i UF EF seer es bs bP Peng SS ivkess snes 2 saat: ales Wie bars , =) sutra lamest pore re Ae Ee Ebehestina ica titsorese wats a! ne! msurtacmenecas peel Pe euires ds.” Ve. ee ome og anf Paro ainsi tesncs Whotudontd thet imehieret et rs Pn ton tate, eorener ie Rbed WP Sipe niet on Mt CROP Eek arm Rego pe rus. beostean ian . 4 oir t ANNALES OF THE EAKNEGIE: MUSEUM VOLUME V. 1908-1909 Wj. HOLLAND) 2Aadivor PUBLISHED BY THE AUTHORITY OF THE BoAarRD OF TRUSTEES OF THE CARNEGIE INSTITUTE OCTOBER, I1908-JULY, 1909 Zz se as f . © ; ; ; ¥ i a - he art ; . + . ¢ . 4 — ¥ ~ * - a 4 . = * ~ - - a ¥oeed PRESS OF THE NEW ERA PRINTING COMPANY LANCASTER, PA. XA TABLE. OF CONSENTS: PAGES Title-page and Table of Contents. : : ft * 5 i-iv List of Plates . A : ; : : : : d : v-vi List of Figuresin Text . ' ; : : : : 4 vil Errata and Corrigenda : ; : 3 F ‘ : : ix Editorial Notes : 4 I- 7; 137-140; 453-456 I. Notes on Costa Rican mormitanide. By M. A. Car- riker, Jr. : : é 8-10 II. Vertebrate Fossils pore the ore Spine Beds, By Earl Douglass. 11-26 III. A Preliminary List of the Pepidoptera of Western Penne sylvania Collected in the Vicinity of Pittsburgh. By Henry Engel : : ~ 27-136 IV. The Fauna of the Upper Wevamant in Wenner Part I. The Fossils of the Red Shales. By Percy E. Ray- mond . : . 141-158 V. Description of a New Saacies af Becca iia the Upper Miocene of Montana, with Notes upon /yo- camelus madisonius Douglass. By Earl Douglass. 159-165 VI. Some Sections of the Conemaugh Series between Pitts- burgh and Latrobe, Pennsylvania. By Percy E. Raymond . : . 166-177 VII. A Preliminary List of the Unignide of Wester Pennsyh: vania, with New Localities for Species from East- ern Pennsylvania. By A. E. Ortmann : . 178-210 VIII. A Geological Reconnaissance in North Dakota, Montana, and Idaho, with Notes on Mesozoic and Cenozoic Geology. By Earl Douglass 3: . 211-288 IX. A Botanical Survey of Presque Isle, Erie Comity, eee: sylvania. By Otto E. Jennings . . 289-421 X. A Catalog of Relics and Objects, Many of then Petia: ing to the Early History of Pittsburgh, Exhibited at the Museum upon the Occasion of the Sesqui-Cen- tennial Celebration of the Founding of Pittsburgh, Sept. 27—-Nov. 25, 1908. By Douglas Stewart . 422-451 XI. Dromomeryx, a New Genus of American Ruminants. By Earl Douglass ‘ : ; : : - 452-479 ili iv TABLE OF CONTENTS. XII. Fossils from the Glacial Drift and from the Devonian and Mississippian near Meadville, Pennsylvania. By. William Millward ; ‘ : E : . 480-487 XIII. A New Species of Helodus. By Charles R. Eastman . 488-489 XIV. In Memoriam. Charles Chauncey Mellor. By W. J. Holland : : : : : : . “)aeo=s08 Index. : : 4 : : : : , : 504 XVI. XVII. XVIII. XIX. XX. XXI. LIST OF PEATES, SA . Fort Union Mammals. See explanation, p. 25. . Fort Union Mammals. See explanation, p. 25. . Upper Devonian Brachiopoda. See explanation, p. 153. . Cletothyridina devonica Raymond. See explanation, p. 153. Loxopteria holzapfeli and L. clarket. See explanation, p. 153. . Upper Devonian Cephalopoda and Pelecypoda. See explana- tion, p. 157. . Upper Devonian Cephalopoda. See explanation, p. 157. . Upper Devonian Cephalopoda. See explanation, p. 158. . Skull of Procamelus elrodi Douglass. . Skull and Neck of Procamelus elrodi Douglass. . Palatal view of Skull of Procamelus elrodi Douglass. . Geological Section from Jack’s Run to Wood’s Run. See ex- planation, p. 177. . Unconformity near Wood’s Run. See explanation, p. 177. . Unconformity near Etna and Wood’s Run. See explanation, p. 177 Upper Figure. An Ox-bow on the Little Missouri River. ‘‘Logging Camp’’ H. T. Ranch. About Forty Miles above Medora in North Dakota. Looking South. Lower Figure. HH. T. Horse Ranch. In the Distance Hill composed of Fort Union Beds. Upper Figure. Black Butte, Billings County, North Dakota. Looking South. Lower Figure. White Butte, Billings County, North Dakota. Upper Figure. Part of Eastern Portion of White Butte. Lower Figure. View Four Miles North of White Butte. Cliff Lake, Madison County, Montana. Terraces of the Tertiary and More Recent Deposits in the Upper Madison Valley in Montana. Section from North to South through the Jurassic (?), Cretaceous, and Tertiary Rocks on Fish Creek, Sweetgrass County, Montana. Upper Figure. Part of the Eastern Portion of White Butte from the Eastern Side. Lower Figure. Part of the Eastern Portion of White Butte. Vv vi XXII. XXIII. XXIV-LI. BE DUBE elWe LV: Teale EVIL Ly Tt, eX List OF PLATES. Map of Presque Isle. Chart showing a Schematic Classification of the Vegetational Formations of Presque Isle. Series of Plates Illustrating the Various Vegetational Features of Presque Isle, Erie County, Pennsylvania, and Accom- panying the Botanical Survey of that Locality by Mr. O. E. Jennings. Set of Sheffield Plate, which belonged to William Pitt, Earl of Chatham. Seal, Fob, and Cameo Scarf-ring, which belonged to William Pitt, Earl of Chatham. Leather Wallet carried by General John Forbes on his March to Pittsburgh, 1758. Certificate of Freedom of Dunfermline, Tobacco Mull, and Commission in Colonel. Stewart's Regiment, which belonged to General John Forbes. Inscription Sides of Powder-horn carved by William McKenzie, 1783, when in Garrison of Fort Pitt. Old Fire Engine Built by Members of the Harmony Society at Economy, Beaver County, Pa., 1826. First Court-house in the Diamond Market-place, Pittsburgh, Pa. Built 1794, torn down 1862. Site of ‘‘ Old City Hall’’ 1908. The Western University of Pennsylvania, from Oil Painting by Russell Smith, 1833. (Fourth Ave. and Cherry Alley.) Charles Chauncey Mellor. on ESO ReniGURES IN: TEXT. Life-mask of President Lincoln and cane used by President Lincoln . 140 Platyclymenia americana Raymond . : : : : d 150 Platyclymenia polypleura Raymond . ; ‘ ‘ : . Ene Prolobites simplex Raymond . ; : : : : : LESS Tornoceras crebriseptum Raymond . : : : ; ; seh Gt Tornoceras sp. , ‘ , : : : : : : 5 HRA Tornoceras douglasst Raymond g : : é A : 24 EGG Lateral view of skull of Procamelus madisonius Douglass : = 164 Palatal view of skull of Procamelus madisonius Douglass . F OA Powder-horn carved by William McKenzie, while in the garrison of Fort Pitt, 1783 . : ; : , ; : ; . 434 Dromomeryx borealis (Cope). Skull . : 5 : ; . 462 Dromomeryx borealis (Cope). Portion of brain-case from above ~ A7I Dromomeryx borealis (Cope). Portion of brain-case from below ARI vil PRRALA AND CORRIGENDA. Page 32, No. 215, for Lzzueus read Botsduval & Leconte. Page 4o, No. 774, for Lzzneus read Lintner. Page 41, No. 832, for afella read opella. Page 45, for No. 980 (Afatela morula) read ggo. Page 52, for No. 1558 (Fedta subgothica) read 1538. Page 59, No. 2204, for 7rzgonaphora read Trigonophora. Page 67, for No. 2766 (Melipotis nigrescens) read 276,’. Page 70, under Bomolocha chicagonis read Merrick for Engel. Page 81, No. 3383, for Jerstiiata read hersiliata. Page 92, No. 4100, for Packadia read Packardia. Page 96, No. 4386, for Thalerta read Tholeria. Page 110, for ochrotermenana read ochroterminana. Page 110, dele Eucosma dorsisuffusana Kearfott, see p. 109. Page 110, dele Eucosma engelana Kearfott, see p. 109. Page 134, No. 6502, for doristrigella read dorsistrigella. Page 135, No. 6541, for Hormesetia read Hormosetia. Page 227, 5th line from bottom, read Cornus amomum., Page 357, for lonchitis read lonchites. Page 455, for colombi read columbi. AN Neca OF THE marNEGIE MUSEUM VMOLUME. V..- NO. -L. EDITORIAL NOTES. THE twelfth celebration of Founder’s Day took place on April 30, 1908. ‘The principal address of the occasion was delivered by the Right Honorable James Bryce, the British Ambassador, who spoke upon ‘‘ The Influence of Modern Science upon Modern Thought.’’ His scholarly address paid high tribute to the manner in which the exact methods of students of nature have contributed to advancement, more especially in the field of the historical and sociological sciences. The address delivered by Dr. William T. Hornaday upon ‘‘ The Edu- cational Value of Popular Museums’’ well sustained the reputation of the speaker as one of the foremost exponents of advanced methods in imparting popular instruction along scientific lines. The address of Mr. Henry E. Krehbiel on ‘‘The Orchestra as a factor in Educa- tion ’’ was incidentally a powerful plea for the maintenance in Pitts- burgh of the splendid orchestra which has done so much within recent years to elevate the standard of musical taste in the community. The proceedings of Founder’s Day have been issued in the form of a pamphlet, the beautiful typography of which reflects the excellent taste which characterizes everything put forth by the DeVinne Press. The only criticism which the Editor of the ANNALS would make relates to the title of the cut facing page 37, in which his namesake, Deno- hyus holland Peterson, is designated as a ‘‘ fossil pig.’’ It is ‘‘a far cry’’ from Dinohyus to the genus Sus. 1 bo ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. Tue Editor with Mr. A. S. Coggeshall spent the months of April, May, and June in Europe engaged in installing at the Royal Museum in Berlin and at the National Museum in the Jardin des Plantes, Paris, the replicas of Diplodocus carnegtet which Mr. Carnegie has presented to the German Emperor and to the President of the French Republic. While the labors incident to this journey were somewhat exacting, compensation was found in the opportunity which was afforded to form friendships with many of the most distinguished scientific men of the German and French capitals. The kind invitation to be pres- ent at the sessions of the International Anatomical Congress, which was held in Berlin in April, was gladly accepted and resulted in per- sonal acquaintance with many of those present, who represented the latest achievements in this important branch of scientific inquiry. With charming hospitality the Ministry of Public Instruction and the Faculty of the University of Berlin on the evening of May 13 gave a banquet in honor of Mr. Carnegie and his representative. The pleas- ures of the occasion will never be forgotten. In Paris President Fal- liéres in person accepted Mr. Carnegie’s gift on the afternoon of June 15, and in the evening of the same day the Faculty of the Museum united in a gathering at which in addition to choice viands there was a generous display of gracious and witty oratory. Gratitude for Mr. Carnegie’s gifts was shown in everything that was said and done both in Germany and France. ‘The bestowal by the German Emperor of the Royal Prussian Order of the Crown, and by the President of France of the Cross of the Legion of Honor upon the Director of the Carnegie Museum, and the bestowal of the order of Officier de 1’ In- struction Publique upon Mr. Coggeshall by the French President, fur- nished striking evidence of their appreciation of the gifts of Mr. Carnegie. The Diplodocus was for the time being the sensation of the French capital and furnished the wise and the unwise, who thrive by pushing their pens, an apparently unlimited field for the exercise of their talents, as is evidenced by a collection of over six hundred clippings taken from French journals. The Editor refuses to be held responsible for a great deal that was published in the guise of accurate information in reference to this interesting fossil ; and he certainly cannot be held responsible for the vagaries of French wits, who apparently tasked their ingenuity in order to amuse their readers. One of the funniest productions is that of a writer, who alleges that the founder of the EDITORIAL. 3 Carnegie Institute, indignant at the manner in which wealthy Ameri- cans have been imposed upon by the sale to them of bogus Rembrandts and Corots, secretly resolved in conspiracy with the Director of the Carnegie Museum to perpetrate upon the unsuspecting European public a gigantic hoax, and accordingly had the Dzp/odocus fabricated, and actually succeeded in palming it off upon crowned heads and the scientific men of Europe. After that the two conspirators are repre- sented as foregathering at Skibo and indulging in quiet chuckles over the success of their wicked scheme. To what lengths will not the journalistic fancy go ? Mr. JoHN D. HaseMAN has completed the work of thoroughly ex- ploring the rivers of the Brazilian highlands north and west of Bahia in quest of fishes, and has sent to the Museum a collection of over four thousand specimens taken by him during this portion of his journey. He is at present engaged in collecting in the streams of the Province of Sao Paulo. A COLLECTION of birds made at Biskra by Mr. Joseph Steinbach during the last winter has been acquired. It consists of over three hundred specimens, representing eighty-two species of the birds found in that locality. A CONSIDERABLE collection of skulls and skeletons representing genera not hitherto found in our osteological collection was acquired by the Director of the Carnegie Museum during his stay in Europe, purchases having been made in a number of places. This material is now on exhibition in the Gallery of Mammals. OpporTUNITY was afforded while in Berlin and Paris to make search for various works of reference urgently called for in recent years. Among other excellent acquisitions was a complete set of ‘‘ Palzeonto- graphica,’’ Blainville’s great work on Osteology, Semon’s ‘‘ For- schungen in Australien,’’ ‘‘ Zoologica,’’ a complete set of the publica- tions of the Académie Royale des Sciences de Belgique, the ‘* Abhand- lungen der Schweizerischen Paleontologischen Gesellschaft,’’ a complete set of the ‘‘ Jenaische Zeitschrift fiir Naturwissenschaften,’’ of the ‘ 4.5. Fig. 3. Tooth with serrated posterior border. Silberling Collection. >< 4.5. Fig. 4. Euprotogonia. No. 1016. A premolar. Top view. > 2.25. Figs. 5-6. Megopterna minuta. No. 1675. Type of genus and species. Fig. 5, top view of teeth. Fig. 6, side view of portion of mandible with teeth. >< 9. Figs. 7-8. Lowermolar tooth. No, 1692. Sideand posterioroblique views. >< 4.5 Figs. 9-10. Picrodus silberling?, No. 1670. Type of genus and species. Top and external views of mandible with two teeth. 9. Fig. 11. Premolar tooth No, 1689. > 2.25. Fig. 12. Premolar tooth No. 1690. 2.25. Fig. 13. Premolar tooth No. 1687. 4.5. Fig. 14. Premolar tooth No. 1686. 4.5. Fig. 15. Protochriacus? No, 1928. ‘x 2.25. Fig. 16. Ptilodus. No. 1933. Top view. 4.5. Fig. 17. Cimolestes? No. 1013. Left ramus of mandible. >< 1.5 Fig. 18. Incisor tooth. Silberling Collection. Side view. The other side rep- resented in Fig. 19. > 4.5. Fig. 19. Ptilodus Montanus. No. 1673. Type. Portion of mandible with two teeth, < 4.5. Fig. 20, Same specimen as Fig. 18. View of opposite side. (A 4.5. BEATER EL Fort Union Mammals. Figs. 1-2. Deltatherium? Carnegie Museum Catalogue of Vertebrate Fossils, No. 1698. Two upper premolar teeth in portion of maxillary. Fig. 1, external view. 1.75. Fig. 2, crown view of teeth. 1.75, Figs. 3-4. Coriphagus montanus, No. 1669. Type of genus and species. Fig. 3, outer view of ramus of mandible. >< 1.5. Fig. 4, top view of teeth. >< 3. Figs. 5-6. Tricentes? No. 1676 Views of molar tooth. > 4.5. 26 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. Figs. 7-8. Zvicentes? No. 1677. Fig. 7, crown view of last lower premolar and first lower molar. Fig. 8, external view of mandible. > 2.25. Figs. 9-10. /ixodectes? No. 1672. Portion of mandible with two molars. Crown view of teeth and lateral view of specimen. 4.5. Fig. 11. Portion of a mandible with two premolar teeth. No. 1678. >< 4.5. Fig. 12. Luprotogonia. No, 1164. Lower molar. 9. Fig. 13. Luprotogonia? Silberling Collection. Lower molar. ‘ 2.25. Figs. 14-15-16. Calamodon. No. 1674. 1.5. Figs. 17-18-19. Pantolambda. Silberling Collection, Lower molar, 1.5 Ill. A PRELIMINARY LIST OF THE LEPIDOPTERA OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA COLLECTED IN THE VICINITY OF (PITTSBURGE By Henry ENGEL. About four years ago the Entomological Society of Western Penn- sylvania adopted a resolution providing for the preparation of a list of the lepidoptera found in this section of the country. For various reasons, principally lack of interest on the part of the membership, and lack of knowledge of the material contained in the smaller collections, the undertaking made little progress, and was finally abandoned. My personal knowledge of all the local collections has led me to believe that the lepidopterous fauna of our district has been pretty thoroughly explored, and I have therefore thought it advisable myself to prepare a list. The area covered by this list is comparatively small. The most of the collections made in the vicinity of Pittsburgh have been secured within a radius of about fifteen miles from the heart of the city. At New Brighton, Pennsylvania, Mr. Frank A. Merrick and his son, the late Henry D. Merrick, accumulated a very interesting collection by industrious work. Occasional trips by local collectors to Ohio Pyle, Pennsylvania, have added a number of interesting species to our faunal list. The various collections examined by me and containing the mate- rial here listed are the following: The collections in the Carnegie Museum, gathered by Dr. W. J. Holland, Mr. Hugo Kahl, Mr. Henry G. Klages, and Mr. H. H. Smith; the collections of the Merrick Museum, New Brighton, Pennsylvania ; the private collections of Mr. Zarobsky of Wilmerding, of Mr. P. Foerster of Walls, of Mr. Frank Knechtel of Swissvale, of Messrs. F. H. Lippold, Christian Meyer, and F. C. Overbeck of Allegheny, and those of Messrs. F. W. Friday, F. Marloff, and George and Bernard Krautwurm of Pittsburgh. To these I may add the collections made by myself, which are in large part inthe Carnegie Museum. All of the gentlemen above mentioned have cheerfully given me their assistance in the preparation of this list by granting me the privilege of examining their collections, by loaning 27 28 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE Museum. to me undetermined material, and by freely communicating to me their notes and observations. My sincere thanks are jointly extended to them for their courtesy. I am under special obligations to Dr. H. G. Dyar, Professor John B. Smith, Mr. August Busck, and Mr. W. D. Kearfott for their kind assistance in determining numerous species for me. Dr. W. J. Holland has accorded to the list his editorial super- vision, and has added here and there the names of species known to him as occurring in the region, and has here and there appended notes. I have followed the nomenclature and order givenin ‘‘ A List of the North American Lepidoptera,’’ published by Dr. H. G. Dyar, as ‘* Bulletin No. 52 of the United States National Museum.’’ I have departed in some places from that List, especially in the case of the Micro-lepidoptera, where these have been studied and revised by authors who have published since Dr. Dyar gave his List to the world. This is more particularly true in the case of the Z7zecd@, upon which Messrs. Dietz and Busck have recently published extensively. The rapid increase in our knowledge of the subject very soon causes the best list to become antiquated. ' 1In going over Dr. Dyar’s List my attention has been called by various friends to typographical errors which are found in that publication, to which it may not be im- proper to call attention, I only cite those which relate to the following list. Page 2 for ‘‘ IPHIDICLES’’ read IPHICLIDES. Page 71 for ‘‘ exceecatus’’ read exceecata. The noun Peonzas is feminine, and ‘ Exceecata’’ is the specific name first given. Page 72 for ‘‘ promethia’’ read promethea. Page 116 for ‘‘ miseloides’’ read miselioides. Page 153 for ‘‘ ligitima’’ read legitima. Page 165 for ‘‘oviducta’’ read oviduca. Page 189 for ‘‘arcifera’’ read arcigera. Page 199 for ‘‘ thyatiroides’’ read thyatyroides. Page 202 for ‘‘falcigera’’ read falcifera. ) ” 2 ? Page 209 for ‘‘ muscoscula’’ read muscosula. age 224 for ‘‘ robinsonii’’ read robinsoni. Page 224 for ‘* rob ”” read rob Page 238 for ‘*‘ PHEOCYMA” read PHAZOCYMA. Page 264 for ‘‘ herminiata’’ read hermineata. Page 265 for ‘* CLADORA’’ read CLADARA. Page 269 for ‘*refusata’’ read refusaria. Page 280 for ‘‘ ruficilliata’’ read ruficillata. § Page 282 for ‘‘ vasaliata’’ read vasiliata. Page 285 for ‘‘ gibbocostata’’ read gibbicostata. 8 8 g Page 290 for ‘*‘ Ha:MaATopsIs’’ read HAMATOPIS. Page 291 for ‘‘insularia’’ read insulsaria. Page 292 for ‘‘ ennucleata’’ read enucleata. ENGEL: LEPIDOPTERA OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 29 Nearly fifteen hundred species and varieties are enumerated in this list as occurring within the region covered by it. There are in the collections in and about Pittsburgh over one hundred species, which have not as yet been determined. It will be observed from this that the neighborhood possesses a very extensive lepidopterous fauna. RHOPALOCE RA: Family PAPILIONID/:. 5.° Iphiclides ajax Linneus, var. telamonides Felder. April 30-May 15; var. marcellus Boisduval & Leconte, July 18- August 20. General, but not common. Larva on Asimina triloba. 11. Papilio glaucus Linnzus, var. turnus Linneus. April 30-June 25; July 21-August 13. Common. Larve on wild cherry and tulip-poplar. [Both yellow and black females are common. Lditor.| 13. Papilio troilus Linnzus. May 7-June 25; July 21-Augustro. Common. _ Larvz on sassa- fras and spicebush. Var. radiatus Strecker. Two specimens were reared by Mr. Lippold. 14. Papilio cresphontes * Cramer. July and August. This handsome species is rare in this vicinity. About twelve specimens are distributed in the various collections, which were taken in the neighborhood. 22. Papilio polyxenes Fabricius. May 20-June 25 ; July 14—August 27. Common. The larve are abundant on carrots and allied plants. 23. Papilio philenor Linnzus. May 24—June 10; July 14-September 15. Common. The larve are found on the two species of Avstolochia, which occur in Alle- Page 305 for ‘* PSYSOSTEGANIA ”’ read PHYSOSTEGANIA. Page 321 for ‘‘unipuncta’’ read unipunctata. Page 327 for ‘‘ intextata’’ read intertextata. Page 334 for ‘‘athasiaria’’ read athasaria. Page 337 for ‘‘ Hypetrris’’ read HYPERETIS. Page 343 for ‘‘armantaria’’ read armataria. Page 348 for ‘‘ ABBOTANA’”’ read ABBOTTANA. * The numbers at the left correspond to those in Dyar’s list. 3 P. cresphontes is not synonymous with P. ¢hoas, as stated by Dr. Dyar. P. thoas is a southern form, which occurs in Texas and southward, but is not known to occur north of the Gulf States, Zdztor. 30 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. gheny County. They are particularly common on Aristolochia macro- phylla, The Dutchman’s-Pipe-Vine. Family PIERIDA. 37. Pontia protodice Boisduval & Leconte. July 28—August 27. Common. , 37a. Pontia vernalis Edwards. Pittsburgh, April 18-28 (Engel & Marloff). 38g. Pontia napi var. virginiensis Edwards. New Brighton, April 4-26 (Merrick); Pittsburgh, April 9-30 (Engel & Marloff). 4o. Pontia rape Linnzus. April 23-October 6. This common species may be observed throughout the season from early spring until the occurrence of heavy frosts. (The editor has observed it on the wing on several occasions in January and February, when there had been a succession of mild days. ) 4ob. P. rape var. immaculata Skinner & Aaron. New Brighton, April 23, 1899 (Merrick). 52. Callidryas eubule Linnzeus. (The editor has twice observed this species on the wing in Pitts- burgh, but failed to take the specimens. The late Dr. John Hamilton took it on one occasion near Tarentum, and a worn specimen was cap- tured in the early summer of 1908 by Mr. Hugo Kahl. ) 61. Zerene cesonia Stoll. Wilmerding (Foerster). A rather worn specimen, the date of cap- ture of which was unfortunately not preserved. 65. Eurymus eurytheme Boisduval. New Brighton, September 25 (Merrick) ; Pittsburgh, October 22 (Marloff) ; Jeannette (Knechtel) ; Wilmerding (Zahrobsky). 66. Eurymus philodice Godart. April 22-May 20; June 27-July 3; August 1ro—November 9. There are apparently three broods in the season. ‘The white female occurs frequently, especially in the summer brood. Var. nigridice Scudder. One male in fine condition is contained in the Merrick Museum, collected by Mr. Glasser, August 20, at Millvale, Pa. 83. Eurema nicippe Cramer. New Brighton, September 23 (Merrick); Pittsburgh, May 6 ENGEL: LEPIDOPTERA OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 31 (Engel) ; Millvale, July (Lippold). This species is contained in several other collections taken in this vicinity, but dates of capture are lacking. (The larva feeds upon the various species of the genus Cassia, and where these plants occur abundantly, as used to be the case in the neighborhood of Tarentum, the insect is not uncommon in the early fall. dtfor.) 85. Eurema euterpe Ménétries. New Brighton, October 19 (Merrick); Pittsburgh, October 19 (Marloff), Millvale, September (Lippold). Family NYMPHALID. g2. Euptoieta claudia Cramer. Pittsburgh, July 15—August 11 (Engel & Friday) ; second brood, September 28—October 20. Common. Specimens representing the first brood are rather scarce, and are as a rule larger and darker than those of the fall brood. 95. Argynnis idalia Drury. July 25—-August 30. Rare. Nearly all of the collections contain one or more local captures of this handsome butterfly. 99. Argynnis cybele Fabricius. May 26-July 8; August 1to-September 12. Common. I have occasionally found the larvz under loose boards along fences in pas- ture-fields. too. Argynnis aphrodite Fabricius. ' May 24-July 5; August 2o-September 7. Common. The larve may be found in pasture-lands where violets grow. 1o2. Argynnis atlantis Edwards. Taken at Cresson by Dr. Holland and Mr. George Ehrman. 131. Brenthis myrina Cramer. May 30-June 15; July and August. Rather rare in the immediate vicinity of Pittsburgh, but abundant at Idlewild and New Brighton. 141. Brenthis bellona Fabricius. May 14—June 25; July 3-30; September 7-12. Common. 146. Euphydryas pheton Drury. Pittsburgh, June 12 (Marloff) ; New Brighton, June 17, 18 (Mer- rick) ; Mr. Lippold has repeatedly collected the hibernating larve in a swamp at Aspinwall, and has reared them in abundance. 185. Charidryas nycteis Doubleday & Hewitson. June 20—July to ; August 1-20. Common. Several dozen larvz 32 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. were reared by the writer some years ago. They were feeding on the leaves of sneezeweed, Helenium autumnadle Linneus. 189. Phyciodes tharos Drury. May 17—June 26; July 28—August 20. The form morpheus Fabri- cius, and several aberrations, in which the normal ground color is replaced by white, were noted among the local material. 205. Polygonia interrogationis Fabricius. August 30-October 13. Form umbrosa Lintner. June 13-July 10; September 12. The latter record is a specimen reared by the writer among a batch of larvee of the fall brood. All the other speci- mens proved to be interrogationis. Foodplant: elm. 206. Polygonia comma Harris. August-September 7 ; March 29-April 25. Form dryas, Edwards, June 21-July 30. Mr. Krautwurm has reared the larve on nettle. Both forms are common. 209. Polygonia faunus Edwards. Pittsburgh, July (Friday); New Brighton, Pa., August 20 (Merrick). 214. Polygonia progne Cramer. New Brighton, June 15—July 12 (Merrick) ; Pittsburgh and Rock Point, July 2-10 (Marloff, Engel & Friday). Mr. Marloff reared several specimens from larvze found on currant. 215. Eugonia j-album Linnzus. July 4-12, March, April. This handsome butterfly is rare in the vicinity of Pittsburgh, but commoner at New Brighton and Rock Point. 217. Euvanessa antiopa Linnzus. March 3-April 14; June 6-July 14; August 12-September 25. Common. The larve are abundant on willow, elm, and poplar. 218. Aglais milberti Godart. Allegheny, July (Lippold) ; Swissvale (Knechtel) ; Wilmerding (Zahrobsky and Foerster). Mr. Lippold has reared the larve on nettle. 219. Vanessa atalanta Linneus. April 18—May 12; June 30-July 29; September 20. Common. 220. Vanessa huntera Fabricius. May 13-26; July 14-23 ; September 6-October 10. Common. 221. Vanessa cardui Linnzeus. June 22-July 12; August 7. This species is quite common in some years, and very rare in others. Mr. Marloff has reared the larve on thistle. ENGEL: LEPIDOPTERA OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 33 223. Junonia ceenia Hiibner. New Brighton, September 11 (Merrick). Pittsburgh, July 20 (Friday). Riverview Park, Allegheny (Lippold and Overbeck). 236. Basilarchia astyanax Fabricius. May 28—June 25; July 23-August 6. Common. Foodplants: apple, wild cherry. B. astyanax var. albofasciata Newcomb. Pittsburgh, July 23 (Friday & Marloff); Wilmerding (Zah- robsky) ; New Brighton (Merrick). This form had been referred to arthemis Drury in all the local collections. The ground color will at once separate it from the latter. 239. Basilarchia archippus Cramer. May 28—-June 19; August 4-September 2. The larve are not un- common on willow. 244. Chlorippe celtis Boisduval & Le Conte. July 18-25. This species is rare, but represented in nearly all the collections. 248, Chlorippe clyton Boisduval & Le Conte. June 30-July 18. Var. proserpina Scudder. June 30—July 12. Both forms are quite common locally, where the foodplant is present. Mr. Krautwurm has reared the larve and the writer has observed many colonies on hackberry (Ce/¢/s) late in the fall. 258. Cercyonis alope Fabricius. July 4-27. Local specimens of the typical form, as well as nephele Kirby, are represented in nearly all the collections. Both forms and numerous intergrades were taken at New Brighton and Rock Point, Pa. 286. Enodia portlandia Fabricius. New Brighton, June 19 (Merrick) ; Ohio Pyle, May 30 (H. Klages). 299. Cissia eurytus Fabricius. June 18-July 20. Common. Family LYMNADID. 308. Anosia plexippus Linnezus. June 4, July, August, September and October. Var. fumosus Hulst. | New Brighton, July 21, 1899 (Merrick); Pittsburgh (Marloff). Larve abundant on milkweed (Asc/epias). 34 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. Family LIBYTHEID. 311. Hypatus bachmani Kirtland. June 12-July 2. This interesting butterfly is rare in this vicinity. One or more specimens are in nearly all the collections. Family LYCAANID. 330. Eupsyche m-album Boisduval & Le Conte. Wildwood Hollow, Penn Township, Allegheny County, July 13 (B. Krautwurm) ; Panther Hollow, Schenley Park (Holland). 335. Uranotes melinus Hiibner. Pittsburgh, August 22 (Engel). One specimen taken at Pitts- burgh, on ironweed blossom, in collection Carnegie Museum ; August 9, 1908 (Friday). 347. Thecla calanus Hiibner. June 20-July 27. The butterfly is common on blossoms of the milkweed. Mr. Krautwurm has reared the larvee on oak. 362. Mitoura damon Cramer. Indiana County, September (Holland). 384. Strymon titus Fabricius. Pittsburgh, June 28-July g (Marloff, Engel & Friday). 385. Feniseca tarquinius Fabricius. May 10-17; July 4-22. The butterfly is common in sunny places in woods. Mr. Krautwurm reared the larve, which were collected among colonies of the mealy bug, upon which they feed. 393. Chrysophanus thoe Boisduval. May 31-July 3; August ro. Rather rare, but well distributed in this vicinity. The butterfly occurs mostly in moist bottom lands. 399. Heodes hypophleas Boisduval. May 7-June 10; July 12—-August 23. Very common. ‘The form fasciata Strecker, with white ground, has been taken by Messrs. Marloff and Krautwurm. The larva and chrysalis were collected by the writer under loose boards in pasture-fields. 440. Cyaniris ladon Cramer. April, May, June and July. Var. marginata Edwards. New Brighton and Pittsburgh, April 30-May 14 (Merrick and Engel). Var. violacea Edwards. April 8-May 17. Common. ENGEL: LEPIDOPTERA OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA. oo Var. neglecta Edwards. April 3-June 9. Common. Var. nigra Edwards. New Brighton, April 12—May 12 (Merrick). Very local in a swampy spot in an extensive forest five miles north of New Brighton. A nice series of this blackish form shows it to be constant. 442. Everes comyntas Godart. May 7—June 26 ; July 2o—August 25. Common in moist meadows. Family HESPERIIDA. 459. Amblyscirtes vialis Edwards. April 13—June 8; July 25-August 12. Common. 472. Ancyloxypha numitor Fabricius. May 20-June 15; July 23-August 20. Very common along water courses and in swamps. 483. Atrytone zabulon Boisduval & Le Conte. One male taken in Allegheny is the only record of this species (Lippold). 484. Atrytone hobomok Harris. May 18—June to. Common. Var. pocahontas Scudder. May 26—June 19. ‘This melanic female is quite rare, but repre- ~ sented in most of the collections. 488. Erynnis sassacus Harris. Idlewild, May 30 (Engel) ; Pittsburgh, May 26—-June 21 (Marloff, Engel, and Friday). 515. Hylephila phyleus Drury. New Brighton, August 7 (Merrick) ; Allegheny (Lippold). 519. Thymelicus otho Smith & Abbot. June 21-July 8. Common on flowers of milkweed. Var. egeremet Scudder. Pittsburgh, June 14—July 6 (Marloff & Friday). 520. Thymelicus mystic Scudder. Pittsburgh, May 17-31 (Engel, Marloff, and Friday). 523. Thymelicus cernes Boisduval & Le Conte. May 28—June 26. Common. 526. Polytes peckius Kirby. June 4-July 23; August, September. Common. 528. Euphyes verna Edwards. June 20—July 18. Common on flowers of milkweek. 36 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. $57. Limochores manataaqua Scudder. Pittsburgh, May 26 (Friday). This specimen was determined by Mr. Laurent of Philadelphia. It is very similar to 523. 584. Epargyreus tityrus Fabricius. May 14-June 25; July 20-September 6. Common. The larva is abundant on locust ( Rvdinia pseudacacia). 591. Achlarus lycidas Smith & Abbot. Pittsburgh (Marloff). New Brighton, July 7 (Engel). ‘The last record is from a specimen seen, but unfortunately its capture could not be effected. 599. Thorybes bathyllus Smith & Abbot. June 11—July 13. Rather rare, but generally distributed. 601. Thorybes pylades Scudder. May 28—June 19. Rare, but represented in nearly all the col- lections. 605. Pholisora catullus Fabricius. May 6—June 10; July 23-August 12. Common. 617. Thanaos brizo Boisduval & Le Conte. April 28—May 13. Common. 618. Thanaos icelus Lintner. Pittsburgh, May 17-22 (Marloff). 625. Thanaos juvenalis Fabricius. May ro—June 13. Common. 642. Hesperia tessellata Scudder. July 23-31; August 27-November 9. ‘This species is very erratic in its appearance, being very common in some years and almost absent in others. HETEROCERA. Family SPHINGID. 653. Hemaris diffinis Boisduval. July 12-24. The larva occurs on the cultivated snowberry com- mon in gardens. (The editor in 1886 bred several scores of speci- mens from larve found on the snowberry bushes in gardens in Oakland, Pittsburgh. ) Var, tenuis Grote. April 30—May 4. Rare’ (Engel). Several specimens were taken on wild plum blossoms. 1 In former years was very common. ( £di?tor.) ENGEL: LEPIDOPTERA OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 37 656. Hemaris thysbe Fabricius. July 15—August 19. Var. ruficaudis Kirby. May 22-June 15. Not common. Like the summer form, it occurs at various flowers on sunny days. ‘The larve feed on snowball and hawthorn. 667. Amphion nessus Cramer. May 20-July 3. Common. The moth occurs at flowers during the late afternoon and it is freely attracted by the fermented sap of wounded oak trees. The larva occurs on Virginia-creeper and wild grape. 668. Sphecodina abboti Swainson. May 12-June 4. The moth frequents lilac blossoms and is also attracted by sugar. lLarve have been reared by Mr. Krautwurm on Virginia-creeper and grape. 669. Deidamia inscriptum Harris. April 25-june 1. The larva of this species feeds on the wild grape and in forests where this plant abounds the moth is not rare. They emerge during the evening hours and may be found the following day clinging to the vines or dead weeds near their foodplant. 670. Deilephila gallii Rottemburg. Allegheny, July (Overbeck). One specimen taken on flowers of Saponaria. 671. Deilephila lineata Fabricius. May 30-June 29; July 21-September 1. Common at flowers. The very variable larvee occur on wild portulaca and the writer has reared them on four-o’clock (A@iradbilis jalapa). 672. Theretra tersa Linnzeus. August 1-20. Rare. The moth occurs on the flowers of Safonaria during the evening hours. (The editor has found the larve on Euphorbia, and has bred them. ) 678. Pholus pandorus Hiibner. July 7—-August 12. Common at Safonaria blossoms during the early evening. Larva on grape and Virginia-creeper. 679. Pholus achemon Drury. June 29—-August 11. ‘This species has the same habits as the pre- ceding species. 681. Ampelophaga cherilus Cramer. Pittsburgh, July 3, 1895 (Friday). New Brighton, May 8 (Mer- rick). Piteairnand Schenley Park, Pittsburgh (Holland). 38 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. 682. Ampelophaga myron Cramer. June r2-July 10; August 13-24. Common. The writer has reared a large number from ova and secured the forms cnotus Hiibner in about equal proportions among the adults. The larve are variable and feed on the wild-grape. 683. Ampelophaga versicolor Harris. May 31—June 22. Rathercommon in this section. The larve are abundant on Hydrangea americana. 686. Dilophonota ello Linnzus. New Brighton, July 5, two specimens (Merrick); Wilmerding (Zahrobsky) ; Allegheny, July (Overbeck). All taken at light. 696. Phlegethontius quinquemaculata Haworth. July 16-29; September 1-12. Common at flowers. The larva feeds on the tomato. 697. Phlegethontius sexta Johanssen. August 4-September 5. ‘The moth is found on the blossoms of four-o’clock and jimson weed. The larvz occur on tobacco and tomato-plants. 699a. Phlegethontius cingulata Fabricius. New Brighton, September 10, two specimens (Merrick); Pittsburgh, August (Marloff). 700. Sphinx Kalmiz Smith & Abbot. July 15-28. Rare at flowers of Saponaria. Mr. Krautwurm has reared the larva on ash. 7o1. Sphinx drupiferarum Smith & Abbot. May 30—June 12; July 13-August 2. Mostly taken at light, rarely at flowers. The larve feed on wild cherry and plum. 703. Sphinx gordius Stoll. Wilmerding (Zahrobsky). The specimen is in the Carnegie Museum. 706. Sphinx chersis Hiibner. July 17-28. Rare. Mr. Krautwurm has reared the larva on ash. 716. Sphinx eremitus Hiibner. June 29—August 16. ‘The moth occurs at the flowers of Safonaria and the larva on peppermint. 721. Ceratomia amyntor Geyer. May 26-July 17. The moth is mostly found at rest on or near elm, the foodplant of its larva. ENGEL: LEPIDOPTERA OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 39 722. Ceratomia undulosa Walker. May 7-22; July 21-September 10. Common. Foodplant: ash. 728. Marumba modesta Harris. New Brighton, July 4-9 (Merrick); Pittsburgh and Wilmerding (Krautwurm, Zahrobsky, and Foerster). Foodplant: poplar. 729. Smerinthus jamaicensis Drury. May 23—June 16; July 2o-August 25. Common. The larve feed on willow. 731. Paonias excecata Smith & Abbot. June 15-July 19. Common. Foodplants: maple, wild cherry. 732. Paonias myops Smith & Abbot. May 30-July; July 27-August 29. Common. . Foodplant: wild cherry. 734. Cressonia juglandis Smith & Abbot. “June 16-July 30. Common. Foodplants: hickory, walnut. Family SATURNIIDA. 739. Samia cecropia Linnzus. May 18-June 25. Common. The foodplants are all arboreal Rosa- cez, Betulaceze, Salicaceze, Sambucus, and other plants. Ihave found it very commonly on Sax and Sambucus. 744. Callosamia promethea Drury. June 14—July 20. Common. Larva in small colonies while young, and later scattered on spice-bush, wild cherry, and tulip-tree. 745. Callosamia angulifera Walker. May 26-July 12. Rare. Larva on tulip-tree (Livzodendron tulipi- Jera). The Messrs. Krautwurm have reared the larvz and collected the cocoons from the branches of the tulip-tree. The cocoons are often attached to the branches, but are not suspended like the cocoon of promethea. 747. Tropea luna Linnzus. May 1-June 2; July 23-September 2. Common. The larva occurs on hickory and black and white walnut, and persimmon. 748. Telea polyphemus Cramer. June 1—August 13. Common. The larve of this very variable species occur on a great variety of plants, but seem to prefer hawthorn, willow, chestnut, maple, and oak. 753. Automeris io Fabricius. May 2-July 7; September 6-27. Common. The latter dates are 40 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. from several specimens which emerged from a large number reared by the writer, the balance of which laid over until the following year. The larvee occur on many plants, but thrive well on wild cherry [and dog-wood (Cornus florida), Editor). Family CERATOCAMPID:. 768. Anisota senatoria Smith & Abbot. New Brighton, June 15 (Merrick). Several large colonies of the larvee of this species were collected and reared to maturity by the writer. They feed on different kinds of oak. 770. Anisota virginiensis Drury. May 5-July 21. Rare. ‘The larve live in small colonies on vari- ous kinds of oak. 771. Anisota rubicunda Fabricius. June 1to—July 15. Common. Foodplant: maple. 774. Syssphinx bisecta Linneus. Wilmerding, two males (Zahrobsky & Foerster). 776. Citheronia regalis Fabricius. June 28—-July 18. The moth is rather rare. The larve occur on many different plants, but principally on walnut, hickory, sumac, linden [and persimmon, £da/or]. 778. Basilona imperialis Drury. July 3-24. Common. Var. didyma De Beauvois. Pittsburgh, July 5 (Friday). The larve feed on maple, locust, oak, walnut, and many other plants. Family SYNTOMIDA. 787. Scepsis fulvicollis Hiibner. May 30—June 30; August 5—October 4. Common. 792. Lycomorpha pholus Drury. July 1-28. Rare. ‘Taken in different localities flying during the daytime. 798. Ctenucha virginica Charpentier. Pittsburgh, June 14 (Engel); New Brighton, June 15 (Merrick); Allegheny (Lippold). The latter was taken on the wing during the daytime the other specimens occurred at light. [Abundant in Cam- bria, Forest, and Elk Counties. Zditor. | ENGEL: LEPIDOPTERA OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 41 Family LITHOSIID/. —. Crambidia allegheniensis Holland. East Pittsburgh (Holland). 807. Hypoprepia miniata Kirby. August 7. Rare about Pittsburgh. 808. Hypoprepia fucosa Hiibner. July 23. Rare about Pittsburgh. This species and the preceding are contained in most of the smaller collections, but lack dates of cap- ture. They evidently were more common some years ago than they are now. [Abundant about Cresson, and in the mountain counties. Editor. | 817. Clemensia albata Packard. New Brighton, June 8-12, August 23 (Merrick) ; Ohio Pyle, June 1o, August 7 (Kahl, Klages, and Engel) ; Pittsburgh (Krautwurm). [Formerly abundant in Panther Hollow, Schenley Park, on trunks of beech-trees. ditor. | 821. Illice subjecta Walker. West Liberty, two specimens (John Link). Family ARCTIID. 832. Eubaphe apella Grote. New Brighton, June 6-18 (Merrick); Pittsburgh (Marloff and Krautwurm ). Var. nigricans Reakirt. New Brighton, June 9-20 (Merrick). Var. belmaria Ehrman. An intermediate form which occurs with the typical apel/a. The species and varieties occur in extensive forests in open sunny spots where they flit about and rest on the herbage. [Found in open pas- ture-fields on the mountains of Cambria County. Zdzfor.| 834. Eubaphe aurantiaca Hiibner. May 25—-June 19; July 26-August 30. Common and very vari- able. The several named varieties occur with the typical form. 836. Utetheisa bella Linneus. | July 12-29. Locally common in waste lands where it flies about in daytime. Var. venusta Dalman. New Brighton, August 4 (Merrick) ; Pittsburgh (Krautwurm). 42 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. 838. Haploa clymene Brown. July 17-28. Common in open woods. ‘The young larvee were ob- served on white snakeroot, Aupatorium ageratoides Linneus, during late fall; and larve were brought to maturity on wild cherry after hibernating (Engel). 840. Haploa lecontei Boisduval. Specimens approaching the typical form are rare. The various named varieties and intergrades are common and very interesting series are contained in local collections. They are on the wing June 5—July 18. 842. Haploa contigua Walker. New Brighton, July 6-27 (Merrick) ; Rock Point, July 25 (Fri- day) ; Coraopolis (Meyer). 846. Ecpantheria deflorata Fabricius. June 10-28. Rarely taken except by breeding. The Messrs. Kraut- wurm have collected and reared several hundred larvz found on wild hydrangea. They hide among the leaves at the base of the bushes dur- ing the daytime. [The larve have been found also on various com- mon composite by the Editor. | 851. Estigmene acrea Drury. May 26-July 4; July 27-September 1. Common. The larva feeds on grasses and low vegetation generally. 854. Estigmene congrua Walker. May 6—June 2; August 6-20. Common. The handsome larva of this species feeds on plantain, Plantago major Linneus, and pupate under leaves upon the ground. 855. Hyphantria cunea Drury. May 4-June 2; August 2-13. Common. The larva of this species has a broad greenish-yellow shade along the sides below the subdorsal line. 856. Hyphantria textor Harris. June 14-July 7. Common. This and the preceding species are difficult to separate in the imago ; the larve, however, differ and ¢ex/or appears much later in the season, and is apparently single brooded. 859. Isia isabella Smith & Abbot. May 14—July 3; July 22—-August 23. Common. The larva feeds promiscuously on low vegetation. 860. Phragmatobia fuliginosa Linnzeus. July 3-August 15. Rare. ENGEL: LEPIDOPTERA OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 43 862. Diacrisia virginica Fabricius. April 28-June 8; July 28-August 7. Common. The larva feeds promiscuously on grasses and herbaceous plants. 863. Diacrisia latipennis Stretch. June 10-July 4. Common in wooded lands where it is freely taken at light. 874. Apantesis virgo Linnzus. Pittsburgh, July 12-30 (Engel); New Brighton, July 5-29 (Merrick). 876. Apantesis michabo Grote. May 2-19; August 6-28. Rare, but well distributed in this vicinity. 877. Apantesis intermedia Stretch. Pittsburgh, August 25-September 11 (Engel & Marloff) ; New Brighton, August 25-September 8 (Merrick)... Larva on grasses and plantain. 880. Apantesis anna Grote. Pittsburgh, June (Engel) ; New Brighton, June 25 (Merrick). Var. persephone Grote. June 2-18. Rather rare. Mr. B. Krautwurm has reared several specimens. Foodplant: plantain. 882. Apantesis arge Drury. May 2-24; August 3-October 24. Common. Foodplants: grasses and plantain. 892. Apantesis figurata Drury. Jeanette, May 25 (Klages); Charleroi (Ehrman) ; Pittsburgh, August 15 (Engel). 895. Apantesis vittata Fabricius. May 6-13; August 27-September 13. Common. Foodplant : plantain. — —. Apantesis phalerata Harris. May 18—June 10; July 31-September 25. The larve and adults of this species can be easily separated from v¢fatfa, and it should be listed as distinct. Foodplant: plantain. gos5. Ammalo tenera Hiibner. June 5-26. Common. gto. Euchetias egle Drury. June 28-July 20. Common. The larva is abundant on milk- weed. 44 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. g11. Euchetias oregonensis Stretch. Pittsburgh, June 11 (Marloff) ; May 28 (Krautwurm) ; Allegheny (Meyer). 919. Halisidota tessellaris Smith & Abbot. June 4—July 23. Common. The moth in its season occurs abun- dantly on the blossoms of milkweed in the early evening, and the larva is a general feeder on deciduous plants. 922. Halisidota maculata Harris. Pittsburgh, June 1, 1896 (Friday). 923. Halisidota carye Harris. May 18—June 20. Common at light in extensive forests. The larve prefer hickory and walnut, but occur on numerous other plants. Family AGARISTID. 949. Alypia octomaculata Fabricius. May 25-June 19; July 2-August 5. Common. Foodplants: Vir- ginia-creeper, wild and cultivated grape, and very common on Boston ivy (Ampelopsis vettcht). Family NOCTUID. Subfamily Nocruin#. 961. Demas propinquilinea Grote. New Brighton, April 12-24 (Merrick); Pittsburgh, April 20-26 (Krautwurm). 962. Demas flavicornis Smith. New Brighton, April 24—May 6; July 23 (Merrick). 964. Charadra deridens Guenée. April 29—May 20; July 4—August 5. Well distributed, but not abundant. 968. Raphia frater Grote. New Brighton, July 6—August 6 (Merrick). 971. Apatela rubricoma Guenée. May 13-22; July 18-26. Rare. Mr. Krautwurm has reared the larva on elm. 972. Apatela americana Harris. May 18—June 17; July 19-27. Common. Foodplants: maple, linden, witch-hazel, oak, locust. 983. Apatela populi Riley. May 24—June 12. Common. Larva feeds on species of poplar. ENGEL: LEPIDOPTERA OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 45 984. Apatela lepusculina Guenée. July 23-August 14. Common. ‘This form is very close to the preceding species, and may, if carefully worked out, prove to be the second brood of the same. 980. Apatela morula Grote. New Brighton, July 26 (Merrick). 991. Apatela interrupta Guenée. April 30-May 23; July 20-August 12. Common. Foodplant: hawthorn. 993. Apatela lobeliz Guenée. May 3-30; July, August. Common. 994. Apatela furcifera Guenée. May 9-19; July 19-August 16. Common. ‘The larva occurs on wild cherry. 995. Apatela hasta Guenée. New Brighton, April 29—May 31 (Merrick). 999. Apatela radcliffei Harvey. April 30-June 12; July 4—-August 25. Rare. too1. Apatela spinigera Guenée. New Brighton, August 1 (Merrick) ; Pittsburgh (Krautwurm). 1002. Apatela clarescens Guenée. May 5-30; July 19-27. Common. 1003. Apatela hamamelis Guenée. May 25-July 26. Rare. Larva on witch-hazel. 1004. Apatela superans Guenée. Pittsburgh, June 21 (Friday). 1005. Apatela lithospila Grote. Pittsburgh, May 12-20 (Marloff & Krautwurm) ; Allegheny (Over- beck) ; New Brighton, May 5-25; August 27 (Merrick). 1008. Apatela funeralis Grote. New Brighton, May 9 ; August 1 (Merrick) ; Allegheny (Meyer) ; Wilmerding (Zahrobsky). . 1018. Apatela afflicta Grote. May 6-June 19 ; August 18-25. Rare. 1025. Apatela ovata Grote. June 6-26; August 1-19. Rare about Pittsburgh, but quite com- mon at New Brighton. 1026. Apatela brumosa Guenée. Allegheny (Lippold) ; New Brighton, July 13-26 (Merrick). Mr. Lippold bred his specimens from larvze found on witch-hazel. 46 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. 1027. Apatela hesitata Grote. Pittsburgh, May 14-22; July to (Engel & Marloff ) ; New Brigh- ton, May 4—June 3; July 7-9 (Merrick). 1028. Apatela retardata Walker. Pittsburgh, July 23 (Krautwurm); New Brighton, May 5; July s—14 (Merrick). Mr. Krautwurm reared the larva on maple. 1029. Apatela sperata Grote. New Brighton, August 5, 1907 (Merrick). 1037. Apatela xyliniformis Guenée. May 12-28; July 17—August 21. Common. 1039. Apatela impleta Walker. New Brighton, April 24—May 8 (Merrick) ; Pittsburgh, May 2-10 ; July 20 (Engel & Marloff), toq1. Apatela oblinita Smith & Abbot. April 30-June 1; July 21-August 19. Common. Foodplants: willow, smartweed. 1049. Arsilonche albovenosa Goeze. April 28—-May 19; July 25-August 18. Common. Foodplant: willow. 1054a. Microcelia obliterata Grote. May 15—June 25 ; August 1-15. Common. 1059. Jaspidia teratophora Herrich-Schaeffer. May 19—-June 27; July 18—August 7. Common. 1061. Polygrammate hebraicum Hiibner. May 20-July 29. Rare, but generally distributed. 1067. Chytonix palliatricula Guenée. New Brighton, May 24-June 18 (Merrick) ; Pittsburgh, May 25 (Engel & Krautwurm). 1073. Baileya ophthalmica Guenée. May 4-June 20. Common at rest on twigs of bushes in the forest. 1075. Baileya doubledayi Guenée. New Brighton, May 6; July 5 (Merrick) ; Jeanette, July 30 (Klages). 1076. Baileya dormitans Guenée. New Brighton, May 18—June 17 (Merrick). Rare. 1084. Catabena lineolata Walker. Pittsburgh, May 28—June 6; August 23 (Engel). 1087. Crambodes talidiformis Guenée. May 6—June 2; July 26-August 9. Common. ——— ENGEL: LEPIDOPTERA OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 47 1088. Platysenta videns Guenée. May 1to—-June 1; August 25-September 2. Common. At light and sugar. 1092. Balsa malana Fitch. May 5-31 ; June 25-July 8. Common. 1093. Balsa tristrigella Walker. May 24—June 20. Common in thickets at rest on saplings and wild grape-vines. 1094. Balsa labecula Grote. New Brighton, May 18—June 3 (Merrick) ; Pittsburgh, May 12- 29 (Engel & Marloff). 1100. Anorthodes prima Smith. New Brighton, June 2, 1901 (Merrick) ; Swissvale (Knechtel). Prof. Smith determined this species and remarked it might probably prove to be Caradrina tarda Guenée. t10g. Caradrina miranda Grote. May 12-June 7; July 23—August 17. Common. The larva prob- ably feeds on grasses. I have found the cocoon attached to fence-rails lying about in pasture-fields. 1115. Perigea xanthioides Guenée. May 26—-July 26; August 16—October 20. Common. 1117. Perigea vecors Guenée. April 30—-May 23; July 20—-October 20. Common. 1119. Perigea sutor Guenée. Pittsburgh, October 12-26 (Engel & Marloff). 1136. Oligia festivoides Guenée. May 24-July 17. Common locally. 1138. Oligia versicolor Grote. New Brighton, June 6—-July 19 (Merrick & Engel). 1141. Oligia grata Hiibner. May 2—June 15 ; August 2—October 17. Common. 1158. Hadena modica Guenée. June 3-25; July 28-August r2. Common. 1159. Hadena hausta Grote. June 1-July 7. Rare, but represented in nearly all local collections. Prof. Smith determined this species for Mr. Merrick. It is very similar to Hadenella subjuncta Smith, figured by Dr. Holland in his Moth Book, Plate XIX, fig. 25. 4 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. (o/) 1165. Hadena diversicolor Morrison. Pittsburgh, August 25—-September 11 (Engel) ; New Brighton, Sep- tember 23 (Merrick). 1166. Hardens mactata Guenee. August 22—October1g. Rarely found at rest on the trees, but quite common at sugar. 1167. Hadena turbulenta Hiibner. Pittsburgh, July 14, 1907 (Friday). 1202. Hadena miselioides Guenée. Ohio Pyle, August 25, 1g07 (Kahl); Panther Hollow, Schenley Park, Pittsburgh (Holland). 1205a. Hadena fractilinea Grote. July 17—August 25. Common and very variable. 1206. Hadena misera Grote. Pittsburgh, July 11—-August 3 (Marloff & Krautwurm); New Brighton, July 14—August 14 (Merrick) ; Swissvale (Knechtel). 1212. Hadena passer Guenée. May 17—June 10; August 6—October 1. Common. 1217. Hadena remissa Hiibner. Pittsburgh, June 22, r904 (Krautwurm) ; Wilmerding (Zahrobsky ). 1220. Hadena vultuosa Grote. Pittsburgh, July 12, 1905 (Marloff). 1221. Hadena apamiformis Guenée. Pittsburgh, May 24—June 12 (Marloff, Engel, and Friday). 1224. Hadena finitima Guenée. Pittsburgh, May 26—June 8, 1905 (Marloff). 1227. Hadena dubitans Walker. June 4-8 ; August 20-31. Common. 1228. Bodega plutonia Grote. Pittsburgh, May 30-June 10; July 18-24 (Engel, Marloff, Kraut- wurm). Rare. At sugar and occasionally at light. 1231. Hadena impulsa Guenée. Pittsburgh (Krautwurm). 1232. Hadena devastatrix Brace. July 27—-August 29. Common. At sugar. 1235. Hadena arctica Boisduval. June 20-August 3. Rare in late years. 1241. Hadena verbascoides Guenée. Pittsburgh, June 13, 1905 (Engel). ENGEL: LEPIDOPTERA OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 49 1242. Hadena nigrior Smith. Pittsburgh, June 13, 15 (Engel) ; New Brighton, June 6—24 (Mer- rick). Rare. A figure of this species appears in the Moth Book, Plate XIX, fig. 42. Dr. Dyar determined it as sects Guenée. 1243. Hadena cariosa Guenée. Pittsburgh, June 6-21; August 7 (Marloff, Engel, Krautwurm) ; New Brighton, June 13—July 10 (Merrick). Rare. A boldly marked specimen in the Merrick collection was determined as wzgrior by Prof. Smith, but it isa fine specimen of cariosa. 1250. Hadena lignicolor Guenée. June 12-July 8; August 14-23. Common at sugar and at rest under stumps, loose boards, and fence-rails. 1278. Hyppa xylinoides Guenée. May 6—June 8; August 11-September 12. Common. 1282. Feralia jocosa Guenée. Pittsburgh, March 2-29 (Krautwurm, Engel); New Brighton, March 15—April 9 (Merrick, Engel). Rare. Under hemlock trees. 1288. Euplexia lucipara Linnezus. ; April 27—May 30; July t9-27. Common. At light and sugar. 1290. Dipterygia scabriuscula Linneus. May to—June 10; July ro-September 2. Common. 1291. Actinotia ramosula Guenée. April 14—May 20; July 6-September 6. Common. 1295. Pyrophila pyramidoides Guenée. July 19-28; August 27—October 29. Common., The larva feeds on various deciduous plants [and on rhododendron, to which it is very destructive, as I have found to my grief, Zdtor]. 1297. Heliotropha reniformis Grote. Pittsburgh, August 17 (Krautwurm). 1299. Prodenia commelinz Smith & Abbot. Pittsburgh, October 18—-November 27 (Engel, Marloff, Krautwurm); Allegheny (Meyer). 1300. Prodenia ornithogalli Guenée. August 7-November 1. Quite common in some years at sugar [and after dark on flowers of Composite, Zaztor]. Var. eudiopta Guenée. Occurs with the typical form. 1302. Laphygma frugiperda Smith & Abbot. August 20-October 28. The typical form, as well as the varieties, occurs at sugar and is quite common in some years. 50 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. 1305. Magusa dissidens Felder. Pittsburgh, October to—17 (Marloff); New Brighton, October 20 (Merrick); Jeanette, October 11 (Klages). Rare at sugar and light. 1370. Adita chionanthi Smith & Abbot. New Brighton, August 24 (Merrick); Coraopolis (Knechtel); Pitts- burgh (Krautwurm). 1372. Copipanolis cubilis Grote. March 27-April 23. Not rare in favorable seasons. The moth may be found clinging to dead weeds and twigs of bushes in the woods. It is a remarkably variable species, which it will be interesting to breed. 1375. Eutolype rolandi Grote. Coraopolis (Knechtel); Allegheny, (Overbeck); New Brighton, May 8 (Merrick). 1376. Eutolype bombyciformis Smith. New Brighton, April 18—May 3 (Merrick, Engel); Wilmerding (Foerster); Coraopolis (Knechtel). This species has been reared by the writer from the ova. Foodplant: hickory. 1377. Eutolype grandis Smith. New Brighton, March 15—April 25, three specimens (Merrick); Coraopolis, (Knechtel). 1380. Psaphidia grotei Morrison. Pittsburgh, April 16-26 (Krautwurm, Engel); New Brighton, April (Merrick, Engel). Newly emerged specimens are frequently found on ash, which may be its foodplant. 1381. Psaphidia resumens Walker. . April 15-May 7. Rare, but generally distributed in this vicinity. The larva probably feeds on maple. 1383. Psaphidia thaxterianus Grote. March 12-27. Rare. Like the preceding species it occurs in the several localities covered by this list. The moth may be found on or near oak trees, which are its foodplant. Dr. Dyar reared the larva, and published a description of it. Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc., IX, 84, rgor. 1391. Rhynchagrotis brunneicollis Grote. New Brighton, June 25-July 8 (Merrick); Pittsburgh, June 25- July 17 (Engel, Marloff); Jeanette, October 2 (Knechtel). 1393. Rhynchagrotis anchocelioides Guenée. Pittsburgh, July 5-September 2 (Marloff, Engel); New Brighton, July ro—August 6 (Merrick). Rare. At sugar and light. ENGEL: LEPIDOPTERA OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA. ‘yl 1393a. Var. brunneipennis Grote. Pittsburgh, September ro ( Marloff ). 1397. Rhynchagrotis alternata Grote. July 6—-September 22. Common. At sugar and light. 1415. Adelphagrotis prasina Fabricius. Pittsburgh, July 6 (Krautwurm) ; New Brighton, July 31 (Mer- rick) ; Jeanette, June (Klages) ; Wilmerding, two specimens (Zah- robsky ). 1422. Eueretagrotis sigmoides Guenée. New Brighton, June 26-July 11; August 3-17 (Merrick) ; Pitts- burgh, July 28 (Krautwurm). 1428. Semiophora tenebrifera Walker. Pittsburgh, April 19-29 (Engel, Marloff) ; Jeanette, April 16 (Klages); Coraopolis (Knechtel). Rare. At light and occasionally at sap of sugar maple. 1451. Agrotis badinodis Grote. August 6—October 20. Common. At light and sugar. 1454. Agrotis ypsilon Rottemburg. May 4—July 10; October 7—-November 29. Common. 1455. Agrotis geniculata Grote & Robinson. New Brighton, August r9-September 11 (Merrick); Pittsburgh, Oc- tober 2 (Engel & Krautwurm) ; Swissvale, September 3 (Knechtel). 1467. Peridroma margaritosa Haworth. October 3-29. Common and very variable. 1468. Peridroma incivis Guenée. Pittsburgh, June 17 ; August 12—October 20 (Marloff, Krautwurm) ; New Brighton, July 8 (Merrick). 1475. Noctua smithi Snellen. August 15-September 20. Common. 1476. Noctua normaniana Grote. August 17-September 7. Common. 1478. Noctua bicarnea Guenée. June 5-27; August 14—September 1. Common. 1481. Noctua c-nigrum Linnzus. May 30—-June 12; August 7-September 25. Common. 1489. Noctua fennica Tauscher. Pittsburgh, August 12—September 11 ( Marloff). Rare. At sugar. 1490. Noctua plecta Linnzus. May 13—June 27; July 2o—-September 9. Common. 52 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. 1496. Noctua unicolor Walker (c/andestina Harris). June 5-29; July 12-September 24. Common. 1514. Noctua lubricans Guenee. August 16—October 2. Rare. 1558. Feltia subgothica Haworth. August 22-September 15. Common. 1540. Feltia jaculifera Guenée. August 2-September 8. Common. 1540a. War. (?) herilis Grote. July 26-September 16. Common. This form is very constant and classifying it as a variety of the preceding species appears erroneous to the writer. 1544. Feltia gladiaria Morrison. Pittsburgh, September 10-27 (Engel, Marloff) ; New Brighton, September 22-27 (Merrick). In common with many other inter- esting moths this species may be collected at rest on the under side of the leaves of swaying lower branches along the margin of the woods during the evening hours. The writer has wondered on many occasions when lure was plentifully provided why these moths sit motionless for hours and were not tempted to partake of the repast provided for them. No doubt many collectors have waited in vain for their quarry and may find it profitable to investigate the branches of the trees within reach during the autumn evenings. 1545. Feltia venerabilis Walker. September 12-29. Common. 1550. Feltia annexa Treitschke. Pittsburgh, August 14—October 25 (Marloff, Krautwurm). 1552. Porosagrotis vetusta Walker. New Brighton, September 29—October 3 (Merrick). 1599. Paragrotis fumalis Grote. New Brighton, August 26-September 2; two specimens (Merrick). 1603. Paragrotis velleripennis Grote. Pittsburgh, September 2-11 (Marloff, Engel, Krautwurm) ; New Brighton, September 5, 6 (Merrick). 1631. Paragrotis bostoniensis Grote. September 3—October 17. Rare, but represented from all the localities. 1649. Paragrotis messoria Harris. July 22-September 3. Well distributed, but not common. ENGEL: LEPIDOPTERA OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA. d3 1711. Paragrotis tessellata Harris. New Brighton, July 12, 1903 (Merrick) ; Pittsburgh (Krautwurm, Marloff). 1753. Anytus privatus Walker. New Brighton, September 18, 1907 (Engel). In Merrick Museum collection. 1781. Mamestra meditata Grote. August 27—September 20. Common. 1783. Mamestra detracta Walker. May 18—June 30. Common. 1785. Mamestra distincta Hiibner. April 21-May 18. Common. At rest on the trees in extensive forests. 1796. Mamestra subjuncta Grote & Robinson. May 25—June 13; July 23-August 12. -Common. 1800. Mamestra grandis Boisduval. May 30—June 15. Local captures of this handsome species are in most of the collections, but it is rare. 1801. Mamestra trifolii Rottemburg. New Brighton, May 17—September 29 (Merrick). 1803. Mamestra rosea Harvey. May 16—July 1; August 17-22. Rare. 1805. Mamestra congermana Morrison. New Brighton, May 30—June 13 (Merrick) ; Pittsburgh, June 28 (Engel). In Engel collection, Carnegie Museum. This form was determined by Prof. Smith for Mr. Merrick. In the writer’s opinion it is not congermana. The three specimens seen are constant, smaller in expanse and of a much deeper color than in the last-named species. 1807. Mamestra picta Harris. May 2-June 8; August 12-28. Common. The larva feeds promiscuously on low vegetation. 1810. Mamestra latex Guenée. May 18—June 25. Common. 1812. Mamestra adjuncta Boisduval. May 6-June 2; July r9~August 22. Common. The larva is abundant on the white snake-root and feeds on other herbaceous plants. 1822. Mamestra legitima Grote. June 20—August 7. Rare, but well distributed. 54 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. 1825. Mamestra goodelli Grote. New Brighton, May 31-July 24 (Merrick) ; Pittsburgh, August 22 (Marloff). Rare. 1828. Mamestra ectypa Morrison. New Brighton, July 11-August 30 (Merrick). Rare._ 1829. Mamestra renigera Stephens. May 19—July 2;. August 14—October 5. Common. 1837. Mamestra laudabilis Guenée. New Brighton, September 1-26 (Merrick) ; Wilmerding (Zah- robsky ). 1842. Mamestra lorea Guenée. June 2-25; July 2o—-August 18. Common. 1845. Mamestra anguina Grote. New Brighton, May 18-June 2 (Merrick). Rare. 1850. Mamestra vicina Grote. Pittsburgh, September 1-22 (Marloff, Engel). Rare. 1885. Morrisonia sectilis Guenée. April 30-May 11. Rare. The variety vomerina Grote occurs with the typical form. 1890. Morrisonia confusa Hiibner. April 27—May 20. Common in forests at rest on the trees and hid- ing under stumps. 1950. Nephelodes minians Guenée. August 28—September 26. Common. 1953. Heliophila unipuncta Haworth. May 20—-June 30; August 6—October 20. Common. 1954. Heliophila pseudargyria Guenée. May 15—June 18; August 6-17 ; September 23—October 20. Com- mon. ‘The form occurring in midsummer is much larger, more robust, and generally darker, the primaries being obscurely brownish. 1963. Heliophila albilinea Hiibner. May 6—June 7; July 23—August 18. Common. 1978. Heliophila multilinea Walker. Pittsburgh, May 25-June 17; August 18-November 4 (Engel, Marloff) ; New Brighton, June 4, August 24 (Merrick). 1979. Heliophila commoides Guenée. Pittsburgh, August 17-26. Several specimens (Engel, Marloff). 1980. Heliophila phragmitidicola Guenée. June 4-28; August 2-October 7. Common. ENGEL: LEPIDOPTERA OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 55 1996. Orthodes crenulata Butler. May ro—June 18; August ro—October 2. Common. 1997. Orthodes cynica Guenée. May 20—-June 27; July 25-August 17. Common. 1998. Orthodes vecors Guenée. May 10-27; August 7-21. Common. 2007. Himella intractata Morrison. Pittsburgh, April 25 (Marloff); New Brighton, April 30 (Merrick). 2009. Crocigrapha normani Grote. April 11-May. Common at sugar and at rest under stumps and fence-rails. 2012. Graphiphora culea Guenée. May 11—June 15. Rare, but local specimens are in all the collec- tions examined. 2015. Graphiphora oviduca Guenée. Pittsburgh, May 29—June 8 (Marloff, Engel); New Brighton, May £O; 1907 (Merrick). 2040. Graphiphora alia Guenée. March 1r5—April 30. Common. 2042. Graphiphora rubrescens Walker. New Brighton, April 2o-May 2. Two specimens (Merrick). 2043. Graphiphora subterminata Smith. Wilmerding (Zahrobsky). One specimen presented to the Carnegie Museum. 2044. Graphiphora garmani Grote. April 12-29. Rare, but generally distributed in this vicinity. 2060. Tricholita signata Walker. August 9-28. Occasionally taken at flowers, and very common at light in forests. 2078. Xylina disposita Morrison. Pittsburgh, October 20-25 (Engel, Marloff, Krautwurm). Three specimens. 2090. Xylina antennata Walker. October 4—-January 2; March, April. Common. 2091. Xylina laticinerea Grote. Pittsburgh, October 16—January 2; March, April (Engel, Marloff, Krautwurm ). 2092. Xylina grotei Riley. Pittsburgh, October 1g—November 20; April (Engel & Marloff). Rare. 56 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. 2093. Xylina ferrealis Grote. Pittsburgh, October 4-November 20 (Marloff, Engel, Krautwurm). Rare. 2094. Xylina signosa Walker. Pittsburgh, October 2-November 20 (Marloff). Rare. 2095. Xylina innominata Smith. Pittsburgh, October 20-November 20; March, April (Engel, Mar- loff}. Rare. New Brighton, October 3-November 15 (Merrick). 2097. Xylina bethunei Grote & Robinson. October 1-January 2; March, April. Rare, but taken by nearly all the collectors. 2098. Xylina oriunda Grote. Pittsburgh, October 8. One fine specimen (Engel). 2105. Xylina viridipallens Grote. Pittsburgh, November 14, 1902 (Marloff); March 29, 1905 (Engel) ; New Brighton, October 8, 1905 (Merrick). . Xylina nigrescens Engel. Pittsburgh, October 18—-November 20 (Engel, Marloff); New Brighton, October 19 (Merrick). 2106. Xylina unimoda Lintner. October 16—January 2; March, April. Common. 2107. Xylina tepida Grote. Pittsburgh, October 17. One specimen (Engel). 210g. Xylina querquera Grote. Pittsburgh, October 20 (Engel); New Brighton, April 12 (Merrick). 2112. Xylina pexata Grote. Pittsburgh, October 2—November 8 (Engel & Marloff ). 2121. Calocampa curvimacula Morrison. Pittsburgh, October 12—-November-: 2 ; March 25 (Marloff, Engel, Krautwurm) ; Allegheny, October (Meyer). 2122. Cucullia convexipennis Grote & Robinson. July 26-September 5. Fairly common some years on blossoms of Saponaria during the evening hours. Mr. Krautwurm and the writer have reared the larva on wild aster. 2127. Cucullia asteroides Guenée. May 10-17; July 21-August 31. Common. ‘The early specimens frequent lilac, and the summer brood is abundant on Safonaria. 2131. Cucullia speyeri Lintner. Pittsburgh, May 31-June 10; July 20o-August 10 (Engel & Mar- ENGEL: LEPIDOPTERA OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 57 loff). The imago is quite common some years and has the same habits as the preceding species. 2133. Cucullia cinderella Smith. Pittsburgh, July 20, 1899, taken on Saponaria (Engel). In Engel Collection, Carnegie Museum. 2149. Sphida obliqua Walker. New Brighton, May 29 (Merrick). 2150. Nonagria oblonga Grote. New Brighton, September 26 (Merrick). 2158. Achatodes zee Harris. July 3-August 2. Common. The larva is common in the new growth of elder. 2161. Gortyna velata Walker. June 12-July 17. Common. The moth frequents the blossoms of milkweed after dusk. 2162. Gortyna nictitans Borkhausen. August 12-September 14. Common and variable. 2166. Gortyna stramentosa Guenée. New Brighton, September 19-23. ‘Two specimens (Merrick). 2172. Papaipema inquesita Grote & Robinson. New Brighton, September 3—October 6 (Merrick) ; Wilmerding (Zahrobsky ). 2174. Papaipema rigida Grote. New Brighton, September 26—October 10 (Merrick) ; Pittsburgh, October 6 (Friday) ; Wilmerding, two specimens (Foerster). . Papaipema merriccata Bird. September 15—October 19. Common. ‘The larva feeds in the roots of May-apple. 2178. Papaipema purpurifascia Grote & Robinson. September 16—October 11. Rare. Foodplant: columbine. . ss ST eC CUh ENGEL: LEPIDOPTERA OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 75. 3096. Melalopha albosigma Fitch. Pittsburgh, April 25-May 17; August 23 (Marloff, Engel); New Brighton, April 23—-June 27, August 31-September 2 (Merrick). Foodplant : willow. ; 3098. Datana ministra Drury. June 13-July 20. Common. The larve are abundant in colonies on many deciduous plants, but seem to prefer hawthorn. 3100. Datana angusi Grote & Robinson. June r5—July 13. Common. The larve are common on hickory in small colonies. 3101. Datana drexeli Hy. Edwards. New Brighton, June 26-July 22 (Merrick); Pittsburgh, June (Krautwurm); Ohio Pyle, July 1 (Marloff). Mr. Krautwurm and the writer reared the larve, which are common, on witch-hazel. 3102. Datana major Grote & Robinson. Pittsburgh (Krautwurm ). 3106. Datana perspicua Grote & Robinson. Pittsburgh, June, July (Krautwurm); Wilmerding, (Zahrobsky). Mr. Krautwurm has observed the larvee in colonies on sumac. 3108. Datana integerrima Grote & Robinson. June 12-27. Common. The larve are abundant in large colonies on walnut. 3110. Datana contracta Walker. June 20-July 9. Rare.. The writer and Mr. Marloff have bred large series of this species which when flown is easily confused with 3108. The larve live on different kinds of oaks. 3112. Hypereschra georgica Herrich-Scheffer. New Brighton, July 31 (Merrick). 3116. Notodonta basitriens Walker. Ohio Pyle, July 17 (Engel); Pittsburgh, July (Krautwurm); New Brighton, July 27—August 18 (Merrick). Mr. Krautwurm has reared the larva on maple. 3118. Pheosia dimidiata Herrich-Scheffer. New Brighton, August 2-24 (Merrick); Allegheny (Lippold); Ohio Pyle, July 31 (Kahl & Klages). 3121. Lophodonta angulosa Smith & Abbot. New Brighton, July 2-20 (Merrick). 3123. Nadata gibbosa Smith & Abbot. April 27—May 26; July 4-August 24. Common. The larve are common on oak and maple. 76 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. 3124. Nerice bidentata Walker. May 25-June 20. Rare. ‘The larva feeds on elm and hackberry. 3125. Symmerista albifrons Smith & Abbot. June 2-27. Common. Foodplants: oak, maple. 3127. Dasylophia anguina Smith & Abbot. "i May 24—June 21; July 22-September 8. Rare. The larva feeds on locust, and has been reared by Mr. Krautwurm and the writer. 3128. Dasylophia thyatiroides Walker. New Brighton, May t1o—June 5; July 28—-August 6 (Merrick); Pittsburgh (Krautwurm); Swissvale (Knechtel). Rare. 3133. Heterocampa obliqua Packard. New Brighton, July 18-25 (Merrick); Coraopolis, one female (Knechtel); Wilmerding, one female (Foerster). 3136. Heterocampa umbrata Walker. June 7—August 20. Generally distributed, but rare. The larva feeds on oak. 3137. Heterocampa manteo Doubleday. July ro—August 12. Common. ‘The larve are common on oak, maple, and beech. 3140. Heterocampa biundata Walker. May 20—-July 25. Rare. The larve occur on oak, linden, and maple. 3141. Heterocampa guttivitta Walker. May 18—June 16; July 26—-August 12. Common. Foodplants : oak, maple. 3142. Heterocampa bilineata Packard. April 28-June 27; July 24-August 19. Rare. The larva feeds on elm. 3143. Misogada unicolor Packard. May 5—June 25; August 2-September 8. Rare. Foodplant: sycamore. 3145. Ianassa lignicolor Walker. June 6-12; July 7—August 23. Rare. The larva has been reared by the writer on oak. 3148. Schizura ipomeze Doubleday. June 12-22; July 8-August 8. Rare. Var. telifer Grote. New Brighton, July 24-30. Rare. Var. cinereofrons Packard. ENGEL: LEPIDOPTERA OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 77 May 15—June 11; July r8—August 16. Common. The larve feed on numerous deciduous plants. 3149. Schizura concinna Smith & Abbot. May 28—June 12. Common. Foodplants: apple, hawthorn, wild cherry. 3150. Schizura semirufescens Walker. Pittsburgh, July 31 (Marloff), two specimens ; New Brighton, July 14—August 12 (Merrick). The larvz were found on locust. 3151. Schizura unicornis Smith & Abbot. May 12-28; July 22-31. Rare. Foodplants: oak, hickory, wild cherry. 3153. Schizura badia Packard. Pittsburgh, July 5 (Engel, Krautwurm). 3154. Schizura leptinoides Grote. New Brighton, May 13-July 27 (Merrick); Pittsburgh, July 12 (Marloff, Krautwurm). Rare. The larva feeds on walnut. 3155. Hyparpax aurora Smith & Abbot. June 30—July 12. Rare. It isrepresented in most of the collections. 3160. Cerura occidentalis Lintner. New Brighton, August 2 (Merrick). 3161. Harpyia borealis Boisduval. April 29-June 25; July 24-August 1r. Common. Foodplant: wild cherry. 3162. Harpyia cinerea Walker. May 15; July 4-17. Rare, but generally distributed. Foodplants: willow, poplar. 3165. Fentonia marthesia Cramer. New Brighton, June 27—July 18 (Merrick) ; Pittsburgh, June 14-25 ; July 16 (Marloff, Engel, Krautwurm). Foodplant: oak. 3166. Gluphisia septentrionalis Walker. May 13—June 24; August 7-24. Common. Foodplant: poplar. 3170. Ellida caniplaga Walker. April 24—May 4; July 1-12. Rare. Mr. Krautwurm has reared the larva on linden. Family THYATIRID. 3173. Habrosyne scripta Gosse. New Brighton, June 5, August 16, two specimens (Merrick). 3175. Habrosyne rectangulata Ottolengui. Pittsburgh, May 20-June 24; August 12 (Engel, Marloff, Friday); 78 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. Allegheny (Lippold); New Brighton, July 1, August 16 (Merrick). Mr. Lippold has reared many specimens. 3176. Pseudothyatira cymatophoroides Guenée. May 20—June 13; August 8-September 10. Rare. At sugar. 3177. Pseudothyatira expultrix Grote. 3 May 18—June 5; August 28-November 2. Common. 3180. Euthyatira pudens Guenée. April 19-May 3. Common in forests where dogwood ( Cornus florida) abounds. Var. pennsylvanica Smith. This occurs with the typical form, but is rare. The moth is found at rest on the twigs of bushes and often on dead brush. Mr. Kraut- wurm reared the larva, which lives in a folded leaf on dogwood. Family LIPARID/:. 3190. Hemerocampa leucostigma Smith & Abbot. June 28—July 31 ; September 8—October 18. Common. 3192. Hemerocampa definita Packard. New Brighton, July 5—September ro (Merrick); Aspinwall, Sep- tember 6 (Krautwurm); Ohio Pyle, August (Kahl). The writer has bred this species from ova. Foodplant: wild cherry. 3193. Olene achatina Smith & Abbot. New Brighton, July 5-August 4 (Merrick); Rock Point, July 25 (Friday, Overbeck). There is much variation in the imagines. 3195. Olene plagiata Walker. New Brighton, June 30—July 20 (Merrick); Ohio Pyle, July, Au- gust (Kahl, Klages). Family LASIOCAMPID. 3208. Tolype velleda Stoll. August 14—September 24. Common. ‘The larve occur on apple, wild plum, and lilac. 3211. Tolype laricis Fitch. New Brighton, September 25 ; October 5, one pair (Merrick) ; Pittsburgh, August 26 (Friday). 3214. Malacosoma americana Fabricius. Cherry Run, Armstrong County, June 20—July 5 (Krautwurm). 3223. Epicnaptera americana Harris. April 30-July 27. Rare. ENGEL: LEPIDOPTERA OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 79 Var. ferruginea Packard. June 27—July 29. Rare. Both forms are represented in most of the collections. Family PLATYPTERYGIDA. 3225. Eudeilinea hermineata Guenée. May 1o—June 11 ; July 21-29. Generally distributed, but rare in all localities except New Brighton. 3226. Oreta rosea Walker. May 29—June 25; July 21-August 12. Common. 3227. Oreta irrorata Packard. New Brighton, July 14-17 ; September 4, four specimens (Mer- rick). ‘Taken at light in dense forest. 3229. Drepana arcuata Walker. April 29—May 31. Var. genicula Grote. August 12-30. Both forms occur generally in this section, but are quite rare. Family GEOMETRID. Subfamily DysPpTERIDIN. 3232. Dyspteris abortivaria Herrich-Scheffer. May 12—June 15; July 9—August 12. Common. 3234. Nyctobia limitata Walker. March 25—April 26. Common, but local and usually near hemlock. It is a very variable species. . Nyctobia viridata Packard. Pittsburgh, April (Marloff) ; New Brighton, April 2zo—May 1g ; July 26—-August 11 (Merrck, Engel). A rare species, which was formerly listed as 4gza eborata Hulst. 3237. Cladara atroliturata Walker. April 12-29. Generally distributed, rare about Pittsburgh. Com- mon at New Brighton. A very variable species. 3240. Rachela bruceata Hulst. Espyville, November 15, 1901 (B. Krautwurm). Mr. Krautwurm observed a number of specimens in the locality mentioned, but mis- took them for one of our common species and neglected to take more specimens. 80 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. Subfamily HyDRIOMENIN&. 3245. Paleacrita vernata Peck. March 18-April 17. Common. . Paleacrita merriccata Dyar. March 10-27. Rare about Pittsburgh, but commoner at New Brighton. The female has not thus far been observed. 3247. Alsophile pometaria Harris. November—December 25 ; March 14—April 28. Common. 3248. Eudule mendica Walker. May 23—June 14; August 2-September 7. Common. 3260. Nannia rufaria Walker. (efwsata Walker, in Dyar’s List.) May 6-26; July 9-27. Common. 3262. Heterophleps triguttaria Herrich-Scheffer. June 1-22; July rg—August 25. Common. . Eupithecia palpata Packard. New Brighton, April 18-27 (Merrick); Pittsburgh, April 30 (Engel). . Eupithecia packardata Taylor. July 27-September 4. Occurs generally, but is rather rare. This is the form which has been regarded as adsinthiata Clerck. . Eupithecia coagulata Guenée. Pittsburgh, May 20—June 21 (Engel). . Eupithecia swetti Grossbeck. New Brighton, April 19, tg02 (Merrick). . Eupithecia grossbeckiata Swett. Pittsburgh, July 2-30 (Engel). 3327. Eucymatoge intestinata Guenée. May 28—June 29; August 3-17. Common. 3331. Venusia comptaria Walker. April 15-May 12. Common. This is the species which has long been known as duodecemlineata Packard in local collections. . Venusia perlineata Packard. May 22-July 17. Common. This species stands as comptaria Walker in local collections. 3332- Eucheca albovittata Guenée. April 25—May 30; July 2—August 17. Common. 3335. Eucheca lucata Guenée. New Brighton, May 28-June 17 (Merrick). Fairly common at rest on trees and at light. ENGEL: LEPIDOPTERA OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 81 3336. Eucheca albifera Walker. Pittsburgh, August 4 (Marloff); New Brighton, May 30—August 21 (Merrick). At light in forest. 3337. Epirrita dilutata Denis & Schiffermiiller. New Brighton, October 19-28 (Merrick). Rare. 3340. Hydria undulata Linnzus. April 25—May 29; July 25-August 7. Common. The larve live in colonies on wild cherry in a web. 3348. Eustroma diversilineata Hiibner. June 20—-July 24; August 5-September 16. Common. The form gracilineata Guenée is equally common. 3350. Eustroma populata Linnzus. New Brighton, June 25, 1901, one specimen (Merrick). Var. remotata Walker. New Brighton, July 4-20 (Merrick); Pittsburgh, June 28, 1899 (Engel); Millvale (Lippold). Some of these specimens havea yellow ground while others are brown. Probably two of the listed varieties are represented. 3354. Eustroma atrocolorata Grote. June 3-29; July 8—-August 17. Common. Mr. Krautwurm has reared this species on wild hydrangea. 3359. Rheumaptera hastata Linneus. Pittsburgh, June 29 (Krautwurm, Marloff); New Brighton, July 12, 13 (Merrick, Engel). 3361. Rheumaptera sociata Borkhausen. New Brighton, May z9—August 25 (Merrick); Pittsburgh, May 27-29 (Engel). Rare in Pittsburgh, but very common at New Brighton. 3370. Percnoptilota fluviata Hiibner. May 18—June 7; July 4-August 17. Common. 3371. Mesoleuca ruficillata Guenée. May 20-June 7; July 19-27. Common. 3374. Mesoleuca lacustrata Guenée. May 5—June 27; July 30-August 17. Common. 3376. Mesoleuca intermediata Guenée. April 17—May 10; July 24—August 29. Common. 3383. Mesoleuca persiliata Guenée. New Brighton, June 4-18; Pittsburgh, June 24 (Marloff, Kraut- wurm ). 82 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM, 3386. Mesoleuca vasiliata Guenée. April ro—May 6. Well distributed, but rare. It occurs in forests, where it may be flushed from the dead leaves. 3388. Hydriomena autumnalis Strémeyer. Pittsburgh, April 18—May 4 (Engel, Marloff, Friday) ; New Brigh- ton, April 30-May 19 (Merrick); Allegheny (Lippold). 3401. Hydriomene multiferata Walker. May 17-June g. Rare, but represented in most of the collections. 3402. Hydriomene latirupta Walker. May 19—June 27; July 18—September 7. Common. 3426. Coenocalpe gibbicostata Walker. September 11-27. Common, but very local. 3438. Gypsochroa designata Hufnagel. New Brighton, August 11-31 (Merrick); Pittsburgh, June 13 (Engel); several specimens without date of capture (Krautwurm ). 3457. Petrophora ferrugata Clerck. May 5—July 2; August 2-September 7. Common. 3463. Petrophora fluctuata Linnzus. May 19—June 5; July 26—August 7. Common. Subfamily MONOCTENIIN2, 3468. Heematopis grataria Fabricius. May 1—June 23; August 2-September 4. Common. Subfamily SrERRHINA. 3469. Erastria amaturaria Walker. June 1-July 12; August 2-September 6. Common. 3477. Deptalia insulsaria Guenée. July 16—-August 15 ; October 16. Common. 3479. Cosymbia myrtaria Guenée. New Brighton, May 8-18, September 2 (Merrick) ; Pittsburgh, May 11, September 25 (Engel, Friday). 3480. Cosymbia lumenaria Hiibner. Pittsburgh, May 19 (Engel) ; New Brighton, May 1-22 (Merrick). 3487. Synelys enucleata Guenée. May 26—June 8; August 7-23. Common. Var. restrictata Walker. Occurs with the typical form. 3521. Eois demissaria Hiibner. Pittsburgh, August 12, two specimens (Engel). i. ee ENGEL: LEPIDOPTERA OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 83 3530. Eois ossularia Hiibner. New Brighton, September 9-22 (Merrick) ; Pittsburgh, August 20 (Engel). 3546. Eois inductata Guenée. June 2-24; July 22—August 19. Common. 3548. Eois productata Packard. New Brighton, May 31—June 4 (Merrick). Subfamily GEOMETRIN#. 3561. Chlorochlamys chloroleucaria Guenée. May 12-June 9; July 4-31. Common. 3564. Nemoria subcroceata Walker. New Brighton, May 21-July 7 (Merrick); Pittsburgh (Kraut- wurm). 3571. Racheospila lixaria Guenée. New Brighton, July 24, 1902 (Merrick). 3578. Synchlora zrata Fabricius. May 28-June 16; August 5-18. Common. 3583. Synchlora rubrifrontaria Packard. New Brighton, June 25, tgor (Merrick). 3587. Aplodes mimosaria Guenée. May 21-29; July 7-27. Common. 3589. Aplodes rubrifrontaria Packard. New Brighton, April 19—May 1 (Merrick); Pittsburgh, July 11 (Engel, Krautwurm) ; Allegheny (Meyer). 3590. Aplodes bistriaria Hiibner. Pittsburgh, May 3-11 (Marloff, Krautwurm) ; New Brighton, April 18—May 17 (Merrick). 3599. Anaplodes iridaria Guenée. June 3-July 29. This handsome species is represented in most of the collections, but is quite rare. Subfamily ENNOMIN#. 3604. Eufidonia notataria Walker. May 28—June 20. Widely distributed, but rare. 3606. Orthofidonia semiclarata Walker. New Brighton, May 2-19 (Merrick, Engel). Not rare in favorable seasons. 3608. Orthofidonia vestaliata Guenée. May 2-June 4. Very common. 84 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. 3611. Heliomata infulata Grote. June 18—July 16. Very rare, but represented in nearly all col- lections. ; 3613. Heliomata cycladata Grote. May 29-June 21. Very common in locust thickets and at flowers. 3614a. Mellilla xanthometata Walker. July ro—August 24. Rare on, or in vicinity of, honey-locust. 3618. Physostegania pustularia Guenée. June 20o—-August 6. Common. 3619. Gueneria basiaria Walker. May 19-26; July 27—-August 16. Rare in the vicinity of Pitts- burgh, but quite common at New Brighton. 3623. Deilinia variolaria Guenée. New Brighton, June 6 (Merrick) ; Pittsburgh, June 8-12; August 12 (Engel, Marloff). 3636. Deilinea liberaria Walker. Pittsburgh, September 22-27 (Engel, Marloff); New Brighton, August 30-September 11 (Merrick); Jeannette, September 20-26 (Klages). 3647. Sciagraphia granitata Guenée. Pittsburgh, June (Krautwurm) ; New Brighton, June g—14 (Mer- rick). 3651. Sciagraphia heliothidata Guenée. May 8-July 18; August 5-September 1. Common. 3667. Philobia enotata Guenée. May 5-16; July 12-30. Common. 3668. Macaria infimata Guenée. Pittsburgh, August 7-10 (Engel); New Brighton and Rock Point, June 26-31; August 11-September 3 (Merrick, Engel). All were found at rest on willow trees. 3680. Macaria simulata Hulst. Pittsburgh, October 4 (Marloff); Jeannette, October 11 (Klages). At sugar and light. 3683. Macaria glomeraria Grote. April 12-May 10. Common in forests. 3689. Cymatophora virginalis Hulst. New Brighton, May 12; August 1o-15 (Merrick); Pittsburgh, August 12 (Marloff). 3690. Cymatophora ribearia Fitch. New Brighton, June 25, July 8, two specimens (Merrick). ENGEL: LEPIDOPTERA OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 85 3703. Cymatophora inceptaria Walker. New Brighton, June 3-27 (Merrick). Common at light and among the herbage in woods. 3705. Cymatophora subcessaria Walker. July 6—-August 16. Widely distributed, but rare. Var. coortaria Hulst. New Brighton, June 24—July 23 (Merrick); Pittsburgh, June 25 (Marloff). 3744. Sympherta julia Hulst. New Brighton, June 29—July 30 (Merrick). Fairly common at light in woods. 3755. Apecasia defluata Walker. Swissvale (Knechtel); New Brighton, May 17 (Merrick). 3780. Nepytia semiclusaria Walker. New Brighton, September 28—October 19 (Merrick); Pittsburgh, (Krautwurm); Jeannette, September 29 (Klages). 3803. Paraphia subatomaria Wood. May 26—June 7; July 17-August 19. Common. Var. unipunctata Haworth. July 31-August 17. Rare. Var. deplanaria Guenée. June 1-17; July 31—August ro. The last form is always represented by small males, otherwise like the typical form. 3807. Lytrosis unitaria Herrich-Scheffer. Wilmerding, one specimen, Fcerster. 3815. Tornos abjectarius Hulst. Pittsburgh, July 29; August 25, two males (Engel). 3838. Selidosema humaria Guenée. April 12-May 10; August 12-September 2. Generally taken, but scarce. 3848. Cleora indicataria Walker (?). New Brighton, June 4-July 14 (Merrick); Ohio Pyle, July 17 (Marloff, Friday). This form was determined by Dr. Dyar for Mr. Merrick. It does not agree with the figure of polygrammaria, Pack- ard’s Monograph, Plate XI, fig. 19, and the determination has been questioned. It is similar to Zavvarza but much darker, smaller, and constant. 3850. Cleora pampinaria Guenée. April 3-May 25; July 17-August 24. Common. 86 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. 3855. Cleora larvaria Guenée. May 20—-June 14; August 6-17. Rather scarce. 3858. Melanolophia canadaria Guenée. April 20-—May 15; July 6-27. Common, and very variable. 3859. Aithaloptera anticaria Walker. April 12-28 ; July 16-22. Rare. 3862. Ectropis crepuscularia Denis & Schiffermiiller. April 12—May 19; June 19-28. Common. 3864. Epimecis virginaria Cramer. Pittsburgh, April 25-May ro (Krautwurm); New Brighton, May 5 (Merrick); Wilmerding, July 4 (Zahrobsky); Ohio Pyle, July 24 (Kahl, Klages). 3865. Lycia ursaria Walker. New Brighton, April 15, 1899 (Merrick). 3867. Lycia cognataria Guenée. April 2o-June 2; July 16-August 6. Common. The writer has reared the larvze on wild cherry and they occur on many other plants. 3873. Nacophora quernaria Smith & Abbot. April 30—June 28. Local specimens of this interesting species are in most of the collections, but it is rare. ‘The writer reared a large brood from ova. Foodplant: oak. In several collections dark males of this species stand under cuwfzdaria Grote, but these are all males of guernarta. 3880. Phigalia olivacearia Morrison. March 18—April 25. Rare in forests at rest on the trees, and occa- sionally taken at light. 3881. Phigalia titea Cramer. March 22-April 27. Very common in some years. 3884. Erannis tiliaria Harris. October 27—December 5. Commonin forests. The females are abun- dant during the middle of November, and deposit eggs in the crevices of the bark of the trees. The writer bred this species from ova and numerous larvee were observed feeding on various deciduous plants. 3886. Cingilia catenaria Drury. New Brighton, September 27 (Merrick); Wilmerding, September 28 (Zahrobsky); Allegheny (Lippold, Meyer). 3898a. Anagoga occiduaria Walker. New Brighton, May 2—June 7; August 2-16 (Merrick). This spe- cies is found in the woods at rest on the dead leaves. When disturbed it rises high in the air and settles again near its former resting place. De ‘gel ENGEL: LEPIDOPTERA OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 87 3902. Sicya macularia Harris. June ro—22. Rare, but generally distributed. 3907. Therina pellucidaria Grote & Robinson. New Brighton, May 7—June 12 (Merrick); Pittsburgh, April 12 (Marloff); four specimens without date (Krautwurm). 3908. Therina endropiaria Grote & Robinson, New Brighton, June 11-17 (Merrick). 3909. Therina athasaria Walker. New Brighton, April 6-May 8 (Merrick); Sharpsburg, May 30 (Lucock); Pittsburgh (Krautwurm). 3911. Therina fervidaria Hiibner. New Brighton, September 21—October 1g (Merrick) ; Ohio Pyle, August 2 (Kahl & Klages) ; Pittsburgh, September 19 (Krautwurm). The several species of Zevina are quite rare in the Pittsburgh district. At New Brighton, where extensive forests still exist, they are com- moner, and may be found at rest on the trees. 3913. Metrocampa pregrandaria Guenée. New Brighton, July 27—August 21 (Merrick) ; Pittsburgh, June 20 (Friday). 3916. Eugonobapta nivosaria Guenée. June 2—July 3. Common in forests among the herbage. 3922. Ennomos subsignarius Hiibner. June 30—August 5. Rare but taken by nearly all the collectors. 3923. Ennomos magnarius Guenée. August 13—October 11. Common. ‘The larvez were reared on ash and hickory (Engel, Friday). 3925. Xanthotype crocataria Fabricius. May 19—June 17; July 21—August 23. Common. 3927. Plagodis serinaria Herrich-Scheeffer. May 1—June 13. Generally distributed, but rare. 3928. Plagodis keutzingi Grote. Pittsburgh, May 17-28; July 2-12 (Marloff, Engel, Friday). Rare. . Plagodis altruaria Pearsall. (Keutzingarta Packard. ) April 27—June 2. Rare, but represented in most of the collections. 3929. Plagodis fervidaria Herrich—Scheeffer. April 30—May 29. Rare, but generally distributed. 3930. Plagodis alcoolaria Guenée. New Brighton, June 4-19 (Merrick) ; Pittsburgh, June (Engel). 88 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. Var. kempi Hulst (3926 Dyar’s List). New Brighton (Merrick). The type of this form was taken at New Brighton. 3931. Plagodis phlogosaria Guenée. New Brighton, July r1—August 8 (Merrick) ; Pittsburgh, July 28 (Marloff) ; July 12 (Engel). 3932. Plagodis emargataria Guenée. New Brighton, July 20-27 (Merrick) ; Pittsburgh, April 30—May 4 (Krautwurm). 3934. Hyperetus amicaria Herrich-Scheffer. July 16-August 12. Rare in Pittsburgh, but common in a forest near New Brighton. Var. alienaria Herrich-Scheeffer. April 19-May 31. Common. Var. nepiasaria Walker. May 17—June 10. Common. 3939. Ania limbata Haworth. June 5—July 30. Common among herbage in woods. 3941. Gonodontis hypochraria Herrich-Scheeffer. May 20-June 30; July 26—August 10. Common. 3944. Gonodontis duaria Guenée. May 13—-June 24. Common. 3947. Gonodontis obfirmaria Hiibner. New Brighton, May 9-30 (Merrick) ; Pittsburgh, May 28—June 2 (Engel). 3954. Euchlena serrata Drury. June 15-July 22. Scarce, but generally distributed. 3956. Euchlena obtusaria Hiibner. May 24-June 16; August 12-20. Common. 3957. Euchlena effectaria Walker. New Brighton, July 8-11 (Merrick). Rare. 3960. Euchlena johnsonaria Fitch. Pittsburgh, August 14 (Engel) ; New Brighton, Pa., June 17—July 2; September 4-9 (Merrick). A variable species, quite common at light in forests. 3964. Euchlena marginata Minot. New Brighton, May 16-20, two specimens (Merrick). 3965. Euchlena pectinaria Denis & Schiffermiiller. May 22-June 24. Common. ———————————— err CT ENGEL: LEPIDOPTERA OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 89 3971. Eutrapela kentaria Grote. Pittsburgh, April 22-29 (Krautwurm) ; New Brighton, April 13-27 (Merrick). Rare, clinging to weeds or twigs in forests with its wings reversed when at rest. 3981. Metanema inatomaria Guenée. May 8-21; July 12-31. Common in vicinity of poplar, on which the larva feeds. 3982. Metanema determinata Walker. May 12-26; August 6-19. Scarce, but generally distributed. 3986. Metanema quercivoraria Guenée. April 29-June 9. JZ. ¢extrinaria Grote & Robinson, is the male of this species, and both sexes are rather variable. Fairly common in woods of hard timber. 3990. Priocycla armataria Herrich-Scheffer. May 29-June 21; July 17—-August 7. Not rare, and generally distributed. 4oo1. Azelina ancetaria Hiibner. May 6—June 2; July 26—-August 14. Common at light and the summer brood at flowers of Safonaria. 4005. Syssaura infensata Guenée. Jeannette, September 7 (Klages). One specimen in Carnegie Mu- seum collection. 4007. Caberodes confusaria Hiibner. May 24-June 18; August 20-September 17. Common and variable. 4008. Caberodes majoraria Guenée. New Brighton, June 15—July 7 (Merrick). Rare. 4o11. Tetracis crocallata Guenée. May 14-June 17; August 4-27. Common. 4014. Sabulodes arcasaria Walker. July 12-26. Rare at light and flowers of Saponaria. S. sulphurata Packard is the female of this species. 4016. Sabulodes lorata Grote. May 14-June 11; July 16-27. Common among herbage in woods. 4025. Sabulodes furciferata Packard. ‘May 14-June 3. Rare. While I have not bred the species, I am confident this form is the spring brood of S. arcasaria Walker. 4026. Sabulodes transversata Drury. June 14-July 7; August 21-October 25. Common. 90 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. 4028. Abbottana clemataria Smith & Abbot. April 17-May 4; June 30-August 1. Common. Foodplants: oak, wild cherry. Family EPIPLEMIDZ. 4044. Calledapteryx dryopterata Grote. May 21—June 27; August 3-17. Widely distributed, but scarce. This curious little species assumes a rather unique posture when at rest. It folds the secondaries over the abdomen and expands the primaries and rests on top of the leaves among the herbage in the woods [and vibrates its primaries after alighting. ator. | Family NOLID/. 4046. Celama triquetrana Fitch. April 17-May 5. Fairly common in forests, where witch-hazel grows. Mr. Krautwurm found the larvz on this plant. 4053. Nola ovilla Grote. Pittsburgh, April 26-28 (Engel, Krautwurm); New Brighton, April 29—May 9; July 27—August 3 (Merrick). 4055. Reeselia minuscula Zeller. New Brighton, May 25 (Merrick); Pittsburgh, May 13 (Engel). 4058. Nigetia formosalis Walker. Panther Hollow, Schenley Park. Scarce. A specimen taken at sugar by Holland in Schenley Park is figured in the ‘‘ Moth Book.’’ Family LACOSOMIDE. 4059. Cicinnus melsheimeri Harris. Pittsburgh, June 11 (Engel); New Brighton, June 5-23 Ce Wilmerding (Zahrobsky). 4060. Lacosoma chiridota Grote. New Brighton, June 13 (Merrick, Hope); Wilmerding, June 18, two specimens (Zahrobsky ). Family PSYCHID. 4065. Thyridopteryx ephemereformis Haworth. Dr. Holland found the larval case on a shrub in his garden. [Prob- ably an imported specimen. afor.]| The moth has not been ob- served here to the writer’s knowledge. [But it is very abundant in various localities in West Virginia, below Pittsburgh. Zaztor. | ENGEL: LEPIDOPTERA OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 91 4068. Eurycyttarus confederata Grote & Robinson. June 25—July 7. Common. The larval cases are numerous on the trunks of trees and on fence-posts during June. 4072. Solenobia walshella Clemens. Pittsburgh, April 2o-May 6 (Engel & Marloff); New Brighton, April 18-30 (Merrick). The larval case of this species occurs in the crevices of the bark of trees. Family COCHLIDIIDA, 4075. Sibine stimulea Clemens. Jeannette, July 7. (Klages, Knechtel); Pittsburgh (Krautwurm). Mr. Krautwurm collected the larva on oak and maple. [Numerous specimens of the larva have been sent to the Carnegie Museum from various places in Western Pennsylvania, with requests for information, and though scarce, it is widely distributed. dztor.] 4077. Euclea delphinii Boisduval. June r9—July 24. Common. It isa variable species. The larva feeds on many deciduous plants. 4080. Euclea chloris Herrich-Schaeffer. June 17—July 12. Common. The larva is abundant on hickory and wild cherry. 4085. Adoneta spinuloides Herrich-Schaeffer. June 13-July 28. Common. The larva feeds promiscuously on deciduous plants. 4087. Sisyrosea textula Herrich-Schaeffer. June 13-27. Generally distributed, but scarce. ‘The larva occurs on oak, hickory, wild cherry, and other plants. 4089. Phobetron pithecium Smith & Abbot. June 15—July 18. Scarce but well represented in the several col- lections. The larva mostly occurs on wild cherry. 4092. Prolimacodes scapha Harris. June 20-July 15. Common. ‘The larva is very abundant on cul- tivated and wild cherry, hickory, and many other plants. 4094. Cochlidion biguttata Packard. New Brighton (Hope); Wilmerding, (Foerster). 4096. Cochlidion y-inversa Packard. Pittsburgh, July 3-12 (Engel, Marloff); Ohio Pyle, July 17 (Mar- loff); New Brighton, June 19—August 2 (Merrick). 92 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM, 4097. Lithacodes fasciola Herrich-Schaeffer. June 14-July 20. Common. The larva is abundant on oak, hick- ory, maple, and cherry. 4098. Packardia elegans Packard. Pittsburgh, June rg—July 1 (Engel, Marloff); New. Brighton, June 16—July 10 (Merrick). 4099. Packardia geminata Packard. June 7-22 (Marloff, Engel, Krautwurm); New Brighton, June 14- 22 (Merrick). Foodplants: wild cherry, oak, sycamore. 4100. Packadia albipunctata Packard. Pittsburgh, May 31—June 9 (Engel). Rare. 4105. Tortricidia flexuosa Grote. June 6-July 19. Common. Var. cesonia Grote. New Brighton, July 1o—23 (Merrick); Pittsburgh, July 31 (Engel). Mr. Krautwurm has bred a number of this form but they were all forced and emerged during the winter. The larva occurs freely on wild cherry and many other plants. 4106. Tortricidia testacea Packard. June 5-24. ‘Taken in the several localities, but rather scarce. Family PYROMORPHID. 4115. Acoloithus falsarius Clemens. Pittsburgh, July 12-20 (Engel, Marloff, Ehrman). ‘The larva feeds on wild grape and the moth frequents the blossoms of yarrow or sneeze- wort during the day time. 4117. Pyromorpha dimidiata Herrich-Scheffer. Pittsburgh (Krautwurm); Allegheny (Meyer). The specimens were taken flying during the day time. 4129. Harrisina americana Guérin-Ménéville. Pittsburgh, July 1-1o (Engel). Taken at light. Mr. Krautwurm has reared many specimens from larvz found on wild grape. Family THYRIDA. 4131. Thyris maculata Harris. June 27—August 11. Common. ‘The moth frequents the blossoms of blackberry, dewberry, and yarrow on sunny days. 4132. Thyris lugubris Boisduval. May 30-June 27. Scarce, but widely distributed. The moth ENGEL: LEPIDOPTERA OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 93 occurs on berry blossoms and the writer observed it feasting on the cadaver of acow. Mr. Link took several specimens feeding on the remains of a snake at Ohio Pyle, Pa. 4134. Dysodia oculatana Clemens. June 24—-July 19. Common. The moth is crepuscular in its habits and frequents the blossoms of the milkweed and the horse-chestnut (42sculus). The larva lives on the white snakeroot (2ufatorium ageratoides Linn.). It partly severs the midrib of the leaf, causing it to droop, when it is drawn into cone-shape and forms the abode of the larva. Family COSSID/A‘. 4147. Prionoxystus robiniz Peck. June 6-20. Common. 4148. Prionoxystus macmurtrei Guérin-Ménéville. Pittsburgh, June 4—8 (Krautwurm) ; New Brighton, May 30, June 3 (Merrick) ; Wilmerding, June 2 (Zahrobsky ). Family SESIIDz. 4162. Melittia satyriniformis Hiibner. July 11-29. Common. ‘The larva is injurious to pumpkin vines. 4170. Alcothoe caudata Harris. Pittsburgh, July 24-August 5, 1908 (Engel). The specimens were bred from the roots of Clematis. Mature larvz and one cocoon were collected on June 21. A female emerged July 24 from the cocoon found on June 21. The pupal state ranges from 30-35 days. 4173. Podosesia syringe Harris. May 25—-June 30. Common. The larve occur in lilac and ash. 4175. Memythrus tricinctus Harris. Wilmerding, one specimen (Foerster). ; 4183. Memythrus asilipennis Boisduval. Millvale, May, one specimen (B. Krautwurm). 4191. Bembecia marginata Harris. August 8-September 12. Common. The variety a/dicoma Hulst occurs with the typical form, but is less frequent. Larva in the roots of blackberry. 4194. Sanninoidea exitiosa Say. June 30-August 14. Common. The larve are destructive in the base of peach, cultivated and wild cherry trees, and pupate under the hardened sap which oozes from their borings. 94 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. Var. edwardsi Beutenmiiller. Pittsburgh, August 5 ( Marloff). 4203. Sesia rutilans Hy. Edwards (?). New Brighton, August 10, 1907 (Bird). This specimen is near to rultlans but may prove different when more material is obtained. The specimen was bred from sneezeweed. 4207. Sesia bassiformis Walker. August 13-September 14. Common. Larve abundant in roots of ironweed. 4208. Sesia tipuliformis Clerck. May r5—June 18. Common in currant fields. 4216. Sesia pictipes Grote & Robinson. May 5-June 2. Common. The larva lives in the trunk and branches of plum, and cultivated and wild cherry trees. 4221. Sesia acerni Clemens. May 15—June 12. Common on swamp maple. 4222. Sesia corni Hy. Edwards. Pittsburgh, August 5, 1907 (Kahl); one specimen without date (Krautwurm ). 4224. Sesia pyri Harris. June 7-30. Common in old apple orchards where hundreds of specimens emerge from some of the trees. 4225. Sesia scitula Harris. Pittsburgh (Krautwurm). 4250. Sesia pyralidiformis Walker. August 7-September 13. Common in waste land where boneset grows. The larva feeds in the roots of this plant. ’ Family PYRALIDA. Subfamily PyRAUSTINA. 4263. Glaphria glaphyralis Guenée. June 21—July 15. Common. 4264. Glaphria sesquistrialis Hiibner. June 24—July 29; August 3-7. Common. 4266. Glaphria psychicalis Hulst. New Brighton, June 11—August 26 (Merrick). 4269. Glaphria peremptalis Grote. New Brighton, July 10, 14, two specimens (Merrick). 0 Se el _— 2 ENGEL: LEPIDOPTERA OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 95 4273. Lipocosma sicalis Walker. June 13-July 15. Common. 4274. Lipocosma fuliginosalis Fernald. June ro—26; July 16—August 11. Common. 4275. Hymenia perspectalis Hiibner. Pittsburgh, June 23-25; August 5-18 (Engel, Marloff, Friday) ; New Brivhton, September 30—October 26 (Merrick) ; Charleroi, Octo- ber 1 (Ehrman) ; Jeannette, October 11 (Klages). 4276. Hymenia fascialis Cramer. New Brighton, October 2, 1903 (Merrick) ; Jeannette, October 11 (Klages). 4277. Desmia funeralis Hiibner. June 8—July 24; August 8-September 3. Common. Swddivisalis Grote is the female of fuseralis. 4285. Samea ecclesialis Guenée. New Brighton, July 14—August 13 (Merrick); Pittsburgh (Holland). 4287. Diastictis argyralis Hiibner. Pittsburgh, May 1-30 (Engel, Marloff). 4291. Pilocrocis ramentalis Lederer. Pittsburgh, October 19 (Engel); New Brighton, October 4-12 (Merrick) , Jeannette, October 11 (Klages). 4302. Blepharomastix ranalis Guenée. June 2-27. Common among low herbage in the woods. 4304. Blepharomastix stenialis Guenée. Pittsburgh, June 20, 1908 (Engel). 4307. Pantographa limata Grote & Robinson. June 22-July 26. Common. 4316. Diaphania nitidalis Stoll. Jeannette, October 11 (Klages). Three specimens in Carnegie Museum. 4320. Diaphania hyalinata Linnzus. Pittsburgh, September 21—October 6 (Marloff, Friday, Kahl, Klages). New Brighton, September 30—October 12 (Merrick). 4321. Diaphania quadristigmalis Guenée. Jeannette, June 15-29; September (Ehrman) in Coll. W. J. Hol- land ; New Brighton, September 5 (Merrick). 4323. Metrea ostreonalis Grote. New Brighton, July 17, 1901 (Merrick). 4336. Evergestis straminalis Hiibner. May 1-June 10; August 13-23. Common. 96 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. 4337. Crocidophora serratissimalis$ Zeller. rise 11-27; August 17-September 28. Common. 4339. Crocidophora tuberculalis Lederer. New Brighton, June 7—July 5 (Merrick) ; pe ein July 7-26 (Marloff ) ; Jeannette, July 18 (Klages). 4342. Nomophila noctuella Denis & Schiffermiiller. June 13—July 30; August 7-October 1. Common. 4349. Loxostege obliteralis Walker. June 16-July 30; August 9. Common. 4351. Loxostege helvialis Walker. Pittsburgh, May 28, August 14 (Engel) ; New Brighton, May 25, 1903 (Merrick). 4369. Loxostege maclure Riley. Pittsburgh, May 26—-June 30; August 11-September 28 (Engel, Marloff ) ; New Brighton, July 2-September 18 (Merrick). 4381. Diasemia roseopennalis Hulst. New Brighton, September 3, 1905 (Merrick). One specimen. 4385. Condylorrhiza vestigialis Guenée. Jeannette, October 11 (Klages); New Brighton, August 12—October 12, three specimens (Merrick). 4386. Thaleria reversalis Guenée. New Brighton, August 1-September 8 (Merrick) ; Pittsburgh, June 23-24 (Engel) ; July 28 (Marloff). 4400. Perispasta ceculalis Zeller. New Brighton, May 30—-June 20; July 31—-August 24 (Merrick) ; Pittsburgh, June 3-6 (Engel, Marloff). Scarce. 4401. Phlyctenia ferrugalis Hiibner. March 20—May 13; July 12—August 24; September 28—November 5. Common. 4410. Phlyctenia terrealis Treitschke. Pittsburgh, May 30—June 14 (Engel) ; New Brighton, June 1-3; August 15-28 (Merrick). Rare. 4413. Phlyctenia tertialis Guenée. May 24—June 29; August 15-September 2. Common. 4414. Cindaphia bicoloralis Guenée. May 27-June 19; August 5-September 23. Common. 4417. Pyrausta pertextalis Lederer. May 12-July 1; August 11-September 14. Common. — Fr Te | Te at Vial ENGEL: LEPIDOPTERA OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 97 4418. Pyrausta fissalis Grote. New Brighton, July 15-28 (Merrick); Pittsburgh, July 9-17 (Engel). 4419. Pyrausta eglealis Walker. New Brighton, July ro—26 (Merrick) ; Pittsburgh, June 11-July ae as wy, A on 23; August 24 (Engel). LW! 4420. Pyrausta thestealis Walker. ISX | New Brighton, June 25—July 29 (Merrick). lag 4423. Pyrausta oxydalis Guenée. is July 2—August 10. Common. 4426. Pyrausta orphisalis Walker. New Brighton, July 12, 1905, one specimen (Merrick). 4436. Pyrausta fumalis Guenée. August 4-27. Rare at light and among low herbage in the woods. 4437. Pyrausta illibalis Hiibner. April 23—May 6. Common at rest on the trees in extensive forests. 4439. Pyrausta penitalis Grote. May 14-July 30. Common. 4441. Pyrausta futilalis Lederer. Pittsburgh, June 14-28; September 2 (Engel, Marloff); New Brighton, June 21-July 1; August 19-September 22 (Merrick). Scarce. 4442. Pyrausta fumoferalis Hulst. New Brighton, July 16, 1907, one specimen (Merrick). 4443. Pyrausta unifascialis Packard. New Brighton, June 3-18, 1907 (Merrick, Engel). 4450. Pyrausta acrionalis Walker. May 13-June 22; July 2-August 23. Common in waste land. 4451. Pyrausta rubricalis Hiibner. Var.?, Pittsburgh, May 2—-June 23; August 12-26 (Engel, Mar- loff); New Brighton, June 2 (Merrick); Dr. Dyar determined this form as rubricalts var. It is nearest to acrionalis. 4454. Pyrausta insequalis Guenée. Pittsburgh, April 2g-May 14; July 2 (Engel). Rare. Flying in waste lands. . Pyrausta ochosalis Dyar. Pittsburgh, May 3-July 5; August 24 (Engel, Marloff). Common in peppermint patches in moist places. 4455. Pyrausta generosa Grote & Robinson. June 12-23; July r5-August 16. Rare. 98 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. 4458. Pyrausta tyralis Guenée. Pittsburgh, June 14 (Engel). A specimen in the Carnegie Museum collection compared by Dr. Holland with the U. S. Nat. Mus. material, 4461.1. Pyrausta signatalis Walker. ; Pittsburgh, June. 27-July 2; August 25-September 18 (Engel, Marloff); New Brighton, May 21, July 8—August 16 (Merrick). Rare. 4469. Pyrausta unimacula Grote & Robinson. May 13-June 23; August 14-September 30. Common. 4472. Pyrausta funebris Strém. June 1-28; July 29—-August 20. Common in waste land. 4473. Pyrausta niveicilialis Grote. June 8-13; July 6—August 30. Common. The larva lives on a small variety of Eupatorium purpureum growing in shady woods, in a rolled leaf. . Pyrausta chalybealis Fernald. July 15-29; August r2-September 17. Common among the herbage in the woods. 4474. Eustixia pupula Hiibner. June 25--July 22; August 4-September 20. Common. 4484. Lineodes integra Zeller. Pittsburgh, August 17. Collection of Carnegie Museum. Subfamily NyMPHULIN. 4487. Nymphula icciusalis Walker. New Brighton, May 23—July 26 (Merrick). 4491. Nymphula allionealis Walker. July 26, 1903, New Brighton (Merrick). 4498. Elophila claudialis Walker. July 2-20; August12. Rare. On flowers in waste land and at light. 4500. Elophila fulicalis Clemens. New Brighton, June 8—July 6; August 15-27 (Merrick, Engel). Very common along the margins of water courses. 4503. Diathrausta reconditalis Walker. May 31—June 27; July 28—August 25. Common. Subfamily ScoPARIIN®. 4507. Scoparia basalis Walker. June 11-30 ; August 25—-September 15. Common. ENGEL: LEPIDOPTERA OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 99 . Scoparia penumbralis Dyar. New Brighton, June 28—July r (Merrick) ; Ohio Pyle, June to (Engel). . Scoparia cinereomedia Dyar. New Brighton, June 26—July 21 (Merrick, Engel) ; Coraopolis, July 13; Ohio Pyle, July 16-21 (Kahl, Klages). . Scoparia strigalis Dyar. Pittsburgh, June 6—July 14 (Marloff, Engel). Subfamily PyRALIN«. 4511. Aglossa cuprealis Hiibner. June 3-27; August 4. Common. 4513. Hypsopygia costalis Fabricius. July 7-18. Rare at light. 4514. Pyralis cuprina Zeller. June 26-August 1. Common. At light in forests. 4514.1. Pyralis costiferalis Walker. New Brighton, June 21~-July 10 (Merrick); Ohio Pyle, July 28- August r (Kahl & Klages). 4516. Pyralis farinalis Linnzus. June 4—July 19; September 9-28. Common. 4520. Herculia intermedialis Walker. Pittsburgh, June 26—July 27 (Engel, Marloff); New Brighton, June 26—July 27 (Merrick). 4521. Herculia olinalis Guenée. June 11-July 12. Rare at light. 4523. Herculia himonialis Zeller. June 13-July 10. Rare. Taken at light. 4524. Omphalocera cariosa Lederer. Pittsburgh, July 3, 1903, one specimen (Engel). Subfamily CHRYSAUGINE. 4528. Tosale oviplagalis Walker. June 5—July 29. Generally distributed, but scarce. The sexes are very dissimilar in this species. 4532. Condylolomia participialis Grote. June 5—July 29. Common among herbage in woods. 4533. Galasa rubidana Walker. Pittsburgh, June 24—July 12 (Engel, Marloff) ; New Brighton, July 8—-August 1 (Merrick). Rare. At light. 100 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. Subfamily SCHG:NOBIN. 4543. Schenobius unipunctellus Robinson. Pittsburgh, June 2-28 (Engel, Marloff) ; New Brighton, June 19- July 17 (Merrick). 4545. Schenobius melinellus Clemens. - Pittsburgh, June 15-25; September 12 (Engel) ; New Brighton, June 27—July 2 (Merrick). Subfamily CRAMBINA. 4564. Crambus girardellus Clemens. Pittsburgh, June 26—-July 13 (Engel) ; New Brighton, June 25- July 18 (Merrick). Rare. At light in wooded sections. 4567. Crambus prefectellus Zincken. May 24—-June 8; August 19. Scarce. Occurring in waste lands and at light. 4573. Crambus laqueatellus Clemens. May 23-June 17. Very common. 4574. Crambus alboclavellus Zeller. May 30—-July 2; July 20-August 2. Common. 457s. Crambus agitatellus Clemens. June 11—July 9. Scarce, but generally distributed. 4577. Crambus albellus Clemens. New Brighton, May 30-July 3; Pittsburgh, June 28—July 7 (Mar- loff). Rare in the vicinity of Pittsburgh, but common at New Brighton among low herbage in the woods. 4579. Crambus hortuellus Hiibner. Pittsburgh, May 27; July 4-29 (Engel, Marloff ) ; New Brighton, July 29 (Merrick). Rare. 4581. Crambus turbatellus Walker. July 2-August 5. Scarce, but generally distributed. 4582. Crambus elegans Clemens. June 9-July 12 ; August 3-September 17. Common in waste land, especially along the margin of woods. 4585. Crambus vulgivagellus Clemens. August 20-September 23. Common at light. 4587. Crambus ruricolellus Zeller. August 14—September 23. Common. 4589. Crambus teterrellus Zincken. Pittsburgh, June 10-30 ; August 6-September 14 (Engel, Marloff ) ; Se a 0 tice aia ENGEL: LEPIDOPTERA OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 101 New Brighton, June ro—July 8; September 5 (Merrick). Rare. Taken at light. 4590. Crambus decorellus Zincken. Pittsburgh, July 14-25 (Marloff) ; New Brighton, June 17—July to (Merrick). Rare. ‘Taken at light. Mr. Marloff took his speci- mens in a hilly pasture field. 4601. Crambus mutabilis Clemens. Pittsburgh, June 2—July 5; August 8-September 4 (Engel, Mar- loff ); New Brighton, June 13 (Merrick). This species has occurred quite commonly in my traps on waste land. 4604. Crambus trisectus Walker. May 29—June 20; August 4-September 5. Common. 4607. Crambus caliginosellus Clemens. Pittsburgh, July 2-August 8 (Engel, Marloff); New Brighton, July 8—August 17 (Merrick). Rare. At light. 4608. Crambus zeéllus Fernald. Pittsburgh, June 17—-July 12; August 7 (Engel) ; New Brighton, June 26 (Merrick). Rare. 4609. Crambus luteolellus Clemens. Pittsburgh, July 1-30 (Engel) ; New Brighton, July 5—August 17 (Merrick). Rare. 4620. Argyria nivalis Drury. June 9-26; July 9—-August 31. Common among low herbage in woods. 4622. Argyria auratella Clemens. New Brighton, July 11-27. Rare. At light in the woods (Mer- rick). 4634. Dicymolomia julianalis Walker. Pittsburgh, May 2z9-July 3 (Engel) ; New Brighton, July 9-11 (Merrick). Rare. At light. Subfamily GALLERIINA. 4636.2. Galleria mellonella Linnzus. Pittsburgh, August 9—October 12 (Marloff, Engel). A bee-hive greatly infested by this pest furnished several hundred specimens. 4636.3. Paralipsa fulminalis Zeller (?). : June 1o-July 5. Rare. Dr. Dyar determined this species as probably fa/minalis. It is much smaller and lighter in color than furellus. 102 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. 4636.4. Paralipsa furellus Zeller. Pittsburgh, May 1g—July 2 (Engel) ; New Brighton, May 2—-June 26; July 3-August 14 (Merrick). Rare. At light. Subfamily EpipascHIIn#. 4637. Epipaschia superatalis Clemens. Pittsburgh, June 1—July 8 (Marloff, Engel) ; New Brighton, July 4, August 1 (Merrick). 4639. Epipaschia zelleri Grote. Pittsburgh, July 2-6 (Marloff, Engel) ; New Brighton, August 9 (Merrick). This and the preceding species are very rare. 4644. Oneida lunulalis Hulst. Pittsburgh, June r9—August 7 (Marloff & Ehrman) ; New Brighton, June 5, one specimen (Merrick). Rare. 4648. Benta asperatella Clemens. May 18-June 30; August 3. Common. 4656. Tetralopha nephelotella Hulst. Pittsburgh, May 29—June 16 ; August 16 (Marloff, Engel). Scarce. 4658. Tetralopha militella Zeller. New. Brighton, June 13—August 23 (Merrick); Pittsburgh, June 1-30 (Marloff, Engel). Subfamily PHycITIn«. 4671. Myelois obnupsella Hulst. May 8—June 21. Common at rest on twigs in thickets. 4675. Myelois leucopheella Hulst. New Brighton, May 2—July 3 (Merrick) ; Pittsburgh, July 10, 11 (Marloff, Engel). 4676. Myelois bistriatella Hulst. Pittsburgh, June 12, 1905, one specimen (Engel). 4686. Acrobasis demotella Grote. Pittsburgh, July 12-13 (Engel) ; New Brighton, June 3—July 21, rare at rest on trees and at light in woods (Merrick) ; Ohio Pyle, August 23, 1907 (Kahl); Jeannette, June 25 (Ehrman). 4687. Acrobasis angusella Grote. Pittsburgh, August 4 (Marloff) ; New Brighton, July 11-August 18 (Merrick). Rare. At light in the forest. 4689. Acrobasis nigrosignella Hulst. Pittsburgh, July 1-16 (Marloff). Rare. a. ENGEL: LEPIDOPTERA OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 103 4693. Acrobasis betulella Hulst. New Brighton, July 5-8 (Merrick). Rare at light. . Acrobasis nebulella Riley. Pittsburgh, July tr9gq-August 16 (Engel & Marloff) ; New Brighton, June 30—August 16 (Merrick). Rare. At light in the woods. . Acrobasis Kearfottella Dyar. New Brighton, July 12 (Merrick). One specimen. 