pale longitudinal
line, connexivum black, spotted with ochraceous; other
structural characters as in generic diagnosis.
Long. 13 mm.
Hab. Queensland ; Townsville (Dodd, Brit. Mus.).
Genus PENDULINUS.
Pendulinus, Thunb. (part.), Hemipt. rostr. Cap. iv. p. 5 (1822).
Type, P. hasticornis, Thunb.
Pendulinus fuscescens, sp. n.
Brownish ochraceous ; extreme lateral margins of pro-
notum black; extreme lateral margins and apex of scutellum
stramineous; lateral margins of corium narrowly pale
ochraceous; membrane pale bronzy, subhyaline; body
beneath and legs pale testaceous ; antenne with the first,
second, and third joints testaceous, their extreme apices
black, fourth joint greyish brown, broadly palely annulated
near base, first joint a little stoutest and moderately curved ;
first and third and second and fourth joints subequal in
length ; head with the central lobe broadly prominent before
the antenniferous tubercles; pronotum coarsely darkly
punctate and moderately wrinkled, an obscure and some-
what interrupted central pale levigate line, lateral angles
Mr. W. L. Distant on Australasian Coreide. 581
subacutely produced, their apices a little directed backward ;
scutellum coarsely darkly punctate; corium (excluding lateral
margins) thickly finely punctate; membrane not passing
abdominal apex ; bucculz short, not reaching eyes ; rostrum
slightly passing the intermediate coxe ; mesosternum
suleate; head beneath and sternum coarsely punctate.
Long. 14 mm.
Hab. Queensland ; Mackay (Rowland Turner, Brit. Mus ).
This and the following species are the first of the genus
Pendulinus yet recorded from Australia.
Pendulinus lutescens, sp. n.
Pale shining ochraceous; posterior margin of pronotum,
scutellum, and corium pale testaceous, the latter with the
lateral margin pale ochraceous; membrane shining bronzy
brown ; connexivum, body beneath, and legs pale ochra-
ceous ; antenne ochraceous, the fourth joint with its apical
half fuscous, first joint a little stoutest and curved, first and
third and second and fourth joints subequal in length ; head
with the central lobe distinctly produced before the anten-
niferous tubercles; pronotum somewhat thickly wrinkled
and punctate, the lateral angles somewhat distinctly and
subacutely produced; scutellum punctate, with its extreme
apex black ; corium (excluding lateral margins) thickly
finely punctate; membrane not passing the abdominal apex ;
buccule short, not reaching eyes; rostrum about reaching
posterior cox ; mesosternum moderately sulcate ; sternum
thickly coarsely punctate,
Long. 14 mm.
Hab. Queensland ; Mackay (Rowland Turner, Brit. Mus.).
JALINA, gen. nov.
Narrow, elongate ; head large and broad, about as long as
breadth between eyes, only slightly produced beyond the
antenniferous tubercles, the apex of the central lobe a
little prominent, the lateral margins distinctly sinuate; eyes
large and prominent, distinctly exserted beyond the anterior
angles of the pronotum; ocelli between eyes at a short
distance from base, about as far apart from each other as
from eyes; antennze moderately long and slender, first,
second, and third joints subequal in length, first stouter than
second or third, fourth short and moderately incrassated ;
pronotum slightly longer than broad at base, the lateral
margins oblique but rounded and obscurely crenulate near
apices, anterior margin truncate; lateral angles slightly
582 Mr. W. L. Distant on Australasian Coreide.
spinously prominent, and between them the basal marginal
area is deflected posteriorly ; scutellum longer than broad,
its lateral margins straightly oblique and its apex subacute ;
corium about as long as head, pronotum, and scutellum
together, the apical angle acute; membrane not quite
reaching the abdominal apex, with several transverse basal
cells, the remaining venation longitudinal, more or less
furcate ; connexivum in @ exposed from behind middle of
corium, in § scarcely visible, the lateral angles of the last
two segments moderately dentately prominent; bucculz
very short; rostrum reaching the posterior coxe, first joint
slightly passing base of head, second nearly reaching middle
of mesosternum, third reaching the mtermediate coxe ;
spiracles placed before the middle of the abdominal segments ;
' tibize obscurely sulcate ; apex of sixth abdominal segment in
6 dorsally truncate.
This genus is located in the division Pendulinaria.
Jalina ocularis, sp. 0.
Ochraceous; more or less marked and punctured with
black ; head ochraceous, with two longitudinal piceous lines
transversely connected in front; eyes castaneous brown;
antennz brownish ochraceous, first joint speckled with
black, second with a central pale annulation beyond middle,
its extreme apex black, third with a more obscure subapical
annulation, its extreme apex also black, fourth with nearly
apical half black; pronotum thickly coarsely punctate, the
anterior lateral margins, two broken, irregular, central,
longitudinal fasciz, some lunulate markings on the anterior
area, and the lateral angles black; scutellum somewhat
coarsely punctate, the apex ivory-white; corium coarsely
blackly punctate; membraue shining cupreous ; connexivum,
as visible in ¢, ochraceous, with black spots ; body beneath
and legs pale ochraceous, the latter somewhat thickly
mottled with piceous or black ; two small black spots on each
side of pro-, meso-, and metasterna, a sublateral series of
black segmeatal spots to abdomen; sternum thickly coarsely
punctate ; other structural characters asin generic diagnosis.
Long., ¢6 2 12 mm.
Hab. Queensland (F. P. Dodd, Brit. Mus.).
PIRAMURANA, gen. Nov.
Allied to the preceding genus Jalina, but differing in the
following characters :—
Head broad, but much shorter than breadth between the
Mr. W. L. Distant on Australasian Coreide. 583
exserted eyes, which are strongly pedunculate; it is also
much more considerably produced beyond the antenniferous
tubercles, with the apices of the lateral lobes oblique and
somewhat outwardly angularly broadened ; ocelli much
nearer to each other than to the exserted eyes; pronotum as
long but not longer than broad at base; lateral angles of the
last two abdominal segments not dentately prominent ;
‘rostrum reaching the intermediate coxe, first joint passing
base of head, second nearly reaching middle of mesosternum,
third and fourth short.
Piramurana cyclops, sp. n.
?. Head ochraceous, the eyes castaneous; antennz
ochraceous, first and third joints subequal in length, second
longest, remainder mutilated in typical specimens; pro-
notum ochraceous, coarsely brownly punctate, the anterior
marginal area, a central longitudinal line, and narrow basal
margin pale ochraceous and impunctate, on the anterior
marginal area is a small, central, curved, linear black spot,
and also a linear black or blackish spot near each anterior
angle, lateral angles moderately angularly prominent, a little
directed backward, blackish, as is also the basal submargin, a
distinct narrow anterior collar containing a transverse row of
punctures, the lateral margins a little rounded at the anterior
area and obscurely crennlate ; scutellum longer than broad,
somewhat sparsely and irregularly brownly punctate, its apex
greyish white ; corium ochraceous, thickly, coarsely, brownly
punctate ; membrane bronzy brown, the veins numerous and
longitudinal, some furcate ; connexivum exposed from near
apex of corium, ochraceous, spotted with castaneous ; body
beneath, rostrum, and legs pale ochraceous, apices of the
posterior femora and posterior tibiz castaneous ; sternum
very coarsely punctate ; abdomen sparsely and more finely
punctate on the sublateral areas.
Long., ? 16 mm.; exp. between outer margins of eyes
4 mm.
Hab. Queensland (Ff. P. Dodd, Brit. Mus.).
Genus CLeToMorPHA.
Cletomorpha, Mayr. Reise Nov. Hem. p. 118 (1866).
Type, C. bellula, Stal.
Cletomorpha mackayensis, sp. n.
3d. Head pale ochraceous, slightly granulose, a distinct
584 Mr. W. L. Distant on Australasian Coreide.
acute spine on each side before the antenniferous tubercles ;
antennze pale ochraceous, first joint gradually thickened,
longer than head, second slightly longer than third, fourth
short, infuscate, thickened, pyriform; pronotum thickly
punctate, pale ochraceous, the basal area from between the
lateral angles castaneous brown, lateral angles with their
apices acute, blackish ; scutellum pale ochraceous, sparsely
punctate, a subapical and two irregular central spots casta-
neous brown, the apex greyish white; corium ochraceous,
thickly brownly punctate, a transverse greyish-white fascia
a little before apex; membrane subhyaline; connexivum
ochraceous, with irregular castaneous spots, one before
middle largest and occupying the whole margin of the
segment; body beneath, legs, and rostrum pale ochraccous ;
sternum coarsely punctate, apices of the lateral angles of the
prosternum and apex of the rostrum black; abdomen
beneath with four broad longitudinal series of blackish
punctures, a small black marginal spot at the apices of most
of the segmental incisures, the lateral segmental angles
acutely produced, a blackish spot on each side of the apex of
the anal segment.
Long., ¢ 74 mm.
Hab. Queensland; Mackay (Rowland Turner, Brit. Mus.).
A species distinct from some Oriental species, which it
more or less resembles in colour and pattern, by the very
distinct acute spine on each side before the antenniferous
tubercles.
Genus CLAVIGRALLA.
Clavigraila, Spin. Ess. p. 200 (1887).
Type, C. gibbosa, Spin.
Clavigralla horrens.
Clavigralla horrens, Dohrn, Stett. ent. Zeit. xxi. p. 403 (1860).
Cletus ? indecorus, Walk. Cat. Het. iv. p. 197 (1871).
Hab. Queensland; Mackay (Rowland Turner, Brit. Mus.).
This species had already been recorded from Ceylon, Java,
Philippines, Flores, and New Guinea.
Genus MELANACANTHUS.
Melanacanthus, Stil, En. Hem. iii. p. 92 (1878).
Type, M. ferrugineus, Stal.
Mr. W. L. Distant on Australasian Berytide. 585
Melanacanthus margineguttatus, sp. n.
Head and pronotum castaneous brown; lateral margins
and two central longitudinal fasciz to head and pronotum
black, basal margin of the latter mostly black, with a central
longitudinal ochraceous spot ; scutellum black, centrally
castaneous brown, its apex pale stramineous ; corium black,
the lateral margin greyish white, widened on apical area ;
membrane hyaline, except at margins, reflecting the brown
abdomen beneath ; body beneath black, greyishly pilose; a
greyish longitudinal fascia on each side of head and pro-
sternum ; abdomen beneath with a central longitudinal line,
sometimes the whole central discal area, and the lateral
margins ochraceous ; abdomen above black, with a few very
obscure central, segmental, castaneous spots, the connexivum
ochraceous, with prominent black spots; legs black or
blackish, the tibize (excluding bases and apices) dull ochra-
ceous, basal joints of tarsi more or less ochraceous ; antennz
brownish ochraceous, first joint distinctly passing apex of
head, first and second subequal in length, third a little
longer, fourth longest ; head and pronotum finely obscurely
pilose ; pronotum finely punctate, more strongly so and
wrinkled on the basal area, lateral angles subprominent,
black, and a little directed backwardly ; corium (excluding
the pale lateral margin) thickly coarsely punctate ; membrane
passing the abdominal apex; posterior femora somewhat
longly spined.
Long. 11 mm. i
Hab. North Australia; Alexandria (W. Stalker, Brit.
Mus.).
Differs from M. scutellaris, Walk., by the prominently
spotted connexivum, differently coloured markings through-
out, posterior area*of the pronotum more distinctly raised
and wrinkled, &c.
Berytidez.
Genus Merartroris.
Metatropis, Fieb, Wien. ent. Monats. 1859, p. 206.
Type, M. rufescens, Herr.-Schiaff.
Metatropis tipularius, sp. n.
Dark ochraceous ; head and anterior area of provotum a
little paler ; apex of abdomen above and spots to connexivum
castaneous ; body beneath pale castaneous ; head beneath
Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 8. Vol. vii. 39
586 Miss S. L. M. Summers on a new
and prosternum ochraceous ; abdomen beneath with a central
and marginal series of pale ochraceous spots; antenne
ochraceous, first joint very long, moderately clavate and
castaneous at apex, second and fourth subequal in length,
each distinctly shorter than third, extreme apices of second
and third black, fourth black or piceous, annulated with pale
ocbraceous near base; pronotum (excluding apical area)
thickly coarsely granulose, with a somewhat obscure central
longitudinal ridge, the posterior angles moderately laminately
lobate ; scutellum distinctly, centrally, longitudinally ridged,
the apex acute ; membrane shining bronzy, not reaching the
abdominal apex; legs ochraceous, apices of the femora
distinctly clavate and castaneous, tarsi with the basal joint
pale ochraceous, remainder piceous.
Long. 8 mm.
Hab. N. Australia; Port Darwin (J. J. Walker, Brit. Mus.).
This species was taken during the voyage of H.M.S.
‘Penguin.’
LXVI.—WNotes from the Entomological Department of the
London School of Tropical Medicine.—No. 11. Description
of a new Species of Simulium from the Siamese LHills.
By Miss Sopu1a L. M. Summers, M.A., B.Sc.
Simulium nigrogilvum, sp. n.
Numerous specimens of this fly were sent, very kindly, to
the London School of Tropical Medicine by Dr. Kerr, of
Chiengmai. ‘They were collected by Mr. H. B. G. Garrett,
of the Siamese Forest Department, on the hills of Siam east
of the Menam, during the months of September and October.
In view of Dr. Sambon’s theory, that Srmulium plays an
important part in the spreading of pellagra, every reference
to this genus is of interest. Only two species of the genus as
yet have been described from the Oriental Region, namely
Simulium indicum, Becher, from the Himalayas (Journ.
Asiat. Soc. Bengal, lili. pt. 2 (1884) p. 199, pl. xiv.), and
Simulium nobile, Meijere, from Java (Tijdschrift voor Ent.
Deel |. (1907) p. 206).
The new form, Simulium nigrogilvum, is a very striking
species. Its colouring is most vivid, almost wasp-like in its
contrasts. It is Jarge, its length being almost 3°5 mm. Its
head and thorax are velvety black, with bright golden hairs.
Species of Simulium from the Siamese Hills. 587
The antenne are brown, yellowish white at the base. In
spirit the abdomen is white, with brown bands posteriorly.
The legs are banded black and white; the tarsi of the front
pair are much stronger than those of the other pairs. The
wings are hyaline.
Head velvety black, with golden hairs between and
behind the eyes; the face also is black. Antenne dark
brown, except the first two segments and a part of the third,
which are yellowish white. Palps brown, with the exception
of the second segment, which is black.
Thorax velvety black ; the scutum is covered more or less
with bright golden hairs.
Wings hyaline, with only the first and third longitudinal
veins distinct and dark. /alteres yellowish white.
Legs.—Femora and tibize are white at the proximal end,
dark brown at the distal end. All the tarsal segments of the
first pair of legs are dark brown, but in the second and third
pairs the metatarsus 1s yellowish white in the proximal half,
and the next tarsal segment has a white spot at the base.
The penultimate tarsal segment is heart-shaped in all the
legs.
ae spirit-specimens the first two segments are
white; the third, tourth, and fifth are white, each with a
dark brown dorsal cross-band; the last two are entirely
brown, darker dorsally than ventrally.
The mouth-parts seem to be similar to those of other
species. ‘The second segment of the maxillary palps has a
curious little, probably sensory, vesicle, with a minute
circular opening on the side of the segment.
Simulium nigrogilvum is about the same size as Simulium
indicum, but it differs from that species in the following
points:—(1) The base of the antenna is yellowish white,
whereas in S. indicum the antenne are entirely dark; (2) the
femora and tibie are half white, half black, but in S. indicum
they are said to be black-brown ; (8) the first two segments
of the abdomen are white, and ventrally all the rest of the
‘abdomen except the tip is white also ; whereas in S. indicum
only the first segment and the sternal parts of the next three
segments are yellowish white.
Simulium nigrogilvum is much larger than Simulium nobile,
which measures only 1°55 mm. ‘The other points of difference
between the two species are as follows:—(1) The antenne of
S. nobile are reddish yellow, with black tip; (2) the thorax
of S. noble is said to be almost naked, with a silver-white
sheen, only a posterior strongly arched cross-band being
velvety black, whereas in S. nigrogilvum the scutum is
a0*
588 Dr. N. Annandale on some
covered with bright golden hairs. In S. nobile the legs are
described as blackish brown, the hind tibie as shiny mother-
of-pearl, the basal moiety of the first two tarsal segments of
the same leg as yellow ; but in S. nigrogilvum the legs are
banded black and white. The halteres are reddish yellow in
S. nobile, but in the new species they are white. The abdo-
men of §. nobile is silky black, instead of being, as in
S. nigrogilvum, largely yellowish white.
The type of the new species has been presented to the
British Museum. Unfortunately, having been dried after
being in spirit, its colouring is affected.
I wish to take this opportunity of thanking Lt.-Col.
Alcock, I.M.S., F.R.S., C.LE., &c, for his constant help
and advice, which are invaluable.
LXVIJ.—Some Barnacles oj the Genus Scalpelium from
Irish Seas. By N. ANNANDALE, D.Sc., Indian Museum,
Calcutta.
THROUGH the kind offices of Mr. 8. W. Kemp I have been
entrusted with the examination of certain barnacles of the
genus Sca/pellum taken in Irish seas by the Fisheries Branch
of the Irish Department of Agriculture. These barnacles
fall into three distinet species, namely Scalpel/um vulgare,
Leach (=Lepas scalpellum, Linné), Scalpellum velutinum,
Hoek, and Scalpellum (Smilium) kempi, sp. n.
Scalpellum vulgare is by far the commonest species of its
genus in the seas of Northern Europe and in the Mediter-
ranean, but has not been taken on the coasts of America or
in the S. Atlantic. Its bathymetrical range extends from
about 20 to about 200 fathoms. There are a considerable
number of specimens in the collection before me from the
following stations :—
fms, > «
S. 36.... 10 miles off Clogher Head, Co. Louth* .. 20-22 @&
R.9.... 1734 miles S.W. 4 W. of Coningbeg Light. 40 }
R29 . Tb miles! SHA of Mine load «3.6005 oem ses 40-42
SAR. 2. 7O'miles’S, W.. of Bastnet ) 5.20 cn eee. 81
Sakadl47.. Porcupme Banlel we atscie oie & 913
SR 360.-,' DIVAN alee AV. Ree bectrentereccenee 108-120
S.R.97 . ca. 75 miles 8.W. by W. 3 W. of Fastnet . 199
* {Although only one specimen was sent to Dr. Annandale, in the
course of trawling surveys in the western part of the Irish Sea S. vulgare
has been frequently taken, at depths below 20 fathoms, usually attached
to stems of Aglaophenia.—G. P. Farran. |
Barnacles from Irish Seas. 589
S. velutinum, which is closely related to S. forme, Ales-
sandri, of the Italian Miocene *, is common on both sides of
the Atlantic in northern latitudes, and has been taken as far
south as Tristan d’Acunha. It also occurs in the Indian
Ocean. The bathymetric range is extraordinary-—from 35 to
over 1000 fathoms. The Irish collection includes five speci-
mens (the largest with a capitular length of 27 mm.) from
S. R. 363, 51° 22’ N., 12° 0’ W., 695-720 fathoms.
‘The new species appears to be most nearly related to
Scalpellum gemma, Aurivillius, and Scalpellum grimaldi of
the same author, but possesses two extra valves below the
rostrum and a narrower carina. S. gemma was described
from Greenland and S. grimaldi from the Azores.
Scalpellum (Smilum) kempi, sp. n.
Capitulum large, triangular, moderately compressed,
bearing 15 stout white valves, which are more or less imbricate
and project at the tips. Carina straight, narrowly triangular
Scalpellum (Smilium) kempt, sp.n. X 3.
in lateral view, bluntly keeled posteriorly, bearing about six
transverse ridges and distinctly striated vertically. Terga
vertical, triangular, large, occupying more than half the
capitular area, slightly retroverted at the tip, having a
distinct vertical keel along the middle line. Scuta resembling
* See Pilsbry, Bull, U.S, Nat. Mus. no, 60, p. 26 (1907).
590 Mr. O. Thomas on
the terga in shape, but only three-fourths as long; their tips
turned outwards and projecting laterally, their inner margin
overlapping the occludent margin of the terga for a consider-
able distance. Rostrum prominent, triangular, recurved.
The two subrostals similar in shape, but smaller and much
less prominent ; the lower valve larger and more prominent
than the upper. Latera transverse, triangular, of no great
size, prominent at the tips. Subcarina resembling the
rostrum, but less than half as long.
Peduncle much shorter than the capitulum, compressed,
almost triangular in lateral view, covered with almost nodular
subimbricate plates arranged somewhat irregularly.
Cirrt very long and slender, feebly curved, colourless.
Dimensions.—
mm
Length of capitulum ........ 12
Breadth Sh hal ore & 12
Length of peduncle.......'... 8
Breadth he AU Dek he ee 9
Locality.—S. R. 504, 12. ix. 07, 50° 42’ N., 11° 18’ W.,
627-725 fathoms ; on Lophohelia.
The external characters of this barnacle are so peculiar
that I have ventured to describe it without dissecting the
unique specimen, on which I have not succeeded in finding
any degenerate males. I understand that this specimen will
be deposited in the British Museum. }
LXVIII.— Three new African Rodents.
By OLDFIELD ‘THOMAS.
(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.)
Epimys stella, sp. n,
Like £, allenz, but skull markedly longer.
External appearance as in the Fernando Po JL. alleni, of
which this would appear to be the mainland representative.
General colour above dull rufous fawn, as in L. alleni.
Belly greyish, the bases of the hairs slaty, their tips greyish
white, Hands and feet dull whitish, ‘Tail long, very finely
haired, so as to appear naked. Mamma 2—2=8.
new African lodents. 591
Skull decidediy larger than that of 2. allent, the brain-
case much longer, but not, as is the case in the next species,
much broader. Supraorbital edges square, but without
beading. Palatal foramina longer than in &. alleni, and
bulle larger.
Dimensions of the type (measured as a spirit-specimen
before skinning) :—
Head and body 77 mm. ; tail 140; hind foot 17°5; ear 15.
Skull: greatest length 24°38; condylo-incisive length 23-4 ;
zygomatic breadth 12°3; nasals 8:2; interorbital breadth 4:3 ;
breadth of brain-case 11°2; palatilar length 10°6 ; palatal
foramina 5:1; upper molar series 4.
Hab, Congo and Cameroons. ‘Type from the [turi Forest
between Mawambi and Avakubi, Eastern Congo. Others
from Efulen and Ja River, Cameroons.
