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CHARLES V AT THE AGE OF From the portrait by Titian at Munich

ANNALS OP^ THE EMPEROR CHAKLE

FRANCISCO lope::/ Vf

SPANISH TEXT AN[> h'KGLISii t »> ,

EDITED, WITH AN INTRODUCri f-N

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ROGER BIGELOW Ml-^

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ANNALS OF THE EMPEROR CHARLES V

BY

FRANCISCO LOPEZ DE G6mARA SPANISH TEXT AND ENGLISH TRANSLATION

EDITED, WITH AN INTRODUCTION AND NOTES

BY

ROGER BIGELOW MERRIMAN

ASSISTANT PROFESSOR OF HISTORY IN HARVARD UNIVERSITY

' Escrivio estas memorias un Espanol curioso que noto todo lo que vio y oyo en sus dias.' — Sandoval, Historia de Carlos V, Vol. II, p. 104.

OXFORD H//

AT THE CLARENDON PRESS ^ ^"V.

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HENRY FROWDE

PUBLISHER TO THE UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD LONDON, EDINBURGH, NEW YORK, TORONTO MELBOURNE AND BOMBAY

PREFACE

When, in February 191 1, I chanced to come across the manuscript of Gomara's Annals in the Biblioteca Nacional at Madrid, its importance to students of the history of the first half of the sixteenth century seemed to me sufficient to justify its publication ; and since then I have found no reason to change that opinion. The description of Gomara's life and work contained in the Introduction leaves ver)-- little to be said by way of preface, but a few words about the rules by which I have been g-uided in transcription and translation, and the books which I have utilized in pre- paring the notes, may not be out of place.

In transcribing I have in general aimed at literal exact- ness, save in a few cases where clearness would have been sacrificed without any compensating gain, had I followed the vagaries of the scribe. Thus the original spelling has been preserved, and also the original capitalization of proper names. Obvious lapsus calami have been for the most part transcribed as they stand, and duly pointed out and corrected in the footnotes to the translation ; on one or two very minor occasions, where it seemed pedantic to follow this course, and there could be no possible doubt as to the meaning, I have rectified them in the text itself without remark. Some of the more important variations of the British Museum manuscript, especially such as affected the sense of the passages in question, have also been indicated in the footnotes. Once I have ventured to emend a passage, which is obviously faulty in both the Madrid and London manuscripts, in accordance with Sandoval, who, as will afterwards appear, stole a number of paragraphs, almost

a 2

IV

PREFACE

word for word, either from an earlier copy of the Annals, or possibly from the original itself: this matter is explained at length in footnote 6 to page i8. In the punctuation, I have thought it well, for clearness' sake, to make a number of changes, and practically to follow the modern use. In the matter of accentuation, the scribe seems to have evolved a method of his own, chiefly distin- guished by complete inconsistency. After some hesitation I have decided to retain such accents as the manuscript shows on final stressed vowels and antepenults, but to dis- regard those which, in anticipation of a very modern usage, have been placed by the scribe on final syllables which end with a consonant.

In the translation also I have striven for exactness first of all. Possibly some readers may think that I have sacrificed smoothness and elegance in the process, but it has seemed to me that such features of the original as the rapid changes of tense, which constantly occur, are too characteristic to be left out. A few passages have proved practically untrans- latable : in these cases I have made the best guess I could, and indicated my doubts in a footnote. The bracket [ ] signifies that the word or words enclosed have been supplied by me to make the meaning clear.

The matter of annotation has been very troublesome, principally because it has been so hard to know where to stop. I have striven to test every sentence in the A nnals by other authors, contemporary or modern, and in the hope of making that thankless task lighter for those who may subsequently use Gomara's work, I have set down, in almost every case, at least one reference to a corrobora- tive or contradictory statement in another book. Possibly I may have overdone it. Whenever I have discovered positive errors of fact, I have corrected them ; but I can scarcely venture to hope that none of these has slipped by unnoticed. The references in the Introduction to the

PREFACE V

* Annals' always apply to the English translation; refer- ences to the ' Text ' apply to the original.

To append a bibliography to a book like this would have been, in my estimation, ridiculous. The field covered by the Annals is so vast, that anything like a complete list of the works which deal with it would have reached literally thousands of titles. I have therefore striven to limit myself to a few standard authorities and the most recent modern monographs. In the latter case, the references in the foot- notes are sufl&ciently specific to enable the student to look up the passages in question himself. The following list indicates the editions of some of the more frequently republished standard works which I have used, and will, I trust, make it perfectly easy to follow my traces for those who may desire to do so.

Carvajal, Lorenzo Galindez. Anales Breves. In Volume XVIII of the Documentos In^ditos (Madrid, 1851), pp. 227-421.

G6mara, Francisco L6pez de. Hhtoria General de las Indias. In Volume XXII of Rivadeneyra's Biblioteca de Autores Espanoles (Madrid, 1852), pp. 155-455-

Cronica de los Barbarrojas. In Volume VI of the Memorial Historico

Espanol (ed. Real Academia de la Historta, Madrid, 1853), pp. 331-

439- Guicciardini, Francesco. Istoria tf Italia. 4. vols. Fribourg, 1775-6. Jovius, Paulus (Giovio Paulo). Istoria del suo Tempo. 2 vols. Venice,

1572. Mignet, M. Rivalite de Francois i«»" et de Charles-Quint. 3rd edition.

2 vols. Paris, 1886. Prescott, W. H. History of the Reign of Ferdinand and Isabella, 4th

edition. 3 vols. London, 1846.

The Conquest of Peru. 2 vols. New York, 1850.

Sandoval, Prudencio de. Historia de la Vida y Hechos del Emperador

Carlos V. 2 vols. Antwerp, 1681. Ticknor, George History of Spanish Literature. 3 vols. New York,

1849.

References to the works of Bernaldez, Martyr, and Zurita are given by book and chapter, not by page and volume, and thus apply to all editions.

VI

PREFACE

I have received much help from many friends and col- leagues, both here and In Europe, In the preparation of this book — far more, in fact, than I can adequately acknowledge here. Special thanks, however, ^^are due to the authorities and archivists of the Biblloteca Naclonal at Madrid for permission to transcribe and publish the manuscript of the Annals^ and for much valuable aid in deciphering the script ; to Professor Alfred ^^Morel-Fatlo of the College de France, for many helpful suggestions in regard to the early history of the Annals themselves ; and to Mr. J. A. Herbert of the British Museum, who made it possible for me to insert the more important variations of the London manu- script, which, owing to an error in the Museum Index to Gayangos' catalogue, I failed to find when I was in England. I am grateful to Professor Leo Wiener of Harvard for aid in the Identification of proper names and to Professor C. N. Greenough of Harvard for criticism on points of style ; and I am Indebted to Mr. G. W. Robinson of the Harvard Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, who has compiled the index, for saving me from a number of inconsistencies of nomenclature in the translation. Above all, however, I would emphasize my very deep sense of obligation to Professor J. D. M. Ford of Harvard and to Professor James Fitzmaurlce- Kelly of the University of Liverpool, who have read through the text, translation, and introduction with the most painstaking and unselfish care, and whose generous guidance and counsel have aided and encouraged me at every turn. It is hardly necessary for me to add that none of these gentlemen can in any way be held responsible for such errors and blemishes as this book contains. Any merits which It may possess are in large measure due to them : its faults are my own.

R. B. Merriman.

Harvard University, June, 19 1 2.

CONTENTS

I. INTRODUCTION: page

Chapter I. Gomara's Life . . . . ix

Chapter II. The Cr6nica de los Barbarrojas

AND THE HiSTORIA GENERAL DE LAS InDIAS xiii

Chapter III. The Annales de Carlos Quinto xxi

Chapter IV. The Sources of the Annals, AND THE Authors by whom they were USED ....... xxvi

Chapter V. The Merits and Defects of

THE Annals ...... xlvi

II. ENGLISH TRANSLATION OF THE TEXT

OF THE ANNALS i

IIL SPANISH TEXT OF THE ANNALS, tran- scribed from the copy at the Biblioteca Nacional in Madrid. (G. 53 : folios 1-85) . 159

INDEX 273

INTRODUCTION I

G6mara's Life^

Francisco L6pez de Gomara was born on Sunday morning, the 2nd of February, 151 1, in the town of Gomara near Soria in Old Castile.^ No records of his family and antecedents have come down to us, save a subsequent mention of a nephew named Pedro Ruiz, which proves that he was not an only child.^ I have failed to discover any authority for Vedia's statement that he was a student and professor of Rhetoric at the University of Alcala ; ^ but we know that he became a priest,^ and in 1531, at the age of twenty, was at Rome.^ His writings indicate an unusually accurate know- ledge of minor events at the papal court at that period ; and it is natural to suppose that he was either in the employ of one of the many Spanish representatives there, or possibly in the service of Clement VII himself

The next glimpse of our author shows him in Venice in

^ The only serious attempt to write a life of G6mara is that of Enrique de Vedia, on pages xiii to xv of volume xxii of the Biblioteca de Autores Espanoles '. the article about him in the Diccionario Enciclop'edico Hispano- Americano isvirtuallyacopyof it. It contains a number of positive mistakes, omits many important details, and fails to cite any authority for most of its facts : I have not accepted any of its statements unless I have been able to corroborate them from some other source. Much information can be gleaned from G6mara's owrn works and those of his contemporaries, as well as from certain documents concerning his books in the Archivo General de Indias, Estante 139, Caj6n i, Legajo 11. Tomo 23 fol. 8, and Tomo 24 fol. 291, which have been printed in J. T. Medina's Biblioteca Hispano- Americana, vol. i, pp. 259-76. Cf. also C. P^rez Pastor, La Imprenta en Medina del Campo, pp. 90-7.

^ See below, Annals, p. 32. ^ Medina, Biblioteca, i. 267.

* The fact that his name does not appear in Rezabal y Ugarte's Biblioteca de los Escritores que ban sido Indi'viduos de los sets Colegios May ores is strong negative evidence that he never went to the University.

* Biblioteca de Autores Espanoles, xxii. 156 ; Las Casas, Historia de las Indias, Lib. II, cap. cxiv; A. de Le6n Pinelo, Ep'ttome de la Biblioteca, &c. (edition of 1737), column 589, calls G6mara a ' presbytero '.

® See below, Annals, pp. 63 and 91.

X g6mara's life

1540 with Hurtado de Mendoza, the son of the Count of Tendilla ; ^ and the question naturally arises whether he had remained in Italy ever since 1531 or gone home to Spain in the interim. Positive proof is not forthcoming, but there is much to be said in favour of the former alternative. In the first place, the very remarkable knowledge of Italy and Italians evinced on almost every page of his A nnals of Charles V cannot well be explained save on the assumption of an extended residence there ; and in the second, Gomara himself tells us of long conversations which he held with Olaus Magnus, Archbishop of Upsala, in Bologna and in Venice,- and which could only have occurred during that decade. But whatever the case about the period previous to 1540, we can be certain that Gomara's Italian residence terminated in 1541, for we know that he was present at the disastrous siege of Algiers in October and November of that year.'' It is in fact highly probable that he left Italy with the Imperial expedition, which sailed from SpezJia on September 28.^

It was either during the Algerian campaign or else shortly before it, that Gomara first made the acquaintance of the man whose servant, chaplain, and apologist he afterwards became,"' Hernando Cortes — the Conqueror of Mexico. Cortes returned to Spain from America for the last time in the year 1 540, and joined the Spanish expedition against Algiers led by Alva and Bernardino de Mendoza, which united with the Emperor's forces off the North African coast October 23, 1 541. It is evident from Gomara's own writings that he knew Cortes at the time of the siege ; his account of the latter's offer to capture the town after the Emperor's decision to withdraw, may be accepted as proof of it. One also feels, instinctively, that Gomara

' Cronica de los Barbarrojas, in Memorial Historico Espanol, vi. 430.

^ G6mara, Hist, de las Indias in Biblioteca de Autores Espanoles, xxil. 159, 162.

' Ibid. xxii. 454, and Cronica de los Barbarrojas, pp. 433-4 «.

■• Vandenesse, Journal des Voyages, &c. : in vol. ii of Collection des Voyages des Sowve rains des Pays-Bas, p. 193.

^ Las Casas, Historia de las Indias, Lib. Ill, cap. cxiv.

GOMARA'S LIFE xi

would gladly have dwelt longer on this matter, had he not been afraid of incurring Charles's displeasure ; and the excuse that he offers for the Emperor's failure to accept Cortes' proposal is singularly lame and insufficient.^ The daring and heroism of the Conqueror of Mexico had clearly fascinated him. By the time that the ill-fated expedition, storm-shattered and disheartened, had struggled back to the Spanish coast, our author had doubtless been definitely taken over, at the age of thirty, into the service of the man * who had given the Emperor more provinces than His Majesty possessed cities '.

Cortes spent the next few years in a vain attempt to secure some recognition and reward for the immense services which he had rendered to the Spanish Crown.- To this end he was continually forced to dance attendance at the Castilian Court, which, after the Emperor's departure for Italy in the spring of 1543, resided most of the time at Valladolid. From that town he addressed his last touching appeal to the absent Emperor in February, 1544 ; ' on learn- ing of its failure he retired to Seville, with the intention of returning to Mexico, but was overtaken by death in the little town of Castilleja de la Cuesta, December 2, 1547.'* We may be reasonably certain that Gomara, as his friend and chaplain, was the faithful companion of Cortes' dechn- ing years ; and, moreover, the dedication of our author's Cronica de /os Barbarrojas^ to Pedro Alvarez Osorio, Marquis of Astorga and father of Alvar Perez Osorio, who was at that time engaged to the daughter of Cortes, furnishes additional evidence to that effect.^ We may also safely assume that Gomara's career as a historian began soon after his entrance into Cortes' service, and at the suggestion and inspiration of his master. We know that he was engaged on his Hist or ia General de las Indias and on his Cronica de las Barbarroj'as at the same time, for the undated

^ Hist, de las Indias, 454 ; Cronica de los Barbarrojas, 433. ^ Hist, de las Indias, 454.

* Printed in MacNutt's Letters of Cortes to Charles F, pp. 62-6.

* Ibid., p. 66,

^ Cronica de los Barbarrojas, 331-8 : Hist, de las Indias, 454.

xii GOMARA'S LIFE

dedication of the first part of the former work speaks of the composition of the latter as contemporaneous. We know that he had written a part at least of the Cronica de los Barbarrojas in 1 544 ; and he finished it, if the date of its dedication can be accepted as evidence, at Valladolid in September, 1545.^

But before passing on to any detailed description of Gomara's historical writings, it remains for us to record such facts as have come down to us concerning the latter years of his life. There can be little question that it was spent for the most part at Valladolid, whither he doubtless returned directly after Cortes' death. The descriptions of events in that town, given below in the Annals'^ under the years 1548 and 1549, could scarcely have been the work of one who. was not an eye witness, and Garcilaso de la Vega's Contentarios Reales del Peru definitely state that Gomara was in Valladolid after 1552, when the Historia General de las Indias was first put forth.^ It is possible that the government's prohibition of the latter work in November, 1553* (of which a full account will be given hereafter), caused Gomara to retire into comparative seclusion after that date : but if so, he seems to have managed to keep in very close touch with outside affairs, as is shown by the events recorded in the last three years of the A nnals. It is impossible to fix the year of his death. It certainly occurred later than June 10, 1557 — the date of the accession of King Sebastian to the throne of Portugal — for the A finals speak of that monarch as reigning at the time when they were written:^ it certainly occurred before Sept. 26, 1572, for a document of that date, to which reference will here- after be made, speaks of him as deceased at the time ; *^ it probably occurred before 1 566, for we know that some of

^ Hist, de las Indias, 156 ; Cronica de los Barbarrojas, 333, 338, 347.

^ Cf. Annals, pp. 138-9 and 142.

' Contentarios Reales, Parte II, Libro V, cap. xl.

* Printed in J. T. Medina, Biblioteca Hispano-jimericana, vol. i, pp. 264-5 ; cf. also below, pp. xvii-xix.

" Cf. Annals, p. 151.

* Cf. below, p. xix; Medina, Biblioteca, i. 266.

g6mARA'S life xiii

his papers were found in the hands of his nephew and heir in or about that year.^ The fact that the A nnals end with the Emperor's retirement to Yuste in 1556 instead of con- tinuing to the more natural stopping-place, his death, in September, 1558, can hardly be taken to indicate that the author died before his subject, in view of the limits laid down in the first paragraph of that work ; but the absence of any definite information in regard to Gomara after 1557 is strong negative evidence that he did not live much later than that year.

II

The Cr6nica de los Barbarrojas and the Historia General de las Indias

The only works of our author that have come down to us are the CrSnica de los Barbarrojas^ the Historia General de las Indias and the A nnales de Carlos Qtiinto. We have seen that the first two were probably begun at about the same time, soon after Gomara became chaplain to Cortes, who doubtless supplied the inspiration for both, and much of the material for the second.^ We have also seen that the Cronica de los Barbarrojas was probably finished in the autumn of 1 545 ; but it remained unpublished until the year 1853,^ The far more famous and ambitious Historia Ge7teralde las Indias was completed between the beginning of the year 1551 (it records events which occurred at that date) and December 24, 1552, when the printing of the first

1 Medina, Biblioteca, i. 268. The fact that Honorato Juan, Bishop of Osma, is reported as having spoken, just before his death in 1566, of the friendship 'that he had felt' for G6mara, strengthens the theory that our author died before that year. On the other hand it is to be noted that the royal cedula of that date in regard to G6mara's books does not speak of his decease, though this may be explained on the ground that it was merely a reissue of a cedula first put forth in 1553. Medina, i. 265, 266, 267.

^ Cf. above, pp. xi-xii.

^ It was printed in that year in the Memorial Historico Espanol, vol. vi, PP- 33i-439> from a manuscript in the Real Academia de la Historia. Another manuscript copy is now in the Biblioteca Nacional.

xiv THE CRONICA DE LOS BARBARROJAS

edition was finished in Saragossa.^ A word or two about each of these works is necessary, before we can intelligently approach the problem of the production and salient characteristics of the A nnales de Carlos Qumio.

The Cronica de los Barbarrojas contains an accurate and vivid account of the deeds of the two famous pirates in the Mediterranean sea and on the North African coast, and of the efforts of the Spaniards, Venetians, and the Knights of St. John to withstand them. It begins with a brief sketch of the rise of the Turkish power in Asia Minor and South- Eastern Europe, and ends with the year 1 544. It is about thirty thousand words in length. Gomara himself constantly refers to it in his other works as Las Batallas de Mar de Nuestros Tienipos^ a fact which led Nicolas Antonio and others into the error of supposing that Gomara had put forth two different books on this topic : ^ the fact that no separate manuscript with the latter title has as yet been discovered, and that the Cronica de los Barbarrojas contains a passage which tallies exactly with a reference in the Historia de las Indias to the Batallas de Mar de Nuestros Tt'empos, may be accepted as evidence sufficient to disprove this theory.^ The dedication to the prospective son-in-law of Cortes is well worth reading ; Gomara speaks of a plan, already partly accomplished, to rewrite the book in Latin ; but then goes on to say that he had finally decided to publish it in the vernacular in the first place, in order ' to advance the name and fame of our noble language ', as Pedro Mejia and other good and learned men had recently attempted to do.^

The accuracy of Gomara's story of the exploits of the famous pirates is attested by its close correspondence to the contemporary Arabic accounts of the same events. Com- parisons reveal only trivial divergences.^ Sandoval, the famous historian of Charles V, was well acquainted with

^ Hist, de las Indias, 282 ; Medina, Biblioteca, i. 250, 278. 2 Cf. Annals, p. 32 ; Hist, de las Indias, p. 324. ^ Biblioteca Hispana Nova, i. 437-8.

* Hist, de las Indias, 324 ; Cronica de los Barbarrojas, 363, 433-4 «. ® Cronica de los Barbarrojas, 337, 338.

* Ibid. 330.

THE HISTORIA GENERAL DE LAS INDIAS xv

Gomara's work, and fully aware of its excellence. His account of the Ori'gen de Barbarrqfas is clearly copied directly from Gomara's Cronica^ which he has also obviously made use of in other places as well.^ His in- debtedness to it, however, is but slight, as the sequel will show, when compared to his plagiarisms from the Annales de Carlos Quinto.

The Historia General de las Indias^ like the Cronica de los Barbarrqfas, is known by more than one title. The work falls into two separate divisions, each with a dedication of its own — the first to the Emperor, the second to the son and heir of Cortes : and while the name Historia General de las Indias is usually loosely applied to the entire work, it refers, in a more accurate and restricted sense, to the first of these two divisions, which tells of all the deeds of the Spaniards in the New World up to the middle of the sixteenth century, except the Conquest of Mexico. The second division, which deals exclusively with that event, is sometimes called the Segunda Parte de la Cronica General de las l7idias ; but more often the Con- qnista de Mejico. The name Hispania Victrix is attached to the whole work in the edition of 1553 at Medina del Campo, and there are also other titles.^ Again, as with the Cronica de los Barbarrojas, Gomara tells us that it was his ultimate intention to rewrite the Historia General de las Indias in Latin, but that he preferred to publish it in the vernacular in the first place ' in order that all our Spaniards might enjoy reading it immediately '.* The beginning of a Latin translation was found among Gomara's papers after his death.'^

The merits and defects of the Historia General de las Indias have been too often described to need repetition here.^ It is brilliantly written, vastly entertaining, and

' Cronica de los Barbarrojas, 350 11., and Sandoval, i. 64 ff. '^ E.g. Sandoval, ii. 63 ; Cronica de los Barbarrojas, pp. 395-6. ' Cf. the list of the different editions in Medina, Biblioteca, i. 250, 259, 270-3.

* Hist, de las Indias, 156, ° Medina, Biblioteca, i. 267.

* In addition to the works already cited, cf. Winsor, Narrative and

xvi THE HISTORIA GENERAL DE LAS INDIAS

obviously the work of an able and intelligent man. It con- tains numerous errors of detail, to which Bernal Diaz del Castillo delighted to draw attention ; indeed there are some parts of his Conquest of Neiv Spain which seem to have been written for the sole purpose of contradicting and abusing Gomara.^ Many of the latter's mistakes are of course due to the fact that he never went to America, and so had to get his material at second-hand,^ but by far the most important thing to be remembered about the book in this connexion is that the entire story was necessarily coloured because of the author's position as chaplain and follower of Cortes. The whole of the Conquista de Mejico really resolves itself into an extravagant apology and glorifi- cation of Cortes and all his acts : every victory gained is represented as being due to his energy and genius, every defeat to the incompetence or disobedience of his subordi- nates ; and more space is devoted to the Conquest of Mexico than to all the other deeds of the Spanish conquistador es put together. Small wonder that such a presentation of the drama roused the ire of an old soldier like Bernal Diaz del Castillo, who was personally present and played a prominent part in the scenes he described, and who held that since ' the plans, the resolves, and their execution were the common work of all, so should the glory be equally shared by all '. But Gomara had the enormous advantage of being able to get his book out first ; the mass of the Spanish nation were eager for information about the New World, and neither in the mood nor the position to criticize the historical accuracy of an author whose intimate relation to the greatest of the

Critical History of America^ ii. 412-14 ; Fueter, Neuere Historiographie, pp. 299-300.

^ Cf. the various references to G6mara in the excellent translation of the Conquest of Neix) Spain recently brought out by the Hakluyt Society ; also Fitzmaurice-Kelly, History of Spanish Literature, p. 157.

^ I have not thought it worth while to refute the statement in Mi- chaud's Biographic Uni-verselle, that G6mara passed four years in America. It is contradicted by every probability of the case and by the specific statements of contemporaries like Las Casas, who says that G6mara never saw nor heard a thing about these matters save what Cortes told him and gave him in writing when he was his chaplain. Cf. Las Casas, Historia de las Indias, Lib. Ill, cap. cxiv.

THE HISTORIA GENERAL DE LAS INDIAS xvii

Conquistadores they doubtless regarded as a distinction. The enormous popularity of Gomara's work in Spain and the Spanish dominions is suflSciently attested by the fact that it was twice reprinted in Medina del Campo and in Saragossa and five times in Antwerp within less than two years after its first appearance ; while abroad the eighteen or twenty foreign translations of the whole or part of it, which were put forth in Rome, Venice, Paris, London and elsewhere before the end of the century, give ample evidence to the same effect,'

But the Spanish government viewed the book of the hour with very different eyes. On November 17, 1553, at Valla- dolid, Prince Philip put his signature to a cedula command- ing that all copies of Gomara's book be seized and brought to the Council of the Indies, and that fines of 200,000 maravedis be imposed on all who continued to print or sell the same, and of 100,000 maravedis on all who read it or kept it in their possession, ' because it is not fitting that this book be read or sold or that other copies of it be printed.' - No more explicit information concerning the real cause of this stern edict is given in the document itself, but there is no reason to doubt that it was Gomara's extravagant praises of his master that aroused the displeasure of the authorities.'^ The sovereigns of the House of Hapsburg were not wont to be generous to their servants, particularly when they became so powerful that they threatened to overshadow the sovereignty of the Crown. As early as 1526 the Emperor had seen the danger of leaving Cortes a perfectly free hand in the territories which he had won ; hence the various measures of the next fourteen years by which the authority of the great Conquistador was gradually withdrawn.* Most of the accusations of base ingratitude hurled at Charles

^ Cf. list in Medina, i. 250, 259, 270-3, 278-80.

'•^ Printed in Medina's Biblioteca, i. 264-5.

^ A. de Le6n Pinelo in his Ep'ttome de la Biblioteca Oriental y Occidental, Nautica y Geogrqfica (edition of 1737), column 589, speaks of G6mara's work as a ' historia libre ' (which of course may mean any one of a number of things), and ascribes its suppression to that characteristic.

* Armstrong, The Emperor Charles V, ii. 93-5.

1366 b

xviii THE HISTORIA GENERAL DE LAS INDIAS

because of his treatment of Cortes after the latter 's return to Spain, have doubtless been grossly exaggerated ; but it is clear that the Emperor wished to diminish the prominence of the hero of the hour, so that a frank panegyric, published five years after Cortes' death, before his glorious memory had had a chance to fade — an apologia^ which placed him very much in the centre of the stage — was bound to be exceed- ingly unwelcome to his sovereign. Charles was absent in Germany and the Netherlands at the time of the publication of Gomara's work ; but his son Philip, who represented him in Spain, was doubtless well informed of his views, and con- curred in them; hence the cedula of November 17, 1553, and the measures that were subsequently taken to enforce it. The story of these measures and of the success with which they were attended is both interesting for its own sake and pertinent to the subject of our main inquiry, the Annales de Carlos Quinto.

The first evidence of the government's activities in this direction is given by a record of eleven booksellers of the town of Seville who were solemnly notified of the royal cedula^ haled before the authorities, duly sworn, forced to deliver up such copies of Gomara's work as they had in stock, and to do their utmost to put the royal oflScials on the track of those which they had already disposed of.' Apparently there is no record of similar proceedings in other Castilian towns ; but there is no intrinsic reason for supposing that the booksellers of the other parts of that realm did not share the fate of their brethren in Seville. In Aragon, indeed, there was another tale to tell, for a new edition of Gomara's book was actually put forth at Saragossa in 1554 ; the government's control of the affairs of the eastern king- dom being doubtless too imperfectly organized and tardily enforced, to permit the effective application of any system of press-censorship there. But in Castile the authorities never slackened their efforts. On August 7, 1566, the cedula of 1553 was reissued by King Philip from Bosque

^ All the documents bearing on this and the next paragraph are printed in Medina, Biblioteca, i. 262-70.

THE HISTORIA GENERAL DE LAS INDIAS xix

de Segovia, and six years later, on September 26, 1572, a royal mandate was sent to Juan de Salazar, corregidor of Soria, ordering him to send some careful and trustworthy person to the town of Gomara to search for and seize such papers dealing with the affairs of the Indies as could be found in the hands of the heirs of the late Francisco Lopez of that place. Salazar received this mandate on the third of October, selected Martin Garcia, a public actuary, for the mission in question, and the latter reported directly to the king. On his arrival at Gomara Garcia betook himself directly to the house of the priest, Pedro Ruiz, the nephew of our author, in whose possession the papers of his uncle were said to be. A prolonged examination of Ruiz's manuscripts showed that they contained nothing relative to the affairs of the Indies, but it is interesting to notice that a copy of the Saragossa (1554) edition of the Historia General de las Indias was found among his books, and, moreover, that he was allowed to retain it, on his promise to deliver it up at any time it should be asked for, ' because it was public and notorious, and there were many other copies of it elsewhere.' Was this a special exemption granted to Ruiz on account of his relationship to Gomara, or are we to infer that the government had by this time abandoned its attempt to suppress the work as utterly impossible of accomplishment ?

Whatever may be the answer to this question, it is certain that the authorities continued to prosecute their search for Gomara's manuscripts with unabated zeal. In addition to showing Garcia what he still retained, Ruiz was obliged to tell him what papers of his uncle he had previously sold or given away, and to whom, and to swear with his hand on his heart and by the priest's garb that he wore, that he knew of no others than those he described. Efforts to trace the manuscripts of which he had disposed were made in every case; only two of them, however, concern us here: one of these Ruiz described as Historia de guerras navales desdel alto que nascio el Emperador Don Carlos nuestro Sefior, the other as Inquiridion de cosas 7iotables acaescidas

b2

XX THE HISTORIA GENERAL DE LAS INDL\S

por mar y por tierra en iieinpo del imsmo Emperadoi" Don Carlos^ nuestro Sehor^ hasta el que inMrio. It is not difficult to recognize the Cronica de los Barbarroj'as and the Annales de Carlos Qumto under these two titles ; the inaccuracy of Ruiz's memory concerning them may well be accounted for by the fact that he had disposed of them six years before. They were given by him, so he said, to Honorato Juan, Bishop of Osma, tutor to Don Carlos,^ and secretary of the town of Gomara, when he was on a visit there, and the Bishop had promised to publish them for the love he had borne to Francisco Lopez de Gomara, and to give the profits of their sale to Ruiz. The Bishop then departed and a few days later died (July 30, 1566)^ at Burgo de Osma, in his see. Ruiz, on hearing this news, at once repaired to Burgo de Osma, in order to recover his documents, but was told by, the Bishop's servants that he could not have them, because Prince Charles had given orders that all the dead man's books and papers be immediately sent to him, which had been done. At this point we lose sight of what was doubtless the original manuscript of the Annales de Carlos Quinto. Whether it passed into the Royal Archives of the Crown of Castile (as seems likely enough in view of the fact that Philip had the papers of Don Carlos seized at the time of his arrest in January, 1568), or into private hands, it is impossible defi- nitely to tell. Diligent search has failed to reveal any traces of it to-day. Our knowledge of the Annales de Carlos Quinto is therefore derived from two copies of the original manuscript made at a later date, which are, to the best of my knowledge and belief, the only ones now in existence." The description of these two copies and the discussion of

^ Annals,^. 151. ^ Gams, Series Episcoporum, p. 57.

' I have searched in vain in the Biblioteca Nacional, the Archive Hist6rico Nacional, the Library of the Real Academia de la Historia, and in the Archives of Simancas for any trace of the original or other copy of it. Senor F. de Laiglesia's valuable catalogue of the manu- scripts relating to Charles V at the Escorial {Estudios Historicos, pp. 447- 66) does not mention it ; and I have found no evidence of the existence of the original or any copy of it in any archives outside of Spain save in the British Museum, as explained below.

I

THE HISTORIA GENERAL DE LAS INDIAS xxi

their possible connexion with the original, must be reserved for the succeeding- chapter.

Ill

The Annales de Carlos Quinto

The first of the two copies of the Annales de Carlos Qiiinto which have come down to us is to be found on folios 1-85 of the volume labelled G. 53 in the Coleccion de Manuscritos in the Biblioteca Nacional at Madrid.^ The text hereinafter printed has been transcribed from it. The other copy occupies the first 120 folios of the volume designated as ' Kings MS. 165 ' in the British Museum.- Its variations from the Madrid manuscript are not important ; when they affect the sense of the passage in any appreciable degree they have been inserted in the footnotes to the translation. Both these copies were unquestionably made in the seventeenth century. At the end of the volume which contains the one in the British Museum is a colophon stating that ' the transcription was finished on the eve of Corpus Christi in the year 1635, and was made, apparently, from the original, which had belonged to Don Antonio de Cayas and afterwards to Don Sancho de Londono '.^ It is not absolutely certain that the colophon applies to the copy of the A nnals^ because a work by another author ^ on the Tunis campaign of 1535 occupies at least sixty folios of the volume in question, and thus intervenes between the two :

^ Cf. also Gallardo, Ensayo de una Biblioteca, vol. ii, Appendix, p. 94,

^ Cf. P. de Gayangos, Catalogue of the Manuscripts in the Spanish Language in the British Museum, vol. i, pp. 219-20.

^ Cf. Gayangos, Catalogue, i. 219-20. The text of the colophon is * Acavosse de trasladar en Madrid, vispera del Corpus del ano de 1635, y sacose, d lo que parecia, de su original, que aula sido de Don Antonio de (^ayas, y despues de Don Sancho de Londono '. After quoting the above, and stating on his own authority that the work is in a seventeenth- century hand, Gayangos naively adds : * From Dr. Robertson's collection, and probably transcribed for his use.' The first clause of this sentence is unproved, the last obviously impossible.

* He describes himself as ' Un cavallero y soldado viejo de los de la Cesarea Mag^* del Emperador Carlos V ' : Gayangos thinks he was D. Luis de Avila y Ziiniga.

xxii THE ANNALES DE CARLOS QUINTO

still, as the entire volume is written in the same hand, the probabilities favour the theory that it does.

Any account of these manuscripts and their possible relation to the original must necessarily be largely a matter of conjecture, but there are certain facts in connexion with them which deserve at least a passing notice. Any theories concerning the antecedents of the copy in London must necessarily depend on the accuracy of the colophon. If it is exact and applies to that manuscript, it would make for the contention that the original passed into private hands (Antonio de Qayas and Sancho de Londono, whoever they may have been) after having been seized by the representa- tives of Don Carlos : but, as has been already shown, we cannot be certain of the colophon ; and, moreover, we must recognize the possibility at least that manuscript and colo- phon were both transcribed from an earlier copy and not from the original. There is, moreover, no trustworthy evidence as to how the manuscript in question got to England and into the Museum ; Gayangos' assertion that it belonged to Dr. Robertson is unproved,^ and even if true, it does not take us back of the middle of the eighteenth century. The Madrid copy, on the other hand, lacks any specific indication of its origin, but the probabilities favour the theory that it was obtained from the library of the famous seventeenth-century collector, Pedro Nuiiez de Guzman, Count of Villaumbrosa, who is known to have possessed a copy,^ and many of whose treasures, dispersed in Spain after his death, ultimately found their way into what is now the Biblioteca Nacional. Where Villaumbrosa acquired his manuscript it is impossible definitely to say. Nicolas Antonio speaks as if it were identical with a copy which was found in the library of the famous Count of Olivares, the all-powerful minister of Philip IV ; ^ and the fact that both Olivares and Villaumbrosa belonged to the

' Cf. ante, p. xxi, note 3.

* Museo y biblioteca del conde de Villaumbrosa por Don Josef Maldonado y Pardo (Madrid, 1677) ; Libros Manuscritos, fol. 112. ' Biblioteca Hispana Nova, i. 438.

THE ANNALES DE CARLOS QUINTO xxiii

same great house of Guzman may possibly serve slightly to strengthen this theory.^ Olivares had access to the Royal archives and may well have known and had transcribed for his own use the original, which was seized by the agents of Don Carlos, if it remained there : but we must not forget that if the colophon at the end of the volume in the British Museum is to be trusted, there is reason to think that the original had passed into private hands.^ All this, however, is mere guess-work ; we have not sufficient information to justify any definite statements, and we can only say that we have somewhat more material out of which to construct theories about the pedigree of the Madrid manuscript than about that of the copy in the British Museum. The fact that the variations between the two manuscripts are so compara- tively few and slight affords good ground for believing that they were both transcribed, either directly or at most in two stages, from a common source, which may well have been the original ; and the statement in each that a page is missing at the close of the year 1549 materially strengthens this view.^

Three interesting problems present themselves in con- nexion with the composition of the Annals^ and must be briefly discussed before we can proceed to an examination of their contents. First and foremost comes the question of the year or years in which they were written. If the entire work was composed at substantially the same time, without subsequent emendation or alteration, its date can be fixed with considerable accuracy. The mention in the year 1535 of Mary Tudor as ' Our Lady ','^ places it between July, 1554, when she married Philip, and December, 1558, when her

^ Against this theory it may be urged that a manuscript catalogue of the Biblioteca Olivariense (printed in Gallardo, Ensayo de una Biblioteca, vol. iv, columns i486 and 1490) refers to the manuscript there as a quarto, while Maldonado y Pardo, loc. cit,, speaks of the Villaumbrosa copy as an octavo. The line of demarcation between quartos and octavos, however, is so indefinite, that it is unsafe to place too much reliance on such data ; moreover, the copy now in the Biblioteca Nacional is of such proportions that it would be equally possible to describe it by either of these two terms.

^ Gf. ante, note 3. ' Annals , p. 143. * Annals, p. 100.

xxiv THE ANNALES DE CARLOS QUINTO

death (Nov. 17) must have been known in Spain: the statement in the year 1554 that Sebastian 'is now king'^ in Portugal, narrows the field still further, by placing the earlier limit at June 10, 1557. On the other hand there are certain indications which point to the possibility at least that the composition of the Annals was spread over a number of years. The nature of the work closely resembles that of a diary ; and Sandoval's remark concerning it ^ tends to strengthen that impression : moreover, we know that it was a favourite custom with Spanish authors of that period to keep their books by them, unfinished, for a long time, adding a little every now and then, so that sometimes as many as twenty years elapsed between the inception of a work and its completion.^ Personally, I incline strongly to favour the first of these two alternatives and to believe that the composition of the Annals fell wholly within the years 1557 and 1558. We have already seen that there is no reason to suppose that Gomara turned his attention to the writing of history before he entered Cortes' service in 1541 ; the brief paragraph in regard to his own birth and career which appears under the year 1 5 1 1 was clearly reduced to its final form after 1552, because he there speaks of the Historia General de las Indias as already finished ; more- over, the motives which probably led Gomara to produce the A nnals (they will be discussed at length hereafter) tend to corroborate the view that the work was written within a comparatively limited period. Those who think, however, that its peculiar diarial character indicates that its composi- tion was spread over a number of years, can plausibly argue that it was begun at a comparatively early date, and subse- quently corrected so as to give it the appearance of having been all written at the close of the period with which it deals.*

The second question is whether the Annals, as they have come down to us, were intended to be a finished work, or

^ Annals, p. 151. "^ Quoted on the title-page of this book.

' As, for instance, in the case of the Dorotea of Lope de Vega. * The question of the date of the death of Florian de Ocampo, dis- cussed below in note 4 to p. xxxi, bears on this problem.

THE ANNALES DE CARLOS QUINTO xxv

whether they were merely a set of notes which Gomara ultimately proposed to expand into a book of much larger proportions. The probabilities of this case are so evenly balanced that it is almost impossible to choose between them. In the Annals of Lorenzo Galindez de Carvajal he had an excellent example of a book which was apparently regarded as complete in a form similar to that of his own ; while in the Historia sui Teinporis of Jovius, he had a pattern of a much more finished product. Some of the passages of the Annals are carefully and brilliantly written, and display the author's marked literary gifts as fully as do his other works — such are the characterizations of Francis I, Henry VIII, and Martin Luther, and the story of the ' Alguazil Espaiiol ' :^ others are brief, scrappy, and incomplete, full of careless mistakes and lapstis calami^ more like a set of notes jotted down in a hurry than a book ready for publication. The fact that Gomara 's nephew Pedro Ruiz spoke of the Annals as an ' Inquiridion ' (Encheiridion), and that Jules Chifflet, in the seventeenth century, referred to them as ' Index historicus rerum a Carolo Quinto gestarum ', may be used as an argument for both sides of this question : and it has already been shown in another connexion that the fact that the work stops with the Emperor's abdication in 1556, rather than with his death in 1558, goes for nothing, in view of the limitations announced in the opening sentences of the first paragraph of the book.^ Much of course depends on the still unsolved problem of the date of Gomara's death. If, as seems probable, it occurred soon after 1557, it would make for the contention that the work was left unfinished ; but if not, the fact that no evidence was found among his papers, indicating his intention to produce a larger book, is a point for the other side. Certainly, with our present knowledge, this question is not susceptible of a definite answer.

Thirdly comes the problem as to what the object of Gomara was in writing the A nnals of Charles F, so soon

' Annals., pp. 53, 125, 129 ff. ^ Cf. ante, p. xiii.

xxvi THE ANNALES DE CARLOS QUINTO

after the government had decreed the suppression of his Hisioria General de las Indtas ; and all the probabilities point to the conclusion that our author's chief aim was to secure a return of the royal favour. An obvious way to atone for his error in magnifying the exploits of Cortes, was to write a universal history of the period, and place Charles in the centre of the stage. The article on Gomara in Michaud's Biographie Universelle hazards the absurd guess that the reason the A nnals were never printed was because they had represented the Emperor in an unfavour- able light ; but a very brief inspection of the work itself will suffice to dispel this illusion. Gomara goes out of his way, at every turn, to extol Charles and to emphasize his superiority to his contemporaries, as well as to insist on the pre-eminence of Spain and the Spaniards above all other countries and people. Unless further evidence to the contrary should come to light, we may be reason- ably certain that Gomara composed these Annals — possibly at different times and intending them as a set of notes for the compilation of a larger and more ambitious work — as a means of regaining the good graces of his sovereign and of enjoying, as he himself phrased it, ' the fruits of his labours in company with many good men.'

IV

The Sources of the Annals, and the Authors by whom they were used

One of the most interesting and valuable features of the work that lies before us is the frequent mention which Gomara makes of contemporary Spanish,French, and Italian writers, and the comments which he occasionally ventures to add as to the value and importance of their writings. He refers by name to twenty-two Spanish, three French, and four Italian historians, some of them writers whose works have not come down to us ; and he also speaks, somewhat more indefinitely, of several others whom it is usually not

THE SOURCES OF THE ANNALS xxvii

difficult to identify. From some few of these authors he has obviously taken considerable material ; of the majority of them he was, relatively speaking, independent ; but it is obvious at every turn that he was in close touch with the literary and historical world of his day and generation, and his comments on the prominent figures in it are worthy of careful consideration.

Let us turn in the first place to the Spanish historians of the time, and select from among them those whom it seems most probable that Gomara utilized in preparing the Annals. At the outset it is important to emphasize the fact that our author was no plagiarist ; he preferred, when- ever possible, to trust to his own observation and knowledge of events ; and when he was forced to rely on the reports of others, he almost always took pains to avoid copying their phraseology, in a way which contrasts most agreeably with the treatment to which he was subjected by those who utilized him. In searching for the historians from whom Gomara took material, we naturally look to those whose writings cover the whole or part of the first quarter of the century, when our author was not old enough to observe and record things for himself. Of these, the one who served him best was doubtless Andres Bernaldez^ whom he mentions among the chroniclers of Ferdinand the Catholic.^ There can be little doubt that Gomara's accounts of the birth of the miraculous monster in Ravenna in 1512 and of the batde between the Portuguese Alcaide of Tangiers and the King of Fez in the same year are taken directly from him ; in the latter case the fact that both authors are in exact agreement as to the number of those engaged and of those captured is highly significant.^ The story of the girdle of iron on the body of King James of Scotland at the battle of Flodden Field is also strikingly close to that con- tained in the last chapter of Bernaldez's work ; ^ and a care- ful inspection of the other paragraphs in the first thirteen years of the Annals which have been annotated below with

^ Annab^'^.\\. ^ Ibid., pp. 32, 33 ; Bernaldez, caps, ccxxviii, ccxxxiii. ' Annals, p. 37 ; Bernaldez, cap. ccxlv.

xxviii THE SOURCES OF THE ANNALS

references to Bernaldez will reveal other instances of a similar sort. Next after Bernaldez comes Pedro Mejia. The general arrangement of the material in Gomara's account of the revolt of the Castilian Comuneros in 1520-21 is very similar to that in the comparatively exhaustive story of the same event which forms the only published part of Mejia's Historia de Carlos Qiiinto ; ^ moreover, Gomara specifically cites that author as responsible for the state- ment (which he takes pains to modify) that Solyman had 600,000 soldiers with him on his expedition against Austria in 1532.^ Gomara was also familiar with Mejia's Historia delos Cesar es desde Julio y Augusto hasta Maximiliano I de Austria^ as is shown by his reference to it under the year 1519.^ From Lorenzo Galindez de Carvajal, also, Gomara doubtless derived something. He mentions him as one of the chroniclers of King Ferdinand,* and the arrangement style, title, and general features of the works of the two authors closely resemble one another. It seems probable that Carvajal was one of the authorities on whom Gomara relied for minor events of local interest in Spain itself during the last years of the Catholic King: the accounts which both writers give of the renunciation of the archbishopric of Santiago by Alfonso de Fonseca in favour of his son in 1507, and of the capture of the Royal Alcalde by the Marquis of Priego in 1508, are very close to one another : and other cases of a similar sort may be found in the succeeding years,^ It is worth noticing that none of these works except Mejia's Historia de los Cesar es (which was published in Seville in 1 544) was in print during Gomara's lifetime. He must have had access to manuscript copies of Bernaldez and of Carvajal, whose deaths occurred long before he began his historical career ; he may well have been personally acquainted with Mejia, who began his Historia de Carlos Quinto in 1549.^

The question also arises as to whether or not Gomara

^ Annals^ pp. 58-9 ; Bibl'toteca de Autores Espanoles, xxi, 367-407,

* Annals, p. 91, ^ Ibid., p, 58, * Ibid., p, 44. ® Annals, pp. 21 and 24 ; Document os In/ditos, xviii, 319, 321.

* Bibl'toteca de Autores Espanoles, vol, xxi, p. xv.

THE SOURCES OF THE ANNALS xxix

utilized the works of any of the other Spanish historians of this perio(i, without mentioning their names. In seeking to answer it, we naturally look, as before, to the works dealing with the earlier part of the period which the A nnals cover ; and by a process of exclusion arrive, very early, at the four chronicles of the Great Captain which were produced in the first half of the sixteenth century,^ and with which we may be reasonably certain that Gomara was familiar. ^ The first of these chronicles (written by Hernan Perez del Pulgar and printed in 1527) treats of litde else than the story of the siege of Granada, and consequently lies outside our author's field. Another (written by the Italian Jovius, but translated into Spanish and published at Saragossa in 1554) differs so widely from the Annals that there is no reason to think that Gomara made use of it. With the other two, however, there is a different tale to tell. Both of them are of unknown authorship ; one of them, commonly called the Cronica Manuscrita^ remained unprinted till very recent times ; the other, usually known as the Cronica General del Gran Capttdn^ was first published in Saragossa in 1554 together with a brief autobiography of the famous soldier, Diego Garcia de Paredes.^ There is strong reason to think that our author made use of both these works. A comparison of his account of the famous combat of the eleven Spaniards and the eleven Frenchmen, and of the subsequent encounter between the thirteen Frenchmen and the thirteen Italians, with the more detailed story of the same events contained in the Cronica Manuscrita^ speaks for itself ; as does the close resemblance between Gomara's characterization of Paredes, and that hero's autobiography.* Doubt as to the authorship of these chronicles may well have been the reason why Gomara, in contrast to his usual frankness, failed definitely to acknowledge that he had derived material from

' Edited in Nueva Biblioteca de jiutores Espanoles, vol. x.

^ Annals, p. 48.

' On all this cf. Nucva Biblioteca de Autores Espanoles, vol. x, Intro- duction and text.

* Annals, pp. 11 and 94-7; Nueva Biblioteca de Autores Espanoles, X. 333-8; 344-7; 255-9.

XXX THE SOURCES OF THE ANNALS

them, if such was the fact Possibly he may have known who the authors were, but thought they desired to remain anonymous.

Turning now to the other Spanish writers to whom our author refers, but of whom he appears to have remained, relatively speaking, independent, it is clear that Geronimo Zurita holds the first place in his estimation.^ But the question at once arises as to the extent to which it was possible for Gomara to have been familiar with the work of the great Aragonese chronicler. Zurita did not begin his historical career till 1548, when he started on a long journey in Spain, Italy, and Sicily to collect his material : the first two volumes of his work, which cover the period previous to the death of King Martin of Aragon in 1410, were not published till 1 562 ; while the last two, which deal with the reign of Ferdinand the Catholic, and are cited by our author as a separate work, did not appear till 1580 : ^ judging from what Gomara says of him, however, under the year 1547, Zurita was working at the earlier and later portions of his book at the same time.^ It is, of course^ just possible that our author's eulogies of his Aragonese contemporary were based on mere hearsay ; but, in view of the fact that Zurita is known to have been entrusted by Philip II with the task of arranging the archives at Simancas in 1557,* and may very likely have been there at a time when Gomara was at Valladolid^ only eight miles away, it seems more probable that the latter had some personal knowledge of him, saw his notes and thus learned the character and scope of his work. Whatever the case it is clear that our author had not mistaken his man. Zurita was doubtless the foremost historian of his day and generation in Spain.

The rest of the list of Spanish writers mentioned in the Annals may be dismissed with briefer notice. Pulgar's Cronica (which our author almost certainly knew only in

^ Annals, pp. 44 and 137.

^ Cf. Latassa, Bibliotecas de Escritores Aragoneses (Saragossa, 1886), iii. 425-35.

^ Annals, p. 137. * Antonio, Biblioteca Hispana Nova, i. 605.

THE SOURCES OF THE ANNALS xxxi

manuscript, since it was not published till 1567) and Lebrija's Decades (printed in 1 545) close with the latter part of the fifteenth century, and therefore can have furnished no material for the present work ; and Gomara appears to have been independent of the Opus Epistolarum of Peter Martyr, though the two writers corroborate each other at certain points.^ His reference to Juan Cristoval Calvete's Felicissifno Vtaj'e, as the authority on Philip's journey to Italy in 1 548, sounds almost like the footnote to a twentieth- century historical monograph.- He gives us for the first time the date (1539) at which the title of Chronicler was conferred on Florian de Ocampo ; '^ but was justly sceptical about the success of that author's attempts to finish a history which began with Noah. Indeed, he may be fairly credited with anticipating Ticknor's comments on that work, for Ocampo died without having brought his A nnals of Spain further down than the days of the Scipios.* Gomara also speaks of another project of writing a General History of Spain^ which was entertained at the time by Doctor Juan Paez de Castro, who took the title of Chronicler in 1555, but again is careful not to commit himself as to the proba- bilities of its fulfilment ; ^ as a matter of fact the work in question was never finished, Paez de Castro being chiefly known to-day because of his famous criticism or ' parecer '

' Annals, pp. 9, 44. ^ Ibid., p. 140. ^ Ibid., p. 107.

* Cf. Ticknor, History of Spanish Literature, vol. i, p. 554. The best modern accounts of Ocampo are to be found in G. Cirot, Les Histoires Generales ctEspagne entre Alphonse X et Philippe II, pp. 97-147 ; and in Ferndndez Duro, Coleccion Bibliograjico-Biograjica de . . , 7,atnora, pp. 379-80. There has been considerable discussion in regard to the date of his death, which Cirot places in 1555, Duro in 1590, and other writers at different points in the intervening years. Cirot makes out a strong case in favour of the earliest of these dates, and the fact that Paez de Castro was appointed Chronicler in 1555 materially strengthens it : there is still however, it seems to me, just a shade of doubt ; and it is quite clear that Ocampo's death, if it occurred in 1555, was not generally known at once. I have mentioned the matter because it has an important bearing on what has been said above (p. xxiv) in regard to the probable time of the composition of the Annals. If Ocampo died in 1555) and Gomara knenu it, the entry concerning him under the year 1539 {Annals, p. 107) was clearly written at least two years earlier than the paragraph about King Sebastian of Portugal under the year 1554 (p. 151)- ' Annals, p. 156.

xxxii THE SOURCES OF THE ANNALS

on Zurita's Annals, which is appended to the sixth volume of the edition of 1610. The work of Antonio de Guevara, Bishop of Mondofiedo, and Pedro de Rhua's strictures upon it are briefly touched on by Gomara, in connexion with the former's death.^ Other minor historians of whom he speaks, and whose writings have been preserved to us, are Giovanni Battista Spagnuoli, Alonzo de Palencia, Tristan de Silva, Pedro de Gracia Dei of Galicia, and Hernando de Ribera.^ The works of the three remaining Spanish writers whom he mentions — Bernardino Gentile de Sicilia,"' Jacobo de Valgrana,* and Bellido Busto ^ — are apparently no longer extant. Such information as I have been able to glean concerning these men may be found in the footnotes to the pages of the translation where their names occur.

Before passing to the French and Italian historians with whom our author was conversant, a word remains to be added concerning his comments on those of his countrymen who had written and were writing on American affairs. Considering the fate that had befallen the Historia General de las Indias at the hands of the government, and the harsh personal criticism to which (if we may judge from a story contained in Garcilaso de la Vega's Coinentarios Reales ^) he had been probably subjected on account of it by those who knew the facts, Gomara 's comments on the American works of his compatriots are surprisingly few and singularly free from rancour. There are, in fact, only two of his statements in this connexion that call for special notice. The first is the brief mention of the beginning of the famous Las Casas-Sepiilveda quarrel in 1546, so phrased that it is perfectly impossible to tell on which side Gomara's sympathies were enlisted." The second is a piece of literary

* Annals., p. 122. Rhua attacked Guevara's Menosprecio de Corte y Alabanqa de Aldea. ^ Ibid., p. 44 and n. 6.

^ Ibid., p. 44 and n. 6. * Ibid., p. 104. ^ Ibid,, p. 119.

'"' Cf. Garcilaso de la Vega, Comentarios Reales del Peru, Par. II, Lib. V, cap. xl.

'' Annals, p. 126. We may be reasonably certain that G6mara was personally acquainted with Sep61veda, and probably with Las Casas also ; Medina, Biblioteca, i. 268.

THE SOURCES OF THE ANNALS xxxiii

gossip, which, as far as I have been able to discover, is absolutely new, namely that it was at the instance of Las Casas that the Royal Council refused to Gonzalo Fernandez de Oviedo in 1548 the necessary licence to publish the second part of his great Historia de las Indias^ which did did not see the light till 1851.^ The cumulative result of all these items may be accepted as certain evidence that Gomara was intimate with the chief Spanish historians of his day and generation, and is a really valuable authority on the literary history of his time.

In view of the fulness and accuracy of Gomara 's informa- tion in regard to contemporary historians in Spain and also (as we shall later see) in Italy, it is somewhat sur- prising that his knowledge of the French writers of the time should be so meagre. He only mentions three French historians in the course of his entire book, and none of these is of first-rate importance. The first is Arnoul le Ferron, to whose continuation in Latin of the chronicle of Paul fimile he accords unenthusiastic praise ; - the second is Nicolas Gilles, whose work, which terminates in 1483, he erroneously represents as dealing with the reigns of Louis XII and Francis I ; '■'' the third is a certain Jean Bonchel, who apparently wrote a life of Fernando de Alarcon, which commended itself to Gomara,^ but which probably was never printed ; apparently it could not be found in the seventeenth century ; ^ and I have been unable to discover any trace of the author or of his work to-day. The chronicles of Le Ferron and of Gilles were both published before Gomara's death — the latter four or five dif- ferent times ; and our author's mistake in regard to it is the more surprising for that reason. His apparent ignorance of Seyssel, most of whose works were published during

^ y/««fl/j, pp. 139-40. Cf. also: Medina, 5/ii//o/dTfl, i. 147-9 ; Winsor,

Narrat'fve and Critical History, ii, 343-6. G6mara previously mentions

Oviedo among the chroniclers of Ferdinand the Catholic. Annals, p. 44.

* Annals, p. 137. ^ I5i(j_^ p^ j^7_ 4 ibjj^^ p_ uq,

^ Cf. Preface to Antonio Suarez de Alarc6n's Comentarios de los hechos

del Senor Alarcon, Madrid, 1655 : also Annals, p. no, n. 5.

1366 C

xxxiv THE SOURCES OF THE ANNALS

his lifetime, is also hard to explain : but the writings of d'Auton, Fleuranges, Paradin, the du Bellays, and other contemporaries remained in manuscript till after his death, and for that reason would naturally not be known to him.

Of the Italian historians with whom Gomara was familiar, Jovius unquestionably holds the first place. Our author speaks of him specifically on three separate occasions,^ and was obviously conversant with the Contm-eniarius Reruin Turcicaruiff and the Historia sui Temporis which were published in 1541 and in 1550-2 respectively. In fact there is strong reason to believe that the two men were personally acquainted with one another, for Jovius was employed by Clement VII, and constantly in attendance at the Vatican during the period that Gomara was in Rome. The arrangement and form of the Spaniard's work betrays the influence of the Italian from beginning to end, and there are several occasions where the former's indebted- ness to the latter is such as closely approaches the limits of plagiarism — far more closely in fact than in any other case in which our author has been detected. Gomara's account of the cruel death of George Dozsa in 15 14 is perhaps the most obvious instance of this sort ; several clauses in it come about as near to the words of the story as given in the Historia sui Temporis as the difference in language will permit.^ Gomara's description of Selim's Egyptian campaigns (15 14-17) and his picture of that Sultan's death, are also very close to the corresponding passages in the works of Jovius.-^ Yet it would be a mistake to represent our author as in any sense a slavish imitator of his Italian contemporary. Whenever possible he controlled and sup- plemented Jovius with other authorities, and with his own personal knowledge, thereby showing a laudable indepen-

' Cf. Annals, pp. 8, 86, 121.

^ Text, Anode 1514,11.23-30. Jovius, ///j/. jai T(?>w/). (Venice, 1572), vol. i, p. 301.

^ Text, Alios de 1514, 1516, 1517, />«jjm, and Ano de 1520,11.37-80. Jovius, Hist, sui Temp. i. 476-512 ; Commentarius Rerum lurcicarum, chapter on Selim.

THE SOURCES OF THE ANNALS xxxv

dence, and a desire to utilize all available sources of informa- tion, even if a gain in accuracy did not always accompany them. Two instances of this will suffice.

The first is the very remarkable story which Gomara tells of the counsellor and friend of Soldan Tuman of Egypt, whose real name was Algazeli, but whom Jovius calls ' Gazelle ', and Gomara ' El Alguazil '.^ The facts about this man seem to have been that he was an Austrian Slav by birth, and employed from his youth up in the service of Soldans Kansu and Tuman. By his courage, ability, and energy the invading army of Selim was for a brief space kept at bay, but finally he turned traitor, went over to the Turks, and was rewarded by Selim after the capture of Cairo by the governorship of Syria ; only to be defeated and killed three years later in an attempt to raise a revolt against Solyman the Magnificent.- Jovius 's account of this interesting person is in general accord with these facts,^ but Gomara 's is strangely different. He represents Algazeli as a Spaniard born in Seville, and brought as a child by his mother on a pilgrimage to Jerusalem, where he says he was kidnapped by the Soldan and made into a Mameluke. He follows Jovius 's account of Algazeli's early resistance to Selim s invading armies, but represents him as having remained the loyal adherent of Tuman to the very end ; not only that, but asserts that he spurned Selim's offers of pardon and favour after Tuman 's death, escaped from the prison in which vSelim confined him, and finally fled to Persia, where he introduced artillery, and advised the Shah to use Spanish soldiers in his armies, and to make an alliance with the Emperor Charles V. What Gomara 's sources for this story were I have been wholly unable to ascertain. It does not seem likely that he invented the tale out of whole cloth, for that is contrary to what we know of the man and his methods ; on the other hand it would be dangerous to set up his story as accurate, in view of the

' Annals, pp. 53-5, Text, Ano de 1517,11. 143-220.

^ Hammer, Geschichte des Osmanischen Retches, ii. 495 ff. ; iii. 9 ff.

* Jovius, Hist, sui 'Temp. i. 478-506 passim, 531.

C 2

xxxvi THE SOURCES OF THE ANNALS

overwhelming- evidence on the other side. It seems probable, on the whole, that he was describing the career of some other man, whom some chance resemblance of name or title caused him to confuse with Algazeli. But the whole incident is noteworthy as indicating that Gomara tended, whenever possible, to trust his own observation and knowledge and even hearsay rather than rely on the state- ments of other historians. Sandoval was certainly right in characterizing him as one who ' noted down all he saw and heard in his day and generation '.^

The other instance of Gomara's independence of Jovius is even more striking, and far more to the credit of his accu- racy and determination to ' go to the sources '. At the close of his long account of the rise of Ismail Sophy in the year 1 500, he says ' This is a little different from the way in which Paul Jovius, the diligent historian of Turkish affairs, recounts it, but I found it related in this wise in a book which Hernando Ruy brought from Constantinople, written in manuscript, and taken from the histories of that part of the world'.- After considerable investigation concerning the identity of this other ' book ' I have come to the conclusion that it almost certainly was nothing else than the Breve Narraiione della Vita et Fatii del Signor Ussuncassano by the Italian Giovan Maria Angiolello,^ or if not that, at least some compilation which had been practically copied from it. In the first place, we know from Ramusio's preface to that work that Angiolello was in the employ of the Turks,* a fact which fits in well with Gomara's statement that the book which was the source of his information was brought from Constantinople. In the second, there are several passages in Gomara's story, which are almost iden- tical with the corresponding ones in Angiolello. Such, for instance, are the description of Ismail's birth, the story of his capture of Piroso or Pucosco, and the account of his

^ Cf. below, p. li. ^ Annals, p. 8.

^ Printed in vol. ii of Ramusio's Navigationi et Fiaggi [Wenice, 1583), IF. 65-78 : and (translated into English) by the Hakluyt Society in 1873, in Tra'vels of Fenetians in Persia.

* Ramusio, ii. 65.

THE SOURCES OF THE ANNALS xxxvii

exhuming and burning the bones of his enemies and of putting his mother to death.^ Gomara, as has been already stated, was exceedingly careful not to incur the reputation of being a plagiarist ; the passages in question are all very short, and separated from one another by phrases of his own ; moreover, they are arranged in a different order from that in which they appear in the other book. But, within these limits, the resemblances are so close that, coupled with our author's familiarity with Italians, and the facts that we know about Angiolello, they create a strong presumption in favour of the theory that Gomara knew and utilized this valuable work.

The other Italian writers specifically cited by Gomara are Bembo, Giustiniani, and Guazzo : he merely mentions the years in which their books were completed ; and, in addi- tion, accords to Guazzo a rather grudging compliment for the industrious, painstaking quality of his work.- All three were in print during our author's lifetime, but I find no evidence that he utilized them to any considerable extent. Of Guicciardini's great book he seems to have been igno- rant, but this is doubtless explained by the fact that no part of it was published till 1561. On the other hand there is strong evidence that he was familiar with Machiavelli, though he does not mention him by name, for in the midst of our author's characterization of Francis I there occurs a most striking passage,^ in which Gomara summarizes the arguments of the great Florentine in defence of breach of plighted faith, as contained in the eighteenth chapter of The

' Cf. G6inara's words in the text, Ar.o de 1500, 11. 17 1-2, 15 1-3, 161-4, with the following passages in Angiolello as printed in Ramusio, vol. ii, ff. 71-2 :

' Questo Ismael, quando nacque, venne fuori del corpo della madre co' pugni chiusi & pieni di sangue.'

' Or essendo ragunati li detti cinquecento fanti & cavalli, passarono un fiume grande, che va alia volta di Sumacchia detto Cur, che entra nel mar Caspio.'

' In questo conflitto furon morte venti mila persone : egli fece poi trar fuori molte ossa delle sepolture de' Signori gia morti, & fecele ab- brusciare, fece rnorir la propria madre.'

'^ Annals, pp. 39, 84, 147.

^ Annnls, p. 132, and Burd's edition of // Principe, pp. 297-308.

xxxviii THE SOURCES OF THE ANNALS

Prince^ and then refutes them in characteristic sixteenth- century fashion. Our author was almost certainly in Italy at the time of the publication of that work (1532), and must have realized the accuracy of Machiavelli's description of the political methods of the successful ruler of his day and generation in that country. Nothing, however, would induce him to admit that the Emperor would willingly descend to such practices as the Florentine described ; and, moreover, like a large number of subsequent critics, he tended to confuse the ideally justifiable and the actually existent, and to make the mistake of estimating The Prince rather as an exposition of the one than as a delineation of the other.

Gomara's intimate knowledge of Italy and of Italian writers is really one of the most interesting and significant features of his book. The age in which he lived saw the literary relations of Spain and Italy at their closest. The Spanish language, which had hitherto been regarded in Italy as the tongue of a barbarian people,^ was rapidly coming into fashion there, and being taken up on all sides. On the other hand, Italian works and Italian authors flourished in the Spain of Charles V, to the prejudice of the older national ones. Politically, too, we find the destinies of the two nations more closely interwoven than ever before. To the ancient Spanish realms in Sicily and Naples was added Milan in 1535 ; at the north and the south the peninsula was ruled by Spain, and many of the intermediate states, which maintained theoretical independence, were in large measure dominated by the influence of the foreigner. On the other hand, it was by putting into practice the principles of Italian statecraft that Spain had sprung forward to the leadership of Europe ; it was largely by Italian soldiers and Italian statesmen that Spanish military and diplomatic victories had been gained ; it was by the efforts of an Italian that Spain had become mistress of the New World. To the

^ Boccaccio called the Castilians * semi-barbari et efferati homines *. Valla spoke of the Aragonese as ' a studiis humanitatis abhorrentes ': Fitzmaurice-Kelly, History of Spanish Literature, p. 131.

THE SOURCES OF THE ANNALS xxxix

extent of this Italian literary and political influence on Spain, and also to that of the Spanish literary and political influ- ence on Italy, the career and writings of our author bear eloquent tribute. His broad outlook on men and events, his brilliant synthetical power, and his ability to distinguish the important from the unimportant, differentiate him sharply and very honourably from the vast majority of Spanish chroniclers of his time, and are doubtless largely traceable to his Italian experiences. Yet, on the other hand, his ineradicable conviction of the unquestioned superiority of Spain to all other nations in every walk of life, saved him from being a mere imitator and plagiarist, and caused him to proclaim the glory and renown of his native land at every possible opportunity.

From the consideration of the authorities utilized by Gomara in the preparation of his work, we now pass to the not less interesting problem of the authors who in turn made use of him. As the Annals of Charles F were never printed before, we cannot be surprised at finding that there are not many of these. Of course the number of manuscript copies which were made also bears on this point ; and though it is of course impossible to be definite, we can fairly say that the available evidence tends to show that there were but very few, possibly only the original (which was very likely lost) and the two seventeenth-century copies in the Biblioteca Nacional at Madrid and in the British Museum in London. In any case we have no evidence that Gomara's work was known to any writer who did not have access, at one time or another, to the different archives at the Spanish capital, so that it is entirely possible, indeed we may fairly say probable, that the various authors who are known to have taken material from the A nnals^ utilized either the original, or else one or the other of the two seventeenth-century copies now extant, both of which were doubtless made at Madrid.

The only writers that I have been able to discover who unquestionably made use of Gomara's A nnals are Prudencio

xl THE SOURCES OF THE ANNALS

de Sandoval ([560 ?-i62i), Bishop of Pamplona, whose well-known Historia de la Vida y Hechos del Einperador Carlos Quinto was first published at Valladolid in 1604-6 ; Antonio Siiarez de Alarcon, whose Commentarios de los Hechos delSenor Alarcon was put forth at Madrid in 1655 ; Jules Chifflet, the Besan9on historian (1615-1676), whose Aula Sacra Principum Belgii appeared at Antwerp in 1650; and Antonio Ferrer del Rio, the well-known writer and academician of the nineteenth century. Of these San- doval is not only so much the most important, but also utilized Gomara to so much the greatest extent, that we can well afford to dismiss the other three in a few brief words, in order to concentrate our attention upon him.

The annotations to the brief characterization of Alarcon in the A nnals under the year 1 540 ^ will serve to indicate the use made of Gomara by Antonio Siiarez de Alarcon in his biography of his illustrious kinsman. In the first place he quotes with literal accuracy six lines of the text, as it appears in the manuscript at the Biblioteca Nacional and is transcribed below,^ and frankly acknowledges his indebted- ness in the words, ' Como lo escriue el Cronista Francisco Lopez de Gomara en estas palabras.' In addition to this Alarcon summarizes and paraphrases other passages from our author's characterization of his hero in language which clearly denotes the source from which they were derived ; in fact it is obvious at every turn that he regards Gomara as an authority of importance, though on several occasions he diverges completely from the story which the latter tells, and follows instead such authors as Zurita and Mariana, as, for instance, when he states that it was by the Duke of Ferrara (instead of by Ramon de Cardona as Gomara has it) that the Senor Alarcon was captured at Ravenna, and subsequently liberated.^ It was also from Gomara that Alarcon learned of Jean Bonchel's work, which however he

^ Annals, pp. 108-110 n.

^ Text, Ano de 1540, 11. 47 to 53, from ' Tuvo tambien' to 'ellos de Roma '. ' Alarc6n, p. 172.

THE SOURCEvS OF THE ANNALS xH

was apparently unable to find.^ In regard to Chifflet's indebtedness to Gomara even less remains to be said. In the sixth chapter of his Atda Sacra Principuin Belgii^ entitled ' De Protocapellanis et Archicapellanis ',^ he inserts, with proper acknowledgements, a Latin translation of the story told by Gomara under the year 1 549," concerning the quarrel between the Canons of Valladolid and Pedro Manuel, Archbishop of Santiago and principal chaplain to the King. Chifflet was in Madrid from 1648 to 1655 and had access to the libraries there. He may well have used the Villaumbrosa copy of Gomara's work, which, as has been already shown, was probably the one that is now at the Biblioteca Nacional. We have already mentioned the fact that Chifflet speaks of the A nnals, not by that name, but as Index Historicus Rertim a Carolo Quint o gestarum. Finally Antonio Ferrer del Rio quotes the story which Gomara tells under the year 1521 of the sheep that slew the soldier, in a footnote to the twelfth chapter of his Historia del Levantavtiento de las Contunidades de Castilla.^ There can be no reasonable doubt that he, also, utilized the copy of the A nnals which has been transcribed below.

We now turn to the much more important and significant topic of the indebtedness to Gomara of Prudencio de San- doval, who very likely had access to the original manuscript of the Annals ; in any event we may be certain that he did not use either of the copies now extant, for his Historia de Carlos Qiiinto was written many years before they were made. In the first place it is interesting to notice that Fran9ois la Mo the le Vayer, whose Disc ours de I'Histoire ■' contains an exhaustive criticism of Sandoval's historical work and accuses him right and left of partiality and igno- rance, does not mention plagiarism as one of his faults. This is probably accounted for by the fact that literary theft v/as not regarded in those days in at all the same light

^ Annals^ p. no, n. 5. ^ Chifflet, Aula Sacra, pp. 4C-1.

^ Annals, p. 143.

■* Annals, p. 63 ; Ferrer del Rio, Historia del Le'vantamientn, &c., pp. 321-2 n.

^ La Mothe le Vayer, QLwvres, i. 231-78.

xlii THE SOURCES OF THE ANNALS

as at present ; but the fact remains that Sandoval's work is really rather a compilation from various authors, plentifully interlarded with priceless contemporary documents, than a history in the proper sense of the word. Several cases of his plagiarism have been detected by other writers ; his thefts from Alonzo de Sanabria's work on the campaign of Tunis may be cited as an example ; ^ and I have already called attention to his indebtedness to Gomara's Cronica de los Barbarrqfas? From the A nnals^ however, Sandoval has taken far more than from either of these works — upwards of twenty-five passages in all. A few words about the most important of these passages, and the probable circumstances under which Sandoval stole them, may not be superfluous.

It is worth mentioning at the outset that Sandoval was at special pains to conceal the identity of the man from whom he took so much. In only one of the many cases where he copies from the Annais does he give any indication that the words he uses are not his own ; and in that one case he expressly avoids mentioning Gomara by name. The passage in question is that in which our author tells of the man who was able to go for fifteen or twenty days without food, and of Pope Clement's remark concerning him : ^ it is quoted verbatim et liter atitn by Sandoval, who then adds the following words : ' Escrivio estas memorias un Espafiol curioso que noto todo lo que vio y oyo en sus dias.' ^ Cer- tainly no better description of Gomara could have been given than this, but the question at once arises why Sandoval inserted it, instead of frankly mentioning the name of the author, as he did in one of the cases in which he copied from Sanabria. There can be no reasonable doubt that he knew it : even if the copy of the A finals which he used (we have seen that it was very likely the original) lacked Gomara's name at the beginning, the last paragraph of the year 1 5 1 1

^ Cf. E. Cat. Mission Bibliographique en Espagne, p. 61, and De Rebus a Carolo Quinto in Africa gestis, p. 92. ^ Cf. ante, pp. xiv, xv.

* Annals, ^^. 90-1 ; Text, Ano de 1531,11. 16-27.

* Sandoval, Carlos Quinto (edition of 168 1), vol. ii, p. 104.

THE SOURCES OF THE ANNALS xliii

must necessarily have revealed its author's identity. It is possible that Sandoval concealed Gomara's name simply in order to prevent the detection of his other numerous and totally unacknowledged thefts from him ; but adherents of this view must explain why he did not also avoid mention- ing the names of other authors from w^hom he copied, as for example, that of Sanabria. My own feeling is that the real reason that Sandoval took such pains to avoid revealing Gomara's identity was that the latter was chiefly known as the writer of a book which had been formally condemned by the government, and was therefore an authority with whom, even in Sandoval's time, it would be extremely dangerous for a Royal Chronicler to have anything to do.

In any case there can be no question that Sandoval had a copy of the Annals beside him when he wrote. The first clear case of his plagiarism from Gomara is the story of the combat between the eleven Frenchmen and the eleven Spaniards at Trani in the year 1502 ; ^ the last which I have been able to discover is the account of Prince Philip's setting up his Court at Valladolid in the Burgundian fashion in the year 1548;- and nearly half the intervening years contain one or more cases of a similar sort (in the year 1 506 there are four). The scale of Sandoval's work is so much larger than that of Gomara's, that the former was not always content with the brief entries that the latter made, after he had got to the heart of his subject, namely, the story of the Emperor's career after the time when the death of Ferdinand the Catholic had made him independent ruler of the Spanish realms. It is for the early years of Charles's life, during which he briefly summarizes the events of the last years of Ferdinand and Isabella, that Sandoval makes the most frequent use of Gomara ; in the later stages copies our author's version of minor events of local interest and above all his characterizations, as, for example, those of Antonio

^ Text, Ano de 1502, 11. 21-40 ; Sandoval, vol. i, p. 5. ^ Text, Ano de 1548, 11. 32-48 ; Sandoval, vol. ii, p. 487.

xliv THE SOURCES OF THE ANNALS

de Leyva, Henry VIII, or Francis I ; ^ on one occasion he steals Gomara's brief note on the Diet of Worms, and incorporates it as a marginal summary on the edge of the page, and then, strangely enough, gives a detailed account of the same event in the main text, which omits one of the events noted in the marginal summary.'-^

As an example of Sandoval's plagiarism from Gomara it will suffice to print in parallel columns the paragraphs in which both authors describe the character and deeds of Pope Adrian VI. ^ This will serve as a very fair example ; the two texts are neither more nor less close to one another than they are in the large majority of similar cases, which are cited in the accompanying footnote.*

^ Text, Ano de 1536, 11. 21-60 ; Sandoval, vol. ii, p. 232. Text, Alio de 1547, 11. 49-92 ; Sandoval, vol. ii, pp. 470-1. Text, Alio de 1547, 11. 93-170 ; Sandoval, vol. ii, p. 440.

- Text, Alio de 152 1, 11. 27-9 ; Sandoval, vol. i, p. 379.

^ Text, Alio de 1523, 11. 26-43 J Sandoval, vol. i, p. 436.

^ Other obvious cases of Sandoval's plagiarism from G6mara may be found by comparing the following passages : Text, Ano de 1503, 11. 15- 27, and Sandoval, vol. i, p. 8 ; Text, Ano de 1504, 11. 21-60; Sandoval, vol. i, p. 9 ; Text, Aiio de 1506, 11. 1-9, and Sandoval, vol. i, p. 10; Text, Ano de 1506, 11. 10-17, and Sandoval, vol. i, p. 10; Text, Ano de 1506, 11. 27-44, ^nd Sandoval, vol. i, p. n ; Text, Ano de 1506, 11. 54-65, and Sandoval, vol. i, p. 12 ; Text, Ano de 151 1, H. 42-6, and Sandoval, vol. i, p. 22 ; Text, Aiio de 151 2, 11. 1-4, and Sandoval, vol. i, p. 26 ; Text, Ano de 1518, 11. 3-9, and Sandoval, vol. i, p. loi ; Text, Ano de 15 19, 11. 39-47, and Sandoval, vol. i, p. 102 ; Text, Ano de 1522, 11. 5-12, and Sandoval, vol. i, p. 360 ; Text, Aiio de 1526, 11. 79- 107, and Sandoval, vol. i, pp. 565-6; Text, Ano de 1526, 11. 146-51, and Sandoval, vol. i, p. 607 ; Text, Alio de 1529, 11. 28-97, and Sandoval, vol. ii, pp. 77-8 ; Text, Ano de 1532, II. 29-35, and Sandoval, vol. ii, p. 117; Text, Alio de 1543, 11. 60-109, and Sandoval, vol. ii, pp. 343-4; Text, Alio de 1548, 11, 21-7, and Sandoval, vol. ii, pp. 489-90. In some of these cases Sandoval has inserted passages of his own between the sentences he has copied from G6mara ; more often he follows his model very closely. I have looked carefully but unsuccessfully for evidence that G6mara and Sandoval were both copying from a common source. On several occasions Sandoval takes from G6mara passages that G6mara has taken from Berndldez or other authors —as, for example, the story of the miraculous monster born in Ravenna in 1512 (Text, Anode 151 2, 11. 1-4 ; Berndldez, cap. ccxxviii ; Sandoval, vol. i, p. 26) ; but in all such cases Sandoval is so much closer to G6mara than he is to the original, or than G6mara (who paraphrases rather than plagiarizes) is to the original, that there can be little question as to the immediate source of Sandoval's information.

THE SOURCES OF THE ANNALS

xlv

G6mara

'Muere el Papa Adriano sexto, que no mudo nombre. Era olandes y dean de Louayna q''" el Emp""" Maxi- miliano lo hi90 maestro de Carlos su nieto, por hombre docto y bueno. Vino a Es- pana por embaxador al Rey Catholico sobre la gouerna- cion de Castilla, y a tomar posesion del reyno por don Carlos. Fue gouernador de Castilla y obispo de Tortosa. Mormuran de el porque no se desemboluio como sus antecessores, y aun porque afeo a los cardenales sus vicios y pages, y por que no socorrio a Rodas. No quiso absoluer a los que saquearon a Genoua ni pasar el arcobis- pado de Toledo en Don Jorge de Austria, hijo bas- tardo del Emperador Alaxi- miliano, acordandose que las comonidades se quexaron que lo fuese Guillen de Croy. Dio al Emp""" Carlos la gouernacion y administra- cion perpetua de los maes- trasgos de Castl-^, como a Rey de Espana, y quito el tributo de Napoles para siempre, y hi90 en su fauor otras cosas.'

Sandoval

' Este aiio a i8. de Setiem- bre murio Adriano Papa Vl. deste nombre. Ya he dicho como era Olandes, y que fue Dean de Lobayna, quando el Imperador Maximiliano le hizo maestro de Carlos su nieto, por ser hombre doto y bueno. Vino a Espana por Embaxador al Rey Catholico, sobre la gouerna- cion de Castilla, y a tomar la possession del Reyno por Don Carlos. Fue Governa- dor de Castilla, y Obispo de Tortosa. Murmuraron del, porque no se desembolvio, como sus antecessores, y aun porque afeo a los Cardenales sus vicios y pages, y porque no socorrio a Rodas. No quiso absolver a los que saquearo;/ a Genova, ni passar el Argobispado de Toledo a Don Jorge de Austria, hijo bastardo del Emperador Maximiliano, acorda/^dose que las Comuni- dades se quexaron que lo fuesse Guillen de Croy. Dio al Emperador Carlos, como a Rey de Espana, la ad- ministracion perpetua de los Maestrazgos de Castilla, y quitole el tributo de Napoles para siempre, y hizo en su favor otras cosas.'

xlvi MERITS AND DEFECTS OF THE ANNALS

V

The Merits and Defects of the Annals

It is now time for us to turn from our examination of the authorities which Gomara used in preparing his Annals, and of those who in turn made use of him, to a scrutiny of the Annals themselves, their merits and defects, the extent to which they may be trusted, and the sort of information which they may reasonably be expected to afford.

The chief defects of Q6m.2iT2Cs Annals are, first, a strongly partisan standpoint, and, secondly, considerable inaccuracy and carelessness in detail. Of the first there is ample and often very amusing evidence on almost every page. Usually it takes the form of comparisons between Spanish and foreign sovereigns or between Spanish and foreign soldiers, in which the infinite superiority of the former is upheld with such vigour and frankness that the unwariest of readers would never be deluded into thinking that he was perusing the work of a non-partisan ; and the evils incident to a biased attitude are thus in large measure obviated. Such are the parallels between Charles V and Francis I, which are inserted in the characterization of the latter ; ^ such is the incidental emphasis laid on the superior power and valour of the vSpanish veterans in the account of the battle of Ravenna or in the story of the movements of the armies about Landrecies; ^ such are the last words of the descrip- tion of the combat between the thirteen Frenchmen and the thirteen Italians in 1502.^ Gomara is of course equally frank in his hostility to heresy ; from the very first pages of his book in which he dilates on the happy state of Germany before the advent of Martin Luther,* to the extremely racy characterization of the Saxon reformer in 1546,^ he leaves no room for doubt on that point. Incidentally, it is inter- esting to observe how closely Gomara's account of Luther's early life, conversion, marriage, and subsequent career

^ Annals, pp. 131-2. - Ibid., pp. 32 and 1 15-17.

' Ibid., p. II. * Ibid., p. 2. ' Ibid., pp. 125-6.

MERITS AND DEFECTS OF THE ANNALS xlvii

tallies with that given in the typical Catholic histories of the Protestant Reformation which appeared in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries ; there is really very little difference, for example, between his story and that of the French Jesuit Louis Maimbourg, who wrote in 1681.^ Such parti- sanship as this, however, is common to the vast majority of sixteenth-century writers, and carries its own refutation with it ; indeed, no reasonable being would expect to find any- thing else in a book produced at the time and under the circumstances of Gomara's. More serious by far is our author's occasional habit of sliding rapidly over, if not entirely omitting, events which tell against the persons whom he desires to extol. The first three paragraphs of the year 1552, for instance, would not give the casual reader the least notion of the completeness of the overthrow of the Imperial power in Germany that was accomplished by Maurice of Saxony ; ^ and the account of the murder of Pier Luigi Farnese in 1547 fails to give the slightest hint that Charles authorized the insurrection which brought about that tragic result.'' Occasionally, too, a fact is misstated or overstated apparently for a deliberate purpose. The last paragraph of the year 1520 would indicate that a Spaniard rather than a Portuguese led the first expedition which put a girdle around the globe,* while the bald entry which avers that Bourbon undertook to sack Rome and capture the Pope on his own responsibility (' de su caueca ') ^ is obviously intended to convey the rather erroneous impres- sion that Charles was guiltless of all blame and even of blameworthy intentions in connexion with that outrage. The Emperor might well have exclaimed, in regard to Gomara's book, as he did on reading the commentaries of Avila y Zuniga, ' Alexander's achievements surpassed mine, but he was less fortunate in his chronicler.' ^

Various instances of inaccuracy of statement, quite apart from the question of bias and partisanship, may also be

' Histoire du Lutheranisme, Livres I et II. - Amtals, p. 147.