4704. Mineola indigenella Zeller. June 2-29; July 2-22. Common. . Tacoma nyssecolella Dyar. Pittsburgh, May 29 (Marloff) ; New Brighton, July 1o—August 20 (Merrick). Rare. At light in woods. . Ambesa busckella Dyar. May 24-July 12. Scarce, but generally distributed. 4739. Nephopteryx crassifasciella Ragonot. New Brighton, July 3, 1906. One specimen (Merrick). 4746. Meroptera pravella Grote. New Brighton, May 31—July 5 (Merrick). Rare. At light. 4748. Meroptera unicolorella Hulst. New Brighton, July 5-August 18 (Merrick). Rare. In woods. 4751. Salebria nubiferella Ragonot. Pittsburgh, May 15-24, two specimens (Marloff). 4759. Salebria contatella Grote. May 25—June 30; August 13-27. Common and very variable. 4760. Salebria celtidella Hulst. Pittsburgh, June 22-27, two specimens (Marloff). ——. Salebria engeli Dyar. Pittsburgh, July 1o (Marloff); New Brighton, July 31, 1907 (Merrick). . Salebria vetustatella Dyar. Pittsburgh, May 3—-June 12; July 9 (Engel, Marloff). Rare at light. ——. Immyrla nigrovittella Dyar. Pittsburgh, May 12-June 2 (Engel); New Brighton, June 17 (Merrick). Rare at light. . Cacotherapia flexilinealis Dyar. New Brighton, June 22-July 29 (Merrick) ; Pittsburgh, July 2 (Marloff). Rare. 104 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. 4781. Elasmopalpus lignosellus Zeller. Pittsburgh, August, one specimen (Marloff) ; August 2-September 5, several specimens in the Carnegie Museum. 4832. Euzophera semifuneralis Walker. Pittsburgh, May 13-18; July 13-29 (Marloff, Engel) ; New Brighton, July 31 (Merrick). Rare. At light. 4835. Euzophera ochrifrontella Zeller. May 7—-June 30; August 8—September 8. Generally distributed and fairly common. 4838. Vitula edmandsi Packard. June 8-July 4; August 5-October 12. Common. 4843. Canarsia ulmiarrosorella Clemens. May 13-June 30; July 10-August rr. Common. 4868. Homeosoma uncanale Hulst. New Brighton, August 5-September 5 (Merrick). Rare at light in woods. 4871. Homcosoma mucidellum Ragonot. May 18—June 27; July 29—September 9. Common. ——. Homeosoma reliquellum Dyar. Pittsburgh, May 23, August 23-September 3 (Engel); New Brighton, June 25—July 5 (Merrick). Rare. At light. 4879. Ephestia elutella Hiibner. July 3-29. Common in barns and stables. 4881. Ephestiodes infimella Ragonot. Pittsburgh, August 20-29 (Engel). Rare. At light. 4886. Manhatta ostrinella Clemens. Pittsburgh, May 25—-July 21; August 11-September 21 (Mar- loff). 4890. Plodia interpunctella Hiibner. May 8—June 21; July g-September 9. Generally distributed, but not common. Subfamily ANERASTINA. 4911. Peoria approximella Walker. June 23-July 11. Common at light. 4915. Wekiva nodosella Hulst (?). May 3-July 20. Rare. At light. Dr. Dyar determined this form as probably Hulst’s wodosed/a. It is smaller and of brighter color on the forewings, otherwise similar to the preceding species. v =e ' ss I}, ste. ae 2 oe ey ee ae a ee ENGEL: LEPIDOPTERA OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 105 Family PTEROPHORID. 4931. Trichoptilus lobidactylus Fitch. ‘ Pittsburgh, June 7—July 9 (Marloff, Engel). Flying in waste lands. 4932. Oxyptilus periscelidactylus Fitch. New Brighton, June 17-July 15 (Merrick). At light and among low herbage in woods. 4935. Oxyptilus tenuidactylus Fitch. June 13-July 7. Common on waste lands and at light. 4937. Platyptilia cosmodactyla Hiibner. New Brighton, May 7-18. Rare at light in woods (Merrick). 4941. Platyptilia carduidactyla Riley. Pittsburgh, June 29—July 28 (Engel, Marloff). 4956. Platyptilia marginidactyla Fitch. Pittsburgh, May 31—June 26 (Engel, Marloff); New Brighton, May 21-June g (Merrick). Common. 4962. Pterophorus homodactylus Walker. June 15-July 25. Rare. At light. #4973. Pterophorus paleaceus Zeller. May 5-24; August 6-16. Common on waste lands and at light. 4977. Pterophorus Kellicotti Fish. Pittsburgh, May 26-June 27 (Engel, Marloff); New Brighton, June 20 (Merrick). 4981. Pterophorus monodactylus Linnzus. August 31-December 12, March, April. A common species. Hibernating specimens may be taken, during warm spells in the winter. 4983. Pterophorus eupatorii Fernald. New Brighton, July ro—August 2. Rare at light in woods (Mer- rick) ; Pittsburgh, July 5, one specimen at light (Engel). 4990. Pterophorus inquinatus Zeller. May 27-June 18; July 8-August 19. Common on waste lands and at light. Family TORTRICIDZ. Subfamily OLETHREUTIN. . Polychrosis viteana Clemens. May 16-June 17; July, August, September. Common in the vicinity of wild grape vines in thickets. . Polychrosis yaracana Kearfott. Pittsburgh, June 10, a specimen in the Carnegie Museum. 106 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. ——. Polychrosis slingerlandana Kearfott. New Brighton, August 25, 1905 (Merrick). 5007. Bactra furfurana Haworth. Pittsburg, June 9 (Engel) ; Ohio Pyle, August 3; Jeannette, Sep- tember 8 (Kahl & Klages}. Carnegie Museum, Acc: No. 2723. so1o. Exartema nitidanum Clemens. Ohio Pyle, August 4, t905 (Kahl & Klages). 5012. Exartema monetiferanum Riley. Pittsburgh, May 29 (Engel); May 31 (Marloff) ; New Brighton, June 1-13 (Merrick) ; Coraopolis, July 13. One specimen in the Carnegie Museum. 5015. Exartema permundanum Clemens. June 9-24; July 28—August 23. Common. 5017. Exartema concinnanum Clemens. June 9-24; July 28—August 23. Common. . Exartema doxcanum Kearfott. June 8—July 21 ; August 4-18. This form occurs with the preceding species and appears to be an obscured variety of it. 5018. Exartema versicoloranum Clemens. Pittsburgh, June 3—-July 9 (Engel, Marloff) ; New Brighton, June 26—July 3 (Merrick). 5020. Exartema atrodentanum Fernald. Pittsburgh, August 2-4 (Marloff); New Brighton, August 19 (Merrick): > Rare. 5021. Exartema fasciatanum Clemens. June 17—July 4. Common among herbage in woods. — —. Exartema merrickanum Kearfott. June 3-August 13. Generally distributed, but rare and rather variable. 5023. Exartema exoletum Zeller. June r1-July 9; August 1-30. Rare. At light and in sunny places in the woods. 5024. Exartema inornatanum Clemens. July 2-August 12. Common in extensive forests. . Exartema nigrilineanum Kearfott. Pittsburgh, Coraopolis, Ohio Pyle, July 13-29 (Kahl & Klages). 5025. Exartema malanum Fernald. Ohio Pyle, July 25, 1905. Carnegie Museum, Acc. No. 2840. ENGEL: LEPIDOPTERA OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA. NKOh7/ ——. Exartema nigridorsanum Kearfott. Pittsburgh, June 23—July 3 (Engel, Marloff) ; Ohio Pyle, July 31 (Marloff) ; Pittsburgh, June 7—-July 27 (Kahl & Klages). . Exartema ochrixigranum Kearfott. Ohio Pyle, August 1, 1905. Paratype in Carnegie Museum. . Exartema sciotoanum Kearfott. Coraopolis, July 13. Paratype in Carnegie Museum. 5027. Exartema ferriferanum Walker. Pittsburgh, June 17—-July 28 (Engel, Marloff) ; New Brighton, June 26-July 1 (Merrick). Rare. 5031. Olethreutes nimbatana Clemens. June 7-19; July 13-28. Rare but generally distributed. ——. Olethreutes separatana K earfott. Pittsburgh, May 13—June 8 ; July 28—September 2 ( Marloff, Engel); New Brighton, June 2, August 28 (Merrick). 5038. Olethreutes hebesana Walker. May 14—June 14; August 18-September 20. Common. 5041. Olethreutes hemidesma Zeller. New Brighton, September 25, one specimen (Merrick). . Olethreutes removana Kearfott. Pittsburgh, July 1, 1908; August 30, 1905 (Engel); New Brighton, August 21 (Merrick). 5047. Olethreutes chionosema Zeller. Pittsburgh, June 26—July 6, three specimens (Marloff, Engel) ; Jeannette, June 11 (Ehrman), in collection of W. J. Holland. 5050. Olethreutes nubilana Clemens. Pittsburgh, June 2—July 21 (Engel, Marloff ) ; New Brighton, June 15-22; August 16-September 3 (Merrick). Rare. At light. 5054. Olethreutes albiciliana Fernald. May 29—June 24; July 2-September 19. Common. 5056. Olethreutes coruscana Clemens. May 31—June 29. Fairly common and generally distributed. 5057. Olethreutes constellatana Zeller. May 31—June 25. Very common in waste lands. 5064. Olethreutes instrutana Clemens. June 16-28 ; August r1-September 9. Common. 5071. Olethreutes bipartitana Clemens. May 7-28; July 29-August 24. Common in bottom lands. 108 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. 5073. Olethreutes impudens Walsingham. June 1-9; August 17-September 18. Common in waste lands and thickets. 5077. Phecasiophora confixana Walker. May 17—June 16. Very common in forests of hard timber. 5078. Pseudogalleria inimicella Zeller. New Brighton, May 31, 1903, one specimen (Merrick). 5079. Eucosma circulana Hiibner. Pittsburgh, June 1-July 13. Rare. At light (Engel, Marloff ). 5096. Eucosma cataclystiana Walker. June 19—July 2; August 16-30. Rare. At light. . Eucosma pergandeana Fernald. Pittsburgh, June 6—July 20 (Engel, Marloff) ; Jeannette, August 6 (Klages) ; New Brighton, July 16 (Merrick). Rare. At light. . Eucosma sombreana Kearfott. Pittsburgh, July 1g—August 26 (Engel, Marloff) ; New Brighton, July 21-August 17 (Merrick). Rare. At light. ——. Eucosma gonomana Kearfott. Pittsburgh, July 14 (Marloff). One specimen. ——. Eucosma wandana Kearfott. Pittsburgh, June 29-August 8 (Engel, Marloff) ; New Brighton, June t9—August 17 (Merrick) ; Pittsburgh and Ohio Pyle, August (Kahl & Klages). . Eucosma zomonana Kearfott. Pittsburgh, August 12-15 (Engel) ; Jeannette, August 13 (Klages) ; New Brighton, May 22—June 6; August 23-September 14 (Merrick). Rare. At light. ———. Eucosma yandana Kearfott. New Brighton, March 26—April 11 (Merrick). Recorded by Mr. Kearfott in the description, the species is not now represented in the local collections. . Eucosma tandana Kearfott. Pittsburgh, June 16 (Engel); Mr. Kearfott in his description notes a specimen from New Brighton, taken July 18 (Merrick). 5121. Eucosma juncticiliana Walsingham. Pittsburgh, July r9—August 24 (Engel, Marloff) ; New Brighton, July 21-August 23 (Merrick). Rare in the woods and at light. 5124. Eucosma abbreviatana Walsingham. Pittsburgh, May 14 (Marloff) ; New Brighton, May 31 (Merrick). ENGEL: LEPIDOPTERA OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 109 5127. Eucosma solicitana Walker. Pittsburgh, May 21 (Marloff). 5128. Eucosma transmissana Walker. Pittsburgh, June 18—July 12 (Engel, Marloff). Rare. ——. Eucosma tomonana Kearfott. Pittsburgh, August 2o—September 7 (Engel) ; New Brighton, Au- gust 23 (Merrick). Rare. At light. . Eucosma minuatana Kearfott. May 26—-July 1; August 16-October 2. Common. This species is labelled s¢venwana Walker in most of the collections. 5130. Eucosma perplexana Fernald. Pittsburgh, July 2-11 (Engel). Rare. At light. . Eucosma walkerana Kearfott. New Brighton, August 10, 1905 (Merrick). . Eucosma dorsisuffusana Kearfott. Pittsburgh, July 3 (Engel). . Eucosma medioviridana Kearfott. New Brighton, August 25—-September 11 (Merrick, Engel). . Eucosma engelana Kearfott. Pittsburgh, August 20-September 3 (Engel). . Eucosma brightonana Kearfott. New Brighton, July 29-September 5 (Merrick); Pittsburgh, July 13 (Engel). The New Brighton data are partly copied from the description. 5131. Eucosma nisella Clerck. New Brighton, August 11, 1905 (Merrick). . Eucosma medioviridana Kearfott. New Brighton, August 25-September 16. Rare, at light in a forest (Merrick). 5138. Eucosma illotana Walsingham. Pittsburgh, May 20-June 18 (Engel). Rare. 5140. Eucosma desertana Zeller. New Brighton, May 22-July 17 (Merrick); Pittsburgh, June 3 (Engel). Rare. 5140.1. Eucosma obfuscana Riley. Pittsburgh, June 4-18 (Engel, Marloff); Jeannette, May 23 (Klages). 5142. Eucosma otiosana Clemens. May 30—June 20; August 2-29. Common. 110 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. ——. Eucosma dorsisuffusana Kearfott. Pittsburgh, June 2zo—July 6 (Engel). Rare among herbage in woods. . Eucosma engelana Kearfott. E Pittsburgh, August 21-September 2. Rare. At light (Engel). 5144. Eucosma dorsisignatana Clemens. August 5-September 24. Common. A variable species; the named varieties are represented among the local material. 5150. Eucosma carolinana Walsingham. New Brighton, July 31—August 14'(Merrick, Engel); Pittsburgh, July 4 (Engel); August 4, 1907, one specimen (Marloff). This species was bred by the writer from Lupatorium purpureum, ‘The pupee were found in the stems at the crown of the roots. 5163. Thiodia radiatana Walsingham. New Brighton, May 19—-June to (Merrick, Engel). Rare in hilly pasture lands. . Thiodia roseoterminana Kearfott. May 2o—-June 21. Common in waste lands. —. Thiodia umbrastriatana Kearfott. New Brighton, May 23-July 1 (Merrick). Rare. At light and in waste lands. 5164. Thiodia olivaceana Riley. New Brighton, July 2-19 (Merrick). Rare. At light in the woods. ——. Thiodia imbridana Fernald. Pittsburgh, August 16-September 1 (Engel); New Brighton, Au- gust 5-17 (Merrick); Jeannette, August 6-24 (Klages). Rare. 5165. Thiodia formosana Clemens. May 25-June 25. Mare in pastures and waste lands. . Thiodia ochrotermenana Kearfott. Ohio Pyle, August, Carnegie Museum ; New Brighton, August 6-10 (Merrick); Pittsburgh, August 19-23 (Marloff). Rare. At light. 5177. Thiodia striatana Clemens. Pittsburgh, May 24—-June 20 (Engel, Marloff); New Brighton, May 3 (Merrick). Rare. At light and in pasture lands. 5189. Thiodia signatana Clemens. May 14-June 13. Generally distributed, but not common. 5196. Thiodia refusana Walker. New Brighton, May 8-14 (Merrick, Engel); Pittsburgh, May 15 (Marloff); Jeannette, May 5 (Klages). Rare. In waste lands. ENGEL: LEPIDOPTERA OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA. Witil 5207. Episimus argutanus Clemens. May 26—July 3; August 12-September 16. -Common in the vicin- ity of sumac. . Steganoptycha bolliana Slingerland. Pittsburgh, August 19-September 29 (Engel); Oak Station, June 12-24, September 7 (Marloff); New Brighton, September 5-17 (Merrick). 5212. Proteopteryx cressoniana Clemens. March 26—May 9g. Rather rare, but represented from the several localities. . Proteopteryx laracana Kearfott. New Brighton, April 15—May ro (Merrick); Pittsburgh, April 22 (Marloff). Rare. At rest on trees in forests. 5213. Proteopteryx deludana Clemens. April 30-June 7. Common. 5214. Proteopteryx spoliana Clemens. March 23-April 25. This very variable species is abundant in extensive forests. 5215. Proteopteryx resuptana Walker. New Brighton, March 14—May 8 (Merrick). Rare. Found in woods resting on trees. 5216. Proteopteryx virginiana Clemens. Pittsburgh, March 28—April 26 (Engel); New Brighton, March 26-April 28 (Merrick). Common in large woods. 5217. Proteopteryx costomaculana Clemens. April 24-June 17. Common in woods, especially in the neighbor- hood of witch-hazel. . Proteopteryx albicapitana Kearfott. New Brighton, March 22 (Merrick). Mr. Kearfott notes this speci- men in the description. It is not represented at present in the local collections. 5219. Proteoteras esculanum Riley. April 2-June 19. Rare, but represented from the various localities. It occurs at rest on trees in thickets and dense forests. . Proteoteras moffatiana Fernald. Pittsburgh, June 25—July 31 (Engel, Klages, Krautwurm) ; July 4, Carnegie Museum (Acc. 2733); New Brighton, July 27 (Merrick). Very rare. At rest on trees in woods. We ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. . Proteoteras naracana Kearfott. Pittsburgh, May 11—June 19 (Kahl, Klages, Engel). New Brighton, May 31—July 7 (Merrick, Engel). Rare. At rest on trees in woods. 5227. Epinotia crispana Clemens. June 3-12, August 2-31. Common at light and in waste lands. . Epinotia haimbachiana Kearfott. Pittsburgh, June 14—July 26 (Marloff, Engel). Common on waste lands. ——. Epinotia watchungana Kearfott. Pittsburgh, April 29—-May 14 (Marloff, Engel); New Brighton, March 22—May 16 (Merrick). Rare. In woods. . Epinotia pseudotsugana Kearfott. Jeannette, August 6 (Klages); Pittsburgh, August 14 (Marloff). 5235. Epinotia lindana Fernald. New Brighton, September 16—October 19 (Merrick, Engel). At light and at rest in the woods. 5237. Tmetocera ocellana Schiffermiiller. Pittsburgh, June 8-July 7; August 3-6 (Marloff, Engel). Com- mon, resting on the trees in apple-orchards. 5238. Eudemis vacciniana Packard. Ohio Pyle, July 16 (Kahl, Klages). 5240. Ancylis nubeculana Clemens. May 14-June 10. ‘This species is quite common on hawthorn. 5243. Ancylis semiovana Zeller. New Brighton, June 5—July 22 (Merrick, Engel). Rare. Occur- ring in hilly pasture-lands. 5244. Ancylis murtfeldtiana Riley. May 6-27; July 2-18. Common in pasture-lands. 5246. Ancylis spireifoliana Clemens. Pittsburgh, June 13. Carnegie Museum (Acc. 2960). 5248. Ancylis burgessiana Zeller. May 27—June 10. Common and generally distributed. 5249. Ancylis dubiana Clemens. May 25—June 19. Common along the margins of woods. 5252. Ancylis comptana Frdélich. Pittsburgh, May 9-27; August 16 (Marloff ); New Brighton, May 29—June 6 (Merrick, Engel). Common in strawberry-fields. 5253. Ancylis angulifasciana Zeller. Pittsburgh, July15. Carnegie Museum (Acc. 2723). Determined oa “ie a A lk iad ENGEL: LEPIDOPTERA OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA. als: by Mr. Kearfott. It is similar to if not the same as 5244, which was determined at the U. 5. National Museum. 5254. Ancylis platanana Clemens. . May 21—-June 15; August 15. Common on bushes in sunny glens. 5255. Ancylis divisana Walker. Pittsburgh, May 20—June 21; August 30 (Marloff, Engel); New Brighton, June 7—-July 9 (Merrick). Rare. Occurring in sunny places in woods. 5256. Ancylis apicana Walker. Pittsburgh, May 20, August 12 (Engel, Marloff); New Brighton, June 1-July 7 (Merrick). Rare. 5258. Ancylis muricana Walsingham. May 27-June 14. Common on waste lands on blackberry bushes. . Ancylis diminutana Kearfott. Pittsburgh, May 14-24; July 6-27 (Engel). Rare. ‘Taken at light. The larva occurs on willow. 5269. Enarmonia prunivora Walsh. May 30-June 21; August 12-September 9. Fairly common on hawthorn. 5270. Enarmonia interstinctana Clemens. May 29—June 24; July 27—-August 25. Common on waste lands. . Enarmonia eclipsana Zeller. Pittsburgh, April 27—May 17 (Marloff, Engel). Fairly common in locust thickets. . Enarmonia dana Kearfott. Pittsburgh, May 20 (Kahl & Klages). . Enarmonia nigricana Stephens. May 27—June 17. Common on waste lands. 5279. Enarmonia lautana Clemens. Pittsburgh, April 13 (Engel) ; New Brighton, April 14 (Merrick). Very rare. Found at rest on trees in woodlands. 5280. Enarmonia gallesaliciana Riley. Pittsburgh, June 19-July 10; August 27 (Engel, Marloff) ; New Brighton, July 20 (Merrick). Rare. Among the herbage in woods. . Enarmonia articulatana Kearfott. New Brighton, June 5 (Merrick). 5287. Ecdytolopha insiticiana Zeller. Pittsburgh, May ro—June 2; August 6-13 (Engel, Marloff ); New Brighton, June 5 (Merrick). Rare. At light. 114 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. ——. Gymnandrosoma punctidiscanum Dyar. Pittsburgh, July 21-August 29 (Marloff, Engel) ; New Brighton, June 14, September 27 (Merrick). 5288. Hemimene incanana Clemens. May 26—-June 22; August 12-25. Common among herbage in woods. This species was determined by Mr. Kearfott. Mr. Busck has described it as Zeopardana. 5289. Hemimene simulana Clemens. June 22-July 7; August 15-September 3. Common on waste lands among berry-bushes. . Hemimene bittana Busck. May 29—June 27; July 13—August 3. Common at light and among herbage in the woods. 5295. Melissopus latiferreanus Walsingham. Pittsburgh, July 28-September 6 (Marloff); Ohio Pyle and Jean- nette, June 15; August ro—September 19 (Kahl, Klages); New Brighton, July t1-August 22 (Merrick). 5296. Carpocapsa pomonella Linnzus. May 20—-June 18; August 7-26. Common in orchards. Subfamily TorTrRIcIn#é. 5300. Acleris peculiana Zeller. November 1-April. Rare. This form is similar to sudnivana Walker, but has the primaries densely spotted with dark brown. 5301. Acleris subnivana Walker. October 2—December ; March, April. Rare. In thickets. 5302. Acleris trisignana Robinson. New Brighton, November 1 (Merrick). 5305. Acleris nigrolinea Robinson. Pittsburgh, March 20, 1905 (Marloff). 5309. Acleris hastiana Linnzeus. November 4—January 6; July 7—August 3. Common in thickets among wild grape-vines. ‘This is a most remarkable species of which nine distinct forms have been collected in this vicinity by Mr. Marloff and the writer. They all remain to be determined. 5309d. Var. maculidorsana Clemens. New Brighton, August 24—September 5; March 11 (Merrick) ; Ohio Pyle, August 1 (Carnegie Museum, Acc. 2840). ————— se ee hee = ENGEL: LEPIDOPTERA OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA. PLS 5312. Acleris logiana Schiffermiiller. Pittsburgh, November 4—December 8 (Engel, Marloff); New Brighton, November 1o-17 (Merrick). Rare. 5314. Acleris nivisellana Walsingham. September g ; October 16—April 9. Rare in thickets and resting on wild grape-vines. 5315. Acleris schalleriana Linnzus. , New Brighton, October 12—November 23 (Merrick). Rare. On saplings in thickets. 5316. Acleris ferrugana Schiffermiiller. New Brighton, October 11-November 5 (Merrick); Pittsburgh, October 22 (Marloff). Rare. 5319a. Acleris cinderella Riley. New Brighton, May 13 (Merrick). 5322. Acleris chalybeana Fernald. New Brighton, November 3; March 6—May 8 (Merrick). Rare. In thickets. 5323. Acleris cervinana Fernald. Pittsburgh, November 4—January 8 (Marloff, Engel); New Brighton, November 4 (Merrick). Rare. 5331. Epagoge sulfureana Clemens. June 9-28; August 18-September 2. Common on waste lands. 5336. Cenopis pettitana Robinson. New Brighton, July 5, 1902 (Merrick); Pittsburgh, June 12 (Marloff). 5337. Cenopis diluticostana Walsingham. Pittsburgh, July 6; Ohio Pyle, July 25 (Kahl, Klages). 5339. Cenopis groteana Fernald. New Brighton, June 22—-July 16 (Merrick); Pittsburgh, July 7-20 (Engel). Rare. Taken at light. 5340. Cenopis testulana Zeller. Pittsburgh (H. H. Smith). In Carnegie Museum. 5344. Celostathma discopunctana Clemens. May 30-June 11; August 7-19. Common. 5349. Sparganothis xanthoides Walker. Pittsburgh, June 18—July 12 (Engel, Marloff); New Brighton, July 5-9 (Merrick). Rare. At light. 5350. Sparganothis irrorea Robinson. May 2-July 12. Common among low herbage in woods. 116 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. 5356. Archips rosaceana Harris. June 9-July 12. Common. 5357. Archips purpurana Clemens. June ro—July 17. Common. 5361. Archips rileyana Grote. New Brighton, June 24—-July 11 (Merrick); Chantesss June 24 (Ehrman). Rare. 5365. Archips argyrospila Walker. June 15-29. Common. Found at light, and among low herbage in woods. Var. mortuana Kearfott. New Brighton, June 20 (Merrick). Mr. Kearfott notes this speci- men in his description. 5366. Archips semiferana Walker. Pittsburgh, May 28—-June 17 (Engel, Marloff); New Brighton, July 12 (Merrick); Jeannette, June 27 (Klages). Rare. 5371. Archips fractivittana Clemens. May 29-June 25. Rare. At light. 5372. Archips grisea Robinson. Pittsburgh, June 24, two specimens (Engel, Marloff); New Brighton, June 22, one specimen (Merrick). . Archips brauniana Kearfott. Binspurah: June 11-17 (Engel); New Brighton, June sae 20 (Merrick). Rare. Taken at light in woods. 5373- Archips afflictana Walker. New Brighton, May 7-23 (Merrick, Engel). Rare. Found at light, and at rest on trees in woods. 5375. Archips virescana Clemens. Pittsburgh, May 21-25; July 26 (Engel, Marloff); May 24 (Car- negie Museum, Acc. 2960). Rare. 5377. Archips clemensiana Fernald. June 2-18; July 6-15. Common at light and among low herbage in woods. 5379. Archips persicana Fitch. One specimen in the Holland Collection in the Carnegie Museum, bearing label, ‘‘Pa.’’ [Taken in Schenley Park, Pittsburgh. Editor. | 5380. Archips melaleucana Walker. May 20-June 18. Common in forests. ee, ee ee a ek ee ee ENGEL: LEPIDOPTERA OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA. Waly 5382. Platynota flavedana Clemens. June 9-30; August 13-24. Common on ironweed in pasture- lands. 5387. Platynota sentana Clemens. June 2-27; July 23—August 2. Common on saplings in thickets. 5391. Pandemis limitata Robinson. June 10-27; August 31-September 13. Common among herbage in woodlands. 5392. Pandemis lamprosana Robinson. Pittsburgh, June 11—July 14 (Engel, Marloff ); New Brighton, July 9; September 2-16 (Merrick). Rare. Taken at light. Larva on witch-hazel. 5396. Tortrix pallorana Robinson. Pittsburgh, May 28-June 20; August 8—September 2 (Engel, Marloff). Rare. 5399. Tortrix quercifoliana Fitch. June ro—July 19. Rare. At light. 5400. Tortrix albicomana Clemens. June to—July 26. Common in forests. More than 60 specimens of this variable species were collected by the writer on June ro at Ohio Pyle, representing the different forms to which varietal names have been applied. | 5401. Tortrix bergmanniana Linnzeus. New Brighton, June 20—July 19 (Merrick); Jeannette, June 24 (Klages). Rare. Found at light in forests. 5402. Tortrix peritana Clemens. May 24—June 12; August 16-31. Common in waste lands and in woods. 5412. Tortrix basiplagana Walsingham. New Brighton, September 23, 1905, two specimens (Merrick). 5419. Eulia quadrifasciana Fernald. Pittsburgh, June 18—July 4 (Engel, Marloff). Rare. 5420. Eulia juglandana Fernald. Ohio Pyle, August 3 (Kahl, Klages); New Brighton, June 17- August 5 (Merrick). Fairly common at light in the woods. 5421. Eulia triferana Walker. April 12—May 29; August 1o-26. Common. 5424. Eulia velutinana Walker. April 18-30; July 3—-August 30. Common. 118 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. 5427. Eulia mariana Fernald. New Brighton, April 27—May 29 (Merrick, Engel). Rare. Found at rest on trees in forests. 5428. Eulia alisellana Robinson. Pittsburgh, June 17-27 (Marloff); New Brighton, June 9—July 3 (Merrick); Ohio Pyle, June 10 (Engel). Rare. 5429. Amorbia humerosana Clemens. May 20o—June 18. Common in thickets. Subfamily PHALONIIN. 5431. Phalonia floccosana Walker. May 21—June 20. Common at light and among low herbage in woods. ——. Phalonia atomosana Busck. Pittsburgh, August 2-September 17 (Engel); New Brighton, Au- gust 26-September 13 (Merrick, Engel). The writer has bred this species from the roots of boneset, Hupatorium perfoliatum. . Phalonia biscana Kearfott. Pittsburgh, August 2 (Engel); Ohio Pyle and Jeannette, August 11-20 (Kahl, Klages); New Brighton, August 24—-September 8 (Merrick). 5440. Phalonia dorsimaculana Robinson. June 4—-July 2 ; August 13—September 16. Common in forests. . Phalonia ednana Kearfott. Pittsburgh, July 8, 1906 (Engel). One specimen. 5445. Phalonia angulatana Robinson. June 5-27; August r2-September 17. Common. 5446. Phalonia argentilimitana Robinson. ; May 18—June 16; July 8-September 14. Rare. In pasture-fields. 5449. Phalonia labeculana Robinson. May 5-July 7; August 2o-September 19. Common in pasture- lands. 5451. Phalonia interruptofasciata Robinson. Pittsburgh, June 23-July 31 (Engel, Marloff) ; New Brighton, July 1-14 (Merrick). Rare. Found at light and among low herbage in forests. . Phalonia aureana Busck. Pittsburg, June 20-July 4; August 4 (Engel, Marloff). Rare. Occurs in patches of wild aster. oO ENGEL: LEPIDOPTERA OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 119 5452. Phalonia bunteana Robinson. June 8-20; August 3—September 9. Common on waste lands. ——. Phalonia hollandana Kearfott. August 18—September 21. Fairly common on waste lands and rest- ing on fences. . Phalonia zaracana Kearfott. Pittsburgh, July 14 (Carnegie Museum, Acc. 2723), a specimen determined by Mr. Kearfott. It is very close to hollandana. 5453. Phalonia cnotherana Riley. Pittsburgh, August 11 (Engel); New Brighton, May 29-June 6 (Merrick, Engel). Rare. On waste lands. 5455- Phalonia hospes Walsingham. Pittsburgh, August 18—September 4 (Marloff, Kahl, Klages); Ohio Pyle, August (Klages). . Phalonia schwarziana Busck. Pittsburg, July 17, 1906 (Marloff). One specimen. ——. Phalonia marloffiana Busck. Pittsburgh, May 27—July 4 (Marloff, Engel); New Brighton, June 20 (Merrick). Rare. Occurs on waste lands. . Phalonia nonlavana Kearfott. Pittsburgh, June 4—July 6 (Marloff, Engel) ; New Brighton, June 17—26 (Merrick). . Phalonia temerana Busck. Pittsburgh, May 16—June ro (Marloff, Engel); New Brighton, May 30 (Merrick). . Phalonia discana Kearfott. July 12—September 6. Common at light and on waste lands. . Phalonia winniana Kearfott. New Brighton, July 8—26 (Merrick); Pittsburgh, August 3 (Engel). Rare. At light. 5460. Phalonia parvimaculana Walsingham. New Brighton, June 11 (Merrick); Pittsburgh, June 8—July 21 (Engel). Rare. At light. . Phalonia rana Busck. Pittsburgh, July 30-September 10 (Engel, Marloff, Friday) ; New Brighton, August 2o-September 6 (Merrick) ; Ohio Pyle, August 2 (Kahl, Klages). The larve of this strikingly marked species feed in the stems and roots of ironweed, and pupate in the galleries. Phalonia punctadiscana Kearfott. Oak Station, Pittsburgh, July 2g—August 8 (Marloff). 120 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. ——. Commophila contrastana Kearfott. Pittsburgh, May 23-29, three specimens (Engel, Marloff) ; Jean- nette, May 20 (Ehrman), in coll. W. J. Holland. . Hysterosia birdana Busck. New Brighton, July ro—August 15 (Merrick, Bird, Engel) ; Pitts- burgh, July 23 (Engel). Bred from roots of Rudbeckia. . Hysterosia terminana Busck (J/errickana Kearfott). Pittsburgh, August 12-27 (Engel, Marloff) ; New Brighton, July 25—-September 1z (Merrick). Common in open woods at rest on the LTEES: ——. Hysterosia cartwrightana Kearfott. Pittsburgh, July 21-30 (Engel) ; New Brighton, August 1-13 (Merrick). Rare. At light. ——. Hysterosia modestana Busck. Pittsburgh, June 29—July 23 ; August 18 (Engel, Marloff) ; New Brighton, July 24—August 16 (Merrick); Ohio Pyle, August ro (Car- negie Museum). Rare. At light. . Hysterosia baracana Busck. Pittsburgh, July 5-August 13 (Engel) ; New Brighton, July 18- August 30 (Merrick). Rare. At light. . Hysterosia tiscana Kearfott. Pittsburgh, August 24 (Carnegie Museum, Acc. 2723). 5475.1. Carposina crescentella Walsingham. New Brighton, April 29—May 30 (Merrick, Engel). Rare. Found at rest on trees in the woods. . Carposina fernaldana Busck. Pittsburgh, June 21;. August 11-26 (Engel, Marloff); New Brighton, June 28; August 13-September 29 (Merrick). Common on hawthorn. Family YPONOMEUTID2. 5476. Martyringa latipennis Walsingham. New Brighton, July 1-30 (Merrick) ; Ohio Pyle, August 23 (Kahl); Pittsburgh, June 31—-July 15 (Engel, Marloff ). 5477. Yponomeuta multipunctella Clemens. Pittsburgh, June 24—July 3 (Engel, Krautwurm) ; New Brighton, July 16 (Merrick). Rare. At light. 5503. Plutella maculipennis Curtis. Pittsburgh, May 29-June 15 ; July 19g-September 17 (Engel, Mar- loff ); New Brighton, June 2—July 18 (Merrick). Cie he ee ee ENGEL: LEPIDOPTERA OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 121 5513. Glyphipteryx impigritella Clemens. New Brighton, June 14 (Engel); Jeannette, July 20 (Klages). . Tinagma crenulellum Engel. Pittsbugh, June 24-July 12; New Brighton, May 31-June 4 (Engel). Rare. On waste lands. 5519. Choreutis inflatella Clemens. Pittsburgh, June 3-8; August rto—20 (Kahl, Klages, Marloff); New Brighton, June 27—July 5 (Merrick, Engel). In sunny places in the woods. 5522. Choreutis gnaphaliella Kearfott. Pittsburgh, May 27, September 8—October 17 (Kahl, Klages, Mar- loff, Engel); New Brighton, June 3-July 13 (Merrick, Engel). Rare. On blossoms of yarrow. 5528. Choreutis extrincicella Dyar. Pittsburgh, June 4-27 (Engel, Marloff). Rare. On flowers on waste lands. 5532. Brenthia pavonacella Clemens. Pittsburgh, May 16—June 1; July 20—August 18 (Engel, Marloff ); Ohio Pyle and Pittsburgh, July 25—August 4 (Kahl, Klages). Family GELECHIID. 5539- Metzneria lappella Linnzus. Pittsburgh, June 20-29 (Engel, Marloff ); New Brighton, July ro— 3t (Merrick). Rare. At light in the woods. 5540. Paltodora striatella Hiibner. New Brighton, August 26—September 1 (Merrick). 5546. Paltodora anteliella Busck. Pittsburgh, August 23-September 11 (Engel, Marloff); New Brighton, August 26-September 11 (Merrick, Engel). Common. 5552. Sitotroga cerealella Olivier. Pittsburgh, June 6 (Carnegie Museum, Acc. 2723). 5554. Telphusa longifasciella Clemens. New Brighton, April 26, 1903, one specimen (Merrick). . Telphusa fuscopunctella Clemens. Pittsburgh, June 12—July 7 (Marloff); New Brighton, July 11-12 (Merrick, Engel). Rare. On trees in woods. 5558. Telphusa palliderosacella Chambers. May 2-30. Common in forests. 5561. Telphusa basifasciella Zeller. Pittsburgh, June 1-27 (Marloff ). 123 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. / herbage on waste lands. 5578. Aristotelia rubidella Clemens. Pittsburgh, June 20; August 2-28 (Engel, Marloff). Common. 5579. Aristotelia fungivorella Clemens. Pittsburgh, July 1, 2 (Engel, Marloff); July 11 (Carnegie Museum). 5586. Aristotelia minimella Chambers. Pittsburgh, July 15—-August 26 (Engel). Rare. At light. 5589. Aristotelia gilvolinella Clemens. Pittsburgh, July 1-21 (Engel, Marloff). Rare. Among low herbage in woods. 5590. Aristotelia angustipennella Clemens (fearfottedia Busck). June 27—August 6. Common in forests. 5591. Aristotelia quinquepunctella Busck. New Brighton, June 14—July 12 (Merrick); Pittsburgh, July 10 (Carnegie Museum). 5593. Evippe prunifoliella Chambers. Pittsburgh, May 16—-June 5; August 9 ( Marloff). 5599. Recurvaria obliquestrigella Chambers. New Brighton, March 18—April 29 (Merrick, Engel). 5600. Recurvaria crategella Busck. Pittsburgh, June 8—July 30 (Engel, Marloff); New Brighton, July 16 (Merrick). Common in orchards. 5601. Recurvaria robiniella Fitch. June 3-July 22; August 1-15. Common in locust thickets. 5602. Recurvaria quercivorella Chambers. March 22—May 16. Common on oak. 5608. Epithectis attributella Walker. June 21-July 27. Common in forests. 5615. Paralechia cristifasciella Chambers. March 28-May 1; July 1-20. Common. 5617. Phthorimza glochinella Zeller. New Brighton, May 16 (Merrick). 5620. Gnorimoschema gallesolidaginis Riley. September 12-29. Common. 5621. Gnorimoschema gallzasteriella Kellicott. Pittsburgh, September 1 (Engel). June 7—July 15; August 12-19. Common at light and on low ENED - ENGEL: LEPIDOPTERA OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 123 ——. Gnorimoschema henshawiella Busck. Pittsburgh, June 7—July 16; August 9 (Marloff). ——. Gnorimoschema artemisiella Kearfott. Pittsburgh, April 12-May 6 (Engel) ; New Brighton, May 6—June 14 (Merrick, Engel). 5636. Gnorimoschema banksiella Busck. Pittsburgh, June 7—July 10; July 30o-August g (Marloff, Engel) ; New Brighton, July 5-27 (Merrick). Rare. In forests. . Gnorimoschema claricella Busck. Pittsburgh, September 11-28 (Marloff, Engel). 5637. Gnorimoschema batanella Busck. Pittsburgh, June 1o—July 14 (Engel, Marloff) ; New Brighton, July 9 (Merrick). 5650. Menesta tortriciformella Clemens. Pittsburgh, June 28 (Engel) ; July 6—August 11 (Marloff). 5653. Strobisia irridipennella Clemens. Pittsburgh, July 1-August 4 (Marloff, Kahl, Klages). 5654. Strobisia emblemella Clemens. Pittsburgh, July 1-August 1 (Engel, Marloff ). 5655. Trichotaphe flavocostella Clemens. Pittsburgh, June 26—-August 4 (Marloff, Engel) ; New Brighton, June 20—July 29 (Merrick). 5659. Trichotaphe alacella Clemens. July 1-29. Common in patches of wild aster. 5661. Trichotaphe nonstrigella Chambers. New Brighton, June 14-21, two specimens (Engel) in Merrick Museum. 5662. Trichotaphe juncidella Clemens. June 7-20; July 12-August 26. Common on waste lands where aster grows. . Trichotaphe washingtoniella Busck. Pittsburgh, June 13—July 16 ; August 15-24 (Engel, Marloff ); New Brighton, July 13-September 3 (Merrick). . Trichotaphe trinotella Busck. Pittsburgh, June 3; August 18-24 (Engel); New Brighton, June 28, August 18 (Merrick). 5667. Trichotaphe chambersella Murtfeldt. Pittsburgh, August 18-23 (Engel). Rare. On low herbage in forests. 124 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. . Glyphidocera speratella Busck. New Brighton, June 28—July 16 (Merrick). Rare. At light in the woods. . Glyphidocera aberatella Busck. Pittsburgh, July 2-23; August 16-September 3 (Marloff, Engel). 5675. Anorthosia punctipennella Clemens. June 15—July 28. Common in forests. 5678. Ypsolophus ligulellus Hiibner. April 30—May 18; July 2—-August 12. Common. . Ypsolophus flavivittellus Clemens. Pittsburgh, July 2-15 (Marloff, Engel); New Brighton, July 6- August 25 (Merrick). Rare in forests. This is a constant variety and should be listed. 5679. Ypsolophus punctidiscellus Clemens. May 31—June 25. Common in forests. 5685. Ypsolophus ventrellus Fitch. New Brighton, March ro, October 17, two specimens (Merrick). . 5686. Ypsolophus eupatoriellus Chambers. May 17-June 15; July 30o-August 13. Common. 5696. Aprozrema palpilineella Chambers. New Brighton, September 28 (Merrick). 5699. Aprozrema nigratomella Clemens. June 3—-July 12. Rare. On low herbage in woods. 5702. Anacampsis rhoifructella Clemens. New Brighton, August 11-29 (Merrick). 5711. Anacampsis agrimoniella Clemens. Pittsburgh, July 21 (Marloff); New Brighton, July 17—September 3 (Merrick, Kearfott, Engel). Common. ——. Anacampsis nonstrigella Busck. Pittsburgh, July (Marloff); New Brighton, July 13, August 6 (Merrick); Coraopolis, July ro (H. H. Smith in Carnegie Museum). 5713. Anacampsis levipedella Clemens. Pittsburgh, September 23—October 7 (Engel); Ohio Pyle, July 27- August 8 (Kahl, Klages). 5714. Gelechia cercerisella Chambers. Pittsburgh, May 31-July 2; July 16-August 25 (Marloff, Engel). Rare in thickets. 5718. Gelechia trialbamaculella Chambers. New Brighton, May 25; July g-September 13 (Merrick). Pitts- burgh, June 3 (Marloff). a Sa Se ee rr a or ENGEL: LEPIDOPTERA OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 12 5720. Gelechia bimaculella Chambers. Pittsburgh, June 6 (Marloff); June 20 (Engel). ——. Gelechia fluvialella Busck. Pittsburgh, June 26—July 6 ( Marloff, Engel). 5744. Gelechia discoocellella Chambers. June 12-27 ; August 25-October 24. Rare. At light. 5750. Gelechia albisparsella Chambers (?). June 20-July 1. Rare, but generally distributed. Mr. Busck de- termined this species as probably a/bisparsel/a. It is the largest species of the genus taken about Pittsburgh. . z 5755. Gelechia bicostomaculella Chambers. AARACA/ New Brighton, June 30—July 18 (Merrick). Rare. Ate 5756. Gelechia nigrimaculella Busck. July 1-October 3. Common on hard-wood timber. 5757. Gelechia maculimarginella Chambers. Pittsburgh, July 6 (Engel). 5758. Gelechia biminimaculella Chambers. New Brighton, July 2g—-September 28 (Merrick). Rare. 5759. Gelechia pseudoacaciella Chambers. May 8-31. Common on locust. 5761. Gelechia vernella Murtfeldt. New Brighton, July 31-August 28 (Merrick). Rare. 5764. Gelechia mediofuscella Clemens. May 2-June 1. Common. —. Gelechia fondella Busck. Pittsburgh, June 5—July 12 (Engel) ; New Brighton, June 20 (Mer- rick). Rare. . Gelechia pseudofondella Busck. New Brighton, June 26-July 7. Rare. Taken at light in dense forests (Merrick). 5765. Gelechia walsinghami Dietz. Pittsburgh, June 9—July 1 (Engel, Marloff) ; New Brighton, June 26-July 23 (Merrick). Rare. At light and at rest on saplings in thickets. 5768. Gelechia conclusella Walker. June 12—July 14. Common. 5824. Gelechia punctiferella Clemens. New Brighton, July 17, 1904 (Merrick). One worn specimen de- termined by Mr. Busck. 126 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. Family STENOMID. 5834. Stenoma schlegeri Zeller. Pittsburgh, May 23—-June 8 (Engel); New Brighton, April 25- June 5 (Merrick). Rare. 5835. Stenoma leucillana Zeller. May 13-22; July 29g—-August 20. Common. ——. Stenoma mistrella Busck. Pittsburgh, June 28, July 25 (Kahl, Engel). 5840. Brachiloma osseella Walsingham. New Brighton, July 4—August 4 (Merrick); Ohio Pyle, July 23— August 11 (Kahl, Klages). Rare. ‘Taken at light in the woods. Family GZ2COPHORID:. 5843. Eumeyrickia trimaculella Fitch. June 2—July 2. Rare. Found at rest in shady woods. 5851. Psilocorsis quercicella Clemens. May 18—-June 5 ; August 17-28. Rare. In dense forests. 5852. Psilocorsis reflexella Clemens. April 5—June 11; July 8-22. Common in forests. 5853. Machimia tentoriferella Clemens. September ro—October 16. Common and generally distributed. 5854. Depressaria atrodorsella Clemens. New Brighton, May 25; September 7—29 (Merrick); Pittsburgh, April 22 (Engel); July 1, Carnegie Museum. Rare. 5858. Depressaria pulvipennella Clemens. Pittsburgh, September zo—November 5; April g—May 14 (Engel, Marloff ); New Brighton, September g—October 23 (Merrick). Rare. 5864. Depressaria walsinghamella Busck. July 17-28; September to May. A common species which fre- quents the sap on sugar maples and in common with most of the species of the genus may be collected in out-houses, under loose boards, and in brush piles in the forests during the winter. 5870. Depressaria nebulosa Zeller. Pittsburgh, September 30—November 8; April 20—-May 20 (Engel, Marloff ). Rare. 5874. Depressaria curvilineella Beutenmiiller. July 3-30; October 4 to May. Common. . Depressaria flavicomella Engel. New Brighton, June 13-July 1 (Merrick, Engel); Pittsburgh, | — ee Tt ENGEL: LEPIDOPTERA OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA. PAF June 11-25 (Marloff ); Jeannette, June 14 (Ehrman) in collection W. J. Holland. Rare at light on the trees in forests. 5882. Depressaria robiniella Packard. July r1-August 22. Generally distributed, but rare. 5886. Depressaria betulella Busck. New Brighton, July 7-August 30 (Merrick). Rare. At light in forests. . Depressaria maculatella Busck. New Brighton, July 26-September 30 (Merrick). At light in forests. 5889. Depressaria heracliana DeGeer. July 17—August 12; October to May. Common. The larve are abundant on wild parsnips feeding on the green seeds and later in the stems and branches. 5893. Semioscopsis packardella Clemens. April 12—May 19. Common in thickets. . Semioscopsis merriccella Dyar. New Brighton, March 15—-April 19. Common in forests (Merrick, Engel). . Semioscopsis megamicrella Dyar. New Brighton, March 11-April 29 (Merrick, Engel) ; Pittsburgh, March 17—April 17 (Marloff). Common. . Semioscopsis aurorella Dyar. New Brighton, March g—April 13 (Merrick, Engel) ; Pittsburgh, March 1ro—April 5 (Marloff). Common. 5894. Semioscapsis allenella Walsingham. New Brighton, May 26—July 13 (Merrick, Engel). Fairly common in wooded ravines. 5913. Ethmia zelleriella Chambers. Pittsburgh, May 31—June 20 (Engel, Marloff ). 5918. Euclemensia bassettella Clemens. New Brighton, July 30, 1903. One specimen (Merrick). 5920. Epicallima argenticinctella Clemens. June 6—-July 28. Fairly common in sunny places along the margin of woods. 5922. Borkhausenia borkhauseni Zeller. Pittsburgh, June 27, several specimens (Marloff). 5923. Borkhausenia coloradella Walsingham. Pittsburgh, June 7-10. Several specimens in the Carnegie Museum. 128 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. ——. Borkhausenia ascriptella Busck. Pittsburgh, June 14-29 (Marloff, Engel); New Brighton, July 12 (Merrick). 5928. Borkhausenia shalleriella Chambers. Pittsburgh, New Brighton, and Ohio Pyle, June r0o-26 (Engel). Quite common at Ohio Pyle resting on moss-covered rocks in the woods. 5932. Ccophora newmanella Clemens. May 30—-June 20. Rare, but generally distributed. Found on the wing, or resting on shrubbery in the woods. Family BLASTOBASID/. 5941. Pigritia laticapitella Clemens. May 30—June 23; August 5. Common at light and resting on twigs in thickets. 5956. Dryope ochrocomella Clemens. Pittsburgh, August 18-25 (Engel). Rare. At light. 5970. Holcocera chalcofrontella Clemens. June 16-July 12. Common. Found at rest on twigs and trees in thickets. 5973- Holcocera gilbociliella Clemens. Ohio Pyle, June 10 (Engel). 5975- Holcocera modestella Clemens. Pittsburgh, May 13 (Engel). 5976. Holcocera purpurocomella Clemens. May 23-June 20. Common at light. 5979. Holcocera glandulella Riley. New Brighton, June 22—July 26 (Merrick, Engel). Several speci- mens were bred from acorns. ‘This species appears to be identical with modestella. The latter was determined by Mr. Busck. Family ELACHISTID. 3 6003. Coleophora caryzfoliella Clemens. Pittsburgh, June 12 (Marloff); June r9—-July 19 (Engel). Rare. 6010. Coleophora corruscipennella Clemens. April 20-June rg; August 5—October 2. Common. 6029. Coleophora luteocostella Chambers. Ohio Pyle, June 28 (Engel). ‘Two specimens. ENGEL: LEPIDOPTERA OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 129 ——. Batrachetra placendiella Busck. Pittsburgh, June 24-28 (Marloff). At rest on small twigs of hawthorn. . Batrachetra trichella Busck. Pittsburgh, June 23—July 14; August 3 (Marloff, Engel). 6066. Cosmopteryx gemmiferella Clemens. June 20—-July 9; August 8-16. Rare, but generally distributed. 6088. Elachista prematurella Clemens. May 15-27; July 6-8 (Marloff, Engel). . Elachista albicapitella Engel. Pittsburgh, June 12-17 (Engel, Marloff ); New Brighton, June 24 (Merrick); Pittsburgh, June 7, 1905, Carnegie Museum. . Elachista orestella Busck. Pittsburgh, June r1-14 (Marloff ). 6094. Blastodacna (Elachista) bicristatella Chambers. Pittsburgh, May 24-June 6 (Engel, Marloff). Common at rest on large hawthorn bushes. 6107. Scythris basilaris Zeller. June 24—July 12. Fairly common. Found on the wing or rest- ing on low vegetation on waste lands. 6108. Scythris eboracensis Zeller. June 8—July ro. Common on waste lands. 6110. Scythris impositella Zeller. Pittsburgh, May 26-June 24 (Engel, Marloff); New Brighton, June 27—July 5 (Merrick, Engel). Rare. . On flowers in meadows and waste lands. 6117. Heliozela esella Chambers. Pittsburgh, May 5-14 (Engel); New Brighton, May 13-18 (Mer- rick, Engel). Common at rest on trees in forests. 6125. Antispila nyssefoliella Clemens. May 27—June 23. Common on and near sour gum trees. 6127. Stilbosis tesquella Clemens. June rg—July 29. Common in sunny places in the forests. 6130. Theisoa constrictella Zeller. Pittsburgh, June 12—July 16 (Engel, Marloff ). ——. Epermenia imperialella Busck. Pittsburgh, May 30—June 20 (Engel, Marloff ); New Brighton, May 30—-June 13 (Merrick). Found at light and among herbage in shady woods. 130 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. ——. Epermenia albapunctella Busck. Pittsburgh, January 3-6 (Marloff). A hibernating species found at rest on a wild grape-vine. 6152. Mompha brevivittella Clemens. May 16-July 2; October 20-December. Generally distributed. Several specimens were bred from the seed capsules of evening prim- rose (Merrick, Engel). . Mompha stellella Busck. May 24-June 28; October 6—April. Generally distributed. It occurs like the preceding species in the primrose, and the hibernating imagines may be taken in brush-piles in the woods. 6157. Mompha eloisella Clemens. June 9—July 12. Common. ‘The larve hibernate in the stems of primrose. 6158. Perimede (Mompha) erransella Chambers. Pittsburgh, June 19—August 12 (Engel). Rare at light. 6162. Mompha luciferella Clemens. Pittsburgh, June 20-29 (Engel, Kahl, Klages). . Mompha engelella Busck. May 24-June 29; July 6—-August 2. Generally distributed and fairly common in sunny spots in the woods, also at light. ——. Synallagma busckiella Engel. Pittsburgh, June 28—July 6; August 1-September 29 (Engel, Mar- loff ). Common at light. 6177. Schreckensteinia erythriella Clemens. Pittsburgh, June 15—August 11 (Engel, Marloff ). Common, flying in waste lands. 6178. Schreckensteinia festaliella Hiibner. March 28—April 21; July 5-27. Fairly common in woods and on waste lands, 6179. Walshia amorphella Clemens. New Brighton, August 13 (Merrick). Family TINEID/. 6209. Nepticula platanella Clemens. Pittsburgh, June 12—July 28 (Engel). Rare at rest on trees in forests. 6226. Nepticula obrutella Zeller. June 12-27. Common in open woods at rest on the trees. ENGEL: LEPIDOPTERA OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 131 6228. Opostega albogallierella Clemens. June 12—July 20; August 7-21. Common at rest on trees in forests. 6233. Bucculatrix ambrosiefoliella Chambers. May 24—-July 20; August 12-September 23. Common. 6238. Bucculatrix coronatella Clemens. Pittsburgh, May 20 (Engel) ; New Brighton, May 29—-June 16 (Merrick, Engel). Rare. 6243. Bucculatrix magnella Chambers. Pittsburgh, July 11-29 (Marloff, Engel). 6246. Bucculatrix pomifoliella Clemens. Pittsburgh, May 5-20; July 20-September 29 (Engel, Marloff ). Common. 6254. Lithocolletes rileyella Chambers. May 5-14; July 24. Common in thickets. 6257. Lithocolletes lucidicostella Clemens. Pittsburgh, May 5-20; August 12 (Engel) ; New Brighton, May 5-13 (Merrick, Engel). 6267. Lithocolletes robiniella Clemens. April 29—May 29 ; August 2-November 21. Common. 6270. Lithocolletes blancardella Fabricius. March 25—May 14. Common. 6287. Lithocolletes cincinnatiella Chambers. Pittsburgh, May 29-August 5 (Engel); New Brighton, June 3-14 (Merrick, Engel). Rare. 6294. Lithocolletes ulmella Chambers. Pittsburgh, May 27-June 17 (Engel); New Brighton, May r14— June 14 (Merrick, Engel). Rare. 6301. Lithocolletes basistrigella Clemens. Pittsburgh, June 29 (Carnegie Museum). 6310. Lithocolletes tilieacella Chambers. Pittsburgh, May 14-20 (Engel). Rare. 6316. Lithocolletes triteniella Chambers. Pittsburgh, May 3-22 (Marloff ). 6334. Lithocelletes hamadryella Clemens. May 8-27; July 20. Common. 6337. Bedellia somnulentella Zeller. Pittsburgh, September 19-October 20 (Engel, Marloff). Rare. 6345. Gracilaria astericola Frey & Boll. Pittsburgh, May 22-June 8; August 28 (Marloff, Engel) ; New Brighton, May 1g—June 11 (Merrick). 1g ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. 6348. Gracilaria belfrageella Chambers. New Brighton, May 23-June 17 (Merrick, Engel). Rare on shrubbery in the woods. 6360. Gracilaria negundella Chambers. Pittsburgh, June 12 (Engel). 6362. Gracilaria stigmatella Fabricius. Pittsburgh, April 10 (Engel); New Brighton, April 25 ; September 11—November 21 (Merrick, Engel). Rare. 6363. Gracilaria rhoifoliella Chambers. June 30-August 18; November 4. Generally distributed, but fare: 6364. Gracilaria lespedezzfoliella Clemens. June to—24; August 5-18. Common and widely distributed. ——. Gracilaria pennnsylvaniella Engel. Pittsburgh, May 14-24; August 2—October 20 (Engel, Marloff ) ; New Brighton, May 30, July 31 (Merrick, Engel). 6370. Gracilaria strigifinitella Clemens. May 17-June 23; July 26—-August 15. Common. s . Gracilaria packardella Chambers. April 29g-June 10. Generally distributed, but rare. . Gracilaria superbifrontella Clemens. May 20—July 12; August 16-28. Common on shrubbery in sunny ravines. 6375. Gracilaria venustella Clemens. Pittsburgh, May zo—June 2; August 23 (Engel, Marloff). Rare. 6378. Gracilaria burgessiella Zeller. New Brighton, June 3-21; July 27—August 20 (Merrick, Engel). Rare. 6388. Ornyx crategifoliella Clemens. Pittsburgh, May 5-31 (Marloff, Engel). 6396. Coriscium albinatella Chambers. Pittsburgh, August 24, 1904 (Carnegie Museum, Acc. 2723). 6397. Coriscium paradoxum Frey & Boll. Pittsburgh, April 26-May 6 (Engel, Marloff); New Brighton, April 22—May 18 (Merrick, Engel). Rare in forests. 6401. Coriscium cuculipenellum Hiibner. Pittsburgh, August 17 (Engel). 6409. Philonome clemensella Chambers. June 19—July 26. Common in forests. ENGEL: LEPIDOPTERA OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA. Woe 6418. Lyonetia speculella Clemens. Pittsburgh, August 29-October 3 (Marloff, Engel). Rare. In woods. 6421. Phyllocnistis vitifoliella Chambers. Pittsburgh, September 16—October 30. Hibernating specimens November to April (Engel). Common. 6435. Tischeria citrinipennella Clemens. May 18—June 14; August 7-20. Common at light. . Argyresthia oreasella Clemens. July 4-28. Common on the foliage of hawthorn. 6456. Argyresthia apicimaculella Chambers. Pittsburgh, June r5—July 16 ( Marloff, Engel). 6457. Argyresthia austerella Zeller. June 14—-July 8. Common. . Argyresthia undulatella Chambers. May 29—June 24. Common. 6471. Acrolepia incertella Chambers. Pittsburgh, April 15-20 (Engel, Marloff); New Brighton, April 22, July 23 (Merrick, Engel). Rare. At rest on trees in forests. 6473. Scardia tessulatella Zeller. Pittsburgh, June 21-July 26 (Engel, Marloff); New Brighton, July 2-August 29 (Merrick). Rare. At light in the woods. 6474. Scardia anatomella Grote. May 27—July 4. Common at light in forests. . Scardia approximatella Dietz. June 30-July 27. Common at light and at rest on trees in woods. 6476. Xylestia pruniramiella Clemens. June 24—August 9. Common. 6477. Paraclemensia acerifoliella Fitch. Pittsburgh, May 20-30 (Marloff, Engel). Rare. On the foliage of bushes on waste lands. 6481. Isocorypha mediostriatella Clemens. Pittsburgh, July 21-August 19 (Engel, Marloff). Rare. 6484. Incurvaria russatella Clemens. New Brighton, July 9-23 (Merrick, Engel); Pittsburgh, June 13- 23 (Marloff ). Several specimens in Carnegie Museum. 6487. Tineola bisselliella Hummel. New Brighton, July 9-23 (Merrick); Pittsburgh, nee 12 (Kahl). 134 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. —. Monopis crocicapitella Clemens. Pittsburgh, Mayrg—June 12; July 26-September1r2(Marloff, Engel). 6495. Monopis biflavimaculella Clemens. June 4-20; August 16. Common. 6502. Monopis doristrigella Clemens. June 1o—July 12. Common. 6511. Monopis marginistrigella Chambers. Pittsburgh, June 1o—July 11 (Engel, Marloff). 6491. Tinea acapnopennella Clemens. May 14—-June 15; July 6-August 23. Common. . Tinea auropulvella Chambers. June 1-12; July 3-31. Common. . Tinea multistriatella Dietz. Debate. June 5—July 19 (Engel, Marloff ); August 17- pe ber 1, Carnegie Museum. Rare. 6492. Tinea apimaculella Chambers. Pittsburgh, June 8-17 (Engel, Marloff ); New Brighton, June 15- July 3 (Merrick). 6497. Tinea canariella Clemens. Pittsburgh, May 29, July 4 (Engel, Marloff ); New Brighton, July 7 (Merrick). 6500. Tinea croceoverticella Chambers. Pittsburgh, June 17-July 15 (Engel, Marloff); New Brighton, July 28 (Merrick). 6503. Tinea fuscipunctella Haworth. Pittsburgh, July 24—-August 18 (Engel, Marloff) ; New Brighton, June 14—July 20 (Merrick). Reared on dead leaves (Engel). 6506. Tinea granella Linneus. Pittsburgh, May 20—July 26 (Marloff) ; New Brighton, June 12- July 1 (Merrick). 6520. Tinea pellionella Linnzus. Pittsburgh, June 4-15 (Marloff). 6525. Tinea trimaculella Chambers. Pittsburgh, Jun@ 17; August 23-September 13 (Engel) ; New Brighton, August 15 (Merrick). 6531. Tinea arcella Fabricius. July 9-August 15. Rare at light and resting on the trees in forests. 6534. Amydria effrenatella Clemens. May 31—June 17; July 2-August1. Rare, but generally distributed. ENGEL: LEPIDOPTERA OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 135 6535. Cyane visaliella Chambers. June 12—July 21. Common in forests resting on trees. 6537. Diachorisia velatella Clemens. July 3-27. Common resting on trees in thickets. 6540. Hybroma servulella Clemens. July 7—August 11. Common in thickets and forests. 6541. Homesetia fasciella Chambers. May 30—June 26; July 20o-September 12. Common 6544. Homosetia miscecristatella Chambers. June 17—July 12; August 12. Common. . Homosetia tricingulatella Clemens. Pittsburgh, June 28, July 23 (Engel) ; New Brighton, July 13, 28 (Merrick). 6547. Homosetia argentinotella Chambers. Pittsburgh, June 7—July 17 (Engel, Marloff); New Brighton, July 8—28 (Merrick). Rare. . Homosetia costosignella Clemens. June 14—July 12. Common in forests. . Leucomele miriamella Dietz. Pittsburgh, June 9-26 (Engel, Marloff); New Brighton, July 16 (Merrick); Pittsburgh, September 12, Carnegie Museum. 6545. (noe hybromella Chambers. Pittsburgh, July 5-29 (Engel, Marloff ); New Brighton, August 5 (Merrick). 6 553- Adela bella Chambers. June 4—July 6. Common in sunny places in forests. 6558. Adela ridingsella Clemens. New Brighton, June 10, 1906, one specimen (Merrick). 6574. Pronuba yuccasella Riley. Pittsburgh, July 16, 1903, one specimen (Marloff ). 6583. Hypocolpus mortipennellus Grote. Pittsburgh, June 8, two specimens (Marloff, Engel). 6584. Acrolophus plumifrontellus Clemens. June 24—July 21. Common at light. 6602. Pseudanaphora arcanella Clemens. Pittsburgh, July 5-15 (Marloff); New Brighton, July 2-12 (Mer- fick). Rare. At light. 6603. Pseudanaphora mora Grote. September 20—October 25. Common in waste lands and open woods. 136 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. Family HEPIALIDA. 6605. Sthenopis quadriguttatus Grote. New Brighton, June 6, 1903, one specimen (Merrick). There are fourteen hundred and thirty-nine (1439) species and sixty-eight (68) varieties enumerated in the foregoing list, as has been ascertained by a count made after reading the final proofs. The total number of species and varieties is therefore fifteen hundred and seven (1507). Lditor. ANNALS OF THE feeNEGIE MUSEUM VOLUNE. Vo eNO. 2, AND: 3. EDITORIAL NOTES. Tue Sesqui-Centennial celebration of the capture of Fort Duquesne and the founding of Pittsburgh was an event memories of which will long abide. ‘The collection of historic relics brought together upon comparatively short notice at the Carnegie Museum received a great deal of attention. The collection was arranged by Mr. Douglas Stewart. It consisted in part of objects which belonged to the Mu- seum, and in part of objects loaned for the occasion. During the celebration we had the pleasure of placing upon exhibition a set of Sheffield plate, a china plate with the Pitt coat of arms, a cameo scarf-ring, and a fob and seal belonging to ‘‘ the Great Commoner,’’ whose name is borne by this city. All these had been brought over and loaned for the occasion by his descendant, Miss Pitt-Taylor. A catalog of the objects which were exhibited upon this occasion has been prepared by Mr. Stewart and is published in this number of the Annals. The Carnegie Museum should be recognized more and more as the proper custodian in this city for such historic collections. It isa matter of regret that many valuable relics of the past, which, had they been conserved, would have taught important lessons, have been in the lapse of time scattered and hopelessly lost, or destroyed by fire. / ARRANGEMEN'sS have been made for a systematic collection of the avifauna of the eastern slopes of the Andes within the State of Bo- livia, and during the coming year or two the Museum may expect to . 137 138 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. add largely to its collection of South American birds. A Catalog of the Birds of Costa Rica with Notes upon their Distribution and Habits is being prepared for publication by Mr. M. A. Carriker, Jr., who spent five years in that country collecting for the Carnegie Mu- seum, and by Mr. W. E. C. Todd. Assistance has been most kindly given these gentlemen in their work by Mr. Outram-Bangs, of Cam- bridge, Massachusetts, and by the authorities of the various museums in which collections of Costa Rican birds are preserved in this country. ARRANGEMENTS have been made to undertake an ornithological col- lecting trip through the western States of South America by a thor- oughly competent party. It is the intention of the Museum so soon as possible to complete its collection of the birds of the western hemisphere. PROFESSOR C. H. EIGENMANN has recently returned from his expedi- tion to British Guiana. The expenses of the expedition were borne by the Carnegie Museum, the authorities of the Indiana State Uni- versity having kindly consented to give Professor Eigenmann leave of absence for this purpose. He reports most satisfactory results, the discovery of a number of undoubtedly new species of fishes, and numerous observations bearing upon the geographical distribution of characteristic South American forms. Mr. Joun D. HaseMan has been continuing his explorations of the rivers of Brazil and adjacent countries with great success. Large col- lections representing the fish fauna of Brazil have been recently re- ceived. PRESIDENT D. STARR JORDANis completing a paper upon thecollection of Formosan fishes which belong to the Museum, and it will shortly be published in the Memoirs. A Memoir upon the Entelodontidz, based upon the remarkably per- fect skeleton of Dinohyus recovered two years ago in western Nebraska, will shortly be published. It is from the pen of Mr. O. A. Peterson. Mr. H. J. HEINZ with great generosity has made a large addition to the collection of watches which he has placed in the Museum. A catalog of this collection of watches is in course of preparation by Mr. Douglas Stewart. Mr. Heinz has also kindly loaned to the Mu- a a EDITORIAL NOTES. 139 seum a very large and valuable collection of ivory carvings which will shortly be placed upon exhibition. Ir is hoped that we may be able on the coming celebration of Founder’s Day at the end of April to throw open the Gallery of Rep- tiles to the public. While it will be only scantily furnished, neverthe- less it will contain much of interest, among other things a splendid large group representing the Diamond-back Rattlesnake in its native haunts, which has been completed by the Messrs. Santens and Mr. G. A. Link. WE are very desirous of completing our collection of the Birds of Paradise. While possessing representatives of a number of genera and species, there are many lacunz in the collection, which we desire to fill, and all persons who have in their possession collections from which they might possibly be able either by sale or exchange to help us fill the gaps which exist in our collection, are requested to correspond with the Museum. THE celebration of Convocation Day by the University of Pittsburgh on February the 12th, Lincoln’s birthday, was utilized as an occasion upon which to display to the public two important historical souvenirs of ‘‘The Great Emancipator,’’ which are in the possession of the Museum. One is a life mask of President Lincoln, made by the sculptor Clark Mills, assisted by his son, Theodore A. Mills. This mask was made sixty days before the assassination of the President. With it was displayed a cane which has a history. The director of the Museum on placing these objects before the audience said, in speak- ing of the cane, ‘‘ When Abraham Lincoln passed through Pittsburgh on his way to Washington to be inaugurated, he spent the night at the Monongahela House, and the Chairman of the Republican County Committee, Mr. M. McGonnigle, handed to him this cane. ‘There are fourteen knots on the cane, corresponding in number to the letters in the name of the President, and on each one of these knots is a silver plate with a letter, spelling the words A-B-R-A-H-A-M L-I-N- C-O-L-N. Below the handle of the cane is a silver plate on which are inscribed the words ‘ Allegheny County, Pa. Lincoln, 16,725. Fusion, 6,725,’ these numbers representing the votes which had been cast for the then President-elect. President Lincoln on receiving the cane made a brief speech, in which he expressed his gratitude to ‘ the 140 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. Life Mask of Abraham Lincoln, made by L. Clark Mills and Theodore A. Mills, sixty days before the assassination of the President. Cane used by President Lincoln. citizens of the State of Allegheny’ for the splendid majority they had rolled up for him. He used the cane while in Washington on his walks to and fro between the White House and the War Department, and broke the ferrule which was on it. Not very long before his death, Mr. Magee, the father of the late Christopher L. Magee, who was an old time abolitionist, called upon President Lincoln, and President Lincoln in conversation with him recalled his visit to Pittsburgh, and stepping to a corner of the room, produced the cane. After fondling it for awhile in his hands he said to Mr. Magee, ‘ You have sons, have you?’ Mr. Magee replied, ‘I have.’ President Lincoln answered, ‘ Well, then, take this cane back to the State of Allegheny. Keep it, and hand it down to your sons.’ ‘The cane at the death of Mr. Magee was given by his wife to the late Hon. Christopher Lyman Magee, who in turn gave it to his sister, Mrs. John Fremont Steele, who last Sun- day with great kindness placed it in the custody of the Carnegie Mu- seum as a loan, to be preserved here subject to her disposition.’’ ANNALS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, Vol. V. Plate III. Sydney Prentice, del. Upper Devonian Brachiopoda. IV. THE FAUNA OF THE UPPER DEVONIAN IN MONTANA. Part I. — THE Fossits oF THE RED SHALES. By Percy E. RAYMOND. Ina paper ‘‘ On the Occurrence in the Rocky Mountains of an Upper Devonian Fauna with Clymenia’’ in the American Journal of Science, Series 4, Vol. XXIII, p. 116, t907, the writer announced the dis- covery by Mr. Earl Douglas of a fauna very similar to that of the Clymenia limestone of Germany. In that paper a preliminary list of the fossils found near Logan and Three Forks in the five zones of the Three Forks shale was given. ‘The most novel of the fossils there listed were found in the red fissile shale of Zone 1 and it is these fossils which form the subject of the present paper. In later articles the more prolific faunas of the green shale and the limestone of Zones 2 and 4 will be described. In a paper read before the Section of Palzeozodlogy at the Seventh International Zodlogical Congress, but not yet published, the age of this fauna was discussed, and an attempt was made to show that it was younger than the fauna with MWanticoceras intumescens in New York, Michigan, and elsewhere. In the present paper nothing further than a description of the fauna of the red shale is attempted, further remarks on correlation being deferred until the Devonian faunas of the northern Rocky Mountains are more fully known. Class BRACHIOPODA. Order TELOTREMA TA Beecher. Family RHYNCHONELLID Gray. Genus CAMAROTECHIA Hall and Clarke. Camarotechia contracta Hall.’ (PLATE III, FIGURES I-7.) Atrypa contracta Hall, 1843. ‘* Report of the Fourth District, Geology of New York,”’ p. 66, figs. 2, 3. LRhynchonella (Stenocisma) contracta Hall, 1867. ‘‘ Paleontology of New York,” Vol. IV, p. 351, pl. 55, figs. 26-39. 1 For a full synonymy of the brachiopods listed in this article, see Schuchert, Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey, No. 87, 1897. 141 142 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. The identification of this shell is not entirely satisfactory, but the Camarotechia which is so abundant in the Three Forks shale is more like this than any other described species. Some of the fully grown shells agree very closely with Hall’s description in volume IV, ‘‘ New York State Paleontology.’’ They have about sixteen plications on each valve, three of which are in the sinus and four on the fold. Other specimens in the collection have one, two, or four plications in the sinus and two, three, or five on the fold. Locality. — This is a common fossil in all the zones of the Upper Devonian with the exception of the white blocky shale. Nearly all the specimens from the red fissile shale are of small size. Three Forks and Logan, Montana. Genus LEIORHYNCHUS Hall. Leiorhynchus mesacostale Hall. (PLATE III, FicuREs 8, 9.) Atrypa mesacostalis Hall, 1843. ‘‘ Report of the Fourth District, Geology of New York,’ p. 64, fig. I. Letorhynchus mesacostalis Hall, 1867. ‘‘ Paleontology of New York,’’ Vol. IV, p. 362, Pl. 67, figs. 18-25. This is one of the abundant fossils in this fauna. The specimens are moderately convex, transversely elliptical in outline, and usually of somewhat smaller size than the specimens from New York. ‘The plications are entirely obsolete on the sides of most of the specimens, and the number of plications in the fold and sinus is variable, ranging from one to four in the sinus, and two to five on the fold. Half a dozen specimens have been observed which show one or two faint pli- cations outside the fold and sinus. Locality. —'Vhis species is common in the same zones as the pre- ceding at Three Forks and Logan, Montana. Family SPIRIFERID King. Genus SPIRIFER Sowerby. Spirifer disjunctus Sowerby. (PLATE III, FIGURE Io. ) Spirifera disjuncta Sowerby, 1840. ‘‘Zransactions of the Geological Society,’ 2d series, Vol. V, Pl. 53, fig. 8; Pl. 54, figs. 12, 13. Spirifer disjunctus Hall and Clarke, 1893. ‘‘ Paleontology of New York,’’ Vol. VIII, yo i Ae atelier This species is quite abundant in the red fissile shales, and is note- ANNALS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, Vol. VY. Plate IV. 9 Sydney Prentice, del. Cleiothyridina devonica Raymond. RAYMOND: Fauna oF Upper DEVONIAN OF MONTANA. 143 worthy only for the small size of the specimens, which show all the characters of the adult. Locality. — Logan, Three Forks, and elsewhere in Western Montana. Spirifer pinonensis Meek. (PLATE III, FIGURES IT, 12.) Spirifer ( Trigonotreta) pinonensis Meek, 1870. ‘Proceedings Academy Natural Sciences of Philadelphia,’ p. 60. Spirifer pinonensis Walcott, 1884. ‘* Monograph U. S. Geological Survey,’ No. VIII, p. 138, Pl. 4, figs. 1, Ia—Ie. A single well preserved specimen was found in the red fissile shale at Three Forks. The shell is robust, both valves being strongly con- vex. ‘There are nine plications on each side of the fold and sinus, the first one on either side being stronger than the others. ‘The fold shows a faint longitudinal indentation, and there is a trace of a plica- tion in the sinus, The surface is marked by numerous fine concentric lines of growth. Locality. — A very rare species in the red fissile shale of the Upper Devonian at Three Forks, Montana. It occurs more commonly in the limestone of the same region. According to Walcott, this species ranges from the base to the sum- mit of the Devonian limestone throughout the Eureka District in Nevada. Genus AmMBoccéLiA Hall. Amboceelia gregaria Hall. (PLATE III, FIGURES 13-15.) Ambocelia gregaria Hall, 1860. ‘* Thirteenth Annual Report New York State Cabinet Natural History,”’ p. 81. Specimens of this species are fairly common and differ from the specimens found in New York only in their smaller size. Locality. —¥ound in the Three Forks shale at Logan and Three Forks, Montana. Family ATHYRID: Phillips. Genus CLEIOTHYRIDINA Buckman. Cleiothyridina devonica sp. nov. (PLATE III, FIGURES 16, 17; PLATE IV, FIGURES I-II. ) Mr. Buckman has recently shown that the name CVezothyris cannot be used for the group of shells usually so designated, as it was not so used by Phillips, the author of the genus. Mr. Buckman has there- 144 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. fore proposed the name Clezothyridina and designated as the genotype Athyris roissyt as figured by Davidson, in the ‘‘ Monograph of Car- boniferous Brachiopoda,’’ Pl. XVIII, fig. 8. (See Annals and Maga- zine Natural History, Series 7, Vol. XVIII, p. 321, 1906.) Description.—Vhe adult shell varies in outline from subcircular to transversely elliptical. The sides and front of the shell are usually somewhat straight, which gives the shell a rather quadrate form. The valves are nearly equally convex, the pedicle valve being slightly the deeper. The pedicle valve shows a narrow sinus or a flattened area in nearly all specimens, but in a few this valve is uniformly convex. On the brachial valve there is a low fold which is not defined at the sides and can be seen only when looking at the front of the shell. ‘The beak of the pedicle valve is small and closely incurved, but the pedicle opening remains clear throughout life, the pedicle continuing to encroach upon the umbo as the beak becomes more incurved. The surface markings on the better preserved specimens are those characteristic of the genus. ‘The concentric lamellze are very numerous and the spiniform extensions of their free margins are long and slender. Partially exfoliated specimens show fine, interrupted radial striz, and casts of the interior show very numerous radiating vascular markings. The spirals of a single specimen have been developed. ‘They were replaced by hematite, while the interior of the shell was filled with calcite, thus permitting the use of acid. Each of the cones was found to taper rather rapidly outward and consisted of eleven turns of the flat lamella. The lamelle were not fimbriated as Davidson found those of Athyris pectinifera Sowerby to be. Unfortunately the loop of this specimen was so distorted that its form could not be made out. No other species of this genus are known from the Devonian, but several species have been described from the Mississippian and Pennsyl- vanian. The shell known as Cvle/othyris roissyi L’ Eveille is the most common of the Mississippian forms. Girty states that the shell as figured by L’Eveille is 34.5 mm. wide and 22.5 mm. long, deeply folded, with the two depressions which define the fold so deep as to give the shell a trilobate appearance. ‘The beak is not incurved, so that the round, open foramen isa noticeable characteristic of the typical specimen. (See Monograph XXXII, U. S. Geol. Survey, pt. II, p. 570.) The shell thus described is very different from the one in the Mississippian usually identified as C/ecothyris roissy7, and ANNALS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, Vol. V. Plate V. Sydney Prentice, del Loxopteria holzapfeli and L. clarkei. RAYMOND: FAUNA OF UPPER DEVONIAN OF MONTANS. 145 also very different from the Devonian shell here described. The Mississippian form should probably be known as Cletothyridina sub- lamellosa (Hall) as Schuchert has already suggested in ‘‘ Bulletin U. SeeGeol. Survey,’ No. 87, p. 183, 1897. Hessays:>)<* American specimens usually referred to this species are constantly smaller and are often without sinus or fold. If these differences are of sufficient importance to distinguish American specimens from typical Cletothyris rotssyt, then this species should be known as C. sué/ame/losa Hall.’’ From this Mississippian shell our specimens differ in their more transverse form and in the deeper sinus in the ventral valve. The specimens of Cletothyridina devonica are very well preserved and the great number of specimens in our collection exhibit a wide range of variation. In young stages the shell is subcircular in outline, becoming quite transverse and somewhat quadrate in the adult, while old shells show a tendency to regain the circular form. The history of the development of the sinus of the pedicle valve is similar. In young shells it is entirely absent. In the adult it is strongly developed, but in many old individuals it is practically ob- literated. Individuals are found in which the development of one or both of these characters is retarded or accelerated. ‘Thus there are small shells, especially in the red shales, with the deep sinus of the adult and the subcircular outline of the young and other specimens with the outline of the adult, but lacking the sinus. Locality.— This is a common shell in most of the zones of the Three Forks shale of the Upper Devonian at Three Forks and Logan, Montana. Subkingdom MOLLUSCA. Class PELECYPODA. Order PRIONODESMACEA Dall. Family PTERINEID Dall. Genus Loxopreria Frech. Loxopteria holzapfeli sp. nov. : (PLATE V, FIGURES I-7, II.) Cf. Avicula dispar Sandberger. ‘‘ Versteinerungen «des reinischen Schichtensys- tems in Nassau,’’ p. 284, t. 29, fig. 14. Cf. Kochia (Loxopteria) dispar Frech, 1891. ‘Die devonischen Aviculiden Deutschlands ; Abhandlungen zur geologischen Specialkarte von Preussen und den Thiiringischen Staaten,’’ Band 1X, Heft 3, p. 77, t. 6, figs. 4-4. 146 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. Cf. Loxopteria dispar Clarke, 1903. ‘‘ Zhe Naples Fauna in Western New Vork; Memoir of New York State Museum,’’ No. 6, p. 272, Pl. 13, figs. 8-17. Description. —Shell somewhat triangular in outline, inzequivalve, the right valve nearly flat, the left valve capuliform. The right valve is slightly convex, sometimes quite flat. A narrow sulcus extends from the beak to a notch in the posterior margin of the shell, and delimits a wing-like portion of the valve. There is no pos- terior gape observable in any of the shells in the collection, but the thin margins of the ‘‘ ears’’ are frequently broken. The left valve is strongly elevated and acute in the umbonal region, but the beak is incurved almost to the hinge. ‘The anterior end of the valve is smoothly rounded, the length of the hinge being less than the length of the shell. From the highest point on the valve to the ante- rior margin the slope is gradual, but the posterior slope is abrupt and slightly concave. This concavity is broken by a ridge which extends from the posterior side of the beak to a rounded, ear-like extension of the posterior margin of the valve. The surface of both valves is marked by numerous fine, radiating strie. The right valve also shows a few rather strong concentric undu- lations. No muscle scars have been observed on the left valves, but some of the better preserved casts of the interiors of right valves show a small but strong oval posterior scar and an apparently entire pallialline. An anterior muscle was undoubtedly present, but its scar has not been de- tected on any of the specimens at hand. The prodissoconch is retained on both valves, and is set off from the remainder of the beak by a shallow groove. Its position shows a clock-wise tortion of the shell during growth. The ligament was external. The ligamental area on the left valve is triangular, with the apex of the triangle directly beneath the beak. On the right valve the greater part of the ligamental area is posterior to the beak, and its plane is at an angle of about 45 ° to the remain- der of the valve. No striations were observed on the ligamental area. This species seems closely allied to Loxopteria dispar (Sandberger ), - as described by Frech, but differs from that species in having the wing of the right valve more sharply defined and in the ornamentation of the same valve by strong concentric undulations. From Loxopteria dispar as described by Clarke from specimens ob- tained in western New York, our specimens differ in having a small RAYMOND: FAUNA OF UPPER DEVONIAN OF MONTANA. 147 ear on the posterior end of the left valve, a ligamental area under the umbos, concentric ridges on the right valve, and in the absence of broad radial ribs, and of a posterior opening between the shells. In surface markings, disregarding the concentric wrinkles on the right valve, our specimens agree best with figures 44 and 4d—4/ of the illustrations in Frech’s work cited above, while Dr. Clarke’s specimens seem to agree best with figures 4c, 4g and 42. Loxopterta corrugata Clarke and Z. rugosa Frech are species with pronounced concentric wrinkles on the right valve, but neither of these species has a sharply defined posterior wing. This species is named for Professor Eduard Holzapfel, of Aachen, whose researches have greatly extended our knowledge of the Upper Devonian faunas. Locality, — This species is common in the red fissile shale of the Upper Devonian at Three Forks, Montana. It occurs more rarely in the limestone above the red shale at the same locality. Loxopteria clarkei sp. nov. (PLATE V, FIGURES 8-10, 12-17.) Cf. Kochia ( Loxopteria) levis Frech, 1891. ‘‘ Die Devontschen Aviculiden Deutsch- lands; Abhandlungen zur geologischen Specialkarte von Preussen und den Thiir- ingischen Staaten,’’? Band 1X, Heft 3, p. 76, t. 6, figs. 3-3e. Just as Loxopteria holzapfeli is closely related to Z. dispar, so the other species of Zoxofteria found in the same fauna is very similar to L. levis Frech. The shell may best be described by comparing it with the species of this genus already known. Both valves are con- vex, there being much less disparity between them than in Z. ho/zaf- fel. From that species it differs also in having a less highly elevated and more rounded umbonal region, a less acute and prominent beak and in the possession of concentric undulations on both valves. From Loxopteria levis it differs in having a more pronounced pos- terior wing on both valves, a less depressed beak on the left valve, and in the presence of concentric undulations on both valves. Dr. Clarke has referred to Loxopterta /evis specimens which, as that author remarks, differ considerably from the German specimens in having a depressed right valve and concave larval shell. None of the shells from Montana show these characters. This shell is named for Dr. John M. Clarke,/to whom we are in- debted for our knowledge of the fauna of the Middle Upper Devonian of America. 148 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. Locality, — This is a rather rare species, and has been found only in the red fissile shale of the Upper Devonian at Three Forks, Montana. Family MODIOLOPSID® Fischer. Genus GonropHora Phillips. Goniophora subrecta Hall ? (PLATE VI, FIGURES I-3.) Gontophora subrecta Hall, 1885. ‘* Paleontology of New VYork,’’ Vol. V, pt. 2, Vol. II, p. 304, Pl. 42, figs. 14, 15; Pl. 44, figs. .19, 21. To this species is referred with considerable doubt a shell which is very common in all but one of the zones of the Upper Devonian in the vicinity of Three Forks, Montana. ‘The specimens differ from those described by Hall in having a somewhat longer hinge, a more nearly square posterior end, and a more rounded anterior margin. ‘The speci- mens from the red shale are all much smaller than those obtained from the limestone and the green shale. Class CEPHALOPODA. Subclass TETRABRANCHIATA. Order VAUTILOIDEA. Family ORTHOCERATID Hyatt. In the fauna obtained from the red shales there are several species of straight-shelled nautiloids, represented in large part by small frag- ments of the chambered portion of the shells. Three of these forms are sufficiently abundant and represented by enough material to make them worthy of description. All are circular in section, with smooth surface, small, slightly eccentric siphuncles, and short siphuncular collars. While the material at hand is hardly sufficient to render the generic reference certain, yet it seems very probable that they belong to the family Orthoceratidze as defined by Hyatt, and that one of them is an Orthoceras, while the other two have the very small siphuncles of Gezsonoceras. Genus ORTHOCERAS (Breyn.) emend. Hyatt. Orthoceras montanense sp. nov. (PLATE VI, FIGURES 4-6.) This species is known only from fragments, none of which are large. The shell is circular in section and tapers very gradually. The ANNALS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, Vol. V. Plate VI. Sydney Prentice, del. Upper Devonian Cephalopoda and Pelecypoda. RAYMOND: Fauna oF Upper DEVONIAN OF MONTANA. 149 cameras are shallow, there being seven ina length of 16 mm. ‘The sutures are nearly straight, the septa strongly convex. ‘The siphon tube is 1.5 mm. in diameter where the shell is 14 mm. in diameter and has the same measurement at the smaller end of another specimen where the shell is 7 mm. in diameter. ‘The siphuncle is slightly off the center of the shell, but whether dorsad or ventrad cannot be determined. No specimen in the collection shows any part of a living chamber that can be referred to this species. The specimens are replaced by hematite and pyrite and are not crushed. One of the specimens sectioned shows the short siphonal funnels very well as the siphuncle contained only a very soft clay which was easily removed. All the other specimens sectioned were entirely filled with the hematite and the siphon tube could not be distinguished. Locality. — This species is rather common in the red fissile shale of the Upper Devonian at Three Forks, Montana. Genus GEISONOCERAS Hyatt. Geisonoceras normale sp. nov. (PLATE VI, FIGURE 7.) Shell small, gradually tapering, circular in section. ‘The living chamber is preserved in one specimen, and is about as long as eight cameras and apparently comprises one third of the shell. None of the cameras are deep, but they become more shallow on approaching the living chamber. On the best specimen the three cameras nearest the living chamber together occupy a length of only 3 mm., while the next three occupy 5 mm. ‘The sutures are almost straight, the septa moderately convex, the siphon tube very small, and the siphonal funnels very short and delicate. The position of the siphuncle seems to be somewhat variable. In some specimens it is almost central, while in others it is nearly half way between the center and the margin. This species may be distinguished from the last by its much smaller size, shallower cameras, smaller and more eccentrically placed siphuncle. Locality. — This species is rather common in the red shale of the Upper Devonian at Three Forks, Montana. Geisonoceras accelerans sp. nov. (PLATE VI, FIGURES 8, 9.) This species is very similar to the last, differing from it principally 150 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM, in the shallower cameras. As may be seen by the figured specimen the older cameras are nearly as deep as those in Gezsonoceras normale, but on approaching the living chamber they become very shallow. The siphuncle is very small, and is situated close to the center. Liv- ing chamber and siphonal funnels not seen. A few specimens show traces of faint longitudinal striz. A specimen of this shell was sent to Dr. Holzapfel, who compared it, on account of its very shallow cameras, with Orthoceras gregarium Miinster (O. angusttseptatum Giimbel). Locality. —'Vhis species occurs rather rarely in the red shales of the Upper Devonian at Three Forks, Montana. Order AMMONOIDEA. Suborder GASTROCAMPYLT Hyatt. Family CLYMENIDA! Giimbel. Genus PLATYCLYMENIA Hyatt. Platyclymenia americana Raymond. (PLATE VI, FIGURES 10-13; PLATE VII, FIGURES I-3.) Clymenia (Platyclymenia) americana Raymond, 1907. ‘‘ American Journal of Science,’ series 4, Vol. XXIII, p. 118, figures. This is by far the most abundant of the cephalopods in the red fis- sile shale and is also quite common in the green shale. Although a great number of specimens have been collected, most of them are so poorly preserved that they are useless for study. Description. — Shell of medium at size for the genus, compactly coiled, but not involute. The whorls are depressed in section, the venter of the inner whorls flattened, that of the living chamber more convex. The living chamber is large, con- sisting of over half a _ volution. The cameras are rather shallow on Fic. 1. Platyclymenia americana the inner whorls, become deep in Raymond. Outline drawing of the type the adult, and then suddenly be- and of a fragment to show sutures. ataral ise come so shallow that the septa are twice as numerous as before. The sides of the whorls are crossed by strong ridges which have a slightly diagonal trend and which die out on the umbilical margin and on the ANNALS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, Vol. V. Plate VII. Sydney Prentice, del. Upper Devonian Cephalopcda. RAYMOND: FAUNA OF UPPER DEVONIAN OF MONTANA. ei venter. Some of these ribs point slightly forward, others a little backward. ‘The ribs become gradually further apart on each whorl, until on the body whorl they are quite distant from each other. They do not bear any fixed relation to the cameras, for, as may be seen on the figures, a rib may be between the septa, or may be cut in any direction by a septum. The dorsum is slightly concave and is frequently marked by a revolving line showing the position of the siphuncle. As shown by the figures, the suture is very simple. This species is more closely related to Platyclymenia annulata (Miinster) than to any other described species, and differs from it principally in the more depressed section of the whorls and the coarser ribs. A copy of Frech’s figure of Platyclymenia annulata from his monograph ‘‘ Uber devontsche Ammoneen ; Bettrége zur Pali- ontologie und Geologie Osterreich-Ungarns und des Orients,’’? Band XIV, Heft 1 und 2, 1902, t. 2, figs. 6a—6¢, is here introduced for comparison (Plate VII, figure 8). Locality. — This species is found in the red shale, the green shale, and the limestone of the Upper Devonian at Three Forks, Montana. Platyclymenia polypleura sp. nov. (PLATE VII, FIGURES 4-6. ) Description. —'This species may be described by saying that it dif- fers from the preceding in its somewhat smaller size, shallower cam- eras, and, principally, in the much more numerous and finer ribs which ornament the surface. ‘The ribs of the body whorl, instead of becoming very strong and distant, become weaker and more numerous, and extend further on the venter. This species bears much the same relation to Platyclymenia americana that the variety Platycly- Bren Piaae menia annulata denstcosta Frech does to Platyclyme- — -zymenia polypleu- nia annulata (Miinster). In surface ornamentation 7a Raymond. our species is much like the German variety of annu- Outline drawing lata described by Frech, but the whorl section is °f te type toshow c Meek sutures. Natural very different. In P. polypleura the whorl sectionis |). depressed, with a rounded venter, while in P. annu- lata densicosta it is slightly compressed and has a distinctly flattened venter. (See figure 7, plate VII, which is copied from figure 5, plate 2, of Frech’s ‘‘ Uber devonische Ammoneen.’’) 152 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. Locality. — This species is found rather rarely in the red shale of the Upper Devonian at Three Forks, Montana. Suborder W/CROCAMPYLT Hyatt. Family BACTRITID Hyatt. - Genus BACTRITES Sandberger. Bactrites nitidus sp. nov. (PLATE VII, FIGURES 9-12.) The collection contains considerable fragmentary material of a species of Bactrites which appears to be much like Bactrites gractls Sandberger and B. gracilior Clarke. None of the specimens from Montana retain the shell or show any trace of surface markings, and for that reason, as well as because there are minor differences in the casts, it has been thought wiser not to refer these forms to any established species. Description. — The shell is subcircular in section, uncrushed speci- mens being only slightly elliptical. The diameter of the shell dimin- ishes so slowly that the tapering is hardly noticeable on the longest specimens in the collection. ‘The septa are oblique, sloping toward the dorsum, and are gently convex. ‘The cameras become more shallow as the living chamber is approached. ‘The largest fragment shows eight cameras ina length of 18 mm. Another specimen with about the same diameter has two cameras in a length of 7 mm. ‘The sutures show a slight backward curve on the sides of the shell, but are nearly straight. There are only two fragments of living chambers in the collection. ‘The largest is 12 mm. in length. One of the smaller specimens, 8 mm. in length, is so perfectly preserved that the cast is not broken so as to show the siphonal funnels, and, in consequence, the suture is entire. On this specimen may be seen faint traces of oblique ridges like those with which Bacétrites gracilis and B. gracilior are ornamented. Locality. — This species is fairly common in the red shale of the Upper Devonian at Three Forks, Montana. Family NAUTILINID® Hyatt. Genus PRoLopires Karpinsky. Prolobites simplex sp. nov. (PLATE VII, FIGURES 13, 14; PLATE VIII, FIGURES I-3.) Description. — Shell plump, involute, the umbilicus becoming very ANNALS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, Vol V. Sydney Prentice, del. Upper Devonian Cephalopoda. Plate VIII. (a) RAYMOND: FAUNA OF UPPER DEVONIAN OF MONTANA. aes narrow in fully grown shells. Adult shells are only slightly com- pressed and young specimens are almost globular. None of the speci- mens are entire, but from the shells at hand it is evident that the living chamber occupies over half a volution. The surface markings, which consist of very faint ridges, run slightly forward from the um- bilicus and turn back on the venter, forming ashallow hyponomic sinus. Og Fic. 3. Outline drawing of two specimens of Pro/obites simplex Raymond to show sutures. Natural size. The cameras are deep in young specimens, a specimen ro mm. in diameter showing only three sutures in a full volution. The suture is almost straight from the umbilicus to the ventral lobe, but shows a shallow saddle near the umbilicus. This suture is much simpler than that of the adult Prolodites delphinus (Sandberger), but is somewhat like that of the variety a/ava described by Frech. (‘‘ Uber devont- sche Ammoneen,’’ p. 78, fig. 33.) This genus has not been found elsewhere in the American Devonian. Locality. —'Vhis is the most common of the goniatites found in the red shale of the Upper Devonian at Three Forks, Montana. Suborder FURYCAMPYLT Hyatt. Family MAGNOSELLARIDZ: Beyrich. Genus TorNoceras Hyatt. Tornoceras crebriseptum sp. nov. (PLATE VIII, FicuREs 5-8.) In my preliminary paper referred to above, this shell was spoken of as Chetloceras sp. as the surface markings consist of nearly straight lines with a very shallow hyponomic sinus. ‘The course of the suture is, however, so like that of Zornoceras that it must be referred to that genus. Inarecent paper (Die Cephalopodenfauna des hoheren Ober- _ devon am Enkeberge. Neue Jahrbuch fiir Mineralogie, Geologie, und Paleontologie, Beilage-Band XXVI, 1908, pp. 565-634), Wede- a has shown that the internal suture of the typical Chez/oceras is a 154 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. nearly straight line between lateral saddles, while the inner suture of Tornoceras shows a deep internal lobe between two saddles. Both Tornoceras crebriseptum and Tornoceras douglassi show the internal lobe, which is somewhat tongue-shaped in 7. dowglassi and rather broadly V-shaped in 7. crebriseptum. a Description. — Shell discoidal, compressed, involute, the narrow umbilicus open at all stages of growth. The sides of the shell are flattened, the venter rounded. The surface is marked by distant, nearly straight ridges which run from the umbilicus diagonally forward across the shell and turn very slightly backward on the venter. Nocomplete specimen has been observed, the largest portion of the living chamber Fic. 4. Zornoceras crebriseptum Raymond. Outline drawing to show sutures. Natural size. Fic. 5. Zornoceras sp. Outline of one of the specimens in which the normal course of the sutures is reversed. Natual size. so far seen consisting of half a volution. The course of the suture is shown by the figure. Locality. — This species is common in the red shale of the Upper Devonian at Three Forks, Montana. Tornoceras sp. (PLATE VIII, FIGURE 4.) This species is represented by only two specimens, which indicate a shell of the same size and shape as the preceding species, but the course of the suture line is exactly reversed. Where in the pre- vious species there were saddles, in this species there are lobes. Even the V-shaped lobe of Zornoceras crebriseptum is a V-shaped saddle in this species. ‘This is a very peculiar condition among the goniatites, ventral saddles being developed only among the chloichoan- itic ammonites. ‘The small number of specimens having this peculiar form at once leads to the suspicion that this reversed position of the septa is an abnormal condition. With so little material at hand and what there is preserved in such refractory minerals, it is not possible RAYMOND: FauNA OF UPPER DEVONIAN OF MONTANA. 155 to determine what is the cause of this reversion of the normal suture. It is very possible that material showing the ontogeny would throw some light on this perplexing form. Locality. —A very rare shell in the red shale at Three Forks, Montana. Tornoceras douglassi sp. nov. (PLATE VIII, FIGURES 9-14.) All the goniatites found in the white blocky shale, and many ot those from the red shale belong to the genus Zornoceras. The speci- mens from the white shale are much larger than those from the red shale, but most of the shells in the red shale are dwarfed, so that, as there are no other differences between the shells from the two localities, they are prob- ably the same species. One of the shells from Fie Gow. Lusnoceres the red shales is chosen as the holotype, to douglassi Raymond. avoid any confusion in case it should at any Outline drawings of the time be found that there are really two species ‘Pe ‘© show sutures. involved. Description. — Shell discoidal, involute, with a small umbilicus throughout life. In the best specimen from the red shales the portion of the living chamber preserved occupies about half a volution, but specimens from the white shale show that the living chamber occupies at least a volution. On these latter specimens, which are flattened Natural size. casts in a fine shale, the form of the aperture is preserved. The form, as shown in the figure, is gently rounded at the sides, with a deep, rather broad hyponomic sinus. The surface markings seen on the hematite replacements found in the red shales have the same course as the outlines of the apertures on the whiteshale. The markings, which are very faint, sweep gently forward from the umbilicus, become stronger on the sides of the shell and turn abruptly back on the venter, forming very slight hyponomic ridges. The cameras are shallow, but not so shallow as those of the species just described. In young stages the sutures are further apart and the whorl-section more rotund. The course of the suture is shown in the figure. The lobes and saddles are slightly deeper than those of Tornoceras crebriseptum. Four species of Zornoceras have been described from the Devonian of New York state. From Zornoceras uniangulare (Conrad) the 155 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. present species differs in being distinctly umbilicate in the adult stage. Tornoceras bicostatum (Hall) differs from 7. douglassi in having a broad and flattened venter, and in the direction of the surface markings. The suture of Zornoceras peracutum (Hall) has very much more pronounced lobes and saddles than that of Z. douglassz, and Tornoceras rhysum Clarke has very much stronger surface markings than the species from Montana. ‘These are the more striking differences, but a close comparison shows many other differences in the course of the suture, the whorl section, and the ornamentation. This species is named for Mr. Earl Douglass, who discovered the fauna here described. Locality.— This species is quite common in the white blocky shale and in the red fissile shale of the Upper Devonian at Three Forks, Montana. EXPLANATION OF PLATES. PLATE III. I, 2, 3. Camarotechia contracta Vall. Three views of an individual from the green shale. 2. 4,5. Thesame species. A cast from thered shale. 2. 6, 7. The same species. A small specimen from tke green shale. > 2. 8,9. Letorhynchus mesacostale Wall. Two views of a specimen from the red shale. <2. Io. Sperifer disjunctus Sowerby. A small specimen from the red shale. >< 2. II, 12. Spirifer pinonensis Meek. ‘Two views of a specimen from the red shale. < q. 17. The same species. A specimen showing imperfectly the spiral supports of the brachia. <2. . PEAT LY, I, 2,3. Cletothyridina devonica Raymond. ‘Three views of a specimen from the green shale. > 2. 4, 5,6. The same species. A more nearly circular individual. > 2. 7, 8. The same species. A somewhat larger individual, with a rather small SINUS.¥ | 2) g, 10, 11. The same species. Three views of another specimen. 2. PLATE V, 1, 2, 3. Loxopteria holzapfeli Raymond, Three views of a specimen, showing the relative convexity of the valves and _the radial striations of the left valve. >< 2. RAYMOND: FAUNA OF UpPpER DEVONIAN OF MONTANA. 11/537/ 4,5, 6. The same species. Three views of a larger individual. 2. 7- The same species. A cast of a part of a right valve, showing the posterior scar and the pallial line. >< 2. 8,9, 10. Loxopteria clarkei Raymond. ‘Three views of a small specimen ftom the red shales. 2. 11. Loxopteria holzapfeli Raymond. A fragment, showing a practically perfect posterior wing. >< 2. 12, 13, 14. Loxopteria clarkei Raymond. ‘Three views of a nearly complete specimen. 2. 15, 16,17. The same species. Three views of a large specimen. >< 2. PLATE VI. I, 2. Gontophora subrecta Hall? Two views of a specimen from a nodule of limestone. > 2. 3. The same species. A small and very imperfect specimen from the red shale. x 2. 4. Orthoceras montanense Raymond. < 2. 5,6. The same species. A sectioned specimen, showing the curvature of the septa and the short siphonal funnels. >< 2. 7. Getsonoceras normale Raymond. 2. 8,9. Getsonoceras accelerans Raymond. The original of No. 9 is much flat- fenedes <2: 10. Platyclymenia americana Raymond. Thetype. ‘The inner whorls are not preserved. 2. II, 12, 13. The same species. Three views of a fragment to show the ribs, the suture, and the form of the section. > 2. PEATE VIL; 1. Platyclymenia americana Raymond. Part of the body whorl of a large in- dividual from the shale, showing how indistinct the ribs become. Natural size. 2. The same species. A fragment, showing the position’ of the siphuncle and ; the depressed section of the whorls. >< 2. 3. The same species. Another fragment showing some of the inner whorls. C52, 4. Platyclymenia polypleura Raymond. A large specimen with the inner whorls concealed. 2. 5. The same species. A specimen showing a part of the inner whorls. > 2. 6. The same species. A portion of a body whorl, showing the numerous ribs. a2: os 7. Platyclymenia annulata var. densicosta Frech. A copy of Frech’s figure to show similarity to Platyclymenia polypleura. 8. Platclymenia annulata (Minster). A copy of Frech’s figure. 9. BactritesnitidusRaymond. A large, but somewhat crushed specimen. > 2. 10, I1, 12. The same species. Fragments showing the suture, siphuncle, septa, and the shape of the section. >< 2. 13, 14. Prolobites simplex Raymond. Two views of a rather large specimen. 2. 158 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. PLATE VIII. I, 2, 3. Lrolobites simplex Raymond. Three views of a small specimen. 2. 4. Tornoceras sp. ind. Compare the sutures with those of figure 7. X 2. 5,6. Zornoceras crebriseptum Raymond. A young individual. 2. 7. The same species. The type. 2. 8. The same species. A fragment of a body whorl, showing a trace of surface markings. 2. 9, 10. Zornoceras douglass’ Raymond. A small specimen. 2. 11. The same species. A portion of a body whorl, showing the outline of the Lips iS ip v Yy Z eae “Nyt Wy NH) im ) A Wf Wy gp al X@ned ect ‘A ISA ‘ANASNW SIDSSNYVOD STVNNY = ° DOUGLASS: PROCAMELUS FROM UppER MIOCENE OF MONTANA. 161 portion is prismatic in form. The opening of the external auditory meatus is a short sessile tube located at the upper extremity of the tympanic, fusing behind with the mastoid process. The paroccipital processes are flattened below and are oblique being directed antero- internally and postero-externally. The outer portion terminates in a small triangular process. The paroccipital processes extend forward so that their anterior portions are partly internal to the tympanics. Top View. —'Vhe anterior portions of the nasals are gone. ‘The anterior processes of the frontal form a wedge between the posterior rounded lobes of the nasals. ‘The forehead between the orbits is broad and is slightly convex transversely with a small median anterior concave area. ‘The supraorbital foramina are about two centimeters external to the median line of the skull. The anterior margin of the temporal foramen is nearly perpendicular to the longer axis of the skull, but internally trends backward in a rapidly developing curve continuous with that of the supratemporal ridges, which unite to form the sagittal crest at a point a little less than one third of the distance from the supraorbital foramina to the occiput. The supratemporal _ ridges are low and obscure.: The sagittal crest is long, thin, low in front and quite high behind. The lateral wings of the occiput are quite broad. The Mandible. —The horizontal portion of the mandible is quite $ heavy, especially in front, but not deep, though it gradually increases in depth from P; to the ascending ramus. The angle of the mandi- ble is broadly rounded, ending behind in a hook-like process. The ascending ramus is narrow antero-posteriorly with heavy rounded anterior and posterior ridges, which bound the masseteric fossa before and behind. ‘This fossa has the form of an inverted oval. The coro- noid process is high and inclines backward. ee Fe ” The Neck.— The atlas is broader than long. Beginning with the axis, and including its process, each succeeding cervical is shorter than the preceding or equals it in length. In Oxydactylus the third cer- vical is the longest and the cervicals posterior to it decrease in length * to the last. In Altécamelus altus (Marsh), according to Matthew,’ 3 the cervicals vary in length from the longest to the shortest in the Meeiollowing order: C. 3, C. 4, C. 5, axis, C. 6, C. 7, atlas. | The spine on the axis is low, thin and rounded anteriorly, but is - 1° Fossil Mammals from Coloradenss Mem, Amer. Mus. Nat, Hist., Vol. 1, Part VII, p. 431. See measurements. he 162 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. higher and thicker posteriorly where there is a thickened heavy tubercle. ‘The spine of the second cervical is low anteriorly and soon divides into two sessile ridges which diverge and then converge, send- ing backward parallel branches. The fourth and fifth cervicals resemble the third in general form, but there is a quite prominent tubercle on the fifth. The skull of Procamelus elrodi is nearly as large as that of Al/tcame- lus altus described by Matthew, while the neck is much shorter. The separate measurements of the vertebrze in Procamelus elrodi give a total of 1036 mm. while that of Al/tcamelus altus gives 1560 mm. This species is named in honor of my friend Professor Merton J. Elrod who has done so much for scientific research in Montana, and to whom I owe a debt of gratitude. MEASUREMENTS OF Procame/lus elrodi. Mm. engthiot skull, basal). 2esc.ceg--necnscsatchecsstcse sans cee cena seounneenaer 429 Om min Cliudingasapittalucresteansecweccee seats seeecee eee 503 Width pete’ Se aticanines ma ncctececcee scare sete cmesencsesecestnaterocnes 60 Length ‘© “* -at diastema between P! and! P2........0-.--sc--cdeesee 48 Widthegsss scsi <“nosterionr worbitSacce. srccee econo cecee-c oe eecceres eateee 165 C6 EE MEV PANIES 2 os csieaecsmceciasisceiesasessastewestesceaseaducees III 1 Bes T eg ah ee | EGON ROC oe Se a oacepangedeer crascescedonddarscsondtcanos0ccoegcee 123 SOC ce ce se and sincluding tympanic bulllee... 1s. scenes 118 CP SEESS OCCIPUt ewennactnatetcdsanscaseseteedecce st eestsadceseasconeecenteemeas go Wengthiofsmandible including Amcisors.c-es-cscsss---h soe sense eee eeecinee ees 380 Depth of HC ALWCANITLE/ Jue aac'satenascah sejocceosie osseessesonecosscacsmere 19 2 & at Oe oP sensoncetssaataaect des aatsacestae secesih sph aceite aaeemtee 33 sees aC Ce ee ae qHod aoa boob oneriboGOBanUs coaIuCOOOEDO NEAL IanodSsdoNe 40 id ey HY Gehl Es eho onan ear hep reccaena em asmacere cece aan 50 sos 66 eeOMa 5. POSLGHIOY (Pall. .2e..caassarsaenacessenseaders 65 Anteroposterior diameter of ascending ramus of mandible at posterior ANGE! Po cst aden oc sauncuteaeee ease me taste tas cunecides cagucun tdeie eceeeteeee eae 85 Length of upper dental series from I3,...............cseeseeee Site venience 223 s¢) “CS molar- premolar /SrieS 02 sac.ses «is soc eee noir tocenens seat ten 163 66 Oe FS OYCMOLAT SCMESs semacecussmnieces ec stinelseemseeen a eoma name aate ae 81 SS SEO] AL, SELES sereeciansinc cee nieael- stcieceaele merit eee aereacmeinen ices sere 82 COSMO ko iene hye Coen Bbee Re ceace oe aceet ae ote aeonoen acer t cen steesa 15 NINA lot Bo | CO eer tic notin. actigaqnasngcUapcpondoned, cac2r « Phonchamerpasc oo hoadoO Is 13 Wenethi*s space betweent land canines yoo. sceseeaeesamreecemctersroenes 19 G6) NEES CANNING wonapcrete te ieee anda ctha wavalswabe sOeeneea.., kicias si oee wena mene 15 Width ice aS 6 ni cesas secsanoccsnimianassioer seas cdentcsemapsessesssceneceeneeae 14 Length of space between canine and P2...............c0.sseccnccnssetoves 15 €F | PEP hiss cpstevedea povatee vancece ed tb tee cos ea Seneca penn see ea ae 14 Width of ee vcivercoswcnecsecacces conical tevestieecsmesceenecisin sc tendect eta 10 a DouGLAss: PROCAMELUS FROM UPPER MIOCENE OF MONTANA. 1638 “< s¢ p2 DNV EE OL be me eres ace eicatsra sens cs(slo als wa\e/asnaswin oieeels oslee ctslotee meridians Seencteels Length of P3 ViVi @T LEE sb origqooseeaoces Gd usode SE DOO SBUCEE Dag iaenoace scesducns cossosooron: Length of P# VAVAGHID lt 1Pe? 5 oda dode scanneaoc nd sc ONC SOS eB HOCEBEL ;Oaacrco: SaceSeecnEa anode octse Length of M! and M2 ce ee M2 Width of M2 Length of lower dental series ee oe a3 TEPC SCTE e Tee eee eee ee ee Smee cere sere ere eee eee ees esses esses Bese (eee rereneneresssesesssesres jnavoy eyeejnyqeyarve) Ee KETONES cp ooo sepocenbon dacidene once sobasonnoG CE Cem’ TTI O]ALISCLIES| .ecaes sete swiss eisiees geiecids waleuisiaisiawisielete's sees BO GG TL Ga FAIS acnso:coonncn xbosod a adbuseD sucsEcaneE negHesrsecuansecd scan PPO ia Lia Grip rea se cieen ce eeeise secs co acoincdsccida sae acneesesseete-aaceeslecnnenarnens rin MeN Sth Of Veo o es coven canaecncenasaathecscsncsenqesseecccenndeeseceeseosconese Width ** I, Length of space between J, and canine........ -.........0-2-002+ oee-ees eR CATLIN Caeemmateeteeacreeessecceacredeasiceciseractesecesisis tasers lee sncee Wid thie sa 6 ewe merce eee eee eee e eee eee reese setae essa eeseeeaeeresssesssessenssssess Ped ee te ee etme eee eat wee Ce eee eee esensses reeset aeessssssssres eee ee rete ee tee wee eee eter tee ees eee ee Eee ee ese ssss ses sssssessssesees SOV ineA EON thee eeeeie nuance ase waders sckcuc cossseea™tvensise otc~ sme seieuase's 5 Length of space between Py and Py.............ccsceeeenecserececnener ees SR eee be Reece eve. ce ps arecsncadels Secles sc senemeeemenasn Aen auycdeendyes yes \INOLYN Cit JE. acoboonéaenucongedrone so aaue bd aL coonopbosDoGEabsedsdescsmadsEr cess Length of P; Re NO Le een se ene aslcoendceaven (acca seaclec cele aces seelac' Cowes iher teniesic yee <~ Weta HNO I eran cae assadsaesuessansenesalsnciencednea twoissendare oe Jenebsecee DRE Ot Moe cee ccctsne cu acevaceasiedseueseaansseciee sane susindensnvocsrenesas Wear totpatlas sore atesteeemsscssdesre stesso semsicensenaaasee mers se== Width of atlas Length of centrum of axis including odontoid process...............++ VG LHRGOtwAxISs) POSLETION. aanc-- cae orevessseneeenecccerserisinnserisaeisser-i- es HVeste Me OM ARS 5) SLEALCS Ue scnaeicncecaricue se ceecloasersierinrel ecm =-nciaen-nsiee lLigmyeiin Ot (C Si ESTATE eee oe.sognc cosdendcocaptconpence ca sopuoneEgsscqeae sneer Man OO Ginger a tone ene cas asslen intend cacias cneiene = =e ccacienisiesiaise sa IBGE GE (Cee ahap sosakeee ee acnceaeee nO USU BOSH SOOO Heer aoe CU aEeGeo se Seiceaaenc MSTA UNO Le C7 satan iecicn er slseee dalaicsissinnasasiee eee cecinecswaiseniss-ssesmereesee Waialln Git (ip sosceecatecdseoce nadocuse eon up coupato SU” ou cnOecoRHEEe a aso naeneoe: NBCU LMM OM Genene cote e creas temcccisrsacsessenceccscceccsssrcnteterpnrascnssc ness NWycitamoin Gay ADOUt cencrscndccrecssccsers cic soseaccecsiceseseierincreomiiean «seas [IGT EINE OF (CG ovhegacedesceeesoncc 05 buco SCdUn DEBE ES EOOU Cen ace Ee Cooc roca Weneti of" ClOs abOUtersc..-.c-ceesscceasesescaeecerentmanennnwmcsnssse son se¥ rade SMM OA ete ee teat welders dso ccisanigws\scosect tures s os sisise /aclour lenis e eee aee wOTrrrr rer rere rrr errr rr errr errr rere ere eee eee) Peewee ee eee e eee ears eet ee eee esereeessaeesesssEssssssrerasesssaset 164 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. Procamelus madisonius Douglass. (‘The Miocene Lake Beds of Western Montana.’’ Published by the University of Montana, 1899, p. 15.) In my first paper on the Tertiary deposits of Montana I described a skull and two portions of mandibular rami with teeth under the above name. ‘The portions of the lower jaws were figured in outline Fic. 1. Lateral view of skuli of Procamelus madisonius Douglass. (One third natural size. ) in that paper. The skull which is the type of the species has never been figured ; figures of the cranium are therefore given in this paper. A detailed description appeared in the original paper, but, as skulls of fossil camels were very rare at that time, its characteristic features could not well be pointed out. The statement there made that the Fic, 2. Palatal view of skull of ?. madisonius Douglass. (Considerably less than one third natural size. ) skull was about one fifth larger than that of Camelus dromedarius is misleading, as the only skull then available for comparison was that DouG.Lass: PROCAMELUS FROM UPPER MIOCENE OF Montana. 165 of a small dromedary. Many skulls of the living species are very much larger than that of Procamelus madisonius. The characters which now seem most striking in the skull and dentition of this species are the following : The posterior portion of the skull is broad in proportion to the length. The posterior border of the orbit is about one third the distance from the occiput above the occipital condyles to the anterior margin of the premaxillaries ; thus making the brain-case and the face shorter in proportion to the total length of the skull than is the case in Procamelus occidentalis as figured by Cope on Plate LXXVII of Vol. IV of the ‘‘ U. S. Geological Survey of the rooth Meridian.”’ The brain-case is still larger in Procamelus elrodi. The first and second incisors in the type of P. madtsonius are gone, but none of the other teeth are greatly reduced. In P# the inner crescent is incom- plete. The length of the molar series is a little greater than that of the premolarseries. ‘The three diastemata between I 2 and P2 increase in length backward. VI. SOME SECTIONS IN THE CONEMAUGH SERIES BE- TWEEN PITTSBURGH AND LATROBE, PENNSYLVANIA. By Percy E. RAYMOND. During the last few years the Pennsylvania Railroad has made many new cuttings in straightening and improving its main line in western Pennsylvania, and some of these excavations between Pittsburgh and Latrobe have exposed strata which could not be well seen in the ex- posures previously available for study. The two big cuts between Donohoe and Beatty near Latrobe in Westmoreland County are par- ticularly interesting as they expose a nearly continuous section about 450 feet in thickness, permit the identification of the various horizons, and correct some errors into which previous workers have been led by the incomplete exposures available at the time the surveys were made. In the Report of the Second Geological Survey of Pennsylvania, Volume KK, Dr. Stevenson gave two sections, one east from Georges Station and including the strata in the tunnel through Dry Ridge, and one west from Beatty. In neither of these sections are the horizons identified except in relation to the Pittsburgh coal, and in each there are a number of concealed intervals. The sections which are here given serve to supplement and to some extent to explain the older sections. The big cut through Dry Ridge just east of the station at Donohoe is on the western side of the Fayette anticline, and the dip is strongly northwest. In the middle of the cut it is about 1 footin 16. ‘The dip becomes less as the summit of the anticline is approached, but all the strata of the Conemaugh series below the Cow Run sandstone and thirty to forty feet of the strata of the Allegheny series are brought up above the level of the railroad track before the dip changes. Just be- yond the semaphore, a mile and a half east of Donohoe, the dip changes to the southeast. From that point there are no good ex- posures until the western end of the big cut west of Beatty is reached. There the strata from just below the Pine Creek limestone to the clay on top of the Birmingham shale are exposed. In the low cuttings east of this big cut the Morgantown sandstone and the Clarksburg 166 9m. RAYMOND: SECTIONS IN THE CONEMAUGH SERIES. 167 limestone are exposed, but the bank is so overgrown with vegetation that it is not now possible to make satisfactory measurements. The Morgantown here is a cross-bedded sandy shale, and not a compact sandstone. At Beatty the Pittsburgh coal goes below the level of the railroad track. The section compiled from these two large cuts is as follows, in descending order : 34. Structureless clay, grading into residual soil at the top. 33. Thin-bedded clay shale, very black at the base, green and some- what sandy above. Birmingham horizon. 49 ft.................. 49 ft. Bommotuueturelessned) clays) Doty Onis. cveecssc > P2[ea0u05 [20D mopeyy enojsouny] soumy NOY S.d00M ee ————— : "UM NAVA Jd SSS SEE ] ———— See | —_ aS vosexy_ ——_ —— —— = alk EX OOo yy ¥ YX YE ——— Fe 49919 oe ———— — | | | | IL —— ———— a | | | 5 | ~ 9m0)Spurg t Ty I ] | T =o Poe ie Tee | oe I Bocas cae eat] ay A= a i ee ] Bi = Sy | 1 oe SNEAKY XK XY YER a, eer ee I Se == = ee [ = — 14S I a | _! ile I | =! Naa S.Movr Paes poe [pass sary ‘A '1°A ‘WN3SNW FISINYVD STVNNY WX ld nas -—_ ny RAYMOND: SECTIONS IN THE CONEMAUGH SERIES. hie scale being one inch to 120 feet and the horizontal one inch to 600 feet. The upper diagram on the plate is a continuation of the lower. The Ames limestone is exposed just about where the goo foot con- tour crosses Woodlawn Avenue, near the corner of Beaver Street, Alle- gheny, about one-fourth of a mile from the station at Wood’s Run. Descending to the station the following section is obtained : to. Sand and gravel in the old river bed. 27 ft. 9g. Shaly limestone with many marine fossils. 