Type. Adult female. B.M. no. 7. 1. 2.23. Collected in
1906 by R. B. Woosnam, and presented by the Subscribers
to the Ruwenzori Expedition.
Compared with the true J. allent of Fernando Po (of
which the Fernando Po Expedition of 1904 obtained an adult
topotype clearly identical with the young type of the species)
this mainland form is markedly larger, with a longer brain-
case, and has not the disproportionally short muzzle of that
form. From £. carillus it differs by having 8 instead of 6
mamme.
Epimys eta, sp. 0.
General appearance of &, alleniz. Brain-case very large
and broad.
Proportions as in ZH, allent. Colour above rather more
buffy than “ wood-brown” ; sides clearer buffy, forming a
buffy line along’ the edge of the abdominal colour, which is
well-defined white, the bases of the hairs pale slaty. Kars
rather smaller than in allen’, grey-brown. Hands whitish ;
feet with whitish edges and digits, middle line of metatarsus
darker. ‘Tail uniformly brown.
Skull with a very large brain-case, shaped somewhat like
that of a Nyctomys ; the interorbital region broad, with well-
defined xe tucvte beads, which extend backwards half
across the parietals. Muzzle small and slender. Ante-
orbital plate very slightly projected forward, though more so
than in allen. Palatal foramina longer and bullee larger
than in allent. Molars narrow, of the rather Uromys-like
shape found in this group of mice; inner cusp of second
lamina of m' and m? elongated antero-posteriorly.
092 On new African Rodents.
Dimensions of the type (measured in flesh) :—
Head and body 85 mm.; tail 102 ; hind foot 17; ear 14.
Skull: greatest length 24:1; condylo-incisive length 21°7 ;
nasals 7°7; interorbital breadth 4°6; breadth of brain-case
11:6; palatilar length 10°6 ; diastema 7; palatal foramina 5'1 ;
upper molar series 4°5.
Hab. Bitye, Ja River, S.E. Cameroons.
Type. Adult female. B.M. no. 11. 5. 5. 11. Original
number 517, Collected 29th October, 1910, by Mr. G. L.
Bates. Another, younger, specimen obtained in 1901 at
Efulen, Cameroons.
Like as this pretty little mouse is to Z. allent and £. stella
externally, the resemblance is only superficial, and its large
Nyctomys-like brain-case, well-defined supraorbital ridges,
and larger molars separate it readily from those species.
Georychus kummi, sp. n.
Near G. ochraceo-cinereus.
General external appearance as in G. lechet. Size rather
smaller. Fur of medium length; hairs of back about 7 mm.
Colour slaty grey, rather less brown than in G. leche, not
in any way sandy or ‘ ochraceous.’’ Coronal white spot
smaller than in dechez, and not extended posteriorly asa white
line on the nape. Belly with a white median line.
Skull very much as in G. ochraceo-cinereus, smaller than
that of G. leche: ; nasals not expanded mesially, their sides
parallel from front nearly to back ; orbits defined behind by
strongly marked postorbital processes, interorbital breadth
slightly less than intertemporal. Lambdoid crest well
developed, continued directly across skull without the median
anterior inflection so marked in lechet. .Postero-external
angles of zygomata strongly marked. Diastema compara-
tively short. Bullee small.
Dimensions of the type :—
Hind foot (s. u.) 29 mm.
Skull : condylo-basal length 42-4 ; condylo-incisive length
44°6; zygomatic breadth 31:5; nasals 15-2 x 3-2; inter-
orbital breadth 9; breadth across postorbital processes 13;
intertemporal breadth 9°2 ; mastoid breadth 20°8 ; palatilar
length 24°7 ; diastema 12°6 ; upper tooth-series (crowns) 7°7.
Hab. French Shari Protectorate, about 8° N., 22° E., on
the Ironstone Plateau, Alt. 2000'.
Type. Old female. B.M. no. 11. 4.2.1. Collected and
presented by Dr, H. Karl W. Kumn, of the Soudan United
Mission.
On the Genera of Recent Clypeastroids. 593
This fine mole-rat, which I have named in honour of its
discoverer, 1s no doubt nearly allied to G. ochraceo-cinereus,
Heugl. yt which it shares its chief cranial characteristics.
But its colour is of the slaty grey found in G. leched, and
quite unlike the sandy or ochraceous of Heuglin’s species.
LXIX.—The Genera of Recent Clypeastroids. By Huserr
Lyman Crarkx, Museum of Comparative Zoolog By Cam-
bridge, U.S.A.
Auruoucu the classification of the sea-urchins commonly
called cake-urchins, sand-dollars, and keyhole-urchins has
engaged the attention of many zoologists, some of whom
have held very high rank, the nomenclature in use at the
present day is very unsatisfactory. That which is used by
paleontologists differs from that of their brethren who
confine their work to Recent forms, and such a name as
Echinanthus, for example, means something quite different
in one field from what it does in the other. The difficulties
seem to arise chiefly from the fact that leading echinologists,
such as the two Agassizs, Duncan, and Lambert, have re-
fused to accept the tenth edition of the ‘Systema Naturee ’
as the starting-point in nomenclature, but have dated both
yenera and species from pre-Linnean writers. Other articles
of our present International Code of Nomenclature have also
been consciously or unconsciously violated, and thus the
confusion has been made worse.
Having had occasion recently to outline for my own use a
consistent and satisfactory classification of the Recent Clype-
astroida, I have found that the application of the Inter-
national Code results in some important changes; and as I
believe these changes are bound to be made ultimately, they
had better be suggested at once. Fortunately few familiar
names are altered, and none of these is likely to cause any
confusion. Of course, those who persist in the maintenance
of pre-Linnean names cannot accept my conclusions, and I
shall not expect it; but I do hope that those who wish to
obtain a reasonable stability of nomenclature through the
general acceptance of the International Code will find them-
selves able to accept the types here given for the different
genera, even if their own methods or preferences would
have led them to different results. I hope it is needless
to add that if I err in the application of the code or in the
594 Mr. H. L. Clark on the
statement of any case, I shall consider it a great favour to
be promptly corrected.
In the tenth edition of the ‘Systema Nature’ Linné
includes in his genus Zchinus four nominal species (rosaceus,
reticulatus, placenta, orbiculus), which it is universally agreed
are clypeastroids. The references and figures which he cites
under each name show that these species, with the exception
of placenta, are composite groups, and not species as we
understand the term to-day. The form named Echinus
placenta is, however, a well-known East-Indian species, and
there is not now and never has been any doubt as to its
identity. The name rosaceus has been the source of much
confusion, and unfortunately Lovén, in his very important
and valuable work on the Echinoidea described by Linné
(1887, Bihang Kel. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl. xiii.), has not
helped matters at all, because, as pointed out by Lambert
(1905, Ann. Univ. Lyon, n.s. i. p. 142), he overlooked
Lamarck’s work published in 1801, which has an important
bearing on the matter. As Lovén admits there is no
authentic type specimen of rosaccus, we must judge of the
species by what is published in the ‘Systema Nature’; and
there can be no doubt that the diagnosis and references
given there (ed. x. p. 665) show conclusively that the name
covers a composite group, including species of Hehinanthus,
Clypeaster, and Laganum, as those genera are used by
A. Agassiz in the ‘Revision of the Echini.’. Leske (1778,
Add. ad Klein) failed to differentiate these various forms
satisfactorily, but elects to call the group Lchinanthus
humilis, admitting at the start that his name is a synonym
of rosaceus. Juamarck, however, in 1801 (Syst. Anim. s.
Vert. p. 842), recognizing the composite nature of rosaceus,
restricted that name to the West-Indian species called in the
‘ Revision’ Echinanthus rosaceus, and placed it as the first
of two species in a new genus, Clypeaster. The other species
(pentapora) he removed in 1816 to Scutella, and so rosaceus
must be the type of Clypeaster. I fully agree with Lambert
that Lovén’s attempt to restrict the name rosaceus to the
species of the Eastern Seas, commonly named C/ypeaster
plucunarius,” is not only unconvincing and belated, but is
most unfortunate.
What, then, becomes of the name Hchinanthus? I regret
that I cannot answer this question in agreement with either
Lambert or Duncan. ‘The reason, however, is obvious.
They both go back to a pre-Linnean authority. Under the
Code, which I am trying to follow, the fate of Hchinanthus,
Leske, the first post-Linnean writer to use the name, is
Genera of Recent Clypeastroids. 595
“easily determined. Leske included only four species in his
genus (humilis, alius, ovatus, or biculatus), and of these
humilis equals rosaceus, L., and with its near relative altus
belongs in Clypeaster, where they were placed by Lamarck.
In 1825 Gray 1emoved ovatus to his new genus Echino-
lampas, and therefore orbiculatus alone is left to be the type
of Echinanthus. As this species is generally agreed to be a
Pygurus, Agassiz, the latter name becomes a synonym of
Echinanthus, unless it contains, as established by Agassiz,
one or more species not congeneric with orbiculatus, Leske.
If, then, the name Echinanthus is no longer available for a
clypeastroid, and if Clypeaster, Lamarck, must replace
Echinanthus as used by A. Agassiz, what is the proper name
for the group called C/ypeaster in the ‘ Revision’? Personally
I think it is practically impossible to separate.the two groups.
It is true that the internal structure of the test of rosaceus
is strikingly different from its West-Indian ally subdepressus,
Gray ; but one cannot separate the Pacific forms by a corre-
sponding difference, and i think we must consider the
condition in resaceus as simply a specific character. There
can be no doubt that increasing age brings an increasing
amount of calcareous matter for deposit in the test of clype-
astroids, and we must therefore be on our guard against
placing too much weight upon characters shown by the
internal structure of the test. If, however, it is desirable to
distinguish rosaceus generically from its nearest allies, the
latter may bear the name Stolonoclypus proposed by
A. Agassiz in 1863. The type, of this genus I will here
designate as Clypeaster prostratus, Ravenel, = Echinanthus
subdepressa, Gray.
The species called reticulatus by Linné is a more inexcu-
sable composite than rosaceus, as it is made up of two utterly
unlike clypeastroids: one is rosaceus itself, as clearly shown
by Sloane’s figures to which Linné refers; while the other,
indicated by references to Gualthieri’s pl. cx. fig. D, is the
little Indo-Pacific species long known as Clypeaster scuti-
formis (Gmel.). The difference in Linné’s diagnoses of
rosaceus and reticulatus is so trivial that it needs no con-
sideration. Lovén’s attempt in 1887 (/. c.) to delimit reticu-
latus was anticipated over a century earlier by Leske, who,
in 1778, clearly restricted the name reticulatus to the Indo-
Pacific form. As A. Agassiz showed this in the ‘ Revision,’
I am at a loss to understand why he preferred the later name
scutiformis.
Returning again to Linné’s list, we find the fourth species
(orbiculus) recognized as a composite by its author, who
¥
596 Mr. H. L. Clark en the
divides it into four varieties or forms. Fortunately the
references to figures under these forms are sufficiently con-
sistent, so that it is easy to determine to what species each
form is to be referred. Leske recognized this fact, and gave
each form a new name. He first selected the third one, and
called it EHchinodiscus quinquiesperforatus ; next he removed
the fourth form as Hchinodiscus orbicularis ; next comes the
second, which he called Hcehinodiscus deciesdigitatus. The
name orbiculus is thus left for the first form alone, and
Leske’s name dentatus, which he gave last of the four, must
be regarded as a synonym. As Agassiz in 1841 placed this
species (under a pre-Linnean name) in his genus Rotula,
where it has since remained, it becomes the type of that
genus by virtual tautonomy, if for no other reason.
The first post-Linnean writer whose work affects clype-
astroid nomenclature is Leske, 1778. The idea of dating
Echinocyamus and Echinoneus from Van Phelsum, 1774,
seems to me absurd. It is true that he uses both names,
but he is not a binomial writer, his diagnoses are inadequate,
and he gives no species under either “genus.” Even if we
wished to, we could uot use generic names which are neither
adequately diagnosed nor assigned any constituent species.
The question whether we accept these names of Van Phelsum
or not is unimportant, however, for our nomenclature will
not be affected, but only the date and author of the two
names *, It may be added that if we are to date these
names from Van Phelsum, then Agassiz’s name Heliophora,
proposed in 1840, has precedence over the universally used
name Rotula, Agassiz, 1841. Heliophora has been rejected,
and rightfully it seems‘to me, because it has no constituent
species, and therefore cannot be assigned a type; and this is
the status of Echinocyamus and Echinoneus of Van Phelsum.
For my part I do not see how, under the Code, such genera
can be maintained. Under Article 30 we read—“ In no case
. can a species be selected as type which was not originally
included in the genus”; and I do not see how one can
determine what species are included in a genus, where no
species at all are mentioned, unless, indeed, the diagnosis is
exceptionally exact.
Leske (1778, Add. ad Kiein) groups his clypeastroid
* Mortensen’s argument (1907, ‘ Ingolf’ Ech. pt. 2, p. 88) seems to me
sufficient to dispose of Lambert’s most unwelcome attempt to upset the
hitherto universally accepted usage of the names Echinocyamus and
Fibularia. But personally I cannot consider Van Phelsum entitled to
consideration in this matter.
Genera of Recent Clypeastroids. 597
species in four genera—Echinodiscus, Echinanthus, Echino-
cyamus, and ‘Genus 1.” The fate of Hchinanthus with its
constituent species has already been discussed. The deter-
mination of the type of Echinodiscus is by no means easy.
Lamarck ignored the genus, but Gray (1825, Ann. Phil. x.)
accepted it and only removed one of Leske’s fifteen species.
This one (H. laganum) he placed in a new genus, which he
called Lagana, a misprint (as shown by his quotation from
Klein) for Laganum*. By tautonomy Leske’s species
becomes the type of the genus. Blainville (1830, Dict. Sci.
Nat. lx.) used the name Echinodiscus, but as he did not
include even one of Leske’s fifteen species, his work can
hardly be said to help in the selection of a type. However,
he correctly placed Leske’s HE. orbicularis in Gray’s genus
Laganum. It was not until Agassiz’s monograph ‘ Des
Scutelles’ appeared in 1841 that Leske’s heterogeneous
group was brokenup. Of the thirteen species still in Hehino-
discus, Leske, in 1841, we may dismiss rosaceus as unrecog-
nizable, and probably not an echinoid, while reticulatus is
clearly a Clypeaster. Of the eleven remaining species
Agassiz puts dentatus, octiesdigitatus, and deciesdigitatus in
his new genus Rotula; for quinquiesperforatus and sexies-
perforatus he establishes Melita; emarginatus and quater-
perforatus he included in his genus Hucope ; bisperforatus,
auritus, and inauritus he called Lobophora ; and subrotundus
he places first in the Lamarckian geuus Scutella. As this is
the only one of the species placed in Scutella by Lamarck,
which Agassiz also places in that genus, it is certainly
desirable, if not absolutely obligatory, to consider it the
type. It will be noticed that Agassiz makes four new
genera out of Leske’s Hchinodiscus, but ignores the name.
Of the four genera Lobophora is the last established, and
ought therefore to bear the old name; and this is peculiarly
fortunate, for the name Lobophora is preoccupied and could
not therefore be used. A. Agassiz first called attention to
this in the ‘ Revision,’ and restored Leske’s name to the
genus. No type has ever been selected, and | therefore
choose LL. bisperforatus, Leske, second variety, which
“longiora et angustiora linearia que foramina offert.” I
specity this variety because the other was named Lobophora
truncata by Agassiz (1841); and although Fourtau (1904,
* The attempt to date this name from Meuschen, 1787, seems to me
most unfortunate. He is not a binomial writer, and Thave no patience
with revising the names of his catalogue. Many familiar Hchinoid
names must take on a new meaning if his work is to be accepted.
598 Mr. H. L. Clark on the
Bull. Inst. Egypt, (4) iv.) confirms A. Agassiz’s view that
the two are identical, it is desirable to have decided which is
the typical form.
Leske’s genus Hchinocyamus contains thirteen nominal
species, all based on Van Phelsum’s figures. Lamarck
(1816) includes the same group, so far as he recognizes them
at all, in his genus Fibularia. The two names were used
interchangeably for many years, some writers using Leske’s
and others preferring Lamarck’s, until, in 1847, Agassiz
and Desor (Ann. Sci. Nat. (3) vil. pp. 140-142) restricted
Echinocyamus to the flat forms (“ Oursins plat”) and Midu-
laria to the high ones (‘ Forme subsphérique ou ovoide ”’).
As angulosus is the only one of Leske’s thirteen species
which they mention, and as it stands first in their list of
Echinocyamus species, it may well be considered the type of
that genus. Under Fibularia they mention two of Lamarck’s
species, ovulum and trigona; but as the former is now
generally considered a synonym of the latter, ¢rigona is
doubtless the type of the genus.
Were the history of the name Echinarachnius exactly as
recounted in the ‘ Revision of the Echini, it would be im-
possible for us to retain it for the sand-dollars in the sense
in which it has been used for seventy years; but fortunately
quite another interpretation of Leske’s use of the name than
that given in the ‘ Revision’ is not only permissible, but is
apparently more reasonable. On p.153 of his ‘ Additamenta
ad Klein’ Leske refers to a clypeastroid under a “‘ Genus 1 ”
which he says Van Phelsum called Echinarachnius, and on
the next page (154) he describes it as “ Species 74, Echin-
arachnius.” Further on he says it is identical with Hchinus
placenta. i. Van Phelsum, however, did not call the animal
Echinarachnius, and ow p. 8 Leske himself translates Van
Phelsum’s colloquial name as Arachnoides, which is Klein’s
“ Genus unicum”’ and obviously Leske’s “Genus 1.” Is it
not clear, then, that it is no mistake of Leske’s in calling
Echinarachnius aspecies rather thanagenus? He evidently
intends to retain Klein’s name Arachnoides for the genus,
and as Klein gives no specific name, Leske proposes echin-
arachnius, but states that it is equivalent to placenta, L.
Gray (1825, op. cit.) errs in attributing the genus Hchin-
arachnius to Leske, for he was himself the first writer to use
the name as a generic term. He includes three species in
his genus—placenta, L., and Scutella parma and lenticularis,
Lamk. In 1841 Agassiz restored placenta to the genus
Arachnoides and put lenticularis in Scutellina, so that parma
becomes the type of Echinarachnius. As placenta is the only
Genera of Recent Clypeastroids. 599
species in Arachnoides, it is obviously the type. There is
room for difference of opinion as to whether Arachnoides
should date from Leske or Agassiz; but as I have no doubt
that the ‘‘ Genus 1 ” of the former is Arachnoides, Klein, and
as Leske himself uses that name on p. 8, it seems to me right
to date the genus from the ‘ Additamenta.’ Fourtau (1904)
has attempted to substitute Hchinodiscus for Arachnoides,
but as his argument is based on the acceptance of pre-
Linnean names, it does not concern us here. Ortmann
(1902) believes that Echinarachnius is not distinguishable
from Scutella; but I cannot agree with him, for the differences
between the petals of a typical Scutella (like subrotunda) and
those of Echinarachnius are sufficiently important from the
phylogenetic point of view to warrant generic separation, in
spite of the existence of perplexing connecting forms. The
genus Dendraster was proposed by Agassiz and Desor (1847)
for the remarkable sand-dollar of the North Pacific called
Scutella eacentrica by Eschscholtz. In the ‘ Revision’ this
genus is considered a synonym of Lchinarachnius; but I
cannot believe this is desirable, for excentrica is quite unique
in several important characters, and in my judgment
Dendraster should be retained.
The genera Peronella, Gray, Anomclanthus, Bell, Alex-
andria, Pfeffer, and Astr iclypeus, Verrill, were all monotypic
when established, so there is no room for doubt as to their
types. IL am quite unable to follow Bell’s (1883, Ann. &
Mag. Nat. Hist., February) line of argument, by which he
endeavours to dissociate Peronella from Gray. ‘To my mind
it is perfectly clear that Gray established Peronella as a
subgenus for Laganum peronii, Agass. I am by no means
clear as to the exact limits of Peronella as a generic term at
the present day, but I am inclined to think it may well be
used to include the species, otherwise referred to Laganum,
which have only four genital pores.
In spite of their long-continued use, the genera Hucope
and Mellita, so far as ‘it can discover, have’ never had any
types designated. Jor the former I would choose the species
called Echinodiscus emarginatus, Leske, which seems to have
been the longest known of any species. For Mellita I select
quinguiesperforatus, Leske, both because it has page prece-
dence over sewxiesperforatus and because it seems to be a
commoner and more generally known species. I greatly
regret that the shorter and much more euphonious names
given by Gmelin ten years later to these two species may not
be used, but it would involve a deliberate violation of the
Code. The fact that Leske wrote the specific name in two
600 : Mr. H. L. Clark on the
parts, a numeral and a participle, might be construed as an
indication that the full names (Kchinodiscus quinyguies
perforatus or 5 perforatus and E. sexies perforatus or 6 per-
foratus) are not binomial, and this would clear the way for
Gmelin’s names ; but this seems to me such an unworthy
quibble, I cannot bring myself to adopt it.
Other genera which have been suggested at different times
for Recent clypeastroids seem to me to lack sufficient reason
for being. Thus the genera Diplothecanthus and Plesianthus,
Duncan, are due to the recognition of the wrong type for
Clypeaster and the laying of too much stress on the internal
structure of C. rosaceus. Mellitella is based on a remarkable
misconception by Duncan of the character of its type species,
Mellita stokesii (Agass.). He states that the lunules remain
open as marginal slits. It is possible that he drew this con-
clusion from the figure given by A. Agassiz in the ‘ Revision’ ;
but he would have avoided error had he read the description
given in that work, for Agassiz distinctly says that the
iunules may be completely closed, as in other species of
Mellita. JI may add here that I think there is no longer any
good reason for doubting that stokesit is simply the young of
Eucope micropora; hence Mellitella becomes a synonym of
Eucope. The genus Moulinia—or Moulinsia as emended by
Duncan,—established by Agassiz in 1841 for a little elype-
astroid from Martinique, is maintained by Duncan, 1885,
although Liitken and A. Agassiz considered its type to be a
young EFucope. A re-examination of the available evidence
has satisfied me that Liitken and A. Agassiz were right, and
I have therefore discarded the name.