' Ibid., p. 135, * Ibid., p. 62. '' Ibid., p. 79.

*■' Fitzmaurice-Kelly, History of Spanish Literature, p. 156.

xlvili MERITS AND DEFECTS OF THE ANNALS

found throughout Gomara's work. In two places, and in two places only, does he seem to have gone completely off the track ; and both of them are concerned with events of which our author can have had no personal knowledge. The first, already mentioned in another connexion, is the strangely improbable story of Algazeli (or ' el Alguazil Espariol ', as Gomara calls him) in the year 1517,^ which is in flat contradiction of all the other accounts of that personage which have come down to us ; the second is the hopelessly incorrect statement concerning the sons of Solyman the Magnificent, contained in the next to the last paragraph of the year 1 548.'^ No other deviations from established fact, comparable to these, disfigure the book. Of course, impos- sible stories occasionally crop out concerning the birth of miraculous monsters ^' or the appearance of bearded Tritons in the sea ; * these, however, are but an evidence of the credulity of the time, and do not seriously affect the historical validity of the work as a whole. The same may also be said concerning the somewhat imaginary begin- nings of the genealogies given in the year 1517;^ and in comparison with those given in Sandoval's great work, which was written half a century later, they deserve to be regarded as scientific. Quite apart, however, from these serious mistakes, and occasional evidences of sixteenth - century superstition, the Annals are disfigured by a number of minor errors of fact and arrangement, which can be detected on almost every page, A few words remain to be said in regard to the nature, significance, and possible origin of these.

A number of them are unquestionably to be attributed to mere carelessness. It is, for example, certainly carelessness, and not ignorance, that is responsible for the statement that Henry VIII was King of England in 1500, especially as the death of his father is correctly placed in 1 509.^ Such errors as the substitution of twenty-five for fifteen years as the age

^ Annals, pp. 53-5. ''■ Ibid., p. 141. ^ Ibid., p. 32.

'' Ibid., p. 90. " Ibid., pp. 48-50, ^ Ibid., pp. 3 and 26.

MERITS AND DEFECTS OF THE ANNALS xlix

of Arthur Prince of Wales at the time of his death/ or the placing of the death of Servetus at Basel instead of Geneva,^ are also to be attributed to a similar cause. Carelessness too, rather than ignorance, is the most likely explanation of the numerous cases in which events have been recorded under years where they do not belong : typical instances of this are the battle of Sievershausen, which was fought on July 9, 1553, but is placed in the Annals in 1555 ; ^ and the death of Catharine of Aragon, which took place in 1536, but is set down under the year 1535.* The worst case of this sort, however, occurs in the years 1520-3. Nearly all the events recorded in the last nine paragraphs of the year 1520 ^ really took place in the years 1521, 1522, or 1523. The concentration of the worst of these errors of dating at one point tempts one to try to place the blame for them on the scribe who made the copy which has been transcribed below, rather than on Gomara. The leaves of the original manuscript might well have been misplaced or turned over by accident at the time that the copy was being made, and the scribe thus caused to place a number of items in the wrong year without realizing it. The trouble with this theory is that the British Museum copy errs in precisely the same way as does the Madrid one, so that we are driven to conclude that the fault lay with the original, unless, perchance, the two copies at present extant be merely copies of an earlier copy, and not copies of Gomara's own work : if we proceed on this hypothesis it is still possible to acquit our author of some share of the blame. His defence against the charge of occasional inaccuracy in dating events is, however, at best only very weak ; and, moreover, the last sentence of the first paragraph of the Annals^ in which he proclaims his intention of avoiding the responsibilities incident on under- taking to state the exact days and months at which events occurred, looks very much as if he realized that chronology was not his strong point.

^ Annals, p. 10. '^ Ibid., p. 125. ' Ibid., p. 155.

* Ibid., p. 100. ^ Ibid., p. 62.

1366 d

1 MERITS AND DEFECTS OF THE ANNALS

One other form of inaccuracy which disfigures the Annals remains to be noticed, and here, also, it seems impossible to avoid placing the bulk of the blame upon the author. We occasionally find events which bear a more or less intimate relation to one another placed in the text in the inverse order to that in which they actually occurred, so that the real connexion between them does not appear. The marriage of Ferdinand the Catholic and Germaine de Foix, arranged in 1505 and celebrated in March, 1506, was principally intended to strengthen Ferdinand against his son-in-law Phihp: it took place more than a month before Philip and Joanna arrived in Spain. By placing it, as the Annals do, not only after the arrival of Philip and Joanna, but also after the death of the former (Sept. 25, 1506), the significance of the event is in large measure lost.* Similarly, in the year 1532, it is most misleading to find the account of Solyman's retreat from Austria inserted before the account of the heroic defence of Giins, whose magnifi- cent resistance was one of the principal causes that induced the Sultan to retire.^ Of course, no reasonable person would go to a sixteenth-century historian for an extended discus- sion of the underlying causes and connexion of con- temporary events ; but an accurate statement of their sequence can fairly be expected, and Gomara's frank avowal that he did not propose ' to put down anything more than the year in which events occurred ' can scarcely acquit him of culpable negligence in this respect. It is but fair to add, however, that lapses of this sort are of infrequent occurrence.

Many of the special merits of the Annals have been already incidentally discussed in the foregoing pages, and it does not seem worth while to repeat them here ; the acquaintance with contemporary writers, and the knowledge of Italy and Italians which they display, may be mentioned by way of a reminder.^ At the beginning of any general

* Annals, p. 19. "^ Ibid., pp. 91, 92.

^ Cf. ante, pp. xxvi-xxxix.

MERITS AND DEFECTS OF THE ANNALS li

discussion of the good points of the present work one is tempted to quote once more Sandoval's admirable characteri- zation of our author — ' Escrivio estas memorias un Espaiiol curioso que noto todo lo que vio y oyo en sus dias '. Gomara was himself present, saw with his own eyes, indeed played a minor part in many of the events which this book records. He was, in other words, essentially a man of the world, a man of action. This merit, however, was by no means exceptional among- the historians of the sixteenth century ; on the contrary, a large majority of them had some personal experience of the events they described. The remarkable thing about Gomara is that he coupled his practical experience of men and affairs with a most unusual literary training, and a wide and intimate knowledge of books and authors. ' Er verleugnet nirgends seine hohere Bildung,' as a modern German critic, judging solely from the Historia General de las Indias and the Cronica de los Barbarroj'as^ has rightly said ; ^ and it will be readily admitted that the numerous pithy comments in the Annals concern- ing contemporary historians and their work serve materially to strengthen this verdict. In this double equipment, of practical experience and literar}- training, lies one of Gomara's chief claims to our attention : it was possessed in equal measure by very few of his contemporaries, and it is evident to a far greater degree in the Actuals than in any of his other works. One feels at every turn that one is dealing with an educated man in the best sense of the word, in whom both the practical and scholarly sides had been given free play, but neither suffered to develop at the expense of the other.

Some of the more striking evidences of the breadth of interest and keenness of intelligence developed by Gomara's unusual training deserve special attention. Prominent among them are the numerous passages devoted to economic topics, on which our author's shrewd comments are the more remarkable in that the typical Spaniard— especially the typical Spanish cleric — of that epoch is usually repre- ^ Fueter, Geschichte der neueren Historiographie, p. 299.

lii MERITS AND DEFECTS OF THE ANNALS

sented as having been absolutely blind to developments of that nature. Such passages as that which records Sultan Selim's expression of amazement that the Jews should have been driven out of Castile, since such action was equivalent to driving out wealth,^ or the paragraph which describes the efforts and failure of the officials of the Royal Council of Castile to discover how and by whom gold was being taken out of the realm,^ reveal an inquisitiveness and intelligence in regard to the causes of material prosperity which one would not naturally look for in a man of Gomara's ante- cedents. Significant in the same connexion are his notice of Francis I's edict of 1532 (which he erroneously places in 1531^} providing that grain be sold only in the regular markets, in order to prevent excessive prices from being charged for it, his mention of the prohibition of the circula- tion of the small copper coinage of Beam in France and in Castile in 1538,* and his account of the way in which King Henry of France increased the value of money in his king- dom, in order that it should not be taken out of the realm but rather come in to him from foreign lands. ^ Most important of all, however, are Gomara's discussion of the general rise of prices which occurred towards the middle of the century, and his shrewd guess at its probable cause. Under the year 1548 he gives a list of commodities and the prices which they brought at that time, which he describes as higher than any that Castile had ever known before ; ® and at the beginning of his book he offers a possible explanation of the phenomenon. Speaking of the condition of Spain in 1500 he contrasts it with that which pertained a half- century later, and closes with the statement that ' there is a great difference between that time and this in many things, as for example in dress, in expense, and in the price of commodities, caused, in my judgment, by the great quantity of silver and gold which has come to us from the Indies 'J This expression of opinion is highly significant ; for it dis- poses of the generally accepted notion that Jean Bodin was the

^ yinnals, p. 56. "^ Ibid., p. 143. ^ Ibid., p. 90.

* Ibid., p. 105. ^ Ibid., p. 144. * Ibid., pp. 138-9. '' Ibid., p. 2.

MERITS AND DEFECTS OF THE ANNALS liii

first man to enunciate the theory that the influx of American gold and silver was the primary cause of the rise of prices in the sixteenth century.^ Bodin's views on this topic are to be found in his treatise, Reponse aux paradoxes de M. Males- troit touchant le fait des monnaies et l' encherissement de toutes choses, published in 1568, and in his later work, De Republica (Book VI, chapter ii), published in 1576 ; Gomara's Annals antedate the first of these two works by at least a decade. It is highly improbable that the Frenchman was acquainted with our author's work, and much more likely that he arrived at his own conclusions independently ; but the fact that a Spanish priest saw the true state of affairs and stated it at least as early as 1558 is interesting evidence either that the economic incompetence of the sixteenth-century Spaniard has been grossly exaggerated, or else that Gomara stood head and shoulders above the mass of his contem- poraries in his knowledge and interest in this particular field. Both these alternatives may well have some measure of truth in them.

Other evidences of the peculiar qualifications as a historian which Gomara's wide and varied training gave him are afforded by the brilliancy of his descriptions, his extra- ordinary ability to summarize a difficult and complicated story in a few well-chosen sentences, his keenness in grasping the essential things, and the cosmopolitanism and universaHty of his interests. His characterization of Martin Luther ^ has already been mentioned in another connexion ; however biased it may be, there can be no question of its vividness and realism. That of Henry VHP is in some respects even more brilliant. It would be impossible to construct in equal space a better summary of the causes of the Revolt of the Castilian Comuneros than that given under the year 1520;'* not a word is wasted, and no essential element is left out. Moreover, Gomara's selection of the events to be described in his book will be found, on

^ Cf, G, Wiebe, Zur Geschichte der Preisre-volution des XFI. und XVII. Jahrhunderts, pp. 187-8.

■^ jinnah, p. 125. ^ ibid., p. 129. *■ Ibid., p. 58.

liv MERITS AND DEFECTS OF THE ANNALS

the whole, to justify itself according to sixteenth, if not according- to twentieth-century standards. Too much emphasis is doubtless laid on military events and on the deeds of Spanish heroes ; too little on the internal develop- ment of foreign nations, notably of England and of the Empire ; the underlying causes of great movements and great events are often not explained, and sometimes not even hinted at. But, on the other hand, it must be remem- bered that the art of writing history was at that time only just beginning to revive ; and in spite of all their faults, the Annals present a general picture of a most critical and com- plicated period of the world's history, to which it would be exceedingly difficult to find a parallel, either contemporary or modern, of equal range and similar bulk. Their cosmo- politanism is perhaps their most remarkable feature ; it speaks for itself and needs no additional emphasis here. It shows, beyond the peradventure of a doubt, how great and far-reaching was the change which had come over Spain under the reigns of the Emperor and of the Catholic Kings ; how, from a state of comparative isolation from the affairs of the outside world, she suddenly sprang forward to the leadership of Christendom, and began to carry her conquests, her civilization, and her religion to the uttermost confines of the earth.

Perhaps, after all, the greatest value of these Annals for us to-day lies not so much in the facts they contain as in the light they incidentally cast on the outlook, ideals, and aspirations of the intelligent Spaniard of the middle of the sixteenth century. The most difficult and important problem of Spanish history is that presented by the nation's sudden disintegration, coming so swiftly on the heels of her greatest period of glory. What were the real causes of the change, and when precisely did the scale begin to turn } Despotism of a peculiarly harmful sort, economic mistakes, religious intolerance, the burdens of an overloaded pro- gramme and of distant foreign possessions, have all been made to bear their share of responsibility for the catastrophe, and the majority of modern writers agree they were all in

MERITS AND DEFECTS OF THE ANNALS Iv

operation, to an extent at least, as early as the period in which Gomara wrote. But the A nnals are surely the work of a man who devoutly believes in the destiny of his people. Of the various clouds on her political horizon only one, the economic, is faintly visible to him : in other respects his standpoint is frankly optimistic. The foreign dynasty which rules the Spanish realms commands his loyalty and respect. Make all possible allowance for his desire to flatter the Emperor, and there can really be no doubt on this point. Loss of national independence has been more than atoned for in his eyes by vast increase of power and prestige ; the attitude of the days of the Comuneros is forgotten — the old ideals of national exclusiveness, internal autonomy and separatism, have given way to new ambitions to become a great world power. That a man of Gomara's frankness and intelligence should not hav^e seen the other side of the picture is a fact deserving of careful consideration. It is, to be sure, only negative evidence, but negative evidence is not always to be despised. It bears eloquent testimony to the suddenness and completeness of one of the most dramatic transformations of modern times, and to the way in which contemporaries were dazzled thereby. It goes far towards explaining why those who guided the destinies of Spain under Philip II were unable to foresee the future, and to discern and arrest those features of her new development which presaged her speedy and tragic decline.

ANNALS OF THE EMPEROR CHARLES THE FIFTH

BY

FRANCISCO l6pEZ de G6mARA The Year 1500

Charles, the son of the Archduke Philip of Austria and of the Princess Joanna of Castile, was born in Ghent on Leap Year Day, the 25th of February, which was the feast of St. Matthias^ ; and I propose to relate in this work, year by year, the sum and substance of the events which occurred in his time in different parts of the world, especially in Spain, from his birth till his abdication of all his realms and seigniories in favour of his son Philip, our master. And I shall reckon the years only according to the era of our Redeemer, Jesus Christ, for it is better and also more exact to count them in this wise. Moreover, I am not going to put down anything more than the year, save in a few cases, for that suffices for a summary, and moreover, there are many differences of opinion and disputes concerning the days and even the months in which most affairs have occurred.

Alexander VI was Pope at the time,^ and celebrated the Jubilee with a small concourse of pilgrims, because of the wars and pestilences of Italy.

The Knights of St. John were at the height of their power and influence, under the grand-mastership of Pierre dAubusson,^ but since they lost Rhodes and their posses-

^ The true date was, of course, Monday, February 24, which is still reckoned as the bissextus or intercalary day in the ecclesiastical calendars of the countries of Continental Europe.

^ 1492-1503.

^ D'Aubusson was Grand Master from 1476 to his death in 1503.

2 ANNALS OF THE EMPEROR 1500

sions in Greece, in England, and in Germany, they have greatly declined.

Maximilian, the grandfather of Charles, was Emperor and King of the Romans,^ and Germany at that time flourished both in learning and in Christian piety ; almost all of which she has lost since then because of the heresies of Luther and of other false and wicked doctors.

Ferdinand and Isabella, the Catholic Kings, grand-parents of Charles, ruled in Castile and in Aragon,*^ and they cer- tainly understood well the art of reigning. They kept all Spain at peace at that time, except Granada, where certain Moors rose in revolt ; for which reason the Kings, at the advice of Friar Hernando de Talavera, the first Archbishop of Granada, and of Friar Francisco Ximenes de Cisneros, Archbishop of Toledo, confessors to the Queen, commanded that they should become Christians or else depart from their realms. They continued the war in Barbary, and the dis- covery, conquest and conversion of the Indies, and they aided the Venetians against the Turks, all of which was laudable and holy. Arms, justice, piety, and other good things, and also learning, flourished in Spain at that time, all of which has gone on from good to better, through the grace of God and the goodness of the Emperor, and so also will continue to do henceforth through the virtue of our Lord, King Philip. But there is a great diflference between that time and this in many things, as, for example, in dress, in expense, and in the price of commodities, caused, in my judgment, by the great quantity of silver and gold which has come to us from the Indies.^

Prince Miguel dies in Granada.* He was the son of King Manuel of Portugal and of his Queen, the Princess Isabel, and was to have been King of Portugfal and of Castile.

The Infanta Maria of Castile weds King Manuel of

* 1493-1519-

2 Isabella in Castile from 1474 to 1504 ; Ferdinand in Aragon from J479 to 1516. ' Cf. Introduction, pp. lii-liii.

* July ao ; cf. Peter Martyr, Opus Epistolartim, Epist. 216.

I500 CHARLES THE FIFTH 3

Portugal.^ They had six sons, who were John, Louis, Ferdinand, Alfonso, Henry, and Edward, and Isabella who was our Empress, and Beatrice who was Duchess of Savoy.

Gonsalvo Hernandez de Cordova, who deserved his title 'The Great Captain', went to capture Cephalonia with a Spanish fleet, in company with that of Venice, which Benito de Pesaro, also an excellent leader, brought to aid him.^

In Cuzco and Quito and the other immense provinces of Peru reigned Huayna Capac,^ a very rich, warlike, and idolatrous king.

In Navarre reigned Jean d'Albret,* who afterwards lost his kingdom for heresy ; he came to Seville that year when the Catholic kings were there.^ And in Portugal and Guinea reigned Manuel,^ who, through his captains, did notable deeds in Asia, in order to bring spices to Lisbon.

In France ruled Louis XII,'^ who, keeping peace at home, made war in Italy against the Duke of Milan, and threatened the King of Naples.

England was well to the fore under the rule of Henry VIII,^ but since then that island has suffered many reverses, because she forsook the true Christian faith, although our sovereign lord, King Philip, and our lady. Queen Mary, his wife, have restored it.

Ladislaus was King of Hungary and Bohemia,'^ and kept peace with the Turk, which was no small matter, and in Poland ruled Alexander,^" who had no children.

And in Muscovy, Vasili,^'^ who strengthened the Christian religion by adopting the ritual and ceremonies of Rome.^-

* Oct. 30. Cf. Zurita, Historia del Rey Hernando, Lib. IV, cap. xxi.

* Zurita, Lib. IV, caps, xix, xxv, xxx.

* Died 1525. The date of his accession is apparently uncertain.

* 1494-1512.

® April 30 ; cf. Lorenzo Galindez Carvajal in Documentos Ineditos, xviii. 297.

® 1495-1521. " 1498-1515. * Sic for Henry VIL

* 1490-1516.

'° 1501-6. John Albert was king of Poland in 1500. " 5/V for Ivan III, who reigned from 1462 to 1505, Vasili succeeding him. "* This is, of course, a mistake. It doubtless arose from exaggerated

B 2

4 ANNALS OF THE EMPEROR 1500

And in Denmark and Norway, John,^ the father of that Christian who lost his realms, in which there are already Lutherans.

And in Scotland, James,^ which name has now been borne by five kings in succession.

In Naples reigned Fadrique,^ who lost the kingdom, Ferdinand and Louis dividing it up between themselves. The Venetians, whose Doge at that time was Agostino Barbarigo,* favoured the King of France against the Duke of Milan, and waged war in Greece against Bayazid, which put them to great fear and expense.

Lodovico Sforza, Duke of Milan, lost and regained his state, and was captured that same year and carried to France, where he afterwards died in prison.^ This was his reward for having killed his nephew, Gian Galeazzo Maria Sforza, who was lawful Duke.

Genoa was for France, and there were many factions within her walls, but since that time she has changed sides frequently, now favouring France and now Spain, for every- one desires her alliance, which is so important for him who would enter Italy, and in naval affairs. She has grown rich beyond measure through the alliance of the Emperor, our Lord and King, although she has also lost the Strait of Bonifacio and a large part of Corsica.^

Florence was free,'' but now she has a master because of the arrogance of her citizens, who gloried in the alliance of the French, recking naught of Pope Leo or Pope Clement, their neighbours, nor of the Emperor, Charles V, their feudal overlord.

Siena, which was self-governing then, is not now^ free.^

reports of the concessions made by Ivan 111 in the negotiations for his marriage. Gt. P. Pierling, La Russie et le Saint-Siege, vol. i. ^ 1481-T513. ^ 1488-1513. ^ 1496-1501.

* 1486--150X. * May 17, 1508.

* Cf. Jean d'Auton, ' Quiconque est seigneur de Genes malgre tout le monde aura son entree dedans le pays d'ltalie.' The last sentence refers to the Gorsican war of 1553-5. Corsica was restored to Genoa in

1559- ' Refers to the period of the exile of the Medicis, 1494-1512.

* From 1497 to 15 12 Siena was governed by a Balia of twenty- four citizens, chosen for five years.

I500 CHARLES THE FIFTH 5

Philibert was Duke of Savoy,* but now that state, which contained five principal cities, fifty lesser ones, and two hundred walled towns, is already broken up.-

In Tunis reigned Mohammed,^ who had many children by different wives, which was the cause of great wars.

In Bugia, Abdul Aziz, whose son lost it."*

In Tenes, Baudilla, who was disinherited. '

In Tlemcen, Abdalla/'

In Fez, Mohammed, to whom Oran belonged."

The Ottoman, Bayazid II, was King of the Turks in Constantinople,^ and waged a terrible war against the Venetians in the Morea, where he took from them Modon, Choron, and other places.'

Mohammed reigned among the Tartars of Europe, and beyond the Don, Tucio.*"

In Persia, Asam was Sultan.**

And in Egypt, Kansu,*^ from whose successor the Grand Turk Selim took that great seigniory.

Canacao Alguari Noad Gran *^ reigned in Ethiopia, which they also call India.

^ Philibert II, 1497-1504.

''■ Referring to the French occupation, 1535-59.

* Abu Abdallah Mohammed II, 1493-1525.

* Cf. Bernaldez, Reyes Catolicos, cap. ccxxiii ; Mercier, Histoire de r Afrique Septentrionale, ii. 427. Bugia was at this time a dependency of Tlemcen.

' Cf. Sandoval, Historia de Carlos Quinto, Antwerp, 1681, vol. i, p. 103, and pp. 21 and 58 of this work.

® Abu Abdallah Mohammed IV, of the Benu Zeiyan dynasty, 1475- 1505.

■^ Mohammed I of the Oatasside dynasty, 1500-30. Oran never be- longed to him, as far as I can discover, but was always a part of the kingdom of Tlemcen ; cf. Marmol, U Afrique, ii. 363.

* 1481-1512. ^ Bernaldez, cap. clxii.

'" The ' Tartars of Europe ' doubtless means the Crimean Tartars, who were ruled at this time by Mengli Gherai (1478-15 15), whose daughter married Selim I, the Turkish Sultan. He is often, however, confused with his successor Mohammed, as e, g. by Knolles, History of the Turlks (ed. of 1621), p. 479. * Tucio ' 1 have been unable to identify : he was doubtless a ruler of one of the Mongol States in Russia, CI. Stokvis, ii. 352 fF.

^' Sic for Alban, Alamut or Alwend, 1497-1507.

^^ Kansu succeeded Tuman Bey I in 1501.

" Probably referring to Na'od, king of Abyssinia, 1 494-1 508. Cf. Stokvis, Manuel d' Histoire, i. 443.

6 ANNALS OF THE EMPEROR 1500

In Armenia and Cappadocia, Aladola was King.^

And in Samarcand, Insilbas,^ a Tartar of the Djagatai, who wear turbans.

And in Shiraz, Murad Cam.^

Ismail Sophy was beginning to gain renown and power on account of his conquest of Tabriz, from which he forced King Alban to take flight, and by killing Murad Cam the same year.*

Ismail was the son of Sheikh Haidar, lord of Erbe,'' a place in Persia, and a most pious though schismatic Moslem, and of Martha, granddaughter of David,* the Emperor of Trebizond, and daughter of Uzun Hasan, the very famous King of Persia, where he was succeeded by his son Yakub, who murdered his two brothers. Yakub married a woman who gave him a just reward for that cruel deed^ for, in order that she might wed one Salub, she poisoned Yakub with one of her own sons, although she herself likewise perished from the same drugs, which her husband, who sus- pected them, caused her also to drink. After this, Salub, as the nearest relative of Yakub, reigned for three years, and was succeeded by Baisingar, who died shortly afterwards. He was succeeded by Rustan, against whom, as King of Persia, Sheikh Haidar made war, claiming the realm as his own through Martha, the legitimate daughter of Uzun Hasan, but Sheikh Haidar was slain in battle, and so Martha and three children, of whom Ismail was the middle one, were banished to an island in the lake which they call

^ Or Ala-ed-Daula, 1472-1515.

^ Jesilbas or Sheibani Khan, founder of the Usbeg power. Cf. p. 1 1 5 of Giov. Maria Angiolello, Life and Acts of King Ussun CassanOy ed. Hakluyt Society, 1873, in Tra'veh of Venetians in Persia : also p. 155 of the account of Caterino Zeno, in the same, also P. Jovius, Historia sui Temporis (Venice, 1572), vol. i, p. 380; also Stokvis, Manuel dHistoire, vol. i, p. 157.

' Angiolello, 105 ff.

* On this and the succeeding paragraph cf. Jovius, i. 312 fF., 380; Angiolello, 73, 99 ff. ; Jorga, Gescbichte des Osmanischen Retches, i. 251 ff.

•'' Or Erdebil or Ardabil : cf. Jorga, ii. 251 ; and P. Teixeira's Tra'veh in Persia, ed. Hakluyt Society, 1902, p. 246 «.

*■' A mistake ; Martha was the granddaughter of David's brother, Calo Johannes, or Black John. Cf. Zeno, p. 9.

1600 CHARLES THE FIFTH 7

Astumar. After six years Rustan was slain in his bed by Ahmad, who had Rustan 's own mother as his mistress, both of them thinking to seize his throne, but they did not succeed, for the next King was Alban, the son, according to some accounts, of Yakub, and according to others a relative of Ismail. Then, although he was but fifteen years old, Ismail proclaimed himself King of Persia. He col- lected five hundred men among the relatives and friends of his father at Carabas, resolutely crossed the river Kur, which flows into the Caspian Sea (which they call the Sea of Bacum), in order to enter Ardebil,^ which belonged to his father, and scattered the forces which Sermangoli, a friend of Alban ,2 sent to attack him on his way. After this good beginning many people joined him, on hearing of his great power and noble hneage. He then conquered Ser- mangoli in battle, besieged and took Piroso,^ a strong and rich town, where he won a reputation for generosit}-, so that shortly afterwards he had forty thousand warriors and a g^eat number of horses, with whose aid he captured Tabriz, from which Alban fled. It is said that he put twenty thousand persons to death in the city, because they had been enemies of his father. Sheikh Haidar, and he even dug up and burnt the bones of many others, and he put to death his mother and stepfather a year before he con- quered Murad Cam.^ Thereafter Ismail went on extending his military power and renown through Persia, Parthia, Media, and other provinces of Asia in such a way that he created one of the great lordships of our time, and one which has caused many deaths, robberies, and other evils in other parts, though it is indeed but natural that such things should occur with changes of kingdoms and innova- tions in religion. They say that Ismail was born with his fists clenched and covered with blood, a sign of cruelty,

^ Or Erdebil ; cf. note 44. * Or Alamut or Alwend.

* Angiolello, p. 104, has ' Pucosco'.

* This last passage is in such close accord with Angiolello as to make it almost certain' that the latter's account was the one referred to in the last sentence of this paragraph. Cf. Introduction, pp. xxxvi-xxxvii.

8 ANNALS OF THE EMPEROR 1500

so that his father, who was an astrologer, and his mother, in disgust at the sight of him, ordered that he be slain. But the servants saved him and brought him up, and as he grew to be handsome and able, the soldiers called him Sophy, either in flattery or in accordance with the ancient custom of Persia, whose kings call themselves magicians, — that is, wise men, which is the same as Sophy ; or else because he revived and upheld the sect of Sheikh Haidar, his father,^ together with Techelles, another great expounder of the Koran, who taught that only those would go to the Mohammedan Paradise who kept the law of the Prophet according to the doctrine and teaching of Ali, his disciple. The Sophy Ismail and all those of his sect wear a red turban with a braid under the arm which has on it twelve knots or tassels or pearls, in token of the twelve mysteries which his law contains. And they shave their beards, leav- ing only a moustache ; while in other respects they follow the most ancient Persian fashion. This is a little different from the way in which Paul Jovius, the diligent historian of Turkish affairs, recounts it, but I found it related in this wise in a book which Hernando Ruy brought from Con- stantinople, written in manuscript and taken from the histories of that part of the world.

Pedro Alvarez^ takes thirteen armed ships to India, which was the beginning of the Portuguese spice trade in Calicut, Cochin, and Cananor.

The Year 1501

The Emperor Maximilian invests his grandson with the Duchy of Milan.^

' That is the Sufis or Safawis,

^ Pedro Alvarez Cabral. He discovered Brazil on the way. Cf. Damiao de Goes, Chronica do Ret D. Emanuel in Bibliotheca de Classicos Portugueses, vols, lix-lx, caps, liv-lix ; Bourne, Spain in America, pp. 73-4, 329-30.

" Merely a vague and conditional promise by Maximilian in con- nexion with his negotiations with France between 1501 and 1504. Cf. Lavisse, Histoire de France, vol. v, part i, pp. 67-71 ; Leva, Storia docu- mentata di Carlo V, i. 70-85 ; Ulmann, Kaiser Maximilian II, 99 ff.

150I CHARLES THE FIFTH 9

The Infanta Catharine marries Arthur, Prince of Wales.^ There went to England with her Alfonso de Fonseca, who at that time was Archbishop of Santiago, Antonio de Rojas, Bishop of Majorca, Pedro Manrique, Lord ofVal deEscaray, the Count of Cabra and his mother, Ehara Manuel, and many other gentlefolk.^

King Louis and King Ferdinand divide the Kingdom of Naples between themselves.^

The Moors of the Sierra Vermeja rise in rebellion because they do not wish to become Christians, and they slay Don Alonzo de Aguilar, who went against them with an army, but afterwards they surrendered themselves to the King on the understanding that he would suffer them to go to Bar- bary.'* Justice was executed by the Catholic King on those of Benefiz,^ because of their rising of a year before.

The Catholic Kings send Peter Martyr, their chronicler, to the Soldan of Cairo, to dissuade him from forcing the Christians who dwell in his land to become Mohammedans."

The Archduke Philip and the Princess Joanna come from Flanders to Spain ' by way of France, where they spoke of a marriage between their son Charles, and Claudia, the daughter of King Louis XII.

The castle of Salsas, which the French had demolished six years before, is reconstructed and fortified.^ King Louis appropriates the tenth part of the benefices in France for the war against the Turks.

The Duke of Valentinois ' captures Imola^" and other lands in the Romagna.

^ Nov. 14.

''■ Zurita, Lib. IV, cap. xlix ; also Busch, England under the Tudors ; translated by A. M. Todd, pp. 353-4 ; Spanish Calendar, vol. i. 246-7. ^ P. Martyr, Opus Epist., Epist. 218.

* Ibid., Epist. 221 ; Zurita, Lib. IV, caps, xxxi-xxxiii.

•"' Sic for Belefigui or Velefique, north of Almeria. Cf. Carvajal in Docs. Ineds. xviii. 299.

" Zurita, Lib. IV, cap. xxxii ; also Mariejo!, Pierre Martyr, chap. v.

'' They arrived in Spain in January, 1502. Cf. Carvajal in Docs. Ineds. xviii. 302-3.

* P. Martyr, Op. Epist., Epist. 228. Salsas is just north of Perpignan. ® Caesar Borgia.

"• This should be Faenza. Imola was taken in 1499. Cf. Burd's edition of // Principe, pp. 108 and 112.

lo ANNALS OF THE EMPEROR 1501

The Turks wage war in Greece and in Hungary, though without advantage to themselves.

The Sophy Ismail marries Tasluca,^ the daughter of Sani- gin and granddaughter of Yakub, and gave her one hundred and fifty servants.

The King of Portugal sends the Galician, Juan de Nova, to India with four ships to get spices.^

t The Year 1502

Princess Joanna is sworn to as heiress of these realms of Castile, in presence of her parents, the Catholic Kings, at Toledo.'

The Catholic Kings recover Gibraltar for themselves.* The same sovereigns command that all Moors depart from Castile or else become converted at once, since the Queen desires her subjects to be Christians.

General chapter of the Order of Santiago in Seville, in which many ancient rules are changed, on account of the King's having already annexed the grand masterships.

Arthur, Prince of Wales, dies, five months after his mar- riage, at the age of twenty-five years.^

John, who became King of Portugal, is born.''

James, Duke of Braganza, slays his wife, the which may be a warning to married women not to play tricks on their husbands."^

Ferdinand of Aragon, Duke of Calabria, comes a prisoner to Spain.^

King Fadrique of Naples also comes to France with his wife and children.^

' Angiolello, p. 106.

^ Damiao de Goes in Bibl. de Class. Port., vol, Ix, cap. Ixiii.

3 May 22. Gf. Zurita, Lib. IV, cap. lix.

* Zurita, Lib. IV, cap. liv.

' April 2. He was fifteen, not twenty-five years old.

« June 5.

'' This occurred in 15 12. Cf. Garvajal in Docs. Ineds. xviii. 429-30. Braganza apparently deserted his wife in 1502 ; cf. Damiao de Goes in Bibl. de Class. Port., vol. Ix, cap. Ixi,

* Zurita, Lib. IV, cap. Iviii; Burd, 113.

1602

CHARLES THE FIFTH ii

The French in Naples provoke a war against the Spaniards about the boundaries, the which cost them dear.

Then occurred that most famous combat in Trani between eleven Frenchmen and eleven Spaniards on horseback, because the French had said that the Spaniards were no horsemen, but mere foot-soldiers, and that their own king had the better claim to Naples.^ The Spaniards were Diego Garcia de Faredes, who conquered his adversary ; Diego de Vera, who later became very famous in the affairs of Algiers and of Fuenterrabia ; the Alferez Segura, and Moreno his brother ; Andres de Olivera ; Gonzalo de Arevalo, and George Diaz, the Portuguese ; Onate ; Martin de Tuesta, steward of the Great Captain ; Rodrigo Pinan, and Gonzalo de Aller, who for his misfortune was vanquished. Those of the French whom I know of were Tersis, Mont- dragon, Arthur, Olivier, Cabanacio, and Pierre du Terrail, Seigneur de Bayard, who afterwards dubbed King Francis knight after he had conquered the Swiss. They fought so well that the judges, who were Venetians, did not award the victory to either side. Gonzalo de Aller, who was cer- tainly valiant, at once challenged the conquered Frenchman, on the ground that he had had less cause to surrender than had the latter.

There also took place another combat between thirteen Frenchmen and thirteen Italians, who averred that the Spaniards had won the fight, and moreover the Italians conquered, since they were right.^

The Duke of Valentinois captures Urbino, Pesaro, and other towns with the aid of the Swiss and the French, whose captain was Yves dAllegre.^'

' On this paragraph cf. Zurita, Lib. V, cap. iii ; and Crotiicas del Gran Capitan in vol. x of Nueva Bib/, de Antores Espaticles, pp. 120-3, 333~"8. G6mara's account is largely copied by Sandoval, i. 5. Save for Bayard and Montdragon, his list of the French combatants is apparently incor- rect ; cf. Jean d'Auton, Chroniques, pt. iv, chap, xxvii, and Lavisse, Histoire de France, vol. v, pt. i, p. 61.

^ Cf. the Cronicas in Nue-va Bibl. de Aid. Esp. x. T44-7, 342-7, and Guicciardini, Storia d' Italia (ed. Freiburg, 1775-6), vol. i, pp. 480 ff.

' Cf. Yriarte, Cesar Borgia, ii. 75-92. 'Pesaro' should be 'Came- rino '.

12 ANNALS OF THE EMPEROR 1502

The Emperor Maximilian makes war on Philip of the Palatinate in Bavaria.^

The King of France enters Genoa.^

Peace between Bayazid and the Venetians, which lasted more than thirty-five years."

Peace also between Ladislaus, King of Hungary, and the same Bayazid.^

Ismail Sophy conquers by force of arms Bagdad, which is also called Balday, and is Babylon of Mesopotamia.^

The King of Portugal assumes the new titles of sovereign of the realms of Ethiopia, Arabia, Persia and India.^

The Year 1503

The Archduke returns to Flanders by way of France, and concludes peace between Maximilian, Louis and Fer- dinand at Lyons, promising to marry his son Charles to Claudia, daughter of King Louis, who was to inherit Brittany.^ Charles was not four years old at the time, nor Claudia five.

The Infante Ferdinand, who became King of Hungary and of the Romans, was born in Alcala de Henares.''

Count Ferdinand of Andrada routs Everard of Abigniel in the battle of Groya.^

The victory which the Great Captain won over the French at Cerignola.'*

Another victory which he won over the same Frenchmen on the Garigliano.^''

The siege of Gaeta, in which Hugo de Cardona, who was a most excellent leader, was slain.^^

^ Probably referring to the Landshut Succession War of 1 504. Gf. Ulmann, vol. ii, chap. iv.

* In August. Cf. Burd, p. 115.

* Lavisse et Rambaud, Histoire Generale, iv. 702.

* Angiolello, p. 1 07. Bagdad and the ruins of Babylon are some seventy miles apart : the one on the Tigris, the other on the Euphrates.

^ Whiteway, The Rise of Portuguese Poiver in India, p. 90.

•^ Zurita, Lib. V, cap. x. '' March 10.

* I have been unable to identify this battle or the participants in it. B. M. MS. has ' Abigni ' and * Gioya ' for ' Abigniel ' and ' Oroya '.

^ April 28. Nue-va Bibl. de Aut. Esp. x. 368. ^^ Dec. 28. Ibid. 399. " Guicciardini, ii. 12.

1503 CHARLES THE FIFTH 13

The French besiege Salsas, Sancho of Castile defend- ing it.^

The Catholic King, who had held Cortes at Saragossa and Barcelona, relieves Salsas, and Queen Isabella sent large companies of Castilians from as far as Soria to help him.^

Fadrique de Toledo, Duke of Alva, general -in -chief of the army, pursues the French. His forces comprised thirteen thousand foot, two thousand men-at-arms, and four thou- sand troopers.

Bernardo de Rojas, Marquis of Denia, remains in Salsas as general-in-chief, with three thousand soldiers, two thou- sand troopers, and one thousand men-at-arms.'^

Treaty of peace between King Ferdinand and King Louis, after this affair of Roussillon and that of Naples, according to the tenor of which the French are to be allowed to regain their part of that realm by force of arms if they can and the Spaniards to defend themselves in it.*

Pope Alexander dies of poison,"' which his son, Caesar Borgia, Duke of Valentinois, gave him, through a mistake on the part of the bottler. He was a native of Jativa, learned, generous, and a lover of splendour, but so worldly that he caused great extravagance in the Church. He was fond of women, and had many children who brought him honour, as did Lucrezia, of whom the Pasquinade ^ said that she was a queer sort of daughter, and devoted to the interests of the Duke of Valentinois, whom she contrived to make king. He involved himself, not without shame, in many wars and lavish expenditure. He rebuilt the castle of Sant' Angelo, and the small affair of Santa Maria Maggiore,

^ Bernaldez, cap. cxcviii ; Prescott, Ferdinand and Isabella (London, 1876), vol. iii, pp. 93 ff.

* Ibid, and Zurita, Lib. V, caps. 1-liv ; P. Martyr, Opus Epist., Epist. 260, 262-4, 266. ' Soria ' should be * Segovia'.

' Bernaldez, cap. cc.

* Probably referring to the terms of the surrender of Gaeta, Jan. i, 1504 ; cf. Zurita, Lib. V, cap. Ixi ; or possibly to the peace of Lyons, Feb. II, 1504; cf. Burd, p. 123.

^ Aug. 18. On the poisoning story and other legends about Alexan- der, cf. Creighton, History of the Papacy (edition of 1 90 1), vol. v, pp. 79 ff., Burd, p. 119.

* On the Pasquinade cf. D. Gnoli, Le Origini di Maestro Pasquino.

14 ANNALS OF THE ExMPEROR 1503

and an apartment in the palace, and he left to his heirs the Duchy of Gandia.

Pope Pius III dies also, within a month of his election, for which cause that year was very notable.^

Pope Julius II begins to rule the Church.^

Princess Joanna returns by sea to Flanders,^ His Majesty could never keep her here because of what he did and said to her.

The Year 1504

The peace which the Archduke Philip made in Lyons is sworn to in La Mejorada for three years.*

Earthquakes occur in Seville, Carmona, and other places in Andalusia.^

Queen Isabella dies in Medina del Campo,^ which caused great sadness in Castile, although she commanded that no one should wear mourning for her, since she knew the excess to which she had caused it to be worn for Prince John, her son. She also commanded that her husband. King Ferdinand, should govern until her grandson Charles was twenty years of age, in case her daughter. Princess Joanna, would not or could not do so. At the suggestion of Friar Hernando de Talavera she erected the Inquisition, because she herself had noted that certain recently converted Jews in Seville were relapsing and causing her servants to do likewise. She also established the Hermandad, because of the many criminals with whom the ordinary courts of

^ Elected Sept. 22 ; died Oct. 18. ^ Nov. i.

' In March, 1504. Cf. Zurita, Lib. V, cap. Ixvi ; Carvajal in Docs. Ineds. xviii. 308.

* March 31. Gf. Carvajal in Docs. Ineds. xviii. 308. La Mejorada is a Hieronymite monastery near Olmedo.

^ On Good Friday, April 5. Cf. Zurita, Lib. V, cap. Ixxxiv, Ber- n^ldez, cap. cci.

' Nov. 26. On this paragraph cf. Zurita, Lib. V, cap. Ixxxiv; Ber- ndldez, cap. ccii ; Prescott, iii. 172 fF. Also Isabella's will in Dormer, Discursos Varios, pp. 3 14-93. Sandoval (i. 9) copies thirty-five lines from G6mara here, almost word for word. The ' lady Joanna ' refers of course to * La Beltraneja ', who asserted that she was the daughter of Henry IV. The last line of the paragraph is very obscure as it stands in the text. I have given what seems to me to be its most probable meaning.

IS04 CHARLES THE FIFTH 15

justice were incompetent to deal. She shouldered the cross against the Infidels, and counselled her husband, the Catholic King, to do likewise ; but when she saw the nine million maravedis which had been collected for this purpose, she was very much vexed and scolded about it ; indeed she would not consent to the spending of a single penny, except it were granted for some specific purpose ; nor would the King. At first she desired to govern alone, and this was the cause of violent quarrels between her and her husband, who was as proud as she ; and she once said to Cardinal Pedro Gonzalez de Mendoza (who brought them to an agreement), ' If I were not to ask for as much as I do the King would give me nothing at all ; and it is only in this way that I manage to keep on even terms with my lord the King in the management of my realms.' She was niggardly, as is the custom of women, but she strongly urged her son Prince John, who was the apple of her eye, to give lavishly. She was much distressed that her servants, even if they were ambassadors, should accept presents from any one, and said that for them to do so appeared to dishonour her. She was exceedingly dignified, and used to say that the kings of Castile had no relatives who were their peers. She was very chaste, a great lover of justice, and deeply religious. From her girlhood she had many trials, for she was in disgrace with her brother, King Henry, and in rivalr>' with the most Excellent Lady Joanna for the inheritance, and she experienced poverty with her husband before they came to the throne. She had the good fortune to marry an excellent man, although after her death he was guilty of certain faults and frailties. They were, however, the best married couple and the best sovereigns of their time. She commanded that she be buried in the Chapel of Granada, which she had constructed and endowed for the burial of the Kings of Castile. She also restored the ancient cere- monies of the Cofradia de la Corte.

King Ferdinand publicly renounced in Toro the title of King of Castile, though he retained that of regent by virtue of the will of the Catholic Queen his wife, and he pro-

1 6 ANNALS OF THE EMPEROR 1504

claims by public announcements with trumpets and drums that his daughter Joanna and his son-in-la^y Philip are lawful sovereigns, whilst Fadrique, Duke of Alva, holds aloft the Royal Standard of Castile.^ The Great Captain, at the com- mand of the Catholic King, sends captive to Castile the Duke of Valentinois, who thus ended by losing by war in Italy all that he had thereby won there.^

Pope Julius begins to cherish resentment against the Venetians and against Faenza, Rimini, and other places which had belonged to the Duke of Valentinois.^

A new treaty of peace between the Emperor Maximilian and Louis, King of France.^

A tax of one hundred and twenty maravedis the bushel is imposed on wheat in Castile, which caused great hunger and even want, and so the}^ told the Queen, who had ordered the tax to be levied, that God alone^ who created her, could lower and raise the price of bread. The Jews acknowledge themselves to be slaves, in an argument with the lawyers? because of their many and great sins.

The Year 1505

The Alcaide de los Donzeles captures Mers-el-Kebir.^

The Catholic King, and King Philip the First of that name, begin to quarrel over the government of Castile, although the latter was still in Flanders.^

King Philip conquers in battle Charles Egmont, Duke of Guelders, who had usurped that state. The King of France aided the Duke, with full cognizance of the Catholic King.**

The Infanta Maria, who became Queen of Hungary and Regent of the Netherlands, is born.^

^ Zurita, Lib. V, cap. Ixxxiv. * Guicciardini, ii. 62.

' Burd, pp. 123-4.

* Sept. 13. The Alcaide de los Donzeles was Diego Fernandez de C6rdova. Cf. Zurita, Lib. VI, cap. xv ; Garvajal in Docj. Ineds. xviii. 311.

" Zurita, Lib. VI, caps, i, ii, viii.

" Henne, Charles-Quint en Belgique, i. 65 ff.

'' Sept. 13. Garvajal, p. 311.

1505

CHARLES THE FIFTH 17

The Emperor Maximilian makes war in Hungary.^ Fadrique, King of Naples, dies in France,^ having miserably suffered the loss of that noble realm which his grandfather, King Alfonso of Aragon, had conquered with so much courage and labour.

An agreement is made between Kings Ferdinand and Philip, though it did not last long.^

The Florentines and Pisans make war on one another/

The Catholic King, through Rodrigo Manrique, asks the Excellent Lady ^ to marry him, in order that with her as his Queen he might reinforce his claim to Castile as against King Philip, but King Manuel was unwilling to give her up, nor would she come of her own accord, since in addition to being old, she was also a saint, as pure as the one whose name she bore.

Alonzo de Fonseca, Bishop of Osma, dies, and Alonzo Enriquez succeeds him.''

The Year 1506

When King Philip and Queen Joanna came to Spain from Flanders in January, they encountered a violent tempest, and had a fire on board their ship, whose pilot was named Santiago. The ship, moreover, ran aground or, as they call it, on a sand bank, where it would have infallibly been lost if a huge wave had not driven it in the other direction with its tremendous impact. The Queen, on that occasion, showed that she had the courage of a man, for when the King told her that she would not escape the danger, she clothed herself richly and loaded herself with coins, in order

* Ulmann, ii. 267 ff.

^ Sept. 9, 1504. Cf. Burd, p. 113.

^ Nov. 24, at Salamanca. Zurita, Lib. VI, cap. xxiii.

* Burd, pp. 122-3.

^ Meaning Joanna, ' la Beltraneja,' who was Isabella's rival for the throne of Castile from 1474 to 1480. Cf. note 6, p. 14. On Ferdinand's project of marriage with her cf. Prescott, iii. 204 «.

* Carvajal, p. 312. Fonseca died Nov. 26. Ci. Gams, Series Episcopo- rum, p. 57.

13«6 C

1 8 ANNALS OF THE EMPEROR 1506

that she might be recognized and suitably buried. But they did not perish after all.^

King Philip, exhausted by the sea, lands in England against the wishes of his friends,- and verily it cost him dear, for he was forced to give up Edmund de la Pole, Duke of Suffolk, the heir of the House of York, on receiving a promise that he should not be executed, but the King of England did not keep his word and told them that if they did not give up the Duke, they would not be suffered to leave the island. According to John Manuel this was because King Henry had letters from King Ferdinand asking him to detain them.

King Philip and King Henry renew their alliance at Windsor,'^ and agree that the Infanta Catharine should marry as her second husband her brother-in-law, Henry.

The sovereigns land at Corunna amid great rejoicings of the people.^

Kings Philip and Ferdinand have an interview at Remesal,^ in hopes of reaching an agreement but they failed to con- clude one, nor did King Ferdinand even see the Queen his daughter, since John Manuel, who was close in the con- fidence of King Philip, prevented him.

Shortly after this, King Philip, to the great grief of all men, dies in Burgos, at the age of twenty-nine years,^ and

' Sandoval (i. 10) again copies several lines here and in the next paragraph.

^ Jan. 16, at Melcombe Regis. Busch, pp. 190 fF., 372 fF. Henry pro- mised to spare Suffolk's life and kept his word : but the Earl (not Duke) was executed in the next reign.

^ Feb. 9. Zurita, Lib. VI, cap. xxv. The text of the treaty in Rymer's Foedera, xiii. 123-7, does not mention the marriage of Henry and Catharine. * Sandoval, i. 10; Prescott, iii. 210.

^' According to Prescott, iii. 213-16, and to Sandoval, i. 10, this inter- view took place at Puebla de Sanabria. Cf. also Zurita, Lib. VI, caps, xxviii-xxx, xxxii ; Lib. VI, caps, i-vii, x.

^ Sept. 25. Zurita, Lib. VII, cap, xv ; Sandoval, i. 11. The latter's account is obviously taken from G6mara. I have slightly emended 1. 36 of the text, according to the version of Sandoval, who may well have copied from G6mara's original manuscript, by substituting ' porque ' for ' aunque ', and by inserting ' no ' before ' se ', in order to make sense. The text, as it stood, was practically untranslatable, and the B. M. MS., virtually identical with the Madrid one at this point, sheds no light on the matter.

i5o6 CHARLES THE FIFTH 19

without ever enjoying- the great realms and riches which would otherwise have been his. He died, complaining of those who had put him at such odds with his father-in- law, and of the fate which prevented his having anything to give his friends. He commanded that his heart be carried to Brussels, and his body to Granada, and that his entrails remain at Burgos. He was a handsome man, though a little fat, and of good heart and brain, generous, and could never refuse anything: so much so, indeed, that once wheji a man begged a certain office of him he replied that he had not given it to him because he had not asked for it ; 'If they had asked me for it,' he added, ' I would have granted it.' He left by the Queen the following children : Charles, of whom these Annals treat, who was King of Spain and Emperor ; Ferdinand, who became King of Hungary and Emperor ; Eleanor, who was Queen of Portugal and of France; Isabel, who, to her misfortune, married Christian, King of Denmark and Norway ; Maria, who ruled in Hungary ; and Catharine, Queen of Portugal, who was posthumous.

Marriage of the Catholic King Ferdinand in Duenas with Germaine de Foix, his own niece and niece to King Louis of France ; ^ truce with the French for one hundred and one years being made at the same time, with some stipulations not entirely good. Juan de Silva, Count of Cifuentes, and Doctor Thomas Malferit, vice-chancellor of Aragon, went to fetch her and arranged the treaties.

King Ferdinand passes over to Naples after his disagree- ment with King Philip,'^ and was certainly sorry to leave Castile, so sweet a thing it is to reign, and so great are the wealth and power of a king.

With the death of the one King and the absence of the other there were many troubles in these realms of Castile,

^ Mar. 18. Cf. Can-ajal, p. 313. Cf. also Zurita, Lib. VI, cap. xviii ; Prescott, iii. 205. Germaine was the granddaughter of Ferdinand's half-sister, Eleanor of Navarre, daughter, by his first wife, of John 1 1 of Aragon.

^ Embarked at Barcelona, Sept. 4, 1506. Cf. Zurita, Lib. VII, cap.xiv.

C 2

20 ANNALS OF THE EMPEROR 1506

for no one desired to obey the law, nor was the Queen wilh'ng to command. The Duke of Medina Sidonia fights at Gibraltar, the Count of Lemos, the Duke of Alva, and the Count of Benavente taking arms against him. Factions arise in most of the cities, some of them in favour of sum- moning Charles, others Ferdinand, and others Maximilian, and a very few Joanna, since she did not desire to under- take the government. Wherefore, Cardinal Friar Francisco Ximenes, Bernardino de Velasco, Constable of Castile, and Pedro Manrique de Lara, Duke of Najera, assumed power, with the advice and goodwill of the majority of the lords.^

Gon9alo Marino de Rivera, Alcaide of Melilla, takes Cazaza.*^ The Duke of Valentinois escapes from the castle of Medina del Campo, not without peril, and betakes him- self straight to Rodrigo Pimentel, Count of Benavente, and from him to Navarre.^

The uprising in Lisbon at the instigation of the Friars, in which over three thousand new Christians died. King Manuel, who commanded the friars and seventy other men, chastised many of the revolutionists for what they had done."^

Betrothal of the Dauphin, Francis of Angouleme, and Claudia, daughter of King Louis of France, and Duchess of Brittany, who had been promised to Charles, Prince of Castile.'^ French ambassadors come to Valladolid to make their excuses.

Pope Julius forcibly expels from Bologna the Tyrant Giovanni di Bentivoglio, a proceeding which caused offence to certain cardinals.''

War of certain Genoese, near Monaco." The death of Christopher Columbus, who discovered the Indies and therefore will have eternal glory."^

1 Zurita, Lib. VII, caps, xv-xvii, xxi-xxii, xxiv-xxx.^^Sandoval (i. 12) again plagiarizes here.

* In April. Bernaldez, cap. cciv. Cazaza is close to Melilla. ^ Oct. 25. Zurita, Lib. VII, cap. xxiii.

* Bernaldez, cap. ccvi.

* May 21. Cf. Sandoval, i. 12, and Lavisse, vol. v, pt. i, p. 76.

* Nov. 2-11. Cf. Burd, p. 127. ' Guicciardini, ii. 116-19,

* May 20. Cf. Gdmara's Hist, de las Indias in Bibl. Autores Espatioles, xxii. 172.

ipo;

CHARLES THE FIFTH 21

The Year 1507

Kings Louis and Ferdinand, who had been so much at variance about Naples, have an interview at Savona.^ When he was dining with Queen Germaine, the King of France caused the Great Captain to sit at table w^ith them, which was a great honour for him.

The Catholic King returns to govern Castile, and settled the troubles which had occurred there without much dis- turbance.^

Queen Joanna and King Ferdinand meet at Tortoles.''

And Queen Joanna met Queen Germaine in Venta Bafios, and the latter took the former's hand to kiss it, although she was her stepmother.*

The Infanta Catharine is born in Torquemada.''

A very general plague ravages Spain, after there had been famine.'^

Friar Hernando de Talavera, of the Hieronymite Order and the first Archbishop of Granada, dies and was accounted a saint."^

Alfonso de Fonseca, with the consent of the Catholic King, abdicates the archbishopric of Santiago in favour of his son Alfonso, which was an innovation.^

The King of Tenes begs the aid of King Ferdinand against the King of Tlemcen, who was despoiling him of his state .^

Treaty of marriage between Prince Charles, and Mary, Princess of Wales, daughter of King Henry VIII of England, he being eight years old and she ten.^"

' June 28-July I. Cf. R. de Maulde, VEntrevue de Sa'vone in Re-vue rf Histoire Diplomatique, iv. 583-90; Burd, p. 129. Almost all the con- temporary authorities mention the invitation to Gonsalvo, which ap- parently made a deep impression.

■^ Bernaldez, cap. ccxi. ^ Aug. 28.

* Sept. 2. Cf. Sandoval, i. 13. ® Jan. 14. Cf. Carvajal, p. 317.

* Possibly refers to the locusts in 1508-9. Cf. Bernaldez, cap. ccxiv. '' May 8. Carvajal, p. 318. * Ibid., p. 319.

* Zurita, Lib. VIII, cap. xi ; but also pp. 5 and 58 of this work.

'" Dec. 21. Henry VIII should, of course, be Henry VII. Cf. Busch, pp. 220, 379-80, and vol. ix of 7be Camden Miscellany.

22 ANNALS OF THE ExMPEROR 1507

The war which Charles, Duke of Guelders, wages in Brabant, with the support of the King of France.^

The Emperor Maximilian stirs up a war against the Venetians because they had risen against him and the King of France, in order to shut them out of Italy.^

King Louis obtains the investiture of Milan, though he did it by cunning.^ This was the cause of many wars and evils.

Giovanni di Bentivoglio tries to recover Bologna by force of arms, but was unable to do so, and therefore was obliged to live in Busseto with his twenty-one children as an exile from his own land.^

Revolt and wars in Genoa, on account of which the King of France entered the city with an armed force, and con- structed the Lantern, a very powerful fortress.^

Great wars are fought by the Turks and the Persians, the former being twice victorious, and the latter once.^

Ismail Sophy wages a great war on King Aladola in Cappadocia, and takes from him Albistan, Marash, and other citiesJ

War between King John of Navarre and Louis de Beau- mont, which went ill for the former. In it Caesar Borgia, Duke of Valentinois, met his death.^

Caesar Borgia was the son of Pope Alexander and of a Roman woman called Vanozza Catanei.'' He was very comely, save that he had so many blotches on his face and such evil eyes that he shunned walking abroad during the day-time, for he clearly showed by his countenance what a cruel heart he had. He was a very rich Cardinal, and among

* Henne, i. 149 ft".

2 Cf. Ultnann, vol. ii, chap, vi ; de Leva, i. 99-104. ^ Possibly refers to the guarantee to Louis by the Venetians of tiie possession of Milan, Burd, p. 130 ; Leva, i. loo.

* Guicciardini, ii. 161-2. The actual attempt was apparently made by Annibale and Ermes Bentivoglio. On Giovanni di Bentivoglio see Jovius, Elogia virorum hellica -virtute illustrium (Basel, 1575), pp. 261-3.

* Louis entered Genoa April 29 ; Guicciardini, ii. 119 fF.

" A mistake. Ismail w as at much pains to keep peace with Bayazid. ' Angiolello, pp. 108-9. * Mar. 12. Cf. Zurita, Lib. VII, cap. Ii.

'^ On this paragraph cf. Zurita, Lib. VII, cap. Ii ; Yriarte, Cesnr Borgia (Paris, 1889, 2 vols.).

I507 CHARLES THE FIFTH 23

other benefices held the archbishopric of Pamplona and afterwards that of Valencia. He earnestly desired to change his calling-, since the sword seemed better suited to him than the breviary, and he gave up his Cardinal's hat and his benefices in spite of the opposition and censures of the Catholic Kings, Ferdinand and Isabella, and in order that it might seem a lawful and honourable act he gave evidence to show that he was illegitimate, in spite of the fact that his father had declared the contrary when he created him Cardinal. He won the favour of King Louis XII of France by means of a licence or dispensation which his father gave him, permitting that King to marry the Duchess Anne of Brittany, and to abandon Queen Jeanne, his first wife, because she bore him no children. He himself also was married in France to Charlotte de Foix, daughter of Alain d'Albret, a great and noble lord, who brought him Valence, so that he was called Duke Valentin, or the Duke of Valentinois, according to the French tongue. He also desired to be Duke of Gandia, and it is said that in order to accomplish this purpose he threw the Duke, his brother, into the Tiber. His father made him general-in-chief of the armies of the Church in place of the Duke who was drowned, and promised to make him Lord of the Romagna, of Spoleto, of the March of Ancona, and of other states, provided he would expel from them their rulers, whom he called tyrants of the Patrimonium Petri. Caesar then drove them all out, by force and fear, in the course of two or three years, and won such glory and renown that they say that all men feared him and even Bayazid, the Great Turk, desired to make a treaty with him in order to be able to attack the Venetians. He persecuted the Orsini and Colonne cruelly, publicly murdering certain gentlemen of those families and even some cardinals. He tortured the clergy, so the story goes, in order to extort money for war. Finally he gave poison to his father, although it was through a mistake of the bottler, his real aim being to kill certain cardinals whom he had invited to dine, and indeed he would have perished himself in the same way, as he deserved to do, had he not

24 ANNALS OF THE EMPEROR 1507

had his body buried in that of a mule, which they cut open alive, leaving only his head outside. However, as a result of his illness, and of the death of his father, he lost what he had, and the Great Captain took him prisoner at Naples, where people were beginning to collect, and sent him to Spain, although on promise that no harm should come to him. He fled to Navarre, after escaping from the Castle of Medina del Campo by lowering himself with ropes. When he was there, Ximen Garcia de los Fayos, otherwise called Agreda, and another brother of his,i killed him because he had grievously quarrelled with the followers of the Count of Lerin, who were going to relieve the Castle of Viana from starvation. Certain men of Logrofio who were there told me how the drummer, Damiancillo, finished him off as he lay groaning on the ground. In this wise died the valiant Duke of Valentinois, whose vices equalled and concealed his learning, generosity, courage, and energy. He was marvellously expert in the use of every sort of arms, on foot and on horseback, and exceedingly nimble in jumping, running, wrestling, handling weapons, and tilting.

Truce for three years between the Venetians and the Emperor Maximilian. -

The Year 1508

Count Pedro Navarro captures Pefion de Velez de la Gomera, and afterwards a fortress was constructed there. -^ Pedro Fernandez de Cordova, Marquis of Priego, captures the Alcalde de Corte, Fernan Gomez de Herrera, of Madrid, and takes him from Cordova to Montilla.*

The Catholic King punishes the Marquis of Priego for capturing his alcalde, by destroying the fortress of Montilla.''

And he likewise punishes Pedro de Giron because he carried off to Portugal the Duke of Medina Sidonia, whose guardian he was."

' Yriarte (ii. 275) gives the names of Luis Garcia de Agredo and of Pedro de Alio.

^ June 6, 1508. Ulmann, ii. 357.

^ Cf. Zurita, Lib. VIII, cap. xxiii. * Ibid., caps, xx-xxii.

^ Ibid,, caps, xx-xxii, ^ Ibid., cap. xxv.

i5o8 CHARLES THE FIFTH 25

Cardinal Friar Francisco Ximenes imprisons Lucero, a severe Inquisitor.^

The King of Fez with one hundred thousand Moors lays siege to Arcilla, which was defended by Count Vasco de Borba. This caused great warlike preparations to be made in Portugal and even in Castile for its relief, and Antonio de Fonseca collected an army, but before it could get there Pedro Navarro forced the Moors to raise the siege.'^

Alonzo de Ojeda founds a town in Caribana which he named San Sebastian, and which was the first settlement of Spaniards on Tierra Firme of the Indies.^

Diego de Nicuesa, who soon after perished wretchedly, begins to settle Nombre de Dios.*

Pope Julius excommunicates the Venetians for usurping Ravenna and other lands of the States of the Church.^

The Pope grants to Maximilian the right to call himself crowned Emperor.*'

League against the Venetians made at Cambray between Pope Julius, the Emperor Maximilian, King Ferdinand, King Louis of France, and other lords and states, because the Venetians held lands which had belonged to each of them.''

War between Maximilian and the Venetians about Cadore and Gorizia.^

A boat of osier containing eight men who ate raw flesh and drank blood like water, and spoke a language which could not be understood, runs aground near Dieppe.^

1 P. Martyr, Opus Epist., Epp. 333, 334. ^ Bemaldez, cap. ccxviii.

^ In the gulf of Uraba, in 1509-10. Cf. G6mara's Historic de las InJias in Bibl. Aut. Esp. xxii. 189 fF. ; Bourne, Spain in America, pp. io6 flF. On the designation * Tierra Firme ', cf. Winsor, Narrative and Critical History, ii. 169.

* G6mara, pp. 187-91; Bourne, pp. 107-8. Also in 1509-10. Nom- bre de Dios is near the present town of Aspinwall.

^ April 27, 1509. Gf. Burd, p. 133. ^ Feb. 4, 1508 ; Ulmann, ii. 339-40. '' Dec. 10; Burd, pp. 13 1-2.

* Ulmann, ii. 341 ff. B. M. MS. has ' sobre Cadora dusa y Goricia' : ' dusa ' I am unable to identify or translate.

* Cf. Eusebius of Caesarea, Chronicon et Continuatio ; Ed. Basle, 1529, f. 153. ' Septem homines sylvestres, etc'

26 ANNALS OF THE EMPEROR 1508

War of the Florentines against the Pisans, to subject them.i

Insilbas moves on Khorassan with two hundred thousand men, and Ismail Sophy goes forth to meet him with a force of about equal size, but owing to the intercession of an Armenian bishop they did not fight.^

The Year 1509

Proclamation of the League of Cambray in the Iglesia Mayor at Valladolid, the Bishop of Palencia saying mass." The King swore to it for himself and for the Queen, his daughter, the nuncio Giovanni Ruffo, Bishop of Bertinoro,* for the Pope, Mercurino de Gattinara for Prince Charles, the Sieur de Guise for the King of France, and the ambas- sadors of the Emperor Maximilian.

The capture of Oran by Cardinal Friar Francisco Ximenes.'^

Queen Joanna enters Tordesillas, never to leave it."

The Emperor Maximilian and King Ferdinand come to an agreement about the affairs of their grandson Charles.'

Queen Germaine brings forth in Valladolid a son who only lived one hour, and whose death was as great a grief to the realms of Aragon as its birth was glory .^

King Henry VII of England dies. Being desirous to wed Queen Joanna of Castile, he postponed for a long time the marriage of his son and of the Infanta Catharine, and even maltreated his daughter-in-law in order to force her grand- father to consent to what he desired.^

The Infanta Catharine finally marries her brother-in-law, Henry VIII, King of England, having a dispensation valid

^ Burd, p. 131. 2 Angiolello, pp. no, 116.

^ Sandoval (i. 16) copies G6mara here.

* Giovanni Ruffo, Bishop of Bertinoro, was afterwards Archbishop of Cosenza. Cf. Gams, Series Episcoporum, p. 674,

' May 16. Zurita, Lib. VIII, cap. xxx ; Bemaldez, cap. ccxix.

® Feb. 14. Zurita, Lib. VIII, cap. xxix.

' Ibid., caps, xlii, xlv, xlvii. * May 3. Sandoval, i. 14.

' April 21. Busch, pp. 214-16. 'Grandfather' (abuelo) is of course a mistake for ' father '.

1509

CHARLES THE FIFTH i']

even In case her first marriage had been consummated, though they say that Arthur was impotent.^

The prosecution of the supposed holy woman at Piedrahita takes place, which was a notable affair.

The University of Alcala de Henares begins.^

Victory of King Louis of France for the allies, against the Venetians at Agnadello, which completely routed them.-' The King had fifteen thousand horse, and thirty thousand foot, and the Venetians thirty-three thousand foot and ten thousand horse. According to the French accounts ten thousand were slain in the battle.

Pope Julius captures Modena and Mirandola, which Duke Alfonso of Ferrara held, by force of arms.*

The Emperor Maximilian besieges Padua, but was unable to take it.^

The Venetians restore Ravenna to Pope Julius.*^ Juan Ponce de Leon begins to conquer Boriquen.' War between the Venetians and the Duke of Ferrara,^

The bloody battle between Poles and Turks, the Chris- tians being victorious.^

The Sophy captures Sermangoli, King of Sumacchia, in battle.!''

^ June II. Busch, pp. 202 fF., 374 ff.

- On the exact date of the opening of the University cf. A. de la Torre y del Cerro, La Universidad de Alcala in the Ret'tsta de Archi-vos for 1910, pp. lo-ii.

^ May 14, 1509. Guicciardini, ii. 203.

■• This was in 1510 and 1511. Burd, pp. 136, 138.

^ Guicciardini, ii. 241. He raised the siege Oct. 3.

'^ Burd, p. 134.

■^ Or Porto Rico. Cf. G6mara's Historia de las hidias in Bibl. de Aut. Esp., vol. xxii, p. 180 ; also Bourne, pp. 133-4.

^ In 1 5 10. Guicciardini, ii. 303, 321.

' Probably referring to the battle on the Dniester, where the Crown Hetman Kamieniecki defeated Bogdan of Moldavia, whose force was composed of Turks and Tartars. Cf. Vapovius in Serif tores Rerum Polo- nicarum, vol. ii, pp. 86 fF.

^^ Angiolello (p. 1 1 2) tells a somewhat different story. According to him, Sermangoli, whom Ismail had captured and set free on a former occasion (p. 104), took refuge in flight.

28 ANNALS OF THE EMPEROR 1510

The Year 151 o

The capture of Bugia and of Tripoli in Barbary.^ The league of Cambray against the Venetians is renewed by the same allies as before, with the addition of Ladislaus, King of Hungary.^

Pope Julius abandons the league and aids the Venetians, who humbled themselves before him.^ This was the cause of many wars and evils.

The Pope wages war against the French in Genoa and in Milan in order that the one might be free and the other come under his suzerainty, but the Swiss abandon him, because of the bribes of King Louis.*

Francesco Maria de la Rovere, Duke of Urbino and nephew of Pope Julius, slays Cardinal Alidosi in Ravenna, because of the affair of Bologna.^ The Pope was angered by the murder of the Cardinal, although the latter had led an unchaste life.

Hatred develops between Pope Julius II and King Louis of France, which was the beginning of infinite evils. The Pope takes the side of the Venetians and the King supports the Duke of Ferrara in his wars.^

The Pope, in anger at the King of France, on account of the affairs of Ferrara and of Bologna, begs aid of the Princes of Christendom, and they grant it, especially the Catholic King."

Pirates capture twenty-five Carmelite Friars returning to Sicily from the general Chapter which they had held at Rome.

^ Bernaldez, caps, ccxxiii and ccxxiv ; Zurita, Lib. IX, caps, i and xvi. Bugia fell Jan. 6, Tripoli, July 31.

"^ Ulmann, ii. 396-404. ^ Feb. 24. Burd, p. 135.

* Ibid., p. 136. The Swiss allied themselves with the Pope in March, 1 510 (Lavisse, vol. v, pt. i, p. 95), and did not abandon him till much later. Cf. Kohler, Les Suisses dans les guerres d'ltalie in Memoires et Documents lie la Societe d'Histoire et d' Archeologie de Genh'e, 2°'® serie, tome 4.

'' May 24, 1511. Burd, pp. 138-9. ^ Ibid., pp. 136-7.

' Bernaldez, cap. ccxxvl ; Sandoval, i. 18, 22.

I5II CHARLES THE FIFTH 29

The Year 1511

The Conquest of Cuba by Diego Velasquez de Cuellar.^ Alliance of King Ferdinand the Catholic and of the Venetians with the Pope, all three joining forces against the King of France.^

Session of the Council which certain Cardinals inau- gurated against the Pope, headed by Cardinal Bernardino de Carvajal, Bishop of Sigiienza, whom men called in jest Pope Andrew.^ The cause of this Council, if a reason must needs be given, was that when the Pope in consistory pro- posed to take Bologna by force of arms from Giovanni di Bentivoglio, Cardinal Bernardino de Carvajal, as the senior, would not consent in the first place, and Cardinals Francesco Soderini, Federigo da San vSeverino, Antonio Gentile, Guillaume Bri^onnet, and all who were at odds with the Pope or desired to get the Papacy, followed his counsel and advice. These men settled down as a Council at Pisa with the consent of Piero Soderini, who was in power at that time in Florence, and with the favour of the King of France, who sent Lautrec to support them with an army. The Pope induced three of these Cardinals to return to their obedience either by offers of reward or threats of excommunication ; the other three went on to Milan, where they proclaimed a Council, saying that the Emperor and the King of Spain supported and approved of it. This angered the Catholic King, who begged the Pope to deprive them of their offices and benefices, which was done, and then the King appoints Fadrique of Portugal Bishop of Sigiienza. The three Cardinals took fright and betook themselves to France, where they persisted in their design of continuing their Council at Lyons.

' Cf. G6mara, Hist, de las Indias in Bibl. Aut. Esp. xxii. 185.

^ Oct. 4. Burd, p. 141.

^ On this and the next paragraph cf. Zurita, Lib. IX, caps, xxii, xxx, xl, xliii; Carvajal, p. 332; Bernaldez, cap. ccxxvi ; Burd, pp. 139-40; Sandret, Le Concile de Pise in Revue des Questions Historiques, xxxiv. 425 ff. G6mara omits Francisco Borgia, Cardinal of C^osenza, from the original list of schismatics.

30 ANNALS OF THE EMPEROR 1511

The Pope asks, requires, and admonishes King Louis of France again and again, to show no favour to the insolent Council which these rebellious and excommunicated Car- dinals were holding, and to lend no aid to the Duke of Ferrara, nor to Giovanni di Bentivoglio, nor to the other tyrants of the Church.

The Pope excommunicates the King of France and all those who favoured his cause and that of the rebel Car- dinals, and declares them to be schismatics, and deprives them of their realms, states, and dignities.^

Doctor William Ca9a brings this excommunication and sentence to Valladolid, where they are publicly read in the Iglesia Mayor on a holiday, at the end of the Gospel ot the Mass,-

Open war of King Ferdinand the Catholic against the schismatics. He asks the support of his son-in-law. King Henry VIII of England ; he makes peace with the Kings of Tunis and Tlemcen ; he sends the Alcaide de los Donzeles to Fuenterrabia to deal with the affairs of Navarre, and commands Ramon de Cardona, viceroy of Naples, and Count Pedro Navarro with the soldiers of his fleet to join forces with Francisco Maria, Duke of Urbino, who lay near Bologna with the Papal army.^

The King of France takes counsel in Tours with his lawyers, theologians, and canonists, and decided that he was not obliged to obey a Papal excommunication which had been launched with an accompanying threat of militarj- force, that the Pope could not lawfully wage war against another lord in lands not belonging to the States of the Church, that he had neither offended against the Faith nor the Church, nor provoked war against them, that he, the King, could wage war in his own defence against the Pope, his public and notorious enemy, as an individual, but that all the churches and towns of his kingdom must in the

' Lavisse, vol. 5, pt. i, p. 97.

^ Nov. 16. Cf. Bernaldez, cap. ccxxvii; Sandoval, i. 22.

^ Zurita, Lib. IX, caps, xxxii, xxxiii, xxxviii. Sandoval (i. 22) copies G6mara here. * Tunis ' is probably a mistake for ' Tenes ' ; cf. above p. 21, n. 9.

15 1 1 CHARLES THE FIFTH 31

meantime obey the Canon Law and the Pragmatic Sanction of the Council of Basel ; and that he might defend his friends and allies against any other person, even if that other were Pope.

The King of France forbids his vassals to carry any money to Rome, in order that the Pope might not use it to make war on him.

Gaston de Foix, general-in -chief of the King of France, effects an entrance into Bologna by the power of his army ; he also captures Brescia, Bergamo, and other places of the Pope and of the Venetians.^

Duke Charles of Guelders harries Brabant with the sup- port of the King of France. '

The Emperor Maximilian takes the side of the Pope because the King of France aided the Duke of Guelders against him.*

A man who ate up a sheep or a calf at a single meal is presented to the Emperor Maximilian.'

Thomas Howard conquers and captures Andrew Barton, captain of the Scottish fleet, in a naval battle."

Quarrels and wars between the Grand Turk Bayazid and his sons.'^

The battle of Tchorlu between Selim and his father Bayazid.

Insilbas fights with the Sophy on an island in the River Efia near Khorassan, a great city, each one, so it is reported, having an army of two hundred thousand men. They ar- ranged beforehand for the battle, which was the most cruel and bloody of our day and generation.^

' Lavisse, vol. v, pt. i, pp. 96-7. 'Basel' is probably a mistake for •Bourges', though the Council's decrees were in close consonance with the Pragmatic. * All this was in Jan.-Feb., 1512 ; Burd, pp. 141-2.

^ Henne, i. 278 ff. * Not till 1512. Cf. Ulmann, ii. 453-5.

" Sandoval, i. 24.

* Diet. Nat. Biog. iii. 340. The battle occurred Aug. 2 in the Downs. Barton was shot, not captured.

' On this and the next paragraph cf. Hammer, Geschichte des Osman't- schen Retches, ii. 352-63 ; and Jorga, Geschichte des Osmanischen Reiches, ii. 30 fF. The battle of Tchorlu or Tschorli, between Constantinople and Adrianople, was fought in July, 151 2.

* Angiolello, pp. 114-18; Jorga, ii. 254. This was in 1510.

32 ANNALS OF THE EMPEROR 1511

The Sophy won by dint of his great strength. He sent the head of Insilbas to the Grand Turk, and that of Azebec, an excellent general, to the Soldan of Cairo— an act of barbarity. However, he left the realm to the sons of Insilbas under payment of some small tribute, on condition that they should wear red turbans and put off the green ones to which they were accustomed.^

Francisco Lopez, who wrote these Annals, and the Sea Fights of our time, and the History of the Indies with the Conquest of Mexico, and still has a mind to do some other little things, is born in Gomara ^ on Sunday morning, the day of the Purification of Our Lady, which they call Candlemas.^ Since he has worked so hard, he deserves to enjoy the fruit of his labours in company with many good men.

The Year 1512

The monster which was brought forth by a nun in Ravenna, and which, according to reports, was male and female, had a horn on its head, and a cross on its breast, and wings instead of arms, and a single foot, and an eye in its knee.^

The pitched battle of Ravenna, which the French won, because the Spaniards did not fight their hardest. Our men were defeated, but despite that fact they slew their enemies. Sixteen thousand men in all perished — two-thirds of the French army, and forty generals on both sides, and also Gaston de Foix, brother of Queen Germaine, whose death made the day famous, and who (if there be truth in the stories of soldiers) had seventy pieces of artillery, two thousand men-at-arms, four thousand light cavalry, and twenty-five thousand foot. In the Papal army with the Duke of Urbino there were twenty-four bronze cannon, and twenty-three thousand infantry (twelve thousand of them Spaniards), a thousand troopers, a thousand light

* ' Azebec ' is doubtless the same as ' Usbec ' in Anglolello, p. 117 ; q.-v. ^ About ten miles south-east of Soria, ' Feb. 2.

* Bernaldez, cap. ccxxviii. Sandoval (i, 26) again plagiarizes from G6mara.

15 1 2 CHARLES THE FIFTH 33

cavalry, eight hundred Spanish and the same number of Italian men-at-arms.^

Ambassadors from Abdalla, King of Tlemcen, who ac- knowledged himself tributary of the King of Castile, come to Burgos with the Alcaide de los Donzeles. They brought to King Ferdinand the tribute-money, twenty-two horses, a tame lion's whelp, a fowl of molten gold, and thirty-six chickens of the same, and many Moorish things, and a pretty little maid of royal blood, and one hundred and thirty Christian captives.^

Duarte de Menezes, Alcaide of Tangiers, with one hundred and seventy horse and three hundred foot, attacks the King of Fez, who had come with three thousand Moorish infantry, and seven hundred troopers to fire his crops. In the battle and pursuit he captured two hundred and twenty-five, and slew twice that number.^

Agreement of King John of Navarre with the King of France, who granted him Beam in return for his promise to fall out with King Ferdinand and to prevent the latter from entering his kingdom of Guyenne, where the English were already face to face with him.*

Fadrique de Toledo, Duke of Alva, and General-in-Chief, seizes the kingdom of Navarre and enters Pamplona with six thousand soldiers, one thousand men-at-arms, and fifteen hundred troopers.^

King John besieges Pamplona for twenty-six days, and the Duke of Alva, Hernando de Vega, Antonio de Fonseca, and many other Castilian knights defended it and held out bravely.

^ April II. Bibliography in Pastor, Gescbic&te Jer Pa/>ste,\i\, p. 7o-i,n. 4. The number of slain is given by Jovius and Moncenigo as 20,000 ; by Guicciardini as 10,000.

^ Bemaldez, caps, ccxxix-ccxxx, Sandoval (i. 26) again copies G6mara.

' Bemaldez, cap. ccxxxiii. G6niara's account is clearly taken from Bemaldez.

* Boissonnade, Reunion de la Navarre a la Caitille, pp. 31 1-12.

' On this and the next three paragraphs cf. Zurita, Lib. X, caps, xxix-xliii ; Bemaldez, caps, ccxxxv-ccxxxvii ; Carvajal, pp. 327-33 ; Boissonnade, p. 325,

1S66 D

34 ANNALS OF THE EMPEROR 1512

The King- goes to Logrono, and sends aid thence to Pamplona by the Duke of Najera, in fear of whom King John raised the siege and abandoned the French artillery. I have heard it said that the King wept for joy together with Antonio de Fonseca, who brought him the news, such importance did he attach to the conquest of Navarre.

The Dauphin Francis and the Duke of Bourbon - Montpensier besiege San Sebastian, but the inhabitants repulsed them with loss.

Diego Hernandez de Cordova, Marquis of Comares, whom they called the Alcaide de los Donzeles, remains as viceroy of Navarre, and after him Antonio Manrique, Duke of Najera, and after him Francisco Zufiiga, Count of Miranda, and Martin de Cordova, Count of Alcaudete, and Martin de Mendoza, Marquis of Canete, and Luis Hurtado, Marquis of Mondejar, and Juan de Vega, Marquis of Gragal, and Pedro de Mendoza, Count of Castro, and . . . de Cardenas, Duke of Maqueda, and Beltran de la Cueva, Duke of Alburquerque.

Ferdinand of Aragon, Duke of Calabria, attempts to flee to France from Logrono. Therefore, though he had hitherto gone about the court freelj'-, he is now taken captive to Jativa, where Mosen Juan detains him in custody.^

The Council of Saint John Lateran begins at Rome.'^

Pascal, Bishop of Burgos, a truly Christian man, dies while attending the Council, and is buried in the Monastery of Santa Maria sopra Minerva ^ at Rome.

Revolt against the Sophy by the sons of Insilbas, who put off their red turbans at the advice of a wretched Tartar who belonged to the white turban faction.*

Bayazid II dies, after a reign of thirty-one years and a life of seventy-four, as a result of poison administered at the command of Selim, his younger brother, by Hamon Ustaraba, a Jewish doctor.^ He had great trouble with his

^ Zurita, Lib. X, cap. xxxviii. ' May 3.

' July 19. Carvajal, pp. 329-30. * Moreria ' in the text is clearly a mistake for 'Minerva'. The B.M. MS. makes the same error.

* Angiolello, pp. 117-18.