5 ft. Ames horizon. 5 ft. COs eM Earle) NOTIZON. "TS 10k. ., oitccccavencavees acdesewdeccss sein act's Gifts Onin: Pu Ccrsinuctirelessiclayn | 2O\ft.o...sscscesecissoaeedscasmecsas dosies esses eats Oey 6. Gray and red clay-shale with plant remains, Zstheria, and Leaia AIA APLOL AEE) Momo nces se secaeise soca ns see cassaedesis Si ceueon sts satces 61 ft. 6in. POON Geal eden hi 261 fECb.cc-sencainc-setces cecate vaceeeSececencseseduseresesdosess 87 ft. 6 in. PAL vac lial osmegA Tetley ONS evecncecucacer San seeides- se ssalsiecwolinieeaassccess 129 ft. 3. Clayey limestone with marine fossils. Pine Creek horizon. 1 ft. 130 ft. PRCETECUNG] Ay erOM Lene hota Nestea estar ceca costoncecusstencdeuckensencie 138 ft. MEESAC Ve SHAE hme MGeiteUOvlM ws saecde oes Sdslos occisouceulsiidoweccbeweeelssneeces BS ote Opto. Level of the railroad tracks. The Pine Creek limestone, resting ona bed of soft clay, may be seen near the eastern end of the station-platform at Wood’s Run. It is there 23 feet 6 inches above the railroad track. Following the cliff along for a few hundred feet the limestone has disappeared, and the face of the bank is a solid mass of sandstone. Returning northwest along the track and crossing Wood’s Run, the limestone and clay are found to be absent and the face of the cliff shows only cross-bedded sandstone and shale for about half a mile. The Pine Creek limestone and the clay then appear again, the limestone this time 65 feet above the track. A short distance south of the foot-bridge over the tracks and a quarter of a mile from Wood’s Run, the base of the Buffalo sandstone appears above the track with a dark sandy shale beneath it. At the foot-bridge mentioned the section of the face of the cliff is as follows : Paelecavy-bedded sandstone. 90 ft...2... 0. .s.escceeecacceacseessesecs es foie eein-bedded* sandy shale. LO ft......0:..0..0+sss0dscececsosecsesetsss» LOO ft, The lower photograph on Plate XIV was taken from this bridge. A short distance north of this foot-bridge there is another bridge where the highway crosses the tracks, and 100 yards beyond this bridge is the small ravine indicated on the diagram. ‘The section at this bridge is as follows : 7. Sandstone and sandy shale. About 50 ft. 174 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. 6. Very clayey limestone with marine fossils. Pine Creek horizon. 2 ft...........0.scececceecceerssceccnccccsccenecsess 2G 5. Green clay. 10 ft...ccsececsessesessssesseereteneensensersrceescenees cece wp fte 4. Sandy shale. 3 ft........sssessereeeeeeseees Mae OF nade aeeneasnmpcttyacnsD Tish ie. 3. Heavy-bedded sandstone. Buffalohorizon. 41 ft vOpin eo semen 56 ft. 6 in. 2. Black limy shale with numerous marine fossils. Brush Creek Horizon.» 11 ftisc cs ecctanes creck sackets essences cossctsccer sca cte-taeasnisans 57. it. | Gains 1. Thin-bedded rather sandy shale. Mason horizon. 17 ft.......... 74 ft. 6in. On the opposite side of the small ravine the section is very different. g. Thin-bedded green shale. 21 ft..........ssseeeceeceeeeeneeeeeeenene ess Zips 8. Red, iron stained clay with marine fossils. Horizon unknown. Tt Peai(der hoy ges see ea cderneaoceaboc osaeeaaacicodocuenodcec. poso, couerncsagcticcs: 22) ft, O11: Red clay. 11 ft. © im......sicce. eseeseee eeees ceneeenenceecesreneseeagees 34 ft. Wie 6. Sandy shale with lenses of sandstone toward the top. 62ft.6in. g6ft. 6 in. 5. Heavy-bedded sandstone with occasional lenses of sandy shale. 4. Sandy shale. 8 ft..........cccseeceeeeeceecneteceaectsscseee cee senseesenens 153 ft. 3. Clayey limestone with marine fossils. Brush Creek horizon. 1 ft. 154 ft. 2, Thin-bedded sandy shale with plant remains. Mason horizon. 1, Green clay. 5 ft.............sssecseeececeeescrscaccssereesaerssecseccos ses 176 ft. Just before the ravine is reached, the Pine Creek limestone, the clay beneath it, and the upper part of the Buffalo sandstone are cut off as indicated in the diagram and shown by the photographs ( Plate XIII). A little beyond the ravine the base of the combined sand- stones cuts down through the Brush Creek limestone, the Mason shale, and the clay beneath it. About half-way between this ravine and Jack’s Run the Pine Creek limestone and its clay reappear in the face of the cliff and the base of the Buffalo sandstone again comes above the level of the track. On the northern side of Jack’s Run the Pine Creek limestone is 100 feet above the level of the track. From the diagram and the sections on which it is based, it is very evident that there must have been two periods of erosion, one before and one after the Pine Creek limestone was deposited. From the depth and narrowness, and the steep sides of the valleys cut during both these intervals it is evident that the land must have been raised some distance above sea-level after each marine formation had been deposited, and from the sharp truncation of the edges of the strata (see Plate XIII), it would seem that the rocks were rather firmly con- solidated before the erosion took place. The area eroded after the Brush Creek limestone was deposited was quite extensive, as is indicated by the distribution of the Buffalo sand- a See ANNALS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, Vol V. Plate XIII. L. S. Coggeshall, photo. Uncon‘ormity near Wood’s Run. ANNALS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, Vol. Y. Plate XIV. L. S. Coggeshall, photo. Unconformities near Etna and Wood’s Run. Lie os Wi" te) ety atae} PPS oe ee RAYMOND: SECTIONS IN THE CONEMAUGH SERIES. 175 stone, the base of which is almost always noticeably irregular. This unconformity is especially well exhibited along the north bank of the Ohio River from Wood’s Run to Dixmont, and on the south bank from Fleming Park to Groveton, Pa. Another place near Pittsburgh where it may be seen and where at least a part of the beds which have been eroded may be determined is on the Baltimore and Ohio Rail- road between Etna and Wittmer, Pa. At Wittmer the section in an abandoned clay pit is as follows : Io. Light green clay-shale. Top not seen. 20 ft.............00.ceeceeee 20 ft. g.. Black and dark gray shale with marine fossils in limestone nodules, though rarely in the shale itself. 10 ft. ....... 2.0.0... 30 ft. 8. Sandy limestone with numerous marine fossils. 8 and 9 are tnepinerG reek Morizone | plata OMlmge aarti cece cents es cesses setrons 20 ftom met CEDMSITUCLUTELESSHGlay.y) TO\fbten..1-cpacececsccatebsces tee. cecsescsles se 41 ft. 6in. CamOnenaverisandstonew aftr OMMsese.. cesvcccensnctine eee aeckesckgeeeces 44 ft. Sandy shales and thin-bedded sandstone. One layer contains plant remains and invertebrate fossils. 18 ft. 6 in................ 62 ft. 6 in. 4. Thin-bedded gray shale with plant remains. 35 ft. 6 in........... 98 ft. 3. Thin-bedded black shale with marine fossils. Thereisathin bed of impure limestone at the base. Brush Creek horizon. 7 ft. ETI SSIS ice bcbad ete SUES ROBES SeRSSE EL ORCA EERE URE PRIME crane ae ee 105 ft. 6 in. 2. Thin-bedded gray shale. Mason horizon. 15 ft. 6 in............ Meet Yellow sandstone and shale. 5 ft........ te ee cline Memes abe iaes 126 ft. The only layers in this section which can be referred to the Buffalo sandstone are those in No. 6 and possibly the upper part of No. 5, certainly not more than ro feet altogether. Three quarters of a mile south of this point the base of the Buffalo sandstone cuts through the Brush Creek limestone and disappears below the level of the railroad track. Beds 2, 3, 4, and part or all of 5, a thickness of at least 68 feet, have been eroded away before the sandstone was deposited. The period of elevation and erosion was followed by a period of subsidence during which these troughs were filled, possibly by the rivers which cut them. This lowering reached its culmination when the sea again covered the land and the Pine Creek limestone and shale were deposited. In many places the Pine Creek limestone is covered by from ro to 15 feet of shales containing marine fossils, these shales grading without break into shales with land plants, indicating a prob- able gradual silting up of the sea and the return of land conditions. There was then another elevation which brought the Pine Creek de- posits above sea-level, and valleys were again carved, cutting down into the already consolidated Buffalo sandstone. In these valleys the Cow Run sandstone was deposited, probably by stream action. 176 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. There are numerous other unconformities of this same sort at differ- ent horizons in the Conemaugh series near Pittsburgh, some of which will be described and figured at another time. NoTE ON THE NAMES BUFFALO AND SALTSBURG AS APPLIED TO THE SANDSTONE BETWEEN THE BRUSH CREEK AND THE PINE CREEK LIMESTONES. In a number of the folios of the Geologic Atlas of the United States the name Saltsburg has been adopted for the sandstone designated as Buffalo in this paper. The latter name has been preferred by the writer, first, because it has a slight priority of publication, and secondly, be- cause, although as first used the name Saltsburg was intended to desig- nate the sandstone called Buffalo by Dr. White, the section from which the formation was named, and which was taken as the type, shows a sandstone which is really a combination of the Cow Run and Buffalo sandstones. The combination was effected in the same way as has just been illustrated in the section at Allegheny. Professor Stevenson gives the same explanation to the Saltsburg section in the Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, Vol. XVII, 1906. The name Buffalo was given by Dr. I. C. White in Report Q of the Second Geological Survey of Pennsylvania, page 33, 1878. He states: ‘*The Buffalo (Upper Mahoning) Sandstone, 450 to 510 feet below the Pittsburgh coal, is No. 19 of the section. By this name we have designated a very massive and conglomerate sandstone which comes immediately below the Pine Creek limestone, and attains its maximum development along the waters of Buffalo Creek, in Buffalo township, Butler County. In the section at Freeport it forms the upper bluff rock, and its base is 125 feet above the Freeport coal.’’ In Report KKK of the same survey, page 22, 1878, Dr. J. J. Steven- son applied the name Saltsburg to a sandstone which ‘‘ is finely exhib- ited along the Conemaugh and Loyalhanna near Saltsburg.’’ In the generalized section on page 18, Dr. Stevenson represented the sand- stone with the top 53 feet below the Green Crinoidal limestone (Ames) and the base 42 feet above the Black fossiliferous limestone (Brush Creek). It is not further defined in that report, and fora fuller description it is necessary to go to the typical section, which was described by the same author in Volume KK, pages 317 and 318. ‘The sandstone is there described as being 100 feet in thickness, with the base resting upon ten feet of black, rather sandy shale. In this shale RAYMOND: SECTIONS IN THE CONEMAUGH SERIES. Ty, is a discontinuous layer of limestone nodules which Professor Steven- son states (Bulletin Geological Society of America, Vol. XVII, p. 174, 1906) represents the Brush Creek limestone. That thisis a correct correlation is confirmed by the discovery by the writer of specimens Luomphalus catilloides, Pleurotomaria carbonaria, and a Nautilus in the shale less than a foot above the limestone. The fossils were not common and were poorly preserved, but enough could be deter- mined to show that it was a marine fauna, similar to the fauna found elsewhere in the shale above the Brush Creek. The sandstone at Saltsburg thus overlies the Brush Creek as does the Buffalo, but the Pine Creek is absent from the section at Saltsburg, its place being oc- cupied by sandstone. ‘The Cow Run and the Buffalo have apparently joined, asat Allegheny. The name Saltsburg was applied to the whole mass, and thus has a different meaning from the name Buffalo, which can be applied to only the lower part of the sandstone at Saltsburg. EXPLANATION OF PLATES. PEATE, Xcuie A diagrammatic section of the strata exposed in the bluff along the Ft. Wayne R. R. from Jack’s Run to Wood’s Run, Allegheny, Pa. The lower diagram is a con- tinuation of the upper. Vertical scale, I inch equals 120 feet; horizontal scale, 1 inch equals 600 feet. PLATE XIII. Upper photograph. The bluff just south of the small ravine indicated in the dia- gram on the preceding plate. The Pine Creek limestone (just at the top of the poles in the picture) and tke clay beneath it are seen to be cut out near the margin of the photograph. The soft bed beneath the limestone is the green clay of the diagram, beneath it is the Buffalo sandstone, extending a little below the fence, and in the shale beneath the sandstone is the Brush Creek limestone. Lower photograph. A nearer view of the face of the bluff just at the left-hand margin of the upper picture, showing the shale resting on the eroded edges of the Buffalo sandstone. PLATE XIV, Upper photograph. Unconformity at the base of the Buffalo sandstone one mile north of Etna, Pa. The hammer rests onthe Brush Creek limestone. Above it is a cross-bedded shale, followed by the Buffalo sandstone. Lower photograph. Unconformity at the base of the Buffalo sandstone along the Pennsylvania Railroad near Wood’s Run, Allegheny, Pa. VII. A PRELIMINARY. LIST OF THE UNIONIDA OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA, WITH NEW LOCALITIES FOR SPECIES FROM EASTERN PENNSYLVANIA. By Dr. A. E. ORTMANN. Several years ago, the writer, in pursuance of his studies of the fresh- water fauna of Pennsylvania, began to collect the freshwater shells. The past summer (1908) was especially favorable for collecting Unionidz, on account of the low stage of the rivers, and a good deal of work was done in this group, so that it is believed that the study of the mussels has progressed far enough to make it possible to give a general account of the Unionidz of the western half of the state. The region investigated covers not only the drainage of the upper Ohio (Monongahela and Allegheny Rivers), but also that of Lake Erie, and some of the tributaries of the Susquehanna. ‘The latter have not, however, been as thoroughly studied as the streams lying to the west of the divide. A number of additional localities are situated in southeastern Pennsylvania. Before we give our list of species, it seems to be well to mention and discuss the previous records of the Unionide of western Pennsylvania, since in many cases the nomenclature has changed, and since several incorrectly identified species have been listed. In the older publications we have only a few records from our region. I was only able to find the four following : Unio zsopus Green (Contr. Maclur. Lyc., I, 1827) = Pleurobema esopus (Green). Described from the ‘‘ rivers in the neighborhood of Pittsburgh.’’ Still present in the Ohio below, and in the Allegheny above Pittsburgh. Unio circulus Lea (Observ., I, 1834) = Odovaria circulus (Lea). Cited by Lea from the Monongahela River at Pittsburgh. The locality is now barren, no Unionidz being any longer present in the immediate vicinity of Pittsburgh. Nevertheless a few years ago this species was still present in the Ohio River below Pittsburgh. Unio coccineus Conrad (Monogr., 3, 1836, and Lea, Observ., II, 1838) = Quadrula coccinea (Conrad). 178 ORTMANN: UNIONID@ OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 179 This species is cited by Conrad from the ‘‘ Mahoning River, near Pittsburgh,’’ while Lea says: ‘‘ Mahoning River, Ohio.’’ The point of the Mahoning River nearest to Pittsburgh is where it joins the Shenango, thus forming the Beaver, near Mahoningtown, Lawrence County, about forty-five miles from Pittsburgh. The species is still present there, and I regard this part of the Mahoning River as the type-localtty. Unio viridis Conrad (Monogr., 4, 1836, and U. tappanianus Lea, Observ., II, 1838) = Symphynota viridis (Conrad). From the ‘‘ Juniata River,’’ according to Conrad, and from the ‘* Juniata at Hollidaysburg (Blair Co. )’’ according to Lea. Although Unionidee have recently been collected at Hollidaysburg, this species is not among them. Nevertheless it is present in the Raystown Branch of the Juniata River, and even farther west, in the head- waters of the West Branch of the Susquehanna in Indiana County. In 1891, E. H. Harn published a list of shells from western Penn- sylvania (Nautilus, 4, 1891, pp. 136-137). Harn was located at Blairsville, Indiana County, and apparently most of his Unionidee were from the Kiskiminetas, or the Conemaugh drainage. It is much to be regretted that this list does not give exact localities, since at present the fauna of the Kiskiminetas and its tributaries is almost com- pletely destroyed, only meager remains surviving in a few of the head- waters. Harn’s list is here submitted. All the species have recently been found in western Pennsylvania. The correct name according to the modern nomenclature is given. 1. Unio esopus Green = Pleurobema esopus (Green). 2. ‘ alatus Say = Proptera alata (Say). 3. ‘ circulus Lea = Odovaria circulus (Lea). 4 ‘¢ clavus Lamarck = Pleurobema clava (Lamarck). 5. ‘ crassidens Lam. = Unio crassidens Lamarck. 6. ‘* cylindricus Say = Quadrula cylindrica (Say). 7. ‘* gibbosus Barnes = Unio gibbosus Barnes. 8. ‘ fabalis Lea = Micromya fabalis (Lea). fee itis Lea = Lampsr/isaris (Wea). o. ‘¢ kirtlandianus Lea = Quadrula subrotunda kirtlandiana (Lea). 11. ‘* ligamentinus Lamarck = Lampsilis ligamentina (Lamarck). 180 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. 12. Unio multiradiatus Lea = Lampsilis multiradiata (Lea). ‘¢ mytiloides Rafinesque = Quadrula obliqua (Lamarck) 12s (form: pyramidata (Lea)). ‘¢ obliquus Lamarck = Quadriula obliqua (Lamarck). 14. ‘** occidens Lea = Lampsilis ventricosa (Barnes). 15. ‘* parvus Barnes = Lampsilis parva (Barnes). 16. ‘¢ phaseolus Hildreth = Péychobranchus phaseolus (Hildreth). 17. ‘* pustulosus Lea = Quadrula pustulosa (Lea). 18. ‘** rectus Lamarck = Lampsilis recta (Lamarck). 1g. ‘§ securis Lea = Plagiola securis (Lea). ‘¢ subovatus Lea = Lampsilis ventricosa (Barnes), see no. 14. 20. ‘¢ subrotundus Lea = Quadrula subrotunda (Lea). 21. Anodonta undulata Say = Strophitus undulatus (Say) (incl. edentulus (Say) ). 22. Margaritana marginata Say = Alasmidonta marginata Say. oar ns rugosa Barnes = Symphynota costata (Rafinesque). 24. ss undulata Say. = Alasmidonta undulata (Say). If the last species is correctly identified by Harn, it cannot be from the Kiskiminetas drainage, since it is positively absent from the Ohio drainage. Yet the species is found not very far from Blairsville, in the drainage of the West Branch of the Susquehanna (Clearfield Creek) in Cambria County. Of this list of twenty-three species (disregarding the eastern form just mentioned), nine have been found recently in the Kiskiminetas drainage, although of some of them only dead shells have been secured, or seen; viz.: Lampsilis ventricosa, L. multiradiata, L. ligamentina, L. recta, Ptychobranchus phaseolus, Strophitus undulatus, Symphynota costata, Alasmidonta marginata, Unio gibbosus, and Pleurobema clava. Two additional species not enumerated by Harn have been recently found in the Kiskiminetas drainage: Anodonta grandis Say and Quadrula coccinea (Conrad). The rest of the fauna is irreparably lost in the Kiskiminetas drain- age, but most of these species still exist in the Allegheny River in Armstrong County. In order to now find Lampsiiis parva and Quad- rula kirtlandiana, we are compelled to go up the Allegheny River as far as French Creek and its tributaries. The absence of Zampsilis luteola (Lamarck) in Harn’s list is re- markable. But this species, which is common in other parts, is also at present absent from the Kiskiminetas drainage, and this makes it = ORTMANN: UNIONID2 OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 181 the more probable that Harn’s shells were distinctly from this drain- age system. W. B. Marshall published (Bulletin New York Museum, 1, 1892, pp. 3 ef seg.) a list of Unionidz from New York. The species were ‘‘from localities within the limits of the state of New York, or from the Allegheny River at Warren, Pa., just south of the New York boundary.’’ It is much to be regretted that Marshall did not realize the importance of indicating the exact localities, since his list covers a territory which is of the greatest interest. We do not know which species of this list were found in Warren County, Pennsylvania. I have myself collected the following species in Warren County (Allegheny River, Connewango, and Brokenstraw Creeks) : MARSHALL’S LIST. Truncilla perplexa rangiana (Lea) = Unio perplexus Lea. Micromya fabalis (Lea) = U. fabalis Lea. Lampsilis ventricosa (Barnes) = U. occidens Lea and U. ven- tricosus Barnes. es ventricosa ovata (Say) = U. ovatus Say. és multiradiata (Lea) = U. multiradiatus Lea. ns luteola (Lamarck ) = U. luteolus Lamarck. ff ligamentina (Lamarck) = U. ligamentinus Lamarck. oe recta (Lamarck) = U. rectus Lamarck. Ptychobranchus phaseolus (Hildreth) = U. phaseolus Hildreth. Strophitus undulatus (Say) = Anodonta edentula Say and pavonia Lea. Anodonta grandis Say = Anodonta lewisi Lea. Symphynota compressa Lea = U. pressus Lea. Ke costata (Rafinesque) = Margaritana rugosa Barnes. Alasmidonta marginata Say = M. marginata Say. Quadrula coccinea (Conrad) (**without evidence that it in- . habits New York ’’). We see that all, except the last species, are in Marshall’s list. But in addition, the following western species are recorded from New York State : Unio alatus Say = Proftera alata (Say). ‘¢ clavus Lamarck = Pleurobema clava (\Vamarck). Margaritana complanata Barnes = Symphynota complanata (Barnes). Unio crassidens Lamarck. 182 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. Anodonta ferussaciana Lea = Anodontoides ferussacianus (Lea). 6 footiana Lea = Anodonta grandis footiana Lea. 66 gigantea Lea = Anodonta grandis gigantea Lea. Unio gracilis Barnes = Proftera gracilis (Barnes). ‘© hippopeeus Lea = Quadrula undulata hippopea (Lea). Anodonta imbecillis Say. Unio iris Lea = Lampsilts iris (Lea). ‘¢ levissimus Lea = Profptera levissima (Lea). ‘¢ novi-eboraci Lea, see U. iris. ‘¢ parvus Lea = Lampsils parva (Barnes). ‘¢ patulus Lea, see U. clavus. Anodonta plana Lea, see A. gigantea. Unio rubiginosus Lea = Quadrula rubiginosa (Lea). Anodonta subcylindracea Lea = Anodontoides ferussactanus subcylin- draceus (Lea). Unio triangularis Barnes = 7runcilla triquetra Rafinesque. ‘¢ undulatus Barnes = Quadrula undulata (Barnes). ‘¢ verrucosus Barnes = Quadrula tuberculata (Rafinesque). The question is, whether these species have reached western New York by way of the Allegheny River, or by way of Lake Erie. Since a large number of species are found in both drainages, it remains doubtful in the case of the majority of the forms recorded by Marshall, by which way they have travelled. Only in those cases where the species is positively absent from Lake Erie and its drainage, does the way of the Allegheny River seem to be positively indicated. These are, according to our list of the Lake Erie species given below, and accord- ing to Sterki (Proceedings Ohio Academy of Sciences, 4, 1907): Truncilla perplexa rangiana, Lampsilis ventricosa ovata, Proptera levissima, and Unio crassidens. Now it is remarkable, that Uno cras- stdens ascends in the Allegheny only as far as the northern part of Armstrong County, and is positively absent in this river above Oil City, and that Proptera /evissima has not been found at all in the state of Pennsylvania. ‘Thus it is seen that Marshall’s work must all be done over again. The next list published is that by S. H. Stupakoff (Nautilus, 1894, p. 135) from Allegheny County. It contains the following species : 1. Margaritana rugosa Barnes = Symphynota costata (Rafinesque). 2. Unio ligamentinus Lamarck = Lampsilis ligamentina (Lamarck). 3. Unio gibbosus Barnes. ORTMANN: UNIONID2 OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 183 4. Unio ellipsis Lea = Odovaria ellipsis (Lea). 5. ‘¢ cariosus Say = Lampsilis ventricosa (Barnes). Lampsilis cartosa (Say) is an eastern form, and absent from the Ohio drainage, yet it has often been confounded with its western rep- resentative Z. ventrvicosa, so that it is beyond doubt that Z. ventricosa is intended. 6. Unio pyramidatus Lea = Quadrula obligua (Lamarck) form: pyramidata (Lea). Unio trigonus Lea. This species remains doubtful. The true typical Quadrula trigona has never been found in the Ohio drainage in Pennsylvania, although certain individuals of Q. vwhigénosa (Lea) incline toward it. Such specimens have recently been collected in Allegheny County. 7. Unio alatus Lea = Proftera alata (Say). All of the foregoing seven species have been subsequently found in Allegheny County, except Odovaria ellipsis, which, however, exists in the Ohio in Beaver County. At the present time, only four of these forms live in Allegheny County: Lampsilis ventricosa, Lampsilts ligamentina, Proptera alata, Unio gibbosus, and only at one place ; viz.: in the north- eastern corner of the county in the Allegheny River. As to the rest, all the rivers in Allegheny County are so hopelessly polluted that no Unionide are any longer found. To this list, G. H. Clapp (Nautilus, 8, 1895, p. 116) has added a supplement, namely : 1. Unio ovatus Say = Lampsilis ventricosa ovata (Say). 2. Unio rectus Lamarck = Lampsilis recta (Lamarck). 3. Unio pilaris Lea = Quadrula subrotunda (Lea) juv. This probably is a misidentification, young specimens of Quadru/a subrotunda being intended. Quadrula pilaris stands very close to subrotunda, and since subrotunda was, and is, rather abundant in our rivers, and is missing in both Stupakoff’s and Clapp’s list, it is more than probable that the latter species should be recorded for Allegheny County. 4. Unio crassidens Lamarck. 5. Unio luteolus Lamarck = Lampsilis luteola (Lamarck). 6. ‘ gracilis Lea = Proptera gracilis (Lea). 7. ‘ rubiginosus Lea = Quadrula rubiginosa (Lea). 8. ‘ orbiculatus Hildreth = Zampsilis orbiculata (Hildreth). 9. ‘ securis Lea = Plagiola securis (Lea). 184 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. to. Unio cornutus Barnes = Od/iquaria reflexa Rafinesque. 11. ‘* undulatus Barnes = Quadrula undulata (Barnes). 12. §* obliquus Lamarck = Quadrula obliqua (Lamarck). These species, as well as the seven of Stupakoff’s list, are yet present in the Ohio River below Pittsburgh in Beaver County. In Allegheny County they now seem to be extinct, only Unio crassidens being found in the northeastern corner of the county, together with the four species mentioned above. In 1899, S. N. Rhoads (Nautilus, 12, 1899, pp. 133 ff.) published a list of shells collected by himself in the Ohio River at Coraopolis, Allegheny County, and at Beaver, Beaver County, and in the Beaver River, at Wampum, Lawrence County. The collections were made in September, 1898. A number of the duplicate specimens were secured by the Carnegie Museum, while the main collection went to the Academy of Natural Sciences in Philadelphia. I have gone over both collections, and am able to correct certain misidentifications. The collection from Wampum is controlled by a much larger collec- tion from the same place in the Carnegie Museum, secured in Septem- ber, 1897, by G. H. Clapp and H. H. Smith. The following species are recorded by Rhoads, and I append the necessary remarks : 1. Anodonta edentula Say = Strophitus undulatus (Say). Three specimens from Coraopolis in the Philadelphia Academy are this species. In the same tray were several specimens of Symphynota viridis, which probably were put in by mistake, since this species is not found in the Ohio drainage. From Wampum in the Philadelphia Academy and Carnegie Museum. Also recorded from Beaver, but no specimens could be found in either collection. 2. Anodonta gracilis Lea = Proptera gracilis (Lea). From Coraopolis and Beaver in the Philadelphia Academy. 3. Anodonta marginata Say = Alasmidonta marginata Say. From Coraopolis in Philadelphia Academy, from Wampum in Phila- delphia Academy and Carnegie Museum. 4. Margaritana rugosa Barnes = Symphynota costata (Rafinesque). From Coraopolis and Beaver in Philadelphia Academy ; from Wam- pum in Philadelphia Academy and Carnegie Museum. 5. Unio esopus Green = Pleurobema esopus (Green). From Coraopolis and Wampum in Philadelphia Academy. ORTMANN: UNIONIDA OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 185 6. Unio alatus Say = Proptera alata (Say). From Coraopolis in Philadelphia Academy and Carnegie Museum ; from Beaver in Philadelphia Academy. 7. Unio coccineus Lea = Quadrula coccinea (Lea). From Wampum in Philadelphia Academy and Carnegie Museum. 8. Unio cooperianus Lea = Quadrula cooperiana (Lea). No specimens of this species could be found in the Philadelphia Academy, and none are in the Carnegie Museum. But the writer has found this species in the Ohio River in Beaver County, and thus the record is confirmed. g. Unio cornutus Barnes = Od/iguaria reflexa Rafinesque. From Beaver in the Philadelphia Academy. Rhoads reports it also from Coraopolis, but no. specimens from this locality have been seen _ by the writer. 10. Unio cylindricus Say = Quadrula cylindrica (Say). From Coraopolis and Beaver in Philadelphia Academy ; from Wam- pum in Philadelphia Academy and Carnegie Museum. 11. Unio crassidens Lamarck. From Coraopolis in Philadelphia Academy and Carnegie Museum ; from Beaver in Philadelphia Academy. 12. Unio donaciformis Lea = Plagiola donaciformis (Lea). The specimens recorded from Coraopolis are in the Philadelphia Academy. This species has not been found in recent investigations. 13. Unio elegans Lea = Plagiola elegans (Lea). From Coraopolis in Philadelphia Academy. 14. Unio gibbosus Barnes. From Coraopolis in Philadelphia Academy and Carnegie Museum ; from Beaver in Philadelphia Academy ; from Wampum in Philadelphia Academy and Carnegie Museum. 15. Unio irroratus Barnes (sic!) = Cyprogenia trrorata (Lea). Only one specimen from Beaver in the Philadelphia Academy. 16. Unio kirtlandianus Lea= Quadrula subrotunda kirtlandiana (Lea). From Wampum in Philadelphia Academy and Carnegie Museum, 17. Unio lens Lea = Odovaria circulus (Lea). From Coraopolis in Philadelphia Academy; from Wampum in Philadelphia Academy and Carnegie Museum. 18. Unio ligamentinus Lamarck = Zampsilis ligamentina (Lamarck). From Coraopolis and Wampum in Philadelphia Academy and Carnegie Museum ; from Beaver in Philadelphia Academy. 186 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. 19. Unio luteolus Lamarck = ZLampsilts luteola (Lamarck). From Coraopolis and Wampum in Philadelphia Academy and Carnegie Museum. 20. Unio metanevra Rafinesque = Quadrula metanevra (Rafinesque ). From Coraopolis in Philadelphia Academy and Carnegie Museum ; from Beaver in Philadelphia Academy. 21. Unio multiradiatus Lea = Lampsilis multiradiata (Lea). From Wampum in Philadelphia Academy and Carnegie Museum. 22 and 23. Unio obliquus Lea (sic!) = Quadrula obliqua (Lamarck ) and Quadrula subrotunda (Lea). Specimens from Coraopolis in Philadelphia Academy and Carnegie Museum are in part od/gua, in part swbrotunda. From Beaver there are only five specimens of swdrotunda in the Philadelphia Academy. One specimen from Beaver in the Philadelphia Academy was labeled varicosa Lea = Pleurobema cicatricosum (Say), but it is an old swd- rotunda. P. cicatricosum is not found in western Pennsylvania. 24. Unio ovatus Say = Lampsilis ventricosa ovata (Say) and Lamp- silts ventricosa (Barnes). A few specimens from Coraopolis in the Philadelphia Academy and the Carnegie Museum represent the var. ovata the larger part the typical ventricosa. A specimen from Beaver in the Philadelphia Academy is var. ovata. ‘The specimens from Wampum in the Phila- delphia Academy and the Carnegie Museum are all ventricosa. 25. Unio parvus Barnes, probably = AZcromya fabalis (Lea). Rhoads reports one specimen from Wampum. It could not be found in the Philadelphia Academy. The Carnegie Museum pos- sesses a number of specimens of A@icromya fabahs from Wampum, and since the latter species is not mentioned by Rhoads, it is very likely that he confounded it with Lampsiis parva. 26. Unio phaseolus Hildreth = Prvchobranchus phaseolus (Hildreth). From Wampum in the Philadelphia Academy and the Carnegie Museum. 27. Unio plicatus Lea = Quadru/a undulata (Barnes). A specimen from Beaver, and a number of specimens from Wam- pum in the Philadelphia Academy and the Carnegie Museum are all undulata. Quadrula plicata has not been found in the Ohio drainage in Pennsylvania, while Q. wndudata is quite abundant, chiefly so in the Beaver drainage. 28. Unio compressus Deshayes = Senplinite compressa (Lea). i ie ae ORTMANN: UNIONIDA OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 187 Specimens from Wampum are in the Carnegie Museum. In the Philadelphia Academy, of four specimens thus labeled, only one was this species, the rest young Lampsilis igamentina. 29. Unio pustulosus Lea = Quadrula pustulosa (Lea). From Coraopolis in Philadelphia Academy; from Wampum in Philadelphia Academy and Carnegie Museum. 30. Unio rectus Lamarck = Lampsilis recta (Lamarck). From Coraopolis and Beaver in the Philadelphia Academy. 31. Unio rubiginosus Lea = Quadrula rubiginosa (Lea). From Coraopolis in the Philadelphia Academy. 32. Unio securis Lea = Plagiola securis (Lea). From Coraopolis in the Philadelphia Academy. 33. Unio triangularis Barnes = Zruncilla triquetra Rafinesque. From Coraopolis and Beaver in the Philadelphia Academy ; from Wampum in the Philadelphia Academy and Carnegie Museum. Unio trigonus Lea. Doubtfully reported by Rhoads from Coraopolis. The specimens in the Philadelphia Academy under this name are young Quadrula rubiginosa (Lea). 34. Unio tuberculatus Barnes = 77itogonia tuberculata (Barnes). From Coraopolis in the Philadelphia Academy ; from Wampum in the Carnegie Museum. 35. Unio verrucosus Barnes = Quadrula tuberculata (Rafinesque). From Coraopolis and Beaver in the Philadelphia Academy ; from Wampum in the Philadelphia Academy and Carnegie Myseum. Finally, C. T. Simpson (Proceedings United States National Mu- seum, 22, I900, p. 553) records Lampsilis fatua (Lea) from the Beaver River, Pennsylvania. ‘The specimen, upon which this record is founded, belongs to the Carnegie Museum, and is from Wampum, collected by Clapp and Smith, and is nothing but Lampsz/ts tris (Lea), During his investigations, the writer has discovered a number of additional species in western Pennsylvania. A list of all known species is submitted here, giving the references to the older writers, indicating the general distribution and giving in the case of the rarer species the exact localities. Besides the material collected by the writer other material belonging to the Carnegie Museum has been used. Aside from the fine collection made at Wampum, Lawrence County, by Clapp and Smith, and the duplicates from the Rhoads 188 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. collection, there is a collection made by G. A. Ehrmann in the Mo- nongahela River at Charleroi, Washington County, acquired in 1897 ; a collection made by Miss Vera White in Little Beaver Creek at Cannelton, Beaver County, acquired in 1897 ; and a collection made by H. H. Smith at the same locality in September, 1897. Besides there are single species from various places collected by others, which need not be mentioned here. The list is arranged according to Simpson’s Synopsis (Proceedings United States National Museum 22, Ig00). Ina final treatise on the Unionidz of Pennsylvania, this system will be considerably changed. The alterations introduced here relate chiefly to the nomenclature. A. Onto RIVER DRAINAGE. 1. Truncilla triquetra Rafinesque. Not reported by Harn, Stupakoff, and Clapp; reported from the Ohio and Beaver Rivers by Rhoads. Generally distributed in the Ohio, Beaver, and Allegheny drainages, and going up into the smaller tributaries: Shenango River and Pyma- tuning Creek in Mercer County ; French Creek in Venango and Craw- ford Counties ; Conneaut Outlet in Crawford County ; Leboeuf Creek, Erie County. It has not been recently found alive in the Ohio River below Pittsburgh. It is rather abundant in the Allegheny River in ee County, but never found in the Monongahela ise? . Truncilla (Pilea) perplexa rangiana (Lea). Not reported previously. Rather abundant in the AMleghees River from southern Armstrong County up through Venango and Forest into Warren Counties (here also in Connewango Creek), and further in French Creek in Venango and Crawford Counties. A single specimen has been found in the.Shenango River in Lawrence County. 3. Micromya fabalis (Lea). Reported by Harn from western Pennsylvania. Rhoads’ Uzzo par- vus from the Beaver at Wampum is probably this species. Found rather sparingly in the Beaver and Allegheny drainages ; in the Mahoning River in Lawrence County ; in the Shenango River and Pymatuning Creek in Mercer County ; in Crooked Creek in Armstrong County ; French Creek in Venango and Crawford Counties ; in the upper Allegheny in Venango County, as far up as Connewango Creek in Warren County. It is nowhere abundant, and is missing in the Mo- nongahela drainage. ORTMANN: UNIONIDZ OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 189 4. Lampsilus ventricosa (Barnes). In Pennsylvania according to Call (Bull. Des Moines Acad., 1885). In Harn’s list this species is given from western Pennsylvania as U. occidens and subovatus. In Stupakoff’s list it is cited from Alle- gheny County as UY. cartosus. It is comprised in Rhoads’ @. ovatus from the Ohio and Beaver Rivers. The species is very generally distributed in the larger rivers as well as in the smaller creeks. It goes up in the Monongahela drainage to Dunkard Creek in Greene County and the Cheat River in Fayette County. In the Shenango it goesto Mercer County. It is in French Creek, and in the upper Allegheny in McKean County. It is found in Little Mahoning Creek in Indiana County, and in the Kiskiminetas drainage in the upper Loyalhanna River in Westmoreland County, and in Quemahoning Creek in Somerset County. It is locally rather abundant, sometimes the prevailing species, and attains large size, as for instance, in Little Beaver Creek in Beaver County, in the Slippery- rock Creek in Lawrence County, and in the upper Shenango in Mer- cer County. 4a. Lampsilis ventricosa ovata (Say). This species is reported by Clapp from Allegheny County. A speci- men donated by Clapp is in the Carnegie Museum. It is also reported by Rhoads, but only specimens from Coraopolis and Beaver belong here. Call (1885) cites from ‘‘ Allegheny River to Central New York.”’ The species is rather abundant in the Ohio in Beaver County, and formerly was abundant in Allegheny County. It occurs in the Alle- gheny River all the way up to Warren County, and also in French Creek in Venango and Crawford Counties. It is entirely absent in all other parts, distinctly so in the Beaver and Monogahela drainages. Wherever found, it is associated with the typical Z. ventricosa and runs into it. Thus it should be regarded as a variety of the latter. 5. Lampsilis multiradiata (Lea). Reported by Harn from western Pennsylvania, by Rhoads from the Beaver River at Wampum ; not in Stupakoff’s and Clapp’s lists for Allegheny County. It occurs rarely in the larger rivers (Ohio in Beaver County, Alle- gheny in Armstrong County); more frequently farther up, for instance all over the Beaver drainage in Lawrence and Mercer Counties. It is in the upper Allegheny as far as Warren County, in French Creek and Connewango Creek; in the upper Loyalhanna in Westmoreland County, and the Quemahoning Creek in Somerset County, and in the 190 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. Monongahela drainage it is found in the Cheat River, Fayette County. It is nowhere abundant. 6. Lampsilis luteola (Lamarck). Recorded by Clapp from Allegheny County, and by Rhoads from the Ohio and Beaver Rivers. It is missing in Harn’s list, and has not been found recently in any part of the Kiskiminetas drainage. This species is rather scarce in the large rivers (Ohio and Alle- gheny), and absent, aside from the whole Kiskiminetas drainage, in the Cheat River, but present in Dunkard Creek in Greene County. In the Beaver drainage it is locally very abundant, becoming in some places the prevailing species. Here it goes up to Crawford County. It is also frequent in some of the tributaries of the middle and upper Allegheny: Crooked Creek in Armstrong County; Little Mahoning Creek in Indiana County ; French Creek in Venango and Crawford Counties ; and Connewango Creek in Warren County. It is abundant (the prevailing species) in Conneaut Lake and in Leboeuf Creek, just below the lake. 7. Lampsilis ligamentina (Lamarck). It is recorded in Harn’s list from western Pennsylvania, in Stupa- koff’s list from Allegheny County, and in Rhoads’ list from the Ohio and Beaver Rivers. This is a common species in the larger rivers, but does not go up into the smaller tributaries. It occurs everywhere in the Ohio and Allegheny as far up as Warren County, but is absent in the headwaters of the Allegheny in McKean County. In French Creek it goes at least as far as Meadville in Crawford County. In the Beaver drain- age it does not go beyond Lawrence County (in Mahoning and She- nango Rivers). In the Monongahela it goes up to the Cheat in Fayette County. Wherever found, it is the prevailing species, and outnumbers all other species combined (with the exception of the Cheat River). Conditions in the Kiskiminetas drainage are unknown. It used to be there, but at present it is not any longer found there alive. 8. Lampsilis orbiculata (Hildreth). Reported only by Clapp from Allegheny County. It is found at present in the Ohio in Beaver County, and in the Allegheny River in Armstrong County. It used to be in the Monon- gahela at Charleroi, Washington County (Ehrmann Collection). g. Lampsilis recta (Lamarck). ORTMANN: UNIONIDA OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 191 This species is recorded in Harn’s list from western Pennsylvania, in Clapp’s list from Allegheny County, and it occurs in the Ohio River according to Rhoads. It is found in the larger rivers and is generally rather abundant. In the Allegheny it goes up as far as Warren County, where it also enters the Connewango Creek. It is in French Creek in Venango and Craw- ford Counties. Inthe Monongahela River it goes up to Dunkard Creek and the Cheat River. Its former presence in the Conemaugh River at New Florence, Westmoreland County, has also been ascertained by the writer. None of the smaller creeks contain this species, and it is absent in the whole Beaver drainage. to. Lampsilis iris (Lea). Recorded in Harn’s list from western Pennsylvania. Simpson gives L. fatua for the Beaver River. The specimen (from Wampum), upon which this record is based, is in the Carnegie Museum, and undoubt- edly is Z. zis. The writer found additional material of this form in the Beaver drainage, not far from Wampum. It is a rather rare species in our region, nowhere abundant, but scat- tered over a large area. It is most frequent in Little Beaver Creek, Beaver County, in the Mahoning and Shenango Rivers, in the Neshan- nock and Pymatuning Creeks in Lawrence and Mercer Counties. It is found also in Crooked Creek, Armstrong County, in French Creek, Crawford County, and in Dunkard Creek, Greene County, and the Cheat River, Fayette County. 11. Lampsilis (Carunculina) parva (Barnes). _ Reported from western Pennsylvania by Harn. Rhoads’ U. parvus probably is AZzcromya fabals. The writer has found a single dead, but well preserved shell of this species in Conneaut Outlet, Crawford County. 12. Proptera alata (Say). Given in Harn’s list as from western Pennsylvania; recorded by Stupakoff from Allegheny County, and by Rhoads from the Ohio River. Abundant in the Ohio and formerly in the Monongahela. Goes up in the latter to Dunkard Creek, Greene County, but not into the Cheat. In the Allegheny River it is found in Allegheny and Arm- strong Counties, but not very frequently, and does not go farther up. In addition it has been collected in the Little Beaver Creek at Cannel- ton, Beaver County (Miss Vera White), but not farther up. It is absent in the whole Beaver drainage. 192 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. 13. Proptera gracilis (Barnes). Not in Harn’s list. Recorded by Clapp from Allegheny County, and by Rhoads from the Ohio River. Abundant in the Ohio below Pittsburgh; rare in the Allegheny in southern Armstrong County. Formerly in the Monongahela at Char- leroi, Washington County (Ehrmann Collection). Nowhere else. 14. Obovaria retusa (Lamarck). Not reported previously from the state. A single live specimen (gravid female) was found by the writer in the Ohio at Industry, Beaver County. Subsequently a well preserved dead shell of a male was found at the same place. 15. Obovaria circulus (Lea). Lea records this species from the Monongahela at Pittsburgh. It is reported by Harn from western Pennsylvania, and by Rhoads as U. lens from the Ohio and Beaver. The writer has seen many dead shells from the Ohio in Allegheny County. One living specimen, taken August 1, 1906, was the last living Unionid found in the Ohio in Allegheny County. ‘There are specimens taken from the Monongahela at Charleroi, Washington County, in the Ehrmann Collection. It is found living in the Mahon- ing and Shenango Rivers and in Pymatuning Creek, Lawrence and Mercer Counties. It occurs also in Crooked Creek in Armstrong and Indiana Counties. It is now rather scarce. In the Ohio, the form czrcu/us prevails, while in the smaller creeks it generally takes the more compressed shape of O. /ens (Lea) ; but all manner of transitional variations between the two forms occur. O. circulus and lens are not the male and female, as Sterki believes. 16. Obovaria (Pseudoon) ellipsis (Lea). Recorded by Stupakoff from Allegheny County, but in no other list. The writer found two specimens in the Ohio at Industry, Beaver County. 17. Plagiola securis (Lea). Reported in Harn’s list from western Pennsylvania ; in Clapp’s list from Allegheny County, in Rhoads’ list from the Ohio. Rather abundant in the Ohio in Beaver County ; formerly occurred in the Monongahela at Charleroi, Washington County (Ehrmann Col- lection). Very rare in the Allegheny in southern Armstrong County. Nowhere else. 18. Plagiola (Amygdalonajas) elegans (Lea). Pe » ORTMANN: UNIONID@ OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 193 Recorded by Rhoads from the Ohio in Allegheny County. A dead specimen was found by the writer not far from Rhoads’ locality. It is found living in the Ohio in Beaver County, but is very rare. 1g. Plagiola (Amygdalonajas) donaciformis (Lea). Only two specimens are recorded by Rhoads from the Ohio River at Coraopolis, Allegheny County. They are in the Philadelphia Academy, where the writer has seen them. They are both dead shells. This is the only one of the species previously reported, which has not been found by the writer. 20. Tritogonia tuberculata (Barnes). Not in Harn’s, Stupakoff’s, and Clapp’s lists. Recorded by Rhoads from the Ohio and Beaver Rivers. It occurred formerly in the Monongahela at Charleroi, Washington County (Ehrmann Collection). The writer found several dead speci- mans in Dunkard Creek, Greene County, and live ones in the Ohioin Beaver County, and at various places in the Mahoning and Shenango Rivers, and Pymatuning Creek in Lawrence and Mercer Counties. According to Sterki (Nautilus, 21, 1907, p. 48) this species has all four gills charged in the breeding season (June 10, 1907). ‘This will remove it, in our final arrangement, into the genus Quadruda, and then the name of the species must be changed, on account of the existence of the species of Quadru/a named tuberciulata by Rafinesque. None of the synonyms is available: U. pustulata Swainson (1840) being preoccupied by U. pustulatus Lea (1834), and UY. gigas (Swainson) Sowerby (1867) being not this species, but equivalent to Hyriopsis cumingt (Lea) (see: Frierson, Nautilus, 21, 1907, p. 49). Thus we are forced to apply a new name, and Quad- rula tritogonia nom. nov. is proposed. (See Nautilus, 22, 1909, pe tO1.) 21. Cyprogenia irrorata (Lea). Not mentioned in any of the previous lists, except in that of Rhoads, who reports it from the Ohio, at Beaver. The present writer has found only dead shells in the Allegheny River in the northeastern corner of Allegheny County, and in the southern part of Armstrong County. 22, Obliquaria reflexa Rafinesque. First indicated from Allegheny County by Clapp (U. cornutus), then by Rhoads from the Ohio River in Allegheny and Beaver Counties. 194 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. There are in the Carnegie Museum two dead specimens from the Monongahela at Charleroi, Washington County (Ehrmannn Collec- tion), and the present writer has found four others (two of them alive) in the Ohio in Beaver County. 23. Ptychobranchus phaseolus (Hildreth). Mentioned in Harn’s list from western Pennsylvania ; not recorded in the lists of Stupakoff and Clapp; given by Rhoads as from the Beaver at Wampum, but not from the Ohio. The species is widely distributed in the smaller streams of western Pennsylvania, while it is lacking in the large rivers. It occurs every- where in the Beaver drainage in Lawrence and Beaver Counties ; in the little Beaver and Raccoon Creeks in Beaver County ; in Dunkard Creek in Greene County, and the Cheat River, Fayette County ; in the Kiskiminetas drainage in the upper Loyalhanna in Westmoreland County; and the Quemahoning Creek in Somerset County. While rare in the Allegheny in Venango and Forest Counties, and absent in the Allegheny below Oil City, it occurs practically in all its tribu- taries, in Connewango Creek, French Creek, and Little Mahoning Creek, Indiana County, and Buffalo Creek, Butler County. It isabsent in the Ohio, but used to be found in the Monongahela at Charleroi. 24. Strophitus undulatus (Say). It occurs in Harn’s list as from western Pennsylvania ; but is not reported by Stupakoff and Clapp. It is mentioned in Rhoads’ list from the Ohio and Beaver. In the Ohio drainage in western Pennsylvania this species is found practically everywhere, and it goes eastward into Somerset County, occurring in Quemahoning Creek and the Youghiogheny River. In the latter river, it is the only Unionid found above Confluence. Some forty individuals were collected, while there was not a trace of any other species, a very remarkable fact indeed. It is further found east- ward in Indiana, Forest, and Warren Counties. This species is rather scarce in the large rivers ; though Rhoads found it in the Ohio below” Pittsburgh, I have never seen it there. Nevertheless it occurs in the Allegheny in Armstrong County, though the specimens are rather small. The finest and largest specimens are encountered in certain small creeks in the northwestern section of the state. It is impossible for me to separate the western, so called, S. eden- tulus (Say) from the eastern S. undulatus (Say). Specimens from the Allegheny River, and young specimens from anywhere completely - ORTMANN: UNIONIDA OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 195 agree with typical eastern specimens, and generally, in the mountain streams (Cheat, Youghiogheny, Loyalhanna, (Quemahoning) this species remains as small as the eastern form. On the other hand I have eastern specimens, which are larger than any western specimens (see below). Several series containing specimens of all sizes, from various localities, both in the eastern and western drainage, show that there actuaily is no difference whatever between the two supposed species, and I challenge anyone to identify them, when the locality is not known. 25. Anodonta imbecillis Say. Not reported previously from the state. I found it only in Erie County, in Conneauttee Lake, and in the outlet of Lake Leboeuf. 26. Anodonta grandis Say. This species occurs in none of the older lists, but there is a specimen in the Carnegie Museum collected in 1897 by Clapp in an artificial pond at Edgeworth, Allegheny County. The typical form (rather heavy-shelled, elongate, dark-colored) is not rare over the western part of the state, and prefers the smaller streams, where it is sometimes found in abundance in quiet pools. It goes eastward as far as Westmoreland, Indiana, and Warren Counties. In the larger rivers it is generally absent, although single specimens (chiefly young ones) turn up here and there. In stagnant ponds a large, thin shelled, higher, and beautifully colored form (var. gzgantea Lea) is encountered. ‘This form is quite abundant in a pond (aban- doned ox-bow of the Allegheny) at Harmarville, Allegheny County. A similar form, but with a peculiar green color (similar to var. dene- dictensis Lea!) occurs in Conneaut Lake, together with a very thin- shelled, light green, elongate form. A similar form to the latter, but of a darker color, is found in the black muck of Conneauttee Lake in Erie County. The var. sa/monia Lea, which has been regarded as a pathological form, is rather frequent in the northwestern section of the state, and, as is quite remarkable, at certain places is found to the exclusion of the typical form. 27. Anodontoides ferussacianus (Lea). Not reported previously. It is found in the northwestern corner of the state, in Mercer and Crawford Counties, in the drainage of She- nango River and French Creek. It is most abundant in the Upper Shenango at Linesville, Crawford County, and in Conneaut Lake and Conneaut Outlet. At the latter localities, the specimens very closely resemble in shape the var. swbcylindraceus (Lea). 196 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. 28. Symphynota compressa (Deshayes). The only previous record is that of Rhoads from the Beaver at Wampum, Lawrence County. In addition it has been found in Little Beaver Creek in Beaver County, in the whole Beaver drainage in Beaver, Lawrence, Mercer, and Crawford Counties, in French Creek and its tributaries in Ve- nango, Crawford, and Erie Counties, and in Brokenstraw and Conne- wango Creeks in Warren County. It is entirely absent if the rest of the Allegheny drainage, in the Ohio, and in the whole Monongahela drainage. 29. Symphynota (Lasmigona) costata (Rafinesque). It is cited as MWargaritana rugosa Barnes in Harn’s, Stupakoff’s and Rhoads’ lists from western Pennsylvania, Allegheny County, and the Ohio and Beaver Rivers. Generally distributed over the Ohio drainage in the state, eastward as far as Fayette County (Cheat River), Somerset County (Quema- honing Creek), Indiana County (Two Lick, Crooked, and Little Ma- honing Creeks), and McKean County (upper Allegheny River). It extends northward into Crawford and Erie Counties (upper Shenango River, French and Conneauttee Creeks). In some of the smaller creeks it is so abundant as to become the prevailing form (Little Beaver, Loyalhanna, Little Mahoning). On the other hand, it is rather scarce in the large rivers. I have never found it in the Ohio in Beaver County, and only a few individuals in the Allegheny in Armstrong County. 30. Symphynota (Pterosygna) complanata (Barnes). Never reported before from the state. I have found a number of specimens in Conneaut Outlet, Crawford County, and a few dead ones (from a muskrat hole) in Leboeuf Creek, just below Lake Leboeuf, Erie County. 31. Alasmidonta (Rugifera) marginata (Say). Reported by Harn from western Pennsylvania, and by Rhoads from the Ohio and Beaver Rivers. It is quite generally distributed over the Ohio drainage, going up into the head-waters to Somerset, Westmoreland, Indiana, and McKean Counties. It is rare in the large rivers, but in the small streams locally abundant. According to Pilsbry (Nautilus, 15, 1901, p. 16) and Fox (ibid., p. 47), the western form is the true margimata of Say ( = ¢runcata ORTMANN: UNIONID2 OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 197 Wright) ; while the eastern form should be called vavicosa (Lamarck ) (1819). Nevertheless I do not think that the two are specifically different. In our mountain streams forms are frequently encountered, which cannot be without doubt assigned to the western form, as in fact they closely resemble the eastern form in essential characters. Such individuals are also found in the Allegheny. The typical mar- ginata (western form) does not begin to prevail till we come to the northwestern section of the state. 32. Unio gibbosus Barnes. Mentioned in Harn’s list as from western Pennsylvania; recorded by Stupakoff from Allegheny County, and by Rhoads from the Ohio and Beaver. Ubiquitous all over the Ohio drainage in the state, extending east- ward to Somerset, Indiana, and McKean Counties. In fact this spe- cies is so generally distributed, and so abundant, that there is hardly a stream which has mussels, in which it is missing. ‘he most remark- able instance of its absence is in the case of Raccoon Creek in Beaver County. Other cases, in which it has not been found, occur in those creeks, the fauna of which has been more or less extirpated, as for instance Connoquenessing Creek in Butler County. 33. Unio crassidens Lamarck. It is reported by Harn from western Pennsylvania, by Clapp from Allegheny County, by Rhoads from the Ohio, and by Call from the Allegheny River. It is restricted to the larger rivers, and is abundant, where found. I have taken it in the Ohio in Beaver and Allegheny Counties ; in the Allegheny in Allegheny and Armstrong Counties. It used to be found in the Monongahela at Charleroi, Washington County (Ehr- mann Collection). It does not occur elsewhere. 34. Pleurobema clava (Lainarck). Reported only by Call and Harn from western Pennsylvania. It avoids the large rivers, and has never been found in the Ohio, the Monongahela, and the Allegheny as far up as southern Armstrong County. In Armstrong County it is rare in the Allegheny. It is found in the Beaver drainage in Lawrence and Mercer Counties, in Little Beaver and Raccoon Creeks in Beaver County, in the Cheat River in Fayette County, in the Loyalhanna and (formerly) in the Conemaugh in Westmoreland County, in the Upper Allegheny in Venango and Forest Counties, and in French Creek in Venango and Crawford Counties. It is nowhere abundant; the largest number 198 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. from any one locality was secured in Neshannock Creek at Eastbrook, Lawrence County. 35. Pleurobema zsopus (Green). The type-locality is Pittsburgh (Green). Recorded in Harn’s list from western Pennsylvania ; in Rhoads’ list from the Ohio and Beaver. ‘There is a specimen in the Carnegie Museum from the Mononga- hela at Charleroi, Washington County (Ehrmann Collection), and the writer has found it sparingly in the Ohio in Beaver County, and more abundantly in the Allegheny in southern Armstrong County. 36. Quadrula undulata (Barnes). It is not mentioned in Harn’s list, but occurs in Clapp’s list from Allegheny County. Rhoads’ U. plicatus from the Ohio and Beaver is this species. It is abundant all over the Beaver drainage, chiefly so in the Mahon- ing and Shenango Rivers, and formerly occurred in Connoquenessing Creek. It is rather frequent in the Ohio in Beaver County. It is unknown from the Monongahela, but a single half shell was found in the Cheat River in Fayette County. It is present in the upper Mo- nongahela drainage in West Virginia, judging from specimens in the Carnegie Museum. In the Allegheny River in Armstrong and Venango Counties it is very rare, but becomes again abundant in French Creek in Venango and Crawford Counties, as far up as Le- boeuf Creek in Erie County. It is absent from the whole Kiski- minetas drainage and the upper Allegheny above Venango County. 37. Quadrula cylindrica (Say). Cited in Harn’s list from western Pennsylvania and in Rhoads’ list from the Ohio and Beaver. There is a dead shell in the Carnegie Museum from the Monon- gahela at Charleroi, Washington County (Ehrmann Collection), and the writer has found a dead specimen in the Ohio in Beaver County. Living specimens have been found repeatedly in the Mahoning and Shenango Rivers, and in Pymatuning Creek in Lawrence and Mercer Counties, in the Allegheny in Armstrong County, and in French . Creek in Venango and Crawford Counties. 38. Quadrula metanevra (Rafinesque). Not mentioned in the lists of Harn, Stupakoff, and Clapp. Reported by Rhoads from the Ohio. It is restricted to the larger rivers, occurring in the Ohio in Beaver County (formerly in Allegheny County), the Monongahela (Charle- roi), and the Allegheny, Armstrong County. ORTMANN: UNIONIDA OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 199 39. Quadrula lachrymosa (Lea). Never reported before. A single living individual was found by the writer in the Ohio River at Cook’s Ferry, Beaver County. 40. Quadrula pustulosa (Lea). Cited in Harn’s list from western Pennsylvania. Rhoads records it from the Ohio and Beaver. It occurs in the larger rivers, but is now rather scarce. It goes up in the Monongahela as far as the Cheat River in Fayette County, in the Allegheny to southern Armstrong County, and in the Beaver to the Mahoning River in Lawrence County. 41. Quadrula cooperiana (Lea). Reported by Rhoads from the Ohio in Allegheny and Beaver Counties. : The writer has found only one living and two dead shells of this species in the Ohio in Beaver County. 42. Quadrula rubiginosa (Lea). Not mentioned in Harn’s list; reported by Clapp from Allegheny County, and by Rhoads from the Ohio River in Allegheny County. Typical specimens of this species are found in the smaller creeks of the southwestern section of the state. It occurs in Raccoon Creek, Beaver County, and was formerly found in Chartiers Creek, Allegheny County. It exists in the Monongahela drainage, Ten Mile Creek, Washington and Greene Counties, Dunkard Creek, Greene County, and also in the Allegheny River in Armstrong County, and in Crooked Creek, Armstrong and Indiana Counties. Specimens from the larger rivers (Monongahela and Ohio) are not typical, and approach more or less Q. ¢rigona (Lea). Nevertheless no typical “77gona has ever been found, the specimens reported by Stupakoff as ¢vzgona being probably, and those reported by Rhoads surely this intermediate form. 43. Quadrula obliqua (Lamarck). Call and Harn record od/iguus and mytiloides from western Pennsyl- vania, Stupakoff gives U. pyramidatus from Allegheny County, Clapp U. obliguus from Allegheny County, and Rhoads has U. oddiguus from the Ohio. Of Rhoads’ specimens only a few belong here. This form is quite frequent in the Ohio River in Beaver County, and it used to be abundant in the Ohio in Allegheny County, and in the Monongahela at Charleroi, Washington County (Ehrmann Collec- tion). It is present in the Allegheny in Armstrong County, and a single specimen was found in the Beaver at Wampum, Lawrence County (Clapp & Smith Collection). 200 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. Both forms, odd¢gua (Lamarck) and pyramidata (Lea), are repre- sented, and some individuals approach f/ena (Lea). ‘They all pass gradually into each other. In fact the intergrading forms are more frequent than typical specimens, so that it is absolutely impossible to draw the line between these supposed species. A more detailed ac- count of the various forms constituting this very variable species will be given elsewhere. 44. Quadrula coccinea (Conrad). The type locality for this species is the ‘‘ Mahoning River near Pittsburgh’? (Conrad). It is present in the Mahoning River at Mahoningtown, Lawrence County. It does not occur in Harn’s list, although present in the upper Loyalhanna in Westmoreland County, and it is not recorded by Stupakoff and Clapp. Rhoads has it from the Beaver River at Wampum, Lawrence County. Specimens from this locality are in the Carnegie Museum, collected by Clapp and Smith. It is generally distributed in the Beaver drainage in Lawrence and Mercer Counties. It is found in Buffalo Creek, Butler County; in Little Mahoning Creek, Indiana County ; in the French Creek drain- age in Venango, Crawford, and Erie Counties ; in Brokenstraw Creek in Warren County ; and in the upper Allegheny in McKean County. In the Allegheny River from Armstrong to Warren Counties, there is a form, which inclines both toward typical Q. od/gua, and the form pyramidata. In the southwestern portion of the state (Monongahela drainage) this species seems to be absent. This species does not belong tothe genus Quadrula. At the breed- ing season, the outer gills only are used as marsupia, and thus it should be placed, according to Simpson’s arrangement of the genera, with the genus Plewrobema. I possess a number of gravid females from Neshannock Creek in Lawrence County, and from the upper Alle- gheny in McKean Country. 45. Quadrula subrotunda (Lea). Cited by Harn from western Pennsylvania. The U. filaris of Clapp (Allegheny County) and of Rhoads (Coraopolis) are probably this form. The majority of Rhoads’ oé/guus (Coraopolis and Beaver) belong here. It is abundant in the larger rivers: Ohio, Monongahela, and Alle- gheny. Inthe Monongahela it extends up to the Cheat River in Fayette County, in the Allegheny up to the northern part of Arm- strong County. re ' + “ 5 ~ 2 ORTMANN: UNIONID2 OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 201 A few individuals in the Monongahela and Allegheny represent transititons toward the var. £7rtlandiana. 45a. Quadrula subrotunda kirtlandiana (Lea). Given in Harn’s list from western Pennsylvania ; occurring in the Beaver, according to Rhoads. It is abundant in the Beaver drainage in the Mahoning and Shenango Rivers in Lawrence and Mercer Counties, and is locally the prevailing species. It also is found in French Creek in Venango and Crawford Counties, as far up as Meadville and Conneaut Outlet. At the critical points, where the range of this form passes into that of the typical swdrotunda (lower Beaver River, and the Allegheny in Venango County) the molluscan fauna is destroyed. No typical speci- mens of er/landiana have been found in the Monongahela drainage. Some specimens from Charleroi have been named by Simpson ‘‘ £zrt- landiana,’’ but they do not represent the typical phase of this form. 46. Quadrula (Rotundaria) tuberculata (Rafinesque). It does not occur in the lists of Harn, Stupakoff, and Clapp. It is reported by Rhoads from the Ohio and Beaver. A rare species, found sparingly in the Ohio in Beaver County and (formerly) in Allegheny County. It occurs in the Monongahela drainage in Dunkard Creek, Greene County, and the Cheat River, Fayette County ; in the Allegheny in Armstrong and Venango Counties ; and in French Creek in Venango County. A single specimen from the Beaver in Lawrence County is contained in the Clapp & Smith Collection in the Carnegie Museum, but in quite recent years it has not been found in the Beaver drainage. B. Lake ERIE DRAINAGE. No freshwater mussels have been previously reported from the Penn- sylvanian shores of Lake Erie, and none from the tributaries of the lake in this state. The Carnegie Museum possesses good material col- lected in the lake chiefly at and near Erie, in Presque Isle Bay, and upon Presque Isle. These collections were made by Dr. D. A. At- kinson in August, rg00, by O. E. Jennings in May, 1905, and Sep- tember, 1906, and by the present writer in June, 1908. A few dead shells were secured by the present writer on the lake beach at Miles Grove, Erie County, and a few others in the only tributary of the lake which contains mussels, Conneaut Creek at Springboro, Crawford County. 202 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. Seventeen forms have been found. They all have been reported previously from Lake Erie and its drainage in Ohio. (See_Sterki, Proceedings Ohio Academy of Sciences, 4, 1907. ) 1. Lampsilis ventricosa (Barnes). Miles Grove ; outer beach of Presque Isle ; and Presque Isle Bay. The lake form is peculiar, being smaller and lighter in color, than the typical form of the Ohio drainage. This species has also been found in Conneaut Creek, and there represents the typical form. 2. Lampsilis luteola (Lamarck). Outer beach of Presque Isle, beach pools, and Presque Isle Bay. It also is found in Conneaut Creek. The lake form is peculiar, small and stunted. The form in Con- neaut Creek agrees with the form from the Ohio drainage. 3. Lampsilis recta (Lamarck). In a beach pool of Presque Isle, and in Presque Isle Bay. 4. Lampsilis nasuta (Say). Miles Grove. Beach pools of Presque Isle and Presque Isle Bay. 5. Proptera alata (Say). Presque Isle Bay. Smaller than the typical form. 6. Proptera gracilis (Barnes). Presque Isle Bay. 7. Ptychobranchus phaseolus (Hildreth). Presque Isle Bay. 8. Strophitus undulatus (Say). In Conneaut Creek (not as yet found in the lake in Pennsylvania). g. Anodonta imbecillis Say. Beach pools of Presque Isle and Presque Isle Bay. 10. Anodonta grandis footiana Lea. Beach pools of Presque Isle and Presque Isle Bay. This variety of 4. grandis is very constant in the lake, and there are only very rare cases of individuals approaching the typical form. 11. Anodontoides ferussacianus subcylindraceus (Lea). Beach pools of Presque Isle and Presque Isle Bay. This form is extremely abundant in certain beach pools, and rather uniform in character, no intergrades toward the typical ferwssactanus having been observed. 12, Symphynota compressa Lea. A single individual was found by the writer in a beach pool on Presque sle. ORTMANN: UNIONID© OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 203 13. Unio gibbosus Barnes. Presque Isle Bay. The lake form of this species is rather peculiar, being small and of lighter color than the typical form from the Ohio drainage. 14. Quadrula undulata hippopza (Lea). Presque Isle Bay. This peculiar variety by no means belongs to Q. Aplicata under which it is placed by Simpson. It is clearly a descendant of Q. uwndu- fata of the Ohio drainage, and distinguished by its smaller size, and slightly more elongated form. ‘The development of the undulations does not differ at all from the typical form, or rather, both forms show the same variations. There are many specimens of Q. wnvdu/afa in the Ohio drainage, chiefly young ones, which come very close to the var. hippopea. 15. Quadrula rubiginosa (Lea). Horseshoe Pond on Presque Isle and Presque Isle Bay. Not at all typical, but of small size, and rather swollen shape, thus closely approaching Q. ¢igona,; in fact .I have a specimen, which might safely be called ¢rzgona. 16. Quadrula coccinea (Conrad). Not found in the lake, but in Conneaut Creek. I obtained a single dead shell, agreeing with the normal form of the Ohio drainage of northwestern Pennsylvania. 17. Quadrula subrotunda (Lea). Presque Isle Bay. A peculiar dwarfed form. C. ATLANTIC DRAINAGE. The species of the Atlantic drainage in Pennsylvania are rather well known, yet our knowledge of them is restricted mainly to the south- eastern section of the state. The distribution of the single forms has never been investigated in detail, and we do not know how far they go up in the rivers. It seems that some species are rather generally distributed, while others are more or less restricted, either to the lower _ parts of the rivers, or to one river drainage only. ‘The following list is intended to collect the known facts of distribution, adding new locality-records, which are represented by specimens in the Carnegie Museum. ‘The older records are compiled from the following papers : Gabb, A. F. ‘List of Mollusks inhabiting the neighborhood of Philadelphia.’’ (Proc. Acad. Philadelphia, 1861, p. 306.) 204 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. Bruckhart, H. G. Conchology in J. I. Mombert’s ‘‘ An authentic History of Lancaster County.’’ 1869, p. 518. Hartman, W. D., & Michener, E. ‘‘Conchologia Cestrica.’’ 1874. Pilsbry, H. A. ‘* Critical list of Mollusks collected in the Potomac Valley.’’ (Proc. Acad. Philadelphia, 1894, p. 30.) Schick, M. ‘‘Mollusk Fauna of Philadelphia and Environs.’’ (Nautilus, 8, 1895, p. 133.) Also a few notes by other authors scattered through the literature. The Carnegie Museum collections of Atlantic species are chiefly from the central parts of the state (Juniata and Susquehanna drainages), and were made in 1908 by Dr. D. A. Atkinson and the present writer. To these are to be added a few records of shells collected by various persons in other parts of the state. 1. Lampsilis cariosa (Say). Known from the Delaware, Schuylkill, and Susquehanna Rivers. The Carnegie Museum possesses specimens from the Delaware, at Yardley, Bucks County (Ortmann), from the Susquebanna at York Furnace, York County (Ortmann), and from Duncannon, Perry County (Ortmann). The species is present in the Juniata River at Juniata Bridge, Perry County (Ortmann), and at Lewistown, Mifflin County (Ortmann), as far up as the Raystown Branch at Ardenheim (Ortmann), and the Frankstown Branch at Huntingdon, Huntingdon County (Atkinson), It exists also in the West Branch of the Susque- hanna at Williamsport, Lycoming County (Atkinson), 2. Lampsilis ochracea (Say). The Delaware, Schuylkill, and Susquehanna Rivers and Wissahickon Creek, are the known localities of this species in the southeastern sec- tion of the state. It is not represented by Pennsylvanian specimens in the Carnegie Museum. 3. Lampsilis radiata (Gmelin). It occurs in the Delaware, Schuylkill, and Suseincaniee Rivers and Wissahickon Creek. From the Susquehanna it has been reported as far up as Muncy, Lycoming County (Dean, Nautilus, 5, 1891, p. 78). Specimens in the Carnegie Museum are from the Canal at Mana- yunk, Philadelphia County (H. J. Gera); from the Delaware at Yardley, Bucks County (Ortmann), and from the West Branch of the Susquehanna at Williamsport, Lycoming County (Atkinson). —- 2 ~ a »y ~~ Seen is OTS k ORTMANN: UNIONID© OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 205 4. Lampsilis nasuta (Say). Reported from the Delaware and Schuylkill Rivers, and ‘ Little Perkiomen Creek’’ (Gabb). Perkiomen Creek is a tributary of the Schuylkill in Montgomery County, but there is, as far as I can ascer- tain, no stream known now as ‘‘ Little Perkiomen Creek.’’ This species has not been reported from the Susquehanna drainage. The Carnegie Museum has specimens from the Delaware at Penn’s Manor and at Yardley, Bucks County (Ortmann). 5. Strophitus undulatus (Say). The species has been reported from the Schuylkill (Lea) ; Brandy- wine Creek, Chester County (Hartman & Michener) ; Crum Creek, Delaware County (Lea); Schuylkill Canal, Philadelphia County (Schick) ; and from Lancaster County (Bruckhart). In the Carnegie Museum it is represented by specimens from the following localities: Delaware River, Penn’s Manor and Yardley, Bucks County (Ortmann) ; Little Neshaminy Creek, Grenoble, Bucks County (Ortmann); Schuylkill Canal, (H. J. Gera), and Schuylkill. River, Manayunk, Philadelphia County (Ortmann) ; Middle Creek, Freeburg, Snyder County (Atkinson) ; West Branch Mahantango Creek, Richfield, Juniata County (Atkinson); Cocolamus Creek, Cocolamus, and Lost Creek, Mifflintown, Juniata County (At- kinson) ; Raystown Branch of the Juniata River, Everett, Bedford County (P. E. Nordgren) ; Beaver Dam Creek, Flinton, Cambria County (Atkinson) ; Swartz Run, Ashville, Cambria County (Ort- mann); Cush-Cushion Creek, Green Township, Indiana County (Atkinson and Ortmann). This species is generally small in eastern Pennsylvania, representing the typical wxdulatus. Yet locally it attains considerable size, for instance in Little Neshaminy Creek, in Beaver Dam, and in Cush- Cushion Creek. In fact specimens from the latter creek (abandoned reservoir) are the largest I possess, larger than any from western Pennsylvania. According to Simpson, both forms, w#dulatus and edentulus, are found in the Atlantic drainage, but my material shows that large and small individuals cannot be separated as species, be- cause they pass gradually into each other. There are small ones from Cush-Cushion Creek, which agree perfectly with specimens of the same size from other localities farther east. Compare notes under this species in the Ohio drainage. 6. Anodonta cataracta Say. 206 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. Many localities are known in Philadelphia County, in the Delaware and Schuylkill Rivers, and in ponds. It is found also in Delaware, Chester, and Lancaster Counties (Bruckhart, Gabb, Schick, Hart- man & Michener). It occurs also in York County, at York Furnace (Pilsbry). There is a specimen from Crum Creek, Deleware County, in the Carnegie Museum, from the Hartman Collection, which was labeled implicata, but surely belongs to this species ; and two others from the Schuylkill River (same collection), which were labeled ¢ryond Lea. The present writer found this species in the Delaware River at Penn’s Manor, and in Little Neshaminy Creek, at Grenoble, Bucks County, and in Wissahickon Creek, at Roxboro, Philadelphia County. A dead shel! was seen in the Raystown Branch of the Juniata River at Ardenheim, Huntingdon County. Dr. Atkinson collected a splendid set of this species in Beaver Dam Creek, Flinton, Cambria County. Thus this species goes in the Sus- quehanna drainage far to the west in the headwaters of the West Branch of the Susquehanna, and it is here as typically developed as in’ the : neighborhood of Philadelphia. This is the more remarkable, as 4. . grandis, which is closely allied to this species, appears right across the divide in the Ohio drainage in Indiana and Westmoreland Coun- ties (see above, p. 195). ‘% 7. Anodonta implicata Say. : Delaware and Schuylkill Rivers (Lea, Gabb, Hartmann & Michener). Typical specimens of this species were found by the writer in the Delaware River at Yardley, Bucks County. It has not yet been re- ported from the Susquehanna drainage. Simpson (1900, p. 641) cites 4. grandis as doubtfully occurring in southeastern Pennsylvania, but I do not know on what authority. Pilsbry (Proceedings Philadelphia Academy, 1894, p. 30) gives ** Anodonta subcylindrica Lea’’ (sic!) from York Furnace, York County. 1 do not know what this stands for. Avodontoides ferus- sactanus subcylindraceus (Lea) is not found in the Atlantic drainage in Pennsylvania. 8. Symphynota viridis (Conrad). Schuylkill River, Philadelphia (Conrad, Hartman & Michener); Lancaster, Lancaster County (Conrad, Lea); Lancaster County (Bruckhart); Juniata River (Conrad); Juniata River at Hollidays- burg, Blair County (Lea). ORTMANN: UNIONID& OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 207 There are specimens in the Carnegie Museum from the Schuylkill Canal at Manayunk, Philadelphia County (H. J. Gera); the Dela- ware River, Yardley, Bucks County (Ortmann); Raystown Branch of the Juniata River, Bedford, Bedford County (A. Koenig); Cush- Cushion Creek, Green Township, Indiana County (Atkinson). g. Alasmidonta undulata (Say). The species is reported from the Delaware and Schuylkill Rivers (Say, Gabb) ; and several smaller streams in Bucks, Philadelphia, Delaware, Montgomery, Chester, and Lancaster Counties (Schick, Gabb, Hartman & Michener, Bruckhart). Harn gives this species for ** western Pennsylvania’’ (see above). A large specimen from the Hartman collection, labeled ‘‘ Kimber- ton Dam, Chester County’’ is in the Carnegie Museum. ‘There are also specimens from the Schuykill Canal, Manayunk, Philadelphia County (H. J. Gera) ; Delaware River, Yardley, Bucks County (Ort- mann) ; West Branch Mahantango Creek, Richfield, Juniata County (Atkinson) ; Raystown Branch of the Juniata River, Everett, Bed- ford County (P. E. Nordgren) ; Shober’s Run, Bedford Springs, Bed- ford County (A. Koenig) ; Frankstown Branch of the Juniata River, Hollidaysburg, Blair County (Ortmann) ; Beaver Dam Creek, Flin- ton, Cambria County (Atkinson) ; Swartz Run, Ashville, Cambria County (Ortmann). 1o. Alasmidonta (Pressodonta) hetorodon (Lea). Schuylkill River, Darby Creek, (Lea, Gabb, Conrad, Hartman & Michener) ; Neshaminy Creek, Bucks County (Schick); Canal at Manayunk (Schick). There is in the Carnegie Museum only a single individual from the last named locality (H. J. Gera coll.). 11. Alasmidonta (Rugifera) marginata varicosa (Lamarck). Schuylkill River, Philadelphia (Lamarck) ; small creeks in Bucks, Delaware, and Chester Counties (Schick, Hartman & Michener) ; ‘Lancaster County (Bruckhart). There are specimens in the Carnegie Musuem from the following localities: Lehigh River, Bethlehem, Northampton County (Holland Collection) ; Delaware River, Yardley, Bucks County (Ortmann) ; Susquehanna River, Duncannon, Perry County (Ortmann) ; Juniata River, Juniata Bridge, Perry County (Ortmann) ; Frankstown Branch of the Juniata River, Huntingdon and Alexandria, Huntingdon County (Atkinson) ; Raystown Branch of the Juniata River, Ardenheim, 208 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. Huntingdon County (Ortmann) ; Raystown Branch, Everett, Bedford County (P. E. Nordgren); Raystown Branch, Bedford, Bedford County (A. Koenig); Driftwood Branch of the Sinnamahoning Creek, Driftwood, Cameron County (Ortmann). These represent generally the eastern variety (varicosa) of this species ; yet there are, among a fine set collected by the writer at Ar- denheim, several large individuals, which approach in the greater de- velopment of the anterior part of the shell and the sharper posterior ridge, and more distinct truncation of the posterior end, the western form (see above). 12. Margaritana margaritifera (Linnzus). Lea (Observ., II, p. 56) records this species from Crum Creek, Delaware County, and Hartman & Michener from White Clay Creek, Chester County. Both records are very doubtful, and have not been confirmed. Lea (Observ., VII, p. 225) says that it goes as far south as middle Pennsylvania. The only positive record we possess is from Still Creek, Quakake, Schuylkill County (Conner, Nautilus, 18, 1904, p- 91). Ihave seen specimens from this locality in the Philadelphia Academy. Yet the trouble is, that I was unable to locate ‘Still Creek’’ on the topographical survey map (sheets Hazleton and Ma- hanoy), andalso the place Quakake. There is a Quakake Junction in Schuylkill County and a Quakake Creek in Carbon County. In the Carnegie Museum this species is not represented from Penn- sylvania. 13. Unio complanatus (Dillwyn). Many records are at hand from Philadelphia, Delaware, Chester, and Lancaster Counties, but none to the west of these. In the Carnegie Museum the species is represented from the follow- ing places: Little Neshaminy Creek, Grenoble, Bucks County (Ort- mann); Common Creek, Tullytown, Bucks County (Ortmann); Delaware River, Penn’s Manor and Yardley, Bucks County (Ortmann); Schuylkill Canal, Manayunk, Philadelphia County (H. J. Gera); Susquehanna River, York Furnace, York County (Ortmann); Susque-. hanna River and Sherman’s Creek, Duncannon, Perry County (Ort- mann); Juniata River, Juniata Bridge, Perry County (Ortmann); Pennsylvania Canal and Lost Creek, Mifflintown, Juniata County (Atkinson); Cocolamus Creek, Cocolamus, Juniata County (Atkin- | : son); Juniata River, Lewistown, Mifflin County (Ortmann); Rays- town Branch of the Juniata River, Ardenheim, Huntingdon County ORTMANN: UNIONID2 OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 209 (Ortmann); Raystown Branch, Everett, Bedford County (PE. Nordgren); Shober’s Run, Bedford Springs, Bedford County (A. Koenig); Frankstown Branch of the Juniata River, Huntingdon and Alexandria, Huntingdon County (Atkinson); Frankstown Branch, Hollidaysburg, Blair County (Ortmann); West Branch Mahantango Creek, Richfield, Juniata County (Atkinson); Middle Creek, Free- burg, Snyder County (Atkinson); Canal at Watsontown, Northumber- land County (Atkinson); West branch of the Susquehanna, Williams- port, Lycoming County (Atkinson); Driftwood Branch of the Sinne- mahoning Creek, Driftwood, Cameron County (Ortmann); Beaver Dam Creek, Flinton, Cambria County (Atkinson); Cush-Cushion Creek, Green Township, Indiana County (Atkinson). 14. Unio fisherianus Lea. White Clay Creek, Chester County (Hartman & Michener); one specimen was found in the Schuylkill at Philadelphia (Gabb). It is a species belonging to the Potomac drainage, but has not yet been re- ported from any place in that drainage in Pennsylvania. Not represented from the state in the Carnegie Museum. Unio fuliginosus Lea from Cobbs Creek (a branch of Darby Creek, near Essington, Philadelphia County) is quoted twice by Simpson under U. complanatus (p. 723) and under UJ. écferinus Conrad (p. 727). The latter is a southern form, and it is not very likely that it is found in Pennsylvania. The above list at least somewhat extends our knowledge of the dis- tribution of the eastern Unionidz. Unio complanatus seems to be as ubiquitous in, and characteristic of, the Atlantic drainage as U. g?bdosus is for the Ohio drainage. It goes far up into the headwaters of the Susquehanna drainage. ‘The same is the case with Strophitus undulatus, Symphynota viridis, Alasmidonta undulata, and Alasmidonta marginata varicosa, yet it seems as if these four species are not so frequent in the larger rivers. According to the present records, Zampsilis cartosa and Lampsilis radiata seem to prefer the larger rivers, although they ascend also toward the headwaters. The distribution of Lampsilis ochracea remains to be investigated. It is known from the region of tidewater, but not farther up. Lampszlis nasuta so far is restricted to the Delaware drainage, and is absent from that of the Susquehanna and farther 210 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. south. ‘The distribution of the two Axodontas also should be investi- gated more closely. Alasmidonta hetorodon appears to be restricted to the southeastern corner of the state. Margaritana margaritifera should be looked for in the northeastern and the northern central parts of the state. The establishment of the southern boundary of distribu- tion of the latter species is very desirable. Unio fisherianus is a southern form, and may be present in the Potomac drainage in south- ern Pennsylvania. Unio productus Conrad, which comes very near to U. fisherianus, is known from the northern tributaries of the Potomac in Maryland (Pilsbry). The occurrence of U. jisherianus in White Clay Creek and in the Schuylkill probably marks the northern extremity of its range. From the Susquehanna it is unknown. Thus we see, that many questions still await final decision, and that much remains to be done in a section of the country, where collectors have been busy for almost a century.. Before we know the actual distribution of each. species, we cannot venture to say anything about their history ; but this should be the aim of all studies in geo- graphical distribution. ROSAS AS TARANEH alee oF v0 VIII. A GEOLOGICAL RECONNAISSANCE IN NORTH DA- KOTA, MONTANA, AND IDAHO; WITH NOTES ON MESOZOIC AND CENOZOIC GEOLOGY. By EARL DOUGLASS. In July, 1905, Dr. Percy E. Raymond and Earl Douglass were sent by the Director of the Carnegie Museum, Dr. Wm. J. Holland, to collect both vertebrate and invertebrate fossils in Minnesota, North Dakota, Montana, and Idaho, and to obtain data for the settlement of certain geological problems, which arise in the study of the various extinct faunas of that region. Previous to starting for the field, Mr. Douglass submitted to the Director an outline of the work, which it was hoped might be accom- plished, provided that the discovery of large numbers of fossils of unusual interest did not shorten the work of exploration. This plan, which in substance is given below, was approved by Dr. Holland. 1. It was proposed that collections of fossils be made from the Ordovician rocks near St. Paul and from Straight River between Fari- bault and Owatonna in Minnesota. 2. The bad-lands of the Little Missouri River in North Dakota, especially the section near Medora on the Northern Pacific Railroad, had been very graphically described by geologists and other observers, but the geological age of the beds of which they are composed re- mained doubtful. They had been referred to the Laramie, but not, so far as the author was aware, on account of the discovery in them of characteristic Laramie fossils. It was hoped that data might be obtained which would promote a settlement of the question. The region appeared to be favorable for the discovery of vertebrate fossils. 3. In the vicinity of Glendive, on the Yellowstone River in the eastern part of Montana, are bad-lands which differ in color and gen- eral aspect from those of the Little Missouri River. These, while sombre and desolate in appearance as seen from car-windows, are very alluring to the fossil-hunter, and the present writer had never seen them on his trips to and from the west without a desire to explore them. Professor Lester F. Ward had made collections of plants from 211 212 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. these beds, some of which were described in his paper entitled ‘‘ Types of the Laramie Flora.’’ He recognized several plant-bearing hori- zons, all of which he included in the Fort Union formation, but he considered the Fort Union asa part of the Laramie. It was hoped that remains of mammalia, which would settle the status of these beds, might be.obtained. 4. Mr. Douglass desired to search for fossils near Columbus in Yellowstone County in Montana where he had previously found frag- mentary remains of fossil reptiles. 5. It was certain that large collections of invertebrates could be secured from the various Paleozoic, and probably from the Mesozoic formations of western Montana, where Mr. Douglass had previously collected. It was much to be desired that one more familiar with the fossils and competent to judge of the relative importance of the differ- ent faunz should visit the region in company with one who was acquainted with the country. 6. Most of the valleys of western Montana had been pretty thor- oughly searched for Tertiary mammals, yet some quite large areas, including the Flathead Valley, had not been explored for this purpose. As nearly every locality and horizon from which fossil mammals had been obtained had yielded much that was new and interesting, it was important that all the localities should be carefully searched. 7. It was surmised from reading accounts of explorations in Idaho and from verbal reports that Tertiary beds, of the same age as some of those which occur in Montana, extended into contiguous portions of Idaho. This was made more probable by a knowledge of the fact that in two places at least, one north of Henry’s Lake in Idaho and another south of the little railroad station of Monida in Montana, the continental divide is comparatively low, and appears o be composed of rocks of relatively modern date. All of the localities which it was proposed to explore were visited by one or both of the members of the expedition, but circumstances prevented anything like a thorough exploration of some of them. — Large collections of invertebrate fossils were obtained, many of which are of unusual importance. Remains of fossil vertebrates were col- lected in several localities, one or two of which had not been previ- ously discovered, and many data of geological interest were obtained. These data, combined with observations of former years, are given in this paper with a hope that it will somewhat extend the geological Douc.Lass: A GEOLOGICAL RECONNAISSANCE. 213 knowledge of the country, and help a little toward the solution of some perplexing problems. Some portions of the large extent of territory over which the route lay have been the subject of detailed investigations. This is especi- ally the case with Minnesota. The geology of North Dakota is now being systematically studied by the state Geological Survey. The geology of eastern Montana is still very imperfectly known. A few expeditions in search of fossil plants and vertebrates have traversed portions of the region, and formations from the Pierre shales to the Fort Union have been recognized ; but in no case is the extent of the areal distribution of the formations known. Some splendid scientific work has been done by Hatcher and Stanton in tracing the Judith and related formations, but much more work of the same kind ought to be done. In western Montana we have the work of Dr. Hayden, marvellously good for the time and circumstances under which it was executed ; and some quadrangles have been mapped by the United States Geological Survey. It is proposed in the first portion of this paper to give something of a connected report of the physical features and geology of the country which it imperfectly covers, so far as it has come under the observa- tion of the writer, in the form of an itinerary, which, though based on the route taken in 1905, includes observations made in former years. This, it is hoped, may be of interest to inquiring residents in the regions described, as well as a guide to those who are making geolog- ical explorations. In the second part (p. 266) the geology will be treated in a more systematic manner. The geology of the western portion of Montana, with especial reference to the Tertiary deposits, furnishes the subject of a more exhaustive memoir, which is not yet completed. From St. Paut To NortH DAKOTA. In going northwestward on the Great Northern Railroad, except in a few isolated places, one sees little of the older rock in place, as the surface of the country is mainly composed of different phases of the glacial drift. The general aspect of the country is that of an undu- lating plain, partly wooded and partly occupied by lakes, swamps, and meadow-lands. ‘There are moraines and glacial knolls, or hills, but no high mounds, buttes, bluffs, or mountains. The river-valleys are shallow, and there are few high cut-banks, except those made in constructing the railroad. Much of the soil is light and sandy and the 914 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. o_ region is only partly occupied by farms. The trees are not usually large enough or thick enough to form dense forests. In many places small oaks predominate ; these are rather thinly scattered, or clustered in groups of various sizes, forming ‘‘oak openings.’’ Besides oaks there are groves of poplars, elms, and many other species of hard-wood and soft-wood trees, besides various kinds of shrubs which form thickets and underbrush. A more detailed description of the country from Detroit along the Northern Pacific Railroad to Fargo, and then of the lake region along the Great Northern Railroad, will give a fair idea of the aspect of the country and show how it differs in topography, in its flora, and in its geological conditions, from the different regions to the westward. ‘The Country along the Northern Pacific Railroad. In the region of Detroit the country is what would be called, if stripped of its trees, a slightly undulating prairie. A large portion of the land is uncultivated. After leaving Detroit we pass through a flat country, a great portion of which was quite thickly woodea, but now has only small trees. Evidently much of the timber has been cut for fuel, for as we pass along we note near the railroad stations many piles of cord-wood. There are some low, gravelly hills, and interspersed with the wooded tracts are streams winding through marshy meadows, and a small, clear, placid river with low wooded or brushy banks. Among the trees seen are ashes, oaks, birches, poplars, willows, and pines. Sometimes there is not a house in sight, but, as we go west- ward, an occasional farm appears. The plowed land shows a mixture of black muck and whitish clay or marl. The passing stranger won- ders that there are so few horses and cattle, when the country seems so favorable for stock-raising, on account of the abundance of grass and water. In places the train passes shallow cuts excavated through almost pure sand. After passing through Lake Park, which appears to be a prosperous little town, the land becomes:a little more rolling with marshy tracts in the depressions. Though much of the land has _ a ragged appearance, the distant view of its wooded ridges and rounded hills had a very pleasing aspect as we passed through it in the early morning. Soon the proportion of cultivated land became larger, until we came to where the greater portion of the surface has been cleared of timber, leaving large groves here and there. At last we are out ona great level tract of country where the lighter green of DoucLass: A GEOLOGICAL RECONNAISSANCE. Pills the growing grain, almost like one vast field, is fringed, next to the western sky, by the dark green of the woods which follow the course of the Red River of the North. We are on the bed of the glacial Lake Agassiz and in one of the richest grain-regions of the world. Along the Great Northern Railroad. If a more southerly course is taken through the lake-region in Douglas and Otter Tail Counties, one passes through a tract of country which has great charm and beauty. When one suddenly enters it from the almost treeless plains to the westward, the change is especially delightful. Here there is a varied assemblage of lakes, meadows, forests, groves, marshes, hills, and brushland, all mingling in delight- ful harmony and variety. Here the great ice-sheet deposited immense quantities of debris irregularly over the country. ‘This has been covered over with a rich soil, and plants from north, east, south, and west have mingled together giving variety and beauty to the vegeta- tion. The cultivated hills, covered in summer with fields of wheat, oats, and corn, help to reveal and increase the splendor of the scene ; yet here Nature still holds much of her possession and defies the transforming energies of man. ‘There are bodies of water which he cannot profitably drain, and swamps and marshes overgrown with grasses, sedges, cat-tails, and rushes, where the mower and _ harvester cannot be used. Many of the lakes are still fringed with deciduous trees and there are wet lowlands still covered with forests. The bobo- link and black-bird sing as they used to sing, and the musk-rat builds his house as of old. Near the western portion of this region of glacial moraines is Fer- gus Falls, which in summer is half hidden in trees. Westward the timber is small and becomes less in quantity. The railroad-cuts show that the deposits are composed to a great extent of gravel. The hills fade away to the southward and westward; soon the great moraines are left behind, and we are gliding over the rich soil and level country of the Valley of the Red River of the North, the southern lobe of the glacial Lake Agassiz. EASTERN NortH Dakota. , Crossing the narrow river we travel for a considerable distance on the level plain, which is nearly treeless, except where crossed by some stream fringed with woods. Finally the land swells into faint undu- 216 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. lations, resembling a slight disturbance on a quiet sea; then all is smooth again; and again it is more rolling. The country soon be- comes a vast undulating grassy prairie, treeless, except by some stream, or large lake. There are many lakes and marshes, but some of them are without a tree or shrub near them. The forests of maple, oak, elm, basswood, poplar, pine, spruce, and tamarack are left behind. The shores of Minnewauken, or Devil’s Lake, are, however, well tim- bered. The species of plants are most df them western. Though we have crossed no mountain range, desert, or large body of water, we have suddenly entered another floral region. The absence of the eastern trees and their attendants is especially noticeable. It is true that some of the trees of the Mississippi Valley ascend the Missouri River and its tributaries to various distances; but the sycamore, tulip-tree, hickory, basswood, maple, and other deciduous trees, one by one, gradually die out to the northward and westward. The oaks and elms ascend farther, and diminished in size, reach far westward on some of the smaller streams. Cottonwoods and willows, though in part of different species, extend to the mountain region and there mingle with evergreens and other western trees. Very little of the rock older than the drift is exposed in this part of the state, but glacial material covers nearly every part of the country. If one goes westward on the Great Northern, these condi- tions prevail far westward into Montana. On the Northern Pacific they end at the Missouri River. Glacial drift is found west of the river, but much has been removed by erosion, and the streams expose older rocks. FroM THE MiIssouRI RIVER TO THE LITTLE MISSOURI BAD-LANDS. The Missouri River near Bismarck is a broad, muddy stream, inter- rupted and broken by bars of mud and sand, bordered by muddy flats, and fringed with belts of timber, or shrubbery. On one side are high bluffs of soft rock, which are of Cretaceous, or Early Tertiary age. West of Mandan the railroad follows the valley of Heart River for a short distance and then a branch called Sweet Brier Creek. The streams are fringed with cottonwood, elm, choke-cherry, buffalo-berry, wolf-berry, and other trees and shrubs. The bluffs on the side of the valley are peculiar in shape ; some are green with vegetation and someare bare. ‘They are in places scattered over with glacial boul- ders. The country-rock is usually soft with occasional harder bands. DouGcLass: A GEOLOGICAL RECONNAISSANCE. PAT, After ascending a branch of the Sweet Brier the railroad enters the val- ley of the Big Muddy, another branch of the Heart River. In this region the outcrops are mostly shale with bands of brownish sandstone. There are occasional dumps where coal mining or prospecting has been done. Here too are occasional patches of glacial drift. Again near Dickinson the railroad follows the course of the Heart River. In the vicinity of Dickinson, a neat and thriving city of the prairie, the country is a somewhat uneven plain with higher buttes projecting above the general level. These buttes show that the ancient level of the country has been considerably lowered by erosion, leaving only weathered monuments of its former elevation. Here we see no folds in the strata but the land was uplifted in a mass over a great area, so that the strata appear to the eye to be almost perfectly horizontal as it does until we enter Montana; then, as we go farther and farther westward, we see more and more evidences of elevation and disturb- ance of the strata until we enter the mountains. The rocks in the vicinity of Dickinson represent two entirely dis- tinct epochs, which were separated by vast periods of time, but this does not appear on a casual examination. They represent Early and Middle Tertiary. ‘The greater portion of the rocks of this region, and probably of the larger part of western North Dakota, are of Fort Union (Early Tertiary) age, but the ‘‘Little Bad-lands,’’ about twelve to sixteen miles southwest of Dickinson, are composed of White River deposits. These will be described later. Probably some of the surface deposits west and northwest of Dickinson are also Lower White River, but this is not yet quite certain. At Dickinson the altitude is 2,405 feet; at Mandan near the Mis- souri River it is 1,664 feet ; so we are now 741 feet higher than when we were at the latter place. From here the elevation increases rapidly to Fryburg which is 363 feet higher. From near that place there is a rapid descent of 500 feet to the Little Missouri River. Tue LirrLe Missourt BAD-LANDS. In the vicinity of Fryburg, as the train passes through a cut, it is seen that the rock is soft, is arranged in layers, and contains hard concre- tions. Ata little distance, on a flat sparsely covered with sage-brush and grass, are peculiar-looking .bare mounds, which resemble stacks of hay. Suddenly again the train dives into a cut, and, with the eye one follows a layer of coal, which seems to glide along for a moment and S18 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. then suddenly changes from black to red where the coal has been burned and the rock baked to a brick-red color. We are now entering a region interesting to the traveller and sight- seer as well as to the geologist. There is, perhaps, nothing else just like it. When first seen it seems weird and fantastic-and it impresses one as being the wreck of a former world, or of one not yet organized. But when more perfectly understood there is no place where certain geological processes are more plainly revealed. In the near distance are low, bare, gray mounds standing on grassy flats and red hills, which look as if they had been painted. Farther away there is a wilderness of high hills, long grassy mounds and dome-shaped conical buttes. In other places there are mounds, red, green, and gray, scattered here and there over gray flats. The more level tracts, which run among the hills, sometimes for a moment seem to have their loneliness relieved by the appearance of flocks of sheep ; but a more careful examination shows that what were at first supposed to be living animals are only gray bunches of sage-brush. Occasionally by a ravine with sloping sides and soft cut-banks stands a solitary cottonwood. To the southward in the distance is a vast range of gray hills, mounds, and cliffs, appar- ently without order, reaching to the sky in the blue distance. These are the famous Bad-lands of the Little Missouri River. This peculiar topography is the expression of the erosive forces on rocks, which are nearly horizontal, and which, though mostly soft, have different degrees of hardness and texture, in a region where the grade of the streams is steep. There are no running streams here during most of the year, but heavy rains and melting snows wash the soft bluffs ; the milky water collects in streams and rushes downward to the Little Missouri River, which has cut down four hundred feet or more into the plain so dis- sected by the short side streams of the river that from some points of view the whole region seems a chaos. On the north side of the railroad, after leaving Sully Springs, we see bluffs, which are nearly continuous, but appear to recede and approach © as we pass along. Now they embrace bays of the more nearly level — country, and project plainward apparently forming capes, headlands, and peninsulas. The disintegrating forces of the atmosphere, like the waters of the sea, have in some places worn down the ridges, which ~ connect the promontories or buttes with the higher plateau, leaving these hills isolated, like islands near the seashore. Though the pre- vailing color is gray, some layers are darker, especially the seams of PE AER eT ee wy oS Doucuass: A GEOLOGICAL RECONNAISSANCE. 219 coal, and layer lies on layer apparently undisturbed except by atmos- pheric agencies. As the train glides along, if one picks out an easily distinguishable layer and tries to follow it with the eye, it appears to dodge in and out along the bluffs, now shooting in a zig-zag manner into the distance, then in the same way approaching, until it suddenly seems almost to strike the observer in the face. Scattered over the flat at the foot of the bluffs and in nearly every position along their uneven and furrowed slopes are large petrified stumps and sections of trees. In some places these are so numerous that they look like the broken fragments of some hard stratum of rock. ‘This region is called ‘‘the petrified forest.’’ When one ap- proaches the bluffs, the stratum or strata, from which these logs and stumps originally came, can be seen with the logs in the position in which they were buried countless millenniums ago. The washing away of the soft strata has left these large fragments in all sorts of positions from this stratum to the foot of the bluff. These silicified logs are almost indestructible, so, as the bluffs slowly recede, the wrecks of this ancient forest are left scattered over the arid plain at a relatively much lower level than that which the luxurious forest once occupied, though it is probably actually many hundreds of feet higher above the level of the sea. It would be interesting to know what kinds of trees these were, what birds nested and sang in their branches, what other animals made their homes in their trunks and leafy tops and wandered or crawled in their shade, and what beings inhabited the streams, lakes, and marshes in which these layers of sand, mud, and coal were deposited ages ago. Fortunately many of the leaves of the trees have left beautiful im- pressions on the rocks, and roots of scouring rushes and shells of fresh- water mollusca are preserved in places; so these tell us something of _ the vegetable and animal life. When these beds shall have been care- fully examined over a large area, other interesting things may be _ brought to light. Some of the names of the trees whose leaves are _ found here will be given later. The descent from Sully Springs toward Medora on the Little Mis- ‘souri River is very rapid. The distance is 8.2 miles and the descent 308 feet. As the beds are nearly level one descends to lower and lower strata. _ At Scoria, between Sully Springs and Medora, the coal has been burned out and the clays and sandstones have been baked, making ; 4 ; 7 ns y 920 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. masses of red rock, which has often been broken into fragments and recemented. This ‘‘ baked rock’’ at first sight looks much like lava, and was often mistaken for it by early travellers ; but volcanic action and volcanic products are entirely absent from this region. - Av MEeEpora. We made a stop at Medora and had an opportunity to examine the rocks more carefully and at closer range. Being anxious to explore the hills, we arose early and walked a short distance to the bluffs just east of the town. Not only did the rocks and bluffs appear strange to us, but some of the living plants were unfamiliar. We noticed sev- eral species of Leguminosze and an evening primrose in bloom. ‘The most conspicuous flower was that of a species of AZentzeia. On the flat the sage-brush thrived in places, while on the sides of the bluffs Rhus trilobata was the principal shrub. The beds are usually soft, except where they have been baked ; yet there are some harder layers and lenses of flinty texture. The strata consist of soft shales, incoherent dust or dirt, and laminated and thick- layered sandstones. In the shales, sandstones, and even in the lenses of hard compact rock, we found impressions of plants, especially roots of Eguisetum and leaves of deciduous trees. In one or two places we saw shells of fresh-water mollusca — gasteropods and Unzos. Just above Medora the river is quite rapidly cutting and undermin- ing the bluffs on the easternside. The banks next to the river for fifty or seventy-five feet are steep, and above the steep bank the slope is covered with masses of gray rock, which have tumbled down from above. Some of these blocks are full of the impressions of roots and tubers of Aguzsetum. Medora stands on an alluvial flat. In places rains and melting snows have cut ravines into the recent deposits of the river bottom. These dirt-beds are either massive, banded, or locally imperfectly strati- fied. On the west side of the river between the railroad track and the residence built by Marquis de Mores, on a hill overlooking the Little Missouri River, is a deep steep-sided ravine, which has been carved in the alluvial deposits from the river backward to the side of the flat next to the hills. In the steep sides of this ravine, buried in — the deposits of the river bottom fifteen or twenty feet below the top of the bank, the skull and bones of a bison were found. In the bottom of the cut near the head of the ravine the Fort Union beds are ex- posed, and in them are many fossil leaves. DouGLass: A GEOLOGICAL RECONNAISSANCE. 221 Mr. Raymond and I were intending to make a trip about thirty- five miles or more south of Medora to the Little Missouri Horse Ranch. Mr. Arthur Huidekoper, the owner, had sometime previously requested Mr. Douglas Stewart of the Carnegie Museum to send a man to examine a specimen, which had been found on the ranch. ‘The writer had long wished to search this country for remains of extinct vertebrates, and this, it was thought, would afford a good opportunity. The mail goes from Medora to Sand Creek postoffice at White Butte nearly fifty miles south by road ; but we found, that, because the heavier vehicle usually employed was broken, only one of us could ride, since the only conveyance available was a light one-seated buggy. No horses or wagons could be hired at Medora. It was therefore agreed that Mr. Raymond should go on to Glendive, while I went southward. My trip was one long to be remembered. Some have tried to cor- rect the prevailing idea that the so-called bad lands of the west are . designated as ‘‘bad’’ because of their unproductiveness. Some of _ them are bad in this sense, while others are, in part at least, good lands, especially for grazing. The bad-lands of the little Missouri are emphatically what the French voyageurs termed them, ‘‘ mauvatses terres traverser’’ (bad lands to travel through); and in this day’s ride the fact was being ever more and more thoroughly impressed on my mind ; but ‘‘ bad,’’ in being desert-like, they certainly were not. The area drained by the stream is long and narrow, and the grades é of the short side-branches are steep. When the rains descend the sur- _ plus of water from a large area rushes down the short ravines, quickly enters the river, and renders it unfordable. So far as I could learn only one bridge, that of the Northern Pacific Railroad, spans this long river. The stage-road to Sand Creek crosses it ten times, so in times of high water it is necessary to ‘‘ take to the hills,’’ as we had to do on this trip. It was one of the roughest rides I ever experienced, yet , _ LT enjoyed it, and it gave me an opportunity tosee the effects of erosion in the region between the river bottom on the one hand and the up- land prairie, or plateau, on the other, The ‘‘ Bad-lands’’ appeared at their best. It was the fourth day of August. It had been a wet season, and the tops of the hills, the valleys, and ravines were green wherever anything could grow. ‘The commonest plant was the rich nutritious buffalo-grass (Bowtfeloua olt- gostachya), now in bloom, which gave a lawn-like finish to every available spot. Though a dwarf grass, it was tall enough in some 222 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. places to be cut for hay ; in fact it issometimes cut for that purpose on the prairies. Among the white or gray iron-stained buttes and along the ravines were thickets of ash, box-elder, plum, choke-cherry, and buffalo-berry, and in some places a few elms. On the edges of the thickets and on the grassy plots the scarlet horse-mint (J/onarda didyma), with its bright, showy flowers, was in bloom, and the wild sunflower grew on the slopes. There were many species of Composite, a Solanum, and other flowers. Over the thickets of low bushes and smaller trees the white-flowered Clematis trailed, and an occasional hop scented the air with its wholesome odor. ‘There are a hundred cozy nooks and picturesque miniature woodlands quietly reposing among the many-tinted hills. It is a land difficult to picture to one who has not seen it, so varied are the details of its topographic forms, so di- verse its coloring; only the camera can show the former and the skillful brush of the painter the latter. After we left the river and started through the hills the road, if it can be called a road, is one which requires a thorough knowledge of the region and experience as a horseman to traverse without mishap. Sometimes for a little distance there is an old wagon-road, or a dim trail to follow, but suddenly it ‘‘ plays out’’ on a grassy slope by some precipitous ravine, or on a steep declivity, and one turns one way and another to see where to go in order to avoid a mishap. One must have the eye of a mechanic or a topographer to tell where to drive around a steep slope without upsetting the wagon. Now the wagon descends into a narrow ravine where one is almost above the horses, but is saved from falling on them by a sudden reversal of the rela- tive positions of horses and wagon; and before one has time to fall out behind, the wagon is again on more level ground. Where there is a piece of road that is reasonably level and the buggy is not liable to upset, we go tearing along at a high rate of speed. Now we ascend and twist and turn, until at last we find ourselves on a grassy divide between two compound ravines, where we can gaze far over the sur- rounding country, a wilderness of bluffs separated by grassy valleys, or wooded ravines. We try in vain to tell whence we came, or whither we are going. ‘To the westward we get views of the main valley of the river, with its apparently flat bottom lying between steep — slopes and perpendicular bluffs. This river valley is a pretty sight, — whether one travels along its course, or catches glimpses of it through | the openings among the maze of hills. In places along the course of © Douc Lass: A GEOLOGICAL RECONNAISSANCE. 