The more one considers the various characters by which
the families and genera of the clypeastroids are to be distin-
guished, the clearer it becomes that the position of the
auricles and their relation to each other is of very great
importance, although little weight has been attached to it
hitherto. The condition of the actinal ambulacral furrows is
also an important character, and fortunately is easily
observed. The arrangement and relative size of the inter-
ambulacral plates are characters usually difficult to make out
in adults, and as they are almost certainly correlated with
the shape of the test, too much stress should not be laid on
them. It is hard to decide how much weight may properly
be given to the arrangement of the internal calcareous
supports. It is hard to believe that it is of any great signifi-
cance, and it seems almost certain that the differences are,
in part at least, due to age. The distinction between
Genera of Recent Clypeastroids. 601
Echinocyamus and Fibularia is mainly in this character, and
in these genera there is no reason to question the constancy
and systematic value of the difference. But having satisfied
myself that “ Mellita stokesii”” is only the young of HKucope
micropora, I am bound to say that I consider the internal
structure of the test of little taxonomic importance in the
Kucopes and their allies; and baving found the greatest
difficulty in making use of the character in Clypeaster and
Laganum, J have practically ignored it.
The development of lunules in the more specialized clype-
astroids affords an obvious, constant, and most interesting
character ; but how much weight is to be attached to their
manner of formation we do not know. Is Mellita sexies-
perforatus unique in the process of formation of its ambu-
lacral lunules? What significance does its characteristic
method have? Is it of taxonomic importance? Not being
able to answer these questions, I suggest them as worthy of
further investigation. The form of the petals is of course
a good character, but it is well known that even a single
species may show great diversity not only in the relative
length and width, but in the degree of closure at the distal
end. The position of the anus is an important character,
but as it shows relatively little difference in adults it is only
occasionally of practical value. The form of the test seems
to be the most easily modified character, and little weight
can be placed on it in determining relationships. Attention
has been called by De Meijere to some interesting differences
between the spines of Laganum and Clypeaster; but as I
have not found it necessary to use this character and have
not yet examined all the genera in this particular, I have
nothing to add to his valuable account (1904, ‘Siboga’ Ech.
pp- 103 et seqg.). The pedicellariz also show characters
which may be useful for help in distinguishing species and
genera, but they have not seemed to me of sullicient im-
portance to take them into account here.
There can be little question that Hchinocyamus aud Fibu-
laria belong in a family by themselves, but I do not think
this can be considered a primitive group. Such simplicity
of structure as they show is probably associated with their
small size, while their fused auricles and the structure of the
interambulacra strongly suggest relationship to Layanum.
In my judgment the most primitive of the Recent Clype-
astroidais probably Anomolanthus or those species of Clypeaster
with wide open petals such as C. ravenellii, A. Ag. In these
forms the auricles are paired, well separated, and ambulaeral
Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 8. Vol. vii. 40
602 Mr. H. L. Clark on the
in position (this is assumed for Anomolanthus, as neither the
describer of the unique type species nor the zoologist who
established the genus refer to this most important character),
there are five genital glands and pores, only slightly petaloid
ambulacra, and small paired interambulacral plates in contact
with each genital. In Clypeaster the interambulacra may
become discontinuous in the adults, 7. e. the primordial inter-
ambulacral plate becomes separated by ambulacral plates
from the rest of the interambulacrum. It would be very
interesting to know whether this is also true of Anomolanthus,
for the high test and marginal anus of that genus show a
less degree of specialization than is shown by any Recent
Clypeaster.
With the increasing tendency to a subarenaceous life the
depressionof the test has gone on rapidly in the Clypeastroida,
the extreme being reached in Arachnoides placenta. Curiously
enough, however, except for the discontinuous interambu-
lacra, doubtless associated with the flatness of the test,
_Arachnoides is otherwise quite a primitive form, as evidenced
by the paired ambulacral auricles and the supra-marginal
anus. The ambulacra, too, are only shghtly petaloid. How
the real relationships of this remarkable clypeastroid can best
be shown is, of course, debatable, butit seems to be contrary
to the evidence to separate it widely from Clypeaster, and yet
I cannot believe it ought to be placed in the same family with
that genus. I therefore recognize two distinct but nearly
related families, the Clypeastride and the Arachnoidide.
While Arachnoides is thus superficially very unlike Clype-
aster but really nearly related, Laganum represents the other
extreme, for it is superficially much lke Clypeaster but in
reality is quite different. In the fused auricles, interradially
placed, and in the very narrow continuous interambulacra
with a large and apparently (though not really) unpaired
abactinal plate adjoining the genital, Laganum shows struc-
tural progress that makes it improper to place it in the same
family with Clypeaster. The peculiar character of the inter-
ambulacra, combined with the straight, simple, actinal
ambulacral furrows, prevents our placing it in the same
family with Scutella and its allies, and it is therefore necessary
to recognize the family Laganidee.
The remainder of the clypeastroids form quite a homo-
geneous group with more or less discoidal tests, fused
auricles, interradially placed, mterambulacra beginning
abactinally in a pair of small plates next the genital, and
with actinal ambulacral furrows more or less forked or
Genera of Recent Clypeastroids. 603
branched*, This group has long been known as the
Scutellidze, and while there are obvious reasons why it. is
preferable that the type genus of a family should, if possible,
be one with Recent species, it would be worse than absurd to
abandon this ancient and euphonious name for no better
reason than that all known Scutellas are fossil.
We thus find it desirable to recognize five families, which
seems like an excessive number for only fifteen genera,
especially since eight of the genera clearly belong to one
family. But I do not see how the number can be lessened
without obscuring real relationships. The Clypeastride are
almost certainly the nearest of the families to the original
stock, and it is not hard to believe that the Laganide have
had a common ancestry with them. The Fibulariidze seem
to have been derived from the Laganide, or from its near
ancestor, by a processof simplification. The Arachnoidide are
certainly an old stock beginning on or near the Clypeastrid
branch and with no near relatives at the present day. The
Scutellidz are quite a distinct branch, though their origin is
probably very near that of the Laganide, if not identical
with it.
The five families and their constituent genera may be
distinguished by the following key. For convenience I have
included Scutella, the type genus of the Scutellide, although
it contains no Recent species.
Auricles separate, each placed more or less clearly on
the ambulacrum.
Test not discoidal and seldom very flat; anus not
supra-marginal; genital pores 5. (CLYPE-
ASTRID &.)
Poriferous areas of petals divergent, not incurved
distally’; anus matrinal yee oe. cl ee oe Anomolanthus.
Poriferous areas of petals more or less incurved
distally ; "anus Submarginal |0 7 .ne. yenes Clypeaster.
Test exceedingly flat, discoidal; anus supra-
marginal; genital pores 4. (ARACHNOIDIDZ.)
With characters of the family ............ Arachnoides,
Auricles more or less fully fused into a single piece,
situated on the interambulacrum.
Actinal ambulacral furrows short and indistinct or
* They are not branched in Alexandria, and often only indistinctly so
in Echinarachnius. Duncan’s suggestion that Alexandria “appears to
be an Arachnoides with a posterior notch ” indicates that he neither read
Pfeffer’s description nor examined carefully the photograph given, in
which the interambulacra may be seen to be continuous. ry
604 Mr. H. L. Clark on the
wanting; abactinal end of each interambu-
lacrum consists of asingle large plate adjoining
genital; test not usually discoidal and never
with marginal slits or lunules.
Petals more or less perfect; madreporic pores
numerous ; size moderate to large, 15 mm,
and up in length. (LAGANID@.)
Genital pores present in all interradii,....... Laganum.
Genital pore wanting in posterior interradius.. Peronedla.
Petals reduced and often rudimentary ; only one
madreporic pore; size small, rarely up to
15 mm. in length. (FrBuLartp2.)
Test more or less elevated, without internal
radiating walls, except usually posteriorly. Fibularia.
Test more or less flattened, with internal
radiating walls bounding the ambulacra.. Echinocyamus.
Actinal ambulacral furrows distinct, at least the
posterior, and usually all, extending to ambitns ;
abactinal end of interambulacrum with the
usual pair of small plates adjoining genital ;
test commonly more or less discoidal, often
with marginal slits or lunules. (ScUTELLID.)
Test without marginal slits or lunules.
Actinal ambulacral furrows unbranched ;
genital pores 5; abactinal system very
Small hee esate ys Re Ga ya tesa Alevandria.
Actinal ambulacral furrows more or less forked
or branched ; genital pores 4.
Petals more or less nearly closed distally .. Seu/ella.
Petals broadly open distally.
Abactinal system at apex of test; anus
marginal; petals subequal.......... Echinarachnius.
Abactinal system posterior to apex of test ;
anus on actinal surface ; posterior
petals much shorter than others .... Dendraster.
Test with marginal slits or lunules or both.
Not more than two marginal slits, and often
none, in posterior half of test-margin.
No lunule in posterior interambulacrum.
Two lunules or marginal slits present, one
in each posterior ambulacrum ...... Echinodiscus.
Five lunules present, one in each ambu-
TROT seb cess hose oe = Bow ee able Same ' eeeoreerypemm
A lunule in posterior interambulacrum.
Genital pores5 ....... Rate sh J apiaelnn pi CONE.
Genital pores 4 wses 5 peemsaame oie ia wo pelea;
More than eight marginal slits in posterior
half-of Gest-marein Gierlem wie iete, 218s casita’ se | SEROLUEE.
A list of these genera, with their types and other important
data, follows :—
ANOMOLANTHUS, Bell, 1884. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 43. Type,
Echinanthus tumidus, Tenison-Woods, 1878, Proc. Linn. Soc.
N.S.W. ii. p. 169. Monotypie.
CLYPEASTER, Lamarck, 1801. Syst. Anim. s, Vert. p. 349. Type,
Echinus rosaceus, Linné, 1758, Syst. Nat. ed. 10, p. 665, = Lchin-
anthus rosaceus of Gray, 1825, A. Agassiz, 1872, et al. Type
fixed by elimination by Lamarck, 1816, Anim, s. Vert. ii1. p. 15.
Genera of Recent Clypeastroids. 605
AnacunorpEs, Leske, 1778. Add.ad Klein, pp.8 & 154. Type, Arach-
noides echinarachnius, Leske, 1. c.,= Echinus placenta, Linné, 1758,
Syst. Nat. ed. 10, p. 666, Monotypic.
Laganvum, Gray, 1825. Ann. Phil. x. p. 5 (Lagana, by error). Type,
Echinodiscus laganum, Leske, 1778, Add. ad Klein, p. 140,=
Laganum bonant, Agassiz, 1841, and later writers. Type by
tautonomy,.
PERONELLA, Gray, 1855. Cat. Recent Ech. pt.i.p.13. Type, Laganum
peronii, Agassiz, 1841, Mon. Scut. p. 1238. Monotypic. Proposed
as a subgenus.
Freurarta, Lamarck, 1816. Anim. s, Vert. iii. p. 16. Type, Fidudaria
trigona, Lamarck, l. c.,= Echinocyamus craniolaris, Leske, 1778,
Add. ad Klein, p. 150, Type fixed by elimination by Agassiz
and Desor, 1847, Ann. Sci. Nat. (3) vil. p. 142. Since Agassiz
and Desor’s work permits either trigona or ovulum to be the type,
I will designate the former, although I have no doubt both are
synonyms of Leske’s Echinocyamus craniolaris.
Ecurnocyamus, Leske, 1778. Add. ad Klein, p. 149. Type, Echino-
cyamus angulosus, Leske, op. cit. p. 151,= Echinus minutus. Pallas,
1774, Spic. Zool. x. (usually quoted erroneously as ix.) p. 34, pl. i.
fio, 25, as delimited by Leske, op. cit. pp. 150-152. Type fixed by
elimination by Agassiz and Desor, 1847, Ann. Sci. Nat. (3) vil.
. 140.
eran, Pfeffer, 1881. Verhandl. Naturw. Ver. Hamburg von
1880, p. 63. Type, Alexandria magnifica, Pfeffer, op. cit. p. 64.
Monotypic.
Scureiya, Lamarck, 1816. Anim.s. Vert. iii. p.7. Type, Echinodiscus
subrotundus, Leske, 1778, Add. ad Klein, p. 142. Type fixed by
elimination by Agassiz, 1841, Mon. Scut. p. 76.
EcHINARACHNIUS, Gray, 1825. Ann. Phil. x. p. 6. Type, Scutella
parma, Lamarck, 1816, Anim. s. Vert. iii. p. 11. Type fixed by
elimination by Agassiz, 1841, Mon. Scut. p. 89.
DeENpDRASTER, Agassiz and Desor, 1847. Ann. Sci. Nat. (8) vil. p. 185.
Type, Scutella excentrica, Eschscholtz, 1831, Zool. Atlas, p. 19.
Monotypie.
Ecurnopiscus, Leske, 1778. Add. ad Klein, p. 131. Type, Echzno-
discus bisperforatus, Leske, op. cit. p. 132. Type limited by
Agassiz, 1841, Mon. Scut. p. 62 (under name Lobophora), to either
bisperforatus, auritus, or inauritus of Leske, and the first, in the
form of its second variety, has been selected by me in the present
paper, p. 597.
AstricLyPEvs, Verrill, 1867. Trans. Conn. Acad. i. p. 511. Type,
Astriclypeus mannt, Verrill, 7. c. Monotypic.
Eucope, Agassiz, 1841. Mon. Scut. p. 45. Type, Echinodiscus emar-
gimatus, Leske, 1778, Add. ad Klein, p. 186. Type fixed in the
present paper, p. 599.
Mexura, Agassiz, 1841. Mon. Scut. p. 34. Type, Hehinodiscus quin-
quiesperforatus, Leske, 1778, Add. ad Klein, p. 133, Type fixed
in the present paper, p. 599.
Rorvuna, Agassiz, 1841. Mon. Seut. p. 23. Type, Echinus orbiculus,
Linné, 1758, Syst. Nat. ed. 10, p. 266, as delimited by Leske,
1778, Add. ad Klein, pp. 153, 144, 146, = Rotula rumphi, Agassiz,
1841, and later writers, Type by virtual tautonomy.
Cambridge, Mass.,
March 1911.
606 Mr. O. Thomas on
LXX.—Three new Mammals from the Lower Amazons.
By OLDFIELD ‘THOMAS.
(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.)
THanks to the kindness of the authorities of the Goeldi
Museum, Para, I have had the privilege of working out a
collection of small mammals made by the Director of that
Museum, Friiulein Dr. E. Snethlage, on the Lower Tocantins
—chiefly at Cametd, besides a certain number of specimens
obtained at Para itself. Among these there are several rare
and interesting species, and the following three new ones :—
Callicebus emilice, sp. n.
Rufous-bellied group. Back rich bay or hazel.
Upper surface, instead of the usual grizzled greyish brown
found in most of the rufous-bellied Titis, rich rutous bay, or
hazel*, this colour covering the whole back, from the
occiput to the rump. On the nape the hairs are grizzled
brown and whitish, with rufous tips; on the back they are
dark smoky brown for two-thirds their length, their terminal
third rich hazel. Crown greyish, more whitish anteriorly.
Kars ashy grey, the long hairs on the antitragus tipped with
black. Whole of under surface and inner side of limbs
bright orange rufous. Fore limbs from shoulders to wrists,
an ill-defined line along flanks (between the hazel of the
back and the rufous of the belly), and hind limbs from hips
to metatarsus grizzled ashy grey; hands and posterior digits
whitish. ‘T'ail chestnut-brown at base, then deep black
(though the bases of the hairs are whitish), the end with a
whitish tuft.
Measurements of the type (measured on skin) :—
Head and body 320 mm. ; tail 400; hind foot 81.
Hiab. Lower Amazons. Type from the Para Zoological
Gardens.
Type. Adult female. B.M. no. 11.4. 28.1. Presented
by the Goeldi Museum, Para.
This most handsome and striking species is distinguishable
at a glance by the rich deep hazel or maroon-chestnut of its
back, no other Callicebus having any such coloration. Its
nearest allies would seem to be C. donacophilus, moloch,
ornatus, and remulus, but the back in all of these is of the
* No figure in Ridgway quite matches the colour, which is darker,
richer, and more vivid than “ hazel.”
new Mammals from the Lower Amazons. 607
ordinary grizzled greyish, at most with a slight rufous
suffusion.
I have great pleasure in naming this beautiful monkey in
honour of Fraulein Dr. E. Snethlage, by whose personal
efforts our knowledge of the mammalogy of the Lower
Amazons is being so rapidly increased.
Mesomys stimulax, sp. vu.
Smaller than JZ. ecaudatus, and with shorter muzzle.
General characters as in M. ecaudatus, from which I think
“ Tichimys ferrugineus,” Giinth., cannot be separated *. Size
rather smaller. Colour above rather paler and more buffy,
but the difference is not great. Below, however, instead of
the whole under surface being uniformly buffy, the throat,
axille, centre of chest, and inguinal region are white, while
the belly is more fawn-coloured. Whiskers and long hairs
round ears blackish. Hands and feet drabby whitish, without
buffy suffusion. Tail uniformly brown, thinly tufted
terminally.
Skull smaller than that of JM. ecaudatus, the difference
being almost entirely due to the considerable shortening of
the muzzle. Nasals shorter than in ecaudatus, parallel- sided
mesially, narrowed in front, instead of “being decidedly
broader anteriorly than posteriorly. Supraorbital edges well
developed. Bullee decidedly smaller than in ecaudatus, their
antero-internal corner not projecting angularly forwards.
Teeth as in ecawdatus.
Dimensions of the type (measured in flesh) :—
Head and body 158 mm.; tail 122; hind foot 29;
ear 13.
Skull: greatest length 41; condylo-incisive length 36°8 ;
zygomatic breadth 21°6; nasals 11°5x 4°35; interorbital
breadth 11°5; breadth of brain-case 17°3; palatilar length
13°6; diastema 9; palatal foramina 4; upper molar
series 6°6.
Hab. Cametaé, Lower Tocantins.
Type. Old female. B.M. no. 11.4. 28.29. Original
number 69. Obtained 14th February, 1911, by Fraulein Dr.
K. Snethlage.
The specimen had been kept some time in captivity, but
the differences in the skull are not such as would have been
affected by this circumstance. Both skull and teeth are
without any trace of disease.
* Cf, Ann, & Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) xv. p. 590 (1905).
608 On new Mammals from the Lower Amazons.
This is only the fifth recorded specimen belonging to the
rare genus Mesomys. ‘The species will probably prove to
range the whole length of the River ‘Tocantins, just as
M. ecaudatus would appear to occur from the Huallaga to the
mouth of the Amazon.
Kerodon palustris, sp. n.
Allied to K. spiai and K. boliviensis.
General colour above near “ wood-brown” about as in
pale little-annulated specimens of K. spiwi, the light mark
on the head behind the ear practically obsolete. Under
surface soiled whitish, or pale isabella, little contrasted with
the colour of the flanks; very different to the white of |
K. spivi and more as in K. boliviensis; the hairs pale slaty
basally, dull creamy terminally.
Skull in general shape most like that of K. spixi; nasals
parallel-sided ; interorbital region broad and flat; median
vertical ridge on supraoccipital obsolete; anterior border of
mesopterygoid fossa intermediate between the broad opening
of K. spiai and the narrow one of K. boliviensis; in K. spiat
the front edge of the fossa corresponds nearly with either end
of Ridgway’s “ elliptical oval’ (pl. xvi. fig. 10), while in the
present animal it is as in the right half of “ elongate ovate”
(fig. 5). Bulle smaller than in either of the allied species.
Incisors completely deep yellow (‘ orange-buff”’) in front,
the allied species having them whitish on their outer half,
and the yellow part paler; their section comparatively shallow,
as in doliviensis, their depth, from front to back, but little
greater than the breadth of either of them.
Dimensions of the type (measured in the flesh) :—
Head and body 225 mm.; hind foot 46; ear 25:5.
Skull: greatest length 55; condylo-incisive length 47°7 ;
greatest breadth 30; nasals 21x 9; interorbital breadth 11°6 ;
palatilar length 23°2; breadth of mesopterygoid fossa 4°8 ;
upper tooth-series (crowns) 11°7.
Hab. Cametd, Lower Tocantins.
Type. Adult female. B.M. no, 11.4.28. 84. Original
number 62. Collected 3rd January, 1911, by Fraulein Dr.
EK. Snethlage; presented by the Goeldi Museum, Para.
From K. spiai, to which on geographical grounds this cavy
might have been expected to be most allied, it differs by its
slender incisors, narrower and differently shaped mesoptery-
goid fossa, much smaller bull, and less white underside—in
some of which characters it shows affinity with K. boliviensis.
On a new. Australian Kangaroo. 609
LXXI—A new Kangaroo from the Northern Territory of
Western Australia. By OLpDFIELD THOMAS.
(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.)
I owe to the kindness of Mr. B. H. Woodward, of the
- Western Australian Museum, the opportunity of examining
the specimens on which the following new subspecies is
founded :—
Macrepus robustus bracteator, subsp. n.
Near WM. r. woodwardi, but longer-haired, and browner,
Jessrufous. Fur, compared with that of IZ. r. woodwardi and
alligatorts, long and thick, as in Md. r. cervinus and rubens;
hairs of nape wholly or partially directed forwards from a
whorl on the withers.
General colour above pale “ mars brown,” the hairs ‘ fawn”?
at base with black tips ; the resulting colour not unlike that
in the shorter-haired alligator’s. Chin brown; rest of middle
line of under surface creamy white. Head like back. Ectote
of ear brighter, tending towards russet; long hairs of entote
white. Limbs whitish, darkening on the hands and feet to
black on the digits. Tail whitish fawn, not darkening
terminally.
Female not essentially different from male. The head is
rather greyer ; the ears browner, with a contrasted tuft of
russet at their anterior base; limbs almost completely white,
the digits scarcely darker.
Skull very like that of IZ. 7. woodwardi, but those of all
the subspecies are very like each other, and I am by no
means satisfied as to the constancy of the cranial characters
used by Mr. Schwarz* to separate the different forms.
The upper profile of the present animal is unusually bowed ;
nasals convex in both directions; sides of nasal cavity less
bowed outwards than in rubens; coronoid process of medium
dimensions.
Dimensions of the type (measured in flesh) :—
Head and body 965 mm.; tail 813; hind foot 316;
ear Ela, *
Skull: greatest length 180; basal length 159; greatest
breadth 94 ; nasals, length 81, greatest breadth 25, anterior
breadth 19-4 ; intertemporal breadth 15 ; palatal length 110 ;
length of secator 9°2.
* Nov, Zool. xvii. p. 96 (1910).
>
610 Mr. G. J. Arrow on a new
Hab. McClintock Range, Kimberley Gold Field, Far North
of Western Australia.
Type. Adult male. B.M. no. 10. 12. 25.8. Original
number 56. Collected 17th July, 1909, by J. P. Rogers,
and presented by the Perth Museum. Male and two females
examined, the latter retained in the Perth Museum.