* April 23. Bayazid was sixty-five years old, not seventy-four. Cf. Jovius, i. 353 ; Hammer, ii. 366-75 ; Jorga, ii. 313-14. I am unable to

I5I2 CHARLES THE FIFTH 35

brothers in order to hold his throne, and still more with his sons, of whom he had seven, and each one of whom desired to have the kingdom. He spent annually infinite sums on them, for he kept them in the provinces ; but the eldest one got half the money. Save for them he was very fortunate, winning all his battles but one, when he was conquered by the Mamelukes. He was, moreover, very rich, for he had ten millions in money shortly before his abdication, a sum which no other king of this day and generation has possessed ; though Selim did not find more than one million when he searched for this treasure, and it is said that the servants made away with a great deal. Bayazid was much given to the study of philosophy and of the Koran, and it was because of this and of his great age that he left the Empire to Selim, which angered the other sons and shortened his own life. At the beginning of his reign Selim put forth an ordinance about the clothes of his soldiers, saying that because they were so rich they spurred on their adversaries to fight eagerly against them.

The Year 1513

Secret truce between Kings Louis and Ferdinand, which greatly annoyed the Kings of England and of Navarre.^ The Pope and the Emperor Maximilian conclude a new alliance against King Louis of France.^ Through the efforts of Mercurino Gattinara, Maximilian and Ferdinand come to an agreement about the regency for their grandson Charles, and his affairs.^

The fortress at Oran and the Fenon of Algiers are con- structed. Vasco Nunez de Balboa discovers the Southern Sea, after having first waged many wars against the Indians

explain ' Sahac ' in the original Spanish text, unless it be a misreading

of the Turkish epithet ' Jauf or * Sharp ', sometimes applied to Selim ;

cf. Hammer, ii. 376.

^ Truce of Orthez, April i. Cf Boissonade, pp. 415 ff,

^ Probably meaning the treaty of Mechlin of April 5. Cf. Burd>

p. 147.

' Cf. Walther, Anfdnge Karls V, pp. ii6 ff.

D 2

2,6 ANNALS OF THE EMPEROR 151 3

in this year and in the past.^ This was an event for which Castile deeply longed.

James of Braganza, with the fleet of King Manuel, con- quers the Moors at Azamor.^ The Pope reorganizes his army after the battle which he lost at Ravenna, and drives the French out of Italy with it.''

The Pope reinstates the Medici in Florence by force, in revenge for the support which the inhabitants of that city had given to the Council of Pisa ; but he commanded his army to withdraw.*

Pope Julius II, who was a native of Savona, dies after a pontificate of ten years, of whom it has been said that he was a bad Pope, but a good man.^ He was a great friend of King Ferdinand, because the latter always supported him, and therefore gave him the investitures of the king- doms of Naples and of Navarre. He died happy in having expelled the French from Italy, in having recovered Bologna, and in having reinstated the Medici in Florence.

Election of Pope Leo X at the age of forty years.^ Alliance, which was termed perpetual, between France and Venice against the Duke of Milan.'^

Pope Leo supports Maximilian Sforza, Duke of Milan.

The battle of Novara in which Maximilian Sforza con- quered the French, whose general was Louis de la Tre- mouille.®

The Venetian army, led by Bartolommeo de Alviano, suffers greatly near Cremona and Verona. Octaviano Fregoso frees Genoa from the power of the French, with

^ Sept. 25. Gdmara, Hist, de las Indiaj, pp. i9zff. ; Bourne, pp. 109-ir, " /V;^. 29-30. Zurita, Lib. X, cap. Ixxix ; Marmol, Histoiredes Cherifs, cap. vii.

' This was in 1512 ; cf. Burd, p. 142.

* In Sept. 15 12. Cf. J. Nardi, Istorie di Firenze, Lib. VL The last clause of the text is untranslatable, but the general meaning seems to be clear. The BM. MS. has ' sangirto su exercito apart6 '.

" Feb. 20. Cf. Bernaldez, cap. ccxxxviii.

* March lo-ii. Ibid., cap. ccxxxix. He was thirty-eight not forty years old.

' March 23. Cf. Burd, p. 147 and «.

* June 6. Guicciardini, iii. 67 If.

1513 CHARLES THE FIFTH 37

the aid of the Pope and the Spaniards led by the Marquis of Pescara.1

Alliance of the Emperor Maximilian and of King- Fer- dinand and of King Henry of England against King Louis of France.^

The King of England, with the aid of the Emperor Maximilian, who was paid for it, makes war on the King of France in Picardy.^

Battle between the English and the Scots, who fought for the love of the King of France, at Flodden. Thomas Howard, Earl of Surrey, was victorious, and King James IV of Scotland, with many nobles of his realm, was slain. The King was recognized among the dead by a girdle of iron which he wore next to his flesh, in penance for having murdered his father in order to gain the throne.*

The battle of Therouanne, known as the Battle of the Spurs, because the French used their spurs so much in order to flee the quicker.^ The English won, and Francis, Duke of Longueville, the Commander-in-chief of the French, and the famous leader, Bayard, were captured.

Prospero Colonna and Ramon de Cardona bombard Venice from Marghera. More insult than injury resulted, though they caused great fear in the city.^

King Henry VIII of England captures Therouanne by siege and Tournay by treaty,'^ the Emperor Maximilian being with him.

The English and French fleets fight with one another. At the first encounter Pregent of Guyenne,^ who had come

^ Zurita, Lib. X, cap. Ixxi ; Jovius, i. 390-1.

* Probably refers to the treaty of Mechlin of April 5. Cf. ante, para- graph I of this same year.

' Henry crossed to France June 30 : in the ensuing campaign 14,000 Germans served in his pay. Cf. Ulmann, ii. 466 fF. ; Fisher, Political History of England, 148^-1^4 j, p. 181.

* Sept. 9. G6mara closely follows the account in Bernaldez, cap. ccxlv. On Flodden cf. Fisher, pp. 186 fF., and notes to p. 189.

" Guinegatte, Aug. 16. Fisher, pp. 182-3. ' Guicciardini, iii. 89.

' Aug. 22 and Sept. 24. Cf. Fisher, pp. 183-4.

^ Pregent de Bidoux, knight of Rhodes, French Admiral in the Medi- terranean.

38 ANNALS OF THE EMPEROR 1513

on from the Strait of Gibraltar with his galleys, lost his eye. The second battle occurred near Brest, and was very terrible and dangerous because of the fire.^

The famous battle of Vicenza near I'Olmo, between Ramon de Cardona and Prospero Colonna, on the one side, and Bartolommeo de Alviano, Commander-in-chief of the Venetians, on the other.^ The latter had a great advantage in numbers and position.

The former had thirty-five hundred Germans, and as many as four thousand Spaniards, led by the Marquis of Pescara, and one thousand men-at-arms (seven hundred of them Spaniards), six hundred troopers led by Pedro de Castro, a famous general, and a squadron of light cavalry under Captain Succaro, and eighteen cannon. Our men won by superior strength and knowledge. They slew five thousand men, according to some accounts, and twenty-five oflficers. They captured twenty-four cannon, and all the banners. The victory was notable, as our men were the fewer, and few were killed, and also because Bartolommeo de Alviano had boasted and said that he regarded them as cattle in a fold.^

Milan and all the state of Duke Maximilian are seized by our army under Prospero Colonna. The Swiss fight at Dijon in Burgundy, taking the side of the Pope and of the Emperor, but they abandon the siege because of the pro- mises of the King of France, who solemnly binds himself by writing and by oath to many things, among them to give them four thousand crowns in gold, to return to his obedience to the Pope, to restore Burgundy at once to Prince Charles, to withdraw all his troops from Italy, and never more to go to Lombardy — though he did not keep his word.* Pope Leo X restores Cardinals Carvajal and San Severino to their cardinalates and bishoprics with

^ Letters and Papers of Henry VIII, i. 3877, 4005 ; Fisher, pp. 179-80.

* Oct. 7. Burd, p. 147 ; Guicciardini, iii. 92-3 ; Jovius, i. 261 ff. G6mara's account is probably taken from Jovius.

' Guicciardini, iii. 90-4 ; Jovius, i. 261 ff.

* Lavisse, vol. v, pt. i, p. 1 14 ; Martin, Hist, de France, vii. 424-5.

I5I3 CHARLES THE FIFTH 39

the consent of King Ferdinand, because they had re- pented.^

Plague at Constantinople, which they say carried off one hundred and fifty thousand persons.^

Selim, the Grand Turk, strangles his brother, Ahmed, after having conquered him in battle near Brusa.

Vasili, King of Muscovy, captures Smolensk.^ War of the Turks in Anatolia against Techelles, a new expounder of the Koran.*

Cardinal Pietro Bembo finishes his history.^

The Year 1514

The war against the French continues in Italy. The King of France assembles an army against the King of England, but did not fight.

The Genoese, in their hatred of the French, raze to the ground their own Lantern, an impregnable fortress.^

Peace between the Kings of England and France arranged by the Duke of Long^eville, who was a prisoner at the time.''

King Louis of France, at the age of fifty-five years, in order to gain peace, and recover Therouanne and Tournay, marries Mary, sister of King Henry VIII, who was promised to Charles, Prince of Castile.®

Thomas, Cardinal of Gran, preaches a crusade against the Turks in Hungary and Bohemia, for which purpose a great many more men assembled than the Cardinal and King Ladislaus desired, and therefore they commanded that all of them should not shoulder the cross.^

George Dozsa rises in revolt with many of the crusaders,

' Bemdldez, cap. ccxli. * Jovius, L 357-9 ; Jorga, ii. 314-15.

' Smolensk fell in the summer of 15 14.

* Cf. Jorga, ii. 327 ff.

*• The Istoria Veneziana, published in 1552, ends with the year 151 3.

* Guicciardini, iii. 126.

' July 10. Cf. Fisher, p. 191.

* Oct 9. The ' Blanca ' of the original text is of course a mistake.

* Jovius, i. 295 ff.

40 ANNALS OF THE EMPEROR 1514

robbing and slaying those who oppose him, and especially the nobles ; this put the King and kingdom up in arms.^

John Bornemisza, the royal general, conquers Lucacho» brother of George Dozsa, near Buda Pesth.^

John the Voivode, moreover, captures in battle George Dozsa, who already had begun to call himself King, and his brother, Lucacho.^

The cruel though just death in Temesvar of the false king of Hungary, George Dozsa, whom they crowned with red-hot iron, pierced many of his veins, and gave his blood to drink, first to Lucacho, and afterwards to twenty captains, who not only sucked his wounds, but also bit his flesh, for they had been starved for three days. This caused him to suffer so much that he did not even groan when they roasted him and cooked him and gave his flesh to his soldiers to eat.*

The batde near the river Borysthenes, in which Con- stantin Ostrojski, the general of King Sigismund of Poland, conquered King Vasili, slaying eight thousand of the forty thousand Muscovite cavalry.^ Constantin had forty thou- sand men-at-arms, and little more than three thousand infantry, most of them arquebusiers, who effected the slaughter and won the victory.^

The same Constantin besieges Smolensk in vain. Selim, summoned by the Kurds, or Persian chiefs of the opposite sect to that of Sheikh Haidar, goes to attack the Sophy, having first renewed his treaties with the Hungarians, Poles, and Venetians.'^

The very famous battle on the plain of Tchaldiran be- tween the Sophy, with only thirty thousand horse, and Selim, who had two hundred thousand soldiers, of whom eighty thousand were cavalry. The Sophy was defeated

^ Jovius, i. 296-7 ; Huber, Geschichte Oesterreichs, iii. 438 ff. D6zsa was a Szlkler ; hence the name ' Sequel ' in the Spanish text. ' Ibid. iii. 440. ' Jovius, i. 298-300; Huber, iii. 440.

* Jovius, i. 301 ; Huber, iii. 440-1. G6mara's account was doubtless taken from Jovius. * Transdutripa ' in the text is doubtless a mistake for 'Temesvar'.

^ Battle of Orcha, on the Dnieper, Sept. 8. Cf. Jovius, i. 308-1 r.

* Ibid. '' Jovius, i. 361 ff. ; Angiolello, pp. 1 18-19.

,514 CHARLES THE FIFTH 41

(and it is said to have been the first reverse of fortune that he had experienced) on account of the Turkish artillery, which frightened the Persian horses with its loud reports.^

Selim slays Carbec Sampri, an excellent general of the Sophy, because on Selim's proclaiming what manner of man he was to fight against and that he had God on his side, Carbec Sampri replied, ' If God were with thee, thou wouldest not come to usurp foreign lands.' ^

Selim enters Tabriz, but soon after leaves it, because he was afraid to remain, and in want of supplies ; and he carried off with him three hundred noble and lovely damsels, together with great riches.^ It was there that he began to sit in a chair, contrary to the Ottoman custom, saying that he had gone one hundred and twenty leagues beyond the spot which his grandfather Mohammed had reached.

And in truth he had gone a great distance and had fought well, and certainly returned with great glory to Constantinople, save that he lost one hundred thousand men in that expedition.

After this unlucky battle the Sophy, after retiring to Tasnula, made an alliance with the Soldan Kansu and Aladola, and another black king who was afraid of the Turks.*

The Year 1515

Louis XII, King of France, dies '' without male children, although he married three wives. He forsook the first one, who was barren, in order to get Brittany through the second, though the latter was married® to the Emperor Maximilian. He was very niggardly, cared little for re-

^ Aug. 23. Angiolello, pp. 118-20; Jovius, i. 366-7, 369-70; Jorga, ii. 330. G6mara follows Jovius closely.

^ Angiolello, pp. 120-1. G6mara follows his account here.

^ Jovius, i. 370-1 ; Angiolello, p. 121.

* Ibid. I am unable to identify ' Tasnula '. Angiolello says that Ismail retired to Casibi or Casveen.

" In the night of Dec. 31, 1514 — Jan. i, 1515.

® By proxy only.

42 ANNALS OF THE EMPEROR 1515

ligion, sacrificed honour to gain, and was a cruel and revengeful warrior. He captured Milan, Genoa, and Naples, conquered the Venetians by means of his allies in the League of Cambray, and the Pope and his allies by his own resources. But on account of his want of Christianity he lost all he had won, and was excommunicated, and had to fight in his own realm against the English and the Swiss, with whom he made dishonest treaties which he dishonestly renounced. Those who made alliances with him fared ill, for this was the occasion of King John's losing Navarre, of King James of Scotland's being overcome, and of Florence's beginning to be deprived of her freedom. He was jealous of no one save the Catholic King, whom he could neither conquer in battle, nor cheat by double dealing in diplomacy.

Prince Charles begins to govern in Flanders.^ A French army enters Navarre, but it is immediately expelled by a Castilian one.^

Navarre is incorporated in Castile by decision of the Cortes held in Burgos, and by the authority of the Pope and Cardinals.^

Friendly peace between Francis, King of France, and the Prince and Archduke Charles, arranged in Paris by Henry, Count of Nassau, in the which it was stipulated that Charles should marry Renee, sister of Queen Claudia, who also had been promised him as his bride in years gone by.*

Caspar de Morales discovers many pearls in Tararequi.^ An infinite number of them have been brought to Spain from that island and from Cuba, which Christopher Colum- bus discovered.

The Portuguese fleet is lost near Azamor, where eighty caravels ran aground and the Moors slew and captured about three thousand men.

^ Walther, Anf'dnge Karls V, p. 133.

^ In 1514. Cf. Boissonnade, p. 431. ' Ibid., pp. 440 ff.

* Mar. 24. Walther, pp. 142-3 ; Henne, ii. 119 IF. ° G6mara, Hist, de las Indias, pp. 197, 279. Tararequi is the Pearl Islands in the Gulf of San Miguel.

1615 CHARLES THE FIFTH 43

Kings Henry and Francis make friends,^ Maximilian Sforza, Duke of Milan, begs for the support of Pope Leo, of the Emperor, and of the Swiss, in order to be able to resist King Francis.^

King Francis, summoned by the Venetians and the Genoese, passes into Italy with a great flourish of trumpets in order to capture Milan. Battle and victory of King Francis over the Swiss at Marignano.^ The former had a multitude of soldiers, with eight thousand light cavalry and four thousand French men-at-arms, and the latter over thirty thousand infantry, among whom there were Italians and some Spaniards. King Francis captures Milan and sends Duke Maximilian a prisoner to France.

Interview of Pope Leo and King Francis at Bologna. The latter obtained there the right to collect funds for a crusade, and the right to appoint bishops and abbots in France, and even claimed the title and crown of Emperor of Constantinople.*

Alliance against King Francis between the Emperor Maximilian, King Ferdinand, Henry, King of England, and the Swiss.^

Interview of the Emperor Maximilian and of the royal brothers, Ladislaus of Hungary and Sigismund of Poland, in Vienna, with a great concourse of knights and ambas- sadors from many places. It was there agreed that Sigis- mund should marry Bona, daughter of Gian Galeazzo Sforza, Duke of Milan, and that Louis, son of Ladislaus, should wed Maria, the Infanta of Castile, and that either the Infante Ferdinand or Prince Charles should marry Anna, the daughter of the same King Ladislaus.^

^ April 5. Lavisse, V. i. 118. ^ Zurita, Lib. X, cap. xci.

' Sept, 13-14. Cf. Jovius, i. 390, 416 fF. ; Mignet, Riva/ite de Fran- cois I^ et Charles-Quint, i. 83-94.

* Francis met the Pope at Bologna, Dec. 11. Cf. J. Thomas, Le Con- cordat de 1^16, vol. i ; also Lavisse, vol. v, pt. i, pp. 125-6, 252 ff. The statement about Francis's claim to the title of Emperor of Constanti- nople is probably merely an exaggerated account of the crusading projects that vi^ere discussed. Cf. Ursu, Politique Orientale de Francois I^, pp. 7-9.

" Mignet, i. 101-3.

* The treaty was signed July 22. Cf. Jovius, i. 443-3 ; Ulmann, ii. 549 ff.

44 ANNALS OF THE EMPEROR 15.5

The Emperor Maximilian enters Italy with an army and hovers about Milan without accomplishing anything.^

The Swiss enter Dauphine, near Brian9on, in much the same fashion.

Petty wars between the Hungarians and Turks under Junis Pasha.^

War between Poles and Muscovites.

Ladislaus, King of Hungary, who was a very pious Christian, dies.^

Selim conquers Aladola, King of Cappadocia, in a very bloody battle in Malatia. After carrying the King's head about, exhibiting it in all those parts, he sent it to Venice, which was the gift of a barbarian.*

The Year 1516

King Ferdinand the Catholic, the fifth of his name in Castile and the second in Aragon, dies in Madrigalejo.^ His virtues were great, though he was not without his vices. His chroniclers were Giovanni Battlsta Spagnuoli of Mantua, Alonzo de Palencia, Antonio de Lebrija, Peter Martyr of Milan, Bernardino Gentile of Sicily, Hernando del Pulgar, Tristan de Silva, Pedro de Gracia Dei of Galicia, Hernando de Ribera, and Lorenzo Galindez de Carvajal. Andres Bernaldez, Gonzalo Fernandez de Oviedo, and others also wrote something, but the best of all is the work which Jeronimo Zurita is writing, and which he calls the History of the Deeds of King Ferdinand the Catholic.^ Cardinal Friar

^ March, 1516. Cf. Mignet, i. 103. - Jorga, ii. 322.

^ March 13, 1516. * Angiolello, p. 123; Jovius, i. 466-7.

^ Jan. 23. Zurita, Lib. X, cap. xcix.

^ Of these writers, Lebrija, Peter Martyr, Pulgar, Carvajal, Bernaldez, Oviedo, and Zurita are all well known. Accounts of them and of their writings may be found in Antonio, Biblioteca Hispana Nova, in Prescott's Ferdinand and Isabella, and in the standard histories of Spanish literature. Of the others, Battista Spagnuoli (1444-1516) wrote Ad divam Helisabet . . . Hispaniarum Reginam Epodon ; Alonzo de Palencia (or, more accu- rately, Alfonso Hernandez de Madrid, called Palentino, 1474-1559) wrote Memorial de los tiempos : cf. Antonio, Bibl. Hisp. Nov. i. 23; Tristan de Silva wrote Historia de la Conquista de Granada : cf. Antonio, Bibl. Hisp. No-v. ii. 319; Pedro de Gracia Dei wrote a Historia: cf.

151*6 CHARLES THE FIFTH 45

Francisco Ximenes, Archbishop of Toledo, and Adrian P'loris, Dean of Louvain, vie with one another for the control of the government.^ The latter had come to manage the realm and take possession of it for Prince Charles.

Cardinal Friar Francisco Ximenes, as regent, trains peasants as soldiers, giving them arms and military practice, which some people disapproved of, and he even wanted to issue a new coinage, and take from many their rights to the salt mines and alcabalas, which angered them still more.^

Uprising of Pedro Portocarrero in Llerena in order to seize the grand-mastership of Santiago.'^

The uprising in Arevalo of the Contador Mayor Juan Velasquez against Queen Germaine.'*

Battle of Noain between our men and the French.''

Another battle betw^een Colonel Hernando de Villalva de Plasencia and the Marshal Pedro de Navarra, who after- wards committed suicide.^

Renewed treaty between Charles, the new King of Spain, and Francis, King of France, which was favourable to King Francis, so that he afterwards excused himself and his evil practices by harking back to it. It stipulated, among other things, that Charles should satisfy Henri d'Albret in regard to Navarre (whose king the latter styled himself) in such

Antonio, Bibl. Hisp. Ncm. ii. 199 ; and Hernando de Ribera wrote Guerra de Granada que hicieron los Reyes Cathdllcos : cf. Antonio, Bibl. Hisp. No-v. i. 388. None of the works of Bernardo or Bernardino Gentile of Sicily is apparently extant. He was a Dominican Friar, and lived and taught in Spain in the sixteenth century. He was famous as a witty poet, and en- deavoured to extol the deeds of the Great Captain in heroic verse. Gon- zalo Fernandez de Oviedo (Historia de las Indias, Lib. XXXIV, cap. iii) tells us that he was royal historiographer to Ferdinand, and wrote about American affairs. The letters of his compatriot Lucio Marineo Siculo also mention him. Cf. J. B, Munoz, Historia del Nue'vo-Mundo (Madrid, 1793), p. 20. Further information about many of these writers may be found in E. Fueter's Ceschichte der neueren Historiographie ; Munich, 191 1.

1 Prescott, iii. 383 ff.

- Ibid., p. 386 ; Carvajal, pp. 380 ff. ; Sandoval, i. 69.

' Carvajal, p. 357 ; Sandoval, i. 46.

* Carvajal, p. 384 ; Sandoval, i 62.

' This may refer to the battle of Roncal (not far from Noain or Non), fought March 16-18 between the Mar^chal de Navarre and Villalva (cf. Boissonnade, 462), but I am by no means certain.

• Sandoval, i. 58.

46 ANNALS OF THE EMPEROR 1516

a manner as arbitrating judges which both appointed should decide : and that Charles should marry Louise, the little daughter of Francis, and in case she should die, that he should marry some future daughter of King Francis as yet unborn (a stipulation such as had never been made before), or if both these plans failed, that Charles should wed Renee, who afterwards was Duchess of Ferrara, according to the agreement of the year before.^ In view of these marriages King Francis renounced his claims to Naples for an annual pension of one hundred thousand crowns, which he im- mediately collects.

In Spain the treaties of Noyon are much disliked because of the arrangement about Navarre and the hundred thou- sand crowns pension.^

King Francis tries to induce King Charles to attack the King of England, although he was in league with him at the time.^

The very auspicious birth of Mary, Princess of Wales, who brought England back to Christianity.*

Arudj Barbarossa makes himself King of Algiers.*

The defeat of Diego de Vera at Algiers.^

King Charles wages war in Frisia with Spanish troops.''^

The terrible siege of Brescia, which was defended by Spaniards under the Knight Commander Icart and assaulted by Gascons and Navarrese under Count Pedro Navarro.^

The siege of Verona, which was likewise terrible, though the Emperor Maximilian abandoned the town to the Venetians, in accordance with the treaty of Noyon, in return for two hundred thousand crowns.^ Therewith terminated his wars in Italy.

1 Aug. 13. Treaty of Noyon, Mignet, i. 171. ^ Sandoval,i. 72. ' On the policy of this period cf. Walther, pp. 174 fF. * Feb. 18.

" Sandoval, i. 69 ff. ; G6mara, Cronica de los Barbarrojas^ in Memorial Historico Espanol,y\. 365 fF.

* Sandoval, i. 63; G6mara, Cronica de los Barbarrojas, ibid., pp. 369 fF. ■^ Henne, ii. 137 ff. ; 185 ff. I find no evidence elsewhere that Spanish

troops were used.

* Guicciardini, iii. 176-7. On Icart cf. Letters and Papers of Henry VIII, ii. 1989.

* Guicciardini, ii. 200 ff.

1516 CHARLES THE FIFTH 47

The men of Guelders lay waste the country as far as Holland.!

Perpetual alliance of the Swiss and King Francis, who paid them a pension.^ This has strengthened the French, and gained the Swiss a great reputation.

The terrible battle at Aleppo between Selim and Kansu, Soldan of Egypt, in which thirteen thousand Janizaries conquered fourteen thousand Mamelukes, who were held at that time to be the best soldiers in Asia, though the victory was brought about, as it appears, by the treachery of Kahir, Lord of Aleppo.^ There was such a clamour and din of arms and men that all the birds and beasts who dwelt in that plain fled away, and many men even became deaf for life. One hundred thousand combatants died on both sides, according to the accounts. Selim, who was rescued, and Kansu who perished, both fell. The men who showed the greatest strength and skill on that occasion were Sinan Pasha and Jambardo, whom others call the Gazelle.

Selim entered Damascus, where he had to answer twenty- two nations, each in its own tongue.*

Another gallant fight at Carici, near Gaza, between Algazeli with six thousand men, and Sinan Pasha with over ten thousand ; neither side being victorious,^ because night put an end to the conflict. Algazeli abandoned his bag- gage in order to carry off the wounded so as to prevent them from saying that they had been vanquished, and Sinan cut off the heads of the dead Mamelukes and hung them up by their beards, which they wore very long, in order that Selim might see them.

^ Henne, ii. 189 ff.

' Nov. 29, 15 1 6. Peace of Freiburg.

' Aug. 24. Cf. Angiolello, 124-7 : Jovius, i. 483 fF. ; Jorga, ii. 336-8. The number of the slain, 100,000 {cien mil), is doubtless a mistake for 1,000 (cerca mil). Cf. Hammer, ii. 474-5. On Jambardo the Gazelle, or Algazeli, cf. below, p. 53, «. i.

* Jovius, i. 484-5: Angiolello (pp. 126-7) says 'there were people speaking seventy-two diflFerent languages in the city '.

" Angiolello, pp. 127 fF. ; Jovius, i. 487 fF.

48 ANNALS OF THE EMPEROR 1516

Selim visits the Holy Sepulchre of Jesus Christ, and gives alms, very piously, to friars and pilgrims,^

Death of Gonsalvo Hernandez de Cordova, the Great Captain, concerning whom many have written.^

The Year 1517

The Dukes of Alva and Bejar fight concerning the Priory of St. John, the latter represented by his brother, Antonio de Zufiiga, and the former by his son Diego de Toledo.^

Queen Maria of Portugal dies.

Louise of France, who was to have married King Charles, dies also.*

Charles comes by sea from Flanders to Spain to take up the reins of government, and the representatives of the nation swear to him in Valladolid as King of Castile.^

Charles inherits these realms of Spain, because of the deaths in infancy of Prince Miguel, and of the son whom Queen Germaine bore, which was good fortune.

It was also a notable fact that all these realms should come to him, wherefore I have thought it good to relate, with the brevity which summaries demand, how so many and such different kingdoms were united together.®

The first count of Hapsburg, then a little state in Germany, was Otbert, a famous knight, from whom Charles is directly descended in the male line. For Otbert was son of Sigisbert, and grandson of Theodobert, and great-grand- son of Childebert, and great-great-grandson of Sigisbert,

^ Angiolello, pp. 130-1. *

^ Sept. 2. Cf. Cronicas del Gran Capitan, in vol. x of Nue^a Biblio- teca de Autores Espanoles.

3 Carvajal, pp. 391 ff. ; Sandoval, vol. i, p. 73.

* In September, 1518. Cf. Letters and Papers of Henry VIII, vol. ii, pt. ii, No. 4460.

^ Sailed Sept. 7, landed Sept. 20. The Cortes met Feb. 2, 1518. Cf. Vandenesse, Voyages de Charles-Quint, 1^14-j^^i, Ed. Gachard, in Collec- tion des Voyages des Sowverains des Pays- Bus, vol. ii, pp. 58-9.

* On the genealogies in the following paragraphs cf. Preface to vol. i of Sandoval ; Zurita, Lib. I, caps, iv-xx ; Stokvis, Manuel d'Histoire, ii. 16-21, 41, 160, 365; iii. 15, 494, 515-16.

151? CHARLES THE FIFTH 49

and great-great-great-grandson of King Clothaire, who was son of Clovis, the first Christian King of France, and Clovis was son of Childeric and grandson of Merovee, and great- grandson of Clodion and great-great-grandson of Phara- mond, Count of Franconia, who was also the first King of France a little more than six hundred years after the birth of Christ/ and whose family was already at that time great and powerful.

The successors of Otbert, first count of Hapsburg, con - tinue as follows from father to son : Bebo, Robert, Amprinto Gontram, Luthardo, Werner, Rapoto, Berengario, Otho, Werner, Albert, Albert II, the Emperor Rudolf, Albert III, who was first Duke of Austria and Emperor, Albert who was the second Duke and Count of Tyrol and Carinthia, Leopold, Ernest, Albert, the Emperor Frederick who styled himself Archduke, the Emperor Maximilian, who was Duke of Burgundy and Count of Flanders in right of his wife, Philip, who by right of his wife became King of Castile, and Charles, who inherited it all.

The Dukes of Burgundy, whom I intend to mention, were few, but very distinguished, for there is no occasion for going further back, Philip the Bold, son of the King of France, obtained, through his wife Margaret, the Duchy of Burgundy and the county of Flanders and other states. From Philip they went to his son John, from John to his son Philip, from Philip to his son Charles, whose daughter was Mary, who married the Emperor Maximilian and became the mother of Philip, the father of our Charles.

The first Count of Flanders who held that state with Judith his wife, daughter of King Charles the Bald, was Baldwin, and after him followed Baldwin II, Arnulf the Great, Baldwin III, Arnulf II, Baldwin IV, Baldwin V, Baldwin VI, Arnulf III the Unfortunate, Robert of P'risia, Robert II, Baldwin VII of the Batde-axe, Charles the Good, William his brother, Theodoric of Alsace, Philip of Alsace, Margaret, Baldwin the Emperor of Constantinople, Jane, Margaret, Guy, Robert, Louis de Cre9y, Louis de Male, ^ Pharamond ceased to reign in 427.

ISM E

50 ANNALS OF THE EMPEROR 1517

Margaret, John, Philip the Good, Charles, Margaret^ to- gether with the Emperor Maximilian, Philip King of Castile, and Charles.

The county of Barcelona also came to be inherited by the Kings of Aragon through a woman. Its kings were called Jaufred^ the First, Jaufred II, Jofre Miron, Jaufred III, Borrel, Ramon V, who became King of Aragon through his wife Petronilla.

The Kings of Sobrarbe and of Aragon were Garci Ximenes, Garci Iniguez, Ifiigo Arista, Garci Iniguez, Sancho Garcia, Garci Sanchez, Sancho 11, Ramiro, Sancho III, Pedro, Alfonso, Ramiro II, Ramon through Petronilla, and Petronilla with Ramon, Count of Barcelona, Alfonso II, Pedro II, James who conquered Mallorca, Minorca, and Iviza, Pedro III who had Sicily in right of his wife Con- stance, daughter of Manfred, Alfonso III, James II who also was King of Sardinia, Alfonso IV, Pedro IV, John who acquired Sicily, Martin, Ferdinand by election, Alfonso V, John II, Ferdinand II who also became King of Castile through Queen Isabella, Charles. The Kings of Castile and Leon, which have always descended through fathers, sons, or sons-in-law, to sons or to daughters, for which cause their distinction is very great, are the following: Pelayo, Favila, Exmisenda with Alfonso her husband, Mauregato,-^ Bermudo, Alfonso II, Ramiro, Ordono, Alfonso III, Garcia, Ordono II, Fruela II, Alfonso IV, Ramiro II, Ordono IV,* Sancho, Ramiro III, Bermudo II, Alfonso V, Bermudo III, Sancha together with Ferdi- nand her husband, Sancho with Elvira, Alfonso VI, Urraca with Alfonso King of Aragon,^ Berengaria with Alfonso, Ferdinand III, Alfonso X, Sancho IV, Ferdi- nand IV, Alfonso XI, Pedro, Henry the Bastard, John, Henry III, John II, Henry IV, Isabella with Ferdinand of

1 Sic for Mary. ^ Or Wilfred.

^ Fruela, Aurelio, and Silo should precede Mauregato.

* Should be Ordono III ; Ordono IV (958-60) comes in between the two parts of the reign of Sancho I.

^ Sancho III, Fernando II, Alfonso VIII, and Enrique I should be inserted before Berengaria.

I5I7 CHARLES THE FIFTH 51

Aragon, who conquered Naples and Navarre, Joanna with Philip Archduke of Austria, Charles.

So that all these kingdoms, states, and seigniories have come to devolve on Charles, the subject of this work, who begins to reign this year in Castile, together with his mother. Queen Joanna, who was neither willing nor able to rule alone.

Asperen In Frisia is captured for King Charles by assault.^

Friar Francisco Ximenes de Cisneros, Cardinal and, Archbishop of Toledo, a man of the very highest ability dies at Roa.^ He was born in Torrelaguna, and when Canon of Sigiienza took the garb of a Franciscan Friar, He was made confessor to Queen Isabella of Castile, and Archbishop of Toledo and Cardinal, and Regent of Castile , both alone and accompanied [by Adrian of Utrecht]. While in this last office he took the Infante Ferdinand out of the keeping of Gonzalo Nunez de Guzman, his guardian, and spoke and acted arrogantly on many occasions. He had angry words with the Catholic King, because the latter had begged for the archbishopric of Toledo for his son, John,-^ Archbishop of Saragossa, and had said that he would make him Pope. He had his enemies, and there were others who spoke no good of him, either because he was so dictatorial or because he did not enjoy the King's favour. He captured Oran, built many monasteries, founded the University of Alcala de Henares, and, moreover, richly endowed It, although It possessed many benefices, a truly royal action, and one as beneficial as it was noble. He caused the Polyglot Bible to be prepared and printed, which cost him much money, sliver plate, and jewels, when he died.

Diet in Mainz to discuss whether or not all kings ought to obey the Emperor.^ This caused some warlike outbursts, especially In France.

War waged by Pope Leo against Francesco Maria, Duke

^ Obviously a mistake. Asperen in Utrecht was captured July 17 by the troops of Duke Charles of Guelders. Henne, ii. 194-5. ' Nov. 8.

' Sic for Alfonso ; cf. Prescott, Ferdinand and Isabella, iii. 292. * Ulmann, ii. 650-55.

E 2

52 ANNALS OF THE EMPEROR 1517

of Urbino, in order to get his lands for Lorenzo de' Medici, at the solicitation of Alfonsina, the latter's sister-in-law.^

A violent but indecisive fight between Selim and Tuman, the new Soldan, in Matera, near Cairo, in which Algazeli killed Sinan, and many others were slain. In order to bury them a three days' truce was made, and two thousand priests went forth from the city, and there were twenty-two hundred in Selim 's carap.^

Another battle, which lasted a whole day and was also indecisive, although the Turks said they must have con- quered because Algazeli was not in it. On this occasion Selim praised the Mamelukes highly for their courage ; and their wives, when they went forth from Cairo to the battle, begged them to slay them, saying that if they were killed, their wives desired to have no other husbands, and that if they conquered, they would not be at a loss to find other wives.

Another indecisive fight, close to the Nile, in which Algazeli was captured. The Turks had one hundred thousand men, and the Soldan only fifteen thousand. But the Soldan fled, because he had lost his good captain and friend, Jambardo Algazeli.

Selim slays the Soldan Tuman,^ who had delivered him- self up to Kahir, who was traitor to Kansu, and he gave him over to be tortured in order to make him tell where his treasure was. A camel bore him with chains at his throat through the streets of Cairo with an insulting inscription, and he was hanged at the gate of Benzomil, although he had been so great a prince. And Selim took possession of the territory of Egypt and seated himself in the seat of the Soldans in defiance of the custom of the Turk, who usually seats himself on carpets. Egypt cost him two hundred and fifty thousand men, not counting an equal number of enemies whom he slew.

^ Burd, pp. 150-1.

^ On this and the next three paragraphs cf. Angiolello, pp. 13 1-8; Jovius, i. 494-512 ; Hammer, ii. 492-507 ; Jorga, ii. 338-40. * April 13.

1517 CHARLES THE FIFTH 53

Since Algazeli was a Spaniard I will pause to relate his story, although it may take some time.^ Algazeli, you must know, was a native of Seville, and his mother, whose name was Joanna, took him with her, when he was a boy of ten summers, to Jerusalem, whither she was going on a pilgrimage. Kansu, who had gone to Jerusalem that year, had him kidnapped because of his beauty and grace, and brought him to Cairo, where he was at once made a Mame- luke, and given the name of Jambardo. His mother Joanna spoke to the Soldan, and begged him with many tears to give her back her son, pointing out that Christian pilgrims came to Jerusalem with his consent and under his safe- conduct. The Soldan told her what had become of the child, and gave her plenty of money to enable her to return to Spain with her companions, and promised to treat her son well, but, as she continued to beg that she might be allowed to have him, the Soldan said that he would send him to her> She waited a year and afterwards betook her- self to Cairo. She wept bitterly at finding her son in the garb of a Mameluke, and was in great fear lest he should apostatize, as indeed he did ; and she was never able to get him back for four years, at the end of which time she was told that being a Mameluke he could not return to the Christian faith, without being put to death, because he was fifteen years old. And this grieved her so much that she returned to Jerusalem and died there. A long time after this Jambardo developed into such a graceful youth and polished courtier that he won great favour with the Soldan, who made him Alguazil of Cairo, which is said to be the title of the principal personage of that city, and it was

• It is clear that G6mara has invented large portions of this story. There can be no question that the man of whom he speaks is Algazeli, or * Jamburdo Gazelle ', as Jovius calls him ; but there is not the slightest evidence that he was a Spaniard, or that he ever had anything to do with Spain. Hammer states that he was a Slavonian. G6mara may possibly have been led astray by the similarity of the words Algazeli and Alguazil. Instead of scorning Selim's proffered pardon, and then escaping to Persia, Algazeli accepted a post in the Turkish army, and later led an insurrection against Solyman I. Cf. Introduction, pp. xxxv- xxxvi ; Jovius, i. 506 ; ii. 1-3 ; Hammer, ii. 495 if. ; iii. 9 fF.

54 ANNALS OF THE EMPEROR 151 7

because of this office that he got the name of Algazeli, since all men were obliged to call him Alguazil. At the same time he developed into such a good soldier and military authority that he was made Captain of the Mame- lukes, and so valiant was he that even the Janizaries them- selves confessed that they had never met his equal, for in the battle of Matera with a single back-handed stroke — a Spanish trick — he cut off the hand of Sinan Pasha at the wrist, and then killed him just as the latter was raising his mace to give the cotLp de grace to a certain Mameluke called Setelin. The Turks were amazed, for Sinan, an Albanian, was considered the most valiant leader Selim had. And it was because of Algazeli that the Turks did not win the battle of the Nile. When Selim learned of his valour and loyalty, he commanded him to be seated when he was brought before him, and said to him, ' I love and reward highly valiant men like thee, and I desire to pardon thee if thou wilt promise to be as faithful to me as thou hast been to the Soldans Kansu and Tuman, whom I conquered, and I will leave thee with the same office of Alguazil, and indeed will give thee another even more honourable one — where- fore, tell me the truth of what thou art thinking in thy heart.' Algazeli sighed deeply, and cast his eyes to the ground, arose, kissed the earth, and after a pause replied, ' Sir, I am a Spaniard and a servant from my childhood in the household of Kansu and of Tuman Bey, whom you slew, and between whom and myself there was never a difference in deed or in wish ; I laboured hard to make him Soldan, and whatever I accomplished with him I did to his satisfaction. I have served him and followed him in his prosperity and ill-fortune, and desired to end my life with his. But God, in whose divine hand are the life and death of men, has decreed otherwise, and since it is thus, I count it good fortune to have fallen into your power, and to be at the mercy of one, who, without my deserving it, offers me as much as the Soldan could give me. That which my heart holds I will tell your Great Highness, to whom no lies must be spoken, especially by me, who always have

1517 CHARLES THE FIFTH 55

made it my boast to speak the truth and to maintain it. I so loved Tuman Bey, that every time I remember how dis- honourably you caused him to be slain, I hate you and wish you ill. For me to receive from you my life and such great favour would be the foulest treason, and although the armies might not feel it or think it, I should know it, and regard myself as a very different person from the one which I have hitherto managed to be. So I beg you to hang me from the same gate as that from which you hung Tuman, my lord, and let the same people bear me through the same streets with the same inscription, in order that we may be united in death as we have been in life.' Having spoken these words with tears and sobs, he fell to the ground in a swoon. Selim caused him to be raised up, saying that he would rather gain the friendship of this man than win another Cairo. And he ordered them to keep him in the castle under a strong guard, but to leave him plenty of liberty. From his prison there Algazeli fled on horseback with a Janizary named Nicholas, and betook himself to the mountains, where the few Mamelukes who survived had assembled ; with these he fled to Tabriz, where Ismail Sophy received him most gladly, and made him his Com- mander-in-chief. Algazeli did such notable deeds in Persia that they called him the Great Devil, although this was probably because he introduced artillery there, with which they were not acquainted. When Ismail died he left Algazeli as General and guardian of Thamasp Sophy, his eldest son, and Algazeli advised him to employ Spanish soldiers, and to make an alliance with Charles, the Emperor and King of Castile.

Martin Luther, a regular, of the Augustinian order, begins to preach and write heresies in Germany, taking as a pretext the Papal indulgences and buUs.^ This caused the greatest possible loss to Christianity, and was the beginning of infinite evils, such as are always occasioned by similar innovations, and the new ways of living and licence which accompany them.

^ Cf. Sandoval, i. 78 ff.

56 ANNALS OF THE EMPEROR 1518

The Year 1518

The Aragonese swear loyalty to our lord King Charles in Saragossa.^

The King sends Friar Garci Jofre de Loaysa, of the Order of St. John, from Saragossa to ask Selim, the Grand Turk, not to maltreat nor hinder pilgrims travelling to Jerusalem. The Sultan answered that he would gladly comply, provided the Emperor would promise not to seize the Greeks in Italy, and he even said that he wondered why the Jews had been driven out of Castile, since doing so was tantamount to driving out wealth.^

The Infante Ferdinand goes to Flanders.^

The Infanta Eleanor marries King Manuel of Portugal, but is soon left a widow.*

The King gives the archbishopric of Toledo to Guillaume de Croy, nephew of M. de Chievres, although he was already Bishop of Cambray. This greatly displeased the whole kingdom, because he was a foreigner.^

The Spaniards slay Arudj Barbarossa, who waged war gallantly against Moors and Christians by land and by sea.**

The defeat of Hugo de Moncada at Algiers.*^

Pope Leo creates thirty-one Cardinals in one day, which looked rather badly, since most of them gained their dignity in return for money .^

The Year 1519

The Catalans in Barcelona swear loyalty to Charles, King of Spain,^ who was elected Emperor of the Romans i** at

^ Sandoval, i. 98; Dormer, Annales de Aragon, Lib. I, cap. i8.

"^ Ibid. i. 101-2. Sandoval takes this paragraph almost word for word from G6mara.

» Ibid. i. 95. * Ibid. i. 97. ^ 11,5^ i 84.

® Ibid. i. 98. Gdmara, Cronica de los Bariarroja J, in Memorial HistSrico Espanol,\\. 376 fF.

* In August. Sandoval, i. 98 ; G6mara, /or. «V., 380 if. ; de Rotalier, His- to'tre d' Alger, chap. v.

^ This was done in July, 15 17. Cf. Carvajal, p. 410 ; Burd, p. 151.

^ Sandoval, i. 104.

" June 28. The exact title was * Rex Romanorum semper Augustus' until his coronation at Bologna in 1530.

\

1519 CHARLES THE FIFTH 57

Frankfort, in spite of most strenuous competition on the par. of King Francis I of France, who corrupted the F leccors with gifts and promises through his ambassadors old niends. In addition to this, the latter, aided by the Cardinal 'Legate, Thomas de Vio Cajetan, a good friar, maligned and grossly insulted the new Emperor, and even King Francis himself said that they never again could be good friends, as was indeed the case, for in that struggle, as in a rivalry for a lovely lady, the vanquished party bore no good will to the victor.

The Emperor Charles V holds a Chapter of the Golden Fleece in Barcelona, and gives the collar of the Order to liiigo de Velasco, Constable of Castile, to Fernando Ramon Folch, Duke of Cardona, to Fadrique de Toledo, Duke of Alva, to Alvaro de Ziiniga, Duke of Bejar, and to Antonio Manrique de Lara, Duke of Najera.^

Queen Germaine marries the Margrave of Brandenburg,- for which reason many gentlemen were unwilling to call her ' Your Highness ' until the Emperor commanded them to do so.

Beatrice of Portugal goes to marry Duke Charles of Savoy.^

Battle of Cintla, in which Hernando Cortes vanquished the Tlascalans.*

Montezuma receives Cortes in a friendly manner in Mexico.^

Cortes captures Montezuma — a feat as dangerous as it was remarkable.^

Pedrarias de Avila, the Jouster slays Vasco Nunez de Balboa, who was an excellent leader in the Indies."

^ March 5. Cf. lists of recipients of the collar of the Order in San- doval, i. 103, Vandenesse, pp. 60-1.

^ Ibid., p. 61, and Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, xiv. 156. ^ They were married in 1521.

* March 25. Cf. Diaz del Castillo, Conquest of Neiv Spain, ed. Hakluyt Soc, Series II, vol. xxiii, i. 118 ff. ; G6mara, Hist, de las Indias, p. 309.

^ Nov. 8. Diaz del Castillo, he. cit. ii. 39-44 ; G6mara, loc. cit., p. 340.

* Nov. 14. Diaz del Castillo, Joe, cit. ii. 92-100 ; G6mara, ioc. cit., p. 350. ^ Ibid., pp. 196 fF.

I

58 ANNALS OF THE EMPEROR 1519

Ferdinand Magellan passes through the Strait that bears his name, on his way to find the Spice Islands.^

Five years' truce between Christian Princes at the inter- cession of Pope Leo.2 This was done in fear of the Turk, who also was afraid of them.

King Francis, anxious to get a pretext for making war, demands hostages and security for the observance of the treaties of Noyon from the Emperor Charles, through his ambassador, Lansac.^'

Death of the Emperor Maximilian,* who was certainly the most liberal prince of his time. He was ten years in learning how to talk, which caused the Emperor Frederick, his father, to believe that he was dumb and stupid, but in the end he learned to speak well, and was very wise. He undertook many and most difficult wars, and for that very reason failed to finish most of them, though want of money is also a partial explanation. The Chronicler Pedro Mejia, a man of many accomplishments, wrote his life at great length, together with that of the other Emperors.'^

Baudllla, King of Tenes, comes to Barcelona to beg aid against Khelr-ed-DIn Barbarossa, who had expelled him from his realm.*'

The Year 1520

The Emperor Charles Interviews Henry VIII, King of England, on his way to Flanders by sea.''

Charles enters Germany, and is crowned Emperor at Aix.^

The Communes of Castile begin their revolt, but after a good start had a bad ending, and exalted beyond what it

^ Oct. 21 — Nov. 28, 1520, G6mara, loc cit., pp. 213 ff. 2 Oct. 1 518. Cf. Spanish Cal., vol. ii, No. 264.

^ The Sieur de Lansac or Laussac. Sandoval, i. 116; Letters and Papers of Henry Fill, vol. iii, pt. ii, p. 768.

* Jan. 12. Sandoval (i. 102) copies G6mara here.

® In his Los Cesares desde Julio y Augusta hasta Maximiliano I de Austria (Seville, 1554).

* Cf. above, pp. 5 and 58. ' May 27. Vandenesse, p. 63. « Oct. 23.

I520 CHARLES THE FIFTH 59

had previously been, the power of the King whom they desired to abase. They rose in revolt because the King was leaving the realm, because of the servicio^ because of the foreign Regent, because of the large amounts of money which were being taken out of the realm, and because the chief office of the treasury had been given to Chievres, the archbishopric of Toledo to Guillaume de Croy, and knighthoods of the Military Orders to foreigners.^

In many cities the proctir adores are assaulted because they granted the servicio^ and in Segovia the regidoy Tordesillas is put to death. This caused the Alcalde Ronquillo to be sent thither.^

Of the eighteen cities represented in Cortes thirteen meet together at Avila for the common good, and in general assembly proffer sixty demands.-^

Friars and confessors are to blame for the movement among the common people. The Comuneros seize the person of Queen Joanna, and discuss a project of marrying her to the Duke of Calabria.*

The Comuneros enter Tordesillas by force of arms in order to take possession of the Queen. ^

Mexico rises in rebellion against the Spaniards.*^

Pedrarias de Avila makes a settlement in Panama."

Diego de Deza, Archbishop of Seville, and Archbishop- elect of Toledo, dies. He was tutor of Prince John, built the college of St. Thomas in Seville, was a good theologian and something of an author, and wrote, among other things, a commentary on the Pater Noster in the vernacular.^

^ Sandoval, i. 140-336; Meji'a, Comunidades de Castilla, in Bibl. Aut. Esp., XXI, 367-407 ; Danvila, Historia de las Comunidades de Castilla, in Memorial Historico Esfanol, vols. 35-70.

^ Mejia, ibid., pp. 375 fF.

^ Ibid., pp. 384-6. It seems probable that Meji'a was G6mara's source here also. There were eighty-two petitions in all.

* Danvila in Mem. Hist. Esp. xxxvi. 762.

^ The ' cavalleros ' in the original text is obviously an error for * communeros '.

* Diaz del Castillo, ii. 226 fF. ; G6mara, Hist, de las Indias, pp. 363 fF. ' Ibid., p. 197.

^ July 9> 1523, Gams, op. cit., p. 73. Antonio, BibUoteca Hispana Nova, i. 281, says, ' Nee diversi auctoris est quamvis anonymus adhuc

6o ANNALS OF THE EMPEROR 1520

Pope Leo condemns Martin Luther as a heretic.^

The very powerful King Montezuma dies as a result of being struck by a stone.'^ His greatness and estate I have described in the Conquista de Mejico.

The Kings of France and England and their vassals meet at Ardres, with more show of splendour than accom- plishment of business, although they discussed a project of marriage between the Dauphin and Princess Mary of Wales, and promised one another eternal friendship.^

Selim the Grand Turk dies in Tchorlu,* where he fought with his father, biting his hands from the pain caused by the cancer which devoured his entrails ; he was forty -six years of age,° and had reigned eight. He was long in the body and short in the legs, had a round face, a yellow com- plexion, and large dull eyes. He was stern, choleric, and daring, and ceaselessly ambitious, not slow in action, but quick to seize his opportunity ; indeed he used to say that through delay good chances were lost in important under- takings. He was excessively cruel, though he observed justice ; and thus it was that he slew his father and two brothers, and many nephews and sixty-two other relatives, men of his own family, and said that there was nothing so delightful as to reign without relations, a remark which was both unworthy and hateful. When he went to attack the Sophy he left a shirt soaked in poison, with orders that Piri Pasha should clothe his son Solyman with it, in case the latter should attempt to raise his kingdom in revolt during his absence ; although others say that he did it because his cruel deeds had debased him. He slew Mustafa Pasha because he advised the sons of Ahmed to flee, and Skander Pasha because in the war against the Sophy he made difl&-

nianeat auctor La Exposidon del Pater Noster por el obispo de Salamanca '. Deza was Bishop of Salamanca 1496-7.

* The bull was published in Rome in June.

2 June 30. Diaz del Castillo, ii. 238 ; G6mara, Hist. de las Indias,'p. 365. ' The F'ield of the Cloth of Gold, June 7-24.

* Sept. 20, Parts of G6mara's account follow very closely that in Jovius, Commentarius Rerttm Turcicarum.

^ Sic for 54.

I

,520 CHARLES THE FIFTH 61

culties about crossing the River Euphrates, and Bustan Pasha, his own brother-in-law, because he accepted presents and bribes, and Junis Pasha because he stirred up the Janizaries to revolt against Kahir, and Chemden Pasha because be gave him frank advice ; ^ and he cut down his Jewish doctor with his own scimitar because he would not permit the surgeons to cut the cancer from his flesh, on the ground that it would spread the more. He buried his horse which had been slain at Cairo, because it had saved him in the battle which he waged against his own father in Tchorlu ; an act which but emphasized the brutality of the man, who left unburied his own brothers, nephews, relatives, servants, and favourites. He was a great warrior, and used to say that no victory was complete unless the sovereign won it in person. He was temperate in his appetites, both as regards women and in the pleasures of the table. He ate but a single kind of flesh, and that by no means delicate, but it was enough to keep him alive and well. He was a great hunter, both in skill and in strength. The year in which he died, in order not to feel or think of his illness, he drank, contrary to the wishes of his doctors, a potion of flax, con- cocted with many things, which causes unconsciousness for twenty-four hours, and which always makes men continue to think of the thing on which their thoughts were at the time of drinking : for example, if their minds were on women, they see them in the air ; if on war, they think of battles ; if on the chase, of wild beasts, and killing them. Contrary to the custom of the kings who preceded him, he did not wear a beard, in order, so he said, that no one should pull it, as the Pashas and Janizaries did his father's. He once said to Piri Pasha, who was advising him to con- struct some sort of a hospital, and to give away in charity many of the spoils which he had taken from different people in Brusa and other cities : ' It is not well that I should

^ This list of Pashas should be compared with that in Hammer, ii. 535-6. Cf. also Jovius, Commentarius Rerum Turcicarum, under Selim. The latter gives ' Boctangi ' instead of ' Bustan ' Pasha ; which probably means Pasha or leader of the ' Bostanji ' or gardeners of the Sultan,

62 ANNALS OF THE EMPEROR 1520

honour myself with other men's property by the giving of such orders as these ; therefore, let the spoils be restored.' It was a worthy sentiment, though uttered by an evil mouth.

Solyman, the only son of Selim, begins to reign in Constantinople.

The regents send Beltran de la Cueva to San Sebastian.^ He fought with the French and Germans at the Rock of Aldava, and conquered them with the loss of only one man, and he was slain by an arquebus-shot in the mouth, which was filled with curses at the moment.^

The Emperor crosses to England on his way to Spain, and discusses with King Henry an alliance and a marriage with his daughter.^

The Emperor returns to Spain, and subdues the Castilian communes, punishing some and pardoning others.*

War in Flanders, because of which the Emperor goes to Tournay, which the French were holding.^

There is a Diet at Worms in which King Francis, from a distance, challenges the Emperor to war.^

War in Burgundy between the Flemings and the French, without any notable exploit taking place.'^

King Francis musters his francs archers and threatens the Emperor and Italy.^

War of King Henry of England in Picardy.''

The long voyage of Juan Sebastian del Cano, which encircled the whole world J"

^ In 1521. Cf. Sandoval, i. 404. This and the remaining paragraphs of this year are all misplaced ; they deal with events which occurred in 1521, 1522, and 1523. The B.M. MS. misplaces them in the same way, so that it does not seem possible to impute the error to the scribe. It is worth noting, however, that G6mara, in his Hist, de las Indiasy pp. 218-19, gives the correct date (Sept. 6, 1522) for the return of Sebastian del Cano, which is here placed in 1520,

^ B.M. MS. has 'que fue pena de un renegador' ('which was the punishment of a blasphemer '),

3 May 26-July 6, 1522. B. M. MS. has 'en Vindisor ' ('in Windsor').

* Charles arrived in Spain July 16, 1522. B.M. MS. has 'todos' (' all ') for ' otros ' ( others ').

^ October, 1521. Vandenesse, p. 31. * Met Jan. 22, 152 1.

■^ In 1521. Sandoval, i. 403.

* Cronique de Francois P^, ed. Guiffrey, p. 36.

* 1523. Fisher, pp. 250 fF.

^° G6mara, Hist, de las Indias, pp. 218-19. Cano landed Sept. 6, 1522.

I

1521 CHARLES THE FIFTH 63

The Year 1521

The battle of Villalar, which the Communeros lost, despite the valiant fighting of Juan Bravo and of the commander-in-chief, Juan de Padilla.^

The solemn punishment inflicted the day after the battle by the Alcalde Antonio, who beheaded Juan de Padilla, Juan Bravo, and Pedro Maldonado as rebels. Afterwards Saravia was beheaded in Valladolid, and Pedro Pimentel de Talavera in Simancas.^

At this time a sheep slew a soldier who had stolen it and was carrying it off slung around his neck, by knocking him off a wall, on which the soldier had sat down to rest. This was held to be a miracle, but I may add that ten years later in Rome I saw a groom of Cardinal Loaysa repeat the sheep's exploit, by knocking off a perch, and thereby killing, a fellow- servant who had wagered that the thing was impossible.

The earthquake at Almeria and at Lisbon and Santarem.^

Hernando Cortes captures Mexico.^

Ferdinand Magellan dies in battle with Cilapulapo at Mactan.*^

Castilians discover Tidore in the Moluccas, one of the spice-bearing islands."

King Francis stirs up a war in Luxemburg by means of Robert de la Marck, Count of Aremberg, in defiance of the Treaty of Noyon, and without having given any notification to the Emperor beforehand ; and he sends Andre de Foix, Seigneur de Lesparre, with an army against Navarre, and the latter took Pamplona and laid siege to Logrofio.^

^ April 23.

"^ Sandoval, i. 355. Danvila, m Mem. Hist. Esp. xxxviii, 213, 340. FVancisco, not Pedro, Maldonado, was executed.

^ Cf. Ferrer del Rio. Historia del Levantamiento de las Comunidades de Castilla, pp. 321-2 n ; also Introduction, p. xli.

* In September, 1522. Cf. Sandoval, i. 418. I am by no means certain that ' Lisbon ' is the correct translation of the text ; but refer- ence to the fourth paragraph of the year 1531 in this work, and to p. 108 of vol. ii of Sandoval, which speaks of an earthquake in Almeria, Lisbon, and Santarem in that year, points to that interpretation.

^ Aug 13. G6mara, Hist, de las Indias, p. 392.

* April 27. Ibid., pp. 215-16. ^ Nov. 8. Ibid., pp. 217-18.

* Sandoval, i. 373 ff.

64 ANNALS OF THE EMPEROR 1521

The Emperor holds a Diet, the first of his reign, at Worms, where Barroys, the ambassador of King Francis, spoke discourteous words against His Majesty.^

Henry of Nassau and Franz von Sickingen enter Picardy with an imperial army in retaliation for the action of Robert de la Marck and of Andre de Foix, but they did not gain much by it.^

The Constable, Ifiigo de Velasco, and the Admiral Fadrique Henriquez, regents of Castile, conquer and cap- ture the Seigneur de Lesparre behind the Sierra de Veniega, through the efforts of Beltran de la Cueva, who seized the enemy's artillery.^

The Emperor and King Francis go forth to battle near Valenciennes with good armies, but do not accomplish anything worth telling of.^

Solemn condemnation of the Lutheran heresies by the Emperor in Worms and by the King of France in Paris.^

The Germanfa of Valencia under the ' Rey Encubierto ', which was defeated at Murviedro by Alonzo de Aragon, Duke of Segorbe, and in Valencia by Rodrigo de Mendoza, Marquis of Zenete.^

The revolt by those who called themselves Men of the Devil in GuyenneJ

The King of France imposes a tax on his clergy to pay for the war.*

The Infanta Maria of Castile marries Louis, King of

^ Opened Jan. 22, 1521, This paragraph of G6mara is almost identical with the marginal summary in Sandoval, i, 379; but the latter does not mention Barroys in the text,

^ Mignet, i. 260.

^ Battle of Esquiros or Noain, June 30. Cf. Sandoval, i. 377 ; Mig- net, i. 261-2.

* This paragraph, the tenth paragraph of this same year, and the fourth from the end of the year 1520, apparently refer to different stages in the same series of events. Cf. Mignet, i. 272 ff. ; Sandoval, i. 403 ; and above p. 62, n. 6, and p. 64, «. 2.

^ May 26 and April 15.

® Cf. Sayas, Annales de Aragon, caps. Ivi, Iviii, Ixviii, Ixxxii. On the * Rey Encubierto ' cf. Danvila, Germama de Valencia, p. 178.

' Probably refers to the great uprising of 1523. Cf. Bouchet, Annales d^ AquHa'tne, pp. 375-6.

* Lavisse, vol. v, pt. i, p. 260.

1521 CHARLES THE FIFTH 65

Hungary ,1 and the Infante Ferdinand marries Anna, the sister of Louis.^

Manuel, King of Portug-al, dies ^ — a man of small stature, but of great heart, in whose name many good things were done in Arabia, Persia, India, and other provinces of Asia. His first two wives were sisters, and his third was their niece, and all of them were relatives of his own, and he had children by them all, for his first queen, the Princess Isabel, bore him Prince Miguel, and her sister Maria many children, and Eleanor, their niece, a daughter who was called Maria.

The Pope and the Emperor make an alliance against King- Francis in support of Francesco Sforza, Duke of Milan ; ^ the Pope, because King- Francis had given aid to Francesco Maria, Duke of Urbino, against him, and because he wanted to get Parma and Piacenza, and along" with them Ferrara ; the Emperor, because of the affairs of Robert de la Marck and of Lesparre, because he wanted to drive the French out of Italy, and because it was his business as Emperor to restore the Duke of Milan to his estates.

Two good armies on the Adda, a river in Lombardy, one composed of Frenchmen under Lautrec, and of Venetians under Teodoro Trivulcio and the Duke of Ferrara, and the other representing the League, under Francesco Sforza, in which the Papal general was Federigo de Gonzaga, Marquis of Mantua, and the Imperial leader, Prospero Colonna.^

The war continues in Lombardy, more places being- besieged.

Death of Pope Leo, who was a most liberal patron of arts and letters.*^

Election of Pope Adrian VI, who was in Vitoria at the time.'^

War between King Louis of Hungary and the Voivode, who called on the Turk to aid him.^

^ Jan. 13, 1522. 2 May 27, 1521.

* Dec. 13. * May 8. Cf. Nitti, pp. 431 ff.

* Sandoval, i. 404 fF. ^ Dec. 21. '' Jan, 9, 1522. « Jorga, ii. 385-90-

IS6S F

66 ANNALS OF THE EiMPEROR 1531

Solyman captures by treachery Belgrade, a most impor- tant place in Hungary.^ This was the first war which he waged in his own person. He slew the man who surrendered it, in spite of his oath to the contrary, saying that in pro- viding him and others with a grave he was giving them the land he had promised them; so this was a case— not of a faithless king, but — of a despot's edict.

The Year 1522

The Archbishop of Bari, Gabriel Merino, with the Dean and Chapter, and with the Marshal Payo de Rivera and other knights of Toledo, conquers and expels from the city Dona Maria Pacheco, the wife of Juan de Padilla, an even more zealous supporter of the Comuneros than her husband. She fled to Portugal on a mule in the clothes of a labouring woman and with some large geese in her hands in order to avoid recognition, for otherwise they would have beheaded her also. The reason she had espoused the cause of the communes so ardently was that she hoped to be made queen, as certain Moorish witches in Granada had prophesied she would. She captured clergy- men, slew soldiers, and expected to be implicitly obeyed. She took crosses and used them for banners, and even carried on a standard a picture of Juan de Padilla being executed. 2

The conquest of Nicaragua by Gil Gonzalez de Avila.^

Duke Francesco Sforza effects an entrance into Milan through the valour of the Spaniards, led by the Marquis of Pescara.^

Lautrec captures Novara by force of arms, and Prosper© Colonna, Alessandria.^

The battle of Bicocca, in which our men captured seven- teen banners from the enemy, and Juan de Cardona, Count of Colosa, met his death.*'

^ Aug. 29. Hammer, iii. 11-14.

^ Sandoval (i. 360) copies G6mara here.

* G6mara, Hist, de las Jndias,p. 280. * Mignet, i. 285-7.

^ Sandoval, i. 406. * April 27. Guicciardini, iii. 366.

1522 CHARLES THE FIFTH 67

The famous pillaging of Genoa by the Spaniards.^ Pope Adrian crosses to Rome with a good Spanish fleet.^ Guillaume Bonnivet, Admiral of France, enters Navarre

with a large army and besieges Pamplona, which was

defended by Francisco de Ziiniga, Count of Miranda.

Shortly afterward he captures Maya, and later Fuenter-

rabia, through the fault of Diego de Vera. '

The Year 1523

The Constable Inigo de Velasco besieges Fuenterrabia while the Emperor was at \^itoria, and a most laborious siege it was, because of the heavy rains and great cold.^

Agreement between the Emperor Charles and the King of England to attack the King of France, against whom they duly proclaim war.^

Francisco Hernandez settles Muarasua, directed by Pe- ■drarias de Avila."

Diego Velasquez de Cuellar, who had been the richest Spaniard in the Indies, dies.

The French hand over the castle of Milan to Duke Francesco Sforza.'^

Alliance of the Pope and the Emperor, the Duke of Milan, the Venetians, Florence, Siena, Lucca, and Genoa against all disturbers of the peace of Italy.^

Viscount Boniface attempts to stab to death his relative, the Duke of Milan.^

Guillaume Bonnivet, Admiral of France, unsuccessfully besieges Milan with thirty thousand men and four thousand

' Ibid, iii. 370, "^ He arrived at Rome, Aug, 29,

^ In 1521. Cf. Sandoval, i. 403-4 ; Mignet, i, 275,

* It surrendered in January, 1524, Sandoval, i, 421-2 and 440-1,

' The treaty was made June 19, 1522, when Charles was in England, Fisher, 240. See also Busch, Kard'mal Wohey und die engiische kaiserliche Allianz, 1886.

' G6mara, Hist, de las Indias, p. 405, * Muarasua ' must be a mistake for * Nicaragua '.

' April 14. Guicciardini, iii, 384,

* Really two alliances were made, June 28 and Aug. 3, Gf, Burd, pp. 157-8.

' Sandoval, i. 430.

F 2

68 ANNALS OF THE EMPEROR 1533

horse. It was defended by Prospero Colonna with twelve thousand soldiers, of whom four thousand were Spaniards.^

The English and Flemish army invades France, and caused much fear in Paris and did some damage without profit to itself. The army was composed of over thirty thousand infantry and six thousand horse.^

Charles, Duke of Bourbon, flees from France daringly and craftily, and the blame for the war in Burgundy is laid on the King of France by the Emperor.^

A great revolt of the common people and clergy begins in Germany.*

Death of Pope Adrian VI, who did not change his name when he became Pope.^' He was born in Holland and was Dean of Louvain when the Emperor Maximilian made him tutor to his grandson Charles, because of his wisdom and high character. He came to Spain as ambassador to the Catholic King to see about the government of Castile, and to take possession of the realm for Charles, and he became regent of Castile and Bishop of Tortosa. Men murmured against him because he was not lavish like his predecessors, and also because he reproached the Cardinals for their vices, and for their large retinues, and because he did not succour Rhodes. He was unwilling to absolve those who sacked Genoa, nor would he give the archbishopric of Toledo to George of Austria, bastard of the Emperor Maxi- milian, remembering that the Comuneros had complained because it had been given to Guillaume de Croy. He granted to the Emperor Charles, as King of Spain, the perpetual government and administration of the grand- masterships of Castile, abolished for ever the tribute paid by Naples to the See of Rome, and did other things to the Emperor's advantage.

Cardinal Giulio de' Medici, who became Pope after Adrian,

^ Mignet, i. 434 ff.

^ Aug.-Nov., 1523. Fisher, p. 250, estimates the entire force at about 21,000 men. * In August. Mignet, cap. v.

* The Peasants' War, which began in June, 1524. " Sept. 14. Sandoval (i. 436) again copies G6mara.

1523 CHARLES THE FIFTH 69

takes the title of Clement VIII.^ He continued the alliance and war waged by Leo and Adrian against the French, despite the earnest prayers to the contrary of Alberto Pio, Count of Carpi, ambassador of King Francis.

The battle of Rebecco and that of Garlasco,^ where the Duke of Urbino was very prominent against the French. Charles de Lannoy was general, owing to the death of Prospero Colonna. After these battles, the Admiral returned to France with an arm shattered by a shot from an arquebus.

N . . . . de Cardenas is buried alive at Madrid, and Francisco Marradas at Naples.

The Year 1524

Fuenterrabia is regained from the French by agreement, although they did all in their power, both by land and by sea, to retain it.^

Pedro de Ayala, Count of Salv^atierra, perishes miserably in the prison of Burgos, where the Emperor was at the time, because he had supported the cause of the Com- muneros. They carried him to his grave with his feet uncovered and in fetters.^

The partition of the Indies and of the New World is drawn up at Badajoz between the Castilians and Portu- guese.^

The conquest of Cuahutemallan, accomplished by Pedro de Alvarado, general of Hernando Cortes.^

The conversion of the Indians in Mexico begins as had been planned.

^ 5/Vfor Clement VII : elected Nov. 18.

^ On Rebecco cf. Sandoval, i. 435, and Mignet, i. 462. The modern name of the place is Robecchetto. On Garlasco, cf. Leva, ii. 208. Colonna died Dec. 30. Cf. also Lavisse, vol. v, pt. ii, p. 31.

^ Cf. the first paragraph of the year 1523.

* Sayas, cap. cvi ; Sandoval, i. 253, 304.

' Sandoval, i. 442 ; Sayas, cap. cvii ; G6mara, Hist, de las Indias, pp. 219 ff. ; Bourne, pp. 130-2.

* G6mara, Hist, de las Indias, p. 400.

70 ANNALS OF THE EMPEROR 1524

Ambassadors of the Sophy come to Burgos to ask for the alliance of the Emperor against the Turk.^

Charles, Duke of Suffolk, makes war on the French in Ficardy.2

John Stewart, Duke of Albany, lays siege to Wark ^ with a Scottish force, but Thomas Howard moves against him with an English army, and forces him to abandon it.

Rodrigo de Bastidas settles Santa Martha.^

Francisco de las Casas, and Gil Gonzales de Avila valor- ously slay Cristoval de Olid in Triumpho de la Cruz,^

King John of Portugal, the third of his name, marries Catharine, Infanta of Castile and sister of the Emperor. By her he had many children, all of whom he outlived, and seven of whom had been sworn to as his successors, a turn of fortune as singular as it was notable."

The French having already been expelled from Italy, the Duke of Bourbon, at the command of the Emperor and of the King of England, attacks Marseilles more violently than ever, with fourteen pieces of artillery, one thousand cavalry, and sixteen thousand infantry ."^

The audacious invasion of Italy by King Francis, who followed in the rear of the Duke of Bourbon, with twenty- two thousand infantry and four thousand horse. With their aid he forthwith entered Milan and laid siege to Pavia.^

Count Alberto de Carpi and Juan Matheo Giberto, of the Papal Datary, arrange an alliance of King Francis with the Pope and the Florentines.^

King Francis sends the Duke of Albany against Naples with ten thousand infantry and six hundred horse, as much

1 In March. Sandoval, i. 441 ; Sayas, cap. cvi.

2 A mistake. The English did not invade Picardy in this year,

^ This seems the most probable translation of the Spanish * Verchin '. Albany besieged Wark in Sept.-Oct. 1523, but was frightened off by the counter-expedition of Thomas Howard, Earl of Surrey. Albany left for France, May 20, 1524, never to return. Cf. Diet. Nat. Biog. liv. 321.

* G6mara, Hist, de las India s, p. 200.

^ Ibid., pp. 406-7 ; Winsor, Narrative and Critical History of America, ii. 384.

* Sayas, cap. cxix. ' Guicciardini, iii. 439. * Ibid., p. 442.

* In November. Cf. Leva, ii. 228-30 ; Mignet, ii. 21 ff.

1524 CHARLES THE FIFTH 71

in order to divert the attention of the Spaniards from Lombardy, as to conquer Naples itself.^

Francisco de Garay, adelantado of Panuco, dies in Mexico, who while governor at Jamaica was rich and powerful, but who when he attempted conquests grew poor, to the misfortune of his children. ^

The Duke of Guelders stirs up war in Holland. ' Count Franz von Sickingen provokes a war on the Arch- bishop of Treves, because the latter was a Catholic* Wars in Cairo, which revolted against the Turk.^ Death of Ismail Sophy, so well known throughout the world for his devotion to religion and ability in war.^ Bayazid took umbrage at his glory and Selim was envious of it. He was much beloved and consequently bewailed by his people.

The Year 1525

The noble battle of Pavia, in which King Francis of France was captured, fighting and wounded, which was to his honour."^ Francisco Hernando de Avalos, Marquis of Pescara and leader of the Spanish troops, carried off the glory of the victory, though the leaders of the imperial army were Charles de Lannoy and Charles Duke of Bour- bon. The honour of taking the King was won by Captain Juanes de Hernani, who captured him, and by Diego de Avila, who took his sword and right-hand glove, and by Machin, a man-at-arms of Hugo de Moncada.

Charles de Lannoy, Viceroy of Naples, and Sefior Alarcon bring King Francis a prisoner to Spain. Seiior Alarcon continued to guard him for a time, but later

^ In 1525. Leva, ii. 231 ff. ; Mignet, ii. 23.

"^ G6mara, Hist, de las Indias, pp. 183, 397-8. ^ Henne, iii. 348 ff.

* It does not seem as if the corresponding paragraph of the text could refer to anything except the famous ' Knights' War ' of April, 1523; and I have so interpreted it. There are certainly difficulties about translating 'Haege' as ' Sickingen', but I can find no likelier alternative. The B. M. MS. sheds no light on the matter.

^ Jorga, ii. 358 ff. « May 19.

■^ Feb. 24. Cf. Guicciardini, iii. 471 ff. ; Sandoval, i. 477; Mignet, vol. ii, cap. vii.

72 ANNALS OF THE EMPEROR 1525

handed him over to the Alferez Garcia de Carabariantes de Gomara, an old and valiant soldier who never swore to God.i

Burial in Granada of the body of King Philip, after the Queen had kept it with her for twenty years.^

The voyage of Garci Jofre de Loaysa to the Moluccas.^

The very difficult journey which Cortes made from Mexico to Higueras.*

Rising of the Moriscos of Valencia in the Sierra de Bernia, because of their forcible conversion to Christianity.^

The exceedingly imposing court and assembly of magnates held by the Emperor at Toledo, at which there were present both Spaniards and foreigners, among whom were Philip, the Grand Master of Rhodes, with forty Knights-Commanders, and Cardinal Giovanni de Salviati, Papal Legate, and ambassadors from all the states of Italy, from the Sophy, from Russia, and from all the Christian kings of Europe.'^

The Emperor gives the Knights of St. John of Jerusalem the Islands of Malta and of Gozo and also Tripoli in Barbary, where they settle down.'

The discovery of Peru, a land exceedingly rich in silver and gold, by Francisco Pizarro and his companions.*

Negotiations of the Pope with the Venetians and the Duke of Milan against the Emperor, for the purpose of driving the Spaniards out of Lombardy.^

Girolamo Morone, counsellor of the Duke of Milan, armed with letters from the Pope and the Venetians, attempts to win away the Marquis of Pescara from his allegiance to the Emperor, by promising him the kingdom of Naples and the leadership of the army of Italy, but Pescara refuses his offers and discloses them.^°

^ Sandoval, i. 491-2 ; also A. ChampoUion-Figeac, Captivite du rot Frangois I^ in Documents Inedits sur I'H'tstoire de France, 1847.

"^ Prescott, iii. 270 w. ^ G6mara, Hist, de las Indias, pp. 221 ff.

* Ibid., pp. 409 ff. ^ Sandoval, i. 505. ' Sandoval,!. 492 ; Vandenesse, p. 71.

' Sayas, caps, civ, cxxvi.

* G6mara, Hist, de las Indias, pp. 224 ff.

* Leva, ii. 273-81. " Ibid. ii. 281-303.

1535 CHARLES THE FIFTH 73

Louise of Savoy, mother of King Francis and regent of France, negotiates with the Pope and the King of England and others who were in terror of the Emperor, to secure the liberation of her son.^

The Emperor grants a six months' truce to the French.^ He visits King Francis, who was ill, to console him.

The Marquis of Pescara besieges Duke Francesco Sforza in the Castle of Milan, after having taken from him prac- tically all his land, because he had rebelled against the Emperor and attempted to kill the Spaniards.^

Francisco Hernando de Avalos, a most excellent general, dies while besieging the Duke in Milan, and Antonio de Leyva with Alonzo de Avalos, Marquis del Vasto, con- tinues the siege.^

Thomas Miinzer revolts in Saxony against the lords and bishops, who had slain six thousand of his Lutherans in Franconia.''

Uprisings of the Lutherans in Germany, in which one hundred thousand men were slain by the knife within four months.*^

The Year 1526

The Emperor sets free the King of France on receiving his oath to observe and fulfil the promises he had made him, or else to return to prison, under pain of being held to have broken faith.^

The agreements made between King Francis and the Emperor at Madrid on January 14th were, chiefly, that within a month and a half the French King should hand over to the Emperor the whole of Burgundy, such as it had been under Charles the Bold ; that he should and did renounce all claim to Naples, Milan, Asti, and Genoa ; that

^ Jacqueton, Politique exterieure de Louise de Sa'voie, caps, iii-ix.

* Eight months, from June, according to Sandoval, i. 496. ^ Ibid. i. 502. * Ibid. i. 504.

® Allgemeine deutsche Biog r apbie, xxiii. ^i-6.

* This doubtless refers to the Peasants' War at its height.

^ Jan. 24. Sandoval, i. 517-42; Dumont, Corps Diplomatique, vol. iv, pt. i, pp. 400 ff.

74 ANNALS OF THE EMPEROR 1526

he should and did abandon the suzerainty of Flanders and Artois, in return for Guisnes, Ponthieu, and Peronne ; that he should restore Hesdin and demolish Therouanne ; that he should bear no aid to Henri dAlbret, nor to Duke Charles of Guelders, nor to Robert de la Marck, nor to the Duke of Wiirtemberg ; that he should restore the Duke of Bourbon and Philibert of Chalons, Prince of Orange, to their lands and possessions ; that he should marry Eleanor, Queen of Portugal, the elder sister of the Emperor, and that his son, the Dauphin Francis, should marry Maria, daughter of the said Eleanor ; that he should give two millions of gold to the Emperor to pay the expense of the wars which he provoked, and leave his sons Francis and Henry as hostages until payment should be made and his agreements fulfilled ; that the prisoners taken by both sides should be set free, and that the merchandise which had been seized on both sides should be restored. Charles de Lannoy, \'^iceroy of Naples, Hugo de Moncada, Prior of Messina, and the Secretary Jean AUemand, baron of Bouclans, signed these treaties with the Emperor, and Fran9ois de Tournon, Archbishop of Embrun, Jean de Selves, President of the Parlement de Paris, and Philippe Chabot, Sieur de Brion, with the King of France, These last had been given sufficient authority to conclude the treaty by the regent, the Parlement de Paris, and the realm.^

When the Emperor asked Hernando de Vega his advice about setting the King at liberty, he replied that the King of France was doing very well at Madrid ; and Mercurino Gattinara, the Grand Chancellor, said that he should either be let go without conditions or else retained in captivity.^

Public betrothal of King Francis and the Lady Eleanor in Illescas.^

The Emperor and King Francis dine together in Madrid, which was worth seeing."*

^ Cf. Sandoval, i. 519-42. The stipulation about paying the expenses of the wars that Francis provoked probably refers to § 20 of the treaty, in which Francis promised to assume all Charles's debts to Henry VIII.

"^ Sandoval, i. 518. * Ibid. i. 543-4. * Mignet, ii. 177-83.

1526 CHARLES THE FIFTH 75

The handing over of the Dauphins Francis and Henry, which was solemn and ceremonious and took place in the following manner.^ A ship with six Spanish sailors and as many French ones lay in the stream between Irun and Vanzo. To this ship there went out in a small boat from one bank King Francis, Charles de Lannoy, Seiior Alarcon, and two Spanish knights, and from the other the Dauphins, a son of the Admiral of France, and two other French knights. The King of France and the Dauphins entered the ship first and at the same time, next the Viceroy and the Duke of Orleans, after them Alarcon and the Admiral's son, and finally the other knights, two by two. The King, after standing a minute with his sons, crossed over to France with his French followers, and when he landed on French soil swore anew to observe the treaties of Madrid, and was unable to restrain his joy at being free. The Dauphins came to Spain and were handed over to the Constable, liiigo de \''elasco, in Berlanga.

The happy marriage of the Emperor and Isabella, the Infanta of Portugal, is celebrated in Seville with great solemnity and rejoicing.- Ferdinand of Aragon, Duke of Calabria, Antonio de Fonseca, Archbishop of Toledo, and Alvaro de Zufiiga, Duke of Bejar, brought her thither. Cardinal Giovanni di Salviati, Legate Apostolic, married them, and Alonzo de Manrique, Archbishop of Seville, pro- nounced the nuptial benediction.

The conversion and baptism of the Moors of Aragon.''

Francisco de Montejo conquers Yucatan.^

The treaties to which the French King swore are revoked in France, the King asserting that he was not obliged to fulfil them, because he could not make a valid treaty when he was a prisoner.'"

The great League made in Angouleme, which caused

^ March 17. Cf. Sandoval, i. 550-2 ; Mignet, ii. 188-90. ^ March 10. Sandoval, i. 545-9 ; Vandenesse, pp. 74-5. ' The edict was issued in 1525. Cf. Lea, Moriscos of Spain, pp. 84 ff. * G6mara, Hist, de las Indias, p. 186,

® Cf. Mignet, ii. 191-6, Two unsuccessful efforts were made to extort a ratification of the treaties from Francis.

je ANNALS OF THE EMPEROR 1526

infinite evils and deaths, between Pope Clement, Francis King- of France, Henry King of England, Sigismund King of Poland, King James of Scotland, the Seigniory of Venice, Francesco Sforza Duke of Milan, the Florentines, and others, on the pretext of freeing the Duke of Milan and ridding- Italy of the Spaniards, but really in order that King Francis should not be obliged to fulfil the promises he made at Madrid. Another object of the League was to select a new King of Naples, who was to be Giannin di Medici, who was to pay the King of France seventy thousand crowns a year, and one thousand to Duke Fran- cesco. An army sufiicient to expel the Imperialists from Italy was to be collected for this purpose, and to be kept under arms until its object was accomplished.^

King Francis sends his ambassadors to tell the Emperor, who was at Granada, that he could not fulfil any of his promises, since Burgundy could not be alienated from the Royal Domain of the Crown of France, and to say further that if his sons were returned to him for a reasonable price he would take the Emperor's sister to wife, but if not, that he intended to win them back by war.^

This demand was backed up by the ambassadors of the allies, who insisted that His Majesty should cease to besiege the Duke of Milan, withdraw the Spaniards from Lombardy, abandon Naples, should not enter Italy with an army, and should pay the debts of the King of England : and added that if he did not do these things they would all make war upon him, since it was for this purpose that they had made an alliance.