223 the stream there are large cottonwoods, sometimes forming groves, and sometimes scattered out on grassy lawns, thus forming pleasant parks. In other places there are thickets of ash, choke-cherry, and other trees, fringed with shrubbery, often draped with Clematis and bordered by weeds, grasses, and flowers. In such a place until recently stood the cabin, once occupied by the man, who is now the President of the United States, Theodore Roosevelt. The ranchers in the vicinity are proud to have known him, glad to have a President who has been among them and known the west as well as the east, and delighted to see a man in the presidential chair who gets things done. We after- ward passed by the site of the cabin, in which he’ had lived, but which had been removed to the Portland Exposition. From our elevated position we again descend into the ravines among the hills, following a road which leads to the river. We stop at the cabin of an old trapper, Mr. Lebo, near the bank of the stream, and partake of a dinnerserved in the good old style of a frontier bachelor. We change horses and again start southward, going across a flat, and ascend a little narrow wooded ravine, which winds among the hills. Previous to this we had seen some cedar trees on the steep bluffs, but here for the first time the hills are dotted with pine trees, and their northern limit is marked by a long ravine, which comes from the east- ward and opens on the river valley at the ranch of Mr. Lebo. Soon we are on high grassy hills away from the river, which here comes from the westward and then suddenly turns to the northward. The road is now more level, as we are leaving the narrow steep ravines and abrupt slopes. ‘To use a common expression, we are ‘‘ getting out of the breaks.’’ From here to Sand Creek postoffice the road is partly on the higher ground and partly in the valley of Sand Creek, a stream which rises in White, or Chalk, Butte and flows northward through a comparatively shallow valley with grassy hills and occasional cut-banks on either side to the Little Missouri River. Leaving the stage here, I walked westward to what is called ‘‘ The Logging Camp ”’ (a part of the Little Missouri Horse Ranch), which is located on the river. The house stands near the bank of the stream and above are bluffs with baked rock, red and yellow in color, which contains many fossil leaves, and people sometimes go there to gather them. I went northward from the house to see Mr. Hanson, the over- seer, and thus had an opportunity to observe an interesting phenomenon of erosion. The river here makes two ox-bow curves something like 224 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. a letter S (Plate XV). As I was standing ona hill near the middle of the open part of one of the bows or curves and looking northward, I saw that the hill decreased in height to the northward and that the lower hill merged into a ridge which extended straight northward in the middle of the curve becoming gradually lower and lower until it finally became faint and died out a little before it reached the middle of the inner bend of the river. On each side of the ridge the land was nearly flat, but sloped very gently eastward and westward to the river. North of the river on the outer side of the curve was a crescent of ex- ceptionally high bluffs, which forms a conspicuous landmark. Looking at the other ox-bow to the westward, the other portion of the compound curve, it was seen that the central ridge, diminishing in height towards the river, was like the one first observed. ‘The first one mentioned was between one and two milesin length. Apparently these two great bends of the river had remained for a long time in approximately the same position. After the river ceased to lower its bed it slowly eroded the outer curves, and the rains gradually and evenly washed down the high tongues of the bluffs inside of the oblong curves. When the texture of the rock or soil is soft, porous, and nearly uniform, and the surface is being lowered by atmospheric agencies, the slopes are nearly uniform. River bottoms slope toward the rivers, benches slope toward the river bottoms, and plateaus slope from the middle outward. The present example shows most beautifully how the high benches have been re- duced to buttes, hills, and ridges, which gradually die out into a nearly level plain. I inferred that probably, through a large part of the deepening of the cafion, the curves of the river held approximately the same position which they now hold ; yet scattered over the hills at my feet there was river gravel, showing that at some former time a river, perhaps the Little Missouri when at a much higher level, had flowed in a different course. ~ A part of the eastern portion of the flat had been plowed and seeded as an experiment, and Mr. Hanson was cutting oats for fodder. As yet very little farming has been done along the Little Missouri River, though one man, who hasa ranch on the river-bottom south of Medora, has for several years raised oats, alfalfa, and millet. Part of the crops, when I saw them, were extremely large. This has encouraged others, and though this has been a country given over exclusively to stock- raising, it is now being rapidly settled and the government land on the upland taken as homesteads. eee ‘Spog uo1u;) 1404 JO posoduiogd s{[IF] ULSI oY} UT ‘YyourY, as10]T] “LTT ‘OANOLY ADOLOT "yynNoOGg suLlyooT ‘“vjoyreqd YON Ul BIOpaT OAOL SAT AVIOT JNoqY “youry pp] ., dwg SupssoT,, -swaary rmossi IIIT ey ul Moq-xQ uy ‘a1ns2y 40d¢Q "AX 93 Id ‘A ‘IPA (WN3SNW JIDINYVD STVNNYV Doucuass: A GEOLOGICAL RECONNAISSANCE. 225 The next morning Mr. Hanson loaned me a horse and saddle, and I started for the ‘‘ Home Ranch”’ about seven miles to the south- ward. After ascending a narrow ravine which winds between the bluffs, I came to a rolling grassy prairie, which, in some places inter- rupted by buttes, stretches away to the southern and eastern horizons. T> the southwest the rough land continues up the Little Missouri River. The prevailing vegetation on the upland is buffalo-grass, now in bloom, small greenish-gray prairie-sage, and other dwarf plants, among which are golden-rod and other composite. To the south- ward is what appears to be a slight depression, and beyond this, about ten miles distant, a large high butte, or mesa, which contains strata higher than those which we have previously observed. ‘This is vari- ously called H. T. Butte and Black Butte. Farther to the eastward, across the valley of Sand Creek, looking more like a range of hills, is White Butte. The Little Missouri Home Ranch (Plate XV) is located in the valley of a littlestream. The buildings have the appearance of a little _ village in the midst of a great wilderness. For miles there are no other habitations, yet here are many of the real comforts of the city, with few of its discomforts. There are dwellings, storerooms, shops, an eating- house, a spring-house, and other buildings. Here I was treated with true western hospitality, and was freely furnished everything available for the exploration of the region. Mr. Earl Huidekoper was absent when I arrived at the ranch, but when he returned, though it was a busy time and all were at work preparing for the round-up, he showed me every possible kindness and courtesy. The valley, in which the ranch-houses are located, varies in width from about sixty to one hundred and forty rods. Through this little valley in its narrow channel between cut-banks, winds a small stream, along which are shrubbery and small ash, elder, and choke-cherry trees. Over these climb vines of the hop (Aumudlus lupulus), wild cu- -cumber (2 chinocystis lobatum), virgin’s bower ( Clematis ligusticifolia ), _ and climbing polygonum (Polygonum dumetorum ? var. scandens ). The next day after our arrival, August 6, I rode over to Black Butte (Plate XVI). Near the road there is a quite high hill, at the _ foot of which there is a sluggish stream. On the side of this hill the fossil shell of a Unio was found. On the top the rock had _ been changed by the burning of a seam of coal, to various shades of . blue, brown, and pink. Some of the rock is sugary in texture, and 226 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. some hard as flint. The latter contains leaves of conifers (Seguota) and deciduous trees. Near the base of Black Butte are rather soft shales and one very thick seam of lignite. Higher up there are sands and soft clays of a brownish color. Still higher is a series of light gray sandy clays, con- taining brown iron-stained concretions. Near the top is a thick heavy layer of hard sandstone. As before stated, the strata of Black Butte belong to a higher level than those of the bad-lands along the Little Missouri River. I did not measure the height of Black Butte, but I judge that it is about three hundred to four hundred feet higher than the surrounding plain. On the west side of the butte land-slides have occurred, and huge blocks of the hard sandstone, which caps the butte, have tumbled down from the cliffs, and are heaped on the terraces and scattered on the slopes in great confusion. Vegetation grows luxuriantly between the rocks. There are clumps and groves of the quaking aspen (Popu- lus tremuloides), a tree not very common in this region. From the top of this butte on a clear day a vast tract of country can be seen, extending forty miles or more in nearly every direction. Beginning about twelve or fourteen miles to the northward are the bad-lands of the Little Missouri River, the gray cliffs and slopes of which appear to be higher than the position of the spectator ; but this is true in appearance only. On the west side of the Little Missouri River, overlooking the bad-lands, stands Bullion Butte, and in the further distance Sentinel Butte, which lies south of the railroad station of that name. ‘To the westward is a peculiar prairie with lines of rounded hills, hogbacks, and ridges, and projecting above them, one lone butte, which on account of its form is called ‘‘ Round Top.’’ When the sun is low and the hills cast their deepest shadows, these elevations seem like the great waves of some mighty ocean, dwindling into faint ridges on the verge of the horizon. Toward the southwest are the Twin Buttes, two elevations which are nearly alike in form and size. Southeastward the prairie is more nearly level, but in several places long lines of flat hills (mesas) can be seen. Far away on the horizon are the Cave Hills. To the eastward across the valley of Sand Creek is a range of hills and bluffs called White Butte. Portions of this elevation are nearly bare and are light gray, weath- ering into bad-land forms. North of east beyond White Butte are the two Rainy Battes. Nearly all the buttes which can be seen, ex- Doucuiass: A GEOLOGICAL RECONNAISSANCE. 221 cept White Butte, seemed to have the same general appearance and structure as the one on which I was standing ; and they are undoubt- edly similar in origin. ‘They are the scattered monuments, left by erosion, of an ancient plain, the surface of which was once higher than are the highest hill-tops at the present time. On the north side of the Black Butte are good exposures showing the rocks of which it is composed. Near the base are shales, usually laminated, containing in many places large brown concretions, which break into angular fragments. Above these is a seam of lignite twenty feet or more in thickness. In the soft shaly clay above this seam are many dark impressions of plants. These shales, which are gray, con- tinue upward eighty or ninety feet. ‘They are usually laminated and soft, but some layers are a little harder, while others are very sandy and incoherent. One layer, sixty or seventy feet above the seam of lignite, is crowded with fossil ferns and leaves of deciduous trees, the lower portion being almost entirely made up of them. These were determined by Dr. Frank H. Knowlton, of the United States Geological Survey, and were found to consist of ferns (Asp/eniuwm), scouring rushes (Equisetum), poplars (Populus), arborvite (Zhuwja), bitter-sweet ( Celastrus), and others. Above the shales are beds which contain more sand, and there are some layers of sandstone; still higher, there are strata, about one hundred or one hundred and twenty-five feet in thickness, of sand and clay, mostly gray or white in color, and containing brown concre- tionary layers. These beds are not so distinctly laminated as those below. Some distance above these beds is a considerable thickness of brownish sandstone of a sugary texture. The sandstone, forming the top or ‘‘rim’’ of the butte, is thick, and often quite massive. It is this which protects the softer strata beneath, preserving the butte and giving it its characteristic form. The top of the butte is not so flat as it appears from the sides, but is more or less grooved by ravines. Some of the plants which were noticed on Black Butte were ash (Fraxinus viridis), thorn apple ( Crategus), birch ( Betu/a), and aspen (Populus tremuloides). Near it were ash (Fraxinus viridis), choke- cherry (Prunus virginiana) kinnikinnick (Cornus ammonum ?), wolf- berry (Symphoricarpos occidentalis ?), rose, sage (Artemisia), wild sunflower, golden-rod, etc. Among the birds were grouse, brown thrushes, king-birds, and various species of sparrows and hawks. I regret that there was not time to make a more careful study of the he 228 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. beds exposed here, and to obtain detailed sections with accurate meas- urements. Though there are vast exposures of lower beds, the higher ones appear only in the butte. I was somewhat disappointed in not finding in this whole series of beds any bones or teeth, which would settle beyond dispute the question of the age of the formation. I do not know that any one has denied that they are Fort Union, but many have regarded the Fort Union, Great Lignite, and Laramie as one formation ; others have maintained the Fort Union to be only a division, or local phase, of the Laramie ; while still others believe the Laramie and Fort Union to be distinct formations, the latter of con- siderably later age than the former. Some of the bones, which had been found on the Little Missouri Horse Ranch, had been sent to the Smithsonian Institution, and they proved to be the bones of a bison, probably an extinct species. From what had been seen and heard it was suspected that the White Butte might represent a different formation from Black Butte. On the seventh day of August I went to examine the former. On my way I stopped at the house of Mr. T. F. Roberts, which is west of the northern portion of the butte on the stage road from Medora to Sand Creek postoffice. Looking southward from Mr. Robert’s house, the valley of Sand Creek appears as an undulating prairie-land, bounded on the east by White Butte. On the west the valley is continuous with the vast rolling prairie, which opens out to the westward ; but on the south, narrowing and sijoping gently upward, it extends between the rudely conical, dome- and hog-back-shaped outliers of Black Butte on the right, and White Butte on the left. The greatest extent of Black Butte is nearly east and west, while that of White Butte is east of south and west of north. In some places the gray banks of the lignite beds are seen along Sand Creek, which has only a small surface flow of water in dry weather. ‘This stream issues from near the south end of White Butte dissecting its western ridge. Partly on account of the slope of the valley to the northward, the western ridge of White Butte (Plate XVI) appears to decrease in height to the southward and merge into the grassy plain. It is not flat on top, but is irregular in outline, with low rounded prominences which are almost white. These upper white beds terminate near the northern portion of the butte east of the Robert’s Ranch. Just north of this are lower flat-topped mounds. Extending northward from these are lower benches and mounds, and still farther north a large mound with a conical peak. (*sytoqoyy “Woy ‘Sa Aq poydeasojoyg) “WSR J S ay} Wouy Suryoo7y “vyoyeq yon ‘AjyuNoD ssuypig ‘aN aIYA\ *247.Gn7 100207 ‘yjnos’Sulyoo7yT ‘“vjoyeqd YON ‘AjuNOD ssulig ‘ayng youlq «asus 2ad¢Q a4} 0} Si Your pueG ‘youryY szrsqoy “yy ait it oe a 7 SAX STE les A 189A ‘WNASNW JiDINYVD SIWNNV pie ry Douc Lass: A GEOLOGICAL RECONNAISSANCE. 229 Beyond these lie dome-shaped hills which have not yet been reduced to the level of the: prairie. The reason why White Butte has a different appearance from the surrounding buttes, was very apparent on closer examination. On ascending the butte, the first rock examined was brownish gray sand- stone. In places this contains impressions of leaves. Still higher is a layer of sandstone which has a foliate, and, in some places, a concen- tric structure. Above this, perhaps one hundred and fifty feet in thickness, are beds of clay and sand, the greater portion of which are almost white. In places these deposits contain much gravel. Where the fine and coarse materials are mixed and show cross-bedding, it strongly suggests a delta deposit. The principal portion of the deposit is gray and white, the pebbles are of different colors, brown prevailing. Though the color of this deposit, its texture, and the material of which it is composed are different from that which prevails in the Fort Union formation, yet I thought possibly that this formation might be the same as the gray beds which are exposed beneath the sandstone cap at Black Butte, though much thickened. But, when the vertebre of a large mammal were found, it was apparent that the formation did not belong to the Fort Union. Later investigation showed that it is undoubtedly Lower White River. The locality is interesting, as the Tertiary is in contact with the lignite. The fact that the northern end of White Butte is composed of two formations, explains the difference which had been observed between the base and the top of the butte; the former is Lower Tertiary (Fort Union), and the latter Later Tertiary (White River). The deposits were therefore made at widely separated intervals of time, and probably under very different circumstances. In the lower portion of the White River beds there are sandstones, hard in places, which weather into irregular forms. There are also many brown ironstone concretions. The steep slopes are difficult to travel over, as, when dry, the clay hardens and the silicious sand and pebbles make the footing insecure. In places a white soapy clay has been washed out of the beds into the little gullies or ravines and has been covered with white sand. The clay holds the water and remains soft underneath. If a heavy animal, like a horse, steps on one of these places, even though there may be a dry sand-bar or gravel-bar on top, he is apt tosink in up to the body. By digging through the flat sand-bars in these little water-courses one gets water which is sweet and refreshing, and, so far as my experience goes, it does 230 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. not produce any ill effects ; even the fine white sediment I did not find particularly disagreeable. The water of a spring from the top of the Fort Union beds, a little farther to the south on White Butte, was dark with alkali. The next day Harry, the son of Mr. Roberts, and I went south- ward from Mr. Roberts’ house about two and one half or three miles, and ascended a branch of Sand Creek which comes from the eastward, cutting through the western ridge of White Butte. The rocks along the bottom of the ravine are the gray sandstones, shales, and lignites of the Fort Union beds. ‘These outcrop at several places on the western base of the butte. Though the lower portion of the ravine is in the Lower Tertiary, yet all along, the Later Tertiary beds appear, capping the hills or ridges. On top and part way down the sides the butte has a peculiar broken appearance. Blocks of sandstone are scattered over the surface, making it look as if ice or snow had been concerned in forming its peculiar topography. Perhaps part of this appearance is due to landslides. ‘The slope on the south side of the ravine is thickly covered with brush, small timber, and other vegeta- tion, well up toward the top of the butte. Near the head of the cafion, where it enters the ridge from the east, is the contact between . the Fort Union and Oligocene formations. A little below the con- tact is a spring, the waters of which are dark, because of the presence of alkali. Apparently the spring issues from a bed of coal. Starting from about half a mile to the east of the head of this ravine, and separated from the main ridge of the butte by grassy hills, a range of higher denuded hills (Plate XVII) or small buttes extends two or three miles to the southeastward. Between these hills and the main ridge, is an uneven grassy country, dissected by ravines and gullies, where the branches of Sand Creek unite before passing through the ravines in the western portion of the butte (Plate XXI). The eastern hills consist of four or five sub-pyramidal mounds, with broad white bases extending out in lobes and angles in every direction, and with ridges connecting the higher elevations. ‘There are also some small outliers of the white material. ‘These lower beds are the same as those on the top of the main butte, though in the latter place they have the appearance of reaching a greater elevation. Above the white beds there are slopes or escarpments of a creamy color, and above these are sandy beds weathering into slopes, which are interrupted by abrupt scarps of sandstone. Cseqoy “a, “sa Sq paydessojoyg) “aang Linossiyy OWT 94} 0} pea] YOIYM sourAvy JO SuruULsog ayy Surmoys ‘proy *L, *]]{ wou ‘ang aI AX JO YON sap Mog -a1ns27 10m07 ‘posodxy 104 a1v spog teary ary Ay todd) pure ‘a[pply ‘19Mo7T oy, “pavanjseg Ssuryooy ‘a3jNg ITY AA JO UOIAIOg Usaysegy Jo yg ‘alnseg sad) “WAX 9? Id ‘A IA ‘WN3SNW’ JID3NYVO SIVNNV 3 > DoucLass: A GEOLOGICAL RECONNAISSANCE. 251 This region is a miniature bad-land ; yet where the deposits are not washed bare, especially on the northern faces and more gentle slopes, there is a thick growth of trees, shrubs, grasses, and other vegetation. The grass is thick and heavy at the alluvial bases of these hills. The place appeared favorable for the discovery of vertebrate fossils, so it was hoped that at least enough bones might be found to fix beyond doubt the age of the deposits. The lower beds were so similar to the Lower Oligocene in other places, that there seemed little doubt that they belonged to the Titanotherium horizon, but we searched in vain for fossils. In the cream-colored beds above, which weather into cliffs or steep slopes, and contain many brown porous or cellular nodules, we found bones and teeth of various animals such as Lumys (a mouse), /schyromys, Gymnoptychus, Paleolagus (an ancient rabbit), JZesohip~pus (a small horse), Aceratherium (a rhinoceros), Merycoidodon, Leptomeryx, etc., besides the shells of land turtles. The fossils show plainly that these are the Middle White River, or Oreodon beds. In the green sandy beds were many bones of the rhinoceros Acerathertum tridactylum. _ From the top of one of the smaller buttes, as from the top of White Butte, one gets a good view of the surrounding country, and the fol- lowing events in its geological history seem plainly carved on the landscape, and recorded in the rocks beneath our feet : (1) At some time, after the deposition of the Fort Union beds, there was an increase in the grade of the streams, which in later Eocene times carved broad valleys in the strata. (2) In early Oli- gocene times by the partial obstruction of the drainage deposits were made in these old Eocene valleys. Probably at times there were quite large lakes and marshes. (3) There were many changes during the Oligocene, and there were apparently several stages of deposition and erosion. At several different intervals during the long period condi- tions were favorable insome places for the preservation of the remains of the turtles and mammals, which now lie at successive levels in the _ beds of White Butte. The reasons for believing that the White River _ (Oligocene) deposits were made in a river valley in the Eocene strata, is the fact (a) that they are evidently, at least in part, deposits made _by streams, and in lakes and marshes. (4) Some of the strata appar- ently lie at the same level as Early Tertiary (Fort Union) strata in Black Butte. After the deposition of the White River series of strata, the beds of this age and those of the Eocene were raised together, and « Te eae ca cae ia 232 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. a long period of erosion has reduced the greater portion of the surface to a lower level, leaving isolated buttes both of Early Tertiary and Oligocene age.’ (4) Later the Little Missouri River has cut deeper into the strata and is now beginning to broaden its valley. If other neighboring streams were doing the same work that the Little Missouri is doing, the whole region might after a vast lapse of time be reduced to a plain on the same level as the bottom of its valley, three hundred feet or more below the present plain and six hundred feet or more be- low the ancient level. The buttes are now, as they have been for ages in the past, under- going disintegration and reduction in size. We see them now in all stages. Some are large with approximately flat tops and sides scored by ravines. Some of these ravines have worked backward until the capping-rock is dissecte’. In other places this rock has been worn away and has left the softer portions as isolated conical buttes, which . year by year by the action of the winds and rains are vanishing away. Of the conical mounds we can see every stage, from high symmetrical t buttes, through smaller, lower elevations, to low mounds or hills, which ; are fading away into the great plain. Zz During this trip I did not collect many fossils, as the time was | limited, but returned to Medora by stage, and went to Dickinson by rail. Here I employed a man and team to take me to the Little Bad- lands (not the Little Missouri Bad-lands). From the accounts of Mr. and Mrs. T. F. Roberts and others it seemed probable that these were also composed of White River deposits. This proved to be the case, and they were found to be more fossiliferous than the beds at White Butte. In November, when returning from the trip into Idaho and Montana, I made my headquartes at Mr. Roberts’ ranch while collecting at White Butte and vicinity ; I then went to the Little Bad- lands for two weeks and made a considerable collection of fossil mammals. TRIP FROM WHITE BUTTE TO DICKINSON IN NOVEMBER. The ‘‘ H. T. Road,’’ over which I traveled from Mr. Roberts’ ranch to the Little Bad-lands, keeps outside the ‘‘ breaks’’ of the Little Missouri River and on the undulating prairie. There arenovery _ 1Dr. A. G. Leonard has written me that the Oligocene at White Butte rests on a massive sandstone, which is undoubtedly the same as that capping Black Butte, and that the sandstone at the latter butte dips sufficiently to carry it under the Oligocene at White Butte. Douctass: A GEOLOGICAL RECONNAISSANCE. 233 steep grades, but the road passes over low ridges and broad flats. The underlying rocks are Fort Union. ‘They are mostly soft, but in places there are strata or lenses of sandstone. ‘These on the removal of the softer rock break into blocks and remain on the surface. So different are these blocks from most of the rock of the region, that people - wonder ‘‘ how they get there.’’ There are not many of these on the road to Dickinson, but on the road to Belfield, which branches off from the ‘‘ H. T. Road’’ and takes a more northerly direction nearer the Little Missouri River, there is much of this sandstone, which in some places forms quite thick beds. In all this distance of about forty miles from White Butte to the Little Bad-lands, I do not remember seeing more than two trees and they were far away by a small coulée. When I first drove over the road, it was the tweifth of November. It was a delightfully warm autumn day, and the ride was pleasant ; yet, besides one coyote, I did not see anything animate — not evena bird oran insect. The coyote stepped a little to one side of the road as I passed, opened his mouth, ran out his tongue, and seemed to smile. He followed me for a mile or two, seeming by every act to say : ‘‘I would like to be your dog, if you fellows hadn’t such a grudge against us; but anyway I know you mf haven’t a gun now, so I am all right.’’ F I looked carefully all along the road for signs of Oligocene deposits, __ but found nothing until I approached my destination. Much of the land on account of the removal of the soil is a kind of ‘‘ gumbo,’’ Fa which is not favorable for farming purposes or exceptionally good for 7 grazing land. In many localities, where no vegetation grows, little _ dark or black ironstone pebbles and fragments of petrified wood are scattered over the ground. Many of the fragments of fossil wood have a gnarled appearance, and are turned to a very hard substance much like flint. In one place, just to the west of the road, a few miles north of White Butte, are very rough bad-lands, the beginning of the ‘‘ breaks ’’ of the Little Missouri (Plate XVII). On my return I stopped at the place, examined the strata, and made a collection of fossil plants and _ fresh-water mollusca. Among the plants were hickory (A/ckoria), poplar (Populus) and elm (U/mus). The beds, as is usually the case in the Fort Union, are composed of clay, lignite, sandy clay, and sandstone. In the beds are many brown concretions. Shells are not Numerous and are usually too frail for preservation as specimens. ‘The 234 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. best of these (Umzos and gasteropods) appeared to be in a lens or pocket. In one place near the bottom of the exposure is a seam of coal (about five feet in thickness), which is evidently superior to any I had seen in this region. It does not readily disintegrate, being hard on the weathered surface, is tough, and does not appear to contain much ash but is composed principally of pure wood turned to coal. On approaching the vicinity of the Little Bad-lands the character of the soil is seen to change. Scattered over the prairie are many flat fragments of flinty rock, which contain impressions of rush-like plants. On a ranch, where I spent the night, the walls of a long stable and cow-shed are built of this rock, clay being used for mortar. The soil is better here, and for the first time since leaving Mr. Roberts’ ranch I was near an inhabited dwelling. Here there are buttes, but they are not flat-topped mesas like Black Butte and the Rainy Buttes, which I had passed at a distance. They are in part at least of White River age. The next day, having secured a comfortable place for myself and horse, I began collecting in the Little Bad-lands, being careful to keep distinct the fossils from the different levels. A section of the beds is given in the geological report. As at the White Butte, there are here three divisions: the lower gray beds, the middle nodular beds, HI and the upper beds consisting of sandstones and clays; but there are local differences. ‘The middle beds belong to the ‘‘Oreodon’’ horizon, as is proven by anabundance of fossils. The deposits are quite differ- ent from those of the Fort Union. Mr. and Mrs. Roberts had noticed this difference, and it was their account of the region which induced me to visit it. The exposures of the middle and upper beds are lim- ited, but the lower beds, which probably belong to the Titanotherium horizon, cover a quite extensive area both east and north of the Little Bad-lands. A very prominent range of hills, about five or six miles to the eastward, has the same topography and color as the White River, but I did not have time to visit it. A large portion of the road to Dickinson passes over rock of somewhat varying lithological char- acters, different from the Fort Union beds, but very much resembling ; Lower White River deposits in Montana. ‘These deposits appear to extend through the country west and north of Dickinson. On the Heart River, about a mile from Dickinson, is a hill where the Dickinson Pressed’ Brick and Fire Clay Company get the clay for | its fine brick. The beds of clay are not like anything I had observed ~ Doucuass: A GEOLOGICAL RECONNAISSANCE. 235 in the Fort Union deposits, nor are they exactly like the usual char- acter of the Lower White River beds, yet I believed it to be Lower Oligocene. I procured a small collection of leaves here, among which Professor Knowlton found species of Populus and Credneria (?), and some small leaves, unknown to him, which are probably new. In a letter to me he wrote that the species found near Dickinson *« thought to be of Oligocene age are Fort Union species, but it should be added that we do not know as yet a typical Oligocene flora from this country, and it may be necessary to revise the upper extension of the Fort Union.’’ Professor A. G. Leonard, in the third biennial report of the North Dakota Geological Survey (pages 160 and 161), gives a section at this place. Near the road between Dickinson and the Little Bad-lands are very soft beds in which there are strata of peculiar looking sandstone, form- ing ledges and flat-topped hills. Broken fragments of the sandstone are scattered over the surrounding country. Deposits of nearly the same character occur in the Lower White River beds of Montana. Tue LItTrLeE BAD-LANDS. The Little Bad-lands is a strip of Tertiary exposure in a line of bluffs, terraces, flats, and bare hills, three or four miles in length, ex- tending irregularly in a northeasterly and southwesterly direction about twelve or sixteen miles southwest of Dickinson. It is drained by a branch of the Heart River, which flows northward. East of it are grassy hills or mounds, between which are broad grassy flats. Some of the hills are comparatively high for this region. West of the bad-lands is a rolling grassy prairie. The bluffs or escarpment which form the eastern border are highest (125 feet or more in height) near the northern or northeastern portion, and they decrease in elevation to the southwestward where they merge into the plain. The face of the higher, northern portion of the bluffs does not rise in an abrupt man- ner from the adjoining flat land, but in peculiar terraces formed by landslides. The bluffs are composed of the Lower White River at the base, the Middle White River higher up, and what is probably Upper White River at the top. Along the foot of the steeper portion of the bluffs is a trough or depression, extending nearly the full length of the higher portion of the escarpment. This is caused by the breaking away and sliding down of large masses of strata. On the southeastern side of the depression are the cliffs, from which the large masses have 936 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. been broken, and on the northwest side are the masses themselves, standing lower than the cliffs on the opposite side. The depression is thickly covered with grass, shrubs, small trees, and other vegetation. On account of the scarcity of timber here, the heaviest of it has been taken away. The trees are principally elm and ‘ash. Outside the terrace is a belt where the nodular (Oreodon) and upper beds have literally ‘‘slidden all over’’ the lower beds, and the blocks and large and small masses of the former lie at nearly all angles on the latter. At first the strata have the appearance of having been greatly dis- turbed by orogenic movements. ‘The dislocated masses are thickest near the bluffs, but remains of the pink nodular strata are found at a considerable distance out on the flat. In one place there is a butte, which lies at a considerable distance from the bluffs, and at a lower level than the corresponding beds in the bluffs. It is seventy feet or more in height, composed of strata of the Oreodon beds and overlying shales, which are horizontal in position. ‘This may be in its original position, as it is difficult to see how it could have moved to this place and still retained its normal horizontal position on the lower beds. As one goes farther from the bluffs all traces of the middle beds grad- ually cease and only the lower beds appear. ‘The latter form a flat, which in some places is cut by gullies, while other portions are interrupted by peculiar mounds with rounded tops and abrupt sides. Sometimes in the fading light these suggest huge mammoth-like creatures feeding on the distant plain. There are some indications that the Oreodon beds are not exactly comformable with the Titano- therium beds, but that the former sometimes occupy slight depressions in the latter ; but this was not determined with certainty. In one or two places the strata appear to have atruedip. Inan exposure on the north side of the Little Bad-lands the lower nodular layers of the Oreodon beds incline toward the east. The Lower White River ( Titanothertum) Beds. — The lowest ex- posure of the Titanotherium beds are gray sand and clay. A little higher they are more sandy and often have a peculiar cross-bedded _ appearance, caused by the fact that the coarser material is arranged obliquely. ‘This condition, which suggests delta-deposits, appears in the sides of the hog-backs or dome-shaped mounds with nearly per- pendicular sides, which stand on the bare flat areas. In the lower part of these beds are dark iron-stained concretions, many stream- worn quartzyte and granite pebbles, and occasional fragments of bones. Douctass: A GEOLOGICAL RECONNAISSANCE. 237 Some scutes of crocodiles were found. ‘Toward the top the beds become less sandy and contain more clay and fine-grained ‘ silicified rock.’’ The Middle White River ( Oreodon) Beds. —'The Oreodon beds are somewhat thicker than at White Butte, and area little different in minor details. The color is greenish on fresh exposure, but the mass of the deposits weathers to a light buff and the nodules to a chocolate-_ brown. Both contain darker irregular fragments scattered through the mass. These weather out at the surface of the harder nodules and give to the latter a cellular appearance. In the lower portion of the beds are many bones, teeth, and skulls of extinct animals — insec- tivores, rabbits, mice, horses, rhinoceroses, merycoidodonts (oreo- donts), etc. ‘There are also turtles and a few bones of mammals near the top. The Upter Beds. — Above the nodular beds are clays and sand- stones, which in part resemble the upper beds at White Butte, and they are undoubtedly of nearly the same age. ‘The clays contain re- mains of three-toed horses, merycoidodonts with large ear-capsules, lizards, turtles, etc. ; and in the sandstone part of the skull of a rhinoceros (Aceratherium) was found. From Mepora, NortH Dakora, TO GLENDIVE, MONTANA. As we proceed on our way westward from Medora on the Northern Pacific Railroad, we ascend a branch of the Little Missouri River. It is asmall winding stream, which has made cut-banks in modern alluvial deposits and in Fort Union strata. The sage-brush flats, through which it flows, are shut in on either side by hills and bluffs one hundred feet or more in height. As the road rapidly ascends, the valley becomes broadly V-shaped, the hills are relatively lower and more grassy, and are scored by shallow depressions called ‘‘ buffalo- wallows.’’ ‘The cut-banks and other exposures of the strata become less and less numerous. Soon we are on the high rolling prairie on which are large buttes. In some of these buttes are exposed the rocks of which they are composed. Sentinel Butte is a conspicuous landmark, which lies to the south- ward of the station of that name. Like Black Butte it is a remnant of higher strata, the greater portions of which have been removed by erosion. Seams of coal are still seen in the exposures of the rocks along the railroad. The general surface of the country consists of 238 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. smooth, gentle slopes, which are pleasing and restful to the eye. There are some fields of grain, and, though the grass is short, large areas are mown for hay. As we proceed westward the country has much the same appearance for a long distance. ‘The ditches and rail- road cuts show no change in the strata. The houses-are small and far apart, and there is an occasional ‘‘ hay-corral,’’ or a small house built on a wagon, the summer residence of a sheep-herder. The grass, when we passed through the country in August, was shorter than in the bad- lands of the Little Missouri, and deader and browner. ‘This is the divide between the valleys of the Little Missouri River and Beaver Creek. Near Wibaux on Beaver Creek there are gray bluffs and cottonwoods along the stream. In the distance through the broad valley to the southeastward a hilly country is seen. ‘The rounded hills appear as if standing on a level plain. A little farther west there are exposures of rocks, which are stained with iron. Still farther are exposures of ripple-marked sandstones. Soon we again enter a rougher country. The rocks are still mostly gray and of a soft texture, nearly like those of the Little Missouri Bad-lands, but there are darker slabs of sand- stone. At Hodges there still are mounds, which are red from the burning of coal, and some of the rocks on the tops of the hills have a dark, rough, and rugged appearance. Soon we are in bad-lands again for the first time since leaving the Little Missouri River; but the rock is darker than in that region. The hills are not so high, but on the whole they are more barren than those of the bad-lands of the Little Missouri. They have a more weird, somber, and desolate appearance ; though, when I saw them on this occasion, the bright sun was shining on them from a clear western sky. ‘There are no high buttes, but some conical mounds project a little higher than the rest. The railroad follows the flat of a perennial stream, which winds its way among steep cut-banks of alluvial deposits. Occasionally the low bluffs on either side of the stream part a little, and the green of the flat winds and breaks among them, growing smaller in the distance until its branches are lost among the maze of bar en hills. The whole region has a strangely unfamiliar aspect and seems foreign to man and his works. Everything suggests an age that has long passed away. ‘The strata, like nearly all those we have seen in our western journey thus far, are almost perfectly horizontal. In | one or two places we cross the little stream, the bed of which is sev- cal tears ota a Douc Lass: A GEOLOGICAL RECONNAISSANCE. 239 eral rods in breadth. The deposits along the stream are as charac- teristic as the formation through which it passes. In its bed is sand, corrugated by the rushing water after the rains. There are reaches of angular gravel, flat bars of brown pebbles, and gray sandy levels which show the sweep of the temporary rushing current. In places there are a few cottonwood trees projecting from the bed of the stream above the cut-banks. Suddenly, as the train moves swiftly along, the hills recede to adistance, leaving a great flat, through which the stream, lined with cottonwood trees, winds its way to the Yellowstone River. In descending from the high prairie toward the Yellowstone River, as the strata wherever seen are horizontal, it is naturally inferred that we have been descending to lower geological levels, and that the dark beds near Glendive underlie the light gray ones in the vicinity of the Little Missouri River. Glendive is about six hundred and forty feet lower than Sentinel Butte and about two hundred feet lower than Medora, which is in the bottom of the Little Missouri valley. FroM GLENDIVE TO COLUMBUS, MONTANA. From Glendive, Montana, to Livingstone, a distance of three hun- dred and forty-one miles, the railroad is in the valley of the Yellow- stone River. A little distance west of Glendive, beds of nearly white sand underlie darker beds, which contain brown layers and brown con- cretions. There is a sharp line of contact between the two. There appears to be a slight unconformity, but this may be only apparent. At Colgate the lower beds are darker in places. Soon the rocks are seen dipping to the westward at an angle of twenty or thirty degrees, and again they are horizontal. Then, for some distance, there is not much exposure of the rocks, as the bluffs have dwindled to grassy hills ; but where there are exposures they are again gray in color. Evidently we have been crossing a region where there has been a con- siderable disturbance of the strata, and rocks of Upper Cretaceous age (Fox Hill or Fort Pierre) have come to the surface. It would be interesting to study these rocks in detail, as here for the first time in our western journey do we see much disturbance of the rocky strata, and for the first time since leaving Minnesota are there any considerable exposures of rocks older than the Tertiary. The geology of the eastern portion of Montana is very imperfectly known. The country is a high plain, drained principally by the Mis- souri and Yellowstone rivers and their tributaries. The rocks of the 240 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. Early Tertiary and several of the horizons of the Upper Cretaceous are exposed, but the exact limits of the exposures are in all cases unknown. Some itinerary work has been done, and expeditions in search of fos- sils have crossed it at various places. In the northern portion of the state the exposures along the Milk River are principally of Judith River age. At Haver these beds are well exposed, and they have been traced by Hatcher and Stanton northward into the British possessions. In the eastern portion of the state the Fort Union beds undoubtedly cover an extensive territory. Farther west Mr. W. H. Utterback, while searching for extinct reptiles for the Carnegie Museum, so he has told me, orally, has traced extensive deposits of the Laramie (Ceratops) horizon. Mr. Barnum Brown of the American Museum of Natural History, has recently published a paper on ‘‘ The Hell Creek Beds of the Upper Cretaceous of Montana,’’ which is of much interest in connection with the study of the geology of this region. This vast territory is an elevated plain, which has not only been subject to elevation in mass, but minor dislocations of the strata have occurred. These upheavals, aided by atmospheric agencies, have led to the exposure of rocks as old as the Pierre or Judith River forma- tionsin the eastern portion, and in the western portion near the moun- tains those as ancient as the Jurassic are brought to thesurface. There are on the plains some isolated uplifts, where Paleozoic rocks are exposed. As we proceed westward the gray-colored bad-lands can be seen north of the Yellowstone River. In them are beds of lignite, the black seams of which often suddenly give place to red strata where the lig- nite has been burned. ‘They have much the appearance of the bad- lands of the Little Missouri River. The region is undoubtedly destined to be of much interest to the geologist and paleontologist. THE REGION oF CoLuMBUS, MONTANA. As previously planned, I stopped at Columbus, Montana, on my western journey. Here with my friend Mr. Grant Irwin, who is a | keen observer, and with Mr. Hawkins, the cashier of the bank, who has for years devoted most of his time to the study of the flora of Montana and who is interested in the geology of the country, I made. some excursions in the region north of the Yellowstone in the vicinity of Columbus. . We first visited the high bluff which approaches the river west of Se ‘cg SePperKnt Metre Poa Aa gs dé, Ue - Fabel 4 * LUE RAG PORE NS OLN ee DouGLass: A GEOLOGICAL RECONNAISSANCE. 241 thetown. ‘This bluff isseveral hundred feet in height, and it furnishes a very good exposure of a large portion of the strata nearly down to the river which washes its southern base. The grade for the road is between too and 200 feet above the stream. Below the road are dark shales with layers of sandstone. In the shales are fragments of bones of dinosaurs. Higher are alternating shales and sandstones, in the latter of which were found a few impressions of plants and of non- marine mollusca. The bluff is capped by gray sandstone. In the shale just beneath the sandstone are non-marine mollusca. Northeast of Columbus, the beds, though capped by gray sandstone, are some- what different. As will be seen later, these strata extend northward to the Lake Basin, a distance of fifteen miles or more. ‘There the beds lie above the Bearpaw shales, which contain typical Pierre fos- sils, though beds of the age of the Fox Hills may intervene. North of Columbus and a little eastward, at the foot of the bluffs, are dark marine shales with bands of sandstone and some brown con- cretions containing marine fossils. These are~undoubtedly Upper Pierre or Fox Hills. Some fossils were also found in the darker shales higher than the layers containing the concretions. These shales, as they continue upward, appear to become on the whole more arenaceous until they suddenly end, and are overlaid by heavy beds of gray sandstone, which cap the bluffs. These sandstones are in part massive and in part they have more the appearance of lamina- tion. These and the underlying shales and sandstones, probably belong to the Fox Hills formation, though the upper sandstones may be Laramie. In the bluffs nearly north of Columbus is a short ravine opening upon the sage-brush flat. To the right of the ravine the marine strata dip, at least at the foot of the bluffs, at a considerable angle. West of this little ravine or amphitheatre, the strata are nearly hori- zontal, but they consist, as on the east side of the ravine, of dark shales and thin bands of sandstone. If we follow them to the west- ward they appear to suddenly cease, giving place to a heavy band of sandstone, which continues to the western end of the hogback where the rock is being quarried for building stones. I did not have time to carefully investigate the matter, but it looks as if there were a fault here, and the Fox Hills or Laramie sandstone lies on a level with the _ Marine Cretaceous. Some fossil plants were seen in the sandstone at the quarry. 242 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. One day, Mr. Irwin with team and buggy took Mr. Hawkins and myself up Keyser Creek about ten miles toward the Lake Basin. As soon as we entered the hills we saw the same dark clay, shales, and sandstones in which we had seen bones of dinosaurs in the high bluff west of Columbus. In several places —in fact wherever we examined certain layers of dark shale —we found many fragments of bones of dinosaurs, part of which belong to the Ceratopsta. Some fragments were also found in a quite heavy band of sandstone above the shales. Still higher were large iron-stained concretions. As the road ascends the stream the strata also ascend, so we did not reach much higher levels. In one place, about six miles from Columbus, a cliff of gray sandstone and shales has been laid bare by recent landslides and the breaking off of large blocks from the cliff. The sandstone here, like that at the quarry near Columbus, appears to be different from the surround- ing rock and suggests faulting ; but the difference in appearance may be due to the manner of weathering, for beds as thick, though appar- ently not so massivé, appear in one or two other places along the stream. In the sandstones and shales are many impressions of plants, but no good fossil leaves, except those of Zemna and some other delicate plants, were found. THE ReEGIoN NortH oF Bic TIMBER. The next stop after leaving Columbus, was at Big Timber, a distance of forty-one miles by railroad from the former place. This stop had not been planned at first, but I was extremely anxious to more fully explore the Fort Union beds east of the Crazy Mountains, where a few fossil mammals had been collected. I hired a horse and cart, and started northeastward on the road which goes from Big Timber to the Lake Basin. After leaving the river the road ascends a slope toward the higher hills. Here dark shales appear, in which there are bands and lenses of sandstone. Just below where the road ascends to the top of a stratum of sandstone, there is a layer of limestone which contains many Uzios and gasteropods. ‘There are also some fragments of bones. In one or two strata there are very good fossil leaves. Extending away to the eastward to the limit of vision were partly wooded hills, or a dissected bench-land, giving the effect of a thin wood extending to the horizon. The slopes were moderately gentle, and the ravines fairly broad, but narrowing and branching as they divided among the innumerable hills. It presented a picture a little Douciass: A GEOLOGICAL RECONNAISSANCE. 243 different from anything I have seen elsewhere. ‘The strata are evi- dently not much disturbed. The rocks are undoubtedly of so-called Fort Union age, though they may be older than the typical Fort Union. The beds here do not look at all like the Tertiary beds in the bad- lands of North Dakota, as they are much darker, have more solidified material, and there is far less lignite, but they contain more fossil shells and more fragments of bones of reptiles. From here I continued on the road which goes to the Lake Basin to within a mile or two of where it crosses Sweetgrass Creek. Here, in a little ravine on the east side of the road, some of the rocks of the Fort Union beds are nicely exposed. ‘The ravine extends eastward opening into Sweetgrass Creek. ‘The rocks dip at a low angle. In one place there is an exposure of fifteen feet or more of shales. On top of these are bedded sandstones several feet in thickness. At the contact between the sandstone and shales, isa layer or lens full of Unios and gasteropods. Layers of the sandstone above are ‘‘ plas- tered’’ with fossil leaves, many of them very beautifully preserved. I saved some samples, but regretted that a large collection could not be made. Following the ravine toward Sweetgrass Creek other shales and laminated sandstones were seen, in both of which are many remains of plants. That night I stopped at the Patterson ranch and examined some bluffs just across Sweetgrass Creek opposite the house. The rocks here are different in lithological character from those which I had previously examined. ‘There are soft shales of various tints, and the sandstones are gray, and more sugary in texture. They much resemble some beds, which occur near the middle of the series on Fish Creek, which I have provisionally referred to the Laramie; but they probably belong to the Fort Union. After this much of the country west of Sweetgrass Creek was searched. West of the lower portion of the Creek the rocks are of Tertiary age. Farther north the beds of shale and hard thin-bedded sandstones, which underlie the Fort Union, occupy a quite large strip of territory. ‘This formation has a peculiar topography, which enables one to distinguish it from other beds in regions where the rocks are little exposed. There are ridges and hogback-shaped hills covered with grass, and between these hills and ridges are V-shaped ravines and broad flats composed of sandy clay supporting a sparse vegetation. ‘This tract of country is nearly treeless, though in a few places along the ravines, where there are springs, there are a few cottonwood trees. I know of no per- 244 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. manent dwellings among these grassy hills; though they make good grazing lands, and camps of sheep-herders are occasionally found by the springs. These beds are of uppermost Cretaceous or Lower Ter- tiary age. Not having seen, except perhaps at a distance, an inhabited dwell- ing during the day, late in the afternoon I followed a branch-road or trail which led toward Sweetgrass Creek. Descending to lower and lower elevations, I at last found myself on an alluvial flat which borders the creek. The stream is lined with cottonwoods, willows, and ever- greens, the band of timber now widening into a little wooded flat —a miniature forest — and then narrowing to a mere fringe of small trees or shrubbery along the creek. Following the alluvial bench on the west side of the creek for some distance I crossed the stream and followed a trail through a luxurious growth of grasses, sedges, weeds, and shrubs, then through the shadows of large trees, and again through a high dense growth of weeds to where there were haystacks, a stable, anda log cabin. The cabin was locked and there was no one at home, but I put the horse in the stable. On ascending the hill east of the stream, I saw that the country on this side had more timber, many of the slopes and ravines being sparsely covered with evergreens. I inferred that the rocks were of Fort Union age. Returning after dark I found that the ranch belonged to a young man from Maine, Mr. Gurney, who had just returned from Big Timber. Though I had made myself at home he made me more so, as he, like nearly all the people of this country, retains the old-time western hospitality. Mr. Gurney’s cabin is on the eastern border of one of the wooded flats which I have previously described. On the east side was a small field of grain reaching toward the rounded hills. South of the cabin is a cliff which is partly covered with evergreens, and which over- shadowed the little woodland that extends westward to the pebbly- bottomed stream. Farther up the stream is an open space with meadows, and beyond this a little woodland and another cliff ap- proaching the river. West of the stream are moderately high grassy hills. This is perhaps ten to fifteen miles above where the stop was made the previous night, and the rocks along the creek are very nearly the same in appearance. The next day my course was still west of the creek among smooth rounded hills, like those traversed the previous afternoon. In this formation (lowermost Tertiary or uppermost Cretaceous) good out- i 4 % DouGLass: A GEOLOGICAL RECONNAISSANCE. 245 crops are the exception rather than the rule. The road does not follow the stream, as the valley closes in and is rugged and rocky. After travelling for some distance the hills became relatively less ele- vated and the intervening flats or depressions more extensive. In some of these depressions there are beds of temporary lakes, which doubtless furnish examples of combined aqueous and eolian deposits. During heavy rains or the melting of snows, the waters which accumu- late in these depressions must take considerable fine sediment with them. The dust, which in dry weather is blown from the surrounding semi- arid region, is caught by the water and remains there. One of these lake-bottoms, which at the time of the previous journey was covered with water, was now dry, hard, and sun-cracked, and I drove across it without danger. Ascending a hill or ridge from the level lake-bed, I descended to the broad valley of a little stream which flows through sage-brush flats and rather poor pasture lands. It is a feeble stream which is fed in dry weather by seeping springs. Its little cut-banks show recent superficial deposits probably of hillside- or sheet-wash and eolian dust. East of the road from Big Timber to Melville and south of Sweet- grass Creek, which here flows eastward, some bluffs were examined. The sandstones and shales are well exposed, the latter containing some bones of a reptile (Champsosaurus), and the former leaves of plants. The beds are probably Fort Union. From this place to and beyond Melville the country is more level, and the greater portion of it is covered with deposits made by Sweetgrass Creek, the valley of which here broadens into a quite extensive plain. North of Melville are large meadows, and beyond these a butte (Melville Butte) which extends northward nearly to Fish Creek. This butte lies east of the much larger, mountain-like Porcupine Butte ; but the latter sinks into comparative insignificance on account of its nearness to the high, sharp, abrupt peaks of the Crazy Mountains. At the lowest exposure in the south lobe of the base of Melville Butte, are alternating sand- stones and dark shales. The heavier layers of sandstone, by resisting atmospheric influences, have preserved this foot-hill of the butte. Here fresh-water shells (Unzos) and fossil leaves were found. An- other higher lobe of the butte is topped by flaky shales in which there are a few bands of sandstone. In these shales were found bones of reptiles, among which were Champsosaurus. Above this the sandy bands in the shale are more numerous. In one band fossil leaves 246 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. were found, and they appeared to be different from those below. A little higher the eruptive rock, which caps the highest portion of the butte, was seen overlying the Fort Union Beds. On the high land between Porcupine Butte and Melville Butte the flaky shales of the Fort Union are exposed in wind-blown areas. North of Melville Butte on branches of Fish Creek are excellent exposures of the basal Tertiary. In many places fossil reptiles and plants were found, but no good mammalian remains. Every morning during my trip I arose with hopes of finding more of the early Tertiary mammals, which, previous to the discovery of a few bones and teeth in the region northeast of Melville, had never been found outside a certain region in New Mexico. But every day I was disappointed and it was with regret that I turned my horse in the direction of Big Timber, feeling that my duty called me west- ward. I was sure that somewhere in these Lower Eocene beds, which cover such extensive areas in eastern Montana, someone would find, what we long have wished, more of the peculiarly interesting mam- malian fauna which flourished in the dawn of the Tertiary age.’ The Crazy Mountains. —'Vhe region of the Crazy Mountains is in- teresting to the student of geology and physiography, and it is by no means without its charm to the sight-seer and the admirer of natural beauty. The mountams are the first, except the occasional glimpses of distant ones to the southward, which one sees when travelling westward on the Northern Pacific Railroad. If the time is spring, autumn, or winter, and there are no clouds, the ridges and peaks make white gashes in the cold blue sky, and all through the summer patches of snow usually remain far up among the barren summits between the sharp ridges. From these snow-fields descend streams, which dash and tumble through the deep gorges. On the sides of the steep bar- ren ridges, it is said, are masses and sheets of loose rocks which some natural disturbances or the tread of the foot of the explorer may set in motion, and then, like a river or a moving liquid sheet, they go glid- ing, tumbling, leaping, plunging, and roaring down the steep and pre- cipitous slopes with a terrifying din. Ill fares the man who cannot get out of the river of rocks which he has set in motion. Near the base of the higher portion of the mountains there is timber in the cafions, and the scene may be less desolate, but scarcely less rugged, as the mountains everywhere are scored by deep cafions. 'T understand that since this was written extremely interesting mammalian fossils have been found in these deposits. PA ex! oR Re ol 44 pt Sx TT." al foe” x *. § £: z E 3 Doucuass: A GEOLOGICAL RECONNAISSANCE. 247 The land around the base of the mountains, especially the eastern portion, forms an elevated plain, which has been carved into various forms by the streams issuing from the ranges. The different kinds of rocks are exposed, series after series, from doubtful Jurassic to Lower Tertiary, and are inclined in different directions and at various angles, so that erosion has produced a varied topography. The streams, carving their way through rocks of different kinds and different grades of hardness, make valleys, which vary from narrow cafions to quite extensive flats or plains. Some formations, like the Eagle sandstones, and the Fox Hills or Lower Laramie sandstones, form ridges, which can be traced eastward or southeastward from the mountains to a distance of sixty miles, and I know not how much farther. Others, like the Pierre shales, form ravines or broad depres- sions according to the degree of dip of the rock. From Bic TIMBER TO BOZEMAN. Big Timber, which is the county-seat of Sweetgrass County, is built on a large alluvial fan, consisting principally of sand, gravel, and boulders of granite, which have been deposited by Big Boulder Creek. This stream rises in the Granite and Snow mountains, between forty and fifty miles to the soutward, and flows through a rough tract of country. Where it enters the Yellowstone valley, it has during a long period of time deposited its heavy loads of water-worn boulders. Ido not know that characteristic fossils have been found in the stratified rocks, which form the bluffs on both sides of the river above Big Timber, though I have examined them hastily. They do not differ much in appearance from those of Fort Union age to the north- ward and northeastward. Farther up the river is a series of beds of considerable thickness, which are in part massive and composed of volcanic breccia, and in part made up of a large series of somber look- ing rocks, which have the appearance of being stratified. These are the Livingstone beds of Weed, descriptions of which may be found in Bulletin No. 105, and in the Livingstone Atlas Folio, No. 1, of the United States Geological Survey. : At Livingstone the main line of the railway leaves the valley of the Yellowstone River and ascends the steep grade toward Mullen Pass in the Gallatin-Bridger range. These are the first mountains over which we pass in our westward journey on the Northern Pacific Railroad. Stretched behind us are the vast plains, elevated in the western por- 948 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. tion, extending about two thousand miles eastward to the Allegheny Mountains, which, when compared with the Rocky Mountains, seem merely like high hills and ridges. The change here is comparatively sudden, and henceforth we shall be amidst very different scenes, the result of different geological conditions. ‘Though we travel to the Pacific coast, there will be no more uninterrupted level horizons, but the dark silhouettes of the mountains will ever be seen against the back- ground of the sky. If one enters the region for the purpose of learning its history, no matter how faithfully one has studied geological literature, endless difficulties will be encountered. Until one loses child-like faith in the writers of text-books and geological theorists, one will not make much progress. Facts must be observed at first hand, the observa- tions of others must be refuted or confirmed, and theories must be regarded as mere hypotheses to be confirmed or disproven. But the student must not, on the other hand, go to the extreme of dis- regarding the work of others. The geological conditions up to this point, though they have been the subject of animated discussion and difference of opinion among our best geologists and paleontologists for half a century, are simple, compared with what lies before us, where rocks of all ages have in some way gotten into all manner of positions, and hardly a step in their vast history is settled beyond a doubt. The observer must spend years in studying small phases of the great prob- lem before his opinions can be of any great and permanent value ; and even then he must expect that others will come after him and with the accumulated knowledge, which time alone brings, improve on his work. The rocks of the eastern slope of the Bridger-Gallatin Range are principally of Cretaceous age. On the western slope the railroad de- scends the East Gallatin River. The walls of the cafion are of Creta- ceous and Palzeozoic rocks ; the latter appearing for the first time since leaving Minnesota. The rocks of the massive Carboniferous lime- stones, weathered into peculiar forms, extend in huge monuments and rude castle-like forms high above the pine trees which surround their bases. If we could pause for a while on the crest of the Bridger range a little farther to the northward and look eastward, we would see a wilderness of dissected ridges extending eastward and northeastward to the high sharp peaks of the Crazy Mountains. ‘To the westward at ee POR Se es ai Nee et ee D Doucuass: A GEOLOGICAL RECONNAISSANCE. 249 the foot of the steep western slope of the mountains, lying stretched out like a relief-map, checkered with pastures, meadows, fallow land, and rich fields of grain, and traversed by wood-fringed streams, is one of the most productive spots in the west, the far-famed Gallatin Valley. North of this valley is a broken country, south is a maze of rugged mountains reaching to the horizon, and on the west, range beyond range of mountains gradually fade away toward the horizon until they blend with the sky. These mountains are composed of rocks, which vary in age from the gneisses of the Archean epoch, to strata of Cre- taceous times. ‘The foot-hills are sometimes composed of older rocks, principally Cretaceous, but great portions of the valleys have been filled, sometimes to a depth of several hundreds of feet, with later Tertiary deposits, in which in some places have been imbedded the bones of a few of the many mammals, which have successively occupied this region for many hundreds of thousands of years. After leaving Bozeman, a pleasantly located town on the East Gal- latin River in the eastern part of the Gallatin Valley, the train passes _ for about twenty-five miles through the poorer portion of the valley to the small town of Logan, where the railroad branches, one line going _ through Helena and the other through Butte. Logan is situated in a narrow portion of the Gallatin Valley just before it expands into the large flat, where the streams of the Gallatin from the east, the Madison from the south, and the Jefferson from the southwestward unite to form the Missouri River. PPT ED A5 The greater portions of the river valleys in this region have been excavated in Tertiary rocks, the remains of which form bluffs, benches, and quite large, nearly level, or undulating plains. These later Ter- tiary deposits in their turn occupy old river valleys, which in Eocene times had been eroded in Mesozoic and older rocks. The Gallatin, Madison, and Jefferson rivers unite in the northern Z portion of the valley, and the Missouri River, which they form, starts on its northern course through a cafion in the Paleozoic rocks. This _tiver, like other streams in western Montana, ignoring to a great = extent the old valleys made by Eocene streams, carves its way through soft clays, incoherent sands, and gravel of Tertiary age, through Meso- z0ic sandstones, Palzeozoic limestones, Algonkian shales and quartzites, and through lava-flows, with apparent indifference. It first flows _ northward for about twenty miles through a cafion carved in Paleozoic and Algonkian rocks, then for about sixty miles plays at ‘‘ hide and CARY. ae x 250 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM, seek’’ between the mountains and the valleys; then flows for some distance through the mountains ; and finally, winding its way through a narrow cafion in the basalt twenty-five or thirty miles in length, enters the great plain. It then turns more to the eastward and takes a more nearly direct course to its destination in the-Gulf of Mexico. IN THE VICINITY OF LOGAN. At Logan I rejoined Mr. Raymond, who, after spending a few days near Glendive, where he obtained reptilian and invertebrate fossils, had gone to Logan to make collections from the Paleozoic rocks, which are so excellently exposed in this region. Here in an hour’s walk, one may travel over various horizons of Algonkian, Cambrian, Devonian, Carboniferous, Jurassic, Cretaceous, and Tertiary rocks. This was one of Mr. Raymond’s principal objective points. He had been successful beyond our best expectations, and had collected large numbers of fossils from many different horizons. We continued the work of collecting with undiminished success, Mr. Raymond making some very important discoveries. ‘ Northwest of Logan there occur Tertiary deposits, which, as in other places in the state, occupy not only the larger valleys, but the smaller depressions between the hills. A few fragmentary vertebrate fossils of Miocene age were found here. It is evident that at one time the Oligocene and Miocene deposits filled not only the broader valleys, but covered the foot-hills and bases of the mountains, and the streams flowed at a much higher level than at the present time. This accounts for the fact that the rivers and smaller streams ignore the old valleys and cut cafions in older rocks, which often rise several hundreds of feet above the bottoms of the old valleys. The conditions were perhaps similar to what they now are in Nevada, where the bases of the mountains are buried in more recent deposits and the upper por- tions project above the level plains. The rivers, when their beds were lowered, maintained the general course of their channels through hard and soft rocks. It has been supposed that uplifts across the paths of drainage pro- duced separate lakes in the various valleys among the mountains, and that these lakes were filled with sediments which were brought in by — streams. But on more extended examination these imaginary barriers vanish. The Tertiary deposits, portions only of which appear to _ have been formed in lakes, and which were deposited at several DoucLass: A GEOLOGICAL RECONNAISSANCE. 251 geological stages, extend, or previous to erosion, did extend continu- ously over all the valleys in the region of the head-waters of the Missouri River, and covered nearly everything, except the higher mountains. It is possible, however, that the large area of eruptive rock, through which the Missouri River has cut a cafion from near Wolf Creek to Cascade, may have formed a barrier sometime during the Oligocene ; but this supposition, like that of other imagined barriers, may not bear the light of investigation. It is possible, however, that there were some isolated valleys. No connection between the Tertiary de- posits in the Bitter Root and Missoula valleys with other valleys has yet been traced ; but the deposits which occupy them seem to be prin- cipally composed of sediments carried by streams, the products of sheet-erosion, and rocks decomposed 27 s¢du. From LoGan TO VIRGINIA City, MOonrana. At Logan we hired a team of cayuses and a spring-wagon and drove to the region northwest of Three Forks, where I had previously col- lected Devonian fossils. Here we camped for a few days and made a fine collection of fossils from the Upper Devonian shales, part of the fauna of which, according to Mr. Raymond, ‘‘ seems to be much more like that of the Upper Devonian of South Devon, the Rheinland, and other localities in Europe and Asia, where the top of the Devonian is indicated by one containing numerous species of Clymenia and Gont- atites.’’* In this region are many small exposures of the White River Tertiary beds, and a few fragments of bones of mammals were found. From this place we struck westward. ‘The next camping place was at an exposure of the Lower White River beds south of Pipestone Springs on Little Pipestone Creek west of Whitehall, where in 1899 I had collected the remains of small mammals. A few interesting speci- mens were found here, among which were portions of the jaws of un- known insectivores and marsupials (?), and a portion of the skeleton of an oreodont (merycoidodont) about the size of MJerycotdodon cul- bertsonit. The merycoidodonts previously described from these beds are all much smaller. The next important stop was on the Ruby River near Laurin. 8«¢On the Occurrence in the Rocky Mountains of an Upper Devonian Fauna with Clymenia.’’ Amer, Jour. Sci., Vol. XXIII, Feb., 1907. 252 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. From Spring Cafion in the Ruby Mountains a large collection of Car- boniferous fossils was obtained. A trip of a few days was then made to ‘Old Baldy Mountain,’’ south of Virginia City, where collections were obtained from many horizons ina large series of Carboniferous limestones and shales which occur there. In the latter part of September Mr. Raymond returned to Pitts- burgh, while the writer prepared for a trip to Idaho. From Rusy To Monipa, MONTANA. Ascending the Ruby River I passed through the lower cafion, where the Ruby cuts through Archzean gneisses and crystalline limestones, to the middle valley of the Ruby River. In the lower portion of this valley and continuing some distance up the Sweetwater to the southwestward are considerable exposures of Lower White River de- posits, while overlying these on the east side of the river, and farther up on the west side reaching far up on the flanks of the Crazy Moun- tains, are late Miocene sands and gravels. Both formations are very sparingly fossiliferous, though enough teeth and bones of mammals have been found to determine approximately the age of the deposits. I ascended the Ruby River to where Ledford Creek enters from the northwest. ‘This stream issues from cafions in the northern portion of the Snow Crest range, and then flows through a long narrow grassy- bottomed valley, carved through Miocene sands and gravels. Nearly the whole of the Middle Ruby Valley, in fact, is composed of Ter- tiary deposits, dissected by many streams and ravines and rising higher and higher toward the elevated narrow ridge of the Snow Crest Range, covering all but the higher portions in its thick mantle of sand and gravel. ‘The road up Ledford Creek ascends quite rapidly, but the benches rise with it. My plan was to ascend this creek, and then, if possible, make my way near the foot of the mountains south- westward to one of the branches of Blacktail Deer Creek, thus get- ting a view of a portion of the country which I had not previously examined; but I had not yet been able to ascertain whether the route was practicable with team and wagon. I stopped at a house to inquire the way and was fortunate enough to obtain the services of a boy to guide me over the most difficult portion of the way, where there was no trail, toa road which goes to Dillon; but after ascending a long steep grade, I missed the dim trail, which I should have taken, and lost my way among the foot-hills. Turning off the road I as- — DouGLass: A GEOLOGICAL RECONNAISSANCE. 253 cended a long slope toward a bench, the top of which seemed to mount higher and higher as we toiled up its slope. Finally in the growing dusk, having gained the top of the wind-swept bench, I saw to the southward cold, dark mountains, and on all other sides desolate hills and ridges stretching many miles away. After descending a per- ilous hill in the gathering darkness, I reached a little stream, got a warm supper by a roaring campfire and made my bed beneath the open sky and a dense sheltering thicket of willows. All night at short intervals the wind raged furiously, roaring among the willows and lashing their tops, portending a storm, but fortunately for myself and the horses it was not yet quite due. The next morning I climbed to the top of the high bench which I had crossed the previous evening. The bench was nearly flat, but sloped northward away from the mountains, the dark, sharp, rugged peaks of which rose into the cold sky a little distance to the southward. Far away to the westward, northward and eastward, as far as the eye could see, with a general slope to the northward, sometimes interrupted by older rocks and mountain-uplifts, were the Tertiary and more recent deposits, like those beneath my feet. Ata far lower level, in the distance, toward the lower valley of the Ruby River, stretching like an irregular but comparatively low wall between the Ruby and the Tobacco Root ranges, was the ridge through which the Ruby cuts its lowercafion. ‘Through this cafion I had passed the day before on my way to this elevated region. ‘The Snow Crest Range gives one the impression of being a comparatively recent uplift, and of having car- ried upward with it in its elevation the Tertiary deposits, which now climb high on its flanks. In viewing from this elevation the Tertiary deposits, which extend far away between mountain ranges, sometimes almost surrounding them, it was realized how at variance with the facts is the theory that during the deposition of these beds, the valleys of the mountains were occupied by separate lakes, which, like small lakes in the mountains at the present time, are gradually being filled with sediment. Instead of deposits occupying the isolated valleys, they extend from one valley to another, so that those in the Upper Ruby, Black ail _ Deer Creek, Red Rock, Grasshopper, Beaverhead, Big Hole, Deer _ Lodge, Madison, Gallatin, and Upper Missouri valleys were united, PG LOI eS ee __ and the Tertiary deposits can be traced almost continuously for hun- dreds of miles, sometimes occupying the lowest depressions and some- 254 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. times occurring on mountain ranges seven thousand or eight thousand feet above sea level. Although the deposits are not all of the same age, this does not change the truths taught by the topography of the country. The history of these modern deposits is so complex, that its study has never been carried out into details, but our present knowl- edge points to the following partial outline of events as the most rational that we are able at the present time to construct. ; In later Cretaceous and early Eocene times there had been up- heavals and erosion of the land. ‘This region was considerably ele- vated, and probably, in part at least, rugged and mountainous, traversed by swift-flowing streams. During the Eocene the streams reached their base-level of erosion and broadened their valleys. These conditions must have continued for an immense period of time reducing a large portion of the region toa plain. The streams became sluggish and drainage was obstructed, probably in part by accumulation of sedi- ment and by volcanic dust which was wafted from no one knows ex- actly where. Ponds, marshes, and lakes were formed. Into these dust was carried by wind and water, depositing nearly white sediment, layer on layer, and thick masses of unstratified material. Probably unusually heavy precipitations caused the overflow of flood-plains, and deposition and rearrangement of sediment. Evidently these conditions existed for a great length of time, for the sediments are in some places thousands of feet in thickness. During portions of this immense lapse of time arid conditions prevailed. ‘There were lakes without outlets, and evaporation of the waters caused gypsum and other minerals to be deposited. In some places fish and water-snails were imbedded in the sediments, and in other places remains of rhino- ceroses, little three-toed horses, tapir-like animals, rodents, insectivores, huge titanotheres, and other animals unlike anything now living on the earth, were buried. This was the oldest White River (Oligocene) Period. It undoubtedly lasted many hundreds of thousands of years. Much the same conditions prevailed until the titanotheres became ex- tinct. Some of the leaves of the trees are preserved in the beds and some of the logs are petrified. ‘These have not yet been thoroughly studied, but the remains show that the flora has changed much since the Oligocene, and was more like that of the eastern portion of the United States, or of the Mississippi Valley at the present time. The evergreens were represented by the sequoia (related to the redwood of California), and among the deciduous trees are maples, dogwood, DoucGiass: A GECLOGICAL RECONNAISSANCE. 255 alder, poplar, etc. ‘The drainage of the region underwent a change during or after Oligocene times, so that the courses of the rivers were different from what they had been during the Eocene. After this there was an increase in the grade of the streams, prob- ably caused by the elevation of the land, the streams cut down into the Lower White River deposits, and again broadened their valleys; this continued until large portions of the White River beds were removed; there were local river and terrestrial deposits, but in Lower Miocene times there was probably more erosion than deposition. In a few places bones of animals were buried. In middle and later Miocene times there were considerable deposits made by streams in marshes and lakes. In these were sometimes buried the bones of horses, rhinoceroses, ‘‘ oreodonts,’’ camels, etc., all different from those found in the White River and Lower Miocene beds, and most of them much larger. Covering some quite large areas are Miocene deposits, composed of disintegrated granite and other rocks, which have not been transported far from their original sources. There seems to have been, on the whole, an increase in the grade of the streams from the Oligocene, reaching its culmination at the present time. The present streams have made valleys and ravines in all the Tertiary deposits and have deposited coarse gravel and bouiders along the valleys. There is not space here to fully give the reasons for the above con- clusions. These are reserved for a more complete treatise on the geology of western Montana which I hope sometime to publish. The above is only the roughest outline, and even if this outline is approxi- mately correct, the details will require many years of patient investi- gation. Descending from my bleak elevated position, I ‘‘ picked up camp ”’ and resumed my journey. I was glad to soon find a road which led to Black Tail Deer Creek, on the most eastern branch of which I reéxamined some deposits, in which several years before I had found remains of mastodons; but this time I was not successful in finding any fossils. The upper beds are late Miocene (Loup Fork) and the underlying beds probably are White River deposits. There are beds of volcanic dust, one of which is very thick. In the afternoon I camped near the house on the ranch of Professor Fenner, who was a teacher in the State Normal School at Dillon, and started to examine the mountains above the ranch. 956 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. . Just above the house a little stream issues from a small cafion with steep sides, in which are many pine trees. On the north side of the cafion are outcrops of Tertiary rocks. On the south side are glacial mounds which mount up in stages toward the high mountain peaks to the southward. Between these mounds are little glacial lakes or ponds, and flat bottoms where ponds have formerly existed, but have been partly filled with sediment. Above the cafion there is a dam, which makes an artificial pond used for irrigating purposes. Above this the creek, fringed with willows, flows through meadows and among hills thickly clothed with vegetation. To the eastward and southward were the high peaks of the Snow Crest Range. There were large exposures of the ‘‘red beds’’ (Jurassic ?), Palaeozoic limestones, and other forma- tions. Though it was getting late in the season, I determined, should the weather permit, to ascend the mountains to the south the next day, and examine some of the formations, which from a distance looked interesting and inviting. The next morning everything was covered to a depth of several inches with snow, which was still rapidly falling. I was snow-bound for about three days, then in the thaw I broke camp and resumed my journey, feeling sure that not until the next summer would the highest peaks of the Snow Crest Range be bare again. The next night after starting | stopped on Sage Creek at the home of Mr. and Mrs. Freeman, whose acquaintance I had made on a pre- vious expedition. They are both careful observers and I learned much about the geological conditions of the surrounding country from their intelligent and interesting descriptions. After examining the Tertiary deposits east of Sage Creek, I stopped at a place, where in 1897 | had found two or three specimens, which appeared to belong to the Middle Eocene. I did not find any more vertebrate fossils in these particular beds, but the lithological conditions are different from what I have observed elsewhere. ‘There is little doubt that they are of Eocene age. In overlying beds I found a few fragments of bones, which prob- ably are Lower Oligocene. ‘This area is north of Sage Creek, where it flows eastward to empty into Red Rock Creek. Here I encountered the hard, coarse, rounded river-gravel, which according to Mr. Free- man extends in a strip a considerable distance northward and south- ward over benches and hills. It undoubtedly marks the course of an old post-Miocene river. After leaving Lima I ascended Red Rock Creek, passing through the cafion into Centennial Valley. On the south side of the creek are ae Slee eid ‘ 4 % ea “” ¥ * Doucuass: A GEOLOGICAL RECONNAISSANCE. PAD smooth hills composed of coarse conglomerate. Hayden supposed this to be of Carboniferous age ; but it would be interesting to know whether it may not be the same as the Sphinx Conglomerate in the Madison Range. If so, it is not earlier than Lower Eocene. In one place north of the stream are beds near the river, which appear to be of Oligocene age, though I did not have the opportunity of examining them closely. South of the Centennial Valley I examined some gray rocks, which are probably of Later Cretaceous age, and obtained some fossil plants, among which are some very fine ferns. ‘The species have not been identified. As previously stated, one of the objects of the expedition was to ascertain whether or not the Tertiary beds extend across the main divide of the Rocky Mountains at Henry’s Lake and near Monida, as they do south of Silver Bow in Montana. South of Sage Creek the Tertiary deposits, though I saw no outcrops beneath the basalt, appear to ‘‘run under’’ the cap of lava which covers the tops of the high hills. In fact I know of no place in Montana where it is positively cer- tain that the large basaltic flows overlie the Tertiary. Farther south than Sage Creek, on Red Rock Creek, several miles above Lima, as previously stated, there are what appears at a distance to be Oligocene deposits, along the stream. South of this I saw no outcrops. From MoniIDA THROUGH NORTHERN IDAHO TO HENRY’S Lake, IDAHO. The Continental Divide and state line, between Montana and Idaho, is only a short distance south of Monida, a little station on the Oregon Short Line. Monida has an altitude of 6,803 feet. From Lima to Monida, a distance of fifteen miles along the railroad, there is an ascent of twenty-five hundred feet, but most of the way it is very gradual, so that one does not realize that there is so much difference in the altitudes of the two places. Southeast of Monida, the wagon road ascends higher than the railroad. On the south side of the road are rounded hills or mounds, which extend to a considerably higher elevation. Immediately south of the divide streams begin, and flow - through broad upland flats or valleys. . These are the sources of Beaver Creek. On the eastern side of the main streani are rounded bluffs, in which there are some exposures of a gray rock, which at a little distance resembles the Tertiary rocks in Montana. But closer ex- amination shows this to be a mistake, and there appears to be no 958 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. certain evidence that deposition was continuous across the range here in later Tertiary times. The rocks mistaken for Oligocene or Miocene more resemble those of Laramie or Fort Union age in other places. Soon, in descending Beaver Creek, sedimentary rocks disappear, and only eruptive rocks are seen. ‘The creek after flowing through two or more basins for several miles, cuts a narrow cafion through the basalt. The railroad passes through this cafion, while the wagon road goes over hills and benches. ‘The mountains on the east and west are not high, and they decrease in height to the southward. Along the stream is a thick growth of trees and shrubbery, while on the hills and mountain slopes are sage-brush and coniferous trees. Besides these the trees common along nearly all the streams of Montana, birch (Betula), kinnikinick (Cornus), and black-fruited hawthorn (Crategus) were seen. After descending the stream about sixteen miles from the Conti- nental Divide, the mountains ceased, and to the southward, as far as could be seen, was an arid plain, on which were comparatively few landmarks. In an embayment of this plain beside a mountain stream, nestled between the spurs of the foot-hills, is the little town of Spencer. From this point I followed the road which goes eastward south of the mountains near the northern border of the plain. Possibly some of the rock in the higher portion of the range is of sedimentary origin, but nearly all that of both plain and mountains is eruptive. Water- courses, making ravines and cafions, start away to the northward in the main divide and score the sides of the mountains to the plains, on which they sometimes continue for a short distance. Their course is marked by a fringe of trees and shrubs, but most of them soon die out on the arid waste of sage and sand. The stream (Beaver Creek), which I had followed from Montana, cuts its way out into the rock of the plain, and its course can be traced in some places by the trees, the tops of which project above the narrow gorge. Most of the streams were dry where the road crosses them, but in some there was water higher up; and there are occasional irrigated ranches between the foot-hills. When approaching the valleys, which open from the foot- hills, it looked as if the streams had their sources in the desert and cut their way into the mountains. In fact the topography of the country was so different from anything which I had previously seen, that I often could not tell which way the land sloped, or make out whether we were going on level ground or slightly up or down DoucLass: A GEOLOGICAL RECONNAISSANCE. 959 grade. ‘The range of mountains is not a simple one, but spurs come from the main axis and extend southeastward into the plain fifteen or twenty miles apart. Dr. Hayden has spoken of this ex echelon structure. This region was entirely different geologically and topographically from any previously encountered and the change was sudden. The mountains descend southward into foot-hills, which suddenly give way to a vast arid plain. ‘The rock is nearly all of igneous origin. Far away to the southward are some scattering buttes; beyond the plain to the southeast, the high, rugged points of the Tetons pierce the sky. In contrast with this scene, just across the Rocky Mountain range in Montana, there are many mountain ranges of various lengths, com- posed of sedimentary rocks from the most ancient to the youngest, but principally of Archzan and Palzozoic age, with here and there masses of eruptive rocks. ‘These mountains form sharp ridges and peaks, or rounded grassy or forested slopes, bordered by rugged, grassy, wooded foot-hills, which are often composed of Mesozoic rocks. Be- tween the ranges of mountains are valleys, sometimes fertile and some- times semi-arid, broadening and narrowing, as they make their intricate way among the mountains. These valleys are usually composed to a great extent of later Tertiary deposits, which form flats and benches, and sometimes weather into bad-lands. Besides these, and occupying in part the older valleys, are the recent river valleys. It isa land of immensely varied details of topography, a land of diversified and picturesque scenery, where every turn of the road brings new scenes to view, a region, the rocks, valleys, hills, bluffs and mountains of which are covered with inscriptions preserving for the geologist the records of its immense history, only an infinitesimal portion of which has as yet been deciphered. The plain in Idaho is lower than the southern portion of Montana. Spencer is nine hundred and twenty feet lower than Monida and three hundred and seventy-three feet lower than Lima, but is nearly eight hundred feet higher than Dillon. When one reaches the region of Camas Creek —it can hardly be called a valley — the scene changes. It is more level than portions of the desert, but all along this great alluvial flat are cabins, farm-houses, hay-stacks, grain-stacks, and straw-stacks, showing that the soil is productive, and, strange to say, crops are raised without irrigation. Near the streams excellent farms and fine new buildings indicate thrift and prosperity. 260 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. After leaving the Camas meadows the land is again semi-arid, but the country is not quite so smooth and level, and in some places, where the road winds through a maze of sage-brush and _ hillocks of lava, pleasant groves of quaking aspen are seen. ‘These at a distance appear to be ideal camping-places, and one expects-to find in their shade, cool springs of water; but not a drop is to be found. The land as one travels eastward becomes more rolling, and sage-brush more abundant. Finally to the eastward there appears a low mountain almost com- pletely covered with dense growths of pine. These pine forests extend to the eastern horizon. North of the mountain there isa large area of meadow-land, from whicha small stream bordered by broad meadows flows to the eastward and enters Henry’s Fork of the Snake River. The stream is called Shot-gun Creek. The thought occurred to me that this would be a delightful place for sport, rest, and recreation — a charming retreat for one, who for a season wishes to see less of man and more of nature. In the streams are fish and waterfowl, and in the mountains and forests grouse and larger game abound. Hundreds . of fine looking cattle were feeding in the meadows. There were houses along the stream, but aside from the ranch-house in which Rea postoffice is located, they were not inhabited. I discovered the reason a little later. Occasionally I caught views of what appeared to be a high ridge or plateau to the eastward, and along its face, at various heights, were what appeared to be exposures of light-colored rocks. I found later that this region lay inside of the Yellowstone National Park, the greater portion of which is known only to a few, and consis's of rugged forested regions far from any road or trail. At dusk, crossing a bridge at Henry’s Fork, I entered what seemed to be a little village in the open border of the great pine woods, on the river’s bank. It was the summer resort of Mr. A. S. Trude, a noted criminal lawyer of Chicago, who I found owned the land on which I had been travelling for several miles. Here I spent the night, and was pleased to see in the people a harmonious blending of west- ern freedom and genuine eastern kindness and courtesy. It is pleasant to see a man like Mr. Trude, who has the good sense to forsake for a time the crowded city and its perplexities to enjoy, like a boy, the mysterious fascination of a delightful wilderness like this. That night it snowed again. The next morning a winding road , d DoucLass: A GEOLOGICAL RECONNAISSANCE. 2 led me through several miles of evergreen forests, where the trees and ground were covered with soft snow, and all was still and beauti- ful, to Elk Park Ranch, then the residence of Mr. Ulrey. Here I remained until the next day, when I rode through wind and storm to Henry’s Lake. From Mr. Ulrey’s house, I passed for several miles through a park region, consisting of pine forests and meadows with more brushwood than I had seen the previous day. Several miles south of Henry’s Lake, the valley of Henry’s Fork becomes nearly treeless, except along the streams, and the country begins to assume more of the aspect of the valleys of Montana. ‘There are benches, which appear to be composed of Tertiary deposits, but I saw no outcrops. ‘The same deposits appear to extend through the Raynold’s Pass north of Henry’s Lake. It seems quite probable that in Eocene times a river valley extended across the divide here. The altitude of the pass, according to Hayden, is 6,911 feet. If it had been earlier in the season, I should have extended my explorations farther to the westward and southward in Idaho, and I have no doubt that I would have succeeded in finding remairs of later Tertiary deposits. They have been observed in the south- western portion of the state. It will be interesting to know what relation the lava-flows bear to these deposits, whether they are be- low or above, or whether they lie between the older and the younger Tertiary beds. Henry’s Lake, IDAHO, TO LOGAN, MONTANA. Soon after crossing the Continental Divide into Montana I left the main road, which descends to the Madison River, and struck westward, as I wished to see Cliff Lake. No regular road, except a wagon-trail from the north, leads to the lake. After descending a ravine in the Java as far as driving was convenient, I unhitched and descended the narrowing gorge on horse-back. After awhile springs were seen issuing from the rocks, soon forming a clear little stream, which made the bottom green as in summer with grass and water-weeds, while all the hills around ‘‘ were lying brown and bare.’’ ‘The stream flows for some distance through a cafion and after passing out from between rocky walls, it expanded into a long, slow-flowing, pond-like stream (really, as I found later, a long inlet of the lake) which turned from the southwestward to the northwestward and was lost behind basaltic cliffs. Ascending a long slope to the northwestward, I came to the 262 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. border of a precipice, and, through openings between poplar groves, beheld one of the most picturesque sights I had ever seen. Down deep beneath me lay a narrow sheet of water (Plate XVII), winding in and out narrowing and expanding between abrupt walls and steep talus slopes on one side and steep wooded cliffs on the other. South of where I stood, near the broadest portion of the lake and nearer to the western shore, stood a high conical mound (Pyramid Island). A little farther south a high promontory projected into the lake, and a little farther south was another headland as the lake divides into three long narrow inlets which are confined between precipitous walls. The most eastern of these inlets is the one, the head of which I had previously seen. The water is very deep except on the borders and in the narrowest portions of the lake. Here Chara and other water-plants grow from a white mud or ooze, which forms a terrace around the borders of the lake and covers the bottom of the shallower portions. I supposed this white ooze to be lime left by the decaying Chara. Undoubtedly this, to- gether with dust and water-borne sediments, are very slowly filling the lake. Much of the Tertiary sediments of the west were supposed to have been deposited in lakes, and it would be extremely interesting if some one would study the principal types of lakes, ascertain the char- acter of the deposits, and discover how they are actually made. This lake, and others of the same character near it, would furnish studies of the most unique and fascinating interest. On account of its having been so long isolated, Cliff Lake contains, it is said, fish and other forms of life different from any others in this region. Their study would undoubtedly throw much light on the progress and distribution of life. Above and below are other lakes in the same gorge, which appears to be the cafion of an ancient stream that flowed between the Centen- nial and Madison valleys. At the lower end of the lake the cafion is filled with débris which dams the water. ‘The surrounding country is picturesque and full of scientific interest. It ought to be a paradise for artists, geologists, and sight-seers, and yet, though many pass within a few miles of it to ‘‘see the sights’’ in the Yellowstone Park, comparatively few ever gaze on its hidden, though unique, grandeur and beauty. So far as natural scenery is concerned I know of nothing in the National Park which approaches it. Near the foot of the mountains on the east side of Reynold’s or Madison Pass, is what at a distance appears to be a fault. It looks as THAX 93d ‘PAVMY}ION Sulyoo'y ‘vuvyuoyw ‘AyunoD uosipryy ‘aye yud ‘A I°A (WNASNW FIDSSNYVD SIVNNY “TAAL AY} JO APIS IVA ay} UO SHNT_ oy} Ulosz OprAtcd] jeyusuTUO_D 244 W eddy ay} ur spsodaq jus.eay 10 pur Aseria, ay} JO saovs19J, pivmo} pavayNOS Suryooyy ‘vuvjyuoyy Ul Aoy[eA UOSIpe "XIX ld ‘A IPA ‘WNSSNW ZIDANYVO SIVNNV Douciass: A GEOLOGICAL RECONNAISSANCE. 2°63 if the land at the foot of the mountains had fallen down, perhaps twenty- five feet or more. As I descended the valley I saw it in several places down to near the northern end of the valley, a distance of nearly fifty miles. It is always near the foot of the steep slopes of the mountains near where the Tertiary and recent deposits composing the benches abut against the older rocks. ‘The people in the valley have noticed this phenomenon, and say that it can be traced all along the foot of the mountains to Jack Creek. Both igneous rocks and Tertiary and more recent deposits form the large benches and terraces of the Upper Mad- ison Valley (Plate XIX), which are beautifully developed. These and the older rocks, which occupy higher altitudes, are sometimes locally covered by glacial drift. As in many of the other valleys, both Oligocene and Miocene deposits occur, but the outcrops are few and are limited in extent. Arriving in the Lower Madison Valley, I returned the team to its owner, Mr. De Foe Merriman, and returned by rail to the Ruby Valley. THE DEER LODGE, BITTER ROOT, AND FLATHEAD VALLEYS. From the Lower Ruby Valley my wife and I took the train for Bitter Root Valley and the Flathead Indian reservation, stopping at Deer Lodge, from which, in company with Prof. Percy Perviance, we made several geological excursions. East of Deer Lodge the mountains, so far as we examined them, are composed principally of igneous (basaltic) rocks, but I was sur- prised to find Oligocene deposits extending so high on their sides (probably to an altitude of 6,000 feet or more); though farther south they are found as high as 7,000 or 8,000 feet. West of the town we found distinguishable mammalian fossils in both White River (Oligo- cene) and later Miocene beds. One day we crossed to the west side of the Deer Lodge River and followed the bench northward to near Pioneer. This bench is com- posed principally of Tertiary deposits, and it slopes eastward from the Powell Mountains* toward the river. On the surface in several places, apparently unaccompanied by any other signs of glacial action, were large granite boulders. Farther north we crossed the moraine of an old glacier which extends from high up in the rugged mountains nearly *T have not been able to find that the mountain range west of the Deer Lodge valley has a name, so call it Powell Range after its most prominent peak. 264 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. to the Deer Lodge River. It has a very uneven topography. There were long lateral moraines, ridges, hogbacks, rounded hills, and cor- respondingly varied depressions. Granite boulders are extremely numerous, sometimes forming a very large proportion of the hills and moraines. Near Pioneer we found quite considerable natural outcrops of White River deposits, and large areas had been uncovered by placer-mining operations. The beds are gray, nearly white, and are in part well stratified. The only fossils obtained were fresh-water mollusca (snails) and bones and scales of fishes. The excursions above mentioned were made from the 21st to the 25th of October. We went next to the Bitter Root Valley, northeast of Stevensville, where short excursions were made. ‘The region certainly does not abound in fossiliferous rocks, as many a fruitless tramp in the Missoula and Bitter Root valleys had previously taught me. On account of this scarcity of organic remains, the geological history of nearly all of the extreme western portion of Montana is very obscure. In his valuable paper, ‘‘ A Geological Reconnaissance across the Bitter Root-range and Clearwater Mountains in Montana and Idaho,’’ Mr. Waldemar Lindgren says: ‘« An exact statement of the geological history of this region is difficult to give on account of the few exactly determinable datum planes. There are really only two determinations of time on which we may rely. The first is the date of the Columbia River lava as Miocene; the second is the Glacial epoch as early Quaternary.’’® Later in the same paper (page 30) he says: ‘‘ No direct evidence of the former existence of a lake within the valley has been found. The east side, however, has not been carefully examined, and from the general configuration it would seem possible that the depression, like many other intermontane valleys of this region, was occupied by a lake in Tertiary times.’”’ In 1889 and 1go1, while living in the Bitter Root Valley, I spent much time in exploring the benches east of the Bitter Root River in _ the eastern portion of the valley. The deposits, which form the benches, are composed of sand, gravel, and volcanic ash, resembling some of the Tertiary beds in other portions of the state ; but in all my search I succeeded in finding only a very few isolated fragments of mammalian fossils. Of these only two were determinable. One ° Professional Paper No. 27, U. S. Geological Survey, 1904, p. 26. Douctiass: A GEOLOGICAL RECONNAISSANCE. 265 was a small piece of a tooth of a Mastodon and another the lower portion of the ulna-radius of a fairly large Procamelus. This shows that a portion at least of the upper beds belonged to the Miocene. In 1905 on Ambrose Creek northeast of Stevensville, where the bench-land begins to slope gently upward toward the mountains, we found scattered over the loose sandy soil, a few fragments of bones and teeth, some of the latter of which belonged to the high-toothed type of later Miocene horses. Thus the observations of previous years were confirmed. ‘There are, however, beds which lie lower and are exposed — one or two hundred feet in thickness—ina bend of the Bitter Root River, twelve or fifteen miles below Stevensville. These beds I believe to be Oligocene, though no characteristic fossils were found in them. | One day we made a trip eastward to near the mountains. The first deposits (Miocene) encountered were composed of sand, which was perhaps slightly water-worn, but not very distinctly assorted by the action of streams. Nearer the mountains were higher benches com- posed of sand and gravel, which were in some places slightly consoli- dated. On ascending the bench I saw, a mile or more distant what appeared to be good exposures of gray Tertiary deposits. On reach- ing the spot it was seen that what appeared to be Tertiary rocks were pure decomposing granite. The slopes were covered with grains of quartz and crystals of feldspar, which by atmospheric agencies were being moved down the hillsides toward the streams. Here then we __ have near the mountains sand composed of quartz and feldspar caused by the decomposition in place of granitic rock. A little farther away _ toward the west is the same kind of sand, little or not at all water- worn, but mixed with other material and forming the high bench- land. Still farther to the west nearer the river, are similar sands, perhaps slightly water-worn, mixed with lighter-colored material _ (volcanic ash?, etc), and containing remains of Miocene mammals. _ There are similar conditions in other portions of western Montana. A careful study of these beds would undoubtedly throw much needed light on their origin. Ido not see that there is much evidence that _ these Miocene deposits in the Bitter Root Valley were formed to any _ great extent in a lake, and a large portion of them are evidently not _ river deposits. On the Flathead Indian reservation, we stopped at Ravalli and ex- = & — the soft buff-colored deposits between that place and Arlee, 266 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. searching it carefully for fossils, but without success. It appears to be the same kind of thinly-laminated fine sand and clay which occurs in the Missoula Valley below Missoula. It was evidently deposited in quiet waters. Whether or not it was formed at the time when the many terraces and water-lines were made on the hills and mountains on the sides of the Missoula and Bitter Root valleys is yet to be ascertained. These have suggested a lake which was dammed by a glacier in Quaternary times, but I do not know that the dam has ever been definitely located. Judging by all the other valleys of western Montana, there should be Oligocene and Miocene deposits here, though they may be mostly eroded away or covered by other deposits. As it was getting uncomfortably near winter in the mountains, and as I had yet (should the weather permit) to collect the fossil mammals which had been found in North Dakota, there was not time for further explorations on the Flathead Indian reservation. Fortunately the [7 oN ee eae eS weather in North Dakota remained comparatively warm and pleasant, so that a busy month was spent in collecting fossil mammals, and we returned to Pittsburgh late in December. Parr II. Nores ON THE Mesozoic AND CENOZOIC GEOLOGY OF NortH Dakota AND MONTANA. The extensive tract of country, to portions of which the following geological observations apply, may be divided into six distinct geolog- ical and physiographic regions. ; I. Northwestern Minnesota. — Vhis isan undulating, partly wooded plain. ‘The underlying Archzan and Paleozoic rocks are overlaid by glacial deposits, and the surface shows the usual physical characters of the drift-regions, viz., low hills, moraines, marshes, ponds, lakes, and comparatively slow-flowing streams. ‘The timber consists of evergreens and deciduous trees. Il. Lastern and Northern North Dakota and a Small Portion of Northwestern Minnesota, — This is a grassy prairie, which is wooded — only along the streams and near the borders of some of the larger lakes. This region may be divided into two portions: (a) the bed of | the glacial Lake Agassiz, a rich, level tract of country with timber | only along the few sluggish streams ; and (4) the remaining portion — of North Dakota east and north of the Missouri River. ‘This portion : of the country is nearly covered with glacial drift, which is underlaid by rocks of Cretaceous and Tertiary age. Douctass: A GEOLOGICAL RECONNAISSANCE. 267 Ill. Zhe Southwestern Portion of North Dakota, west of the Mis- souri River, consisting of bad-lands, and high prairies, over portions of which are scattered buttes, but no extensive glacial moraines. The whole region shows elevation and quite extensive erosion, but the strata are nearly horizontal. Most of the rock exposed is of Tertiary age. There is some glacial drift, but it is nota prominent feature. In places some timber grows along the streams. IV. Zhe Eastern Portion of Montana. — An elevated plain, where there has been not only extensive uplifting, but in places considerable tilting of the strata, which, combined with erosion, has brought to the surface rocks from those of Judith River age, or earlier, up to those of the Lower Eocene. Near the mountains are local outcrops of rocks reaching down to the Jurassic or Lower Cretaceous. ‘The different formations apparently increase in thickness, and the number of their distinct divisions becomes greater as the mountains on the western boundary are approached. ‘The timber is confined principally to the valleys of streams and to the higher portions in the vicinity of the ‘mountains, and consists principally of cottonwoods, willows, and coni- fers; though in some places along the streams there are other hardy trees. There are isolated mountain-uplifts in the western portion, where Paleozoic rocks are exposed, and the conditions are similar to those in the mountainous region to the westward. V. The Mountainous Region of Western Montana.— This is a region of extremely varied physical and topographic conditions, as well as of complex geological features. The rocks, representing all the geolog- ical eras from Archzean to the present time, lie in all positions from horizontal to perpendicular. ‘The country has the appearance of hav- ing been for ages the battle-ground of geological forces, when the vast region to the eastward was comparatively quiet. On many of the mountain ranges grow forests of conifers, while along the streams and in other favorable localities are hardy deciduous trees, such as willows, cottonwoods, alders, mountain maples, hawthorns, etc. VI. Zhe Northern Portion of Eastern Idaho.