This subspecies differs from its nearest ally, /. 7. wood-
wardi, of the Grant Range, further west, by its jonger fur,
less rufous colour, and the essential identity of the two
sexes.
LXXII.—Upon the Dynamopine, a new Subfamily of
Lamellicorn Beetles. By GitBert J. Arrow.
(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.)
THE preparation of catalogues of the less-known subfamilies
of Scarabeide, which I have undertaken for the important |
series now in course of publication, has made it necessary to
investigate the proper position of various obscure forms.
Upon one of these, described by Mr. Semenow as Dynamo-
pus athleta, I included in a recent paper (Ann. & Mag. Nat.
Hist. 1911, vii. p. 894) a too-hasty note, based upon dissection
of one of two specimens sent to me from India for identifica-
tion. The specimens being in bad condition, I arrived at a
conclusion which I must now retract. I have since been able
to make a more satisfactory examination of another species of
the genus, and have found that Mr. Semenow’s supposition
that the mandibles are concealed within the mouth is quite
correct and my allocation of this anomalous little insect to
the Orphnine is not more tenable than his to the Hybosorine.
The anterior prominences of the head which I believed to
represent the mandibles are processes from the gene of an
altogether unique character, and the actual mandibles, unlike
those of any genus with which it is possible to compare
Dynamopus, are very small and completely concealed.
The real position of the genus is much more problematical
than has been supposed. The most distinctive feature of
that part of the Scarabaide to which it has been assigned
consists in the correlation of the clypeus with the labrum and
mandibles, the latter being always horizontally extended
outside of the mouth-cavity and uncovered, a condition
entirely different from that found here.
Two years later than Semenow’s description, a little beetle
Subfamily of Lamellicorn Beetles. 611
from Senegal was described by Fairmaire as Xantheleus
plicifrons and assigned to the Dynastine. ‘This insect I
have found to be undoubtedly congeneric with the Asiatic
species, but, although the external aspect of the insect, and
especially the form of the head, with its transverse ridges,
suggest the Dynastinze more than any of the Geotrupine
subfamilies, this is an illusion, for the position of the
spiracles between the abdominal segments and the thick
extruded labrum dissipate that idea. With the Coprinze
it has nothing in common but the concealed mandibles
and labrum. ‘There is some resemblance to -dgialia, but
this is not borne out by a careful comparison of the head and
mouth-structure. To the Ochodeinee there is little resem-
blance, except in the peculiar branched tibial spurs, and to the
Orphnine there is scarcely-more. So completely character-
istic of these groups and of the Hybosorine are the large
extruded mandibles and labrum and short flat clypeus, that
it seems equally impossible to finda place for this remarkable
form in any of them, and the only remaining solution of the
problem is the formation of a new subfamily, Dynamopine.
Jt is not impossible that other enigmatical genera, two or
three of which have not yet been carefully studied, may
eventually find their proper place in this group.
The distinctive features may be summarized as follows :—
The body is very compact and convex, the legs short, the
coxee of each pair contiguous, the femora and tibiw very
massive, and the tarsi relatively minute. The front tibize are
strongly curved inwards, the outer edge forming three strong
blunt lobes. The four posterior tibize are greatly dilated at
the ends and each has a strong transverse outer carina,
The spur of the front tibia is flat and pectinate along its
inner edge, and those of the posterior tibize are laminar, broad
at the end, and cleft into radiating lobes, two or three in
number in the inner spur and eight or ten in the outer one.
The basal joint of the tarsi is long and the claws are very
small and slender. The antennz are 10-jointed, with a
short 3-jointed simple and compact club. The eyes are
moderately large, coarsely facetted, and divided by a canthus
in front. The head bears two sharp transverse carinz above,
the clypeus is produced into a rather sharp point in the
middle, and the gene are produced into a pair of long, nearly
parallel processes, curving a little upwards, pointed, and
highly chitinous.
The labrum is protruded, thick, short, and broad, studded
with stiff bristles and having its lateral angles prominent.
The mandibles are very short, completely hidden within the
612 Mr. W. Schaus on
mouth, thin and scale-like, blunt at the extremity, with a
strong molar tooth at the base. The maxilla has a long
fleshy outer lobe and the inner lobe is strongly chitinized and
furnished with a double row of extremely long and sharp
teeth. The mentum is quadrate, with a terminal fringe of
long hairs, and the ligula prominent and bilobed.
There is no stridulatory apparatus such as characterizes
the Orphninee, Ochodeeinee, and Idiostomine.
The specimen I have dissected is a male, but I have found
no external sexual distinction. The species is from the
White Nile and is at present without a name. It is ex-
tremely close to Dynamopus plicifrons, Fairm., from Senegal,
of which I have seen the type in M. René Oberthiir’s
collection, but differs in having the pronotum more coarsely
and less densely punctured. Dynamopus athleta, Sem., of
Western Asia, is a rather smaller and relatively shorter
insect.
The new species is shortly diagnosed as follows :—
Dynamopus semenowt?, sp. 0.
Lete rufo-testaceus, capite prothoracisque disco brunneis, capite
omnino grosse rugoso; prothorace lato, grosse punctato, punctis
antice confluentibus, postice discretis, lateraliter sparsis, disco
postice levissime impresso, lateribus fortiter arcuatis, angulis
posticis nullis; scutello levi; elytris profunde equaliter
punctato-striatis, interstitiis sparsissime punctatis.
Long. 9 mm., lat. max, 5 mm,
Hab. White Nile.
The specimens in the British Museum were collected
many years ago by Mr. Petherick. The species is also con-
tained in Herr Carl Felsche’s collection.
LXXIII.—WNew Species of Heterocera from Costa
Rica —VIII. By W. ScHaus, F.Z.8.
Syntomide.
Euagra delectans, sp. 0.
&. Palpi red on basal half, the apical half brown; frons
buff; vertex and neck crimson; collar and thorax black,
streaked with dark blue ; abdomen above blue-black, ven-
trally white ; fore coxe white. Fore wings black, tinged
Ileterocera from Costa Rica. 613
with purple ; a metallic-blue streak on base of costa, and a
broader and brighter blue streak above submedian to near
middle; a large hyaline space between veins 2 and 3, not
quite reaching termen. Hind wings blue-black ; a hyaline
fascia from base below cell and vein 8 to close to outer
margin.
Expanse 34 mm.
Hab. Guapiles.
Near J. angelica, Butl.
Propyria normanit, sp. n.
3. Body black; the shoulders crimson. Fore wings
leaden black ; a broad red stripe from entire base of wing
above submedian, along costa, and tapering to apex, leaving
the apical third of costa narrowly black. Hind wings
purplish black ; some roseate on base of costa. Underneath
similar, but the hind wings have the base of costa crimson.
Expanse 24 mm.
Hab, Alajuela.
Named after my young friend Norman Clark, of Alajuela.
Arctiade.
Parevia parnelli, sp. n.
6. Palpi buff, shaded with red above. Fons, collar, and
thorax dark lilacine brown; vertex yellow, shaded with red
in front and behind; abdomen red above, with three small
dark spots dorsally ; anal hairs yellow. Fore wings lilacine
brown; ared streak at base below submedian; a small red
spot medially and one postmedially on inner margin, the
latter with another above submedian ; a large yellow spot
medially on costa, its hind margin downcurved to median; a
smaller spot postmedially on costa, and a slightly larger one
near apex ; a yellow space on outer margin, its inner edge
straight from 5 to below 3, inbent to 2, and again straight to
submedian; the yellow spots all separated from dark portion
by crimson lines. Hind wings yellow; the outer margin
broadly black, tapering at anal angle.
Expanse 22 mm.
Hab. Sixola.
Near P. metachryseis, Hmpsn.
Calidota rudis, sp. n.
3. Palpi, frons, thorax, and fore wings lilacine brown ;
vertex, collar, shoulders, and abdomen above orange; a black
614 Mr. W. Schaus on
point on tegule and patagia; abdomen ventrally fuscous
grey; legs brown. Fore wings: a black point and some
ochreous hairs at base; a faintly darker subterminal shade,
outcurved to vein 4, then straight to tornus. Hind wings
thinly scaled, smoky brown; the base of costa luteous; the
inner margin with yellowish-buff hairs.
Eixpanse 47 mm.
flab. San Mateo.
Paranerita flexuosa, sp. n.
?. Palpi and vertex yellow; frons, collar, and thorax
violaceous ; abdomen above crimson, underneath white; anus
yellowish white. Fore wings roseate purple; a large yellow
space on costa, its hind margin obliquely flexuous to vein 3,
then upwardly oblique to above 4, and faintly incurved to
costa; the apex and outer margin yellow, narrowly and
lunular from 7 to below 5, then wider and straight to 3,
incurved and oblique to just above tornus; a black edging to
dark portion. Hind wings: cell and inner area roseate ;
costa narrowly yellow; otherwise black.
Expanse 28 mm.
Hab. Sixola.
Paranerita lophosticta, sp. n.
3. Palpi and body above crimson ; a large yellow spot on
vertex, a transverse silvery-white band at base of abdomen
dorsally ; anal hairs yellow ; body below white, fore coxe
and tibie red. Fore wings red, irrorated with violaceous; a
yellow fascia, wide on middle of costa, crossed by a red
streak on subcostal, narrowing between 3 and 4, and ex-
panding on outer margin above tornus, and following
narrowly the outer margin to apex ; the red portions where
next to yellow edged with crimson ; a medial curved crimson
streak below cell ; a small yellow spot edged with crimson
below cell towards base. Hind wings roseate, tinged with
lilacine on costa; the outer margin excised at apex. Fore
wings below with elongated fovea below cell clothed with
white hairs.
Eixpanse 30 mm.
?. The yellow fascia more constricted between 3 and 4;
no yellow spot near base ; hind wings red, normal.
Expanse 33 mm.
Hab. Sixola, Juan Vinas.
Near P. carminata, Schs.
Tleterocera from Costa Rica. 615
Notodontida.
Azawta dyart, sp. n.
g. Palpi fuscous brown, shaded with reddish brown above ;
head buff; collar reddish brown and buff; thorax mottled
green, lilacine, and daik grey; abdomen brown, basal tufts
white, anal hairs tipped with dark red. Fore wings dark
lilacine grey ; the costal margin shaded with green; the
inner margin whitish, the lines on it green and olive-brown ;
the apex and tornus whitish, shaded with green; a black
basal line; antemedial geminate, the inner part heavier
marked, and inbent on submedian ; a darker medial shade
and some medial green and reddish-brown shadings below
cell and vein 2; a broad velvety black-brown lunate discal
mark; veins on outer space irrorated with black; a fine
reddish-brown, geminate, lunular, postmedial line ; fuscous
submarginal spots between 5 and 7. Hind wings whitish,
irrorated with fuscous grey chiefly on outer margin, and
leaving a faint postmedial white shade; a brown streak on
inner margin ; a fuscous spot at anal angle.
Eixpanse 34 mm.
Hab. Sixola.
Allied to A. luteilinea, Druce.
Antiopha? marcella, sp. n.
?. Palpi dark brown, streaked with buff above; the
second joint very long and heavily fringed. Head and collar
mottled brown and buff; thorax mottled with grey ; abdomen
fuscous brown. Fore wings greyish buff, irrorated with
brown ; a darker basal shade not reaching inner margin ; an
inner fuscous-brown shade, angled at median, most notice-
able between fold and submedian ; a white streak at end of
cell to discocellular, beyond which it forms a slight longitu-
dinal crescent ; a large brown shade below this is angled just
below vein 2 and extends upwards postmedially to the costa,
being outwardly limited by a whitish shade above vein 4 ;
the outer margin dark, shaded and crossed by a submarginal,
irregular, fine dark line. Hind wings fuscous brown, thinly
scaled on inner margin ; cilia whitish buff.
Hxpanse 34 mm.
Hab. Sixola.
Arhacia lignarts, sp. n.
3. Palpi and frons brown; vertex buff, separated from
brown frons by a darker brown line; some brown hairs at
616 Mr. W. Schaus on
base of antenne ; collar brown, darkest medially; thorax
buff-brown, the patagia streaked with dark brown; abdomen
buff, a dark brown dorsal tuft at base. Fore wings buff,
shaded with pinkish brown ; a greyish-brown shade through
cell to termen between 5 and 7, interrupted at end of cell by
buff and pale reddish-brown transverse streaks on and at
either side of discocellular ; a geminate dark brown streak
below cell from base to middle of wing, surmounted and
followed by a greyish-brown shade to below vein 5 near post-
medial ; a geminate fine brownish streak along submedian ;
the postmedial fine brownish, forming very deep and narrow
curves, the inward curve between veins.4 and 5 marked with
black ; the margins, except at base of wing, dark reddish
brown, streaked with fuscous brown ; a whitish-buff sub-
terminal line, angled and outcurved at submedian fold ; a fine
lilacine white line on outer margin and lighter brown shadings
chiefly towards apex. Hind wings yellowish white; dark
brown shadings at anal angle crossed by whitish lines.
Underneath yellowish white; fore wings finely brown on
costa towards apex and on cilia.
Expanse, ¢ 54 mm.
Expanse, 2 73 mm.
Hab. Sixola, Tuis.
Arhacia, H.-S., and Lirimiris, W1k., had better be sepa-
rated by the fasciculate antennze in the former and the pecti-
nated antennze in the latter, as the separation of veins 3 and 4
on hind wings seems to vary. A. combusta, H.-S., is repre-
sented in the British Museum by three females, and | have
not yet seen the male, which is well figured by H.-5.; the
wings below are dark brown. A. (Lirimirts) imitans, Schs.,
differs in the pale costa of hind wings in @, and the buff
brown hind wings in Q, also by the whitish-buff underside.
A, lignaris, Schs., is readily distinguished from either by the
dark shade beyond cell. A. fascis, Schs., A. meridionalis,
Schs., and A. elongata, Schs., should be transferred to Lard-
miris. A. corina, Schs., had also better be placed with these
last species, although the antenne are simple in the female.
Notoplusia eunoteloides, sp. n.
gd. Head and collar reddish brown; thorax violaceous
brown, some grey shadings posteriorly ; abdomen above
lilacine brown, the last two segments greyish, with a dorsal
dark point on last segment. Fore wings: the basal third
dark brown, except on inner margin, which is grey, limited
by a darker brown line, outwardly edged with whitish ; outer
TTeterocera from Costa Rica. 617
two-thirds grey, medially irrorated with darker grey and
beyond with light brown ; a reniform brownish line at end of
cell; a postmedial brown spot on costa and a larger post-
medial spot on inner margin; vein 6 finely black ; a sub-
terminal straight black line from vein 8 to vein 3, inset below
3 and below 2; faint traces of a terminal dark line near apex.
Hind wings whitish, the veins tinged with brown; a faint
terminal fuscous-grey shade.
Expanse 33 mm.
Hab. Avangarez.
Malocampa matralis, sp. n.
?. Head and thorax dull brown, mottled with buff, and
some whitish hairs on vertex ; abdomen darker brown above.
Fore wings dull brown, shaded with yellowish buff on inner
margin; traces of a darker geminate antemedial line on costa ;
two black spots on discocellular, finely edged with lighter
brown ; short postmedial greyish streaks on veins, preceded
and followed by a few black scales; terminal black spots
between the veins; cilia buff at tornus, otherwise brown, with
darker shades at veins. Hind wings dull dark brown; a
fuscous-brown spot at anal angle, surmounted by a buff spot ;
cilia yellowish buff.
Expanse 50 millim.
Heb, Juan Vinas.
Rhuda dificilis, sp. n.
?. Palpi and frons mottled brown and whitish buff ;
vertex, collar, and thorax brown; a fuscous-brown shade
on collar in front, partly edged with white; a fuscous-
brown shade on thorax near collar; patagia shaded with
lilacine. Abdomen dull smoky brown above, with yellowish
hairs at base, underneath yellowish. Fore wings: base and
inner margin broadly dark silky olive, with a whitish patch
below median at base and some white and greyish irrorations
at base of inner margin; a velvety black basal line, outbent
from cell to submedian and edged with whitish below cell;
a darker olive-brown space on costal margin, its posterior
edge shading to black, oblique from costa across cell, straight
along vein 4 for half its length, upturned and slightly in-
curved on costa near apex; a narrow white shade follows
behind this space, crossed by a dark antemedial line on costa,
and a subterminal line from vein 6-8, terminating in a black
streak ; a broad roseate shade follows the white from cell to
Ann. & Mag. N. Hist, Ser. 8. Vol. vii. 41
618 Mr. W. Schaus on
vein 7; three fine brown postmedial lines below veins 4-2,
and an angled line between 3 and 2; a postmedial black
point on submedian and one below it; the outer margin
shaded with brown below vein 5 and with yellow above it,
crossed from below vein 7 by an irregular fine black line ;
terminal white points on veins; the costal margin irrorated
with white and with some fine black streaks; a geminate
fuscous postmedial line above vein 6. Hind wings fuscous
brown; the inner margin and cilia yellow; a small post-
medial yellowish patch between veins 2 and 5.
Expanse 65 mm.
Hab. Avangarez.
Blera modulata, sp. n.
&. Palpi fuscous, fringed with grey ; head grey, mottled
with brown ; collar mottled light and dark brown; thorax
dark grey-brown, tufted with white behind; abdomen above
dark brown, some greyish tufts at base, terminal segment
white, thinly irrorated with brown, ventrally white. Fore
wings dark greyish brown; a white shade at base of inner
margin ; a whitish-grey shade medially on inner margin ; a
fine dark basal line; antemedial fine, sinuous, black, inwardly
angled on submedian ; outer line similar, incurved at vein 4 ;
a subterminal white line, nearly straight from 9-5, then inset
and outwardly oblique to below 4, inset on vein 3, and wavy
to tornus, followed by a grey shade; a marginal black line
straight from apex to vein 4 and inwardly edged with white,
followed by a terminal brown shade, below vein 4 lunular,
followed by white. Hind wings white; the veins outwardly
and a terminal shade brown, with a white point at anal angle.
Expanse 34 mm.
The female only differs in having brown hind wings.
Expanse 37 mm.
Hab. Juan Vinas, Tuis.
Allied to B. tenuzs, Schs. (2 costaricensis, Dogn.).
Meragisa dejecta, sp. n.
&. Head, collar, and thorax greyish green, a lateral black
streak on palpi. Abdomen brownish, shading to grey,
irrorated with dark brown on terminal segments ; the base
with ochreous hairs. Fore wings green-grey ; a faint dark
geminate line at base ; antemedial black, geminate, filled in
with dark ochreous scales, finely wavily oblique from costa
to median, obsolescent below cell, with a lunule above
submedian and one outset below ii, very indistinct ; a whitish
Fleterocera from Costa Rica, 619
line on discocellular with a dark point and some ochreous
scales, preceded by a white point on subcostal; a fine, in-
distinct, lunular, postmedial dark line, followed by geminate
black lunules separated by ochreous scales, these lunules
inwardly oblique from costa near apex, the one between 3 and
4 slightly outset; an irregular dark marginal line, forming
oblique streaks from below vein 5; paired terminal black
points ; cilia yellowish white. Hind wings dull brownish
black; the inner margin pale yellowish; cilia yellowish
white.
Hxpanse 54 mm.
Hab. Juan Vinas.
Meragisa innoxia, sp. n.
?. Head mottled olive-grey and fuscous brown. Collar
and thorax dark olive-green, thinly streaked with whitish
grey. Abdomen fuscous brown, the terminal segments
whitish grey. Fore wings olive-grey ; a black point at
base of submedian and a fine geminate dark line, followed by
a faint darker grey shade almost straight; the antemedial
dark, geminate, oblique to median, inbent to submedian fold,
twice outcurved below it, filled in with an indistinct whitish-
grey shade from below cell ; a black streak on discocellular
and a dark line on costa above it, followed by a fine dark
line, oblique and angled on costa, incurved to vein 3 and
again to submedian ; postmedial from costa towards apex,
consisting of fine geminate black lunules separated by
whitish scales, incurved to inner margin near tornus, the
lunule between veins 3 and 4 outset; some darker grey
shades follow the postmedial except between 3 and 4 and
below submedian fold ; a submarginal black line, interrupted
by veins and inwardly edged with white, nearly straight
from apex to vein 3, inset below 3 and 2; terminal outcurved
lunules at end of veins. Hind wings dark lilacine brown ;
cilia pale yellowish, tipped with white.
Expanse 46 mm.
Hab. Juan Vinas.
This is the only Meragisa I know without the paired
terminal points on fore wings.
Meragisa montana, sp. n.
3. Palpi black, fringed and tipped with grey. Head and
collar streaked with reddish-brown and grey hairs; thorax
more uniformly paler grey. Abdomen dark brown, ter-
minally mottled reddish brown and white, the ye ts long
620 Mr. W. Schaus on
lighter brown hairs. Fore wings grey, irrorated with brown ;
the antemedial line brown, geminate, wavily lunular, oblique
to beyond middle of inner margin ; some yellowish scales at
base and traces of a faint basal line; some yellow and black
scales on discocellular ; postmedial oblique on costa, below
vein 8 consisting of incurved lunules, the first line black,
outwardly filled with ochreous scales, inwardly oblique from
veins 7-4, outset between 4 and 3, then slightly oblique, the
second line brown, outwardly shaded with grey, and also a
brownish shade from veins 8—4; an irregular marginal black
line and paired terminal points; the inner margin shaded
with brown. Hind wings dull brownish black, with light
brown hairs at base and along inner margin ; cilia ochreous
at base, shaded with fuscous and tipped with white. Fore
wings below fuscous, the base, costa, and outer margin
ochreous. Hind wings below ochreous; a broad subterminal
fuscous shade.
Expanse 50 mm.
The female has the two postmedial lines black ; the ante-
medial lines suffusing and shaded with black below cell.
Expanse 54 mm.
flab. Poas, 7000 feet.
Meragisa siavina, sp. n.
3. Head, collar, and thorax streaked grey and brown;
abdomen dorsally ochreous on two basal segments, then
brownish, the two terminal segments whitish, irrorated with
brown; underneath yellowish buff. Fore wings grey,
thickly irrorated with brown; the usual lines indistinct
brown, geminate ; a fine dark line on discocellular, faintly
edged with white, preceded by a minute white spot below
subcostal. Hind wings dull fuscous brown ; some buff hairs
on inner margin ; cilia whitish buff.
Expanse 55 mm.