The demands were outrageous, and the threatened war promised to be very terrible, for the allies were many and powerful, but this did not cause the Emperor to flinch. Instead, he replied with his accustomed gravity that the

^ League of Cognac, May 22. Dumont, Corps Diplomatique^ vol. iv, pt. i, pp. 451-5. Henry VIII was declared protector of the League, but did not join it. Poland and Scotland were only included as friends of the active participants.

^ Sandoval (i. 565-6) copies this and the next two paragraphs, almost word for word, from G6mara. Gf. also Mignet, ii. 214-18.

1526 CHARLES THE FIFTH ^^

Most Christian King did ill in failing to fulfil his promise and oath, and that his realm could not hinder him from making treaties of peace, since it had not prevented his making arrangements for war. And principally, that he would have them to know and understand that he would retain his hostages until he had been paid, that no one ought to abandon his wife for any slight whatever ; that Francesco Sforza, as Duke of Milan, was his feudal vassal, and that he therefore could and ought to punish him as a rebel and a traitor ; that he would not abandon Naples because it belonged to him by inheritance, by treaty, and by right of a just and good war ; and that to Italy he would go as often as he pleased ; and that if they all made war upon him he would know how to defend himself against them all with his good and loyal vassals, under the guid- ance of God and in the cause of justice ; and that he would pay the King of England with the money of the King of France.

The Emperor dispatches Bourbon as his commander-in- chief to Lombardy, not without some hopes of gaining the Duchy of Milan. ^

The Duke of Urbino captures Lodi with Papal and Venetian troops. ^

Francesco Sforza hands over the Castle of Milan to Antonio de Leyva and goes off to the Papal army.^

The great army of the League lays siege to Milan, which is defended by Antonio de Leyva. The general of the Papal troops was Renzo da Ceri, of the Orsini ; the Duke of Urbino led the Venetians, and the King of France was represented by Lautrec.'^

The Pope gives the King of France the tenth of the revenues of the benefices of his realm, to pay the expenses of this war.''*

Cardinal Pompeo Colonna and Ascanio Colonna and Hugo de Moncada sack the Palacio Sacro in Rome with

^ Guicciardini, iv. 128. ''■ Ibid. iv. 123. ^ Ibid. iv. 152.

* Leva, ii. 342 fF. ; Mignet, ii. 224 ff.

' Guicciardini, iv. 203 ; Lavisse, vol. v, pt. i, p. 260.

78 ANNALS OF THE EMPEROR 1526

two thousand men, the Pope fleeing to the Castle of Sant' Angelo, all because he had turned against the Emperor,^

The Pope makes a four-months' truce with the Spaniards and Colonne, and gives them hostages as security for his observance of it.^

Giannin de' Medici dies as a result of a musket-shot which he received from Germans in the Imperial service at Gerevolo near Peschiera.^ He was brave, but a terrible practiser of nameless vice.

The Pope sends the Duke of Vaudemont (whom he selected because he was a Lorrainer and an Angevin) with a fleet against Naples, in order to attack the Emperor by sea, and makes war on the Colonne in defiance of the treaty."*

Sigismund, King of Poland, with sixty thousand horse, conquers the Duke of Prussia.^

Diet of the Germans at Spires, where, during a discussion of the war, the French ambassadors promised that their King would bear aid against the Turk, provided the Germans would compel the Emperor to desist from waging war in Italy in order that France might subdue it,^

Solyman wins the battle of Mohacs on August 29th with two hundred thousand men, against Louis, King of Hungary, who had only twenty-four thousand, and slays and captures folk without number. King Louis dies, being drowned in a morass, and leaves no heir.'^

Competition for the kingdom of Hungary between the Archduke Ferdinand of Austria and John Zapolya, the Voivode of Transylvania.^

* Mignet, i. 238 if, ; Leva, ii. 375 ff. ^ Mignet, ii, 242-3.

' Nov. 30. Guicciardini (iv. 198) gives the place as Borgoforte. Leva (ii. 393) says he died at Mantua.

* Guicciardini, iv. 208-9.

* Probably refers to Sigismund's attack on Dantzig in this year, in which he was supported, not opposed, by Albert of Prussia ; cf. Koniecki, Die Reformation in Polen, pp. 3 1-2 : also Count V. Krasinski, 7he Refor- mation in Poland, i. 118-23.

•■' Catalogue des Actes de Frangois /*'", vol. i, p. 446. '' Sandoval, i. 566 ; Hammer, iii. 54 ; Jorga, ii. 399. Solyman's army is usually reckoned at 100,000.

* Sayous, Histoire Generate des Hongrois (2nd ed., 1900), pp. 288 fF.

1526 CHARLES THE FIFTH 79

War in Siena over those who had been expelled from it.^

Isabel, Queen of Denmark, sister of the Emperor, dies in Brussels, leaving a son who accomplished little, and two daughters of whom the first, who was called Dorothea, married the Elector Frederick, Count Palatine, and the other, who was called Christina, became the wife first of Francesco Sforza, Duke of Milan, and afterwards of the Duke of Lorraine.^

The Year 1527

The auspicious birth of Philip, who is our present king, at Valladolid on the 21st of the month of May. ^

Lautrec and his companions abandon the siege of Milan because of lack of funds.^

Bourbon launches himself against Piacenza because the Pope, in spite of the truce, was supporting the League and waging war on the Emperor at Naples and on the Colonne in Piperno and Frosinone.^

The Viceroy Charles de Lannoy abandons the war which he was waging without advantage in Frosinone, and makes an eight-months' truce with the Pope in Rome, without asking advice of Bourbon or of Antonio de Ley va.^

The sack of Rome and capture of the Pope."

Charles de Montpensier, Duke of Bourbon, dies as a result of an arquebus -shot which he received as he was entering Rome. He undertook this enterprise on his own responsibility. He was unwilling to abide by the truce the Viceroy made, unless the Pope would give him one hundred thousand ducats or more to pay for his army, which was small and without artillery.^

^ Guicciardini, iv. 137 fF.

^ Sandoval (i, 607) again copies G6mara almost literally.

^ Sandoval, i. 618.

* On the movements of Lautrec in thisyear,cf. Guicciardini, iv. 261-76.

^ Leva, ii. 397 fF.

® Mar. 15. Leva, ii. 411.

■^ May 6. Cf. Burd, p. 1 64, for the authorities.

^ Sandoval, i. 612.

8o ANNALS OF THE EMPEROR 1527

Genoa declares for the King of France, who had ardently longed for its alliance.^

The navy of the League attacks the Emperor in Sar- dinia.^

The Emperor, who was much grieved at learning of the sack of Rome, sends Veyre and Friar Francisco Ximenes to liberate the Fope.^

Pavia is twice stormed, once by Lautrec and again by Antonio de Leyva.*

The Kings of France and England renew their league against the Emperor at Amiens.^

Wars in Hungary between Ferdinand and the Voivode, John Zapolya/'

The Voivode summons the Turks to his aid, through the instrumentality of Jerome Lasky. For this he was excom- municated by Pope Clement.'^

The citizens of Florence expel the Medici, to the dis- honour of Popes Leo and Clement. This cost them their liberty.^

Rebellions of Lutherans and of Catholics in Germany.^

Wars between the Poles and the Muscovites,^*^

Great raids of the Tartars in Podolia and in Poland.^^

The Year 1528

The challenge which was sent to the Emperor, who was at Burgos, in the month of January, by King Francis of France through his King-at-Arms Guyenne, and by King Henry of England through Clarencieux.^^ It said that if the

1 Guicciardini, iv. 263. ^ Petit, Andrea Doria, p. 67.

^ Sandoval, i. 616. * Ximenes' should be 'Quiiiones'.

* Guicciardini, iv. 266, 336.

® April 30. Mignet, ii. 318. ^ Sayous, pp. 289 ff.

■^ Ibid., pp. 291 fF. ; Jorga, ii. 405 ff. ; Buchholtz, iii. 225 ff.

** Burd, pp. 164-5.

' Probably referring to Pack's plot and the events that resulted from it. Ranke, Gescb. der deutschen Reformation, Bk. V, cap. ii.

^^ A mistake. A six-years' truce was concluded in 1526. Lavisse et Rambaud, iv. 681.

" Ibid., pp. 681-3.

^^ Sandoval, i. 626 ff. ; Mignet, ii. 365-87; Weiis, Papiers d'Etat de

1528 CHARLES THE FIFTH 8i

Emperor would liberate the Dauphins for a fair price, and pay to the King of England the debts of the King of France, and not talk any more about Burgundy, King Francis would marry Queen Eleanor and the Dauphin Francis would wed the Infanta Maria of Portugal her daughter, and Henry, Duke of Orleans, would marry Mary, Princess of Wales ; but that otherwise. King Francis would marry the Princess of Wales, and that both he and the King of England would wage war on the Emperor in common, to force him to liberate the Pope and abandon Italy. The written reply of the Emperor to' the English herald through the Secretary, Jean Allemand, said, though at greater length, that King Henry was showing his enmity to the Emperor in a way which betokened more anger than common sense, for he had abandoned his lawful wife in dis- obedience to the Church ; that the Emperor was not the cause of the wars of Turks, nor of those of the Christians, as they had wrongly called him, but rather a defender against the one and a resister of the other, nor was he the mover of the present war, but rather the King of France, as the King his good master knew very well, since he had declared through the Cardinal of York that Francis was the aggressor as much against the one as the other, for which reason he had proclaimed himself in London to be his enemy ; and moreover, that he himself before his marriage with the Empress Isabella had asked for the hand of Mary, Princess of Wales, daughter of King Henry, who in defiance of the treaty of Windsor ^ refused to give her to him, because he desired to marry her to King James of Scotland,^ his nephew ; for which reason the Emperor was not obliged to pay the five thousand crowns forfeit provided for in the treaty of marriage ; and also that the King of England had even opened his letters, seized the ambassador who had asked for them, and in addition to this insult had treated

Granvelle, i. 310 ff. G6mara's summary of the facts is on the whole fair and exact.

^ Treaty of Windsor signed June 19, 1522. Cf. Letters and Papers of Hen. nil, vol. iii, No. 2333.

* Cf. Diet. Nat. Biog. xxxvi. 334.

13«S G

82 ANNALS OF THE EMPEROR 1528

him with great disrespect, and that if he desired a war he should certainly have it. To the French herald he replied that his master, King Francis, was the cause of all the wars, since he began by taking Milan from Duke Maximilian Sforza and forcing him to renounce his right to it, recking naught of the fact that the latter had received the investiture of that state from the Emperor Maximilian, who was its feudal lord and suzerain ; that King Francis had infringed the treaties of Paris in making those of Noyon, being desirous rather to have the King of Spain as a son-in-law than as a brdther-in-law, and therefore forced him to promise to wed two of his daughters, one of whom had been born but recently, and the other of whom was not yet alive ; but that in his desire to stir up wars and rebellions, he had set at naught the treaties of Noyon, when his ambassador Lansac had demanded of the Emperor in Burgos that he give hostages in pledge of his marriage with Louise, and for the realm of Navarre, the which he was not obliged to do, because the whole affair had been set forth in the treaties of Noyon ; and furthermore, that the French King had tried to capture Naples and Sicily by sending thither Count Pedro Navarro with his fleet under pretence of going to Barbary ; that he had furnished soldiers and cannon to Count Robert de la Marck, for the war which he was waging in Flanders, and had sent the Seigneur de Lesparre with an army against Navarre and even Castile, and all this without his (the Emperor's) having raised men or still less waged war ; that the King could neither deny nor go back on what he had promised in return for his liberty, especially since he had been captured in fair fight, and released by an honest treaty, the more so in that all which was asked of him belonged to the Emperor anyway, except the Dauphins, and that they remained in his hands rather as a reminder than as a pledge ; and also over and above all this, that the French King had opposed him in the Imperial Election, in the Turkish wars, in Italian affairs, in his dealings with the Lutherans and in other important matters, and that he had not been willing to withdraw his army from Italy, as he had

1528 CHARLES THE FIFTH 83

recently agreed to do in Palencia,^ nor to set Genoa free, and that he was more to blame for the capture of the Pope than he (the Emperor) because he had made such a wicked alliance, though indeed letters had already been received to say that the Pope was released and free ; that he (the Emperor) had no mind to abandon Italy in order that the King might occupy it, and that as to the challenge, no captive could challenge his lord, nor a prisoner liberated on parole challenge any one without the leave of the man who liberated him ; that he ought to return as he swore and promised to do, and that then he should have his sons, and that the war could go on afterwards.

King Francis sends the Emperor a challenge to mortal combat, in very soldierly fashion, which was drawn up in Paris, March 28.2

The Emperor takes counsel with the chief men of the realm about this challenge, and gives notice of acceptance to King Francis, who was at that time in Noyon with the Provost of Utrecht.^

Antonio de Leyva assaults Lodi, but fares ill there.*

The Emperor gives Venezuela in the Indies to the Welsers, German bankers, in pledge of payment of a loan.^

Alvaro de Saavedra Ceron, one of Cortes' captains, sails from New Spain to the Spice Islands of the Moluccas.*^

Hernando Cortes receives the title of Marquis del Valle de Huaxacac.^

Victory won by Antonio de Leyva over Fran9ois de Bourbon, Count of St. Pol, at Landriano.^

Lautrec besieges Naples with the army of the League, which I should estimate at more than twenty-five thousand strong, though some put it at forty thousand,''

^ Sept. 15, 1527. Cf. Sandoval, i. 623. ^ Ibid. i. 649-50.

^ Mignet, ii. 377-80. Charles's herald was finally received in Paris.

* In June. Guicciardini, iv. 314.

^ G6mara, Hist, de las Indias, p. 202. ® Ibid., p. 423.

'' July 6. G6mara, Hist, de las Indias, p. 424 ; Sandoval, i. 672.

* June 12, 1529. Guicciardini, iv. 358.

* Guicciardini, iv. 302 IF. Probably G6mara meant to say ' not more than twenty-five thousand', though the B. M. MS. is identical with the Madrid one here.

G 2

84 ANNALS OF THE EMPEROR 1528

Naval battle, in which Filipino Doria conquers Hugo de Moncada.^

Rout of the army of the League and death of Lautrec, who was called the Assaulter of Cities. This gave Italy a chance to rest.^

Andrea Doria comes over to the service of the Emperor, which greatly irritated the King of France and also thePope.^

Genoa is free, so that she can be devoted to the Emperor, with whom she has lived at peace, and grown rich beyond measure since that time.*

Duke Charles of Guelders loses his state by war.^

Philip, Landgrave of Hessen, pursues the bishops with a military force.^

Eight-months' truce arranged by Louise of Savoy, mother of King Francis, and Margaret of Austria, the aunt of the Emperor, at Cambray, in which it was agreed that both sides should disband their armies. This was the beginning of peace.^

Wars of Solyman the Turk with the Sophy Thamasp.^

Agostino Giustiniani, who was Bishop of Nebbio, finishes his history, which some men hold to be the work of ignorant persons.'^

The Year 1529

The Knights of Rhodes settle at Malta.i"

The operations of the Venetians and of the French against the Papalists in Apulia and Calabria more closely resemble pillage than war.^^

' Ibid. iv. 304-5. ^ Ibid. iv. 326 fF.

5 Petit, pp. 86 ff. * Ibid., cap. vi.

^ Oct. 3. Treaty of Gorcum. Henne, iv. 193.

® As a result o£ Dr. Paclc's revelations. Ranke, Bk. V, cap. ii.

■^ Mignet, ii. 429 ff,

* This may refer to the massacre at Gallipoli of certain Pei-sian prisoners spared by Selim. Solyman's first Persian campaign occurred

in' 1533-4-

® Refers to the Annals of Genoa, which close with the year 1528. The meaning of the last clause is not at all clear, and the B. M. MS., identical with the Madrid one at this point, sheds no light on the matter. I have given what seems to me the most probable interpretation.

" The Knights took possession Oct. 26, 1530.

^^ Guicciardini, iv. 326 if.

1529 CHARLES THE FIFTH 85

The Emperor pledges the Spice Islands to King John III of Portugal for three hundred and fifty thousand crowns.^

Agreement between the Emperor and the Pope, drawn up in Viterbo by the Neapolitan, Juan Antonio Muxetula, and proclaimed at Barcelona by Jerome, Bishop of Vaison.^ It provided that as soon as the Emperor should be crowned he should reinstate the Medici in Florence, and give that state, together with Margaret, his natural daughter, to Alessandro de' Medici.

Peace between the Emperor Charles and Francis, King of France, concluded by the same ladies on the same terms as that of Madrid, save for three or four points, which were chiefly that there should be no more discussion about Bur- gundy, that the King of England should be paid with the money of the King of France, that the King of France should withdraw all his soldiers from Italy, and that he should make no more compacts with Italians or Germans against the Emperor.^

The Emperor passes over to Italy with a large fleet.^ Naval battle, in which Rodrigo de Portuondo was slain.^ Guillaume Bonnivet, Admiral of France, confirms the Peace of Cambray at Piacenza, in Lombardy, on behalf of King Francis, and assures the Emperor that nothing could be more advantageous for the King his master than to abandon Italy.^

The solemn entry of the Emperor into Bologna J The siege of Florence, which lasted full eleven months, and cost Pope Clement a million of gold.* Juan de Urbina, who was a native of Berberana, dies.'^

^ Sandoval, ii. 20 ; G6mara, Hist, de las Indias, p. 222.

^ June 29. Mignet, ii. 437. Muxetula was Imperial ambassador at Rome. The name of the Bishop of Vaison was Selade or Scl^dus.

^ Aug. 3. Mignet, ii. 444. ' The same ladies ' were, of course, Louise and Margaret. Cf. note 7, p. 84.

* Sailed from Barcelona July 27. Vandenesse, p. 83.

^ Oct. 25, 1529. Sandoval, ii. 64 ; G6mara, Cronica de los Barbar- rojas, pp. 399, 493-507- ^ Vandenesse, p. 84. "^ Nov. 5. Vandenesse, p. 85.

* Guicciardini, iv. 378 fF.

^ Sandoval (ii. 77) copies this paragraph almost literally.

86 ANNALS OF THE EMPEROR 1529

He was large, heavy, and coarse in body, but of clear understanding, liberal in almsgiving, pious, never swore, and also severely punished blasphemers ; indeed, he was on the whole a most virtuous man, save that he gambled too much. War and a soldier's life taught him how to slay, smite, and take advantage of his enemies, and to seize their goods. He was wise in counsel, and a man of many strata- gems ; he never showed fear, although Jovius says he had known him to be afraid at the time of the sack of Genoa, but that was because of the artillery, and not because of the men. Juan de Urbina, you must know, passed over to Italy with the Great Captain as a soldier, and on every occasion gave proofs of valour, for which reason he was one of the three who fought in personal combat with three Italians when our army lay near Rosano ; the cause of the combat being a dispute as to which side served the greater King. Captains Diego de Quinones and Luis de Via Campo^ accepted the challenge, and took Juan de Urbina along with them, though he, who knew his business, was unwilling to accompany them without first stipulating with his adver- saries that he should go in that capacity. They fought on foot, each with whatsoever arms he chose to select, except arquebuses, which the Italians had specially excluded by agreement, and as they were all brave they fought well. Juan de Urbina conquered his adversary, and, taking from him his arms, ran up to Quinones (who, though the tendon of his leg was broken and his knee was on the ground, was fighting marvellously well) and conquered his opponent also. He then helped Via Campo^ to defeat the third. After that Urbina was regarded as the best soldier in Italy, but as the war in Naples ended soon afterwards, he was unable to rise. He then went to Rome, and settled down as a halberdier with Diego Garcia de Paredes, Juan de Vargas, Pizarro, Zamudio, and Villalba, all of whom were afterwards well known for their ability in war, although they were biding their time at that moment, and leading dissolute lives. At that time Pope Julius was raising an ^ Sandoval has * Luys de Vera '.

1529 CHARLES THE FIFTH 87

army against a certain rebel, and Juan de Urbina entered it as standard-bearer to Diego Garcia de Faredes ; and after- wards he fought against the Duke of Urbino, so that at last he became captain at Bologna, when the French conquered it ; and he was also in the batde of Ravenna, where he remained in sorry plight among the dead bodies. He was also in the affair of Vicenza, and in all the other wars in Lombardy against the French. When Lautrec besieged Milan with the army of the League, Juan de Urbina was general on the field of battle, and on one occasion, as he was going- forth to a skirmish with his enemies at San Columban, he passed, quite alone, close to where five Italians were stabbing a Spaniard, who, recognizing him, called out, ' See how they are killing me, Senor Juan de Urbina.' He, on hearing his name called, went to rescue the man, although he had not intended to do so. The five Italians turned their faces to him after having knocked over the Spaniard, and at first pressed him very hard, but soon afterwards two of them left him to return to the fallen man, who was getting- up, and then Juan de Urbina slew two of the three who remained to fight with him, and with the partisan of one of them put to flight the others, who were killing the soldier and were in fear of being slain also. He gathered up their arms as a proof of his victory, and re- turned to Milan, wounded in the breast by a stroke of a partisan, and with a knife-thrust in the cheek, and another small cut in the sword-hand, and so covered with blood that he was unrecognizable ; it was a fortunate escape, so that he used to say that the thing to do in all important crises was to call on some one by name. He encouraged the soldiers to enter Rome after the death of Bourbon, and when the soldiers, who had mutinied at Nola after being withdrawn from Naples, owing to the action of Lautrec, demanded their pay, he cut off the arm of Captain Salzedo in the presence of his colonel, the Marquis del Vasto, because Salzedo had laid on him the blame for the mutiny ; it was a most audacious act, although he was not to blame for it.^ ^ On this incident cf. Jovius, ii. 30,

88 ANNALS OF THE EMPEROR 1529

He performed some notable deeds in the siege of Naples, and on another occasion, when he accidentally met with Pedro Navarro, who was coming on to besiege Florence, he was killed near Ispello by an arquebus-shot, the ball pass- ing through his leg below the knee. They carried his body to Naples to be buried in the Church of Our Lady de Pie de Gruta, in a bronze tomb which afterwards was destroyed by the Viceroy Pedro de Toledo to make cannon with. The Emperor, who sent for him, made him Commendador de Heliche, Alcaide of Ovo and of Aversa, and Marquis of Oyra, but he took small pleasure in these honours. Juan de Urbina then was very fortunate and highly honoured, save by his wife, but he revenged himself amply, for he slew her, with everything else he found alive in her house. Solyman besieges Vienna in vain with one hundred and fifty thousand men, though some put it at two hundred and fifty thousand, and others at five hundred thousand. Philip, Duke of Bavaria, defended it, and had Spaniards under him. Although Solyman could not capture the city, it is said that he carried off seventy thousand prisoners from Hungary.^

The Year 1530

The Emperor Charles V is crowned in Bologna by the Pope, Clement VII, on Saint Matthias' Day, because it was his birthday, and with greater pomp and magnificence and a larger assemblage, especially on the part of the Spanish knights, than ever Emperor was crowned with before.^

The Preste John David promises obedience to the Pope as head of the Church of Jesus Christ.^

Liberation of the Dauphins, who were handed over by the constable, Pedro Fernandez de Velasco, and M. de

^ Cf, Hammer, iii. 81-94 ; Buchholtz, iii. 285 fF. The usual estimates of the Turkish army vary between 200,000 and 300,000 men.

^ Feb. 24. Vandenesse, pp. 86-94 > Romano, Cronaca del Soggiorno di Carlo Quinto in Italia.

' This was in 1533. Cf. Ramusio's Navigationi et Viaggi (ed. Venice, 1588), vol. i, pp. 255-61 ; also Portuguese Expedition to Abyssinia in Hakluyt Soc, Series II, vol. 10, pp. xxxviii, Ixxxiii ff., 129.

J530

CHARLES THE FIFTH 89

Praedt, the most intimate adviser of the Emperor, to the Cardinal Francois de Tournon and Anne de Montmorency, at that time Grand Master of King Francis.^

The marriage of King Francis and Queen Eleanor, celebrated by the Cardinal Tournon in an abbey near Bayonne.2

All the grape-vines in Castile are frozen in April.

The Emperor holds a diet in Augsburg,^ chiefly to discuss religion and the war against the Turk, who was coming on in great force.

Margaret, who was the wife of Prince John, dies.^

Queen Maria of Hungary becomes Regent of Flanders.'

Florence loses her liberty with the return of the Medici.*^

War waged by Francesco Sforza, Duke of Milan, against Gian Giacomo de Medicino, who afterwards was Marquis of Marignano and a most excellent leader.'^

In order to have peace in Italy the Emperor gives the Duchy of Milan to Francesco Sforza in return for nine thousand crowns which he had spent in the war.*

The Emperor receives the Venetians as friends, and their friendship endures to this day.^

WilUam of Rogendorf, leader of the troops of King Ferdinand, fights at Buda with thirty thousand men and a good lot of Spaniards led by Luis de la Cueva, but the Voivode and Lodovico Gritti successfully defended it,^^

Truce for one year between Ferdinand and John Zapolya, the two Kings of Hungary, with the consent of the Turk, who favoured the Voivode's side.^^

This year or thereabouts there was found in the Canaries

^ July I, 1530. Sandoval, ii. 91 ff. ; Decrue, Anne de Montmorency, i. 141-62.

* July 7, in the Abbaye des Clarissesde Beyries, near JMont-de-iNIarsan ; Decrue, i. 162.

' Opened June 20. Cf. Armstrong, i. 235 «., for the authorities on this Diet.

* Nov. 30.

5 Henne, v. 127-8, 139. " Leva, ii. 523 ff.

■^ In 1531. Cf. Leva, iii. 87-8. » Dec. 23, 1529. Leva,ii. 587 ff.

^ Dec. 23, 1529. Leva, ii. 591 ff.

^° Huber (iv. 33) places Rogendorf s army at 10,000 men. " Ibid., iv. 34 ; Buchholtz, iv. 75.

90 ANNALS OF THE EMPEROR 1530

a dead whale which contained sixteen arrobas of ambergris, and there was also seen an old and bearded Triton, according to the story which Bishop Alonzo de Virnes wrote to Garcia Vechoa in Valladolid.

The Year 1531

Ferdinand, King of Hungary, is made King of the Romans.^

Alessandro de' Medici is made Duke of Florence with immunity from Imperial jurisdiction.^

Pope Clement also subdues Ancona, which was living as a republic, without any shedding of blood.^

The great earthquake of Lisbon and the ensuing mor- tality.^

John Zapolya and Lodovico Gritti besiege Gran, and the Turks make raids as far as Vienna.^

The sea breaks and dashes over the embankments, which they call dykes, of Holland, Zeeland, and Flanders, more than ever it was seen to do before, and wrought great damage/'

King Francis of France forbids the sale of wheat except in market-places, in order to bring down its price."^

Civil war among the Swiss cantons concerning Lutheran- ism, in the which occurred five battles.^

A man was presented to Pope Clement who did not eat for the space of fifteen days or even twenty, a most miracu- lous thing, which would have astonished us, except that he was really a fraud, so great is the power of habit ; and indeed the Pope said when he finished the war against Florence, which cost him much, that it would be an advantage to have an army composed of such men. In Moral, a villag-e of Maderuelo, there is a rich farmer who never ate flesh,

^ Jan. 5. * Guicciardini, iv. 403. * Leva, iii. 102.

* Sandoval, ii. 108.

^ Jorga, ii. 414-15, 416 «. ; Buchholtz, iv. 109 n.

^ Sandoval, ii. 107.

^ This was in 1532. Cf. Lavisse, vol. v, pt. i, pp. 275-6.

« Battle of Cappel, Oct. 1 1.

I53I CHARLES THE FIFTH 91

though he possessed a herd of cattle, nor drank wine, nor covered his head or his feet. I also saw this year in Rome a man who sewed, cut, threaded a needle, and wrote and sealed letters with his feet, counted, and picked up the coins that were thrown to him, played dice, and cheated at the game ; in fact, his feet were like hands in their skill and ability to gain a livelihood.^

Francisco Pizarro founds S. Miguel of Tangarara, which was the first settlement of Spaniards in Peru.^

The Year 1532

Solyman, the Grand Turk, arrives before Vienna with the biggest army of our time or that ever any Turk had, for he knew that the Emperor was in Germany. He brought three hundred thousand combatants with him, and more than one hundred thousand of them horsemen, and at least one hundred and twenty cannon. Others place it at two hundred thousand and others at five hundred thousand, and Pedro Meji'a at six hundred thousand, but that figure is doubtless meant to include all sorts of people.^

In order to exhibit his magnificence Solyman entered Belgrade clothed in a scarlet garment embroidered with gold, with a dagger and scimitar of enormous value, and mounted on a bay horse richly caparisoned. There came after him the viziers Cassim and Arpas, and Ibrahim Pasha, his man of confidence, and after them twelve thousand cour- tiers and officials of his household and court. Before him there had entered four thousand horsemen with the standard

' Sandoval, ii. 104. After copying G6mara almost literally for several lines Sandoval adds : ' Escrivi6 estas memorias un Espanol curioso que not6 todo lo que vi6 y oy6 en sus dias ' ; and then quotes the words of the text from 'Moral' in line 21 to ' caperu9a' in line 23.

" In May, 1532. G6mara, Hist, de las Indias, p. 227 ; Prescott, Con- quest of Peru, i. 358.

^ Huber, iv. 39-40 ; Hammer, iii. 108. The latter estimates the Turkish army at 200,000, and gives good reasons to support this view. Mejia's figure is doubtless to be found in his Hisioria del Emperador Carlos Quinto, which is unpublished, save for the second book on the Comuni- dades de Castilla. Cf. Ribl. ylut. Esp., vol. xxi, pp. xiii-xiv, 367-407.

92 ANNALS OF THE EMPEROR 153a

on which the portrait of Mohammed was painted, and four thousand Janizaries of his guard, one hundred and fifty slaves with lances and coats of blue satin adorned with cloth of silver, and fifty carts with dark brown coverings, each one drawn by four horses, in which were carried the treasure, the wardrobe, and some of his beautiful and beloved ladies. Espanaciel of Macedonia guarded them with four thousand horsemen, two hundred horses led by the bridle, a hun- dred pages of the chamber on beautiful horses, with coats of cloth of gold and hats of scarlet adorned with gold and silver and white feathers, twelve of them with helmets inlaid with precious stones and pearls, each one of which was worth one hundred and forty thousand crowns, a thou- sand lackeys with coats of blue silk embroidered with silver, and coifs of gold with white feathers, who carried bows and quivers of arrows, and one hundred fierce dogs held in leash, and birds of the chase.

The Emperor gathered together one hundred and twenty thousand soldiers and over thirty thousand horsemen at his own expense and that of the King his brother and of Pope Clement, which was without doubt the biggest army of our time ; and he would have no Lutherans for fear they might contaminate the Catholics or aid the Turks. He had twelve thousand Spaniards with the Marquis del Vasto, and Antonio de Leyva was his counsellor-in-chief for the war.^

Ignominious and stealthy retreat of the Grand Turk, leaving behind him sixty thousand men whom he had lost, and burning the bridges for fear of being pursued, and when the Emperor arrived at Vienna he was already forty leagues away. It is said that it was at the advice and counsel of certain Christian friends of his that he avoided a battle.2

The valorous defence of Guns by Nicholas Jurischitz

' Cf. Buchholtz, iv. 103 fF. ; Huber, iv. 40-1. Sandoval (ii. 117) fol- lows G6mara closely for the most part, but places the numbers of the army at 300,000.

"^ Buchholtz, iv. iii ff. Sandoval (ii. 117) puts the Turkish losses at 70,000. The literal translation of ' senseros atapados ' in the text is, of course, * muffled bells.'

I

1533 CHARLES THE FIFTH 93

against thirteen assaults delivered in twenty days by Ibra- him Pasha with his Turks and Janizaries.^

The most Christian King of France was unwilling to bear aid against the Turk, which lost him much reputation, despite his giving as a reason the fact that he had not been made commander-in-chief.^

The war at Choron in Greece which Andrea Doria conducted for the Emperor.^

The capture in Caxamarca of Atahuallpa, the exceed- ingly rich King of Cuzco ; indeed, he gave more than two millions for his ransom.^

Pedro de Toledo, Marquis of Villa Franca, is made Vice- roy of Naples, on account of the death of Cardinal Pompeo Colonna, who died from eating early figs in snow.""'

The Danes capture their King, Christian, but promise under oath to do him no harm. He was attacking them with an army and a fleet which the Emperor gave him.^

Kings Francis and Henry meet for diplomatic purposes, first at Boulogne and then at Calais.^

The Year 1533

A new alliance, stated to be defensive, is concluded in Bologna between the Pope, the Emperor, the King of the Romans, the Duke of Milan, Ferrara, and Florence, and the Seigniories of Venice, Genoa, Siena, and Lucca, for a year and a half. Antonio de Leyva, who was dwelling in Milan, was appointed general.^

The Emperor removes from Italy the army of Spaniards, and thus did much for the cause of peace, for he granted in

' Hammer, iii, no ff. ; Buchholtz, iv. loi fF.

"^ Lavisse et Rambaud, iv. 721-38.

' Sandoval, ii. 125 ff. ; Petit, p. 145.

^ G6mara, Hist, de las Ind'tas, p. 229, puts it in 1533. The correct date is Nov. 16, 1532. Cf. Prescott, Conquest of Peru, i. 421 ff.

^ Sandoval, ii. 125.

® Ibid., Schafer, Geschichte D'dnemarks, vol. v, pp. 172-204.

■^ Sandoval, ii. 125, and Hamy, Entrevue de Francois P^ avec Henri Fill.

* Feb. 27. Papiers d'Etat de Granvelle, ii. pp. 7-19 ; Leva, iii. 106-7.

94 ANNALS OF THE EMPEROR 1533

response to requests what he was unwilling to yield when threatened, so proud was he.^

Garcia de Paredes, who never had an equal in strength and courage, dies in Bologna.^ He was a soldier in Cepha- lonia with the Great Captain, but afterwards quarrelled and fought in his own land with Ruy Sanchez de Vargas, as a result of which he fled to Rome and enlisted as halberdier of Pope Julius II with Juan de Urbina, Juan de Vargas, Pizarro, Zamudio, and Villalba, who were all colonels, as they were then called, although they were living a life of violence. He was one of the eleven who fought in Trani in the combat against the eleven Frenchmen, and defeated his adversary. One day, when casting the bar, a Roman knight challenged him to a contest for one hundred crowns. Garcia Paredes was very proficient at this sport, and told the Roman that he would throw for fun, but the other, who desired to bet, replied that such an action would not be to his honour. Then Garcia gave him the lie and slew five men with his javelin, a feat which put all Rome up in arms, so that Garcia had to take refuge with his cousin, Cardinal Don Bernardino de Carvajal, who not only liberated him from this affair, but also made him captain of the infantry in the army which Julius was sending against Montefiascone, which was in rebellion. He took to the war as standard- bearer Juan de Urbina, and as sergeant his brother, Alvaro de Paredes, and as heads of squadrons Villalba, Pizarro, and Zamudio. It was through his efforts that place was taken, for he broke the gate down. In the war against the Duke of Ferrara he shouted 'Espana' in a skirmish and con- quered, and because of this war-cry his captain, Cesaro Romano, reviled him as a traitor, but he gave him the lie and slew him on the field of battle, for which reason the Pope commanded that he be imprisoned, but he escaped by slaying two jailors and fled to the Duke, who, realizing his

^ Robertson, Charles the Fifth, i. 624 (ed. Routledge s. d.).

^ Paredes died in 1530. G6mara closely follows the * Breve Suma de la Vida y Hechos de Diego Garcfa de Paredes ', by Paredes ; cf. Nuev. Bibl. de Aut. Esp.^ vol. x, pp. 255-9.

1533 CHARLES THE FIFTH 95

valour, gave him the command of the company whose captain he Jiad slain shordy before, and with it he did good things. He was an officer at Ravenna, after which there took place an encounter with the French, as he was passing by Fano, in which he lost two hundred soldiers and slew six hundred enemies. When four adversaries captured him and were carrying him off, tightly bound, he threw himself into a river with them as they were passing over an open bridge. He escaped by swimming, and they were all drowned. He fought in closed lists with the Colonel Palo- mino because the latter said that he had lost more honour than he had gained in the fight with the French ; both of them fought in socks and shirt with a sword in each hand, and he had for his second Perucho de Garro ^ ; and although he received a good slash, he cut off Palomino's right hand, and when he held his life in his hands he turned him over to Prospero Colonna,- judge of the field. After- wards Palomino denied that he had been defeated, and said that Garcia would never return to fight again. Garcia answered that Palomino must go forth to the fight in exactly the same condition as he had left it, while he himself tore off the bandages from the hand which he was nursing, which was a chivalrous act, but they did not fight. After that there was a tourney, with the consent of the sovereigns, between twelve Frenchmen and twelve Spaniards, who were Diego Garcia de Paredes, \lllalba, Pizarro, Andana, Santa Cruz, Juan de Haro, Juan de Gomado, Alvarado, two captains of men-at-arms, and two Italians. The Spaniards won, the said Garcia slay- ing two Frenchmen who were brothers. Upon this a brother of these two captains desired to fight to the death with Garcia, with fair and equal arms. Garcia de Paredes, as the challenged man, chose to go forth armed cap-a-pie, with maces and swords. The Frenchman, being unable to lift the mace, which was very heavy, appeared

1 Paredes (p. 257) has * Fu6 mi padrino Juan de Gomado, maestre de campo ; fu6 suyo Perucho de Garro '.

"^ Paredes (p. 257) says he gave him up to the Great Captain.

96 ANNALS OF THE EMPEROR 1533

with the sword alone, thinking that his adversary could do no more himself, and gave him a stab in the thigh-piece, which wounded him. Garcia then gave him a stroke with the mace which sank his helmet into his brain so that it killed him. After that he won three more combats within the space of two months, with friends and enemies, for all brave men desired to measure their skill with his, so that he undertook eleven ^ duels in closed lists and won them all, which no other man has done in our day and generation. It is also said that when some knights were discussing in the royal hall whether the Great Captain gave a good account of his expenses or not, Garcia placed a glove on the table and said that he would fight to the death with any man who dared to pick it up, if he said that the Great Captain was not the best servant that the Catholic King ever had. He was colonel of eleven companies when Navarre was conquered, and in the affairs of Fuentarrabia and Beam and Salvatierra.^ When the Emperor was going to Piacenza from Genoa he threatened the Count of Nassau, who, at the command of the Emperor, was drawing up the troops, and had wanted to put him out of the squadron of the knights because he was not properly armed. The Count complained, but his Majesty told him that that was Diego Garcia de Paredes, who was worth more without arms than another man would be with them.^ In Soria he broke a pimp's head with a bench, and threw another into the fire, and two women afterwards, so that one of them died ; also two low fellows who were laughing at him and asking for the food his servants had cooked for a gentle- man. On one occasion, when he was in a tavern on his return from the Turkish war near Vienna, a number of others attempted to eject him from it, but he defended the inn against them, and wounded and even slew some of his opponents.* Diego Garcia Paredes was a tall man with a large face, and one who was made more of bones than of

1 Paredes (p. 258) says ' nine'.

"^ Paredes (p. 258) has Urdabia, Monleon de Sola, and Salvatierra.

* This passage is not in Paredes. * Gf. Paredes, pp. 258-9.

1533 CHARLES THE FIFTH 97

flesh, and a great eater. He used to sleep with his wife with his sword unsheathed in his chamber, because of the number of enemies and quarrels that he had. His enemies gave him poisoned herbs, and put spells upon them, so that he was afraid to eat some things, and indeed on many occasions he completely lost control of himself, a fact which explains his failure to attain to greater dignities.

The Emperor returns to Spain greatly honoured and victorious.'^

King Francis negotiates with the Germans against the Emperor, especially with Ulrich, Duke of Wiirtemberg, and thus infringed the treaties.^

King Francis commands that seven legions of soldiers be levied in the seven provinces of France, which made more than two score thousand men, but they were not permanent."^

Elizabeth, Princess of Wales, is born, the daughter of King Henry of England and Anne Boleyn.*

Interview of the Pope with King Francis and Queen Eleanor in Marseilles,^ concerning the marriage of his niece, Catharine de' Medici, with the son of King Francis, Henry, the Duke of Orleans (they are King and Queen in France to-day) ; and also because the French King had hopes of getting Milan, which was already inclining towards the Emperor, because he gave his verdict in the affair of Modena and Reggio in favour of Duke Alfonso di Ferrara.*' The King at that time told the Pope that he neither desired peace nor a Council unless they would give him Milan, and that not only he would not prevent, but that he would actually further the coming of the Turk.

The Turks wage war in Persia, to their own detriment.'^

^ Sandoval, ii. 128.

^ In 1534. Cf. Lavisse, vol. v, pt. ii, p. 80, and V. L. Bourrilly in Bull.de la Soc. de I'H'tst. du Prot./r. for 1900-1, vol. xlix, pp. 337 ff., 477 fF., vol. 1, pp. 225 ff.

^ Ordonnance du 24 juillet, 1534. Lavisse, vol. v, pt. ii, p. 85 ; Decrue, i. 240-1. Each legion was to be composed of 6,000 men.

* Sept. 7. 5 Sandoval, ii. 128-30 ; Lavisse, vol. v, pt. ii, p. 77.

® On this cf. Guicciardini, iv. 403.

' Hammer, iii. 141 ff. Jorga (ii. 362) says that there were Spanish soldiers in the Persian army.

13(6 H

98 ANNALS OF THE EMPEROR 1533

The Danes seize their King Christian, and his son dies.^

The Year 1534

The Cortes of Madrid, among other things, forbid the use of mules for riding, in order that there may be more horses for the wars, and this regulation was observed for some years, and to such an extent that certain mules paid the penalty in Valladolid and in other towns for justice' sake.^ The Catholic Kings also forbade them forty years before, and this regulation was observed while the Queen lived, in conformity with a law of the Partidas which com- mands that knights ride on horseback for honour's and tradition's sake.

Sebastian de Benalcasar, lieutenant of Francisco Pizarro, who was afterwards governor of Popayan, conquers and settles Quito. He had previously been a muleteer, and because he had been unable to pay for a few donkeys he had fled to the Indies. Such a rise is the sort of thing which in this world is called good luck.^

Philip, the Landgrave of Hessen, makes war on Ferdinand, King of the Romans, with funds supplied by King Francis.*

Pope Clement VII dies, a man of ingenuous mind, who used to say that the world was governed with little sense, a statement which shows his wide experience and is well worthy of consideration.^ He was niggardly and revengeful against those of the party opposed to him, and therefore destroyed his enemies and made himself master of their lands, though he also did this from ambition. He greatly ennobled his family, the Medici, who were already powerful through their own efforts, and made his nephew Duke of Florence, and his niece Queen of France, but he experienced

^ In 1532. Cf. ante, note 6, p. 93.

^ Cortes de Leon y Castilla, iv. 635 ff. Sandoval (ii. 134) copies G6mara's account.

'In March. G6mara, Hist, de las Indias, p. 234 ; Prescott, Conquest of Peru, ii. 1 6 ff.

* Battle of LaufFen, May 12-13,

^ Sept. 25. Sandoval, ii. 133. Jovius (ii. 300) gives an interesting sketch of Clement's character.

1534 CHARLES THE FIFTH 99

much adversity, for he suffered great dishonour at the hands of the Florentines. He saw Rome twice sacked, and was himself captured.

Election of Pope Paul III, a native of Rome, without the votes being- counted.^

Kheir-ed-Din Barbarossa is King of Tunis.^ Lodovico Gritti, who was half a Turk, dies as he deserved.^

Alfonso da Este, Duke of Ferrara, dies.* He was very famous as a man of war, and knew how to preserve his own possessions, although in order to do this he changed from alliance with one sovereign to alliance with another^ and was blamed for so doing.

King Henry VIII styles himself Head of the Church of England, and seizes all the ecclesiastical revenues and tithes.^

The Schmalkaldic League of Lutherans and Catholics of which the Landgrave was the moving spirit.^

A great battle, and afterwards a good peace between the adherents of the Sophy and the Tartars.

Solyman enters Babylon, victorious.^

A great slaughter and rout of the Turks made by Delmiantes, one of the commanders of Shah Thamasp, who already had Spaniards and artillery in his armies.^

The Year 1535

The war against the Turks waged by the Emperor.^ The Emperor visits his realms of Sicily and Naples.'"

^ In the night of Oct. 12-13. Jovius, ii. 303 'non con le polizze de* voti segnate, &, come si costuma messe in un calice, ma con publico consentimiento, & con chiarissima voce di tutto il Collegio ' ; also Leva^ ill. 139.

^ Sandoval, ii. 139 fF. ; G6mara, Cronka de los Barbarrojas, pp. 412 fF. Barbarossa captured Tunis in August, 1533.

' Huber, iv. 49-52. * Oct. 31.

' The title of Supreme Head was recognized by the clergy in February, 1531. The second Act of Annates was passed Mar. 16, 1534.

* Formed in December, 1530. There were, of course, no Catholics in it ; ' y ' in the text may be a slip for ' contra '.

' A mistake for Bagdad, which Solyman entered Dec. 30. Gf. Jorga, ii 364. * Jovius, ii. 346-7.

" This refers to the expedition against Tunis. Sandoval, ii. 155-216.

'" Charles was in Sicily Aug. 22 to Nov. 2, 1535, and in Naples Nov. 2 to April I, 1536. Cf. Vandenesse, pp. 115-16.

H 2

loo ANNALS OF THE EMPEROR 1535

The founding of Lima, which they call Ciudad de los Reyes.i

Diego de Almagro enters Chili with an army.

Inigo Lopez de Mendoza y Ziiniga ^ dies. He was a rich Cardinal and Bishop of Burgos, and left a college in that city.

The sister-Queens Eleanor and Maria have an interview in Cambray.^

The war of Pope Paul in Perugia.*

Death of Francesco Sforza, Duke of Milan, whose life was an example of good and bad fortune.^ With him the lordship and lineage of the Sforze and Visconti came to an end.

Milan reverts to the Emperor.^

Catharine, Queen of England, dies, a worthy but un- fortunate woman.'^ She wedded two brothers by virtue of a dispensation from Pope Julius. She was treated badly by her father-in-law, who in order to force her mother to marry him, gave her little or nothing to eat, and fared even worse with her second husband, who in order to marry his lady-in-waiting put her away. She was very beautiful, so that King Henry VIII laboured hard to obtain her for his wife. She died happy in leaving such an excellent daughter as is Queen Mary, our Lady.

The Pope treats with all the princes of Christendom against the Turk, but does not accomplish anything with King Francis, because the latter demands Naples and Milan.^

King Francis seizes half the revenues of the French benefices, on the ground that he was going to recover Milan, now that its Duke was dead.^

^ Jan. 6. Cf. G6mara, Hist, de las Ind'ias, p. 236; Prescott, Conquest of Peru., ii. 24.

2 Gams, iSfr/Vj Episcoporum,'p. 17, puts Mendoza's death June 9, 1539.

^ Aug. 16. Gf. Spanish Calendar, vol. v, p. 538.

* This doubtless refers to the Camerino War. Span. Cal., v. 512-13 ; Leva, iii. 141.

' Nov, I. Leva, iii. 152. ' Sandoval, ii. 220; Leva, iii. 152-3.

'' Jan. 7, 1536. Sandoval, ii. 223. * Mother' in the text is of course a mistake for * sister ', I e. Joanna the Mad. Cf. also ante, p. 26, n. 9.

' Sandoval, ii. 219, 223 ; Lavisse, V. ii. 81. ^ Lavisse, V. i. 360.

1535

CHARLES THE FIFTH loi

King Francis addresses a letter to all the Germans, maliciously throwing the blame for the Lutheran heresies and the Turkish wars on the Emperor, and on his brother, the King of the Romans, and saying that he (Francis) was arranging a universal peace for all Christendom with the Turk.i

Philippe Chabot enters Savoy with an army, saying that he would straightway show what rights his lord. King Francis, had to that state.^

War between King Sigismund of Poland and King Vasili of Muscovy.^

Solyman, the Grand Turk, slays his deeply beloved Ibrahim, the which may serve as a lesson for the intimate advisers of sovereigns. They say that never did favourite exercise an equal influence over his lord in war, or peace, or enjoy such authority or favour, as did he. His fall was caused as much by his great wealth, as by his powerful influence ; and indeed he (who was no fool) used to ask Soly- man not to give him so much power, so many offices, and so much property, saying that Kings ought not to give away to one person what they took or asked from many. Ibrahim was a renegade from the Christian faith in his childhood, and rose to be Grand Vizier, than which the Turk can grant no higher office.*

Gonzalo Fernandez de Oviedo publishes the first part of the Historia General y Natural de las Indias, which was well received.^

The Anabaptists do great damage, but they pay for it thoroughly.*'

Violent religious war rages in Denmark and in England.'^

^ Bourrilly, Guillaume du Bellay, pp. 202 ff. ^ In March, 1536. Leva, iii. 161.

* Vasili died in 1533. Tliis probably refers to the Polish Hetman's capture of Starodub in this year.

* Mar. 16, 1536. Sandoval, ii. 220 ; Jovius, ii. 349 ; Hammer, iii. 159-63. G6mara follows Jovius closely.

''In Seville. Cf. Introduction, p. xxxiii.

® Miinster fell June 24.

■^ The Pilgrimage of Grace began in October, 1536.

102 ANNALS OF THE EMPEROR 1536

The Year 1536

King Francis most earnestly begs Milan of the Emperor for his third son, Charles.^

The Admiral Philippe Chabot despoils Duke Charles of Savoy of all his estates.^

The Emperor enters Rome, where he is tendered a most magnificent reception, and having arranged about the Council, he spoke publicly to the Pope, the Cardinals and other prelates and ambassadors against King Francis as the causer and prime mover of all the wars, and challenged him to personal combat, in order that another war might be avoided.^

King Francis replied ambiguously and weakly to the plain reasoning of the Emperor, and as to the personal combat, answered that his sword was too short to reach enemies so remote.

The Emperor takes the road for France with eleven thousand hired soldiers, and eleven thousand Spaniards, without much other cavalry ; he also had the fleet on the sea. He undertook very little, however, because of the mortality among the troops, and other difficulties which the war brought in its train. Many horses also died of flies. Both here and in the war of Tunis, it was felt to be an advantage to drink cold water, although the soldiers had diarrhoea as a result.*

Antonio de Leyva dies in Aix in France, though he had objected to going there for cogent reasons, and because certain soothsayers had told him that he would be buried in the church of San Dionysius, though it turned out to be the one at Milan, and not the one in Paris.^ He went to Italy as lieutenant of the company of men-at-arms led by his uncle, Sancho Martinez de Leyva, who was chief steward of

^ Sandoval, ii. 223 ; Leva, iii. 155.

^ Leva, iii. 161-2, and note 2, p. loi.

' April 5. Sandoval, il 226 ; Vandenesse, pp. 117 fF.

* Leva, iii. 168.

* Sandoval (ii. 232) copies this passage from G6mara almost word for word.

1536 CHARLES THE FIFTH 103

the Emperor, together with Luis Portocarrero, Senor de Fahna, when he brought aid to the Great Captain at Naples. He gave evidence in the war there of what he was after- wards to become, and still more in the war in Lombardy, when Pope Leo expelled the French from it. He won a reputation at Pavia when Francis, King of France, besieged him the year he was captured ; he increased it in Milan when he forced Duke Francesco Sforza to yield, and defended himself against Lautrec and obtained and retained that Duchy. He went to Vienna at the time that the Turk besieged it, being summoned there by the Emperor, and was desired to take command there because of his ability. The Pope, the Emperor, and the Venetians, and the members of the offensive^ League which was made in Bologna, selected him as their leader, as the best man that there was in Italy. He was governor in Milan after the death of the Duke Francesco Sforza. He came to France as chief adviser in that war, and died there of pains in his joints. He was always a good leader, and never gave the appearance of being beaten, though he often was ; ^ and moreover he was usually carried in a litter, for, being crippled in his legs and hands, he never rode on horseback. All men wondered at him wherever he went, when they heard that one who was thus carried around was such a valiant and excellent captain. He was called ' Your Lord- ship ', because of his great valour and ability, and even the Emperor did not omit to give him this title, which was an honourable renown, although the reason that men began to to call him by this name was that he had not been given any important title or office at the beginning of his career. In return for his virtues and services he was given the Principality of Ascoli and Monza and other things besides. He was very rich, and so was able to leave almost one hundred thousand ^ crowns to his daughter. Dona Costan9a, who married Francisco de la Cueva, Marquis of Cuellar; and

^ Sic for ' defensive ', as in Sandoval. Cf. note 8, p. 93. ^ B. M. MS. has here *ven9iendo muchas vezes' ('and was often victorious'). ^ 200,000 in Sandoval.

I04 ANNALS OF THE EMPEROR 1536

this was the first great dowry, of our day and generation in Spain, save for the great entailed estates. Certainly Antonio de Leyva would have been worthy of comparison with the great captains of ancient times, if he had been without vices, but he was rough, cruel, avaricious, and a believer in augury, as Jacobo de Valgrana, who, as I understand, wrote his life, should relate ; ^ but the rose grows on a thorny plant, and it is only by a miracle that great virtue exists without accompanying vice.

Count Guy of Anjou attempts to capture Genoa for the King of France, with ten thousand foot soldiers and two thousand horse.^

Henry, Count of Nassau, Marquis of Zenete and Imperial Chamberlain, fights at Feronne with seven thousand cavalry and twenty thousand infantry.^

Manco Inca, with one hundred thousand Indians, be- sieges Cuzco, in which there were one hundred and fifty Spaniards.*

The holy war which certain Englishmen waged against their King for religion's sake, and which cost them dear.^

The Turk sustains heavy losses in the war which he waged against the Sophy .*^

Doctor Juan Gines de Sepulveda is g^ven the title of official chronicler in Rome.^

The Year 1537

Lorenzino de' Medici treacherously slays his cousin, Ales- sandro, Duke of Florence, on the plea that he was a tyrant.^ Lorenzino afterwards died in exile and poverty, and even the Turk was unwilling to listen to him.

^ I have been unable to trace Valgrana's book.

^ Sandoval, ii, 232 ; Leva, iii. 172 if,

' Sandoval, ii. 229 ; Lavisse, V. ii. 91 ; Henne, iv. 10, vi. 119 fF.

* In February. G6mara, Hist, de las Indias, p. 237 ; Prescott, Con- quest of Peru, ii. 51.

® The Pilgrimage of Grace. • Jorga, ii. 364.

' Cf. 'Vita Sepulvedae ' in Opera (ed. Madrid, 1780), vol. i, pp. xxx- xxxii.

* Jan. 7. Sandoval, ii. 240; Leva, iii. 221.

1537 CHARLES THE FIFTH 105

Many wars In Piedmont between the French and the Spaniards, Don Antonio de Avalos, Marquis del Vasto, being governor of Milan.^

The Dauphin Henry, and immediately after him Francis, his father, go to the wars in Piedmont.^

The Count of Nassau captures Montreuil and besieges Therouanne with over thirty thousand foot and six thousand horse.^

King Francis takes Hesdin with thirty thousand foot and seven thousand horse.'*

Ten months' truce, which was the beginning of peace, arranged by Queen Eleanor and Madeleine, sister of King Francis, on the one side, and by Maria, Queen of Hungary and Regent of the Netherlands on the other.^

Solyman tries to obtain the Island of Corfu from his friends, the Venetians.''

The Year 1538

The Pope comes to Nice, the Emperor to \^illefranche, and King Francis to Villeneuve, which are all close to one another. The three never met at one place, for the Pope avoided this, nor did they conclude peace, but instead a ten years' truce, which was enough.'

Interview of the Emperor and of King Francis at Aigues Mortes where they dined together with Queen Eleanor and other ladies and knights. This was a notable event after the insults, wars, and challenges that had passed between them.^

In France and soon after in Castile the use of the little copper coins of the money of Bearn is forbidden.^

^ Sandoval, ii. 244 ff. ' Antonio ' should be ' Alonzo '. ^ Sandoval, ii. 244 ff. ; Decrue, i. 282. This was in 1536.

* Sandoval, ii. 243-4 ; Henne, vi. 195-7.

* April 7. Sandoval, ii. 242-3 ; Decrue, i. 301-2.

^ Truces of Bomy (July 30) and of Mon5on (Nov. 16). Leva, iii. 234. « Jorga, ii. 380 if.

■^ June 18. Spanish Calendar, vol. v, pt. ii. p. 206 ; Sandoval, ii. 257-9 ; Leva, iii. 239 ff. ^ July 14. Ibid.

* Cf. Isambert, Recueil des anciennes loisfranqaises, vol. xii, pp. 548-9.

io6 ANNALS OF THE EMPEROR 1538

The civil war and battle in which Hernando Pizarro con- quered Rodrigo Orgoiioz,^

The wretched death of Diego de Almagro at the hands of the adherents of Pizarro.^

Peranzures settles La Plata, a place in Peru very rich in mines.^

The famous battle of Prevesa between the Christian and Turkish fleets, which were the greatest that have been collected in our days.*

The Kingdom of Frisia falls to the Emperor on the death of Charles of Egmont, Duke of Guelders.^

Wars of King Ferdinand with the Turks.^

King Ferdinand and the Voivode, John Zapolya, who also is called King of Hungary, make friends on the under- standing that on Zapolya's death the whole realm should go to Ferdinand^

Interview of King Francis and Queen Maria in Cambray.^

Marriage of Ottavio Farnese with Margaret, the daughter of the Emperor, who was the wife of Alessandro, Duke of Florence.^

The Turks continue the war in Greece with the Venetians.^"

Solyman Pasha, the eunuch, besieges Diu, a city of the Portuguese on the River Indus, with ships which he brought overland from this sea to the other one which they call the Red Sea, but he did not capture it.^^

^ Battle of Las Salinas, April 26. Gdmara., Hist, de las Indias, p. 241 ; Winsor, Narrati've and Critical History^ ii. 527.

"^ July 8. G6mara {Hist, de las Indias, pp. 241-2) erroneously puts it in 1540. Cf, Prescott, Conquest of Peru, ii. 127.

» Ibid., p. 149. * Sept. 27-28. Petit, 178 ff.

^ Charles of Guelders died June 30. Henne, vii. 267-8.

* There was practically no fighting this year ; but an offensive alliance against the Turks was made between the Pope, the Emperor, Ferdinand, and Venice. Cf. Buchholtz, v. 109 ff.

' Treaty of Gross-Varadin, Feb. 24. Cf. Buchholtz, v. 108-9.

* Henne, vi. 211 ff. ' Armstrong, i. 292-3. 1" Jorga, ii. 383.

^^ Jovius, ii. 489 ; also Historia do Cerco de Diu, por Lopo de Sousa Cou- tinho in vol. i of Bibl. de Classicos Portugueses. Din, of course, is not on the Indus, but many miles south of it.

1539 CHARLES THE FIFTH 107

The Year 1539

The loss of Castelnuovo together with many Spaniards.^ The sad death of our Lady, the Empress Isabella, a woman of great goodness, and of the sort that men say ought to be married.^ She bore many children, but the only ones who outlived her were Phihp, our Lord the King, and Maria, who is now Queen of Bohemia with Maximilian, and Joanna, who became a widow while yet a child by the death of the unfortunate Prince of Portugal. The others died when they were children. The famous Cortes of Toledo.^ Rebellion of Ghent, the capital of Flanders.* The Emperor passes through France on the way to chastise Ghent, a fact which astonished all men, in view of the things that had passed between his Majesty and King Francis, when they considered the trustfulness of the one and the absolute security of the other.^

The marriage of the Lady Eleonor de Toledo, daughter of Don Pedro de Toledo, Viceroy of Naples, and Cosimo de' Medici, Duke of Florence, who was a man of high rank.*'

The title of official chronicler is conferred on Florian de Ocampo, who began to write the General History of Spain from the time of Noah.' He will have hard work to finish it, but he will gratify the public if he fulfils his promise.

The Year 1540

The Emperor punishes the men of Ghent.* The Turks enter Gibraltar, a fact which changed the nature of the fortifications.^

^ G6mara, Cronica de los Barbarrojas, pp. 427 fF.

^ May 1. Armstrong, vol. i, p. 295.

' Met Oct. 25, 1538; closed Mar. 30, 1539. CLCoXmeiro, Cortes de Leon y Costilla, v. 1-160 ; Haebler, Geschichte Spaniens, 283 fF.

* Henne, vol. vi, caps, xxv-xxvi ; Armstrong, i. 297 fF.

^ Sandoval, ii. 284 ; Martin, viii. 260.

" Mar. 29. Armstrong, i. 291-2.

'' Cf. Introduction, p. xxxi and note, .ind the lives of Ocampo men- tioned there. * Henne, vol. vii, cap. xxvii.

^ Rotalier, Histoire d" Alger, cap. xiii ; Sayer, History of Gibraltar, pp. 87-92.

io8 ANNALS OF THE EMPEROR 1540

The naval battle of Alboran, between Turks and Spaniards, which Bernardino de Mendoza won.^

War of Pope Paul with Ascanio Colonna.^

The Emperor proposes to give his daughter Maria with the states of Flanders as her dowry to Louis, Duke of Orleans, in return for a real peace, but King Francis, his father, refuses the offer because of his desire to gain Milan, which was the cause of all the wars, and, as he himself said, the thing which he desired most in life.^

The Emperor and King Henry of England, who had been much at variance, treat of peace.*

King Henry of England dissolves the order of St, John ot Jerusalem, which was a great blow to the knights.^

War in Transylvania between the Voivode, John Zapolya, its King, and Stephen Maylat, who was attempting to gain possession of that province.^

Announcement of a league against the Turk made by the Papal nuncio, Alonzo de Avalos, Marquis del Vasto, and Claude Annebaut, governor of Turing

The Venetians give the Turks Nauplia and Malvasia and over one hundred thousand crowns in money in return for peace, so ardently did they desire it, although they placed the blame on King Francis, who was in touch with the negotiations in Constantinople.^

Fernando de Alarcon, a highly honoured Spanish general, dies.^ He was a native of Villaverde and of noble birth. He was a leader of troopers at the capture of Granada, and also in Cephalonia with the Great Captain. In

^ Ibid. Alboran, Arbalon, or Arbolen is an island just north of Melilla.

* Leva, ill. 308. ^ Sandoval, ii. 288-9. * Louis ' should be * Charles '.

* Letters and Papers of Henry Fill, vol. xv, p. 662.

^ 32 Hen. VIII, c. 24. * Huber, iv. 65 fF. ; Buchholtz, v. 126 fF.

'' Sandoval, ii. 288; Ursu, Politique Orientate de Franqois I"", p. 114. Annebaut was governor of Piedmont.

« Jorga, ii. 387.

^ Much of the following paragraph was utilized by Antonio Suarez de Alarc6n in his Commentarios de los Hechos del SeHor Alarcon (Madrid, 1655). I have indicated in the succeeding footnotes some of the more important places where Alarc6n has followed G6mara, and those where he has diverged from him.

I540 CHARLES THE FIFTH 109

Giracia, when the war with the French over Naples began, he was wounded by an arquebus.^ He was a field-general against the Venetians at Brindisi, Monopoli, Trani, and other places. In the war of Ravenna he was field-general and principal commissary, and was also captured and wounded there. Don Ramon de Cardona caused him to be liberated when he reinstated Duke Maximilian Sforza in Milan. ^ He went as colonel of the Spanish troops to pacify Sicily when they drove the viceroy, Hugo de Moncada, out of the island. He had charge of the army of Milan by order of the Emperor, when Prospero Colonna was ill, at the time when the Admiral of France was routed, and because Alarcon took many pieces of artillery from the French on that occasion, he bore them in the border of his arms.^ In the battle when King Francis was captured, he made the breach in the wall of the park of Pavia, through which our men entered. They gave him the person of King Francis to guard, as a man on whom reliance could be placed, and when he had come with him to Spain, the Emperor made him Marquis de Val Siciliana, which had belonged to the Angevin^ Camillo Pardo. He went to France with the viceroy, Charles of Lannoy, to inquire from King Francis why he was rising in rebellion with so many other persons without first fulfilling his agreement with the Emperor. He also had the guarding of Pope Clement from his surrender till his release, and at the same time he prudently resisted the Germans, who demanded that they should have the Pope in their power, as a guarantee that they should get their wages ; and he even took away from them the hostages whom they had been given in pledge of payment, and who escaped by a chimney of the house which

^ Alarc6n (p. 171) says of this passage, ' El Cronista Francisco L6pez de G6mara refiere las heridas con que qued6 el Senor Alarc6n.'

^ Alarc6n (p. 172) says that Alarc6n was liberated by the Duke of Ferrara, who captured him. Cf. Zurita, Lib. X, cap, xx.

' Cf. Alarc6n, p. 250 : * Haziendole merced que las diez y ocho piezas de Artilleria que auia cogido a los Franceses y las cinco vanderas que les quit6 durante el sitio de Milan las pusiesse por orla en el escudo de sus armas de Alarcon.'

* Alarc6n (p. 310) has 'Ursino'.

no ANNALS OF THE EMPEROR 1540

the Cardinal of San Giorgio built; and this caused the Germans all to leave Rome.^ When Lautrec died, and the siege of Naples was raised, he was granted the town and marquisate of Tenda,^ and other places, and the keeping of the Castel Nuovo of Naples, which had fallen vacant by the death of Luis Castro. When the Emperor was before La Goletta he sent for him to get his advice about the war, which profited him much, since there was no one else who could better establish a camp or plan out the digging of trenches. He was called ' Your Lordship ' like de Leyva, in order more highly to honour and compliment him.^ He was reserved, but expressed himself well and wittily, and was cautious in taking presents ; he even refused to accept from King Francis a little piece of silver in France, and would not take thirty thousand crowns, which were offered him by the Pope ; in fact he lived a virtuous life, which is no small thing among soldiers.* He died of pleurisy, at a great age, and in high esteem. He had many grand- children born of an only daughter, who married Don Pedro Gonzalez de Mendoza. Jean Bonchel composed his history in French, and tells the truth without showing bias as other Frenchmen do.^

The Year 1541

Spanish soldiers slay Caesar Fregoso and Hernando Rin9on, as they went secredy and valiantly down the River Po to treat for the King of France against the Emperor, the

1 Alarc6n (p. 331) quotes word for word G6mara's story of the custody of the Pope and escape of the hostages, prefacing it with the following words : * No refiere el Jobio quien fue el que di6 libertad a los rehenes, aunque cuenta el caso . . . pero aunque este Autor no d€ con su silencio la gloria que mereci6 a quien los libr6, no por esso que- dar^ en olvido tan memorable accion como esta, debida a la prudente direccion y christiano zelo del Senor Alarcon, como lo escriue el Cro- nista Francisco Lopez de G6mara con estas palabras, hablando del Senor Alarcon.'

^ ' Renda ' in Alarc6n.

^ This passage is quoted by Alarc6n, p. 312.

* This story is told at length by Alarc6n, p. 329.

^ Alarc6n in his preface says : * No pudo haliar D. Antonio la vida que escrivi6 en Frances Juan Bonchel, aunque hizo exactissimas diligen- cias dentro y fuera del Reyno para buscarla.'

1541 CHARLES THE FIFTH in

one at Venice and the other at Constantinople.^ Rin9on came from Medina del Campo and was a man of great importance on account of disservice done by him to his King, and because of his negotiations for the King of France with the Turk against the Christians.

The followers of Almagro also slay at Lima Francisco Pizarro, who conquered Peru, a very rich realm, by captur- ing its king Atabaliba.^ King Francis allied himself with William, Duke of Cleves, against the Emperor, and with Kings Gustavus of Sweden and Christian of Denmark.

In Spires, where the Emperor held a diet, Julius Pflug, Johann Gropper, and John Ecclesio, Catholic theologians, hold a disputation with Philip Melanchthon, Martin Bucer, and John Pistorius, Lutheran theologians, who called them- selves Protestants,-^

King John Zapolya, the Voivode, dies, leaving his son Stephen, a vassal of the Turk, under the tutelage of Friar George of Croatia, Bishop of Varadin, and Diego \^iguio and others of his servants.^

King Ferdinand undertakes a war for the purpose of getting the whole of Hungary, according to the stipulations of the agreement which he had made with the Voivode, and it cost him dear.^

The Pope and the Emperor meet to discuss matters in Lucca, because the Council had been summoned for the following year, and also in hopes of getting peace with the King of France ; but the peace was not made, because the King desired the Duchy of Milan for his son Charles.*^

Solyman comes to Hungary, and threatens the King of the Romans and the Germans, captures Buda in breach of

^ July 3. Sandoval, ii. 295-6; Zeller, Diplomatie Franuiise, cap. viii. ' Hernando should be ' Antonio '.

"^ June 26. G6mara, Hist, de las Indias, pp. 244-5 ; 'PrescoX.i, Conquest of Peru, li. 179 ff.

'•/Spires' should of course be ' Ratisbon'. Cf. Kidd, Documents of the Continental Reformation, pp. 340-1.

* July 22, 1540. Cf. Hammer, iii. 224 ; BuchholtZjV. 131. 'Stephen' should be * John Sigismund '.

^ Leva, iii. 449. The agreement refers to the treaty of Gross- Varadin in 1538.

" Leva, iii. 454-5.

112 ANNALS OF THE EMPEROR 1541

his plighted faith, and expels from it the child Stephen and his mother, Isabella of Aragon, who had summoned him to come to their aid.^

King Ferdinand begs Solyman to give him the land which John Zapolya the Voivode had held under payment of tribute, but Solyman refuses his request, and demands in turn the rest of Hungary and appears in the neighbour- hood of Austria.^

The war at Algiers, which was waged by the Emperor with as bad fortune as that which Diego de Vera and Hugo de Moncada had encountered before.^

The Year 1542

King Francis, being much aggrieved by the deaths of Hernando Rin9on and Caesar Fregoso, and desirous of gaining Milan, wages war on the Emperor in many places. He continues the struggle in Piedmont, sends Antoine de Bourbon to Artois, Martin van Rossem aided by the Duke of Cleves into Brabant, his son Charles, Duke of Orleans, to Luxemburg, and the Dauphin Henry to Catalonia near Perpignan. He also makes an attack on Navarre, and solicits aid from the Turks.*

There are great preparations for war throughout all Spain for the succour of Perpignan, but they were un- necessary.^

The Emperor gives permission to those men-at-arms who lost their horses at Algiers to ride on mules.^

The Council of the Indies undergoes a rigid inspection, as a result of which two of the four oidores who were in it were put out.^

The battle and victory of Chupas, which the licentiate

^ Cf. ante, p. in, «. 4. Buda fell Aug. 26. 'Isabella of Aragon' should be ' Isabella of Poland '. She was a grand-daughter of Isabella of Aragon, the daughter of Alfonzo II of Naples. Buchholtz, v. 155 fF. ; Hammer, iii. 227 ff^ 2 Ibid., pp. 234 ff.

' Gf.G6mara, Cron/Va</e/oj J5ar^^?rro/«j, pp. 432 fF. ; and above, note 6, p. 46, and note 7, p. 56 ; also list of authorities in Armstrong, ii. 7.

* Cf. ante, p. in, n. i ; Sandoval, ii. 309 fF. ; Lavisse, vol. v, pt. ii, pp. 107-13.

^ Sandoval, ii. 315. « Ibid.

' Ibid. ii. 319; G6mara, Hist, de las Indias, p. 249 ; Bourne, p. 235.

1542

CHARLES THE FIFTH 113

Cristoval Vaca de Castro won over Diego de Almagro on the 1 6th of October.^

The Emperor punishes for slander those who put up libels in Valladolid.

Antonio de Mendoza, Viceroy of New Spain, sends his ships to the Spice Islands.^

The laws of the Indies are published, and put the people up in arms.^

Rene, Prince of Orange, enters the duchy of Cleves with the Imperial army and ravages it.*

Diet of the Germans at Spires, during the absence of the Emperor, at which the ambassadors of the King of France showed themselves very favourable to the Lutherans and to the Turks/

Summons of the Council, which was so greatly longed for, to meet at Trent,*'

War between the English and the Scots by land and sea,"^

James, King of Scotland, who was by no means well- beloved by his subjects, dies.^

The Margrave Joachim of Brandenburg attacks Pesth with a very powerful army for the King of the Romans, but without avail. ^

Caesar of Naples tries to capture Turin by stratagem. ^'^^

Beltrame Sachia of Udene plunders Marano, a place belonging to the King of the Romans.^^

Duke John Frederick of Saxony, and the Landgrave Philip of Hesse expel the Duke of Brunswick from his lands.^^

A very harmful locust thrives in Spain and in other parts of Europe.^^

^ Should be September 16. G6mara, ibid., p. 247 ; Prescott, ii. 224 if.

^ G6mara, ibid., p. 453. ' Ibid., p. 249 ; Sandoval, ii. 319.

* Sandoval, ii. 311 ff. ^ Lavisse, vol. v, pt. ii, pp. 109-10.

* Leva, iii. 472-3. '^ Solway Moss, Nov. 24.

* Dec. 14. ' In September. Buchholtz, v. 167 ff.

^" In 1543. Cf. Sandoval, ii. 320. Caesar of Naples is Caesar Maggi. Cf. Court eault, Blaise de Monluc, p. 178, note i. " Cf. Zeller, pp. 71-2, 304 ff. ^ Armstrong, ii. 12.

" In 1543, according to Sandoval, ii. 323. 1SC6 I

114 ANNALS OF THE EMPEROR 154s

The Year 1543

Friendship of the Emperor with the King of England, which the Pope took amiss on the ground that such an alliance was heretical, for he maintained that King Henry had incited the Turks to attack King Ferdinand.^

The Emperor makes his son Philip regent of these realms, and turns over the affairs of state to the Secretary, Francisco de los Cobos, and those of war to Francisco Alvarez de Toledo, Duke of Alva.^

The Emperor orders an enormous servicio^ both ordinary and extraordinary, to be levied in Castile.^

The Emperor passes over to Italy from Perpignan on his way to wage war in Germany and France with fifty- seven galleys, and more than forty ships with five thousand soldiers, and the Duke of Najera, the Marquis of Aguilar, the Count of Feria, Juan de Vega, and other knights go with him.*

In Pavia the Emperor gives Duke Cosmo de' Medici the fortresses of Florence and Leghorn for one hundred and fifty thousand crowns, and thereby greatly pleased Italy, although he did so in order to get money.^

Meeting of the Pope and the Emperor, which I am glad to tell about, in order that men may know the lengths to which the presumption of the Holy Father extended.^ The Pope gave out that he came to the interview in order to lend support to the Council and to treat of peace, though the chief reason of his coming was in order that he might buy Milan. He discussed the price with the Emperor, who refused his proposal, and told him that he was under no obligation to furnish him with an army, unless he had another equally large himself, and that some evilly- disposed persons would attribute his actions to his

' Sandoval, ii. 321-2 ; Fisher, p. 460.

^ Haebler, pp. 314 ff. ' Ibid., p. 320.

* Vandenesse, pp. 254-5; Sandoval, ii. 322. " Ibid., and Leva, iii. 470.

* June 22. Sandoval, ii. 323 ; Leva, iii. 478 flF.

1543 CHARLES THE FIFTH 115

having" a great deal of money. The final result was that after much haggling they arranged to meet in Busseto, a place feudally subject to two different lords, each with five hundred soldiers, and their guards on foot and on horseback, and one side held possession of one gate of the castle where both lodged, and the other of the other. They spoke together three times during the five days that they were there, not counting the first exchange of calls, the Emperor going twice to visit the Pope, and the Pope going once to visit the Emperor.

Gaspar de Avalos, Archbishop of Santiago, Francisco de Mendoza, Bishop of Jaen, and Martin de Gurrea, Bishop of Huesca, representing all the bishoprics of Spain, pre- sent themselves at the Council of Trent before Cardinal Morone, Bishop of Modena and Papal Legate.'

A report is spread in Germany that the Emperor was dead by those who desired to have him alive, in order to stir people up.-

The Emperor captures Diiren, a very strong place, which caused terror in the adjacent territories, because they believed that the Spaniards had claws like cats, which enabled them to climb up the walls, and griffins' teeth to tear people to pieces."' He has with him, not counting his immediate attendants, sixteen thousand Spaniards, a thou- sand light cavalry from Italy, and as many as twenty- five hundred men at arms.

The Emperor pardons the Duke of Cleves, to whom Diiren had belonged, and who came and begged forgiveness at Venlo ; and he took from him only Guelders, which was his own anyway.*

The Duke kissed the Emperor's hand after the custom of Castile, and was, I believe, the first German who ever did so.

* Sandoval, ii. 328.

" B. M. MS. has ' no le quisieran viuo ' ('did not desire to have him alive '), and is doubtless correct. Sandoval (ii. 328) indicates that the report was spread by the Emperor's foes.

^ Aug. 24. Vandenesse, pp. 259-60.

* Sept. 10-14. Vandenesse, p. 263 ; Sandoval, ii. 338; also Heidrich, Geldriscber Erbfolgstre'it.

I 2

ii6 ANNALS OF THE EMPEROR 154s

The Emperor also receives into his service Martin van Rossem, seneschal of Guelders.^

The siege by the Imperialists of Landrecies, which the French had captured shortly before, and which King- Francis gallantly relieved later, after having first taken Luxemburg.^

Warlike demonstration of King Francis, to cover his flight to Cateau-Cambresis, while the Emperor really wanted to fight, and even wrote to France and Italy that the French King was fleeing from him, and that he would have to follow him to the end of the world."'

The King had ten thousand horse and over one hundred thousand foot, if they had only been good soldiers, in- cluding six thousand Gascons, twelve thousand Swiss, two thousand Italians, and eighty-four thousand Frenchmen.* The Emperor had nine thousand horse, of whom fifteen hundred were light horse, and forty-eight thousand foot, six thousand being Spaniards, seven thousand Englishmen, and one thousand Italians. I desire to relate how the affair occurred, in order that all men may justly estimate the bravery of each of the combatants. It was clearly a case of fighting, in view of the exchange of challenges between them which we have already recounted, and in view of their proximity to one another. The Emperor arrived at his camp on Thursday, All Saints' Day, and on the Satur- day went forth on an armed horse and fully armed himself save for his head, which he left bare, in order that he might be recognized ; and he drew up the army, en- couraging each nation in its own tongue. Meantime seven hundred Low German cavalry who had gone ahead, had

' Sandoval, ii. 341.

* Oct. 20-30. Sandoval, ii. 342 ff. ; Jovius, ii. 717 ff. ; Arm- strong, ii. 16-17.

' Ibid., Oct. 30-Nov. 5.

* Sandoval (ii. 343) has obviously utilized G6mara's account of this aflfair, though his estimates of the size of the armies are very different. At the beginning of his description Sandoval says : ' Dire muy por menudo este cuento, y por relacion de testigos fidedignos, que se hallaron presentes, y concuerdan, aunque lo escrivieron sin saber unos de otros . . .'

1543 CHARLES THE FIFTH 117

already begun to fight with a part of the French horsemen, and the Spaniards, who were deploying on both sides,^ until they got to the trenches, kept continually asking Fernando de Gonzaga if they should enter them, though he, in an evil moment, refused. So the Emperor put on his helmet, saying to the company of his personal attendants that his chance had at last come, and that they must fight like honourable cavaliers, and that if they saw his horse or his standard, borne by Luis Quixada, fall, they were to pick up the standard, rather than himself. He then closed his vizor and made his way step by step towards the enemy. It was before midday, and he waited four hours quietly in one place for the King to come forth to battle, as he had proclaimed that he would do ; but since the King did not come forth, although the Spaniards near the camp did their utmost to urge him on, and since also the after- noon was growing dark, the Emperor pitched his camp and sounded ' taps ', only a quarter of a league from the camp of the King. Sunday passed in councils of war, accompanied by some skirmishing. When Monday dawned there were no Frenchmen there, and so there was no battle.

King Francis, as was afterwards learned from those who were taken in the pursuit, was afraid of getting lost, as he did at Pavia, when he saw so many Spaniards near his trenches (although he had been assured that there were not more than three thousand), and said that having succoured Lan- drecies was enough to vindicate his honour, since it was to this end that he had come to within sight of the enemy ; so, sending ahead his heavy artillery at four o'clock Sunday afternoon, he made them take off the big bells and the litde bells of the horses which dragged it, and even struck a carter because he made a noise with his whip, so quietly did he desire to accomplish his retreat. And he took with him the keys of Cambresis, in order that no one should go forth with the news of his flight, and at nine o'clock he went off with only three hundred cavalry. The Dauphin ^ Sandoval has * en dos alas ' (in two wings).

ii8 ANNALS OF THE EMPEROR 1543

followed with the army at midnight, without making- a sound, and before it had dawned all his people had com- pleted their departure. And it must not be forgotten that though only three thousand Spaniards showed themselves in review, four thousand came forth to fight the battle, for that is the sort of people they are. They murmured against Don Fernando, their general, because he would not let them engage the French army, and it is certain that the French were afraid, and that the Germans changed their black bands for red ones.

War in Barbary between Martin de Cordova, Count of Alcaudete, and Hamid, King of Tlemcen, whom others call Manat.i

Blasco Nunez Vela goes to Peru as viceroy, and took a chancilleria with him.^

Prince Philip and Maria, the Infanta of Portugal, are happily married at Salamanca.'^ His sponsors were the Duke of Alva and his wife, and there went to Badajoz to meet her, Juan Martinez Siliceo, Bishop of Cartagena and tutor of the Prince, and Juan Alonzo de Guzman, Duke of Medina Sidonia, who brought with him his brother, Pedro Giron de Guzman, Count of Olivares, Juan Carlos his son, Count of Niebla, Fernando Arias de Saavedra, Count of Castellar, Manuel Ponce de Leon, Count of Baylen, and other principal gentlemen of Seville.

The French and the Spaniards continue their wars in Piedmont.^

Ahmed rises in rebellion at Tunis against his father Hassan, who had come across to Italy to interview the Emperor, and when the latter returned with an army of Neapolitans he took him prisoner and put out his eyes with a red-hot iron, and did the same by his brothers Nahazar and Abdalla."^

^ Mercier, Hist, de V Afrique septentrionale, iii. 58-9, ^ He arrived in March, 1544. G6mara, Hist, de las Indias, p. 250; Prescott, ii. 259.

' May 13. Sandoval, ii. 251 fF. * Courteault, cap. iv.

^ This was in 1542. Cf. Mercier, iii. 56-7.

1543 CHARLES THE FIFTH 119

Ahmed makes a truce with Francisco de Tovar, Alcaide and captain of la Goletta.^

Barbarossa winters in France with the Turkish fleet, having first demolished Nice with the aid of the French.-

Solyman comes to Hungary with a great flourish of trumpets, bringing with him one hundred thousand horse, sixty thousand foot, and forty thousand labourers, but only succeeds in capturing Gran and some other places.'^

Belhdo Busto writes his history, beginning this present year.* He has been attached to the Imperial service ever since.