— A \and of desert plains, bordered on the north by mountains and foot-hills, in sections of which are parks and forests of evergreens, especially in the eastern portion. The rocks are of igneous origin. The geological conditions and physical characters of Division I. have been recorded in the splendid final reports of the Geological and Natural History Survey of Minnesota. The geology of the 268 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. second division is being studied by the members of the State Geo- logical Survey of North Dakota, and the results published in the biennial reports of that organization. This state is also fortunate in having its geological history recorded in a scientific book of unusual interest and clearness, ‘‘The Story of the Prairies,’’ by Daniel E. Willard. ‘The present writer, however, is able to add something to — the knowledge of the geology of North Dakota. Montana has no state geological survey, and aside from the quad- rangles mapped by the United States Geological survey, the work, like that recorded in the present paper, has been of an itinerary na- ture. Perhaps no one who has not studied the regions through which Dr. F. V. Hayden led his geological expeditions over thirty years ago, can fully appreciate the work of that careful observer and far- seeing geologist. It is not strange that he made so many mistakes, but it is a wonder that he was so nearly right ; nevertheless every year discoveries in the west modify our ideas of the past history of our continent, and enable us to approach the truth a little more nearly. By far the best section of the Cretaceous and Lower Tertiary with which I am acquainted is that in the region of Fish and Mud Creeks northeast of Melville in T. 5 & 6 N., R16 & 17 E., in the northern part of Sweetgrass County in Montana (Plate XX). Here series of strata which are separable into fifteen or more distinct divisions and range from doubtful Jurassic to Lower Eocene, occur in a beautiful suc- cession of rocks several thousands of feet in thickness ; and the condi- tions are such that nearly every minor division can be studied in detail in some portion of the area. Fossils have been found at about twenty different levels and more careful search will undoubtedly reveal many more. Itis extremely desirable that a thoroughly detailed study of this section be made, as this could not fail to aid greatly in the solution of some interesting problems in the Mesozoic and Cenozoic geology of the west. This section has the additional advantage of being located in an intermediate position between the great plain and the Cordilleran region, the physical conditions of which at the present time are so_ dissimilar and the geological histories of which have been so very different. ; A generalized section of this region, which will give some idea of the different horizons, is given here. This will furnish a convenient scale for reference in dealing with the geology of other localities. A description, intentionally brief, of the principal horizons, was given ‘dip jo aj Suv ay} MoYs 0} papuszurT jou St Suimvicql oy, “YW Uo199S YA snonurjUOD si g UOTDIG *“vuLjUOTW ‘{JUNOD SSBIBJIING ‘YooID YSIY Uo syooy frerjsay, pure ‘snoasvyaig ‘(2 ) oissvan{ ayy ysno.iyy (S) yINOG 0} (N) YON wWosZ UO01WDIG LARAMIE FOX HILLS °\: e tes a 3 2} ° x Zz ae, O mei) bk fo) Ww W ur = G ra) Zz x Pad axe) a t Lt kel ae 5° fo) =) — rv a a) = = =) oO WS She lke ‘A ‘IPA “WNASNW JISSNYVD SIVNNV “ DoucLass: A GEOLOGICAL RECONNAISSANCE. 269 in a former paper ;® but further observations of Stanton, Hatcher, and myself enable me to now more fully describe and to more correctly correlate some of the horizons. In the descriptions which follow, I shall first characterize each horizon . as it occurs in the Fish Creek region, when it is represented in that section. Jurassic (?) fish Creek Section. —Vhe lower beds, which appear on the surface in the region of Fish Creek, are hard quartzites in which no good fos- sils were found. ‘These are exposed in a dome-shaped uplift on the ranch of Mr. Joe Widdecombe, about eight or ten miles southeast of Harlowton, which is near the Musselshell River. The overlying rocks have been removed by erosion and left the more or less massive quartzite as a mound, or ‘‘hogback.’’ This rock is much like the hard quartzites, which in the Three Forks section are beneath the band of limestone containing marine fossils, which were determined by Dr. P. E. Ray- mond as of Jurassicage. This formation is referred only provisionally to the Jurassic. The overlying red and somber clays contain bones of large dinosaurs and fresh-water mollusca. I had supposed the bones to be those of Jurassic dinosaurs, but, as these have not been studied or their species determined, and as Professor Stanton has studied the mollusca and believes the formation to be not lower than Lower Cretaceous, I shall, in this paper, refer these beds provisionally to that horizon. The Big Hole Section. —On the lower Big Hole River about fifteen miles north and a little east of Dillon, is a Mesozoic section as finely exposed for study as that on Fish Creek, but it extends much lower in the geological scale. Unfortunately, however, characteristic fossils, which will fix beyond doubt the exact geological levels of strata in various portions of the section, have not been found, so the exact age of all the Mesozoic horizons is more or less uncertain. I made detailed measurements of the lower portion of the section, but the upper por- tion, which probably includes strata representing part at least of the Dakota, Montana, Colorado, Laramie, and possibly the Fort Union, was not carefully studied. The measured section undoubtedly includes the fresh-water Jurassic, the upper and lower limits of which are un- known. It begins below with the Uprer Carboniferous and includes 6+ A Cretaceous and Lower Tertiary Section in South Central Montana.”” Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., Vol. XLI, No. 170, 1902. 270 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. beds referred to the Permo-Carboniferous. This section was figured in a former paper,’ but detailed measurements were not given. The more recent portion of this series of rocks is in McCarty’s Mountain, and probably includes both eruptives and Upper Cretaceous and Ter- tiary rocks metamorphosed by heat. Below this in a descending series are many hundreds of feet of sandstones, clays, and shales. Fossils were not found in abundance, but toward the top of the series there were a few fragmentary bones and impressions of plants. Below this series are beds, which contain two or more bands of limestone interbedded with shale. These beds, on account of their position between the Jurassic and Colorado formations in other localities, have been referred to the Dakota, but their position is doubtful. SECTION ON THE Lower BiG Honk RIVER IN MONTANA. Fort Union ? iteiee toe A large series of sandstones, clays and shales with meta- morphic rock near the top. Upper Cretaceous. P i Lower portionsof Upper 38. Sandstones Cretaceous, or Lower 37. Stales. Cretaceous. 36. A thin bed of limestone containing Unio, Gontobasts ? increbescens, and fish teeth, 35. Shales. 34. Limestone in thin and thick layers — Uzzo (slender form of (. douglasst Stanton), Corbula, Conio- basis?, Vinparus. 33. Red shales, etc. Feet 32) ohbale andssandstones..-: s.ca0-ace-n sedate eee Renee eee 15 21s Limestone. 3 Some small) fossilspessesessseneeneeeeee 15 30. Shales green and red with one or more harder [Se 6 (SpeRecesonbascodsoa sodas otooenAboncouotacdach dsoccues 100 20) Sualesjand redisandstone..s..0-nee- se. eee ae ee ane eees 3 28. Gray sandstone, heavier bedded than the last Del Owes: H reds Noe cedSce beeen eo ee eee 45 Jurassic. 27. Gray and reddish-gray shaly sandstone and shale., 70 , 26. Red shale. Fragments of bones of reptiles......... 55 25. Redyshaleswith nodules. s....--cseq:teses (scenes 50. DAs HRedUSandstone s... ic crscsecestnassececcemtetewereeeeee 7} 2Bie SHAE. - op sats soci aess etn beercamestieeehteer eet eeae | 22. hin band. off sandstone’: Sieg. ss: cess snicneee eres Jurassic? and. Triassic? (21. Red: shales. si.c..c0 sesanelesva cndurnstenereos seat eae 68 20, ‘Sandy shale. 2.4. css sraspacisce sata ene pemaee ete | EO, Gray Sandstone. s.c-s+aehecsendeneesteaee f Pisiaer eee J 7«*Some Notes on the Geology of Southwestern Montana,”’’ hy Earl Douglass, ANNALS CARNEGIE Museum, Vol. III, No. 2, 1905. in ea FAMINE CA 9 ; 5 DoucLass: A GEOLOGICAL RECONNAISSANCE. 271 18. Conglomerate etter eee eee eee ee ee eee eee eee Tee eee eee) 17. Gray sandstone Beene weet ween es eee e eet nee eeeeeetenees 16. Gray sandstone stained brown............. sessecess 45 Wea (tay SAUESLONG «cau sodvsmaucccamted-dueeeeanee eer: TArg CONG) OMELALEs sscn0. 00. eta nance Saecetenaseceenteeaee mee 6 Ngee Giay-andsoreenish) shale... ss-caumsenecanneeee eee 12, Thin-bedded sandstones with ripple marks an] shells — Zingula, etc 11. Greenish sandstone — Limgztla........cececececeeee J Termo-Carboniferous. 10. Limestome shales and thin-bedded sandstones ) Fossil shells, Zz7zgz/a, etc Sewer nee e eens weeeeseee g. Brown thin-bedded limestones and shales. Zzn- SS gula, Aviculopecten, MyQlina.......cccccccceceoes 8. Shales with bands of limestone..... ...........5- a] Poms ON SHOES URCLAY SARE. Var cas i esasdecvne da vecslesacede if 125 i MAT IZIF Os PIBSSING: ever cash tevscsoeascsictocsiesaeed 5. Quartzite in layers with worm tracks............... 100 4. Jaspery quartzite.......... sgduends dopgeLtes Gotobospodos Carboniferous, Bane nertyalimestonemm puke rsese.tsesecenacenensese ee -cac nad 2, Cherty limestone with carboniferous fossils........ I. Quartzite, massive but not in section............... 200 There is nothing in this section very nearly like the thick-bedded limestone of the Marine Jurassic of Jack Creek cafion in the Madison Range; yet the limestone No. 31 may represent the Marine phase of this formation, though it seems quite high in the scale and overlies what appears to be non-marine Jurassic. Other Localities. —On the west side of the North Boulder Valley, near the road from Whitehall to Boulder, are red clays and sandstones similar to a portion of those in the Big Hole section. In these some bones of turtles were found. On the east side of the North Boulder opposite Cold Spring post- office these beds appear again ; and farther to the eastward on the east side of the valley of Milligan Creek, near where the stream turns from the eastward and flows to the southward, is an outcrop of red clays, shales, and sandstones, which apparently belongs to the same forma- tion. In the clays were found fragments of bones of large reptiles. In the two latter localities the beds lie pretty close to the Carbonifer- ous. As the fragmentary bones have not been specifically determined, it is possible that the beds may be Triassic. On the top of the Tobacco Root Mountains, about twenty-five miles south of Virginia City, are quite extensive outcrops of Jurassic shales, 272 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. clays, and sandstones. Many bones of large dinosaurs have been eroded from a stratum of clay in one locality north of Black Butte. Above the clays containing the bones are series of clays and bedded sandstones. The sandstones occasionally contain impressions of mol- lusca, which are probably Jurassic. Above these shales and sandstones on the west flank of the mountains in the Ruby Valley, are the lime- | stones which everywhere contain an abundance of gasteropods. At aconsiderable distance below the Dinosaur horizon are extensive exposures of Carboniferous limestones. These observations will, perhaps, tend to show how indefinite are the boundaries of different horizons of the Mesozoic of Montana. Not only is this true, but no two sections from different regions appear to be exactly alike. More careful study however may show that this is partly due to conditions of exposure, disturbances of strata, etc. LOWER AND MIDDLE CRETACEOUS. The Fish-Creek Area. — Immediately overlying the quartzite on the Joe Widdecombe ranch in the Fish-Creek section, are beds of red and somber clays. As one stands on the top of the dome-shaped ex- posure of quartzite, he sees on three sides of him bluffs of soft strata, which have weathered into bad-land forms. The strike of the beds is a circle or ellipse and the dip is in every direction outward from the center of the hill. These beds, which are composed of sand and sandy clay overlaid by thin-layered sandstones, contain bones of large dinosaurs. Some beautifully preserved fresh-water mollusca were found by Dr. M. S. Farr and Mr. A. C. Silberling. These constitute | a new faunule which was described by Professor Stanton, who says concerning the age of the beds: ‘*‘ Although the evidence is not con- vincing, the indications are that this fresh-water horizon near Harlow- ton is not far from the horizon of the Bear River formation — possibly contemporaneous with it—and that it is certainly not older than Lower Cretaceous, and more probably should be assigned to about the base of the Upper Cretaceous. * ; The following is the list given by Stanton: ® Onto farri. Unio douglass. ; 8 «* A New Fresh-water Molluscan Faunule from the Cretaceous of Montana,” — Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., Vol. XLII, No. 173, 1903, pp. 192 and 194. 9 Jbid., p. 193. : = ¥ DouGc.Lass: A GEOLOGICAL RECONNAISSANCE. 273 Campeloma harlowtonensts. Viviparus montanaénsis. Gontobasis ? ortmannt. Gontobasts silberhingt. I had been much inclined to refer the beds to the Jurassic, but if Professor Stanton is correct in referring them to the Lower Cretaceous, it is exceptionally desirable that collections of dinosaur bones be made from this formation, as the lower geological horizons from which these remains have previously been obtained, represent a very limited por- tion of dinosaurian life. THE AMERICAN ForK BEDS. Overlying the red and somber clays and thin-bedded sandstones above described, are clays, shales, and bedded sandstones, which, until they are satisfactorily correlated, may be called the American Fork formation, as they occur near the American Fork of the Mussel- shell River. They partly, perhaps entirely, surround the dome-shaped uplift of the underlying beds, and, of course, dip away from the center of the uplift. Here the sandstones weather into ridges and the shales into long depressions or ravines. The outcropping sandstones on some of the ledges break into long regular slabs, which are sometimes long enough for fence rails. The color of the shales comprises several dark shades. I understand that some vertebrate remains have been found in these beds. If this be true, they should be of special interest. In the upper portion of the beds sandstone predominates. The beds may or may not prove to be of Dakotaage. The whole series is several hundred feet in thickness. THE Fort BENTON FORMATION. The Fish-Creek Region. — The Fort Benton beds are well developed in the region of Fish Creek. Immediately overlying the uppermost sandstones of the preceding formation are shales and sandstones. In the shales are brown concretions, in some of which large specimens of Prionocyclus were found. Ata higher level in a bank of dark clay on Mud Creek, large ammonites, large specimens of /noceramus (prob- ably 7. exogyroides Meek and Hayden), Scaphites, Baculites, and Ser- pule were found. In the dark clays or shales there are harder, more ferruginous bands. As the overlying Eagle sandstones are approached the deposits become more arenaceous. Here the beds weather into - ravines between the sandstones below and above. 274 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. Hatcher and Stanton consider as most reasonable the view that the Benton ‘‘of the western section includes the representatives of both the so-called Fort Benton and the Niobrara of the eastern section.’’ The Benton in Other Localities. —On the South Fork of Sixteen Mile Creek, the Benton Beds are somewhat different. from those just described. They consist principally of dark shales and hard greenish- gray sandstones. ‘There are, near the bottom, one or more bands, several feet in thickness, of rotten limestone crowded with shells of mollusca. The beds are much disturbed, sometimes standing ver- tically, or nearly so. Apparently they are quite thick, though no measurements were made. Fossils occur in the limestones, shales, and sandstones. This locality was visited in tgo01 by the present writer and numerous fossils were obtained, among which are the following: ™ Lnoceramus undabundus Meek and Hayden. Pinna lakesi ? White. Pholadomya papyracea ? Meek and Hayden. Scholenbachia shoshonensts (Meek). Scaphites ventricosus Meek and Hayden. Astropecten ? montanus Douglass. Linuparus canadensis Whiteaves. Ostrea ? Lexogyra. Cucullea. Turritella. EAGLE AND CLAGGETT BEDs. Fish Creek Region. — The Eagle and Claggett beds have been de- scribed by Hatcher and Stanton,” who consider these, the Judith River, and the Bearpaw Shales as members of the Montana, but leave the — question open whether, ‘‘ the Pierre fills all the space corresponding to that occupied by’’ these four formations. In tracing the overlying Judith River beds to the southeastward from the exposure between Fish Creek and Mud Creek, I observed, on — the Big Coulee Creek, vast outcrops of sandstones lying ina nearly — 10 «Geology and Paleontology of the Judith River Beds,’’ Bull. No. 257, U.S. Geological Survey, p. 64. } 1L«* 4Astropectcn 2? montanus —A New Star Fish from the Fort Benton, ete.,”’ — ANNALS CARNEGIE Museum, Vol. II, No. 1, pp. 5-8. 2 «* Geology and Paleontology of the Judith River Beds,’’ U. S. Geol. Surv. Bull. No. 257. DouG.Lass: A GEOLOGICAL RECONNAISSANCE. ie horizontal position, and extending northeastward beyond the range of vision. ‘These are probably, in part at least, the Eagle Sandstones, and the locality would furnish a favorable opportunity to study the deposits. THE JupirH River Bens. Fish Creek Area, etc. — These have been so carefully studied and so well described by Hatcher and Stanton that I cannot add much to the observations of these gentlemen. In 1905 I observed a good ex- posure near the head of Fish Creek north of Melville and northeast of Porcupine Butte. This is the most western locality in which I have seen these beds in the southern portion of Montana. Like the other formations exposed here, the outcrop extends in an easterly direction, the rocks becoming less and less disturbed at greater distances from the mountains. The Judith River beds are exposed along the Great Northern Railroad, for a distance, if my memory serves me rightly, of over a hundred miles east of Havre. THE FisH CREEK BEDs. The Fish Creek Area. —In the region of Fish Creek, the gray beds, which are darker and contain more carbonaceous matter toward the top, are overlaid by a series of alternating dark shales and hard laminated sandstones. ‘They are lithologically different from both the light-colored Judith River beds below and the Bearpaw shales above. ‘The shales contain much carbonaceous matter and fragmentary plant impressions, while more perfect fossil leaves were found in the sandstones. Hatcher and Stanton do not fully describe these beds. I am not able to say whether they are marine or non-marine, but judge that they are in a sense transitional between the Judith River beds and the marine Bearpaw shales. They sometimes resemble the upper por- tions of the Bearpaw shales, but they contain more sandstone. They were included in what I originally denominated the ‘‘ Fish Creek Beds,’’ the lower portion of which have been correlated with the Judith River formation. Instead of giving these beds a new name to dis- tinguish them from the Judith River below and the Bearpaw shales above, I think it better to restrict the name Fish Creek to this forma- tion. ‘This horizon is best exposed north of the bad-land exposure of the Judith River on the Crawford ranch between Fish Creek and Mud Creek.” Itis also well exposed in the Lake Basin about thirty miles 18 See Hatcher and Stanton’s Bulletin on the Judith River Beds, p. 59. 276 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. to the southeast of this locality. I judge that they are nearly as thick as the Judith River deposits. PIERRE FORMATION: BEARPAW SHALES. Fish Creek Area. — Overlying the Fish Creek beds in the Fish Creek section, are the Pierre (Bearpaw) shales. ‘These, according to Hatcher and Stanton, do not differ in lithological characters from the typical Pierre, but they are much thinner than in the typical locality and in the region farther south, where their deposition was probably in part contemporaneous with that of a portion of the beds, which under- lie the Bearpaw shales in Montana. ‘The invertebrate fauna is prac- - tically the same as that of the typical Pierre ; but, in addition to this, the deposits contain vertebrates such as mosasaurs, 7yachodon, and other dinosaurs. In excavating for dinosaurs, thin films of coal and plant remains, including leaves of Seguoza, were found. ‘The occurrence of the reptilian remains is very different from that in the Judith River. In the latter whole bones and fragments are very numerous, sometimes a few bones of the skeleton being associated. In the Pierre shales skeletal remains are not numerous, but when found it often appears that nearly the whole animal had originally been buried. There are, how- ever, some isolated bones in the Pierre. Several] large portions of skeletons were found by Mr. Silberling and the present writer. These were secured for the Princeton Museum and the University of Montana. In searching for fossils in these beds one must violate, to a certain extent, the usual rules. The shales weather into low flats, low rounded hills and shallow ravines. The bones may be found among the grass roots on the sides or tops of the hills, or along the little ravines. Most of the country can be reached with horses and wagon, and nearly all of it on horseback, yet one may easily overlook a good skeleton which shows nothing on the surface except a few fragments of bones. The general trend of the outcrop of the Pierre in this region is northwest and southeast. It weathers into depressions between the ridges formed by the Eagle, Claggett, and Judith River beds on the one side, and the Fox Hills (?) and Laramie on the other. In some ~ places the depression is narrow, where the dip of the rock is greater, but it broadens into flats and undulating prairies, where it is more nearly horizontal. I have traced these beds from near the upper — branches of .Fish Creek to the Lake Basin, a distance of forty or fifty miles. Doucuass: A GEOLOGICAL RECONNAISSANCE. Dilek THe Fox HILLs (?) Conditions are such that the upper continuation of the Bearpaw shales is not usually well exposed in the Fish Creek section. On Mr. B. Forsythe’s ranch, on a branch of Big Coulee Creek, and in the bluffs northeast of Columbus they can be studied to advantage. The dark shales become more arenaceous, at least there are more layers of sandstone. Near Columbus these beds contain some brown concre- tions in which are marine fossils. I do not know that these have been specifically determined, but am inclined to think that they are Fox Hill species. In the two localities above mentioned the dark shales and shaly sandstones end rather abruptly and are overlaid, perhaps unconformably, by heavy gray sandstones. Near McClatchy’s house on Fish Creek a few fossil mollusca were found in the sandstones. LARAMIE AND DOUBTFUL LARAMIE. fish Creek Section. —'Yhe thick series of strata between the gray sandstones, just referred provisionally to the Fox Hills, and the Fort Union beds, may be divided temporarily, for convenience of descrip- tion, into five lithological divisions. ‘The total thickness must be sev- eral thousands of feet. A. Dark shales, sandy shales, and sandstones, sometimes weathering into something like bad-land forms. They contain in almost every _ good exposure bones of dinosaurs, such as Z7zceratops and probably _ Trachodon. They are well exposed (a) northwest of the McClatchy house on Fish Creek, (4) south of the Lake Basin, and (¢) north of Columbus, on the road from Columbus to the Lake Basin. ; Bb. Sandstones and some shale. The sandstones, at least in part, _ are dark, sometimes iron-stained, and occur in rather thin layers. In _ places they are gray. A and B and the doubtful Fox Hills might be united. inent ridge, which can be traced southeastward from near the American _ Fork, south of Harlowton, a distance of sixty miles or more into the _ southern part of Yellowstone County, where it forms the southern rim of the Lake Basin. The beds composing the ridge dip strongly to the southward in the more western portion near the mountains, but in the region north of Columbus they are more nearly horizontal, dipping slightly to the south. C. Rather soft gray sandstones alternating with various colored é The Fox Hill sandstones, and A and Bof the Laramie, form a prom- f 278 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. mi shales (green, brown, etc.). These beds are many hundreds of feet in thickness. Ido not know that any fossils have been found in them, neither am I sure that I have observed this series in any other region except near Fish Creek. D. Gray sandstones harder than those of C, and gray clays or soft shales. In the shales, impressions of delicate plants were obtained. E. Dark clays and soft shales, hard laminated sandstones, and two or more thin layers or lenses of limestone containing clams and fresh- water gasteropods. ‘These are the beds, which in another portion of the present paper I have mentioned as occurring west of Sweetgrass Creek in the region northeast of Big Timber. These beds A, B, C, D, and E are all well exposed on the road from the McClatchy ranch to Melville and Big Timber. brown, concretionary masses. Upper surface not level, but having depressions filled with NOW2 ead egant tees ca aber eutsaceancescemamaculns 5 ft. + Another section from another locality on White Butte partly supple- ments the one just given, as it extends upward through the Upper White River beds. Its lowest member corresponds with No. 5 of the preceding section, beginning with the top of the Titanotherium beds _ and extending upward through the Oreodon and overlying beds as | high as they are exposed at White Butte. SECTION OF UPPER PORTION OF WESTERN RIDGE OF WHITE BUTTE. (From above downward. ) 13. Green sand, mostly unconsolidated, gray sand, [ shale, and) fragments/of DOnES\. 2... .c.ccestssdseever 12. Greensand, Fragments of bones of Rhinoceroses, OUCS espns cnssincnwaachresnsbeny sw eeancependetsseinvensen sree 11, Green sandstone, unequally hardened, so that it “UOLJVULLOY TAAL OILY AA «I odd ayy st <{quqoud deg SUOISPUS OY} PUL ‘spag AIALY a AA APPL, sadojs A\ FO UOHAOd UtdIsvy OY} Jo vq ‘ainsny sam07T “OPIS Utoysvay oy} Woz 9}4Ng sY AA JO UOTIOg UsD}seq OYY JOG ‘atnsug saf¢ 7 tadaaqs 0 (ie) II 1d ATS] OVO M IIMO'T 910 soedo]s popunor 1IMOTT IU L ‘ong OY IXX "| 4 ‘A ‘ISA ‘WNASNW JID3INYVO STVYNNY Douc Lass: A GEOLOGICAL RECONNAISSANCE. 285 contains irregular cavities (weathered pits) and root: like. tOdS«: «1.1: -czatvssoas ounces eee eRe RN GS 8 ft. Io. Green sand with some nodules, gray on surface Upper White NEAL OD elesesta de sade senngennte ecu ee 38 ft. River: g. Gray shale, hard in places, sometimes greenish in color. Bones of Rhinoceros. sss..sc..08e tee eee 24 ft. 8. ‘‘Rubbly’’ sandstone in rounded, egg-shaped LOLIAS seen ta calaghe Santa sen eak oto ee eee 4 ft. : 7; Elarder sandstone, than’ No.°6)...6; 6...)2.s.s0+ secs 5 ft 6. Fine greenish sand and clay, in one stratum cracking vertically. Some imperfect horizontal ATRIAL ANOS 1 can, tscuxunedsiendosnaseecstouWedeenses 12 ft. 5. Green sand with sandstone concretions............... 6 ft. Aun Greenvande pray, Clay Shalesins.cwoscscesesesceeeteceeen 6 in. 3. Fine gray sand, with some clay. Alerycoidodonts, Flyracodonts, Mesohippus, Ctc....ccccccevcresceceess 12 ft. Middle White 2. Pinkish gray clay with brown cellular nodules. River ‘‘ Oreodon’’ “‘Oreodon’’ Beds — /cfops, Gymnopiychus, Eu- Beds. mys, Ischyromys, Paleolagus, Mesohippus, Fy- vacodon, Aceratherium, Merycotdodonts, Lepto- TILE TY Til Cottans aotnclelers sattvioenirenettooae vere pieteisie wise caseee Borie 1. Tough sandy clay with appearance of stratification, Lower White without brown nodules, but containing a few re- River Beds. mains of MJerycoidodonts. Probably belongs to Si@reodonkwy MONZONsanecsxcansedautercess canemecee 6-8 ft. MotalethicknesshaoieSectlones ascsetecceneccacesech asc ss ¥63 ft. Total thickness of Tertiary beds at White Butte ADOWG eee onc eilersslesuceemarsanstecavsccses des ceesceaes ste « 320 ft The Oreodon beds have nearly the same appearance wherever ex- posed, but the overlying beds are more variable, and probably no two sections would be just alike. The Oreodon beds at White Butte are not rich in mammalian remains, and most of the fossils are fragmen- tary, though in one place three skulls with portions of skeletons of Merycoidodon, and a skull with part of a skeleton of /c¢ods were found. In No. 3 of the last section, portions of the skulls of AZerycoidodonts - were obtained, but probably of different species from those of the nodu- lar beds. No. 5 contains many remains of rhinoceroses. Two good skulls were found, which have been referred to Aceratherium tridactylum. Some fragments of bones and teeth of reptiles and mammals, including jaws of rodents and the tooth of a crocodile, were found in No. 6. Fragments of bones were found in most of the higher horizons. Below is given a section of the Oligocene strata in the Little Bad Lands southwest of Dickinson. It will be seen that it does not ex- actly correspond with the sections at White Butte. 286 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. SECTIONS OF WHITE RIVER BEDS IN THE LITTLE BAD LANDs, NorTH DAKOTA. fa Upper White River. Middle White River. Lower White River. The Lower White River deposits extend for a considerable distance — east and northeast of the Little Bad Lands. 7. . Gray clays and shales graduating vertically 6 oS Stratified sandstones and sandy clays Greenish band. Character of rock much the Q@uiteyhardiprayssandstomete.cc.sescscseuse nee sete and horizontally into sandstones, which crack horizontally, but do not show distinct planes of stratification. Some sandy concretions in places. Rhinoceros bones in sandstone. In clayey beds near bottom, AZer-ycotdodonts with , large bullz, JZesohippus, lizards, etc.......... Pink clay, sometimes sandy, with brown nodules as InVNGs2ibelow? seas -tacias cccccenen eacteeees ee ee eee wwsee same as No. 2, except in color.. ................. . Clays, pink on weathering, containing brown nodules, which on exposure to the atmosphere become cellular on account of the removal of softer particles; these nodules were numerous near top and bottom. In the lowest portion, in some places, are large concretionary masses of barite. The lower third is the most fossil- iferous band in the series and contains many _ skulls and other bones of /e/ops, /schyromys, Paleolagus, Mesohippus, Rhinoceros, Hyraco- don, Merycotdodon culbertsoni, Leptomeryx, Poébrotherium and others. The Merycotdo- donts, so far as observed, have small tympanic bullz. Fossils bothin nodules and clay. In the upper third are turtles and a few remains of mammals, AAznzoceros, Hyracodon (?) and Lucrotaphus dickinsonensis with large tym- PANIC DUNE seiccsddenaseave io! Bcc shen cqsceaeeemeeaee 1. Gray to almost white sands and sandy clay con- taining considerable silicified material near the top and many rounded and smooth water-worn pebbles and brown iron-stained concretions in the lowest exposures. The sand grains are usually pure, clear white quartz. Exposure something like forty or fifty feet in thickness... In the lower portion of No. 1 fragments of bone and fossil wood were found. Among the former are scutes of crocodiles. Total thickness Of section... .+c..cesccsteredesre nearly 200 ft. — 40-50 ft. On superficial examina- 10 ft. Douc.iass: A GEOLOGICAL RECONNAISSANCE. 287 tion I judged that the Lower White River beds extended northward to the region west and north of Dickinson, but I may be mistaken in this. The region has recently been more carefully examined by a member of the North Dakota Geological Survey and probably a report on this region will soon be published. East of the Little Bad Lands are clusters of hills, apparently composed of Lower White River deposits. They rise toa greater height than the exposure of the middle and upper beds. ‘The lithological character of the beds changes in the direction of Dickinson ; whether this is due to local differences at the time of deposition, or whether lower levels are exposed, is difficult to determine. I had supposed that the deposits near Dickinson, from which the Dickinson Brick Company gets its clay, to be lower Oligo- cene, but from the leaves which were collected there, Professor Knowlton judges them to be Eocene. There is presumptive evidence that the White River formations in North Dakota represent the deposits made in an old river valley traversed by streams which had their origin in the region of the Black Hills. The Lower White River beds both at White Butte and in the Little Bad Lands, contain in places granite and quartzite pebbles, some of the latter of which are quite large, two or more inches in diameter. A large portion of the deposits consist of clear white quartz sand evidently derived from the decomposition of granitic rock. A very large proportion of the upper beds is also sand, but deposited under different conditions, for where the sands are consolidated into sandstone the cementing material is often green, undoubtedly on ac- count of the presence of iron. White River deposits have now been certainly identified in the Little Bad Lands about 160 miles north of the Black Hills and at White Butte about 30 miles nearer. Professor J. E. Todd, of the South Dakota Geological Survey, has found what he believed to be ‘‘ Miocene’’ (White River and Loup Fork) de- posits on the Cave Hills nearly 40 miles, and on Slim Buttes 55 or 60 miles, nearer the mountains, also on Short Pine Hills and on Deers Ears Hills.” Mr. O. A. Peterson informs me that in the region north of the Black Hills there are areas of coarse sand and gravel of Lower White River age. 20 See South Dakota Geological Survey, Bull. No. 2, p. 60. On page 17 of this bulletin Professor Todd says: ‘* Two important geological discoveries were made: First, a development of White River and Loup Fork Formations, 300 or 400 feet in thickness about Slim Buttes, and traces of them were found in the upper portion of most of the buttes of the region.”’ 288 ANNAIS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. The Lower White River beds in North Dakota, at least some of them, resemble portions of the beds of nearly the same age in Montana ; but the Middle White River is different in appearance in the two places. It is evident that the later Tertiary deposits in Montana accumu- lated in various ways (as water-borne sediments and wind-blown dust accumulating in lakes, marshes, and streams, and as sheet-wash and flood-plain deposits, etc.), in large river valleys excavated in later Eocene times. I have little doubt that the upper Tertiary deposits in North Dakota were also deposited in broad valleys of erosion. Much of the material of the deposits came from areas of granite and quartzite rock. In the region of the Black Hills are the only outcrops of these rocks for hundreds of miles; this, connected with the fact that a series of re- mains of Oligocene deposits have been observed to extend from Dickinson to the Black Hills, suggests the probability that a river formerly flowed from the Black Hills northeastward through this region. If this be true, there should be coarse sediments as the mountains are approached, which is probably the case. Another thing, which tends to confirm the idea that these are river-valley de- posits, is the fact that, scattered over the plains, there are buttes ap- parently as high as White Butte, but which are not capped by later Tertiary beds. However this may be, it will undoubtedly be possible to trace approximately the courses of some of these ancient rivers eastward from the Cordilleran region. Apparently the Middle White River was deposited after consider- able erosion of the Lower White River. I have not seen much evi- dence of erosion of the Middle White River (Oreodon) beds, previous to the deposition of the Upper White River, but the latter was evi- dently accumulated under more complex conditions, portions of the deposits being eroded and refilled with stream-deposits, etc. In the Little Bad-lands in one place what appears to be the channel of a river, or small stream, has been excavated in the clay, and afterward refilled with water-worn sand. EX. A BOTANICAL SURVEY OF PRESQUE ISLE, ERIE COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA.* By Otro E. JENNINGS. (PLATES XXII-LI.) INTRODUCTORY. The peninsula .of Presque Isle at Erie, Pennsylvania, is in many re- spects one of the most interesting localities in the western part of that state. To the botanist it affords unexcelled opportunities for collecting and for field-studies, and, indeed, there is probably nowhere else about Lake Erie a locality, where undisturbed vegetation may be studied as at Presque Isle. Detailed studies of the bird-life of Presque Isle having been made under the auspices of the Carnegie Museum,’ it was determined that the plant-life of the peninsula should also be investigated. Ac- cordingly the writer made a series of trips to the place, collecting and making field-studies on the following dates: May 15-17, June 9-11, and August 24-26, 1905; May 8-10, June 5-7, and September 20- 22, 1906. ‘The collections thus made were critically studied in the laboratory, as were also the collections in the Herbarium of the Car- negie Museum made at Presque Isle by Professor Gustave Guttenberg in 1878-1880, while connected with the Erie High School ; and the collections made on Presque Isle by Dr. John A. Shafer, September 9-11, 1900, while connected with the Carnegie Museum. The hearty thanks of the author are here due to Dr. W. J. Holland, the Director of the Carnegie Museum, for his ready approval of the plans of the author in this work and for his editorial supervision of the manuscript ; to the United States War Department at Washington for permission to use certain early maps and charts of Presque Isle, and to 1 Paper presented as one of the requirements for the degree of doctor of philosophy in the University of Pittsburgh. — 2Todd, W. E. Clyde. ‘+ The Birds of Erie and Presque Isle, Erie County, Penn- sylvania.’”’ ANN. Car. Mus., Vol. II, pp. 481-596, 1904. To the introduction of this article the reader is referred for a brief general description of Presque Isle and its larger vegetational features. 289 290 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. Mr. J. G. Sanders, of Washington, for having made tracings of these maps and charts; to Mr. George H. Fenkell, Engineer of the City Water Works of Erie, and to Mr. Andrew W. Shaw, Keeper of the Presque Isle Light, for many courtesies, which added to the success and pleasure of the work. For the lettering of the maps the author is indebted to Mr. Sidney Prentice, to whom also are due many thanks for suggestions and assistance in preparing the drawings and photo- graphs, which, unless otherwise indicated, are the work of the author, assisted by Mrs. O. E. Jennings. In matters pertaining to botanical nomenclature the author has en- deavored to the best of his ability to keep this article thoroughly in accord with recent discoveries and advances, while at the same time the effort has been made to adhere consistently to the principle of priority as maintained in the amended Philadelphia Code of Botanical Nomen- clature, published in 1907. THE PHYSIOGRAPHIC ORIGIN OF PRESQUE ISLE. Although the larger associations of plants, such as those of the desert, the prairie, open forests, and dense forests, are to be correlated with certain general climatic conditions, it is no less evident that the smaller associations of more restricted areas, such as societies and for- mations, and the sequence of formations in a succession, are to be correlated with local physiographic conditions. It is thus evident that the best knowledge of the ecological associa- tions of a locality is only to be obtained in connection with physio- graphic studies, including such factors as the composition of the soil, physical and chemical ; moisture of the soil ; topography ; etc. Cowles* has been one of the first of a rapidly widening circle of ecologists in America to carry on extended studies of the vegetation of a region from the standpoint of ‘‘ physiographic ecology,’’ z. @., considering the vegetation of a region as the natural expression of its physiography. The topography and development of lake-shores has been the subject of very careful investigation,* especially in the case of the Great ’ Cowles, H. C. ‘‘ The Ecological Relations of the Vegetation of the Sand Dunes of Lake Michigan.’’ Sot. Gaz.,27: 95-117, 167-202, 281-308, and 361-391, Feb- ruary, March, April, and May, 1899. ‘Gilbert, G. K. ‘* Topographic Features of Lake Shores.’’ U.S. Geol. Surv., Ann. Rpt., 5: 69-123, 1884. And Russell, I. C. ‘‘ Lakes of North America,’’ 1895. 3 tl JENNINGS: A BOTANICAL SURVEY OF PRESQUE ISLE. 291 Lakes, and from certain general principles thus ascertained the origin and growth of a peninsula such as Presque Isle is easily understood. By far the most potent factors in determining the topography of lake-shores are waves and currents. In Lake Erie the amount of in- flow and outflow is hardly to be considered as a factor in the pro- duction of currents, because of the relatively very broad expanse of the basin of the lake and the action of other more powerful factors, but investigations undertaken by the United States Weather Bureau ® have shown that there is a system of currents, the general trend of which is east through the North Passage and thence southeast towards the shore from the vicinity of Lorain eastward. The currents must evidently be due to the action of the prevailing winds, especially the more severe storms. The larger axis of Lake Erie lies almost directly in the normal path of cyclonic storms® and, as the bed of the lake is com- paratively shallow, the wave-action thus produced is particularly strong, resulting in pronounced currents. There is also a considerable shifting of the waters from one end of the lake to the other, due to barometric pressures. The barometric pressure often varies an inch within the length of Lake Erie and, when this factor acts in conjunction with high winds, considerable fluctua- tions may occur in the height of the water. Fluctuations of as much as fifteen feet have been noted within the space of a few days at the eastern end of the lake.’ When waves from the west break upon the shelving beach of the southern shore of Lake Erie, there is near the shore a movement of water towards the beach, and, as the angle of incidence is oblique, there is a tendency for the wave to retreat as an undertow towards the northeast. The usual result is that there is formed close to the shore a current running northeastward, parallel to the shore. ‘To such lit- toral currents we may in a general way attribute the formation of Presque Isle. It has been found that in deep water the lateral movement due to a wave is very slight, but when approaching shore the friction on the bottom increases, so that the upper part of the wave finally topples over, forming a breaker. Much of the force of the wave is here ex- ®Russell, I. C, ‘‘ Lakes of North America,’’ pp. 32-33, 1895. 6 United States Weather Bureau. ‘‘ Climatic Charts of the United States. Chart No. 4, 1904.’’ isssell, tC, 2:5, p34. 292 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. pended, and during the impact of the water upon the bottom, as the wave topples over, the sand or gravel may be knocked and churned about to a considerable extent. From the breaker the water rushes quickly landward and then more slowly recedes, carrying the sand and gravel forward and backward, but, owing. to the establishment of a certain equilibrium between the greater shoreward thrust and the com- bined weaker outward flow and the action of gravitation there results a more or less constant slope of the beach. The ordinary littoral current unaided would not be strong enough to transport any considerable amount of coarser material, but in the line of the breakers there is a suspension of more or less of the coarser a sand and gravel at the impact of each breaking wave, and the littoral current may thus cause a lateral displacement of the debris during its suspension in the water. In this manner there may occur a gradual drifting of shore debris along the line of the breakers, the material being replaced from the upper parts of the beach as fast as it is carried away. From the mouth of the Vermilion River, Ohio, eastward to Dun- kirk, New York, a total distance of about one hundred and. sixty miles, the immediate shore of Lake Erie consists of the soft blue De- vonian shale, named by Dr. Newberry the Erie Shale,* covered with a varying thickness of drift-clay, thus constituting an easily eroded shore-line favorable to the formation of a typical beach. In the vicinity of Cleveland, Ohio, ‘‘ The mean recession of a line of promi- nent sea-cliffs in boulder clay, for a period of forty years, has been about six feet per.annum.’’ ® There is thus a large amount of beach debris annually taken into the waters of Lake Erie from this region and almost the entire shore of Lake Erie from Sandusky Bay eastward presents a typical beach of sand or gravel, strewn here and there with boulders from the drift-clay above. Sucha beach under the action of suitable currents will develop the various beach structures, as barriers, terraces, bars, spits, hooks, + i “ a loops, etc. The littoral current, following the line of agitation of the surf-line, may deviate from this course in three ways. It may (@) cut across” bays, etc., and join the surf-line again at the other side, forming a “«spit,’’ ‘*hook,’’ ‘‘bar,’’ or ‘‘loop.’’ It may (4) leave asa surface- 8 Newberry, J. S. ‘*Geological Survey of Ohio. Report I’’ Pp. 163-167, 1873. 9 Rossel, 1. C. odie pear, JENNINGS: A BOTANICAL SURVEY OF PRESQUE ISLE. 293 current, or, (¢) as a bottom-current, in either case depositing its load as a ‘‘terrace.’’ Presque Isle has, evidently, been initially formed as a spit somewhere along the shore farther to the west and has been slowly shifting its position to the east. It is claimed” that at about 1800 A. D., a sand beach extended from the mouth of the run, one mile west of the present ‘‘ head ’’ of the peninsula, and from there the peninsula jutted out. A long narrow pond extended from the bay between the peninsula and the mainland and as late as 1840 scows were run in there from the bay for firewood. At that time the penin- sula was said to be much wider at the western end than it is now. As now constituted Presque Isle is to be regarded as mainly the joint product of four natural agencies somewhat modified in certain particulars by man: (1) A littoral spit-forming current deviating from the surf-line ; (2) Conflicting currents tending to turn the spit inward, thus forming a recurved spit or hook ; (3) The ridge-forming surf of great storms from north and northeast; (4) The soil-accumu- lating and soil-binding effect of the vegetation, aided by the drifting power of the wind. Under the prevailing westerly winds there is a constant movement of the beach-debris towards the east, both in the littoral current, as before mentioned, and on the beach higher up. The breaking wave as it rushes obliquely up the beach carries many particles of sand and pebbles with it and, retreating obliquely in the other direction, leaves them often several inches to the east of their former position. Dur- ing a moderate surf on one occasion, with the waves striking the beach at an angle, the writer observed rounded flat pebbles of about an inch in diameter moving eastward in this manner. The marked pebbles were not shifted with each wave but occasionally they would be shifted a foot or more at one time, the general average during some twenty minutes of observation being one and a half inches per wave. Under such conditions it thus appears that certain of the looser, more exposed pebbles would be transported the surprising distance of about fifteen hundred feet in twenty-four hours, provided, of course, that the pebbles remained in the same relative position on a uniform beach. The general tendency during prevailing westerly winds is for this shifting beach-debris to be deposited at the extremity of the spit, as a 10 Nelson, S. B. ‘‘ Biographic Dictionary and Historical Reference Book of Erie County, Pa.,’’ p. 426, 1896. ‘ 994 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. prolongation, but ordinarily there occur at irregular intervals conflict- ing currents due to northeast winds which carry the debris southward and tend to form a recurved spit or hook. The most powerful agency, however, in the distribution of the beach-debris after it has reached this part of the peninsula is to be found in the surf of great northeast storms, which may pile the sand up in the form of beach-bars or ridges above and beyond the reach of the ordinary surf. In fact, it has been stated by Gilbert: ‘‘ The habit of the shore, including not only the maximum height of the beach- line and the height of its profile, but the dimensions of the wave-cut terrace and of other wave products, is determined by and adjusted to the great storms.’’ ” The ridges and bars built up during the great northeastern storms will, of course, have a general direction parallel to the waves produc- ing them, as will also necessarily be the case with the lagoons between the bars and the shore. As will be shown later, the damp banks of the newly formed lagoon may give rise to long lines of vegetation, along which, especially the woody species, the wind-driven beach- sand will accumulate, and, being held by sand-binding vegetation, will eventually form the great transverse ridges, which are topograph- ically so characteristic a feature of Presque Isle. Tue HisroricAL DEVELOPMENT AND PROBABLE AGE OF PRESQUE ISLE. At the mouth of Sandusky Bay, towards the western end of Lake Erie, there is a peninsula, Cedar Point, the terminal portion of which very closely resembles Presque Isle in its general topography and mode of formation. The vegetation is also in many respects very similar. With respect to the physiographic development of the peninsula of Cedar Point, Professor E. L. Moseley has pointed out that the succession of vegetational formations, taken in conjunction with certain historical records, furnishes a means of approximating 1 Gilbert,G. K. 2. ¢., p. 89. 12 The carrying power of the currents varies with the sixth power of the ve- locity, and the height of the waves is proportional to the square root of the distance through which they are propagated unimpeded. From this it may be seen that the effects produced upon the loose beach sand of the exposed outer extremity of the pen- insula during the occasional great north or northeast storms may be very great indeed. 13 Moseley, E. L. ‘‘ Formation of Sandusky Bay and Cedar Point.’’ Proc. Ohio State Acad, Science, 4: 179-238. (Thirteenth Ann. Rpt.) 1904. NEES ett JENNINGS: A BOTANICAL SURVEY OF PRESQUE ISLE. 295 the ages of various topographic structures, as well as of tracing their origin and development. According to Moseley’s classification the peninsula of Cedar Point consists of three portions: the bar, the dune-section, and the ridge- section. The dune or middle section represents a higher portion of the former mainland, now covered by sand, which reached farther out into the lake and formed a continuous coast-line with the mainland farther to the southeast. With the differential tilting of the lake basin, however, most of this portion of the mainland was inundated, leaving the dune-section more or less completely an island. A sand- bar soon connected this section with the mainland again to the south- east, thus constituting ‘‘the bar.’’ ‘This bar has been gradually shifted back over and upon the marsh behind it, as, especially, during the high water of 1858-1862. This bar was evidently formed mainly by a swirl from the main lake current passing the islands, the rotation being from left to right and thus sweeping the beach-debris from the mainland at the mouth of the Huron River towards the dune-section. Eventually the sand accu- mulated sufficiently to begin the formation of a sand-spit at the northern extremity of the dune-section, the accumulating sand being heaped into long narrow ridges or bars by the exceptional action of high surf during great northeast storms, especially in periods of high water in the lake. The further growth of the ridges was due to the accumulation and retention of drifting sand by the vegetation growing upon them or along their sides. The ridge-section of Cedar Point is about half a mile wide and in its middle portion are eight distinct ridges separated by long narrow depressions. These ridges are very similar indeed to those of Presque Isle. ‘The latter, however, are considerably larger and wider, although scarcely higher. The ridges of Cedar Point have been designated by Moseley by the numbers, 1 to 8, from the oldest to the most recent. Ridge No. 8 is about four feet in height above Lake Erie, and its vegetation consists of partially buried. cottonwoods together with a few willows. The cottonwoods showed five rings of annual growth and the ridge is sup- posed to have been thrown up about 1897 or 1898. ‘The jetty at the end of the peninsula, begun in 1896, probably offered an obstruction, and resulted in the accumulation of the sand forming this ridge. Cottonwoods under such conditions as obtain at Cedar Point or at 296 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. Presque Isle are seldom able to establish themselves around a lagoon, which has been separated from the lake for more than two or three years, so that the age of the cottonwoods will indicate very closely the age of the bar and its enclosed lagoon. Ridge No. 7 at Cedar Point rises to a height of from twelve to six- teen feet above the lake, and from the age of the largest cottonwood Moseley concludes the ridge to have been formed by a great northeast storm, which occurred on September 11, 1878, or the one which oc- curred on August 15, 1879. Probably both contributed to the making of the ridge. Ridge No. 6 is also dominated by cottonwoods. It rises toa height of nineteen feet above the lake, and must have been formed by northeast storms during the very high water of 1858 to 1862. Among the other plants on this ridge were found several red cedars, ten feet or less in height, and, as the cottonwoods are short-lived trees, Moseley based his records of the age of the older ridges mainly upon the data furnished by the cedars, assuming from indications on the ridge-sec- tion, on the bar-section, and on the Marblehead spit, that the ridges were nearly or quite forty years old before cedars started to grow upon them. Following these methods Moseley calculates the approximate dates of formation of the various older ridges as follows: Ridge No. 5, A. D. 1724; Ridge No. 4, A. D. 1684; Ridge No. 3, A. D. 159430 Ridge No. 2, A. D. 1504 (this ridge showing a cedar stump cut probably sixty- five years ago at an age of about two hundred and ninety-seven years) ; Ridge No... 1, A.D. 1429. Following much the same methods for Presque Isle as did Moseley for Cedar Point, the writer found that there is considerable similarity in the probable ages of certain corresponding ridges on the two penin- sulas. The probability is that most of the great northeast storms which affected Cedar Point also affected Presque Isle. The bar between lagoon ‘‘ Aa’’ and Lake Erie (see map of Presque Isle, Plate XXII, 218) was evidently formed about 1902-3, some of the little cottonwoods around the banks of the lagoon being in their fourth year in 1906. This structure is not shown on the Lake Survey Chart of Erie Harbor and Presque Isle, as issued in 1903. Between ‘‘ Aa’’ and ‘‘C,’’ on the banks of ‘‘ C,’’ are cottonwoods which were three inches in maximum diameter in 1906. ‘The lagoon ‘¢C’’ was thus likely cut off from the lake in 1894 or 1895. Between “¢C’’ and ‘*D,’’ along the shores of the latter, are cottonwoods with GIE MUSEUM, Vol. V. ANNALS CARNE ol. V. Plate XXII - MAP OF PRESQUE ISLE - ADAPTED FROM THE 1903 CHART OF .- sty 3h -4Y ERIE HARBOR AND PRESQUE ISLE.” ~ 9 U.S. WAR DEPT. SURVEY OF THE NORTHERN WZ STATUTE MILE cd | ss ee See | c 4 R ae ZA Vo Os es PIER OF 18 ql SS SUT i, Y AT TE % es MAINS SHORE § tats otc ae Ie" “Be Nis Ws Bi Bone | a: gag nn TCT TUT 1 pa TH —— AS 4S acy 1/1 gKU ETT : TI tii 2E WALDMERE PARK SY £8 J pe 2 ee ee 22 De 00 isto t S aie ry en em er | IV. Roman Numerals refer to Sand Ridges CITY OF ERIE A Capital Letters refer fo Ponds and Lagoons | gar auOe aad m0: TAM” fittes: s..) AOI TAAHO ‘ou 3H -MORA SST gy Sie. as! BUDeARA | OVA ROBRAM. AIRS Sas @RaHTROM BHT AO. YAVAUB 7830 RAWAL ICH Se We: BANAL unageaeerrnct) “MAS | 1hen ibe rides ANNALS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, Vol. V. Plate XXIII. A SCHEMATIC CLASSIFICATION OF THE VEGETATIONAL FORMATIONS OF PRESQUE ISLE. I. THE BEACH—SAND PLAIN— HEATH —ForeEsT SUCCESSION. A. — Beach Stage. B.—Sand Plain Stage. C. — Heath Stage. D.— Pine Forest Stage. E. — Oak Forest Stage. : ee a 1 ek aaa } ....Artemisia-Panicum Formation ......... Arctostaphylos- Juniperus Formation... Pinus Strobus Formation,,.........+0+++ Quercus velutina Formation, Il. THE BEACH—SAND PLAIN—THICKET— FOREST SUCCESSION. A. — Beach Stage. B. —Sand Plain Stage. C. —Thicket Stage. D. —Cherry Forest Stage. E.—Oak Forest Stage. ——— 7 Cie omgaee Roomoation } Artemisia-Panicum Formation Myrica Thicket Formation Prunus serotina Formation Quercus velutina Formation BPRS De “CAT oresPCOGE EK KEE ecaerece rE ; III. THe DunE—THICKET— FOREST SUCCESSION. A. — Dune or Ridge Stage. B. — Thicket or Heath Stage. C.—Cherry or Pine Forest Stage. D. — Oak Forest Stage. —_—_— . 1.— Populus Dune or Ridge SSS See ‘canine amie A 2.— Ammophila Dune either Zoxicodendron Formation.................runus serotina Formation } Gucrae velatina Formation 3- — Andropogon Dune OF... Arctostaphylos-JUntPerus ...cccecceeeerees Pinus Strobus Formation f “"""**** ; 4.— Prunus pumila Dune IV. THE LAcoon —MaArsH—THICKET— FOREST SUCCESSION. Stage A. Stage B. Stage C. Stage D. Stage E. Potamogeton Formation........ seseneee,Polamogeton Formation seseeeeeeeeLotamogeton Formation .......+s+++++...Dotamogeton Formation —........ «-.+-.Potamogeton Formation. Nymphaea Formation. Scirpus- Typha Formation. . Cladium-Calamagrostis Formation. Myrica@-Salix Formation. Scirpus- Typha Formation JSuncus-Eleocharis Formation ,........-+. Scirpus-Typha Formation..........0++++++ Sabbatia-Linum Formation . Sabbatia-Linum Formation -Myrica-Salix Formation . PRIMARY SUCCESSIONS Populus-Salix Formation ...........++- Populus-Salix Formation — ....s0es00++ Populus-Salix Formation ,,.......s002+0+8 Populus-Salix Formation — .,......++00+ Populus-Salix Formation. Stage F. Stage G. Stage H. Stage I. | ...(Potamogeton Formation) _...... Potamogeton Formation w+». Potamogeton Formation see Potamogeton Formation. ...(Nymphea Formation) —_..... Nymphea Formation —_ Castalia-Nymphea Formation ...... Castalia-Nymphea Formation. Decodon-Persicaria Formation. : «+. Scirpus-Typha Formation _...... Scirpus- Typha Formation wa... Cephalanthus-Cornus Formation ...... Cephalanthus-Cornus Formation. Fs cee .-. Cladium-Calamagrostis Form....... Cladium-Calamagrostis Formation [Sphagnum-Oxycoccus Formation] 5 2 8 [ragaria-Polytrichum Formation] [Aronia-Polytrichum Formation] ; = Sees «.. Rhus-Alnus Formation * we. Rhus-Alnus Formation Rhus-Alnus Formation seas Rhus-Alnus Formation. s g 3 «-. Populus-Salix Formation wee. Prunus-Acer Formation ww... Prunus-Acer Formation — sae Ulmus-Acer Formation. 9° Ce ee Evo V. THe Bay—MarsH —THICKET— FOREST SUCCESSIONS. Eat a 2 1. The Marsh Habitat. 2. The Cove Habitat. 3. The Driftwood Habitat. 4a So) wy 2 OB a Stage A. Stage B. : S) & = peo Chara Formation Potamogeton Formation. B I | Scirpus Formation Scirpus Formation Potamogeton Formation _ Scirpus-Typha Formation. dt a { Salix discolor-lucida Formation Phragmites- Typha Formation Castalia-Nymphaa Formation Sagittari ene te Solidago-Meibomia Formation Cladium-Calamagrostis Form. Phragmites- Typha Formation Salix discolor-lucida Onmiaegy. ; Rhus-Alnus Formation Rhus-Alnus Formation (or Cladium-Calamagrostis Formation.) Ulmus-Acer Formation Ulmus-Acer Formation ; Ate Y MUZCUM SIDaARAD, 2 AOLTSAOTA I e- ; Yt LP OPEN URTR ct E ARIT RS TDR BOHN AO AO sihinsdidiaiadbabsaisiitis SHUR EE ir HAI SRNR SEN MAA , : ees S r Pts —- HERI IWS J " : noparrio'h yoagutchgm nh: | ae fh , WARS 1A mY bar , ; ‘ ~~ > i fovamiot wong Fahad Ca a aiidlypinencia spate eh on ene thn natin SAB tc ahh DNA hind? MisslttsL ELT ioe pene trina mings ees -agy meer aro mprTrariro nese 1c esi nasntniett tiinsiintiSh Vl AE RN ee en ae He Sr em ree eee mre ele Me eg Re me et er Ft aR RMU Bh ca en Na Ae Aa EN Mh «i ii wee nit bare Stxite) deg —~ A, ~ , Le gine-rpcca ris tag seokt ns ai LOMGY re : = vite GOR RETOA Rett et, «2 punt SY, f ; 4 } . Botarttod a each Ke shu | iM nt Og tt tinct nine het ao iacatih ti hae die > | a ne te ett igs Aa mR pa Sk a Ae! om EE: RR eT Soman ent memati ee ee ee ee ORR RN am Re re ee ne ee OR al a I rs On Om Re etn ere eta eH P s Eh H eetepioitt TP —~ 3 one soit zw‘ snl A ™ actinic es PoyhiA w semtP hwy, — 1 Neda Re eboven wh syaie'p arth awSininieb,—~ .s ‘: ia es abe wt “saad taisiiadh Vidal hie RIWhown wh, — a t one sean orth —. | Feresrelbaad ET : vow menace eo oaaacamepeninmen ; ’ sg OeeP, wayP LY T ad ~ i Al ayers is ee A opated alt ' ieee: LAE ie Zac meat te are i ay aoek ate Sognegencacnepiad nwo, ASO de. Ly ORoUanne Dh woledeeeT COs neem tT wel aeeted . id Pe ‘ * ida cn eater DOM maITOE urpiwosla - aye seu’ Piel ro i ees hati Even whe > ecthcias Shenae ! noise l sith wa vsti aaa i et rieeeaanyss J Oe wii a: vt steel hod Ris Pe Shes JenniInGS: A BOTANICAL SURVEY OF PRESQUE ISLE. 29 ~I a maximum diameter of three and a half inches, so that ‘‘ D’’ and its ridge are little, if indeed any, older than ‘‘C’’ and its ridge. Around ‘‘ E’’ and ‘‘F”’ the largest of the cottonwoods are almost ten inches in diameter and we must probably regard them as having started in 1882 or 1883. Probably the bar was thrown up by the great storm of 1882 mentioned by Moseley. Immediately to the east of the Presque Isle Light, which was estab- lished in 1872, there branches off from the beginning of the ‘‘ Long Ridge’’ a well defined ridge, which is now being washed away by the | lake about half a mile from the Light House Jetty. This ridge reaches a height of about twenty-one feet above the lake at this point and from there continues for about a mile towards the Fog Whistle, becoming lower and broken towards the east. One of the largest of the cotton- woods which form the backbone of the ridge has been undermined by the lake and toppled over. Where it had been cut to free the Light House telephone wire it had twenty-six annual rings of growth. This ridge evidently was finished, as far as the work of the waves was con- - cerned, about 1878; it was formed, perhaps, by the same storm which formed Ridge No. 5 at Cedar Point (see Plate XXXVII). ‘Long Ridge” on Presque Isle begins a short distance west of the Presque Isle Light, and runs nearly due east for almost two miles. Near its middle it has a maximum width of about nine hundred feet, narrowing towards eachend. At the eastern extremity it bends sharply to the south and continues somewhat brokenly for another mile. At its western end the ridge can be seen to be made up of three distinct components, which, however, immediately lose their identity towards the east, although the alignment of the cottonwoods would indicate formerly separate ridges. Long Ridge has an estimated height of twenty or more feet above the lake, and rises often to a height of seven and a half or eight feet above the neighboring sand-plain. It is every- where covered with cottonwoods, and much red cedar and white pine atthe western end. ‘The largest of the cottonwoods, on the north side of the ridge, measured twenty-two inches in diameter, while towards the south side of the ridge the cottonwoods are older and appear to be dying out. ‘This inner (south) side of the ridge, next to Yellow Bass _ Pond, has red cedars up to eight inches in maximum diameter, while, in the depression near the union of Long Ridge with the outer ridge, _there is aclump of white pines reaching a maximum diameter of four- ; : _ teen inches. p-Moscley, EL. 7.¢., p. 182. 298 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. A sketch of Presque Isle made by J. S. Brown, September 30, 1837, shows, (Fig. 3) the eastern boundary of the peninsula to have been situated at the present position of the eastern part of Long Ridge, in- cluding the part running south towards the old U. S. Pier. A survey made in 1817 and 1818 by Lieutenant H. W. Bayfield (Fig. 2) in- dicated roughly a line of dunes around the northern and northeastern me) GULL POINT A FROM TRACING OF MAP MADE BY ANDY ELLICOTT AUG. 23,1790. BY COURTESY OF THE U.S.WAR DEPT. Fic. 1. Presque Isle, 1790. shores of the peninsula, the shore-line (approximately the present inner border of Long Ridge) terminating in a small sand-spit which evidently later developed into the low ridge between Yellow Bass Pond and Niagara Pond. Low water prevailed in Lake Erie in 1817 and 1818, but 1838 marked the climax of a period of very high water (575.11 feet above sea-level) the mean water level then being 4% feet higher than in 1808.!° The survey of 1837 marks the sand as accumulating all along 15 «« Appendix EEE. Ann. Report Chief of Engineers, U. S. War Dept. Survey of Northern and Northwestern Lakes.’’ 1905 : 2782. 16 Nelson, S. B, 7 c., 1896. Leaving out of account an annual oscillation of about one foot in the mean water-level of Lake Erie, there have been periods of high water-level in 1812-1813, 1838, and 1858 ; and periods of low water in 1808, 1818, 1834, and 1895. JENNINGS: A BOTANICAL SURVEY OF PRESQUE ISLE. 299 the eastern third of the lake shore of the peninsula so that it may be assumed that at least the interior part of Long Ridge was permanently established during the period of high water of 1838, and that the northern part was formed considerably later, probably during the high water of 1858to 1862. A survey of the peninsula, made by John de La Camp in 1866, shows the outline of the ridge practically the same as at present, considerable sandy plain having accumulated along the western half, but towards the east it is separated from the lake by a ROM A TRACING OF A SURVEY MADE BY LIEUT BAYFIELD, |817-/818, BY COURTESY OF THE U.S.WAR DEPT. Fic. 2. Presque Isle, 1818. merely a narrow beach. A projecting recurved spit at the point where the ridge turns abruptly to the south is evidently to be recognized to-day in the low narrow ridge which nearly divides the marsh ‘‘ B.’’ At this place are cottonwoods sixteen inches or more in diameter, thus indicating an age of at least thirty years. The oldest of the three components of Long Ridge projects consid- erably to the west of Cranberry Pond and was somewhat eroded by the lake prior to the erection of the Light House Jetty. This ridge is covered by an almost pure white pine forest, the oldest of the trees having reached a diameter of seventeen to eighteen inches, breast high. This would indicate their age to be from one hundred and forty to one hundred and fifty years, and; allowing forty years for the starting of _ the pines, as will be explained shortly, the age of this part of the ridge 300 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. would thus be about one hundred and eighty-five years, and would be thus correlated with Ridge No. 5 at Cedar Point. The ridge formed at this time may have been the basis for the present dividing strip between Yellow Bass and Ridge Ponds, although sand did not accumulate sufficiently to form a high ridge. There are white pines here indicating a considerably greater age for this strip than is indicated by the vegetation on the narrowing part of the ridge immediately to the north of Yellow Bass Pond. FROM TRACING OF SKETCH OF PRESQ ILE HARBOR MADE BY J.S. BROWN, 1837 BY COURTESY OF THE U.S.WAR DEPT. Fic. 3. Presque Isle, 1837. According to the above considerations the younger portion, at least, of Long Ridge is to be regarded as the counterpart of Ridge No. 6 on Cedar Point. In this connection, however, it may be noted that the latter ridge consists of two more or less distinct components and it may be possible that this ridge, like Long Ridge at Presque Isle, may have been partially the product of storms during the period of high water in 1838. Between Ridge and Cranberry Ponds there is a rather broken sand ridge showing some recent dune-formation towards its eastern end. The vegetation was evidently considerably disturbed during the build- ing of the Board Walk, both by fire and ax, but towards the west there is considerable white pine forest mixed with black cherry and : JENNINGS: A BOTANICAL SURVEY OF PRESQUE ISLE. 301 some young black oak. The largest of the pines are now losing their lower limbs and have a maximum diameter, breast high, of nearly twenty inches, thus indicating a probable age of about two hundred and twenty years for this part of the peninsula and correlating it with Ridge No. 4 at Cedar Point. Between Cranberry and Long Ponds there isa large ridge (IV), which, beginning near Jetty No. 2, runs slightly north of east for about a mile and a quarter, widening towards the east to about eighty rods. This ridge, at least towards the eastern end, is composed of three distinct components, the identity of the individual components “" FROM TRACING OF MAP MADE BY JOHN DELACAMP 1866 BY THE COURTESY OF THE US. WAR DEPT, Fic, 4. Presque Isle, 1866. having been largely obscured by the drifting of the sand and the formation of numerous dunes. The whole ridge is now covered by a dense forest consisting of black oak, white pine, cottonwood, black cherry, white ash, etc. Between Graveyard Pond (L) and Big Pond _(N) there stands a cottonwood five feet and seven inches in diameter, breast high, and, comparing this with the fallen cottonwood one hun- _ dred and eleven inches in circumference which Moseley found to be _ about one hundred and fifty years old, the age of this tree may be esti- mated at approximately two hundred and seventy years. From its ‘position and the mode of the formation of the peninsula there can be 302 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. little doubt that the land between Graveyard (L) and Big Ponds is of considerably later formation than is the ridge. Moseley found that a ridge must have been formed ‘‘ nearly or quite forty years before cedars started to grow on it.’’ On Presque Isle the sand-plain, which had accumulated outside of the western end of Long Ridge immediately prior to the survey of 1866, now supports red cedars up to two inches in diameter and at least fifteen years old. Little plants of this species from four to five years old have in several instances been found under cottonwoods having a diameter of eleven or twelve inches, and thus it appears that on Presque Isle also cedars may become established somewhere between thirty-five and forty years after the formation of the soil. White pines appear with cottonwoods but very slightly older than those under which the first cedars may ap- pear, and they evidently may become established on soil not more than forty years old. The dense group of white pines at the edge of the western end of Long Ridge (see Plate XXIV) occupies ground formed probably at about the same time as the older portion of the ridge, and which was not particularly disturbed during the initiation of the younger portion of the ridge. ‘The largest of these pines are about fourteen inches in diameter, but, having grown in an open stand, are low and bushy and are probably not more than thirty-five years old,” so that their age corresponds quite well with the estimated age of this portion of the peninsula. On the ridge between Cranberry and Long Ponds the dominant tree in the forest is the black oak. The white pines, mainly confined to the northern (older) side of the ridge, have mostly reached old age and are dying out, many of them having reached a diameter of twenty- six to thirty inches. One old pine was noted near Cranberry Pond with a diameter, breast high, of thirty-eight inches. Taking into consideration the porous sandy soil, the conditions of open stand pre- vailing during the early years of the forest, and the uniform climatic conditions, it appears probable that the trees are from two hundred and sixty to two hundred and seventy years old, and this, in turn, would indi- cate for the younger part of the ridge an age of about three hundred years, correlating ‘it with Ridge No. 3, at Cedar Point, which is also apparently a compound ridge. ‘The composition of the forest is in 17 Spalding, V. M., and Fernow, B. E. ‘* The White Pine.’’ U.S. Dept. Agr., Division of Forestry, Bull. 22: 29. 1899. ~ ‘go61 ‘g Kvyy paydeaSojoyg “Wey AY} 0} SpooaMuoz}0d JO Aayays aapun sasageunf’ pur ‘snr Japun SIU] puv DILMATY prac] “AIXX 23? ld ‘ISpry Suo7yT JO pua JSAM ay} AVIU UONVULIOF veseMae4p-UNIIUY BSUIPCAUL SNGOA/G SuuUIT ‘A “ISA ‘WNASNW JIDSANYVD STVNNV ‘9061 ‘ot ounf{ paydeasojoyg ‘PAUIWIAIPUN SULA UOLPVULAOF 4SA1OJ Vu2ZNJA2 SNIAANCY IY] PU g ASPLY JO pus pazwoun.y oy} surmoys ‘€ oN Azelf AwoN ‘AXX 9%ld ‘A ‘ISA ‘(ANSSNW JISANYVD STYNNV Jennincs: A BoTaNniCcAL SURVEY OF PRESQUE ISLE. 803 both cases a vigorous black oak forest with white pines, which have reached old age. The southern side of this ridge next to Long Pond is covered with can almost pure black oak forest, many of the trees being twenty-four inches or more in diameter, although relatively low and bushy. ‘This part of the ridge likely corresponds to Ridge No. 2, at Cedar Point, dating from approximately 1500 A. D. The two narrow ridges between Long Pond and Big Chimney Pond are each about one and one half miles long, about one eighth of a mile apart, and run parallel to each other almost due east and west. ‘These ridges are covered by a mature black oak forest, some of the trees having reached old age and fallen. Trees were noted with a diameter of at least forty-six inches. The shallow trough between the ridges has alsoa few largeelms. The youngest of these ridges may correspond to the oldest ridge on Cedar Point, which Moseley notes as having ‘¢ many large black oak, American elm and other trees.’’ A rough esti- mate would place the age of this ridge at not far from five hundred years and the age of the oldest ridge at about fifty years more. The sandy soil is covered with about two inches of humus and there are a few clumps of hemlock trees up to five inches in diameter. The land surrounding the Chimney Ponds is probably still older and it is not improbable that it once extended farther to the west like that portion of the peninsula immediately to the northeast. The younger ridges on the peninsula curve to the southwest, in conformity with the shore-line as the lake is approached, the middle and the eastern por- tions of the ridges being comparatively straight. The two ridges between Long Pond and Big Chimney Pond, however, have been washed away by the lake, their cross-sections now standing out in bold relief along the lake front. (See Plates XXV and XXXIII.) It is known that prior to the erection of the jetties this part of the peninsula was being rapidly washed away. It is stated * that a chart dated 1819, as compared with a map of 1878, shows a retrogression of some 1,500 feet in about three miles of the shore line of the neck of the peninsula, but that from 1865 to 1895 the shore line had been comparatively stationary. Reconstructing the curved ends of the ridges it is seen that the land now surrounding the Chimney Ponds may have extended at least half a mile out into the lake to the west. This, together with the known former attachment of the peninsula PNelson, 'S::B. 7, ¢:,. ps 4.07. 304 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. to the mainland farther to the southwest, would indicate a gradua] shifting of the whole peninsula along the coast to the northeast. The circular Chimney Ponds have thus evidently been derived from bodies of water, like those in the vicinity of Misery Bay, created by the wearing away of the main body of the peninsula to the west, and the subsequent piling up around them of sand by the wind. ‘The present indications are that, unless the eroding and land-building forces are kept in check by man, history will repeat itself, and that in perhaps another six hundred years, the present wider portion of the peninsula will have been washed away to form new land farther to the east, and Misery Bay and Horse Shoe Pond will have been transformed into counterparts of the present Chimney Ponds, with the main body of the peninsula stretching away to the northeast of them. The forest covering in the vicinity of the Chimney Ponds is indica- tive of considerable age, as it consists of large white elms, white ashes, black oaks, cucumber trees, sassafras trees, etc., and between V and S there is considerable hemlock, one tree being fourteen inches in diameter. The sandy soil is covered with humus, in places more than three inches deep. ‘This portion of the peninsula is surely not less than six hundred years old. That portion of Presque Isle between the Chimney Ponds and the ‘‘Head,’’ as the junction of the peninsula with the mainland is called, has been changed very greatly from time to time within the last century. ‘‘ The neck or west side in 1812 was two or three hun- dred feet in width,’’ * and ‘‘it is said that in 1821 the peninsula was covered with timber from the mainland, at the head, to its southeastern point.’’° During the winter of 1828-1829 the lake broke through the narrow portion near the Head, but the Government promptly closed the breach. During the winter of 1832-1833, however, another breach occurred at the same point and this widened each year till in 1835 it was nearly a mile wide. From 1836-1839 about 3,500 feet of crib-breakwater was constructed as a protection to a proposed harbor entrance at this point, but the work was finally discontinued. In 1831 vessels drawing 714 feet of water passed through the opening. In 1844 the gap was 3,000 feet wide and some crib-work was erected. In 1853-1856 brush and stone were used, and in 1864 the gap was reported closed by the drifting sand, although exceptionally heavy seas 19 Sanford, L, G. ‘‘History of Erie County, Pa.,’’ p. 250, 1894. 20 Nelson, S. B, 7. ¢., p. 415. JENNINGS: A BOTANICAL SURVEY OF PRESQUE ISLE. 305 still broke over intothe bay. Duringa gale in 1874 a breach occurred, but this was promptly closed and bulk-head protections built. During the winter of 1881-1882, in 1892-1893, and again in 1g05— 1906, the waves have washed over the the neck but no real breach has occurred. During 1905-1906, however, there was considerable ero- sion of the neck, especially behind the old pile-protection (see Map, Plate XXII). In places the beach receded at least thirty feet. The shoaling of the bay inside the neck is progressing quite rapidly and, although the outer shore may wash away, it is probable that the neck of the peninsula will be simply shifted to the east instead of being entirely swept away. It has been stated that this section of the peninsula is increasing in mass below the water’s edge, although the part above the water remains about the same, the distance between the twelve and fifteen feet depth contours, outside and inside being, in 1878, about double what it was in 1839.” From the above considerations it is to be seen that the main portion of the neck of the peninsula is of approximately the same age as is much of the sand-plain to the northeast of the Long Ridge and, as > will be shown later, its vegetation for this reason is also very similar to that of the sand-plain. THE ECOLOGICAL STRUCTURE AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE VEGETA- TION OF PRESQUE ISLE. General Considerations. All plants are intimately related to more or less definite conditions of environment. These conditions are not always plainly evident, but each species exists-within an environment characterized by definite biological and physical features. In nature any given area always presents more or less constant and definite conditions of environment. Such local conditions will neces- sarily correspond more nearly to the environment required by some species than by others, and thus there will arise in the vegetation as a whole a grouping and localization of certain species. The unit of vegetation is the formation. Plants are everywhere found associated ; their association being the joint result of repro- duction and the conditions of environment. To quote Clem- ents : * ‘* Association in its largest expression, vegetation, is essentially s¥Welson, S. B: /..c., p. 417. Clements, F. E. ‘* Research Methods in Ecology,’’ p. 202, 1905. 306 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. heterogeneous, while in those areas which possess physical or biological definiteness, habitats, and vegetation centers, it is relatively homo- geneous. This fundamental peculiarity has given us the concept of the formation, an area of vegetation, or a particular association, which is homogeneous within itself, and at the same time essentially differ- ent from contiguous areas, though falling into a phylogenetic series with some and a biological series with others. From its nature, the plant-formation is to be considered the logical unit of vegetation, though it is not, of course, the simplest example of association.’’ In newly formed areas of soil, no formation is likely to be permanent for any considerable length of time, for there will be changes in the environment, which will render the area less suitable to the plants occupying it than to certain other plants; or, if not really rendered unsuitable for the former, the conditions may become such that other plants may occupy the area and crowd them out by competition. Cer- tain recent investigations * have shown that certain highly toxic secre- tions may be given off by many species of plants, these toxic secre- tions being poisonous in each case to different species to a different extent. By succession the ecologist refers to the successive appearance and replacement of different formations ina given area. Insuch a process znvasion is followed by a reaction upon the habitat. This reaction may result in the replacement of one formation by another represent- ing a later stage in the succession. j 4 Jennincs: A BorTanicaAL SURVEY OF PRESQUE ISLE. 043 The description of this formation, as given for the forest succeeding the white pine, applies equally well for the formation as it occurs on the ridges, although the ridges attain in places: to a height of nearly thirty-five feet. The Ammophila Dune-formation. For a distance of about half of a mile west of the Key Post, and again for about the same distance west of the Light House Jetty, there is a more or less broken line of Ammophi/a-dunes fringing the beach. West of the Key Post the Ammophila now characterizes a weak line of small dunes between the first cottonwood ridge and the beach. Ammophila arenaria is a stiff upright grass growing just back of drift- beaches along much of both coasts of the North Atlantic. The grass propagates itself readily in a horizontal direction by vegetative methods and is able to grow vertically for a number of feet, when continuously buried by accumulating sand. In this manner the grass and the drift- sand reciprocally operate to build up dunes, the grass acting as an obstacle around which the drifting sand accumulates. ‘There is a limit, however, to the ability of the Ammophila to grow vertically with the increasing height of the dune, and at Presque Isle this limit appears to be reached at about fourteen feet above Lake Erie. The effectiveness of the grass as a dune-former is materially impaired, however, before this limit is reached, and the small dunes west of the Key Post are mainly not more than four or five feet above the sur- rounding sand-plain. Unlike the cottonwood ridge the Ammophila dune always has gentle slopes, because of the radial propagation and the small stature of the Ammophila. The structure of this formation is essentially : Factes. — Ammophila arenaria. Principal Species. — Pstlocybe ammophila. Secondary Species. — Cakile edentula, Euphorbia polygontfolia, Artemisia canadensis, Lathyrus maritima, Artemisia caudata, Andropogon furcatus, Panicum virgatum. During the most vigorous growth of the Ammophi/a dune there are very rarely any plants present, except the facies and the principal 344 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. species, the latter being found attached to the old dead stems and roots of the grass, and during damp periods often becoming quite abundant. In the early stages of the dune Cakz/e may be present, and in the later stages there is an increasing number of invaders from the sand-plain, especially on the lower slopes of the dune. At Presque Isle the Ammofhila dune, when finally ‘surrounded by sand-plain by the general advance of the shore-line, is either quickly blown away, following the death of the grass, or else it passes quickly into an Andropogon dune. As Ganong points out for the Miscou Beach,” the Ammophrla starts in some accumulation of driftwood, which lying at the upper limit of the drift-beach has had time to accumulate more or lesss and. Here the Ammophila comes in, and, thriving best when partly covered with freshly blown sand, begins the formation of a dune. In quiet sand the grass dies in a very few years.” To the west of the Light House Jetty the erosion of the beach was stopped by the building of the jetty, and the beach has since been growing lakeward, so that, instead of an abrupt cliff, there is now a gentle slope towards the water. Back of. the former sea-cliff and ex- tending up to it is the white pine forest. Outside of the forest and capping the crest of the present slope is a small area of the mixed Myrica heath-formation in which are a few Prunus and Andropogon dunes, and into this the pine forest is now advancing. ‘The upper half or two-thirds of the slope is occupied by the Ammophila forma- tion essentially forming a fringing dune, but on account of the prox- imity of the forest- and shrub-formations sand has continually filled in back of the Ammophila dune, as rapidly as the latter has risen above the level of the inclined plane of the slope. Outside of the true Ammophila zone, and extending from there down to the Cakile-Xanthium formation of the drift-beach, there is a mixed formation derived from the Ammophi/a-dune and the Panicum-Arte- mista-formations : Andropogon furcatus, Lathyrus maritimus, Artemisia canadensis, Ammophila arenaria, Artemisia caudata, Panicum virgatum, Populus deltoides. Ganong Wr Bee Laren pa OSs ™@ Hitchcock, A. S. ‘*Methods Used for Controlling and Reclaiming Sand- Dunes.’”’ U.S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Plant Industry, Bull. 57: 14, 1904. \\ “AJLUNULULOD 872211277 WWAXXX 9? ld (DUt SH. t ‘g061 ‘oz taquiaydag peydvaisojoyd Ayjo'yT FY} FOU puNOASa10F 9JeIpouuE oy} UT “FSO fay oy} rwau uorvurso0f sunp wosogorpupy ‘AISA ‘WASSNW SZISANYVD SIVNNY 3 y . “ JENNINGS: A BoraNICAL SURVEY OF PRESQUE ISLE. 345 There is here the beginning of the Popw/us-ridge, a narrow lagoon having been formed and filled up, but not till after the cottonwoods had become established. ‘The cottonwoods are now only saplings, but, present conditions continuing, there will develop in time a ridge. The Ammophila-zone is now on its decline at this place, and ina few years it will likely be supplanted by the Panicum-Artemisia-for- mation. Such a result will be accelerated by the growth of the cot- tonwood ridge and the subsequent building up behind it of a more level plain. Associated with the Ammophila here are all the species mentioned for the formation in general, excepting Cakz/e and Zu- phorbia. Andropogon, Artemista and Lathyrus are, perhaps, more abundant than the designation, ‘‘ secondary species,’’ would indicate. The Andropogon Dune-formation. In the discussion of the Pofudus dunes or ridges and the formations succeeding the Populus on them, the Andropogon dune-formation was discussed at some length as a component stage of a succession begin- ning with the Pofuw/us ridge or dune, but, as there are conditions under which the Andropogon dune-formation has no connection with the former, it has been deemed best to accord the Andropogon dune-for- mation a separate treatment. The Andropogon is not a strong formation, but, aside from the im- portant service it performs in holding together Ammophila or Populus dunes until other vegetation can obtain a foothold, there is consider- able evidence that on Presque Isle Andropogon may cause the forma- tion of a dune independently of other dune-forming plants (see Plate XXXVIII). Andropogon furcatus is a bunch-grass growing in dense rounded clumps, often two feet or more in diameter, and sending up flowering stems to a height of two to three feet. Ordinarily the clumps on the sand-plain are so far apart, that, although each individual clump forms a miniature dune, there is no continuous accumulation of sand due to the joint effect of several neighboring clumps. Occasionally, how- ever, the clumps are so close together as to have such a joint effect and a low dune is formed. — The grass apparently grows more vigorously, if somewhat elevated above the general surface of the sand-plain, and upon the new dune, or upon an old Ammophila or Populus dune, the grass-clumps are closer together, thus bringing about a greater ability on the part of the grass as a dune-former. ; o! 346 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. The Andropogon dune-formation of independent origin has typically the following structure : Factes. — Andropogon furcatus. Principal Species. — Artemisia canadensis, Luphorbia polygontfolia, Artemisia caudata, Lathyrus maritimus. Secondary Species. — Asclepias syriaca, Panicum virgatum, Panicum Scribnerianum. The general topography of an Andropogon dune, either when fol- lowing Ammophila or when originating independently, is that of a low mound or ridge with gentle slopes. Succeeding the Azdropogon dune formation are practically the same formations as enumerated in the successions starting with the Pofw/ws dune or ridge, viz., either (a) heath, (4) white pine, and (c) black oak; or (@) Yoxicodendron thicket, (4) wild cherry, and (c) black oak. The Prunus pumila Dune-formation. The sand-cherry, Prunus pumila, is a low shrub forming clumps, often several yards in diameter, which are capable of stopping the drifting sand and of building up a considerable dune without the vitality of the plant being impaired. This species is quite common about certain portions of the Great Lakes, but is not common at Presque Isle. There are perhaps eight or nine small clumps of the species on the interior portion of the sand-plain and about as many more on the wind-swept narrow portion of the peninsula between the Chimney Ponds and the Head. The dune formed by this species is usually small, but quite steep, and is more symmetrical than dunes formed by the other dune-building plants on Presque Isle. The largest Prunus pumila dune observed, near the remains of the Pier of 1839, is about four feet in height and eleven feet in diameter (see Plate XXXIX). No other species than the facies occurs on the Prunus pumila dunes, and the succession could . not be definitely determined. Probably most of the dunes disappear with the death of the Prunus, but, possibly Prunus virginiana or Toxicodendron pubescens may sometimes act as a dune-holder and, together with Rubus, etc., finally pass into a thicket-formation. p Mtge Dee bea aa ee hae) oe "906i ‘or ounf{ paydvasojoyg UNV 122 wnrIUd | KY pawiszo; 7Y Lt oY} OJ ouNp ainqerulyy "xX uoose’yT aztsoddo urvjd-purs pasodxa uo aunp vying snunig “XIXXX 3? Id ‘A I°A ‘WNSSNW JZIDSSNYVOD STYNNY JENNINGS: A BOTANICAL SURVEY OF PRESQUE ISLE. 347 The Mixed Prunus-Smi/ax Dune-formation. Along the lake-shore near Jetty No. 3, where the shore-line is reced- ing and is faced with a sea-cliff, the wind striking the perpendicular face of the cliff is deflected upwards with sufficient force to carry sand over the brow of the cliff. There the sand is deposited in the form of a fringing ridge upon the plants constituting the lower layers of the Quercus velutina forest-formation. Most of these plants quickly perish under the changed conditions, but a few species survive, and these, together with certain invaders from other formations, constitute a secondary mixed shrub-formation which may be termed the Mixed Prunus-Smilax dune-formation. The structure of this formation is typically as follows : Facies. — Prunus virginiana, Smilax herbacea. Principal Species. — Vitis vulpina, Myrica carolinensis, Toxicodendron pubescens. Secondary Species. — Arctostaphylos Uva-Urst, Lonicera glaucescens, Solidago canadensis, Celastrus scandens, Rubus allegheniensis, Rubus occidentahs. The thicket produced by this formation is almost impassable, the shrubs being bound together by the luxuriant growth of lianes, par- ticularly the Swz/ax. The oaks here are gradually dying and falling, mostly into the lake, but a few are blown backwards into the thicket and contribute to its impenetrability. Locally, along the bay-side of the peninsula, are to be seen a few small fringing dune-formations of this character ; as about three-fourths of a mile east of Big Bend, at Crystal Point, and near the U. S. L. H. Boat House. Between the Chimney ponds and the Head there has been within comparatively recent years considerable washing away and reconstruc- tion of the peninsula and the larger part of this area is now a sand- plain in various phases of the Panicum-Artemisia formation. During the various changes in the shore-line many Populus ridges have likely been formed, or at least begun, and subsequently wholly, or in part, again washed away. There are cottonwoods scattered about rather 348 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. promiscuously over much of this area, many of them forming dunes which appear to be fragments of former ridges. Behind the remains of the Pier of 1839 are three steep Populus dunes which are at least thirty feet high, and which now support the Azdropogon dune-forma- tion. Onone trip Alorchella esculenta was found to be quite abundant between the clumps of grass on the dunes. THE LAaGoOoN-MarsH-THICKET-FOREST SUCCESSION. In the discussion of the conditions under which a Populus dune- formation may be instituted, it was stated that in the southeastern portion of the sand-plain, where the lagoons are less exposed to drift- ing sand, there is likely to be no dune-formation, but that the Populus- Sax formation constitutes the initial stage of a marsh-succession. The Populus-Saiix Formation. Perhaps no distinction should be made between the initial stages of the Populus dune-succession and the Populus-Salix formation of the lagoon-succession. At the very first they appear to be identical, but the environment of the dune changes so rapidly with the growth of the dune, and the Sa/x plays relatively so unimportant a part in the formation, that it has seemed best to here recognize two formations. By so doing confusion of the two habitats is also avoided. In the lagoon succession there is a remarkable gradual interpola- tion of successively later formations, each forming at the time of its appearance an inner ring or zove around the edges of the lagoon (or pond). Thus, in the structure of the lagoon-formations, zonation, and not alternation, as in the Panicum-Artemisia formation, is the usual method of disposition of the component parts. Some ecological workers will probably take exception to the large number of vegeta- tional structures, which we have here given the rank of formations, but the abrupt dissimilarity in the systematic classification and in the structural adaptations of the plants of adjacent zones combine to make the ecotones very distinct, indeed, and, considering the differences in the ecological conditions of the habitat, there appear to be good reasons for the recognition of a considerable number of zoned formations. fr The accumulation of drifting sand about the banks of a lagoon is usually so rapid that in a few years the surface of the soil in the Populus-Salix zone has been brought up to the general level of the sur- _ JENNINGS: A BOTANICAL SURVEY OF PRESQUE ISLE. 349 rounding sand-plain, but the general advance of the shore-line lakeward leaves the lagoon farther and farther inland, and, at the same time, the vegetation increases immediately around the lagoon, so that de- creasing amounts of sand will be drifted into the lagoon and into the innermost zones of vegetation. From this it follows, that, after the Populus-Salix formation, each succeeding inner zone will have been built up of less rapidly accumulated sand, and, as farther inland the drifting sand is composed of finer particles, the zoned habitats are thus characterized by successively finer-grained, more compact soils, and ina general way each has taken a longer time in its building. Furthermore, the accumulation of organic matter, humus, becomes relatively a more important factor in the edaphic conditions of each successive habitat. Contemporaneous with the initial stages of the Populus-Salx forma- tion there is a submerged formation in its initial stages in the waters of the lagoon, and, as the ecological relations of the land and water formations of the lagoons are very intimate, it has seemed best to take up their consideration together. The different stages in the succes- sion will be considered, as they are exemplified in the different lagoons and ponds, in the order of development of the successive formations. Stage A. — Lagoon Aa (see Map). (a) Potamogeton formation, (6) Populus-Salix formation. The Potamogeton Formation. During the first few years of the existence of the lagoon, and con- temporaneously with the beginning of the Popud/us-Smilax formation, the lagoon is in many respects merely a portion of the lake, cut off by a sand-bar, and of the same character as the lake itself ; but, consid- ered as a habitat, the two are quite distinct. The waters of the lagoon, not being mingled with the uniformly cool currents of the lake, but being comparatively shallow and stationary, are subjected to greater variations in temperature than are the waters of the lake. During the growing season the water of the lagoon presents an excess of heat above the waters of the lake ; during hot midsummer days temperatures above _go° Fahrenheit were noted in some of the more open lagoons south of 4 the Fog Whistle, while at the same time the lake along the beach-line oa had a temperature of about 70° Fahr. 350 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. Another difference between the two habitats is to be noted in the constant clearness and transparency of the waters of the lagoons, whereas the lake is often distinctly turbid. To briefly sum up the differences between the environment afforded by the lagoons and the lake; the former (@) is warmer during the growing season, but (4) has a greater variation of temperature, (c) is free from currents and mechanically violent waves, and (d@) has a greater amount of insolation below the surface. The structure of the Potamogefon formation is typically : Factes. — Potamogeton pectinatus. Principal Species. — Potamogeton pusillus, Vallisneria spirals. Fruiting specimens of Potamogeton pectinatus appear very early in the life “of the lagoon, and perhaps may represent simply a continuation of a formation of the lake itself. Probably many of the plants of the lagoon are derived directly from the lake by the separation of the lagoon from it. Other plants were likely derived from disseminules which were buried by wave-action in the sand forming the bottom of the lagoon. The facies of the formation appears mainly in the deeper part of the lagoon where the depth is three feet or more. The princi- pal species, however, are quite abundant in the shallower water, even where not over eight or nine inches deep. In Lagoon Aa the plants were spreading rapidly by rhizomes, which were buried about an inch in the sand, and which were sending up rosettes at intervals of a few inches. The rosettes in the shallow water near the shore were probably buried by indrifting sand before they attained maturity. The Populus-Salix Formation. During periods of wet weather or of high water in the lake the water in the lagoons quite frequently rises sufficiently to inundate the zone _ of cottonwood and willow seedlings which at this stage constitutes the Populus-Salix formation. Around Lagoon Aa the ecesis of these two species was accomplished during the summer following the segregation — of the lagoon from the lake. In places on the west side of the lagoon the formation is about thirty feet wide and consists almost entirely of — seedlings in their fourth year in 1906 (see Plate XL). The indrifting fay as — ‘go6r ‘g Avy paydeasojyoyg *aSpa s,.19]VA\ BY} HSUO][V UL SULWIOD St UOTWULOF sv-1vyI0I7z7 “SHIUN[ IYT, “PlO SAVIN ANOF SpOOMUOIOD ‘UOTwULLOF AV7ZMG sano IY} JO 2U0Z APIA, ‘“YMOS Suryoo] ‘vy pur d usamjeg ee Ne ee Xeete ici ‘A ‘ISA ‘WNSSNW JID3INYVO STYNNV J x i « : JenninGs: A BOTANICAL SURVEY OF PRESQUE ISLE. 351 of sand was mainly from the westward so that the formation as.a whole is considerably narrower on the east side of the lagoon (see Plate XXVIT). The habitat may be said to be dissophytic. During the most xero- phytic periods the sand even at its surface is generally distinctly dark- colored on account of the water it contains. The water-table is so near the surface that even in the loose sand capillarity suffices to keep the water-content of even the surface very high. However, with the drifting in of sand the zone is gradually elevated and becomes dryer at the surface, while a zone of wet sand is simultaneously formed inside the first zone, thus providing a habitat for a succeeding formation. During the year 1906 no little seedling cottonwoods or willows could be found in the innermost zone of wet sand around Lagoon Aa, and thus the Populus Salix formation has here reached its territorial limits for this lagoon. In the manner indicated, there is brought about a remarkable reg- ularity in age and size among the plants constituting the Pofulus- Salix zone, so that the formation often appears like a planted hedge surrounding the lagoon. All over the sand-plain there are long reg- ular lines of cottonwoods indicating the shore of a former lagoon, long since filled up with sand. These vegetational structures are to be regarded, not as component parts of the Panicum-Artemisia forma- tion, but rather as ‘‘relicts’’ of a Populus-Salix formation, although they may figure quite prominently in the general landscape. The typical structure of the Populdus-Saix formation is: Factes. — Populus deltoides, Salx syrticola. Secondary Species. — Artemisia caudata, Artemisia canadensis, Onagra biennis, Aster ericoides, Panicum virgatum. During the first few years of this formation there are practically no species present other than the facies, but, as the surface-level becomes more elevated, approaching more closely the conditions of the sand- plain, there are a few invaders from the latter habitat, ranking, how- ever, merely as secondary species. 352 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. Stage B. — Lagoons C and G. (a) The Potamogeton formation, (6) The Juncus-Eleocharis formation, (c) The Populus-Salix formation. Around Lagoons C and G (see map) the Potamogeton and Populus- Salix formations are older and somewhat more mature than around Lagoon Aa, although otherwise essentially the same. Inside the Pof- wlus-Salix zone, however, there is a new zone, which from its facies may be termed the /uncus-Eleocharis formation (see Plate XLI). This formation is also to be seen at the extreme northern end of Lagoon Aa, where encroachment of the sand upon the water is pro- ceeding more rapidly. The Juncus-Eleocharis Formation. The hedge of small cottonwoods and willows constituting the Pof- wlus-Salix formation serves as a partial protection against the drifting sand and the habitat (edaphic) of the inner zone is thus formed of a more compact soil of a finer texture, which is not easily worked over by the little waves of the lagoon, and thus does not afford suitable conditions for the burial and ecesis of Populus or Salix. However, the zone is soon occupied by a formation of rush-like and sedge-like plants, mostly spreading about in the wet sand by means of rhizomes. The structure of the formation is: Facies. — Juncus balticus littoralts, Eleocharis acuminatus, Lleocharis obtusa. Principal Species. — Triglochin palustris, Carex Ocederi pumila. Secondary Spectes. — Cyperus flavescens. Each of the two species of Eleocharis, by aggregation, usually form closed circular mats (families and communities), into which no other species of the local flora appears able to penetrate and which often accumulate the sand quite rapidly, appearing then in miniature dunes two or three inches above the surrounding sand, these patches increas- ing in area radially by the further growth of the rhizomes of the //eo- charts (see Plate XLII). ‘gobi ‘g AvW paydeasojoyg ‘a1oys ay} dn Surpying puv Sururape Aypide.s st voyeur € 10} setpyoo0apg-snounf sy} aq *purs Suyyepnuimoov «q parang suraq’ st sa~apg ysog AO AVOU H uoosv’T Jo a.1oys jsaayjNOG see ke i cheep FS om — : ATG Shek *So61 *St Avy poydvasojyoyg ‘aanjord yo 1a}uU99 ul sz1yy2007q JO punout 9}0N ‘puvs Surjypnumooe ATpr -dva jo uonaod sa}srout OJUT Supsuvape uorywursoy sravyooapy-snnunf[ ‘d{ SI A\ SOA spavao}y SULYOO] ‘Dd uoose’T Jo pua yyAON WVTTX Id ‘A ISA “WNASNW FISINYVYD STIVNNY fog a s a” ae 2 — - . "9061 ‘oz saquiaydag paydraisoy AAP SL AIMOT FXON “u1eyd-pues ‘yurq Jsom Suge yyos Suryooy ‘° uc0se'T “OUd = “souoz sug~uzoy-vyfA 7 pur umnury -vIzPQgvsS £yadse saproorsa AOS UL “QUOZ N27 -vIz JO aspo ye 99ULISIP UL QUOZ XZ7HGy suyNgogT “UOISSIDING UoOSsL’T ay} JO Caseig THANG ERE ‘A ISA WN3SNW JISINYVD SIVNNY JENNINGS: A BOTANICAL SURVEY OF PRESQUE ISLE. 358 The Juncus spreads rapidly along the wet banks and out under the water by means of its strong slender rhizomes. Sometimes the plant forms practically closed associations, but, usually, the plants are more or less scattered in lines indicating the direction of growth of the rhizome. When the sandy shore is advancing rapidly upon the water of the lagoon the direction of growth of the rhizomes is very strikingly inward, towards the water-line. Triglochin palustris appears scattered here and there in the ,/Jumcus- Eleocharis zone, sometimes becoming so prominent as perhaps to merit a higher rank than principal species. It never penetrates the closed E/eocharis consocies, but is sometimes mixed with the ./encus balticus littoralis. The formation, as may be seen from the above statements, is com- posed of alternating consocies which may be termed : The Juncus balticus littoralts consocies, The Zveocharis acuminatus consocies, The Zvleocharts obtusa consocies. In the upper, dryer part of the zone, practically marking the eco- tone between the Popu/us-Salix and the Juncus-Eleocharts formations, is the Carex-Ocederi pumila society, which characterizes very distinctly an early summer aspect. The same area is occupied later in the season by the less abundant Cyperus flavescens. Stage C. — Lagoons C, D, and part of G. (a) Potamogeton formation, (6) Zypha-Scirpus formation, (¢c) Sabbatia: Linum formation, (2) Populus-Salix formation. Towards the ends of Lagoon G, which had been quite largely filled with sand during 1905 and 1906, there are patches of two formations not found along the sides of the lagoon, but which can be seen to be replacing the /uncus-Eleocharis formation as well as occupying the previously occupied shallower parts of the lagoon. These formations are to be seen farther advanced and more typical in Lagoons C and D (see Plate XLIII). Taking the formations in regular order from the center of the lagoons outward, the formations of Stage C may be described as follows : 354 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. The Potamogeton Formation. This formation has undergone no change from its structure in the earlier stages except that Potamogeton pectinatus is more abundant and is more frequently found fruiting than was the case in the earlier stages. No rosettes are to be seen in shallower water,“as in Lagoon Aa, as this area has been taken over by the Zypha-Scixvpus formation. The Zypha-Scirpus Formation. The structure of the formation is, typically : facies. — Scirpus Americanus, Scirpus validus, Typha latifolia. Principal Species. — Eleocharis olivacea, Sparganium eurycarpum. Secondary Species. — Juncus balticus littorats, Utricularia cornuta, Eleocharis obtusa, LVostoc sp. This formation has its outer limit in about one and one-half feet of water and from here it extends back on the bank to a height of about eight inches above the water level. The habitat might thus be said to be amphibious, but to the plants it is uniform in that the top of the stem is in the air and the roots are ina saturated soil. The /wscus-Hleocharts formation probably added some humus and thus increased the capil- lary power of the soil. The soil is here made dark with moisture back to a height of about a foot above the water-level of the lagoon. The lower part of the Jwncus-Eleocharis formation is supplanted by the Zypha-Scirfus formation ; in places almost the entire habitat has been so occupied. The Zypha Jatifolia consocies appears in the deeper, submerged portion of the habitat, and alternates with the Sc7vpus validus consocies. The Sccrvpus americanus consocies occupies by far the most important place in the formation, but it exhibits more or less zonation with the Scirpus validus consocies, which usually occupies the outer, more deeply submerged zone. Excepting Sparganium, which occurs in the Typha latifolia consocies, the principal and secondary species of the formation occupy the bank in the Scé7pus americanus consocies. In places the soil around the bases of the stems of the Scz7fus is almost completely covered with little pellets of a species of /Vostoc. JENNINGS: A BOTANICAL SURVEY OF PRESQUE ISLE. 355 The Sabéatia-Linum Formation. Supplanting the upper part of the /wncus-Eleocharis formation, and, more especially, the Carex Oederi pumila society, is a formation, which, unlike any of the formations before described, consists mainly of rosette-forming biennials and perennials. The structure of the formation is, typically : factes, — Sabbatia angularis, Linum medium. Principal Species. — Gerardia paupercula, Loidium tncurvum, Lobelia Kalmit. Secondary Species. — Utricularia cornuta, Juncus tenuts, Lleocharis obtusa, Scleria verticillata, Juncus canadensis, Campanula aparinotdes, LVostoc sp., Pstlocybe ammophila. This formation is practically a closed one, but aside from sev- eral quite distinct aspects there is practically no grouping, the species being indiscriminately intermingled within the limits of the habitat. This formation more proportionally than any other forma- tion on the peninsula is marked by the variety and abundance of its floral display, the different species alternating with each other in their periods of bloom to such an extent that flowers are in evidence almost continuously from early summer till late fall. Some of the more important species characterizing corresponding aspects are: . . ° . 4 Sabbatia angularis, Linum medium, Lobelia Kali, Gerardia paupercula, Loidium tncurvum Utricularia cornuta. The Populus-Salix Formation. habitat now completely on a level with the surrounding sand-plain, and indeed very little different from that habitat in most particulars. This formation in the stage under discussion usually occupies a> ? 356 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. hedge-like appearance of the formation is disappearing, and the en- vironment is becoming changed, because there is a much greater illumination of the soil about the base of the trees. Stage D. — Lagoons C, D, and end of G (see Plate XLIV). (a) Potamogeton Formation, (6) ZLypha-Scirpus Formation, (¢) Sabbatia- Linum Formation, (2) Myrica-Salx Formation, (e) Populus-Salix Formation. Stage D presents most of the formations in essentially the same con- dition as they were described for Stage C, but in the more advanced portions of the vegetation of the banks around the lagoons mentioned in the heading there appears a new formation, so that it seems best to indicate a stage of the succession coincident with the entrance of the new formation, which may be called from its facies the A/prica-Salix thicket-formation. 3: ~ The Myrica-Salix Thicket-formation. With the further advance of the sand upon the lagoon and the conse- quent widening of the bank inside of the Populus-Salix zone, there is a forward movement of the Saédatia-Linum formation, at the same time that its outer border is being invaded and taken over by the JZy7zca- Salix formation, the latter thus forming a zone between the Saddatia- Linum formation and the Populus-Salix formation. The JZjyrica-Saiix formation is a typical shrub association and is characterized by the wax myrtle, JZyrica carolinensis, and the two willows, Salix discolor and Salix cordata. The ecotone between the two willows of this formation and the Sa/tx syrticola of the Populus- Salix formation is very striking, but when the ecological conditions obtaining in the two habitats at the time of ecesis of the respective for- mations are considered, the apparent similarity of conditions is not so great. The one willow accomplished ecesis under practically sand- bar conditions, while the other two found suitable conditions in the more compact, damp, humus-containing soil of the rosette zone (Saéd- batia-Linum formation ). The structure of the AZyrica-Sa/x formation is thus : Facies. — Myrica carolinensis, Salix cordata, ‘go6r ‘g Avy poydvasojoyg ‘auoz xyvg-suyngog ay) si ule d-puvs ay} pu sry} usdajaq { SUOIWVULIOT wenez7-v1]vggvVG pur sagwog Surv dsip uoyvusoy x79 -vI74Apy SULMOYS UOLSSADING UOOSL’T JO DasvzyS ‘YyNos Suryooy ‘qq uoose’yT Jo yurq ysoA, “AITX 9" ld ‘A ISA “WNASNW JIDSSNYVD STIVYNNYV ‘g061 ‘oz raquiaydag paydeasojoyg ‘uoneusogs sugv2zag-vygA fay} JO sao “OSUOD SHUDIZAIUD SNJAJIC IAL V SMOYS ‘IIS AX SOY oY} SprvMo} Suruun.s uorssaidap ay} sso. ysva Suryooy ‘cq uoosry] IMIG Seite! ‘A I°9A (WNASNW 31ID3NYVO STYNNY -go6r ‘g Avy poydvisojoyg ‘Wwoosr’y Jo 103099 ul poygducrny “ywysis oy vygA zy ‘uoeurioy sugsng-vyYZAT Si JNON “UONBULIOF S77804.5DUDIVD -UNIPY]D IY} JO SAIOSUOD wp] JO asuvdxea si punossa10j ay} UT *YIAOU SuLlyoo] ‘y uooseyT ml ANWI Xone lich ‘A ‘IPA (WNASNW SISANYVO SIVNNV ll ‘go6r ‘9 vw poydess -OJ0Yq ‘SUOTVULIOF pouoz xzzng-suzngoz pur N1]DG-vo14Agy ‘(puno1sa1oy o[pprwu ut) S1]SOLSDUDIDI -unipoyy “wy ga 7 -sng 129g ‘poy fur ‘WosaFOUDvJOg + 21% 19jU9 94} UL SULUUTSag “UOTSS9d9NG uoOSv’] dy} JO | asvjS ‘You Sulyoo] ‘ey uoosr’y] “WIATX. 2" Id ‘A ‘ISA WAASNW JISINYVD STVNNY fe e Jennincs: A BOTANICAL SURVEY OF PRESQUE ISLE. 357 : Salix discolor. . Principal Species. — Solidago canadensis, Aster ericowdes. Secondary Species. — Scleria verticillata, Linum medium, LVostoc sp. The Solidago canadensis aspect is very conspicuous in the fall, just as in the AZprica thicket-formation on the sand-plain. There is much similarity, in fact, between these two thicket-formations, but in their manner of origin they are quite distinct, and the willows do not enter into the structure of the thicket on the sand-plain. The beginning of the AZyrica-Salix thicket-formation is best ex- emplified in the ‘‘swale’’ which marks the former extent of a lagoon, of which Lagoon D is the remnant (see Plate XLV). This swampy area averages about three rods in width and extends from Lagoon D towards the Fog Whistle for a distance of about one-eighth of a mile. The area is but a little lower than the sand-plain adjacent and the habitat now affords a beautiful example of a mature Scerpus americanus con- socies of the Zypha-Scirpus formation. This formation, however, is bordered by a Saééatia-Linum zone, which is being rapidly supplanted by the AZyrica-Salix zone. The pioneers of the shrub zone are AZjy77ca, while the two willows and the As¢er are just appearing. Stage E. — Lagoons E, Ea, F, and Fa. (a) Potamogeton Formation, (6) Mymphea Formation, (c) Scirpus-Typha Formation, (2) Cladium-Calamagrostis Formation, (e) Myrica-Salix Formation, (f) Populus-Salix Formation. Stage E is exemplified around Lagoons E, F, and Fa, which were apparently segregated from the lake at about the same time, being nearly in line with each other abreast and being very similar in their - vegetation (see Plates XLVI and XLVII). x Ab The Potamogeton Formation. 