9. Head and thorax greyer ; the ochreous shade at base
of abdomen faint. Fore wings: the base, costal margin, and
outer space grey, more thinly irrorated with brown; the
middle space dark brown behind ; antemedial oblique from
costa to median, geminate, fuscous brown, filled in with dark
brown, sinuous and outwardly oblique below median, in-
wardly angled on submedian, fine, geminate, black; the line
on discocellular black ; a medial streak on costa above end of
cell; a postmedial dark lunular shade, geminate and distinct
on costa, only faintly indicated otherwise ; subterminal fine,
black, deeply lunular, geminate, filled in with brown, and
Leterocera from Costa Liea. 621
followed by brown shadings ; the marginal line very deeply
incurved between the veins. Hind wings: the hairs on
Inner margin brown.
Expanse 58 mm,
Hab. Juan Vinas.
Dorit, gen. nov.
3. Antennz pectinated, but not to tips; palpi extending
beyond frons, third joint small; anal hairs bifurcating.
Fore wings: a tuft of hair on inner margin ; 2 from beyond
middle, 8 and 4 from lower angle; 5 from above middle of
discocellular; 6 from areole towards base; 7, 8, 10 from end
of areole. Hind wings: veins 3 and 4 slightly apart ; 5 from
near middle of discocellular ; 6 and 7 from upper angle; 8
close to 7 to near end of cell.
Dottia effecta, sp. n.
3. Palpi dark brown, fringed with lilacine brown. Head,
thorax, and basal tufts on abdomen lilacine brown; abdomen
fuscous brown, anal hairs reddish brown. Fore wings
brownish buff, darkest and tinged with lilacine to postmedial
except between veins 2 and 4; a pale greenish streak at base
on submedian fold and a fuscous streak at base of sub-
median, both terminating at inner line, which is dark brown,
fine, geminate, dentate on costa and in cell, slightly outeurved
between fold and submedian, and contains a small white spot
above fold; a dark brown line on discocellular, followed by a
brown streak to termen between 5 and 6 and a shorter streak
between 4 and 5; a fine brownish postmedial line angled
beyond cell, lunular from vein 5 to inner margin, closely
followed by another similar line, but which is more remote
from vein 5 to costa; terminal dark brown shades from vein 3
to tornus, with a white spot between 2 and 3; a smaller
white spot between 5 and 6, cilia with dark brown spots at
veins. Hind wings fuscous brown, an indistinct medial buff
shade; cilia yellowish, tipped with white; a dark brown
shade at anal angle, crossed by a whitish oblique line.
Expanse 46 mm.
Hab. Banana River.
Saturniade.
Ormiscodes flora, sp. 0.
&d. Head and thorax dark reddish brown; the patagia
shaded with brown, some of the long hairs ochreous. Abdo-
622 Mr. W. Schaus on
men above black, underneath brown; a lateral row of buff
spots ; sublateral buff spots on segments 5 and 6. Fore
wings: the basal third roseate, with an oblique dark brown
shade from base of costa to inner margin; the medial space
dark roseate brown ; a large irregular yellowish-white spot
at end of cell, containing an irregular brown spot divided
more or less by a whitish line; this discal spot is upright, and
not oblique as in O. pulchricornis, Wlk. ; outer space lighter
brown, with a subterminal greyish shade, followed by a
roseate shade, leaving the termen from vein 2 below apex
reddish brown. Hind wings brownish; the outer margin
narrowly tinged with roseate.
Expanse, ¢ 69, 2? 89 mm.
Hab. Tuis, Juan Vinas.
Dirphia horcana, sp. n.
3. Palpi, head, and thorax black, the collar and patagia
faintly tinged with brown. Fore wings: the base narrowly
and obliquely black from base of costa, followed by a whitish-
grey space extending to middle of costa and inner margin in
a sharp point, and narrow from within cell to submedian fold,
streaked on costa with brown and outwardly shaded with
brown, leaving a clear white terminal edge; medial space
black, faintly tinged with brown, limited by a straight white
outer line; a white line on median to discal spot, which
consists of a large white oblique lunular spot containing an
ochreous streak ; the terminal space whitish grey, shaded
with brown; a fine brown line follows the outer white line,
and beyond it are black streaks except between veins 4 and 5;
these streaks coalesce on costa and between veins 2 and 3.
Hind wings ochreous red ; a black streak on discocellular; a
subterminal fuscous line; a marginal reddish-brown shade,
followed by a greyish shade on termen and cilia.
Expanse 78 mm.
Hab. Tuis.
Allied to D. horca, Dogn., and D. subhorca, Dogn.
Hylesia dalina, sp. n.
g. Head, collar, and thorax lilacine brown. Abdomen
bright ochreous brown, with fuscous shadings dorsally at
base; tarsi red. Fore wings lilacine; an antemedial brown
line inwardly oblique from costa ; a broad brownish streak on
discocellular ; a broad postmedial brownish line, widest on
costa and inwardly oblique; a subterminal darker shade
Heterocera from Costa Rica. 623
slightly outbent at vein 4; a terminal darker shade from
veins 7-3. Hind wings paler, tinged with buff; a faint
darker line on discocellular ; a subterminal narrow darker
shade, followed by a fine indistinct dark line.
Expanse 44 mm.
flab. Sixola.
Closely allied to Hl. alinda, Druce, but the lines do not
converge on inner margin and the outer line is more remote
from discocellular. Both species show considerable variation,
but seem quite distinct.
Lylesia rubrifrons, sp. n.
3. Palpi, frons, and hairs at base of antenne dark red ;
collar and thorax dark lilacine brown; abdomen dark brown,
dorsally banded with black and overlaid with ochreous hairs.
Fore wings lilacine brown; the antemedial straight, dark
brown, preceded by a narrow lilacine shade, and followed by
a broader lilacine shade; the discal spot darker brown,
followed closely by the broad darker brown postmedial,
which is slightly obliques as in H. alinda, Dr., but is not
followed by a pale lilacine shade; a subterminal lilacine
shade from vein 5 to outer margin above tornus; a lilacine
shade at apex. Hind wings lilacine; a brown spot on
discocellular ; a dark postmedial line, and a broad subterminal
brownish shade.
Eixpanse 44 mm,
Hab. Tuis.
The fore wings are not falcate as in H. alinda, Dr., the
lines are straighter, and the subterminal shade on hind wings
is much broader.
Hylesia rufipes, sp. n.
3. Palpi brown; head lilacine brown; thorax fuscous
brown, mottled with lilacine-brown hairs; abdomen black
above, laterally, below, and anal hairs red ; thorax below
and legs red. Fore wings roseate lilacine, the veins
finely olive-brown; an antemedial olive-brown line, oblique
on costa, upbent on subcostal to near discocellular, then
nearly straight to inner margin, inwardly shaded below sub-
costal with fuscous brown, becoming wider to submedian
fold; a large dark brown shade on discocellular ; a fine
postmedial dark shade suffusing at vein 4 with another line
remote and outcurved on costa, heavily marked below vein 4 ;
a terminal dark brown shade on costa; a subterminal shade
parallel to outer line to vein 4, then outcurved between
624 “Mr. W. Schaus on
4 and 8, and between 3 and 2, outbent below 2 to tornus ;
a terminal brownish shade from above vein 3 to vein 7.
Hind wings roseate lilacine; the inner margin shaded with
brownish hairs ; a faint dark shade on discocellular; a dark
postmedial line, and a subterminal fuscous shade. Hind
wings below with a straight dark postmedial line from apex
to inner margin, followed by a dentate fuscous shade; the
termen from vein 3 to vein 6 reddish.
Expanse 41 mm.
Hab. Sixola.
Hylesia umbrata, sp. n.
&. Head, collar, and thorax dark lilacine brown, the
thorax streaked with ochreous hairs; abdomen ochreous
brown. Fore wings dull lilacine; the base darker limited
by a brownish line angled on subcostal, and faintly incurved
below cell ; a large dark shade at end of cell; the postmedial
brownish shade broad, outcurved on costa, followed by a pale
lilacine shade on costa, and throughout by a lilacine brown
shade limited by the irregular subterminal, which is incurved
between veins 6 and 4, Hind wings dull lilacine, broadly
shaded with brown on inner margin; the discocellular and
veins darkly streaked; a dark postmedial shade and faint
subterminal line.
Expanse 49 mm.
Hab. Tuis, Sixola.
This species is nearest H. approaimans, W|k., and shows
considerable variation in the intensity of the markings, but
can be recognized by the broad postmedial shade.
Hylesia frigida, sp. n.
g. Head, collar, and thorax black-brown ; a few ochreous
hairs on thorax; abdomen black dorsally, with a few
scattered ochreous hairs, lateral and anal hairs ochreous.
Fore wings lilacine, the veins brownish; an indistinctly
darker basal shade; a broad dark shade, crossing end of cell
and enclosing a fuscous line on discocellular, its inner margin
nearly straight, its outer wider and slightly excurved on
costa, then inwardly oblique ; a darker subterminal shade,
indistinct and irregular. Hind wings lilacine; the disco-
cellular and veins darkly streaked ; a subterminal darker
and very indistinct shade.
Expanse 43 mm.
Hab. Volcano Turrialba, 5800 ft.
This species is apparently confined to the higher
elevations.
Ou
Fleterocera from Costa Rica. 62
Hylesia annulata, sp. n.
3. Palpi light brown, streaked with dark brown behind ;
frons greyish brown, edged laterally with ochreous; collar
and thorax black, with a few scattered hairs; abdomen
dorsally black, subdorsally golden ochreous. Fore wings
brownish grey ; the inner line fuscous, inwardly shaded with
greyish buff on costa, outbent in cell, limiting a light brown
space in cell, inset below cell, deeply outcurved below sub-
median fold, and outbent below submedian, partly shaded
inwardly with light brown, where crossing a fuscous shade
which extends below cell, from near base to middle of wing ;
a large fuscous annular spot at end of cell filled in with
light brown; the outer line fine dark brown, outwardly edged
with greyish buff, indicated above vein 7 by a fine inbent
dark line; the costa apically fuscous; an irregular sub-
terminal brownish shade; the termen darker shaded and
irrorated with olive-brown. Hind wings olive-grey ; the
cell and inner area shaded with fuscous; a fuscous line on
discocellular, surrounded by a vague round shade; a fuscous
postmedial line and rather broad subterminal shade; some
ochreous-buff hairs on inner margin.
Expanse 56 mm.
Hab. Sixola.
Hylesia rosacea, sp. n.
¢. Head, collar, and thorax olive-brown; abdomen dark
brown, covered with ochreous hairs. Fore wings roseate ; a
dark olive-brown streak at base of inner margin ; the veins
finely brownish on outer half; an oblique olive-brown spot
on discocellular; a fine dark postmedial line; a marginal
brownish shade from veins 7-3, reaching postmedial below
vein 7, and tapering to vein3on outer margin. Hind wings
roseate, darkest on inner margin ; a fine postmedial dark
line ; a very faint postmedial fine shade. ‘The apex of fore
wing is produced and somewhat falcate.
Hxpanse 46 mm. °
Hab. Sixola.
Hylesia hamata, sp. n.
3. Palpi brown ; head, collar, and thorax black, faintly
tinged with brown ; abdomen ochreous. Fore wings with
the apex faleate, dark lilacine, the apical area shaded with
fuscous ; an oblique black streak from base of costa to inner
margin ; a fine faint darker line on discocellular ; a fine dark
postmedial line, followed by a less distinct fine subterminal
626 Mr. W. Schaus on
line. Hind wings dull dark lilacine; the veins and disco-
cellular finely darker; brownish hairs on inner margin; an
indistinet darker postmedial line.
Expanse 47 mm.
Hab. 'Tuis.
Near H. acuta, Druce.
Ceratocampide.
Othorene pollens, sp. n.
3. Body light ochreous brown above, tinged with lilacine ;
abdomen underneath lilacine. Fore wings: the base and
outer margin lilacine, the basal part limited by a fine black
line, slightly curved, the outer margin by a fine black line
from apex to inner margin at two-thirds from base; the
medial area olive-brown; a small round white spot on disco-
cellular. Hind wings dark red ; the costal and outer margin
broadly roseate brown ; a large vague black spot at end of
cell. Fore wings below: the base and discal area roseate ;
a large black spot at end of cell ; the costa and apical space
beyond cell light brown; a black line from costa close to
apex to inner margin; the outer margin lilacine. Hind
wings below lilacine; the inner margin broadly whitish
buff ; a faint subterminal dark line from costa to vein 5.
Expanse 75 mm.
Hab. Sixola.
Othorene talamanca, sp. n.
3. Body above buff-brown, underneath whitish buff.
Fore wings ochreous brown, with a few black striae and
irrorations ; the base and outer margin tinged with lilacine,
the former limited by a fine slightly curved black line, the
latter by a line from costa at apex to inner margin; a small
white spot at end of cell. Hind wings ochreous brown, the
discal area and inner margin dark red. Fore wings below
as in O, pollens, but the black spot at end of cell much
smaller. Hind wings below whitish buff, thinly irrorated
with black.
Expanse 78 mm.
9. Fore wings dull brown, thickly irrorated with fuscous
strie ; the medial area tinged with roseate ; a vague darker
shade at end of cell; the lines fine, dark brown, the outer
line to middle of inner margin. Hind wings as in the male.
Fore wings below brownish tinged with red on inner margin ;
a large black discal spot; black strie towards apex and
on outer margin. Hind wings below buff-brown, with coarse
Heterocera from Costa Rica. 627
black irrorations except on inner margin, which is broadly
pale buff.
Eixpanse 97 mm.
Hab. Sixola, Tuis.
Othorene vildert, sp. n.
$. Body above light ochreous brown, the thorax tinged
with lilacine. Fore wings ochreous brown between the lines ;
the base broadly lilacine, limited by a straight fuscous line ;
the outer space lilacine, limited by a dark line from costa
near apex to vein 2 medially, then angled and outbent to
inner margin; a white line on discocellular, expanding
posteriorly into a triangular spot; some scattered dark striz
on costa and outer space. Hind wings dark red; the costal
and outer margin roseate brown. Wings below similar to
O. talamanca.
Eixpanse 76 mm.
Hab. Sixola.
This species, O. pollens, and O. talamanca were all taken
in March at Sixola and may be aberrant forms of one
species.
Adelocephala pacifica, sp. n.
&. Head, collar, and thorax ochreous ; abdomen whitish
buff, tinged with ochreous dorsally. Fore wings ochreous,
thinly irrorated with fuscous strie#; the base tinged with
lilacine, limited by a brownish line, angled on subcostal ; a
round brown spot at end of cell; a fine brown line faintly
sinuous from apex to inner margin beyond middle, beyond
which the wing is slightly darker. Hind wings ochreous
buff; the inner margin broadly red to beyond middle. The
female is more thickly irrorated with fuscous; the discal
spot indistinct ; the hind wings darker and only faintly
tinged with roseate on inner margin.
Exypanse, ¢ 50 mm.
Expanse, ? 62 mm.
Hab. Avangarez.
Dalceride.
Anacraga rebella, sp. n.
Entirely lemon-yellow with a slight orange tint. Hind
wings a little paler than the fore wings and somewhat
translucent.
Kixpanse 13 mm.
One male, Banana River, Costa Rica, March 1907.
628 Mr. W. Schaus on
Similar in coloration to Anacraga goes, Schaus, though
much smaller and not quite so vivid a yellow. The venation
differs, the centre of the cell being well retracted, making the
accessory cell and lower angle appear prominent, while in
goes the end of the cell is not thus retracted, but nearly straight
across.
Cossidee.
Zeuzera comisteon, sp. Nn.
Head and collar dark grey-brown; thorax white ; abdo-
men buff-white above, sometimes grey, laterally grey, under-
neath dark grey. Fore wings white, with transverse brownish
streaks, rather widely apart; costa to near middle fuscous
brown with black spots; costa beyond with black spots, the
largest postmedially ; cell for more than half from base
brownish ; a similar patch below end of cell; a brownish
shade from within cell, along vein 4 to near termen emitting
above and below thicker streaks ; a terminal brownish patch
between 6 and 7; terminal brown spots at ends of veins
extending on to cilia. Hind wings greyish white, with faint
grey strice; the inner margin darker grey ; terminal dark
spots at end of veins.
Expanse 37-60 mm.
Hab. Sixola, Tuis, La Florida.
Psychonoctua terrafirma, sp. n.
&. Head and collar mottled buff-brown, the latter edged
posteriorly with grey ; thorax mottled grey and brown,
with dark brown tufts behind; abdomen grey. Fore wings
buff-grey, with fine brown and black reticulations, the heaviest
marked along inner margin ; basal third of costa, cell space
below it, and a shorter shade below cell dark brown shaded
with black; a small black spot on discocellular. Hind
wings buff-white; dark brown spots on cilia at end of
veins.
Expanse 34-57 mm.
flab. Sixola, La Florida.
Hemipecten gaudeator, sp. 0.
3. Palpi black, tipped with light brown; frons brown;
vertex and collar in front black; collar otherwise and thorax
white, thinly irrorated with black ; abdomen grey to fuscous
brown above. Fore wings whitish, thickly suffused with
fuscous grey and brown, and crossed by dark grey striae; a
Feterocera from Costa Tica. 629
narrow white space at base; a vague antemedial fuscous
shade; a large buff-brown space on terminal area from veins
2-9, inwardly finely edged with dark velvety brown, above
and below more broadly so, and outwardly broadly edged
with reddish brown ; this space contains a broad dark brown
band, incurved from vein 8, and suffusing with brown outer
margin between veins 4 and 5. Hind wings dark brown
with indistinct dark reticulations; cilia light brown, spotted
with dark brown.
Expanse 69 mm.
Hab. Tuis.
Hemipecten alfare, sp. n.
gd. Head, collar, and thorax whitish grey, thinly irrorated
with black, some reddish brown on thorax posteriorly. Fore
wings whitish grey, whitest on costal and inner margins ;
the costa medially finely dark grey, and with short down-
ward grey strize, and upward strize from subcostal ; the inner
margin crossed by numerous brown lines, and others across
middle of wing, but further apart, the medial and line at end
of cell broader; the lines on postmedial area between 2 and 5
suffusing ; a round velvety black-brown spot subterminally
between 6 and 8, and a smaller dark brown spot nearer termen
between 3 and 4; a narrow steel-grey terminal shade. Hind
wings light brown.
Expanse 36 mm.
Hab. Tuis.
Named after Mr. Alfara, Director of the Museum in
San José.
Givira amanosa, sp. n.
Palpi fuscous brown ; frons buff; vertex and collar dark
brown, the latter edged behind with lighter brown; thorax
light brown, with dark lines and shadings ; abdomen fuscous
brown, with pale transverse lines. Fore wings: base brown ;
antemedial dark brown spots coalescing, the spot in cell more
remote from base, outwardly edged with buff, and followed
by buff-brown on costa and in cell, and a large olive-brown
spot below cell; the median space constricted below cell,
bifurcating on inner margin, brown, spotted with buff on
costa; outer portion of wing below vein 5 dark brown, with
three round light brown spots between 2 and 3, one near cell
between 3 and 4, and also between 4 and 5; terminal light
brown shades between 3 and 5, enclosing dark brown terminal
spots at veins 3 and 4; light brown semilunar spots on inner
margin ; a broad dark brown space beyond cell from costa to
630 Mr. W. Schaus on
vein 5, followed by a narrow buff shade, and three small dark
spots; the terminal space light brown, with a large sub-
terminal irregular dark spot from costa to vein 6, emitting
branches, of which two extend to vein 5; marginal buff lines,
forming terminal spots. Hind wings fuscous brown, with
darker spots medially below costa, and a broad postmedial
shade, narrowing towards vein 2 ; pale marginal lines forming
terminal spots.
Expanse 45 mm.
Hab. Tuis, Limon.
Givira morosa, sp. n.
Head, collar, and thorax mottled lilacine brown and viola-
ceous black ; abdomen buff-brown, irrorated with dark brown
and black scales, the base and terminal segment violaceous
black. Fore wings chiefly steel-grey, reticulated with black-
brown ; the inner margin narrowly, a basal shade below cell,
a large shade about discocellular, and subterminal shade,
except between veins 5 and 6, tinged with buff-brown ; an
inwardly oblique thick black antemedial line from median to
vein 14; cilia with alternate fuscous-grey and brownish
spots. Hind wings whitish, finely reticulated with brown ;
the inner margin broadly brownish ; cilia grey-brown at base,
terminally white interrupted by dark spots.
Hixpanse 37 mm.
Hab. Juan Vinas.
Givira fidelis, sp. n.
Head, collar, and thorax violaceous brown, irrorated with
white ; abdomen more reddish brown, irrorated with white.
Fore wings: base, costal and inner margins, and median
vein lilacine brown, crossed by darker brown strize ; a velvety
black line along inner margin from near base to beyond
middle; a space below cell and postmedial line to subterminal
more thinly scaled fuscous grey, with short darker striz
across the veins; a subterminal black line, curved and
parallel with termen; the outer margin silvery grey, with a
few black streaks and a line before apex; cilia light reddish
brown. Hind wings fuscous grey, thinly scaled in discal
and postmedial area; some indistinct darker strie; a
greyish marginal shade below vein 2; cilia light reddish
brown.
Expanse 33 mm.
Hab. Avangarez.
Fleterocera from Costa Rica. 631
Givira tigrata, sp. n.
Palpi reddish brown; frons buff-brown ; vertex and collar
in front reddish brown; collar behind and thorax whitish
buff, with transverse reddish-brown shades ; abdomen light
reddish brown, with transverse whitish-buff lines. Fore
wings ochreous, crossed by reddish-brown spots and short
thick lines partly edged with pale golden scales; some small
basal spots followed by larger coalescing spots, darker below
cell; three antemedial small spots, on costa, in cell, and
below cell, and geminate spots above and below 14; a large
medial darker spot across costa and end of cell, and a similar
spot from below end of cell to inner margin, the two some-
times coalescing and forming a broad band ; a broad post-
medial line from 7-2, followed by short lines, and a broken
subterminal ; broad terminal streaks on outer margin down
bent and outwardly oblique. Hind wings ochreous, with
indistinct darker transverse strie.
Expanse 30 mm.
Hab. Juan Vinas, Tuis.
Lentagena tristant, sp. n.
Head and thorax grey, streaked with brownish hairs; a
darker brown-grey shade posteriorly on thorax; abdomen
grey, banded with fuscous. Fore wings whitish, shaded with
grey postmedially, and reticulated with fine darker grey
lines ; the costal margin, base of cell, inner margin, and apex
shaded with brown; a fine brown streak on discocellular; a
broad dark brown streak medially above submedian ; reti-
culations on outer margin more heavily marked, dark brown ;
dark brown shades on cilia atend of veins. Hind wings
semihyaline whitish grey ; the margins, veins, and some strize
brown.