The Year 1544

The Diet at Spires at which all the electors were present with the Emperor, which has rarely occurred. At this Diet his Majesty granted certain things to the Lutherans, which the Pope took very ill, though they did not affect religion. It was on this occasion that the Germans declared themselves against the King of France, which doubtless irritated him."'

Fernando de Gonzaga captures Luxemburg with three thousand cavalry and thirty thousand foot, eight thousand of whom were Spaniards, brought thither by sea by \"asco de Acuna, a valuable man in war, and a good soldier and leader,*^

The Emperor advances with this army as far as Chalons, which terrified Paris and all France."

The battle of Cerisoles, in which the Marquis del Vasto, who was attempting to relieve Carignano, was defeated and lost sixty banners, although he had as many men as

^ Ibid. ^ Sandoval, ii. 349 ff.

" Buchholtz, V. 196 ft'.; Hammer, iii. 248 ft".

* I can find no historian of this name. Possibly G6mara means Bernabfi Busto, tutor to the Emperor's children, who published in 1553 Introducciones Gramaticales. Cf. Antonio, Bibl. Hisp. Nov. i. 187.

' Armstrong, ii. 25-7 ; Vandenesse, pp. 276 fF.

® June 6. Sandoval, ii. 367 ; Paillard, Irrvasion allemande de 1544.

' Aug. 30. Vandenesse, p. 291.

I20 ANNALS OF THE EMPEROR 1544

Fran9ois de Bourbon, Count of Enghien, who led the French.^

King Francis, thinking to capture Milan after the victory of Cerisoles, sends Piero Strozzi into Piedmont, but he was promptly routed at Carignano.-

Peace between the Emperor and King Francis promoted by Gabriel de Guzman, a Dominican Friar and student at Paris, in return for which the King gave him an abbey in Longpont.^ Granvelle, and Fernando de Gonzaga, and the Admiral Annebaut, Charles de Neuilly, and the Secre- tary Gilbert Bayard agreed to it, the principal stipulations being that within a year the Emperor should give to Duke Charles of Orleans the Duchy of Milan, with either his elder daughter, the Infanta Maria, or one of the daughters of the King of the Romans as his wife, in return for which Savoy was to be restored to its Duke.

Juan de Vega, ambassador at Rome, goes to bear aid to the Marquis del Vasto in Milan, which checked the French.*

The Viceroy Blasco Nunez Vela seizes Vaca de Castro,^

Queen Eleanor of France brings her stepson, the Duke of Orleans, to Brussels as son-in-law of the Emperor.''

The English capture Edinburgh in Scotland.''

Henry VIII, King of England, captures Boulogne in Picardy with Spanish soldiers, which the French King deeply resented.^

^ April 14. Leva, iii. 504; Courteault, pp. 155-71.

2 June 4, between Serravalle and Novi ; not at Carignano. Cour- teault, p. 171.

^ The treaty of Crespy, Sept. 18. Sandoval, ii. 374, 377-79; Leva, iii. 5270", The exact provisions of the treaty were that if Orleans married Ferdinand's daughter he should have Milan ; if he married Charles's daughter he should have the Netherlands and Franche-Comt^. Cf. Lavisse, vol. v, pt. ii, p. 116 ; Letters and Papers of Henry VIII, vol. xix, pt. ii, No. 249.

* Sandoval, ii. 365.

^ G6mara, Hist, de las Indias, pp. 251-2. Prescott, Conquest of Peru, ii. 275.

^ Sandoval, ii. 380. ' In May. Cf, Fisher, p. 462.

* Sept. 14. Fisher, pp. 462-3. On the Spanish soldiers see Letters and Papers of Henry Fill, vol. xix, pt. ii, p. 240, and references on p. 743.

,544 CHARLES THE FIFTH 121

In this year Paul Jovius closed his history,^ and if he were as straightforward as he is diligent, he would have written it well ; and even as it is, apart from his misrepresentations, he is a great recorder of the many mistakes which he holds to have been made in the management of the afifeirs of our land and people.

Rene de Chalons, Prince of Orange, dies.^

The Year 1545

Don Carlos, Infante of Castile, is born in Valladolid the eighth of July. ^

The Princess Maria dies as a result of bad care during her confinement, according to the report which was given out.'i

Juan Tavera, a cleric of great weight, dies.^ He was president of the Royal Council, and Cardinal and Arch- bishop of Toledo, Inquisitor-General and Regent. He was so chaste that he permitted no one to see his feet when his servants drew off his stockings, and a great secret negotiator, and so attached to the Court that he never left it. He left a rich and beautiful hospital at Toledo and a large property to his nephew, Anaspardo, and other relations, which did not look well for a churchman. Al- though he was so rich, he died without possessing a silver spoon with which to eat a pomegranate when he was ill, a fact which afforded an opportunity for clerical abuse.

At the same time died Jeronimo Suarez de Sevilla,*^ Bishop of Badajoz, who was hand in glove, as they say.

^ The meaning of this paragraph is very doubtful, and I am by no means certain that I have translated it correctly. * Errores ' in the text might be taken to signify misconceptions about Spain, rather than mis- takes made by her : thus completely altering the sense of the passage. The work of Jovius referred to here is of course the Historia sui temporis. It is somewhat strange that the usually well-informed G6mara makes no mention of his notorious venality.

^ July 21. Sandoval, ii. 372 ; Henne, viii. 177-8.

^ Sandoval, ii. 392. * Ibid.

•^ Aug. I. Gams, Series Episcoporum, p. 8i.

* Sept. 18. Gams, op.cit. p. 11.

122 ANNALS OF THE EMPEROR 1545

with Archbishop Tavera, a clever official of the King at the Court, and one who also angered the clergy by leaving about a hundred thousand crowns, although he was very niggardly, and also because he left them to Juan Martinez Siliceo, tutor of the prince, and Bishop of Cartagena, who was afterwards Archbishop of Toledo, who also died the richest Cardinal prelate of our time, the which was as much the more blameworthy, as he pretended to be the most zealous of men.^

Caspar de Avalos, Cardinal and Archbishop of Santiago,^ and Sebastian Ramirez, Bishop of Cuenca, and President of the Audiencia of Valladolid/^ die.

Death of Antonio de Guevara, Bishop of Mondofiedo, and a historian whose works were more voluminous than excellent, as was partly shown by the Bachiller Pedro de Rhua, Master of Arts.^

Death of Juan de Zufiiga, tutor of the Prince, who was Commendador Mayor of Castile, and in whom the Em- eror placed great reliance.^

Death of Juan de Silva, Count of Cifuentes, Lord High Steward of the Empress and ambassador at Rome.^

Doctor Miguel May, vice-chancellor of Aragon, who was for many years ambassador at Rome, and a learned and agreeable man, dies also.

Deaths of Garcia Manrique, Count of Osorio, President of the Council of the Orders, of Don Alvaro de Cordova, the Prince's Head Groom and favourite, and of Inez Porto Carrero, a woman of great renown.

Death of Charles of Orleans, which, though the Emperor was sorry for it, was no bad thing for him.^ The Prince was given funeral honours as Duke of Milan.

* On Siliceo, cf. C. Bratli, Philippe II, Roi d'Espagne, pp. 73-4.

^ Nov. 2. Gams, p. 26. ^ Jan. 22, 1547. Gams, p. 31.

* Sandoval, ii. 393. Antonio {Bibl. Hisp. No-v., i. 125 ff.) puts his death April 10, 1544 ; Gams {op. cit. p. 52), on April 3, 1545. On Rhua or Ruami and his Cartas Censorias cf. Introduction, p. xxxii, n. i.

^ On Ztiniga, cf. Bratli, p. 74.

•"' Cf. Spanish Calendar, vol. viii, p. 212.

■^ Sept. 8. Sandoval, ii. 392.

1545 CHARLES THE FIFTH 123

Blasco Nunez Vela, Viceroy of Peru, perishes in the battle which he fought near Quito with Gonzalo Pizarro.^

King Francis tries to recover Boulogne by force of arms, but cannot, because of the strong and vigilant defence by the English.^

The French under Lorges fare ill in Scotland.^

The French fight with the English on the sea, Admiral Claude Annebaut commanding the ships, and Leon Strozzi, Prior of Capua, the galleys.*

The Year 1546

The Emperor holds a Diet at Ratisbon for the discussion of the Lutheran heresy, at which, because of their non- appearance, he deprived John Frederick, Duke of Saxony, of his electorate, and Philip, the Landgrave of Hesse, of his lands.'' The latter was an arrogant man, who, pre- suming on the fortunes of war, valued at naught the possessions which he already had.

The Emperor provokes a war against the members of the Schmalkaldic League, who were all Lutherans, and principally against the Duke of Saxony and the Landgrave as rebels and tyrants.^ For this purpose he collected ten thousand cavalry, not counting his immediate attendants, and fourteen thousand foot, with two thousand sappers, of whom the Pope paid for twelve thousand." Fernando Alvarez de Toledo, Duke of Alva, was generalissimo of the

^ Jan. 18, 1546. G6mara, Hist, de las bidias, p. 263 ; Prescott, Con- quest of Peru, ii. 308 fF.

"^ Fisher, pp. 466-9.

' Gabriel de Montgomery, Sieur de Lorges, wiio afterwards acci- dentally killed King Henry II. Cf. Letters mid Papers of Henry Fill, vol. XX, pt. ii, p. 773.

* Both Leon and Piero Strozzi were there. Cf. Letters and Papers of Henry Fill, vol. xx, pt. i, Nos. 1069, 1074.

^ Sandoval, ii. 404 ff.

® Cf. Armstrong, ii. 137 «., for a list of the authorities on this war. G6mara may have used Avila, whose work was printed in 1547 and in 1550 (cf. Bib/. Aut. Esp.,\o\. xxi, p. xvi), buthe differs from him in many details. Cf. also Sandoval, ii. 407 ff., and Charles's own Commentaries (ed. Kervyn de Lettenhove, Brussels, 1862), pp. 127 ff.

^ Armstrong (ii. 139) gives Charles 28,000 men in all.

124 ANNALS OF THE EMPEROR 1546

army, Gian Giacomo Medicine, Marquis of Marignano, was captain of the artillery, the Marquis Giovanni Battista Castaldo, principal field-general, and Francisco Duarte, commissary-general. The principal cavalry leaders were the Archduke Maximilian, Philibert Emmanuel Prince of Piedmont, Wolfgang Milchling Grand Master of Prussia, Charles de Lannoy, Prince of Sulmone, Margrave Albert of Brandenburg, Henry Duke of Brunswick, and others. There were eight thousand Spaniards with the field- generals, Alvaro de Sandi, Alonzo Vivas, Diego de Arze, and ten thousand Italians with Duke Octavio Farnese, and eleven thousand Walloons with Maximilian, Count of Buren, and sixteen thousand Germans with many colonels and eighty cannon.^

The army which the Lutherans collected was composed of fifteen thousand horsemen and eighty thousand foot, with six thousand sappers and one hundred and twenty big brass cannon, and eight hundred carts of powder and ball and other munitions of war, eight thousand horses to haul the artillery and ammunition, and three hundred boats to make bridges with.^ Their leaders were Duke John Frederick, who thought to become Emperor, and the Landgrave, who promised to expel the Emperor from all Germany, and Sebastian Schartlin, who was a halberdier of the Emperor. Such being, then, the armies on both sides, and so furnished with artillery and provisions as never had been armies in Germany before, the Emperor defeated his adversaries with courage and prudence, as he demonstrated at Ingolstadt when the enemy's artillery was playing violently on his cavalry and he stood his ground firmly, which was certainly the right way to win a battle. Although the Duke of Alva sent to tell him that he ought to retire from the danger, which was certainly great and

^ Cf. Sandoval, loc. cit., Avila, and Vandenesse, 332-3, 329, on these names. On the Grand Master of Prussia, Wolfgang Milchling, or Schutzbar, cf. ^Ilgemeine deutsche Biographie,vo\. xxxiii, p. 136.

^ Avila gives the Lutherans 70-80,000 foot, 9-10,000 horse, and 100 cannon ; Armstrong, 50,000 foot and 7,000 horse.

1546 CHARLES THE FIFTH 125

manifest, he replied that if he should do so, it would cause his men to be afraid.^

Martin Luther dies- quite suddenly in Eisleben his birthplace, after having supped merrily that same night with a number of other Germans ; whose life, since it was that of the worst man of our times, it is well that I should relate, in order that men may beware of his heresies. Luther, then, was a Master of Arts, and became a friar of the Order of Augustinian Hermits, in terror and fear of being struck by lightning. He was an epileptic, though many friars believed him to be possessed of a de\'il, and some said he had a familiar spirit, and even he himself acknow- ledged that he conversed with the Devil and was well ac- quainted with him. He was made legal adviser to some of the monasteries of his order, being known as a vehement and litigious man, and when he gave up that occupation he began to study and argue in a new fashion, and in such a way as to win great fame. At that time it happened that Pope Leo sent indulgences into Germany to get money for the building of St. Peter's at Rome, and in the course of a discussion whether the Augustinian Friars or the Dominicans should preach them, he began to attack them, and soon afterwards, in the year 151 7, to write bad things about them and the Pope, and to ridicule them because they were not entrusted to the monks of his Order ; from which may be clearly seen the intensity of his malice and hatred. He then became so involved in rivalries, discus- sions, and disputes with John Tetzel, a Dominican friar and great preacher, that he suddenly began to fall into great heresies, which gave many others occasion for going further than he, as for example, John Oecolampadius, Ulrich Zwingli, Thomas Miinzer, and Michael Servetus, the Spaniard, who assailed the doctrine of the most Holy Trinity, and whom the heretics burnt as a heretic in Basel ,"^

^ Cf. Sandoval, ii. 4 1 6 ; Avila, in vol. xxi of Bibl. Aut. Esp., pp. 417,421. 2 Feb. 18. Cf. Sandoval, i. 78 ff. ^ Sic for Geneva.

126 ANNALS OF THE EMPEROR 1546

and David Joris^ the Dutchman, who now lives in Frisia, and who certainly is the worst of the whole lot, so bad indeed that neither Arius nor Mahomet can equal him. In addition to his heresies Luther was a tale-bearer, a liar, a slanderer, a revolutionary, audacious, stubborn, vain- glorious, rude, a cheat, buffoon, and drunkard, and in fact the personification of knavery, for he neither possessed nor taught a single virtue. He gained the adherence of the common people by speaking ill of the nobles, and that of the poor by speaking worse of the rich, and that of all men by overthrowing religion and attacking the Pope, and that of women by ridiculing virginity ; and so, by way of giving an example to nuns and friars and even to the clergy, he married a nun when he was fifty-three years old and had many children by her. He thus lived sixty-three years a bad man, and thirty a heretic.^

The Pope makes his son Pier Luigi Farnese Duke of Piacenza.-^

The Licenciado Pedro Gasca goes to Peru.*

Prices are high all over Spain.

Doctor Sepulveda writes a justification of the Conquest of the Indies, and P'riar Bartolomeo de las Casas, Bishop of Chiapa, contradicts him ; and on this topic there were many disputes and discussions.^

Wars at Tlemcen, Hassan Barbarossa aiding one side, and the Count of Alcaudete the other.''

Don Alonzo de Avalos, Marquis del Vasto, Governor of Milan, and General-in-Chief of the Emperor in Lombardy, dies at the age of forty. He was a very charming man, dressed richly, played the great lord, and was generous in

^ On this man cf. Sandoval, ii. 356, and Moeller, History of the Chris- tian Church, tr^ns. Freese : vol. iii, pp. 128-9.

^ Luther was born Nov. 10, 1483 : and married June 13, 1525,

* This was in 1545. Cf. Navenne in Revue Historique, vol. Ixxviii, pp. 17-18.

* G6mara, Hist, de las Indias, p. 265 ; Prescott, Conquest of Peru, ii. 340 ff, ^ Cf. J. G. Sepulvedae Opera, vol. iv, pp. 329 ff. * Apologia pro Libro de

lustis Belli Causis' ; Sandoval, ii. 4^2 ; F. MacNutt, Bartholomeiv de las Casas, pp. 285 ff.

* Mercier, iii. 56-63 ; Ruff, La Domination Espagnole a Oran, cap. ix. Hassan Barbarossa was the son of Kheir-ed-Din.

,546 CHARLES THE FIFTH 127

giving. He was skilled in arms, and understood well the art of war, but was not fortunate in it, for he lost the battle of Cerisoles. He was also very kindly, very courteous, and in fact possessed many and great virtues, and was greatly beloved on account of them.'

Fernando Gonzaga came as governor of Milan from Sicily, where he was viceroy many years.^

Juan de Vega, ambassador at Rome, goes as viceroy to Sicily, where he remained ten years and then came to be president of the Royal Council of Castile, and to enjoy great authority and reputation.^

Peace is made between Francis, King of France, and Henry, King of England. It stipulated that King Francis was to have Boulogne in Picardy by paying a certain sum of money within eight months."*

Kheir-ed-Din Barbarossa dies in Pera.^

The Year 1547

The Emperor having defeated the army of the Lutherans, seized the lands of the Duke of Wiirtemberg, although he immediately restored them, and also takes Ulm, Augsburg, Frankfort, Strassburg, and other cities which supported the League and the rebellion.^

Duke John Frederick recovers by force of arms the lands which Duke Maurice took from him a little before, and indeed regains practically all his territories.^

The Bohemians plot to summon Duke John Frederick of Saxony against the King of the Romans, and choose as

^ Avalos was certainly more than forty at the time of his death. Cf. the mention of him under the year 1525, ante, p. 73.

^ Stokvis, Manuel d'Histoire, vol. iii, p. 769.

^ Leva, iv. 210 ff.

* Treaty of Ardres, June 8. Lavisse, vol. v, pt. ii, p. 1 17. ' Months ' should be ' years '.

^ July 16. Hammer, iii. 269.

" Sandoval, ii. 443; Vandenesse, 338 ff.; Avila, p. 434; Armstrong, ii. 141.

■^ Armstrong, ii. 145 fF.

128 ANNALS OF THE EMPEROR 1547

their leader Count Caspar Fluch with forty thousand men of war.^

Duke Frederick captures in battle Marquis Albert of Brandenburg, and also Christopher, Landgrave of Leuchten- berg, and takes from them ten banners and twelve pieces of artillery.^

The plague in Saxony and in the armies.

The Emperor takes his army across Albis, which those who live by its bank call the Elbe, against the advice of his counsellors ; a miller showed him the ford, though some of his men swam across with their horses, and certain Spaniards swam it with their swords in their mouths, although it was cold weather. And this feat was the more courageous in that the Romans never dared to cross it, and especially in that the Emperor brought with him only sixteen thousand men.-'

The Emperor, together with his brother, the King of the Romans, conquers and captures Duke John Frederick of vSaxony in battle, with the loss of few lives among his own men, the which was great good fortune.*

The Duke rode on a dark bay horse, and was armed with a jacket of fine mail, and over it a black and white corselet which became him well. He was exceedingly fat, though active, and wise in war, though on that occasion he was caught napping. Less than two thousand Saxons were slain, and nine standards of cavalry, seventeen banners and fifteen cannon, and six hundred wagons of ammunition and baggage were captured.^

The blockade of Bohemia by the Imperialists.''

Philip, Landgrave of Hesse, comes, vanquished, to sur- render himself to the Emperor, which made a great reputa- tion for his Majesty, and brought grief and sorrow on him who presumed so much.^

^ Sandoval, ii. 445 ; Buchholtz, vi. 380 fF.

2 At Rochlitz, Mar. 2. Cf. Sandoval, ii. 444, and J. Voigt, Markgraf Albert Alcibiades,\o\. i, PP; 142-56.

^ Sandoval, ii. 447 fF. ; Avila, pp. 439 ff.

•• April 24. Avila, pp. 441-3. ^ Avila, p. 443 ; Sandoval, ii. 452.

" Buchholtz, vi. 404 fF. ^ June 20. Armstrong, ii. 153.

1547 CHARLES THE FIFTH 129

The Emperor grants the office of Imperial Elector to Duke Maurice.^

The Emperor captures in these Lutheran wars four hundred and forty pieces of artillery, great and small, a good part of which he sent to Spain.

Ferdinand, King of the Romans, conquers the Bohemians, and, though he was their king by election, does what he pleases with them all and their arms, privileges, and immunities, and even took from them more than two hundred thousand crowns of income in Prague alone.-

The battle between Pucaran and Guarina in which Gon- zalo Pizarro defeated Hernando Centeno.^

Death at the age of sixty years of Henry, King of England, who was richly endowed with the goods of this world, and possessed a splendid body and mind, if only he had used them well.'' For he was very handsome, rich and wise. He married Catharine, the daughter of the Catholic Kings, who was likewise handsome, and who had been married to his brother. He won victory in person over his enemies when he took Therouanne from King Louis of France and Boulogne from King Francis, and through his generals, when Thomas Howard, Earl of Surrey ,'^ conquered the Scottish fleet, and when the same Earl slew King James of Scotland in battle. He supported Pope Julius against King Louis of France, and showed favour to Pope Clement when he was in prison, because of his hatred of the Emperor. He wrote the Book of the Sacraments against Luther, in return for which Pope Leo gave him the title of the Defender of the Faith, by vote of the con- sistory of Cardinals. Up to this time he was a most ex- cellent King, although he changed his foreign alliances, but from the moment that he changed his wife and his

^ June 4. ^llg. deutsche Biog., xxii. 297.

^ Buchholtz, vi. 406 ff. ; Armstrong, ii. 150.

^ Oct. 26. G6mara, Hist, de las Indias, p. 269 ; Prcscott, Conquest of Peru, ii. 385 ff.

* Jan. 28. Sixty should be fifty-five. Sandoval (ii. 470) plagiarizes.

^ The third Duke of Norfolk (1473-1554), who served under his father at Flodden and led the vanguard.

1866 K

I30 ANNALS OF THE EMPEROR 1547

religion he became wicked. He abandoned his wife Queen Catharine, in order to wed his mistress and lady-in-waiting, Anne Boleyn, with whom he took much pleasure, but whom he had executed within the space of three years for adul- tery with George Boleyn, her own brother, with whom she slept in the hope of a male heir, as she also did with two other gentlemen. The day after her execution he straightway took to wife Jane Seymour, who bore him Edward, who died King. When she died, he sent to Cleves for Anne, the sister of Duke William, whom he also abandoned immediately, because she was dull and did not satisfy his passions; and he lost no time in wedding Catharine Howard, his niece,^ nor in beheading her also for adultery with two gentlemen ; and he then married a sixth wife, Catharine Parr, a widow of fifty summers, so terrible was his passion or else his insanity. But it was his fate to be blind in understanding, as a penalty for his sins. He began to get at odds with the Pope, who censured his first divorce, and scoffed at his excommunications and dispensations, and involved himself deeper in that error day by day. He styled himself Head of the Church of England, and diverted to his treasury the ecclesiastical revenues, which was tantamount to renouncing his obedience to the Pope ; over and above which he murdered three Carthusian friars, and Cardinal John Fisher, Bishop of Rochester, and Thomas More, who was Lord Chancellor. He also slew certain gentlemen, leaders of those who rose in defence of the holy Christian faith, and who had put themselves in his power on his promise to do them no harm. He despoiled the churches, dissolved the monas- teries, overthrew the Order of the Knights of St. John of Rhodes, threw the saints' bodies into the river, and finally suppressed the faith and religion of Jesus Christ through his kingdom.

Francis, King of France, dies after a life of fifty-two

' Catharine Howard was, of course, not the King's niece, but the Duke of Norfolk's.

1547 CHARLES THE FIFTH 131

years, and a reign of more than thirty-two.^ He was charming in many ways, and well upheld the royal dignity, and as he was by nature gay, polite, kind, and easy to deal with, he caused men to love him greatly, especially because of his generosity, which shone forth the more in him in that his father-in-law, King Louis, was detested because of his niggardliness. He indulged frequently in pleasures, and was sometimes open in his relations with women to an extent which looked far from well for a married man. He spoke his own language very well, and was eloquent, and the verses he composed are highly praised. He governed his realms well, save at the very first, although he overwhelmed them with taxation ; and he kept them up to the very end clear of Lutherans, by punishing heretics, and he would certainly have been reckoned a good and Most Christian King, as he styled himself, had he not summoned the Turk, to the detriment and scandal ot Christendom, in his hatred and enmity of the Emperor Charles, whose rival and even equal he desired to be ; and this was doubtless the cause and origin of infinite evils which cannot be related without the shedding of tears. The French exhaust themselves, and even some Italians labour in their efforts to put King Francis on a par with the Emperor Charles, comparing the virtues of the one with those of the other, without saying a word about the vital question of their vices and faults ; but they cannot accomplish it, even though they should credit the King with everything which they deny to the Emperor ; for it is a matter of common knowledge that Charles has the advan- tage over Francis in his manner of life, in his administration of justice, and in his respect for religion, which are virtues which pertain to the character ; as well as in riches and realms, which are matters of fortune, since sometimes they are won and others lost. For Charles never broke his word after having sworn to observe it, as did the King, nor provoked war, as may be inferred from the fact itself. But

^ March 31. Sandoval (ii. 440) follows parts of this account very closely.

K 2

132 ANNALS OF THE EMPEROR 1547

the King^ who played to win, as the phrase is, but never paid his debts, was always stirring up strife, as for example, in Flanders with Robert de la Marck, and in Navarre with Andre de Foix, contrary to his promises at Noyon, and in Naples with Lautrec contrary to his agreement which he swore to in Madrid in order to gain his liberty, and in Perpignan with the Dauphin Henry his son, in defiance of the truce of Nice. Some persons are pleased to approve of the shiftings which kings make in their friendships and leagues, perfidiously, and to their own hurt and even dis- honour, saying that such action is necessary and suitable as much for the conservation of their kingdoms as for their increase ; and they confirm this doctrine by the examples of King Ferdinand the Catholic, and of Louis XII, King of France, and of Pope Julius II, who frequently employed such methods ; although it would be much better to hold and keep perpetually to that which they have once agreed on, as King Sigismund of Poland has done with the Turks, and as the Emperor has been desirous of doing ; but since all men break their words, they maintain that to do so is not as bad as would otherwise be the case, whereas in reality it is just so much the worse, in that the evil is so common that no one trusts another in diplomacy, so dangerous is it to do so,^ Francis, you must know, began his reign with a great flourish of trumpets. He led his army into Italy by a new road, conquered the Swiss at Marignano, seized the Duchy of Milan and captured Duke Maximilian Sforza. Aided by this stroke of good fortune he negotiated with Pope Leo at Bologna, where they met, in the hope of being given the title of Emperor of Constantinople. He then made at Noyon an honourable treaty of peace and friend- ship with Charles, Prince of Castile, to whom we now render homage as Emperor, and against whom, on the death of the Emperor Maximilian, he competed for the

* This last passage is in striking consonance with the famous Capitolo Decimottavo of Machiavelli's Principe, entitled * In che Modo i Principi debbano osservare la Fede '. There can be little doubt that G6mara was familiar with that work. Cf. Introduction, pp. xxxvii, xxxviii.

1547 CHARLES THE FIFTH 133

Empire, with such obstinacy and ambition that he said that they never again would be good friends ; which prophecy he honourably fulfilled, for it is certain that since that day he regarded him with an enmity so mortal that it lasted all his life, as he always plainly showed in words, by speaking and writing- of him discourteously and insultingly, and in deeds by provoking war against him, and by soliciting against him the aid of Christians, Turks, Moors, and pirates. The thing he most desired was to be Duke of Milan,^ as he himself confessed, and for this purpose he returned to Italy in order to gain it from Duke Francesco Sforza, who had recovered it with the aid of Pope Leo and of the Emperor ; and while striving to conquer it he was captured and brought to Spain, which superadded to his previous enmity towards the Emperor an incredible hatred. In order to get free, he made and swore to the treaties of Madrid, and because he did not fulfil them, he was able to ' rest at his ease ', as the saying is ; ^ for he renounced them as if he were under age, and overturned all Christendom with his plans for vengeance. As a result of this action and of the ensuing alliance, fol- lowed the wars of Lombardy, the sack of Rome, the capture of the Pope, the siege of Naples, the enterprise against Sardinia, the naval battle which Hugo de Moncada lost, and the challenges sent by King Francis and by the King of England. But all this availed him naught against the Emperor's power and wisdom, which all other men called his good fortune. For Francis was forced to reverse his policy, and come to terms again, and to marry the Emperor's sister and to pay his own ransom in order to get back the Dauphins, whom he had left as hostages in Spain ; but for all this he did not forget his grudge. For he straightway held an interview with the King of England in regard to innovations in religion, and with Pope Clement about getting Milan, and he began to treat with Barbarossa and the Grand Turk in order to harass the Emperor in the

* Cf. Lavisse, vol. v, pt. i, p. 11 8.

^ Literally ' to lick himself, as in the old proverb ' EI buey suelto bien 5e lame ', * The ox that has been released licks himself at his ease.'

134 ANNALS OF THE EMPEROR 1547

Kingdom of Naples by a naval attack, since Andrea Doria had abandoned him. He usurped the Duchy of Savoy together with Piedmont in order to get an easy entrance into Milan with his army, thinking thus to win the Kingdom of Naples and take vengeance on the Emperor, his enemy, for which purpose he caused Barbarossa to come with the Turkish fleet to those waters, and summoned Solyman with an army to Cimera,^ and after all this, as his plans did not succeed well, he made a truce at Nice, whither the Pope came. A little later he and the Emperor met at Aigues Mortes, and not long after in Paris. On account of all this it was thought that never again would strife break out between the two. But the King, because the Emperor did not give him Milan as he wished, stirred up war in Luxemburg^ Artois, Brabant, and Roussillon, and brought on the Turkish fleet with Barbarossa, on the pretext that the Emperor had broken the truce of Nice by murdering Caesar Fregoso and Hernando ^ Rin9on ; and in this way he drew the war into the realm of France, where he was attacked by the King of England in Picardy, while the Emperor pushed his armies as far as Chalons, but just as the struggle reached its hottest, and his countrymen were getting desperate, peace was made. His relations with King Henry VIII of England were briefly as follows : he made peace with him thrice and war twice, not counting the raids of the King of Scotland, and they had two or more interviews with one another besides.

The uprising against the Spaniards in Naples, lasting three days, because the Viceroy, Pedro de Toledo, put to death two young citizens who were taking a cleric out of the hands of the police, and because, after this outburst, the Viceroy desired to take Caesar Mormilla prisoner ; although the principal trouble was because a Spanish woman broke the arm of a Neapolitan with a stone mortar which she threw out of her window.^

^ Or Khimara, on the mainland near Corfu, Cf. Ursu, Politique Orientate de Frangois /*'", pp. loi fF. ^ Cf, ante, note i, p. in.

' Sandoval, ii, 460 fF. ; Leva, iv. 341 ff.

1547 CHARLES THE FIFTH 135

The revolt in Genca of Count Gian Luigi Fieschi, in which he and Giannetin Doria, a noble sea-captain, met their deaths.^

The Pope commanded the Council of Trent to move to Bologna, in order to bring its sessions to an end, for that was what he wanted, but most of the Spanish bishops remained where they were,'^

The Pope calls back the troops which were with his grandson, Duke Ottavio Farnese, aiding the Emperor, because the latter's victory and prosperity were grievous to him,^

King Henry of France renews the lifelong alliance of his father Francis with the Swiss, and admits to it also the Pope and the Kings of Portugal, Poland, Scotland, and Denmark and other rulers."* And Counts Agostino Landi, Gian Anguissola, Geronimo and Alessandro Pallavicini slay Duke Pier Luigi Farnese in his own castle, as a tyrant and Frenchman, in accordance with the desire of the municipal council of Piacenza. They hang him by the feet from a window so that all men might see him, and afterwards throw him into the cellar, where they mutilated his body as his crimes deserved, for he was cruel and a most terrible sodomite, and even did violence to a bishop, who died of his anger at this affront. '

Piacenza gives itself up to Fernando Gonzaga for the Emperor,''

Pope Paul III and King Henry of France and the Swiss made a league, which they call defensive, against the Emperor in fear of his power and justice, the King on behalf of Savoy, and the Pope on behalf of the Council and of Piacenza.'

' Leva, iv. 236 fF., 350 ft'. ; Armstrong, ii. 173-4. ^ Armstrong, ii. 166.

* Armstrong, ii. 161.

* Cf. De Vaissiere, Charles de Marillac, cap. v.

^ Sept. 10. Sandoval, ii. 466. Cf. also Navenne, in Rrvue Historique, vol. Ixxvii, p. 241 ff., vol. Ixxviii, p. 8 ft".

* Sept. 12. Leva, iv. 369.

"^ Lavisse, vol. v, pt. ii, p. 147 ; Leva, iv. 369 ft"., 397 ff"., 422 ff'., v. i iff.

136 ANNALS OF THE EMPEROR 1547

The Councils remain in Aranda de Duero, while Prince Philip holds Cortes in Mon9on.^

Francisco de los Cobos dies in Ubeda, his birthplace,- who from a minor secretary of Lopez de Conchillos came to be Commendador Mayor de Leon, Senor de Sabiote, and a very rich man, and married his daughter to Don Gonzalo Hernandes de Cordova, grandson of the Great Captain, Duke of Sessa and Count of Cabra, and his son to Dona N. de Luna, Marchioness of Camara9a. He was stout, good looking, gay, merry, and a good talker, hard-working and secret, so that he gained the favour of the Emperor quite completely, for all the affairs of Italy, the Indies, and Spain passed under his hand for many years. Moreover, he got the governorship of Ca9orla for his son, Diego de los Cobos, as a heritable possession, and this was done through the mean- ness of Cardinal Juan Tavera, Archbishop of Toledo, who allowed it, in order to get the primacy for himself. He was very ambitious and so overrode the other secretaries and ministers, such as Secretary Antonio Villegas, and Jean Allemand. He had the gift of practically all the offices of Castile which depended on the Secretariate and fell vacant in his time, and of those of the Indies, and he got into trouble over the Italian ones with Diego de Idiaquez, his creature and servant, because he did not keep the office for administering them in his own house. He was envious and niggardly, and took presents right and left, whereby he became excessively rich. He was good to his friends, and so did favours for many who did not deserve them, though not without offending good men in the process ; and he even took away offices and benefices and pensions from those to whom the Emperor wished to give them, in order to bestow them on those whom he himself appointed, for the which he was known and slandered by many ; and at last even the Emperor got wind of it in the affairs of the relatives of his son-in-law and of his wife, Dona Maria de Mendoza, daughter of the Adelantado of Galicia. He was much addicted to the game of primero and the company of * Sandoval, ii. 469. - Ibid.

i54r CHARLES THE FIFTH 137

women, often feigning illness in order to get recreation from State affairs. He showed clearly that it grieved him to die, nor would he believe that his hour had come, and therefore his last moments were not such as to leave him a good reputation.

A chancilleria is started in New Granada in the Indies.^

Death of Hernando Cortes, a most illustrious leader, who may be ranked among the most distinguished men of our day.2

Truce for five years between Solyman and the King of the Romans and the Emperor.^

The regulation made by Juan Martinez Siliceo, Arch- bishop of Toledo, for the purification of that Holy Church, which was doubtless very obnoxious to those of Jewish descent.^

Arnould le Ferron of Bordeaux relates the doings of King Louis and King Francis in Latin. He is no bad author, though he speaks carelessly as Frenchmen do, and slanders the Spaniards.^

Nicolas Gilles also writes of the same Kings of France.''

The Aragonese, by decree of the Cortes of Mon9on and with the approval of the Prince, confer the title of ofiicial chronicler on Jeronimo Zurita, a learned, discreet, and very honest man.'^ He is writing the History of the Kings of Aragon and of the Counts of Barcelona, carefully, clearly, and truthfully, and another book called a History of the deeds of King Ferdinand the Catholic, containing events which occurred after the capture of Granada till his death.

^ G6mara, //^?j/. de las Indias, p. 274.

^ Dec. 2. Sandoval, ii. 470.

^ June 19. Hammer, iii. 275 ff. * Sandoval, ii. 470.

^ Le Ferron wrote Pauli jiemilii historiae continuatio usque ad annum Ij47, Paris, 1550.

® A mistake ; Gilles' chronicle ends with the year 1483 ; cf. Intro- duction, p. xxxiii.

■^ May 31, 1548. Latassa, BibUotecas de Escrilores yJnigoneses, iii. 425- 35 ; Antonio, Bibl. Hisp. Nov. i. 604.

138 ANNALS OF THE EMPEROR 1548

The Year 1543

The Emperor summons a Diet to Augsburg, and pending a decision to the contrary by a General Council of the Church admonishes all the heretics in Germany to observe twelve articles : namely, original sin, redemption, justifica- tion, works, remission of sins, the mass, the saints, the Resurrection, the Communion, the ceremonies, and all the sacraments of the Church, and the authority of the Pope and of his ministers.^

Meantime many Lutheran lords and cities fail to declare for him in spite of their promise, wherefore two thousand Spaniards attempt to take Constance, but are unable to do so on account of the death of their leader, Alonzo Vivas, a Neapolitan ; but what could not be accomplished by force was soon after effected by craft.'-

Prince Philip holds Cortes in Valladolid, which were protracted and inefficient/^ In them it was asked that no female head of cattle be slain for meat, in order that the herds might multiply, and that the whole realm should redeem the Moluccas, in order that Spain might have the benefit of their spice-trade, if only for six years ; but the Emperor would not listen to it, as a good brother to his brothers, or else because of the deceitfulness of the under- taking.*

This year was dry, lean, and dear. In Valladolid beef was worth seven maravedis a pound, and goats' flesh ten

^ The Diet met Sept. i, 1547. The Interim became law, by virtue of a Recess of the Diet, June 30, 1 548. Cf. Moeller, History of the Christian Church, tr, Freese, iii. 154-6.

^ Sandoval, ii. 473-4 ; Armstrong, ii. 200.

^ Met April 4, closed Nov. 8. Colmeiro, Cortes de Leon y Castillo, v. 346-484; Sandoval, ii. 487.

* It is worth remarking that the cuadernos contain no mention of this petition to redeem the Moluccas, and that the statement of Sandoval about it, on which many subsequent accounts are based, is copied directly from G6mara. As the latter, however, was almost certainly living in Valladolid at the time, his information may well have been exact. Cf. Sandoval, ii. 487 ; Colmeiro's Introduction to the Cortes de Leon y Castillay ii. 230 ; Armstrong, ii. 1 12-13 ; and paragraph 3 of the year 1529 of this work.

1548 CHARLES THE FIFTH 139

and a half, and oil nineteen, and the latter would have cost more had it not been for the whale oil. A pound of wax candles was worth twenty -one maravedis, a pound of pears, eg-gs, and prunes twelve, a load of water four, and a bundle of straw four also, prices which never had been seen in Castile.^

The Licenciado Pedro Gasca, who now is Bishop of Plasencia, pacifies the provinces of Peru, causing Gonzalo Pizarro to be decapitated after the battle of Xaquixaguana, and dividing up a million and a half of money, the which was a notable affair.-

Prince Philip sets up his court at Valladolid after the Bur^ndian fashion, abandoning the custom of Castile, which ought to have been kept, if only on account of its antiquity. The Duke of Alva was Lord High Steward, and Pedro Giron, Count of Olivares, Pedro de Avila, Marquis de las Navas, Gutierre Lopez de Padilla, and Don Diego de Azeredo were his subordinates. Antonio de Toledo of the Order of St. John of Jerusalem w^as Master of the Horse, and Antonio de Rojas, Ruy Gomes de Silva, Juan de Silva, Count of Cifuentes, Juan de Benavides, and Fadrique de Toledo, Commendador of Calatrava,were gentle- men of the chamber. Gomes de Figueroa, who afterwards inherited the countship of Feria, was Captain of the Spanish Guard, and a German of the German Guard, and the Count of Homes of the Archers. Many principal knights and men of wealth and position were attached to the King's person.^

Marriage of the Archduke Maximilian, son of the King- of the Romans, and the Infanta Maria, daughter of the Emperor, at Valladolid.^ The Constable Pedro Fernandez de Velasco, accompanied by many gentlemen, went forth to receive them at Olivares, with a great retinue and much expense.

Bartolomeo de las Casas, Bishop of Chiapa, manages to

^ Sandoval, ii. 489, copies this.

2 April 8. Gdmara., Hijt. de las Indias, pp. 271 fF. ; Prescott, Con- quest of Peru, ii. 419 fF. ,

^ Sandoval, i. 487, plagiarizes. * Sept. 13 ; Sandoval, ii. 488.

I40 ANNALS OF THE EMPEROR 1548

prevent the publication of the Hisioria General y Natural de las Indias, which the chronicler Gonzalo Fernandez de Oviedo showed to the Consejo Real de Castilla in order to get permission to print it.^

The Prince goes over to Italy with the galleys and other armed ships, as described by his servant and follower, Cristoval de Calvete, in Elfelicissiino Viq/er

The Archduke Maximilian and his wife, the Infanta Maria, are left as Regents of Castile and Aragon.^

Mules cease to be used, though many people a short time before had paid as high as fifty ducats for a licence to do so.*

The Pope, the King of France, and the Swiss announce their defensive league.

The Emperor takes the Duke of Saxony and the Land- grave with him to Brussels as prisoners.

The people of Bordeaux and of Poitiers rise in rebellion against the King of France, because of the increased price of salt. But the Constable Anne de Montmorency went there with an army and chastised them, beheading the chiefs of the revolt and depriving all the revolutionists of their arms and privileges, destroying city halls, and making cannon out of their bells.^ Whenever rebels fail to carry out their intentions they are not only lost, but also increase the wealth and power of their lord, as was the case in the rebellions in Bohemia, in Ghent, in England, and in Castile, although the Emperor did not employ severity in the latter case.

King Henry brings to France his daughter-in-law, the Queen of Scotland, who was less than seven years old, in order to acquire that kingdom.*"'

Sigismund of Poland, who had reigned prosperously

' Cf. ante, Introduction, p. xxxiii, and Jnnals, p. lor. Also Antonio, Bibl. Hist. Nov., i. 555 ; and Ticknor, History of Spanish Literature, i. 559-63. The second part of Oviedo's work was not published till 1850.

2 Sandoval, ii. 488 ; Antonio, Bibl. Hist. No-v., i. 677-8.

' Sandoval, ii. 474. * Cortes de Leon y Castilla, v. 367-8.

" Martin, viii. 380 ff. Decrue, ii. 56 ff.

* Sailed Aug. 7, arrived Aug. 13. Mary was not six years old at the time.

IS4S CHARLES THE FIFTH 141

forty-two years and lived eighty, dies.^ He won many victories over the Tartars, Muscovites, and Moldavians. He kept peace with the Turks, having taken warning from the experience of his neighbours. He converted Lithuania and was a loyal Catholic.

Maximilian, Count of Buren, dies in Flanders, a most excellent military leader, a cautious though illiterate states- man, and a great patron of virtuosos and of men who excelled in any single art. He died at the very hour and minute that the doctors had prophesied for many days before, and so departed this life well and joyfully.^

Mohammed, the Sherif who made himself King ot Morocco, takes Fez. According to reports he had eighty thousand foot and fifty thousand horse, fifteen thousand ot them blacks, and a great number of camels, and twenty thousand spearmen, whom he obtained from France, together with other arms and munitions, for he was in constant correspondence with King Henry.^

Sultan Mustafa, son of Solyman and Roxalana, goes over to the Shah in fear of being murdered by his half-brother Selim, whose mother was called Jalbahat Khasseki before the Empire."*

War in Tabriz between the Turks and the Persians, in which those who w^ere slain and died by disease numbered more than one hundred and sixty thousand men."'

^ April I, at Cracow. He was eighty-one, not eighty, at the time of his death.

^ Allg. deutscbe Biog., iii. 584-5.

^ Marmol, Histoire ties Cherifs, caps. Ixvii-Ixix ; Mercier, iii. 68-9, puts the Cherif s army at 30,000, and states that he entered Fez Feb. 1 5, 1550 ; A. Cour, Etahlissement des dynasties des Cherif s au Maroc, pp. 8-24, gives the date 1549.

* This paragraph is wrong from beginning to end. Selim, not Mustafa, was the son of Roxalana. Mustafa never went over to the Shah, but was put to death by Solyman in 1553 just before the Persian campaign. ' Jalbahat' is doubtless a mistake for ' Gulbehar ' or * Rose of Spring ', a favourite Turkish female name. ' Khasseki ' may best be translated 'concubine du jour'; cf. Barbier de Meynard, Dictionnaire Turc- Frangaisji. 681. 'Before the Empire ' may possibly refer to the fact that Mustafa was born before Solyman became Sultan in 1520. Cf. Jorga, iii. 123 ; Zinkeisen, Gesch. des Osmmiischen Retches, iii. 23 fF.

° Hammer, iii. 284 fl'.

142 ANNALS OF THE EMPEROR 1549

The Year 1549

Prince Philip arrives in Brussels, where his father, accom- panied by his sisters, the widowed Queens of France and of Hungary, awaited him with ardent longing.^

All the states of Flanders and of the so-called Nether- lands swear allegiance, one by one, to the Prince, who visited them all.^

Those states of Flanders which hitherto were divisible became henceforth entailed, and inheritable only by eldest sons.^

The Moriscos of Aragon beg leave to become Moors again, on the ground that the faith ought not to be a matter of compulsion, and that their masters did not object.*

The Bohemians, abandoning their ancient custom of freely electing their king, accept as their sovereign Maxi- milian, Archduke of Austria, swearing loyalty to him and to his descendants, a change which was effected rather by force than by persuasion.^

Maximilian grants life to a certain George Diaz, a Gali- cian of CaboPorferrada, whom the oflEicials of the Hermandad were bringing to Valladolid to shoot to death with arrows as a thief; such a thing had never been done in Castile before.

This year and the year before, Francisco de Artiaga and Pedro Gomez his brother, purveyors of cloth of their High- nesses, keep a gambling house with the royal licence. A little afterwards Pedro Gomez de Artiaga happened to win over ninety thousand crowns in money at play. The Alcaldes de la Corte sentenced him as a gambler to a fine of six hundred ducats, and forbade him to gamble any more. But he paid the fine and appealed against the pro- hibition, either because of his excessive fondness for play or because he had not finished paying his debts, despite the great sums he had won.

^ In April. Sandoval, ii. 488-9 ; Henne, viii. 365 ff.

' Henne, viii. 377 ff

^ Henne, viii. 387 ff. The so-called Pragmatic Sanction.

* Sandoval, ii. 490.

* Feb. 14. Ibid., and ^llg. deutsche Biog . xx. 737.

1549 CHARLES THE FIFTH 143

Bernardino de Mendoza captures with his galleys four French ships containing arms for the Sherif.

The Sherif captures Algiers and Velez de Gomera, and some strong places which the Portuguese held in Barbary.^

Bu Hassan, King of Veles, went to Flanders to ask aid of the Emperor as his ally against the Sherif, but he did not get it, and therefore allied himself with the Turks of Algiers and recovered his state. ^

A quarrel arises between the Canons of Valladolid and Pedro Manuel, Archbishop of Santiago and principal chap- lain to the King, as to which of them should conduct the celebration of Corpus Christi, because King Maximilian was to take part in the procession ; and because the Canons of the Iglesia Mayor were not present at it, they exiled five of them to Portugal, and punished the Chapter every man according to his deserts.-^

The Castilian Provincial of the Franciscan Friars is rightly exiled because he would not allow the nuns of Las Gordillas to receive the Marchioness of Monte Mayor.

The judges of the Royal Council examine the books of the merchants of Old Castile, and make great efforts to find out how gold was taken out of the realm and who took it ; but although the fact was indubitable, no remedy could be found.'^

Missing.^

The Year 1550

The encounter of Bernardino de Mendoza and certain corsairs.^

* Godard, Description et Histoire du Maroc, p. 464 ; Mannol, Histoire des Cherifs, cap. Ixxii. ' Algiers ' is doubtless a mistake for Aguer or Cabo de Agua.

^ Marmol, VAfrique, ii. 255 ; Histoire des Cherifs, caps, xc, c-civ ; Cour, pp. 83-4.

' This paragraph is quoted, with proper acknowledgements, in the Aula Sacra Principum Belgii of Jules Chifflet the Franche-Comt6 his- torian (ed. of 1650, Antwerp, cap. xi, pp. 40-1).

* Sandoval, ii. 490.

^ B.M. MS. has ' Falta una oja ' (' one leaf is missing ') in the manu- script (either the original or an early copy) from which the transcription was made. The fact that the text contains no reference to such events as the death of Paul III (Nov. 10, 1549) and the election of his successor confirms this. * Sandoval, ii. 502.

144 ANNALS OF THE EMPEROR 1550

The victory which Gasca de las Contreras won.

The capture of Africa by Juan de Vega, viceroy of Sicily.^

Friendship between King Henry of France and King Edward VI of England, who, being a child, was deceived into returning Boulogne by the bad advice of his coun- cillors.^

King Henry increases the value of money in France in order that it should not be taken out of his realms, and that it should come in to him from foreign lands.^

Nicolas Perrenot, Sieur de Granvelle, dies.^ He was much beloved by the Emperor, whose ambassador, secre- tary, and councillor he was for a long time in all his dealings, especially with the French and the Germans. He was careful, efl&cient, and influential for a man who was of no birth. He became very rich, I know not whether by fair means, and he revenged himself craftily upon his enemies, whom he regarded as envious of his good for- tune, as, for example, the Confessor Pedro de Soto and the Licentiate Juan de Figueroa. He left many sons, all of them in good positions, especially the Secretary Antoine Perrenot, Bishop of Arras, who is certainly a person of importance in diplomacy, in council, in his knowledge of languages, and even in literary matters.

Hassan, King of Tunis, dies."

The Year 1551

Prince Philip returns to Spain.*^

The Navarrese swear allegiance to the Prince at Tudela.^

Maximilian takes his wife Queen Maria to Bohemia.^

' September 10, 1551. Sandoval, ii. 496; de Rotalier, cap. xx ; Mercier, iii. 72. 'Africa' is of course El-Mehdia, the head-quarters of Dragut.

'^ Mar. 24. Lavisse, vol. v, pt. ii, p. 140.

•* Cf. E. Levasseur, Memoire sur les Monnaies, in Nowvelle Serie des Ordonnances des Rots de France (1902), vol. i, pp. clxxiv-clxxv.

* Aug. 28, in Augsburg.

^ Or Muley-Ha9en. Sandoval, ii. 504.

' Sandoval, ii. 545. ' Ibid. ii. 528.

* Allgemeine deutsche Biographie, xx. 737.

i55r CHARLES THE FIFTH 145

Leon Strozzi, Prior of Capua, with twenty-seven French galleys, seizes a Spanish galley and certain ships at Barce- lona during a time of truce.^

The King of France also seizes thirteen merchant vessels with rich cargoes which were in his harbours, which was tantamount to declaring war.^

Sinan the Turk takes Tripoli in Barbary with the con- nivance of the French.^

Duke Ottavio Farnese allies himself with the King of France, and abandons his father-in-law, the Emperor, which was the cause of many wars.*

The Council returns to Trent, in accordance with a bull of Pope Julius III, with great hopes of accomplishing good."

Pope Julius, aided by the Emperor, besieges Parma and Mirandola, but in vain.^

Ahmed, King of Tunis, makes a truce with Nuno de la Cueva, promising to keep the agreements of his father Hassan with the Emperor J

Antonio de Orio ^ loses eight galleys in a storm at Pante- laria as he was setting sail to attack Africa.

The King of the Romans is given Transylvania through the instrumentality of Friar George of Croatia, who brings Queen Isabella and her son Stephen to Vienna.^

War in Transylvania between the Turks with the Beglier- beg of Greece, and the King of the Romans with Giovanni Battista Castaldo, in which there was a Spanish division under the Field-General Aldava.^°

Friar George of Croatia, Cardinal and Bishop of Varadin^

^ Sandoval, ii. 517. ^ Ibid.

' Ibid. ii. 520 ; de Rotalier, cap. xxii ; Mercier, iii, 73.

* Sandoval, ii. 516, 521 ; Armstrong, ii. 240-1. " Leva, V. 190 ff. ; Moeller, tr. Freese, iii. 240.

' Sandoval, ii. 521 ; Leva, v. 202 fF. ; Armstrong, ii, 241 ff.

"^ I can find no corroboration of this statement, Cf, Marmol, Le Royaumede Tunis, in his V Jfrique, vol, ii, pp, 489 ff. ; and A. Rousseau, Annales Tunisiennes, pp. 23-4.

* Probably a mistake for Andrea Doria : cf. Sandoval, ii. 517, and ante, note i, p. 144. ' cf. ante, p. iii, «. 4 ; also Huber, iv, 159.

^^ Huber, iv. 168 ; Hammer, iii, 290, 'Beglierbeg of Greece' should be ' Beglierbeg of Rumelia ' (Mohammed Sokolli).

146 ANNALS OF THE EMPEROR 1551

is put to death by the sword at Alvincz while a prisoner in the hands of Sforza Pallavicino and of Marco Antonio Ferrari, Secretary of Giovanni Battista [Castaldo], because he allied himself with the Turks against the King of the Romans. The Pope showed great severity to the mur- derers of the Cardinal, excommunicating those who com- mitted the crime and their abettors.^

Ferdinand de San Severino, Prince of Salerno, goes over to the King of France, because of his hatred of the Viceroy Pedro de Toledo, who discovered his treacherous dealings.^

Queen Maria causes certain merchandize to be taken from the French in Flanders in return for the affair of the merchant vessels.^

King Henry of France intrigues with many Germans against the Emperor.*

The King of France enters Lorraine, and seizes the person of Duke Charles, telling the Duchess Christina, his mother, that he intended to marry him to one of his daughters.^

The King of France captures Metz in Lorraine, having with him over fifty companies of soldiers, and three regi- ments, which they say were composed of Germans, with Sebastian Schartlin, the Rhinegrave, and Reckenrot, and fifteen hundred men-at-arms, and twenty-five hundred light cavalry.^

The King of France, entering Germany with an army, is amicably received in Strassburg and Hagenau, and other places, but soon after returns in accordance with the wishes of those who summoned him, and because a Flemish army was entering his own land.^

Count Adrian de Roeulx captured Stenay, which was

^ Dec. 18. Huber, iv. 166 fF. ; Hammer, iii. 297.

^ Sandoval, ii. 548, 555.

' Ibid. ii. 517. Cf. also ante, paragraph 5 of this year.

* Sandoval, ii. 529 ; Lavisse, vol. v, pt. ii, pp. 145-6.

" In March, 1552. Armstrong, ii. 249 ; Decrue, ii. 117 ff.

* April 10, 1552. Lavisse, vol. ii, pt. ii, p. 149. The Rhinegrave was Philippe de Salm. On Reckenroth cf. Courteault, pp. 13,233.

' May-July, 1552. Cf. Decrue, ii. 121 fF. ; Sandoval, ii. 531 ; Lavisse, vol. V, pt. ii, pp. 150 fF.

I55I CHARLES THE FIFTH 147

defended by Bourdillon with nearly four thousand horse and twenty thousand foot.^

The King of France captures Damvillers, Ivoy, and Bouillon, and other places. ^

Marco Guazzo's chronicle continues up to this year. Though his own Italians call him a charlatan, he displays much diligence in writing his history.^

The Year 1552

Duke Maurice supports the King of France against the Emperor, and they enter into an alliance through the instrumentality of Jean de Fraisse, Bishop of Bayonne.^

Duke Maurice causes the Emperor, who was ill-prepared, to flee from Innsbruck, because he did not release the Land- grave, his father-in-law.^

The Emperor releases Frederick, Duke of Saxony.^

The Margrave Albert of Brandenburg wages a cruel war against Wolfgang, the Grand Master of Prussia, and against Nuremberg, a very rich city, and against the Bishops ot Bamberg and Frankfort, Worms, Spires, Mainz, and Treves.^

Peace between the Emperor and Duke Maurice arranged by King Ferdinand at Passau, with the stipulation that the Landgrave should be released.^

The Siennese drive out Francis de Alava, who had with him six hundred Spaniards, with the aid of the King of France, to whom they surrender themselves with all the honours of war. They destroy the fortress built in the city by Diego Hurtado de Mendoza, ambassador in Rome, on whom

^ This is quite inexact. Stenay was taken in early May, 1552, by the Count of Mansfeld. Cf. Henne, ix. 201. Sandoval (ii. 532) erroneously states that it was captured by Martin van Rossern.

^ Sandoval, ii. 532 ; Decrue, ii. 125 fF.

' ' Cronica . . . di fatti recorsi dal principio del mondo sino a questi tempi.' Venice, 1553.

* Treaty of Chambord, Jan. 14. ^ Armstrong, ii. 252 If.

* Sept. I. AUgemeine deutsche Biographie,-^\y. 12^. ■' Ibid. i. 254-5 ; Sandoval, ii. 535.

* August 2. Cf. Barge, Verhandiungen %u Ltnz und %u Passau.

L 2

148 ANNALS OF THE EMPEROR 1553

our people lay the blame for this war, and even the Siennese confess that in trying to kill him they killed the horse on which he was mounted when riding past the fortress one day.^

The Prince holds Cortes at Mon^on, the delegates having few instructions from their constituents.^

The noble battle near Oran in which Don Martin of Cordova with eleven thousand horse and five thousand Spanish foot-soldiers captures the King of Tlemcen, who was bringing thirty thousand M ors to his master Solyman.^

The Infanta Joanna goes to Portugal to wed King John. Pedro de Acosta, Bishop of Osma, Diego Lopez de Pacheco, Duke of Escalona, Luis Vanegas, the Purveyor-in-chief, and Lorenzo Perez, ambassador of the King of Portugal, accompanied her. The Duke of Aveyro and the Bishop of Coimbra received her at the Caya.*

Sinan the Turk captures seven galleys from Prince Andrea Doria in Ponza.^

The Emperor besieges Metz in Lorraine in October with the biggest army he ever collected at his own expense, for according to his pay-roll he had six thousand Spaniards, four thousand Italians, forty-nine thousand Germans of the Upper and Lower Rhine, five thousand sappers, ten thou- sand horse in addition to his immediate attendants, one hundred and twenty-seven pieces of artillery, seventeen thousand cannon-balls, four thousand quintals of powder, and six thousand horses to drag the artillery and ammu- nition. The Duke of Alva was his general-in-chief.*^

Bustan Pasha brings a great army to fight against the

^ Sandoval, ii. 537 ; Sozzini in Archi'vo Storico Italiano, ii. 73 fF., 518 fF. ; Armstrong, ii. 282-5.

"^ Sandoval, ii. 549.

^ This is doubtless the battle mentioned in RufF, Domination Espagnole a Oran, p. 131. See also General Sandoval in the Revue Africaine, vol. xv, p. 283. The Turkish King of Tlemcen was apparently a certain Hamida. I have taken the 'almere' of the text as a mistake for * al emir ', which may be roughly translated * to his ruler ' or ' master ', as I have done.

* Sandoval (ii. 549) plagiarizes here. The Caya or Caia joins the Guadiana just below Badajoz. ' King John ' should be * Prince John '.

® Sandoval, ii. 548-9 ; Petit, p. 321.

® Sandoval, ii. 536-7; Armstrong (ii. 269) tells us that the total besieging force 'is said to have numbered 75,000'.

1552 CHARLES THE FIFTH 149

Sophy, and loses many men, for the Janizaries were unwill- ing to fight against Mustafa.^

The Turks capture Temesvar in Transylvania and other towns of the King of the Romans.^

Great wars and rebellions take place in Wallachia.

The Year 1553

The Emperor loses many men and horses at Metz, through sickness and cold, and therefore raised the siege.^

Count Adrian de Roeulx dies at Therouanne. He was the Emperor's generalissimo at that place and had been his Lord High Steward, and his Majesty trusted him much in great affairs.*

Capture and sack of Therouanne, a very strong place. Fhilibert Emmanuel, Prince of Savoy, was General-in-chief of the Emperor, and Juan Velez de Guevara was field- general of the Spaniards. It was through the latter's valour that the town was taken.^

The capture of Hesdin, whose castle was exceedingly strong, by the Prince of Piedmont, the Spaniards being led by Luis Mendes Quixada de Villa Garcia, steward of the Emperor,*^

Pedro de Toledo dies in Florence as he was coming on to lay siege to Siena.^ He was Marquis of Villa Franca in right of his wife, and because of his valour he was made Comendador de Azgava and Viceroy of Naples. He was a man of weight and authority, and so fulfilled his duties well. He exercised his powers to the utmost, a fact which caused him to be disliked by many, although this was also because he was so harsh. He got much money out of that realm for the Emperor, through taxes and loans. He greatly enriched the city with fountains, streets, and pave-

^ Hammer, iii. 312 ; also ante, note 4, p. 141.

2 Ibid. iii. 501. ' In January.

* Sandoval, ii. 551-2 ; Armstrong, ii. 273.

^ Ibid. ^ July 17. Decrue, ii. 142-3.

■^ Sandoval (ii. 547) plagiarizes here. Armstrong, ii. 168-71.

I50 ANNALS OF THE EMPEROR 1553

merits, and with the castle of San Martin,^ which he made very strong. He was likewise a gambler, a heavy eater, and very arrogant.

King Henry of France follows the Imperial army with his own very powerful force, and catches up with it and prepares for battle at the town of Valenciennes, which the Emperor had entered a little before, but he turned and went no further when brought face to face with a few Spaniards who were awaiting him outside the town.^

Prince Philip negotiates for a marriage with the Infanta Maria of Portugal, daughter of King Manuel and sister of his own mother, the Empress, which was a very great impediment.^

The Prince makes great gifts out of his own property to Ruy Gomes de Silva, who wedded the daughter and heiress of the Count of Mileto, and to Juan de Benavides, who also wedded the heiress of Pedro de Navarra, Marquis of Cortes.

Edward VI, King of England, dies at the age of sixteen years, there being suspicions of poison,* Though he had two sisters, he left as his successors on the throne his cousins, the daughters ^ of that Mary who married Louis XII, King of France, and afterwards Charles Brandon, Duke of Suffolk ; and this was done at the inducement of John, Duke of Northumberland, his guardian and counsellor. The Duke of Northumberland proclaimed as Queen of England Jane, who was the elder daughter ^ of Mary, who had been Queen of France, and of the Duke of Suffolk, and who was also his own daughter-in-law through her marriage to his son Guildford, Earl of Warwick.*^

Mary, Princess of Wales, eldest and legitimate daughter of Henry VIII, proclaims herself Queen of England, raises an army, takes the field, and awaits the attack of the Duke of Northumberland, who was moving against her with an

1 Sic for ' Santelmo '. * San Martin ' is the name of a Carthusian monastery near by.

^ Sandoval, ii. 553 ff. ; Decrue, ii. 146. ' Sandoval, ii. 557.

* July 6. Sandoval, ii. 557 ; Pollard, Political History of England, jj4'j-i6oj, p. 88. On the suspicions of poison cf. Diet. Nat. Biog., xvii. 89.

® Should of course be * grand-daughters '.

* Guildford Dudley never had this title.

1553

CHARLES THE FIFTH i;;i

army ; but he gave himself up without fighting, and soon after was beheaded as a traitor, and after him his son Guildford and his daughter-in-law.^

The Prince of Salerno and the French ambassador bring on the Turkish fleet to support the King of France.^

The Turks seize the Strait of Bonifacio off Corsica for the King of France, through the treachery of Antonio Caneto of Genoa. ^

The King of France brings up one hundred and thirty companies of soldiers and more than six thousand cavalry.

The Year 1554

John, Prince of Portugal, dies, leaving his wife pregnant.* Birth of Sebastian, Prince of Portugal, who is king there now.^

Prince Philip goes to marry Queen Mary of England,'' The Infanta Joanna, recently widowed, is regent in Castile and Aragon.^ Honorato Juan, a Valencian gentle- man, begins to act as tutor of the Infante Don Carlos, our master. He was a man of great learning, wise, sober, upright, prudent, and capable of discharging that office, and moreover he was the man who had been chosen to teach the King, our master, when the Emperor desired to remove Siliceo.

The Emperor abdicates the Kingdom of Naples and the Duchy of Milan in favour of his son, and this abdication, brought over by the Regent Figueroa, was proclaimed at Winchester when Philip celebrated his marriage with the Queen. ^

Saint- Andre, the Marechal de France, captures Marien- burg, a strong place, owing to the negligence of Captain Martin.^

1 Sandoval, ii. 557 ; Pollard, pp. 89 if. "^ Sandoval, ii. 555-6.

^ Ibid, and Decrue, ii. 137. * Sandoval, ii. 560.

^ Ibid. Sebastian succeeded his grandfather as King of Portugal, June II, 1557.

^ July 13. "^ Sandoval, ii. 561.

* Ibid., p. 563. 3 June 27. Decrue, ii. 152.

152 ANNALS OF THE EMPEROR 1554

Henry, King of France, taking the field with thirty thousand soldiers, of whom eight thousand were Lanz- knechts and eight thousand Swiss, and with six thousand horse and many cannon, captures Dinant.^ Captain Julian Romero, who had entered the place a little before with some Spaniards, was captured there through his own fault and ignorance as he went forth to discuss terms of surrender. Valour and prudence seldom abide in the same man.

The King of France enters and fires the county of Hainault with his army, and destroys Binche and Marimont, Queen Maria's pleasure resorts.

The King of France lays siege to Renty, which caused hatred and tribulation in the lands of the Emperor.^

The battle near Renty between the Emperor and the King of France, in which the Spanish arquebusiers, at first successful under Captain Alonzo Navarrete, were finally routed.^

The King of France abandons the siege of Renty in ear, although he celebrated the battle there as a victory, because he had captured certain pieces of artillery and many banners.^

The King of France follows the Emperor, devastating and burning the lands through which he passed.^

The Emperor fortifies Hesdin at great expense, because it was an important place.^

The war in Corsica between the French, under Paul de Termes, and the Genoese, aided by the Emperor with Spanish funds and men. The latter were led by Alonzo Luis de Lugo, governor of TenerifFe.^

The siege of Siena by Gian Giacomo de Medicino, Marquis of Marignano, on behalf of the Emperor and of Duke Cosimo of Florence.^

^ July 12. Decrue, ii. 153. Sandoval (ii. 564) again plagiarizes.

2 Decrue, ii. 154. ^ Ibid., pp. 155-6.

* Aug. 13. Decrue, ii. 156.

** Aug. 15. Sandoval, ii. 565 ; Decrue, ii. 157. * Ibid.

"^ Ibid. * Sandoval, ii. 556 ; Petit, cap. xvii.

^ Armstrong, ii. 287.

1554 CHARLES THE FIFTH 153

Piero Strozzi attacks the Marquis of Marignano at Basiana.^

Leon Strozzi, Prior of Capua, and leader in the French wars, dies near Scarlino as the result of an arquebus shot.^ The exiled Florentines, who desired to aid the French, expected great things of him.

The battle of Ponda, in which the Marquis of Marignano, Juan Manrique de Lara, who aided in the negotiations at Rome, Juan de Luna, Alcaide de Milan, Marco Antonio Colonna and Mario de Santa Fiore, won a victory over Piero Strozzi, General-in-chief of the galleys of France."

The same leaders again conquer the same Piero Strozzi in a very bloody battle at Marciano, which broke the hearts of the French and likewise of the Siennese, for they killed many soldiers and nearly all the generals and the standard-bearer, and captured nine banners.^

Federigo Colonna also conquers Paul de Termes, as he was coming on from Corsica with a great army to succour Piero Strozzi, and captures seventeen French banners in the battle.^

Dragut the corsair, with a Turkish fleet which he brought on to the aid of the King of France, sacks Viesti in Apulia, a place belonging to the Duke of Sessa.*'

Alliance of many cities, bishoprics, and German seignio- ries against Margrave Albert of Brandenburg^

The Year 1555

The English once more become Christians, as they used to be, and abandon all their heresies and errors, through

^ Or Basciano, close to Siena. Cf. Amati, Dizionario Corografico del- Ital'ta, vol. i, p. 639. 2 Courteault, p. 238.

^ July 14. Courteault, pp. 239 fF. ' Ponda ' is the monastery of Sant' Abbondia, near Siena. G6niara has apparently got Leon and [Piero Strozzi confused. Leon was commander of the galleys ; Piero led the troops on land.

* Aug, 2. Courteault, pp. 245 ff. ^ Sandoval, ii. 566.

* Cf. Amati, Dizionario Corografico, vol. viii, pt. ii, p. 1311 ; also Mitchell's translation of Haji Khalifeh's Maritime Wars of the Turks, p. 80, where Viesti is called * Bastia '.

' Allgemeine deutsche Biographic, i. 256 ; Sandoval, ii. 550-1.

154 ANNALS OF THE EMPEROR 1555

the goodness of King Philip and of Queen Mary, his wife.i

Queen Joanna, the Emperor's mother, dies at Tordesillas, where she lived without reigning about fifty years.^

The Emperor constructs a very strong fortress near Marienburg.^

The sad loss of Bugia, which the Turks won through the fault of Don Alonzo de Peralta, after Spain had pre- served and defended it thirty-five years,*

Siena surrenders to the Marquis of Marignano on behalf of the Emperor after a siege of fifteen months.^

Pope Julius III dies.^

Pope Marcellus, whom all men mourned and praised, and whose pontificate lasted less than one month, dies also.''

Pope Paul IV, whom they call the Theatine, a Neapolitan of the house of Caraffa, takes the chair of St. Peter.^ Juan de Mendoza, who is now ambassador in Portugal, one of the oldest and wisest of Imperial courtiers, and a highly honoured gentleman, goes to convey to him assurance of the Imperial obedience.

Diego Hurtado de Mendoza, Marquis of Cariete, goes out as Viceroy of Peru.^

Bernardino de Mendoza, Captain of the galleys, acts as Viceroy in Naples, the Duke of Alva being occupied in the war of Lombardy, and Cardinal Pedro Pacheco, who was ^^iceroy before, having come to Rome.^°

Fernando Alvarez, Duke of Alva, goes out as viceroy and governor of Naples and Milan, Fernando de Gon-

^ The formal reconciliation took place Nov. 30, 1554.

^ Sandoval, ii. 566.

^ This refers to Charlemont and Philippeville. Sandoval, ii. 569 ; Armstrong, ii. 322.

* Sept. 28. Cabrera de C6rdoba, Felipe Segundo, vol. i, p. 42 ; San- doval, ii. 591 ; Mercier, iii. 80-1. ' Thirty-five years* should of course be forty-five. Cf. ante, p. 28.

® April 17. Courteault, pp. 286 fF. * March 24.

■^ April 30. ^ May 23.

' Sandoval, ii. 591 ff. 'Diego' should be 'Andres'. " Stokvis, Manuel d'Histoire, iii. 708.

1555 CHARLES THE FIFTH 155

zaga having been removed from Milan, for adequate reasons.^

The Marquis of Marignano takes Porto Ercole by force of arms. A sack and some deaths occurred, and a French galley was captured.^

Margrave Albert of Brandenburg provokes a war in Germany against all his enemies. Duke Maurice, the Elector, conquers Margrave Albert of Brandenburg in Germany on the river Weser, but although he won the victory, he died of a wound after the battle, together with two sons of Duke Henry of Brunswick and many other people.^ The cavalry whom they call Schwarzreiters, and who carry three or even five arquebuses apiece, did great slaughter.

The Emperor prescribes Margrave Albert as a rebel.*

King Philip goes to England, to Naples, and to Flanders, and the Emperor summoned him from Brussels.^

The Due d'Aumale captures Volpiano, which the Duke of Alva had provisioned, by batde and assault. He had four thousand horse and twenty-two thousand foot with him. Caesar of Naples defended it, with over a thousand men of war and among them many Spaniards.^

Our men continue the war against the French victo- riously.

The Emperor abdicates Flanders and the other states of the Low Countries in favour of his only son. King Philip, by public proclamation at Brussels.'^

The French under Marshal Brissac capture Casale of Montferrat by night through a stratagem.^ It was defended by an army under Gomez Suarez de Figueroa, ambassador

^ Nowvelle Biographic Generale, xxi. 227 ; Stokvis, iii. 769. ^ Petit, p. 336. Porto Hercole was captured by Andrea Doria. ^ Obviously refers to the battle of Sievershausen, which occurred July 9, 1553. Sievershausen is not, of course, on the Weser,

* Dec. I, 1553. Allgemeine deutsche Biographie, i. 251.

^ Philip left England for the Netherlands Aug. 29 ; he did not go to Naples at all.

® Sept. 3-23. Courteault, pp. 301-4. '' Oct. 25.

* Casale was not taken, but Montcalvo fell Oct. 7. Cf. Courteault, pp. 307-8.

156 ANNALS OF THE EMPEROR 1555

in Genoa, who at that time was governor of Milan, before the Duke of Alva was sent thither.

Failure to conclude a treaty of peace, in spite of long deliberation, at Marcq, a place between Ardres, Calais, and Gravelines,^ where there assembled, on behalf of the Em- peror, Juan de la Cerda, Duke of Medina Celi, Antoine Perrenot, Bishop of Arras, and the Presidents Viglius and Bryaerde,^ and on behalf of the King of France and Car- dinal Charles of Lorraine, the Bishops of Vannes and of Orleans, and Charles de Marillac,^ and Claude I'Aubepine, Secretary of State. The Englishman, Reginald Pole, was also present as Papal Legate, and laboured earnestly to promote the peace.

Doctor Juan Paez de Castro, a very learned man in many branches of knowledge, who plans to write a general history of Spain, assumes the title of official chronicler.''

The Duke of Alva besieges Santhia in Piedmont in vain.^ War near Marienburg between the Imperial and French armies.

The Pope, an old man, in hypocritical defiance of his duty, provokes a war, in his hatred of the Emperor, against Marco Antonio Colonna, and negotiates with the King of France about seizing the realm of Naples.*^

Violent encounter between certain Flemish merchant- men and some ships of Dieppe.'^

The Year 1556

On the 1 6th of January at Brussels, the Emperor volun- tarily abdicates his realms and seigniories in favour of his

^ On this affair cf. Henne, x. 184-5 5 Venetian Cal.vi, 54, 138 ; Weiss, Papiers d^Etat de Gran'velle, iv. 442 n. ; and Morel-Fatio, Une Htstoire inedite de Charles-Quint in Memoires de V Acad'emie des Inscriptions et Belles- Lettres, vol. xxxix, pp. 30 fF.

"^ Lambert de Bryaerde, President of the Grand Conseil de Malines.

^ Marillac was Bishop of Vannes. G6mara accidentally repeats his name, and Sandoval, ii. 569, makes the same mistake.

* Introduction, pp. xxxi-xxxii ; Antonio, Bibl. Hisp. Nov., i. 751.

^ Sandoval, ii. 577-8 ; Courteault, pp. 300-1.

« Sandoval, ii. 588. ^ Ibid. ii. 587-8.

1556 CHARLES THE FIFTH 157

son Philip for his lifetime, an act whose originality and greatness evoked the admiration of the world; but he retained the Empire, which for certain weighty reasons he had determined to leave to his brother, the King of the Romans. He then came b}?^ ship to Spain, bringing with him his sisters, Queens Eleanor and Maria, and betook himself to Yuste, a Hieronymite monastery, where he had caused a house to be constructed according to his own design, in order to live in holiness and peace.^

Don Martin de Cordova, the Count of Alcaudete, defends Oran against the Turkish fleet and the corsairs of Algiers.^

Calvi in Corsica is twice besieged, once by Paul de Termes, and a second time by Captain Paulin, Sieur de la Garde, but they fail to capture it/*

War between the Pope and the Duke of Alva.*

The Licenciado Vaca de Castro is given his freedom after a ten years' imprisonment for his maladministration of the Indies, and on account of his ancientry enters the Royal Council of Castile.^

The very rich mine of Gual del Canal is discovered.*^

King Philip gives attention to the good government of his realms, by making peace and truce with the King of France.'^

He wins the friendship of many lords and knights of Germany, giving them money and pensions.

He makes Cardinal Cristoforo Madruzzo, Bishop of Trent, governor of Milan. '^

He also makes Cardinal Francisco de Mendoza, Bishop of Burgos and Archdeacon of Toledo, governor in Siena, on the death of Francisco de Toledo, Archimandrite of

1 Armstrong, ii. 355, 358, 359 n.

2 Mercier, iii. 82-3 ; Rotalier, caps, xxvii, xxviii ; Ruff, La Domination Espagnole a Oran, cap. xii.

^ In 1555. Cf. Courteault, p. 297 ; Petit, pp. 336-7.

* Forneron, Histoire de Philippe II, i. 73 ff.

* Winsor, Narrative and Critical History of America, ii. 537-8. " Possibly * Guad al Cazar ', a part of Potosi.

■^ Truce of Vaucelles, Feb. 5. Armstrong, ii. 355. *• Stokvis, iii. 769.

158 ANNALS OF THE EMPEROR CHARLES V 1556

Sicily, a cleric of ability and honour who governed it before.^

He makes his cousin Philibert Emmanuel, Duke of Savoy, governor of Flanders, giving him as councillors the Prince of Orange, and Counts Egmont, Meghem, Lalaing, and other important and experienced gentlemen. ^

He puts into his Council of State Juan de Vega, Fer- nando de Gonzaga, Antoine Perrenot, Bishop of Arras, Juan Manrique de Lara, knight of Calatrava, Bernardino de Mendoza Captain of the Galleys, Ruy Gomes de Silva Count of Melito, Antonio de Toledo his Master of Horse, and a short time afterward Luis de Avila, Comendador Mayor de Alcantara, and the Licenciado Juan de Figueroa, President of the High Court of Valladolid.^

He turns over the affairs of State to his secretary, Gonzalo Perez, a very able cleric, and the other affairs of Castile and Italy to the Secretary Martin de Vargas.^

Antonio de Rojas, tutor to Prince Charles, dies.

Garcia de Toledo, a gentleman of much goodness and virtue, is made tutor to our master. Prince Charles.

^ Courteault, p. 321.

^ Cabrera de C6rdoba, op, cit., i. 37 ; Juste, Les Pays-Bas sous Philippe II, i. 90 ; Pirenne, Histoire de Belgique, iii. 365 ff. All the names do not correspond in these accounts. G6mara was probably wrong in including Meghem.

^ Cabrera de C6rdoba, op. cit., i. 37 ; Badoero's if^/aziow^ di Carlo V e di Filippo II (1557) in Alberi, Relazione, Series III, vol. i. 240 fF.

* Cabrera de C6rdoba, op. cit., i. 38.

THE END.

ANNALES DEL EMPERADOR CARLOS QUINTO

ANNALES DEL EMPERADOR CARLOS QUINTO

AUTOR FRANCISCO LOPEZ DE G6mARA

Ano de 1500

Nacio en Gante Carlos, hijo de Felipe Archiduque de Austria, e de Doiia Juana Princesa de Castilla, a 25 de hebrero que fue bisexto y dia de San Mathias. Las cosas de cuyo tiempo acontecidas en diversas partes del Mundo, especial en Espana desde su nacimiento hasta que renuncio todos sus Reinos y seiiorios en su hijo Don Felipe nuestro Seiior, escribo aqui en suma por aiios. Cuento solamente de los aiios de nuestro Redemptor Jesus Christo, por que assi como es mejor contar, tambien es mas cierto ; i no pongo mas del ano sino pocas vezes, por c^iie basta para 10 sumarlo, y ansi por que alio gran diferencia y contrariedad en los dias y aun en los meses de los mas negocios.

Era Papa entonces Alexandro sexto, qt^e celebro jubileo con pocos peregrinos, a causa de las guerras y pestilencias de Italia.

Estauan los CavaUeros de San Juan en la cumbre de sus fuer9as y oficio, siendo gran maestre Pedro de Abuson, mas despues que perdieron a Rhodas, y lo que tenian en Grecia, en Inglaterra y Alemania, descayeron mucho.

Era Emperador y Rey de Romanos Maximiliano, abuelo 20 de Carlos, floreciendo entonces Alemaiia en letras y christiandad, la qual ha perdido quasi del todo despues aca, con las heregias de Luthero y de otros fal90s y viciosos doctores.

Reinauan en Castilla y en Aragon los catholicos Reyes Don Fernando y Dona Isauel, abuelos de Carlos, que sin

136G M

1 62 ANN ALES DEL EMPERADOR 1500

duda entendieron bien el arte de Reinar. Tenian paz a la sazon en toda Hespana sino en Granada que se alborotaron algunos moros, por lo qual les mandaron los Reyes que se 30 christianassen, o se fuessen de sus Reinos a consejo de Frai Hernando de Talauera, primer Ar9obispo de Granada, y de Fray Francisco Ximenes de Cisneros, Ar9obispo de Toledo, confesores de la Reyna, Continuauan la guerra de Berberia y el descubrimiento, conquista y conversion de los Indios, y ayudaron a los venecianos contra turcos, que todo era loable y santo. Florecian en Espana entonces las armas, la justicia, la religion y otras buenas cosas, juntamente con letras, todo lo qual ha ido de bien en mejor por gracia de Dios, y bondad del Emperador y assi tambien yra de aqui 40 adelante por vertud del Rey Don Phelippe nuestro Sefior. Ay empero gran diferencia de aquel tiempo a este en muchas cosas, como es en el trage, gas to, y precio de cosas, a causa, segun mi juizio, de la mucha plata y oro que de las Indias a nos han venido.

Muere en Granada el Principe Don Miguel, hijo del Rey Don Manuel, Rey de Portugal, y de la Reyna Princesa Dona Isabel, que auia de ser Rey de Portugal y Castilla.

Casa Dona Maria Infanta de Castilla con Don Manuel Rey

de Portugal, los quales engendraron seis hijos, que fueron

50 Juan, Luis, Fernando, Alonso, Enrrique, Duarte, y Dona

Isabel que fue nuestra Emperatriz y a Dona Beatris, Duquesa

que fue de Saboya.

Gon9alo Hernandez de Cordoba que merecio renombre de gran Capitan, fue a ganar la Cefalonia con armada espanola, en compania de la vene9iana que lleuo Benito de Pessaro, capitan tambien excellente.

Reynaua en Cusco y Quito y otras infinitas prouincias del Peru, Guayna Capa, rey riquissimo, guerrero y ydolatra. Era Rey en Navarra Don Juan, que perdio despues el ^o Reyno por schismatico, el qual uino a Seuilla estando alii este ano los Reyes Catholicos ; y en Portugal y Guinea Don Manuel, que hizo por sus capitanes grandes cosas en Assia, por traer a Lisboa la especiaria.

Reynaua en Fran9ia Luis XII, el qual teniendo pacifico

I500 CARLOS QUINTO 163

su Reyno hazia guerra en Italia contra el Duque de Milan, y amenazaua al Rey de Napoles.

Estaua Inglaterra bien adelante reinando Enrique VIII, empero ha re9euido aquella Isla muchos reueses despues aca, por dexar la verdadera religion Christiana, bien que la han restaurado nziestro Rey Don Phelipe, y la Reyna Dona 70 Maria su muger, y nuestra Senora.

Era Rey de Vngria, y de Boemia Vladislao, y tenia paz con el Turco, que no era poco : y de Polonia Alexandro que no tuuo hijos.

Y de Moscovia Vassillo que acresento la religion christiana, tomando la custumbre y ritos de Roma.