7 The Potamogeton formation here is becoming somewhat more re- stricted but at the same time it is better developed and is more clearly defined from the zones surrounding it. It occupies the deeper water of the lagoons, shallowing out to a depth of about five feet. | a ‘ = 4 , % ame 358 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. The structure of the Potamogeton formation in this stage is: Facies. — Potamogeton pectinatus. Principal Spectes. — Potamogeton natans, Naias flextlts, - Potamogeton lonchitts, Utricularia vulgaris. Secondary Species. — Vallisneria sptrals, Philotria canadensis. The Vymphea Formation. The Vymphea formation occupies a zone outside of the Potamoge- ton formation, in water from two to five feet in depth. It is not yet well developed in this stage, but it is invading all three of the lagoons associated with this stage. The structure of the formation as here developed is: facies. — Nymphea advena. Principal Species. — Pontederia cordata. The Scerpus- Zypha Formation. The Sccvpus- Zypha formation in Stage E extends from a few inches above the water-level on the wet bank to a depth of about fourteen inches below the water-level. Its structure is mainly the same as in Stage D, but the Sadéatia-Linum formation surrounding it has been supplanted by a. formation, which, when once invasion has begun, rapidly gains entire possession of the habitat, and, being very stable, is able to retain possession for a comparatively long period. The Cladium-Calamagrostis Formation. The structure of this formation is here as follows : Facies. — Cladium mariscotdes, Calamagrostis canadensts. Principal Spectes. — Aster ericoldes. Secondary Species. — Asclepias incarnata, Hypericum boreale, Dryopteris thelypterts, Cyperus flavescens, Lequisetum hyemate. JENNINGS: A BOTANICAL SURVEY OF PRESQUE ISLE. 399 This formation consists so largely of the grass-like facies that it conveys at once the impression of a wet meadow. ‘The structure of the formation is simple, but there is a very distinct succession of the two facies. The Cladium mariscoides consocies always appears first, and usually it has the Saddatia-Linum formation suppressed before the appearance of Ca/amagrostis canadensis. In older structures the Cladium has entirely disappeared, leaving the Cal/amagrostis cana- densts consocies in undisputed possession. ‘The later appearance of the Calamagrostis depends probably upon the accumulation of certain amounts of humus in the soil. Usually contemporaneously with the appearance of the Calamagrostis there appears in the upper portion of the consocies: a zone character- ized during the autumn aspect by Asver ericoides, thus constituting an Aster ertcoides society. Often associated with the Aster is Lguzsetum hyemale. In places the Aster ericoides society becomes very promi- nent and almost entirely dominates an upper zone of the formation. Of the other secondary species mentioned in connection with the C/a- dium-Calamagrostis formation the Cyfevus is more largely associated with the Cladium mariscoides consocies, while the Dryopteris, Asclepias, and Hypericum are found with the Ca/amagrostis. This formation, essentially a wet meadow, which is rarely or never submerged, occupies comparatively large areas around Lagoons E, F, and Fa, and in the older portions of the peninsula is represented by the Calamagrostis canadensts consocies, as around Lagoon B, and in the three marshy areas between Band Horse-shoe Pond. Lagoon Y is now essentially such a wet meadow with, however, some Phragmites in the moister portion and a border of shrubs on the landward side. The Ayrica-Salix Formation. The MZyrica-Salix zone of shrubs has at this stage attained its greatest development, and will soon be supplanted by another shrub-formation characterized by taller and more rapidly growing species. This suc- cession is apparently made possible by the accumulation of humus in the soil, and perhaps also by the protection offered the young seed- lings by the brushy growth of JZrica. The structure of the AZrica- Salix formation at its culmination is not essentially different from its structure as described for Stage D, excepting that invasion by the next formation has begun, as is evident from the presence here of A/nus incana and Rhus typhina. 360 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. The Populus-Salix Formation. This formation, at the stage under discussion, shows but little change from its structure in Stage D, other than in the growth of the cotton- wood trees. The willow has almost entirely died out and a few of the sand-plain species are beginning to crowd in around the bases of the cottonwoods. Stage F. — Lagoon Eb. The middle one of the three marshy areas between Horse-shoe Pond and Lagoon B presents an example of a stage in the succession some- . what further advanced than in Lagoon E, and there are quite a number of changes to be noted in the different formations, as well as the ap- pearance of one new formation. The structure of the vegetation of this marsh, as far as it is at pres- sent represented, is as follows: (a) Scirpus-Typha Formation, (6) Cladium-Calamagrostis Formation, (c) Rhus-Alnus Formation, (2) Populus-Salix Formation. The habitat of this series has been derived from a long narrow lagoon, running parallel to the shore of the northwest end of Horse- shoe Pond, from which this area as well as the two adjacent marshy areas were derived, formerly having been lagoons (see Plate XLVIII). In the middle one of these areas the lagoon has been filled to such an extent that the lowest portion is inundated only at times of heavy rain- fall. The vegetational zones have closed in on the lagoon, so that the deeper central portion is now occupied by the Scz7pus- Typha formation. The Scerpus-Zypha Formation. This formation is here in a rather advanced stage, which is mainly marked by the predominance of the Zypha /atifolia consocies. Sctr- pus americana is present, but is rather scarce and is not in a vigorous condition. Of the three consocies of the formation the Zypha /at- folia consocies is evidently more partial to a humus soil, while Scé7pus americana and Scirpus validus reach their best development in almost pure sand. Drainage conditions perhaps enter into the problem to a certain extent. Secondary species are here more abundant than in previous stages and are as follows: ‘9061 ‘g Avy paydeaSojoyg “UOTIBULIOY mNULT-DIJDQQVY aandui uv Aq potdnss0 MOU SI 1 aanjord ay} JO a[pprurt oy} ur UoIssaadap ey ‘SuoOSL] MOtIvU JO Iv[NSII SULMmoys ‘puog aoyg asiopy Jo pua YJION SUI[]Y pur Tyo SU1}jND dy} YIM poultoy spoomuojjoo PUuv SMOTIIM JO souly THATX 9%ld ‘A “ISA (WN3SNW ZID3INYVD STYNNY JENNINGS: A BOTANICAL SURVEY OF PRESQUE ISLE. 361 LTypericum boreale, Hypericum canadense, Scirpus cyperinus, Juncus canadensis, Eleocharis quadrangulata, Pontederia cordata, LVostoc sp. Muskrats have formed many mounds and run-ways in this area, and in so doing have exposed to view the sand, upon which there has been a return of Eleocharis acitcularis and a new invader from the shrub-zone, Salix lucida. The Cladtum-Ca/amagrostis Formation. This formation is being here invaded very rapidly by the shrub- zone around most of the marsh, the pioneer JZyvzca clumps (families and communities in many cases) being scattered about here and there in advance of the main shrub-zone. Sa/ix cordata here advances by even longer leaps than does the AZprica, but it does not form such compact clumps. The structure of the formation at this stage is as follows : Facies. — Calamagrostis canadensis (predominant), Cladium martscotdes (inconspicuous). Principal Species. — Dryopteris thelypterts, Triadenum virginicum, Aster ericotdes. Secondary Species. — Onoclea senstbilts. Where the Cladium-Calamagrostis zone is wider, or where for some reason the shrub-zone advances more slowly, the meadow-formation develops a structure consisting of what may be called the /Fragaria virginiana society, which is followed later in the season by the Aster ericoides society, as described under Stage E. The structure of the Fragaria virginiana society is as follows : Principal Spectes. — _ Fragaria virginiana. Secondary Species. — 7 Dasystoma virginica, Lactuca canadensts, Solidago nemoralis, Solidago canadensis, Aster ericoides, Eupatorium perfoliatum, Sorghastrum nutans, Panicum virgatum, Cladonia sp. 362 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. This society consists in part of species, which are representative of the sand-plain, and this fact in connection with the sandy condition of the soil, which is in places comparatively free from humus, indicates a close similarity between this habitat and portions of the sand-plain. However there are invading groups of Africa and scattering indi- viduals of Sadx cordata, so that a final occupation of the habitat by the shrub-formation is indicated. The Composite2, mentioned above as secondary species in the /ra- garia virginiana society, reach their most conspicuous development only in the autumnal aspect, when that society is overshadowed by the Aster ericoides society. The Rhus-Alnus Formation. The AQyrica-Salx thicket, as is evident at this stage, and still more evident in the next stage of the formation, is supplanted eventually by a shrub-formation, which is in reality rather intermediate between thicket and forest. The formation is mainly composed of shrubs and small trees and its vegetational structure is as follows : Facies. — Alnus incana, Rhus typhina. Principal Spectes. — Vitis vulpina, Cornus stolonifera, Solidago canadensts, Cornus amomum. Secondary Species. — Salix cordata, Salix discolor, Salix nigra, Fragaria virginiana, Rubus allegheniensts, Acer saccharinum, Dryopteris thelypterts, Toxicodendron pubescens. During the earlier stages of this formation, and before the taller growing species have become large enough to shut out the light, the principal and secondary species flourish, but with the maturity of the facies and the consequent development of a more or less dense but low ‘‘ forest cover,’’™ there is a corresponding disappearance or rearrangement of these smaller species. When typically well developed the formation consists of a dense growth of either the A/nus incana consocies or the Rhus typhina consocies, or a consocies composed ofa mixture of the two facies, the whole forming a zone just inside of the zone of cottonwoods. 73 Pinchot, Gifford. ‘* A Primer of Forestry.’ Part I1.—The Forest. U. S. Dept. Agriculture, Div. Forestry, Bull. 24: 11. 1900. "9061 ‘oz taquiajdag paydeusojoyg “jy 814 uo sainosqo Soy Sursry “UOLJVULIOF W77VG-sn7 -NJOg P[O AY} JO SPOOMU}}09 aiv saa.q LASuL] ay, *“Suryovosagua auoz suupp-sayy ‘aouvysip ul vyg~AZ yorfat Fo dunjo v yy SATIOSUOD SISHIPDUDI SUSOLTDUDIVI *UOISSADING uoOse’T ay} Jo H a8vjG -g pur puog s0yS-asio0f] UdIMJaq MOPLAL JOA XI1X ld ‘A ‘IPA “WANASAW JISSNYVD STYNNY ‘g061 ‘oz taquiaydag paydvisojoyg *a0uv4sIp o[pprut UL unisAojvgngy pur oSppyos “WSIT ay} Ww voz4Apy Pus Ifo] BY} IV sHa7p JIB SIOPVAU YSOULQIOY ~MOPLOUL SUSOASVUDIDI 9yy Suiddnoso Ajpidea UOTJBUULIOF qhnays SHU] YP -SHY BT FUL ‘UOLSS9DING uCOse'T 94} JO 4 9HvIG “{ PUL puOg 2:0YG-as1OF{ WadMjJoq MOPBIUT JOM 1 ld ‘A ISA (WNASNW 3IDSNYVO STVNNY Jennincs: A BOTANICAL SURVEY OF PRESQUE ISLE. 363 Besides this alternation of consocies the formation also exhibits layering and zonation within itself. On the outside of the mature Riws-A/nus zone, and often leading out into the Populus zone, there is usually a low shrub zone characterized by Africa carolinensis, Rubus allegheniensis, and Solidago canadensis, the whole often being overgrown with Vitis vulpina. On the inside of the tall RAus-Al/nus zone there is again a secondary zone, which is often rather complex in structure. Principal among its species, besides young plants of the facies, are Myrica, Solidago canadensis, Cornus stolonifera, Cornus amomum, Salix discolor, and Salix nigra. Where the facies forms a closed structure, the forest-cover is so com- plete, that none of the plants the disseminules of which reach this loca- tion, aside from certain fleshy fungi, Russula emetica, Lactarius piper- atus, Boletus sp., etc., which form a transitory ground layer, are able to accomplish ecesis, and the dark pper soil is in places en- tirely devoid of vegetation. With the death of some of the facies, or where the forest-cover is not so complete, there is a rather weak secondary layer consisting usually of the species which constitute the inner secondary zone. Stage G. — Lagoon B, Eb, and Marsh 3. ‘In Marsh 3 (see Plates XLIX and L) the central portion of the lagoon is now entirely filled up and has progressed to the Ca/ama- _ grostis canadensis consocies of the Cladium-Calamagrostis formation. There is much Dryofteris thelypteris and some Scirpus cyperinus, and _ in a depression at one end there is a small clump of 7ypha Jatifolia, a relict of a former consocies. Several of the Composite of the - Cladium-Calamagrostis formation are also present. The shrub-zone is encroaching on the meadow very rapidly, and at one end of the meadow there is now only a narrow lane between the shrub-borders, ‘so nearly have they approached each other. Some of the last meadow species to disappear among the advancing plants of the shrub-forma- tion are Eupatorium perfoliatum and Scirpus cyperinus. Solidago cana- @ensis increases in abundance among the smaller shrubs, especially the Myrica of the inner secondary zone of the Rius-A/nus formation. a * Lagoon Eb, a small oblong pool near Long Ridge, now about a thirty feet long, presents the following rather fragmentary structure : ™The three small marshes immediately north of Horse-shoe Pond are spoken of, consecutively from north to south, as Numbers 1, 2, and 3. 4 364 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM, (a) Nymphea formation, which here consists mainly of Vymphea advena with some Asma Plantago and Pontederia cordata, together with remnants of the Pofamogeton formation — Potamogeton pectinatus, Naias flexilis, and some Ayriophyllum spicatum. (6) The Sctvpus-Zypha formation, which is here represented by Typha latifolia with some Scivpus americanus and Dulichium arundina- ceum, and around the outer border a few plants of Carex gynandra. (c) The Calamagrosis canadensis consocies of the Cladtum-Cala- magrostis formation with a few relict plants of Cladium. (@) The Rhus-Alnus formation, in which 4/nus has become mature and dominant, having associated with it some Cornus amomum, Salix discolor, and around the outside a secondary zone of AZyrica. Another little pool near the south end of Long Ridge has about the same vegetation, except that the Pofamogeton formation is still intact in asmall patch. ‘The structure is essentially thus: (a) Potamogeton formation, (4) Nymphea formation, (c) Zypha-Scirpus formation, represented only by the Zypha lati- folia consocies, and having around its outer border a distinct zone of Carex gynandra. (d@) The Rhus-A/nus formation, which has completely conquered the Cladium-Calamagrostis formation, and consists here mainly of 4/nus incana and Cornus stolonifera. (e) There is the beginning in the older part of the shrub-zone of a forest-formation, as is evidenced by the appearance of Acer sacchart- num and Prunus serotina. At Lagoon B the following structure is evident : (a) Potamogeton Formation, (2) Mymphea Formation, (¢c) Scirpus- Typha Formation, (2) Cladium-Calamagrostis Formation, (e) Lragaria-Polytrichum Formation, (f) Rhus-Alnus Formation, (g) Prunus-Acer Formation. The above structure of vegetation is not exemplified in totality in any one portion of the area characterized as Lagoon B. This is a semi-marshy lagoon, U-shaped, with several small ponds scattered here and there, and probably mainly inundated in very wet periods. One fennincs: A BorTaNnicaAL SURVEY OF PRESQUE ISLE. 365 of the small ponds has an area of Vymphea with a few Potamogetons still remaining ; outside of this being a zone consisting of the Zypha latifolia consocies of the Zypha-Scirpus formation. Surrounding the zone of Zypha is the Cladium-Calamagrostis for- mation, which in several places is a number of rods wide, and in fact occupies a large part of the lagoon. ‘There is a very marked segrega- tion of this formation into zones; an inner one consisting of the Cladium mariscoides consocies, and an outer one consisting of the Calamagrostis canadensis consocies. ‘The latter presents a very beauti- ful Aster ertcoides aspect during late September. The /ragaria-Polytrichum Formation. At the outer border of the Cladium-Calamagrostis meadow appears a rather broken zone, characterized by Polytrichum and Fragaria,. This formation appears to be a sort of ‘‘ filler’’ between the meadow and the succeeding shrub-zone. ‘The old shore of the lagoon is here rather wide and has almost no slope, and the Fragaria-Polytrichum formation appears only where there seems to be a space, which cannot be occupied by the shrub-zone by the time that the conditions have become more or less unsuitable for the Calamagrostis canadensis consocies. The typical composition of the formation is: Facies. — Fragaria virginiana, Polytrichum sp. Secondary Species. — Sphagnum sp., Aster ericoides, Rhus typhina, Alnus incana, Salix cordata. This formation is probably a further development, in conditions of -a soil with more humus, of what was termed in the Cladium-Calama- grostis formation of Stage F, the /ragaria society. A further develop- ment of probably the same structure is the Aronta-Polytrichum forma- tion skirting the Sphagnum-Oxycoccus formation of Cranberry Pond and of which more will be said later. It appears probable that the /va- garia-Polytrichum formation is not necessarily a member of the - lagoon-marsh-thicket-forest succession, but that it represents, either in whole or in part, a formation belonging essentially to some other succession, having found between the meadow and the shrub-zones _ certain conditions suitable for its successful intercalation. More will 366 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. be said along this line in the discussion of the phyto-geographical re- lations of the flora of Presque Isle. Outside of the Fragaria-Polytrichum formation, and advancing gradually into that zone, is the RAuws-Alnus formation, which is quite well developed, and around the outer border is even-passing into a forest-formation, as indicated by the invading Prunus serotina and Acer saccharinum. Stage H. — Cranberry Pond. In the various lagoons or ponds to the south and west of Long Ridge there can be more or less clearly traced a gradual development into ecological conditions and vegetational formations quite dissimilar to those described for the lagoons to the north and west of the ridge. The habitat most typical of what perhaps can be most definitely designated as the next clearly distinct stage after Stage G, is Cran- berry Pond, a long narrow lagoon closely similar to Ridge Pond and comparatively but little older. The lagoon has practically the same water-level as Lake Erie, there being, however, no drainage out- let excepting through seepage, a character common to most of the lagoons of the peninsula. Currents are thus reduced to a minimum, there being no drainage currents, and the action of the wind upon the surface of the lagoon is also very small, owing to the narrowness of the basin and the protection afforded by the tall forest closely sur- rounding it. The vegetational formations, proceeding from the middle of the pond to the shore, are as follows: (a) Potamogeton Formation, (6) Castaha-Nymphea Formation, (c) Cephalanthus- Cornus Formation, (2) Sphagnum-Oxycoccus Formation, (e) Aronia-Polytrichum Formation, (f) Rhus-Alnus Formation, (g) Prunus-Acer Formation. The Potamogeton Formation. With the limited means at hand the writer was unable to make more than a very superficial survey of the deeper waters of the pond, but enough was learned to make it certain that there is more or less Chara and JVazas in the central portion of the pond, and it is quite likely that Jennincs: A BoranicaAL SURVEY OF PRESQUE ISLE. 367 a more complete examination would reveal the presence of a Chara formation in the deepest water and more or less mixed with the Potamogetons. In Lake St. Clair Pieters” found that wherever the bottom was of clay or of alluvial origin, the ‘* Characetum’’ covered the bottom from the line of the zone of rushes (Sc¢xpus) to a depth of two to seven meters. Where the bottom was sandy the Charas were scarce or entirely absent. Although there is every reason to believe that the bottom of Cranberry Pond is sandy, it is probably covered with a - considerable deposit of humus, and it is certain that at least some Chara grows there ; where hunters had poled a small boat back and forth from the shore a number of good sized fragments of Chara were obtained. The Castalia-Nymphea Formation. This formation in places has become a closely packed zone of Vym- phea advena, often twenty-five to thirty feet wide, but more often it consists of a rather weak zone of rather scattering individuals, contain- ing also a few species from the Potamogeton formation, ALyriophyl- lum spicatum, Potamogeton natans,and Potamogeton pectinatus. In the deeper parts of the zone are a few plants of Castalia tuberosa. The Cephalanthus-Cornus Formation. One of the most striking features of distinction between the vegeta- tion of Cranberry Pond and the lagoons to the north and east of Long Ridge is the complete supplanting of the Sczrpus- Zvpha formation by a zone composed almost entirely of shrubs. The structure of this zone is essentially as follows: Facies. — Cephalanthus occidental, Cornus stolonifera, Rosa carolina. Principal Species. — Salix cordata, Salix lucida, Bidens cernua, Triadenum virginicum, Persicaria laurina, Persicaria tncarnata, Dryopterts thelypterts. Secondary Species. — Salix nigra, Salix discolor, Nymphea advena, Dulichium arundinaceum, 75Pieters, A. J. ‘‘ The Plants of Lake St. Clair.’? Michigan Fish Commission, Bull. 2: 6, 9, 1894. 368 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. Eleocharis quadrangulata, Eleocharis obtusa, Proserpinaca palustris, Calamagrostis canadensis, Naumbergia thyrstfiora, Asclepias tncarnata. The formation as a whole presents very little zonation or alternation within itself. Cephalanthus is the only one of the facies that can ever be said to constitute a distinct consocies, it usually being indiscrimi- nately mixed with the other facies. Rosa carolina seems sometimes to prefer the outer border of the formation, thus indicating a Rosa carolina consocies, but in the present stage such association is not prominent. The formation constitutes a zone of varying width, in a few places even being absent altogether, but towards the west end of the pond it sometimes reaches a width of about forty feet. The soil is always a saturated muck several inches deep, the pondward side of the zone being usually three to four inches under water and the landward side just above its surface. ‘The ecological conditions of this habitat are approximately those of the ‘‘undrained swamp’’ as described by Cowles and others.” Cephalanthus is almost invariably one of the most characteristic facies in the shrub-zone around undrained swamps and ponds, where there has been an accumulation of vegetable matter resulting finally in a saturated muck-soil. Towards the southern part of the glaciated area of the northern states the shrub-formation of the morainal ponds and open swamps consists almost always, in large part, of Cephalanthus.™ Northwards this species gives way to other plants, such as Cassandra, willows, etc. At the west end of Cranberry Pond there is an area of about an acre which is now above water most of the year and which might best be described as a mud-flat. The soil is a black muck and it is now sparsely occupied by young Cefhalanthus bushes, the open spaces between being partially taken up by Wymphea advena, small and un- healthy, Hypericum canadense, Dulichium arundinaceum, and Eleocharis guadrangulata, This area appears to have only comparatively recently been filled to such an extent that the Vymfhea has had to succumb and 76 Cowles, H. C. ‘‘ Physiographic Ecology of Chicago and Vicinity,’’ 7, ¢., pp. 147-155, azd Coulter, S. M. ‘* An Ecological Comparison of Some Typical Swamp Areas.”” Ann, Rept. Mo. Bot. Gard., 15: 56, March, 1904. 7 Schaffner, J. H., Jennings, O. E., and Tyler, F. J. ‘* An Ecological Study o Brush Lake.’’ Proceed. Ohio Acad, Science, 4: 159-160, 1904. JENNINGS: A BoTANICAL SURVEY OF PRESQUE ISLE. 369 give place to the Cephalanthus. Ina few years this area will prob- ably support one of the best examples of the Cephalanthus- Cornus formation to be found anywhere on the peninsula. Ridge Pond, as might be expected, being somewhat younger than Cranberry Pond, has the Cephalanthus- Cornus formation less well de- veloped than the latter. In fact most of the vegetation in Ridge Pond corresponding to this formation has a transitional appearance. On the south side of the pond Sczxfus and Zypha still remain in con- siderable quantities, but Cephalanthus, Iris, Rosa carolina, Proser- pinaca, etc., are invading the habitat quite abundantly. The Rosa carolina clings quite closely to the border of the shrub-zone surround- ing this habitat, characterized by A/nus incana and Cornus amomum. The corresponding zone on the north side of the pond is fairly typical of the Scirpus- Typha formation, Cephalanthus and Rosa having merely just begun to invade the habitat. The Sphagnum-Oxycoccus Formation. The successor to the Cladium-Calamagrostis formation under cer- tain conditions is a cranberry bog (Sphagnum-Oxycoccus formation). Just what the conditions are, which determine whether the wet meadow shall pass into a cranberry bog, or into a Rhus-Alnus thicket, are not known to the writer. Where the shores are wide and low, the accumulation of humus in the saturated, undrained Ca/amagrosiis marsh or wet meadow, may finally bring about edaphic conditions too cold and too acid for the ready ecesis of the shrubs, thus permit- ting the entrance of the Sphagnum-Oxycoccus formation. Whether this may be the true explanation or not, the formation appears not to be a regular stage of the succession, but is rather to be regarded as a formation belonging to a more northern succession, and, like the /ra- garia-Polytrichum formation, to which it may be a succeeding stage, it is to be here regarded as an intercalation. The structure of this formation, as exemplified at the eastern end of Cranberry Pond, is as follows : Facies. — Oxycoccus macrocarpus, Sphagnum sp. Secondary Spectes. — Tris versicolor, Pinus strobus, Acer rubrum, Acer saccharinum Alnus incana, Spirea latifolia, 370 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. Aronia melanocarpa, Rubus hispidus, Lriophorum gracile. From certain historical data it appears that half a century ago cran- berries were abundant on Presque Isle. For the particular benefit of the people of Erie, laws were passed by the State in 1841, impos- ing a fine of $10 to $25 for picking cranberries before October 1, ‘Cranberry Day.’’ Probably the Sphagnum-Oxycoccus formation of Cranberry Pond was formerly quite extensive. Around most of the pond the shores have a gentle slope, and each formation is thus given the opportunity to occupy a wide zone of fairly uniform ecological conditions. At the present time the total area of the Sphagnum- Oxyvcoccus formation on Presque Isle probably does not exceed one- half acre. Big Chimney Pond formerly contained considerable Oxy- coccus, but with the laying of the intake pipe for the Erie waterworks this pond was dredged and later largely filled in with sand, so that very little of the formation is left. The fate of the Sshagnum-Oxycoccus formation around Cranberry Pond is easily to be recognized. ‘There are many seedlings of Pznus ° strobus, Acer rubrum, Acer saccharinum, together with Sfzr@a and Aronia, so that eventually the zone will be sfipplanted by a forest. The Avonia-Polytrichum Formation. Skirting the outerand higher side of the Sphagnum-Oxycoccus forma- tion around Cranberry Pond there is a zone consisting almost exclu- sively of two species, the structure of the formation being as follows: Factes. — Polytrichum sp., Aronia nigra. Secondary Species. — Vaccinium corymbosum, Populus tremulotdes, Rubus hispidus, Prunus serotina, Prunus virginiana. There is but a limited area of this zone, about one hundred feet long by fifteen to eighteen feet wide, but the structure of the forma- tion is very distinct and the plants occupy the habitat very completely. The Avonia occurs in dense clumps (families and communities) be- tween which the Podytrichum forms a matted heath. Of the second- ary species there are a very few individuals present, these being mostly seedlings and confined to the borders of the formation. JENNINGS: A BOTANICAL SURVEY OF PRESQUE ISLE. 371 The Rhus-Alnus Formation. The Rhus-A/nus formation is not prominent about Cranberry Pond although around Ridge Pond it is still a strong zone. Around Cran- berry Pond the formation consists almost entirely of the A/nus incana consocies, but where the Avronia-Polytrichum zone is present, the former is absent altogether. In fact, the two formations are apparently coérdinate, the Aronia-Polytrichum formation occupying the wider zone of a gently sloping shore, while the 4A/zus znmcana consocies oc- cupies the narrower zone of the steeper shores towards the middle and west end of the pond, where the water comes closer to the forest and the zone is more deeply shaded. Where the Alnus tncana consocies is present, there is no under- growth, except that seedlings and young trees of Acer saccharinum are more or less numerous. The Prunus-Acer Formation. Back of the RAws-A/nus formation and extending to the top of the bank in the habitat of the former Populus-Salx formation, following closely behind the 4/zws thicket, is a narrow zone with the following structure : Facies. — Acer saccharinum, Prunus serotina. Secondary Species. — Quercus velutina, Quercus palustris, Quercus boreal, Acer rubrum, Smilax herbacea, Aralia racemosa, Phryma leptostachya, Galum aparine, Galum circezans, Osmorhiza claytont, Dryopteris shinulosa. This formation derives many of its species from the adjoining Quercus velutina forest of the Beach-Sand-Plain-Heath-Forest succession but, as the encircling zones advance with the filling up of the lagoon, the habitat comes more and more to occupy a habitat with a black, un- drained, more or less acid soil, and such species as are peculiar to this environment more and more predominate in this formation. With the advent of more shady conditions the Prunus disappears, leaving the zone more typically an Acer saccharinum consocies, but nowhere’ on the peninsula does this consocies assume any considerable impor- tance. It is usually crowded out by the Quercus velutina formation 372 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. from above and the hydrophytic forest, which later develops on the muck-soil below. Inthe pure tamarack forest at the ‘‘ first Sister Lake,’’ in the Huron River Valley of Michigan, Weld finds coming in a for- mation composed of almost exactly the same species here included in the Prunus-Acer formation. - Stage I. — Ponds R, S, U, V, north end of P. The climax formations of the Lagoon-Marsh-Thicket-Forest Suc- cession, for Presque Isle at least, are to be seen in the Chimney Ponds. (R,S, U,and V). The arrangement of the formations at this stage being typically as follows : (a) Potamogeton Formation, (6) Castalia-Nymphea Formation, .(¢) Decodon-Persicaria Formation, (2) Cephalanthus-Cornus Formation, (e) Rhus-Alnus Formation, (S) Quercus-Acer Formation. The ecological conditions obtaining in the Chimney Ponds are evidently very closely similar to those obtaining in undisturbed glacial ponds in the northern states. The Chimney Ponds are quite old and are considerably protected from the winds of the lake by the sur- rounding forest. The accumulation of vegetable matter has been suf- ficient to cause the basins to be fringed and lined with a layer of humus, which by humification has been reduced mainly to the form of a black, semi-liquid muck. The drainage is merely that due to seepage through the porous sand of the peninsula, ordinarily very little water passing either into or out of the ponds, excepting such as is necessary to maintain the water-level against fluctuations due to precipitation, evaporation, or fluctuations in the level of the lake. Even then the seepage is. not rapid, and the ponds have on the whole a very uniform water- level. Such exchanges of water must to some extent at least prevent the accumulation of acids in the pond water, and thus at the same time permit the conversion by humification of the vegetable débris into black muck. Within recent years several ecological studies have been made of glacial ponds and small lakes throughout the region bordering the Great Lakes. In undisturbed conditions throughout this region the ponds and lakes have practically the same formations, arranged in essentially the same order as has been described for the Chimney JENNINGS: A BOTANICAL SURVEY OF PRESQUE ISLE. 373 ‘ Ponds. The species are not always the same in the corresponding formations, but they are usually closely similar in ecological structure, and are quite often nearly related systematically. The Chara Formation. In basins with a clay or alluvial bottom, the deeper portions are generally occupied in the Great Lakes region by a Chara formation, which with certain of the Cyanophyceze may eventually result in the deposition of more or less marl." As was stated in the discussion of the Potamogeton formation of Cranberry Pond, Chara has been found to prefer clayey or alluvial pond-bottoms to sandy ones, but, as the plant was collected in Pond U together with AZyriophyllum and Naias, it can be assumed to be present in the other Chimney Ponds also. The Potamogeton Formation. The Potamogeton formation is well developed in all of the Chimney Ponds and, as represented there, the vegetational structure is typically as follows: Facies. — Potamogeton pectinatus, Potamogeton lonchitis, Potamogeton heterophyllus. Secondary Species. — Potamogeton lucens, Potamogeton natans, Vallisnerta spiralis, Philotria canadensis, Naias flexilis, Myriophyllum spicatum, Lemna minor. This formation, as listed, may be taken as representative of the mature Potamogeton zone whether at Presque Isle ; Brush Lake, Ohio, where Potamogeton zosterefolius, Potamogeton lucens, Ceratophyllum demersum, Myriophyllum, and Chara, are listed as typical species ; or in the Three Sister Lakes, Michigan (near Ann Arbor), where Potamogeton lucens and Potamogeton zosterafolius are facies.” % Davis, C. A. ‘‘ Contribution to the Natural History of Marl.’ Journ. Geology, | 8: 485, 1900, and ‘A Second Contribution to the Natural History of Marl.’ Journ. Geology, 9: 491, IgOl. 19 Schaffner, J. H., Jennings, O. E., and Tyler, F. J. 2 ¢., pp. 153-154. 8° Weld, L. H. ‘Botanical Survey of the Huron River Valley, II. A Peat Bog and Morainal Lake.’’ Sof. Gaz., 37: 39-40. January, 1904, Reed, H. S. ‘‘ Botanical Survey of the Huron River Valley, I. ‘The Ecology of a Glacial Lake.’’ Bot. Gaz., 34: 129. 1902. 374 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. \ The Castala-Nymphea Formation. The water lily zone (Castalia-Nymphea formation) is almost as regularly present in the small ponds and lakes of the glaciated region of the northern states as is the Potamogeton formation. It occupies water, usually between the depths of one and one-half and six feet, where the bottom is covered to a depth of often several inches with a black mud composed very largely of humus. In the Chimney Ponds the formation consists of the following species : Facies. — Castalia tuberosa, Nymphea advena. Principal Species. — Pontederia cordata. Secondary Species. — Sagittaria latifolia, Potamogeton natans, Naias flexilts, Myriophyllim spicatum, Lemna minor, Utricularia vulgaris, Philotria canadensis. There is a strong tendency towards zonation in this structure. Wherever Cas¢a/ia appears it prefers the deeper part of the habitat, thus forming the Cas/a/za consocies, with which are usually associated some of the Potamogetons — notably P. natans, and often Vazas and Myriophyllum. The outer (shoreward) part of the formation is characterized by Nymphea advena, forming thus the Vymphea advena consocies, with which is associated Pontederta cordata, which during early and middle summer becomes prominent in beautiful clumps (families and communi- ties), characterizing thus the Pontederia cordata aspect. Other species in this consocies are Sagztfaria latifolia, Lemna minor, Utricu- laria vulgaris, and scattering individuals of the other secondary species of the consocies. The Castalia-Nymphea formation probably builds up the soil more rapidly than does any other formation in the pond. The rhizomes of the characteristic plants are for the most part quite large, and both when alive and when decayed contribute quite considerably to the in- crease of the soil substratum. Furthermore the tangle of fine-leaved submerged vegetation together with the long petioles and broad leaves of the water-lilies brings about a freedom from water-currents, and makes more certain the deposition within the limits of the zone of its abundant annual accumulation of vegetable débris. JennINGS: A BOTANICAL SURVEY OF PRESQUE ISLE. 375 Eventually with the continued addition of humus to the soil of this zone, there will be built up a belt of deep, semi-liquid muck just inside of the Cephalanthus-Cornus shrub-zone, and, when this has come to within a few inches of the surface of the water, the Castalia-Nymphea formation will find the conditions unsuitable to such an extent that it will be supplanted by an association of plants constituting a new for- mation. The Decodon-Persicaria Formation. The Decodon-Persicaria formation occupies a very distinct zone in some of the Chimney Ponds, in water of a depth from four to twelve inches, but with the older clumps forming mounds above the surface of the water. The soil is always made up of a semi-liquid muck of considerable depth, and represents the abandoned habitat of the Cas- talia-Nymphea formation. Pond U has much of this formation, con- stituting a distinct zone, while Pond V is now almost filled with De- codon families and communities, the middle of the pond being in the last stages of the Castalia-Nymphea formation. The new formation is present sparingly in Ponds T, S, and R, conspicuously so in Z, and forms several strong communities in the west end of Long Pond. The typical structure of the formation is as follows : Facies.— Decodon verticillatus, Persicaria fluitans. Principal Species. — Solanum dulcamara. Secondary Species. — Naumbergia thyrsifiora, Cephalanthus occidentalis, Bidens cernua, Scutellaria laterifiora, Cicuta bulbifera, ; Scirpus cyperinus, Alisma plantago-aquatica, Sagittaria latifolia. There is a tendency in this formation towards the segregation ot two consocies: the Decodon verticillatus consocies in the shallower water, and the Perszcavia consocies in the deeper water. Of the two, however, the former is here much more vigorous, and, where it is best developed, occupies the whole habitat to the exclusion of the latter consocies. In other localities these consocies have been regarded as different formations but at Presque Isle their relation is best described as zonation within the same formation. 376 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE Museum. Around R, before the vegetation was destroyed by the laying of the waterworks intake-pipe, there appeared some intensely interesting examples of alternation between different formations. There may have been disturbances within recent years due to the washing in of water from the bay or the lake, either of which is but a few feet dis- tant from the pond. At any rate there are three formations repre- sented in the zone between the Castalia-Nymphea formation and the Cephalanthus- Cornus formation: viz., the Decodon-Persicaria forma- tion, the Sphagnum-Oxycoccus formation, and the Scirpus- Typha formation. The relative positions of the Sphagnum-Oxycoccus and Cephalanthus- Cornus formations are here just the reverse of what they are around Cranberry Pond, although they must be regarded as occupying more typical positions around Cranberry Pond. Of the three alternating formations mentioned above the Decodon-Persicaria formation must be regarded as the normal formation. The Sphagnum- Oxycoccus formation is an intercalated formation, representing normally a stage in another succession, while the Sczrpus-Zypha formation normally represents an early stage in the succession under considera- tion, its presence here being probably due to the inwashing of fresh sand. The Cephalanthus- Cornus Formation. The perennial tangle of vegetation in the Decodon-Persicaria zone is well adapted to catch and hold any vegetable débris blowing in from the surrounding forest or floating on the surface of the pond. This, together with the accumulation of vegetable matter derived directly from the plants of the formation itself, gradually builds up the soil to such a level that conditions become suitable for the ecesis of the shrubs of the Cephalanthus- Cornus formation. The structure of the formation here is essentially the same as that ‘described for the formation under Stage H, excepting that the Cepha- lanthus-occidentalis consocies is more prominent, and the number of ‘secondary species is reduced by the disappearance of some of the more hydrophytic species —as Proserpinaca palustris and Nymphea advena. The Rosa carolina consocies is also more clearly defined and can be seen to show a decided preference for the shoreward zone of the habitat. A little pond at the west end of Long Pond has been en- tirely filled in, and the only trace of the Cephalanthus- Cornus forma- tion to be seen is a Rosa carolina consocies, which is being killed out ‘by the shade of the encroaching trees. ’ JENNINGS: A BOTANICAL SURVEY OF PRESQUE ISLE. 377 The Rhus-Al/nus Formation. Outside of the Cephalanthus-Cornus formation there is present in most of the Chimney Ponds more or less of a zone of the RAus-Alnus formation. Most of the ponds are surrounded by forest-trees and, in the more or less shaded conditions, the Avs has given place to the pure A/nus incana consocies. In the more open places, however, certain other species become more or less prominent and the forma- tion there exhibits the following structure : Facies, — Rhus typhina, Alnus incana. Principal Spectes. — Sambucus canadensts. Secondary Species. — Acer rubrum, Acer saccharinum, Sassafras sassafras, Salix nigra, Cornus stolonifera, Cornus amomum, Cephalanthus occidentalis, Vaccinium corymbosum, Dryopterts thelypterts. The OU/mus-Acer Formation. With the advance of the shrub-formations towards the center of the pond, there appears at the rear of the Rhuws-A/nus formation, or, more generally the 4/zus incana consocies, a semi-hydrophytic forest- formation which includes also most of the area occupied in the earlier stage by the Acer saccharinum consocies of the Prunus-Acer forma- tion. The habitat of this formation consists, of course, of a black muck soil, but little above water-level and imperfectly drained. There is protection from strong air-currents by the surrounding forest and, below the forest-cover afforded by the 4/nus, there is deep shade, with freedom from abrupt extremes of heat and cold. The ecological conditions are apparently those required by a semi- hydrophytic forest, and, as thus far developed on Presque Isle, the structure of the formation is typically as follows: factes. — Acer rubrum, Ulmus americana. Secondary Species. — Fraxinus americana, Liriodendron tulipifera, Fraxinus nigra, Lyssa sylvatica, 378 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. Quercus palustris, Quercus rubra, Acer saccharinum, Sax nigra, Toxicodendron pubescens, Viburnum opulus, Psedera quinquefolia, Galium circezans, Galium triflorum, Unifolium canadense, Phryma leptostachya, Impatiens biflora, Llex verticillata, Behmeria cylindrica, Smilax herbacea, Salomonia biflora, Onoclea sensibilis, Osmunda claytoniana, Osmunida spectabilis, Osmorhiza claytont, Trillium erectum. Vegetation other than trees 1s not a prominent feature of this forest. Many of the herbaceous and shrubby species enumerated above occur only sparingly and are really constituents of another formation. The total area covered by the formation is not large. In the vicin- ity of the Chimney Ponds it is confined to irregular zones around the borders of the basins. ‘There is, however, marking the position of extinct ponds, a circular area of this formation about 30 rods in diam- eter south of the west end of Long Pond and another smaller one to the northeast of Big Chimney Pond, R, near the bay. The ecological conditions obtaining in the habitat of the U/mus- Acer formation at Presque Isle are closely similar in most respects to those obtaining about numerous filled-in basins throughout the southern part of the glaciated area of the northern states. There is always the black muck-soil, imperfectly drained, more or less acid, and with a high water content, the position being more or less sheltered by neighboring banks. At a higher elevation, or farther north, the normal formation in such a habitat is the Tamarack forest, | or, later, the Arbor Vitie forest.*’ It is not probable that the U/mus- | Acer formation represents the climax forest for these pond basins, but € that, with the annual accumulation of considerable quantities of forest litter, much of which at Presque Isle blows into it during the fall and winter from the more open and exposed Quercus velutina formation, the soil will finally become higher and more xerophytic to such an extent that the Quercus velutina formation will be able to invade and eventually occupy the habitat. Even under present conditions there 8| Whitford, H. N. ‘*The Genetic Development of the Forests of Northern Michigan.”? Bot. Gaz., 31: 312-316, May, Igol. ‘go6t ‘or aunf poydeasojoyg sjudu -divosa Jo asvq oy} yw sqnays uayy ‘sagpg-vy GAL ‘Sa72UTVAY-KOAVD) ‘XIPVS-SNUJ Py + UMOYS ILIV SUOLULIOF PIUOZ SULMOT[OF ay} punoslBr10F aJeipourut ay} ur Suruursag *juostudavosa puvpuivi oy} spavmoy sso.iov Suryoo] ‘pray yw puod Jo jayjno ey ry ‘ " 47 @IIq ‘A ‘IPA ‘ANSSNW JIDSNYVD STVNNV Jennincs: A BOTANICAL SURVEY OF PRESQUE ISLE. 379 is an occasional black oak in the habitat and, although they are as yet merely saplings, they appear healthy and vigorous. } At the ‘‘ Head’’ there is a pond Z (see Plate LI) which constitutes an ecological habitat considerably different from the ponds and lagoons described above. This pond is fed by springs issuing from the lake . bluff and it also receives a considerable run-off from the land above —a couple of small streams debouching at this point. As a conse- quence, there is a considerable outward current flowing through the outlet into Presque Isle Bay, and the water in the pond was found on several visits to be several degrees colder than in the ponds out on the peninsula. The banks and bottom of this pond are not entirely composed of the clean white sand, which constitutes the basins of the ponds and lagoons on the peninsula, but have a considerable mixture, especially on the Jandward side, of fluvial material ; around most of the basin there is enough silt and clay mixed with the sand to form a quite com- pact and firm soil. Formerly, the stream now emptying into the lake west of the head of the peninsula, emptied into the bay just inside of the neck of the peninsula, and doubtless much of the soil now com- posing the more landward parts of the head was deposited as a sort of alluvial fan inside of the peninsula. The vegetation of the basin of the pond is in many respects quite dissimilar to the vegetation of the ponds and lagoons of the peninsula proper. The sequence of formations on the lakeward side of this pond is as follows: (a) Chara Formation, (6) Potamogeton Formation, (¢) Castalia-Nymphea Formation, (2) Decodon-Persicaria Formation, (e) ZLypha-Scirpus Formation, (f) Carex-Phragmites Formation, (g) Alnus-Sahix Formation. The Chara Formation. As may be seen from the Waldameer Park bridge, which crosses the pond at about its middle, the Chava formation occupies a considerable . portion of the deeper part of the pond. The growth is quite dense and quite completely covers the bottom of the pond. ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM, ise) (o2) i=) The Potamogeton Formation. The Potamogeton formation has here almost precisely the same struc- ture as described for the climax stages in the ponds of the peninsula proper, for instance in the Chimney Ponds. The Castaha-Nymphea Formation. This formation is comparatively a strong one in the pond. Its structure is typically as follows : Facies. — Nymphea advena, Castalia tuberosa. Principal Species. — Pontederia cordata. Secondary Species. — Brasenia schrebert, Potamogeton natans, Natas flextlis, Myriophyllum spicatum, Utricularia vulgaris, Philotria canadensis, Vallisneria spirals. There is a tendency here as elsewhere to the segregation by zona- tion of an inner Casfala consocies, including some of the Potamo- getons, and an outer Vymphea consocies, including the Pontederia cordata society. The Decodon-Persicaria Formation. The Decodon-Persicaria formation is very closely similar in eco- logical structure to the corresponding formation in Stage I described above, excepting that the Decodon-verticil/atus consocies is but weakly developed. In Stage I the formation contains a number of secondary species, which probably more properly belong to the Sc7rpus-Zvpha formation, but which have been crowded forward by the shrub-zones. On the lakeward side of the pond there has been no crowding for- ward in this manner, and there is a clearly defined zone similar to the Typha-Scirpus formation of the earlier stages of the succession, although somewhat more complex in composition. The Zypha-Scirpus Formation. The structure of this formation around Pond Z is typically as follows : JENNINGS: A BOTANICAL SURVEY OF PRESQUE ISLE. 381 Factes.— Scirpus americanus, Scirpus validus, Typha latifolia. frincipal Species.— Bidens cernua. Secondary Species.— Cicuta bulbifera, Lris versicolor, Sagittaria latifolia, Sparganium eurycarpum, Rumex altissimis, Lemna minor, Nostoc sp. The Aidens cernua society determines during late summer the only conspicuous aspect of the formation. Cvcu¢a bulbifera in places attains to considerable importance, but is never very conspicuous. In the Typha latifolia consocies the Sparganium shows a strong tendency towards the segregation of a secondary zone on the shoreward side of the formation in water even shallower than that occupied by the 7ypha. The Carex-Phragmites Formation. ‘The outer bank of the pond Z has just outside of the Zypha-Scirpus formation a zone occupied by grasses and sedges and extending from the wet bank of humus just above the water’s edge into the pond to a depth of three to four inches. ‘There is, however, considerable fluc- tuation in the water-level of the pond, and during periods of heavy rainfall the whole habitat is often inundated. The structure of the formation is as follows: Facies.— Carex stricta angustata, Phragmites phragmites. Principal Species. — ; Aster nove-anglia, Zizanta aquatica. Secondary Species. — Scirpus americanus, Scirpus fluviatilis, Dryopterts thelypterts, Calamagrostis canadensis, Panicularia nervata, Dulichium arundinaceum, Carex hystricina, Carex lanuginosa, Carex aquatilts, Carex prasina, Carex muhlenbergit, Naumbergia thyrsifiora, Galium aparine, — | Scutellaria laterifiora, Scutellaria galericulata. 382 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. This formation is somewhat intermediate in structure between the corresponding formations of the ponds and lagoons of the peninsula proper and the open marshes along the bay-side of the peninsula. The pond originally must have been part of the bay, which with the forma- tion of a bar across the narrow channel was cut off from the main body of the bay, and was then filled in to a considerable extent by vegetable remains and alluvial material from the mainland. Before the segregation of the pond from the bay it probably sup- ported a littoral marsh, such as is now to be found along the shore to the east, and the Carex-Phragmites formation is in part derived from this former structure. The Salix-Al/nus Formation. The Carex-Phragmites formation is closely followed by a shrub- formation, characterized by Sa/zx and A/nus, as follows: Facies. — Salix nigra, Alnus incana. Secondary Species. — Equisetum hyematle, Cardamine pennsylvanica, Mentha canadensis, Panicularia nervata, Galum aparine, Impatiens biflora, Cornus stolonifera, Lycopus americanus, Sambucus canadensis, Lobelia syphilitica. This formation is but sparingly developed along the lakeward bank of the pond, but it forms a considerable thicket at the lower end of the pond around the outlet. The soil here is a black muck containing more or less sand, the edaphic conditions of the habitat being quite similar to those found along the average alluvial flood-plain in the northern states. | THE Bay-MArRSH-THICKET-FOREST SUCCESSION. Along the bay shores of the peninsula there is a rather complex series of formations, constituting what may be termed the Bay-Marsh- Thicket-Forest Succession. The irregular contour of the peninsula on the bay-side results in quite widely differing conditions at different points due to the action of the surf and water-currents and the accumu- lation of drift. The different environments thus brought about are each characterized by correspondingly different vegetational structures, which may be roughly classified as follows, upon the basis of habitat : a NE El ae te Jennincs: A BOTANICAL SURVEY OF PRESQUE ISLE. 383 A. — The Marsh. —'Vhis habitat comprises those shores exposed to the waves, but having usually shallow water and a gently sloping sandy or gravelly bottom. B. — The Cove. —The cove habitat comprises the indentations of the shore line —coves, bays, etc. —which are generally well pro- tected from wave action and have deeper water than the marsh. C. —The Driftwood Hatitat. — This habitat comprises those shores, which are so situated with respect to wind and current as to be sub- jected to the accumulation of driftwood. The Marsh Habitat. This habitat is represented along a large part of the shore of the bay. The vegetational structures along the narrow neck of the penin- sula near the Head, enumerated from the water to the shore, are as follows : (a) Scirpus Formation, (6) Salix discolor-luctda Formation, (¢) Soldago-Metbomia Formation. The Sczvfus Formation. The Scirpus formation consists of the two facies, Sc7rpus validus and Scirpus americanus. ‘The former species constitutes the advance guard and frequently occurs far out in the bay, where the water is six feet or more in depth. The Scirpus americanus consocies, however, occurs nearer the shore, and, as in the recently formed lagoons at the eastern end of the peninsula, it may occur even on the beach several inches above the ordinary water-line. This -formation is evidently of considerable importance in deter- mining what the contour of the shore shall be, both from the protec- tion it affords the shore, and from the part it plays in the actual out- building of the shore. The plants have strong rapidly-growing root- stocks, and, once having accomplished ecesis, families and communi- ties are soon formed. ‘The slender wiry stems and leaves bend with the wind and wave and are rarely broken, even in the most severe storms. With the formation of ecological families and communities the rushes, growing thickly together, act as an impediment to drifting sand and the bottom is thus sometimes built up quite rapidly where otherwise the sand would not have come to a permanent rest. The bottom is thus built up not only in the area actually occupied by the 384 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. plants themselves but also in the area intervening between them and the shore. The Salix discolor-lucida Formation. Facies. — Salix discolor, Salix lucida. Secondary Species. — Salix sericea, Salix nigra, Salix cordata, Melilotus officinalts, Persicaria laurina, Cardamine pennsylvanica, Bidens connata, Argentina anserina, Sambucus canadensis, FHTibiscus moscheutos. With the development of the outlying Sccvpus formation there is usually an accumulation of débris on the low beach. This débris consists mainly of dead Scirpus leaves and stems, washed up during the winter and spring. It becomes matted together and packed down with sand, so that the shore usually grows outward in little ridges of a foot or fifteen inches in width and three or four inches high. Behind these little ridges miniature lagoons are sometimes formed. In this habitat the Sa/ix discolor-lucida formation is at its best, reaching on the outside to the water’s edge and meeting there the Sc/rpus forma- tion. Occasionally there is a weak intervening development of the Cakile-Xanthium formation, but, as far as found, this formation was here represented only by the Xaz‘hium commune consocies. The Salix discolor-lucida formation is particularly well developed along the narrow neck of the peninsula east of the Head. ‘There are also several smaller stations east of the region of the Chimney Ponds. Where by alternation Sa/ix discolor and Salix lucida are absent, the secondary species occupy the habitat. The Sa/ix /ucida consocies is comparatively: much less important in this habitat, but in the Drift- wood Habitat it is more important than is the Sa/x discolor consocies. The Solidago-Metbomia Formation. Between the Sa/ix cordata thicket and the xerophytic sand-plain to the rear there is usually a zone characterized by various Legumi- nose and Composite. The usual path of hunters is just back of the fringing zone of willows and the sand there has been enriched by the vegetable débris trodden into it, so that in places there has been formed a rather firm, compact, dark-colored soil, comparatively rich JENNINGS: A BOTANICAL SURVEY OF PRESQUE ISLE. 385 in humus and constituting altogether a very favorable habitat for cer- tain weeds. The structure of this formation is typically as follows : Facies. — Solidago canadensis, Metbomia canadensis, Principal Species. — Anemone canadensis. Secondary Species. Lactuca canadensis, Melilotus officinalts, Strophostyles helvola, Trifolium pratense, Trifolium repens, Ranunculus abortivus, Poa compressa, Vitis vulpina, Plantago lanceolatus, Mentha piperita, Mentha cardiaca, Carduus arvensis, Erechtites hieractfolta, Xanthium commune, Barbarea barbarea. In certain respects the formation resembles a roadside formation. In a few spots a thin sod has formed, composed of Poa compressa. During early summer, June, there is an aspect characterized by the Anemone canadensis society, but the main mass of vegetation develops later in the season, the facies becoming most conspicuous in late summer and early fall. In X and Y (see map) and along the bay-shore to the Chimney Ponds including T also, the vegetation is in a much more highly de- veloped stage, owing doubtless to the longer period in which it has been allowed to develop undisturbed. ‘The occasional incursions of the lake through the narrow neck of the peninsula to the west since 1861 must have considerably disturbed, if not totally destroyed, the vegeta- tion of the marsh along that shore, and as a consequence the vegeta- tion there represents a younger stage than does the vegetation farther to the west, where the development has been continuous and undisturbed. oe ae The structure of the vegetation in the more highly developed marsh is typically as follows : (a) Scirpus Formation, (6) Phragmites- Typha Formation, (¢) Cladium-Calamagrostis Formation, (@) Rhus-A/nus Formation, (¢) Ulmus-Acer Formation. 386 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. The Sczvpus Formation. The Sccrfpus formation is here much more extensive than in the habitat just referred to. It has a maximum width of perhaps one- third of a mile, and in places forms a quite dense growth, which quite effectually calms the waves of ordinary storms. Zonation within the formation is clearly evident in the deeper zone (consocies), charac- terized by Scirpus validus, and in the shallower zone characterized by Scirpus americanus. There are a very few isolated families of Ponte- derta cordata and Sagittaria rigitda mainly in the Scirpus validus consocies. The Phragmites-Zypha Marsh Formation. The shallower part of the habitat, occupied in the earlier stage by Scirpus americanus, has now been taken over by a well marked forma- tion with the following structure : Facies. — Phragmites phragmites, Typha latifolia. Principal Species. — Zizania aquatica. Secondary Species. — Sagittaria latifolia, Sparganium eurycarpum, Persicaria laurina, Juncus canadensis. This formation, as compared with the Sczrpus- Typha formation of the ponds and lagoons at the northern end of the peninsula, presents some interesting differences. In the lagoons Sc¢rpus validus, although occupying the deeper part of the habitat, never occurs in so deep water as it occupies in the bay, and it usually alternates in the ponds with Zypha latifolia. With the Zypha, however, the case is different. It occupies about the same depth of water as in the ponds and lagoons, rarely more than fifteen to eighteen inches deep. This may be due, perhaps, to the inability of the Z7yf/a to cope with the surf in the bay. The formation exhibits one marked aspect characterized by Z7zzania aquatica, this society filling in the areas not occupied by the Phrag- mites and Zypha consocies, and, during the latter half of the season, largely obscuring the associated secondary species. The Phragmites- Typha formation is characterized, in a general way, by the possession of large rootstocks and the production of a rather large amount of aerial and submerged vegetation, which each season adds materially to the humic content of the soil, thus producing in a ed ae eS gee Ne 907 JennINcS: A BOTANICAL SURVEY OF PRESQUE ISLE. 387 comparatively short time a deposit of muck-soil. The protection afforded by the outlying Sc/7fus formation is usually so efficient, that almost no sand is carried into the habitat even in the most violent storm, and as a consequence the upper six or eight inches of the soil, when finally built up to the water level, is usually found to be a pure black or dark brown humus. ; The Cladium-Calamagrostis Formation. With the formation of a humic soil, the surface of which is ordi- narily during the summer above water-level, there is created a habitat in which the Phragmites- Typha formation is forced to give way to the Cladium-Calamagrostis formation, thus constituting a wet meadow: Facies.— Cladium mariscotdes, Calamagrostis canadensis. Principal Spectes.— Aster ericoides, Parnassia caroliniana, Gentiana andrewsit. Secondary Species.— Fragaria americana, Rubus hispidus, Linum medium, Solidago canadensis, Leptorchis loeselit, Blephariglottis peramena, Dryopterts thelypterts Argentina anserina, Polytrichum sp. One of the finest examples of the wet-meadow formation is to be seen at Y. Here the meadow occupies a depression about one-fourth of a mile in length and about twenty rods wide. It is bordered on nearly all sides by shrubs, but at the eastern end has an opening into the bay which is now occupied by the PAragmites-Zypha formation, while farther out is the Sczvtus formation. There is here practically no difference between the Cladium-Cala- magrostis formation and the same formation around the ponds and lagoons, excépting that the Cladium mariscoides consocies plays here a much less important part in the succession, the Ca/amagrostis cana- densis consocies almost immediately succeeding the Phragmites- Typha formation. This is probably due to the somewhat different edaphic conditions obtaining in the two habitats. The soil around the newly formed ponds and lagoons, when first occupied by the C/ladium, is largely sand with more or less humus, the Ca/amagrostis coming in with the accumulation of humus. In Y, however, the soil, as accu- 388 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. mulated by the Phragmites-7ypha formation, is almost exclusively humus, and the C/adium, although usually in evidence in the earlier part of the formation, is relatively unimportant in it. Along the eastern border of Y there is now some C/adium and in the central portion and towards the outlet in the more moist spots there still remain some Phragmites and Typha. There is in this formation an early autumn aspect determined by the Aster ertcoides society, but occupying rather restricted areas. During late summer a quite conspicuous aspect is determined along the northern side of the meadow by the Parnassia-Gentiana society, this being the only station for this society on the peninsula. The Rhus-A/nus Formation. z The wet meadow, C/adium-Calamagrostis formation, is being every- where invaded by a shrub-formation similar to that around the ponds and lagoons described as the ARAws-A/nus formation, but differing somewhat in composition, owing probably to differences in the environment. ‘The structure of the formation here is typically as follows : TRE CCES Rhus typhina, Alnus incana, Principal Species. — Solidago canadensis Cornus amomum. Secondary Species. — Fragaria virginiana, Myrica caroliniana, Argentina anserina, Vitis vulpina, Salix discolor, Salix cordata, Toxicodendron pubescens, Rubus sp., Metbomia aillenit. There is here again the larger percentage of humus in the soil, which may be more or less directly the reason for the difference in the composition of the formation. R/us ¢yshina although present is not abundant, and the thicket is chiefly composed of the A/nus incana consocies. ; The formation presents some alternation. The wet meadow is invaded by AZrica and Cornus amomum, these species, together with some young A/zus, forming an advance zone containing most of the secondary species. ‘This zone is gradually subjugated by the A/nus consocies. JENNINGS: A BOTANICAL SURVEY OF PRESQUE ISLE. 389 There are two conspicuous aspects in the formation ; one determined in mid-summer by the Cornus amomum, and the other in early autumn by the Solidago canadensis society. The OUlmus-Acer Formation. The A/nus tncana thickets are being invaded by the U/mus-Acer formation, which is here essentially as described for the preceding succession, so that no further discussion of this formation need be here given. The four ponds— Niagara Pond, Yellow Bass Pond, Grave- Yard Pond, and Big Pond — each have large areas of the various stages of the succession now under consideration, especially the rush vegetation — Scirpus formation ; and the reed and cat-tail marsh — Phragmiites- Typha formation. The area dominated later in the season by the wild rice, Zizania aquatica society, is especially large in these ponds, excepting Big Pond, where somewhat more of the total area is taken . up by other formations. The shores of these ponds present various ; phases of the two shrub-formations, but have mainly the RiAws-.4/nus : formation. The shores towards the north and east sides of Yellow ; Pond and Niagara Pond are more sandy and the formations are there practically identical with those around the ponds and lagoons to the north and east. The Cove Habitat. The Cove Habitat comprises sheltered portions of the bay with little or no current. The vegetation near the shore is that of the Marsh Habitat, but in deeper water, one and one-half to two feet, the Scirpus formation is absent, its place being mainly taken by pond for- mations. The structure of the vegetation is usually more or less of a mixture of pond and marsh associations, the quieter water being occupied by the pond-plants. The typical cove vegetation at Presque Isle is essentially as follows : (a) Chara formation, (6) Potamogeton formation, (¢) Castalia-Nymphea formation, (d) Phragmites- Typha formation, (e) Rhus-Alnus formation, (/) Ulmus-Acer formation. Owing to the lack of proper facilities for the work no extended 390 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. study was made of the formations occupying the deeper waters of the coves, but from a couple of tours in a rowboat and from such studies as could be made from shore it was seen that the Chara formation is present in the deeper waters, extending beyond the Potamogeton for- mation, and that the /otamogeton formation is by far the most impor- tant one in the cove. Its structure is typically as follows : Facies. — Potamogeton natans, Potamogeton heterophyllus. Principal Spectes. — Utricularia vulgaris. Secondary Species. — Naias flextlis, Philotria canadensis, Valiisneria spiralis, Potamogeton foliosus, Potamogeton lonchites, Potamogeton foliosus niagarensts, Potamogeton 2121t, Potamogeton lucens, Potamogeton pectinatus, Bidens beckit, Myriophyllum spicatum, Utricularia intermedia. The genus Pofamogeton comprises the main bulk of the vegetation visible at the surface of the water, although Wazas and Philotria are quite abundant below the surface. In the quieter and more sheltered coves the Ufricularia vulgaris aspect is quite pronounced during July and August, the society disappearing largely by the time the Pofamo- getons have attained their best development. ‘The exact status of the various species of Potamogezon in the structure of the formation proved to be an extremely difficult problem, but it is believed that the above classification is as exact as can be made, without establishing quadrats and laboriously determining the structure plant by plant—a very difficult thing to accomplish in such a habitat. The Castalia-Nymphea Formation. The Castalia-Nymphea formation is not so well developed in the coves as one would be led to suspect from the general characters of the habitat — in fact the suspicion at once arises that abnormal condi- tions may have been brought about by the continual search for flowers on the part of the people of Erie, just across the bay. In the more inaccessible ponds of the peninsula the formation appears to be more nearly normal. The formation, as it appears where best developed in a cove to the southwest of the Chimney Ponds, presents the follow- ing structure: oy a3 Saree ey Jennincs: A BOTANICAL SURVEY OF PRESQUE ISLE. 391 Factes. — Castalia tuberosa, Nymphaea advena. Secondary Species. — Pontederia cordata, Potamogeton natans, Potamogeton lonchites, Potamogeton heterophyllus, Myriophyllum spicatum, Utricularia intermedia, Utricularia vulgarts, Sagittaria latifolia, Naias flexiiis, Philotria canadensis. Wherever the Phragmites- Typha formation, or in some cases even the Scirpus formation, has been disturbed, as in making an opening through the vegetation for a passage to a boat-landing, the Cas¢a/ia- Nymphea formation, at least the secondary species, will soon come in. The formation in this case is of course to be regarded as a secondary formation, and, if left undisturbed, would soon give place again to the normal formation. Cove formations very similar to those at Presque Isle are to be seen highly developed along the Sandusky Bay side of Cedar Point, Ohio, but there the Cas/alia-Nymphea is more important as a constituent of the vegetation, ranking relatively as high as does the Phragmites- Typha formation,” The Phragmites- Typha Formation. This formation in a sheltered cove is usually either dominated or entirely replaced by the Zypha /atifolia consocies, the latter forming a very dense vegetation, giving but scant opportunity for the develop- ment of secondary species. This formation builds up a humus-soil which is finally invaded by the following shrub-formation. The Rhus-Alnus Formation. On account of the rapid accumulation of humus by the Zypha zone that zone has a distinct slope from the outer to the inner edge, and is comparatively narrow, being followed closely by the Riws-A/nus for- mation without the occurrence of an intervening Cladium-Calama- grostis zone. The RhAuws-A/nus zone is much the same as in the marsh habitat, the A/nus imcana consocies predominating. Among the secondary species are here to be included Azdiscus moscheutos and Sambucus canadensis. This formation is ultimately followed by the Ulmus-Acer formation, as described for the marsh habitat. ® Jennings, O. E. ‘‘An Ecological Classification of the Vegetation of Cedar Point.’? /. ¢., pp. 334-338. 392 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. The Driftwood Habitat. The region included in this habitat is the eastern shore of Misery Bay, extending from the U. S. North Pier to the mouth of Niagara Pond. The shore is here fronted by an old line of wooden piers which serve to some extent to protect the shore from the force of the waves. The sandy bottom slopes gradually from the shore, at least in- side the line of piers, and the westerly winds have piled here much driftwood and floating rubbish of all sorts. The sand-plain extends almost to the water’s edge along the southern two-thirds of this shore, but along the northern third the Prunus forest formation has occupied the corresponding area. With the decay of the driftwood much organic matter is mixed with the sand, which is continually being blown over from the sand-plain, and the result is a dark-colored sandy loam with a very high humic content. ‘The struc- ture of the vegetation along this shore is essentially as follows : (a) Potamogeton Formation. (6) Zypha-Scirpus Formation. (¢c) Sagittaria-Alisma Formation, (a) Salix-discolor-lucida Formation (or the Cladium-Calamagrostis Formation). There is comparatively little of the Potamogeton formation inside of the old piles along shore, the water being for the most part quite shallow, and the Sc:rpus-Zypha formation taking up most of the area. There is some indication of a change towards the Phragmites- Typha formation as the entrance to Niagara Pond is approached—some Zzzania making its appearance, but most of the zone is clearly to be referred to the same formation which is to be seen in the nearby ponds and lagoons, there being, however, more Zyfha. The habitat of this formation is probably very little affected by the accumulation of humus from the decay of the driftwood, and the protection afforded from the active surf by the line of old piles makes the habitat very similar to that of the recently formed ponds and lagoons along the northeastern extremity of the peninsula. The Sagittaria-Alisma Formation. The character of this formation is chiefly determined by the ac- cumulation of humus derived from the driftwood. The plants com- posing this formation consist of species usually associated with rich alluvial deposits of mud, the composition of the formation being essen- tially as follows : ¥ Wi ry CARMINA eres ; JENNINGS: A BOTANICAL SURVEY OF PRESQUE ISLE. 395 Factes, — Sagittaria latifolia, Secondary Spectes. — Alisma plantago-aquatica. Cardamine pennsylvanica, Salix sp. (seedlings), Isnarda palustris, Radicula palustris hispida, Naumbergia thyrsiflora, Stachys palustris, Cicuta bulbifera, Persicaria laurina, Dulichium arundinaceum, Carex comosa, Persicaria incarnata, Rumex altissimus. This formation extends from slightly above water on the shore to a depth of five or six inches, it being on rare occasions entirely out of the water, due to a falling of the water-level in the bay, and often be- ing inundated in times of higher water. The Salix discolor-luctda Formation. The Salix discolor-lucida formation is at its best at about the middle of the driftwood habitat opposite the widest part of Horse-shoe Pond. In places the shore becomes more xerophytic and the drift-beach, thickly strewn with débris, supports Xazthiwm and Argentina, but no Cakile. ‘Towards the entrance to Niagara Pond there is a narrow zone of the Cladium-Calamagrostis formation backed by an A/nus thicket with Cornus stolonifera and Cornus amomum at its outer edge, but this thicket is being killed out by the shading effects of the Prwnus- Acer formation just behind it. The typical Sadx discolor-lucida formation as exhibited along the driftwood habitat of Presque Isle is as follows : Facies. — Salix discolor, Salix lucida. Secondary Species. — Salix cordata, Radicula palustris hispida, Persicaria laurina, Argentina anserina, Xanthium commune, Cardamine pennsylvanica, Carex comosa, Erigeron ramosus. This formation differs here but little from its corresponding station near the Head, excepting in the greater prominence of Salix lucida. The latter species is here more prominent than is Sa/¢x cordata and is extending itself out into the Sagittaria-Alisma formation in little islands and peninsulas, where the driftwood and sand have risen above 8394 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. the water. Several of the secondary species are often able to success- fully complete their growth upon decaying driftwood floating upon the water near the shore. Among these species may be mentioned Rad- cula palustris hispida, Cardamine pennsylvanica, and Erigeron ramosus. It is very likely that this formation will eventually fill up the space out to the old piles and will be followed by an ‘4/zws thicket. That the formation has not made more progress in the past has doubtless been due to the proximity of the Jake to the east and the consequent drifting of sand, but with the recent closing in of the Horse-shoe Pond on the east, and the further advance of the shore-line beyond, the driftwood habitat will be farther and farther removed from these xerophytic influences, and willapproach more and more the conditions of a hydrophytic muck-swamp, passing eventually into the U/mus-Acer stage. SECONDARY SUCCESSIONS. Presque Isle presents but two secondary successions—the Burn Succession and the Cultural or Pasture Succession. The Burn Succession. Examples of this succession are to be seen in small areas immedi- ately to the south of the east end of Long Ridge and along the ridge to the south of Ridge Pond. The first mentioned area evidently supported in part a mixed formation derived from the RAws-Alnus thicket and the Prwnus-Acer forest formations, and in part sup- ported a patch of the Sorghastrum nutans consocies. During the year following the denudation of the habitat many shoots arose from the uninjured roots of the Rhus fyphina and a few shoots of ALZyrica caro- liniana appeared. ‘The habitat will likely soon support a well-devel- oped Rhus typhina thicket. Where the habitat of the Sorghastrum nutans consocies had been burned over, apparently but little damage had been done. The clumps had not been burned so low as to kill the roots entirely and the grass, © although thinned out considerably, appeared again the following season in sufficient abundance to completely dominate the area. Most of the normal secondary species were also present in reduced numbers. To the south of Ridge Pond it appears that certain portions of the sandy ridge had been cleared and burned in connection with the build- . JENNINGS: A BOTANICAL SURVEY OF PRESQUE ISLE. 5395 4 ing of the board-walk running over to the lighthouse. The vegeta- tion of this area now consists of a secondary formation which may be termed the Populus-Rhus Secondary Formation. . This formation is considerably mixed with various adjacent forma- tions, but its general structure is as follows: facies. — | Populus tremuloides, Rhus typhina. Secondary Species. — Andropogon furcatis, Panicum scribnerianum, Danthonia spicata, Agrostis hyemalts, Poa triflora, Poa compressa, Rubus allegheniensts, Rubus villosus, Prunus virginiana, Prunus serotina, Celastrus scandens, Acer saccharinum, Koellia verticillata, Guathalium polycephalum, Gnaphalium uliginosum, Pinus strobus, Myrica carolinensis, Quercus borealis, Quercus velutina, Sassafras sassafras, Metbomia adillenit, Prunus pennsylvanica, Prunus pumila, Tilia americana, Leptilon canadense, Artemisia canadensis, LErechtites hieracifolia. No species among the long list of secondary species could with propriety be designated as ‘‘ principal species.’’ ‘The larger part of _the vegetation is comprised in the Populus tremuloides consocies, this 3 being of much larger extent than is the RAus typhina consocies. The two facies are rarely found closely associated, but are in separate clumps, or in the absence of Rhus, the Populus occurs singly, scattered about among the secondary species. After the normal vegetation was destroyed, there was evidently con- siderable shifting of the sand by the wind, and some dune building, this latter process leading to the invasion of the area by certain dune- plants, some of which (Prunus pumila, Andropogon furcatus) still _ persist among the so-called secondary species. : d As the matter now stands with reference to the secondary species the Populus-Rhus formation is being invaded by various formations of both the sand-plain, the ridge, and the dune successions. There are, 396 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. however, a considerable number of Quercus velutina trees now in evi- dence, mostly small as yet, so that the habitat will in the not distant future pass into the Quercus velutina forest formation, and thus be restored to its proper position with respect to the adjacent normal successions. 3 The Pasture Succession, The pasture succession (cultural succession) is due, indirectly, to human agency by the pasturing of cattle near the U. S. Life Saving Station (see map). The continual trampling of the normal vegeta- tion into the sand has resulted in the addition of humus to the soil, thus enriching it, and at the same time has made the soil more com- pact, with a greater and more uniform water-holding power, furnish- ing thus suitable edaphic conditions for the invasion of certain ruderal plants, common to such situations, as well as for certain mesophytic grasses, which under constant grazing have formed in places a com- pact and vigorous turf. . The structure of this formation as here presented is as follows : Facies. — Poa pratensis. Secondary Species. — Poa trifiora, Poa compressa, Salix nigra, Trifolium repens, Trifolium pratense, Ranunculus abortivus, Plantago major, Plantago lanceolatus, Cyperus rivularis, Cerastium vulgatum, Moehringia laterifiora, Medicago lupulina, Onagra biennts, Taraxacum taraxacum, Erigeron philadelphicus, Carduus arvensis, Achillea millefolium. The total area occupied by this formation is small, and at one- fourth of a mile from the Life Saving Station it has disappeared entirely. None of the species could be regarded as important enough © to merit the rank of principal species, being much scattered and very few in number of individuals. PHYTOGEOGRAPHIC RELATIONSHIPS OF THE FLORA OF PRESQUE ISLE. The phytogeographic relationships of the flora of Presque Isle are comparatively rather complex. The vegetation of the mainland about Q JENNINGS: A BoraNicAL SURVEY OF PRESQUE ISLE. 397 ; Erie, classified according to Merriam’s system of life-zones,* belongs ; typically to the Alleghanian area of the transition zone ; the northern or southern elements dominating in limited areas, the ecological conditions 7 of which approach more nearly to the boreal or austral zones respec- : tively. The escarpment at the head of Presque Isle is more than eighty : feet in height, and, although almost perpendicular, it is quite heavily ‘ wooded. Its forest is typically a hemlock-birch formation with sec- 4 ondary species of Os¢rya, red maple, beech, and 7Z7/ia. The shrubs s) are Sambucus racemosa, Rubus odoratus, and Hamamelis, while the af herbaceous layer consists mainly of various mosses, Adiantum pedatum, and Dryopteris spinulosa. ‘The distinct tendency of the cliff vegeta- tion here is Canadian as to the trees, but Alleghanian as to the under vegetation. As to the mainland back of the escarpment the forest is about equally composed of hemlock, black and red oak, and chestnut, with consid- erable Magnolia acuminata, Lirtodendron, and Prunus serotina, and lesser numbers of white ash and Betula /utea. This forest, as to the trees, is thus composed about equally of northern and southern (boreal and austral) species, and may thus be regarded as typical Alleghanian (eastern transition). The undergrowth here is typically composed of Alleghanian species, but there are a few species, the ranges of which extend far to the south, reaching the gulf coast or even the tropical region. The flora of Presque Isle comprises at least 430 ferns and seed- plants, and, grouping these in a general manner according to Mer- riam’s life-zones, there are to be distinguished three main groups as follows : A. Species the range of which is northern, Canadian, or Alleghan- ian, or extending over more or less of bothareas. Total, 115 species. Typical representatives of this group are: Viola rotundifolia, Viola rafinesquit, Lepargyrea canadensts, Arctostaphylos uva-urst, Oxycoccus macrocarpus, Trientalis americanus, Menyanthes trifoliata, — Gerardia paupercula, Viburnum acerifolium, Viburnum dentatum, 88 Merriam, C. H. ‘A Provisional List of Canadian Plants — The Vertebrates of the Adirondack Mountain Region.’’ TZrans. Linnean Soc. N. Y., 1: 26, Dec., 1882: and ‘“ Life Zones and Crop Zones of the United States.’’ Div. Biol, Survey, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Bull..10: 1-79, 1898. 398 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. Lobelia kalmit, L[ieractum canadense, Aster polyphyllus, Gnaphalium decurrens, Artemisia canadensis, Argentina anserina, Prunus pumila, Prinus pennsylvanica, Pinus strobus. - B. Species the range of which is southern — Carolinian, or extend- ing also over other areas of the austral (austroriparian or gulf strip). Total 42 species. Typical representatives of this group are: Lycopodium alopecuroides, Hlemicarpha micrantha, Magnolia acuminata, Liriodendron tulipifera, Blephariglottis peramana, Ptelea trifoliata, Lypericum drummondii, Sabbatia angularis, Asclepias tuberosa, Lithospermum gmelint, Lycopus rubellus, Galum pilosum, Gnaphalium purpureum, Sassafras sassafras, Nyssa sylvatica. C. Species the range of which with respect to the position of Presque Isle is neither definitely northern nor southern. Species generally ranging over both Carolinian and Alleghanian areas. ‘Total, 283 species. From the above grouping it appears that, taken as a whole, the flora of Presque Isle is more distinctly northern than southern, and ina | general way may be termed Alleghanian, although the greater majority of the species are not closely restricted to either class. It is of interest — to note in this connection that Todd, in his studies on the Birds of Erie and Presque Isle,** says: ‘*‘ The region under consideration [Presque Isle] may safely be considered as included within the Alleghanian Fauna, although with a slight admixture of the Carolinian element.’”’ Transeau has pointed out that in eastern North America there may be distinguished four great forest centers, each center having peculiar toita forest the species of which attain there their best development, thinning out from the region in all directions.** These centers are: ‘‘(1) the Northeastern Conifer Forest, centering in the St. Lawrence Basin, (2) the Deciduous Forest, centering in the lower Ohio basin and Piedmont _ 84 Todd, W. E. Clyde. ‘‘The Birds of Erie and Presque Isle, Erie County, Pennsylvania.’? ANNALS CARNEGIE MusEUM, II: 497, 1904. 85 Transeau, E. N. ‘* Forest Centers of Eastern America.’’? Am, JVat., 39: 875-889, 1905. . ; i JENNINGS: A BoraNnicAL SURVEY OF PRESQUE ISLE. 399 Plateau, (3) the Southeastern Conifer Forest, centering in the south Atlantic and Gulf coastal plain, and (4) the Insular Tropical Forest of the southern part of the Florida peninsula, centering in the West Indies.’’ As far as Presque Isle is concerned the first two centers alone need to be considered. The Northeastern Conifer Forest center, at least as far as the woody species are concerned, practically includes the eastern part of Mer- riam’s Canadian Area together with the northern part of his Allegha- nian Area, and in a general way this forest center may be regarded as the center for our first group of Presque Isle species (A), including altogether one hundred and fifteen species. Our second group (B) of forty-two Presque Isle species is very closely co-extensive with Transeau’s Deciduous Forest center, including thus the Carolinian Area and the southern extension of Merriam’s Alleghanian Area, thinning out in all directions from this region. It is thus to be seen that the region in which Presque Isle is located is more or less intermediate in geographical position between these two centers, but the true relations of the different elements as enter- ing into the vegetation of Presque Isle are most evident when the for- mations and successions are individually considered. The intermedi- ate position of Presque Isle is such that variations in the local ecolog- ical conditions of the soil, wind-exposure, etc., may swing the habitat into either the one or the other forest center (climatic or geographic) while in the more permanently intermediate habitats there may be a vegetation composed in part of derivatives from both centers; or, from historical causes the one or the other forest center may even there predominate. In general it may be stated that on Presque Isle, proceeding from the physiographically youngest habitat to the oldest, the relationship of the corresponding vegetation swings gradually from the Northeastern Conifer Forest to the Deciduous Forest center, andon the northern side of the peninsula, with greater exposure and coarser soil particles, the northern element persists longer than on the southern side, where these conditions are less pronounced. , Transeau “ has shown that the great forest centers are correlated very closely with certain ‘‘ rainfall-evaporation ratios,’’ the ratio of total rainfall being largely dependent upon the same conditions of tem- perature, wind velocity, relative humidity, etc., which most largely in- 8 Transeau, E. N. J. c., 883-886. 400 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. fluence transpiration. Transeau found that in a general way, ‘‘ The southeastern area where the rainfall is from 100-110 per cent. of the evaporation, corresponds to the region of the Deciduous Forest center,’’ and that in the Southern Appalachians at least, the region with the ratio above 110 per cent. coincides with the southern extension of the Northeastern Conifer Forest, while the forest center in the St. Lawrence basin is marked by ratios above Ioo per cent. The ratio for the city of Erie is not less than r1o percent., but the instruments of the U. S. Weather Bureau Station there are about 180 feet above Lake Erie and it is probable that the ratio for Presque Isle, but a few feet above the lake and within reach of its more imme- diate effects upon humidity, temperature, etc., would be found to be considerably higher. However the ratio would vary greatly between the various habitats on the peninsula itself ; as, for instance, between the interior of the sand-plain, with its loose sand fully exposed to wind and insolation, and the interior of the black oak forest, with its shaded, humus-covered soil, the temperature of which never presents the rapid and extreme variations of the surface of the sand- plain. The rainfall-evaporation ratio would probably be below roo for the sand-plain and perhaps a careful instrumental determination of the factors would show that there is a constantly increasing ratio from the sand-plain to the black oak forest, which could be correlated with the shifting of the relationship of the respective formations from the northeastern conifer forest to the deciduous forest. The lower and drift beaches of Presque Isle are under the equaliz- ing influences of the water to such an extent that they are inhabited by a formation found in similar habitats almost throughout North Temperate America, but removed from the more immediately modi- fying influences of the water, the sand-plain, with its sterile, porous, wind-exposed soil, supports a formation including several distinctly northern species: Artemisia canadensis, Lathyrus maritimus, or, around the lagoons and ponds in the sand-plain, 77iglochin palustris, Carex aquatilis, C. gronovit, C. ederi pumila and C. canescens, Juncus balticus, J. articulatus, Salix syrticola, Hypericum boreale, etc., or, on the dunes in the sand-plain, Prunus pumila. With the advent of considerable numbers of woody species upon the sand-plain its southern portion is occupied by the JZyrica thicket, which must be regarded as having southern affinities, while the north- ern portion of the sand-plain is occupied by the Arctostaphylos-/uni- < ps af ih ? A " : JenninNcs: A BOTANICAL SURVEY OF PRESQUE ISLE. 401 perus heath, a distinctly northern formation. The JZ/j7ica thicket is soon superseded by the Prunus serotina forest, which in its turn gives way to the Quercus velutina forest, both formations being dis- tinctly southern and related to the deciduous forest. The heath stage is succeeded by the Pinus strobus forest, distinctly northern, but this is eventually displaced by the black oak forest, distinctly southern. In the Dune-Thicket-Forest Succession the initial stage may be dis- tinctly northern, as in the Ammophila and Prunus pumila dunes, or more southern, as in the Popfa/us and Andropogon dunes. In either case these dunes may towards the southern side of the peninsula pass into the Zox/codendron thicket and the Prunus serotina forest, both related to the deciduous forest center, or towards the northern side of the peninsula they may pass into the ] PMaAIC 10] vy il 101 STULLLLO ) pue ‘TTOIN OIIVGO TL . YUL] UL PUL T JO ULOPdad sf JO APOYT 19) A A WNn3aSnNW 3IDS3SNYVYD STIVNNY STEWART: CATALOG OF RELICS. 425 almost impassable owing to the heavy rains, supplies were hard to obtain, and both men and horses were worn out with the long march. Upon learning that the French were almost without defense, being cut off from their base of supplies by the surrender of Fort Frontenac, and also that through the efforts of Frederick Post their Indian allies had deserted them, Forbes in spite of all difficulties determined to push on, and upon his arrival found that the French, not awaiting his attack, had blown up Fort Duquesne and fled. He immediately took posses- sion of the place, built a rough stockade, left a portion of his troops, and then, carried on his litter, returned to Philadelphia, where he died on the tenth of March, 1759. In a letter to William Pitt, written on November 27, 1758 —two _ days after his arrival at Fort Duquesne — he writes: ‘‘I have used the freedom of giving your name to Fort Duquesne, as I hope it was in some measure the being actuated by your spirits that now makes us master of the place.’’ ~ 3. Colonial decorated stoneware teapot. 4. Colonial glass vase, date 1776. 5. Glass bottle, decorated in colors, said to be two hundred years old, brought to Pittsburgh in the year 1800. Loaned by Mrs. David Aiken, 710 Amberson Ave., " Pittsburgh. 6. Glass bottle found eighteen feet under ground while excavating around the Block House in the vear 1904. Loaned by the Pittsburgh Chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution. 7. Copper warming-pan, used in Colonial times for warming the bed. ‘The pan was filled with hot coals and rubbed between the sheets. Loaned by Mrs. Nellie L. Fairley, Midway, Pennsy]- vania. 8. Colonial candle-snuffers and tray. Loaned by Mrs. Addison Courtney, Braddock Ave., Pittsburgh, Pa. 9g. Colonial tablecloth, with hand-woven border. | Three plates, igar bowl of blue and white china, lustre-ware cream-pitcher, colonial red and white bed-spread. Lance used by physician in Colonial times ; for ‘**bleeding,’’ iron whale-oil lamp. ‘ae Loaned by Miss Jeannette Deemar, Kittanning, Pa. 426 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. t1. Brass candlestick used by Colonel Robert Dunning in 1747, two pewter plates brought from England by Colonel Robert Dunning of the Revolutionary Army. Loaned by Miss Matilda Horner, 1319 Center Ave., Wilkinsburg, Pa. : 12. Silver buttons from a coat which formerly belonged to James Horner. 13. Gold and topaz fob-seal formerly property of James Horner and worn by him inthe year1790. Horner was a soldier both in the Indian and Revolutionary Wars. Loaned by Mrs. Franklin M. Gordon, 1319 Center Ave., Wilkinsburg, Pa. 14. Hat formerly owned by Rev. David Philips, who organized the Peter’s Creek Baptist Church at Library, Pa. He was a personal friend of General Washington, and served as a Captain in the Revolu- tionary War. Loaned by Miss L. D. Everhart, 6640 Dalzell Place, Pittsburgh. 15. Shell comb with gold ornamentation, Colonial Period. 16. Silver tankard brought to Pittsburgh from Scotland by Peter Shiras, great-grandfather of George Shiras, Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. 17. Two silver spoons and silver calendar pencil, formerly the property of Peter Shiras. Loaned by Mrs. James Morris, 6009 Stanton Ave., Pittsburgh. 18. Blue and white china tea-pot (Colonial Period). 1g. Silver tea service, consisting of tea-pot, sugar bowl, cream- pitcher, and slop-bowl, made in the year 1799. 20. Two Sheffield Plate candlesticks, 1799. These were formerly the property of a Saxon squire, who joined the American army in 1775: 21. Silver sugar-tongs, tea-spoons, and salt-spoon of the Revolu- tionary Period. 22. Silver punch ladle, date 1799. 23. Two Colonial cut-glass tumblers and one Colonial cut-glass wine glass. Loaned by Mrs. H. C. Shaw, Glenshaw, Pa. 24. A set of Colonial pewter household utensils consisting of. thir- , ‘ f : ‘ STEWART: CATALOG OF RELICS. 427 teen plates, four cups, two salt-shakers, six spoons, three lamps, and a mustard pot. Loaned by W. J. Sanborn, 1947 Perrysville Ave., North Side, Pittsburgh. 25. Blue and white china sugar-bowl, formerly the property of Cap- tain Joseph Brady, a Revolutionary officer. 26. Pewter cream-pitcher, formerly the property of Lieutenant Le- Fevre, a Revolutionary officer. 27. Silver tea-spoon made by Joseph Post, a silver-smith and also a Revolutionary soldier. This tea-spoon was made from the knee buckles of Colonel Thomas Smith of the Revolutionary army. 28. Silver spoon made prior to the year 1774. 29. Decorated china tea-pot, one of a dozen given by Lieutenant George LeFevre to his daughter, Elizabeth, upon the occasion of her marriage to Peter Tritt, a Revolutionary soldier. Loaned by Mrs. C. A. W. Lindsay, 137 Millvale Ave., x Pittsburgh. 30. Foot-warmer made of wood and tin, used by the early settlers when traveling in cold weather. The inner pan was filled with ignited charcoal, and retained the heat for a considerable time. Property of the Carnegie Museum. Purchased, Acc. No. 1506. 31. Collection of lanterns consisting of five perforated tin lanterns and eight glass lanterns, in which the light was supplied by a candle. 32. Two iron lamps used for burning whale-oil. 33- Glass lamp used for burning whale-oil. 34. Tin candle moulds. Property of the Carnegie Museum.. Purchased, Acc. No. 1506. 35. Collection of five spinning-wheels and two reels. The largest wheel was used for spinning wool and the others for flax. Loaned by Mr. E. C. Ejisengart, 235 Charles St., Pittsburgh. — 36. A Colonial ‘‘ quill ’’ wheel. Loaned by Mr. W. J. Sanborn, 1947 Perrysville Ave., North Side, Pittsburgh. | 37. Three spinning-wheels. Property of the Carnegie Museum. Donated by Mr. C. A. Gorby, Acc. No. 2598. 428 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. 38. A silk kerchief, formerly the property of Rachel Lawrence, the wife of Colonel Harry Gordon of the English Army. Colonel Gordon was Chief of Engineers with General Braddock’s Army and had charge of the construction of Braddock’s Road. 39. An inlaid tortoise-shell reticule, formerly the property of Anne Gordon, the daughter of Colonel Harry Gordon. 40. A brooch surrounded by pearls, said to contain a lock of the hair of Prince Charlie of Scotland, formerly the property of Anne Gordon. 41. Aminiature on ivory of Anne Edgar, daughter of Anne Gordon. Loaned by Mrs. Elisa Gibson, 1509 Shady Ave., Pittsburgh. 42. Lace collar made by the wife of General Philip Benner of the Revolutionary army. 43. Lace baby-cap and embroidered baby-cap made by the wife of General Benner. Loaned by Mrs. Thomas S. Anderson, Denniston and Irwin Aves., Pittsburgh. 44. Yard-stick made by Lieutenant Adam Keller of the Revolu- tionary army. £ 45- Clasp-knife found at Valley Forge. 46. Wooden butter-bowl made by Lieutenant Adam Keller while stationed at Valley Forge during the Revolutionary War. 47. Piece of brown silk from the lining of General Lafayette’s coat. 48. Mother-of-pearl ‘‘ butter-taster’’ used by the women of Colo- nial times to test the quality of butter when marketing. 49. Handkerchief with lace border made by Eliza Meredith (Rev- olutionary Period). 50. China cup and saucer (Colonial Period). 51. Blue and white china pitcher formerly the property of the wife of Lieutenant Adam Keller. 52. Pewter candle-snuffers. 53. Blue and white ‘‘ willow pattern ’’ plate, used in the family of General Thomas Bull during the time of the Revolutionary War. 54. Two silver salt spoons (Revolutionary Period). Loaned by Mrs. Sidney O. Hartje, Dunmoyle St., Pittsburgh. 55. General Braddock’s shoe buckles. ‘These buckles were obtained in 1840 by the late W. S. Haven of Pittsburgh from an old resident of ~ ee Pee ee Eee oN ee STEWART: CATALOG OF RELICs. 429 Braddock’s Field, whose account of the manner in which he obtained them seems plausible. General Edward Braddock was mortally wounded in the sanguinary battle of July 9, 1755. He was shot through the arm, the ball passing into his lungs. He was carried back on the retreat as far as ‘‘ Great Meadows,’’ where he died July 13, 1755, and was buried the follow- ing day. Young George Washington officiated at the funeral. For years the place of Braddock’s burial was unknown, but in 1823 laborers, engaged in the construction of the National Road, exposed the remains, which were recognized by their military trappings. The grave was despoiled and even the bones distributed by the vandals. Hon. Andrew Stewart of Uniontown, Pennsylvania, collected most of the bones and sent them to Peale’s Museum in Philadelphia, Pa. These corroded buckles were among the relics obtained at this time and retained in western Pennsylvania, and finally came after the death of Mr. W. S. Haven into the possession of Col. T. P. Roberts. Loaned by Col. T. P. Roberts, No. 519 Aiken Ave., Pittsburgh. 56. Silver snuff-box, one hundred and fifty years old, formerly the property of Mr. Alexander Semple of Pittsburgh. Property of Carnegie Museum, Acc. No. 3630. Do- nated by Miss Mary Pattison Semple, 5554 Avondale Place, Pittsburgh. 57. Colonial cut tin lantern. 58. Facsimile of silver cream spoon used by Martha Washington. 59. Facsimile of enameled sleeve-buttons used by General George Washington. Loaned by Mr. Vincent Imbrie, 6409 Fifth Ave., Pittsburgh. 60. Brass carpenter’s square, said to have been used by workmen during the construction of Fort Pitt. Loaned by Rev. A. A. Lambing, 711 Rebecca St., Wilkinsburg, Pa. 61. Spindle of distaff used by Mrs. John Dickerson, an aunt of General William Henry Harrison, to spin flax in the year 1794. Loaned by Mrs. James R. Robinson, Mt. Lebanon, Pa. 62. Lace cap worn by Mrs. John Dickerson, 63. Spectacles worn by Mrs. John Dickerson. Loaned by Miss Priscilla Trunick, Mt. Lebanon, Pa. 430 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. 64. Embroidered pocket, made and worn by Mrs. John Dickerson, and in which she carried her valuables to Fort Pitt during an uprising of the Indians. Loaned by Mrs. L. R. Mayer, Mt. Lebanon, Pa. 65. Woven red and white curtain, one of a set sent from Philadel- phia to Fort Pitt on the occasion of the birth of Eliza McCully, daughter of Major George McCully, the Commandant. Eliza McCully was born in the year 1787. Loaned by Mrs. Richard Hays, 717 Ridge Ave., Northside, Pittsburgh. 66. Bust of General George Washington made from the sawdust of a cherry tree which grew on the site of Fort Necessity. Made by James Hadden. Property of Carnegie Museum, Acc. 3402. Donated of Mr. James Hadden, 85 Morgantown St., Union- town, Pa. 67. Sampler made by Rachel Castleman in the year 1780. Loaned by Miss Rachel Castleman Aiken, 710 Amberson Ave., Pittsburgh. 68. Stone sun-dial found under the foundation of a house which stood next to the Block House, Pittsburgh, and was torn down in April, 1894. Loaned by the Pittsburgh Chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution. 69. Chestnut pin taken from old and decaying timbers of Fort Pitt on June 10, 1854, when excavations were being made at ‘‘ The Point.’’ Property of Carnegie Museum, Acc. No. 1778. Donated by Mr. Joseph Banks, through Mr. A. Wat- son Black. II. Arms, AMMUNITION, AND MILITARY ACCOUTREMENTS. 69. Drum used during the Revolutionary War and carried at the battle of Monmouth by a soldier named Ream. During the action the top was carried away by a ball and consequently the shell of the drum was shortened to its present size. The heads are of later date. This drum was for many years in the possession of the Ream family who were relatives of General St. Clair. Loaned by Mr. D. St. Clair Wineland, 3441 Ligonier St., Pittsburgh. f . , STEWART: CATALOG OF RELICS. 431 70. Wooden canteen purchased at the government sale held at Fort Pitt. 71. Copper hoop with two marks of the ‘‘ King’s Arrow ’’ found at Fort Ligonier, Pennsylvania. The ‘‘ King’s Arrow’’ was the mark of the property of the British government and is similar to the «U.S. A.’’ used on American army equipment. 72. Bayonet excavated on Fort St., Pittsburgh. Loaned by the Pittsburgh Chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution. 73. Section of iron wagon tire used in the pioneer days of Western Pennsylvania. These tires were in sections and were put on with spikes. This section was ploughed up near ‘‘ Forbes Road,’’ Jenner Township, Allegheny County, Pa. Property of Carnegie Museum, Acc. No. 7. Donated by Mr. J. G. Beam. . 74. Horse-shoe found buried many feet underground on ‘‘ Forbes Road.’’ Marks show it to be of the date of Forbes’ Expedition. Loaned by the Pittsburgh Chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution. 75. Wooden canteen used in the Revolutionary War. Loaned by Mr. Calvin L. May, 807 Franklin St., Wilkinsburg, Pa. 76. Collection of one hundred and twenty-three pistols, showing the evolution from the flint-look through the percussion cap, to the modern revolver. Loaned by Mr. Otto J. Bierly, 6710 Frankstown Ave., Pittsburgh. 77. Flint-lock ‘‘ Horse Pistol.’’ Loaned by Mr. S. H. Jackson, Wilkinsburg, Pa. 78. Short-sword carried at the Battle of Bunker Hill by Captain Silas Heminway of Massachusetts. 79. Sabre carried by a British officer at the Battle of New Orleans, in the Mexican War by a United States officer, and in the Civil War by a Confederate officer. 80. United States Government Springfield Pistol, altered from flint-lock to percussion at the time of the Civil War. Loaned by Mr. W. J. Sanborn, 1947 Perrysville Ave., Northside, Pittsburgh. 4392 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. 81. Knapsack carried by Robert Ross of the 2nd Ohio Regiment in the War of 1812. Loaned by Mr. A. Marshall Ross, Confluence, Somerset County, Pa. 82. Wooden canteen used in the War of 1812. ; Loaned by Mrs. H. C. Shaw, Glenshaw, Pa. 83. Leather ammunition pouch carried by Rev. David Philips in the Revolutionary War. Loaned by Mrs. T. R. McLain, 522 South Lang Ave., Pittsburgh. 84. Sword carried by Captain Irwin, a Pennsylvania Volunteer in the War of 1812. Loaned by Dr. Hiram DuPuy, 339 Fifth Ave., Pitts- burgh. 85. Two swords carried in the War of 1812. Property of the Carnegie Museum. Donated by Mr. J. R. Whitfield. 86. Sword and scabbard found at the ‘‘ Point’’ near the old Block House. Loaned by Dr. Adolph Koenig, 200 Ninth St., Pitts- burgh. 87. Flint-lock musket, formerly the property of William Giffen who took part in the Whiskey Rebellion. Loaned by Mr, W. H. Green, Boyce Station, Pa. 88. Cannon-ball found on Cecil Alley, Pittsburgh, thirteen feet below the surface. 89. Three cannon-balls found while excavating near the site of Fort Pitt. go. Cannon-ball found while excavating in Exchange Alley — the Magazine of Fort Pitt. gi. Cannon-ball found while excavating at the corner of Penn Ave. and Garrison Alley, Pittsburgh. g2. Cannon-ball found while excavating on Redoubt Alley, Pitts- burgh. 93. Three small cannon-balls found while excavating on Fort Street, Pittsburgh. Property of Carnegie Museum, Acc. 51. Donated by . Mr. Samuel T. Paisley. 94. Cannon-ball found at Braddock’s Field. : “| : be ; 4 Bi ee ea OO ‘ r 4 : . f e- STEWART: CATALOG OF RELICS. 433 Property of Carnegie Museum, Acc. No. 186. Donated by Mr. Frank Gerstner. 95. Cannon-ball found on George Sibert’s farm near the mouth of Turtle Creek, Braddock, Pa. Property of Carnegie Museum, Acc. 3311. Donated by Mr. J. O. Frost. 96. Portion of a cannon-ball found near the site of the Block House, Pittsburgh. Loaned by Dr. Adolph Koenig, 200 Ninth St., Pitts- burgh. 97. Shell found while excavating at the corner of Penn Avenue and Second Street, Pittsburgh. Property of Carnegie Museum, Acc. 681. Donated by Mr. George M. Kinzer. g8. Cannon ball from the battlefield of Princeton (January 3, 1777). Loaned by Mr. Joseph Speer, Fifth Ave., Pittsburgh. 99. Piece of bronze found on the Whittaker farm, opposite Brad- dock, in the year 1840. This, with two tomahawks and a large num- ber of arrow-heads, had evidently been cachéd by the Indians. Property of Carnegie Museum, Acc. No. gor. Donated by Mr. W. C. Gearing. too. Iron camp kettle used by General Washington’s army at Val- ley Forge. Property of Carnegie Museum, Acc. No. 1306. Donated by Mr. William Wilson. to1. Eight brass cannon which were loaned to the Carnegie Mu- seum by the United States Government. Of these cannon five are known to have been surrendered by General Burgoyne at the Battle of Sarotaga, October, 1777. The large one was captured from the French by the British and surrendered by the British to the American Army in the War of 1812. The two smaller guns are also British and were captured in the Revolutionary War, the date unknown. All of these cannon were formerly deposited in the Allegheny Arsenal. Loaned by the United States Government. 102. Cannon found while excavating at the corner of Second Ave- nue and Try Street, Pittsburgh. Property of Carnegie Museum, Acc. 119. Donated by Rea & Company. 103. Arrow-heads, bullets, clasp-knives, and an ax-head found on 434 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. the farm of Mr. Jacob Raymalay, at Newlinsburg, Pennsylvania. These specimens are undoubtedly relics of the Forbes Expedition. Loaned by Mr. Jacob Raymalay, Newlinsburg, Pa. Fic. 1. Powder horn carved by William Mackenzie, while in the garrison of Fort Pitt, 1783. 104. Powder horn used by an American soldier, William Macken- zie, while in the garrison at Fort Pitt, in the year 1783. This powder- horn has carved upon it a plan of Fort Pitt, the name of William Mackenzie, his age and the date. (See Plate LV.) Property of the Carnegie Museum, Acc. No. 1873. Donated by Mr. Daniel Arnheim. 105. Powder horn carried by Captain William Irwin in the French and Indian War. He has carved upon it the route of General Brad- dock’s march from Philadelphia to Braddock’s Field and later the route from Saratoga to Philadelphia. Loaned by Mrs. Thomas S. Anderson, Denniston and Irwin Aves., Pittsburgh. 106. Small powder horn used in priming a flint-lock musket. Loaned by Mr. W. J. Sanborn, 1947 Perrysville Ave., Northside, Pittsburgh. OBJECTS PARTICULARLY ASSOCIATED WITH THE HISTORY OF PITTSBURGH AND VICINITY. 107. Blue and white china soup-tureen, used at a dinner given to General Lafayette upon the occasion of his visit to Pittsburgh in the year 1825. Loaned by Mrs. H. C. McEldowney, Northumberland and Wightman Sts., Pittsburgh. 108. Counterpane which was loaned by Mrs. Katherine Jones to the Entertainment Committee at the time of General Lafayette’s visit to Pittsburgh. This counterpane was used on Lafayette’s bed. a NNI - ° , Vol. V. _ S S pt x NS PD? Dy OMY \ /\ / Nae A S’ IN YS \ +7 a 4 if Z Aik 4nd Ps) es S. tute! 3 / “4 rd WAT ld ‘ATISA ‘WNASNW JIDINYVOD STVNNY STEWART: CATALOG OF RELICS. 441 Property of Carnegie Museum, Acc. No. 2449. Do- nated by Commissioners of Allegheny County. 165. Colored print of Boston Harbor in the year 1768, from the _ original engraving made by Paul Revere. 166. Print: Portrait of Paul Revere, froma painting made by a French officer in the year 18or. Loaned by Mr. Vincent Imbrie, 6409 Fifth Ave., Pittsburgh. 167. Reprint: Plan of the City of Allegheny in 1795. Property of Carnegie Museum, Acc. No. 970. Donated by J. E. Schwartz, Pittsburgh. 168. Print of the City of Pittsburgh. Loaned by Mrs. George Hardy, 211 Noble Ave., Crafton, Pa. 169. Oil portrait of Samuel Lyon. Colonel Lyon was an officer in the Revolutionary War; and the son-in-law of Colonel Ephraim Blaine. 170. Print: Portrait of Eleanor Blaine, a sister of Colonel Ephraim Blaine. Loaned by Miss Caroline O’F. Russell, 704 Clyde St., Pittsburgh. 171. Portrait of Peter Shiras, great-grandfather of Hon. George Shiras, Justice of the United States Supreme Court. Loaned by Mrs. James Morris, 6009 Stanton Ave., Pittsburgh. 172. Plan of General Forbes’ route on the march against Fort Duquesne 1758. Copy of the original map in ‘‘ General Forbes Marching Journal to the Ohio’’ by J. Potts (in possession of the Pennsylvania Historical Society). 173. Rough draught of the Youghiogheny River taken by J. _ Shippen, Jr., in 1759. (Tracing of original in possession of the _ Pennsylvania Historical Society. ) 174. A draught of the Monongahela and Youghiogheny rivers, November, 1759, by J. Shippen, Jr. (Tracing of the original in _ possession of the Pennsylvania Historical Society. ) 175. Draught of the situation of Fort Burd, on the Monongahela River, laid out by J. Shippen, Jr., and built by a detachment of _ Pennsylvanians under command of Colonel James Burd in October, 1759. (The original in possession of the Pennsylvania Historical Society. ) 449 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. Loaned by the Pittsburgh Chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution. Oil paintings by Russell Smith : 176. An old log house at the foot of Coal Hill opposite Market Street as it appeared in the year 1832 ; said, at that time, to be the oldest house standing in Pittsburgh. : 177- Old treeon Ormsby’s farm opposite Bakewell’s glass works in the year 1834. 178. Building of the Western University of Pennsylvania in the year 1833. (See Plate LVIII.) 179. View looking up the river from Coal Hill over Ormsby’s farm to Birmingham. 180. Nelson’s Island from the foot of Hand Street in the year 1840. Loaned by Mr. James Getty, in care of G. G. O’Brien, too2 Fifth Ave., Pittsburgh. 181. Lithograph of the Pittsburgh Novelty Works on the corner of Grant and Front Streets, as it appeared before the fire of 1845. These works were owned by Livingston, Roggen & Co. Loaned by Mr. L. O. Livingston, 81g Heberton Ave., Pittsburgh. 182. Picture of an Indian scout and trapper, formerly the property of Peter Shiras. Loaned by Mrs. James Morris, 6009 Stanton Ave., Pittsburgh. 183. Silhouette of John Kennedy McGunnegle taken in 1769. 184. Silhouette of George W. McGunnegle and his wife Margaret Kennedy, who came to Pittsburgh from Ireland in the year 1766. Loaned by Mrs. Franklin M. Gordon, 1319 Center Ave., Wilkinsburg, Pa. 185. Silhouettes of Colonel Thomas Bull and his brother Lewis Bull, soldiers in the Revolutionary War. Loaned by Mrs. Sidney O. Hartje, Dunmoyle St., Pittsburgh. 186. Three photographs of the ruins of the Allegheny County Courthouse, which was erected in the year 1836 and destroyed by fire May 7, 1882. Property of Carnegie Museum, Acc. No. 1083. Do- nated by Mr. E. S. Morrow. 187. Oil painting of the ruins of the Allegheny County Courthouse made in 1882 by Miss Agnes Way. (-Aajpy << WillamoPentiand,. Donated by Mr. E. S. Morrow. 216. City of Pittsburgh — Pittsburgh & Connellsville Railroad Bond $1000.00, 6 per cent., 30 years, 1853. Signed Robert M. Riddle, Mayor. Andrew McMaster, Treasurer. 