Expanse 39 mm.
Hab. Juan Vinas, Tuis, Sixola.
Named after Prof. Tristan, of San José, who has assisted
greatly in a knowledge of the fauna of Costa Rica.
Trigena crassa, sp. n.
3. Body mottled dark steel-grey and brown, the abdomen
somewhat irrorated with white. Fore wings dark steel-grey,
irrorated with light brown; a fine subbasal black line; a
heavier marked antemedial line, bifurcating in cell, the inner
line inbent towards inner margin ; a fine postmedial line and
a more distinctly marked subterminal line, thickening in
places and emitting curved lines to termen; some whitish
632 Mr. W. Schaus on
mottlings on postmedial area from vein 3 to costa. Hind
wings white; a broad fuscous shade from base to outer
margin near inner margin.
Iixpanse 46 mm.
Hab. Sixola.
Closely allied to J. parilis, Schs.
Cossus infantilis, sp. n.
3. Body fuscous brown, the collar and thorax mottled
with white. Fore wings brown; a white spot on disco-
cellular ; a fine postmedial and subterminal fuscous-brown
line, each emitting downwardly oblique branches; some
greyish shadings on branches of subterminal. Hind wings
fuscous brown.
Expanse 20 mm.
Hab. Esperanza.
Cossus nina, sp. 0.
Head and thorax whitish grey, with some dark irrorations ;
Abdomen grey, palest on terminal half, and banded with
fuscous. Fore wings grey; a whitish shade at end of cell
and between veins 2 and 4; a few fine velvety black striz,
forming a medial line, which crosses a darker grey spot above
inner margin; a postmedial line from vein 8 to tornus,
followed by a subterminal line inbent from near apex to
vein 5. Hind wings dark grey.
Expanse 38 mm.
Hab. Sixola.
Hypopta cinerea, sp. n.
Head and thorax brown, mottled with buff hairs ; abdomen
reyish buff, faintly banded with fuscous. Fore wings greyish
buff, thickly covered with brownish stri#; subterminally a
small brownish spot between 4 and 5, and 6 and 7, both very
indistinct, geminate darker spots at end of veins; cilia dark
brown, with faint intervenal greyish-buff spots. Hind wings
similar ; the inner margin broadly brownish.
Expanse 39 mm.
Hab. Sixola.
Cossula albicosta, sp. n.
Body brown, thickly mottled with white hairs, giving it a
grey appearance. Fore wings: the costal margin to near
apex whitish, crossed by a few dark striz near base; the
inner margin finely white to beyond middle; space below
Heterocera from Costa fica. 633
cell and vein 2 brown, crossed by whitish-buff striz; cell and
outer space above vein 2 dark grey, becoming whitish on
termen, and crossed by darker grey stria ; vein 2 entirely,
veins 3-6 terminally white ; cilia olive-brown tipped with
white. Hind wings thinly scaled, grey, with darker striz ;
the termen finely and cilia at base olive-brown; the margiu
greyish buff.
Expanse 385 mm.
Hab. Juan Vinas, El Sitio.
Cossula ? cerulescens, sp. n.
Palpi crimson; frons reddish brown; vertex and collar
velvety black; thorax silky steel-black; abdomen black,
tinged with dark blue ; anus crimson ; thorax below crimson ;
legs black. Fore wings silky steel-black, with velvety black
streaks, chiefly across costal and inner margins ; a velvety
black patch across middle of cell, extending slightly below
it, a broad subterminal dull black band from vein 9, curving
to outer margin between 4 and 5, inwardly shaded with red,
and followed by a broader red shade crossed by a black line.
Hind wings dark silky blue; the cilia partly white; wings
below dark silky blue; the outer margin of fore wings with
irregular red markings.
Hixpanse 64 mm.
Hab. Tuis, Juan Vinas.
PSYCHOGENA, gen. nov.
Antenne dentate, with short bristles; legs and tarsi with
ridges of long hairs above ; abdomen long and slight ; lateral
tufts of hairs on terminal segments. Fore wings long and
narrow, the outer margin oblique ; vein 2 just beyond middle
of cell; 3 near end of cell; 4 and 5 separate ; 6 from near
upper angle; 7 and 8 stalked; 9 and 10 free. Hind wings
triangular, the outer margin incurved ; the anal angle pro-
duced ; 2, 3, 4, and 5 apart; 6 and 7 stalked.
Psychogena miranda, sp. n.
3. Palpi, vertex, collar, and patagia black; frons and
thorax dark brown ; abdomen dorsally brown, laterally black,
terminally mottled with buff-white. Fore wings dull light
brown ; the base rather broadly black, expanding on inner
margin, and crossed by an irregular basal brown line ; black
reticulations on costa, inner margin, subterminal area, and
medially, and a large black spot medially below vein 2; a
Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 8. Vol. vii. 42
634 Mr. E. Schwarz on
large black spot at and beyond end of cell reaching costa ;
the apex broadly brown-black, the outer margin more
narrowly so; terminal light brown spots between the veins.
Hind wings black, faintly tinged with brown.
Expanse 37 mm,
Hab. Tuis.
Psychide.
Plateceticus costaricensis, sp. 1.
$. Body and wings fuscous grey, tinged with brown,
especially on basal two-thirds of fore wings, the veins darkest.
Veins all present; 4 and 5 on fore wings on long stalk,
shortly stalked on hind wings.
Expanse 34 mm.
Hab. Juan Vinas, Cachi.
LXXIV.—Seven new Asiatic Mammals, with Note on the
“‘ Viverra fasciata ” of Gmelin. By Ernst SCHWARZ.
In preparing a revision of the Indian Viverride, I have
recently had occasion to examine a number of specimens in
various Museums. Among them I found several new species,
the first of which is
Paradoxurus celebensts, sp. n.
A Paradoxure of the P. javanicus-group, most nearly
allied to P. javanitcus, but coloured somewhat like P. setosus
of Ceram.
Skull much as in P. javanicus; rostrum shorter and
narrower ; intertemporal constriction shorter and less deep.
Brain-case very narrow, especially behind. Bullee similar to
those in P. javanicus, wide apart, but_ much smoother, much
smaller than in P. setosus, not inflated between carotic canal
and foramen lacerum posterius. Opening of posterior nares
long and narrow as in P. setosus. Cheek-teeth similar to
those of P. javanicus, somewhat smaller and less complex,
protocone and metacone of p* strongly developed.
Back golden yellow, suffused with black and with three
very faint longitudinal black lines. Limbs black and also
tail except at the base and the white tip. Black face-
markings reaching back behind the eyes, sharply distinguished
a
new Asiatic Mammals. 635
from the narrow whitish frontal band. Occiput black and
sharply defined from the light frontal band, so differing from
the majority of specimens of P, javanicus, where the light
frontal band is very broad and gradually passes into the
grey occiput,
Dimensions of type (measured on the mounted skin) :—
Head and body 505 mm.; tail 405,
Skull; basilar length 101; zygomatic breadth 58 ; width
of brain-case at squamosal 35°2; palatilar length 46°8 ;
mastoid width 37; intertemporal constriction 17; length of
upper tooth-row from front of ¢ to back of mg (alv.) 40°5 ;
pa length 8°5, greatest oblique diameter 10:1.
Type. Old male. Dresden Museum: No. B 1568 (mounted
skin); B1534 (skull); (old catalogue No. 2086); from
Messrs. Ribb and Kiihn,
Type locality. Bonthain, 8,E. Celebes,
Paradoxurus cochinensis, sp. n.
A small species related to P, hermaphroditus of Siam, but
with a different skull and dentition.
Skull with very short intertemporal constriction as in
P. milleri from Tioman, Bulle very short, rounded in front,
and inflated between carotic canal and foramen lacerum
posterius. Cheek-teeth small, Py complex; postero-internal
ledge narrow, paracone rather small.
Upper parts light silvery grey with a slight reddish hue,
Three narrow dark brown longitudinal stripes, clearly made
up of coalescing spots. Light frontal band narrow, sharply
distinguished from the dark occiput. Limbs, terminal three-
quarters of tail, chin, and throat brown. Underfur dark
brownish. (“‘l'ype specimen.’’)
In a specimen from Nhatrang, Annam, in the British
Museum, and in another from Song-Coy, district of Moy,
Annam, kindly lent by Prof. Trouessart of Paris, the colour
is entirely different, although in the Paris specimen the skull
is like the type skull ; the Nhatrang skull is too young for
comparison. I append the description of the Paris specimen,
which is very similar to the Nhatrang one :—
Upper parts an indefinite whitish yellow, with five longi-
tudinal rows of black spots. Limbs and tail, except at the
base, black. Style of markings as in the type. Underfur
dark greyish brown, The identity of these apparently very
different colour-phases, which are not quite uncommon in
Paradoxures, is proved by the skull above described.
Skull (of type): basilar length 91 mm.; zygomatic
42*
636 Mr. E. Schwarz on
breadth 56°5 ; width of brain-case at squamosal 35; palatilar
length 45; mastoid width 34; intemporal constriction 12 ;
length of upper tooth-row (c—mz) 36; p,4, length 8; greatest
oblique diameter 9.
Type. British Museum, no. 78.6. 17.13.
Type locality. Saigon, Cochin China.
Three specimens examined.
Paradoxurus exitus, sp. n-
A small species, very nearly related to P. cochinensis, of
which it is a local representative, but with a slightly different
skull and dentition.
Skull similar to that of P. cochinensis from Cochin China
and Annam but smaller. Brain-case becoming narrower
anteriorly, and gradually passing into the intertemporal
constriction, which is not sharply set off as in P. cochinensis.
Bulle short, rounded in front, and strongly inflated between
carotic canal and foramen lacerum posterius, as in the last
species. 4 with the paracone reduced as in cochénensts, but
with much shorter metacone and better developed postero-
internal ledge.
From P. philippinensis, which resembles it superficially, it
is distinguished at once by the structure of the p, and the
inflation of the bulla between the carotic canal and the
foramen lacerum posterius.
Type. Old female. Royal Zoological Museum, Berlin.
Original no. 17. Collected by Mr. Lehmann.
Measurements of skull (of type) :—
Basilar length 84 mm.; zygomatic breadth 55 ; width of
brain-case at squamosal 34; palatilar length 43; mastoid
width 38°6 ; intertempora! constriction 12°5 ; length of upper
tooth-row (c-m,) 35; 4, length 7°5, greatest oblique
diameter 9.
Type locality. Fumui, east of Canton, China.
Specimens examined: one, the type, skeleton only.
This is the first record of a true Paradoxurus from the
mainland of China.
Arctictis pagel, sp. ne
Distinguished by the shape and size of its cheek-teeth and
bulle. External characters as in A. binturong.
- Skull more delicate than in A. binturong, with short and
broad palate. Bulle wide apart, narrow, with a sharp longi-
tudinal edge above, and not inflated between carotic canal
new Astatic Mammals. 637
and foramen lacerum postertus, Profile of skull as A. din-
turong. Cheek-teeth extremely reduced, small, and rounded.
P, rounded, with a very small protocone ; m, much smaller
than py, with the inner half much narrower than the
outer,
A. pageli differs as much from A. dinturong (Raffl.) from
Further India, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, and Java, as it
does from A. white, Allen, from Palawan (photographs of
which have been kindly forwarded by Prof, J. A. Allen, of
New York). In A. dinturong (type locality: Malacca) the
bulls are strongly inflated between carotic canal and the
foramen lacerumn posterius; in the specimens of A, whiter
available for examination the occipital region is broken, so
that a comparison of the bulle is impossible. But the
differences in the structure of the cheek-teeth are evident
enough, and show the distinctness of the three species. In
A. binturong p, is distinctly triangular; in A. white? it is
obtusely oval (or better pentagonal) and much broader than
long ; in A. pageli it is very obtusely triangular and much
reduced.
Dimensions af type :—
Head and body 960 mm. ; tail 890. (Taken from the dried
skin.)
Skull: basilar length 120; zygomatic width 77°5; mas-
toid width 54°1; palatilar length 69°5; intertemporal con-
striction 36; length of upper tooth-row (c—m,) 40; py,
length 7-5, greatest oblique diameter 7:9.
Type. Female adult. Royal Zoological Museum, Berlin :
A. 85.10.49. Collected by Dr. Pagel,
Type locality, Sandakan, N. Borneo,
Specimens examined from La Datu, N. Borneo, and from
Sarawak.
Viverricula pallida taivana, subsp,
An insular representative of Viverricula pallida, Gray, from
Southern China, chiefly distinguished from it by its shorter
coat, more definite markings, brighter ground-colour, and
smaller, quite differently shaped bulle.
Pelage much shorter thanin V, pallida, but still longer than
in V. malaccensis or rasse. Consequently the markings are
much more distinct. Ground-colour of upper parts abont
Ridgway’s “ cream-colour,” whereasin V. pallida it is some-
where between “ ochraceous buff” and ‘ buff.” Longitudinal
dorsal stripes “ seal-brown” ; neck suffused ‘ cream-colour ’?
and ‘‘seal-brown” ; chin white. A dark transverse stripe
on throat usually present. Chest blackish brown ; belly dirty
638 Mr. BE. Schwarz on
yellowish. Hands and feet blackish brown. Tail with nine
very narrow blackish-brown rings and as many whitish ones,
including the long pure white tip.
I had long suspected the Formosa “ Rasse” to be a
separate form, but only now describe it from a good series of
specimens in the Berlin Museum. I am much indebted to
Prof. Matschie for the privilege of describing this form, which
he himself had recognized to be new, when the specimens
arrived at Berlin.
Dimensions of type (taken from the dried skin) :—
Head and body 670 mm. ; tail-vertebree 350; hind foot 8.
Skull: basilar length 96; zygomatic width 49; mastoid
width 34; palatilar length 49°5; length of upper tooth-row
(c-m;) 39; intertemporal constriction 13°4; distance of
bullae from one another (anteriorly) 11.
Type. Male, old. Royal Zoological Museum, Berlin:
no. A, 243.10. Original no. 26512. Collected by Mr. H.
Sauter.
Type locality. Teraso, Formosa.
Eleven specimens examined, all from Teraso.
On Viverra fasciata, Gmelin.
Gmelin’s description of Viverra fasciata (Syst. Nat. vol. i.
p- 92, 1788) was based on the description and figure of an
animal called “‘ Le Chat Sauvage a bandes noires des Indes”
by Sonnerat in his ‘ Voyage aux Indes Orientales et a la
China’ (vol. ii. p. 143, pl. 90) (Paris, 1782). The description
and figure clearly show that it is the species now usually
ealled Galidictis striata (Desm.). In his ‘ Mammalogie’
(1820), Desmarest changed the name into Viverra striata
without any reason, quoting Sonnerat and Gmelin in the
synonymy. In the same work he used the name Viverra
fasciata himself, but in quite another sense, applying it to an
animal which can now be identified with the Paradoxurus of
southern Malay Peninsula, for which it is very suitable, but
unfortunately cannot be used, being preoccupied as shown
above. The fact that Sonnerat’s “Chat Sauvage’ was
stated to be from India is of no importance, as the same
expedition procured other animals from Madagascar.
Galidictis fasciata (Gmelin), 1788.
Syn. Chat Sauvage a bandes nowres des Indes, Sonnerat, /. c. (1782)
(figured).
Le Putois Rayé de l’ Inde, Buffon, Hist. Nat. Suppl. vol. vii. p. 231
(same figure as Sonnerat’s, but uncoloured) (1788).
Viverra fasciata, Gmelin, 7. c. (1788).
Viverra striata, Desmarest, J. c. p. 210 (1820).
Galidictis striata (Desm.), auct.
new Asiatic Mammals. 639
In working out a collection of Mammals from the Malay
Archipelago, brought together by Dr. J. Elbert, the following
two species have been found to need description :—
Scturus elberte, sp. n.
A pale-coloured member of the Scvurus leucomus-group.
General effect of upperside between “olive” and ‘ raw
umber ”’ (Ridgway), with a creamy-buff tinge on head; hairs
with narrow blackish and broader pale rings of a shade
nearly approaching “ Naples yellow” No. 2 or 3 (‘ Réper-
toire des Couleurs’). Underside “ ochraceous buff” (Ridgew.),
in a second specimen between “ ochraceous buff”’ and “ ochra-
ceous.” Hands, feet, and sides of muzzle ‘ cream-buff.”
Tail more brownish than back, diffusely blackish at. tip.
Tips of long tail-hairs ‘‘ creamy white” ‘ Répertoire des
Couleurs’). Underfur “ olive-grey ” (Ridgw.).
Skull. Rostrum short and nearly parallel-sided; nasals
narrow behind, suddenly broadening anteriorly, and strongly
convex transversely. Compared with a skull of S. mowew-
ensis, Roux, from Bau-Bau, Buton, the palate is much
narrower, the teeth smaller but similar in structure. Opening
of posterior nares broader and with a distinct median spine
which is absent in mowewensis. Bulle smaller and narrower.
Measurements of skull (type) :—
Palatilar length 14°5 mm. ; palate, breadth outside m, 9°6 ;
least width of rostrum 7; nasals 10°6x6°6; breadth across
postorbital processes 20°9; mandible (alveolar point to con-
dyle) 23; length of upper tooth-row 7:9, of lower tooth-
row 8.
Type. Senckenberg Museum, Frankfurt-a.-M,; no. 721,
Original number 227. Collected by Dr. J. Elbert.
Type locality. Kempuhu, Hast Kabaéna,
‘l'wo specimens examined,
Apart from its small size, this handsome squirrel is at once
distinguished by its pale colour. It gives me great pleasure
to associate with it the name of Mrs. Elbert, who accompanied
her husband during his expedition.
Acanthion sumbawe, sp. n.
Smaller than A. javanicum and with a very different
skull.
Externally very much like A. yavanicum, somewhat paler
on neck and anterior portion of back, the brown with a slight
purplish hue. Spines of posterior back with more black,
usually with black or very short white tips.
Skull. Squamosal region of brain-case narrower when
640 On new Asiatic Mammals.
compared with A. javanicum, intertemporal constriction well-
maiked, orbital region wider ; rostrum conical, much broa‘ler
than in A, javanicum, its lateral outline gradually passing
into that of the zygoma. Nasals narrower anteriorly, only
broadening at their posterior end, When viewed in profile,
the zygomatic process of the maxillary is seen to be placed
more vertically, and to be shorter and broader. Lambdoid
crest rising in a straight line, not bent backwards. — Infra-
orbital foramen much smaller and more oval, not so distinctly
triangular as in A. javanicum. Outline of occiput trapezoid,
not inflected below as in A. javanicum, as the paroccipital
processes are very broad and long, their tips depending
somewhat below condyle, whereas in A. javanicum they are
in a line with it, or even above that line. Zygoma much
narrower, so partly causing the shape of the infraorbital
foramen described above. Opening of posterior nares
narrower. Posterior portion of palate narrower, anterior
portion shorter and broader than in A. gavanicum. Bulle
very much flatter. Lateral margins of basioccipital not
curved as in A. javanicum.
Skull measurements of type :—
Basal length 98 mm. ; occipito-nasal length 109; length
of frontals 37; length of parietals 34; length of nasals 39°5 ;
breadth of nasals anteriorly 19; breadth of nasals posteriorly
25; palatal length 51; palatal width (inside m,) 8; width
of zygomatie arches (sutura zygomatico-maxillaris) 56°5 ;
width of zygomatic arches (greatest) 60 ; interorbital width
(lacrymal) 44; interorbital width (proc. postorb.) 40°5;
intertemporal constriction 36 ; length of bulla 18; diastema
30; length of upper tooth-row (alv.) 24; distance of tips
of paroccipital processes from each other 41; ‘ upper”
breadth of occiput 20°5; distance from basion to highest
point of occipital crest 31.
Type. Old temale. Senckenberg Museum, Frankfurt-a.-M.:
no. 833. Original number 301. Collected by Dr. J. Elbert.
Type locality. Dompu, Sumbawa.
‘his species is readily distinguished from A. javanicum,
its geographical neighbour, by the different shape of the
occiput, its flat bull, and smaller size. Photographs of the
skull will be published later, together with a complete list of
Dr. Elbert’s collections.
In compiling these notes I have been most liberally
assisted by Mr, O. ‘thomas, London ; Prof. Matschie, Berlin ;
Prof. rouessart, Paris; Prof. Allen, New York; and
Prof. Jacobi, Dresden. I gladly take this opportunity to
thank them most heartily.
On Sia new Fruit-bats. 641
LXXV.—Six new Fru/t-bats of the Genera Macroglossus
and Syconycteris. By KNuD ANDERSEN.
I. The Species and Subspecies of Macroglossus.
All known forms of Macroglossus are referable to two
species, M. minimus and M. lagochilus. In the former the
nares are directed more outward than forward, and the
median vertical groove on the upper lip (the continuation of
the internarial groove) is obsolescent or absent ; in the latter
the nares are directed half outward, half forward, and the
median vertical groove on the upper lip is sharply defined.
M. minimus ranges from Java eastward to Timor, west and
north-westward to Sumatra, the Malay Peninsula, Siam,
Burma, and Darjeeling. MM. lagochilus covers the whole of
Austro-Malaya (thus far no record from the Gilolo group)
and extends west to the Philippines and Borneo. The
two species appear nowhere to occur together.
The name JZ. minimus, as hitherto understood, covers two
distinct forms. In the one (MZ. m. minimus) the rostrum is,
both absolutely and relatively, shorter, being slightly less
than one-third of the total length of the skull, and all
measurements (skull, tooth-rows, external dimensions)
average conspicuously smaller ; in the other (J. m. sobrinus,
subsp. n.) the rostrum is longer, slightly more than one-
third of the skull, and all- measurements average larger.
The former (mtnimus) is, so far, known with certainty only
from Java (including Madura) and Kangean Islands, and 1s
probably the truly indigenous Javan race of the species,
whereas the latter (sobrinus) may be presumed originally to
have been confined to S.H. Asia, whence (as soon as altered
physical conditions favoured an extension of its area south-
eastward) it has spread to Sumatra and Java; even now the
predominant form in Java seems to be minimus. Since
sobrinus (if this hypothesis is correct) has spread south- -
eastward to Java, it is by no means unlikely that minimus
has extended its range westward to Sumatra and, perhaps,
to the Malay Peninsula, but as yet there is no conclusive
evidence that such is the case. .