Y de Dinamarca, y Noruega, Juan padre de Christierno, que perdio sus reinos en los quales son ya lutheranos.

Y de Escosia Jacques, el qual nombre han tenido cinco Reyes vno tras otro. So

Reinaua en Napoles Fadrique que perdio el reyno par- tiendolo entre si Luis y Fernando ; Venencianos, cuyo Duque a la sazon era Agustin Barbarico, favorecian al Rey de Francia contra el Duque de Milan, y tenian guerra en Grecia con Baiazet, que les puso en gran miedo y gasto.

El Duque de Milan Luis Sfor9a, perdio y cobro su estado y fue preso aquel mismo aiio, y lleuado a Francia, donde murio despues en jaula, que fue su pago por auer muerto a su sobrino Juan Galea90 Maria esfor^a, el cual era verda- 9° dero Duque.

Estaua Genoua por Franfia, y auia muchos bandos en ella, pero despues ha mudado estado muchas vezes, vnas de franceses y otras de espafioles, que como importa mucho de entrar en Italia, y para las cosas de mar todos la quieren ; ha enriquesido sobre manera con la amistad del Emperador mtestro sefior Rey, aunque tambien ha perdido a Bonifacio con gran parte de C6r9ega.

Floren9ia era libre, agora tiene sefior por soberbia de sus ciudadanos, que se preciaron de franceses, no estimando al 100 Papa Leon, ni al Papa Clemente, sus vezinos, ni al Emperador Carlos V, su superior,

M 2

i64 ANNALES DEL EMPERADOR 1500

Sena que se gouernaua por si, no esta libre agora.

Era Duque de Sauoya Philibert, mas ya es deshecho aquel estado que tenia cinco Ciudades principales y L no tales, y C C villas cercadas.

Reynaua en Tunes Mahumet el qual tuuo muchos hijos en diferentes mugeres, que fue causa de grandes guerras.

En Bugia Abdalhaziz cuyo hijo la perdio. no En Tenez Baudilla que fue desheredado.

En Tremezen Abdalla.

En Fez Mahumet cuyo hera Oran.

Bayazet Otomano el II era Rey de los turcos en Con- stantinopla, y hazia terrible guerra contra Venezianos en la Morea, donde les gano Amodon, Coron, y otros lugares.

Reynaua entre los Tartaros de Europa Mahomet y allende la Tana Tucio.

Era Soldan en Persia Asam.

Y en Hegyto Campson, cuyo sucesor tomo el gran Turco 120 Selim aquel gran senorio.

Cana9ao Alguari Noad Gran reinaua en Ethiopia, que tambien llama n India.

Era Rey de Armenia y Capadocia Aladola.

Y de Samarcan Insilbao Tartaro de los Zoi-gatos, que traen los bonetes.

Y de Xorias Morad Cam.

Comen96 Ismael Sophi a tener fama y poderio, por aber ganado a Tauris haciendo huir al Rey Alban y matando este mesmo afio a Morad Cam.

130 Era Ismael hijo del Seiscaider, senor de Erbe, lugar en Persia, y gran religioso del Alcoran aunque scismatico, y de Marta, nieta de Dauid Emperador de Trapisonda, y hija de Vsan Casan, Rey muy ilustre de Persia, donde reino tras Usan su hijo Jacob, matando a dos hermanos suyos. Caso el Jacob con una muger que le dio el pago de aquella crueldad ca, por hecharse con Salub, le atosigo juntamente con vn hijo propio suyo, aunque tambien murio ella con las mesmas yeruas, haciendoselas beuer el marido, que las sintio. Reino luego Salub como pariente mas cercano de

140 Jacob tres anos; succediole Baesurque que murio dende

T500 CARLOS QUINTO 165

a poco. Vino Rustano tras el ser Rey de Persia, contra quien hi90 guerra Seiscander, disiendo que le pertenecia el reino, por Martha hija legitima de Vsan Casan, empero murio en batalla y assi la Martha, y tres hijos de los quales Ismael era mediano, fueron desterrados a vna Isla del lago que llaman Asumat. Fue Rustano muerto al cauo de seis anos en su cama por Agmat amigo de su propria madre, pensando ambos de reynar ; mas no reynaron, sino Alban, hijo segiin algunos de Jacob, y segun otros pariente de Ismael. Entonces, aunque de 15 anos se Uamo Rey de Persia. 150 Junto en Carabas D. hombres entre parientes y amigos de su padre, paso determinadamente a Cur, el rio que corre al mar Caspio, que dizen ellos de Bacum, para entrar en Erducl, que fue de su padre ; desbarato la gente que Sur- mangoli, amigo de Alban, embiaua para le atajar en camino. Tras aquel buen principio se le allegaron muchos, oyendo su gran esfuer90 y linage. Vencio luego a Surmangoli en batalla, cerco y tomo a Piroso, fuerte y rico pueblo, donde cobro fama de franco, y anssi tuuo de alii a poco quarenta mil hombres de guerra, y muchos cauallos, con los quales 160 gano a Tauris huyendole Alban. Mato veinte mil personas a lo que cuentan en la Ciudad, porque fueron contra su padre Seiscader, y aun quemo los huesos de muchos que desenterrava, y dio la muerte a su madre y padastro, vn aiio antes que benciese a Moradcana. Fue pues Ismael esten- diendo desde alii sus armas y nombre por Persia, Parthia, Media y otras provincias de Asia, en tal manera que hi9o un senorio de los grandes de nuestro u'e^/ipo, y que a causado muchas muertes, robos y otros males en aquellas partes, pero ya es de suyo que vengan con mudan9a de reinos, y 170 nouedades de religion. Afirman que na9i6 Ismael los punos cerrados y sangrientes, senal de crueldad, por lo qual su padre como astrologo, y su madre por asco le mandauan matar ; en pero los criados le criaron, y como se criaua hermoso, y agudo vivio, llamaronle Sophi los del exercito lisonjeandole 6 por costumbre antigua de Persia, cuyos reyes se Uamauan magos por sauios, que tanto vale Sophi, 6 por que renouo y sustuuo la seta de Seiscader su padre,

i66 ANNALES DEL EMPERADOR 1500

juntamente con Tequel, otro gran Doctor del Alcoran, que 180 perdicauan que no yrian al Paraiso de Mahoma, sino los que guardasen su Ley, segun la doctrina, y declaracion de Hali su discipulo. Traya el Sophi Ismael, y trayen lo todos los sophianos vn bonete Colorado con vna tren9a por debaxo del bra90, la qual Ueua doze nudos 6 borletes 6 perlas por otros tantos misterios que su ley contiene, y rapanse la barba, dexando solamente vn mostacho ; en lo al vsan el trage anti- quissimo de Persia. Esto va vn poco de otra manera que lo cuenta Paulo Jouio, diligente historiador de cosas turquescas, mas assi lo halle en vn libro que de Con- 190 stantinopla truxo Hernando Ruy, con escrito de mano y sacado de las historias de alia.

Lleua Pedro Aluares 13 nauios armados a la India, por donde conien96 la contrata9ion de Portugueses en Calicut y Cochin y Cananor de la especiaria.

Alio de 1501

El Emperador Maximiliano inuiste a Carlos su nieto del ducado de Milan.

Casa la Infanta Dona Catalina, con Artus Principe de Gales ; fueron a Ynglaterra con ella Don Alonso de Fonseca, Ar9obispo entonces de Santiago, Don Antonio de Rojas, Obispo de Mallorca, Don Pedro Manrique Sefior de Valdes- caroz, el conde de Cabra y su madre, Elvira Manuel con otra mucha caualleria.

Reparten el reyno de Napoles entre si los reyes Luis 10 y Fernando.

Al9anse los moros de Sierra Vermeja por no ser christianos, y matan a Don Alonso de Aguilar que fue contra ellos con exercito, mas despues se dieron al Rey con que les dexasse ir a Berueria. La justicia que se hizo por el Rey Catholico en los de Benefiz por que se auian al9ado vn ano antes.

Enuian los Reyes Catholicos a Pedro Martir su coronista al Soldan de Alcairo, por que no haga moros los christianos que moran en sus tierras.

El Archeduque Phelippe, y la princesa Dona Juana, 20 vienen de Flandes a Espana por Fran9ia, donde hablaron

I50I CARLOS QUINTO 167

de casar con su hijo Carlos, a Claudia hija del Rey Luis XII.

El Castillo de Salsas se haze y fortefica que lo auian deriuado seis anos antes los franceses ; valesse el Rey Luis el X de los beneficios en Francia contra turcos.

Gana el Duque Valentin a Mola, y a otras tierras de la Romagna.

Hazen guerra turcos aunque sin ganan9ia, en Grecia y en Vngria.

Casa Ismael Sophi con Tasluca hija de Sanigin, y nieta 30 de Jacob y diola 9iento y cinquenta criadas.

Enuia el Rey de Portugal a Juan de Noua gallego con quatro nauios a India por especiarias.

Alio de 1502

Juran en Toledo a la princesa Dofia Juana, por heredera destos Reynos de Castilla en presencia de los Reyes Catho- licos sus padres.

Cobran para si los Reyes Catholicos a Gibraltar. Mandan los mismos Reyes que salgan de Castilla todos los moros, y luego que se conuiertan, queriendo la reyna que sus vassallos sean christianos.

Capitulo general de la horden de Santiago en Seuilla, en que se mudan muchas reglas antigas, por ser ya del Rey los maestrazgos. 10

Muere Artus Principe de Gales, ^inco meses despues de casado, y de XXV anos.

Na9e Don Juan, que fue Rey de Portugal.

Mata el Duque de Braganca Don Jaime a su muger, que puede ser escarmiento para las casadas que no se burlen con sus maridos.

Viene preso a Espana Don Fernando de Aragon, Duque de Calabria.

Vienese tambien a Francia, el Rey Don Fadrique de Napoles, con sus hijos y muger. 20

Mueuen guerra los Franceses en Napoles a espanoles sobre los terminos, que les costa caro.

Entonges passo aquel desafio campal tan nombrado en

1 68 ANNALES DEL EMPERADOR 1502

Trana entre onze fran9eses y onze espanoles a cauallo, sobre dezir los fran9eses que los espanoles no eran hombres de acauallo, sino de a pie, y que su Rey tenia mejor derecho a Napoles. Fueron los espanoles Diego Gar9ia de Paredes, que rendio a su contrario, Diego de Vera, despues que fue muy conocido por lo de Argel y Fuente Rauia, el Alferez 30 Segura, y Moreno su hermano, Andres de Oliuera, G" de Areualo y Jorge Dias portuguez, Ofiate, Martin de Tuesta, mayordomo del Gran Capitan, Rodrigo Pinan, Gon^alo de Aler, que por su desuentura fue rendido ; de los franceses que yo sepa eran, Tersio, Mondrago, Artus, Oliuers, Cabanacio, Pedro de Terral, Bajardo, que despues armo cauallero al Rey Fran<^°, quando vencio los suizos : com- batieron tambien que no declararon la vitoria por ninguna parte los jueces que fueron venecianos. Gonzalo de Aller, que sin falta era valiente, desafio luego al frances ren- 40 dido sobre que no tuuo causa como la tuuo el de rendirse.

Huuo luego tambien otro desafio de XIII franceses con 13 italianos, que afirmauan avieren vencido los espanoles al campo, y assi vencieron los italianos, como tenian ra9on.

Gana el Duque Valentin a Vrbino a Pessaro, y otros pueblos con esguizaros y con fran9eses cuyo capitan era Grabiel Alegria.

Da guerra el Emperador Maximiliano a Phelippo Rheno en Bauierra.

Entra el Rey de Francia en Genoa. 50 Paz entre Bayast y vene9ianos, que duro mas de 35 anos.

Pazes tambien entre Vladislao, Rey de Vngria y el mismo Bayazet.

Ismael Sophi gana por armas a Bagador, que tambien se dice Balday y es Babilonia de Mesopotamia.

Toma el Rey de Portugal nueuos titulos de los reinos de Ethiopia, Arabia, Persia y India.

Alio de 1503

Vuelve a Flandes el archiduque por Francia y concluye las pazes en Leon, entre Maximiliano, Luis y Fernando, donde prometio de casar a su hijo Carlos, con Claudia, hija

I503 CARLOS QUINTO 169

del rey Luis, que auia de heredar a Bretana, no teniendo el 4 anos ni ella 5.

Nacio en Alcala de Henares el Infante Don Fernando, que fue rey de Vngria y romanos.

Rompe a Euerardo de Abigniel el Conde Don Fernando de Andrada en la batalla de Groya.

La vitoria que huuo el gran capitan contra franceses en 10 la ChirnoUa.

Otra vit^ que huuo de los mismos en el Garellano.

El cerco de Gaeta en que mataron a Don Hugo deCardona, que fue muy buen capitan.

Cercan a Salsas los franceses estando dentro Don Sancho de Castilla.

El Rey Catholico que auia tenido Cortes en Carag09a y Bar9elona, socorre a Salsas, para el qual socorro enuio grandes compariias de castellanos desde Soria la reyna dona Isauel. 20

Va tras los franceses Don Fadrique de Toledo, Duque de Alua, Capitan General del exercito, en el qual auia trefe mil peones, dos mil hombres de armas, y quatro mil y quinientos ginetes.

Queda en Salsas por Cap^° general Don Bernaldo de Rojas, Marques de Denia, con 3M soldados 2M ginetes y mil hombres de armas.

Concierto de paz del Rey Don Fernando, con el Rey Luis, tras esto de Russillon, y lo de Napoles con que puedan los franceses cobrar su parte en aquel reyno por armas y spafioles 30 defendersela.

Muere Alexandre Papa de yeruas que por yerros del botiller le dio su hijo el Duque Valentin, Cesar de Borja. Era natural de Jatiua, docto, liberal y manifico, mas profano y assi puso grande fausto en la Iglesia ; fue mujeril y tuuo muchos hijos, que honrraron como hi90 Lucrecia, de la qual dico Pesquin que fue hija nueua, y amiga por el Duque Valentin, al qual procuro ha9er Rey. Se metio en muchas guerras y gastos no sin infamia, hi90 el cast" de San Miguel Angel y el Cagui9ami de santa Maria la Mayor, y un quarto 40 en palacio, y dexo el Ducado de Gandia.

I70 ANNALES DEL EMPERADOR 1503

Muere tambien el Papa Pio 3, dentro del mes que lo eligieron, por donde aquel afio fue mas notable.

Comien9a Papa Julio II a gouernar la Iglesia.

Vuelve a Flandes la princesa Dona Juana por mar, que nunca la pudo tener aca por causas que le hi^o y dixo su Magesfad,

Ano de 1504

Juranse las pazes en la Mejorada, que hico en Leon el Principe Archiduque por tres anos.

Trembla la tierra en Seuilla, Carmona y otros lugares del Andalucia.

Muere la reyna Dona Isauel en Medina del Campo que puso grande tristeza en Castilla, aunque mando que no puziesen luto por ella, conociendo el demasiado que hiciera traer por el principe Don Juan su hijo. Mando tambien que gouernase el rey don Fernando su marido, hasta que Carlos

10 su nieto huuiese 20 anos, si la princesa Dona Juana su hija no quisiese gouernar, 6 no pudiese. Puso la inquisicion a instancia de fray Hernando deTalavera, por que uio ella mis- ma judaizar en Seuilla ciertos de aquel linaje nueuamente con- uertidos y hauer criados suyos ; puso tambien la hermandad, por que hauia muchos salteadores no bastando contra ellos la justicia ordinaria ; truxo la cruzada para contra infieles ; aconsejolo al rey Catholico su marido, mas quando uio nueue cuentos juntos que se auian allegado della, pessole mui mucho, e renio sobre ello ; no consentia gastar blanca

20 de ella, sino para lo que fue concedida, ni aun tanpoco el Rey. A los principios quiso gouernar sola, sobre lo qual passo recias cosas con el marido, que tambien era hombre altivo, y respondio al Cardenal Don Pedro Goncales de Mendoca (que los concerto) sino pidiera tanto, no me diera nada, y assi quedo igual con el Rey mi senor en la gouerna- cion de mis reinos. No era liberal, que assi quier ser las mujeres, mas empunia mucho al Principe don Juan, su hijo y su luz. que diesse liberalmente. Pesauale que sus criados tomassen dadiuas de ninguno aunque fuessen embaxadores,

30 diciendo que parescia deshonrra della. Era muy sefiora y

1504 CARLOS QUINTO 171

assi solia dicir que los Reyes de Castilla no tenian parientes. Fue muy casta y muy justiciera, y muy religiosa. Tuuo de mo9a muy grandes trauajos, desgracia con el rey Don Henrrique su hermano y competencia con la excelk/ztisslma Sefiora Dona Juana sobre la heren9ia, y pobre9a con su marido antes de reynar. Topo con excelente marido, aunque muerta ella descubrio el algunas faltas y flaque^as. Todavia fueron ambos el mejor par de casados y de reyes de su tiempo. Mando enterrarse en la Capilla de Granada que auia hecho, y dotado para enterraniz'^;?/^' de los Reyes de 40 Castilla. Ordeno tambien la cofradia de la corte oseruancia.

Renunciaua en Toro el rey Don Fernando publicamente el nombre de Rey de Castilla, retiniendo el de g"'^ por virtud del testament© de la Reyna Catholica su muger, y declara por reyes con pregones a son de trompetas y a atabales a Dona Juana su hija, a Fh'' su yerno, lleuantando el pendon Real de Castilla Don Fadrique, Duque de Alua. Enuia preso a Espaiia por mandado del Rey Catholico el gran Capitan al Duque Valentin, y assi accauo el Duque de perder en Italia por armas, quanto con ellas ganara. 5°

Comien9a de auer enojo el Papa Julio con venecianos, Faenca, Arimini, y otros lugares que fuero;? del Duque Valentin.

Nueuo trato de paz entre Maximiliano Emperador y Luiz Rey de Francia.

Ta9an en Castilla el trigo a 1 20 mrs. la anega que causo gran hambre y aun carestia, y assi dixeron a la Reyna que lo hi9o tasar como solo Dios que le cria puede abaxar y subir el precio del pan. Danse los judios por esclauos en disputa de letrados, a causa de sus muchos y grandes pecados. 60

Ano de 1505

Gana el Alcayde de los Donzeles a Mazalquiuir.

Comien9an a tener diferencia sobre la gouernacion de Castilla el Rey Catolico y el Rey Don Phelippe p° de tal nombre, aunque estaua en Flandes.

Ven9e por guerra el Rey Don Phelippe al Duque de Gueldres, Carlos de Emont, que le tenia vsurpado aquel

172 ANNALES DEL EMPERADOR 1505

estado, el qual Duque ayudaua al Rey de Francia con jntiligencias del Rey Catolico.

Nace la Infanta Dona Maria que fue Reyna de Vngria 10 y gouernadora de Flandes.

Hace guerra en Vngria el Emperador, Maximiliano. Muere Don Fadrique Rey de Napoles en Francia, el qual dexo perder vilmente aquel noble Reyno, que con tanto esfuer90, y trauajo, conquisto su abuelo el Rey Don Alonso de Aragon.

Concordia entre los Reyes Fernando y Phelippe aunque poco duro.

Dan guerra florentinos a pisanos.

Fide por muger el Rey Catholico a la excell^;«te Sefiora 20 con Rodrigo Manrrique, para con ella como Reyna estarse contra el Rey Don Phellipe en Castilla cosa suya, mas el Rey Don Manuel no se la quiso dar, ni aun ella viniera por que alien de ser vieja, era vna Santa ygual con el sobre nombre.

Muere Don Alonso de Foncequa, obispo de Osma, y sucedele Don Alonso Enrriques.

Ano de 1506

Viniendo en Henero a Espafia de Flandes los Reyes Don Phelippe y Dona Juana, tuuieron rezya tormenta y fuego en la nao que venian cuyo piloto se Uamaua Santiago; toco tambien la nao en tierra 6 como dicen en banco, donde sin falta se perdiera, si vna gruesa ola no la hechara de la otra parte con su rezio empellon. Mostro alii la Reyna animo varonil, el Rey diciendole que no escaparia de aquel peligro se vistio ricamente y se embutio de dineros para ser conocida y enterrada. Empero no perecieron. 10 Desenbarca el Rey Don Phelippe en Inglaterra que iua enfadado de la mar contra la voluntad de los suyos, y assi le peso luego, porque huuo de dar al Duque de Safolc Omonpola el de la rossa sobre plejtisia que no le matasen, pero no la cumplio el Rey de Inglaterra, diziendo que sino lo diera, no le dexaran salir de la isla, por que segun Don

1506 CARLOS QUINTO 173

Juan M^^ tenia cartas el Rey Enrrique del Rey Don Fernando que le detuuiesen.

Renueuan en Vindilisor el Rey Don Phelipe y el Rey Enrrique sus amistades, concertando que tornase a casar la Infanta Dona Cathalina con Enrrique su cunado. 20

Desbarcan los Reyes en la Corufia, con grande alegria de gente.

Veense los Reyes Phelippe y Fernando en Remesal, sobre concierto, empero no se concertaron, ni aun vio el Rey Don Fernando a la Reyna su hija, estoruandolo Don Juan Manuel, que priuaua con el Rey don Phelippe.

Muere dende a poco el Rey Don Phelippe en Burgos que fue grande lastima para todos, en edad de 29 anos, y sin g09ar de tantos reynos y riquezas. Murio quexandose de quien le auia metido en aquellos trauajos con su suegro y 3° de no tener que dar a los suyos. Mando llevar su cora9on a Bruselas, y el cuerpo a Granada y que las entrafias quedassen alii. Era gentil hombre, aunque un poco gordo, y de buen animo, y buen ingenio, liberal que nada sauia negar, y assi respondio a uno que le demandaua cierto regimiento, diziendo que no le auia dado porque no se lo auia pedido, si me lo pedieron yo lo di. Dexo de la Reyna los hijos seguientes, a Carlos de quien son estos anos, que fue Rey de Espana y Emperador, a Fernando Rey que foy de Vngria y Emperador, a Leonor que fue Reyna de Portu- 4° gal y de Francia, a Isauel que por su desastre caso con Christierno Rey de Dinamarca y Norvega, a Maria que reyno en Vngria y a Catalina Reyna de Portugal que nacio tras su muerte.

Casamiento del Rey Catholico Don Fernando en Duefias, con Germana de Fox, sobrina del Rey Luis de Francia y suya, haziendo treguas con fran9eses por ciento y vn anos con algunas condiciones menos que buenas. Fueron por ella y a los conciertos Don Juan Silua Conde de Cifuentes, y el dotor Thomas Malferit Vicecanciller de Aragon. 50

Pasa el Rey Don Fernando a Napoles, desauenido del Rey Don Phelippe y aiin descontento por salir de Castilla, tan dulce cosa es reynar, y tanta su riqueza y poder.

174 ANNALES DEL EMPERADOR 1506

Con la muerte del vn rey y con la ausencia del otro huuo muchas nouedades en estos reynos de Castilla, no queriendo nadie obedecer a la justicia, ni mandar tan poco la Reyna. Conbate a Gibraltar el Duque de Medina Sidonia, armandose contra el Duque, el Conde de Lemos, el Duque de Alua, y el Conde de Benauente. Na9en bandos en quasi las mas 60 ciudades, llamando unos Carlos, y otros Fernando, y otros Maximiliano, y muy pocos Juana, como no se queria poner a gouernar, por lo qual tomaron la gouernacion el cardenal fray Francisco Ximenes, el condestable Don B"" de Velasco, y Don Pedro Manrrique de Lara, Duque de Najara, a con- sejo, y voluntad de los mas senores.

Toma Gon9alo Marino de Riuera alcayde de Melilla a Ca9a9a. El Duque Valentin se suelta de la Mota de Medina del Campo no sin peligro y se va derecho al Conde de Benavente, Don Rodrigo Pimentel, y del a Navarra, 70 El alboroto de Lisboa por persuasion de frayles en el qual murieron mas de tres mil christianos nueuos, y sobre ello castigo muchos de los revoltosos el rey Don Manuel, que mando los frayles y otros sesenta hombres.

Desposorio de Francisco de Angoulesma, Delfin, con Claudia hija del Rey Luis de Francia, y Duquesa de Bretana, la que estaua prometida a Carlos, princIpe de Castilla, y viene;^ a Valladolid embaxadores franceses, a desculparse.

Lan9a de Bolona por fuer9a el Papa Julio a Juan de 80 Bentiuoglia tirano que le causo enojo de algunos cardenales.

Guerra de algunos ginoueses sobre Monaco. Muere Christoval Colon que descubrio las Indias, por donde terna perpetua fama.

Ano de 1507

En Saona se hablaw los Reyes Luis y Fernando, que tan renidos auian estado sobre Napoles, y estando comiendo con la Reyna Doria Germana, hi90 sentar a la mesa el Rey de Francia al gran Capitan, que le fue mucha honrra.

Buelve a gouernar a Castilla el Rey Catholico el qual sin mucho ruydo assento las alteraciones que auia en ella.

1507

CARLOS QUINTO 175

Jiintanse la Reyna Doifia Juana y el Rey Don Fernando en Tortoles.

Y en V'' anos la Reyna Dona Juana y la Reyna Germana (jue aunque madastra le tomo la mano para se la besar. 10

Nace la Infanta Dona Catalina, en Torquemada.

Pestilencia muy general en Espafia, sobre auer hauido hambre.

Muere fray Hernando de Talauera de la orden de San Geronimo, primer Ar9obispo de Granada, que fue tenido por santo.

Renuncia Don Alonso de Fon9equa por consentimiento del Rey Catolico, el ar9obispado de Santiago en Don Alonso su hijo, que fue cosa nueua.

El Rey de Tenes pide socorro al Rey Don Fernando, 20 contra el Termecen que lo despojara de su estado.

Concierto que casen al Principe Don Carlos y la princesa Maria de Gales, su hija del Rey de Inglaterra, Enrrique 8", siendo el de ocho anos y ella de diez.

La guerra que hace Carlos Duque de Gueldras,en Brabante con favor del Rey de Francia.

Mueue guerra el Emperador Maximiliano a venecianos por que se aulan al9ado contra el, con el Rey de Francia, para los escluyr de Italia.

Ha el Rey Luis, aunque por mafia, la inuestidura de Milan, 30 que causo muchas guerras y males.

Tenta de cobrar por armas a Bolofia Juan de Bentiuoglia, mas no pudo, y assi huuo de uiuir en Buseto como dester- rado con XXI hijos.

Rebuelta y guerras en Genoua, por las quales entro el Rey de Francia con mano armada en la ciudad, y hi^o la Lanterna castillo fortissimo.

Huuo grandes guerras entre turcos, y sophianos, ven- ciendo estos dos ve9es, y aquellos vna.

Da mucha guerra Ismael Sophi al Rey Aladola, en Capa- 40 docia, y tomale al Bustan, Amaraz, y otras ciudades.

Guerra del Rey Don Juan de Nauarra, que le sucedio mal, con Don Luis de Beamonte, en la qual murio el Duque Valentin Cesar de Boria.

176 ANN ALES DEL EMPERADOR 1507

Era Cesar de Boria hijo del Papa Alexandre, y de Canocia Romana, era bien dispuesto, sino que tenia tantos barros en la cara, y tan malos ojos, que huia de andar de dia, y mostraua bien con el rostro su cruel corazon ; fue muy rico cardenal, y entre otros beneficios tuuo el ar^obispado de

50 Pamplona, y despues el Ar9obispado de Valencia. Antojo- sele de mudar abito, pareciendole mejor la espada que no el breuiario, y renuncio el capelo y los beneficios por mas que le contradixeron y afearon los Reyes Catholicos, Don Fernando y Dona Isauel, para los renun9iar ; y que pareciese licito y onesto, prouo ser borde, auiendo prouado lo con- trario su padre quando lo hi90 cardenal ; y procure fauor del Rey de Francia Luis XII por vna licencia y despensa- cion, que le dio su padre para casar con Ana, Duquesa de Bretana, dexando a la Reyna Juana su primera muger, por

60 que no paria. Y assi caso alia en Francia con Carlota de Fox, hija de Alan de la Brit, gran Serior y noble, con la qual tuuo a Valence, de donde se Uamo Duque Valentin 6 Valentinoys segun lengua francesa. Querria tambien ser Duque de Gandia, que para esso, a lo que se dixo, hechara en Tiber al Duque su hermano. Hizole su padre Capitan general de la Iglesia en lugar del Duque ahogado, pretendiendo que fuese senor de la Romana, Spoleto, Marca de Ancona, y otros estados, si hechase dende los senores que llamaua tiranos del patrimonio de S. Pedro. El pues los hecho todos

70 por fuer9a y miedo en dos 6 tres afios, con tan gloria y nombre que todos como dizen le temian, y Bayazet gran turco quiso por aquello tratar con el para ir contra vene- cianos. Prosiguio los vrsinos y los coloneses, matando cruel y publicamente algunos caualleros de aquellos linajes, y aun cardenales. Atormentaua clerigos, segun era fama, por auer dineros para la guerra. Dio yeruas en fin a su padre aunque por yerro del botiller, queriendo matar ciertos cardenales que conuidava, con los quales muriera tambien el que fuera su merecido, sino se metiera en vna mula, que

80 abrieron uiua, dexando la cabe9a afuera. Empero luego con su enfermedad, y con la muerte del papa su padre, perdio quanto tenia, y el gran Capitan aunque con seguro lo

1507 CARLOS QUINTO \^^

prendio en Napoles, que comencaua de alleg^r gente, y lo enuio a Espana. Huyo a Nauarra de la Mota de Medina descolgandose por sogas, y estando alia le derriuaron Ximen Garces de los Fayos, si no era de Agreda, y otro hermano suyo por meterse mucho en los del conde de Lerin, que fueren a socorrer de comida el Castillo de Viana. Dizianme ami vnos de Logrofio, que se hallaron en aquello, como le acauo de matar Damiancillo atambor, estando caydo, y gimiendo. 90 Desta manera murio el valiente Duque Valentin, cuyos vicios ygualauan y cubrian sus letras, su liberalidad, su animo y delegencia. Trataua marauillosamente toda suerte de armas a pie y a cauallo ; tenia gran ligereza en saltar, correr, luchar, ter^ar y tornear.

Treguas por tres anos entre venecianos y el Emperador Maximiliano.

Aiio de 1508

Toma el Conde Pedro Navarro el Penon de \'^eles de la Gomera, donde se hizo despues vna fortaleza. Prende Don Pedro F" de Cordoua, Marques de Priego, a Fernan Gomez de Herrera el de Madrid, alcalde de corte, y lleuale a Montilla desde Cordoa.

Castiga el Rey Catholico el Marques de Priego, porque prendio su alcalde, derriuando la fortaleza de Montilla.

Y a Don Pedro de Giron, porque se lleuo a Portugal al Duque de Medina Sidonia, cuyo tutor era.

Hecha preso el Cardenal fray Fran*^° Ximenes a Luzero 10 Inquisidor riguroso.

Cerca el Rey de Fez a Arcilla con cien mil moros estando dentro el Conde Don Vasco de Borba, sobre lo qual huuo g^an asonada de guerra en Portugal para el socorro, y aun en Castilla juntando gente Don Antonio de Fonsequa, pero antes que llegasen la deserco Pedro Navarro.

Haze Alonzo de Hojeda vn lugar en Caribana,que nombro San Seuastian,y que fue la primera poblacion despanoles en tierra firme de Indias.

Comien9a Diego de Nicuesa, que luego murio desastrada- ao mente, a poblar el Nombre de Dios.

1366 N

178 ANNALES DEL EMPERADOR 1508

Descomulga el Papa Julio a los venecianos por vsurpa- dores de Rauenna, y otras tierras de la Iglesia.

Da el Papa t° de Coronado Emperador a Maximiliano.

Liga contra venecianos hecha en Cambray del Papa Julio, del Emperador Maximiliano, del Rey Don Fernando, del Rey Luis de Francia y otros Senores y estados, porque tenian tierras de todos.

Guerra entre Maximiliano y venecianos, sobre la Doradusa 30 y Goricia.

Viene a dar en tierra cerca de Diepa vna barquilla de minbres con ocho hombres, que comian carne cruda, y beuian sangre como agua, y que no se pudieron entender.

Guerra de Florentines, contra Pisanos, por sujetarlos.

Va Insiluas a Corasan con docientos mil hombres y sale a el Ismael Sophi, con casi otros tantos, mas no rompieron a intersision de vn obispo armenio.

Alio de 1509

Pregon de la liga de Cambray en la Iglesia mayor de Valladolid, diziendo misa el obispo de Palencia. Juraronla el Rey por si, y por la Reyna su hija, y por el Papa su nun9io Juan Rufo, obispo de Bitanor, por el Principe don Carlos, Mercurino de Gatinaria, por el Rey de Francia, el seiior de Guisa, y los embaxadores del Emperador Maximiliano.

La toma de Oran, por el Cardenal fray Fran<^ Ximenes.

Entra la Reyna Dona Juana en Tordesillas, para nunca salir. lo Conformanse Maximiliano Emperador y el Rey Don Fernando, para las cosas de Carlos, su nieto.

Pare la Reyna Germana en Valladolid un hijo que no uiuio mas de vna hora, cuya muerte fue de tanta tristesa para los Reynos de Aragon i\uanto su nacimiento de gloria.

Muere Enrrique Rey de Inglaterra, el septimo, que de- seando casar con la Reyna Dona Juana de Castilla detuuo mucho tiempo el casamiento de su hijo, y de la infanta Doiia Catalina, y aun daua mala vida a su nuera, por for9ar al abuelo a lo que pretendia.

1509 CARLOS QUINTO 179

Casa en fin la Iff* Dona Cathalina con Enrrique octavo, 20 Rey de Inglaterra su cunado, teniendo despensacion para ello aunque fuere auida ; pero dicen que Artus era impotente.

Tratase la causa de la beata de Pedra Hita, que fue notable.

Comien^a la vnluersidad de Alcala de Henares.

Vitoria del Rey Luis de Francia en Anaydes, por los aliados contra venecianos, que ayna los descarriara. Tenia el Rey quince mil de acauallo y treynta mil de pie, y ellos treinta y tres mil peones y dez mil de acauallo. Murieron en la batalla diez mil a lo que los franceses cuentan.

Toma por guerra el Papa Julio a Modena y a la Miran- 30 dola, que tenia el Duque A° de Ferrara.

Cerca el Emperador Maximiliano a Padua, mas no la pudo tomar.

Restituyen venecianos al Papa Julio a Rauena. Comien^a Juan Ponce de Leon a conquistar el Boriquen. Guerra de venecianos contra el Duque de Ferrara.

La sangriente batalla entre polacos y turcos, venciendo los christianos.

Prendio en guerra el Sophi a Surraangol, Rey de Su- maquia. 40

Ano de 1510

La toma de Bugia y de Tripol de Berberia. Renuevan la liga de Cambray contra venecianos los mismos y mas Vladislao Rey de Vngria.

Ayuda el Papa Julio a los venecianos que se le humillaron, saliendose de la liga que fue ocasion de muchas guerras y danos.

Ha9e guerra el Papa contra franceses en Genoua y en Milan, por que fuese la vna libre y la otra de su dueiio, pero dexanle los suyzos que tambien se di9en esguizaros por dineros del Rey Luis. 10

Mata en Rauena el Duque de Vrbino Fran"" M* de la Robere sobrino del Papa Julio al Cardenal Alidorio por lo de Bolona, por cuya muerte tomo enojo el Papa, aunque era el cardenal de suzia vida.

Nace rancor entre Julio Papa II y el Rey Luis de Francia,

N 2

i8o ANNALES DEL EMPERADOR 1510

que fue principio de infinites males, ayudando a venecianos el Papa y el Rey al Duque de Ferrara, en sus guerras.

El Papa enojado del Rey de Francia, por lo de Ferrara y de Bolona, pide fauor a los Principes Cristianos, y dansele 20 y en special el Rey Catholico.

Catiuan cossarios a XXV frayles carmilitas voluiendo a Scicilia del Cap** general que auian tenido en Roma,

Ano de 1511

La conquista de Cuba, por Diego Velasquez de Cuellar.

Confederacion del Rey Catholico Don Fernando y de venecianos con el Papa Julio, haziendo exercito de comun contra el Rey de Francia.

Anda el Consilio que contra el Papa Julio comen9aron ciertos cardenales, cuya cabe9a era el cardenal Don Bernar- dino de Carauajal, obispo de Sigiien^a, a quien Uamauan burlando el Papa Andrea. La causa de aquel consilio, por dar alguna ra9on fue, que proponiendo el Papa en 10 Consistorio de quitar a Bolona a Juan de Bentiuogli por guerra, no consintio principalmente como mas antigo el cardenal Don Bernardino de Carauajal, y signieron su con- sejo y parecer los cardenales Francisco Soderino, Fadrique de San Seuerino, Antonio Gentil, Guillem Brisonet y quantos estauan mal con el Papa 6 codiciauan el Papazgo ; los quales se asentaron a consilio en Pisa con voluntad de Pedro Soderino, que gouernaua entonces a Florencia, y con fauor del Rey de Francia, que les enuio con gente a Lotrech. Atraxo a su gracia el Papa a los tres cardenales de aquellos 20 6 por offreci?/2Z<?/2to 6 por descomuniones ; los otros tres se pasaron a Milan, donde pregonaron concilio, diciendo que lo fauorecerian, y aprouauan el Emperador y el Rey de Espafia, por lo qual se ayro el Rey Catholico, y suplicaua al Papa que los priuase de officios y beneficios, y assi lo hifo, y entonces nombra el Rey a Don Fadrique de Portugal por obispo de Sigiien9a. Temieron aquellos tres cardenales, y acogieronse a Francia, porfiando todavia de continuar su (X)nsilio en Leon,

Ruega el Papa, requiere y amonesta vna y muchas vezes

I51I CARLOS QUINTO i8i

al Rey Luis de Francia, que no fauoresca al maluado consilio 30 que ha9ian aquellos cardenales rebeldes y descomulgados, ni ayude al Duque de Ferrara ni a Juan de Bentiuogli a otros tiranos de la Iglesia.

Descomulga el Papa y da por scismatico al Rey de Francia, y a todos los que fauorecian su partido y el de los cardenales schismaticos, priuandolos de sus reynos y estados y digni- dades.

Traxo a Valladolid esta excomunion, y sent* el dotor Guillen Ca9a, la qual se leyo en la Iglesia Mayor publica- mente acauado el euangelio de la misa, vn dia de fiesta. 40

Publica guerra del Rey Catholico Don Fernando contra los scismaticos. Pide ayuda a su yerno Enrrique octauo, el Rey de Inglaterra, hace pa9es con los Reyes de Tunes y Treme9en, enuia al Alcaide de los Donzeles a Fuente Rabia para las cosas de Nauarra, y manda que Don Ramon de Cardona, Virrey de Napoles, y el Conde P° Nauarro, con la gente de su armada, se junten con Fran'^" M* Duque de Vrbino, que con exercito del Papa estaua sobre Bolona.

Consulta el Rey de Francia en Tours con sus letrados, theologos y canonistas, que no era obligado a obede9er a la 5° excomunion del Papa hecha con armas ; que no puede ha9er guerra el Papa licitamente a otro Sefior en tierras no de la Iglesia, 6 que no a ofendido la fee ni la Iglesia, ni le a mouido guerra ; que puede ha9er guerra el Rey en su defension al Papa, su enemigo publico y notorio en particular, empero guardando todas las Iglesias y pueblos de su Rey no el derecho comun, y la pregmatica san9ion del concilio de Basilea ; y que podia defender sus amigos aliados de otro, aunque fuese Papa.

Manda el Rey de Francia que no lleuen dineros a Roma 60 sus vassallos, porque no le haga guerra con ellos el Papa.

Entra Don Gaston de Fox, Cap*"^ general del Rey de Francia, en Bolona por fuer9a de su exercito ; gana tambien a Bresa, Bergamo, y otros pueblos del Papa y venecianos.

Molesta el Duque Carlos de Gueldres a Brabante, con spaldas del Rey de Francia.

Ponese con el Papa el Emperador Maximiliano, por-

i82 ANNALES DEL EMPERADOR 1511

que ayudaua el Rey de Francia al Duque de Geldres contra el. 70 Presentan al Emperador Maximiliano vn hombre que se comia de vna vez vn carnero, 6 vna ternera.

\''ence y prende Tomas Hauad en batalla de Mar a An- dres Borton, Capitan de la flota Scocesa.

Comien9an los barbarrojas a tener fama.

Dissenciones y guerras entre Bayazet gran Turco, y sus hijos.

La batalla de Churlu que dio Selim a su padre Bayazet.

Pelean Insilbas y el Sophi con cada duzentos mil hombres a lo qual cuentan, en vna Isla del rio Efia, cer9a de Carsar, 80 ciudad grande, auiendo primero aplacado la batalla, la qual fue crudelissima y la mas sangrienta de nues^ros afios.

Vencio el Sophi por su buen sfuerzo. Enuio la caue9a de Insiluas al gran Turco y la de Azebec Cap*^"^ excelente al Soldan del Cairo, que fue inhumanidad. Empero dexo el reyno a sus hijos con algun trebuto, por que truxessen bonetes colorados, desechando los verdes que acostumbrauan.

Nace Fran*'° Lopez en Gomara domingo de manana, que fue dia de la Purificacion de miestva. Senora que llaman Candelaria, el qual hi90 estos afios, y las guerras de mar de 90 nuestros tiempos, y la historia de las indias con la conquista de Mexico, y piensa otras obrillas, y pues lo ha trabajado es razon que lo go9e en compafiia de tantos buenos varones.

Ano de 1512

El mowstro que pario en Rauuena vna monja, el qual dicen era macho y hembra, tenia vn cuerno en la caue9a y vna cruz en el pecho, y alas por bra90s y vn solo pie, vn ojo en la rodilla.

La batalla campal de Rauena, que vencieron franceses por no pellear espanoles. Los nuestros vencidos fueron, mas aunque fueron mataron los enemigos ; murieron en todos diez y seis mil hombres, las dos partes del exercito frances, y quarenta capitanes de ambas partes, y mas Don Gaston de 10 Fox, hermano de la Reyna Germana, que hi90 esclarecida la Jornada, el qual tenia (si en cuenta de soldados ay verdad)

1512 CARLOS QUINTO 183

setenta pie9as gruesas de artilleria, dos mil hombres de armas, quatro mil cauallos ligeros, y veinte cinco mil peones. Auia en el exercito del Papa con el Duque de Vrbino veinte y quatro tiros de bronce, y veinte y tres mil ifF'®% los XII mil espanoles, y mil ginetes, mil cauallos ligeros, ocho cientos hombres de armas espanoles, y q*°' hombres de armas italianos.

Vienen a Burgos con el Alcayde de los Donzelles em- baxadores de Abdala, Rey de Tremezen, que se dava por 20 tributario del Rey de Castilla, los quales truxeron al Rey Don Fernando los dineros del tributo, 22 cauallos, vn leon- cillo manso, vna galina de oro baziado con 36 pollitos de lo mismo, y muchas cosas moriscas, y vna donzellica hermosa de sangre real y 130 christianos cauptiuos.

Rompe Don Duarte de Menezes, alcayde de Tanjer, con 1 70 de acauallo y 300 peones al Rey de Fez, que le vino a quemar los panes, con 3000 moros a pie, y 700 ginetes ; en el encuentro y en el alcanze prendio 225 y mato dos tantos.

Concierto del Rey Don Juan de Nauarra, por medio de 30 Francia, que le adjudico a Bearne por que descompadrase con el Rey Don Fernando para que no entrase por su reyno de Guiana, donde los ingleses encarauan.

Toma el Duque de Alua Don Fadrique de Toledo, Capitan general, el Reyno de Nauarra, entrando en Panplona con seis mil soldados, mil hombres de armas y mil y q'°^ ginetes.

Cerca el Rey Don Juan a Panplona XXVI dias, estando el Duque de Alua, Hernando de Vega, Antonio de Foncequa y otros muchos caualleros castellanos, que se huuieron rezio.

Va el Rey a Logrofio, y enuia desde alii socorro a Pan- 40 plona con el Duque de Najera, por cuyo temor lleuanto el cerco el Rey don Juan, dexando el artelleria francesa. Oy dizir que Uoraua el Rey de plazer con An*° de Foncequa que le truxo la nueua, tanto estimo ganar a Nauarra.

Cercan a San Sebastian el Delphin Fr^° y el Duque de Borbon Monpensier, pero hecharonlos con mal los de la tierra.

Queda por Virrey de Nauarra Don Di° Hernandes de Cordoua Marques de Comares, que llamauan Alcayde de

i84 ANNALES DEL EMPERADOR 15"

50 los Donzeles, y luego Don An*° Manrrique, Duque de Najera, y despues Don Francisco de Zuniga, conde de Miranda, y Don Martin de Cordoua, Conde de Alcaodete, y Don Martin de Mendo9a, Marques de Canete, y Don Luis Hurtado, Mar- ques de Mondejar, y Juan de Vega, Marques de Gragal, y Don Pedro de Mendo9a, Conde de Castro Xeres, y Don . . . de Cardenas, Duque de Maqueda, y Don Beltran de la Cueua, Duque de Alburquerque.

Tienta en Logrofio de huyrse a Francia el Duque de Calabria Don Fernando de Aragon, por lo qual ua preso 60 a Xatiua que hasta alii andaua libremente en corte y tienelo en guarda mosen Juan.

Comien9a el consilio de S. Juan de Letran en Roma.

Muere Fray Pascoal, Obispo de Burgos, hombre verda- deramente christiano estando en el consilio, y esta sepultado en la moreria de Roma.

Rebelion contra el Sophi de los hijos de Insiluas deshe- chando los bonetes colorados a consejo de vn sucio tartaro de los bonetes blancos.

Muere Bayazet el II de pon9ona, que por mandado de 70 Selim Sahac su hijo menor, le dio Hamon Vztarabo medico judio, auiendo reynado 31 afios y uiuido 74. Passo grande trauaxo con sus hermanos por reynar y mayor con sus hijos que tuuo siete, y cada vno queria el reyno, gastaua con ellos por ario mas de vn miliar, ca los tenia en prouincias, aunque lleuaua la mitad el mayor, Fuera sino por ellos bien afortu- nado, venciendo siempre, saluo vna vez, que fue vencido de los mamalucos. Fue sin esto riquisimo, ca tenia die millones en dineros, poco antes que renunciase sus reynos, que ningun Rey destos anos los ha tenido, aunque no hallo 80 Selim mas que vno quando los busco, y dixo que metian mucho las manos los criados. Era Bayazet muy dado a Philosophia y a su alcoran, por lo qual, y por ser tan viejo, hizo dexacion del Imperio en Selim con enojo de los otros hijos, que fue acortar su vida. Selim, comenzado a reynar, ha9e prematica sobre los vestidos de soldados, diciendo que por ser tan ricos peleauan mucho sus contrarios.

1513 CARLOS QUINTO 185

Alio de 1513

Treguas de secreto entre los reyes Luis y Fernando, que las sintieron mucho el Rey de Inglaterra y el de Nauarra, Conciertanse de nueuo el Papa y el Emperador Maxi- miliano contra el Rey Luis de Francia. Conformanse por deligencia de Mercurin de Gatinaria Maximiliano y Fer- nando, sobre la gouernacion y cosas de Carlos su nieto.

Labranse las fortalezas de Oran y del Penon de Argel. Descubre la mar del Sur, cosa muy deseada en Castilla, Vasco Nunes de Balboa, auiendo primero tenido muchas guerras con los Indios, este ano y los pasados. 10

Gana de los moros el Duque Don Jaime de Bragan9a, con armada del Rey Don Manuel, a Azamor. Rehaze su exer- cito el Papa tras la batalla que perdio en Rauena, con el qual hecho de Italia los franceses.

Mete por fuer9a el Papa en Florencia los Medices en vengan9a que abian fauorecido los de aquella Ciudad el Concilio de Pisa, aun sargento su exercito aparte.

Muere auiendo tenido la silla Pontifical 10 anos el Papa Julio II, natural de Saona, del qual dizen que fue mal Papa, y buen hombre. Era grande amigo del Rey Fernando, por 20 que siempre le fauorecia, y assi le dio las inuistiduras de los Reynos de Napoles y Nauarra. Murio alegre por auer hechado los franceses de Italia, y por auer recobrado Bolonia y por auer metido los Medices en Florencia.

Elecion del Papa Leon X, que no tenia 40 afios. Amistad que nombrauan perpetua entre P>ancia y Venecia, contra el Duque de Milan.

Ayuda el Papa Leon al Duque de Milan, Maximiliano Sforza.

La batalla de Nouarra que vencio Maximiliano Sforza, 30 contra franceses, cuyo general era Luis de la Tremouille.

Reciue mucho dario el exercito veneciano que guiaua B"*^ de Aluiano, sobre Cremona y sobre Verona. Libra Otauiano Fregoso a Genoa de poder de franceses, con color del Papa y con spanoles, que lleuo el Marques de Pescara.

Alian9a del Emperador Maximiliano y del Rey Don

1 86 ANN ALES DEL EMPERADOR 1513

Fernando y del Rey Enrrique de Inglaterra, contra el Rey Luis de Francia.

El Rey de Inglaterra con ayuda por sus dineros del 40 Emperador Maximiliano, ha9e guerra en Picardia contra el Rey de Francia.

Batalla entre ingleses y esco9eses por amor del Rey de Francia en flod, que ven9i6 Thome Hauard, Conde de Surri, en la qual murio el Rey Jaques IV con muchos nobles de su reyno, y fue conocido entre los muertos por vna cinta de hierro que tray a junto a las carnes, en penitencia que mato a su padre por reynar.

La batalla que llamaron de las Espuelas, por espolear

mucho los franceses por mas huyr, en Teruana y que

50 vencieron ingleses, en la qual fueron presos el Duque Fr^° de

Longauilla, Capitan general, y el famoso Capitan Bayardo.

Bombardean Prospero Colona y Don Ramon de Cardona a Venecia, desde Margara, que fue mayor la afrenta que no el dano, aunque huuo gran miedo en la ciudad.

Gana el Rey de Inglaterra Enrrique octauo a Teruana por cerco, y Tornay por conzierto, stando con el Maxi- miliano Emp°'"*

Batallan las flotas inglesa y francesa vna vez, quando perdio el ojo Presan de Guyana, que auia pasado alia por el 60 estrecho de Gribaltar con sus galeras, y otra cerca de Brest, que por el fuego fue de gran dano y peligro.

La nombrada batalla de Vicencia junto a Olmo, que huuieron Don Ramon de Cardona y el senor Prospero Colona con B™^ de Aluiano, Capitan general de venecianos, que le tenia mucha ventaja en numero de gente y en sitio de Lugar.

Tenian ellos tres mil y quin*°* alemanes y hasta quatro mil espanoles, que mandaua el Marques de Pescara, y mil hombres de armas, los 700 espanoles, 600 ginetes que regia 70 Don Pedro de Castro, Capitan famoso, y vn esquadron de cauallos ligeros con el Cap''" Susar y XIIX tiros ; vencieron los Tiuestros por el esfuer90 y sauer. Mataron cinco mil, como dicen algunos, y 25 Cap°^^* Tomaron 24 tiros y todas las banderas. Tiiuose a mucho la \'iioria por ser menos y morir

1513 CARLOS QUINTO 187

pocos y por auer braueado B'"'' de Aluiano, diziendo que los tenia como a cuernos en paradas.

Apoderase de Milan y de todo el estado del Duque Maxirailiano teniendo por Capitan a Prospero Colona. Combaten sgnizaros a Dauion en Borg-ona, fauoreciendo al Papa y al Emperador, mas apartandose del zerco por los 80 prometer el Rey de Francia, con firma y juramento, muchas cosas, y en ellas 4M scudos de oro, y que tornaria a la obediencia del Papa, y que restituyria luego a Borgoiia al Principe don Carlos, y que sacaria toda su gente de Italia, y que nunca mas iria a Lombardia, mas empero no lo cumplio. Restituye Leon Papa X en los capelos y obispados a los cardenales Carauajal, y San Seuerino con voluntad del Rey Don Fernando, por que se arepentieron.

Mortandad en Constantinopla, que lleuo segun di9en ciento y cinq*'* mil personas. 90

Ahoga Selim gran Turco a su hermano Amag, despues de auerle vencido en batalla caue Barsia.

Toma por armas Basillo Rey de Moscouia a Esmolenio. Guerra de turcos en Natalia con Tequel nueuo declarador del Alcoran.

El cardenal Pedro Bembo concluye su historia.

Ano de 1514

Anda todavia la guerra en Italia contra franceses. Junta exercito el Rey de Francia contra el de Inglaterra, mas no guerreo.

Asuelan ginoueses su lanterna Castillo inexpunable, en odio de los franceses.

Pazes entre los Reyes de Inglaterra y de Francia, tratadas por el Duque de Longauilla, siendo preso.

Casa el Rey Luis de Francia, siendo de 55 anos, con Blanca Maria hermana del Rey Enrricjue IIX de Inglaterra, que fue prometida a Don Carlos, principe de Castilla, por auer ^° paz y a Teruaua y Tornay.

Procura Thomas cardenal Destrigonia la cruzada contra turcos en Vngria y Boemia, a lo qual se juntaron muy

i88 ANNALES DEL EMPERADOR 1514

muchos mas hombres que quisieron el cardenary el Rey Vlasdislao, y por eso mandaron que no tomasen cruzes todos.

Al9ase con muchos cruzados Jorge Seguel, robando y matando los que le contradicen, specialmente a caualleros, con lo qual puso en armas al Rey y reyno.

Ven9e Juan Bornemisa Capitan del Rey a Lucacho, her- 30 mano de Jorge Seguel cabe Buda.

Prende tambien peleando Juan Vajuoda al Jorge Seguel, que ya se Uamaua Rey, y a su hermano Lucacho.

La cruel muerte aunque justa en Transdutripa del fal90 Rey Jorge Seguel de Vngria, que le coronaron con yerro ardiendo, pun9aronle muchas venas y dieron a beuer la sangre a Lucacho primero, y luego a 20 Cap°^*, que no solo lo chuparon, mas tambien mordian la carne como estauan de tres dias hanbrientos, a lo qual estuuo tan sufrido que ni aun sospiro, en ca lo asaron, y cozieron, y lo hicieron comer 30 a sus soldados.

La Batalla cerca del rio Boristenes, en la qual Costantino Capitan del Rey Sigismundo de Polonia vencio al Rey Basilio, matando ocho mil moscouitas de quarenta mil que pelearon a cauallo. Tenia el Costantino quarenta mil hombres de armas y pocos mas de tres mil peones, los mas arcabuzeros, que hicieron la matan9a y vitoria.

Cerca en vano el mismo Costantino, a Esmoleco. Va Selim contra el Sophi, auiendo renouado amistades con vngaros, polacos y venecianos, Uamado por los Cardines, 40 senores persianos contr°* en seta de Seiscader.

Batalla famosissima en el campo Caldean del Sophi, con solos XXX mil de acauallo, a Selim que lleuaua 200 M soldados y los ochenta mil con cauallos, mas perdiola, que fue segun dizen el primer reues de fortuna que tuuo, por causa del artilleria turca, que con su gran ruydo espanto los cauallos persianos.

Mata Selim a Cobarquel Sampri, Capitan del Sophi excelente, porque diciendo quien era para pelear conti*a el que traya consigo a Dios, respondio si Dios estuuiera 50 contigo, no vinieras a vsorpar las tierras agenas.

Entra Selim en Tauris, mas luego se sale de miedo y

I5I4 CARLOS QUINTO 189

ambre, sacando 300 doncellas nobles y hermosas con grandes riquezas. Alii se comenzo asentar en silla contra la costumbre otomana, diciendo que auia pasado 120 leguas de donde lleg-6 su aguelo Mahomet.

Y a la verdad el anduvo mucho y peleo bien y aun tornara muy glorioso a Costantinopla, sino perdlera cien mil hombres en aquella Jornada.

Tras esta mala pelea se alio el Sophi desde Tasnula, donde se retira, con el Soldan Campson y con Aladola, y con otro 60 Rey negro que se recelaua de turcos.

Ano de 1515

Muere Luis XII Rey de Francia, sin hijos varones, aunque casava con tres mugeres. Dexo la primera que no paria, por auer a Bretana con la 2^, y aquella esposada con Maximiliano. Era muy escaso, de poca religion y dexaua la honrra por el prouecho, guerrero cruel, vengatiuo. Gano a Milan, a Genoa, y a Napoles, vencio a los venecianos por los de la liga, y por si solo al Papa con sus aliados, mas por su poca christiandad lo perdio todo y fue descomulgado, y tuuo guerras en su propio reyno de ingleses y suizos, con los quales hi90 feos consiertos y feamente los nego. Libraron 10 mal quantos tuuieron su amistad, ca fue ocasion que per- diese Nauarra el Rey Don Juan, y que perdiese Jaques Rey de Scocia, y que Florencia comen9ase a perder la libertad. De ninguno tuuo inbidia sino del Rey Catholico que ni lo pudo ven9er en armas, ni echarle dadno falso en los negocios.

Comien9a de gouernar a Flandes el Principe Don Carlos. Exercito de Franceses en Nauarra, pero luego fue lan9ado con otro de castellanos.

Nauarra queda incorporada en Castilla por cortes que se hicieron en Burgos, y por el autoridad papal y consistorial. 20

Amigable paz entre Fran"" Rey de Francia, y Carlos, Principe Archiduque, hecha en Paris por Enrrique, Conde de Nassau, consertando de casar con Carlos a Renea, her- mana de la Reyna Claudia, que tambien se la prometieron por esposa los aiios pasados.

I90 ANNALES DEL EMPERADOR 1515

Halla Caspar de Morales muchas perlas en Tararequi, de la qual isla y de la de Cubagua que descubrio Christoual Colon ban traydo a Espafia infinitissimas.

La armada portuguesa se pierde sobre Azamor, tocando 30 en la barra 80 Carauellas, y matando y prendiendo los moros cerca de 3M. portug-ueses.

Trauan amistad los Reyes Enrrique, y Francisco. Pide fauor Maximiliano Sforza, Duque de Milan, para resistir al Rey Fr^°, al Papa Leon, al Emp"' y a esguizaros.

Passa el Rey Fr^" a Italia para ganar a Milan con grande brauosidad, Uamado de venecianos y ginoueses. La batalla y vitoria del Rey Fr*^° en Melignan contra los esguizaros, teniendo el muchedumbre de soldados, con ocho mil de acauallo a la ligera y quatro mil hombres de armas francesas, 40 y ellos mas de treynta mil peones, en que auia italianos y algunos espafioles. Cana el Rey Fr'^" a Milan y enuia preso a Francia al Duque Maximiliano.

Vistas del Papa Leon y del Rey Fr*'° en Bolonia, el qual huuo alii bulas de cruzada, y el patronazgo de los obispados y abadias de Francia y aunque pretendio el nombre y corona de Emperador de Costantinopla.

Confederacion contra el Rey Fr"=° entre Maximiliano Emperador, el Rey Don Fran"^", Enrrique Rey de Ingla- terra, y suyzos. 5c Junta en Viena, del Emperador Maximiliano y de los reyes hermanos, Vladislao de Vngria y Sigismundo de Polonia, con grande caualleria, y embaxadores de muchas partes, los quales consertaron que Segismundo casase con Bona hija de Juan Caleaso Sforza, Duque de Milan, y Luis hijo de Vladislao, con Maria Infanta de Castilla, y el Inffante Don Fernando 6 el Principe don Carlos, con Ana hija del mismo Rey Vlasdislao.

Entra Italia con exercito el Emperador Maximiliano y vueluese sobre Milan sin hacer nada. 60 Entran suyzos ansi mismo en el delfinado sobre Brianzon.

Guerrillas entre vngaros y turcos, cuyo Capitan era Junos Basa.

Guerra entre polacos y moscouitas.

1515 CARLOS QUINTO 191

Muere Vladislao, Rey de Vngria, que fue muy deuoto Cristiano.

Vence Selin en batalla iruy sangrienta, al Rey de Capa- dosia Aladola en Marat, cuya cabe9a inuio a Venecia que fue presente de barbaro, despues de auerla traydo a mostrar por todas aquellas partes.

Ano de 1516

Murio en Madrigalejo, el Catholico Rey Don Fernando que de tal nombre fue V en Castilla y II en Aragon, cuyas uirtudes fueron muchas aunque no sin vicios. Fueron sus coronistas fray Juan Bauprista Mantuano, A° de Palenzia, Antonio de Nibrixa, Pedro Martir milanes, fray Bernardino Gentil de Scicilcia, Hernando del Pulgar, Tristan de Silua, Gracia Dei gallego, Hernando de Riuera, y Carauajal. Escri- uieron tambien algo Andres Bernal, G''" F''^ de Ouiedo, y otros,empero escriue mejor que todos Geronimo Corita en la historia que nombra de las empresas del Rey Don Fernando 10 el Catholico. Compiten sobre la gou^^*"^ de Castilla fr. Fran°° Ximenes, Cardenal y Arcobispo de Toledo, y Adrian Florencio, dean de Louayna, que auia venido sobre la misma gouernacion, y a tomar la posesion del reyno, por el Prin- cipe Don Carlos.

El Cardenal fr. Fran'° Ximenes, como gouernador, ordena soldados labradores dando las armas y es^/'ciciones, que algunos se lo tuuieron a mal, y aun quiso ha9er nueua mpneda y quitar las salinas y alcaualas a muchos, que lo tuuieron por peor. 20

Asonada de D. Pedro Portocarrero, para tomar el Maes- trasgo de Santiago en Llerena.

El alboroto que hi90 en Areualo el contador Mayor Juan Velasques contra la reyna Germana.

La batalla de Non entre los nues/ros y franceses.

Otra batalla del Coronel Fernando de Billalua de Pla- sen9ia con el Marichal Don Pedro de Nauarra, que despues se mato.

Amistad renouada entre Don Carlos, nueuo Rey de Spafia, y Fran<=° Rey de Francia, la qual fue fauorable para el Rey 30

192 ANNALES DEL EMPERADOR 1516

Fran"**, y assi el se defendia despues con ella, y sus malas causas. Fue pues allende otras cosas que satisficiese Carlos a Enrrique de la Brit por Nauarra (cuyo Rey se llamaua) lo que mandasen los jueces arbitros que ambos nombrarian, y que casase con Luysa hija chiquita de Fran*^°, y si aquella muriese, con la hija no nacida, cosa nunca hecha, y que faltando entrambos, casase todavia con Renea, que despues fue Duquesa de Ferrara, segun se consertara el afio pasado ; en fauor de cuyos matrimonios renuncio el Rey Fran'^" el 40 derecho que pretendia tener a Napoles, por cien mil escudos de tributo en cada vn ano. Los quales desde luego cobrase.

Sienten mucho en Espana los consiertos de Nayon por lo de Nauarra y por los cien mil escudos de pension.

Tienta el Rey Fran'=° de traer al Rey Carlos contra el Rey Enrrique de Inglaterra, teniendo con el amistad pre- sente.

El bien aventurado nacimiento de Maria Princesa de Gales, que reduxo en Cristiandad a Inglatierra.

Horruch Barbarroxa se ha9e Rey de Argel. 50 El desbarate de Diego de Vera en Argel,

Hace guerra en Frisa el Rey Don Carlos teniendo spanoles.

El 9erco rezio de Bresa, estando dentro spanoles con el comendador Icart, y fuera gascones y nauarros con el Conde Pedro Navarro.

El 9erco de Yerona que tambien fue rezio, pero dexola el Emperador Maximiliano para venecianos conforme a los conciertos de Nayon por 200 M. escudos, y alii fenecieron sus guerras en Italia.

Destr09an los gueldreses Astolanda. 60 Alian9a perpetua de los esguizaros con el Rey Fran''" que les paga tributo, con lo qual franceses se han valido y ellos cobrado gran reputacion.

La terrible batalla de Selim con Campson Soldan de Egipto en Aleppo, donde 13 mil janizaros vencieron 14 mil mamalucos, que a la sazon eran tenidos por los mejores soldados de Assia, aunque por tray9ion, segun pare9i6, de cayer Senor de Aleppo, Huuo tanto estruendo y ruydo de armas y gente que huyeron todas las aues y animales

I

1516 CARLOS QUINTO 193

de aquel llano, y aun ensurdecieron muchos hombres para siempre. Murieron a su quanta cien mil hombres com- 70 batientes de ambas partes ; cayeron Selim, que fue socorrido, y Campson que murio. Los que alii mas esfuer90 y destreza mostraron fueron Sinan Bassa y Jambardo, que otros llaman el Gazel.

Entro Selim en Damasco, donde tuuo que responder a 22 nacciones, cada vna de su lenguaje.

Otra braua pelea sin vitoria en Carici, cerca de Guzaxa, de Alguacil con 6 mil hombres y de Sinan con mas de loM, por despartirlos la noche. Dexo la ropa el Alguazil por lleuar lbs heridos para que no dixesen que auian sido ven9ido, y 80 Sinan corta las cabe9as a los mamelucos muertos y las colgo, clauadas de las barbas que tragan muy largas, para que Selim las viese.

Vesita Selim el S'" Sepulcro de Jesus Cristo, haziendo limosna con diuocion a los frayles y peregrinos.

Muere G°° Hernandes de Cordoa el Gran Capitan, de quien muchos an scripto.

Ano de 1517

Diferencias sobre el priorazgo de San Juan con armas entre los Duques de Alua y de Bejar, el vno por Don Antonio de Zufiiga su hermano, y el otro por Don Diego de Toledo su hijo.

Muere la Reyna de Portugal Dona Maria.

Muere tambien Luysa de Francia, que auia de casar con el Rey Don Carlos.

Viene Carlos a reynar de Flandes a Espafia por mar, y juranlo en Valladolid por Rey de Castilla los procuradores de Cortes. 10

Hereda Carlos estos Reynos de Espana, por auer muerto despues que nacio el Principe Don Miguel, y el que pario la Reyna G^rmana, que fue la buena fortuna.

Es tambien cosa notable que le ayan venido todos essos reynos, por lo qual me ha pare9ido contar como se han juntado tantos y tan diferentes con la breuedad que los sumarios requieren.

1568 O

194 ANNALES DEL EMPERADOR 1517

El primer conde de Auspourg, estado pequeno en Ale- mania, fue Otbert, cauallero notable, del qual desciende

20 Carlos, por linea siempre derecha de varon en varon. Ca fue Otbert hijo de Sigubert, y nieto de Theodobert, y visnieto de Childebert, y rebisnieto de Sigisbert y ta- taranieto del Rey Clotario, que fue hijo de Clodoueo, el primer Rey christiano de Francia ; y Clodoueo fue hijo de Childerio, y nieto de Moroueo, y bisnieto de Clodio, y rebis- nieto de Pharamundo, Conde de Franconia, que fue tambien el primer Rey de Francia, seiscientos y pocos mas arios despues que Cristo nacio, cuyo linaje ya entonces era grande y poderoso.

30 Desciende pues de i^adre a hijo los que signen : Otbert, conde pr° de Ausbourg, Bebo, Roperto, Amprinto, Gontram, Lutardo, Vernero, Rapoto, Berengario, Otho, Verner, Alberto, Alberto II, Rodolfo Emperador, Alberto III que fue primer duque de Austria y ^m^erador^ Alberto que fue segundo Duque y Conde de Tirol y Carinthia, Leopoldo, Ernesto, Alberto, Fadrique Emperador, que se llamo Archi- duque, Maximiliano Emperador que por la muger fue Duque de Borgona y conde de Flandes, Phelipe que por su muger fue Rey de Castilla, Carlos que lo heredo todo.

40 Los Duques de Borgona que contare fueron pocos empero muy ilustres, ca no ay para que yr mas ariua : Ph® el Osado, hijo del Rey de Francia, huuo por su muger Margarita el Ducado de Borgoiia y el condado de Flandes con otros estados ; de Phelipe su hijo Juan, de Juan su hijo Phelipe, de Ph® su hijo Carlos ; de Carlos fue hija Maria, que caso con el Emperador Maximiliano, de Maria fue hijo Phelipe, padre de nuestro Carlos.

El primer Conde de Flandes, que lo huuo con Judith su muger, hija del Rey Carlos el Caluo, fue Baldouino I,

50 Baldouino 2°, Arnulfo magno, B. 3°, Arnulfo 2^^ B. 4", Baldouino 5°, B. 6, Arnulfo 3^* infelix, Roberto Frisio, Roberto 2°, B. 7 el de la hacha, Carlos el Bueno, Guilehno hermano, Theodorico Alsatio, Phelippe Alsacio, Mar- garita, Baldouino, Emperador de Constantinopla, Juana, Margarita, Guido, Roberto, Luis de Cressi, Luis de Male,

I5I7 CARLOS QUINTO 195

Margarita, Juan, Phylipe el Bueno, Carlos, Margarita, con el Emperador Maximiliano, Phelipe Rey de Castilla, Carlos.

El Condado de Barselona vino tambien por muger a heredar los Reyes de Aragon, cuyos Reyes se llamaron 60 Jaufredo, que fue el 1°, Jaufredo 2°, Ojofremiron, Jaufredo 3°, Borrel, Ramon 5°, que fue Rey de Aragon por su muger Petronilla.

Los Reyes de Soarbe y de Aragon fueron Garci Ximenes, Garci Iniguez, Inigo Arista, Garci Iniguez, Sancho Garci, Garci Sanches, Sancho 2°, Ramiro, Sancho 3°, P° Alonso, Ramiro 2'', Ramon por Petronilla 6 Petronilla con Ramon, conde de Barselona, Alonso 2°, Pedro 2*', Jaime que con- quisto a Mallorca, Menorca y I<$z"za, Pedro 3°, que huuo a Sicilia por su muger Dona Costan9a hija de Manfredo, 70 Al° 3", Jaime 2°, que fue tambien Rey de Cerdena, Alonso 4°, P° 4", Juan que tuuo a Sicilia, Martin, Ft^° por elecion, Al** 5°, Juan 2°, Fernando 2°, que fue tambien de Castilla por la Reyna Isauel, Carlos. Los Reyes de Castilla y de Leon que siempre han venido de padres hijos 6 yernos a hijos 6 hijas, por lo qual es muy grande su nobleza, son estos ; Pelayo, Fauila, Exmisenda con A" su marido, Mauregato, Bermudo, Al° 2°, Ramiro, Ordono, Alonso 3°, Garcia, Ordono 2°, Fruela 2°, Alonso 4°, Ramiro 2**, Ordono 4", Sancho, Ramiro 3°, Bermudo 2°, Al" 5°, Bermudo 3°, so Sancha con Fr^° su marido, Sancho con Eluira, Alonso 6°, Urraca con AP Rey de Aragon, Berangela con Al°, Fer- nando segundo, Sancho 3°, Al° 9, Enrrique, Fernando 3° Al° X, Sancho 4°, Fernando 4°, Alonso"'XI, Pedro, Enrrique, Bastardo, Juan, Enrrique 3°, Juan 2°, Enrrique 4°, Isauel con Fr^° Rey de Aragon, que conquisto a Napoles y a Nauarra, Juana con Phelipe, Archiduque de Austria, Carlos.

Assi que todos estos reynos, estados y senorios han venido a parar en Carlos, que comien9a este ano a reinar en Cast* con su madre la Reyna Dona Juana, que no quiso ni pudo 90 reynar sola, del qual esta obra toma principio.

Aspra de Frisa se tomo por el Rey Don Carlos a fuer9a.

Muere Fray Fr*=° Ximenes de Cisneros, Cardenal y Ar90-

O 2

196 ANNALES DEL EMPERADOR 1517

bispo de Toledo en Roa, que fue varon de grandissimo valor. Era natural de Tordelaguna y siendo canonigo de Siguen9a se metio frayle Fr"". Fue confesor de la Reyna de Castilla Dona Isauel, y Ar9obispo de Toledo y cardenal y gouernador de Castilla, solo y acompanado, y siendolo, quito el IfP^ Don Fr^° a Gonzalo Nunez de Guzman su ayo, 100 y 11190 y dexo muchas cosas con grande autoridad. Paso rezias palabras con el Rey Catholico, sobre que le pedia el Ar9obispado de Toledo para su hijo Don Juan, Ar9obispo de Qarag09a, diciendo que lo haria Papa. Tuuo inuidiosos y que no lo alavan, 6 porque mandaua mucho, 6 por que no andaua en la gracia del Rey. Gano a Oran, hi90 muchos monasterios, fundo la vniversidad de Alcala de Henares, dotandola ricamente, aunque de muchos beneficios, cosa ciertamente real, y tan prouechosa como noble. Hi90 con- sertar y imprimir la Biblia en muchas lenguas, que le costa 1 10 buenos dineros y plata labrada y joyas quando murio.

Dieta en Maguncia sobre que todos los Reyes obedescan al Emperador, con que causo algunos bulli90s de guerra specialmente en Francia.

Guerras del Papa Leon con Fran*'" Maria, Duque de Vrbino, por auer aquel estado para L°° de Medices, a importunacion de Alfonsina su cunada.

Una rezia pelea, que no tuuo vit*, entre Selim y Tamos, nueuo Soldan, en Matera cerca de Alcayro, en la qual mato el alguazil a Sinan y huuo muchos muertos ; para los laoenterrar se hicieron treguas por tres dias, y salieron de la ciudad dos mil sacerdotes, y auia en el Real de Selim dos mil y 200.

Otra pelea tambien sin vitoria, que duro todo un dia, aunque decian los turcos que tenian de veneer, pues el Alguazil no estaua en ella. Enton9es alabo mucho Selim a los mamelucos por esfor9ados, y sus mugeres les rogaron quando salieron a pelear del Cayro que las matasen, diziendo que no querian otros maridos si ellos muriesen, y si ven- ciezen que no les faltarian otras. 130 . Otra batalla no vencida en que fue preso el alguazil junto al Nilo, teniendo el Turco cien mil hombres y el Soldan

1517 CARLOS QUINTO 197

quince myl solamente. Empero huyo el Soldan por auer perdido a su buen Capitan y amigo Jamburdo, el Alguazil.

Mata Selim a Tamos Soldan que se le entrego Cayer, el que fue traydor a Camson. DIole por torm*° por que dixese del thesoro. Truxole vn camello, y con cadenas a la garganta por las calles de Alcayro con pregon afrontoso, y ahorcolo de la puerta de Benzomil, siendo tan grande P^ Y tomo posesion del senorio de Egipto, y se sento en la silla de los soldanes, contra la vsan9a del gran Turco, que suele sentarse 140 sobre alhombras en tierra. Costole Egipto 250M hombres sin otros tantos enemigos que mato.

Por ser el alguazil spafiol huelgo de contar quien fue, aunque sea prolixo. Era pues el alguazil natural de Seuilla. Su madre que se llamaua Juana lo lleuo a Jerusalem yendo alia por deuocion, aunque niiio de diez anos. Campson que aula ydo aquel ano a Hierusalem le hizo hurtar por ser lindo y gracioso y lleuar a Alcayro, donde fue luego hecho mameluco, tomando nombre de Janburgo. Hablo la Juana con el Soldan, suplicandole con muchas lagrimas le hiciese 15° boluer su hijo, pues venian alii los peligrinos cristianos con su hcenddi y saluo conduto. El Soldan le respondio lo que aula sido del nirio,y le dio muchos dineros para quese voluiese a Espana con sus compafieros, prometiendola tratarlo muy bien, y porfiando ella de auerlo, dixo que se lo inuiaria. Espero ella vn ano, y despues fuese a Alcayro. Lloro mucho allando su hijo en abito de mameluco, temiendo que renegase, como renego, y nunca lo pudo auer en quatro anos, al fin de los quales se fue dicho que no podia tornar a ser cristiano aquel mameluco, pues era 15 anos, sin que por ello muriese, 160 por lo qual ella se boluio a Jerusalem, donde murio. Dende a mucho tiem.po^ salio Jambardo tan agraciado moso y tan gentil cortesano que priuo con el Soldan, y assi le hi9o Alguazil de Alcayro, que segun dicen es la principal persona en aquella ciudad, y del o^tcto le llaman todos alguazil, auiendole de Uamar alguazil. Salio assi mismo tan buen soldado y tan hombre de guerra que fue Capitan de los mamelucos, y tan valiente que nunca los janizaros segun ellos confesauan toparon su par, ca en

198 ANNALES DEL EMPERADOR 1517

170 la batalla de Matera corto de vn reues la mano por la munheca, que fue tiro despafiol, a Sinan Bassa, que acauaua de ha9er saltar los ojos a Setelin mameluco, de vn golpe de masa, al^andola para darle, y luego le mato. Los turcos se marauillaron por que Sinan, como albanes, era el mas valiente Capitan que Selim tenia, y en la batalla del Nilo por el no vencieron los turcos. Informado Selim de su esfuer90 y lealtad lo mando sentar quando se lo truxeron delante y le dixo : Yo amo y gualardono mucho los valientes hombres como tu, y quierote perdonar si prometes serme tan leal

180 como lo as sido a los soldanes Camson y Tamos que venci, dexandote con el mismo cargo de algoiacil, y aun te dare otro mas honrrado, por tanto dime la verdad de lo que piensas en tu cora9on. El algnazil suspiro recio, arrasandose los ojos. Leuantose, beso la tierra, y al cauo de vna piesa respondio : Sefior, yo soy espanol, y criado desde chiquito en la camara de Camson, y con Tamos que uos matastes, entre el qual y mi nunca huuo hazienda, ni aun voluntad apartada. Trauaje mucho que fuese Soldan, y quanto lo acaue con el hice arto. He le servido y seguido en su prospera y ayrada

190 fortuna, deseando acauar mi uida con la suya. Mas empero Dios, en cuya deuina mano estan la uida y muerte de los hombres, a otra cosa ordenado, y pues assi es, tengo a buena Ventura auer caydo en Yuestro poder y gra9ia, que sin yo lo merece me ofereceis quanto el Soldan me pudo dar. Lo que mi cora9on tiene dire a wuestr^i gran alte9a, a quien no se deue mentir, especialmente yo, que siempre me precio de hablar verdad y de mantenerla. Quise tanto a Tamos Bey que cada uez que me acordare quan deshonrradamente le hizistes matar, os aborrecere y querreos mal ; reciuiendo de

200 uos la uida y tan magna merced seria tray9ion grandissima, y aunque las gentes no lo sentiesen ni lo pensasen lo cono- ceria yo, me ternia por otro del que hasta oy ser he pro- curado ; assi que os suplico me colgueis en la misma puerta que colgastes a Tamos mi sefior, Ueuandome la misma gente por las mismas calles con el mismo pregon para que seamos conformes en la muerte como en la uida lo fuimos. Dichas estas palabras con lagrimas y S0II090S, se cayo amortecido ;

1517

CARLOS QUINTO 199

Selim lo hi90 leuantar, diziendo mas estimare ganar la voluntad deste que otro Alcayro. Mando que lo tuuiesen en la fortaleza con buena gnarda, pero con mucha libertad. 210 Estando alii, se huyo el alguazil con Nicolo janizaro acauallo, y se fue a la sierra, donde se auian recogido los pocos mama- lucos que quedaron, con los quales se fue a Tauris donde le re9eui6 muy bien Ismael Sophi y lo 11190 su capitan general. Hazia tan buenas cosas el alguazil en Persia, que le Uamaron el gran Diablo, aunque deuia ser por que les mostra la artelleria, que no la tenian ; quando Ismael murio le dexo por capitan y tutor de Tambran Sophi su hijo mayor, al qual el consejo que tuuiese soldados espanoles y se ligase con el Emperador Don Carlos, Rey de Castilla. 220

Comien9a Martin Luther, frayle reglar agostino, a predi- car y escriuir heregias en Alemania, tomando asillo de las indulgencias y bulas, que causo grandissima perdida de christiandad, y fue comien90 de infinitos males que suelen acarrear semejantes nouedades, con la nouedad de la vida y 1°* despues.

Ano de 1518

Juran en Carag09a los aragoneses al Rey nuestro Sefior Don Carlos.

Enuia desde Qarag09a el rey a fr. Garci Jofre de Loaysa de la orden de San Juan, a rogar a Selim gran Turco, no maltrate, ni tan poco impida los perigrinos que hiuan a Hierusalen; el qual dixo que degrado, con tanto que no cogiese griegos en Italia, y aun dixo que se marauillaua que huuiesen hechado los judios de Castilla, pues hera hechar la riqueza,

Va el Iff*^ Don Fernando a Flandes. 10

Casa la infanta Dona Leonor con Don Manuel, Rey de Portugal, para enuiudar temprano.

Da el Rey el ar9obispado de Toledo a Guillen de Croy, sobrino de Mons de Xeures que ya era obispo de Cambray, lo qual desplugo mucho a todo el Reyno por ser estrangero.

Matan espanoles a Horruch Barbarroxa, que gentilmente exercito las armas por agua y tierra, con moros y cristianos.

El desbarate de Don Vgo de Moncada, en Argel.

200 ANNALES DEL EMPERADOR 1518

Cria el Papa Leon 3 1 cardenales en un solo dia, que sono 20 muy mal, siendo los mas por dineros.

Ano de 1519

Juran en Barzelona los catalanes al Rey Carlos, Rey de Espana, elegido por Emperador de romanos en Francofort, con grandissima competencia del Rey Fran*=° de Fran9ia, que corrompia los electores con dadiuas y ofrecimientos, por sus embaxadores y amigos, los quales, ayudados del Cardenal y legado Tomas de Vio Cajetano, frayle de bien : fuera de esto dixeron mucho mal con grandes injurias del nueuo Emperador, y aun el Rey Fran"'** mismo dixo que nunca serian buenos amigos, como no lo fueron, pues en 10 aquella competencia, como en lo de vna linda dama, el que quedase ven9ido no queria bien al otro que la lleuase.

Hace la fiesta del Tuson el Emperador Carlos V en Bar- zelona, en la qual dio el collar al condestable de Castilla,

Don Inigo de Velasco, al Duque de Cardona, Don ,

a Don Fadrique de Toledo, Duque de Alua, a Don Aluaro de ^liniga, Duque de Bejar, y a Don Antonio Manrrique de Lara, Duque de Najera.

Casa la Reyna Germana con el Marques Juan de Branden- burg, por lo qual no la querian muchos senores llamar 20 Alteza, hasta que lo mando el Emperador.

Va Dona Beatriz de Portugal a casar con el Duque Carlos de Sauoya.

La Batalla de Cintla que vencio Fr^° Cortes contra los tauascanos.

Reciue Monteczumacim en Mexico a Cortes amigable- mente.

Prende Cortes a Monteczuma, que fue tan gran osadia como hazana.

Mata Pedrarias de Auila el Justador a Vasco Nunes de 30 Valboa, que fue buen capitan en las Indias.

Passa Fr^° MagaUanes por su estrecho, yendo buscar la especiaria.

Treguas por cinco aiios entre los P^^ cristianos a inter-

I5I9 CARLOS ^)UINTO 201

cesion del Papa Leon por temor del Turco, el qual tambien temio de ellas.

Pide al Emperador Carlos el Rey Fr'^" rehenes y seguridad de los contxatos de Nayon por su Emb""^ Lansart, ganoso de hacerle guerra.