217. City of Pittsburgh Compromise Bond, Allegheny Valley Railroad Company (subscription to stock) $1000, 4 per cent., 50 years, 1862. Signed B. C. Sawyer Jr., Mayor. John McCargo, Controller. 218. City of Pittsburgh, Compromise Bond, $100, 5 per cent., 50 years, 1863. STEWART: CATALOG OF RELICS. 449 § Signed William McCallin, Mayor. E. S. Morrow, Controller. 219. City of Pittsburgh — Water Extension Loan, $500, 7 per cent., 25 years, 1868. Signed James Blackmore, Mayor. Thomas Steel, Controller. 220. Borough of East Birmingham — $500, 7 per cent., 18 years, 1870. Signed C. J. Schultz, Burgess. Alex. P. McKee, Clerk. 21. Birmingham Market Bond, $1ooo, 8 per cent., 15 years, 1871. Signed James Salisbury, Burgess. H. P. Ramsay, Clerk. 222. Borough of Ormsby,:- $1000, 7 per cent., ro years, 1871. Signed James S. Atkinson, Bureess. Jo W.. Patterson? Jr.;.Clerk. 223. City of Pittsburgh, Main Street Bond, $1000, 7 per cent., 12 years, 1871. Signed James M. Brush, Mayor. E. J. McGowan, Controller. 224. City of Pittsburgh, Forbes Street Bond, $600, 7 per cent., 12 years, 1872. Signed James Blackmore, Mayor. R. M. Snodgrass, Controller. 225. City of Pittsburgh, Butler Street Bond, $2500, 7 per cent., 12 years 1873. Signed James Blackmore. R. J. McGowan, Controller. 226. City of Pittsburgh, Bedford Avenue Bond, $1000, 7 per cent., 12 years, 1873. 450 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. Signed James Blackmore, Mayor. R. M. Snodgrass, Controller. 227. City of Pittsburgh, Improvement Bond, ¢1ooo, 4 per cent., 30 years, 1885. Signed B. McKenna, Mayor. H. I. Gourley, Controller. Property of Carnegie Museum, Acc. No. 1887. Do- nated by City of Pittsburgh. 228. Colonial Coins and State Notes. Loaned by Mr. J. J. Kane, 1619 Locust St., Pittsburgh. 229. Colonial State Notes. Loaned by Mr. S. H. Jackson, 800 Wood St., Wilkins- burg, Pa. 230. Two copper pennies excavated near the site of Fort Pitt. Loaned by the Pittsburgh Chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution. - MISCELLANEOUS SPECIMENS. 231. Cannon-ball from the battle-field of Princeton January 3, 1777: Loaned by Mr. Joseph F. Speer, Fifth Ave., Pittsburgh. 232. Photographs of Gyanwahia (The Cornplanter) who was the Chief of the Cornplanter Indians ; died 1836 at the age of one hundred years. 233. Photograph of Chief Cornplanter’s son. 234. Photograph of Monument erected to Cornplanter. Property of Carnegie Museum, Acc. No. 364. Do- nated by Chief Jacobs of the Cornplanter Indians. 235. Piece of wood from the cabin in which Chief Cornplanter lived. Property of Carnegie Museum, Acc. No. 3641. Do- nated by Mr. G. M. Lehman. 236. Beaded cap made by the Cornplanter Indians. 237. Silver buckle and copper spoon, engraved upon which is a totem, found in an Indian grave near Kittanning, Pa. Loaned by Miss Jeannette Deemar, Kittanning, Pa. a STEWART: CATALOG CF RELICS. 451 238. Pine cones from General Braddock’s grave. Loaned by Col. Thomas P. Roberts, 519 Aiken Ave., Pittsburgh. 239. Gavel made from the wood of the mulberry tree to which John Harris was bound and was about to be burned by the Indians, when liberated by his negro slave Hercules. MHarris was the founder of Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. Loaned by the Pittsburgh Chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution. 240. Piece of the elm tree under which William Penn signed his treaty with the Indians. Loaned by the Pittsburgh Chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution. 241. Cup and saucer saved from the sacking of the Petit Trianon, given by Jerome Bonaparte to his American wife Elizabeth Patterson of Baltimore, owned since the year 1850 by Elizabeth Ogden. 242. Medals, formerly the property of George Ogden, Esq. 243. Early American bible. Loaned by Miss Caroline O’F. Russell, 704 Clyde St., Pittsburgh. 244. Ten pound note issued by the State of Massachusetts Bay in the year 1782. Loaned by Mr. W. J. Sanborn, 1947 Perrysville Ave., North Side, Pittsburgh. 245. Snuff box with picture of reception given in honor of General Lafayette in New York City, August 16, 1825. Loaned. by Miss Jeannette Deemar, Kittanning, Pa. 246. Section of rail made at Mount Savage, Maryland. This was the first rail mill in the United States. Loaned by Mr. Curtis Williams, 664 Maryland Ave., Pittsburgh. = . . ‘ ‘ . 4 + i? ¥ ss? maa * ‘ k z 7% Le j ii ‘2 Viee ‘ ' alr id aap f SaaETINE ‘ree ly es ae 4 wart me: kd by pit “ae Tilak a are tt ge it Coan tte sai | * ory Schie SN Ep tit (197 wee fh a a eee a ede Pe. Hi, _ sf Pass ray ANNALS OF THE Soe NEGIE MUSEUM VOLUME V. NO. 4. EDITORIAL NOTES. THE annual celebration of Founder’s Day took place on April the 29th. The distinguished guests of the occasion were Count Johann Heinrich von Bernstorff, who gave a most scholarly address upon ‘*The Constitution of the German Empire’’; Sir Caspar Purdon Clarke, Director of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City, and Mr. Alfred East, President of the Royal Society of British Artists. The hall was filled witha large audience. Unfortunately the pleasures of the occasion were somewhat marred at their close by a most furious storm of wind and rain, which swept over the city and which com- pelled the presence until a late evening hour of many of the audience who had forgotten to bring with them umbrellas and raincoats. How- ever, the rare feast which was provided for them in the Art Galleries and in the Museum served to make their involuntary detention more pleasurable than it would otherwise have been. ALTHOUGH from time to time during the twelve months preceding Founder’s Day most interesting exhibits were placed upon exhibition in the Museum, a special effort was made on that occasion to put on view some of our accumulated treasures. The Gallery of Reptiles, although only scantily furnished, was for the first time thrown open to the public. In the Gallery of Vertebrate Zodlogy a magnificent specimen of Portheus molossus, believed to be the finest in existence in any museum in the world, was put upon display. Two skeletons of Stenomylus tyleri Loomis, one of them almost complete in every 453 454 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. part, both prepared as slab mounts, were put on view. ‘The material in the possession of the Carnegie Museum representing the ancestry of the camel is very extensive and perfect. A number of changes were made in the Gallery of Vertebrate Paleontology and a large amount of material, most of it collected by the members of the paleontological staff, and some of it obtained in exchange, was put on exhibition. The collection of Hawaiian fishes, which has been materially added to, is calculated to attract attention. The ivories loaned by Mr. H. J. Heinz, the collection of Japanese weapons loaned by Mr. Irwin Laughlin, the beautiful collection of watches, which has been ma- terially increased by Mr. H. J. Heinz during the past six months, awakened unusual interest. All of the collections in the various sec- tions received more or less interesting and important accessions, and the general impression created by the collections of the Museum as a whole is believed to have been greatly heightened by the efforts which have been bestowed upon these things during the past few months. Dr. Vicror STERKI of New Philadelphia, Ohio, has been appointed as an assistant to Dr. A. E. Ortmann in the Section of Recent Inver- tebrates of the Carnegie Museum, and will givea certain proportion of his time to the arrangement of his great collection, which has become the property of the Carnegie Museum, with a special view to a mono- graphic revision of some of the groups therein represented of which he has made a special study and in which his collection is probably richer than any other in existence. As a student of the minuter mollusca Dr. Sterki has earned for himself a distinguished reputation. Dr. Cart H. EIGENMANN, Dean of the Postgraduate School of the Indiana State University, and Professor of Zodlogy in that institution, has been appointed by the Director Curator of Ichthyology in the Carnegie Museum. The arrangement is made with the understanding that this appointment will in no wise interfere with the discharge of his duties in the important positions which he holds in the faculty of the Indiana State University, but that he will give so much of his time as he is able to spare to the oversight of the ichthyological col- lections of the Carnegie Museum and to the study of the collections which are contained in the Museum. In the next number of the Annals there will appear the first of a series of reports by Dr. Eigen- mann upon the fishes collected by him in British Guiana. He was EDITORIAL. 455 remarkably successful, and the forthcoming papers will contain descrip- tions of a large number of species new to science. On May 2d, while walking along the north bank of the Allegheny River, below the dam which has been built by the United States Government, Mr. John Clouse found lying upon the shore a huge tusk, which has since been secured for the Carnegie Museum. When first found by Mr. Clouse the tusk measured nine feet four inches in length along its outercurve. Unfortunately while exposed to view in a saloon where it was first exhibited some bits of the base of the tusk were broken off by the fingers of the curious, thus slightly reducing its length. Otherwise it preserves in outline all its characteristic features. A superficial study of the tusk inclines the Director of the Museum to believe that it is the left tusk of LAvephas colombi Falconer. The peculiar curvature of the tusk is such as to suggest this specific deter- mination. There has not been time as yet to study the specimen with minute care. It is, however, in a very good state of preser- vation, and will not require from present appearances to be greatly reinforced, although it has become necessary to treat it externally with a coating of shellac. Ever since the new building was occupied our entomological col- lections, which are vast, have been more or less inaccessible for pur- poses of study, owing to the fact that no provision had been made for cases in which to systematically arrange and display them. The prob- lem of designing a system of cases, which would meet the requirements, has for a long time engaged the careful attention of the Director of the Museum, and early in the winter he began the drawing of plans for a gallery and a series of cases rising from the floor to the ceiling of the entomological laboratory. The gallery is a light structure of steel, so built as to admit of the placing of the cabinets underneath and above. The work of the construction of the steel part of the gallery was awarded to the Chester B. Albree Manufacturing Company ; the building of the cabinets is being carried on in the shops of the Museum under the supervision of Mr. Banks, the foreman. When completed our collections will be properly housed and arranged. A similar gallery with cabinets is proposed for the laboratory of Inverte- brate Zodlogy, under the care of Dr. Ortmann, who at present is laboring under many disadvantages owing to the fact that the furniture 456 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. of his laboratory is not modern, and most of his collections are prac- tically in storage, where they are wholly inaccessible. Tue Editor has received from Dr. D. Starr Jordan the manuscript of a paper upon the Fishes of Formosa, which will shortly appear as the Fourth Part of Volume IV of the ‘‘ Memoirs’’ of the Museum. From Professor P. P. Calvert of the University of Pennsylvania he has received the manuscript of a monographic revision of the Odonata of the South American continent, based upon the collections belonging to the Carnegie Museum. ‘This paper represents in part the results of the labors of Professor Calvert upon the Odonata of South America, which have extended over many years. ‘The authorities of the United States National Museum, the Museum of Comparative Zodlogy at Cambridge, the Academy of Natural Sciences in Philadelphia, and many others have kindly placed their collections at the disposal of Professor Calvert, and he has thus had before him in the preparation of this monograph all the available material existing in American col- lections, and his report will undoubtedly become a classic work of reference. ee ee ee ee eee ee Ey a ee ae Fee * XI. DROMOMERYX, A NEW GENUS OF AMERICAN RUMINANTS. By EARL DOUGLASS. In 1878 Professor E. D. Cope described, under the name B/asto- meryx borealis,’ the larger portions of two skulls of a ruminant from the Ticholeptus (Deep River) beds of Smith River valley in Montana. Later he published a figure of the skull,” which is evidently in part a restoration from the two skulls (Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., No. 8132 and No. 8133). The name Alastomeryx* had been proposed by Cope in 1877 for a posterior lower tooth of a small ruminant, in case the specimen should be found to represent a new genus. ‘The tooth was obtained from the upper Miocene (‘‘ Loup Fork’’) deposits of northwestern Colorado. In 1879 Dr. J. L. Wortman found in the Mascall (Cottonwood Creek) beds of Oregon some incomplete upper jaws, teeth, and bones of limbs and feet, which Cope referred to Blastomeryx borealis.* The Princeton Scientific Expedition of 1891 discovered a smaller, but closely related, species in the same locality and horizon from which Cope’s type of Blastomeryx borealis had been obtained. To this species Scott gave the name lastomeryx antilopinus.® The pos- terior portion of a skull, a radius, part of an ulna, a nearly complete tarsus, and anterior and posterior canon-bones were figured and described. Concerning the generic reference of this genus Scott said (‘‘ Mam. of Deep River Beds,’’ p. 167): ‘‘ This Deep River species [ Blastomeryx borealis| is in many ways similar to the larger species of Paleomeryx from the Upper Miocene of Europe, and perhaps should be referred to that genus, though in the present state of knowledge it would be 1“ Description of New Vertebrata from the Upper Tertiary Formations of the West,” Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., 1878, p. 222. 2««The Artiodactyla,’’ American Naturalist, Vol. XXII, 1889, p. 129, fig. 19. * Geographical Survey West of the rooth Meridian, Vol. IV, Part II, p. 350. * Proc. Amer, Phil. Soc., 1886, p. 359. 5 «* Mammalia of the Deep River Beds,’’ pp. 168-178. 457 458 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. premature to do so. This doubt is justified by the fact that the mandibular dentition of 2. doreals is still unknown, and we cannot therefore determine whether the lower molars possessed the very char- acteristic Paleomeryx fold, and it is uncertain whether the type of the European species had developed horns.’’ ° While collecting vertebrate fossils from the Upper Miocene deposits in the Lower Madison Valley in Montana (1894-1896) Earl Douglass found portions of lower jaws and teeth of 4/astomeryx, the last lower molars being nearly like the type of the genus. In the same beds two portions of lower jaws were obtained, which were much larger than those of B/astomeryx, and the lower molars possessed the so- called ‘‘ Paleomeryx fold’’ which was then supposed by him to be characteristic of Paleomeryx. These specimens were therefore de- scribed under the generic name Pa/gomeryx. ‘The most nearly com- plete mandibular ramus (Pl. LXII, Figs. 1 and 2) was named Pa/@o- meryx americanus.© Two upper premolars and the greater portions of the three upper molars of one individual (Pl. LXIII, Fig. 2) were in the original description provisionally referred to this species.’ In the same deposits, a portion of a brain-case (Figs. 2 and 3) as large as that of Blastomeryx borealis Cope, was found, but not described. Since that time the American Museum of Natural History has re- covered sufficient material for the restoration of Blastomeryx. This has been described by Matthew in a recent paper entitled ‘‘ The Osteology of Blastomeryx and Phylogeny of the American Cervide.’’* This paper settles doubts, if any existed, with regard to the generic identity of the true B/astomeryx and the larger species described in the present paper. In the spring of 1899, Mr. Earl Douglass found, in the Flint Creek beds (Upper Miocene) near New Chicago in Montana, a skull, the corresponding parts of which do not differ in any important particular, so far as the present writer is able to discern, from the portion ot a skull which is the type of Blastomeyrx borealis Cope, or from the more complete skull which was found in the same deposits. With the skull from the Flint Creek deposits, were associated the left horizontal ramus of the mandible, and good parts of the skeleton. 6 «* The Miocene Lake-beds of Western Montana,’’ University of Montana, 1899, pans We opi ke 2, 8 Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. XXIV, 1908, pp. 535-562. DouGLass: DROMOMERYX. 459 These discoveries showed conclusively that the larger species described as Blastomeryx borealis Cope and B. antilopinus Scott were very different from the true Blastomeryx. I had not access to the European specimens which had been described as Pa/eomeryx, or to the literature describing them, but I judged from the writings of others that the larger American species were Pa/eomeryx. The above mentioned skeletal remains show by far the greater number of the osteological characters of Blastomeryx borealis Cope. A restoration of the skeleton was made by Mr. Sydney Prentice under my direction and a paper was read before the American Society of Vertebrate Paleontologists, on ‘‘ The Restoration of Paleomeryx borealis’’ in 1906; but on account of the doubt concerning the rela- tion of this animal to the type of Pa/eomeryx and to other European Puleomerycine, the paper was not published. ‘The author wished, on the one hand to avoid further perpetuating the use of a name that would be misleading, and on the other hand to refrain from creating a synonym. The generic name Pa/eomeryx was given by Hermann von Meyer in 1834 to various fragments of jaws and teeth found at Georgensmund in southeastern Bavaria. In the paper,’ which contains the original description, several teeth and portions of the mandible were described. Evidently the specimens do not all belong to the same species and perhaps not to the same genus. Apparently the portion of a man- dible with teeth, illustrated on Plate X, Fig. 77, should be taken as the type, as it is the first used in establishing the characters of the genus. Other specimens, in part at least from supposedly different Miocene horizons, have since been variously referred by European authors to Paleomeryx, Dicrocerus, Cervus, Dromotherium, Pro- paleomeryx, etc. The types of Paleomeryx are not accessible, and I do not know whether they still exist ; but I judged from von Meyer’s figures and descriptions that Pa/eomeryx was different from anything that had been found in America; and in fact I was for some time satisfied in my own mind that the fossil remains which were referred to B/aséo- meryx by Cope and to Paleomeryx by myself, had been erroneously referred to these genera. Dr. Matthew has entirely removed doubt 9 Die Fossilen Zihne und Knochen und lhre Ablagerung in der Gegend von Georgensmund in Bayern. Abhandlungen der Senck. Nat. Ges., Supplement zu Band I, 1834, pp. 93-98. 460 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. in regard to the former genus, but it has not been so easy, on account of the lack of proper material for comparison, to remove all doubt in regard to Pal@omeryx. Some specimens recently received by the Carnegie Museum from Europe, though not belonging to the type itself, and not from the same locality as the type of Paleomeryx, enable me, without great danger of serious error, to point out differences which exist between Paleomeryx and the American species, which have been referred to that genus. It seems indeed that there is really no very intimate relationship between the American and European forms, and it would be an error to employ them for a close correlation of horizons. This is only another example of the general rule that there are very few mammalian genera common to the Eastern and Western Continents ; and as more complete material accumulates and is more carefully studied, the apparent number grows less. I therefore venture, in order to prevent error and misconception, to suggest for the American forms a new generic name. ‘The possession of very complete material permits a very satisfactory definition of the osteological characters of the new genus. Some of the distinguishing features which separate it from the European species, which have been referred to Paleomeryx, can be pointed out, and the differences which separate it from the type of Paleomeryx can be stated with a large measure of certainty. The following are the characters which Cope gave for Alastomeryx borealis ; ** The superior dental formula is Il.o; C.o; Pm.3; M.3. The molars all have two pairs of crescents excepting the last premolar where the posterior pair are rudimental. The external face of the anterior crescent in all the molars presents a groove, which is bounded posteriorly by a vertical ridge. The posterior crescent is directed a little inward posteriorly on the true molars. ‘The palate is much con- tracted in front of the first molars. The horns stand above the pos- terior parts of the orbits; their section is triangular, the posterior angle being rounded, and the external produced and acute, bounding the orbits outwards and backwards. There is no trace of a burr. The temporal fossze approach so as to be represented only by a rather wide and low occipital crest. . . . This species was as large as the black- tailed deer, Cariacus macrotts.’’ In Volume XVIII of the American Naturalist Cope observes that 10«* Description of New Vertebree from the Upper Tertiary of the West,’’ Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc,, 1878, p. 223. —_ VS, DouGLass: DROMOMERYX. 461 the molars of Blastomeryx borealis differ from Cosoryx [Merycodus] as much as those of the deer differ from those of the antelope ; those of ‘‘ Blastomeryx’’ and the deer being brachyodont, while those of Cosoryx, and the ‘‘ antelope’’ (Antilocapra) are hypsodont. In his ‘‘ Mammalia of the Deep River Beds’’ Scott gave some characters of Blastomeryx borealis Cope. He says ‘‘ The skull is re- markable for the high and narrow occiput the upper portion of which is drawn out into a long backwardly projecting process composed of the parietals and supraoccipitals, which is very similar to the corre- sponding part of the occiput of the Oreodontidze. ‘The horns are trihedral at the base gradually becoming rounded distally and are of remarkable length ; they are perfectly simple and unbranched, and in no specimen which I have seen is there any trace of a burr. The surface of the horns is faintly marked by vascular impressions, but is on the whole remarkably smooth, much more so than in the antlers o1 the deer, and, as Cope has suggested, they were doubtless covered with skin during the lifetime of the animal. . . . The upper premolars, three in number, have the internal crescent, deuterocone, complete ; P2 and P2 are massive and oval in section, while P+ is more extended transversely. ‘The molars are very brachyodont and are covered with very rugose and strongly wrinkled enamel ; the internal crescents are complicated by accessory spurs which invade the valleys. The internal pillar or style is very variable, being sometimes quite large, while in many specimens it is absent from one or the other of the molars.’’ DROMOMERYX gen. nov. I propose the name Dromomeryx (running ruminant) for this genus of American fossil mammals including Blastomeryx borealis Cope, B. antilopinus Scott, and perhaps Pa/eomeryx americanus Douglass, and P. madisonius Douglass. Blastomeryx borealis Cope was the first to be described, so this would become the type-species of the genus. In the collections of the American Museum of Natural History the less complete skull (Fig. 1) but the one which possesses the greater por tion of a horn (No. 8132) is marked on the label as the ‘‘type’”’ and the more nearly complete skull (No. 8133) is indicated as the *“co-type.’’ Cope’s original labels. do not accompany the specimens, so I do not know whether or not Cope selected one specimen as the type, but he apparently used both skulls in his original diagnosis of the genus and species. ‘There appear to be no important differ- 462 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. ences between the two skulls, and they supplement each other very well. Below is given a summary of the distinguishing characters of Dvro- momeryx as they now appear : The size was greater than that of an ordinary specimen of Odocotleus americana or Antilocapra americana, at least the bones are heavier. The skull is long and the crest of the occiput is produced backward. The face is quite long, the orbit is large, and the malar below the orbit projects outwardly. The horn-cores are large and simple, and they expand outward below into heavy lateral wings behind the upper — SS = SSS Uy = SS mi! 4 / ¥» BA27 ( ul Fic. 1, Dromomeryx borealis (Cope). No. 8132, American Museum of Natural His- tory. The specimen marked ‘‘Type.’’ One fourth natural size. portions of the orbits. They stood nearly perpendicular to the upper plane of the skull. There are no lachrymal pits. There is a slit or oblong vacuity in the upper portion of the face anterior to the orbit. The parieto-temporal suture is below the middle of the brain-case. The basi-cranial axis forms a considerable angle with the basi-facial axis. The palate is quite broad between the cheek teeth, but is narrow anterior to them. The mandible is long and not deep and it curves downward beneath the molars and premolars. The teeth are brachyo- DouGLass: DROMOMERYX. 463 dont with a tendency to become hypsodont. ‘There are quite promi- nent pillars on the anterior outer portions of all the outer crescents of the upper cheek teeth. The lower molars have median outer pillars on the teeth and ‘‘ Pa/eomeryx-folds’’ on the anterior outer crescents. The neck and limbs are long, but heavier than those of Odocorleus and Antilocapra. ‘There were at least vestiges of the lower portions of the lateral metapodials. ‘The humerus is proportionally larger than in Antilocapra. ‘The radius and ulna were separate ; but the trapezoid and magnum, the navicular and cuboid were united. ‘The distal heels of the metapodials are high, the ungual phalanges high and narrow. Comparison of Dromomeryx with Paleomeryx. — As previously stated, it is difficult to make reliable comparison with the type of Paleomeryx. From von Meyer’s figures I inferred that the teeth of the European genus were lower in proportion to the length and width, the valleys between the crescents shallower, and the outer walls of the teeth more convex vertically. The mandible in von Meyer’s figure is deeper posteriorly and narrows more rapidly anteriorly. There are now in the Carnegie Museum, several specimens from Sansan, France, and Steinheim, Germany, which have been referred to the genus Pa/eomeryx by European paleontologists. Three specimens referred to Paleomeryx bojant, the type species, have recently been acquired by the Museum. Whether these specimens are referable to the species ?. dojanz, or not, I see no reason to doubt that they belong to the genus Paleomeryx. No. 2263A (Carn. Mus. Cat. Vert. Foss.) is a portion of a man- dible with the last molar tooth complete (Plate LXII, Figs. 7 and 8). This tooth, like all the teeth of Pa/eomeryx which I have seen from Europe, strikes one at once as belonging to a quite different animal from those of which remains have been found in America. ‘The tooth is low, heavy, and broad, the outer and inner crescents are thick trans- versely, the outer and inner surfaces of the tooth are convex, the valleys between the crescents are shallow, the heel is sub-conical in form, and its outer element is represented by a small, short, antero- posterior ridge resembling a cingulum. ‘There is a quite large internal median conule and the enamel of the tooth is coarsely wrinkled. The last lower molar of Dromomeryx borealis is much higher and narrower in proportion to the length, the outer and inner walls are less convex — more nearly perpendicular, the valleys are deeper, the heel propor- tionally longer and composed of an outer and an inner crescent. 464 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. The enamel is more nearly smooth, but is finely wrinkled, and the outer median conule is smaller. The tooth of Paleomeryx has the appearance of belonging to a larger, heavier animal with more primi- tive teeth. No. 2263 (Carn. Mus. Cat. Vert. Foss.) is part of a maxillary with the last premolar and the three molars complete (Plate LXIII, Figs. 4and 5). ‘This is also labelled ‘‘ Paleomeryx bojant.’’ ‘This, like the lower tooth just described, represents an animal approaching in size that of Cervus canadensis. To describe their most striking characteristics would be to repeat what has been said concerning those of the lower molars. The teeth are broad, heavy, and low, and the valleys are shallow. Among the other characters of this specimen are the follow- ing: All of the teeth which have been preserved have heavy inner cingula. The inner crescent of P+ has the appearance of having been formed from two cusps or crescents uniting near the transverse median line. The posterior portion of the crescent sends outward two long horns, instead of one, to near the outer crescent. The pos- terior portions of the anterior inner crescents of the molars end ab- ruptly in a rounded border anterior to the middle of the anterior por- tions of the postero-inner crescents — that is, the antero-inner cres- cents do not send long horns outward to near the inner wall of the antero-external crescent parallel with the anterior horns of the postero- inner crescents. The smaller specimen described as Paleomeryx americanus (No. 755, Carn. Mus. Cat. Vert. Foss.), which is figured in this paper, has this peculiarity also. On M2 of Paleomeryx the anterior horn of the postero-inner crescent has an accessory spur, and in M2 there is a small tubercle in the median valley, between the anterior and posterior inner crescents. The outer faces of the postero- external crescents are concave and have only the faintest trace of a median ridge. Nearly all of the above characters distinguish the available speci- mens of Palcomeryx from those of Dromomeryx. An astralagus (No. 2263B, Carn. Mus. Cat. Vert. Foss.) from San- san, indicates a much larger animal than Dromomeryx and there are some differences in form. The specimens of teeth in the Carnegie Museum from Steinheim confirm the characters exhibited by the Specimens from Sansan. To sum up, then: As near asI am able to judge Dromomeryx differs from Pale@omeryx (1) in having higher, narrower, more modernized = eee cre ae DouGLass: DROMOMERYX. 465 teeth, the molars have a more decided tendency to become hypso- dont, (2) the upper molars are not provided with heavy cingula, (3) the upper molars and last premolars are set more obliquely in the jaw, (4) the postero-internal crescents have slender horns reaching nearly to the outer crescent, and (5) there are median ribs on the outer surfaces of the postero-external crescents. ‘There are numerous other small differences, but we have not sufficient material of Pa/eomeryx for extended comparisons, and so cannot properly estimate the taxonomic value of many of the characters. It should be stated here that one specimen No. 706 (Carn. Mus. Cat. Vert. Foss.) which was described under the name Pa/eomeryx americanus, though smaller than the known specimens of Paleomeryx, is more nearly like that genus in having shorter horns on the posterior portions of the antero-internal crescents, in having the outer faces of the postero-external crescents concave, and in having more coarsely wrinkled enamel. This specimen will be figured and referred to later in this paper. There are other probable differences between Dromomeryx and Paleomeryx as for example the supposed absence of horns or antlers in the latter and the presence of large, very unique and characteristic horns in the former. Indeed it appears now that the two genera are not closely related, and had it not been for the differences in the horns it would perhaps be more difficult to separate the American genus Dromomeryx from Dicrocerus. OSTEOLOGY OF DROMOMERYX. The following descriptions are taken principally from No. 827, Carn. Mus. Cat. Vert. Foss. They are supplemented by descriptions of parts of No. 1542 (Carn. Mus. Cat. Vert. Foss.), which is usually referred to by number when mentioned. Of No. 827, we have the skull, the left ramus of the mandible, the bones of the neck with the exception of the last two cervicals, five lumbar vertebree, the sacrum, a large portion of the pelvis, a humerus, a radius, and one anterior canon-bone. Other portions of skulls and skeletons were found in the same deposits. Among these there is a specimen (No. 1542) which consists of large portions of a skull including a complete molar-premolar series, the bones of the neck with the exception of a part of the atlas, the first four dorsal vertebrez, a nearly complete fore limb exclusive of the scapula and a large por- tion of the hind limb including part of the hind foot. aa 466 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. The Skull. Lateral Aspect. — The skull (Plate LIX) (Carn. Mus. Cat. Vert. Foss. No. 827) is long, yet the face is quite deep anterior to the orbits. The facial portion is rather long, the anterior margin of the orbit being about midway between the extreme anterior and posterior portions of the skull. The muzzle is comparatively slender as seen from above, but has on its sides broad longitudinal convexities. The general upper contour of the cranium is nearly straight, though the forehead is somewhat concave between the orbits, and back of this the top of the brain-case is somewhat convex. ‘The anterior portion of the skull very much resembles that of Axtlocapra, but the shape and contour of the brain-case are very different. In Dromomeryx it is larger and the upper surface does not descend backward as in Azzé- locapra. In the former the low supra-temporal ridges begin at the postero-internal angles of the bases of the horns and converge back- ward forming a low, broad, sagittal crest about six and one half cen- timeters in length. The orbits are large and the jugal beneath is produced outward into a shelf which is not so wide nor flat as in An- tilocapra. ‘The outer border of the jugal is thickened and it is con- cave transversely beneath. ‘The horns are nearly circular in section above, but are triangular just above the basal wing-like processes. The latter are directed postero-externally. The antero-external faces are concave and the outer borders thickened. ‘The skull is slightly injured in this region, so it is uncertain whether the lachrymal bone reached to the nasal or whether it was separated by the vacuity which lies beneath a part of the posterior portion of the nasals; but appa- rently the lachrymal was excluded from articulation with the nasals by the antorbital vacuity, as in the Cervide. ‘The parieto-temporal suture is below the middle of the brain-case which is, according to Brooke," a bovine feature. The temporal ridges are quite heavy and are a little nearer the parieto-temporal suture than they are to the supra-temporal ridges, and they are nearly parallel with both. The zygomatic portion of the squamosal is heavy. ‘The excavation in the squamous portion of the temporal for the external portion of the au- ditory apparatus (ectotympanic) is large and nearly semicircular in form as seen from the side. The mastoid portion of the temporal is heavy, thickened, and rugose. The infraorbital foramen opens above the anterior portion of P3. 11«¢On the Classification of the Cervide, etc.,’’ Proc. Zodl. Soc. Lond., 1878, p. 885. *(adog) svas0g xiuatuomo1y JO [[NAS : "LZQ “ON ‘SSO,] “WIA “JED ‘sn *1eD) \, ue wa ry A\\\ 7 ‘A ISA (ANASNW JISSNYVO STYNNY X17 Id ; ; " : : : $ DouGLass: DROMOMERYX. 467 In skull No. 1542 the summit of the occiput is produced about 4 cm. posterior to the occipital condyles. Palate View. — The palate (No. 827, Carn. Mus. Cat. Vert. Foss.) is quite broad between the cheek teeth, but narrows rapidly anterior to them. ‘The anterior portion of the palatal notch is between the last molars. The posterior narial opening is deep vertically on account of the elevation of basi-cranial elements of the posterior portion of the skull — the upward trend forward of the basi-cranial axis. The optic foramen, the sphenoidal fissure, the foramen ovale, the anterior lacer- ated foramen, the anterior portion of the tympanic bulle, and the pos- terior lacerated foramen are in nearly straight lines converging forward and bordering the basi-occipital and the convex portions of the basi- sphenoid and presphenoid. ‘There is a short process on the sphenoid just antero-external to the large sphenoidal fissure. The glenoid articular surface is convex antero-externally. Between this and the post-glenoid process the surface is concave antero-pos- teriorly, but a broad antero-posterior convex ridge divides it into two depressions. The post-glenoid process is rather small and low. The tympanic bulla is small, but the anterior portion of the tympanic was large. What I suppose to be the pit for the tympano-hyal is large. The paroccipital process is low and flattened. It is directed antero- internally and postero-externally. The antero-external face is con- cave while the postero-internal one is convex. Dentition. — In specimen No. 827 (Carn. Mus. Cat. Vert. Foss.) the most of the cheek teeth are in a good state of preservation (Plate LXIII, Fig. 6). They are not greatly worn. They are not high- crowned and the valleys between the internal and external crescents are not deep. The inner crescents of the upper premolars are com- paratively simple. The internal cusps are quite heavy. The anterior outer pillar of P+ is well developed. On the outer faces of the molars there are prominent anterior and median outer styles and they project outward. ‘The outer faces of the external crescents are very convex. There are cingula on the anterior faces of the antero-inner cusps and small accessory cusps or pillars on the antero-inner faces of the postero- inner crescents. The teeth are not as large as those of Carnegie Museum specimen No. 1542 (Plate LXIII, Figs. 1 and 3) or the types of the genus (Nos. 8132 and 8133 of the Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. ). The teeth of No. 1542 (Carn. Mus.) are somewhat complicated by spurs extending into the median valleys from the inner crescents as is the case in the types. 468 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. Lower Teeth (Plate LXII, Figs. 2 and 3).—P, is rather long antero-posteriorly and is not broad. It has five loops or lobes on the inner side. ‘The last two enclose a small lake. In P; the folds are larger except the first and the last three enclose two lakes. The median inner fold has developed into a large antero-posterior cusp, the anterior portion of which is larger than the posterior portion. The lower molars increase in length from the first to the last. All have small, low, basal cusps between the two external crescents. These are oval in horizontal section. All the molars have the ‘‘ Pa/e- omeryx-fold’’ on the posterior faces of the anterior outer crescents. The Spinal Column (Plate LXI).— The neck is long —a little longer than the head. The individual vertebre are heavy and none of the transverse processes are long. ‘This gives to the cervicals pos- terior to the axis a square or block-like appearance, much as the cer- vicals of Antilocapra would appear were the transverse processes shorter. The spine of the axis is only moderately high. It is low in front, curved upward antero-posteriorly on the upper margin, and is higher behind; the upper posterior portion is overhanging. The inferior median keel on the posterior portion of the centrum and the descending borders of the transverse processes do not form such deep concavities as they do in the axis of Anti/ocapra. ‘The neural spine in No. 827 is represented by low tubercles while on No. 1542 there are two separate spines, low and unequal in size, situated on either side of the median line of the vertebra. In this vertebra the element which forms the prominent upper branch of the transverse process in the succeeding cervicals is a long ridge, anterior to the middle of the centrum. ‘The base of thespine of Cq is fairly large, but its full height is not shown in any of the specimens. ‘The lower branches of the transverse processes are not very high. The Limbs (Plate LX). — The humerus and the radius are nearly equal in length. The radius is slightly sigmoid as seen from the front. It is broad transversely and flattened antero-posteriorly. The radius and ulna were separate. The latter was broad antero-posteriorly above, and it narrows rapidly downward. It is thin transversely behind the radius. The lower portion of the ulna is not preserved in any of the material that has been worked out, but, judging by the contiguous bones, it Was quite large. The canon-bone of the fore foot is shorter than the radius in No. 1542. In this specimen part of the distal portion of ; . , fi d Z. ¥ ANNALS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, Vol. V. Plate LX. Limbs of Dromomeryx borealis (Cope). (One fourth natural size. ) Figs. 1-2. Left fore-limb (No. 1542, Car. Mus. Cat. Vert. Foss. ). Fig. 3. Humerus (No. 827, Car. Mus. Cat. Vert. Foss. ). Fig. 4. Tibia (No. (542, Car, Mus. Cat. Vert. Foss. ). ANNALS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, Vol. V. Plate LXI. a fh a es = ee ose Restoration of Dromomeryx borealis (Cope). (One twelfth natural size. ) ee oe DouGLass: DROMOMERYX. 469 one of the metapodials is preserved. It lies in the matrix just posterior to the metacarpal. It is flat, and 8 cm. above the distal end of the metacarpal it is 6 mm. in width. The trochlear keels of the meta- podials are high and narrow on the palmar side, and they extend as far upward on the dorsal side as do the distal articular surfaces. The MEASUREMENTS. Dromomeryx borealis, No. 827. No. 1542. mm. mm. Bength of portion of skull preserved .............:0.00. ecoscecessccnsaece 307 Total length of skull, partly estimated.................scceceeceseeeees 375 Width of skull including wings of horms...............0cc0c.ceeeeeues 190 eI non Skul man tenor tO;OLDites se .s.codsvsse! scvesssviecereseeccerereses 100 emilee diameter Ol Orbit, About: 6..c0 csctincecesceeesscescssesscooes 45 BRE NU OURCCETPUE TAD OME, Sin coc cemcciicevedessds) scascasnaseccneceesessce 83 92 Re eta On eae Ee MED Pore ce. - wes otxnesecsacnceswerescswscecesesesecs 29 Pee GMO AUG ANGEL Wire: 20, coynecen nncapasvassedeeecsneeeassooiee 30 Mepin.or mandible under Heel of Mi i...ccc.2csscsssesessencaes seoese 32 Length of upper molar-premolar SerieS.............cccecececescessecees 99 109 Peapul of tipper premolar Sebieses-1.1< Se PRUVOLLRI I nee, han ae eee Seth eens PHOCAMEIUS <<. iocorvecscsccees DS =< x x ES LESLOMBERDOG Sten etses swace seeds BA >< x UIP PCIE, «cia ci dis osecaesecse | 34 Be X Ox mat WO OUOMERYE 22 eivessdececesne x< ox eu lo x x Dromomeryx borealts.......+. a | xs < I would for the present place these various deposits in the Upper Miocene, though some may be found to belong to the uppermost _ portion of the Middle Miocene of America. On account of the dif- ferences existing in the faunas of the Miocene of Europe and America 478 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. it may lead to confusion and misunderstanding to attempt to correlate the minor divisions of the American strata with those of Europe. The most of the fossils which are used in correlation appear, on closer study, to have been wrongly identified. EXPLANATION OF PLATES. 4 PLATE LIX. Dromomeryx borealis (Cope). One half natural size. (No. 827, Carn. Mus. Cat. Vert. Foss. ) PLATE LX. Dromomeryx borealis (Cope). Fig. 1. Left fore limb, front view. (No. 1542, Carn. Mus. Cat. Vert. Foss. ) Fig. 2. Left fore limb, external view. (No. 1542, Carn. Mus. Cat. Vert. Foss. ) Fig. 3. Humerus. (No. 827, Carn. Mus. Cat. Vert. Foss.) Fig. 4. Tibia. (No. 1542, Carn. Mus. Cat. Vert. Foss.) (All figures one fourth natural size.) PEATE Taxa, Restoration of Dromomeryx borealis (Cope). One twelfth natural size. (Restored from specimens Nos. 827 and 1542, Carn. Mus. Cat. Vert. Foss. ) PLATE LXII. Dromomeryx americanus {Douglass). Type of the species, from the Lower Madi- son Valley, Montana. (Carn. Mus. Cat, Vert. Foss. No. 705). Fig. 1. Top view of teeth. Fig. 2. Outer view of mandible. Dromomeryx borealis (Cope). (No. 827, Carn. Mus, Cat. Vert. Foss.) This man- dible was associated with the skull which is figured on Plate LIX. Fig. 3. Top view of teeth. Fig. 4. Outer view of mandible. Dromomeryx madisonius (Douglass). Type of the species, from the Lower Madi- son Valley, Montana. (No. 755, Carn. Mus. Cat. Vert. Foss.) Fig. 5. Top view of molars. Fig. 6. Outer view of portion of mandible. Paleomeryx bojana H. von Meyer. Sansan, France. (No. 2263A, Carn. Mus. Cat. Vert. Foss. ) Fig. 7. Top view of last molar. Fig. 8. Outer view of same. ( Adl figures natural size.) PLATE, LX: Dromomeryx borealis (Cope). From Madison Valley, Montana. (No. 1542, Carn. Mus. Cat. Vert. Foss.) Fig. 1. Top view of molars and premolars. Fig. 3. Outer view of the same. Dromomeryx americanus ? (Douglass). 1 DoucGLass : DROMOMERYX. 479 Fig. 2. Top view of molars and last two premolars. (No. 706, Carn. Mus, Cat. Vert. Foss. ) Paleomeryx bojani H. von Meyer. From Sansan, France. (No. 2263, Carn. Mus. Cat. Vert. Foss. ) Fig. 4, Outer view of molars and last premolar. Fig. 5. Top view of the same. Dromomeryx borealis (Cope). Teeth of nearly complete skull. Lower Madison Valley, Montana. (No, 827, Carn. Mus. Cat. Vert. Foss. ) Fig. 6. Top view. ( All figures natural size. ) XII. FOSSILS FROM THE GLACIAL DRIFT AND FROM THE DEVONIAN AND MISSISSIPPIAN NEAR MEAD- VILLE, PENNSYLVANIA.' By WILLIAM MILLWARD. This paper falls naturally into two parts, namely, the fossils of the glacial drift, and the fossils found in the bedrock. In dealing with the former phase of the subject the writer has felt free to cover a con- siderable extent of territory, because of the wide extent of the glacial deposits. Specimens have been coilected at Conneaut Lake, Har- monsburg, Meadville, Kerrtown, Saegertown, South Oil City, Reno, Utica, Sugar Creek, Carlton, and from the river gravels at Cheswick. Nearly all of the glacial drift of this section of northwestern Pennsyl- vania is late Wisconsin. ‘There is, however, on the hills on the east bank of French Creek between Utica and Sugar Creek, an extensive deposit of earlier drift, presumably Kansan or Pre-Kansan. In dealing with the fossils of the bedrock only the immediate region of Meadville has received attention. The writer takes this occasion to acknowledge his indebtedness to Dr. Percy E. Raymond of the Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh, for his kindness in checking and correcting the identification of the corals and other fossils from the glacial drift, and of most of the fossils from the bedrock; and for his aid and direction in the preparation of this paper. He is also indebted to Prof. Robert S. Breed, Allegheny Col- lege, Meadville, for his direction and oversight in the preparation of the original paper of which this is a revision. Thanks are also due Messrs. W. L. Mould, W. R. Main, Abram Wilkinson, L. W. Sher- win, McNair, Taylor, and First, for specimens contributed or loaned. THE FOSSILS OF THE GLACIAL DRIFT. The drift is made up of subangular stones mingled with gravel, clay, and sand. In some places the materials of the drift have been water- worked and are stratified, while in other deposits no stratification ‘This paper is a revised abstract of a thesis which won the second Heckel prize at Allegheny College, June, 1908. A suite of the fossils on which the paper is based has been deposited in the Carnegie Museum. 480 MILLWARD: Fossi_ts FROM MEADVILLE, Pa. 481 is visible. Probably less than one per cent. of the pebbles of the drift in this region were derived from Archean rocks, and the remain- ing débris consists of fragments of sandstone, chert, and limestone. Pieces of shale and sandstone bearing Chemung fossils are most abundant. These pebbles contain such characteristic species as Sp7- rifer disjunctus, Reticularia prematura, Camarotechia contracta, Pro- ductella lacrymosa, Athyris angelica and Letorhynchus mesacostale. No attempt was made to make a complete collection from this class of pebbles. Less abundant than these sandy pebbles, but still quite common, are fragments of fossiliferous chert, while the pebbles of lime- stone make up an insignificant portion of the drift. Practically all the fossils in the cherts are silicified, and while many of them are considerably water-worn and rounded, many fine specimens may be obtained. With but few exceptions the cherts have been much weathered since transportation to this region. ‘The flint has decom- posed to a white chalky material, and occasionally a delicate coral is found entirely freed from the matrix, a condition in which it could not possibly have withstood the rough usage of ice transportation. List oF Fossits FOUND IN THE LIMESTONE AND CHERT PEBBLES OF THE WISCONSIN DRIFT. Stromatoporella granulata, S. tuberculata, Stromatoporella sp., Cystiphyllum sulcatum, C. varians, Lridophyllum verneuilanum, Favosites hemisphericus, F. canadensis, F, clausus, F. emmonst, F. epidermatus, F’. limitarts, fF, nitellus, F’, placentus, F. tuberosus, F.. turbinatus, Favosites 2 sps., Aulopora cornuta, , A, serpens, Romingera umbelifera, Syringopora hisingert, Synaptophyllum simcense, Streptelasma 3 sps., Fleliophyllum corniculum, fT. hall, Zaphrentis convoluta, Z. elegans, Z. gigantea, Z. prolifica, Z. simplex, Z. Spissa, Stropheodonta perplana, S. hemispherica, S. inequistriata, Leptena rhombotdalts, Schuchertella chemungensts, ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. S. macluret, S. perelegans, S. tabulata, Syringopora sp., Chonostegites clappt, C. ordinatus, Chonostegites 2 sps., Michelinia convexa, Cladopora cryptodens, C. pulchra, Striatopora linneana, Pleurodictyum styloporum, FTalysites catenulatus, Acervularia davidson, Philipsastrea verneutlt, Crepidophyllum colligatum, Acrophyllum onetdaense, Blothrophyllum decorticatum, Cyathophvllum conatum, C. robustum, Cystiphyllum contfollts, Chonetes sp., Camarotechia tethys, Delthyris raricosta, Spirifer gregarius, Atrypa reticularis, Anoplotheca acutiplicata Dalmanella lenticularts, D. testudinaria, Plectambonites sericeus, Callonema bellulata, Platystoma lineatum, Platyceras dumosum, Tentaculites scalariformtis, Calymmene platys, Encrinurus sp., Acidaspis callicera, Proétus sp., Phacops cristata, P. cristata var. pipa, Phacops sp., Cornulites sp. Of these fossils thirty-six species are found in the Onondaga, thir- teen in the Hamilton, one in the Niagara, two in the Trenton, nine in both the Onondaga and Hamilton, two in the Onondaga and Che- mung, one in the Onondaga, Hamilton, and Chemung, one in the Oris- kany, Onondaga, and Hamilton, and two are fossils which range all through the upper part of the Paleozoic. THE SOURCE OF THE DRIFT. In the Second Geological Survey of Pennsylvania, 1881, Vol. Q4, p. 31, Dr. I. C. White states that the direction of glacial scratches on thirty or forty hill-tops in Erie and Crawford counties is uniformly about S. 30° E. College Hill, Meadville, is one of these hills. Ice | coming in the direction indicated by these scratches, would, in cross- ing the province of Ontario, pass over strata of Hamilton, Onondaga, Niagara, and Trenton age and this would account for the presence of these fossils in the glacial drift of northwestern Pennsylvania. Of the corals listed above, ten species are reported from Ontario and not from New York, while but two species are reported from New oa’ oe ay CF nln tet rata My MILLWARD: Fossits FROM MEADVILLE, Pa. 483 York and not from Canada. The other species listed are found in both regions. The evidence of the corals is then in favor of Canada as the source of the drift of this region. The Chemung fossils have no special value in this connection, as they could have been brought from anywhere in the region immediately to the north of Meadville. The presence of granitic pebbles also indicates the Canadian origin of the drift, for Archzean rocks are not found native to New York, save in the northeastern part of the state. . FOssILS OF THE OLDER DRIFT. The older drift (Kansan or Pre-Kansan), referred to above was not found to be so fossiliferous as the Wisconsin. The boulders are largely of local origin, many being of Sharon conglomerate. Only one piece of fossiliferous chert was found, and the granitic pebbles were few in number. THE FOSSILS OF THE BEDROCK. The formations exposed at Meadville are as follows, in descending order, the section being that given by Dr. I. C. White in the Report on Erie and Crawford counties, cited above : Tia SUATOM CONC LOMELALCH Ess sicistvnncees cinles ts cineslanecicuinane nesses 45 ft. : TObe HENAN PONSD Ales sancaene aces eased sasiameiss aides dsloasls sasae acdesece 50 ft. Dy SUCHAN EO SANGSLONE sa s5-c.00ccscsssen ces ssciersessienscssctceness 25 ft. My Dleadvillevtpper SHALE, .o....scrcccccverineecev ens concesos. coaees 25 ft. Msee Mead villestip per MEStONEs J.cccs2ccsseras\scseeasceainnssssese se I ft. eee Meadville lowemsSHialetaccsccs consceusnevesteetestse sescvecss 40 ft. 11. Sharpsville upper flags. No. Io is in this formation.... 50 ft. ROS Mead valleumiddle Timestone s..<.sc000ecses0sasecesnenectoc- sass Petits Que Meadville lower IMEStONGs cer. sccccsetecvees s2eh-nsean-aese 2 ft. Bem CUSSEWARO MUO erSUAlee. tcscccnsescnenssocerssebsceseness ona 30 ft. 2. GUSSEWAPO SANGSLONE: «2. ...05-csccccnncoscncceccescessccsensee 25 ft. TeMIRIGOVI NG USNAMemcrcc cece: scensencens clesssseiacssteresttecessssrne 8o ft. Fossils have been found in the Riceville shale, the Orangeville shale, the Sharpsville upper and lower sandstones, the Meadville lower shale, the Meadville middle limestone, the Meadville upper limestone, and the Meadville upper shale. 484 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. List OF FOSSILS FOUND 27 s77¢u. 1. Riceville shales. Coral irr Calathospongia sp., ¥. Fenestella sp., f. Lingula sp. Lingulodiscina newberryt, c. Schuchertella chemungensis, Y. Chonetes setigerus, C. Productella hirsuta, c. P. boydt, c. Productella lacrymosa, c. Productella sp., ¥. Spirifer disjunctus, C. Reticularia prematura, Cc. Cyrtia alta, ¥. Cryptonella eudora, rr. Leptodesma liopterotde, rr. Leptodesma sp., Tt. Crentpecten glaber, tr. Crenipecten crenulatus, r. Lyriopecten solox, x.” Aviculopecten patulus, Y. Mytilarca chemungensts, ¥. Leiopteria chemungensis, r. Letopteria sp., T. Pararca neglecta, r. Pararca sao, Cc. Gontophora chemungensts, C. Paracyclas tgnota, ¥. Paracyclas rotunda, c. Glossites linguals, r. Etuomphalus hecale, r. Luomphatus cf. laxus, ¥. Loxonema sp., rr. Porcellia sp., rr. Conularia, sp., ¥. Orthoceras pertextum, YY. Fish remains, r. 7. Orangeville shale. Lingula meekt, c. Lingulodiscina newberryt, c. Chonetes setigerus, Y. Productella boydt, t. P. lacrymosa, tr. 8. Sharpsville lower sandstone. Lingula sp., ¥. to. Meadville middle limestone. Crinoids. Lingulodiscina newberryt, C. Schizophoria tioga, r. Species not yet determined. Chonetes setigerus, Y. Schuchertella desiderata, r. 11. Sharpsville upper sandstone. Lingula sp., Cc. Glossina waverlyensis, Y. Lingulodiscina newberryi, Cc. Schizophoria tioga, a. Schuchertella desiderata, c. Chonetes setigerus, C. Syringothyris herricki, rv. Cyrtia alta, rr. Leptodesma potens, rr. L. mortont, rr. Modiomorpha tioga, rr. Pholadella newberryt, rr. 2 yr, signifies very rare; 7, rare; c, common; a, abundant. MILLWARD: FossiLtS FROM MEADVILLE, Pa. 485 Productella lacrymosa, Y. Elymella patula, rv. Pe BAY tse. Paleonetlo truncata, c. Camarotechia orbicularis, c. Conularia continens, Yr. C. contracta, r. Orthoceras sp., Yv. Spirtfer sp., ¥. 12. Meadville lower shale. Orbiculotdea sp., TY. Glossites depressus, Y. Schuchertella desiderata, rv. Schizodus chemungensts, rv. Chonetes setigerus, Y. Pholadella newberryi, r. Athyris angelica, rr. 13. Meadville upper limestone. Lingulodiscina newberryt, c. Ceratiocaris sp., Yr. Camarotechia sp., Cc. Apedodus priscus, ¥. Chonetes setigerus, C. Cladodus coniger, Y. Conularia victa, c. flelodus comptus, Yr. Proétus sp., rr. flelodus gibberulus, c. 14. Meadville upper shale. Crinoids of species not yet determined. Lingula sp. ¥. Athyris angelica, Y. Glossina waverlyensts, ¥. Leta pandoriformis, Xr. Lingulodiscina newberryt, c. Paleonetlo sulcatina, r. Schizophoria tioga, Y. Modiomorpha tioga, rv. Schuchertella crenistriata, rr. Lellerophon nactus, rv. Chonetes setigerus, C. Conularia victa, ¥. Productella boyd, tr. Orthoceras leander, v. Camarotechia contracta, ft. Orthoceras 2 sps. In addition to the species listed above, three specimens of a new spe- cies of Lepidechinus have been found near Meadville, but unfortunately not zz stéu. It is not known from what horizon they came, but it seems most probable that they were from the Riceville shale, although the Sharpsville upper sandstone and the Meadville upper shale are considered as possibilities. CONDITIONS OF DEPOSITION. A number of facts show that the rock-layers of the region of Mead- ville are shallow water deposits. (1) First among these facts is the nature of the strata, nearly all the formations being sandstones or shales. The only limestones present are very impure. (2) In the Riceville shale, Cussewago sandstone, and the Sharpsville lower sand- 486 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. stone very pronounced ripple marks are found. These are usually produced on a shallow bottom. (3) The Sharon conglomerate which has at the base a layer ten feet in thickness made up almost entirely of white quartz pebbles shows a near-shore condition. The Meadville upper limestone is a hard layer composed of pebbles of various sizes and kinds, some containing fossils. These pebbles likewise indicate a near-shore condition. (4) The presence of large numbers of fucoi- dal seaweeds, not only in the Riceville but also in the Meadville shale, is still further evidence of the shallow water conditions. (5) Worm burrows are found in many of the shales. ‘This is especially true of the Riceville shales, and of the shaly layers in the Sharpsville sand- stones. (6) The character of the fauna indicates shallow water con- ditions with a more or less muddy bottom. JZznzgw/e are found rather abundantly in all the fossil-bearing layers except the Meadville lower shale. Lénzgulodiscine are found in all the fossil-bearing layers except the Sharpsville lower sandstone. Both of these animals inhabit near- shore muddy and sandy bottoms. The presence of broken up Zingu/o- discine shells and fish remains among the pebbles of the Meadville upper limestone is still further evidence of the near-shore shallow water conditions. The fish remains, whichare all dismembered and broken, have been washed in, while the shells of the Zzzgulodoscine have been ground up by the action of the water and the pebbles. (7) The ab- sence of a deep-sea fauna indicates a near-shore shallow water condition. It is true that a few Orthoceratites have been*found, but these were in such a condition as to show that they were broken before being im- bedded in the matrix in which they were found. It would seem that the empty shells had floated in from a distance. Only two specimens of coral were found, one in the Riceville shale, and one in the Mead- ville upper shale. Both of these specimens were poorly preserved. This almost complete absence of the corals would indicate that for the most part the bottom was too muddy for corals to grow. In some of the layers crinoid stems have been found, but in all cases, except occa- sionally in the Riceville shale, these are but small fragments. (8) Several specimens of crznoids have been found in the Meadville middle limestone. ‘This layer is not more than six inches thick, and for the most part is made up of nodules. ‘The presence of so few crinoids and the thinness of the layer in which they are found would indicate a fairly deep-sea condition for a very limited time. MILLWARD: Fossi_ts FROM MEADVILLE, Pa. 487 AGE OF THE FORMATIONS. The Sharon conglomerate belongs to the Pennsylvanian, and has been assigned a place in the upper part of the Pottsville by David White, Bulletin Geological Society of America, Vol. XV, 1905. The other formations of this section, excluding the Riceville, were classed by Dr, I. C. White in the report cited above as the sub-con- glomerate formations, which he divided into the Shenango group, Meadville group, and Oil Lake group. The Shenango and Meadville groups are correlated by Dr. White with the Cuyahoga Shales of Ohio, and the Oil Lake group with the Berea Grit of Ohio, both of which belong to the Waverly ( Missis- sippian). The Chemung facies of the fauna of the Riceville shale was recognized by Dr. White, but the position of the formation was not definitely fixed in the report cited. In the Bulletin Geological Society of America, Vol. XIV, page 177, 1903, Professor Williams has correlated the Shenango, Meadville, and Riceville with the Bedford, Berea, and Cuyahoga of Ohio and the strata between the Chemung and Olean of New York. In regard to the fauna, he states, on page 184, that Chemung species are not found above the Riceville shales, the pure Waverly fauna coming in above that formation. Professor Stevenson, Bulletin Geological Society of America, Vol. XIV, page 42, 1903, places the Shenango and upper Meadville in the Mississippian, and correlates them with the Logan and the Waverly shales (Herrick) of Ohio. The Lower Meadville, Sharpsville, Orange- ville, and Oil Lake he places in the Devonian, and correlates them with the Cuyahoga and Berea of Ohio. The Riceville and Venango he correlates with the Chemung of New York. Girty (Sczence, n.s., Vol. XIX, no. 470, Jan. 1, 1904, p. 24) has traced the Berea of Ohio into the Cussewago sandstone of north- western Pennsylvania. As may be seen from the above lists of fossils, most of the faunules contain some Chemung species, but those of the strata above the Rice- ville are closely related to the faunas described from the Waverly of Ohio. XII. A’ NEW SPECIES OF HELODUS. By CHARLES R. EASTMAN. Helodus comptus, sp. nov. Description. — Teeth of moderate size, laterally elongated, having the coronal contour gently arched without rising into a distinct promi- nence, and the general surface wrinkled by a numerous series of fine transverse corrugations which extend over the entire superficies between the long lateral margins without being interrupted by a longitudinal crest. Punctations of the coronal surface confined to and apparently determining the linear arrangement of the transverse ruge. The root is apparently short, reaching but little below a narrow smooth band at coronal base along the lateral margins, and coarsely crenulated as in some species of Chomatodus. Transverse rugee becoming more or less obliterated in worn specimens, and puncte appearing as rather conspicuous pores. The above definition is intended to express the more salient charac- teristics of a number of detached Cochliodont teeth from the Waverly of northern Pennsylvania, recently submitted to the writer for investigation by Mr. William Millward of Meadville. Although the generic relations of these anterior teeth are necessarily somewhat un- certain, there can be no doubt that they are specifically distinct from all forms of Cochliodont dentition hitherto described, and consider- able interest centers, therefore, in their discovery. The majority of dental crowns are well preserved, the roots imperfectly so. They present little individual variation, but show among themselves differ- ent effectsof wear. The largest specimen in the collection has a total length of slightly less than 2 cm., and breath of 0.7 cm. In smaller specimens the dental crown is proportionally somewhat wider. Different types of the anterior dentition of Cochliodont sharks are commonly assigned to various genera whose status must be regarded as purely provisional: such, for instance, as He/odus (exclusive of 7. simplex), Chomatodus, Lophodus, Venustodus, in which the lenticular crowns cannot be correlated with the large posterior grinding plates of well recognized forms. It happens, moreover, that the anterior 488 EASTMAN: A New SPECIES OF HELODUS. 489 teeth of Psephodus, Cochliodus and possibly still other forms are generically indistinguishable from those of //e/odus ; and as shown by! Dr. Traquair, the teeth described as ‘‘ Helodus’’ planus and ** Lophodus’’ didymus belong to the mouth of one and the same fish, that to which Agassiz first gave the name of Coch/iodus magnus, and now known as Psephodus magnus.’ In the same way the present writer has been able to identify the arched series of teeth named /elodus coxanus by Newberry as representing in reality the symphysial denti- tion of Cochlodus latus Leidy.* In view of these considerations there are at present no valid means for determining the precise relations of either the teeth which are here regarded as a new species of ‘‘ He/odus,’’ or those which accompany the new form in the same horizon and locality, previously made known by Newberry under the title of 7. gibberulus. From other provisional species of He/odus and Chomatodus the form under dis- cussion is distinguished by its transversely wrinkled coronal surface, without either a longitudinal elevation or median prominence. From Orodus and its congeners, on the other hand, it differs in that the transverse rug are not interrupted by a longitudinal crest or furrow, as well as by the absence of median elevations. Florizon and Locality. — Meadville upper limestone (base of the Waverly) ; Cemetery ravine, Meadville, Pennsylvania. Collected by Mr. William Millward, of Peking, China, to whom thanks are due for the privilege of studying the typical material. 1 Trans. Geol. Soc. Glasgow (1884), Vol. VII, p. 396; also Geol. Mag. (1885), dec, 3, Vol. II, p. 344. 2 Amer, Nat. (1900), Vol. XXXIV, p. 582, and Bull. Museum Comp. Zod, (1903), Vol. XXXIX, p. 203. In Memoriam. CHARLES CHAUNCEY MELLOR.' The paternal and maternal ancestry of Charles Chauncey Mellor was English. His father, John H. Mellor, was born December 3, 1807, at Heaton-Norris near Stockport, Lancashire, England. The parents of John H. Mellor were James and Hannah Mellor, who emigrated to the United States not long after the birth of their son, and finally made their home in the city of Pittsburgh. The mother of Charles Chauncey Mellor was Julia Ann Hillier, who was born in 1806 at Bath, England, and came with her parents to Philadelphia, where her father engaged in mercantile pursuits, and where he died in the year 1821, leaving a moderate competence to his widow and children. In 1834 Miss Hillier came to Pittsburgh to reside with her eldest brother, Thomas A. Hillier, who several years before had established himself in this city as a merchant, dealing in mirrors and pictures. Mr. John H. Mellor began his active life in Pittsburgh as a dealer in books, stationery, music, and musical instruments, and because he was a cultivated and skilful musician, was early in the year 1831 chosen as the organist of Trinity Church. Shortly after the arrival of Miss Hillier in Pittsburgh, she became a member of the choir of that church. An acquaintance with Mr. Mellor was inevitable, and this ripened into friendship, and marriage. John H. Mellor and Julia Ann Hillier were united in the bonds of wed- lock on January 10, 1836, at the home of Mr. and Mrs. James Mellor, which was at that time located at the corner of Third and Smithfield Streets. The officiating clergyman was the Rev. George Upfold, the Rector of Trinity Church, who subsequently became the Bishop of Indiana. 'In preparing this brief biographical sketch the writer has been greatly aided by being permitted to have access to an account of his life prepared by Mr. Mel- lor for the use of his family, who with the utmost kindness have allowed the writer to have the pleasure of its perusal. ANNALS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, Vol. V. CHARLES CHAUNCEY MELLOR Born September 26, 1836; Died April 2, 1909. Plate LXIV oe one ee tae a es CHARLES CHAUNCEY MELLOR. 491 On September 26, 1836, the home of the young married people was gladdened by the birth of a son, to whom the baptismal name of Charles Chauncey was given, in recognition of the feeling of deep regard which Mrs. Mellor cherished for Mr. Charles Chauncey, who had been her guardian during her minority. Mr. Chauncey was a highly respected member of the legal profession in Philadel- phia and a warm friend of the family. The early life of Mr. Mellor was not unlike that of other healthy American boys. When about six years of age he was sent to the Fourth Ward school, the building of which was located on Ferry Street be- tween Fourthand Liberty. The teacher of this school at that timewas a young man named David McCandless, who in later years was a part= ner of Mr. Andrew Carnegie, and one of the organizers of the Edgar Thompson Steel Company. Brothers and sisters were born, and he learned in the home those lessons of kindness and mutual for- bearance which are the result of association in a family where there are a number of children. In the spring of 1843 the family re- moved from Ferry Street in Pittsburgh, to a new home situated on Sandusky Street, Allegheny, a few doors below Ohio Street, and he was sent to the Fourth Ward school of that city, which was pre- sided over by Mr. Robert Creighton, an Irishman, who plumed himself upon his ability as a penman, and under whose instruc- tion young Mellor soon became proficient in the art of making quill pens and of writing. He began at this time to attend the Sunday school which was maintained in the small Swedenborgian chapel which stood at the foot of Sandusky Street, near the banks of the river. His grandfather was a member of this church, having while still in England identified himself with the followers of Emanuel Swedenborg. He continued for a number of years to attend this Sunday school, and here he became acquainted with a bright, happy-hearted Scotch boy of the neighborhood, who sat beside him in the class. This boy was Andrew Carnegie, of whom the world was destined to hear more in coming years. The store of Mr. John H. Mellor was located on the east side of Wood Street between Fifth Avenue and Virgin Alley (now Oliver Avenue). To the upper part of this building the family removed in 1844. It was quite customary at this time for merchants to make their homes in the upper stories of the buildings in which they 492 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. carried on their business. Young Mellor having returned to Pitts- burgh was now sent to the Third Ward school, where his skill in penmanship, acquired under Mr. Creighton, served to secure for him some favor from the writing-master of the school, who was also an Irishman, and a rather severe disciplinarian, whose ruler. was a terror to his pupils, but from the blows of which young Mellor succeeded in escaping to some extent in recognition of his ability as a penman, About this time the native instincts of the boy began to assert themselves. He undertook to form a ‘‘museum,”’ arranging his collections in shallow pasteboard boxes. Much of his time was spent in the exploration of Grant’s Hill, portions of which had been left after streets had been graded through it, all of them con- tiguous to the Third Ward school. Upon Grant’s Hill a skirmish had been fought during the French and Indian War, and prodding over the ground with asharp piece of iron, young Mellor succeeded in recovering many bullets,a musket, a bayonet, a cartridge-box, and a leather holster in very fair preservation. ‘These things he dis- played in his museum, charging the admission price of one cent, the revenue thus received being expended in purchasing additions to the collection. On thetenth of April, 1845, Pittsburgh was visited by a terrible conflagration, by which about one third of the city as it existed at that time was destroyed, and about two thirds of the property values represented by buildings and their contents consumed. Mr. John H. Mellor and his family made strenuous efforts to remove their belongings from the store and home, but fortunately for them. the fire swept by the spot, and though thousands had been financially ruined, this disaster proved in the case of Mr. Mellor a blessing in disguise, for his store was the only one left standing in Pittsburgh at which books, stationary, and similar supplies could be obtained. The result was a great increase in business and the building up of an extensive patronage, which was afterward successfu!ly held be- cause of the uniform affability and courtesy of the owner of the house. The young lad soon made himself helpful in the store. The environment, with a supply of books and musical instruments at hand, was congenial to him. His father and mother were pos- sessed of more than ordinary culture and of great musical taste. CHARLES CHAUNCEY MELLOR. 493 He began to study music, at first apparently with little profit to himself, but afterwards he became more and more interested, and the great talent which he possessed became evident. In 1849, he was sent to Mr. Travelli’s Academy in Sewickley. Mr. Travelli, who is still remembered by many of the older men of Pittsburgh, was a singularly successful teacher, and his school enjoyed a well- deserved reputation at thattime. He remained here for about two years, and during all of his later life was wont to refer in terms of affection to the faithful care and kindness of the principal of the Sewickley Academy. In 1852 he began seriously to study the piano under Professor Henry Rohbach, who undoubtedly was the ablest teacher of music then living in Pittsburgh, and in a few years acquired skill in the use of the instrument. He continued to pursue his studies in other branches under different private instriictors, who at that time main- tained schools in Pittsburgh, and also to assist his father in his store, which had come to be the principal dépét of musical instru- ments in the city, and in which there continued to be kept a large supply of books and stationery. In the books, to which he thus had access, he found friends, and developed a taste for reading which remained with him through all after life. He occasionally accompanied his father on his visits to Philadelphia, New York, and Boston, and on these occasions was thrown into the company of manufacturers and dealers in musical instruments, and what de- lighted him most, into the society of distinguished musicians, from association with whom he derived inspiration. His skill as a musical performer became known, and he was occasionally called upon to play in public at concerts. In 1854 Mr. Jardine came to Pittsburgh in order to erect a new organ in Trinity Church. Young Mellor, though but eighteen years of age, was engaged by Mr. Jardine as one of his assistants to take down the old organ and to erect the new one. His father was especially anxious that he should undertake this work, believing that it would be to his advantage to gain an intimate knowledge of the construction of the instrument. Subsequently this knowledge was turned to useful account, and Mr. Mellor directed the erection of a number of organs in other churches in later years. He came to be recognized as an authority and his advice as to the planning 494 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. and construction of organs was sought during the latter years of his life, not only by his neighbors, but by contemplating purchasers in distant cities and states. During the years 1853 and 1854 he studied musical composition under Mr. Gottlieb A. Anthon, from whom he derived a thorough acquaintance with the theory of music, although Mr. Anthon, who was hardly able to speak a word of English, was not peculiarly adapted at the time to be a teacher. ‘The ready ability of his pupil, however, overcame the difficulties of communication which existed between the two. In 1855 he went to Boston, at his father’s suggestion, in order to become acquainted with the con- struction of pianos and reed-organs. He boarded while in Boston with a Mrs. Guild whose kindness he never forgot. Herson subse- quently founded the ‘‘ Boston Commercial Bulletin,’’ and her grandson afterwards became the Governor of Massachusetts. He received much kindness from Mr. Chickering, the head of the great manufacturing firm bearing his name, and from the Messrs. Mason & Hamlin, and enjoyed the opportunity of hearing a number of prominent and skilful musicians whose society was a delight to him. Returning from Boston he entered at once heartily into the employment provided for him by his father, and in addition to becoming acquainted with all the details of the business, traveled quite extensively through parts of Pennsylvania, Virginia, and Ohio. He still continued his musical studies, making great prog- ress. In April, 1857, Sigismund Thalberg, the most renowned pianist of that day excepting Liszt, came to the United States in order to give concerts in the principal cities. He arrived in Pitts- burgh late in April. Young Mellor, who had devoted much time to the study of Thalberg’s compositions, was delighted to be placed in charge of the instrument upon which Thalberg performed, and not only became well acquainted with the great master during his stay in Pittsburgh,*but accompanied him on his western tour to Wheeling and Zanesville. He derived great inspiration from his brief association with this eminent musician, and on his return ~nothing would suffice him but to have a grand piano placed in his room on the third floor of the home, where, muffling it with a soft blanket, because his mother’s sleeping apartment was below, he played day after day until long after midnight, and also renewed CHARLES CHAUNCEY MELLOR. 495 his exercises upon a dumb piano, which he had had made for him- self a few years before, constantly exercising one hand upon the instrument, while with the other hand he held a book. ‘The pur- suit of music and the delights of literature thus went together. Already in the summer of 1856 he had become the organist of St. James Episcopal Church located at the corner of Penn and Seven- teenth Streets. On the first of January, 1857, he was engaged as the organist of Christ Methodist Episcopal Church located at the corner of Penn and Eighth Streets. About this time he formed the acquaintance of the late Professor Clement Tetedoux, a man of rare accomplishments, who with his cultivated wife came to reside in Pittsburgh, she giving instruction in French, and he in vocal and instrumental music. There was a strong bond of sympathy between young Mellor and the fascinating, but impetuous Frenchman. The reputation of Professor Tetedoux as a teacher rapidly grew, and he never lacked for pupils during all the years that he made his home in Pittsburgh. Constant intercourse with Mr. Tetedoux and daily work at the piano presently created in the young man the belief that his calling in life was to be that of a professional musi- cian. He all but resolved to sunder business relations with his father and to attempt to carve out for himself a career as a public performer. The father, while rejoicing in his son’s ability, never- theless saw matters in a different light, and endeavored to persuade him that while cultivating and using his talents as a musician, it would nevertheless be far more profitable for him to remain where he was and ultimately become his successor in what by this time had come to be a well-established and reasonably profitable enter- prise. It was a hard struggle, but finally native prudence and good sense prevailed, and the young man, not without regret, settled down to a career in which music became a secondary interest. It is possible that the musical world lost a great performer, but Pitts- burgh gained by this decision an able man of affairs, who because of his musical abilities did perhaps as much as has been done by any one individual to make Pittsburgh the music-loving metropolis of the upper valley of the Ohio. The business in which he and his father were now engaged pros- pered, and in June, 1860, as a partial relaxation and for the pur- pose of widening his knowledge of men and things, young Mellor 496 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. went abroad in company with his friend Professor Tetedoux, sailing from Boston on June the 13th on the Cunard steamship ‘‘ Arabia.’’ He visited the cathedral cities of England with a special view to the study of cathedral organs and of English church music. He made the acquaintance of a number of the leading organists and organ builders of London and of other cities. Repairing to France, he devoted himself to a careful study of the manufacture of small in- struments, strings, etc., and having been requested by the Chicker- ings to secure information regarding the manufacture of upright pianos, fortified with a letter of introduction from Mons. Marmontel, the professor of piano at the Conservatory of Music, he visited all the great manufactories of musical instruments, made a collection of all the literature which he could obtain relating to the subject, and a series of notes which he subsequently upon his return sub- mitted to the Chickerings, who not long afterwards engaged in the manufacture of upright pianos. His visit to Paris was full of pleasure and of profit to him and he formed a number of delightful acquaintances among cultivated French people. Returning by way of England he continued his visits to the leading manufacturers and to the cathedral towns, and finally, on October the 8th, em- barked for Boston, reaching his home on October the 25th. Upon his return he found the country and his own city ina ferment. Those were the days which immediately preceded the outbreak of the Civil War. Business was affected most detrimen- tally, and from that time on until the year 1862 father and son found their ingenuity sorely taxed to meet their obligations and to maintain the well-earned credit of their firm. But in 1862 a remarkable change took place, due to the activities which prevailed, and the enhancement in prices which had taken place. The business became so profitable that all fear passed away. In 1863 Mr. John H. Mellor died, and his son arranged to take over the concern. His training had prepared him for the burdens which he assumed, and from the very outset he was prosperous and suc- ceeded beyond his most sanguine expectations. In this year he was chosen to be the organist of the First Presbyterian Church, which had installed what was at that time the largest organ in Pittsburgh, and here he remained for twenty-one years. In 1865 Miss Laura Reinhart and her brother, Charles Stanley ke Fh a a i ae are ee CHARLES CHAUNCEY MELLOR. 497 Reinhart, became members of the choir of this church, Miss Laura Reinhart being chosen as one of the sopranos, and Mr. Charles Stanley Reinhart assuming the part of one of the bassos. Mr. Charles Stanley Reinhart was destined subsequently to become very eminent, not asa singer, but as an illustrator and painter. Between himself and Mr. Mellor, the young organist, there was soon formed a close friendship, as they were of like ages and tastes, and the acquaintance with the brother led to an acquaintance with the sister, whom he had already known as one of the favorite pupils of Professor Tetedoux, and on the twentieth of June, 1867, they were united in wedlock. ‘They made their home in Allegheny, living first in Cedar Street and in 1873 taking up their residence in Rob- inson Street where Mr. Mellor built for himself a comfortable house. Mr. Mellor’s interest in the organ, upon which he was rapidly under his own tuition becoming proficient, impelled him in the year 1870 to endeavor so far as possible to improve himself, and he accordingly repaired to Boston, where he made arrangements with Professor Dudley Buck and Mr. John H. Wilcox to give him instruction. He remained there nearly two months studying tech- nique and interpretation under Mr. Buck, and registration under Mr. Wilcox. His visits to Boston were continued from time to time in subsequent years, and he always availed himself of these occasions to study seriously under one or the other of these great masters, who were at that time regarded as the ablest organists in America. In 1873 he erected in his new home an organ blown by a water-motor, the first one set up in Pittsburgh, and here he passed many happy hours, holding the rehearsals of the choir of the First Presbyterian Church under his own roof, and gathering about him many of his cultivated musical friends. In 1878, on June 13, Mr. Mellor, accompanied by his wife and oldest son, made a tour covering five months in Europe, visiting England, the Netherlands, France, Germany, and Switzerland. In 1881 the family temporarily removed to the old Bakewell Home above what was then known as Superior Station on the Fort Wayne Railroad, where, surrounded by trees and orchards, a couple of years were pleasantly passed. It was characteristic of Mr. Mellor, while devoting himself with unflagging energy to the cares of his growing business and to his 498 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. musical work in connection with the services of the First Presbyte- rian Church, to seek recreation along other lines. While residing in Allegheny he became acquainted with Dr. John Herron, who had erected on the top of his house a small telescope which he in- vited Mr. Mellor to use. He began the study of astronomy, and purchasing whatever books he could obtain upon the subject, and using the instruments which his learned friend placed at his dispo- sal, he made considerable progress in the knowledge of this science. He presently, however, discovered that in order to go deeply into the mysteries of astronomy it would be necessary for him to have larger facilities, and he discovered that astronomy as a hobby was a pursuit, which in these days of improved telescopy could only be followed by one possessed of larger resources than he at that time felt he could devote to the study. He had become interested in the microscope, and he turned in 1881 from astronomy to the study of the infusoria and of microscopic plants. He soon became very expert in the use of the microscope and began at the same time to form a herbarium of the plants of Pennsylvania. His home life was delightful, and his wife, who possessed great musical culture, found it a pleasure when music palled for the moment, to encourage him in his studies of natural history. He became a member of the American Microscopical Society, and was an attendant upon their meetings and the Treasurer of the Society from 188g till 1894, when he resigned. He took an active part in organizing the Botanical Society of Western Pennsylvania, and the Iron City Microscopical Society, and was the President of both organizations, and for many years the Treasurer of the former. The local Microscopical Society has passed out of existence, but the Botanical Society still flourishes and is doing commendable work. In 1884 Mr. Mellor purchased a tract of over seven acres of land in Edgewood on the line of the Pennsylvania Railroad. The tract contained a fine orchard and a bit of the surviving forest lingering in a ravine which was one of its boundaries. His motive in seek- ing this spot was to find a more healthful home for himself and family, as the hand of death had been laid upon three of his chil- dren, and he felt it desirable on this account to escape from the city into the purer air of the country. He resigned his position as organist of the First Presbyterian Church, and devoted himself CHARLES CHAUNCEY MELLOR. 499 in all his leisure moments to botanical pursuits. These were for him among the happiest days of his life. His business had pros- pered ; he was able to pursue congenial studies with freedom, his associates being able to carry on affairs in such a way as not to compel him to give unremitting attention to details. Under his guiding hand his place became a garden of beauty. Being a man of public spirit, he entered heartily into the plans of his neigh- bors, and when the little suburban settlement became a borough he took an active part in affairs, being elected a member of the first borough council, remaining continuously in service from 1890 until 1906, when he resigned. He discharged the duties of the position with unusual fidelity and patience, winning the respect and esteem of his townsmen, among whom he was recognized as a leader in all those things which tend to the advancement of the community. He gave especial attention to the work of laying out, paving, and sewering the streets, securing a municipal supply of light and gas, and more particularly in building up the school-sys- tem of the borough. A church having been organized, he and his estimable wife as a labor of love took charge of the musical ser- vices, he presiding with his well known skill at the organ, and his wife taking charge of, and singing in the choir. Later he built for himself in an umbrageous spot on Maple Avenue a beautiful home, where he continued to reside until his death. For some years there had been earnest discussion of the plan for erecting a great library in the city of Pittsburgh to supply the neces- sary funds for which Mr. Andrew Carnegie had pledged himself. Among other things proposed by Mr. Carnegie was to make pro- vision for the accommodation in the new building of the various scattered scientific societies which had sprung up, among them the Botanical Society and the Microscopical Society. Mr. Carnegie had intimated to the writer of this sketch that it would be practi- cally impossible to treat with a number of societies, and had sug- gested the organization of a society which should include these various organizations. Representatives of the various societies were accordingly called together for conference and it was resolved to combine them and organize the ‘‘ Academy of Science and Art of Pittsburgh,’’ of which the various existing organizations should be sections. The plan met with approval. The various societies 500 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. united their interests, and in 1889 the residence of the late Mr. William Thaw, on Fifth Street in Pittsturgh, was rented as a tem- porary home for the Academy, the writer becoming the first Presi- dent, Mr. George H. Clapp the Secretary, and Mr. C. C. Mellor the Treasurer. Mr. Mellor threw himself with his wonted enthu- siasm into the work, and when the Carnegie Library-of Pittsburgh was dedicated in 1895, he with his associates of the Academy had succeeded in filling the rooms assigned to the museum with a very creditable display of objects representing not only the natural sciences, but also local history. Upon the dedication of the Library Mr. Carnegie, with that magnificent generosity which has always characterized him, an- nounced his intention of making permanent provision for the sup- port of the Museum and the Department of Fine Arts, which were intended to be housed under the same roof with the Library, and for this purpose stated that he had chosen a certain number of gentlemen, in whose wisdom he had confidence, to administer the affairs of these two departments, for which he gave an endowment amounting to the sum of one million of dollars. This sum has since been greatly increased by Mr. Carnegie. Among the gentle- men selected by Mr. Carnegie as the trustees of this fund was the friend of his boyhood, Mr. Mellor. When the preparation of a constitution and a set of by-laws for the government of the body was proposed, Mr. Mellor became a member of that committee, and the writer, who happened to be the chairman, vividly recalls the interest and enthusiasm with which he embarked upon his duties. The task was most congenial to him. He became the chairman of the committee appointed to administer the affairs of the Museum, and from 1896, until his last illness made it impos- sible for him to attend the meetings, with unflagging zeal and the keenest enthusiasm followed every step of the development of the Museum and of the Institute of which it is a component part. He often said that he regarded his appointment as one of the trustees of the Carnegie Institute, as ‘‘ the greatest honor of his life.’’ But the appointment was to him more than an honor. When Mr. Mellor assumed a position it was for service, and there is no de- partment of the varied activities of the Institute, which under the fostering hand of Mr. Carnegie has grown to be one of the fore- CHARLES CHAUNCEY MELLOR. 5O1 most establishments of its kind in existence, which did not receive: the benefit of his attention and of his wise counsels. His tastes and accomplishments peculiarly fitted him for the work into which he threw himself. The great organ in the main auditorium of the building was erected under his advice and oversight. Every detail of the great and growing work of the Museum received his atten- tion. Mr. Mellor opened the first set of books, began the first Catalog of Accessions, and for the first eighteen months of the ex- istence of the Museum its affairs were almost wholly in his hands, assisted by one or two of his friends, who like himself foresaw the splendid possibilities of this department of activity. Now that the Carnegie Museum has come to be recognized as one of the most important institutions of its kind in America, and its reputation as a center of scientific research and instruction has gone throughout the world, it is due to the memory of Charles Chauncey Mellor to bear testimony to the patient assiduity and the wise foresight with which he kept watch over its affairs in the beginning. Later when Mr. Carnegie established his foundation intended to recognize heroism in the humbler walks of life and to provide re- lief for those, who, while doing good, have suffered through no fault of their own, Mr. Carnegie appointed Mr. Mellor one of the trus- tees of this fund, and to this cause he also brought his wisdom and his experience. He continued to serve as one of the trustees of the Hero Fund Commission, until he felt that with the growing burden of years it was but right for him to resign. During the last five or six years of Mr. Mellor’s life he suffered more or less from an affection of the throat, which led him to seek during the winter months a home in a more equable climate, and he built for himself at Daytona in Florida a pleasant house, in which he passed several winters with pleasure to himself, returning in the springtime apparently greatly benefited by the change. In the early summer of the year 1908 he was seized with an illness necessitating a surgical operation, from which he to some extent rallied. His friends hoped that he might ultimately recover and be spared to those who loved him. But it was ordained otherwise. An acute attack of pneumonia supervened, and in his prostrate condition proved quickly fatal. His long and useful life termi- nated on April 2, 1909. 502 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM, It was the privilege of the writer of these lines to be with him frequently during the last months of his illness and shortly before he breathed his last. In this time of his weakness the beauty of his character shone forth resplendently. He did not repine, but calmly and in peace awaited the great change which was impend- ing. ‘The hours were spent in the perusal of books that were dear to him, among them ‘‘ the Book of books,’’ and in looking retrospec- tively over the way in which he had come. Speaking of himself ) he says in the brief autobiography which has been alluded to else- where, ‘‘ My life has been placid and somewhat uneventful, occu- pied mostly with the cares and work of a congenial and fairly pros- perous business, possessing the friendship of many intelligent, cul- tivated, and respected people, surrounded by a loving wife and affectionate children. While business was in itself interesting to me, yet at times it became somewhat tiresome. ‘To obtain relief it was ever my good fortune at all times to have some hobby which I could ride, obtaining exhiliration and invigoration by such quasi- equestrian exercises. Music has always been a most grateful means of enjoyment, to which has been added according to the interest of the moment the microscope, the camera, and the study of bot- any. Reading on various lines has always been a most agreeable and never failing source of recreation.’’ . . . ‘‘ The position given me by Mr. Carnegie on the Board of Trustees of the Carnegie In- stitute, and by Mr. Frew as the chairman of the committee on the Museum, has been of the greatest interest and pleasure to me, has brought me into contact with many delightful people and enabled me to do something for the instruction and entertainment of the masses of our people.’’ ‘* While my life has been a quiet and uneventful one, as stated before, it has been a most pleasant one, and had I to live it over again it is hardly likely that it could be passed more agreeably.”’ Mr. Mellor belonged to a class of American citizens, who are justly the pride of our country, who combine with business instinct and sagacity a love for things which are true and ennobling, and who seek for self-culture and opportunities to serve their fellow men just as diligently as they seek for the rewards of financial enterprise. He was a man of the broadest sympathies, of unbound patience, and kindness of heart. From his very boyhood associated with CHARLES CHAUNCEY MELLOR. 503 musicians and musical people, he learned to know their peculiari- ties, and often said to the writer that musicians were, as Horace has described the poets, ‘‘zvascibtle genus.’’ Like almost all profes- 5 sional men they are more or less subject to that unfortunate mental disease, which is known as ‘‘ professional jealousy,’’ and are often involved in strife. Mr. Mellor was an unfailing fountain of sooth- ing counsel and helpful advice to all such persons. The unfortu- nate never appealed to him in vain. He was ready to help both by word and deed. On more than one occasion the writer, when calling upon him in pursuance of his duties, found him in his office closeted with some person in evident distress, and having patiently waited until the first comer was dismissed would be greeted by Mr. Mellor with a smile as rising from his chair, he would exclaim, ‘‘ An- other poor fellow in trouble!’’ Helpful, kind-hearted, wise, an enthusiastic and loyal friend, who never counted any inconvenience or sacrifice too great, if thereby he could do good, a lover of nature and of his fellow men, Charles Chauncey Mellor has entered into rest, leaving behind him a memory which is fragrant with all the graces of a noble, cultivated, and generous manhood. W. J. HoLianp. INDEX abalinealis, Bomolocha, 73 abboti, Sphecodina, 37 Abbottana clemataria, 90 abbreviatana, Eucosma, 108 aberatella, Glyphidocera, 124 abjectarius, Tornos, 85 abortivaria, Dyspteris, 79 abortivus, Ranunculus, 385, 396, 413 Abraham Lincoln, 139 cane used by, 140 Abrostola urentis, 63 abrostoloides, Pectes, 63 absorptalis, Hormisa, 72 Academy of Natural Sciences, Phila- delphia, 456 acapnopennella, Tinea, 134 acaule, Cypripedium, 324, 410 accelerans, Geisonoceras, 149 Aceracex, 415 Aceratherium, 231, 237, 282 tridactylum, 231, 285 acerifoliella, Paraclemensia, 133 acerifolium, Viburnum, 397, 420 Acer rubrum, 3690, 370, 371, 377 saccharinum, 325, 336, 362, 364, 366, 360-377, 378, 395, 415 Acervularia davidsoni, 482 acetosella, Rumex, 412 achatina, Olene, 78 Achatodes zex, 57 Achillea millefolium, 396, 421 Achlarus lycidas, 36 acicula, Mycena, 327 acicularis, Eleocharis, 361, 409 Acidaspis callicera, 482 Acleris cervinana, 115 chalybeana, 115 cinderella, 115 ferrugana, 115 hastiana, 114 logiana, 115 nigrolinea, 114 nivisellana, 115 peculiana, 114 schalleriana, 115 subnivana, 114 trisignana, 114 Acoloithus falsarius, 92 acrea, Estigmene, 42 Acrobasis angusella, 102 betulella, 103 demotella, 102 kearfottella, 103 nebulella, 103 nigrosignella, 102 Acrolepia incertella, 133 Acrolophus plumifrontellus, 135 Acrophyllum oneidaénse, 482 acrostichoides, Polystichum, 405 Actea alba, 413 Actinotia ramosula, 49 acuminata, Eleocharis, 352, 353, 400 Magnolia, 397, 398, 413 acutiplicata, Anoplotheca, 482 Adams, "Gy (Cx) 310} s2r Adela bella, 135 ridingsella, 135 Adelphagrotis prasina, 51 adenocaulon, Epilobium, 416 Adiantum pedatum, 397 Adita chionanthi, 50 Adoneta spinuloides, 91 advena, Nymphza, 358, 364, 367, 374, 376, 380, 391, 413 zemula, Epizeuxis, 71 zrata, Synchlora, 83 zrea, Plusia, 62 zria, Eustrotia, 65 esculanum, Proteoteras, 111 zsella, Heliozela, 129 zsopus. Pleurobema, 198 Unio, 178, 179, 184 zstivalis, Vitis, 416 7Ethaloptera anticaria, 86 affinis, Viola, 416 Affinities of Dromomeryx, 473-476 afflicta, Apatela, 45 afflictana, Archips, 116 Agaristide, 44 Agate Springs, Nebraska, 4 agitatellus, Crambus, 100 Aglais milberti, 32 Aglossa cuprealis, 99 Agnomonia anilis, 70 Agrimonia’ gryposepala, 414 agrimoniella, Anacampis, 124 Agrostis hyemalis, 407 178, 179, 184, 504 : } INDEX. 5O5 Agrotis badinodis, 51 geniculata, 51 ypsilon, 51 Aiken, Mrs. David, 424, 436 Aiken, Miss Rachel Castleman, 430 ajax, Iphiclides, 29 Alabama argillacea, 64 alacella, Trichotaphe, 123 Alasmidonta heterodon, 210 marginata, 180, 184 (Pressodonta) heterodon, 207 (Rugifera) marginata, 196 (Rugifera) marginata varicosa, 207, 209 alata, Proptera, 179, 181, 185, ror, 202 alatus, Mimulus, 419 Unio, 178, 181 alba, Acta, 413 Lychnis, 412 Populus, 411 albapunctella, Epermenia, 129 albata, Clemensia, 41 albellus, Crambus, 100 albicapitana, Proteopteryx, I11 albicapitella, Elachista, 129 albiciliana, Olethreutes, 107 albicomana, Tortrix, 117 albidula, Eustrotia, 64 albifera, Eucheeca, 81 albifrons, Symmerista, 76 albilinea, Heliophila, 54 albinatella, Coriscium, 132 albipunctata, Packardia, 92 albisparsella, Gelechia, 125 alboclavellus, Crambus, 100 © albofasciata, Basilarchia, 33 Homoptera, 71 albogallierella, Opostega, 131 albosigma, Melalopha, 75 albovenosa, Arsilonche, 46 albovittata, Eucheca, 80 albus, Nabalus, 420 alcodlaria, Plagodis, 87 Alcothoe caudata, 93 alia, Graphiphora, 55 alienaria, Hyperetus, 88 alisellana, Eulia, 118 Alismacez, 407 Alisma plantago, 364 plantago-aquatica, 375, 393, 407 allegheniensis, Crambidia, 41 Rubus, 319, 341, 347, 362, 363, 395, 414 Allegheny County Courthouse, Photo- graphs of ruins of, 442; Plan of the City of, 441; State of, 140 allenella, Semioscapsis, 127 allionealis, Nymphula, 98 Allotria elonympha, 69 Alnus incana, 334, 336, 359, 365, 369, B72s 37 7s0 BOzy Geo aor, ALL alope, Cercyonis, 33 alopecuroides, Lycopodium, 398, 405 alpinus insignis, Juncus, 401, 410 Alsophile pometaria, 80 alta, Cyrtia, 484 alternata, Rhynchagrotis, 51 Alticamelus altus, 161, 162 altissimus, Rumex, 393, 412 altruaria, Plagodis, 87 altus, Alticamelus, 161, 162 Alypia octomaculata, 44 Amanita verna, 326 Amanitopsis vaginata, 326 amasia, Catocala, 69 amatrix, Catocala, 68 amaturaria, Hzematopis, 82 Ambesa busckella, 103 | ambigualis, Gaberasa, 73 ambigua, Quercus, 412 Amblypoda, 24 Amblyscirtes vialis, 35 Ambocelia gregaria, 143 Ambrosiacex, 420 ambrosiefoliella, Bucculatrix, 131 Ameghino, Florentino, 17 Amelanchier canadensis, 414 oblongifolia, 336, 414 americalis, Epizeuxis, 71 americana, Antilocapra, 462 Apatela, 44 Epicnaptera, 78 Fragaria, 387, 414 Fraxinus, 377, 418 Harrisina, 92 Malacosoma, 78 Odocoileus, 462 Platyclymenia, 150 Prunus, 414 Pyrola, 324, 417 Scirpus, 360 Tilia, 325, 395, 416 Trientalis, 397, 418 Ulmus, 377, 412 American Association of Museums, 5 American Fork Beds, 273 American Revolution, Daughters of, 422, 430, 431, 442, 450, 451 americanus, Dromomeryx, 462, 463, 469, 471, 472, 477-479 Lycopus, 382, 419 Scirpus, 354, 357, 364, 381, 386 408 amica, Catocala, 69 506 INDEX. amicaria, Hyperetus, 88 Aminurus, 281 Ammalo tenera, 43 Ammonoidea, 150 Ammophila, 401, 404 arenaria, 343, 407 ammophila, Psilocybe, 343, 355 Ammophila Dune-formation, 343, 402 Amolita fessa, 64 amomum, Cornus, 227, 362, 363, 369, 377, 388, 389, 417 Amorbia humerosana, 118 amorphella, Walshia, 130. Ampelophaga cheerilus, 37 myron, 38 versicolor, 38. Amphion nessus, 37 Amphitragulus, 475 ampla, Autographa, 63 Amydria effrenatella, 134 Amygdalonajas, 192 Amyna octo, 64 amyntor, Ceratomia, 39 Anacampis agrimoniella, 124 levipedella, 124 nonstrigella, 124 Anacardiacee, 415 Anagoga occiduaria, 86 Anaphalis margaritacea, 421 Anaplodes iridaria, 83 anatomella, Scardia, 133 ancetaria, Azelina, 89 anchocelioides, Rhynchagrotis, 50 Anchocelis digitalis, 59 Ancylis angulifasciana, 112 apicana, 113 burgessiana, 112 comptana, I1I2 diminutana, 113 divisana, 113 dubiana, 112 muricana, I13 murtfeldtiana, 112 nubeculana, 112 platanana, 113 semiovana, I12 __ spireifoliana, 112 Ancyloxypha numitor, 35 Anderson, Mrs. Thomas S., 428, 434 andremona, Hypocala, 69 andrewsii, Gentiana, 387, 418 Andropogon, 404 furcatus, 316, 317, 319, 330, 334, 340, 343-345, 346, 395, 407 Andropogon Dune-formation, 340, 345 Anemone canadensis, 385, 413 cylindrica, 413 Anerastine, 104 angelica, Apatelodes, 74 Athyris, 481, 485 angulalis, Palthis, 73 angularis, Sabbatia, 355, 398, 418 angulatana, Phalonia, 118 angulifasciana, Ancylis, 112 angulifera, Callosamia, 39 angulosa, Lophodonta, 75 angusella, Acrobasis, 102 angusi, Catocala, 67 Datana, 75 angustipennella, Aristotelia, 122 angustiseptatum, Orthoceras, 150 Ania limbata, 88 anilis, Agnomonia, 70 Anisonchus, 13 Anisota rubicunda, 40 senatoria, 40 virginiensis, 40 anna, Apantesis, 43 annexa, Feltia, 52 annulata denicosta, Platyclymenia, 151 annulata, Platyclymenia, 151 Anodonta cataracta, 205 edentula, 184 ferussaciana, 182 gracilis, 184 grandis, 180, 181, 195 grandis footiana, 182, 202 grandis gigantea, 182 imbecillis, 182, 195, 202 implicata, 206 marginata, 184 plana, 182 subcylindracea, 182, 206 undulata, 180 Anodontoides ferussacianus, 182, 195 subcylindraceus, 202 Anomis erosa, 64 Anoplotheca acutiplicata, 482 Anorthodes prima, 47 Anorthosia punctipennella, 124 Anosia plexippus, 33 anserina, Argentina, 384, 387, 388, 393, 414 anteliella, Paltodora, 121 Antennaria plantaginifolia, 421 antennata, Xylina, 55 Antiblemma inexacta, 70 anticaria, A“thaloptera, 86 Anticarsia gemmatilis, 70 Antilocapra, 461, 463, 466, 468, 470, 475 americana, 462 Antilocapride, 475 antilopinus, Blastomeryx, 457, 459, 474, 475 Dromomeryx, 472 . Ae. fa 2 Sete ARI oT - S pe 7 i e a on antinympha, Catocala, 69 antiopa, Euvanessa, 32 antirrhina, Silene, 412 Antispila nyssefoliella, 129 Anytus privatus, 53 Apecasia defluata, 85 apamiformis, Hadena, 48 Apantesis anna, 43 arge, 43 figurata, 43 intermedia, 43 michabo, 43 phalerata, 43 virgo, 43 vittata, 43 aparine, Galium, 371, 381, 382, 420 aparinoides, Campanula, 355, 420 Apatela afflicta, 45 americana, 44 brumosa, 45 clarescens, 45 funeralis, 45 furcifera, 45 hesitata, 46 hasta, 45 hamamelis, 45 impleta, 46 interrupta, 45 lepusculina, 45 lithospila, 45 lobeliz, 45 morula, 45 oblinata, 46 ovata, 45 radcliffei, 45 retardata, 46 sperata, 46 spinigera, 45 superans, 45 xyliniformis, 46 Apatelodes angelica, 74 torrefacta, 74 Apedodus priscus, 485 apella, Eubaphe, 41 Aphelops, 477 aphrodite, Argynnis, 31 apicana, Ancylis, 113 . apicimaculella, Argyresthia, 133- apicosa, Eustrotia, 64 apimaculella, Tinea, 134 Apios apios, 415 apios, Apios, 415 Aplodes bistriaria, 83 mimosaria, 83 rubrifrontaria, 83 approximatella, Scardia, 133 approximella, Peoria, 104 aprica, Tarache, 65 INDEX. 507 Aproxrema nigratomella, 124 palpilineella, 124 aquatica, Zizania, 381, 386, 407 aquatilis, Carex, 381, 400, 409 Arabis levigata, 413 lyrata,- 331, 413 Araliacee, 417 Aralia nudicaulis, 326, 417 racemosa, 325, 371 arcanella, Pseudanaphora, 135 arcasaria, Sabulodes, 89 arcella, Tinea, 134 Archips afflictana, 116 argyrospila, 116 brauniana, 116 clemensiana, 116 fractivittana, 116 grisea, 116 melaleucana, 116 persicana, 116 purpurana, 116 rileyana, 116 rosaceana, I16 semiferana, 116 virescana, 116 arcigera, Schinia, 61 arctata, Carex, 409 arctica, Hadena, 48 Arctiide, 41 Arctostaphylos, 320, 321, 323, 404 uva-ursi, 319, 347, 397, 417 Arctostaphylos-Juniperus heath, 318, 324, 341, 401 arcuata, Drepana, 79 arenaria, Ammophila, 407 Arenaria serpyllifolia, 331, 332, 412 arge, Apantesis, 43 argenticinctella, Epicallima, 127 argentilimatana, Phalonia, 118 Argentina anserina, 384, 387, 388, 393, 398, 414 argentinotella, Homosetia, 135 argillacea, Alabama, 64 argutanus, Episimus, 111 Argynnis aphrodite, 31 atlantis, 31 cybele, 31 idalia, 31 argyralis, Diastictis, 95 Argyresthia apicimaculella, 133 austerella, 133 oreasella, 133 undulatella, 133 Argyria auratella, 1o1 nivalis, ror argyrospila, Archips, 116 Aristolochia macrophylla, 30 Aristotelia angustipennella, 122 508 Aristotelia fungivorella, 122 gilvolinella, 122 minimella, 122 quinquepunctella, 122 roseosuffusella, 122 rubidella, 122 armataria, Priocycla, 89 armiger, Heliothis, 61 Armillaria mellea, 326 Arms, Ammunition, Military Ac- coutrements, 430-434 Arnheim, Daniel, 434 aromatica, Rhus, 415 Aronia melanocarpa, 370, 414 nigra, 370 Aronia-Polytrichum formation, 365, 366, 370 Arsilonche albovenosa, 46 Artemisia, 227 biennis, 421 canadensis, 316, 340-346, 395, 400, 421 caudata, 316, 340, 343, 344, 346, 351, 421 panicum, 316, 331, 332 Artemisia-Panicum Formation, 313 artemisiella, Gnorimoschema, 123 articulatana, Enarmonia, 113 articulatus, Juncus, 400, 401, 410 Artiodactyla, 457 arundinaceum, Dulichium, 364, 367, 368, 381, 393, 408 arvense, Equisetum, 405 arvensis, Brassica, 413 Carduus, 385, 396, 421 Myosotis, 418 Asclepiadacee, 418 Asclepias, 33 incarnata, 358, 359, 368 syriaca, 333, 346, 418 ascriptella, Borkhausenia, 128 asilipennis, Memythrus, 93 asopialis, Palthis, 73 asperatella, Benta, 102 asperifolia, Oryzopsis, 407 Asplenium, 227 Astartella vera, 169 Aster, 404 ericoides; 4317, 9332) 9 332; 351, 357-359, 361, 365, 387, 421 faxoni, 421 nove-angliz, 381, 421 polyphyllus, 398, 421 astericola, Gracilaria, 131 asteroides, Cucullia, 56 Astragalus canadensis, 415 Astropecten montanus, 274 astyanax, Basilarchia, 33 INDEX. atalanta, Vanessa, 32 Atethmia rectifascia, 61 athasaria, Therina, 87 Athyride, 143 | Athyris angelica, 481 pectinifera, 144 roissyi, 144 Atkinson, Dr. D. AS 4, 6 atlantis, Argynnis, 31 atomaria, Phoberia, 69 atomosana, Phalonia, 118 atrocolorata, Eustroma, 81 atrodentanum, Exartema, 106 atrodorsella, Depressaria, 126 atroliturata, Cladara, 79 atrovirens, Scirpus, 408 Atrypa contracta, 141 reticularis, 482 Atrytone hobomok, 35 pocahontas, 35 zabulon, 35 attributella, Epithectis, 122 Aulopora cornuta, 481 serpens, 481 auratella, Argyria, Io1 aurea, Carex, 409 aureana, Phalonia, 118 aureus, Senecio, 421 auricinctaria, Melanomma, 66 auropulvella, Tinea, 134 aurora, Hyparpax, 77 aurorella, Semioscapsis, 127 austerella, Argyresthia, 133 Autographa ampla, 63 basigera, 62 biloba, 63 brassice, 63 falcifera, 63 oxygramma, 63 precationis, 63 rectangula, 63 rogationis, 63 Autograph letter from General An- thony Wayne, 444-445 from President Andrew Jackson, 447 from William Pitt, 443-444 Automeris io, 39 autumnalis, Fimbristylis, 409 Hydriomena, 82 Avena sativa, 407 Avicula dispar, 145 Aviculopecten patulus, 484 Azelina ancetaria, 89 bachmani, Hypatus, 34 Bactra furfurana, 106 | Bactrites gracilior, 152 INDEX. 509 Bactrites gracilis, 152 nitidus, 152 Bactritide, 152 Baculites, 273 Badges, official, of the Pittsburgh Sesqui-Centennial, 439 badia, Schizura, 77 badinodis, Agrotis, 51 Baileya dormitans, 46 doubledayi, 46 ophthalmica, 46 baileyi, Cornus, 417 balluca, Plusia, 62 Balsa, labecula, 47 malana, 47 tristrigella, 47 Balsaminacee, 416 baltimoralis, Bomolocha, 73 banksiella, Gnorimoschema, 123 Banks, Joseph, 430 Banks, Wilson, 455 baracana, Hysterosia, 120 Baroness Chatham, 423 basalis, Scoparia, 98 basiaria, Gueneria, 84 basifasciella, Telphusa, 121 basigera, Autographa, 63 Basilarchia archippus, 33 astyanax, 33 var. albofasciata, 33 basilaris, Scythris, 129 Basilodes pepita, 62 Basilona imperialis, 40 basiplagana, Tortrix, 117 basistrigella, Lithocolletes, 131 basitriens, Notodonta, 75 bassettella, Euclemensia, 127 bassiformis, Sesia, 94 batanella, Gnorimoschema, 123 bathyllus, Thorybes, 36 Batodon, 15 tenuis, 16 Batrachetra placendiella, 129 trichella, 129 Battle of Bunker Hill, 431 Battle of New Orleans, 431 Beach, G. M., 437 Beam, J. G., 431 beckii, Bidens, 421 Bedellia somnulentella, 131 belfrageélla, Gracilaria, 132 bella, Adela, 135 Utetheisa, 41 Bellerophon percarinatus, 169 bellona, Brenthis, 31 bellulata, Callonema, 482 belmaria, Eubaphe, 41 Bembecia marginata, 93 Benner, General Philip, 428 Benta asperatella, 102 bergmanniana, Tortrix, 117 Bernstorff, Count Johann Heinrich von, 453 bethunei, Xylina, 56 Betula, 227, 258 betulella, Acrobasis, 103 Depressaria, 127 bicarnea, Noctua, 51 bicolorago, Orthosia, 59 bicoloralis, Cindaphia, 96 bicolor, Vitis, 416 bicostatum, Tornoceras, 153 bicostomaculella, Gelechia, 125 bicristatella (Elachista), dacna, 129 Bidens cernua, 421 connata, 421 beckii, 421 bidentata, Nerice, 76 biennis, Artemisia, 421 Onagra, 417 Bierly, Otto J., 431 biflavimaculella, Monopis, 134 biguttata, Cochlidion, 91 bijugalis, Bomolocha, 73 bilineata, Heterocampa, 76 biloba, Autographa, 63 bimaculella, Gelechia, 125 biminimaculella, Gelechia, 125 bipartitana, Olethreutes, 107 birdana, Hysterosia, 120 Birds, Collection of, 3 Birds of Paradise, 139 Birds, On a Collection from Western Costa Rica, 10 biscana, Phalonia, 118 bisecta, Sissphinx, 40 bisselliella, Tineola, 133 bistriaria, Aplodes, 83 bistriaris, Parallelia, 70 bistriatella, Myelois, 102 bittana, Hemimene, 114 biundata, Heterocampa, 76 blancardella, Lithocolletes, 131 Black, Watson, 430 Blaine, Colonel Ephraim, 438, 441 Blaine, James G., 438 blanda, Viola, 416 Blastobaside, 128 Blastodacna (Elachista) bicristatella, 129 Blastomeryx borealis, 457-459, 461, 463, 460, 473-476 antilopinus, 457, 459, 474, 475 Blepharomastix ranalis, 95 stenialis, 95 Blasto- 510 INDEX. Bleptina caradrinalis, 73 Block House, 430 Blothrophyllum decorticatum, 482 bojani, Paleomeryx, 463 bolliana, Steganoptycha, 111 bombyciformis, Eutolype, 50 Bomolocha abalinealis, 73 baltimoralis, 73 bijugalis, 73 chicagonis, 73 citata, 74 deceptalis, 74 edictalis, 74 madefactalis, 73 manalis, 73 scutellaris, 73 sordidula, 74 toreuta, 74 Boquet, Colonel, letters signed by, 443 Boraginacee, 418 boreale, Hypericum, 416 borealis, Blastomeryx, 457-459, 461, 462-465, 470, 473-478 Harpyia, 77 Borkhausenia ascriptella, 128 borkhauseni, 127 coloradella, 127 shalleriella, 128 borkhauseni, Borkhausenia, 127 bostoniensis, Paragrotis, 52 Bouteloua oligostachya, 221 Bovide, 475 boydi, Productella, 484, 485 Brachiloma osseélla, 126 Brachiopoda, 141 Braddock, General Edward, 429 Braddock’s burial, 429 march, 434 shoe buckles, 428 Brady, Captain Joseph, 427 brassice, Autographa, 63 brauniana, Archips, 116 Brazilian Highlands, 3 Breed, Professor Robert S., 480 Brenthia pavonacella, 121 Brenthis bellona, 31 myrina, 31 brevis, Schinia, 62 brevivittella, Mompha, 130 brightonana, Eucosma, 109 brizo, Thanaos, 36 Brooch said to contain a lock of hair of Prince Charlie of Scotland, 428 Brotolomia iris, 59 Brown, Barnum, 240 bruceata, Rachela, 79 brumosa, Apatela, 45 brunneicollis, Rhynchagrotis, 50 Bruta (Edentata), 22 Bryce, Right Honorable James, 1 Bucculatrix ambrosiefoliella, 131 coronatella, 131 magnella, 131 pomifoliella, 13r Buffalo and Cow Run Sandstones, Note on the unconformities at the lower limits, 172-176 Buffalo and Saltsburg Sandstones, Note on the names, 176-177 bulbifera, Cicuta, 417 Bulimorpha nitidula, 169 bullula, Pterztholix, 64 Bunker Hill, Battle of, 431 bunteana, Phalonia, 119 burgessiana, Ancylis, 112 burgessiella, Gracilaria, 132 Burgoyne, General, 433 Busck, August, 29 busckella, Ambesa, 103 busckiella, Synallagma, 130 Bush, Captain, 437 Bust of General George Washington, 430 Bute, Lord, 423 Butterfield, Henry, 438 Caberodes confusaria, 89 majoraria, 89 Cacotherapia flexilinealis, 103 ceculalis, Perispasta, 96 Cznurgia convalescens, 66 cesia, Solidago, 420 cesonia, Tortricidia, 92 Zerene, 30 Calamadon, 22, 26 calanus, Thecla, 34 Calathospongia, 484 caliginosellus, Crambus, 1o1 Calledapteryx dryopterata, 90 callicera, Acidaspis, 482 Callidryas eubule, 30 Callonema bellulata, 482 Callosamia angulifera, 39 promethea, 39 Calocampa curvimacula, 56 Calpe canadensis, 62 Calvert, Professor P. P., 456 calycanthata, Homoptera, 71 Calymmene platys, 482 Calymnia orina, 61 Camarotechia contracta, 141, 481, 485 orbicularis, 482 tethys, 482 ood ¥ af id “ ~ Campanula aparinoides, 420 Campanulacee, 420 canadaria, Melanolophia, 86 Hieracium, 420 Leptilon, 421 Teucrium, 418 Vaccinium, 418 Artemisia, 421 Astragalus, 415 Calpe, 62 Cervus, 464 Favosites, 481 Hypericum, 416 Lactuca, 420 Lepargyrea, 416 Linuparus, 274 Meibomia, 415 Mentha, 419 Sambucus, 420 Solidago, 421 Canal lock, 440 canariella, Tinea, 134 candefacta, Tarache, 65 caniplaga, Ellida, 77 Field, 430 Pittsburgh, 433 433, 451 Cannon surrendered by Revolution, 433 capitata, Lespedeza, 415 Caprifoliacee, 420 cara, Catocala, 68 caradrinalis, Bleptina, 73 Caradrina miranda, 47 tarda, 47 carbonarius, Euphemus, 169 Carbonicola, 170 cardiaca, Mentha, 419 cardui, Vanessa, 32 Carduus arvensis, 421 Cariacus, 474 macrotis, 460 cariosa, Hadena, 49 Lampsilis, 183, 204, 209 Omphalocera, 99 Campeloma harlowtonensis, 273 canadense, Helianthemum, 416 canadensis, Amelanchier, 414 Canarsia ulmiarrosorella, 104 Cane used by Abraham Lincoln, 140 Cannon-ball found at Braddock’s near site of Block House, near site of Fort Pitt, 432 from battlefield of Princeton, Burgoyne at Battle of Sar- atoga in War of American carbonaria, Pleurotomaria, 177 carduidactyla, Platyptilia, 105 INDEX. SLI cariosus, Unio, 183 Carmiol, J., 9 Carnegie, Andrew, 2, 437 lantern carried by, 437 carneicosta, Panapoda, 70 carolinana, Eucosma, 110 carolina, Rosa, 414 carota, Daucus, 417 Carpocapsa pomonella, 114 Carposina crescentella, 120 fernaldana, 120 Carriker, M. A., Jr., 4 Notes on Costa Rican Formi- cariide, 8-10 Carson, W. J., 437 cartwrightana, Hysterosia, 120 (Carunculina) parva, Lampsilis, 191 caryefoliella, Coleophora, 128 carye, Halisidota, 44 Castilleja coccinea, 419 Castleman, Rachel, 430 Castor, 281 Catabena lineolata, 46 cataclystiana, Eucosma, 108 Catalog of auction sale of relics held at the Sanitary Fair in Pittsburgh in 1864, 447 Catalog of Relics and Objects, many of them Pertaining to the early History of Pittsburgh, Exhibited at the Carnegie Mu- seum upon the Occasion of the Sesqui-Centennial Celebration of the Founding of Pittsburgh, September 27—November 25, 1908. By Douglas Stewart, 422-451 cataphracta, Papaipema, 58 cataracta, Anodonta, 205 catenaria, Cingilia, 86 catenulatus, Halysites, 482 catilloides, Euomphalus, 169, 177 Catocala amasia, 69 amatrix, 68 amica, 69 angusi, 67 antinympha, 69 cara, 68 cerogama, 69 coccinata, 68 concumbens, 68 dejecta, 67 epione, 67 flebilis, 67 grynea, 69 habilis, 69 ilia, 68 innubens, 68 512 Catocala insolabilis, 67 judith, 68 lacrymosa, 67 marmorata, 68 nebulosa, 69 neogama, 69 obscura, 67 paleogama, 69 parta, 68 piatrix, 69 polygama, 69 relicta, 68 residua, 67 retecta, 67 robinsoni, 67 serene, 69 subnata, 69 tristis, 68 ultronia, 68 unijuga, 68 vidua, 67 viduata, 67 Catocaline, 66 caudata, Alcothoe, 93 Artemisia, 421 cecropia, Samia, 39 Celama triquetrana, 90 Celastraceez, 415 Celastrus, 227 scandens, 415 celia, Catocala, 68 Celiptera frustulum, 70 celtidella, Salebria, 103 celtis, Chlorippe, 33 Cenopis diluticostana, 115 groteana, I15 pettitana, 115 testulana, 115 Cephalanthus occidentalis, 420 Cephalopoda, 148 Ceratiocaris, 485 Ceratocampide, 40 Ceratomia amyntor, 38 undulosa, 39 Ceratopsia, 242 cercerisella, Gelechia, 124 Cercomacra tyrannina crepera, 8, 9 Cercyonis alope, 33 cerealella, Sitotroga, 121 cerintha, Chamyris, 65 cernes, Thymelicus, 35 cernua, Bidens, 421 cerogama, Catocala, 69 cerrusata, Papaipema, 58 Cerura occidentalis, 77 Cervide, 466, 476 On the classification of the, 466 cervinana, Acleris, 115 INDEX. Cervus, 459, 474 canadensis, 464 Chairman Republican County Com- mittee, 139 chalcofrontella, Holcocera, 128 chalybeana, Alceris, 115 chambersella, Trichotaphe, 123 Champsosaurus, 245, 279 Chamyris cerintha, 65 Chara, 262 Charadra deridens, 44 Charidryas nycteis, 31 Chatham, Baroness, 423 Earl of, 422 chemungensis, Goniophora, 484 Leiopteria, 484 Schizodus, 485 Schuchertella, 481, 482 Cherrie, George K., 10 chersis, Sphinx, 38 Chestnut pin, 430 chicagonis, Bomolocha, 73 Chimaphila maculata, 417 umbellata, 417 China plate with Pitt coat of arms, 423 blackened by Pittsburgh fire of 1845, 436 chionanthi, Adita, 50 chionosema, Olethreutes, 107 Chiriacus, 20 chiridota, Lacosoma, 90 Chirox plicatus, 13, 14 Chloridea virescens, 61 Chlorippe celtis, 33 clyton, 33 chloris, Euclea, 91 Chlorochlamys chloroleucaria, 83 chloroleucaria, Chlorochlamys, 83 Chephora fungorum, 59 cheerilus, Ampelophaga, 37 Chomatodus, 488 Chonetes, 482 setigerus, 484 Chonostegites clappi, 482 ordinatus, 482 Choreutis extrincicella, 121 gnaphaliella, 121 inflatella, 121 Chrysaugine, 99 Chrysophanus thoé, 34 Chrysopora lingulacella, 122 Chytolita morbidalis, 72 Chytonix palliatricula, 46 cicatricosum, Pleurobema, 186 Cichoriacee, 420 Cicinnus melsheimeri, 90 Cicuta bulbifera, 417 INDEX. 