A line drawn north-south between the Moluccas and New
Guinea divides the area inhabited by M. lagochilus into a
western and eastern half. ‘he islands of the western half—
viz., Borneo, the Philippines, Sanghir Islands, Celebes, and
the Amboina group—are occupied by one race (M. /, lago-
chilus) in which the premolars and molars are not more
reduced in breadth than in M. minimus ; those of the eastern
642 ~ Mr. K. Andersen on
half—viz., Mysol, New Guinea, the Bismarck Archipelago,
Key, Aru, Torres Straits, and Solomon Islands—by three
races (M/. 1. nanus, pygmeus, and microtus ; the two latter
new), which, all taken together, are characterized, as against
M. 1. lagochilus, by still narrower cheek-teeth, and distin-
guishable from each other by average differences in the
length of the rostrum or size of the ears.
The new forms may be briefly diagnosed as follows :—
Macroglossus minimus sobrinus, subsp. n.
Averaging conspicuously larger than MM. m. minimus, and
with relatively longer rostrum. Skull, lambda to gnathion
28°5-29°5 mm. (in A. m. minimus 24°8-27°5), rostrum,
orbit to nares 9°5-10°5 (7°8-8°8), forearm 42-48°5 (40-
44:5).
Type. 2 ad. skin with skull, Gunong Igari, Perak ; March,
1898; presented by A. L. Butler, Esq., B.M. 98. 11. 29.1.
Total number of specimens examined, twenty-six (compared
with forty of J/. m. minimus).
Macroglossus lagochilus pygmaeus, subsp. n.
As M. l. nanus, but rostrum relatively a little shorter, from
orbit to nares 6°8 mm. (against 7°5-8°5 in nanus).
Type. & ad. al. with skull, Mer, Murray Is., Torres Straits,
presented by Professor A. C. Haddon, B.M. 99. 9. 10. 1.
‘wo specimens examined, both from Murray Is.
Macroglossus lagochilus microtus, subsp. n.
Similar to M/. @. pygmeus, but ears relatively smaller ;
length from orifice 11-12°5 mm. (in nanus and pygmaeus
12°5-13°5), breadth of flattened ear 8—8°5 (9-95).
Type. @ ad. al. with skull, Aola, Guadalcanar, Solomon
Is., collected by C. M. Woodford, Eisq., B.M. 88.1. 5. 14.
‘Three specimens examined, from the islands of Florida
and Guadalcanar.
II. The Species and Subspecies of Syconycteris.
Seven recognizable forms, referable to three closely related
species, are now known, viz., S. crassa (with five local races),
australis, and natas (sp. n.). In S. crassa the cheek-teeth
are elongate in transverse section (p', m1, p,, and m, more
than half as broad as long), and m? and m; are always present
(cheek-teeth 2) ; the species ranges over the whole of the
Stix new Fruit-bats. 643
Amboina and New Guinea groups of islands, except Wood-
lark Is. In S. australis (Queensland) and S. natas (Wood-
lark Is.) the cheek-teeth are linear (as in Macroglossus ; p*,
m’, py, and m, only half as broad as long). ‘he former is
in every other respect similar to the New Guinea race
(papuana) of S. crassa, whereas S. naias differs by having
lost the small posterior molar above and below (cheek-
teeth 2).
The five subspecies of S. crassa differ from each other only
in general size or in the length of the tooth-rows, Speci-
mens from New Guinea and the Aru Islands (8. ¢. papuana)
are of medium size ; those from the Key Islands (8S. ¢c. key-
ensis, subsp. n.) have somewhat shorter tooth-rows, those
from the Bismarck Archipelago (S. ¢. finscht) average a
little smaller; finally, east (Trobriand and D’Entrecasteaux
Islands: S.c. crassa) and even more so west (Amboina group :
S. c. major, subsp. n.) of New Guinea the size of the animals
is noticeably increased, though not more so but that there is
still no absolutely hard-and-fast line between papuana and
crassa, nor between crassa and major.
Subjoined brief preliminary diagnoses of the new forms:—
Syconycterts crassa keyensis, subsp. n.
Similar in every respect to S. c. papuana, except for the
slightly shorter tooth-rows : c-m? (crowns) about 7 mm.
as against 7°6—-8°8 in papuana.
Type. § ad. al. with skull, Key Is. (purchased), B.M.
99. 12.4. 2.
T'wo specimens examined, both from Key Is.
Syconycteris crassa major, subsp. n.
As 8S. ¢. crassa, but averaging conspicuously larger.
Skull, total length 28°8-29°8 mm. (25—28'8 in all other forms
of the species taken together), c-m* (crowns) 8°8-9°7 (7—8°8)
forearm 46-49 (39-47).
Type. § ad. al. with skull, Amboina, presented by
Bo Mur, Msgs, BM. 10.7. 25. 1.
Five examples examined, from Amboina and Ceram.
?
Syconycteris natas, sp. n.
As 8S. australis, with the cheek-teeth as narrow (linear) as
in that species, but m? and m; absent. ‘
Type. ¢ ad.al. with skull, Woodlark Is., collected by
A. S. Meek, B.M. 96.11. 5. 29.
644 Mr. A. H. Clark on a new
~ LXXVI.—A new Unstalked Crinoid from Christmas Island,
By Austin Hopart CLARK.
WHILE visiting the British Museum recently I found among
the collections there a curious little comasterid which had
been obtained at Christmas Island. I urged Professor Bell
to describe it in order that I might mention it in my report
upon the ‘ Investigator’ crinoids, but with his characteristic
generosity he suggested that it would be more fitting were
I to do it, as I had become so deeply engrossed in the study
of these animals.
This little comasterid represents a new species of the
genus Comissia, a genus including eight species, occurring
from South-eastern Africa to Ceylon and thence eastward to
the Philippine Islands, all of which have been described
since the publication of the ‘ Challenger’ report.
The species of the genus Comissia never have more than
ten arms; the cirri are always numerous and well-developed,
and the distal cirrus segments always bear spines or tubercles
on the dorsal surface, this serving to differentiate them at
once from the species of Comatula and Cominia, the cirri of
which are invariably smooth.
Comissia has no very close relatives in the Hast Indian
region, though it falls in the same subfamily, Capillasterine,
as Capillaster and Comatella, but in the West Indies it is
represented by the allied Leptonemaster and Comatilia.
The species of Comissia are all sublittoral, occurring
between 17 and 100 fathoms ; though none of them inhabit
water of any great depth, none have ever been found at the
surface.
The new form described below differs somewhat abruptly
from all the others in the genus in the great length of the
teeth of the comb on the earlier pinnules, and by the large
proportion of pinnulars occupied by the comb. It may be
described as follows :—
Comissta pectinifer, sp. n.
Description.—Centrodorsal moderately large, with a mode-
rately large flat dorsal pole and three closely crowded
marginal rows of cirrus sockets.
Cirri xxxiv. 14-16 (usually 16), 14 mm. long; the eighth
is a transition segment; the longer proximal,segments are
nearly twice as long as broad, slightly constricted centrally ;
Unstalked Crinoid from Christmas Island. 645
the two segments preceding the penultimate are squarish to
one-third broader than long ; the outer segments (beyond
the transition segment) are very highly polished and bear
small dorsal tubercles.
The ten arms are about 90 mm. long ; the elements of the
IBr series appear in external view to be united by syzygy,
and are well separated laterally ; the arms resemble those of
Comissia liitkent; the brachials overlap rather strongly.
The distal intersyzygial interval is usually three oblique
muscular articulations.
P, to py provided with combs; p, is about 12 mm. long,
and has a comb with about twenty-five exceptionally long
teeth; the comb of p, has fifteen or sixteen teeth, beyond
which extends a toothless tip ; only nine segments of p, are
not supplied with teeth.
Hab. Christmas Island; the type is in the British
Museum.
The other known species of the genus Comissia are :—
Comissia ignota, A. H. Clark: Amirante Islands; 17
fathoms.
Comissia peregrina (Bell): Macclesfield Bank; 55-60
fathoms.
Comissia litkent, A. H. Clark: Philippine Islands;
49-74 fathoms,
Comissia dumetum, A. H. Clark: Philippine Islands ;
58 fathoms.
Comissia hispida, A. H. Clark: Philippine Islands; 51
fathoms.
Comissia horridus, A. H. Clark: Philippine Islands; 58
fathoms.
Comissia settulus, A. H. Clark: Philippine Islands; 58
fathoms.
Comissia sp. (tigured, as a ten-armed specimen of Coman-
thus parvicirra, in Chadwick, ‘ Rep. Ceylon Pearl Oyster
Fisheries,’ Part i1., Supplementary Report xt., plate, fig. 13) ;
Ceylon; about 100 fathoms.
646 Bibliographical Notice.
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTICE.
A Swedish Expedition to Kilimanjaro.
Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Schwedischen Zoologischen Eupedition
nach dem Kilimandjaro, dem Meru und den Umgebenden Massar-
steppen, Deutsch-Ostafrikas, 1905-1906, unter Leitung von Prof.
Dr. Yngve Sjostedt. Band I. Abteilung 1-7, pp. 848, 31 plates ;
Band II. Abteilung 8-14, pp. 844, 19 plates; Band IT. Ab-
teilung 15-22, pp. 636, 37 plates. Stockholm: Palmquist’s
Aktiebolag, 1910.
Dr. Yneve Ssisrept, of the Stockholm Natural History Museum,
after his return from a short zoological excursion in West Africa,
was inspired with an intense desire to make a detailed zoological
survey of the mightiest African mountain and the surrounding
district. A patriotic Swede, Herr Gustaf Palmquist, generously
provided all the necessary funds, and in April 1905 Dr. Sjéstedt
left Stockholm for Africa, accompanied by his taxidermist. He
landed again in Sweden in August 1906 with enormous collections
of almost every class of animal; some idea of the size of the collec-
tions is given by the following statistics :—they formed 187 coolie
loads, and comprised 59,000 specimens, referable to 4300 species, of
which 1400 were new to science.
The results of a study of these collections are set forth in three
large volumes. Each volume is made up of several Abteilungen,
most of which again are subdivided into memoirs, which were issued
separately in 1907-1910. There are no fewer than eighty-five of
these memoirs, contributed by a cosmopolitan array of sixty
zoologists. Dr. Sjéstedt, besides writing a “ Vorwort,” is respon-
sible for eleven of these memoirs, viz. those dealing with Aves,
(Estride, Odonata, Termites, Orthoptera.(5), Crustacea Decapoda,
and an interesting account of ‘‘myrmecophilous” Acacias. In
the “ Vorwort” a general account of the faunas of the different
areas visited is given. Dr. Sjéstedt divides Kilimanjaro into the
following zones:—(1) The steppes or prairies, 750-1000 m.:
the Masai dwell and herd their cattle in this region, which is,
moreover, a perfect paradise for the big-game hunter. (2) The
cultivated zone, extending up to 1900 m., inhabited by Bantu
negroes, With their plantations of bananas, beans, and millet.
(3) The rain-forest, 1900-3000 m. (4) Mountain plateaux (Berg-
wiesen), 3000-4400 m. (5) High alpine zone, extending from
4400 m. to the summit. Dr. Sjéstedt, who claims that he is the
first zoologist to reach the snowfields of Kilimanjaro, found at
the border of the snow (5500 m.) a Collembola living under
stones and a Lycosid spider, which he suggests lives on “ Winter-
miicken.” Large collections were also made on the neighbouring
Mt. Meru, and the caves at Tanga near the coast were explored.
Dr. Einar Linnberg describes the mammals, reptiles, batrachians,
and fishes. Only three new species of mammals were obtained—a
bat and two hyenas,—but about half a dozen new local races or
Bibliographical Notice. 647
subspecies are described, amongst them the Kilimanjaro lion. Lions
abounded in the steppe-zone, but only two examples were shot, and
one of these was diseased, its nasal cavity being filled with Penta-
stomids and Nematodes. Concerning the very asymmetrical skull
of a giraffe with large exostoses on the right side and the right
ossicone much thicker and shorter than the left, Dr. Lénnberg makes
the interesting suggestion that the asymmetry was brought about
by the giraffe always butting with the right side of the head. A
very similarly deformed skull has been obtained by Major Powell-
Cotton in S. Lado. Considering that thirteen bird-collectors have
visited Kilimanjaro, Dr. Sjostedt did well to find seventy-five species
new to the district, three new species and one new subspecies ; his
bionomic notes are full of interest to the ornithologist. It was, of
course, amongst the Invertebrata that the largest haul of new
species was made, and the great majority of these are insects. The
adult of one of the three Cstrid larvee which infest the East-
African rhinoceros was successfully bred, and proves to be a new
species, Spathicera meruensis ; it is interesting to note that this fly
is a good mimic of a large Sphegid wasp, as was noted by Mr. S. A.
Neave in N.E. Rhodesia. - Dr. Sjostedt neglected no method whereby
his collections might be increased ; on setting fire to the grass in
the prairie zone he observed hundreds of insects fleeing before the
flames and smoke; amongst them were numerous Phasmidx, which,
on account of their cryptic habits and appearance, had till then
defied the closest scrutiny of the collector. One of the most
interesting memoirs is that in which the peculiar growths on acacia-
trees inhabited by ants are discussed. Dr. Sjéstedt believes that
the ants have nothing to do with the production of the “ galls,” but
that they have merely taken advantage of strictly normal structures
which happen to be suitable as shelters and nesting-places. Thus
he brings his observations into line with those of recent workers
on ‘*myrmecophily ” in plants, and consequently is in opposition
to the school typified by Belt and Beccari.
Enough, perhaps, has been said to show that these volumes,
besides containing a wealth of information for the pure systematist,
bristle with points of general interest for all naturalists. It is
difficult to know if Dr, Sjostedt is more to be congratulated on the
energy and zeal with which, in spite of attacks of malaria and
blackwater fever, he formed these immense collections, or on the
eatholicity of his own studies of his collections, or on the
rapidity with which these volumes have been published. To bring
to a successful issue a monograph of this nature within four years
is a work of which any man might well be proud. I can find only
two words of adverse criticism. No good map accompanies the
volumes. It is a pity that the proofs of those non-British zoologists,
who elected to write their memoirs in English, were not more care-
fully revised ; we should then have been spared such barbarisms as
“‘youngs ” (for ‘‘ young ones ”), ‘‘ splitted up,” and ‘ changements.”
R, 8.
648 Geological Society.
PROCEEDINGS OF LEARNED SOCIETIES.
GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY.
January 11th, 1911.—Prof. W. W. Watts, Sc.D., M.Sc., F.R.S.,
President, in the Chair.
The following communication was read :——
‘On a Collection of Insect-Remains from the South Wales
Coalfield.” By Herbert Bolton, F.R.S.E., F.G.S., Curator of
the Bristol Natural History Museum.
The Author describes nine examples of insect-remains, all being,
with one exception, blattoid in character. Seven are described
as new species. Six of the specimens were obtained from tho
horizon of the Mynyddislwyn Vein and Swansea Four-Foot Seam ;
two from shales associated with the Graigola Seam, and a 22-inch
seam occurring 40 yards below it; while one specimen was found
in shales associated with the Rhondda No. 2 Seam, and therefore
on the same horizon as the example of Ltoblattina ( Archimy-
lacris) woodwardi, Bolton, previously described by the Author
in the ‘ Geological Magazine’ for 1910, p. 147.
The whole of the insect-remains are referable to three horizons—
one at the base of the Upper Series of the Coal Measures, and two in
the upper part of the Pennant Series. Two indeterminate species
are referred to the genus Archimylacris, two to Hemimylacris, one
to Archimylacris (Schizoblatta), one to Archimylacris ( Etoblattina ),
one to Gerablattina ( Aphthoroblattina), one to Orthomylacris, and
one to Lamproptilia. The last-named genus is new to the British
Coal Measures. Attention is drawn to the association of the blattoid
remains with Cordaites leaves bearing the impressions of the tests
of Spirorbis pusillus. The suggestion is put forward that possibly
Carboniferous cockroaches were not only phytophagous in habit,
but frequented decaying Cordaites leaves in order to feed upon the
Spirorbis.
The presence of Archimylacrid and Orthomylacrid forms, no
less than the presence of a species of Lamproptilia, is considered
indicative of a considerable advance in insect development in the
British Carboniferous beyond the more primitive paleodictyopteran
types; while their abundance in the Pennant and Upper Series of the
South Wales Coalfield may justify the hope of finding more primitive
forms at a lower horizon in the same coalfield. Their occurrence may
also be indicative of the remains of a terrestrial fauna somewhere
in the South Wales Coal Measures.
Geological Society. 649
March 8th, 1911.—Prof. W. W. Watts, Sc.D., M.Sc., F.R.S.,
President, in the Chair.
The following communication was read :—
‘Contributions to the Geology of Cyrenaica.’
By Prof. J. W. Gregory and others.
(i) The Geology of Cyrenaica. By John Walter Gregory,
D.Sc., F.R.S., F.G.8., Professor of Geology in the University
of Glasgow.
According to the scanty evidence available in 1908 regarding
Cyrenaica, which Hildebrand described in 1904 as ‘heute noch
so gut wie unbekannt,’ the country might be interpreted as a
fragment of a mountain-loop, an off-branch from the Atlas, or as a
plateau of Miocene rocks.
In a journey across the country, the Author found that it was
a plateau of Lower Kainozoic Limestones, which are classified as
follows :—
OxigocENE Cyrene Limestones.
(Aquitanian)
Slonta Limestones = Priabonian.
EocENE Derna Limestones = Mogattamn Series of Egypt.
Apollonia Limestones = Libyan Series of Egypt.
Some Miocene limestones occur in places on the plateau, and lying against
its western foot.
These rocks are all limestones, containing very little clastic
material. ‘They must have been deposited in a clear sea, at depths
ranging down to nearly 1000 fathoms.
Intervals of shallow sea are indicated by some limestone-con-
glomerates and a band of coral-reef limestone. The country was
uplifted in later Miocene times, and was then part of a wide land
which included Crete and occupied the site of the Aigean Sea.
This land was broken up by great subsidences, which left Cyrenaica
as a horst bounded by fault-scarps on the north and west.
Eastwards the country sinks by a slight dip and a succession of
faults, uutil the Miocene limestones, which occur on the plateau
in Cyrenaica, are at sea-level on the coasts of Western Egypt.
Cyrenaica may thus be regarded as part of the western limb of
the geosyncline of Western Egypt.
Tke formation of the river-valleys probably began during a period
of wetter climate than the present, but there is no evidence of any
appreciable change in the climate or water-supply since the date
of the Greek and Roman colonization.
Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 8. Vol. vii. 43
6
0
INDEX tro VOL. VII.
ACANTHARCTIA, hew species of, 538.
Acanthinula, new species of, 469.
Acanthion, new species of, 659.
Aclytia, new species of, 181.
Actinote thalia, note on, 11.
Adelocephala, new species of, 627.
/Migeria, new species of, 292.
Afrida, new species of, 563.
Agatha, new species of, 293.
Agathia, new species of, 292.
Agonoscelis, new species of, 343,
Agylla, new species of, 358.
Agyrta, new species of, 181.
Altha, new species of, 571.
Amberiana, characters of the new
genus, 340.
Amorbus, new species of, 576,
Anacraga, new species of, 627.
Anadiasa, new species of, 561.
Anaphosia, new species of, 536,
Anaulosia, characters of the new
genus, 368.
Anchonus, new species of, 95.
Ancylus, new species of, 475.
Andersen, Dr, K., on six new fruit-
bats, 641.
Andrena, new species of, 229,
Androgynella, characters of the new
genus, 318.
Anita, new species of, 282.
Annandale, Dr. N.,on some barnacles
of the genus Scalpellum from the
Irish Seas, 588.
Annelida, new, 149, 388, 495, 507.
Anolis, new species of, 19.
Anomis, new species of, 78.
Antheua, new species of, 554.
Anthopora, new species of, 493.
zonata, remarks on, 491.
Antichloris, new species of, 181.
Antiopha, new species of, 263,
615.
Apis, new species of, 319.
Aptilosia, characters of the new
genus, 357.
Avachnida, new, 220.
Arachnoidid, characters of the new
family, 603,
Arctitis, new species of, 636.
Areyroeides, new species of, 179,
Arhacia, new species of, 266, 615.
Aroa, new species of, 546.
Arrow, G. J., on the dynastid genus
Lonchotus, 84; on the lamellicorn
beetles of the genus Golofa, 156;
on lamellicorn beetles belonging to
the subfamilies Ochodeeinze, Orph-
nine, Hybosorine, and Troginze,
390; on the Dynamopine, a new
subfamily of lamellicorn beetles,
610.
Arvicanthis, new species of, 460.
Asteroidea, new, 89.
Asura, new species of, 537.
Automolis, new species of, 183.
Axiagastus, new species of, 345,
Azaxia, new species of, 615.
Bagisara, new species of, 48.
Balbura, new species of, 361.
Banasa, new species of, 251.
Barbus, new species of, 374.
Bardaxima, new species of, 263.
Barydia, new species of, 57.
Basilodes, new species of, 47.
Belonogaster, new species of, 99,
Bendis, new species of, 71.
Berycomorphi, on the anatomy and
classification of the, 1.
Bethune-Baker, G.T.,onnew African
heterocera, 530, 553.
Blera, new species of, 618.
Bolton, H., on insect remains from
the South Wales Coalfield, 648.
Books, new :—Andrews’s Descriptive
Catalogue of the Marine Reptiles
of the Oxford Clay, 141; Hamp-
son’s Catalogue of the Lepidoptera
Phaleenee in the British Museum,
vol. x., 222; Kunkel’s The Am-
phipoda of Bermuda, 416; Wissen-
schaftliche Ergebnisse der Schwed-
ischen Zoologischen Expedition
nach dem Kilimandjaro &c., 646.
Bothrocoris, new species of, 347,
Boulenger, G. A.,on new reptiles
from 8. America, 19; on three new
characinid fishes from Colombia,
212; on new freshwater fishes
from Guinea, 373 ; on a new cich-
lid fish from Mashonaland, 377 ;
on a new species of Polypterus
from Liberia, 377.
INDEX.
Brachylia, new species of, 290.
Bryolymnia, new species of, 45.
Burnup, H. C., revision of Melvill
and Ponsonby’s Survey of the
S. African species and varieties of
Pupa, 401.
Buthus minax, note on, 217.
Byblisia, new species of, 575.
Calidota, new species of, 613,
Callicebus, new species of, 6C6.
Callierges, new species of, 38.
Calymniodes, new species of, 46,
Campometra, new species of, 51.
Cantheconidea, new species of, 351.
Capnodes, new species of, 64, 539.
Castnia, new species of, 191.
Catada, new species of, 540.
Catarctia, new species of, 558.
Celama, new species of, 355.