Muere Maximiliano Emperador, que fue sin ninguna duda el mas liberal principe de su tiempo. Tardo diez anos de 40 ablar, por lo qual penso el Emperador Fadrique su padre que fuera mudo y bouo, mas el salio bien ablado y bien sauio. Emprendio muchas y dificultosisimas guerras, y assi no acauo las mas por ser grandes, aunque tambien deuia ser por falta de dineros. Escriuio su uida muy larga con la de los emperadores el coronista P° Mexia, hombre de muchas gracias.

Viene a Barzelona Baudilca Rey de Tenez, a pedir a)aida contra Haradin Barbarroxa, que lo hecho del Reyno.

Ano de 1520

Pasando Carlos Emp°' a Flandes por mar, se ue con Enrrique octauo, Rey de Inglaterra.

Entra Carlos en Alemania y consagrase por Emperador en Aquisgran.

Comien9an las comonidades en Castilla, que de buen principio tuuieron mal fin, y que hicieron mayor al Rey de lo que dantes era, queriendole abatir. Leuantaronse por que se iua el Rey, por el serv°, por el gouernador estrangero, por el mucho dinero que se sacaua del Reyno, por que se dieron la contaduria mayor al Cheurez, el ar9obispado de 10 Toledo a Guillen deCroy, y encomiendas a hombres estranos.

Maltratan en muchas ciudades a sus procuradores por que otorgaron el serv°, y en Segouia matan al regidor Tor- desillas, por lo qual fue alia el alcalde Ronquillo.

De Xlix pueblos que tenian voto en Cortes, los 13 se juntan por la comonidad en Auila y piden LX cosas por capitulo.

Tienen culpa en la comonidad frayles y confesores. Apoderanse los comuneros de la Rn* Doiia Juana, y tratan de casarla con el Duque de Calabria. 20

202 ANNALES DEL EMPERADOR 1520

Entran en Tordesillas por combate los caualleros, a tomar la Reyna.

Mexico se rebela contra los espanoles.

Puebla Pedrarias de Auila en Panama.

Muere fray Diego de De9a, Ar9obispo de Seuilla, siendo electo para Toledo, que fue maestre del Principe Don Juan y que hi90 el colegio de S*° Thomas en Seuilla ; era buen theologo y compuso algo, y en ello vna declaracion del Pater Noster en Roma/^ce. 30 Condena el Papa Leon Martin Luther por herege.

Muere de vna pedrada Mo^^teczuma, Rey poderosissimo, cuya gr^nde9a y estado escreui en la Conq** de Mexico.

Juntanse los Reyes y Reynos de Francia y Inglaterra en Ardres con mas pompa que negocios, aunque trataron de casar al Delphin con Maria Princesa de Gales, prometiendo amistad perpetua.

Muere Selim gran Turco mordiendose las manos, de que se le comian las entranas de cancer, en Churlo, donde peleo con su p®. Viuio 46 anos y los ocho Rey. Era Selim alto 40 de cuerpo y corto de piernas, gesto redondo, color amarillo, ojos gruesos ; era seuero, corajudo, atreuido ; era constante, ambicioso, mas no apocado y diligente, diziendo que con la dilacion se perdian las buenas ocasiones en los grandes pro- positos, cruel sobre manera, aunque justicero, y assi mato a su p® y a dos hermanos y a muchos sobrinos y 62 hombres de su linaje, diziendo no auer cosa mas dulce que reynar sin parientes, palabra indina odiada. Dexo una camisa tinta en pon9ona, quando fue contra el Sophi, para que Pirro Bassan la vestiese a Soliman su hijo, si tratase de al9arse con 50 el reyno en su ausencia, aunque otros dicen que por que le afeauan sus crueldades. Mato a Mustafa Basa por que auiso los hijos de Amad para que huyesen, y Schandes Basa por que ponia deficultades en la guerra del Sofi en passar el rio Eufrates, y a Bustan Basa cufiado suyo, por que tomaua prezentes y cohechos, y a Xunos Basa por que amotino los janisarios contra Cayer, y a Cuemdeno Basa, por que le aconsejaua librem^nte, y al medico judio con su propia 9imitera, por que no consentia que le cortasen los

I620 CARLOS QUINTO 203

cirujanos la carne del canser, diziendo que cundia mas; enterro en Alcayro su cauallo muriendo, por que lo librara 60 de la batalla que dio en Churlu a su mismo p^, en que con- firmo su bestialidad, pues dexo sin sepulturas a sus proprios hermanos, sobrinos, parientes y criados fauorecidos. Fue gran batallador y solia dizir que las vitorias no eran cum- plidas, si el senor no las ganaua. Fue templado en mugeres y aun en comer. Comia vna sola vianda, y aquella no delicada, que lo sostuuo sano. Fue gran ca9ador por exer9i9io y grandeza. El afio que morio, por no sentir ni pensar su mal, beuio, aunque contra voluntad de los medicos, vna beuida de lina9a confisionada con muchas cosas, que 70 saca de seso por 24 horas, y que siempre ha9e pensar en lo que piensan al beuer, si a mugeres, veen por el aire, si en guerra, batalla, si en ca9a, fieras, y ellas muriendo. No traya barba, fuera del vso de los Reyes sus antepassados, diziendo que por que no tirasen de ella, como a su p*' los Bassas y janizaros. Dixo a Piro Bassa, que le aconsejaua hiciese algun ospital y obras pias de muchas de particulares que tomara en Bursia, y otras ciudades : No es bueno que yo me honrre con lo ageno, dexando tales mandas ; por eso restetuyanselas. Fue buena ra9on, aunque de boca mala. 80

Comien9a SoHman, vnico hijo deSelim, a reynar enCon- stantinopla.

Enuian los gouernadores a San Sebastian a Don Beltran de la Cueua, el qua! peleo con francesses y tudescos en la Pena de Aldaua y los vencio sin que le matassen mas de uno, y aquel por una arcabusada por la boca que renegaua.

Passa el Emperador a Inglaterra, veniendo a Espana, y habla con el Rey Enrrique sobre amistad y casam*° con su hija. 90

Buelue a Espana el Emp"', y allana las comonidades de Castilla, castigando a unos y perdonando a otros.

Guerra en Flandes, por la qual ua el Emperador a Tornai, que tenian Franceses.

Ay dieta en Vrormeson, en la qual demanda guerra el Rey Francisco al Emperador, ausente.

204 ANNALES DEL EMPERADOR 1500

Guerra en Borgona entre flamencos y franceses, si hacer cosa hazanosa.

Ordena el Rey Francisco los franc archeros, braueando 100 contra el Emperador y contra Italia,

Guerra del Rey Enrrique de Inglaterra en Picardia.

La luenga nauega9ion de Juan Sebastian del Cano, que rodeo todo el mundo.

Alio de 1521

La batalla de Villalar, que perdieron los comuneros por valientemente que pelearon Juan Brauo y Juan de Padilla, Capitan general.

La solene justicia que a otro dia de la batalla hi90 el Alcalde Antonio, degoUando por comuneros a Juan de Padilla, Juan Brauo y P'' Maldonado, y despues fueron degollados Sarauia en Valladolid, y Don Pedro Pimentel de Talauera en Simancas.

Mato enton9es un carnero al soldado que lo Ueuaua 10 hurtado, y hechado al cuello, trastorna;2dole de la pared donde se puso a descansar, que se tuuo a marauilla; sobre lo qual ui en Roma diez anos despues matar vn mo90 de espuelas del Cardenal Loaysa a otro que auian apostado, haziendo la prueua del carnero en vn alcandara que no podia ser.

El Terremoto de Almeria y de Lx* santaren.

Gana Fernando Cortes a Mexico.

Muere Fernando Magallanes peleando con Cilapulapo en Matan. 20 Descubren castellanos los malucos en Tidore, una de las islas que Ueuan especiarias,

Mueue guerra el Rey Francisco por Luxembourg, contra lo de Nayon con Roberto de la Marca, Conde de Aremberg, sin auisar prz'mero al Emperador, y enuia por Nauarra con exercito al seiior de Lesparre Andres de Foix, el qual tomo a Pamplona y 9erc6 a Logroiio.

Tiene dieta el Emperador en Worms, que fue la ■printer a que 11190, donde hablo contra su mag^j/ad Barroys, Em- baxador del Rey Fr'=°, descortesm*®.

15 21 CARLOS QUINTO 205

Entran en Picardia con exercito del Emperador, Enrrique 30 de Nassau y Yranci'sco Schine, por lo de Roberto y de Andres de Foix, empero no hicieron mucho fruto.

Vencen y prenden tras la sierra de Veniega el con- destable Don Inigo de Velasco, y el Almirante Don Fadrique Enrriques, gouernadores de Castilla, al sen or Lesparre por Don Beltran de la Cueua, que gano la artilleria de los enemigos.

Salen al campo cabe Valenchienas el Emp°'' y el Rey Fr"**, con buenos exercitos, mas no hicieron cosa que sea de contar. 40

Solene condenacion de las heregias lutheranas, por el Emperador en Worms, y por el Rey de Francia en Paris.

La Germania de Valencia con el Rey en cuuierto, la qual deshicieron en Moruuiedro Don Alonso de Aragon, Duque de Segorue, y en Valencia Don Rodrigo de M<=*, Marques de Zenete.

El motin de los que se llamauan del diablo, en Guiana.

Hecha el Rey de Francia subsidios a los clerigos para las gnerras.

Casan Don Fernando y Dona Maria, Infantes de Castilla, 5° ella con el Rey Luis de Hungria, y el con Ana, su hermana.

Muere Don Manuel Rey de Portugal, hombre de pequeno cuerpo, mas de grande cora9on, en cuyo nombre se hicie- ron muchas buenas cosas en Arabia, Persia, India, y otras prouincias de Asia. Caso con dos hermanas y vna sobrina, todas parientas suyas, y en todas tuuo hijos, ca en la Reyna Princesa huuo al Principe Don Miguel, y con Dona Maria, su hermana, muchos, y en Doiia Leonor, su sobrina, vna hija que se llama Maria.

Liganse contra el Rey Francisco el Papa y el Emp*"", en 60 fauor del Duque de Milan, Fr'="' Sforza ; el Papa, por que ayudaua a Fr"" Maria Duque de Vrbino contra el, y por auer Parma y Plazencia y a vna Ferrara, el Emperador por lo de Roberto y Lesparre, y aun por echar franzeses de Italia, y por que le competia como Emperador restetuir al Duque.

Dos buenos exercitos en Ada, rio de Lombardia, vno del Rey de Francia con Lautrec, y de venecianos con Theodoro

2o6 ANNALES DEL EMPERADOR 1531

Triuul9io y Duque de Ferrara, y otro de la Hga con Fr°° Sfor9a, en el qual era Capitan del Papa Fadrique de 70 Gonzaga, Marques de Mantua, y del Emperador Prospero Colona.

Anda la guerra en Lombardia, mas cercando lugares.

Murio el Papa Leon, que fue liberalissimo.

Elecion del Papa Adriano 6°, estando en Vitorla.

Guerra entre Luis Rey de Vngria y el Vayboda, que Uamo al Turco.

Toma Soliman por tratos a Belgrado, lugar de Vngria importantissimo, que fue la primera guerra que hi90 por su persona. Mato al que se lo dio contra su juramento, 80 diziendo que ya le daua tierra como se la prometiera en dar la sepultura, y a otros tambien ; con que no aula rey traydor, palabra de Tirano.

Ano de 1522

El Ar9obispo de Barri, Grauiel Merino, con el Dean y Cabildo, y con el mariscal Payo de Riuera y otros caualle- ros de Toledo, vence y hecha fuera de la ciudad a Dona Maria Pacheco, mujer de Juan de Padilla, mas comunera que su marido ; la qual se salio huyendo para Portugal sobre vn asno en traje de labradora, con vnos ansarones en las manos por no ser conocida, que de otra manera tambien la de- gollaran. Porfio tanto las comunidades pensando ser reyna, que assi se lo dixeron en Granada ciertas hechizeras moriscas. 10 Prendia clerigos, mataua hombres, y queria ser mui obe- decida, tomo las cruzes por vanderas, y aun traya pintado en vn pendon a Juan de Padilla degollado.

La conquista de Nicaragua por Gil Gon9alez de Auila.

Entra en Milan el Duque Fran<'° Sfor9a por virtud de los espafioles, que capitaneaua el marques de Pescara.

Toman por fuer9a Lautrec a Nouara y el Prospero a Alexandria.

La Batalla de la Bicoca, donde tomaron los nuestros 17 banderas a los enemigos, y murio Don Juan de Cordoa, 20 conde de Golisano.

El saco de Genoua tan famoso por los espanoles.

1532 CARLOS QUINTO 207

Pasa el Papa Adriano a Roma con buena flota espanola.

Entra por Nauarra con grande exercito Guillen Gouffier, almirante de Francia ; cerca a Pamplona que la defendio el conde de Miranda Don Fran*^" de Zuniga ; toma luego a Amaya y despues Fuenterabia, por culpa de Diego de Vera.

Ano de 1523

Cerca el Condestable Don Inigo de Velasco Fuenterabia, estando el Emperador en Vitoria, y fue trauajoso cerco por las muchas aguas y frios.

Concierto entre Carlos Emperador y el rey de Inglaterra, en dafio del rey de Francia, auisandole de la guerra.

Puebla Fran*'" Hernandes a Muarasua, por Pedrarias de Auila.

Muere Diego Velasquez de Cuellar, auiendo sido el mas rico espanol de las Indias.

Entregan franceses el Castillo de Milan al duque Francz'sco 10 Sfor9a.

Liga del Papa y Emperador, duque de Milan, Venecianos, Florencia, Sena, Luca y Genoua, contra quien pertubase la paz de Italia.

Prueua Bonifacio Visconde de matar a puiialadas al duque de Milan, su pariente.

Cerca, mas en vano, a Milan Guillen Gouffier almirante de Francia con 30 M hombres y 4M cauallos, teniendo dentro el Prospero Colona do9e mil soldados, los 4 M spafioles.

Entra por Francia el exercito ingles y flamenco, que 20 metia mucho miedo a Paris, y que hi90 dano sin prouecho suyo ; era de mas de 30.000 peones, y de seis mil a cauallo,

Huye de Francia con gentil astucia Carlos duque de Borbon, y la guerra se enputo al rey Francisco por el Emperador en Borgofia.

Anda gran rebuelta en Alemania del comun con la clerezia.

Muere el Papa Adriano sexto, que no mudo nombre. Era olandes y dean de Louayna, q**" el Emp°' Maximiliano lo hi90 maestro de Carlos su nieto, por hombre docto y bueno. Vino a Espatia por embaxador al Rey Catholico sobre la 30 gouernacion de Castilla, y a tomar posesion del reyno por

2o8 ANN ALES DEL EMPERADOR 1523

don Carlos. Fue gouernador de Castilla y obispo deTortosa. Mormuran de el porque no se desemboluio como sus ante- cessores, y aun por que afeo a los cardenales sus vicios y pages, y por que no socorrio a Rodas. No quiso absoluer a los que saquearon a Genoua ni pasar el ar9obispado de Toledo en Don Jorge de Austria, hijo bastardo del Empe- rador Maximiliano, acordandose que las comonidades se quexaron que lo fuese Guillen de Croy. Dio al Emp"' 40 Carlos la gouernacion y administracion perpetua de los maestrasgos de Casd* como a Rey de Esparia, y quito el tributo de Napoles para siempre, y hi90 en su fauor otras cosas.

El cardenal Julio de Medices, que fue Papa tras Adriano, se nombra Clemente octauo, el qual continuaua la liga y guerra de Leon y Adriano contra el frances, aunque lo solicitaua mucho que no lo hiciese Alberto Pio, conde de Carpi, erabaxador del Rey Francisco.

La pelea de Rupeco y la de Garlazco, donde se mostro

50 bien el duque de Vrbino contra los franceses, siendo gen^

Carlos de la Noy por muerte del Prospero Colona ; tras las

quales se voluio a Fran9ia el Almirante, con vn bra90 que-

brado de arcabuzazo.

Entierran viuos a Don N. de Cardenas en Madrid, y en Napoles a Don Fran''° Marradas.

Ano de 1524

Fuenterabia se cobra de franceses a partido, que hicieron todo su poder por guardarla, en mar y en tierra.

La pobre muerte de Don Pedro de Ayala, conde de Salua- tierra, por comunero en la carcel de Burgos, estando alii el Emperador; Ueuaronlo a enterrar los pies descuuiertos y con grilles.

La reparticion de las Indias y Nueuo Mundo, hecha en Badaxoz, entre cast"" y Portugueses,

La conquista de Cuahute Mallan, que hi90 P° de Aluarado, 10 capitan de Fr^° Cortes.

Comien9a de proposito la conuersion de los indios en Mexico.

1524 CARLOS QUINTO 209

Vienen a Burgos emb®" del Sophi al Emperador contra el Turco.

Guerrea Carlos, duque de Sofolc, contra franceses en Picardia.

Cerca Juan Stuard, duque de Albania, con escoseses a Verchin, mas hace lo dexar a priesa Thomas Auard, yendo a el con exercito ingles.

Puebla Rodrigo de Bastidas a S** Martha, 20

Matan hazafiosam®'**® Fran*^° de las Casas y Gil G'^ de Auila a Cristoual de Olid, en el Triumpho de la Cruz.

Casa el Rey Don Juan de Portugal, 3° de este nombre, con la infanta de Castilla Dona Catalina, hermana del Emperador, en la qual huuo muchos hijos, y todos los vio muertos, y los syete jurados por sus herederos, caso de fortuna tan valeroso como notable.

Hechados ya de Italia los franceses, ua el duque de Borbon sobre Marsella por mandado del Emperador y del Rey de Inglaterra, con catorce piezas de artelleria, mil hombres de 30 a cauallo y 16000 de a pie, mas rezio que fue.

La brabossa pasada del Rey Fran'=° a Italia tras el duque de Borbon, con wet'nte y-dos mil peones y quatro mil de a cauallo, con que luego entro en Milan y cerco a Pauia.

Ha9en las amistades del Rey Fran*^" con el Papa y floren- tines el conde Alberto del Carpio y el datario Juan Matheo Giberto.

Enuia el Rey Fran"" al Duque de Albania sobre Napoles, con X mil hombres a pie y seis cientos a cauallo, assi para deuertir los espatioles de Lombardia, como para conquistar 4° aquel reyno.

Muere Fran*=° de Garay, adelantado de Panuco, en Mexico, el qual gouernando a Jamaica fue rico, y bien andante, y conquistando empobrecio con desuentura de los hijos.

Lleuanta guerra el duque de Gueldre en Olanda.

Mueue guerra el conde Fran'=° de Haege al ar9obispo de Treueris por cat".

Guerras en Alcayro, que se rebelo del Turco.

Muere Ismael Sophi, que tan conocido fue por el mundo assi por religion, como por armas, de cuya gloria Bayazet 50 1S66 p

2IO ANNALES DEL EMPERADOR 1524

tuuo pesar, y Selim enuldia ; fue de los suyos muy querido, y por consiguiente llorado.

Ano de 1525

La noble batalla de Pavia, en que fue preso el Rey Fran"** de Francia, peleando y herido, que fue loor suyo. La gloria de cuyo vencim2(?;«to Ueuo el Marques de Pescara, Don Fran«'° Fr^° de Aualos, coronel de los espanoles, aunque las cabe9as del exercito imperial eran Carlos Lanoy y Carlos duque de Borbon. Lleuaron el prez de su prision el capitan Juanes de Hernani que lo detuuo, y Diego de Auila que le tomo el estoque y la manopla derecha, y Machin, hombre de armas de Don Vgo de Moncada. 10 Traen preso al Rey Fran'^'' a Hespana el virrey de Napoles, Carlos de la Noy, y el senor Alarcon, que lo tenia en guarda, la qual quitaua y ponia el alferes Garcia de Carabariantes de Gomara, soldado viejo y valiente, y que nunca juro a Dios.

Enteram*° en Granada del Rey Don Phelippe, al cabo de 20 afios que la reyna se lo tenia consigo.

La nauegacion de Gar9i Jofre de Loaysa a las molucas.

El trauaxosissimo camino que Cortes hi90 de Mexico a Higueras. 20 Al9amiento de los mOriscos de Valencia de la sierra de Bernia, sobre que por fuer9a los hauian hecho christianos.

La grandissima corte y caualleria que tuuo el Emp°' en Toledo, assi espaiioles como estrangeros, el gran maestre de Rodas Phelipe, con 40 comendadores, el cardenal Juan de Saluiati, legado del Papa, embaxadores de toda Italia, de Sophi, de Russia, y de todos los reyes christianos de Europa.

Da el Emperador a los caualleros de S. Juan la Isla de Malta y la del Gozo y a Tripol de Berberia, en que se asienten.

El descubrimiento del Perii, tierras riquissimas de plata y 30 oro, por Fran°° Pizarro y su compailia.

Tratos del Papa y venecianos con el duque de Milan contra el Emperador por echar de Lombardia spafioles.

Procura sobornar Jeronimo de Moron, consejero del Duque de Milan, al marques de Pescara con letras del Papa

1525 CARLOS QUINTO 211

y venecianos para que dexe al Emperador, prometiendole el reyno de Napoles, y la capitania general de Italia, mas el lo rehusa y descubre.

Trata Luisa de Saboya, madre del rey Fran''^ y gouerna- dora de Francia, con el Papa y rey de Inglatierra y otros que hagan miedo al Emp°', para que suelte a su hijo. 40

Da treguas el Emperador por seis meses a los fran9eses, Visita el Emp""" al rey Fran'^" que adole9i6 por consola9ion.

Cerca el marques de Pescara al duque Fran'=° Sfforcia en el Castillo de Milan, auiendole tornado casi todo el estado por rebelde al Emperador, y por que trataua de matar a los esparioles.

Muere Don Fran*'*' Fernando de Aualos, ex9elentissimo capitan, teniendo cercado al duque de Milan, y continua el cerco An'° de Leyua con Don Alonso de Aualos, marques del Uasto. 50

Reuuelue Tomas Mun9er a Saxonia, contra los senores y obispos, que le mataron seis mil luteranos en Enfrancnassen.

Comonidades de luteranos en Alemania, en que murieron a cuchillo cien mil hombres dentro de quatro meses.

Ano de 1526

Suelta el Emperador al rey Fran*^" sobre su juramento que hi90 de guardar y cumplir lo que con el capitulaua, 6 voluer a la prision, so pena de fementido.

Los Cap°^ del rey Francz'sco con el Emperador, hechos en Madrid a 14 de en^o, fueron principalm^/2te que dentro de mes y medio entregaria toda Borgona como la poseyo el duque Carlos al Emp^/'ador, que renunciaua y renuncio a Napoles, Milan, Aste, Genoua, que dexaua y dexo la so- berania de Flandes y Artoys por Guyana Po;2tiers y Perona, que restetuyria a Hesdin y derivaria a Teruana, que no 10 ayudaria a Enrique de la Brit, ni al duque Carlos de Gueldres, ni a Roberto de la Marca, ni al duque de Vitem- berg, que volueria sus estados y haziendas al duque de Borbon, y a Philiberto de Chalon, Prt'ncipe de Oranges, que se casaria con Dona Leonor reyna de Portugal, y hermana mayor del Emperador, y el Delfin Francisco su hijo con

P 2

212 ANN ALES DEL EMPERADOR 1526

Dona Maria, hija de la misma Dona Leonor ; que daria dos millones de oro al Emperador para los gastos de las guerras que moui6,y en rehenes, hasta pagar y cumplir lo capitulado,

30 a sus hijos Fraftct'sco y Enrrique, que se suelten los prisione- ros de emtrambas partes, y se vueluan las mercaderias re- presadas. Firmaron con el Em^^r^dor estas capitulaciones Carlos de la Noy, Virrey de Napoles, Don Hugo de Moncada prior de Messina, y el secretario Juan Lallemand, baron de Bouclans, y con el rey Frajictsco^ el ar9obispo de Ambrun Francisco de Turnon, Juan de Sebia, prezidente del parla- inento de Paris, y Phelipe Chabot, seuor de Brion, que tenian poderes bastantes de la gouernadora y del parla?«5«to y del reyno.

30 Dixo Hernando de \'^ega, quando le pregunto el Em- peracior su pare9er sobre la libertad del rey, que muy bien estaua en Madrid el rey de Francia, y el gran Chan9iler Mercurino Gatinara que 6 le soltase libre, 6 le tuuiese firme. Desposorio publica.7nente del rey Fran'^^con Dona Leonor, en Illescas.

Cenan juntos en Madrid^ que fue de uer,el Emperador y el rey Franc/sco.

La entrega de los Delfines, Frana'sco y Enrrique, que fue ceremoniosa, la qual paso de esta manera. Estaua vna

40 naue con seis marineros espanoles y otros fran9eses en el traues de agua de Irun y \''anzo ; fueron a ella con vn batel por un cabo el rey Frana'sco, Carlos de la Noy, el senor Alarcon con ii caualleros espanoles, y por otro cauo los Delfines, un hijo del almirante de Francia, y otros ii cauall- eros franceses. Entraron primero y a la par el Rey y el Delfin, luego el Virrey y el duque de Orleans, Alarcon tras ellos y el hijo del almirante, y despues todos los otros caualleros sendos a sendos. El Rey, auiendo estado vn rato con sus hijos, se fue a Francia con sus franceses y tocando

50 en tierra juro de nueuo los capitulos de Madrid, no cabiendo de gozo de verse libre. Los Delfines vinieron a Espafia, y fueron entregados al condestable Don Inigo de Velasco en Berlanga.

Las bodas bienaventuradas del emperador Carlos, y de

1526 CARLOS QUINTO 213

Dona Isabel infanta de Portugal celebradas en Seuilla, con gran solenidad y alegria. Truxeronla Don Fernando de Aragon, duque de Calabria, Don Antonio de Foncequa, Ar9obispo de Toledo, y el duque de Bejar, Don Aluaro de Ziiriiga. Desposolos el Cardenal Juan de Saluiati, legado appos^o/z'co, y velolos el Ar9obispo de Seuilla, Don Alonso 60 Manrique.

La conuercion y bautismo de los moros de Aragon.

Conquista Francz'sco de Montejo a Yucatan.

Reuocan en Francia los capitulos que juro su Rey,diziendo que no era obligado a los cumplir, pues no los pudo hacer estando preso.

La grande liga en Angoulesma, causadora de infinitos males y muertes, del Papa Clemente, rey de Francia Fran- cisco, Enrrique rey de Inglaterra, Sigismundo rey de Polonia, el rey Jaques de Escocia, Senorio de Venecia, 70 FT2u:icisco Sfor9a duque de Milan, florentinos y otros, so color de librar al duque de Milan y a Italia de los spaiioles, y por que no cumpla el rey Frajicz'sco lo que prometio en Madrid, y para escoger vn nueuo rey de Napoles, el qual fuese Juanin de Medi9es, y pagase al rey de Francia 70 M. escudos por ano y i mil al duque Franct'sco. Auia de juntar para esto tal exer9ito que lan9ase al Emperial de Italia, y mantenerlo, hasta auer lo lan9ado.

Enbia sus embaxadores el rey Franmco a dezir al Emperador estando en Granada, que no podia complir 80 nada de lo que prometio, pues Borgofia no podia ser ena- jenada de la corona real de Fra^zcia, y voluiendole sus hijos por vn precio razonable, que tomaria su hermana por muger ; donde no, que los entendia cobrar por guerra.

Fauorecen esta demanda los embaxadores de los aliados, diziendo a Su magestad que deszercase al duque de Milan, que sacase de Lombardia los espailoles, que dexase a Napoles, que no pasase a Italia con exercito, y que pagase al rey de Inglatierra ; sino que todos le harian la guerra, pues para esso se auian aliado. 90

Eran rezias las demandas y temerosa la guerra, por ser muchos y poderos^?^ los confederados, empero no por esso

214 ANNALES DEL EMPERADOR 1526

torcio su bra^o el ^mperador ; sino que le respondio con su acostumbrada gravedad, que haria mal el rey christianissimo en no cumplir su palabra y juram(?;2to, que su rey no no le podia estoruar los capitulos de paz, pues le no estoruauan los de la g-uerra. Mayormente que los auia sauido y otor- gado que deter nia los rehenes hasta ser pagado, que no deuia dexar por ningun enojo su muger, que Fran^rwco 100 Sforza como duque de Milan era su vasallo feudatario, y lo podia y deuia castigar por rebelde y aleuoso, que no dexaria el a Napoles pues era suyo por herencia, y por conzierto y buena guerra, y que a Italia yria como quisiese, y se guerra le hiciesen todos ellos, que de todos ellos se sabria defender con sus buenos y leales vasallos, lleuando a Dios y a la razon delante, y que le pagaria al rey de Inglaterra con los dineros del Rey de Francia.

Despacha el Emperador a Borbon por su capitan general en Lombardia, no sin alguna esperan9a del ducado de Milan, no Toma el duque de Vrbino con gente del Papa y vene- cianos a Lody.

Entrega Franc^^yco Sforza el Castillo de Milan a Antomo de Leyua, y uase al exercito del Papa.

Pone sitio a Milan, estando en el Ant6?nio de Leyua, el gran exercito de la liga, en el qual era capitan por el Papa Renzo de Cheri vrsino, de venecianos el duque de Vrbino, y del rey de Francia Lautrec.

Da el Papa la decima de los beneficios al rey de Francia, para esta guerra. 120 El cardenal Pompeo Colona y Ascanio Colona y Don Hugo de Moncada saquean con dos mil hombres el palacio sacro de Roma, huyendo el Papa Clemente al castillo de Sant Angel, porque hiua contra el Emperador.

Ha9e treguas el Papa con espanoles y coloneses, dando rehenes por quatro meses.

Muere Juanin de Medices de vn mosquetaso, que le dieron alemanes del E^mperador en Gereuolo cerca de Pesquera ; era Juanin valiente, pero viciosisimo del mal pecado.

Enuia el Papa sobre Napoles con flota a Vaudemont 130 por ser de Lorena y Anjoino, que haga guerra por mar al

1526 CARLOS QUINTO 215

Rmperador, y da gnerra traspasando las tregnas a colo- neses.

Vence Sig-ismundo rey de Polonia, que tenia 60 mil de a cauallo, al duque de Prusia.

Dieta de alemanes en Spira, donde tratandose de la guerra dixeron los embaxadores francezes que ayudaria su rey contra el Turco, si hiziesen al Emperador dexar las armas en Italia, y por ventura para la someter.

Vence Soliman en batalla de Mogico a 29 de Agosto con 200M. hombres al rey Luis de Vngria, que tenia 24M. sola- 140 mente ; mata y catiua ynumerablez/^^wte gente. Muere ahogado en vna laguna el rey Luis sin dexar hijos.

Conpetencias por el reyno de Vngria entre Don F^r- nando archiduque de Austria, y Juan Zapolia Vayuoda de Transsiluania.

Guerra de Sena sobre los desterrados.

Murio en Burselas Isauel reyna de Dinamarca, hermana del Emperador, dexando un hijo que se logro poco, y dos hijas, de las quales vna, que se llamo Dorotea, caso con Fadrique, conde Palatin elector, y otra, dicha Cristiana, con 150 Fr^inctsco Sfor9a duque de Milan, y con el duque de Lorena despues.

Alio de 1527

El alegre nacimiento de Don Phelipe, que al presente reyna, en Valladolid, a 21 del mes de Mayo.

Dexan el cerco de Milan Lautrec y sus companeros por falta de dineros.

Hechase Borbon sobre Plazencia, por que contra las tre- guas fauorecia el Papa la liga y hacia guerra en Napoles al FmperadoT y a coloneses, en Piperno y Fresalon.

Dexa el virrey Carlos de la Noy la guerra que hacia sin fruto en Fresalon, y toma treguas con el Papa en Roma por ocho meses, sin consejo de Borbon, ni Antonia de Leyua. 10

El saco de Roma y prision del Papa.

Muere Carlos de Montpensier, duque de Borbon, de vna arcabuzada que le dieron entrando en Roma ; hi90 aquella empresa de su caue9a. No quiso estar por las treguas del

2i6 ANNALES DEL EMPERADOR 1527

virrey, sino le daua el Papa clen mil ducados 6 mas para pagar su exercito, el qual era poco y sin artilleria.

Genoua por el Rey de Francia, que la deseaua mucho.

La armada de la liga va contra el 'Emperador a Cerdena.

Enuia el Emperador, que le dolio mucho segun lo mostro 20 el saco de Roma, a Buire y a fray Franm^-o Ximenes, a soltar el Papa.

Pauia dos vezes entrada por fuer9a, vma de Lautrec, y otra de Antonio de Leiua.

Refrescan sus amistades el rey de Francia y el de Ingla- terra contra el Emperador en Amiens.

Guerras en Vngria, entre Fernando y Juan Vaiboda.

Llama turcos el Vayuoda, siendo Geronimo Lasco el truxaman, por lo que fue descomulgado del Papa Clemente.

Hechan de Florencia los ciudadanos a los Medices con 30 afrenta de los papas Leon y Clemente, que les costo su libertad.

Reuoltas en Alemania de lutheranos y cato/t'cos.

Guerra entre polacos y moscouitas.

Grandes correrias de tartaros en Podalia y en Polonia.

Alio de 1528

El desafio que por henero enuiaron al Rmperador estando en Burgos el rey Francz'sco de Francia con su rey de armas Guiana, y el rey Enrrique de Inglaterra con Clarenzio, diziendo que soltando los Delfines por conueniente precio y pagandole su rescate al rey de Inglaterra, y no hablando mas en Borgona, casarian el rey Franc/sco con la reyna Dona Leonor y el Delfin Franczsco con Dona Maria su hija, inffanta de Portugal, y Enrrique duque de Vrliens con Maria, princesa de Gales ; donde no, que casaria el rey 10 Francziyco con la princesa de Gales, y le harian guerra entrambos de mancomun, por que suelte al Papa y dexe a Italia. Respuesta por escrito, aunque mas larga, del Emp^r^dor al rey de armas ingles con el secretario Juan Aleman, diziendo que se mostraua el rey Enrrique su enemigo con mas passion que razon, auiendo dexado su legitima muger como inobediente a la Iglesia, que no era

r528 CARLOS QUINTO 217

el causa de las guerras de turcos, ni de Cristianos como a tuerto ellos le leuantauan, sino defensor y contrastador, y tan poco era mouedor de las guerras, sino el rey Fran- ci'sco, segun lo sauia muy bien el rey su amo, que declare 20 por el cardenal Jort ser Frana'j-co el acometedor tanto contra el vno, como contra el otro, por lo qual se declaro en Londres por su enemigo ; que ya el antes de casarse con la emperatriz Dona Isauel pidio a la princesa de Gales, hija del rey Enrrique, el qual no compliendo los contratos de Wodossore se la nego por casarla con el rey Jacques de Esco9ia su sobrino, a cuya causa el no era obligado a la pena de los 5000 escudos del capitolo matrimonial ; y aun abrio enton9es las cartas y prendio al embaxador que se la pedio ; que alen de la injuria fue desacato y que se guerra 30 queria, que guerra tenia.. Respondio al rey de armas fran9es que su amo el rey Frana'sco era causa de todas guerras, pues comen96 por Milan, prendiendo al duque Maximiliano Sforza y haziendole renunciar su derecho, y no curando de auer inuistidura de aquel estado del Qinpera- dor Maximiliano, cuyo era el feudo, y la souerania ; que reuoco el rey Francisco los conciertos de Paris en los de Nayon, codiciando por yerno mas que por cuiiado al rey de Espana, y assi hi9o que prometiese de casarse con dos hijas suyas, vna recien nacida y otra por nacer ; (jue ganoso 40 de guerras y rebueltas dio por ningunos los conciertos de Nayon, quando en Burgos su embaxador Lussac le pedia rehenes del casamiento de Luysa, y del reyno de Nauarra, los quales no era obligado a dar, por estar declarado en aquellos mismos conziertos de Nayon ; que tento tomar a Napoles y a Secilia, embiando al conde Vedro Nauarro con su flota so color de hir a Berberia ; que dio gente y artelleria y dineros al conde Roberto de la Marca para la guerra que hico en Flandes, y enuio al seiior de Lesparre con exercito a Nauarra, y aun a Castz7/a, y todo esto sin 50 auer el hecho gente quanto mas guerra ; que no podia el rey negar, ni contradizir lo que prometiera por su libertad, auiendo sido especialmente preso en buena guerra, y suelto con honestos partidos, quanto mas que todo lo que se le

2i8 ANNALES DEL EMPERADOR 1528

pedia era del Emperador, sino los Delfines, que ayna estauan por memoria, que por prenda ; yten que fuera de todo esto le fue muy contrario en la elecion del Imperio, en las guerras del Turco, en las cosas de Italia, en los negocios de Luthero, y otros buenos propositos, y que ni 60 quiso sacar de Italia su exercito como de nueuo se acordara en Palencia, ni restetuir a Genoua en su libertad, y que de la prision del Papa tenia mas culpa el Rey que no el, por auer hecho tan danosa liga, empero que ya tenia cartas como estaua suelto y libre ; que no queria el dexar a Italia para que la ocupe el Rey, y quanto al desafio que ningun catiuo podia desafiar a su senor, ni el suelto sobre su fe a nadie sin licencia del que le solto ; que se voluiese como lo juro y prometio y entonces abria sus hijos, y anduuiese despues la guerra. 70 Enuia el rey Francisco al emperador Carlos un cartel de desafio de persona a persona, y muy a la soldadesca, hecho en Paris a 28 de Mar90.

Toma el Emperador pare9er sobre aqueste desafio con los Principes de su reyno, y denuncia guerra para batalla campal al rey Franmco, estando en Nay on con el Prouoste de Vtrecque.

Acomete a Lodi Antonio de Leyua, donde le fue mal.

Empena el Emperador a Veni9uela de Indias a los Velseros, mercaderes alemanes. 80 Aluaro de Saauedra Ceron, capitan de Cortes, nauega de la Nueua Spana a la especeria de los malucos.

Fernando Cortes ha el titulo de marques del Valle de Huaxacac.

La vitoria que huuo Antomo Leyua de Francisco de Borbon conde de Sampol en Landriano.

Cerca Lautrech a Napoles con exercito de la liga, que seria de mas de 25 mil combatientes, aunque ponen otros 40 M.

La batalla de mar, en que Phelipin de Oria vencio a Don 90 Hugo de Moncada.

El destro90 del exercito de la liga, murlendo Lautrec dicho el Combatidor de Ciudades, con que descanso Italia.

1528 CARLOS QUINTO 219

Viene Andrea Doria al s&ruuio del Emperador, que mucho escozio al rey de Francia y aiin tambien al Papa. Genoua es libre a deucx:ion del Empe/'^flTor, con quien ha uiuido en paz y enrrequesido sobradamente despues aca.

Pierde por guerra su estado el duque Carlos de Geldres.

Phelipe, Lantgraue de Hassia, da tras los obispos con mano armada.

Treguas por ocho meses hechas en Cambray, por Luisa, 100 madre del rey Franmco,y por Margarita, tia del Emperador, corisertando que ambos dishiziesen sus exercitos, que fue principio de paz.

Guerras de Soliman en Tauris con el Sophi Tambia.

Agostin Justiniano, que fue obispo de Nebro, acaua su historia, que algunos la llaman de bestiones.

Ano de 1529

Pueblan en Malta los caualleros de Rodhas.

Es mas robo que guerra lo que hacen venecianos y fran- ceses con los del Papa en Pulla y en Calabria.

Empeno de la especiaria, que hi90 el ^m-peradov al rey de Portugal Don Juan el 3°, por 350.000 scudos.

Concordia del Emperador con el Papa, tratada en Viterbo por Juan Muxetulo napolitano, y declarada en Barselona por Jeronimo, obispo de Basione, con que siendo coronado Emperador, meta los Medi9es en Florencia, y de aquel estado con Margarita, su hija natural, a Alexandrode Medices. 10

Paz entre Carlos Emperador y Franczjco rey de Francia, concluida por las mismas senoras al tenor de la de Madrid, saluo en tres 6 quatro cosas, y la principal que no se ablase mas en Borgona, que fuese pagado el rey de Inglaterra con los dineros del rey de Francia, que sacase de Italia el Rey toda su gente de guerra, y que no platicase mas con Italianos ni tanpoco con alemanes contra el Emperador.

Passa el Emperador a Italia, con gran flota.

La batalla de mar en que murio Rodrigo de Portuondo.

Confirma en Placencia de Lombardia la paz de Cambray, 20 por el rey Fran^zsco, Guillen Gouffier, almirante de Francia,

220 ANNALES DEL EMPERADOR 1539

cirtificando al Emperador que no podia ser mayor bien para el Rey su sen or que dexar a Italia.

La ponposa entrada del Rm^eradov en Bolonia. El cerco de Flore ncia, que duro bien once meses, y que costo al Papa Clemente vn milon de oro.

Muere Juan de Vrbina, que fue natural de Verberana, grande, membrudo, grossero, mas de claro entendimiento, liberal, limosnero, deuoto, nunca juraua, y assi castigo

30 mucho las blasfemias, era en fm virtuoso sino jugara demasiado. Que matar, herir y aprouecharse del enemigo y de sus bienes la guerra y vida soldadesca lo lleuan ; fue de consejo, tuuo grandes ardides, nunca mostro miedo, aunque Jouio dize auersele conocido en Genoua, quando el saco, mas era por el artilleria y no por los hombres. Passo pues Juan de Vrbina con el gran capitan a Italia por soldado, dio siempre senales de valiente, por lo qual fue vno de los tres qzte hicieron campo con otros tantos italianos estando nuestro exercito sobre Rosano, por quales seruian a mayor

40 rey ; aceptaron el desafio los capitanes Diego de Quifiones y Luis de Viacampo, tomando a Juan de Vrbina ; empero el, que se conocia, no les quiso ayudar sin destajar primero con los contrarios qzte fuesse ayuda compafion ; assi que com- batieron a pie con las armas que a cada vno plugo sin arcabuz, que sossacaron de condicion los italianos, y como todos eran valientes, pelearon bien. Riridio Juan de Vrbina a su enemigo, y quitandole las armas acorrio al Quinones, que desjarretado, y la rodilla en tierra, combatia marauillosa- mente, y rendio tambien aquel aduersario ; ayudo a Via-

50 campo a veneer al tercero. Quedo el Vrbina desde alii por el mejor soldado de Italia, mas como se acabo luego la guerra de Napoles, no pudo subir. Fuesse a Roma, y assento por alabardero, con Diego Garcia de Paredes, Juan de Bargas, Pizarro, Camudio, y Villalua, que todos fueron despues mui conocidos por la guerra, aun capeauan entonces y tenian muger de seguida. Hi90 gente a la sa9on el Papa Julio a uno que se rebelaua. Fue en ella por alferez de Diego Garcia de Paredes, y despues contra el duque de Vrbina, en fin que fue capitan en Bolona, quando los fran-

,529 CARLOS QUINTO 221

ceses la ganaron, y en la batalla de Rauena, donde quedo 60 entre muertos desgraciado. Hallose tambien en la de Vi- cencia, y en todas las guerras de Lombardia contra fran- ceses. Quando 9erc6 Lautrec a Milan con exercito de la Hga era Juan de Vrblna maestro de campo, y saliendo a escara- mu9a vna vez con los enemigos a San Columban, paso el solo por donde cinco ytalianos acuchillauan vn espafiol, el qual conociendo le dixo, ha, senor Juan de \'^rbina, que me matan ; el qual, como se oyo nombrar, fue a socorerle que no quisiera. Los cinco italianos boluieron las caras a el, abiendo derribado al espanol ; apretauanlo, mas luego aflozaron por 70 ir los dos al caido, que se lebanto, y assi mato los dos de tres con quien conbatia, y con la partesana del vno hi90 huir los otros, que matando al soldado temieron de morir. Cogio las armas para muestra del vencimiento y voluio a Milan, herido en los pechos de la partesana, y con una cuchlUada en la mexilla, y otra pequena en la mano de la espada, y tan ensangrentado que no le conocian ; escape de buena, y assi solia dezir ser en qualquier transe impor- tantissimo llamar a vno por su propio nombre. Animo los soldados a entrar en Roma muerto Borbon ; demandando 80 paga los soldados que se amotinaron en Nola quando se recogian de Napoles por Lautrec, corto el bra90 al capitan Cal9edo delante del marques del Basto su coronel, por que le asacaua el motin, que fue atreuimiento, aunque no tubiese culpa. Hi90 algunas azafias en el cerco de Napoles, y a las uezes, topando con Pedro Nauarro uiniendo a cercar a Florencia, fue muerto sobre Ispello con arcabus, cuya pelota le paso la pierna por deuaxo de la rodilla. Lleuaronle a enterrar a Napoles a nuestra Senora de Pie de Gruta y en sepultura de bronce, la qual despues desi90 el virrey Don 90 Pedro de Toledo para artelleria. El Emperrador, que lo deseo uer, le hi90 comendador de Liche, alcaide de Obo y de Abersa y marques de Oira, mas gozo lo poco. Fuera enfin Juan de Vrbina sino por la muger muy dichoso, y honrrado, empero el se bengo muy bien, matandola con quantas cosas alio uiuas en su casa.

Cerca en bano Soliman a \'^iena con ciento y cinquenta

222 ANNALES DEL EMPERADOR 1529

mil hombres, aunq?/^ unos cuentan docientos y cinquenta mil, y otros quinientos mil ; estaua dentro Phelipe, duque de 100 Bauiera, y tenia espafioles. Aunque no la pudo ganar, se lleuo segun di9en setenta mil cautibos de Vngria.

Ano de 1530

La coronacion de Carlos V Emperador, echa en Bolona por el Papa Clemente VIII, dia de Sant Matias, por auer nacido en el, y con el mayor fausto y costa, y especialmente de caualleros espafioles, que jamas Emperador se corono.

Da obediencia el Preste Juan Dauid al Papa, como a cabe9a de la Iglesia de Jesu Christo.

LIbertad de los Delfines, entregandolos el condestable

Don Pedro Yernandez de Velasco, y monsiur de Praet, prinr

cipal persona con el Emperador, al cardenal Franmco de

10 Tournon y a Ana de Montmorency, mayordomo mayor

entonces del rey Franmco.

El Q2i's>2iXaiento del rey Franmco con la reyna Dona Leonor por mano del cardenal Tournon en vna abadia, cerca de Bayona.

Yelanse las viiias en toda castilla por abril.

Tiene dieta el Emp^r^dor en Augusta sobre la religion principalmente, y sobre la guerra del Turco que venia poderosisimo.

Muere Margarita, muger que fue del Principe Don Juan, 20 Toma la gouernacion de Flandes Maria, reyna de Vngria.

Florencia pierde su libertad, entrando dentro los Medices.

La guerra que hace Franmco Sforza, duque de Milan, a Juan Jacobo de Medezis, que despues fue marques de Ma- rignan y capitan mui excelente.

Da el Emp^r^dor a Yranciszo Sforza, para (\ue aya paz en Italia, el ducado de Milan por 900.000 escudos i\ue auia gastado en la guerra.

Recibe por amigos el Emperador a los venecianos ; dura la amistad hasta oy. 30 Combate a Buda Guillen Rocandolfo, capz/^n del rey Don Fernando, que tenia cerca de 30 M. hombres y buen

1530 CARLOS QUINTO 223

g-olpe de espanoles, que regia Don Luis de la Cueua ; mas empero defendieronla el Vayuoda y Leusgrite.

Tregua por un ano entre los reyes de Vngria Don Fernando y Juan Vayuoda, con boluntad del gran Turco que fauorecia el partido del Vayuoda.

Este ano 6 cerca de el se alio en Canaria una ballena muerta, que tenia 16 arrobas de ambar, y se uio un triton barbado y viejo, segun escriuio el obispo fray Al° de Devirnes a Qarcidi Vechoa en Valladolid. 4°

Ano de 1531

Don Fernando, rey de Vngria, es creado Rey de Romanes.

Alexandre de Medices hecho duque de Floren9ia con preuilegio del Emperador.

Reduze asi el Papa Clemente a Ancona, que uiuia como x^^ublica sin verter sangre.

El grandissimo teremoto de Lx'^, y luego mortandad.

Juan Vayuoda y Luis Griti cercan Astrigonia, y hacen correrias los turcos hasta Viena.

Rompe y sobrepuja la mar, mas que nunca se uio, los balladores que llaman diques de Holanda, Zelanday Flandes, 10 que fue gran dafio.

Manda el rey Fran^-^lyco de Francia que ninguno uenda trigo, sino es en pla9a^ por que barate.

Guerra ciuil entre cantones sobre lutherianias, en que huuo 5 peleas.

Un hombre presentado al Papa Clemente, que no comia en quince dias, ni aun en veinte, cosa marauillosa y que nos espantaua, sino era engano, tanto puede la costumbre ; y assi dixo el Papa como acauo la guerra de Florencia que le costo mucho, que de tales era bueno vn exercito. En 20 Moral, aldea de Maderuelo, ay un labrador rico que nunca comio carne teniendo ganado, ni biuio vino, ni se puso calzas, ni caperu9a. Vi tambien este ano en Roma un hombre, que con los pies cosia, cortaua, y enhilaua vna aguja, escreuia, y cerraua cartas con nema, contaba y cogia dineros, jugaua dados, y hincaua uiia ; en fin sus pies eran manos por gentileza para ganar la uida por alli.

224 ANNALES DEL EMPERADOR 1531

Funda Francz^co Pizaro a S. Miguel el de Tangauoxa, que fue la prz'mera. pobla9ion de espanoles en el Peru.

Alio de 1532

Llega sobre Viena el gran Turco Soliraan, con el mayor exercito de nu^j'A'Os afios, ni que ningun otomano tuuo, sabiendo como el Emperador estaua en Alemania ; trayo treclentos mil conbatientes y mas de cien mil a cauallo, bien 1 20 tiros grandes. Otros ponen docientos, y otros quinientos, y Pedro Mexia 600,000, que deuia ser en toda suerte de gentes.

Entro en Belgrado Soliman para lucir su aparato, bestida vna aljuba de carmesi bordada de oro con punhal y simi-

10 tarra de precio excesiuo, y en un cauallo vayo ricamente guarnicido; benian tras el los visires Cassim y Arpas, y Abraym Basa su priuado, y luego doce mil cortesanos, y de officio en su casa y corte. Auian entrado delante quatro mil de a cauallo con el estandarte, donde hiua pintado Mahoma, y quatro mil janizaros de su guardia, 150 sclauos con lan9as y cas^cas de rasso y azul, y encordonadas de plata, cinqu<?7/ta carretas cubiertas de bruno, con cada quatro cauallos en que hiua;^ el thesoro y recamara, y algunas damas hermosas y queridas del. Espanaciel de Ma9edonia les

20 guardaua con quatro mil de cauallo, duzci'entos cauallos regalados en diestro, cien pages de camara en gentilles cauallos con casacas de tela de oro, y sombreros de carmesi guarnecidos de oro y plata y plumas blancas, los doce con zeladas bordadas de ricas piedras y perlas, vna de las quales valia 140 M. escudos, mil lacayos con casaquetas de raso azul, y bordaduras de plata y escofias de oro con plumas blancas, que Ueuauan arco y carcax, y los 100 perros de . trauilla y aues de caza.

Junto el Kmperador 1 20 M. soldados y mas de 30 M. de

30 cauallo a su costa, y del Rey su hermano, y del Papa Clemente, que fue sin duda el mayor exercito christiano de nues^ros dias, y no quiso luteranos porque no inficionasen los catholicos 6 no ayudasen al Turco. Aula 1 2 M. espanoles

1532 CARLOS QUINTO 225

con el marques del Basto, y Antomo de Leiua era el gran consejero de la gnerra.

Afrentosa retirada del gran Turco, los senseros, como dicen, atapados, dexando perdidos 60 M. hombres, y que- brando las puentes de miedo que no le siguiesen, y quando el E.mperador llego a X'^iena estava ya el quarenta leguas de alli. Dixeron que no espero batalla por auiso y consejo 40 de christianos sus amigos.

La valerosa resistencia que 11190 en Gunt Nicolyza Juri- schizo, a tre9e combates que le dio en 20 dias Abrahim Bassa con turcos y janizaros.

No quiso el christianissimo rey Francisco ayudar contra el Turco, que perdio gran reputacion, aunque dixo que por no ser el capitan general.

La guerra de Coron en Grecia, que 11190 Andrea de Oria por el Kmperador.

La prision de Atabaliba en Coxamalca, riquissimo rey del 50 Cusco, y assi dio por su rescate mas de dos millones.

Don Pedro de Toledo, marques de V//(7afranca, hecho virrey de Napoles por muerte del cardenal Pompeyo Colona que fino, auiendo comido berbas en nieue.

Prenden los de Dinamarca sobre seg^ro y juramento a su rey Christiano, que fue con exercito y flota, que le dio el emperador.

Juntanse los reyes Franmco y Enrrique a negocios en Bolona przmero, y luego en Cales.

Ano de 1533

Confedera9ion de nueuo, que llamaron defensiua, hecha en Bolonia entre Papa, Emperador, Rey de Romanos, duque de Milan, Ferrara. y Florencia, seiiorias de Venecia, Genoua, Sena y Luca por ano y medio, senalando por su cap?/^n al senor Ant^wzb de Leyua, el qual morase en Milan.

Saca el Emperador la fuer9a de los espafioles de Italia, que lii90 mucho por el bien de la paz, y assi otorgo por ruegos lo que no quiso por fieros, tan altiuo fue.

Muere Garcia de Paredes en Bolona, que no tuuo par en fuer9a y en esfuer90. Estuuo soldado en la Chefalonia con 10

1366 Q

226 ANNALES DEL EMPERADOR 1533

el gran capz'/an ; tuuo despues en su tierra diferen9ias y cuchilladas con Ruy Sanchias de Vargas, por las quales se fue a Roma, y asento por alabardero del Papa Julio 2", con Juan de Vrbina, Juan de Bargas, Pizarro, (^amudio, y Villa- lua, que todos fueron como entonces llamauan coroneles, aunque trayan alii uida ayrada. Fue de los once que com- batieron en Trana por desafio los otros tantos franceses, y que rendio a su contr^Ho. Tirando un dia la barra lo desafio vn cauallero romano a clen escudos. Garcia Paredes tiro

20 mucho la barra, y dixo al Romano que tirase por gentile9a ; pues el tenia que apostar, respondio que no era su honrra ; entonces el desmentiolo, y mato con la barra sinco hombres, por lo qual se puso en armas toda Roma ; y con aquello se huuo de acoger al cardenal Don Bernardino de Caruajal su primo, el qual no solamente lo libro de aquello, empero lo hi90 capitan de la infanteria de los que Julio embiaua contra Monteflascon, que se le rebelo. Lleuo a la guerra por alferes a Juan de Vrbina, y por sargento a su hermano Aluaro de Paredes, y por cabos de esquadras a Billalua,

30 Pizarro y Camudio. Fue causa de tomarse luego aquel lugar, rompiendo la puerta. Estando en la guerra contra el duque de Ferrara apellido Espaiia en vna escaramu9a y uencio, por la qual palabra le culpo de traydor el capitan Cesar Romano ; el lo desmentio y en campo le mato, por lo qual le mando prender el Papa. Soltose matando dos sentinelas y fuese al duque, el qual, sauida su valentia, le dio la com- paiiia de vn capitan que poco antes el matava, y hi90 con ella buenas cosas. Fue capitan en la Rauena, tras la qual huuo un recuentro con los franceses, yendo por Fano, en que

40 perdio 200 soldados, matando 600 enemigos. Lleuandole preso quatro contrarios y assido se arrojo al rio con ellos en vna puente rasa ; el salio a nado y ellos se ahogaron, Conbatio en campo cerrado con el coronel Palomino, por que dixo que auia perdido mas honrra que ganado con los franceses, y en calzas y camisa con sendas espadas, y teni- endo el por padrino a Perucho de Garro, y aunque reciuio buna buena cuchillada corto la mano derecha al Palomino, y teniendolo para matar lo dio al Prospero Colona, juez del

1533

CARLOS QUINTO 22^

campo. Niega despues el Palomino ser ven9ido y que tornaria sobre aquello a combatir. Dixo Garcia de Paredes 5° que tornase como salio ; el entonces arojo la mano que le curaua, que fue tambien hecho animoso, mas no pelearon. Huuo luego un desafio con \icencz2. de sus reyes con do9e fran9eses a do9e espanoles, que fueron Diego Garcia de Paredes, Villalua, Pizarro, Aldana, Sanctacruz, Juan de Aro, Juan de Gomado, Albarado, dos capl/a7ies de hombres de armas, y dos italianos. Vencieron los espaiioles, matando el dicho Garcia dos Franceses hermanos. Un hermano de aquellos capitanes quiso matarse con el por ello armas iguales. Garcia de Paredes escogio como desafiado salir 6d armados de punta en bianco, con porras y espadas. El fran9es, no pudiendo alsar la porra que pesaua mucho, aremetio con la espada, pensando que tanpoco pudiera su contrario, y diole vna estocada por la escaro9ela que lo hirio ; Garcia entonces le dio vna porrada que le vndio en los sesos el almete, de que murio. Vencio luego dentro de dos meses otros tres desafios, con amigos y enemigos, que todos los balientes querian prouar con el sus fuer9as, y assi tomo once campos en estacada, y todos los vencio, lo qual ningun otro ha hecho en nuesfros anos. Dicen tambien que 70 tratando algunos caualleros en la sala del rey que no daua buena quenta de los dineros el gran capitan, que Garcia puso vn guante sobre la mesa, y dixo que se mataria con quien lo al9ase, se dixese que no era el gran capitan el mejor criado que tenia el rey Catholico. Fue coronel de once banderas, en ganar a Nauarra, y quando lo de Fuenta- rabia y Bearnia, y Sarauel. Quando hiua el Rmperador a Plasencia desde Genoua amago al conde Nasau, que por mandado del Emperador consertaua la gente, y lo queria hechar del esquadron de los caualleros, como no iba armado so de lo que abia menester ; se quexo el conde, pero su Mage- stad le dixo que el era Diego Garcia de Paredes, que sin armas aria mas que otro con ellas. En (^oria descalabro un rufian con un banco, y echo en el fuego a otro, y a dos mugeres de seguida, que la vna murio, y a otros dos bulderos, por que se burlauan del, que pedian la cocina de

Q 2

228 ANNALES DEL EMPERADOR 1533

sus criados para vn cauallero. Estando en una benta quanda voluia de la guerra del Turco sobre Vienna, lo quisieron echar de ella otros muchos, y el defendio la posada irienda 90 y aun matando algunos de ellos. Era pues Diego Garcia hombre alto, de gran cara, de mas huesos que carne, come- dor ; solia dormir con la muger la espada desenbainada en la cama por I0& enemigos y pendencias que tenia ; dieronle yerbas o echi90S, por donde se recelaba comer algunas cosas, y aun salia fuera de si muchas bezes, por lo qual no subio a mayores cargos.

Buelta del Emperador a Espafia con gran honrra y \itorza.

Trata el Rey Francisco contra el Emperador con alemanes, 100 principalmente Vlric duque de Vitember, quebrando lo capitulado.

Ordena el rey Francisco aunque no permane9en siete legiones de soldados en siete porbincias de Fran9ia, que son mas de II. XX mil.

Nace Isabel princesa de Gales, y hija del rey Enrrique de Ingla terra y de Ana de Bolena.

Vistas del Papa con el rey Francisco y con la reyna Dona Leonor, en Marsella, por casar a Catalina de Medi9es, su sobrina, con el duque de Orliens Enrrique, hijo de Francisco, no que hoy son reyes de Francia, y pensando auer a Milan, que ya tambien estaba inclinado con el Emperador, por que juzgo por el duque Alonso de Ferara el pleito de Modena y Reco. Entonces dixo el Rey al Papa que no queria paz, ni concilio, sino le dauan a Milan, y que no solo no estorbaria, sino que procuraria la benida del Turco.

Guerrean turcos en Persia con su dano.

Prenden los de Dinamarca a su Rey Christierno, y muere su hijo.

Ano de 1534

Las Cortes de Madrid de entre otras cosas uedan las mulas de silla por que aya mas caballos para la guerra; guardose tanto algunos anos que ciertas mulas pagaron la pena por justicia en Valladolid y en otras ciudades. Tambien

1534 CARLOS QUINTO 229

los bedaron los Reyes Catholicos 40 anos antes, y lo ^uardaron mientras la Reyna uiuio, conforme a vna ley de partida que manda cabalgar en cauallo los caualleros por honrra y vso.

Conquista y puebla en Quito Sebastian de Bel Alcazar, tiniente de Francisco Pi9aro, el qual fue despues adelantado 10 de Popayan, auiendo sido arriero, y que por no poder pagar alg^nos asnos se fuera a las Indias, cosa del mundo que Uaman bentura.

Hace guerra Ph<?/zipe Lantgraue de Asia con dineros del rey Francisco al Rey de Romanos don Fernando.

Muere Clemente Papa Clemente 7°, baron de animo sincillo, y que solia decir que se gouernaua el mundo con poco 9eso, palabra de tanta consideracion como esperien9ia ; era escaso y bengativo contra los del bando contrario y ansi los destruio ensenoreandose de su patria, aunque 20 tambien lo hi9o de ambicioso. Enoblecio grandemente su linaje de Medices, ya de suyo magnifico, aciendo vn sobrino duque de Florencia, y vna sobrina reyna de Francia ; tubo pero muchas aduersidades, ca fue muy desnorado de florentines. Uio a Roma dos beses saqueada y estuuo preso.

Elecion del Papa Paulo 3'' natural de Roma sin escu- drinar botos.

Haradin Barbaroxa rey de Tunez. Muere como merecia Luis Griti medio turco. 3°

Muere Alonso de Este duque de Ferrara, que tuuo gran fama de buen hombre de guerra, el qual se supo conseruar, aunque para ello mudo amistades con los principes, que se lo atribuyeron a mal.

El rey Enrrique 8 se llama cabe9a de la Iglesia de Inglaterra, tomando todas las rentas y diezmos.

Liga smalcaldica de luteranos y catolicos, que mouio Lantgraue.

Una gran batalla, y tras ella buena paz, entre sofianos y tartaros. 4°

Entra bitorioso Soliman en Babilonia.

Una gran matan9a y despego que de turcos hi90 Delmi-

230 ANN ALES DEL EMPERADOR 1534

antes, capitan de Tanbraso, c\ue ya tenia espafioles y artilleria.

Alio de 1535

La guerra de turcos que hi90 el Emperador.

Visita el Emperador sus reynos de Scicilia y Napoles.

La fundacion de Lima, que llaman ciudad de los reyes.

La entrada de Diego de Almagro al Chile con egercito.

Muere Don Inigo Lopez de Mendo9a y ^lifiiga, cardenal rico y obispo de Burgos, que dexo un colegio en aquella ciudad.

Vieronse reynas hermanas Leonor y Maria, en Cambray.

La guerra del Papa Paulo en Perugia. 10 Muere Francisco Sfor9a, duque de Milan, que fue un exemplo de buena y mala fortuna, en quien se acauo el sefiorio y linage de los Sfor9as y viscondes.

Queda Milan por el Emperador.

Muere Dona Catalina, reyna de Inglaterra, muger singular, empero desbenturada. Caso con dos hermanos por despensa- cion del Papa Julio ; paso mala vida con el suegro, que por casar con su madre le daua por on9as de comer, y peor con el marido segundo, que por casarse con su criada la desecho. Fue muy hermosa y asi trauajo el rey Enrrique 20 octauo de aberla por muger, Murio contenta por dexar tan excelente hija como es la reyna Maria nuestra senora.

Trata el Papa contra turcos con todos los princlpes christianos y no acaua nada con el rey Franmco, por que pide a Napoles y a Milan.

Toma el rey Franc?jco la mitad de los beneficios en Francia, haziendo que era para cobrar a Milan, pues era muerto el Duque.

Escriue a los alemanes en comun el rey Fran«Jco, echando

maliziosam^nte la culpa de las heregias de luteranos y

30 guerras de turcos al JLmperador y al Rey de Romanos su

hermano, y diciendo que trataua paz vniuersal para toda la

Christiandad con el gran Turco.

Entra por Saboya con exercito Phelipe Caboto, di- ziendo que luego mostraria el derecho que tenia el rey Franif/ifco su senor al estado.

1535 CARLOS QUINTO 231

Guerra del rey Sigismundo de Polonia contra el rey Basilio de Moscouia.

Mata Soliman gran Turco a su muy querido Abrahim, qtte puede ser exemplo de priuados. Dicen que jamas criado priuo tanto con su se/ior asi en guerra como en paz 40 y en autoridad, como en gracia. Causo se tanto la mucha riqueza quanto la mucha priuan9a, y assi el, que sabio era, solia rogar a Soliman no le diese tanto mando, ni tantos cargos y hacienda, dicendo que no deuen hacer los Reyes en vno, ni dar lo que toman 6 piden a muchos. Era desde nino Abrahim renegado, y vino a ser Vizerbassa, que no puede dar mas el Turco.

Publica G<=° Hernandes de Ouiedo la pr/mera parte de la historia gen' y natural de Indias, que fue bien receuida.

Hacen gran dano los rebauptizados, empero bien lo pagan. 50

Anda recia guerra en Dinamarca y en Inglaterra, sobre la religion.

Ano de 1536

Pide al Rmperador con gran ahinco el Rey Franc/sco a Milan para Carlos su hijo 3".

Despoja el almirante Phelipe Qaboto al duque Carlos de Sauoya de todo su estado.

Entra el Fvsxperadov con grandissimo recibz>//z<?//to en Roma, donde, auiendo negociado el consilio, ablo publica- mente al Papa y cardenales, y otros prelados y embaxa- dores, contra el rey Franaiyco por causador y mouedor de todas las guerras, y lo desafio de su persona, por que no huuiese otra guerra. 10

Respondio el rey Franr/>?co a las claras ra9ones del Emp^r^dor escura y flaca;/2^«te, y en quanto al combate que sus espadas eran cortas, estando ellos tan apartados.

Camina el Emperador por Francia lleuando XLM.soldados y los once mil espanoles sin otra mucha caualleria, y mas la flota por mar, mas poco empe9e por la mortandad de la gente, y por otras dificultades, que trae la guerra consigo ; murio tambien mucha bestia de moscas. Aqui y en lo de Tunes, se sintio hacer prouecho el beuer agua fria, aunque tuuiesen camaras. ao

•232 ANNALES DEL EMPERADOR 1536

Muere Antomb de Leyua en Aix de Francia que porfio aquella entrada con no uanas ra9ones, y por que le dixeron vnos adeuinos y astrologos que se auian de sepultar en San Dionis, mas fue en el de Milan, y no en el de Paris. Paso a Italia por teniente de la compania de hombres de armas de su tio Sancho Martinez de Leiua, que fue mayordomo del Kmperador, con Luis Puerto Carrero, senor de Palma, qua7tdo lleuo socorro al gran cajzJ//an a Napoles. Dio muestra en aquella guerra de franceses de lo que despues fue, y mas

30 en la de Lombardia, quando los lan96 dende Leon Papa. Cobro fama en Pauia, donde le serco el rey de Francia Fran- ct'sco el ano qzie fue preso, y encumbro en Milan, quando hi90 rendir al duque Francisco Sforza y se defendio de Lautrec, y gano y sostuuo aquel ducado. Fue a Viena al tiempo que la serco el Turco, llamado por el Empera<a59/', y se queria regir alii por su seso. Escogieronlo por su Capitan el Papa, el Kmperador y venecianos y los de la liga ofensiua que se hi90 en Bolonia, por el meyor que aula en Italia. Fue gouernador en Milan tras la muerte del duque Francisco

40 Sforza ; entro en Francia como consejero mayor de aquella guerra, donde murio de dolores en todas sus conjunturas. Fue siempre buen capitan y nunca parecia ser vencido,siendo muchas veces, y algunas en andas que fue mas, ca, por ser gafo de pierna y manos, no caualgaua en cauallo. Maraui- llauanse todos por donde iua, oyendo q/ie assi toUido fuese tan baliente excelentissimo cap//«n. Llamaronle por Ex** el Se/ior, no se le quitando el Fmperador, que fue honrrado renombre, aunq?^^ lo comen9aron a llamar assi por no tener los principios ni titulo ni officio prehiminente. Huuo por sus

50 virtudes y seruicios el Principado de Asculi y Amonsa con otras cosas ; fue muy rico y assi dexo a Dona Costanca su hija, que caso con Don Francisco de la Cueua, marques de Cueliar, casi cien mil escudos, que fue el primer gran dote sin mayorazgo de nues^ros tiempos en Espana. Fuera 9iertam^«te Antomo de Leyua de comparar con los grandes capitanes antiguos, si carecia de vicios, ca fue aspero, cruel, codizioso y agorero, como lo deue contar Jacobo de Val- grana, que, segun entiendo, escriuio su vida ; empero la

,53^ CARLOS QUINTO 233

rosa de las espinas sale, y por milagro ay gran virtud sin vicio. 60

Tienta el conde Guido Dangou de thomar a Genoua por el rey de Fran9ia con diez mil hombres de apie y 2 M. de a cauallo.

Combate a Perona Enrrique conde de Nasau, marques de Senet, camarero del Rmperador, con exercito de siete mil de cauallo y 20 M. peones.

Cerca Mangoingacon lOoM. indios al Cusco, donde auia 150 espanoles.

La sagrada guerra que mouieron algunos de Inglaterra contra el Rey sob re religion, que les costo caro. 70

Recibe gran daiio el Turco del Sophi, en la guerra qzie le hi90.

Ha en Roma titulo de coronista el doctor Juan Gines de Sepulueda.

Ano de 1537

Mata Lorenzo de Medices aleuos^/z/^nte a su primo Alexandre, duque de Florencia., diziendo que por tirano ; el qual despues fue muerto en destiero y pobre9a, y el Turco no lo quiso escuchar.

Guerras en Piamonte de fran9eses con espanoles, siendo gouernador de Milan Don Antonw de Auallos marques de Vasto, qtie fueron muchas.

Van a las guerras de Piam^;^/e el Delfin Enrrique, y luego el rey Francisco su padre.

Gana el conde de Nasaua Montraul, y 9erca a Treuana 10 con mas de 30000 hombres y 6 M. de a cauallo,

Toma el rey Franc/>rco a Esdin, lleuando 3000 peones y 7000 de acauallo.

Treguas por diez meses en Flandes, que fueron principio de paz, hechas por la reyna Dona Leonor y Madalena, hermana. del rey Francisco, con Mar?a, reyna de Vngria, y ^obernadora de P'landes.

Prueua Soliman de ganar la Isla de Corfu a venecianos, sus amigos.

234 ANNALES DEL EMPERADOR i53»

Alio de 1538

Junta del Papa en Nisa, del l^mperador en V^franca, y del rey Franmco en V*nueua, que todo es cerca ; no se vieron todos tres en uno, de lo qual se corria el Papa, ni concluyeron paces, sino treguas para diez anos, qi^e fue harto.

\'ista del ^mperador y del rey Franc? jco en Aguas Muertas, comiendo juntos con la r^na D. Leonor y otras SQnoras y cau^//(?ros, c\iie fue gran cosa, segun los enojos,^ guerras y desafios qzie hauian pasado.

V^edan en Francia las tarjas de los banquillos, moneda 10 Biarnesa, y luego en Castilla.

La batalla ciuil qjte vencio Hernando Pizarro contra Rodrigo Ordones.

La inuidiosa muerte de Diego de Almagro por los Pizarros.

Puebla Peranzures la Plata, villa riquissima de minas en el Peru.

La famosa pelea de la Preuesa entre las flotas Christiana y turca, (\t4,e fueron las mayores c\ite se an juntado en mxesiros anos. 20 Queda el reyno de Frisa por el Y^raperador^ muriendo el duque Carlos de Egmont de Geldres.

Guerras del rey don Fernando con turcos.

Son amigos el rey Don Fernando y el Vaiuoda Juan, con que tambien se Uame el rey de Hungria, mas empero que en muriendo sea todo del Fernando.

Vistas en Cambrai del rey Franmco con la reyna Maria.

Casamiento de Octauio Fanes con Margarita, hija del Em- \)eradov^ qtie fue muger de Alexandre duque de Florencia.

Continuan la guerra los turcos en Grecia con venecianos.

30 Cerca Soliman Bassa el Capado a Dio, ciudad de

portuguezes al rio Indo, con galeras <\ue passo de este

mar al otro que llaman Bermejo por tierra, empero o

la gano.

Ano de 1539

La perdida de Castil Nouo con muchos espanoles.

La triste muerte de la Emperatriz dona Isabel nuestra

1539 CARLOS QUINTO 235

Senora, muger de gran bondad, y qual dizen deue ser casada. Pario muchos hijos, empero no dexo uiuos sino a Don Phelipe mies/ro Senor el rey, y a Dona Maria, reyna que agora es de Bohemia con Maximiliano, y a Dona Juana, que muy m09a embiudo del mal logrado principe de Portugal. Los otros murieron niiios.

Las nombradas Cortes de Toledo.

Rebelion de Gante, caue^a de Flandes. 10

Pasa el Emperador a castigar a Gante por medio de Francia, de lo qual todos quedaron atonitos por sauer las cosas pasadas entre su Mag'' y el rey Francisco, y con- siderando tambien la confian9a del vno, y seguridad del otro.

El casamiento de Dona Leonor de Toledo, hija de Don Pedro de Toledo, virrey de Napoles, con el duque de Florencia, Cosmo de Medices, qite fue Principal.

Ha el titulo de choronista Florian del Campo, el qual comen96 desde Noe la his/cria general de Espafia ; tendra grande trabajo en acabarla, mas contentara las gentes si 20 cumple lo prometido.

Ano de 1540

Castiga el Emperador a los de Gante.

Entran turcos en Gibraltar, q7ie altero la Baerra.

La batalla de Arboran en agua de turcos con espafioles, que vencio Don Bernardino de Mencfoqa.

Guerra del papa Paulo con Ascanio Colona.

Ofrece dar el Emperador su hija Maria con los estados de Flandes a Luis duque de Orliens por hacer paz verda- dera, pero rehuzalo el rey Franczifco su p^^i^'e, queriendo a Milan, causa de todas guerras, y que, segun el dezia, era cosa q?(e mas en su vida deseo. 10

Tratan de amistad el Rmperaclor y el rey Enrrique de Inglaterra, que muy renidos estauan.

Deshaze la orden de San Juan el rey Enrrique de Ingla- terra, que fue gran quebra para los caualleros.

Guerra en Transiluania entre Juan Vajuoda rey y Esteuan Maylat, que se apoderaua de aquella Prouincia.

La demostracion de consiertos que tuuieron contra el

236 ANN ALES DEL EMPERADOR 1540

Turco el nuncio del Papa, y don Alonso de Avalos, marques del Vasto, y Claudio Henebaut, g°^ de Turia.

20 Dan venecianos al Turco por que haga pazes con ellos a Napoles y a Malua9ia y mas de cien mil escudos en dinero, tanto la deseauan, aun que cargaron la culpa de ello al rey Francziyco, que auiso de los negocios en Constantinopla.

Muere Fernando de Alarcon,quefue muy honrrado capitan espanol. Era natural de Villaverde y noble ; fue capitan de ginetes en la toma de Granada, y en la Cefalonia con el gran ca^z'^^n ; en Irach, quando se comen^o la guerra de Napoles con franceses, fue herido de arcabuz ; fu6 m^ del campo general contra venecianos en Brinde, Monopoli,

30 Trana, y otros lugares. En la de Rauena, era Maestre de Campo y comisario general ; alli fue tambien herido y preso ; don Ramon lo hi90 soltar quando metio en Milan al duque Maximiliano Sforza. Paso a pacificar a Scicilia por coronel de los espanoles, quando hecharon de la Isla al virrey Don Hugo de Moncada ; tuuo cargo del exercito de Milan por 9edula del ^mperador, estando malo Prospero Colona, quando fue destro9ado el Almirante de Francia ; y por que Alarcon gano alli a franceses muchas pie9as de artilleria las trae por orla de sus armas. En la ba-

40 talla que fue preso el rey Francz'j'co, rompio la pared del parque de Pauia por do los nuestros entraron. Entregaronle al rey Francz.rco en guarda por hombre de confian9a, y venido con el a Espaiia, le hi90 el Emperador marques de Yal Sciciliana, que fuera de Camilo Pardo Anguino. Fue a Francia con el virrey Carlos de la Noy, a sauer del rey Francz^co para que se al9aua con tantos sin cumplir primer (77;?ente lo capitulado con el Emperador. Tuuo tam- bien la guarda del Papa Clemente despues de rendido hasta que fue suelto, y entre tanto se resistio cnexd^imentQ a los

50 alemanes, que por sus pagas insistian de auer el Papa en poder, y aun les saco, por vna cheminea de la casa que hiqo el cardenal de S. Jorge, los rehenes de la paga, que fue causa de salirse todos ellos de Roma, Muerto Lautrech y decercado Napoles huuo de mr^ a Tenda con otros lugares que tambien es marquesado, y la tenencia del Castil Nueuo

154°

CARLOS QUINTO 237

de Napoles, que vaco por muerte de Luis Castro. Estando el Rmperador sobre Lagoleta enuio por el para la guerra que aprouecho mucho, no auiendo quien mejor sentase un real ni tra9ase las thrincheas. Fue llamado el Senor como Antomo de Leyua por mayor honrra y cortesia. Era callado, 60 mas tenia buenos dichos y agudos, templado de manos, que no quiso tomar del rey Franct'sco vna baxilla de plata en Fran9ia, ni del Papa dos capellos y treynta mil escudos. Viuio enfin virtuosa7/;?^«/e, que no es poco entre soldados. Murio muy viejo y en gran estima, de dolor de costado, teniendo muchos nietos de vna sola hija, que caso con Don P° G'"^ de Mendo^a. Saca su historia en frances Juan Bonchel, que trata verdad sin mostrar passion como los otros Franceses.

Ano de 1541

Matan soldados espanoles a Cesar Fregoso y a Hernando Rin9on tan secreta como esfor9adamente, yendo el rio Po abaxo a tratar contra el Emperador, el vno a Benencia, y el otro a Costantinopla por el de Francia. Era Rin9on de Medina del Campo, y hombre que valio mucho por deser- uicios que hauia hecho a su rey, y por tratar con el Turco por el rey Franr/>rco contra christianos.

Matan tambien en Lima los almagritos a Franmco Pizarro que gano el Peru, reino riquissimo, prendiendo al rey Atabaliba. El rey Fran<:/>s"co se confedera con Guillen 10 duque de Cleues contra el Emperador, y con los reyes Gustauo de Suecia y Christiano de Dinamarca.

Disputan en Spira, teniendo alii dieta el Kmperador^ Julio Flug, Juan Groper, y Juan Ecclesio, doctores catho- licos, con Phelipe Melanton, Martin Buser, Juan Pistor, doctores lutheranos, que se Uamauan protestantes.

Muere Juan Vaivoda Rey, dexando su hijo Esteuan enco- mendado al Turco, so la tutoria de fray Jorge de Croacia, obispo de Varadin, y de Diego Viguio, y de otros criados suyos. 20

Mueue guerra el rey Don Fernando por hauer todo el reino de Vngria conforme a la capitulacion del Vaiuoda, que le costo caro.

238 ANNALES DEL EMPERADOR 1541

El Papa y el Kmperador se ablan en Luca por con9ertar el consilio para el ano siguiente y sobre pazes con el rey de Francia, las quales no se hicieron, por que pedia el ducado de Milan para su hijo Carlos.

Viene a \^ng-ria Soliman amenazando al Rey de Romanos y a los alemanes, y toma contra su fee a Buda, lan^ando 30 fuera el nino Esteuan y a su madre Isauel de Aragon, que lo llamaron.

Pide a Soliman el rey Don Fernando, que tenia Juan Vaiuoda con su trebuto, pero el neg-andolo, le demanda el resto de Vngria, y parece sobre Austria.

La guerra de Argel, que hi^o el Emp^;'«dor tan desdicha- damente como Diego de Vera y Hugo de Moncada.

Ano de 1542

Quexandosse mucho el rey Francisco por las muertes de Hernando Rin9on y de Cesar Fregoso, y pidiendo a Milan, da guerra por muchas par/es al Emperador. Continua la de Piamonte, enuia por Artoys a Antomo de Borbon, por Barbante a Martin Van Rosseh, con ayuda del duque de Cleues, por Luxembourg a su hijo Carlos, duque de Orliens, y por Cataluna sobre Perpifian al Delfin Henrrique ; ha^e tambien asonada por Nauarra y procura turcos.

Ay grande buli9io de armas en toda Espafia para socorer 10 a Perpifian, empero no fue menester.

Da el Rmperador licencia de andar en mula para los hombres de armas que perdieron los suyos en Argel.

La rigurosa visita del Consejo de Indias, por la qual hecharon fuera dos oydores, de quatro que auia.

La bat<2//a y vitoria de Chupaz, que huuo el lez''° Cristoual Vaca de Castro con D. Diego de Almagro, 16 de Oct''.

Castiga el Emp^r^xdor a los que ponen pazquines en Valladolid, por infamadores.

Enuia sus nauios a la Speciaria Don Antonio de Men- 20 do9a, virrey de la Nueua Esparia.

Salen las ordenan9as de Indias, que alteraron la gente.

Renato, P® de Oranges, entra por el estado de Cleues, haziendo dailo con el exercito emperial.

1542 CARLOS QUINTO 239

Dieta de alemanes en Espira, el Rmperador auz^;/te, donde se mostraron los embaxadores del rey de Franc ia muy fauorables a luteranos y a turcos.

Publicacion del Consilio para Trento, que tanto se deseaua.

Guerra entre ingleses y escoseses por tierra y mar.

Muere Jaques, Rey de Scocia, que no fue bien querido de 30 los suyos.

Carga con poderissimo exercito sobre Poyt el marques Joachim de Brandenburg por el Rey de Romanos, mas fue sin fruto.

Tienta de tomar a Turin Cesar de Napoles por austucia.

Roba Beltran de Saquia de Vdene a Maran, lugar del rey de romanos.

El duque Juan Fadrique de Saxonia y Phelipe Langraue de Hesse desposseen al duque de Brunsweych.

Anda langosta muy danosa en Espaiia y en otras partes 40 de Europa.

Ano de 1543

Amistad del ILmperador con el rey Enrrique de Ingla- terra, que la tuuo a mal el Papa por ser como erege, desemu- lado que truxese Turcos al rey P^ernando.

Hace g°^ de estos reynos el Emperador a su hijo Don Phelipe, dando los negocios al secretario Francisco de los Couos, y la guerra al duque de Alua, Don Franr?j"co Aluares de Toledo.

Hecha el Emperador en Castilla gran seruzhb hordinario y extraordinario.

Pasa el Kmperador a Italia para las guerras de Alemana 10 y P'rancia en 57 ga/eras y mas de 40 naos, con V M. soldados de Perpinan ; hiuan con el el duque de Najera, el Marques de Aguilar, el Conde de Feria, Juan de Vega y otros caualleros.