513 Cimolestes, 16, 25 Cimolestide, 15 cincinnatiella, Lithocolletes, 131 Cindaphia bicoloralis, 96 cinderella, Acleris, 115 Cucullia, 57 cinerea, Harpyia, 77 cinereofrons, Schizura, 76 cinereola, Ogdoconta, 63 cinereomedia, Scoparia, 99 Cingilia catenaria, 86 cingulata, Phlegethontius, 38 cingulifera, Homoptera, 71 circezans, Galium, 420 circulana, Eucosma, 108 circulus, Obovaria, 179, 185, 192 ° Unio, 178, 179 circumlucens, Papaipema, 58 Cirrhophanus triangulifer, 62 Cissia eurytus, 33 Cissura spadix, 66 Cistacee, 416 citata, Bomolocha, 74 Citheronia regalis, 40 citrinipennella, Tischeria, 133 Cladara atroliturata, 79 Cladodus coniger, 485 Cladopora cryptodens, 482 pulchra, 482 clandestina, Utricularia, 419 clappi, Chonostegites, 482 clarescens, Apatela, 45 claricella, Gnorimoschema, 123 clarkei, Lexopteria, 147 Clarke, Sir Caspar Purdon, 453 Clasp-knife found at Valley Forge, 428 claudia, Euptoieta, 31 claudialis, Elophila, 98 clausus, Favosites, 481 clava, Pleurobema, 179, 181, 197 clavus, Unio, 178 claytoni, Osmorhiza, 417 Cleiothyridina devonica, 143, 145 sublamellosa, 145 Cleiothyris, 143 roissyi, 144, 145 clemataria, Abbottana, 90 Clematis, 222 ligusticifolia, 225 clemensella, Coriscium, 132 Clemensia albata, 41 clemensiana, Archips, 116 Cleora, indicataria, 85 larvaria, 86 pampinaria, 85 Clouse, John, 455 clymene, Haploa, 42 Clymenia, 251 Clymenide, 150 clyton, Chlorippe, 33 c-nigrum, Noctua, 51 coagulata, Eupithecia, 80 coccinata, Catocala, 68 coccinea, Castilleja, 419 Quadrula, 180, 185, 200, 203 coccineus, Unio, 178, 185 Cochliodus, 489 Cochlidiide, 91 Cochlidion biguttata, 91 y-inversa, 91 Cochliodus latus, 489 magnus, 489 Cceelostathma discopunctana, 115 ceenia, Junonia, 33 Ceenocalpe gibbicostata, 82 Coggeshall, A. S., 2 cognataria, Lycia, 86 Coleophora caryzefoliella, 128 corruscipennella, 128 luteocostella, 128 Coleoptera, List of Pennsylvania, 6 colligatum, Crepidophyllum, 482 Colonel George Washington, 424 Colonel Stewart’s Regiment, 424 Colonial and Revolutionary Period, 422-430 Colony of Pennsylvania, 7 coloradella, Borkhausenia, 127 coloratum, Epilobium, 416 : columbi, Elephas, 455 comma, Polygonia, 32 commeline, Prodenia, 49 commoides, Heliophila, 54 Commophila contrastana, 120 commune, Xanthium, 420 Comparison of Dromomeryx Paleomeryx, 463-465 complanata, Margaritana, 181 (Pterosygna) Symphynota, 196 Symphynota, 181 complanatus, Unio, 208, 209 Composite, 420 compressa, Symphynota, 186, 196, 202 compressipalpis, Plusiodonta, 62 comptana, Ancylis, 112 comptaria, Venusia, 80 comptus, Helodus, 485, 488 comyntas, Everes, 35 conatum, Cyathophyllum, 482 concinnanum, Exartema, 106 concinna, Schizura, 77 concinnimacula, Eustrotia, 64 conclusella, Gelechia, 125 concumbens, Catocala, 68 Southwestern with 514 INDEX. Condylolomia participalis, 99 Condylorrhiza vestigialis, 96 confederata, Eurycyttarus, 91 confixana, Phecasiophora, 108 confusa, Morrisonia, 54 confusaria, Caberodes, 89 congrua, Estigmene, 42 conifollis, Cystiphyllum, 482 coniger, Cladodus, 485 connata, Bidens, 421 Connell, Dr. J. G., 447 constellatana, Olethreutes, 107 Constitution of the German Empire, 453 constrictella, Theisoa, 129 contatella, Salebria, 103 contigua, Haploa, 42 continens, Conularia, 485 contracta, Atrypa, I41 Camaroteechia, 481, 485 Datana, 75 Homopyralis, 66 (Stenocisma), Rhynchonella, 141 contrastana, Commophila, 120 Conularia, 484 continens, 485 victa, 485 convalescens, Cenurgia, 66 convexa, Michelinia, 482 convexipennis, Cucullia, 56 Convocation Day, University of Pitts- burgh, 139 convoluta, Zaphrentis, 481 Convolvulacee, 418 Convolvulus sepium, 418 cooperiana, Quadrula, 185, 199 cooperianus, Unio, 185 coortaria, Cymotophora, 85 Cope, Professor E. D., 457 Cope’s Tertiary Vertebrata, 17 Copipanolis cubilis, 50 Copper coal-scuttle made of first cop- per rolled in Pittsburgh, 437; warming-pan, 425 Coral, 484 Coriphagus montanus, 17, 25 Coriscium albinatella, 132 cuculipenellum, 132 paradoxum, 132 Cornacee, 417 corniculum, Heliophyllum, 481 Cornplanter, Chief, Photograph of, 450 Cornulites, 482 Cornus, 258 amomum, 227, 362, 369, 377, 388, 417 baileyi, 417 florida, 40 Cornus obliqua, 417 paniculata, 417 stolonifera, 417 cornuta, Aulopora, 481 Utricularia, 419 cornutus, Unio, 184 coronatella, Bucculatrix, 131 corrugata, Loxopteria, 147 corruscipennella, Coleophora, 128 coruscana, Olethreutes, 107 corymbosum, Vaccinium, 418 cosmodactyla, Platyptilia, 105 Cosmopteryx gemmiferella, 129 Cosoryx, 461, 474 Cosside, 93 costalis, Hypsopygia, 99 costata (Lasmigona), 182, 184, 196 costiferalis, Pyralis, 99 costomaculana, Proteopteryx, 111 costosignella, Homosetia, 135 Cosymbia lumenaria, 82 myrtaria, 82 Counterpane used on bed of Lafayette at time of visit to Pittsburgh, 434 Courthouse and market in Pittsburgh in 1854, Oil painting of, 440 coxanus, Helodus, 489 Crambidia allegheniensis, 41 Crambinez, 100 Crambodes talidiformis, 46 Crambus agitatellus, too albellus, roo alboclavellus, 100 caliginosellus, 100 decorellus, ror elegans, 100 girardellus, 100 hortuellus, roo laqueatellus, ror luteolellus, ror mutabilis, ror prefectellus, 100 ruricolellus, 100 teterrellus, 100 trisectus, IOI turbatellus, roo vulgivagellus, 100 zeéllus, 101 crassidens, Unio, 179, 181, 182, 183 crassifasciella, Nephopteryx, 103 crassiuscula, Drasteria, 66 crategella, Recurvaria, 122 crategifoliella, Ornyx, 132 Crategus, 227, 258 Crazy Mountains, The, 246 Symphynota, Thy > eae J INDEX. 515 crebiseptum, Tornoceras, 155, 158 Credneria, 235 Crenipecten crenulatus, 484 glaber, 484 crenistriata, Schuchertella, 485 crenulata, Orthodes, 55 crenulatus, Crenipecten, 484 crenulellum, Tinagma, 121 Crepidophyllum colligatum, 482 crepuscularia, Ectropis, 86 crescentella, Carposina, 120 cresphontes, Papilio, 29 Cressonia juglandis, 39 cressoniana, Proteopteryx, I11 Cretaceous and Lower Tertiary Sec- tion in South Central Montana, II, 269 Crinoids, 484, 485 crispana, Epinotia, 112 cristifasciella, Paralechia, 122 crocallata, Tetracis, 89 crocataria, Xanthotype, 87 croceoverticella, Tinea, 134 crocicapitella, Monopis, 134 Crocidophora serratissimalis, 96 tuberculalis, 96 Croghan, Miss Mary (Mrs. Schenley), 437 Cross of the Legion of Honor, 2 cruralis, Zanclognatha, 72 cryptodens, Cladopora, 482 Cryptonella eudora, 484 Ctenucha virginica, 40 cubilis, Copipanolis, 50 cuculipenellum, Coriscium, 132 Cucullea, 274 Cucullia asteroides, 56 cinderella, 57 convexipennis, 56 speyeri, 56 culbertsoni, Merycoidodon, 251 culea, Graphiphora, 55 cunea, Hyphantria, 42 Cunningham, C. R., 448 cuprealis, Aglossa, 99 cuprina, Pyralis, 99 Curator of Ichthyology, 454 curvimacula, Calocampa, 56 — Cuscutacez, 418 Cuscuta gronovii, 418 cuspidea, Euclidea, 66 Cyane visaliella, 135 Cyaniris ladon, 34 Cyathophyllum conatum, 482 robustum, 482 cybele, Argynnis, 31 cycladata, Heliomata, 84 153, 154, cylindrica, Quadrula, 179, 185, 198 cylindricus, Unio, 179 Cymatophora inceptaria, 85 ribearia, 84 subcessaria, 85 virginalis, 84 cymatophoroides, Pseudothyatira, 78 cynica, Orthodes, 55 cynosbati, Ribes, 414 Cyprogenia irrorata, 185, 193 Cyrtia alta, 484 Cystiphyllum conifollis, 482 sulcatum, 481 varians, 481 Dalmanella lenticularis, 482 testudinaria, 482 damon, Mitoura, 34 dana, Enarmonia, 113 Dasylophia thyatiroides, 76 Dasystoma virginica, 419 Datana angusi, 75 contracta, 75 drexeli, 75 integerrima, 75 major, 75 ministra, 75 perspicua, 75 Daucus carota, 417 Daughters of the American Revolu- tion, 422, 425, 430, 431, 442, 450, 451 davidsoni, Acervularia, 482 davisianus, Rubus, 414 deceptalis, Bomolocha, 74 decliva, Epiglea, 61 Decodon verticillatus, 416 decoralis, Pangrapta, 66 decorellus, Crambus, 1o1 decorticatum, Blothrophyllum, 482 decurrens, Gnaphalium, 421 Deemar, Miss Jeannette, 425, 450, 451 definita, Hemerocampa, 78 deflorata, Ecpantheria, 42 defluata, Apzcasia, 85 Deidamia inscriptum, 37 Deilephila gallii, 37 lineata, 37 Deilinea liberaria, 84 variolaria, 84 dejecta, Catocala, 67 delphinii, Euclea, 91 delphinus, Prolobites, 153 Deltatherium, 21, 25 Delthyris raricosta, 482 deludana, Proteopteryx, 111 Demas flavicornis, 44 propinquilinea, 44 demissaria, Eois, 82 516 INDEX. demotella, Acrobasis, 102 densum, Epilobium, 416 dentatum, Viburnum, 420 denticulalis, Epizeuxis, 71 deplanaria, Paraphia, 85 Depressaria atrodorsella, 126 betulella, 127 curvilineella, 126 flavicomella, 126 heracliana, 127 maculatella, 127 nebulosa, 126 pulvipennella, 126 robiniella, 127 walsinghamella, 126 depressus, Glossites, 485 Deptalia insulsaria, 82 deridens, Charadra, 44 Description of a New Species of Pro- camelus from the Upper Mio- cene of Montana with Notes upon Procamelus Madisonius Douglass. By Earl Douglass, 159-165 Description of New Vertebrata from the Upper Tertiary Formations of the West, 457, 460, 474 desertana, Eucosma, 109 desiderata, Schuchertella, 484, 485 designata, Gypsochroa, 82 Desk of Mrs. Schenley, 437 Desmia funeralis, 95 determinata, Metanema, 89 devastatrix Hadena, 48 devia, Scopelosoma, 60 devonica, Cleiothyridina, 143, 145 Diachorisia velatella, 135 Diacrisia latipennis, 43 ° virginica, 43 Diamond-back Rattlesnake, 139 Diaphania hyalinata, 95 nitidalis, 95 quadristigmalis, 95 Diasemia roseopennalis, 96 Diastictis argyralis, 95 Diathrausta reconditalis, 98 Dickerson, Mrs, John, 429 Dicrocerus, 459, 474, 475 (Merycodus), 473 Dicymolomia julianalis, 1o1 Didelphyidz,. 16 didyma, Basilona, 40 Monarda, 222 Diehl, Hon. W. J., 443 Diervilla diervilla, 420 diervilla, Diervilla, 420 diffinis, Hemaris, 36 digitalis, Anchocelis, 59 dillenii, Meibomia, 415 Dilophonota ello, 38 dilutata, Epirrita, 81 diluticostana, Cenopis, 115 dimidiata, Pheosia, 75 Pyromorpha, 92 diminuendis, Epizeuxis, 71 diminutana, Ancylis, 113 Dinohyus, 138 hollandi Peterson, 1 Diplodocus carnegiei, 2, 3 Diploma issued to George H. Evans and signed by President U. S. Grant, 448 Dipterygia scabriuscula, 49 Dircetis vitrea, 73 discalis, Homopyralis, 66 discana, Phalonia, 119 discoloralis, Renia, 72 discoGcellella, Gelechia, 125 discopunctana, Ccelostathma, 115 disjunctus, Spirifer, 142, 481, 484 dispar, Loxopteria, 147 disposita, Xylina, 55 dissidens, Magusa, 50 diversicolor, Hadena, 48 diversilineata, Eustroma, 81 divisana, Ancylis, 113 donaciformis, Plagiola, 185, 193 Donaldson, Robert, 437 dormitans, Baileya, 46 dorsimaculana, Phalonia, 118 dorsisignatana, Eucosma, 110 dorsistrigella, Monopis, 134 dorsisuffusana, Eucosma, 109, IIo doubledayi, Baileya, 46 Douglass, Earl, 4, 141, 270 Description of a New Species of Procamelus from.the Upper Miocene of Montana _ with Notes upon Procamelus Madi- sonius Douglass, 159-165 Dromomeryx, A New Genus of American Ruminants, 457-479 A Geological Reconnaissance in North Dakota, Montana, and Idaho ; with Notes on Mesozoic and Cenozoic Geology, 211-288 Vertebrate Fossils from the Fort Union Beds, 11-26 douglassi, Tornoceras, 154, 155, 156, 158 Unio, 272 doxcanum, Exartema, 106 Drainsville, battle of, 439 Drasteria crassiuscula, 66 erechtea, 66 « 7 7 , : > 4 . INDEX. 517 Drawing instruments used in survey- ing City of Pittsburgh, 437 Dray with skid, 439 Drepana arcuata, 79 drexeli, Datana, 75 Drift, Source of, 482 Dromomeryx, 461-465, 470-472, 473, 475, 476, 477, 478 borealis, 462, 463, 469, 471, 472, 477, 478, 479 americanus, 472, 478 antilopinus, 472 madisonius, 473, 478 | Dromomeryx, Affinities of, 473-476 from Lower Madison Valley in | . Montana, 470-476 Geological Relations of, 476-478 New Genus of American Rumi- | nants, 457-479 Osteology of, 465-470 Restoration and habitat, 470 Dromomeryx borealis, Measurements of, 469 Dromotherium, 459, 475 drummondii, Hypericum, 416 Drum used in Revolutionary War, 430 Drupacee, 414 drupiferarum, Sphinx, 38 dryas, Polygonia, 32 Drymophila lemosticta, 9 stictoptera, 9 Dryope ochrocomella, 128 dryopterata, Calledapteryx, 90 duaria, Gonodontis, 88 dubiana, Ancylis, 112 dubitans, Hadena, 48 dulecamara, Solanum, 419 dumetorum, Polygonum, 225 dumosum, Platyceras, 482 Dunning, Colonel Robert, 426 DuPuy, Dr. Hiram, 432 Duss, John S., 435 Dyar, Dr. H. G., 28 Dysodia oculatana, 93 Dyspteridine, 79 Dyspteris abortivaria, Eagle and Claggett Beds, 274 East, Alfred, 453 Tee Eastman, Charles R., A New Species of Helodus, 488-489 eboracensis, Scythris, 129 ecclesialis, Samea, 95 Ecdytolopha insiticiana, 113 Echinocystis lobatum, 225 eclipsana, Enarmonia, 113 Ecpantheria deflorata, 42 Ectropis crepuscularia, 86 edentula, Anodonta, 180, 181, 182, 195, 206 Edgar, Anne, 428 edictalis, Bomolocha, 74 Editorial Notes, 1-7, 137-140, 453- 456 edmandsi, Vitula, 104 ednana, Phalonia, 118 Educational Value of Popular Mu- seums, I eductalis, Lomanaltes, 73 edwardsi, Sanninoidea, 94 effectaria, Euchlena, 88 effrenatella, Amydria, 134 egeremet, Thymelicus, 35 egle, Euchetias, 43 Eigenmann, Professor C. H., 138, 454 Eisengart, E. C., 427 Elachista albicapitella, 129 orestella, 129 prematurella, 129 Elachistide, 128 Eleagnacee, 416 Elasmopalpus lignosellus, 104 elegans (Amgydalonajas), Plagiola, 192 Crambus, 100 Packardia, 92 Plagiola, 185 Zaphrentis, 481 Elephas columbi, 455 Ellida caniplaga, 77 ellipsis, Obovaria, 183 (Pseudo6n), Obovaria, 192 Unio, 183 elliptica, Pyrola, 417 ello, Dilophonota, 38 eloisella, Mompha, 130 elonympha, Allotria, 69 Elophila claudialis, 98 fulicalis, 98 Elotherium ramosum, 282 elrodi, Procamelus, 159, 162, 165 elutella, Ephestia, 104 Elymella patula, 485 emargataria, Plagodis, 88 emblemella, Strobisia, 123 emmonsi, Favosites, 481 Enarmonia articulatana, 113 dana, 113 eclipsana, 113 gallesaliciana, 113 interstinctana, 113 lautana, 113 muricana, I13 prunivora, 113 Encrinurus, 482 endropiaria, Therina, 87 CO 518 INDEX. engelana, Eucosma, 109, 110 *engelella, Mompha, 130 Engel, Henry, 6; A Preliminary List of the Lepidoptera of Western Pennsylvania Collected in the Vicinity of Pittsburgh, 27-136 engeli, Salebria, 103 Ennomine, 83 Ennomos magnarius, 87 subsignarius, 87 Enodia portlandi, 33 enotata, Philobia, 84 Entelodontide, 138 enucleata, Synelys, 82 Eois demissaria, 82 inductata, 83 ossularia, 83 productata, 83 Eosphoropteryx thyatyroides, 62 Epagoge sulfureana, 115 Epanorthide, 17 Epargyreus tityrus, 36 Epermenia albapunctella, 130 imperialella, 129 ephemereformis, Thyridopteryx, 90 Ephestia elutella, 104 infimella, 104 Ephestiodes infimella, 104 Epicallima argenticinctella, 127 Epicnaptera americana, 78 epidermatus, Favosites, 481 Epiglea decliva, 61 Epilobium adenocaulon, 417 coloratum, 417 densum, 416 Epimecis virginaria, 86 epimenis, Psychomorpha, 62 Epinotia crispana, 112 haimbachiana, 112 lindana, 112 pseudotsugana, 112 watchungana, I12 epione, Catocala, 67 Epipaschia superatalis, 102 zelleri, 102 Epipaschiine, 102 Epiplemide, 90 Epirrita dilutata, 81 Episimus argutanus, I11 Epithectis attributella, 122 Epizeuxis emula, 71 americalis, 71 denticulalis, 71 diminuendis, 71 julialis, 72 lubricalis, 71 merricki, 72 rotundalis, 71 Epizeuxis scobialis, 71 Equisetum, 220, 227 Erannis tiliaria, 86 Erastria amaturaria, 82 erastrioides, Tarache, 65 Erebus odora, 71 erechtea, Drasteria, 66 Erechtites hieracifolia, 421 eremitus, Sphinx, 38 Ericacee, 417 ericoides, Aster, 421 Eridophyllum verneuilanum, 481 Erigeron philadelphicus, 421 ramosus, 421 erosa, Anomis, 64 erransella (Mompha), Perimede, 130 Erynnis sassacus, 35 Estigmene acrea, 42 congrua, 42 Ethmia zelleriella, 127 Eubaphe opella, 41 aurantiaca, 41 belmaria, 41 nigricans, 41 eubule, Callidryas, 30 Euchetias egle, 43 oregonensis, 44 Euchlena effectaria, 88 johnsonaria, 88 marginata, 88 obtusaria, 88 pectinaria, 88 serrata, 88 Eucheeca albifera, 81 albovittata, 80 lucata, 80 Eucirredia pampina, 59 Euclea chloris, 91 delphinii, 91 Euclemensia bassettella, 127 Euclidia cuspidea, 66 Eucosma abbreviatana, 108 brightonana, 109 carolinana, IIo cataclystiana, 108 circulana, 108 desertana, 109 dorsisignatana, 110 dorsisuffusana, 109, I10 engelana, I09, I10 gonomana, 108 illotana, 109 juncticiliana, 108 medioviridana, 109 minuatana, 109 nisella, 109 ee eh _— Eucosma obfuscana, 109 " otiosana, 109 pergandeana, 108 perplexana, 109 solicitana, 109 sombreana, 108 tandana, 108 tomonana, 109 transmissana, 109 walkerana, 109 wandana, 108 yandana, 108 zomonana, 108 Eucymatoge intestinata, 80 Eudeilinea hermineata, 79 Eudemis vacciniana, 112 eudioptra, Prodenia, 49 eudora, Cryptonella, 484 Eudule mendica, 80 Eufidonia notataria, 83 Eugonia j-album, 32 Eugonobapta nivosaria, 87 Euherrichia mollissima, 66 Eulia alisellana, 118 juglandana, 117 mariana, 118 quadrifasciana, 117 triferana, 117 velutinana, 117 eumelusalis, Philometra, 72 Eumeyrickia trimaculella, 126 Eumys, 231 Euomphalus catilloides, 169, 177 hecale, 484 laxus, 484 Euparthenos nubilis, 60 eupatoriellus, Ypsolophus, 124 eupatorii, Papaipema, 57 Pterophorus, 105 Eupatorium perfoliatum, 420 purpureum, 110 Euphemus carbonarius, 169 Euphorbiacez, 415 Euphorbia polygonifolia, 415 helioscopia, 415 Euphydryas pheton, 31 Euphyes verna, 35 Eupithecia coagulata, 80 — grossbeckiata, 80 packardata, 80 palpata, 80 swetti, 80 Euplexia lucipara, 49 Euprotogonia, 13, 22, 25 puercensis, 23 Eupsyche m-album, 34 Euptoieta claudia, 31 INDEX. 519 { Eurema euterpe, 31 nicippe, 30 Euretagrotis sigmoides, 51 Eurycampyli, 153 Eurycyttarus confederata, 91 Eurymus eurytheme, 30 philodice, 30 eurytheme, Eurymus, 30 eurytus, Cissia, 33 Eustixia pupula, 98 Eustroma atrocolorata, 81 diversilineata, 81 populata, 81 Eustrotia eria, 65 albidula, 64 apicosa, 64 carneola, 64 concinnimacula, 64 humerata, 65 immuna, 65 malaca, 64 muscosula, 64 musta, 64 puncticosta, 65 euterpe, Eurema, 31 Euthamia graminifolia, 421 Euthisanotia grata, 62 unio, 62 Euthyatira pudens, 78 Eutolype bombyciformis, 50 grandis, 50 rolandi, 50 Eutrapela, kentaria, 89 Euvanessa antiopa, 32 Euzophera ochrifrontella, 104 semifuneralis, 104 Evans, R. L., 448 Everes comyntas, 35 Evergestis straminalis, 95 Everhart, Miss L. D., 426 Evippe prunifoliella, 122 Exartema atrodentanum, 106 concinnanum, 106 doxcanum, 106 exoletum, 106 ferriferanum, 107 inornatanum, 106 malanum, 106 merrickanum, 106 monetiferanum, 106 nigridorsanum, 107 nigrilineanum, 106 nitidanum, 106 ochrixigranum, 107 permundanum, 106 sciotoanum, 107 versicoloranum, 106 excecata, Paonias, 39 5206 exitiosa, Sanninoidea, 93 Exogyra, 274 exogyroides, Inoceramus, 273 exoletum, Exartema, 106 Explanation of Plates, 25, 177, 478-479 expultrix, Pseudothyatira, 78 extrincicella, Choreutis, 121 fabalis, Micromya, 179, 181, 186, 188 Unio, 179, 181 factiosalis, Renia, 73 Fagacee, 412 Fairley, Mrs. Nellie L., 425 falsarius, Acoloithus, 92 farfara, Tussilago, 326, 421 farinalis, Pyralis, 99 Barrer Massa 272 farri, Unio, 272 fascialis, Hymenia, 95 fasciatanum, Exartema, 106 fasciella, Homosetia, 135 fasciola, Lithacodes, 92 fatua, Lampsilis, 187, 191 Fauna of the Upper Devonian in Montana. By Percy E. Ray- mond, 141-158 faunus, Polygonia, 32 Favosites canadensis, 481 clausus, 481 emmonsi, 481 epidermatus, 481 hemisphericus, 481 limitaris, 481 nitellus, 481 placentus, 481 tuberosus, 481 turbinatus, 481 faxoni, Aster, 421 Feltia annexa, 52 gladiaria, 52 jaculifera, 52 subgothica, 52 venerabilis, 52 Fenestella, 484 Feniseca tarquinius, 34 Fenkell, George H., 290 fennica, Noctua, 51 Fentonia marthesia, 77 Fere (Carnivora), 20 Feralia jocosa, 49 fernaldana, Carposina, 120 Fernow, B. E., 302 Ferns and Flowering Plants of Presque Isle, Systematic Cata- logue of, 405-413 ferrealis, Xylina, 56 156-158, INDEX. ferriferanum, Exartema, ferrugalis, Phlyctenia, 96 ferrugana, Acleris, 115 ferrugata, Petrophora, 82 ferruginea, Epicnaptera, 79 ferussaciana, Anodonta, 182 ferussacianus, Anodontoides, 182, 195 fervidaria, Plagodis, 87 Therina, 87 fessa, Amolita, 64 festaliella, Schreckensteinia, 130 festivoides, Oligia, 47 Festuca octoflora, 408 Few, Mrs. H. W., 437 figurata, Apantesis, 43 filiculmis, Cyperus, 333, 408 filiformis, Carex, 409 Fimbristylis autumnalis, 409 Fine Arts, Department of, 443 finitima, Hadena, 48 Fire engine worked by hand, 435 First death warrant issued in Alle- gheny County, 447 fisherianus, Unio, 209, 210 Fishes of Formosa, 456 Fish remains, 484 Flag used at Sanitary Fair, Pitts- burgh, 437 flava, Perularia, 410 flavedana, Platynota, 117 flavescens, Cyperus, 352, 358, 359 flavicornis, Demas, 44 flavipunctalis, Renia, 73 flavivittellus, Ypsolophus, 124 flavocostella, Trichotaphe, 123 flebilis, Catocala, 67 flexicaulis, Solidago, 421 flexilinealis, Cacotherapia, 103 flexilis, Naias, 358, 364, 373, 380, 390, 391, 407 Flora of the White Lake Region, Michigan, and its Ecological Relations, 328 flexuosa, Tortricidia, 92 floccosana, Phalonia, 118 Flora of the Laramie Group, 279 Flora of Pennsylvania, 421 florida, Cornus, 40 Rhodophora, 61 floridana, Tetanolita, 73 floridum, Ribes, 414 fluctuata, Petrophora, 82 fluitans, Persicaria, 375, 412 fluvialella, Gelechia, 125 fluviata, Percnoptilota, 81 fluviatilis, Scirpus, 381, 408 Foerster, P., 27 107 374, INDEX. foliosus, Potamogeton, 390 niagarensis, Potamogeton, 407 fondella, Gelechia, 125 footiana grandis, Anodonta, 182, 202 Foot-warmer, 427 Forbes, Arthur, 422, 424 390, Expedition, * General John, 424-425 Road, 431 Forest Centers of Eastern America, 398 Formation of Sandusky Bay and Cedar Point, 204 formosalis, Nigetia, 90 formosana, Thiodia, 110 Fort Benton Formation, The, 273 Fort Pitt, 430, 431, 434, 437, 440 Fort Union Beds, 279 Mammals, 25 Fossil Mammals from Colorado, 161 Fossils found in Limestone and Chert Pebbles of the Wisconsin Drift, 481-482 found in situ, 484 of the Bedrock, 483 of the Glacial Drift, 480 of the Older Drift, 483 of the Red Shales, 141 Fossils from the Glacial Drift and from the Devonian and Missis- sippian near Meadville, Penn- sylvania. By William Mill- ward, 480-487 Fossil pig, 1 Foster, Stephen C., 438; Portrait of, 443 Founder’s Day, Twelfth Celebration, I, 139, 453 Fox Hills, 277 fractilinea, Hadena, 48 Thalpochares, 65 fractivittana, Archips, 116 Fragaria americana, 387, 414 virginiana, 333, 336, 361, 365, 366, 388, 414 Fragaria-Polytrichum formation, 364, 365, 366, 360, gor fragilis, Salix, 411 frater, Raphia, 44 Fraxinus americana, 377, 418 nigra, 377, 418 viridis, 227 Frederick, Prince of Wales, 423 French Republic, President of, 2 Friday, F. W., 27 frigida, Papaipema, 58 From Big Timber to Bozeman, 247 363, 521 From Glendive to Columbus, Mon- tana, 239 From Logan to Virginia City, Mon- tana, 251 PLOSt Odes frugiperda, Laphygma, 49 frustulum, Celiptera, 70 fucosa, Hypoprepia, 41 fulicalis, Elophila, 98 fuliginosalis, Lipocosma, 95 fuliginosa, Phragmatobia, 42 fuliginosus, Unio, 209 fulminalis, Paralipsa, ror Fulton, W. W., 447 fulvicollis, Scepsis, 40 fumalis, Paragrotis, 52 fumosus, Anosia, 33 funeralis, Apatela, 45 Desmia, 95 fungivorella, Aristotelia, 122 fungorum, Chcephora, 59 furcatus, Andropogon, 316, 317, 319, 334, 340, 341, 343, 344, 345; 395, 407 furciferata, Sabulodes, 89 furellus, Paralipsa, 102 furfurana, Bactra, 106 fuscipunctella, Tinea, 134 Gaberasa ambigualis, 73 Galasa rubidana, 99 Galecynus gregarius, 281 galericulata, Scutellaria, 381, 418 Galium aparine, 420 circezans, 420 pilosum, 420 trifidum, 420 triflorum, 420 Galgula hepara, 65 galleasteriella, Gnorimoschema, 122 gallesaliciana, Enarmonia, 113 gallesolidaginis, Gnorimoschema, 122 Galleria mellonella, ror Galleriinz, tor Gallery of Reptiles, 139 gallii, Deilephila, 37 Ganong, W. F., 311, 312, 314, 334, 344 Ganong’s “new beach,” 311 Garber, A. P., 406 garmani, Graphiphora, 55 Gasteropods, 234, 242 Gastrocampyli, 150 Gearing, W. C., 433 Geaster, 321 hygrometricus, 319, 333 Geisonoceras accelerans, 149 normale, 149 Gelechia albisparsella, 125 ‘ 522 Gelechia bicostomaculella, 125 bimaculella, 125 biminimaculella, 125 cercerisella, 124 conclusella, 125 discoécellella, 125 fluvialella, 125 fondella, 125 maculimarginella, 125 mediofuscella, 125 nigrimaculella, 125 . pseudoacaciella, 125 pseudofondella, 125 punctiferella, 125 trialbamaculella, 124 vernella, 125 walsinghami, 125 Gelechiide, 121 geminata, Packardia, 92 gemmatalis, Anticarsia, 70 gemmatum, Lycoperdon, 326 gemmiferella, Cosmopteryx, 129 General Braddock’s shoe buckles, 428 General John Forbes, 424 genicula, Drepana, 79 geniculata, Agrotis, 51 Genetic Development of the Forests of Northern Michigan, 319 Gentianacex, 418 Gentiana andrewsii, 387, 418 Geographical Survey West of the rooth Meridian, 457 Geological Reconnaissance across Bit- terroot Range and Clearwater Mountains, Montana and Idaho, 264 : Geological Reconnaissance in North Dakota, Montana, and Idaho; with Notes on Mesozoic and Cenozoic Geology. By Earl Douglass, 211-288 Geological Survey of Ohio, 292 Geology and Paleontology of the Judith River Beds, 274 Geometride, 79 Geometrine, 83 George II, 423 George III, 423 georgica, Hypereschra, 75 Gerardia paupercula, 355, 397, 419 German Emperor, 2 Gerstner, Frank, 433 Getty, James, 442 gibba, Utricularia, 419 gibberulus, Helodus, 485, 489 gibbicostata, Coenocalpe, 82 gibbosa, Nadata, 75 gibbosus, Unio, 179, 182, 197, 203, 209 INDEX. | os Gibson, Mrs. Eliza, 428 Giffen, William, 432 gigantea grandis, Anodonta, 182 : Zaphrentis, 481 Gilbert, G. K., 290, 294 gilbociliella, Holcocera, 128 gilvolinella, Aristotelia, 122 Giraffiide, 475 4 girardellus, Crambus, 100 Glza inulta, 60 olivata, 60 sericea, 61 signata, 61 viatica, 60 glaber, Crenipecten, 484 gladiaria, Feltia, 52 glandulella, Holcocera, 128 Glaphria glaphyralis, 94 peremptalis, 94 psychicalis, 94 sesquistrialis, 94 glaphyralis, Glaphria, 94 Glass bottle, one of first made in Pittsburgh, 436 glaucescens, Lonicera, 347, 420 Glacial Lake, Ecology of, 373 glaucus, Papilio, 29 Gleason, H. A., 314, 338 Gleason’s “ blowout association,” 314 Glires, 19 Ws glochinella, Phthorimeza, 122 glomeraria, Macaria, 84 Glossina waverlyensis, 485 Glossites depressus, 485 lingualis, 484 Gluphisia septentrionalis, 77 Glyphidocera aberatella, 124 4 speratella, 124 Glyphipteryx impigritella, rar Gmelini, Lithospermum, 319, 333, 398, : 418 ¢ gnaphaliella, Choreutis, 121 " Gnaphalium decurrens, 398, 421 ; polycephalum, 317, 332, 395, 421 purpureum, 421 uliginosum, 395, 421 Gnorimoschema artemisiella, 123 banksiella, 123 batanella, 123 claricella, 123 galleasteriella, 122 gallesolidaginis, 122 henshawiella, 123 Goniatites, 251 Goniobasis ortmanni, 273 silberlingi, 273 Goniophora chemungensis, 484 subrecta, 148 Se be INDEX. 523 Gonodontis duaria, 88 hypochraria, 88 obfirmaria, 88 gonomana, Eucosma, 108 goodenovii, Carex, 409 Gorby, C. A., 427 gordius, Sphinx, 38 Gordon, Anne, 428; Colonel Harry, 428; Mrs. Franklin M., 426, 442 Gortyna nictitans, 57 stramentosa, 57 velata, 57 Gracilaria astericola, 131 belfrageella, 132 burgessiella, 132 lespedezefoliella, 132 negundella, 132 packardella, 132 pennsylvaniella, 132 rhoifoliella, 132 stigmatella, 132 strigifinitella, 132 superbifrontella, 132 venustella, 132 gracile, Eriophorum, 370, 408 gracilineata, 81 gracilior, Bactrides, 152 gracilis Anodonta, 184 Bactrides, 152 Unio, 182, 183 Proptera, 183, 184, 192, 202 Graminex, 407 graminea, Sagittaria, 407 graminifolia, Euthamia, 421 grandis, Anodonta, 181, 195 Eutolype, 50 granella, Tinea, 134 granitata, Sciagraphia, 84 granulata, Stromatoporella, 481 Grapeville Anticline, Section at, 170 Graphiphora alia, 55 culea, 55 garmani, 55 oviduca, 55 rubrescens, 55 subterminata, 55 “srass plain,” Ganong, 314- grata, Euthisanotia, 62 Oligia, 47 grataria, Hematopis, 82 graveolens, Polanisia, 312 Greene, E. L., 412, 415 W. H., 432 gregaria, Amboccelia, 143 gregarium, Orthoceras, 150 gregarius, Galecynus, 281 gregarius, Spirifer, 482 grisea, Archips, 116 gronovii, Carex, 400 Cuscuta, 418 Hieracium, 326, 420 grossbeckiata, Eupithecia, 80 Grossulariacee, 414 groteana, Cenopis, 115 grotei, Psaphidia, 50 Xylina, 55 grynea, Catocala, 69 gryposepala, Agrimonia, 414 Gueneria ubasiaria, 84 Guns captured in Revolutionary war, 433 Guthrie, Miss, 443 Guttenberg, Professor Gustave, 289, 407 guttivitta, Heterocampa, 76 Gymnandrosoma punctidiscanum, 114 Gymnoptychus, 231 gynandra, Carex, 364 Gypsochroa designata, 82 habilis, Catocala, 69 Habrosyne rectangulata, 77 scripta, 77 Hadena apamiformis, 48 arctica, 48 cariosa, 49 devastatrix, 48 diversicolor, 48 dubitans, 48 finitima, 48 fractilinea, 48 hausta, 47 impulsa, 48 mactata, 48 miselioides, 48 misera, 48 modica, 47 nigrior, 49 passer, 48 plutonia, 48 remissa, 48 turbulenta, 48 verbascoides, 48 vultuosa, 48 Hadden, James, 430 Hematopis grataria, 82 hesitata, Apatela, 46 haimbachiana, Epinotia, 112 Halais, Dr. Charles, 5 Halisidota carye, 44 maculata, 44 tessellaris, 44 halli, Heliophyllum, 481 524 Haloragidacee, 417 Halysites catenulatus, 482 hamadryella, Lithocolletes, 131 Hamamelidacex, 413 Hamamelis, 397 Apatela, 45 virginiana, 413 Hamilton, Wm., 447 Haploa clymene, 42 contigua, 42 lecontei, 42 Hardy, Mrs. George, 441, 447 harlowtonensis, Campeloma, 273 Harmony Society, 435 lnbeveneldey Wiles 3870) Harpyia borealis, 77 cinerea, 77 Harrisina americana, 92 Harrison, General William Henry, 429 Hartje, Mrs. Sidney O., 428, 442 lnlenqieachel, (65 Wa Haseman, John D., 3, 138 hasta, Apatela, 45 hastata, Rheumaptera, 81 hastiana, Acleris, 114 Hatcher, J. B., 240 hausta, Hadena, 47 Haven, W. S., 428 Hawaiian fishes, 454 Hays, Mrs. Richard, 430, 444 Miss Virginia, 436 hebesana, Olethreutes, 107 hebraicum, Polygrammate, 46 hecale, Euomphalus, 484 Heckel prize, 480 Hedeoma pulegioides, 418 Heinz, J. Hi, 138, 454 Helianthemum canadense, 416 Helianthus petiolarus, 421 strumosus, 326, 421 tracheliifolius, 421 Heliomata cycladata, 84 infulata, 84 Heliophila albilinea, 54 commoides, 54 multilinea, phragmitidicola, 54 pseudargyria, 54 unipuncta, 54 Heliophyllum corniculum, 481 halli, 481 helioscopia, Euphorbia, 415 heliothidata, Sciagraphia, 84 Heliothis armiger, 61 Heliotropha reniformis, 49 Heliozela zxsella, 129 INDEX. Hell Creek Beds of the Upper Creta- ceous of Montana, 240 Helodus comptus, 485, 488 gibberulus, 485, 489 planus, 489 simplex, 488 helva, Orthosia, 59 | helvialis, Loxostege, 96 helvola, Strophostyles, 312, 313, 330, 385, 415 Hemaris diffinis, 36 thysbe, 37 Hemerocampa, definita, 78 leucostigma, 78 Hemicarpha micrantha, 398, 408 hemidesma, Olethreutes, 107 Hemimene bittana, 114 incanana, 114 simulana, 114 Heminway, Captain Silas, 431 Hemiptera of Western Pennsylvania, A List of, 6 hemispherica, Stropheodonta, 481 hemisphericus, Favosites, 481 Henry’s Lake, Idaho, 261 henshawiella, Gnorimoschema, 123 Heodes hypophleas, 34 hepara, Galgula, 65 Hepialide, 136 heracliana, Depressaria, 127 herbacea, Smilax, 324, 336, 371, 378, 410 ' Herculia himonialis, 99 intermedialis, 99 olinalis, 99 hermineata, Eudeilinea, 79 herricki, Syringothyris, 484 Hespera tessellata, 36 Hesperiide, 35 Heteranthera dubia, 410 Heterocampa bilineata, 76 biundata, 76 guttivitta, 76 manteo, 76 obliqua, 76 umbrata, 76 Heterocera, 36 heterodon, Alasmidonta, 210 (Pressodonta), Alasmidonta, 207 Heterogramma pyramusalis, 73 Heterophleps triguttaria, 80 heterophyllus, Potamogeton, 373, 390, 406 Hibiscus moscheutos, 384, 416 Hickoria, 233, hieracifolia, Erechtites, 395, 421 INDEX. 525 Himella intractata, 55 hieracifolia, Erechtites, 385 Hieracium canadense, 398, 420 gronovii, 326, 420 paniculatum, 420 scabrum, 326, 420 FMR e328, 330 himonialis, Herculia, 99 hinda, Catocala, 68 hirsuta, Productella, 484 hisingeri, Syringopora, 481 hispida, Radicula, 393, 304 hispidus, Rubus, 370, 387, 414 Historical Development and probable Age of Presque Isle, 294 History of Erie County, Pa., 304 Hitchcock, A. S., 344 hobomok, Atrytone, 35 Holeocera chalcofrontella, 128 gilbociliella, 128 glandulella, 128 modestella, 128 purpurocomella, 128 hollandana, Phalonia, 119 Holland, Dr. W. J., Director, 27, 211, 289, 440, 503 Homzosoma mucidellum, 104 reliquellum, 104 uncanale, 104 homodactylus, Pterophorus, 105 Homoptera albofasciata, 71 calycanthata, 71 cingulifera, 71 lunata, 71 nigricans, 71 unilineata, 71 Homopyralis contracta, 66 discalis, 66 Homosetia argentinotella, 135 costosignella, 135 fasciella, 135 miscecristatella, 135 tricingulatella, 135 hookeriana, Lysias, 411 Hoplophoneus, 281 Hormisa absorptalis, 72 litophora, 72 RTT hormos, Hypsoropha, 66 Hornaday, Dr. William T., 1 Horner, James, 426 Miss Matilda, 426, 435 horrida, Zale, 70 hortuellus, Crambus, 100 hospes, Phalonia, 119 houghtonii, Cyperus, 408 Hudsonia tomentosa, 334 Huidekoper, Arthur, 221 humaria, Selidosema, 85 humerata, Eustrotia, 65 humerosana, Amorba, 118 humilis, Rosa, 414 humuli, Hypena, 74 Humulus lupulus, 225 huntera, Vanessa, 32 Huron River Valley, Botanical Sur- vey, 373 hyalinata, Diaphania, 95 Hyamia perditalis, 66 sexpunctata, 66 hyattinis, Protochriacus, 20 hybridum, Trifolium, 414 Hybroma servulella, 135 hybromella, Génoe, 135 Hydria undulata, 81 Hydriomena autumnalis, 82 latirupta, 82 multiferata, 82 Hydriomeninz, 80 Hydrocharitacee, 407 hydropiperoides, Persicaria, 412 Polygonum, 412 hyemale, Equisetum, 358, 359, 382, 405 hyemalis, Agrostis, 407 hygrometricus, Geaster, 319, 333 Hylephila phyleus, 35 Hymenia fascialis, 95 Hyohippus, 477 Hyopotamus, 282 Hyparpax aurora, 77 Hypatus bachmani, 34 Hypena humuli, 74 Hypenine, 71 Hypereschra georgica, 75 Hyperetus amicaria, 88 Hypericacer, 416 Hypericum boreale, 358, 359, 416 canadensis, 361, 368, 416 drummondii, 398, 403, 416 majus, 416 perforatum, 416 punctatum, 416 Hypertragulus, 282 Hyphantria cunea, 42 textor, 42 Hypocala andremona, 69 hypochraria, Gonodontis, 88 Hypocolpus mortipennellus, 135 hypophleas, Heodes, 34 Hypoprepia fucosa, 41 miniata, 41 | Hyppa xylinoides, 49 526 INDEX. Hypsopygia costalis, 99 Hypsoropha hormos, 66 monilis, 66 hyssopifolium, Corispermum, 312 Hysterosia baracana, 120 birdana, 120 cartwrightana, 120 contrastana, 120 modestana, 120 terminana, 120 tiscana, 120 hystricina, Carex, 381, 409 Ianassa lignicolor, 75 Ibidium cernuum, 411 incurvum, 355, 411 strictum, 411 Ibidium, New Species of, 411 icciusalis, Nymphula, 98 icelus, Thanaos, 36 Ichthyology, Curator of, 454 icterinus, Unio, 209 Ictops, 285 ideus aculeatissimus, Rubus, 414 idalia, Argynnis, 31 ignota, Paracyclas, 484 Ilex cyclophylla, 415 tenuifolia, 415 verticellata, 378, 415 ilia, Catocala, 68 Tlicacex, 415 Illice subjecta, 41 Illinois River Valley Sand Region, A Botanical Survey of the, 314 illinoisensis, Trepospira, 169 illotana, Eucosma, 109 imbecillis, Anodonta, 182, 195, 202 imbridana, Thiodia, 110 Imbrie, Vincent, 429, 441 immuna, Eustrotia, 65 Immyrla nigrovittella, 103 Impatiens biflora, 378, 382 impecuniosa, Papaipema, 58 imperialella, Epermenia, 129 imperialis, Basilona, 40 imperturbata, Papaipema, 58 impigritella, Glyphipteryx, 121 impleta, Apatela, 46 implicata, Anodonta, 206 impositella, Scythris, 129 impudens, Olethreutes, 108 impulsa, Hadena, 48 inatomaria, Metanema, 89 incana, Alnus, 334, 336, 359, 369, 370, 377, 382, 388, 391, 411 Rhus, 365 incarnata, Asclepias, 358, 359, 368 Persicaria, 367, 393 incarnatum, Polygonum, 412 inceptaria, Cymatophora, 85 incertella, Acrolepia, 133 incivis, Peridroma, 51 Incurvaria russatella, 133 indicataria, Cleora, 85 indigenella, Mineola, 103 indirecta, Scopelosoma, 59 inductata, Eois, 83 inequistriata, Stropheodonta, 481 inexacta, Antiblemma, 70 infensata, Syssaura, 89 inficita, Marasmalus, 63 infimata, Macaria, 84 infimella, Ephestiodes, 104 inflatella, Choreutis, 121 Influence of Modern Science upon Modern Thought, 1 infulata, Heliomata, 84 inimicella, Pseudogalleria, 108 In Memoriam, Charles Chauncey Mellor. By Dr. W. J. Hol- land, 490-503 innominata, Xylina, 56 innubens, Catocala, 68 Inoceramus, 273 exogyroides, 273 undabundus, 274 inornatanum, Exartema, 106 inquesita, Papaipema, 57 inquinatus, Pterophorus, 105 inscriptum, Deidamia, 37 Insectivora, 17 insiticiana, Ecdytolopha, 113 insolabilis, Catocala, 67 instrutana, Olethreutes, 107 insulsaria, Deptalia, 82 integerrima, Datana, 75 integra, Lineodes, 98 intermedia, Apantesis, 43 Utricularia, 390, 391, 419 intermedialis, Herculia, 99 intermediata, Mesoleuca, 81 International Anatomical Congress, 2 interpunctella, Plodia, 104 interrogationis, Polygonia, 32 interrupta, Apatela, 45 interruptofasciata, Phalonia, 118 interstinctana, Enarmonia, 113 intestinata, Eucymatoge, 80 intractata, Himella, 55 intumescens, Manticoceras, 141 inulta, Glea, 60 io, Automeris, 39 Iphiclides ajax, 29 Ipimorpha pleonectusa, 61 ipomcea, Schizura, 76 Iridacez, 410 x : 4 4 i + INDEX. iridaria, Anaplodes, 83 Iris, 369 versicolor, 369, 410 iris, Brotolomia, 59 Lampsilis, 179, 187, 191 Unio, 179 Iron camp kettle used by General Washington’s army at Valley Forge, 433 irridipennella, Strobisia, 123 irrorata, Cyprogenia, 185, 193 Oreta, 79 irrorea, Sparganothis, 115 Irwin, Captain William, 432, 434 Irwin, Grant, 240 isabella, Isia, 42 Ischyromys, 231 Isia isabella, 42 Isnarda palustris, 393, 416 Isocorypha mediostriatella, 133 Isoetacer, 406 Isoetes echinospora braunii, 406 Isogona natatrix, 66 Jacksen, S. H., 431, 435, 436, 439, 450 jaculifera, Feltia, 52 j-album, Eugonia, 32 jamaicensis, Smerinthus, 39 Japanese weapons, 454 Jaspidia teratophora, 46 Jeannette, Pennsylvania, Section at, 170 Jennings, O. E., 4, 310, 316, 368, 3901, 411 A Botanical Survey of Presque Isle, Erie County, Pennsyl- vania, 289-421 Jennings, Mrs. O. E., 290 jocosa, Feralia, 49 Jodia rufago, 59 Joe and Bill Ranch, 279 John and William Widdecombe ranch, II John Bull Engine and Car, 439 johnsonaria, Euchlena, 88 Jones, Mrs. Katherine, 434 Jordan, Dr. D. Starr, 138, 456 judith, Catocala, 68 Judith River Beds, 275 Juglandacee, 411 juglandana, Eulia, 117 juglandis, Cressonia, 39 Juglans cinerea, 411 julialis, Epizeuxis, 72 julionalis, Dicymolomia, 101 julia, Sympherta, 85 juncidella, Trichotaphe, 123 juncticiliana, Eucosma, 108 Juncacee, 410 i) | bo ~I Juncus, 404 alpinus insignis, 401, 410 articulatus, 400, 401, 410 balticus littoralis, 352-354, 400, 401, 410 brachycephalus, 410 canadensis, 355, 361, 386, 410 dudleyi, 410 nodosus, 401, 410 scirpoides, 410 tenuis, 355, 410 torreyi, 410 Juncus-Eleocharis formation, 352, 93530355 Juniperus virginiana, 319, 334, 336, 341, 406 nana, 334 Junonia cenia, 33 juvenalis, Thanaos, 36 Kellia mutica, 419 verticillata, 395, 418 Kahl, Hugo, 2 kali, Salsola, 312 kalmie, Sphinx, 38 kalmii, Lobelia, 355, 398, 420 Kane, J. J., 450 kearfottella, Acrobasis, 103 Kearfott, W. D., 28 Kearney, T. H., 312, 314, 334, 335; 338 Keller, Lieutenant Adam, 428 kellicotti, Pterophorus, 105 kempi, Plagodis, 88 kentaria, Eutrapela, 89 Kerner, A. von Marilaun, 403 keutzingi, Plagodis, 87 Killikelly, Miss S. H., 446 King, Dr. James, 439 “ King’s Arrow,” 431 King’s Library, British Museum, 440 Kinzer, George M., 433 kirtlandiana subrotunda, 179 kirtlandianus, Unio, 179 Klages, Henry G., 6, 27 Knapsack carried in War of 1812, 432 Knechtel, Frank, 27 Kneiffia linearis, 417 Knowlton, Professor Frank H., 11, 227 Koenig, Dr. Adolph, 432 Krautwurm, Bernard, 27 George, 27 Krehbiel, Henry E., 1 labecula, Balsa, 47 labeculana, Phalonia, 118 Labiate, 418 lachrymosa, Quadrula, 199 Quadrula, 528 INDEX. Lacosoma chiridota, 90 Lacosomide, 90 lacrymosa, Catocala, 67 Productella, 481, 484, 485 Lactarius piperatus, 326, 363 Lactuca canadensis, 361, 385, 420 lacustrata, Mesoleuca, 81 ladon, Cyaniris, 34 levigata, Arabis, 413 Zanclognatha, 72 levis, Loxopteria, 147 levissima, Proptera, 182 levissimus, Unio, 182 Lafayette, General, 436, 451 Lafayette’s coat, 428 visit to Pittsburgh, 434, 435 Lagoon-Marsh-Thicket-Forest Succes- sion, 348, 372 lakesi, Pinna, 274 Lakes of North America, 290 Lambing, Rev. A. A., 429 lamprosana, Pandemis, 117 Lampsilis cariosa, 183, 204, 209 (Carunculina) parva, ror fatua, 187, 101 iris, 179, 187, 191 ligamentina, 179, 181, 183, 187, TOOW luteola, 181, 183, 186, 190, 202 multiradiata, 180, 181, 186, 189 nasuta, 202, 205, 209 ochracea, 204, 209 orbiculata, 183, 190 parva, 180, 182, 186 radiata, 204, 2009 recta, 180, 181, 183, 187, 190, 202 ventricosa, 180, 181, 183, 186, 189, 202 ventricosa ovata, 181, 182, 186, 189 lanceolatus, Plantago, 385, 396, 419 lanuginosa, Carex, 381, 409 Lantern carried by Andrew Carnegie, 437 Laphygma frugiperda, 49 lappella, Metzneria, 121 laqueatellus, Crambus, 100 laracana Proteopteryx, 111 Laramie and Doubtful Laramie, 277 larentioides, Euherrichia, 66 laricis, Tolype, 78 lariferreanus, Melissopus, 114 larvaria, Cleora, 86 Lasiocampide, 78 lateriflora, Moehringia, 331, 332, 396, 412 Scutellaria, 375, 381, 418 Lathyrus maritimus, 317, 331, 332, 340, 343, 344, 400, 415 palustris, 415 laticapitella, Pigritia, 128 laticinerea, Xylina, 55 latifolia, Sagittaria, 374, 386, 301, 393, 407 Spirea, 369, 414_ Typha, 354, 360, 364, 381, 406 latipennis, Diacrisia, 43 Martyringa, 120 latirupta, Hydriomena, 82 latus, Cochliodus, 489 Laughlin, Irwin, 454 Lauracee, 413 laurina, Persicaria, 367, 384, 386, 393, 412 lautana, Enarmonia, 113 Lawrence, Rachel, 428 laxa, Myosotis, 418 laxiflora, Carex, 409 laxus, Euomphalus, 484 leander, Orthoceras, 485 Lea, Robert B., 447 Leather ammunition pouch carried in Revolutionary War, 432 Leather wallet carried by General John Forbes, 424 Lechea villosa, 416 lecontei, Haploa, 42 Leda pandoriformis, 485 LeFevre, Lieutenant George, 427 Lehman, G. H., 450 “Lehrbuch der (kologischen Pflan- zengeographie,” 317 Leiopteria chemungensis, 484 Leiorhynchus mesacostalis, 142, 481 Lemna, 242 minor, 373, 374, 410 Lemnacez, 410 lens, Obovaria, 192 lentago, Viburnum, 420 Lentibulariacez, 419 lenticularis, Dalmanella, 482 Lentinus lepidus, 326 Leonard; Dr. A:\G., 232) 235 2e0 Lepargyrea canadensis, 397, 416 Lepidechinus, 485 Lepidoptera, A List of the North American, 28 List of Western Pennsylvania, 6 lepidus, Lentinus, 326 Leptena rhomboidalis, 481 Leptilon canadense, 395, 421 leptinoides, Schizura, 77 Leptodesma liopteroide, 484 mortoni, 484 potens, 484 INDEX. Leptomeryx, 231, 282, 476 Leptorchis lceselii, 387, 411 liliifolia, 411 leptostachya, Phryma, 371, 378, 419 lepusculina, Apatela, 45 Lespedeza capitata, 326, 415 lespedezefoliella, Gracilaria, 132 leucillana, Stenoma, 126 Leucomele miriamella, 135 leucopheella, Myelois, 102 leucostigma, Hemerocampa, 78 levipedella, Anacampis, 124 libatrix, Scoliopteryx, 59 liberaria, Deilinea, 84 liburna, Scolecocampa, 64 Libytheide, 34 : Life Mask of Abraham Lincoln, 140 ligamentina, Lampsilis, 179, 181, 183, 187, 190 ligamentinus, Unio, 179, 181, 182 lignicolor, Hadena, 49 Ianassa, 76 lignosellus, Elasmopalpus, 104 ligulellus, Ypsolophus, 124 ligusticifolia, Clematis, 225 liliifolia, Leptorchis, 411 lima, Phurys, 70 limata, Pantographa, 95 limbata, Ania, 88 limbolaris, Melipotis, 67 limitaris, Favosites, 481 limitata, Nyctobia, 79 Pandemis, 117 Limochores manataaqua, 36 Linacee, 415 linneana, Striatopora, 482 Lincoln, Abraham, 139 Lincoln’s birthday, 139 lindana; Epinotia, 112 Lindgren, Waldemar, 264 Lindsay, Mrs. C. A. W., 427 Lindsay, Wm. T. 447 lineare, Melampyrum, 419 linearis, Kneiffia, 417 lineata, Deilephila, 37 lineatum, Platystoma, 482 Lineodes integra, 98 lineolata, Catabena, 46 lingualis, Glossites, 484 Lingula, 484, 485 meeki, 484 lingulacella, Chrysopora, 122 Lingule, 486 Lingulodiscine, 486 Lingulodiscina newberryi, 484, 485 Link, Gustav, 4 lintnerana, Nycteola, 74 Linum, 404 529 Linum medium, 355, 357, 387, 415 Linuparus canadensis, 274 liopteroide, Leptodesma, 484 Liparide, 78 Lipocosma fuliginosalis, 95 sicalis, 95 Lippold, F. H., 27 Liriodendron, 397 tulipifera, 377, 398, 413 Lithacodes fasciola, 92 Lithocolletes basistrigella, 131 blancardella, 131 cincinnatiella, 131 hamadryella, 131 lucidicostella, 131 rileyella, 131 robiniella, 131 tilieacella, 131 triteniella, 131 ulmella, 131 Lithospermum gmelini, 319, 333, 398, 418 lithospila, Apatela, 45 litophora, Hormisa, 72 Little Bad Lands, 235 Little Missouri Horse Ranch, 223 littoralis balticus, Juncus, 354 lituralis, Zanclognatha, 72 Livingston, B.-E., 306, 322, 328 Livingston, L. O., 438, 442 lixaria, Racheospila, 83 lobatum, Echinocystis, 225 lobeliz, Apatela, 45 Lobelia kalmii, 355, 398, 420 syphilitica, 382, 420 leeselii, Leptorchis, 387, 411 Logging Camp, The, 223 | logiana, Acleria, 115 | Lomanaltes eductalis, 73 lonchites, Potamogeton, 358, 373, 390, 391, 406 Lonicera glaucescens, 347, 420 Loomis, Miss Jennie, 440 Lophodonta angulosa, 75 Lophodus, 488 didymus, 489 lorata, Sabulodes, 89 Lord Bute, 423 Lower and Middle Cretaceous, 272 Lower Beach, Presque Isle, 310 Lower White River (Titanotherium) Beds, 236 Loxonema, 484 Loxopteria clarkei, 147 corrugata, 147 dispar, 146, 147 holzapfeli, 145 levis, 147 RO 530 INDEX. Loxopteria rugosa, 147 Loxostege helvialis, 96 maclure, 96 obliteralis, 96 lubricalis, Epizeuxis, 71 lubricans, Noctua, 52 lucata, Eucheca, 80 lucens, Potamogeton, 373, 390, 406 lucetta, Catocala, 67 lucida, Salix, 361, 367, 384, 393, 411 lucidicostella, Lithocolletes, 131 lucidulum, Lycopodium, 324, 406 luciferella, Mompha, 130 lucipara, Euplexia, 49 lugubris, Thyris, 92 lumenaria, Cosymbia, 82 lunata, Homoptera, 70 luna, Tropzxa, 39 lunifera, Pheocyma, 70 lunilinea, Strenoloma, 70 lunulalis, Oneida, 102 Lupinus, 321 perennis, 319, 333, 414 lupulina, Carex, 409 Medicago, 396, 414 lupulus, Humulus, 225 lutea, Betula, 397, 411 luteocostella, Coleophora, 128 luteola, Lampsilis, 180, 181, 183, 186, 190, 202 luteolellus, Crambus, 1or luteolus, Unio, 181, 183 lutosa, Orthosia, 59 Lutton, Benjamin, 437 Lycenide, 34 Lychnis alba, 412 Lycia cognataria, 86 ursaria, 86 lycidas, Achlarus, 36 Lycomorpha pholus, 4o Lycoperdon gemmatum, 326 Lycopodiacee, 405 Lycopodium alopecuroides, 398, 405 clavatum, 324, 406 complanatum, 324, 406 lucidulum, 324, 406 obscurum, 324, 406 Lycopus americanus, 382, 419 uniflorus, 418 Lymnadide, 33 lynx, Schinia, 61 Lyonetia speculella, 133 lyrata, Arabis, 331, 413 Lyriopecten solox, 484 Lysias hookeriana, 411 orbiculata, 410 Lysimachia terrestris, 418 Lytrosis unitaria, 85 | | Macaria glomeraria, 84 infimata, 84 simulata, 84 Machimia tentoriferella, 126 Mackenzie, William, 434 maclure, Loxostege, 96 maclurei, Schuchertella, 482 MacMillan, Conway, 310, 311, 314 MacMillan’s “ mid-strand,” 311 macmurtrei, Prionoxystus, 93 macounii, Xanthium, 420 macrocarpus, Oxycoccus, 3609, 397, 418 macrotis, Cariacus, 460 mactata, Hadena, 48 macularia, Sicya, 87 maculata, Chimaphila, 324, 326, 417 Corallorhiza, 326, 411 Halisidota, 44 Thyris, 92 maculatella, Depressaria, 127 maculidorsana, 114 maculimarginella, Gelechia, 125 maculipennis, Plutella, 120 madefactalis, Bomolocha, 73 madisonius, Dromomeryx, 473, 478 Procamelus, 164, 165 Magee, Hon. Christopher Lyman, 140 magnarius, Ennomos, 87 magnella, Bucculatrix, 131 Magnolia acuminata, 397, 398, 413 Magnoliacee, 413 Magnosellaride, 153 magnus, Cochliodus, 489 Psephodus, 489 Magusa dissidens, 50 Main, W. R., 480 majoraria, Caberodes, 89 major, Datana, 75 Plantago, 396, 419 majus, Hypericum, 416 malaca, Eustrotia, 64 Malacosoma americana, 78 malana, Balsa, 47 — malanum, Exartema, 106 m-album, Eupsyche, 34 Malone, P. B., 438 Malus malus, 414 malus, Malus, 414 Malvacee, 416 Mamestra adjuncta, 53 anguina, 54 congermana, 53 detracta, 53 distincta, 53 ectypa, 54 5 r) ‘a 4 # . | ) : INDEX. 531 Mamestra goodelli, 54 grandis, 53 latex, 53 laudabilis, 54 legitima, 53 lorea, 54 meditata, 53 picta, 53 renigera, 54 rosea, 53 subjuncta, 53 trifolii, 53 vicina, 54 Mammalia of the Deep River Beds, 457, 461 Mammals, Gallery of, 3 manalis, Bomolocha, 73 manataaqua, Limochores, 36 Manhatta ostrinella, 104 manteo, Heterocampa, 7 Manticoceras intumescens, 141 Marasmalus inficita, 63 ventilator, 64 Marasmius, 333 marcidiiinea, Zanclognatha, 72 margaritacea, Anaphalis, 421 Margaritana complanata, 181 margaritifera, 208, 210 marginata, 180 rugosa, 180, 182, 184, 196 undulata, 180 margaritifera, Margaritana, 208, 210 marginata, 34 Alasmidonta, 180, 184, 1096 Bembecia, 93 Euchlena, 88 _Schinia, 62 marginidactyla, Platyptilia, 105 marginidens, Papaipema, 58 Marginifera wabashensis, 169 marginistrigella, Monopis, 134 mariana, Eulia, 118 mariscoides, Cladium, 358, 361, 365, 387, 409 maritima, Lathyrus, 343, 344 Mertensia, 312 virginiana, Quercus, 335 maritimus, Lathyrus, 317, 331, 340, 400, 415 ae it x Marloff, F., 27 marlofiiana, Phalonia, 119 Marl, Contribution to Natural His- tory of, 373 Second Contribution to Natural History of, 373 marmorata, Catocala, 68 Marshall, W. B., 181 Marsupialia, 15 marthesia, Fentonia, 77 Martyringa latipennis, 120 Marumba modesta, 39 Massala obvertens, 70 Mastodon, 265 Matthew, Dr. W. D., 459, 477 “mauvaises terres,” 221 May, Calvin L., 431 Mayer, Mrs. L. R., 430 Mazama, 476 McCully, Eliza, 430 McCully, Major George, 430 McEldowney, Mrs. H. C., 434 McGonnigle, M., 139 McGunnegle, George W., 435 McLain, Mrs. T. R., 432, 437 Meadville group, 487 Means, Miss Mary, 435 Medicago lupulina, 396, 414 mediofuscella, Gelechia, 125 mediostriatella, Isocorypha, 133 medioviridana, Eucosma, 109 medium, Linum, 355, 357, 387, 415 meeki, Lingula, 484 megamicrella, Semioscopsis, 127 Megopterna minuta, 18, 2 Meibomia canadensis, 415 dillenii, 326, 388, 395, 415 melaleucana, Archips, 116 Melalopha albosigma, 75 inclusa, 74 Melampyrum lineare, 419 melanocarpa, Aronia, 370, 414 Melanolophia canadaria, 86 Melanomma auricinctaria, 66 Melilotus officinalis, 384, 385, 414 melinellus, Schcenobius, 100 melinus, Uranotes, 34 Melipotis limbolaris, 67 nigrescens, 67 Melissopus latiferreanus, 114 Melittia satyriniformis, 93 mellea, Armillaria, 326 Mellilla xanthometata, 84 mellonella, Galleria, ror Mellor, Charles Chauncey—In Me- moriam. By. Dr. W. J. Hol- land, 490-503 melsheimeri, Cicinnus, 90 Memoirs of the Museum, 5, 456 Memythrus asilipennis, 93 tricinctus, 93 mendica, Eudule, 80 Menesta tortriciformella, 123 Mentha canadensis, 382, 419 cardiaca, 385, 419 piperita, 385, 419 spicata, 419 532 Mentzelia, 220 Menyanthacee, 418 Menyanthes trifoliata, 397, 418 Meredith, Eliza, 428 Meroptera pravella, 103 unicolorella, 103 Merriam, C. H., 397 merriccata, Papaipema, 57, 80 merriccella, Semioscopsis, 127 merrickanum, Exartema, 106 Merrick, Frank A., 27 Henry D., 27 merricki, Epizeuxis, 72 Palindia, 70 Merrick Museum, 27 Merriman, De Foe, 263 Mertensia maritima, 312 Merychippus, 477 Merycodontide, 475 Merycodus, 473, 477 Merycoidodon, 231 culbertsoni, 251 Merycoidodonts, 285 mesacostalis, Leiorhynchus, 142, 481 Mesohippus, 231 Mesoleuca intermediata, 81 lacustrata, 81 hersiliata, 81 ruficillata, 81 vasiliata, 82 messoria, Paragrotis, 52 Metanema determinata, 89 inatomaria, 89 quercivoraria, 89 textrinaria, 89 metanerva, Quadrula, 186, 198 Metathorasa monetifera, 65 Methods used for Controlling and Reclaiming Sand Dunes, 344 metonalis, Philometra, 72 Metoponia obtusa, 65 Metrea ostreonalis, 95 Metrocampa pregrandaria, 87 Metzneria lappella, 121 mexicana, Muhlenbergia, 407 Mexican War, 431 Meyer, Christian, 27 Meyer, Hermann von, 459 michabo, Apantesis, 43 Michelinia convexa, 482 Michigan, Genetic Development of Forests of Northern, 378 micratha, Hemicarpha, 398, 408 Microcampyli, 152 Microceelia obliterata, 46 Micromya fabalis, 179, 181, 186, 188 “middle dunes,’ Kearney, 314 milberti, Aglais, 32 INDEX. militella, Tetralopha, 102 millefolium, Achillea, 396, Mills, L. Clarke, 139 Mills, L. Clarke and Theodore, 140 Mills, Theodore A., 139, 440 Millward, William, Fossils from the 421 Glacial Drift and from the Devonian and Mississippian near Meadville, Pennsylvania, 480-487 mimosaria, Aplodes, 83 Mimulus alatus, 419 ringens, 419 Mineola indigenella, 103 minians, Nephelodes, 54 miniata, Hypoprepia, 41 minimella, Aristotelia, 122 minimum, Sparganium, 406 ministra, Datana, 75 Ministry of Public Instruction, Ber- lin, 2 Minnesota Botanical Studies, 310 minor, Lemna, 373, 374, 410 Utricularia, 419 minuatana, Eucosma, 109 minuta, Megopterna, 18, 25 Miocene Lake Beds of Western Mon- tana, 458, 472, 474 Mioclenide, 23 Miocleenus, 13, 23 miranda, Caradrina, 47 miriamella, Leucomele, 135 miscecristatella, Homosetia, 135 Miscellaneous specimens (Pittsburgh Sesqui-Centennial Relics), 450- 451 Miscou Beach Plain, Forest of, 311 miselioides, Hadena, 48 misera, Hadena, 48 Misogada unicolor, 76 mistrella, Stenoma, 125 Mitchella repens, 420 Mitoura damon, 34 Mixed Prunus-Smilax Dune-forma- tion, 347 Mixodectes, 26 Mixodectide, 19 The Nascent Models, Collection showing early methods of transportation, 439- 440 modestalis, 72 modesta, Marumba, 39 modestana, Hysterosia, 120 modestella, Holcocera, 128 modica, Hadena, 47 Modiolopside, 148 Modiomorpha tioga, 484, 485 INDEX. Moehringia lateriflora, 331, 332, 396, | 412 moffatiana, Proteoteras, 111 Scopelosoma, 59 Mohr, Charles, 321 mollissima, Euherrichia, 66 Mollusea, 145 molossus, Portheus, Mompha brevivittella, 130 eloisella, 130 engelella, 130 | luciferella, 130 stellella, 130 Monarda didyma, 222 monetifera, Metathorasa, 65 monetiferanum, Exartema, 106 monilis, Hypsoropha, 66 Monmouth, Battle of, 430 Monocteniine, 82 | monodactylus, Pterophorus, 105 Monopis biflavimaculella, 134 crocicapitella, 134 dorsistrigella, 134 marginistrigella, 134 Monotropacez, 417 Monotropa uniflora, 417 monspeliensis, Potentilla, 414 montana€énsis, Viviparus, 273 montanense, Orthoceras, 148 montanus, Astropecten, 274 Coriphagus, 17, 25 montfortianum, Patellostium, 169 Monument erected to Chief Corn- planter, Photograph of, 450 Moor, Elizabeth, 436 mopsa, Catocala, 68 mora, Pseudanaphora, 135 morbidalis, Chytolita, 72 Morchella esculenta, 324, 348 Mores, Marquis de, 220 morpheus, Phyciodes, 32 Morris, Mrs. James, 426, 441, 442 Morris, Mrs. William, 447 Morrisonia confusa, 54 sectilis, 54 morrisonia, Scopelosoma, 60 Morrow, E. S., 442, 447, 448 mortipennellus, Hypocolpus, 135 mortoni, Leptodesma, 484—— ~ mortuana, Archips, 116 morula, Apatela, 45 moscheutos, Hibiscus, 384, 416 Moseley, E. L., 294, 207 Mould, W. L., 480 Mowry, Addison, Indian wife of, 435 mucidellum, Homzosoma, 104 Muhlenbergia mexicana, 407 muhlenbergii, Carex, 381, 409 533 multiferata, Hydriomena, 82 multilinea, Heliophila, 54 multipunctella, Yponomeuta, 120 multiradiata, Lampsilis, 180, 181, 186, 189 multiradiatus, Unio, 180, 181 multistriatella, Tinea, 134 muricana, Ancylis, 113 Murrysville Anticline, Section at the, 171 murtfeldtiana, Ancylis, 112 muscosula, Eustrotia, 64 musta, Eustrotia, 64 mutabilis, Crambus, 1o1 mutica, Kellia, 419 Mycena acicula, 327 Myelois bistriatella, 1o2 lucopheella, 102 obnuspella, 102 Mylagaulus, 477 myops, Paonias, 39 Myosotis arvenis, 418 laxa, 418 Myrica, 404 carolinensis, 333-337, 388, 394, 395, 411 Myricacex, 411 Myrica-Salix formation, 359, 4o1 Myrica-Salix Thicket-formation, 356 Myrica thicket, 4o1 myrina, Brenthis, 31 Myriophyllum spicatum, 364, 367, 374, 380, 391, 417 Myrmeciza immaculata occidentalis, 10 intermedia, 10 Myrmelastes exsul occidentalis, ro intermedia, 10 occidentalis intermedia, 10 Myrmotherula axillaris, 8 melena, 8 myron, Amphelophaga, 38 myrtaria, Cosymbia, 82 mystic, Thymelicus, 35 Mytilarca chemungensis, 484 mytiloides, Unio, 180 Nabalus albus, 420 Nacophora quernaria, 86 nactus, Bellerophon, 485 Nadata gibbosa, 75 Naiadacex, 406 Naias, 366, 373 flexilis, 358, 364, 373, 374, 380, 390, 391, 407 nana, Juniperus, 334 Nannia rufaria, 80 napi, Pontia, 30 Naples Fauna in Western New York, 146 356, 363, $n INDEX. naracana, Proteoteras, 112 Nascent Forest of the Miscou Beach Plain, 311 nasuta, Lampsilis, 202, 205, 209 natans, Potamogeton, 358, 367, 374, 380, 390, 406 natatrix, Isogona, 66 Natural Replacement of White Pine on the Old Fields of New England, 322 Nautilinide, 152 Nautiloidea, 148 Nautilus, 177 National Museum, Jardin des Plantes, Paris, 2 Naumbergia thyrsiflora, 368, 375, 381, 393, 418 nebulella, Acrobasis, 103 nebulosa, Catocala, 69 necopina, Papaipema, 58 neglecta, Cyairis, 35 Pararca, 484 negundella, Gracilaria, 132 nelita, Papaipema, 58 Nelson, S. B., 293, 398, 303, 304 nemoralis, Solidago, 317, 318, 331—- 334, 361, 421 Nemoria subcroceata, 83 neogama, Catocala, 609 Nephelodes minians, 54 nephelotella, Tetralopha, 102 Nephopteryx crassifasciella, 103 nepiasaria, Hyperetus, 88 Nepticula obrutella, 130 platanella, 130 Nepytia semiclusaria, 85 Nerice bidentata, 76 nervata, Panicularia, 381, 382, 408 nessus, Amphion, 37 newberryi, Lingulodiscina, 484, 485 Pholadella, 484, 485 Newberry, J. S., 292 newmanella, Gécophora, 128 New Orleans, Battle of, 431 New Star Fish from the Fort Benton, 274 New Vertebrates from the Montana Tertiary, 281 nicippe, Eurema, 30 nictitans, Gortyna, 57 Nigetia formosalis, 90 nigra, 35 Aronia, 370 Fraxinus, 377, 418 Salix, 362, 363, 367, 396, 411 nigratomella, Aprowerema, 124 nigrescens, Melipotis, 67 373; 377, 384, nigrescens, Xylina, 56 nigricana, Enarmonia, 113 nigricans, Eubaphe, 41 Homoptera, 71 nigridorsanum, Exartema, 107 nigrilineanum, Exartema, 106 nigrimaculella, Gelechia, 125 nigrior, Hadena, 49 —- nigrolinea, Acleris, 114 nigrosignella, Acrobasis, 102 nigrovittella, Immyrla, 103 nimbatana, Olethreutes, 107 Nipa-Acanthus formations, 339 nisella, Eucosma, 109 nitellus, Favosites, 481 nitidalis, Diaphania, 95 nitidanum, Exartema, 106 nitidula, Bulimorpha, 169 nitidus, Bactrites, 152 nivisellana, Acleris, 115 nivalis, Argyria, 1o1 nivosaria, Eugonobapta, 87 Noctua bicarnea, 51 c-nigrum, 51 fennica, 51 lubricans, 52 : normaniana, 51 plecta, 51 smithi, 51 unicolor, 52 noctuella, Nomophila, 96 Noctuide, 44 Noctuine, 44 nodosella, Wekiva, 104 nodosus, Juncus, 401, 410 Nola ovilla, 90 Nolidz, 90 Nomophila noctuella, 96 Nonagria oblonga, 57 nonlavana, Phalonia, 119 nonstrigella, Anacampis, 124 Trichotaphe, 123 normale, Geisonoceras, 149 normaniana, Noctua, 51 Northern Pacific Railroad, Country along, 214 Nostoc, 354, 355, 357; 361 notataria, Eufidonia, 83 Notes on Costa Rican Formicariide. By M. A. Carriker, Jr., 8-10. Notes on the Mesozoic and Cenozoic Geology of North Dakota and Montana, 266-268 Notes on the Red Cedar, 321 Notodonta basitriens, 75 Notodontide, 74 nove-angliz, Aster, 381 novi-eboraci, Unio, 182 INDEX. nubeculana, Ancylis, 112 nubiferella, Salebria, 103 nubilana, Olethreutes, 107 nubilis, Euparthenos, 69 nudicaulis, Aralia, 326, 417 numitor Ancyloxypha, 35 nundina, Schinia, 61 nutans, Sorghastrum, 331, 333, 394 nycteis, Charidryas, 31 Nycteola lintnerana, 74 proteella, 74 Nycteolide, 74 Nyctobia limitata, 79 viridata, 79 Nympheza advena, 358, 364, 367, 374, 376, 380, 391, 413 Nympheacee, 413 Nymphza formation, 358, 364 Nymphalide, 31 Nymphuline, 98 Nymphula allionealis, 98 icciusalis, 98 nyssecolella, Tacoma, 103 nysszxfoliella, Antispila, 129 Nyssa sylvatica, 377, 398, 417 oakesiana, Onagra, 317, 417, 332 obfirmaria, Gonodontis, 88 obfuscana, Eucosma, 109 oblinita, Apatela, 46 obliqua, Cornus, 417 Heterocampa, 76 Quadrula, 183, 186, Sphida, 57 Obliquaria reflexa, 184, 193 obliquestrigella, Recurvaria, 122 obliquum, Botrychium, 405 obliquus, Unio, 180, 184 obliteralis, Loxostege, 96 obliterata, Microccelia, 46 oblonga, Nonagria, 57 oblongifolia, Amelanchier, 336, 414 obnuspella, Myelois, 102 Obovaria circulus, 179, 185, 192 ellipsis, 183 lens, 192 (Pseudoon) ellipsis, 192 retusa, 192 = obrutella, Nepticula, 130 obscura, Catocala, 67 obscurum, Lycopodium, 324, 406 obtusa, Eleocharis, 352-355, 368, 408 Metoponia, 65 Woodsia, 405 obtusaria, Euchlena, 88 obvertens, Massala, 70 occidens, Unio, 180, 181 361, 199, 200 Ror Ooo occidentalis, Cephalanthus, 367, 375, 377, 420 Cerura, 77 Procamelus, 165 Rubus, 319, 334-336, 347, 414 Symphoricarpos, 227 occiduaria, Anagoga, 86 ocellana, Tmetocera, 112 ochracea, Lampsilis, 204, 209 ochreipennis, Zanclognatha, 72 ochrifrontella, Euzophera, 104 ochrixigranum, Exartema, 107 ochrocomella, Dryope, 128 ochroterminana, Thiodia, 110 Ocracoke Island, The Plant Covering of, 312 octo, Amyna, 64 octoflora, Festuca, 408 octomaculata, Alypia, 44 oculatana, Dysodia, 93 oculatrix, Pectes, 63 Odocoileus, 463, 476 americana, 462 Odonata of the South continent, 456 odora, Erebus, 71 odoratus, Rubus, 397, 414 CEcophora newmanella, 128 (Ecophoride, 126 cederi pumila, Carex, 409 (Enoe hybromella, 135 cenotherana, Phalonia, 119 Official Seal of City of Pittsburgh, 435 Officier de l’Instruction Publique, 2 officinalis, Melilotus, 384, 385, 414 Ogden, Elizabeth, 435 George, 435 Ogdoconta cinereola, 63 Ohio River Flat-boat, 440 Ohio River Keel-boat, 440 Ohio River steamboat, 440 Ohio water-shed, 4 Oil Lake group, 487 Oil painting of original Courthouse and market, Pittsburgh, 440 Oleacee, 418 Olene achatina, 78 plagiata, 78 Olethreutes albiciliana, 107 bipartitana, 107 chionosema, 107 constellatana, 107 coruscana, 107 hebesana, 107 hemidesma, 107 impudens, 108 instrutana, 107 nimbatana, 107 American 536 Olethreutes nubilana, 107 removana, 107 separatana, 107 Oligia festivoides, 47 grata, 47 versicolor, 47 Oligocene Deposits, 281 oligostachya, Bouteloua, 221 olinalis, Herculia, 99 olivacea, Eleocharis, 354, 408 olivaceana, Thiodia, 110 olivacearia, Phigalia, 86 olivata, Glea, 60 Omphalocera cariosa, 99 On a Collection of Birds from West- ern Costa Rica, 10 Onagra biennis, 317, 332, 351, 396, 417 oakesiana, 317, 332, 417 onagrus, Spragueia, 65 One Horse Shay, 439 oneidaénse, Acophyllum, 842 Oneida lunulalis, 102 Onoclea sensibilis, 361, 378, 405 Ophioglossacee, 405 ophthalmica, Baileya, 46 Opostega albogallierella, 131 opulus, Viburnum, 378 orbicularis, Camaroteechia, 482 orbiculata, Lampsilis, 183, 190 Lysias, 410 orbiculatus, Unio, 183 Orbiculoidea, 485 Orchidacee, 410 ordinatus, Chonostegites, 482 oreasella, Argyresthia, 133 oregonensis, Euchetias, 43 Oreodon, 282 orestella, Elachista, 129 Oreta irrorata, 79 rosea, 79 ‘orina, Calymnia, 61 oriunda, Xylina, 56 ornithogalli, Prodenia, 49 Ornyx crategifoliella, 132 Orodus, 4890 Orthoceras, 485 angustiseptatum, 150 gregarium, 150 leander, 485 montanense, 148 pertextum, 484 Orthoceratide, 148 Orthoceratites, 486 Orthodes crenulata, 55 cynica, 55 vecora, 55 Orthofidonia semiclarata, 83 North Dakota, INDEX. Orthofidonia vestaliata, 83 Orthosia bicolorago, 59 helva, 59 lutosa, 59 ralla, 59 Ortmann, Dr. A. E., 5, 454, 455 A Preliminary List of the Unio- nide of Western Pennsylvania, With New Localities for Species from Eastern Penn- sylvania, 178-219 ortmanni, Goniobasis, 273 Oryzopsis asperifolia, 407 Osmorhiza claytoni, 326, 371, 378, 417 Osmundacez, 405 Osmunda claytoniana, 378, 405 spectabilis, 378, 405 osseella, Brachiloma, 126 ossularia, Eois, 83 Osteology of Blastomeryx and Phy- logeny of the American Cer- vide, 475 Ostrea, 274 ostreonalis, Metrea, 95 ostrinella, Manhatta, 104 Ostrya, 397 virginiana, 411 otho, Thymelicus, 35 otiosana, Eucosma, 109 Outram Bangs, 138 ovata, Apatela, 45 Eleocharis, 409 ventricosa, Lampsilis, 181, 182, ' 186, 189 ovatus, Unio, 181, 183 Overbeck, F. C., 27 oviduca, Graphiphora, 55 ovilla, Nola, 90 oviplagalis, Tosale, 99 Oxyclenide, 20 Oxycoccus macrocarpus, 369, 397, 418 Oxydactylus, 161 oxygramma, Autographa, 63 Oxyptilus periscelidactylus, 105 tenuidactylus, 105 packardata, Eupithecia, 80 packardella, Gracilaria, 132 Semioscopsis, 127 Packardia albipunctata, 92 elegans, 92 geminata, 92 Pectes abrostoloides, 63 oculatrix, 63 Page, ©. OF 436 Paisley, Samuel, 432 paleogama, Catocala, 69 Paleolagus, 231 INDEX. 537 Paleomeryx americanus, 458-461, 464, 465, 472, 477 bojani, 463, 464, 478, 479 “ Paleomeryx fold,” 458, 463, 468, 473 paleaceus, Pterophorus, 105 Paleacrita merriccata, 80 Paleoneilo sulcatina, 485 truncata, 485 Palindia merricki, 70 palliatricula, Chytonix, 46 palliderosacella, Telphusa, 121 pallorana, Tortrix, 117 palpata, Eupithecia, 80 palpilineella, Aprozrema, 124 Palthis angulalis, 73 asopialis, 73 Paltodora anteliella, 121 striatella, 121 palustris, Eleocharis, 408 glaucescens, Eleocharis, 409 Isnarda, 393, 416 Lathyrus, 415 Proserpinaca, 368, 376, 417 Quercus, 325, 371, 378, 412 hispida, Radicula, 413 Stachys, 393, 418 Triglochin, 352, 400, 401, 404, 407 pampina, Eucirreedia, 59 pampinaria, Cleora, 85 Panapoda rufimargo, 70 Panchrysia purpurigera, 62 Pandemis lamprosana, 117 limitata, 117 pandoriformis, Leda, 485 Pangrapta decoralis, 66 Panicularia nervata, 381, 382, 408 paniculata, Cornus, 417 paniculatum, Hieracium, 420 Panicum-Artemisia Formation, 330 Panicum scribnerianum, 333, 346, 407, virgatum, 316, 343, 346, 351, 361, 407 Pantographa limata, 95 Pantolambda, 13 bathmodon, 24 cavarictis, 24 Pantolambide, 24 Paonias excecata, 39 myops, 39 Papaipema cataphracta, 58 cerrusata, 58 circumlucens, 58 eupatorii, 57 frigida, 58 impecuniosa, 58 imperturbata, 58 inquesita, 57 ——— Papaipema marginidens, 58 merriccata, 57 necopina, 58, nelita, 58 nitela, 57 purpurifascia, 57 rigida, 57 Papilio cresphontes, 2 glaucus, 29 philenor, 29 polyxenes, 29 troilus, 29 Papilionide, 29 papilonacea, Viola, 416 papyracea, Pholadomya, 274 Paraclemensia acerifoliella, 133 Paracyclas ignota, 484 rotunda, 484 Paradise, Birds of, 139 paradoxa, Potentilla, 414 paradoxum, Coriscium, 132 Paragrotis bostoniensis, 52 fumalis, 52 messoria, 52 tessellata, 53 velleripennis, 52 Paralechia cristifasciella, 122 Paralipsa fulminalis, ror furellus, 102 Parallellia bistriaris, 70 Paraphia subatomaria, 85 Pararca neglecta, 484 sao, 484 Parnassia caroliniana, 387 Parnassiacez, 413 Parnassia-Gentiana, 388 parta, Catocala, 68 participialis, Condylolomia, 99 parva (Carunculina), Lampsilis, 191 Lampsilis, 180, 182, 186 parvimaculana, Phalonia, 119 parvus, Unio, 180, 182 Passenger car, 440 passer, Hadena, 48 Pasture Succession, 396 Patellostium montfortianum, 169 patula, Elymella, 485 patulus, Aviculopecten, 484 Unio, 182 pauciflorus, Scirpus, 408 Paul Revere, Portrait of, 441 paupercula, Gerardia, 355, 397, 419 pavonacella, Brenthia, 121 Peale’s Museum, 429 Peat Bog and Morainal Lake, 373 peckius, Polytes, 35 Pecora, 474 pectinaria, Euchlena, 88 Ko 58 INDEX. pectinatus, Potamogeton, 350, 358, | persicana, Archips, 116 364, 373, 390, 407 Persicaria fluitans, 375, 412 pectinifera, Athyris, 144 hydropiperoides, 412 peculiana, Acleris, 114 | incarnata, 367, 393, 412 pedatum, Adiantum, 397 laurina, 367, 384, 386, 393, 412 pedipilalis, Zanclognatha, 72 punctata, 412 Pelecypoda, 145 perspicua, Datana, 75 pellionella, Tinea, 134 pertextum, Orthoceras, 484 pellucidaria, Therina, 87 Perularia flava, 410 Pennsylvania, Building of the West- | Peterson, O. A., 4, 138, 287 ern University of, 441 petiolaris, Helianthus, 421 Colony of, 7 Petrophora ferrugata, 82 Flora of, 421 fluctuata, 82 Railroad from Ardara to Traf- | pettitana, Cenopis, 115 ford, Pennsylvania, 171 pettiti, Scopelosoma, 60 pennsylvanica, Cardamine, 382, 384, | pexata, Xylina, 56 393, 413 | Phacops cristata, 482 Prunus, 323, 333, 335, 336, 341, | var. pipa, 482 3908, 414 Phecasiophora confixana, 108 pennsylvanicus, Ranunculus, 413 Pheocyma lunifera, 70 pennsylvaniella, Gracilaria, 132 | pheton, Euphydryas, 31 Penn, William, 451 | Phalenostola larentioides, 66 penumbralis, Scoparia, 99 phalanga, Catocala, 69 Peoria approximella, 104 phalerata, Apantesis, 43 pepita, Basilodes, 62 } Phalonia angulatana, 118 peracutum, Tornoceras, 153 argentilimitana, 118 peramcena, Blephariglottis, 387, 308, atomosana, 118 41I biscana, 118 Peratherium, 16 discana, 119 alternans, 16 dorsimaculana, 118 percarinatus, Bellerophon, 169 ednana, 118 Percnoptilota fluviata, 81 floccosana, 118 perditalis, Hyamia, 66 hollandana, 119 perelegans, Schuchertella, 482 | hospes, 119 peremptalis, Glaphria, 94 interruptofasciata, 118 perennis, Lupinus, 319, 333, 414 labeculana, 118 perfoliata, Uvularia, 410 marloffiana, 119 perfoliatum, Eupatorium, 361, 363, nonlavana, 119 420 cenotherana, 119 perfoliatus richardsonii, Potamogeton, parvimaculana, 119 406 punctadiscana, 119 perforatum, Hypericum, 416 rana, 119 pergandeana, Eucosma, 108 schwarziana, 119 periculosa, Trigonophora, 59 temerana, I19 Peridroma incivis, 51 winniana, 119 margaritosa, 51 zaracana, I19 Perigea sutor, 47 Phaloniine, 118 vecors, 47 Phaseolus polystachyus, 415 xanthoides, 47 phaseolus, Ptychobranchus, 180, 181, Perimede (Mompha) erransella, 130 186, 194, 202 periscelidactylus, Oxyptilus, 105 Unio, 180, 181 Perispasta ceculalis, 96 Phenacodontide, 22 peritana, Tortrix, 117 Pheosia dimidiata, 75 perlineata, Venusia, 80 Phigalia olivacearia, 86 permundanum, Exartema, 106 titea, 86 perplana, Stropheodonta, 481 Philadelphia Code of Botanical perplexana, Eucosma, 109 Nomenclature, 290 perplexus, Unio, 181 philadelphicus, Erigeron, 396, 421 : , ar INDEX. philenor, Papilio, 29 Philips, Rev. David, 426, 432 Philipsastrea verneuili, 482 Philobia enotata, 84 philodice, Eurymus, 30 Philometra eumelusalis, 72 metonalis, 72 Philonome clemensella, 132 Philotria canadensis, 358, 380, 390, 391, 407 Phlegethontius cingulata, 38 quinguemaculata, 38 sexta, 38 phlogosaria, Plagodis, 88 Phlyctenia ferrugalis, 96 terrealis, 96 tertialis, 96 Phoberia atomaria, 69 Phobetron pithecium, 91 Pholadella newberryi, 484, 485 Pholadomya papyracea, 274 Pholisora catullus, 36 pholus, Lycomorpha, 40 Pholus achemon, 37 pandorus, 37 Phragmatobia fuliginosa, 42 Phragmites phragmites, 381, 408 phragmites, Phragmites, 381, 408 Phragmites-Typha Formation, 391 Phragmites-Typha Marsh Formation, 386 phragmitidicola, Heliophila, 54 Phrymacez, 419 Phryma leptostachya, 371, 378, 419 Phthorimeza glochinella, 122 Phurys lima, 70 Phyciodes tharos, 32 Phycitine, 102 phyleus, Hylephila, 35 Phyllocnistis vitifoliella, 133 Physiographic Ecology of Chicago and Vicinity, 308, 338, 368 Physiographic Origin of Presque Isle, 290 Physostegania pustularia, 84 Physostegia virginiana, 418 Phytogeographic Relationships of the Flora of Presque Isle; 396 Phytolaccacee, 412 Phytolacca decandra, 412 Piano once owned by Foster, 438 piatrix, Catocala, 69 Picrodus silberlingi, 17, 18, 25 Pictures, Maps, Manuscripts, Notes, Coins, etc., 440-450 Pieridz, 30 373; 374; Stephen C. 539 Pierre Formation: Bearpaw Shales, 27 Pieters, A. J., 367 Pigritia laticapitella, 128 pilaris, Unio, 183 Pilea, 188 Pilocrocis ramentalis, 95 pilosum, Galium, 398, 420 Pinacez, 406 Pinchot, Gifford, 362 Pine, The White, 302 Pinna lakesi, 274 pinonensis, Spirifer, 143 Pinus virginiana, 406 strobus, 319, 321, 322-325, 337, 369, 370, 395, 398, 406 Pinus strobus and Quercus velutina Forest-formation, 342 Pinus strobus Forest, 401, 402 pionensis (Trigonotreta), Spirifer, 143 piperatus, Lactarius, 363 piperita, Mentha, 385, 419 Pistols, Collection of one hundred and twenty-three, 431 pithecium, Phobetron, 91 Pittsburgh and _ vicinity, Objects particularly associated with the history of 434-439 Pittsburgh, Cancelled notes, 448-450 Pittsburgh, City of, 437 Pittsburgh Fire, 436 Pittsburgh, Official Seal of City of, 435 Pittsburgh, old print of the ruins after fire of 1845, 443 Pittsburgh, Print of the City of, 441 Pittsburgh, third Mayor of the City of, 436 Pittsburgh Sesqui-Centennial, 439 Pittsburgh, University of, 139, 289 Pittsburgh, Vigilant Steam Fire En- gine and Hose Company of, 437 Pitt-Taylor, Miss, 137, 422, 423 Pitt, William, 422-424 Autograph letter from, 443 pityochromus, Plagiomimicus, 62 placendiella, Batrachetra, 129 placentus, Favosites, 481 plagiata, Olene, 78 Plagiaulacide, 14 Plagiola (Amygdalonajas) formis, 193 elegans, 192 donaciformis, 185 elegans, 185 securis, 180, 183, 192 Plagiomimicus pityochromus, 62 bonds and donaci- ‘ 540 Plagodis alcodlaria, 87 altruaria, 87 emargataria, 88 fervidaria, 87 keutzingi, 87 phlogosaria, 88 serinaria, 87 plana, Anodonta, 182 Plantaginacee, 419 plantaginifolia, Antennaria, 421 Plantago lanceolata, 385, 396, 419 major, 396, 419 plantago, Alisma, 364 plantago-aquatica, Alisma, 393, 407 Plant Covering of Ocracoke Island, 312, 335, 339 Plants, Natural History of, 403 Plants of Lake St. Clair, 367 planus, Helodus, 489 platanana, Ancylis, 113 platanella, Nepticula, 130 Plates, Explanation of, 25, 156-158, 177, 478-479 Plathypena scabra, 74 Platter decorated with picture of Western Penitentiary, 435 Platyceras dumosum, 482 Platyclymenia americana, annulata, 151 annulata densicosta, 151 polypleura, 151 Platynota flavedana, 117 sentana, 117 Platypterygide, 79 Platyptilia carduidactyla, cosmodactyla, 105 marginidactyla, 105 platys, Calymmene, 482 Platysenta videns, 47 Platystoma lineatum, 482 Plectambonites sericeus, plecta, Noctua, 51 pleonectusa, Ipimorpha, 61 Pleurobema, zsopus, 178, 179, 184, 198 cicatricosum, 186 Clava, 176; 1et, 207 Pleurodictyum styloporum, 482 Pleurotomaria carbonaria, 177 plexippus, Anosia, 33 plicata, Quadrula, 186 Plodia interpunctella, 104 plumifrontellus, Acrolophus, 135 Plusia erea, 62 balluca, 62 Plusiodonta compressipalpis, Plutella maculipennis, 120 plutonia, Hadena, 48 150 105 482 62 INDEX. | Poa compressa, 334, 336, 341, 385, 395, 396, 408 pratensis, 396, 319, 408 triflora, 395, 396, 408 pocahontas, Atrytone, 35 Podosesia syringe, 93 Polanisia graveolens, 312 polycephalum, Gnaplalium, 317, 332, 395, 421 Polychrosis slingerlandana, 106 viteana, 105 yaracana, 105 Polygalacee, 415 Polygala verticillata, 332, 415 polygama, Catocala, 69 Polygonacez, 412 Polygonatum sagittatum, 412 Polygonia comma, 32 faunus, 32 interrogationis, 32 progne, 32 polygonifolia, Euphorbia, 312, 313, 317, 332, 340, 343, 346, 415 Polygonum dumetorum? var. scan- dens, 225 hydropiperoides, incarnatum, 412 punctatum, 412 , scandens, 412 ; Polygrammate hebraicum, 46 x polyphemus, Telea, 39 polyphyllus, Aster, 398, 421 polypleura, Platyclymenia, 151 Polypodiacez, 405 polystachyus, Phaseolus, 415 Polystichum acrostichoides, 405 j Polytes peckius, 35 % Polytrichum, 331, 365, 387 r polyxenes, Papilio, 29 Pomacez, 414 pometaria, Alsophile, 80 pomifoliella, Bucculatrix, 131 pomonella, Carpocapsa, 114 Pontederiacex, 410 Pontederia cordata, 358, 361, 374, 380, 386, 391, 410 Pontia napi, 30 protodice, 30 rapx, 30 vernalis, 30 populata, Eustroma, 81 populi, Apatela, 44 Populus, 227, 233, 235 alba, 411 deltoides, 338, 344, 351, 41x tremuloides, 226, 227, 370, 395, 4II ee eee 412 364, INDEX. 541 Populus-Salix formation, 339, 348, 349, 352-355, 360 Populus zone, 363 Porcellia, 484 Porosagrotis vetusta, 52 Portage Road, 437 Porters. GC. 406; 419, 421 Portheus molossus, 453 portlandi, Enodia, 33 Post, Frederick, 425 Joseph, 427 Potamogeton, 310 foliosus, 390, 407 : foliosus niagarensis, 390, 407 heterophyllus, 373, 390, 406 lucens, 373, 390 lonchites, 358, 373, 390, 391 natans, 358, 367, 373, 374, 380, 390, 406 pectinatus, 358, 364, 373, 390, 407 perfoliatus richardsonii, 406 pusillus, 350 Z1zil, 390, 406 zosterefolius, 373 Potamogeton formation, 349, 352, 353, 372, 380, 392 potens, Leptodesma, 484 Potentilla monspeliensis, 414 paradoxa, 414 Powder horn, 434; carried in French and Indian War, 434; used in garrison at Fort Pitt, 434 prefectellus, Crambus, 100 pregrandaria, Metrocampa, 87 preematura, Reticularia, 481, 484 prematurella, Elachista, 129 prasina, Adelphagrotis, 51 Carex, 381, 409 pratense, Trifolium, 385, 396, 415 pratensis, Poa, 319, 396, 408 pravella, Meroptera, 103 precationis, Autographa, 63 Preliminary List of the Lepidoptera of Western Pennsylvania, Col- lected in the Vicinity of Pitts- burgh. By Henry Engel, 27-— 136 i Preliminary List of the Unionide of Western Pennsylvania, with New Localities for Species from Eastern Pennsylvania. By Dr. A. E. Ortmann, 178- 210 Prentice, Sidney, 290, 459 President of the United States, Theodore Roosevelt, 223 Presque Isle dunes, 338 Presque Isle, Phytogeographic Re- lationships of the Flora of, 396 Pressodonta, 207 pressus, Unio, 181 prima, Anorthodes, 47 primaginia, Spherodoma, 169 Primer of Forestry, 362 Primulacee, 418 Prince Charlie of Scotland, 428 Princeton, Battlefield of, 433 Princeton Scientific Expedition, 457 Priocycla armataria, 89 Prionocyclus, 273 Prionodesmacea, 145 Prionoxystus macmurtrei, 93 robiniz, 93 priscus, Apedodus, 485 privatus, Anytus, 53 Procamelus, 264, 477 elrodi, 159, 162, 165 madisonius, 164, 165 occidentalis, 165 Proclamation by the President of the United States, 445-446 procumbens, Rubus, 414 Prodenia commeline, 49 ornithogalli, 49 productata, Eois, 83 Productella boydi, 485 lacrymosa, 481, 484, 485 productus, Unio, 210 Proétus, 482, 485 progne, Polygonia, 32 prolifica, Zaphrentis, 481 Prolimacodes scapha, 91 Prolobites delphinus, 153 simplex, 152, 153 promethea, Callosamia, 39 Pronomotherium, 477 Pronuba yuccasella, 135 Propaleomeryx, 459 propinqualis, Rivula, 64 propinquilinea, Demas, 44 Proptera alata, 179, 181, 185, 202 gracilis, 183, 184, 192, 202 levissima, 182 Proserpinaca, 369 palustris, 368, 376, 417 proteella, Nycteola, 74 Proteopteryx albicapitana, 111 costomaculana, 111 cressoniana, III deludana, 111 laracana, 111 resuptana, III 542 Proteopteryx spoliana, 1t1 virginiana, I11 Proteoteras zsculanum, moffatiana, 111 naracana, 112 Prothymia semipurpurea, 65 Protochriacus, 2 hyattinus, 20 protodice, Pontia, 30 Protohippus, 477 Protolabis, 477 Province of Sao Paulo, 3 prunifoliella, Evippe, 122 pruniramiella, Xylestia, 133 prunivora, Enarmonia, 113 Prunus americana, 414 pennsylvanica, 323, 341, 398, 414 pumila, 332, 346, 395, 398, 400, PET 333, 33531330; 401, 414 serotina, 319, 323, 333, 335,336, BAN S04, 370, | Sl, oO 5s 397 401, 414 virginiana, 227, 333, 336, 346, 347, 370, 395, 414 Prunus-Acer formation, 366, 371 Prunus Forest-formation, 342 Prunus pumila Dune-formation, 346 Prunus serotina Forest, 402 Psaphidia, grotei, 50 resumens, 50 thaxterianus, 50 Psedera quinquefolia, 336, 378, 416 Psephodus magnus, 489 pseudacacia, Robinia, 415 Pseudanaphora arcanella, 135 mora, 135 pseudargyria, Heliophila, 4 pseudoacaciella, Gelechia, 125 pseudo-cyperus, Carex, 409 pseudofondella, Gelechia, 125 Pseudogalleria inimicella, 108 Pseudo6én, 192 Pseudothyatira cymatophoroides, 78 expultrix, 78 pseudotsugana, Epinotia, 112 Psilocorsis quercicella, 126 reflexella, 126 Psilocybe ammophila, 343, 355 psychicalis, Glaphria, 94 Psychidez, 90 Psychomorpha epimenis, 62 Ptelea trifoliata, 398, 415 Pteretholix bullula, 64 Pterineide, 145 Pterophoride, 105 Pterosygna, 196 INDEX. Pterophorus eupatorii, 105 homodactylus, 105 inquinatus, 105 kellicotti, 105 monodactylus, 105 paleaceus, 105 Ptilodus, 25 medizvus, 15 montanus, 13, 14 trouessartianus, 15 - Ptychobranchus phaseolus, 180, 181, 186, 194, 202 pubescens, Epipactis, 411 Toxicodendron, 319, 326, 336, 341, 346, 362, 378, 388, 415 pudens, Euthyatira, 78 puercensis, Euprotogonia, 23 pulchra, Cladopora, 482 pulegioides, Hedeoma, 418 pumila cederi, Carex, 352, 400, 401 Prunus, 332, 346, 395, 398, 400, 40I, 414 punctadiscana, Phalonia, 119 punctata, Persicaria, 412 punctatum, Hypericum, 416 Polygonum, 412 puncticosta, Eustrotia, 65 punctidiscanum, Gymnandrosoma, 114 punctidiscellus, Ypsolophus, 124 punctiferella, Gelechia, 125 punctipennella, Anorthosia, 124 pupula, Eustixia, 98 purpurana, Archips, 116 purpurea, Triplasis, 408 purpureum, Eupatorium, 110 Gnaphalium, 421 purpureus, Ceratodon, 317 purpurifascia, Papaipema, 57 purpurigera, Panchrysia, 62 purpurocomella, Holcocera, 128 purshii, Eragrostis, 408 pusillus, Potamogeton, 350 pustularia, Physostegania, 84 pustulosa, Quadrula, 180, 187, 199 pustulosus, Unio, 180 pylades, Thorybes, 36 Pyralide, 94 Pyraline, 99 Pyralis costiferalis, 99 cuprina, 99 farinalis, 99 pyramidata, Unio, 180, 183, 199 pyramidoides, Pyrophila, 49 pyramusalis, Heterogramma, 73 Pyrausta acrionalis, 97 eglealis, 97 chalybeali%, 98 INDEX. 543 Pyrausta fissalis, 97 fumalis, 97 fumoferalis, 97 funebris, 98 futilalis, 97 generosa, 97 insequalis, 97 illibalis, 97 niveicilialis, 98 ochosalis, 97 orphisalis, 97 oxydalis, 97 penitalis, 97 pertextalis, 96 rubricalis, 97 signatalis, 98 thestealis, 97 tyralis, 98 unimacula, 98 Pyrola americana, 324, 417 elliptica, 324, 417 secunda, 324, 417 Pyrolacee, 417 Pyromorpha dimidiata, 92 Pyromorphidx, 92 Pyrophila pyramidoides, 49 Pyrrhia umbra, 58 quadrangulata, Eleocharis, 361, 368, 408 quadrifasciana, Eulia, 117 quadriguttatus, Sthenopis, 136 quadristigmalis, Diaphania, 95 Quadrula, coccinea, 180, 185, 200, 203 cooperiana, 185, 199 cylindrica, 179, 185, 198 hippopeea, 182 lachrymosa, 199 metanerva, 186, 198 obliqua, 183, 184, 186, 199, 200 pilaris, 183 plicata, 186 pustulosa, 180, 187, 199 (Rotundaria) tuberculata, 201 rubiginosa, 182, 183, 199, 203 subrotunda, 180, 183, 200, 203 subrotunda’_ kirtlandiana, 179, 185, 201 = trigona, 183, 199 - tuberculata, 187 undulata, 182, 184, 186, 198 -quercicella, Psilocorsis, 126 quercifoliana, Tortrix, 117 quercivoraria, Metanema, 89 quercivorella, Recurvaria, 122 Quercus-Acer Formation, 372 Quercus ambigua, 412 Quercus borealis, 325, 371, 395, 412 coccinea, 328 palustris, 325, 371, 378, 412 rubra, 325, 378, 412 velutina, 319, 323, 325, 327, 328, _ 337s 371, 395, 396, 412 virginiana maritima, 335 Quercus velutina Forest-formation, 342, 401 quernaria, Nacophora, 86 querquera, Xylina, 56 quinquefolia, Psedera, 336, 378, 416 quinquemaculata, Phlegethontius, 38 quinquepunctella, Aristotelia, 122 racemosa, Aralia, 325, 371 Sambucus, 397, 420 Vagnera, 326, 410 Rachela bruceata, 79 Racheospila lixaria, 83 radcliffei, Apatela, 45 radiata, Lampsilis, 204, 209 radiatana, Thiodia, 110 radicata, Collybia, 327 Radicula palustris hispida, 393, 394, 413 rafinesquii, Viola, 397, 416 ralla, Orthosia, 59 ramentalis, Pilocrocis, 95 ramosula, Actinotia, 49 ramosum, Elotherium, 282 ramosus, Erigeron, 393, 394, 421 ranalis, Blepharomastix, 95 rana, Phalonia, 119 rangiana perplexa (Pilea), Truncilla, 181, 182, 188 Ranunculacee, 413 Ranunculus abortivus, 385, 396, 413 pennsylvanicus, 413 rape, Pontia, 30 Raphia frater, 44 raricosta, Delthyris, 482 Raymalay, Jacob, 434 Raymond, Percy E., 5, 211, 221, 250, 251, 480 Some Sections in the Conemaugh Series between Pittsburgh and Latrobe, Pennsylvania, 166-177 The Fauna of the Upper Devon- ian in Montana, 141-158 Recent Invertebrates, Section of, 454 reconditalis, Diathrausta, 98 ? recta, Lampsilis, 180, 181, 183, 187, 190, 202 rectangula, Autographa, 63 rectangulata, Habrosyne, 77 rectifascia, Atethmia, 61 rectus, Unio, 180, 181, 183 Recurvaria crategella, 122 544 Recurvaria obliquestrigella, 122 quercivorella, 122 robiniella, 122 Reed, Howard S., 306, 373, 435 reflexa, Obliquaria, 184, 185, 193 reflexella, Psilocorsis, 126 refusana, Thiodia, 110 regalis, Citheronia, 40 Regiment, Colonel Stewart’s, 424 Relation of Soils to Natural Vegeta- tion in Roscommon and Craw- ford Counties, Michigan, 322 relicta, Catocala, 68 Relief map of Fort Duquesne, 440 Relief map of Fort Pitt, 440 reliquellum, Homzosoma, 104 Remigia repanda, 70 remissa, Hadena, 48 remotata, Eustroma, 81 removana, Olethreutes, 107 Renia discoloralis, 72 factiosalis, 73 flavipunctalis, 73 salusalis, 72 reniformis, Heliotropha, 49 repanda, Remigia, 70 repens, Mitchella, 420 Trifolium, 385, 396, 415 Report of the Second Geological Sur- vey of Pennsylvania, 166 Reptiles, Gallery of, 139, 453 Reptiles of Allegheny County, A List of, 6 Republican County Committee, 139 Research Methods in Ecology, 305, 306 residua, Catocala, 67 - Restoration of Paleomeryx borealis, 459 resumens, Psaphidia, 50 resupinata, Utricularia, 419 resuptana, Proteopteryx, III retardata, Apatela, 46 retecta, Catocala, 67 Reticularia prematura, 481, 484 reticularis, Atrypa, 482 retusa, Obovaria, 192 reversalis, Thaleria, 96 Rheumaptera hastata, 81 sociata, 81 Rhineastes, 281 Rhodophora florida, 61 rhoifoliella, Gracilaria, 132 rhomboidalis, Leptena, 481 Rhopalocera, 29 Rhus, 319, aromatica, 415 copallina, 335 | | INDEX. Rhus toxicodendron, 415 trilobata, 220 typhina, 334, 359, 362, 365, 377, 388, 394, 395 Rhus-Alnus Formation, 391, 388, 372, 366, 364, 363 Rhus-Alnus Zone, 363 Rhus, Segregates of, 415 Rhynchagrotis alternata, 51 anchocelioides, 50 brunneicollis, 50 brunneipennis, 50 Rhynchonella (Stenocisma) contracta, 141 Rhynchonellide, 141 rhysum, Tornoceras, 156 ribearia, Cymatophora, 84 Ribes cynosbati, 414 floridum, 414 ridingsella, Adela, 135 rigida, Papaipema, 57 Sagittaria, 386, 407 rileyana, Archips, 116 ~ rileyella, Lithocolletes, 131 ringens, Mimulus, 419 “Ripper Bill,’ 435 Rivula propinqualis, 64 rivularis, Cyperus, 396, 408 Roberts, Harry, 230 Cola eee 2oreaign robiniz, Prionoxystus, 93 Robinia pseudacacia, 415 robiniella, Lithocolletes, 131 recurvaria, 122 Robinson, General William, 435 robinsoni, Catocala, 67 robustum, Cyathophyllum, 482 rogationis, Autographa, 63 roissyi, Athyris, 144 Cleiothyis, 144, 145 rolandi, Eutolype, 50 Romingera umbellifera, 481 Roosevelt, Theodore, 223 Rosa carolina, 367-369, 376, 414 humilis, 414 Rosaceex, 414 rosaceana, Archips, 116 rosea, Oreta, 79 roseicosta, Panapoda, 70 roseopennalis, Diasemia, 96 roseosuffusella, Aristotelia, 122 roseoterminana, Thiodia, 110 Ross, Marshall A., 432 Robert, 432 rotundalis, Epizeuxis, 71 rotunda, Paracyclas, 484 rotundifolia, Drosera, 413 INDEX. rotundifolia, Viola, 397, 416 Royal Museum, Berlin, 2 Royal Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, 5 Royal Prussian Order of the Crown, 2 Royal Society of British Artists, 453 Rubiacee, 420 rubicunda, Anisota, 40 rubidana, Galasa, 99 rubidella, Aristotelia, 122 rubiginosa, Quadrula, 182, 199, 203 rubiginosus, Unio, 182, 183 rubra, Quercus, 325, 378, 412 rubrescens, Graphiphora, 55 rubricoma, Apatela, 44 rubrifrontaria, Aplodes, 83 Synchlora, 83 rubrum, Acer, 369-371, 377, 415 Rubus, 388 allegheniensis, 319, 326, 333, 335, 336, 341, 347, 362, 363, 395 davisianus, 414 hispidus, 370, 387, 414 ideus aculeatissimus, 414 occidentalis, 319, 334-336, 414 odoratus, 397 procumbens, 414 villosus, 395 rufago, Jodia, 59 rufaria, Nannia, 80 ruficaudis Hemaris, 37 ruficillata, Mesoleuca, 81 tufimargo, Panapoda, 70 rugifrons, Stiria, 62 rugosa, Loxopteria, 147 Margaritana, 180, 182, 184, 196 Rumex acetosella, 412 altissimus, 393, 412 verticillatus, 412 ruricolellus, Crambus, 100 russatella, Incurvaria, 133 Russell, Caroline O’F., 436, 437, 441, 451 Russell, I. C., 290-292 Russula emetica, 326, 363 virescens, 326 Rutaceex, 415 rutilans, Sesia, 94 Sabbatia angularis, 355, 398, 418 Sabbatia-Linum Formation, 353, 355 Sabre carried at Battle of New Orleans and in Mexican and Civil Wars, 431 Sabulodes arcasaria, 89 furciferata, 89 lorata, 89 Doser o7, 347; 545 Sabulodes transversata, 89 saccharinum, Acer, 325, 336, 362, 364, 366, 369-371, 377, 378, 395, 415 Sagittaria-Alisma Formation, 392 Sagittaria graminea, 407 latifolia, 374, 375, 386, 391, 393, 407 rigida, 386, 407 Sagittatum, Polygonatum, 412 Tracaulon, 412 Salebria celtidella, 103 contatella, 103 engeli, 103 nubiferella, 103 vetustatella, 103 Salicaceez, 411 Salix, 393 cordata, 356, 361, 362, 365, 367, 384, 394, 411 discolor, 356, 357, 362, 363, 367, 384, 393, 411 eriocephala, 411 fragilis, 411 lucida, 361, 367, 384, 393, 411 nigra, 362, 363, 367, 384, 396, 411 sericea, 384, 411 syrticola, 332, 339, 356, 400, 411 Salix-discolor-lucida Formation, 383, 384, 392, 393 Salix-Alnus Formation, 382 Salomonia biflora, 378, 410 commutata, 410 Salsola kali, 312 salusalis, Renia, 72 Sambucus canadensis, 377, 382, 384, 391, 420 racemosa, 397, 420 Samea ecclesialis, 95 Samia cecropia, 39 Sanborn, W. J., 427, 431, 434, 451 Sand-Dunes of Lake Michigan, 338 Sanders, J. G., 290 Sand-plain, Presque Isle, 313 Sanford, L. G., 304 Sanitary Fair, 437 Sanninoidea exitiosa, 93 sao, Pararca, 484 Saratoga, Battle of, 433 sartwellii, Carex, 409 sassacus, Erynnis, 35 Sassafras sassafras, 398, 413 sativa, Avena, 407 Saturniide, 39 satyriniformis, Melittia, 93 scabra, Plathypena, 74 scabrata, Carex, 409 scabrum, Hieracium, 326, 420 325, 377, 395; 546 scalariformis, Tentaculites, 482 scandens, Bilderdykia, 412 Celastrus, 319, 326, 333, 341, 347, 395, 415 Polygonum, 412 scapha, Prolimacodes, 91 Scaphites, 273 ventricosus, 274 Scardia anatomella, 133 approximatella, 133 tessulatella, 133 Scepsis fulvicollis, 40 Schaffner, J. H., 368 schalleriana, Acleris, 115 Schedule of Garfield funeral train, 448 Schenley, Captain, 437; Mrs. Schen- ley, 437; Schenley homestead, 438 Scheuchzeriacexz, 407 Schimper, A. F. W., 307, 310, 311, 314 Schimper’s ‘‘ mid-shore,” 311 Schinia arcigera, 61 brevis, 62 lynx, 61 marginata, 62 — nundina, 61 thoreaui, 62 trifascia, 61 Schizodus chemungensis, 485 Schizophoria tioga, 484, 405 Schizura badia, 77 concinna, 77 ipomcee, 76 leptinoides, 77 semirufescens, 77 unicornis, 77 schlegeri, Stenoma, 126 Schceenobine, 100 Schcenobius melinellus, 100 unipunctellus, 100 Scholenbachia shoshonensis, 274 Scholle, Mrs. Wilhelm, 435 schreberi, Brasenia, 380, 412 Schreckensteinia erythriella, 130 festaliella, 130 Schreiner, Oswald, 306 Schuchertella chemungensis, 481, 484 crenistriata, 485 desiderata, 484 maclurei, 482 perelegans, 482 tabulata, 482 Schwartz, E. A., 404 J. E., 441 schwarziana, Phalonia, 119 schweinitzii, Carex, 409 fluviatilis, 381, 408 scirpoides, Juncus, 410 | INDEX. Scirpus, 369, 404 americanus, 354, 381, 386, 408 atrovirens, 408 cyperinus, 361, 363, 375, 408 fluviatilis, 381, 408 pauciflorus, 408 smithii, 408 > subterminalis, 408 — torreyi, 408 validus, 360, 381, 383, 386, 408 Scirpus Formation, 383, 386 Scirpus-Typha formation, 358, 360 Sciagraphia granitata, 84 heliothidata scintillans, Catocala, 68 sciotoanum, Exartema, 107 Scleria verticillata, 355, 357, 409 Scleroderma vulgare, 327 scobialis, Epizeuxis, 71 Scolecocampa liburna, 64 Scoliopteryx libatrix, 59 Scoparia basalis, 98 cinereomedia, 99 penumbralis, 99 strigalis, 99 scoparia, Carex, 410 Scopariine, 98 Scopelosoma devia, 60 indirecta, 59 moffatiana, 59 morrisonia, 60 pettiti, 60 tristigmata, 60 walkeri, 60 Scotland, Prince Charlie of, 428 Scott, Mrs. William, 439 Scott, Professor W. B., 476 scribnerianum, Panicum, 333, 346, 407 scripta, Habrosyne, 77 Scrophulariacez, 419 Scutellaria galericulata, 381, 418 lateriflora, 375, 381, 418 scutellaris, Bomolocha, 73 Seythris basilaria, 129 eboracensis, 129 impositella, 129 sectilis, Morrisonia, 54 Sectional Canal-boat, 439 Section on the Pennsylvania Railroad at Grapeville anticline, 170; at Murraysville anticline, 171 Section on the Lower Big Hole River in Montana, 270 secunda, Pyrola, 324, 417 securis, Unio, 180, 183 Plagiola, 180, 183, 192 Segregates of Rhus, 415 357, 360, 364, INDEX. Selidosema humaria, 85 semiclarata, Orthofidonia, 83 semiclusaria, Nepytia, 85 semiferana, Archips, 116 semifuneralis, Euzophera, 104 Semiophora tenebrifera, 51 Semioscopis allenella, 127 aurorella, 127 megamicrella, 127 merriccella, 127 packardella, 127 semiovana, Ancylis, 112 semipurpurea, Prothymia, 65 semirufescens, Schizura, 77 Semple, Alexander, 429 Semple, Mary Pattison, 429 senatoria, Anisota, 40 sensibilis, Onoclea, 361, 378, 405 sentana, Platynota, 117 Senecio aureus, 421 separatana, Olethreutes, 107 sepium, Convolvulus, 418 septentrionalis, Gluphisia, 77 Sequoia, 276 serene, Catocala, 69 sericea, Glea, 61 Salix, 384, 411 sericeus, Plectambonites, 482 serinaria, Plagodis, 87 serotina, Prunus, 319, 323, 333, 335, 336, 341, 364, 370, 371, 395; 397, 401, 414 Solidago, 421 serpens, Aulopora, 481 Serpule, 273 serpyllifolia, Arenaria, 331, 332, 412 serrata, Euchlena, 88 serratissimalis, Crocidophora, 96 servulella, Hybroma, 135 Sesia acerni, 94 bassiformis, 94 corni, 94 pictipes, 94 pyralidiformis, 94 pyri, 94 scitula, 94 acitula, 94 tipuliformis, 94 Sesiide, 93 ae Sesqui-Centennial Celebration Pittsburgh, 137 sesquistrialis, Glaphria, 94 setigerus, Chonetes, 484, 485 Seventh International Zodlogical Con- gress, I41 sexpunctata, Hyamia, 66 ' sexta, Phlegethontius, 38 Shater, Ors J. -A.,-7,.289, 421 of shalleriella, Borkhausenia, 128 Shaw, Andrew W., 290 Shaw, Mrs. H. C., 426, 432 Shenango group, 487 Sherwin, L. W., 480 Shiras, George, Justice Supreme Court, 426 Peter, 426, 441 Shoe buckles, General Braddock’s, 428 Short-sword carried at Battle of 3unker Hill, 431 shoshonensis, Scholenbachia, 274 Sibine stimulea, 91 sicalis, Lipocosma, 95 Sicya macularia, 87 sigmoides, Euretagrotis, 51 signata, Glea, 61 signatana, Thiodia, 110 signosa, Xylina, 56 Silberling, A. C., 12; 272 silberlingi, Goniobasis, 273 Picrodus, 18, 25 Silene antirrhina, 412 Silver fire trumpet, 437 simcoénse, Synaptaphyllum, 481 simplex, Helodus, 488 Prolobites, 152, 153 Zaphrentis, 481 simulata, Macaria, 84 simulatilis, Catocala, 67 Sisyrosea textula, 91 Sitotroga cerealella, 121 slingerlandana, Polychrosis, 106 Smerinthus jamaicensis, 39 Smilacezx, 410 Smilax herbacea, 324, 336, 371, 378, 410 Colonel Thomas, 427 Hi lae27 Smith, Professor John B., 28 smithi, Noctua, 51 smithii, Scirpus, 408 Snowden, Hon. John M., 436 sociata, Rheumaptera, 81 Solanacee, 419 Solanum, 222 dulcamara, 375, 419 Solenobia walshella, 91 solicitana, Eucosma, 109 Solidago, 404 canadensis, 333, 334, 347, 357; 361, 363, 385, 388, 387 ; cesia, 326, 420 flexicaulis, 421 nemoralis, 317, 318, 331, 332, 334, 361, 421 serotina, 421 L Smith, Smith, 548 Solidago-Meibomia Formation, 384 solox, Lyriopecten, 484 sombreana, Eucosma, 108 somnulentella, Bedellia, 131 sordidula, Bomolocha, 74 Sorghastrum nutans, 331, 394, 407 Soup tureen used at dinner given Gen- eral Lafayettee in Pittsburgh, 434 South Dakota Geological Survey, 282, 287 Spadix, Cissura, 66 Spalding, V. M., 302 Sparganiacez, 406 Sparganium eurycarpum, 354, 386, 406 minimum, 406 simplex angustifolium, 406 Sparganothis irrorea, 115 xanthoides, 115 spectabilis, Osmunda, 378, 405 speculella, Lyonetia, 133 Speer, Joseph F., 450 sperata, Apatela, 46 speratella, Glyphidocera, 124 speyeri, Cucullia, 56 Spherodoma primaginia, 169 Sphagnum, 365, 369, 404 Sphagnum-Oxycoccus formation, 365, 369, 370, 401 Sphecodina abboti, 37 Sphida obliqua, 57 Sphingide, 36 Sphinx chersis, 38 drupiferarum, 38 eremitus, 38 gordius, 38 kalmiz, 38 : spicata, Danthonia, 395, 407 Mentha, 419 spicatum, Myriophyllum, 364, 373, 374, 380, 391, 417 Spindle of distaff used by aunt of General William Henry Har- rison, 429 spinigera, Apatela, 45 spinuloides, Adoneta, 91 spinulosa, Dryopteris, 371, 397, 405 Spirea, 370 latifolia, 369, 414 spiralis, Vallisneria, 380, 390, 407 Spirifera disjuncta, 142 Spirifer, 485 disjunctus, 142, 481, 484 gregarius, 482 pinonensis, 143 383; Shih SON 367, 350, 63585" 1373; INDEX. Spirifer (Trigonotreta) 143 Spiriferide, 142 Spirorbis, 170 spissa, Zaphrentis, 481 spoliana, Proteopteryx, 111 Sporobolus cryptandrus, 407 Spragueia onagrus, 65 _ Spring, S. N., 322 Stachys palustris, 393, 418 Stage-coach, 439 St. Clair, General, 430 Steamboat ‘‘ New Orleans,” 440 Steele, Mrs. John Fremont, 140 Steganoptycha bolliana, 111 Steinbach, Joseph, 3 stellata, Vagnera, 324, 326, 410 stellella, Mompha, 130 stenialis, Blepharomastix, 95 Stenoma leucillana, 126 mistrella, 126 schlegeri, 126 Stenomide, 126 Stenomylus tyleri, 453 Stenophyllus capillaris, 330, 331, 333, 409 Sterki, Dr. Victor, 454 Sterrhine, 82 Stewart, Douglas, 137,. 238, 22m Catalogue of Relics and Ob- jects, Many of them Pertaining to the Early History of Pitts- burgh, Exhibited at the Car- negie Museum upon the Occa- sion of the Sesqui-Centennial Celebration of the Founding of Pittsburgh, September 27—No- vember 25, 1908, 422-451 Stewart, Hon. Andrew, 429 Sthenopis quadriguttatus, 136 stigmatella, Gracilaria, 132 Stilbosis tesquella, 129 stimulea, Sibine, 91 Stiria rugifrons, 62 stolonifera, Cornus, 362, 363, 367, 377, 382, 417 stramentosa, Gortyna, 57 straminalis, Evergestis, 95 Strenoloma lunilinea, 70 Streptelasma, 481 striatana, Thiodia, 110 striatella, Paltodora, 121 Striatopora linneana, 482 stricta angustata, Carex, 381, 409 Carex, 409 strictum, Ibidium, 411 strigalis, Scoparia, 99 strigifinitella, Gracilaria, 132 pinonensis, INDEX. strigosus, Cyperus, 408 Strobisia emblemella, 123 irridipennella, 123 strobus, Pinus, 319, 322-325, 336, 337, 369, 370, 395, 398, 406 Stromatoporella granulata, 481 tuberculata, 481 Stropheodonta hemispherica, 481 inequistriata, 481 perplana, 481 Strophitus undulatus, 180, 194, 202, 205, 209 Strophostyles, 317 helvola, 312, 313, 330, 385, 415 strumosus, Helianthus, 326, 421 Strymon titus, 34 Stylemys, 281 Stylinodontide, 22 styloporum, Pleurodictyum, 482 subatomaria, Paraphia, 85 subcessaria, Cymatophora, 85 subcroceata, Nemoria, 83 subcylindracea, Anodonta, 182, subcylindraceus ferussacianus, dontoides, 202 subgothica, Feltia, 52 subjecta, Illice, 41 sublamellosa, Cleiothyridina, 143, 145 subnata, Catocala, 69 subnivana, Acleris, 114 subovatus, Unio, 180 subrecta, Goniophora, 148 182, 184, 206 Ano- subrotunda’ kirtlandiana, Quadrula, 185, 201 subrotunda, Quadrula, 180, 183, 200, 203 subrotundus, Unio, 180 subsignarius, Ennomos, 87 subterminalis, Scirpus, 408 subterminata, Graphiphora, 55 sulcatina, Paleoneilo, 485 sulcatum, Cystiphyllum, 481 sulfureana, Epagoge, 115 Sun-dial of stone, 430 superans, Apatela, 45 superatalis, Epipaschia, 102 superbifrontella, Gracilaria, 132 Sus, 1 Susquehanna water-shed, 4 swetti, Eupithecia, 80 Sword carried in War of 1812, 432 sylvatica, Nyssa, 377, 398, 417 sylvaticum variegatum, Equisetum, 405 Symmerista albifrons, 76 Sympherta julia, 85 Symphoricarpus occidentalis, 227 Symphynota complanata, 181 costata, 182, 184 | ' 549 Symphynota compressa, 186, 196, 202 (Lasmigona) costata, 196 (Pterosygna) complanata, 196 viridis, 179, 206 Synallagama busckiella, 130 Synaptophyllum simcoénse, 481 Synchlora exrata, 83 rubrifrontaria, 83 Synelys enucleata, 82 Syntomide, 40 syphilitica, Lobelia, 382, 420 syriaca, Asclepias, 33, 346, 418 syringe, Podosesia, 93 Syringopora, 482 hisingeri, 481 Syringothyris herricki, 484 syrticola, Salix, 332, 356, 400, 411 Syssaura infensata, 89 Syssphinx bisecta, 40 Systematic Catalogue of the Ferns and Flowering Plants of Presque Isle, Erie County, Pennsylvania, 404-413 tabulata, Schuchertella, 482 Worthenia, 169 Tacoma nyssecolella, 103 talidiformis, Crambodes, 46 tandana, Eucosma, 108 tappanianus, Unio, 179 Tarache aprica, 65 candefacta, 65 erastrioides, 65 Taraxacum taraxacum, 396, 420 tarda, Caradrina, 47 tarquinius, Feniseca, 34 Taylor, Joseph, 438 Telea polyphemus, 39 telifer, Schizura, 76 Telotremata, 141 Telphusa basifasciella, 121 fuscopunctella, 121 longifasciella, 121 palliderosacella, 121 temerana, Phalonia, 119 tenera, Ammalo, 43 Tentaculites scalariformis, 482 tentoriferella, Machimia, 126 tenuidactylus, Oxyptilus, 105 tenuis, Juncus, 355, 410 tepida, Xylina, 56 teratophora, Jaspidia, 46 terminana, Hysterosia, 120 terrealis, Phlyctenia, 96 terrestris, Lysimachia, 418 tersa, Theretra, 37 tertialis, Phlyctznia, 96 tesquella, Stilbosis, 129 tessellaris, Halisidota, 44 550 INDEX. tessellata, Hesperia, 36 Paragrotis, 53 tessulatella, Scardia, 133 testacea, Tortricidia, 92 testudinaria, Dalmanella, 482 testulana, Cenopis, 115 Tetanolita floridana, 73 teterrellus, Crambus, 100 tethys, Camaroteechia, 482 Tetrabranchiata, 148 Tetracis crocallata, 89 Tetralopha militella, 102 nephelotella, 102 Teucrium canadense, 418 textor, Hyphantria, 42 textrinaria, Metanema, 89 textula, Sisyrosea, 91 Thaleria reversalis, 96 Thalpochares fractilinea, 65 Thamnophilus bridgesi, 9 Thanaos brizo, 36 icelus, 36 juvenalis, 36 tharos, Phyciodes, 32 thaxterianus, Psaphidia, 50 Thecla calanus, 34 Theisoa constrictella, 129 thelypteris, Dryopteris, 358, 359, 361, 362, 367, 377, 381, 387, 405 Theretra tersa, 37 Therina athasaria, 87 endropiaria, 87 fervidaria, 87 pellucidaria, 87 Thiodia formosana, 110 carolinana, I10 imbridana, 110 ochroterminana, 110 olivaceana, I10 radiatana, 110 refusana, IIo roseoterminana, I10 signatana, I10 striatana, 110 Third Biennial Report of the North Dakota Geological Survey, 282 thoé, Chrysophanus, 34 Thomson, J., 438 thoreaui, Schinia, 62 Thorybes bathyllus, 36 pylades, 36 Thuja, 227 Thyatiride, 77 thyatiroides, Dasylophia, 76 Eosphoropteryx, 62 Thymelicus cernes, 35 egeremet, 35 mystic, 35 Thymelicus otho, 35 Thyride, 92 Thyridopteryx ephemereformis, 90 Thyris lugubris, 92 maculata, 92 thyrsiflora, Naumbergia, 368, 375, 381, 393, 418 Thysania zenobia, 71 - thysbe, Hemaris, 37 Tilia americana, 325, 395, 416 Tiliacee, 416 tiliaria, Erannis, 86 tilieacella, Lithocolletes, 131 Tinagma crenulellum, 121 Tin candle-moulds, 427 Tinea acapnopennella, 134 apimaculella, 134 arcella, 134 auropulvella, 134 canariella, 134 croceoverticella, 134 fuscipunctella, 134 granella, 134 multistriatella, 134 pellionella, 134 trimaculella, 134 Tineide, 28, 130 Tineola bisselliella, 133 tioga, Modiomorpha, 484, 485 Schizophoria, 484, 485 tipuliformis, Sesia, 94 tiscana, Hysterosia, 120 Tischeria citrinipennella, 133 titea, Phigalia, 86 titus, Strymon, 34 tityrus, Epargyreus, 36 Tmetocera ocellana, 112 Todd, Professor J. E., 287 Todd, W. E. C., 4, 138, 308, 404 Tolype laricis, 78 velleda, 78 tomentosa, Hudsonia, 334 tomonana, Eucosma, 109 Topographic Features of Lake Shores, 290 toreuta, Bomolocha, 74 Tornoceras bicostatum, 153 crebriseptum, 153, 154, 155, 158 douglassi, 154, 155, 156, 158 peracutum, 156 rhysum, 156 Tornos abjectarius, 85 torrefacta, Apatelodes, 74 torreyi, Juncus, 410 Scirpus, 408 Tortricide, 105 Tortricidia flexuosa, 92 testacea, 92 ~~ oe oe INDEX, tortriciformella, Menesta, 1 Tortricine, 114 Tortrix albicomana, 117 basiplagana, 117 bergmanniana, I17 pallorana, 117 peritana, 117 quercifoliana, 117 Tosale oviplagalis, 99 Toxicodendron pubescens, 319, 326, 336, 341, 346, 362, 378, 388, 415 toxicodendron, Rhus, 415 Toxicodendron Thicket-formation, 341 Tracaulon sagittatum, 412 tracheliifolius, Helianthus, 421 Trachodon, 276, 277 Transeau, E. N., 398, 399 transmissana, Eucosma, 109 transversata, Sabulodes, 89 tremuloides, Populus, 226, 227, 370, 395, 411 Trepospira illinoisensis, 169 Triadenum virginicum, 361, 367, 416 trialbamaculella, Gelechia, 124 triangularis, Unio, 182 triangulifer, Cirrhophanus, Tricentes, 20, 25, 26 Triceratops, 277 trichella, Batrachetra, 129 Trichoptilus lobidactylus, 105 Trichotaphe alacella, 123 chambersella, 123 flavocostella, 123 juncidella, 123 nonstrigella, 123 trinotella, 123 washingtoniella, 123 tricinctus, Memythrus, 93 tricingulatella, Homosetia, 135 tridactylum, Aceratherium, 231, Trientalis americana, 397, 418 trifascia, Schinia, 61 triferana, Eulia, 117 trifidum, Galium, 420 triflora, Poa, 395, 396, 408 triflorum, Galium, 378, 420 trifoliata, Menyanthes, 397, 418 Ptelea, 398, 415 Trifolium hybridum, 414. —— pratense, 396, 414 repens, 385, 396, 415 Triglochin palustris, 352, 401, 404, 407 Trigonophora periculosa, 59 v-brunneum, 59 | to w 62 285 353, 400, trigona, Quadrula, 183, 199 trigonus, Unio, 183 triguttaria, Heterophleps, 80 Or Or aed Trilliacee, 410 Trillium erectum, 378, 410 trilobata, Rhus, 220 Trilophodon, 477 trimaculella, Eumeyrickia, 126 Tinea, 134 Trinity Church, 435 trinotella, Trichotaphe, Trionyx, 281 Triplasis purpurea, 408 triquetrana, Celama, 90 triquetra, Truncilla, 187, 188 trisectus, Crambus, ror trisignana, Acleris, 114 tristigmata, Scopelosoma, 60 tristis, Catocala, 68 tristrigella, Balsa, 47 Tritogonia tuberculata, 187, 193 troilus, Papilio, 2 Tropea luna, 39 Trude, A. S., 260 truncata, Paleoneilo, 485 Truncilla perplexa rangiana, 181, 182, 188 triquetra, 187, 188 Trunick, Miss Priscilla, 429 Tsuga canadensis, 325, 406 tuberculalis, Crocidophora, 96 tuberculata, Quadrula, 187, 201 Stromatoporella, 481 Tritogonia, 187, 193 tuberosa, Asclepias, 418 Castalia, 367, 374, 380, 391, 413 tuberosus, Favosites, 481 tulipifera, Liriodendron, 377, 398, 413 turbatellus, Crambus, 100 turbinatus, Favosites, 481 turbulenta, Hadena,, 48 Turritella, 274 Tussilago farfara, 326, 421 Tyler, F. J., 368 tyleri, Stenomylus, 453 Typha, 369, 404 latifolia, 354, 360, 364, 365, 381, 406 Typhacezx, 406 Typha-Scirpus formation, 353, 380 typhina, Rhus, 334, 359, 365, 377, 388, 395, 415 uliginosum, Gnaphalium, 395, 421 Ulmacez, 412 ulmella, Lithocolletes, 131 ulmiarrosorella, Canarsia, 104 Ulmus, 233 americana, 377, 412 Ulmus-Acer Formation, 377, 378, 389, 401 ultronia, Catocala, 68 123 552 INDEX. Umbellifere, 417 | Unio mytiloides, 180, 199 umbellifera, Romingera, 481 novi-eboraci, 182 umbellata, Carex, 409 occidens, 180, 181 Chimaphila, 324, 417 obliquus, 179, 180, 184 umbra, Pyrrhia, 58 orbiculatus, 183 umbrastriatana, Thiodia, 110 ovatus, 181, 183 umbrata, Heterocampa, 76 parvus, 180, 182 uncanale, Homzosoma, 104 patulus, 182 4 undabundus, Inoceramus, 274 | perplexus, 181 undularis, Ypsia, 70 pilaris, 183 undulata, Alasmidonta, 207, 209 pressus, 181 Anodonta, 180 | productus, 210 Hydria, 81 | pyramidatus, 183 Margaritana, 180 | rectus, 180, 181, 183 Quadrula, 182, 184, 186, 198 rubiginosus, 182, 183 undulatella, Argyresthia, 133 securis, 180, 183 undulatus, Strophites, 180, 182, 184, subovatus, 180 194, 205, 209 subrotundus, 180 Unio, 182, 184 triangularis, 182 undulosa, Ceratomia, 39 tappanianus, 179 Ungulata, 22 trigonus, 183 unicolorella, Meroptera, 103 undulatus, 182, 184 unicolor, Misogada, 76 verrucosus, 182 Noctua, 52 viridis, 179 unicornis, Schizura, 77 unio, Euthisanotia, 62 uniflora, Monotropa, 417 Unionide, 5 uniflorus, Lycopus, 419 unipuncta, Heliophila, 54 Unifolium, 404 unipunctata, Paraphia, 85 canadense, 324, 326, 378, 410 unipunctellus, Schcenobius, 100 unijuga, Catocala, 68 unitaria, Lytrosis, 85 ’ unimoda, Xylina, 56 United States, Life Zones and Crop Unio xsopus, 178, 179, 184 Zones of the, 397 f alatus, 178, 181, 183, 185 Proclamation by the Presi- cariosus, 183 dent of, 445-446 circulus, 178, 179 War Department, 289 clavus, 178 Weather Bureau, 291 coccineus, 178, 185 University of Berlin, Faculty of, 2 complanatus, 208, 209 Upper beach, Cowles, 314 cooperianus, 185 Upper Devonian Fauna with Cly- cornutus, 184 menia, I41 } crassidens, 179, 181, 183, 197 Uranotes melinus, 34 cylindricus, 179 urentis, Abrostola, 63 douglassi, 272 ursaria, Lycia, 86 ellipsis, 183 Urticacee, 412 fabalis, 179, 181 Utah, Eocene deposits, 4 farrl, 272 Utetheisa bella, 41 fisherianus, 209, 210 venusta, 41 fuliginosus, 209 Utricularia clandestina, 419 gibbosus, 179, 182, 197 cornuta, 354, 355, 419 gracilis, 182, 183 gibba, 419 hippopza, 182 intermedia, 390, 391, 419 icterinus, 209 minor, 419 a iris, 179 vulgaris, 358, 374, 380, 390, 391, kirtlandianus, 179 ; 419 levissimus, 182 Utterback, W. H., 4, 240 ligamentinus, 179, 181, 182 uva-ursi, Arctostaphylos, 318, 347, luteolus, 181, 183 3907, 417 multiradiatus, 180, 181 Uvularia perfoliata, 410 INDEX. Vacciniacex, 418 vacciniana, Eudemis, 112 Vaccinium canadense, 418 corymbosum, 324, 370, 377, 418 vaginata, Amanitopsis, 326 Vagnera, 404 racemosa, 326, 410 stellata, 324, 326, 410 validus, Scirpus, 354, 360, 381, 383, 386, 408 Vallisneria, 310 spiralis, 350, 358, 373, 380, 390, 407 Vanessa atalanta, 32 cardui, 32 huntera, 32 varia, Carex, 409 varians, Cystiphyllum, 482 varicosa, marginata (Rugifera), Alas- midonta, 207, 209 variolaria, Deilinea, 84 vasaliata, Mesoleuca, 82 Vascular Flora of Allegheny County, AOLIstvor, 7 vecora, Orthodes, 55 velata, Gortyna, 57 velatella, Diachorisia, 135 velleda, Tolype, 78 velleripennis, Paragrotis, 52 velutinana, Eulia, 117 velutina, Quercus, 319, 327, 328, 336, 337, 371, 395, 412 venerabilis, Feltia, 52 ventrellus, Ypsolophus, 124 ventricosa, Lampsilis, 180, 186, 189, 202 ovata, Lampsilis, 182, 186, 189 ventricosus, Scaphites, 274 Venusia comptaria, 80 perlineata, 80 venustella, Gracilaria, 132 Venustodus, 488 vera, Astartella, 169 verbascoides, Hadena, 48 verna, Amanita, 326 Euphyes, 35 vernalis, Pontia, 30 vernata, Paleacrita, 80 vernella, Gelechia, 125 verneuilanum, Eridophyllum, 481 verneuili, Philipsastrea, 482 verrucosus, Unio, 182 versicoloranum, Exartema, 106 versicolor, Amphelophaga, 38 Iris, 369, 410 Oligia, 47 Vertebrate Fossils Union Beds. lass, 11-26 181-183, from the Fort By Earl Doug- 553 Vertebrate 454 Vertebrates of Adirondack Mountain Region, 397 Vertebrate Zodlogy, Gallery of, 453 verticillata cyclophylla, Hex, 415 iitex) 378, 405 Koellia, 395, 418 Polygala, 332, 415 Rumex, 412 Scleria, 355, 357, 409 tenuifolia, Ilex, 415 verticillatus, Decodon, 375, 416 vestaliata, Orthofidonia, 83 vestigialis, Condylorrhiza, 96 vetusta, Porosagrotis, 52 vetustatella, Salebria, 103 vialis, Amblyscirtes, 35 viatica, Glea, 60 Viburnum acerifolium, 397 dentatum, 397, 420 lentago, 420 opulus, 378 victa, Conularia, 485 videns, Platysenta, 47 vidua, Catocala, 67 viduata, Catocala, 67 villosa, Lechea, 416 Viola, affinis, 416 blanda, 416 papilonacea, 416 rafinesquii, 397, 416 rotundifolia, 397, 416 Violacezr, 416 virescana, Archips, 116 virescens, Carex, 409 Chloridea, 6 Russula, 326 virgatum, Panicum, 316, 346, 351, 361, 407 virginaria, Epimecis, 86 virginalis, Cymatophora, 84 virginiana, Clematis, 413 Fragaria, 333, 336, 361, 362, 365, 388, 414 Hamamelis, 413 Juniperus, 319, 334, 336, 341, 406 Ostrya, III Physostegia, 418 Pinus, 406 Proteopteryx, I11 Prunus, 227, 333, 336, 346, 347, 370, 395, 414 virginica, Ctenucha, 40 Diacrisia, 43 Diasystoma, 361, 419 virginicum, Triadenum, 361, 367, 516 Paleontology, Gallery of, 343, 344, 554 INDEX. virginiensis, Anisota, 40 virgo, Apantesis, 43 viridata, Nyctobia, 79 viridipallens, Xylina, 56 viridis, Fraxinus, 227 Unio, 179 Symphynota, 179, 206 visaliella, Cyane, 135 Vitacee, 416 viteana, Polychrosis, 105 vitifoliella, Phyllocnistis, 133 vitrea, Dircetis, 73 Vitis estivalis, 416 bicolor, 416 vulpina, 326, 334, 341, 347, 385, 388, 416 vittata, Apantesis, 43 Vitula edmandsi, 104 Viviparus montanaénsis, 273 vulgare, Scleroderma, 327 vulgaris, Utricularia, 358, 374, 380, 390, 419 vulgatum, Cerastium, 396, 412 vulgivagellus, Crambus, 100 vulpina, Vitis, 326, 334, 341, 347, 385, 388, 416 vultuosa, Hadena, 48 wabashensis, Marginifera, 169 Wales, Prince of, 423 walkerana, Eucosma, 109 walkeri, Scopelosoma, 60 walshella, Solenobia, 91 Walshia amorphella, 130 walsinghami, Gelechia, 125 wandana, Eucosma, 108 Ward, Ambrose, 437 Ward, Lester F., 211, 279 Warming, E., 307, 317 Washington’s Army, 433 Proclamation on the “ Whiskey Rebellion,” 445-446 washingtoniella, Trichotaphe, 123 watchungana, Epinotia, 112 waverlyensis, Glossina, 485 Way, Miss Agnes, 442, 443 Weber, Charles H., 447 Wekiva nodosella, 104 Weld, L. H., 373 Western Penitentiary, 435 Whiskey Rebellion, 432 Whitfield, J. R., 432 Whitford, H. N., 314, 319, 339, 378 Whitmarsh, Miss W. F., 438 White, Dr. I. C., 482, 483, 487 Wilkinson, Abram, 480 Williams, Curtis D., 439, 451 “willow pattern’ plate, 428 Wilson, William, 433 Wineland, D. St. Clair, 430 winniana, Phalonia, 119 Wirtner, P. Modestus, 6, 169 Wooden canteen purchased at sale held at Fort Pitt, 431 used in War of 1812, 432 Woodsia obtusa, 405 Worthenia tabulata, 169 Wortman, Dr. J. L., 457 Wright, Mary S., 436 Xanthium, 317 commune, 312, 313, 385, 393, 420 macounli, 420 xanthoides, Sparganothis, 115 xanthometata, Mellilla, 84 Xanthotype crocataria, 87 Xylestia pruniramiella, 133 Xylina antennata, 55 bethunei, 56 | disposita, 55 ferrealis, 56 , grotei, 55 innominata, 56 laticinerea, 55 nigrescens, 56 oriunda, 56 pexata, 56 querquera, 56 signosa, 56 tepida, 56 unimoda, 56 viridipallens, 56 xyliniformis, Apatela, 46 xylinoides, Hyppa, 49 yandana, Eucosma, 108 yaracana, Polychrosis, 105 y-inversa, Cochlidion, 91 Young, J. F., 447 Yponomeuta multipunctella, 120 Yponomeutide, 120 Ypsia undularis, 70 ypsilon, Agrotis, 51 Ypsolophus eupatoriellus, 124 flavivittellus, 124 ligulellus, 124 punctidiscellus, 124 ventrellus, 124 yuccasella, Pronuba, 135 zabulon, Atrytone, 35 Zale horrida, 70 Zanclognatha crualis, 72 levigata, 72 lituralis, 72 : : | . . pal act, INDEX. DDD Zanclognatha marcidilinea, 72 zee, Achatodes, 57 ochreipennis, 72 zeéllus, Crambus, ror _ pedipilalis, 72 zelleriella, Ethmia, 127 ; Zaphrentis convoluta, 481 zelleri, Epipaschia, 102 Sor elegans, 481 zenobia, Thysania, 71 ae gigantea, 481 Zerene cesonia, 30 cA prolifica, 481 Zizania aquatica, 381, 386, 407 simplex, 481 zizii, Potamogeton, 390, 406 ™ spissa, 481 zomonana, Eucosma, 108 4 zaracana, Phalonia, 119 zosterefolius, Potamogeton, 373 Serial No. 53 ie Museum neg ions of the Car ovis a at Publicatioris of the Carnegie Museum _’ Serial No. 54 > hb ae Se ~ > CONTENTS Editorial Notes IV. The Fauna of the Upper Devonian in Montana By Percy E. RAayMonp V. Description of a New Species of Procamelus from the Upper Miocene from Montana, with Notes upon Procamelus madisonius Douglass. By Eart Doucrass VI. Some Sections in the Conemaugh Series Between Pittsburgh and Latrobe, Pennsylvania. By Percy E. RayMonpD VII. A Preliminary List of the Unionidae of Western Pennsylvania, with New Localities for Species from Eastern Pennsylvania. By Dr.A.E.ORTMANN VIII. A Geological Reconnaissance in North Dakota, Mon- tana, and Idaho, with Notes on Mesozoic and Cenozoic Geology. By Eart Doucrass IX. A Botanical Survey of Presque Isle, Erie County,° . 280 Pennsylvania. By Otro E. JENNINGS X. Catalog of Relics and Objects, many of Them Pertain- ing to the Early History of Pittsburgh, exhibited at the Carnegie Museum upon the Occasion of the Sesqui-Centennial Celebration of the Founding of Pittsburgh, September 27-November 25, 1908. » 137 I4I 159 166 178 Moy i es By DouGias STEWART 422 . : ; : Serial No. 57 ie Museum Carnegi ns of the ti pe x) - Editor rial Notes. Dromomeryx, « a New Genus of | Ame rican in Rum nants — 7 ey 6 Folate ey > eile! - Serials | WHSE 04427 MBL WHOI Librar iM ipries aera eieelees padctneshatrteett Hetina Soald asay Viens 3 satiaee Sen [At etm ie aay ht pekoes}