Cerastus, new species of, 470,
Cerura, new species of, 267.
Ceryx, new species of, 530.
Chadisra, new species of, 279.
Cheetozone, new species of, 160.
Chalcoesia, new species of, 47.
Champion, G. C., on new Curcu-
lionidee from Central and South
America, 94,
Charadra, new species of, 49.
Chelycoris, new species of, 244,
Chionzmia, new species of, 534.
Chiropodomys, new species of, 206.
Chrostosoma, new species of, 175.
Chrysectropa, characters of the new
genus, 566,
Chrysochlorosia, new species of, 363.
Chrysoploma, new species of, 566.
Chrysopsyche, new species of, 562.
Chrysostola, new species of, 180.
Chytonyx, new species of, 42.
Cicinnus, new species of, 191.
Cirratulidee, notes on, 151.
Cirratulispio, characters of the new
genus, 167.
Cirratulus, new species of, 162.
Claphe, new species of, 371.
Clark, A. H., on a new unstalked
crinoid, 644.
Clark, H. L., on the genera of recent
Clypeastroids, 593.
Clausilia, new species of, 471.
Cleapa, new species of, 559.
Clemensia, new species of, 366.
Cletomorpha, new species of, 583.
Cleeotus puncticollis, new name for,
397.
Cloésia, new species of, 362,
651
Clypeastride, characters of the new
family, 603.
Clypeastroids, on the genera of
recent, 593.
Cockerell, T. D. A., descriptions and
records of bees, 225, 310, 485.
Coenipeta, new species of, 56.
Cognetti de Martiis, Dr. L., on the
Oligochzeta of Travancore, 494; on
anew species of Polytoreutus, 507.
Coleoptera, new, 86, 94, 136, 390,612.
Comissia, new species of, 644,
Corethra, new species of, 399.
Corma, new species of, 555,
Correbia, new species of, 182.
Correbidia, new species of, 188.
Cosmosoma, new species of, 175.
Cossula, new species of, 682.
Cozsus, new species of, 632.
Cratosomus, new species of, 97.
Crinoid, on a new unstalked, 644,
Crocidura, new species of, 117.
Crocisa, new species of, 511.
Cropia, new species of, 39,
Crustacea, new, 510, 589.
Curimatus, new species of, 213.
Curvella, new species of, 472.
Cyrenaica, on the geology of, 649.
Dasychira, new species of, 548.
Dasychirana, characters of the new
genus, 550.
Dasylophia, new species of, 264.
Dasypoda, new species of, 226.
Diarhabdosia, new species of, 368.
Dicentria, new species of, 268.
Dichelacera, new species of, 214.
Dicreodon, new species of, 3896.
Diploptera, new, 98.
Dipodillus, new species of, 520,
Diptera, new, 215, 399, 586.
Dirphia, new species of, 622.
Distant, W. L., rhynchotal notes,
242, 338, 576,
Distichodus, new species of, 373.
Dolichesia, characters of the new
genus, 362.
Dollman, G., on a new genus of
molossine bats from W. Africa,
210; on mammals from British
EK. Africa, 518.
Doratopteryx, new species of, 573,
Dottia, characters of the new genus,
621.
Drawida, new species of, 495.
Druce, H., on heterocera from Tro-
pical S. America and two new Geo-
metride from W. Africa, 287,
652 INDEX.
Dynamopine, characters of the new
subfamily, 610.
Dynamopus, new species of, 612.
Dyomyx, new species of, 61.
Dyops, new species of, 64,
Ea, characters of the new genus,
257.
Ecdemus, new species of, 180.
Hchinosaura, new species of, 23.
Ecpantheria, new species of, 186,
Eigenmann, Prof. C. H., on two new
tetragonopterid fishes, 214.
Elis, new species of, 305,
Emarginea, new species of, 45,
Kmballonura, new species of, 384.
Ennea, new species of, 463.
Entomostraca, on freshwater, from
Egypt and the Soudan, 25,
Epeolus, new species of, 234.
Epicerura, characters of the new
genus, 557.
Epidonta, characters of the new
genus, 555.
Kpimys, new species of, 205, 461,
524, 590.
Fpitelia aculeata, note on, 105.
Eressades, characters of the new
genus, 531.
Eriopyga, new species of, 33.
EKuagra, new species of, 612.
Eucapnodes, new species of, 539,
Eucereon, new species of, 182.
Euchromia, new species of, 531,
Eucyane, new species of, 288.
Eucyrtothynnus, new species of,
300.
Eudontomyzon, characters of the
new genus, 200.
Kuproctis, new species of, 541,
Euproctoides, characters of the new
genus, 544,
Euryaspis, new species of, 345,
Fauxulus, new species of, 470.
Fibulariide, characters of the new
family, 604.
Fisher, W. K., on two new genera
of starfishes, 89.
Fishes, on the anatomy and classifi-
cation of, 1, 120, 193, 204, 259,
294, 320, 327 ; new, 197, 212, 215,
373, 377, 477.
Focilla, new species of, 71.
Foerster, Prof. F., on a new marsu-
pial, 337.
Galeacius, new species of, 242.
Gambiana, characters of the new
genus, 339,
Gammarus campylops, note on, 397.
Gazera, new species of, 192,
Geodena, new species of, 560.
Geological Society, proceedings of
the, 142, 223, 648,
Georychus, new species of, 462, 592.
Geotria, new species of, 196,
Gilchrist, Dr, J, D. F., on new fresh-
water fishes from 8. Africa, 477.
Givira, new species of, 629,
Glocia, new species of, 564.
Glyphidrilus annandalei, note on,’
Golofa, new species of, 158.
Goniorphnus, characters of the new
genus, 395,
Gonodonta, new species of, 83.
Graphigona, new species of, 190,
Gregory, Dr. J. W., on the geology
of Cyrenaica, 649.
Gudea, characters of the new genus,
348.
Gurney, R., on freshwater entomo-
straca from Egypt and the Soudan,
- 25,
Heromys, characters of the new
genus, 207,
Halisidota, new species of, 184,"
Hapalonychus, new species of, 396.
Harding, W. A., on a new leech
from Egypt, 388.
Hemiceras, new species of, 282.
Hemidactylus, new species of, 19.
Hemipecten, new species of, 628,
Heorta, new species of, 262.
Heriades, new species of, 314.
Herrichella, characters of the new
genus, 245,
Heterocampa, new species of, 272.
Heterochroma, new species of, 40.
Heteroptera, new, 242, 338, 576.
Hilipus, new species of, 94.
Hirst, S., on scorpions and Solifugee
from the Soudan, 217.
Holophiea, new species of, 178.
Homodes, new species of, 539.
Homeeocera, new species of, 287.
Homorus, new species of, 472.
Hoplistodera, new species of, 344.
Hume, Dr. W. F., on the effects of
secular oscillation in Egypt during
the Eocene and Cretaceous periods,
142.
Hyalurga, new species of, 288.
Hylesia, new species of, 622.
Hymenoptera, new, 98, 225, 297, 310,
479, 485,
——
INDEX.
Hyperoartii, synopsis of the, 193.
Hypocrisias, new species of, 186.
Hyponerita, new species of, 187,
Hypopta, new species of, 632,
Tlema, new species of, 534.
Iniomi, on the anatomy and classifi-
cation of the, 120.
Isanthrene, new species of, 173.
Jalina, characters of the new genus,
581.
Jalloides, new species of, 349,
Jaminia, new species of, 470.
Janeirona, characters of the new
genus, 352.
Joseph, E. G., on the lepidoptera
collected by W. J. Burchell in
Brazil, 9. 9
Josiomorphia, new species of, 289.
Jukes-Browne, A. J., description of
Venus stimpsoni, Gould, 1383.
Kapunda, characters of the new
genus, 341,
Kenia, characters of the new sub-
genus, 475.
Kerodon, new species of, 608.
Kirby, W. F., on a new species of
Temnophyllus, 93,
Kloss, C. B., on new mammals from
the Malay Peninsula, 115.
Knodus, new species of, 216.
Krapfiella, characters of the new
genus, 472.
Kurnaina, characters of the new
genus, 578.
Labeo, new species of, 477.
Lacipa, new species of, 544,
Lelia, new species of, 547,
Laganid, characters of the new
family, 604.
Lamellicorns, on a new subfamily
of, 610.
Langsdorphia, new species of, 291.
Lanopis, new species of, 255.
Lebeda, new species of, 369.
Lebiasina, new species of, 212.
Leipaxis, new species of, 565.
Lentagena, new species of, 651.
Lepidoptera, on the, collected by W.
J. Burchell in Brazil, 9; new, 33,
178, 237, 262, 287, 355, 530, 558,
612.
Leptognathus, new species of, 24,
Leptolepida, characters of the new
genus, 999.
Letis, new species of, 187.
Leucoma, new species of, 540.
Limicolaria, new species of, 471.
653
Lirimiris, new species of, 267.
Lithanthidium, characters of the
new genus, 225,
Lobeza, new species of, 282.
Lonchotus, new species of, 84.
Lophuromys, new species of, 381.
Loxa, new species of, 249.
Loxophlebia, new species of, 174.
Luciocharax, new species of, 212.
Lumbricus herculeus, on parasitic
castration in, 335,
Lycomorphodes, new species of, 364.
Lymantriades, characters of the new
genus, 551.
Macaca, new species of, 116.
M‘Intosh, Prof., on the American
Syllides verrilli, 145; on Nevaya
whiteavesi, 149; on the British
Cirratulidee, 151; on the Cirra-
tulide dredged by the Por-
cupine, 162; on the Cirratulide
from the Gulf of St. Lawrence,
168 ; on the structure of Magelona,
417.
Macristium chavesi, on the systematic
position of, 204,
Macrocneme, new species of, 287.
Macroglossus, new subspecies of, 641.
Macroplectra, new species of, 569.
Macroptila, new species of, 357.
Macropus, new subspecies of, 609,
Magelona, on the structure of, 417.
Malocampa, new species of, 617.
Mammals, new, 113, 115, 205, 210,
337, 378, 383, 384, 457, 513, 518,
590, 606, 609, 634, 641.
Marmosa, new species of, 514.
Mazacyla, new species of, 78.
Meade-Waldo, G., on new species of
Diploptera, 98.
Megachile, new species of, 315, 486.
Megascolex, new species of, 498.
Megymenum, new species of, 353.
Melanacanthus, new species of, 5865.
Melecta, new species of, 227.
Meragisa, new species of, 618.
Mesomys, new species of, 607.
Mesothen, new species of, 174.
Metallosia, new species of, 369.
Metalobosia, new species of, 364.
Metanastria, new species of, 370, 564.
Metarctia, new species of, 532.
Metatropis, new species of, 585.
Microcyprini, on the osteology and
classification of the, 320.
Microtus, new species of, 209, 383.
Miltochrista, new species of, 537.
654
Miresa, new species of, 568,
Moina, notes on species of, 27,
Mollusca, new, 412, 463.
Molossops, new species of, 113.
Monda, new species of, 576.
Monodes, new species of, 43.
Moonta, characters of the new genus,
338.
Murgantia, new species of, 251,
Mus, new species of, 119.
Myonotus, characters of the new
genus, 91.
Myzine, new species of, 302.
Nannocharax, new species of, 374.
Nearchaster, characters of the new
genus, 91.
Nectarina azteca, new name for, 112.
Nematobrycon, characters of the
new genus, 215.
Neocensorinus, definitions of the new
generic name, 258.
Neomenestheus, characters of the
new genus, 342.
Neurosymploca, new species of, 574.
Nevaya, characters of the new genus,
149.
Nodozana, new species of, 364.
Nola, new species of, 534.
Nomada, new species of, 250.
Nomioides, new species of, 285,
Notoplusia, new species of, 616.
Ocha, new species of, 372.
Ochodzeus, new species of, 391.
Odozana, new species of, 363.
(Enomys, new species of, 378.
Ogdoconta, new species of, 44.
Okeanos, characters of the new genus,
347.
Oospila, new species of, 293.
Opeas, new species of, 474.
Ophisma, new species of, 62.
Oplomus, new species of, 252.
Orzesia, new species of, 81.
Ormiscodes, new species of, 621.
Orthoptera, new, 93.
Orygia, new species of, 545.
Othoes, characters of the new genus,
220.
Othorene, new species of, 626.
Palarus, new species of, 481.
Palindia, new species of, 58.
Pandinus exitialis, new variety of,
219.
Paradiastema, new species of, 556.
Paradoxurus, new species of, 634.
Paragetor, characters of the new
genus, 571.
END ES
Parajalla, characters of the new
genus, 253,
Paralincus, characters of the new
genus, 246,
Paranerita, new species of, 187, 614.
Parapirga, characters of the new
genus, 552.
Paraplectra, characters of the new
genus, 570,
Paraproctis, characters of the new
genus, 043.
Parasa, new species of, 568.
Paratalara, new species of, 366.
Paraxena, characters of the new
genus, 044.
Parazana, characters of the new
genus, 555.
Parevia, new species of, 613.
Pelmatochromis, new species of,
377.
Pelochyta, new species of, 184.
Pendulinus, new’ species of, 580.
Peratodonta, new species of, 558.
Percoids, on the cirrhitiform, 259.
Pericopis, new species of, 288.
Petersius, new species of, 373.
Petoptila, new species of, 573.
Phalanger, new species of, 337.
Phereclus, new species of, 247.
Phiala, new species of, 554.
Phodotes, new species of, 513,
Phuphena, new species of, 42.
Pipistrellus, new species of, 458.
Piramurana, characters of the new
genus, 582.
Pisidium, new species of, 475.
Pitthea, new species of, 560,
Placobdella, new species of, 388.
Planois, new species of, 256.
Platceceticus, new species of, 634.
Platynopus, new species of, 351.
Plecotus, new species of, 209.
Plusia, new species of, 50.
Plusiodonta, new species of, 82.
Plutellus, new species of, 497.
Poectes, new species of, 49.
Polienus, new species of, 558.
Polistes, new species of, 101.
Polybia, new species of, 108.
Polypterus, new species of, 377.
Polytes, new species of, 245.
Polytoreutus, new species of, 507.
Poresta, new species of, 264,
Presbytis, new species of, 116.
Preston, H. B., on new species of
land and freshwater shells from
British E. Africa, 463.
INDEX.
Prionodactylus, new species of, 25.
Propyria, new species of, 183, 613.
Prosopis, new species of, 233.
Prumala, new species of, 185.
Pseudarctia, characters of the new
genus, 440,
Pseudobebzeus, characters of the
new genus, 254.
Pseudomantria, characters
new genus, 572.
Pseudosoloe, characters of the new
genus, 553.
Psilacron, new species of, 271.
Psilopleura, new species of, 178,
Psychogena, characters of the new
genus, 638,
Psychonoctua, new species of, 628.
Pupa, on the South African species
of, 401; new varieties of, 412.
Racheospila, new species of, 295,
Rachis, new species of, 469.
Rebmanniella, characters of the new
section, 471.
Regan, C. Tate, on the anatomy and
classification of the Berycomorphi
and Xenoberyces, | ; of the Iniomi,
120; synopsis of the Marsipo-
branchs of the order Hyperoartii,
195; on the systematic position of
Macristium chavesi, 204; on the
cirrhitiform percoids, 259; on the
anatomy and classification of the
Salmoperez, 294; on the osteology
and classifieation of the Micro-
eyprini, 320; on the classification
of the Synentognathi, 327.
Reptiles, new, 19.
Rhanidophora, new species of, 538.
thipidomys, new species of, | 14.
Rhuda, new species of, 279, 617.
Rhynchotal notes, 242, 338, 576.
Rifargia, new species of, 281.
oeselia, new species of, 355.
Rosema, new species of, 292.
Rothschild, the Hon. W., on a new
marsupial, 337.
Safia, new species of, 54.
Saliunca, new species of, 575.
Salmopercee, on the anatomy and
classification of the, 294.
Sapyga, new species of, 309.
Sarosa, new species of, 173.
Sastragala, new species of, 354.
Saurita, new species of, 178.
Scalpellum, new species of, 589.
Schaus, W., on new heterocera from
Costa Rica, 33, 173, 262, 355, 612.
of the
655
Schwarz, E., on new Asiatic mam-
mals and on Viverra fasciata, Gm.,
634.
Sciurus, new species of, 117, 659.
Scolia, new species of, 308.
Scorpions from the Soudan, on, 217,
Scrancia, new species of, 556.
Scutellidee, characters of the new
family, 604,
Sexton, E. W., on a new amphipod,
510.
Simulium, new species of, 586.
Sollas, Miss I. B. J., on parasitic
castration in the earthworm, 3395.
Somara, new species of, 570,
Speocropia, new species of, 58.
Sphecodes, new species of, 228.
Spilothynnus, new species of, 297.
Staphylinochrous, new species of,
574.
Stauropus, new species of, 557.
Stenocercus, new species of, 22.
Strand, E., notes on the cocoons and
descriptions of four new species of
the genus Trichostibas, 257.
Summers, Miss 8. L. M., on a new
species of Tabanidee from British
Guiana, 213; on a new species of
Simulium from the Siamese Hills,
586. :
Syconycteris, new species of, 642.
Syllides verrilli, remarks on, 145.
Synentognathi, on the classification
of the, 327.
Synodontis, new species of, 375.
Synceca, note on the habits of species
of, 105,
Syntomis, new species of, 530.
Systropha, new species of, 227.
Tabanidee, new species of, 213.
Talara, new species of, 365.
Tambourina, characters of the new
genus, 577,
Taragama, new species of, 561.
Tatera, new species of, 521.
Taterillus, new species of, 459, 520.
Tathorhyncus, new species of, 538.
Temnophyllus, new species of, 93.
Terina, new species of, 560.
Thamnomys, new species of, 381, 527.
Thapsia, new species of, 466.
Theobald, F. V., ona new African
Corethra, 399.
Thomas, O., on three new S. African
mammals, 113; on new Asiatic
Muride, 205; on new African
Muride, 3578; on a new vole from
656
Fastern Asia, 385; on new mam-
mals from Dutch New Guinea,
384; on mammals from Northern
Nigeria, 457; on new mammals
from Tropical S. America, 515: on
three new African rodents, 590 ;
on three new mammals from the
Lower Amazons, 606; on a new
kangaroo from Western Australia,
609.
Thompson, W. W., on new fresh-
water fishes from S. Africa, 477.
Thosea, new species of, 567,
Thyone, new species of, 362.
Tilapia, new species of, 576.
Tiphia, new species of, 307.
Trabala, new species of, 564.
Trachycystis, new-species of, 468.
Trachyptena, characters. of the new
genus, 572.
Trichiura, new species | of, 565.
Trichostibas, new species of, 237,
Trigena, new species of, 631,
Trincavellius, new species of, 248.
Trissophaes, new species of, 189.
Trotonotus, new species of, 558.
Tryphosites, new species of, 510.
Tupaia, new species of, 116.
Turner, R. E., notes on fossorial
hymenoptera, 297, 479.
Turrana, characters of the new genus,
579,
INDEX.
Typomys, characters of the
genus, 382,
Uromys, new species of, 208, 386,
Utana, new species of, 346.
Varicorhinus, new _ species of,
477.
Venus stimpsoni, description of, 133,
Vespa, new species of, 104.
Viverra fasciata, note on, 638.
Viverricula, new subspecies of,
637.
Walker, A. O., on Gammarus cam-
pylops, Leach, 397.
Watney, Miss G. R., on the zonal
classification of the Salopian rocks
of Cautley and Ravenstonedale,
223.
Welch, Miss E. G., on the zonal
classification of the Salopian rocks
of Cautley and Ravenstonedale,
223.
Woodward, Dr. A. 8., on recent
excavations in the cavern of La
Cotte, 144.
Xenoberyces, on the anatomy and
classification of the, 1.
Xerus, new species of, 518.
Xiphonycteris, characters
new genus, 210.
Xylocopa, new subspecies of, 310.
Zeuzera, new species of, 291, 628.
Zingis, new species of, 467.
new
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LXIYV. Descriptions of new African Tsfeebooe | By fa Co be
Barnune-Baker, F.LS., F.Z8. 20.00... ae ASE: a he ee ee
LXV. Rhynchotal Notes.—LV. By W.L. Distant .......... 576
LXVI. Notes from the Entomological Department of the London |
School of Tropical Medicine.—No. II. Description of a new Species —
of Simulium from the Siamese Hills. By Miss Sopara L. M. ih.
MM Ae Dato Gaases ss se sche ety 5 Was eaters Mees She Cae ot Oe
LXVII. Some Barnacles of the Genus Scalpellum from Irish Seas aia
By N, Annanpatz, D.Sc., Indian Museum, Caleutta.............. 588
LXVIII. Three new African Rodents. By Otprrenp Tuomas .. 590
I.XIX. The Genera of Recent Clypeastroids. By Husarr Lyman.
Crarx, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, U.S.A. ...... 598
LXX. Three new Mammals from the Lower Amazons. By
OUDPINID LROMAB a Foo Ne pe’. uacete Dace Se treme cus ce 606
LXXI--A new Kangaroo from the Northern Territory of Western
Australia. By Otprrenp THOMAS .....-.. 2000, eo eeu aS 8h)
LXXII. Upon the Dynamopine, a new Subfamily of Lamellicorn
Beetles: “By GripeRt-d, ARROW se. S05 Gey cs ds sce Ree 610
LXXTII. New Species of Heterocera from Costa Rica. VIII. By
W GHATS SELB. seins ots oe Ge cay Ore iy eg ee oe eee 612
LXXTIV. Seven new Asiatic Mammals, with aoe on the “Viverra
fasciata” of Gmelin, By Ennsr Scuwanrz.
LXXYV. Six new Fruit-bats of the Genera Mona oglossus and
Syconyeteris. « By Knup ANDERSEN 22...) eee gs odes Sr ed het 641
LXXVI. A new Unstalked Crinoid from Christmas Island. a
Averin Hopant CLARK sy bss cw Glee See oo Ree wR van One
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTICE.
Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Schwedischen Zoologischen Expe-
dition nach dem Kilimandjaro, dem Meru und den Umgebenden
Massaistoppen, Deutsch-Ostafrikas, 1905-1906, unter Leitung
vor: Prof: -Dr.: Yngve Sjosbede 8 0 ee cas ee een ee 646
PROCEEDINGS OF LEARNED SOCIETIES.
seGeolopieal Bociehy 5. Fa a ee Cee 648, 649
*,* Itis requested that all Communications for this Work may be addressed,
post-paid, to the Care of Messrs. Taylor and ee eee Ofices
Red Lion Court, Fleet Street, London. ;
eo > $0 nee
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