Da en Pauia el ILmperador al duque Cosmo de Medices las fortale9as de Florencia y Liorno por ciento y cmqtieiita mil escudos, y aunque por dineros agrado mucho a Italia.

Junta del Papa y del Emperador, la qual me place de

240 ANNALES DEL EMPERADOR 1545

contar por que se conosca donde Uego la presuncion del 30 S'°. P^, que veniendo a dar color al consilio y a tratar de paz segiin el publicaua, aunq?^(? princip^/z/^ente venia para conprar Milan, se tanteo con el Emp^^^^dor, que rehusaua su habla, diciendo que no le tenia deuer con gente de guerra, sin el tener otra tanta, y algunos maliciosos lo echarian a que traya muchos dineros. Asi que sobre con9ierto, despues de muchas demandas, se vieron en Buseto, lugar de dos senores, con cada D. soldados y sus guardas de pie y de cauallo, que los vnos guardauan la vna puerta y los otros la otra del Cast" donde posaron entrambos. Hablaronse tres 30 ve9es sin las primeras uistas en cinco dias que alii estu- uieron, las dos yendo el Rmperador al Papa, y la otra yendo el al Emper^^cr.

Presentanse al Consilio en Trento por todos los obispados espafioles Gp*' de Aualos Ar9obispo de Santiago, Don Fran<:z!$-co de Mendo9a, obispo de Jaen, y Don Martin de Guerrea, obispo de Huesca, delante el Card<?««l Moron, obispo de Modena y legado del Papa.

Hechan fama en Alemania como era muerto el Empera- dor los qtie le quisieran biuo, para leuantar la gente. 40 Toma el Kmperador a Dura lugar fortissimo, que atemo- ri96 aquellas tierras, creyendo que los espafioles tenyan vnas como gatos, para subir por la cerca, y dientes de grifo con qzte despeda9auan las gentes. Lleva sin sucorte 16 M. espafioles, mil cauallos ligeros de Italia, y hasta dos mil y quinientos hombres de armas.

Perdona el Kmperador al duque Guillen de Cleves, cuya

era Dura, que se le uino a humillar a Venlo, tomandole

solam^;?te a Gueldres que suyo era. El Duque beso la

mano al Empera^or a fuero de Castilla, que fue, segun

50 pienso, el primer aleman que se la besasse.

Reciue tambien a Martin Van Rossen, Seneschal de Gueldres, a su serutdo.

El cerco de Landresi por los imperiales, que poco antes tomaron Franceses, y que gentilfMente socorrio entonces el rey Franr/jco, auiendo tomado pr inter o a Luxembourg.

Asonada de batalla del rey Franc? j'co, para huir en

1543 CARLOS QUINTO 241

Chasteau Cambresis, queriendola el F^mperador muy de veras, y aun escreuio a Francia e Italia que le huya, diziendo que lo auia de seguir hasta el cabo del mundo.

Tenia el Rey 10 M de cauallo y mas de C M de a pie, si 60 fueron buenos soldados, en 6 M gascones, 1 2 M suizos, 2 M italianos y 84 mil franceses. Tenia el Rmperador 9 M de acauallo, los M. D. ligeros, y quarenta y ocho mil peones ; los 6M eran espanoles, los 7M. ingleses y M. italianos. Quiero contar como paso aquello, para que todos sepan la determinacion de cada vno de ellos. Tuuo de pelear sobre auer pasado los desafios que ya diximos, y estar tan juntos. Llego pues el Emperador a su Real jueues, dias de todos Santos, y salio el sabado todo armado, sino la caue9a por ser conocido, en vn cauallo encubertado, y conzerto el exer- 70 cite, animando cada nacion en su lengua ; y como siete cientos alemanes baxos de cauallo, que se adelantauan, peleauan con par/e de lacaualleria frangesa, y los hespanoles, que se alargaron en dos hasta llegar a las trincheas,pregun- tauan de mano en mano a Don Fernando de Gonzaga si entrarian, el qual en mal punto dixo q7ie no, se puso el yelmo diziendo al esquadron de su corte que auia venido su dia ; por esso que peleasen como caualleros honrrados, y si viesen caydos su cauallo y estandarte que lleuaua Luis Mendes Quixada, que leuantasen primero el pendon que 80 a el. Calo la visera y tomo la lan9a y camino passo ante passo hacia los enemigos. Era poco menos de media dia, espero quatro horas quedo en vn lugar que saliese a la batalla el rey como lo blasonaua, y como no salio aunque lo atrayan y procurauan los espaiioles pegados al Real, y tam- bien por oscure9er la tarde, asento Real, tocando a recoger a un quarto de legua del Real del rey. El domingo se paso en consejos y en algunas escaramu9as. Quando el lunes amanecio no auia franceses y assi no huuo batalla.

El rey Franczlrco, segun despues se supo de los que se 90 prendieron en el seguimiento, tuuo miedo de perderse como en Pauia, quando vio tantos espanoles cabe sus trincheas, ca le auian certeficado que no eran mas de tres mil, y dixo que bastaua para su honrra auer socorrido a Landrasi, para

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242 ANN ALES DEL EMPERADOR 1543

lo qual vino a vista de los enemigos, y enuiando a las quatro del domingo en la tarde su artelleria gruesa, hi90 quitar los zenzerros y cascaueles de los cauallos que la tirauan, y aun dio a un carretero por que ha9ia roydo con el a90te, tan callando le cumplia. Y se tomo las llaues de Cambresi por

1 3o que ninguno saliese con auiso de su partida y salio a las nueue con solos trecientos de acauallo. El Delfin se partio con el exercito a media noche sin son y antes que amaneciese, acauo toda la gente de arrancar y no es de callar qzie no pasando mas de tres mil espanoles en la resefia binieron quatro mil a la batalla, que tal es su condicion ; los quales mormuraron de Don Fernando su general, por que no los dexo combatir el Real frances, y cierto que los franceses estauan medrosos, y los alemanes mudauan ya las bandas negras en coloradas.

no Guerra en Berberia del conde Alcaudete Martin de Cordoa con Hamet rey de Treme9en, que otros nombrauan Manat.

Passa Blasco Nunes Vela por virrey al Perii lleuando chanceleria.

Casamiento alegre del principe Don Phelippe con Dona Maria Infanta de Portugal en Salamanca. Fueron sus pa- drinos el duque de Alva y su muger. Fueron a Badajoz por ella el obispo de Cartajena Juan Martines Silicio, maestre del principe, y Don Juan Alonzo de Guzman, duque de

120 Medina Sidonia, que Ueuo consigo a su hermano, Don Pedro Giron de Guzman conde de Oliuares, y al conde de Niebla, Don Juan Carlos su hijo, y a Fernando Arias de Saauedra, conde del Castellar, y a Don Manuel Ponce de Leon, Conde de Baylen, y a otros principales caualleros de Seuilla.

Continuan sus guerras en el Piamonte los espanoles y franceses.

Mulei Hamida se al9a con Tunes contra su p® Muley Hazan, que aula venido a Italia por ablar con el Kmperador ;

130 y quando voluio con exercito de Napolitanos, lo prendio y lo 9eg6 con hierro ardiendo, y aun tambien a sus hermanos, Nahazar y Abdala.

J543 CARLOS QUINTO 243

Pone treguas Amida con Don Franc/j-co de Touar, alcayde y capitan de la goleta.

Inuierna en Francia Barbarroxa con la flota del Turco, auiendo primero batido a Niza con franceses.

Viene Soliman a Vngria brabeando, con cien mil de acauallo y 60 M peones y quarenta mil gastadores, empero no hi90 mas de tomar Astrigonia y otros lugares.

Escriue desde aqui el coronista Bi"*" Busto su historia, el 140 qual ha siempre andado despues aca con el Kmperador.

Ano de 1544

La dieta en Espira donde se hallaron todos los electores con el Emperador, que aconte9e pocas ve9es, en lo qual otorgo su Mag^ algunas cosas a luteranos, fuera pero de la fee que lo tuuo por mal el Papa. Alii se declararon los alemanes contra el Rey de Francia, que sin duda lo escozio.

Toma Don Fernando de Gonzaga a Luxembourg, teni- endo 3 M. de acauallo y 30 M de a pie, los ocho mil espaiioles, los quales lleuo por mar Vasco de Acuna, que valio por la guerra siendo buen soldado y buen capitan.

Entra el Emperador con aquel exercito hasta Chalon, que 10 puso miedo a Paris y a toda la Francia.

La batalla de Cere9ola por socorrer a Carignan, qzie perdio con mas de 60 banderas el Marques del Vasto, teniendo tantos como Franrzsco de Borbon, Conde de Anguien, capitan de franceses.

Enuia el Rey Francz'K?co pensando ganar a Milan tras la vitoria de Cere9ola a P" Storzi al Piamonte, el qual fue luego desbaratado sobre Carignan.

Pax entre el Emperador y el Rey Franmco que mouio Gabriel de Guzman, frayle domenico y estudiante en Pariz, 20 por lo qual le dio el rey vna abadia en Lanpon. Alauaronla Granuela y Don Fernando de Gonzaga, y el almirante Hene- baut Carlos de Neili y el secretario Gilberto Bayardo, en ia qual fue lo principal que dentro de un aiio el Emperador diese al Duque Carlos de Orliens el Duquado de Milan 6 con la Infanta Dona Maria, su hija mayor, 6 con alguna

R 2

244 ANNALES DEL EMPERADOR 1544

hija del Rey de Romanes, con tal que Sauoya fuese reste- tuyda al Duque.

Va Juan de Vega embaxador en Roma por acompafiado 30 del Marques del Vasto a Milan, que refreno los francezes.

Prende a Basca de Castro el virrey Blasco Nunez X'^ela.

Lleua la Reyna de Francia Dona Leonor a su antenado, el Duque Carlos de Orliens, como yerno del ^mperador a Bruselas.

Ganan ingleses a Edemburg en Scozla.

Gana por fuer9a el Rey de Inglaterra Enrrique octauo a Bolonia de PIcardia con espanoles, que lo sintio mucho el frances.

En este ano cerro su historia Paulo Jouio, que se fuera

40 tan sincillo como curioso, auia escrltto bien ; y aun con todo

esso es grande esturiador de los errores, sin las malicias

que de las cosas de mtes^ra. tierra y hombres tiene se puede

ha9er grande numero.

Muere Renato de Chaylon, Principe de Orange.

Ano de 1545

Nace Don Carlos Inffante de Castilla en Valladolid, a ocho de Julio.

Muere la Princesa Dona Maria, de mal curada en su parto a lo que se publico.

Muere Juan Tauera, clerigo de gran autoridad, que fue prezidente del Consejo Real, y cardenal, y ar^obispo de Toledo, Inquisidor general y g""". Era tan honesto que no se dexaua ver los pies quando descal9auan los pajes, y grande negociador de callada, y tan hecho a la Corte que 10 no se allaua fuera. Dexo vn gentil hospital y rico en Toledo, y hazienda muy grande a su sobrino Anaspardo y otros parientes, que por ser de la Iglesia sono mal ; y siendo tan rico murio sin tener cuchara de plata con que tomar vna granada al tiempo que penaua, exemplo de vitoperio para los clerigos.

Muere assi mismo Jeronimo Suares de Seuilla obispo de Badaxos, una como dicen y carne del ar9obispo Tauera, official agudo del Rey en corte, y que tambien afrento la

1545 CARLOS QUINTO 245

clerecia, por dexar al pie de cien mil escudos, siendo muy escaso y dexandolos al maestro de P® Juan Marlines Silicio, 20 obisfK) de Cartagena, que despues fue ar9obispo de Toledo, el qual tambien murio el mas rico prelado cardenal de nuestros afios, <\zte tanto fue mas de culpar quantos mayores dqseos mostraua.

Muere Caspar de Aualos, cardenal y ar9obispo de Santi- ago, y Sebastian Ramires obispo de Cuenca y prezidente de Valladolid.

Muere fray Anto7iio Gueuara, obispo de ^londonedo, y estoriador que escreuio mas cosas qtte buenas ni que bien, como en parte lo mostro el Bachiler Pedro de Ruami, 3° maestro.

Muere Don Juan de (^uiiiga ayo del P*^, que fue comen- dador mayor de Castilla, del qual tuuo el Y^m^erador mui gran credito.

Muere Don Juan de Silua Conde de Cifuentes, mayor- domo mayor de la Emperatriz, que fue embaxador de Roma.

Muere tambien el Doctor Miguel May, vicechanciller de Aragon, qice fue muchos afios embaxador en Roma, hombre docto y afable. 40

Mueren Don Garcia Manrique, Conde de Osorio, Pre- sidente del Consejo de Ordenes, Don Aluaro de Cordoua, caualleri90 mayor del Principe y su fauorecido, y Dona Ines Porto Carrero, muger de gran nombre.

Muere Carlos de Orliens, que aun peso al Emperador no le vino mal, y hi9ole las honrras como a Duque de Milan,

Muere Blasco Nunes \&\a. virrey del Peru, en la batalla que huvo cerca de Quito con Gon9alo Pizarro.

Prueua el Rey Francz'sco de cobrar a Bolona por fuer9a, mas no puede, qite la tenian fuerte y bien guardada los 50 ingleses.

Vales mal a franceses a Scocia, siendo su capitan Borgio.

Pelean por mar con ingleses los franceses siendo capitan de los naos el Almirante Claudio Henebaut, y de las galeras Leon Strossi Prior de Capua.

246 ANNALES DEL EMPERADOR 1546

Ano de 1546

Tiene dieta el Emperador en Ratisbona sobre las heregias luteranas donde, por que no apare9ieron, priuo de ser elector a Juan Fadrique, Duque de Saxonia, y de las tierras a Phelippe Lantgraue de Hassia, hombre soberbio y que» presumiendo de guerra, despresiaua q*°* aula.

Mueue guerra el Emperador contra los de la liga Smalcaldica que todos eran luteranos, y prlncipalm^//te contra el Duque de Saxonia y Lantgraue, como rebeldes y tiranos, para lo qual junto X mil de cauallo sin los de su

10 casa y corte y xiv mil de pie, con dos mil a9adoneros, de los quales pagaua XI I mil el Papa. Fue Capitan general del exercito Don Fernan Aluarez de Toledo, Duque de Alua, y capitan del artelleria Juan Jacobo Medecin, Marques de Marignan,y maestre general del campo el Marques Juan Bautista Castaldo, y comisario general FTanczsco Duarte. Fueron capitanes principales de la caualleria el Archiduque Maximiliano, Pheliberto Emanuel, Principe de Piamonte, Wolfango Melquague, Maestro de Prussia, Don Carlos de Lanoy, Principe de Salmona, el Marques Alberto de

:o Brandenbourg, Enrique Duque de Brunsuycq, y otros. Eran ocho mil espanoles con los maestros de campo Don Aluaro de Sande, Alonso Viuas, y Diego de Arze, y diez mi! Italianos con el Duque Octauio Farnez, y onze mil valones con Maximiliano conde de Bura, y diseseis mil tudescos con muchos coroneles y ochenta tiros.

El exercito que luteranos hicieron fue de 15 mil hombres de cauallo y de ochenta mil peones, con seis mil a9adoneros y CXX tiros grandes de bronze y DCCC carros de pelotas y poluara y otros aparejos, ocho mil rozines para carretar

30 el artelleria y muni^iones, y CCC barcas de hazer de puentes. Eran los capitanes el Duque Juan Fadrique, que pensaua ser Emperador, y Lantgraue, que prometia de hechar el Emperador de toda Alemania, y Sebastian Xertel, que fue alabardero del Emperador. Siendo pues tales los exercitos de ambas partes, y tan artellados y proueidos qual jamas en Alemafia se vieron, deshizo el Emperador sus contrarios ani-

i

1546 CARLOS QUINTO 247

mosa y prudent^m^/^te, como lo mostro en Ingolstad quando, jugando ahito en su caualleria el artelleria de los enemigos, estuuo quedo y firnie, que sin duda fue ven9er. Aunq?/^ le enuio a dezir el Duque de Alua qtie se quitase de aquel 40 peligro, que cierto era grande y manifesto, respondio que si se quitasse causaria miedo en los suyos.

Muere Martin Luthero casi arrebatada;;2^«te, auiendo ^enado aquella noche de regosijo con otros muchos alemanes en Isleb donde nacio. Del qual, por ser el peor hombre de nuestros anos, es bien poner su uida, para que se guarden de sus heregias. Era pues Luthero maestro en artes, metiose frayle Agostino de los hermitanos, por espanto y miedo de vn rayo. Tenia gota coral, aunq?^^ muchos frayles le tenian por endemoniado, y algunos dezian que 50 tenia familiar, y aun el mismo dezia que hablaua y conocia muy bien al diablo. Fue procurador de algunos Monas- terios de su orden por hombre rezio y pleitista, y voluiendo de ^lla, comen96 a leer y disputar con nueua manera q7ie cobro gran fama. Succedio en esto que para la fabbrica de San Pedro de Roma enuio el Papa Leon indulgen9ias por Alemaiia, y sobre si las predicarian los frayles agostinos, 6 los dominicos, comen96 a contradisirlas, y luego el afio de 1 51 7 a escriuir mal de ellas y del Papa, y de ellas hechar cuernos, per que no las encomendauan a los de su orden, en 60 lo qual se cono9e daraTnente su malicia y odio. Encendiose luego tanto en las competencias, disputas, y contradiciones de Juan Tertsel, frayle domenico gran perdicador, que vino delante a caer en grandes heregias, dando a otros muchos ocasion de ser peores hereges que no el, como decir, a Juan Oecolampadio, Vlrico Zuinglio, Tomas Munstero y Miguel Reues espanol, qzie puso lengua en la santissima trinidad, y que los hereges lo quemaron en Basilea por herege, y Dauid Jorge holandes, que viue agora en Frizia, y q/ie cierto es el peor, de suerte que ni Ario ni Mahoma no jo fueron tan malos como el. El qual, alen de las heregias, era parlero, mentiroso, maldisiente, reboltoso, atreuido, profiado, vanaglorioso, descortes, disimulador, chocarrero, borracho, y en fin la mesma vellaqueria, ca ni tuuo ni ensefio virtud

248 ANN ALES DEL EMPERADOR 1546

ningnna. Gano la voluntad del pueblo con dezir mal de la nobleza, y la de los pobres con hablar peor de los ricos, y la de todos con deshazer la religion, abatiendo al Papa, y la de las mugeres con desalabar la virginidad, y assi por dar exemplo a monjas y a frayles y aun a clerigos se caso 80 con vna monja, en la qual uuo muchos hijos, siendo de LIII aiios; viuio pues tan mal hombre LXIII, y herege los XXX.

El Papa haze Duque de Plasencia a Pier Luis Fames su hijo.

Va el L'^'' Pedro Gasca por Presedente al Peru.

Vale muy caro en toda Espana.

Escriue la justifica9ion de la conquista de Indias el doctor Sepulueda, y contradizela fray Bartolome de las Casas,obispo de Chiappa, sobre lo qual huuo despues muchas desputas y 90 consultas.

Guerras de Tremezen, ayudando a vnos Azan Barbaroxa, y a otros el conde de Alcaudete.

Muere Don Alonso deAualos, Marques del Vasto,gouerna- dor de Milan y Capitan general del 'Emperador en Lom- bardia, siendo de cuarenta aifios; era muy gentil hombre, vestia riquamente^ tratauase de gran senor, y en liberalidades fue franco. Era diestro en armas, y entendia bien la guerra, mas no fue venturoso en ella, y assi perdio la batalla de Cere9ola ; era tambien muy humano, muy cortes, y en fin 100 tenia muchas vertudes y grandes, y por ellas muy amado.

Don Fernando Gonzaga vino por gouernador de Milan desde Scicilia, donde fue muchos anos virrey.

Juan de Vega, Embaxador en Roma, ua por virrey a Scicilia, en la qual residio X afios y luego vino a ser presi- dente del Consejo Real de Castilla con grande authoridad y reputacion.

Pazes hechas entre Franasco Rey de Francia y Enrique Rey de Inglatierra, con qtie pagando el Rey Franmco cierta cantidad de dineros dentro de ocho meses, huuiese no a Bolofia de Picardia.

Muere Haradin Barbaroxa en Pera.

1547 CARLOS QUINTO 249

Alio de 1547

El F^mperador hauiendo ya deshecho el exercito de lute- ranos, toma el Estado de Vitemberg, aunque luego le boluio al Duque, y a Vlma, Augusta, Francofort, Argentina y otras ciudades de la Hga y rebelion.

Cobra por armas el Duque Juan Fadrique lo qzte le tomara poco antes el Duque Mauricio, y aun ganale casi todo su estado.

Traman los bohemios de llamar al Duque Juan Fadrique de Saxonia contra el Rey de Romanes, haziendo su capitan al Conde Caspar Fluch con XL mil hombres de guerra. 10

Frende el Duque Fadrique en vn encuentro al Marques Alberto de Brandenbourg, y a Christoual Lantgraue de Lechtenberg, tomandoles X banderas y XII pie9as de ar- telleria.

Pestelencia en Saxonia y en los exercitos,

Passa el Emperador su exercito por Albis que los de su riuera Uaman Elb contra voluntad de sus consejeros, mostrando el vado vn molinero, aunq?/^ algunos passaron a nado con sus cauallos, y ciertos espaiioles nadando con las espadas en la boca, siendo frio tiempo ; y tanto fue mas animo 20 passarlo, quanto nunca los Romanes osaron passarlo, en especial que no lleuaua arriua dies y seis mil hombres.

Ven9e y prende tambien el Emperador, yendo con el su hermano el Rey de Romanes, al Duque Juan Fadrique de Saxonia en batalla con pocas muertes de los suyos, que fue gran felicidad.

Andaua el Duque en vn caualle bayo oscuro, y armado de vn jaco de malla menuda, y encima vn coselete bianco y negro que parecia bien. Era muy gorde en demasia, empero diligente y sauio en la guerra, aunq?^^ se tuuo entonces 30 descuidadamente. Murieronse menos de dos mil saxones, y tomaronse nueue estandartes de la caualleria y xvil banderas y XV tiros y DC carros de municiones y ropa.

El 9erco de Boemia por los del Emperador.

Viene rendido Fhelippe Lantgraue de Hesse a someterse

250 ANNALES DEL EMPERADOR 154?

al F.mperador, qzie para su Mag^ fue grande reputacion y para el, qtie tanto presumia, dolor y uileza.

Da el Emperador la ele9ion del Imperio al Duque Mauricio.

40 Gana el F,mperador en estas guerras de luteranos quatro cientas y quarenta pie^as de artelleria entre grandes y pequefias, buena par/e de las quales enuio a Espana.

Ven9e Fernando Rey de Romanos a los Boemios y haze lo qjie quiere de todos ellos y de sus armas, preuilegios y franquezas, siendo su Rey por ele^ion, y aun les tomo bien mas de duzientos mil escudos de renta en solo Praga.

I^a batalla entre Pucaran y Guarina en la qual ven9i6 Gon9alo Pizarro a Hernando Centeno. Murio Enrrique Rey de Inglaterra en edad de sessenta anos,

50 el qual fue muy dotado de los bienes de la fortuna y del cuerpo y del alma, si los enpleara bien, ca era muy hermoso,^ rico, y sabio. Caso con Dona Catalina, muger tambien her- mosa, hija de los Reyes Catholicos, y que aula sido casada con su hermano Artus, alcanzando victoria de sus enemigos personalm^;2te quando gano a Terouana del Rey Luis de Francia, y a Bolonia del Rey P'ranc/ifco, y por sus capitanes quando ven9i6 la flota escosesa el Conde de Surri, Tomas Hauard, y quando el Conde mismo mato al Rey Jaques de Escosia en batalla. Fauorecio al Papa Julio contra el Rey

60 Luis de Francia y al Papa Clemente quando su prision en odio del Emp^r^dor, escreuio contra Lutero el libro de sacramentos, por el qual le dio titulo de defensor de la fee por consistorio el Papa Leon. Hasta aqui fue muy excelente Rey, aunque mudo amistades, empero que despues mudo muger y religion, fue maluado. Dexo a la Reyna Dona Cathalina, por casarse con Ana Bolena su amiga y criada, con quien mucho se deleitaua, a la qual degollo dende a tres anos por adultera con Jorge Bolena su proprio hermano, con quien ella dormia por auer algun hijo varon y con otros

70 dos caualleros. Tomo muger luego a otro dia que ella fue degoUada, a Juana Semeria, en la qual huuo Duarte que murio Rey. En muriendo la Juana enuio a Cleues por Ana, hermana del Duque Guillen, a la qual dexo tambien luego

'54/

CARLOS QUINTO 251

por fria, y que no satisfacia su luxuria, y no tardo a casarse con Catalina Hauard su sobrina ni a degollarla esso mismo por adulterio con dos caualleros, y casose sesta vez con Catalina Paria, viuda siendo de L, anos, tanta era su luxuria 6 su locura. Empero assi era menester que ya estaua ciego de entendimiento para q?ie pagasse por donde pecaua. Comen96 a sentir mal del Papa q7ie le tacho el repudio So primero ; burlando de las descomuniones y despensaciones y encrudeziendosse cada dia mas en aquel error, se Ilamo soberano de la Iglesia ingleza, aplicando a su fisco las rentas ecclesiasticas, que fue quitar al Papa la obediencia, sobre lo qual mato tres frayles cartuxos, y al cardenal Juan Fisquer obispo de Rocestre, y a Tomas Moro q7te fuera su gran can9iller, Mato assi mismo sobre seguro a ciertos caualleros, capitanes de los que se lleuantaron por la santa fee Christiana ; robo las Iglesias, despoblo los monasterios, deshizo la orden de San Juan de Rhodas, hecho los cuerpos santos en el rio, 90 y quito finalmente la fee y religion de Jesus Christo en todo su reyno.

Muere Fran«'i"co Rey de Francia auiendo uiuido Lli anos y reynado mas de 32 ; era el Rey Francisco agra9iado en muchas cosas, y assi representaua bien la dignidad real, y como de su natural fuese alegre, cortes, humano, y tratable, atraya mucho los hombres a le amar, y principalmente por ser muy liberal en dar, lo qual tanto mas en el reluzia, quanto el Rey Luis su suegro fuera por escaso aborrecido. \'saua ordinariamente sus passatiempos, y algunos con mugeres ;oo tan publico que sonaua mal para hombre casado. Hablaua su lengua mui bien, mas era largo, y assi las coplas que compuso son alabadas. Gouerno bien sus reynos, sino fue al principio, aunque los despecho demasiado, y tuuo- los hasta la postre limpio de lutheranos, castigando los hereges, y cierto se pudiera contar por bueno y chris- tianissimo Rey como se intitulaua, sino llamara al Turco en dafio y escandalo de la Christiandad por odio y enemigo del Emperador Carlos, con el qual quiso competir y aun ygualarse, que fue sin duda causa y origen de infinites no males y que no se pueden contar sin lagrimas. Esfuer^anse

252 ANNALES DEL EiMPERADOR .547

los franceses y trauajan algunos italianos de igualar al Rey Franmco con Carlos Emperador, coteiando las virtudes del vno con las del otro, sin tocar al viuo en los vicios y faltas, mas no pueden, aunque afiaden al Rey lo que quitan al Emperador, ca cierto es y publico qzce haze ventaja Carlos a Francisco en uida, justicia, y religion, que son proprias virtudes del animo, y en riquezas, senorios y victorias, que son de fortuna, por que unas vezes se alcan9an y otras se laopierden; y ni quebro su palabra despues de jurada, como hizo el Rey, ni mouio guerra segun de ella misma se puede colegir, mas el Rey, qzte jugaua como dizen a pagame, no me pago, se la mouio siempre, como dezir en Flandes con Roberto de la Marca, y en Nauarra con Andres de Fox, contra lo que prometiera en Noyon, y en Napoles con Lautrech, contra los capitulos de Madrid, que juro por su libertad, y en Perpinan con el Delfin Enrique su hijo, contra las treguas de Ni9a. Quieren algunos aprouar las mudan9as que con liuiandad y dano proprio suyo y aun con la des- 1 30 honrra hazen los Reyes en las amistades y ligas, diziendo ser assi necessario y cumplidero, tanto por la conseruacion de sus reynos, como para el acresentamiento, y confirmanlo con exemplos del Rey Catholico Don Fernando, y del Rey de Fran9ia Luis XII, y del Papa Julio II, que usaron mucho aquello, aun asaz seria mejor tener y guardar siempre las que vna vez tomasen, como ha hecho el Rey Sigismundo de Polonia con los turcos y como lo ha deseado el l^mperaclor ; mas como todos lo vsauan no tienen por tan malo, siendo tanto peor quanto el mal es mas comu«, empero ninguno 140 se confia del otro en negocios de estado, tan peligroso es. Comen96 pues Francisco a reynar con grande orgullo. Passo con exercito a Italia por nueuo camino, ven9i6 los heguizaros en Milignan, gano el Duquado de Milan, prendio al Duque Maximiliano Sforza. Trato por aquella prosperi- dad con el Papa Leon en Bolonia, donde se vieron, que le diesse titulo de Emperador de Constantinopla. Hizo luego en Noyon vn honrado trato de paz e amistad con Carlos Prin- cipe de Castilla, que acatamos agora por Emperador, con el qual, muerto el Rmperador Maximiliano, competio del

1547 CARLOS QUINTO ^53

Imperio con tanta porfia y ambicion que dixo que nunca 150 serian los dos buenos amigos, lo qual cumplio hidalgamente, ca es cierto que desde alii le cobro tan mortal enemig-o que le duro toda la vida, y que siempre lo mostro a la clara assi de palabra, hablando y escriuiendo del descortes y afrento- samente, como de obra, mouiendole guerras y solicitando contra el a christianos, turcos, moros y cosairos. La cosa que mas deseo fue ser Duque de Milan, segun el mismo confessaua, y por esso torno a Italia para lo auer del Duque Francisco Sforza, qite con ayuda del Papa Leon y del mismo Emperador lo cobra va, y conquistandolo fue 160 preso y traydo a Espana, que le redoblo la enemistad con increible odio. Por ser suelto hizo y juro los conciertos de Madrid, y por no los cumplir ya como dizen se pudo lamer ; reclame de ellos como si fuera menor de edad, y reuoluio toda la christiandad pensando vengarse, de la qual rebuelta y liga se recrescieron las guerras de Lombardia, el saco de Roma, la prision del Papa, el cer^o de Napoles, la empre9a de Serdenha, la batalla de mar que perdio Don Hugo de Moncada, y los desafios suyos, y del Rey de Inglaterra con el Emperador, empero q2(e no le aprouechaua nada todo 170 aquello contra la potencia y consejo del Emperador, qite todos los otros llamauan ventura. Se huuo de doblar a tomar partido con el, casando su hermana y pagando su talla para cobrar los Delphines, que dexara por rehenes en Espana mas qzie perdiesse la enemiga. Ca luego se uio con el Rey de Inglaterra para nouedades, y con el Papa Clemente sobre auer Milan, y comen^o a tratar con Barbaroxa y con el gran Turco para danar al Emperador en el reyno de Napoles por armada, con que Andre Doria le auia dexado. Vsurpo el Ducado de Sauoya con el Piamonte para tener facil entrada iSo con exercito a Milan, imaginando q7ie por alii ganara el Reyno de Napoles y assi tomar vengan9a del Emperador su enemigo, para lo qual hi90 venir a Barbaroxa con la tlota del Turco en aquellas partes, y a Soliman con exercito a la Cimera, y tras esto, como no le sucedieron bien sus propo- sitos, hizo treguas en Ni9a, donde vino el Papa. Estuuieron luego juntos el y el Emperador en AguasMuertas,y no mucho

254 ANNALES DEL EMPERADOR 1547

despues en Paris, por todo lo qual se pensaua que nunca mas veniera guerra entre los dos. Pero el Rey, por que no 190 le daua el Emperador a Milan como lo desia, mouio la guerra por Luxemburg, Artoys, Brabante y Rossellon, trayendo el armada del Turco con Barbaroxa so color que auia el Emperador quebrado las treguas de Ni9a en la muerte de Cesar Fragoso y Hernando Rin9on, y assi tiro la guerra dentro en Francia, qzie le hizieron el Rey de Inglaterra en Picardia, y el Emperador hasta Chalon, pero al mayor fuego de la guerra, y que al9auan los del pays su ropa, huuo pazes. Lo que passo con el Rey de Inglaterra, Enrrique octauo, es en suraa que hizo pazes con el tres uezes, y guerra dos, sin 200 las del Rey de Scozia, y se vieron otras dos vezes 6 mas entrambos.

El motin contra espanoles en Napoles que dura tres dias, porque justicio el virrey don Pedro de Toledo dos raanceuos ciudadanos que quitaron vn clerigo a los Alguaziles, y por que quiso prender sobre aquel alboroto a Cesar Mormilla, aunq?/^ la principal brega fue porq?/^ vna espanola qw^bro el bra90 a un napolitano con vn mortero de piedra que arojo de su ventana.

La rebuelta que hi9o en Genoua el Conde Juan Luis de 210 Fresco, en la qual murio el y Juanetin de Oria, gentil capitan de mar.

Manda passar el Papa el Concilio de Trento a Bolona por que no se hiziesse, ca no le cumplia, pero los mas obispos espanoles no se mudaron.

Llama el Papa la gente que tenia con el Duque Octauio Fames su nieto, ayudando al Emperador, ca le pesaua de su victoria y prosperidad.

Renueua el Rey Enrrique de Francia la alian9a que su padre Francisco tenia con los esgui9aros por toda su vida, 220 dexando lugar al Papa y a los Reyes de Portugal, Polonia, Scosia, y Dinamarca y otros Duques. Y matan al Duque Pier Luis Fames en su propria fortaleza por tirano y frances, y a la voluntad del regimiento de Pla9encia, los Condes Agostin Lando, Juan Anguisciola, Geronimo y Alexandro Palauicini. Cuelganle por el pie de vna ventana

1547 CARLOS QUINTO 255

que todos lo viesen, y hechanlo despues en la caua donde lo vltrajaron, segun merecian sus malas obras, ca fue cruel y grandissimo sodomita, y aun for96 vn obispo, el qual murio de aquel enojo y afrenta.

Plazencia se da por el Emperador a Don Fernando 230 Gonzaga.

Hazen liga que nombraron defensiua el Papa Paulo III y el Rey Henrrique de Francia y esguizaros contra el Em- perador, temiendo de su poder y justicia, el Rey por lo de Sauoya, y el Papa por lo del concilio y por lo de Placencia.

Estan en Aranda de Duero los Consejos, mientras el Principe Don Phelipe tiene Cortes en Mon^on.

Muere Franc/^co de los Couos en \^beda donde na9i6, el qual de vn escriuiente de Lope de Conchillos vino a ser comendador mayor de Leon, S"" de Sabiote y riquisimo, y a 240 casar vna hija con el Ducjue de Sessa y conde de Cabra, Don Gon9alo Hernandes de Cordoua, nieto del gran capitan, y un hijo con DonaN.de Luna, ]MarquesadeCamara9a. Eragordo, de buen rostro, alegre, regocijado, y assi tenia dulce conuer- sa9ion, era diligente, y secreto, por donde alcan96 la gra9ia del Emperador asas cumplidam(?nte, ca muchos aiios pas- saron por su mano todos los negocios assi de Italia como de Indias y Espaiia, y con esso uuo el adelantamiento de Ca9orla para su hijo Don Diego de los Cobos en juro de heredad, que fue baxesa del cardenal Juan Tauera, ar9obispo de -'50 Toledo, que por auer la primacia lo sufrio todo. Era niuy ambicioso y assi abatio los otros secretarios y hombres de negocios como al secretario Antonio \ illegas y a Juan Aleman, Tuuo todos los officios casi de Castilla que tocauan a la Secretaria y qzce \acaron en su tiempo, y los de Indias, y sobre los de Italia estuuo mal con Diego de Idiaquez su hechura y criado, por que no tenia el escritorio en su casa. Era codicioso y escaso, y tomaua presentes con ambas manos, que lo enriquicieron demas'iada^Me^ite ; era amigo de sus amigos y assi hi90 por muchos qzte no lo 260 merecian, no sin afrenta de buenos, y aun quitaua officios y beneficios y pensiones a quien el Emperador los queria dar, para los quales nombraua, por lo qual fue de muchos

256 ANNALES DEL EMPERADOR 1547

notado y maldito, y aun a la postre se lo cono^io el Em- perador en los negocios de los parientes de su yerno y de su mug-er Dona Maria de M&ndo(;?i, hija del adelantado de Galicia. Holgaua mucho de jugar a la primera y conuer- sacion de mugeres, diziendo que por recrea9ion de los negocios estuuo muchos dias enfermo. Mostro mucho qui 270 le pesaua morir, y no creia su muerte, por lo qual murio no con buena fama.

Comien^a de auer chancelleria en la Nueua Granada de Indias.

Muere Fernando Cortes capitan muy ill®, y que se puede poner entre los muy esclare9idos de nuestros anos.

Treguas por cinco aiios entre Soliman y el Rey de romanos y el Emperador.

El statute qzie \\\(;o el ar9o'' de Toledo, Juan Marlines Siliceo, para la limpieza de aquella S*^ Iglesia, que sin duda 280 escozio mucho a los que vienen de judios.

Escriuio las cosas de los Reys Luis y Fran^jco en latin Arnaldo Feron de Bordeaux, el qual no es mal autor, aunque habla de ligero como franceses y contra espafioles.

Escriuio tambien de los mismos Reyes en Francia Nicolas Gilles.

Hazen los aragoneses por cortes de Mon9on y con volun- tad del Principe su coronista a Jeronimo de Curita, hombre docto, cuerdo, y mui de bien, el qual escriue la historia de los Reyes de Aragon y condes de Bar9elona, diligente, 290 clara, y uerdadera;//^;2te, y otra, c{zie nombra de las em- pressas del Rey don Fernando el Catholico, (\ue contiene las cosas succedidas desde c\Me tomo a Granada hasta su muerte.

Afio de 1548

Ordena el 'Emperador en Augusta dieta, y conseja qjie todos los hereges de Alemana guarden, entretanto que por universal concilio otra cosa fuere determinada, Xll articulos, que son el peccado original, la redempcion, la justificacion, las obras, la remission de los peccados, la missa, los santos, la resurreccion, la comunion, las ceremonias, y todos los

1548 CARLOS QUINTO 257

sacramentos de la Iglesia, y autoridad de los Papas y ministros.

No passan por el entretanto muchos senores y ciudades lutheranos auiendolo prometido, por lo qual tientan dos mil 10 espanoles a tomar Constancia, mas no pueden, muriendo su maestre de campo Alonso Vivas, napolitano, empero lo que no se pudo hacer por fuer9a se hi90 luego por mana.

El Principe Don Felippe tiene cortes en Valladolid que fueron largas y malas ; alli se pidio que no se matasse para carnicerias ninguna res embra nueua, por que se multi- plicassen los ganados, qzte todo el reino desempenaria las Molucas, por que se la dexassen gozar seis anos solamente, mas el ^mperador no lo quiso escuchar, como buen her- 20 mano de sus hermanos 6 por la trampa del empefio.

Este ano fue seco^ falto y caro. Valio en Valladolid a 7 marauedis la libra de vaca y la de carnero a diez y medio, y la de azeite a 19, y valiera mucho mas sino por el de balena ; valio a 21 la libra de candelos de seuo, y a 12 la de peras y uvas y ciruelas, y a 4 mrs la carga de agua, y a otros quatro el arnero de paja, precios que nunca se auian visto en Castilla.

Apazigua el L*^" Pedro Gasca, que agora es obispo de Placencia, las prouincias del Pirii, haziendo degollar tras la 30 batalla de Xaquixaguana a Gon9alo Pizarro, y repartiendo millon y medio, que fue cosa notable.

Pone casa en Valladolid el Principe Don Phelipe a la borgonona, desautorizando la castellana, que por sola su antiguadad se deuia guardar. Fue mayordomo mayor el Duque de Alua, y mayordomos Don Pedro Giron, Conde de Oliuares, Don Pedro de Auila, Marques de las Nauas, Gutierre Lopez de Padilla y Don Diego de Azeredo. Fue caualleri90 mayor Don Antonio de Toledo de la orden de San Juan, y tuuieron la camara Don An**» 40 de Rojas, Ruy Gomes de Silua, Don Juan de Silua, Conde de Cifuentes, Don Juan de Benauides y Don Fadrique de Toledo, comendador mayor de Calatraua. Don Gomes de Figueroa, que despues heredo el condado de Feria, fue

1366 S

258 ANNALES DEL EMPERADOR 1548

capitan de la guarda espanola, y de Alemania vn Tudesco, y de los Archeros el Conde de Homes. Fueron de la boca muchos mayorasgos y principales caualleros.

Casamiento del archiduque Maximiliano, hijo del Rey de

Romanos, con la Infanta Dona Maria, hija del Emperador en

50 Valladolid ; salio a los reciuir en Oliuares el Condestable

Don Pedro Fernandes de Vellasco, acompanado de muchos

caualleros, y con grandissima casa y despensa.

Procura fray Bartolome de las Casas, obispo de Chiappa, estoruar la Historia General y Natural de Indias, que Gongalo Hernandes de Ouyedo cronista mostro al Consejo Real de Castilla para la imprimir.

Passa el Principe a Italia en las galeras y otras naos armadas, como lo escriuio su criado y hombre docto Juan Christoual Caluete, en el felicissimo viage. 60 Son gouernadores de Castilla y Aragon el archiduque Maximiliano y la Infanta Doria Maria su muger.

Desuedanse las mulas, auiendo muchos pagado poco antes a L ducados por la licencia.

Publican su liga defensiua el Papa, y el Rey de Francia y los Suyzos.

Lleua presos a Brussellas el Emperador al Duque de Saxonia y al Lantgraue.

Leuantanse contra el R y los de Bordeaux y Poictiers sobre que los encare9ia la sal. Pero el Condestable Ana de 70 Montmorency fue con exercito, y los castigo, degollando los principes comuneros, tomandoles armas y preuilegios a todos, derriuando las casas de ayuntamiento y haziendo de las campanas artilleria. Siempre que las comunidades no salen con su inten9i6n no solam^^zte se pierden, en pero hazen mas rico y poderoso al S', como estas, y las de Bohemia, y las de Gente, y las de Inglaterra y las de Cas- tilla, aun que no vso en aquellas del rigor el Emperador.

Trae a Francia el Rey Enrrique a la Reyna de Escosia

su sobrina y menor de siete arios por auer aquel reyno.

80 Muere Sigismundo, que reino prospev3i.menxe 42 anos en

Polonia y viuio 80. Huuo muchas victorias de Tartaros,

Moschouitas, y Maldauos, guardo mucho la amistad de los

1548 CARLOS QUINTO 259

Turcos, escarmentando en sus vezinos. Convertio a Lithuania y fue buen christiano.

Muere Maximiliano, conde de Buren, en Flandes, que fue mui gentil Capitan, y gouernador prudente, pero sin letras, y amigo de virtuosos y hombres vnicos en algun arte. Murio en la hora y punto que dixeron los medicos, y dixeronlo muchos dias antes ; assi dispuso de si bien y alegremente. 9°

Gana Hamet Xerif, Rey que se hizo de Marruecos, a Fez, el qual segun fama tenia ochenta mil peones y cinquenta mil de cauallo, los quinze mil negros, y muy muchos ca- mellos, y veynte mil picas que uvo de Francia con otras armas y municiones, ca se carteaua con el Rey Enrrique.

Julian Mostafa hijo de Soliman y de Roxalana se passo al Sophi, tambien de temor que no le matasse su hermano Selim pero de otra muger de su padre, que llamauan Jalbahat Asacqui por ante el Imperio.

Guerra en Tauris de turcos con sofianos, en la qual y por 100 pestilencia murieron mas de DCLX mil soldados.

Ano de 1549

Llega el Principe Don Felippe a Brusselas, donde le esperaua con gran deseo su padre, acompanado de las reynas viudas de Francia y Vngria sus hermanas.

Juran al Principe por senor todos los estados de Flandes y tierra o^e Uaman baxa, cada vno por si, o^te a todos los anduuo.

Quedan estos estados de Flandes, (\ue hasta aqui eran como bienes partibles por mayorazgo, libres para el hijo mayor.

Piden los moriscos de Aragon c^e los vueluan moros pues 10 la fe no quiere fuer9a, y no los desfauorecen sus seriores.

Los Boemios, dexando su antigua custumbre y libertad de hazer Rey a quien quisieren, toman por Rey a Maximiliano archiduque de Austria, con juramento para el y para sus desciendentes, (\ue lleuo mas fuer9a que razon.

Perdona Maximiliano la vida a un Jorge Dias gallego de Cabo Porferrada, que lo Ueuauan a asaetear en Valladolid

S 2

26o ANNALES DEL EMPERADOR 1549

los alcaldes de la hermandad por ladron, cosa nueua en Castilla. 20 Este ano y el passado hechan suertes con licencia Fran- cz'sco de Artiaga y Pedro Gomez su hermano, traperos de sus Altezas. Acaecio poco despues a Pedro Gomez de Artiaga ganar al juego mas de nouenta mil escudos en dineros. Condenaronle los alcaldes de Corte por tahur en seis cientos ducados de pena, y que no jugase mas, pero el pagando la pena, apelo del vedamiento 6 por vicio de jugar, 6 por que aun no acauo de pagar sus deudas con tan grande ganancia.

Toma Don Bernardino de Mendo9a con las galeras IV nauios de Francia con armas para el Xarif. 30 Gana el Xarif a Argel y a Velez de Gomara y algninas fuer9as que Portugueses tenian en Berberia.

Boacen Key de Veles fue a Flandes a pedir al Emperador como su aliado ayuda contra el Xarif, mas nunca lo uvo, y por esso se junto con los turcos de Argel y cobro su estado.

Ay diferencias entre los canonigos de Valladolid y el ar9obispo de Santiago Don Pedro Manuel capellan mayor, sobre quien haria el oflScio de Corpus Christi por que salia a la procession el Rey Maximiliano ; y por que no fueron a ella los de la Iglesia mayor, desterraron cinco a Portugal 40 y castigaron al cabildo segun cada vno tuuo culpa.

Esta bien desterrado el Prouincial de Castilla de los frayles franciscos, por que no consentio a las monjas de las Gordillas que reciuiesen a la Marquesa de Monte Mayor.

Hazen gran diligencia los oydores del Consejo Real, tomando los libros de los mercaderes en toda Castilla por saber como y quien sacaua el oro fuera, pero no se pudo remediar siendo cierto que nos saquean.

Fait.

Ano de 1550

El recuentro de Don Bernardino de Mendo9a con ciertos cosarios.

La vitoria que uuo Gasca de los Contreras.

La toma de Africa que hizo Juan de Vega, virrey de Scicilia.

I550 CARLOS QUINTO 261

Amistad del Rey Enrrique de Francia con el de Ingla- tierra Duarte VI, el qual fue como muchacho enganado, ca voluio a Bolona por mal consejo de los suyos.

Sube la moneda en Francia el Rey Enrrique, por que no se la saquen de sus reynos, y por que le vaya de fuera, 10

Muere Nicolas Perenot S' de Granuela, que tuuo muy grande amistad con el Rmperador, cuyo embaxador y secre- tario y consejero fue mucho tiempo en todos sus negocios, especial con franceses y alemanes. Era hombre callado y negociador, y graue para no ser de linaje. Enriquiziose mucho, no se si bien, vengosse dissimuladam^;/te de sus enemigos que llamaua inuidiosos, como fueron el confesor fray Pedro de Sota y el L'^°Juan de Figueroa, dexo muchos hijos, y todos bien puestos, mayorw^nte al Secretario An- tonio Perenot obispo de Arras, que sin duda es principal 20 persona en negocios, consejo, lenguas y aun letras.

Muere Azan Rey de Tunez,

Ano de 1551

Vuelue a Espaiia el Principe Don Phelipe.

Juran los Nauarros al Principe en Tudela.

Lleua Maximiliano a la Reyna Dona Maria su Muger a Bohemia.

Toma Leon Strozi Prior de Capua con 2y galeras fran- cesas vna galera espanola en Barcelona y ciertos naos, siendo tregua.

Toma assi mismo el Rey de Francia 13 vlcas con ricas mer- cadorias, estando en sus puertos, que fue romper la guerra.

Toma Sinan Turco a Tripol de Berberia, con trato de 10 franceses.

Conciertasse con el Rey de Francia el Duque Octauio Fames, dexando al Emp^r^dor su suegro, que fue causa de muchas guerras.

Torna el Consilio a Trento por bula del Papa Julio III con gran esperanza que se acauaria con bien.

Cerca el Papa Julio a Parma y a la Mirandola con ayuda del Emperador, mas en valde.

Haze treguas Hamed Rey de Tunez con Don Nuno de

262 ANNALES DEL EMPERADOR 1551

20 la Cueua, prometiendo de guardar las capitulaciones de su padre Azan con el Emperador.

Pierde Antonio de Orio 8 galeras con tormenta en Panta- larea, yendo a prouar a Africa.

Ha el Rey de Romanos la Transiluania, por conciertos de fray Jorge de Croacia, trayendo a Viena a la Reyna Isabel y a su hijo Esteuan.

Guerra en Transiluania de turcos con el Bollorbey de Gre9ia y del Rey de romanos con Juan Bap*"^ Castaldo, en la qual aula vn tercio de espanoles con el msiesfre de campo 30 Aldaua.

Muere a hierro en Vins, y en manos de Sforza Palauezin y de Marco An/«9;^io Ferro, Secretario de Juan Bap**, el Cardenal fray Jorge de Croacia, obispo de Baradin, por que se concordaua con los turcos contra el Rey de Romanos. El Papa mostro gran rigor por la muerte del Cardenal, descomulgando los hechores y consentidores.

Vasse al Rey de Francia el Principe de Salerno, Don Fernando de San Seuerino, por enemistad del virrey Don Pedro de Toledo, que le hallo sus aleuosos tratos. 40 Haze tomar la Reyna Maria algunas mercadorias de fran9eses en Flandes por lo de las vlcas.

Conciertasse con muchos alemanes el Rey Enrrique de Fran9ia, contra el Emperador.

Entra en Lorena el Rey de Francia y apoderase del Duque Carlos, diziendo a la Duquesa Christiana, su madre, que lo casaria con vna de sus hijas.

Toma el Rey de Francia a Metz de Lorena, lleuando mas

de L compafiias de soldados y tres regimientos que llaman

de alemanes con Sebastian Xertel, Ringraue, y Rincors, y

50 mil y quinientos hombres de armas, y dos mil y quinientos

cauallos ligeros.

Entrando el Rey de Francia con exercito en Alemania, toma primeram^?2te a Argentina y a Hagenau y a otros lugares por amistad. Mas luego se voluio por que assi quisieron los que le llamaron, y por entrar exercito flamenco en sus tierras.

Tomo el Conde Adrian de Reulx a Stenay con hasta

I55I CARLOS QUINTO 263

quatro mil de cauallo y cerca de XX mil peones, estando dentro Bordillon.

Gana el Rey de Francia Damuillers, y luoys y Bullon 60 y otros lugares.

Hasta aqui escriue Marco Guazo, el qual, aunque sus mismos Ytalianos le llaman charlatan, haze mucha diligen9ia para su historia.

Alio de 1552

Fauorece al Duque Mauricio el Rey de Francia contra el Emperador, concertandose por medio de Juan Fragnino obispo de Bayona,

Haze salir de Ispruch mal pareciendo al Emperador el Duque Mauricio, por que no soltaua a Lantgraue su suegro.

Suelta el Emperador al Duque Fadrique de Saxonia.

Hace cruel guerra el Marques Alberto de Brandenbourg a Wolfango, maestre de Prussia, y a Nuremberg, ciudad muy rica, y a los obispos de Bamberg y Francfort, Worms, Spira, Moguntia y Treuires, jo

Concordia del Emperador con el Duque Mauricio, lo qual hizo el Rey D. Fr*^° en Passau para soltar al Lantgraue.

Hechan fuera los de Sena a Don Fran9es de Alaua, que tenia seis cientos espanoles, con fauor del Rey de Francia, a quien se dieron y en guarnicion. Deriuan la fortaleza que aula hecho en la ciudad Don Diego Hurtado de Men- do9a embaxador en Roma, al qual culpan los nuestros por esta guerra, y aun los seneses dizen que por matarlo mataron al cauallo en que andaua vn dia passeando la fortaleza.

Tienen cortes en Mon9on el Principe con pocos poderes. 20

La honrrada batalla cerca de Oran, en que Don Martin de Cordoua con II mil de acauallo y V mil peones espanoles prendio al Rey de Tremecen, que tray a XXX mil moros almere Solejman.

Va la Infanta Dona Juana a casarse a Portugal con el Principe Don Juan ; acompanaronla Don Pedro de Acosta, obispo de Osma, Don Diego Lopez Pacheco, Duque de Escalona, Luis Vanegas, Apozentador Mayor, y Loren9o Perez, embaxacfor del Rey de Portugal; receuieronla en Caya el Duque de Aueyro y el obispo de Coimbra. 30

264 ANNALES DEL EMPERADOR 1552

Toma Sinan Turco Vll galeras al Principe Andre Doria en las Pon9as.

Cerca el Emperador a Metz de Lorena por Octubre, con el mayor exercito que nunca junto a su propria costa, ca tenia por lista de sueldo VI mil espanoles, IV mil italianos, XLIX mil alemanes altos y baxos, V mil gastadores, X mil de cauallo y mas los de su corte, cxxvil pie9as de artelleria, XVII mil pelotas, IV mil quintales de poluora y VI mil cauallos de artelleria y muni9iones ; era su Capitan General 40 el Duque de Alua.

Lleua gran exercito Bustan Bassa contra el Sophi, y pierde mucha gente, no quiriendo pelear los janizaros contra Mostafa.

Ganan los turcos a Timezuar en Transiluania, y otros pueblos del Rey de romanos.

Andan grandes guerras y rebueltas en Valachia.

Ano de 1553

Haze gran perdida de gente y cauallos el "Emperador sobre Mets por pestilencia y frialdad, a cuya causa lleuanto el 9erco.

Muere sobre Terouana el conde Adrian de Reux, Capitan general del Emperador alli, que fue su mayordomo mayor, de quien su Mag*^ se confio mucho en grandes hechos.

Toma y assoladeria de Teruana, lugar fortissimo, siendo Capitan general del Emperador Pheliberto Emmanuel, Prin- cipe de Piamonte, y maestre de campo de los espanoles, por 10 cuyo esfuer90 se tomo, Don Juan Veles de Gueuara.

La toma de Hesdin, cuyo Castillo era muy fuerte, por el Principe de Piamonte, siendo Coronel de los espanoles Luis Mendes Quixada de V^garcia, mayordomo del Emperador.

Muere Don Pedro de Toledo en Florencia, viniendo acercar a Sena, el qual fue por su muger marques de V^franca, y por su valor Comendador de A9uaya, y virrey de Napoles. Hera hombre graue y de autoridad, y assi reprezentaua muy bien el cargo ; vso bien su officio, por lo qual fue de muchos mal quisto, aunque tambien era rezio ; saco muchos dineros 30 para el Emperador de aquel reino, por uia de seruicios y

1653 CARLOS QUINTO 265

€mprestidos, ennoble9i6 mucho la ciudad con fuentes, calles y enladrillados, y con el Cast?71o de San Martin que 11190 fortissimo. Assi mismo fue tahur, comedor y presuraido.

Sigiiiendo el Rey deFrancia Enrrique al exercito emperial, llega con el suyo muy poderoso al Emperador y con asonada de batalla a Valencianos, donde poco antes entrava el Empe- rador, mas voluiose a mas andar, viendo de cara a los pocos espaiioles que lo esperauan fuera del pueblo.

Trata el Principe Don Phelipe de casarse con la Infanta Dona Maria de Portugal, hija del Rey Don Manuel y hermana 30 de la Imperatriz su madre, impedimiento grandissimo.

Hace grandes mercedes de su hazienda propria el Principe a Ruy Gomes de Silua, que caso con hija heredera del Conde de Mileto, y a Juan de Benauides, que caso tambien con la heredera de Don Pedro de Nauarra, Marques de Cortes.

Muere D'® 6° Rey de Inglatierra con sospecha de pon9ona en edad de 16 aiios, el qual dexo por sus sucessores del Reyno, teniendo dos hermanas, a sus primas, hijas de Maria que caso con el Rey de Francia Luis 12 y despues con Carlos Brandon Duque de Sufolc, a inducimiento del Duque 40 Juan de Nortumbreland, su ayo y su tutor. Pregona el Duque de Nortumbreland por Reyna de Inglatierra a Juana, hija mayor de Maria que fue Reyna de Francia y del Duque Sufolc, la qual era su nuera, casada con su hijo Geliber conde de Bauric.

Maria Princesa de Gales, hija mayor y legitima de Enrrique octauo, se llama Reyna de Inglaterra. Ha9e gente, sale al campo, y espera al Duque de Nortumbreland a la batalla y que iua contra ella con exercito, el qual se le dio sin pelear, y donde a poco fue degollado por traydor, y despues su hijo 5° Oiluert y su nuera.

Traen la armada del Turco para el Rey de Francia el Principe de Salerno y el embaxador.

Toman los turcos a Bonefacio de Cor9ega para el Rey de Francia, por tray9ion de Antonio Caneto ginoves.

Tray a el Rey de Francia 130 banderas de soldados y 6 M. hombres y mas de cau<2/lo.

266 ANNALES DEL EMPERADOR 1554

Afio de 1554

Muere Don Juan, Principe de Portugal, dexando su muger prenada.

Na9e D. Sebastian Principe de Portugal, que oy reyna.

Passa el Principe Don Ph® a casar con la Reyna Maria de Inglatierra.

Gk)uierna en Castilla y Aragon la Infanta princesa Dona Juana, recien viuda. Comienza a ser maestro del Iff *^ Don Carlos nuestro Senor Honorato Juan, cauallero valenciano, hombre de muchas letras, prudente, graue, honesto, discreto, 10 y cabal para el cargo, y que fue tambien escogido para ensenar al Rey nuestro senor, quando querria quitar a Silicea el Emperador.

Renuncia el Emperador en su hijo el Rey no de Napoles y el Ducado de Milan, la qual renunciacion, que lleuo el Regente Figueroa, se publico en Vincesere donde se velo con la Reyna,

Toma el marischal de Francia Andor a Marienbourg lugar fuerte, por flaqueza del Capz'/an Martin.

Gana el Rey de Francia Enrrique a Dinan combatiendo 20 con 30 M soldados, de los quales heran 8 M lansquenets y otros ocho mil suizos y con 6M cauallos y grande artelleria ; fue preso ay el capitan Julyan Romero, que aula poco antes entrado con algunos esparioles saliendo a tratar de rendirse, que fue su culpa y poco sauer. Pocas vezes moran en vno valentia y prudencia.

Entra el Rey de Francia con su exercito quemando el Condado de Henau, y destruye a Bins y a Marimont, lugares deleytosos de la Reyna Maria.

Cerca el Rey de Francia a Renti, con que puso miedo y 30 trubacion en las tierras del 'Emperador.

La batalla cabe Renti que huuieron el Emperador y el Rey de Francia, en la qual venciendo los espaiioles area- buzaros al principio con el Capitan A° Nauarrete, fueron al cauo desuaratados.

Dexa el cerco de Renti el Rey de Francia temiendo, aunque

1564 CARLOS QUINTO 26^

hi^o alegrias por la de Renti, como auia ganado 9iertas pie9as de artilleria y muchas banderas.

Signe el Rey de Francia al Emperador, haziendo talas y quemas.

Funda el Emperador a Hesdin fuerte con gran costa, por 40 ser importante.

La guerra de C6r9ega entre francezes, cuyo capitan era Paulo de Termes, y guinoueses, a quien ayudaua el Empera- dor con dineros y soldados espanoles, de los quales fue coronel Don Alonso Luis de Lugo, adelantado de Tenerif.

El cerco de Sena que puso Juan Jacobo Medecin, Mar- ques de Marignan, por parte del Emperador y del Duque Cosme de Florencia.

Rompe a Basiana P° Strozzi al Marques de Marignan.

Muere cerca de Escarlino de vna arcabuzada Leon Strozzi 50 prior de Capua, capitan de las guerras de Francia, en quien mucho esperauan los floren tines desterrados, queriendo fauorecer los fran9eses.

La batalla de Ponda, que contra Pedro Strozi, Capitan general de las galeras de Francia, vencieron el Marques de Marignan Don Juan Manrrique de Lara que asistia en los negocios de Roma, Don Juan de Luna alcayde de Milan, Marco Antonio Colona y Mario de S'' Flor,

Vencen otra vez los mismos en Mar9iano al proprio Pedro Strozi en batalla muy sangrienta, que fue quebrar el cora9on 60 a Franceses, y aun a seneses, ca mataron mucha gente con casi todos los capitanes y alferez y tomaron nueue banderas,

Vence tambien por otra parte Fadrique Colona a Paulo de Termes, que venia de Cor9ega con mucha gente a socorrer a P° Strozi, y gana en la batalla 1 7 banderas francesas.

Roba Dragut Cossario con armada del Turco <\ue traya en fauor del Rey de Francia a Besteze de Pulla, lugar del Duque de Sessa.

Ligas de muchas ciudades, obispados y senorios alemanes, contra el Marques Alberto de Brandenburg. 70

268 ANNALES DEL EMPERADOR 1555

Alio de 1555

Vueluen los ingleses a ser christlanos como solian,dexando todas sus heregias y errores por bondad del Rey Phelipe y de la Reyna Maria, su muger.

Muere la Reyna Dona Juana madre del Emperador en Tordesillas, donde viuio sin reynar cerca de L anos.

Hace vna fortaleza fortissima el Emperador cerca de Marienburg.

La triste perdida de Bugia, que ganaron los turcos por culpa de Don Alonso de Peralta, auiendolo conseruado y 10 defendido Espana 35 anos.

Sena se rinde por el Emperador, al Marques de Marignan, 15 meses despues que la 9erc6.

Muere Julio Papa 3.

Muere tambien el Papa Marcelo II, al qual todos Uoran y alaban, que no uiuio vn mes en el Pontificado.

Toma silla de S. Pedro el Papa Paulo 4", que Uamauan el Theatino, Napolitano y Carrafa, al qual fue por el Empera- dor a dar la obediencia Don Juan de Mendo9a y Riuera, que agora es embaxador en Portugal, cortesano de los viejos y 2osauios del Emperador y cauallero muy honrrado.

Va por el virrey del Peru Don Diego Hurtado de Men- do fa, Marques de Canete.

Gouierna en Napoles Don Bernardino de Mendo9a, capitan de las galeras, estando el Duque de Alua en la guerra de Lombardia, y auiendose venido a Roma el Car- denal don Pedro Pacheco, que gouernaua.

Va por virrey g^"^ de Napoles y Milan Don Fernando Aluares Duque de Alua, siendo remouido de Milan Don Fernando de Gonzaga con justas causas. 30 Toma por fuer9a el Marques de Marifian a Puerto Her- cules, donde uvo saco y muertes, y se tomo vna galera francesa.

Mueue guerra el Marques Alberto de Brandenbourg en Alemana, contra todos los que salieron contra el. Ven9e al Marques Alberto de Brandenbourg en Alemana, a la riuera

1555 CARLOS QUINTO 269

del Visurgis, el Duque Mauricio Elector, el qual, aunque gano la vitoria, murio herido tras la batalla con dos hijos del Duque Henrrique Brunswick, yotra muchagente. Hizieron g^nde matan9a los hombres de cauallo que llaman siuer- tereuters, que lleuan a tres y a vna sinco arcabuzes. 40

Encarta el Emperador al Marques Alberto, por re- uoltoso.

Passa el Rey Don Phelipe a Inglaterra, a Napoles, y a Flandes, y lo Uamo el Imperador desde Bruselas.

Toma por fuer9a y partido a Vlpian, que auia proueydo el Duque de Alua, el sefior de la Male que tenia 4M de cauallo y 22 mil de apie ; estaua dentro Cesar de Na- poles, con mas de M hombres de guerra y en ellos muchos espanoles.

Continuan con \\X.ori?i los mieslf'os la guerra contra 50 franceses.

Renun9ia el Emperac^or en el Rey Don Phelippe su vnico hijo a Flandes con los otros estados de tierra baxa, por auto publico en Bruselas.

Toman los franceses del Marischal Brisac vna noche por austucia a Casal de Monferrat, donde estaua con gente Gomes Xuares de Figueroa, embaxador en Genoua, que a la sazon era gouernador de Milan, antes que fuese alia el Duque.

El tratado de paz que no se concluyo sobre auerlo 60 pensado mucho en Marcq entre Ardres, Cales, y Graue- lingas, donde se juntaron, por parte del F.mperador, Don Juan de la Cerda, Duque de Medinaceli, Ana Perenot, obispo de Arras, y los prizidentes \'^eglius y Briare, por parte del Rey de Fran9ia el Cardenal Carlos de Lorena y los Obispos de Vanes y \''rliens y Carlos Marille y Claudio Laubispine, secretario de estado, y estaua tambien Reginaldo Polo Ingles, como legado del Papa y que procuraua mucho las pazes.

Toma el titulo de Cronista el D*""^ Juan Paez de Castro, 70 que piensa escriuir la Historia General de Esparia, hombre muy docto en muchas S9ien9ias.

Cerca en valde a Santiago del Piamonte el Duque de

270 ANNALES DEL EMPERADOR 1555

Alua. Guerra sobre Marienburg entre los exercitos em- perial y frances.

El Papa, deseruiendo vieja hypocrisia, mueue guerra en odio del Emperador a Marco An'° Colona, tratando con el Rey de Francia de ganar el Reyno de Napoles.

Pelean rezia^ftente ciertas hurcas flamencas con naues de 80 Diepe.

Ano de 1556

Renuncia el Emperador en su hijo Phelipe por su uida libremente sus Reynos y senorios, que causo admiracion al mundo par la nouedad y grande9a del negocio, a 16 dias del mes de Enero, y en Bruselas ; mas detuuo el imperio, auiendo tambien determinado de lo dexar al Rey de Roma- nos su hermano, por algunos grandes respectos ; y vinose por mar a Espana, trayendo consigo las Reynas sus her- manas, Dona Leonor y Maria, y recogiose a Juste, Monas- terio de Geronimos, donde auia hecho ha9er vna casa segun 10 el la tra96, para uiuir santa y descansadamente.

Difiende a Oran el Conde de Alcaudete, Don Martin de Cordoua, contra el armada del Turco y cosarios de Argel.

Cercan a Calui dos vezes y no lo toman, vna Paulo de Termes, y otra el capitan Polin S"^ de Garde, en Cor9ega.

La guerra del Papa y Duque de Alua.

Sentencian por libre al L**° Vaca de Castro, auiendo estado prezo diez anos, sobre gouernacz'on de Indias, el qual entra por su anciandad en el Consejo Real de Castilla.

Descubrese la requisima mina de Gual del Canal. 20 Atiende a la buena gouernacion de sus Reynos el Rey Don Phelippe, haziendo pazes 6 treguas con el Rey de Francia.

Requiere con su amistad a muchos senores y caualleros de Alemania, dandoles dineros y pensiones.

Pone al Cardenal Cristoual Madrucio, obispo de Trento, por gouernador de Milan.

Pone assi mismo al Cardenal Don Francisco de Mendoqa. Obispo de Burgos y Arcediano de Toledo por gouernador en Sena, siendo muerto Don Francisco de Toledo, Archi-

1656 CARLOS QUINTO 271

mandrita de Scicilia, clerigo de negocios y honrra, que la 3° gouernaua.

Ha9e gouernador de Flandes a su primo Feliberto Em- manuel, Duque de Sauoya, dandole por consejeros al Prin- cipe de Oranges y a los Condes de Egmont, Mega, Lalaing y otros caualleros principales y sauios.

Haze de su Consejo de Estado a Juan de Vega, Don Fer- nando de Gonzaga, Antonio Perrenot, Obispo de Arras, Don Juan Manrique de Lara, cauallero de Calatraua, Don Bernardino de Mendo9a, capitan de las Galeras, Ruy Gomes de Silua, Conde de Melito, Don Antonio de Toledo, su 40 caualleri9o mayor, y dende a poco a Don Luis de Auila, comendador mayor de Alcantara, y al \icenciado Juan de Figueroa, presidente de la Chanceleria de Valladolid.

Da los negocios de estado a su secretario Gonzalo Perez, clerigo muy habil, y los otros negocios de Castilla y Italia al Secretario Martin de Vargas.

Muere Don Antonio de Rojas, ayo del Principe Don Carlos.

Es ayo del Principe Don Carlos nuestyo Sefior, Don Garcia de Toledo, cauallero de mucha bondad y virtud. 50

FIN.

INDEX

This Index applies only to the Introduction and Translation, the Text may be found by comparison with the latter.

References in

Abdalla, ruler of Tlemcen (1475-

1505). 5- Abdalla, KingofTlemcen(ini5i2),33. Abdalla, Tunisian prince, 118. Abdul Aziz, ruler of Bugia, 4. Abyssinia, 5«., 88«. Acosta, Pedro de, Bishop of Osma,

148. Acuna, Vascode, 119. Adda, the, river in Lombardy, 65. Admiral, the, see Bonnivet. Adrian VI, Pope (1522-3), xliv f.,

45. 5i> 59» 67, 69; election of, 65 ;

goes to Rome, 67 ; death of, 68 ;

career of, 68. Africa (El-Mehdia), 144, 145. Agnadello, battle of (1509), 27. Agreda, see Garcia de los Fayos. Agriculture : grape-vines in Castile

frozen in April, 89 ; harmful locust,

113 ; tax on wheat, 16; regulation

of the sale of wheat in France, 90 ;

unfavourable season of 1548, i38f. ;

prices of products in 1548, i38f. Aguilar, Don Alonzo de, 9. Aguilar, Marquis of, 114. Ahmad, 7. Ahmed, King of Tunis (1542-69),

118,119, 145. Ahmed, brother of Selim I, 39, 60. Aigues Mortes, 105, 134. Aix, in Provence, 102. Aix-la-Chapelle, 58. Aladola, King of Armenia and Cappa-

docia, 6, 22, 41 ; death of, 44. Ala-ed-Daula, see Aladola. Alarcon, Antonio Siiarez de, xl f.,

108 n. Alarcon, Fernando de. Marquis de

Val Siciliana, xxxiii, 71, 75 ; death

of, 108 ; career, exploits, and char- acter of, 108 ff. Alava, Francis de, 147. Alban (Alamut, Alwend, Asam),

King of Persia (1497-1507). 5. 7- Albany, Duke of, see Stewart, John.

Albert ' Alcibiades *, Margrave of Brandenburg, 124, 128, 147, 153, 155.

Albert III (d. 1199; Albert in text). Count of Hapsburg, listed as twelfth in the text, great-grandson of Werner 1,49.

Albert IV (d. 1239; Albert II in text). Count of Hapsburg, listed as thirteenth in the text, grandson of Albert III, 49.

Albert, Duke of Austria, Holy Roman Emperor (i 298-1 308), listed in the text as Albert III, fifteenth Count of Hapsburg, 49.

Albert II, ' the Wise,' or ' the Lame ', Duke of Austria (1330-58), Duke (not Count) of Carinthia (1335-58), wrongly called Count of Tyrol in the text, 49.

Albert VI, Duke of Austria (1444-6, 1457-63), brother of the Emperor Frederick III, 49.

Albert, Duke of Prussia, 78.

Albis, Latin name for the river Elbe, 128.

Albistan, Cappadocian city, 22.

Alboran, naval battle of, 108.

Albret, Alain d', French lord, 23.

Albret, Henri d', King of Navarre,

45, 74- Albret, Jean d', King of Navarre, 3,

22, 33, 35. 42- Alburquerque, Duke of, see Cueva. Alcala de Henares, 12, Alcala de Henares, University of,

founded, 27, 51; question of G6-

mara's attendance at, ix, ix n. Alcalde de Corte, see Gomez de Her-

rera.

Alcaldes de la Corte, 142. Alcaudete, Count of, see Cordova,

Martin de. Aldava, Spanish Field-General in

Transylvania, 145. Aleppo, battle of (1516), 47. Alessandria, in Piedmont, 66.

274

INDEX

Alexander, 'the Great,' King of

Macedon, xlvii. Alexander VI (Rodrigo Borgia), Pope

(1492-1503), 22, 23; celebrates the

Jubilee (1500), i ; dies of poison,

13 ; character and exploits of, 13, 14. Alexander, King of Poland (i 501-6), 3. Alferez, the, see Segura. Alfonsina, sister-in-law of Lorenzo de'

Medici, 52, Alfonso I, King of Aragon (i 104-34),

50 ; second husband of Queen

Urraca of Castile, 50. Alfonso II, King of Aragon (1162-

96), 50. Alfonso III, King of Aragon (1285-

90. 50. Alfonso IV, King of Aragon (1327-

36), 50.

Alfonso V, * the Magnanimous, King of Aragon (1416-58), of Sicily (as Alfonso, 1416-58), and of Naples (as Alfonso I, 1442-58), 17, 50.

Alfonso I, ' the Catholic,' King of Oviedo (739-40), of Asturias (740-

57). 50.

Alfonso II, ' the Chaste,' King of As- turias (792-842), 50.

Alfonso III, 'the Great,' King of Asturias (866-910), 50.

Alfonso IV, ' the Monk,' King of Leon (925-31), 50.

Alfonso V, King of Leon (999-1028),

5°'

Alfonso VI, King of Castile (1072- 1 109), brother of Sancho II, 50.

Alfonso VII, King of Castile (1126- 57), son of Queen Urraca by her first husband, Raymond, Count of Bur- gundy, 50 M.

Alfonso VIII, King of Castile (1158- 1214), son of Sancho III, 50M.

Alfonso IX, King of Leon (1188- 1229), son of Ferdinand II, husband of Berengaria, sister of Henry I of Castile, 50.

Alfonso X, * the Wise,' King of Cas- tile and Leon (1252-84), 50.

Alfonso XI, King of Castile and Leon (1313-50), 50. , , ^

Alfonso I of Este, Duke of Ferrara ( J 505-34) . papal general in 1 509, 2 7 ; at enmity with Pope Julius II, 28, 30, 94 f. ; later career of, 65, 93 ; death of, 99 ; character and fortunes of, xl, 99.

Alfonso, Archbishop of Saragossa, son of Ferdinand of Aragon, 51.

Alfonso, son of King Manuel of Por- tugal, 3.

Algazeli, see Jambardo Algazeli.

Algiers, 11, 46, 56, 143 (error), 143, 157 ; disastrous campaign of Charles at, X, 112.

Algnazil EspaSol, see Jambardo Alga- zeli.

Alguazil of Cairo, title of the principal personage of that city, 53.

Ali, disciple of Mohammed, 8.

Alidosi, Cardinal, slain at Ravenna, 28.

Allegre, Yves d', ir.

AUemand, Jean, Baron of Bouclans,

77. 81, 136. Aller, Gonzalo de, 11. Almagro, Diego de, loo, 106, iii,

"3- . Almeria, 63. Alva, Duke of, see Toledo, Fadrique

de ; Toledo, Fernando Alvarez de. Alvarado, Pedro de, 69. Alvarado, Spanish soldier in Italy, 95. Alvarez, Pedro, sails to India, 8. Alviano, Bartolommeo de, Venetian

commander, 36, 38. Alvincz, town in Transylvania, 146. Ambergris, 90. America, x, xvi. ^miens, 80. Amprinto, listed as fourth Count of

Hapsburg in the text, 49. Anabaptists, loi. Anaspardo, nephew of Juan Tavera,

121. Anatolia, 39. Ancona, 23, 90. Andalusia, 14.

Andana, Spanish soldier in Italy, 95. Angevins, 109.

Angiolello, Giovan Maria, Italian his- torian, xxxvif. Angouleme, 75. Anguissola, Count Gian, 135. Anjou, Count Guy of, 104. Anna, daughter of King Ladislaus of

Hungary, 43, 65. Anne of Brittany, wife of Louis XII of

France, 23, 41. Anne of Cleves, fourth queen of Henry

VIII of England, 130. Annebaut, Claude, French governor

of Piedmont, 108; Admiral of France,

120, 123. Antonio, Alcalde, punishes the Com-

muneros, 63. Antonio, Nicolas, xiv, xxii, Antwerp, xvii. Apulia, 84. Arabia, 12, 65. Aragon, xviii, 2, 36, 44, 75, 123, 140,

INDEX

275

142, 151 ; royal line of, 50; history of the royal line of, written by Zurita,

137-

Aragon, Alonzo de, Duke of Segorbe, 64.

Aragonese, swear fealty to King Charles, 56 ; appoint Zurita his- toriographer, 137.

Aranda de Duero, 1 36.

Archers, 139.

Arcilla, 25.

Ardebil, Persian town, 7.

Ardres, 156 ; meeting of the Field of the Cloth of Gold at, 60.

Aremberg, Count of, see Marck, Robert II de la.

Arevalo, 45.

Arevalo, Gonzalo de, 11.

Arias de Saavedra, Fernando, Count of Castellar, 118.

Arius, early Christian theologian, 1 26.

Armenia, 6.

Armenian bishop, an, intercedes be- tween Insilbas and Ismail Sophy, 26.

Amulf I, ' the Great,' Count of Flanders (918-64), 49.

Arnulf II, Count of Flanders ('962- 88), 49.

Arnulf III, ' the Unfortunate,' Count of Flanders (1070-2), 49.

Arpas, Turkish vizier, 91.

Arras, Bishop of, see Granvelle.

Arthur, French cavalier, 11.

Arthur, Prince of Wales, 9, 27 ; death of, xlviii f., 10.

Artiaga, Francisco de, Spanish gam- bler, 142.

Artiaga, Pedro Gomez de, Spanish gambler, 142.

Artois, 74, 112, 134.

Arze, Diego de, Spanish general, 124.

Asam, Sultan of Persia, see Alban.

Ascoli and Monza, Principality of, 103.

Asia, 7, 47, 65; trade in spices with Lisbon, 3, 8.

Asia Minor, xiv.

Asperen, in Frisia, 51.

Assaulter of Cities, the, see Lautrec.

Asti, 73.

Atabaliba, see Atahuallpa.

Atahuallpa, King of Cuzco, 93, iii.

Aubipine, Claude 1', 156.

Aubusson, Pierre d', grand master of the knights of St. John, i.

Augsburg, 127.

Augsburg, Diet of (1530), 89 ; (1548),

138. Augury, belief in, 104.

Augustinian Hermits, Order of, 55,

125. Aumale, Due d , 155. Aurelio, King of Asturias (968-74),

50 K. Austria, xxviii, 1, 112. Auton, d', French historian, xxxiv. Avalos, Alonzo de. Marquis del Vasto,

73.87, 92, 105, 108, 119 f. ; death

of, 126; character and fortunes of,

I26f.

Avalos, Antonio de, by mistake for Alonzo de Avalos in the text, 105.

Avalos, Francisco Hernando de, Mar- quis of Pescara, 37, 38,66, 71, 72,73 ; death of, 73.

Avalos, Caspar de. Archbishop of Santiago, 115; death of, 122.

Aveyro, Duke of, 148.

Avila, meeting of the Comuneros ,at, 59.

Avila, Diego de, 71.

Avila, Luis de, 158.

Avila, Pedrarias de, 57, 59, 67.

Avila, Pedro de, Marquis de las ^Navas, 139.

Avila y Zuniga, Luis de, Spanish his- torian, xlvii.

Ayala, Pedro de. Count of Salvatierra, 69.

Azamor, naval battle at (i5i3)> 36 ; Portuguese fleet lost at (15 15), 42.

Azebec, general under Insilbas, 32.

Azeredo, Don Diego de, 139.

Babylon, 99.

Bacum, Sea of, see Caspian Sea.

Badajoz, 118.

Badajoz, Convention of (1524), 69.

Bagdad (Balday, Babylon), taken by

Ismail Sophy, 12 ; taken by Soly-

man I, 99, 99 n. Baisingar, King of Persia, 6. Balboa, Vasco Nunez de, 35, 57. Baldwin I, Emperor of Constantinople

(1204-5) Count of Flanders (as

Baldwin IX, 1 194-1205), 49. Baldwin I, Count of Flanders (862-

79). 49- Baldwin II, Count of Flanders (879-

918), 49. Baldwin III, Count of Flanders (958-

62), 49, Baldwin IV, Count of Flanders (988-

1036), 49. Baldwin V, Count of Flanders (1036-

67), 49. Baldwin VI, Count of Flanders (1067-

70), 49.

T 2

276

INDEX

Baldwin VII, 'of the Battle-axe,' Count of Flanders (mi- 19), 49.

Bamberg, Bishop of, 147.

Barbarigo, Agostino.Doge of Venice, 4.

Barbarossa, Arudj, King of Algiers, 46 ; slain, 56.

Barbarossa, Hassan, ia6.

Barbarossa, Kheir-ed-Din, 58, 99, 133, 134; winters in France, 119; death of, 127.

Barbary, 2, 9, 28, 72, 82, 118, 143, 145.

Barcelona, 13, 56, 57. 58, 85, 145.

Barcelona, county of, 50 ; line of the counts or kings of, 50 ; history of the counts of, written by Zurita, 137.

Bari, Archbishop of, see Merino.

Barroys, French ambassador, 64.

Barton, Andrew, 31.

Basel, xlix, 125.

Basiana, 153.

Bastidas, Rodrigo de, 70.

Baudilla, ruler ofTenes, 5, 21, 58,

Bavaria, 12.

Bayard, Chevalier de, at Trani, 11 ; at the Battle of the Spurs, 37.

Bayard, Gilbert, 120.

Bayazid II, Sultan of Turkey (1481- 1512), 5, 23, 31, 32, 71; makes peace with the Venetians, 1 2 ; with Hungary, 12; death of, 34; exploits, wealth, and studies of, 35.

Bayonne, 89.

Beam, 33, 96 ; copper money of, Hi, 105.

Beatrice, daughter of King Manuel of Portugal, 3, 57.

Beaumont, Louis de, 22.

Bebo, listed as second Count of Haps- burg in the text, 49.

Beglierbeg of Gercia, see Sokolli.

Bejar, Duke of, see Zuniga.

Belgrade, 66, 91,

Bellay, Guillaume du, French his- torian, xxxiv.

Bellay, Jean du, French writer, xxxiv.

Beltraneja, see Joanna.

Bembo, Cardinal Pietro, historian, xxxvii, 39.

Benalcasar, Sebastian de, 98.

Benavente, Count of, see Pimentel.

Benavides, Juan de, 139, 150.

Benefiz (Belefigui), rebellious Moors punished at, 9.

Bentivoglio, Giovanni di, ruler of Bologna (1462-1506), 20, 29 ; in exile, 22, 30.

Benzomil, gate of Cairo, 52, 55.

Berberana, 85.

Berengaria, sister of Henry I of Cas- tile, wife of Alfonso IX of Leon, 50.

Berengario, listed as ninth Count of

Hapsburg in the text, 49. Bergamo, 31. Berianga, 75. Bennudo I, King of Asturias (^789-

92), nephew of Alfonso I, 50. Bermudo II, King of Leon (982-99),

son of Ordono III, 50. Bermudo III, King of Leon (1028-

37), 50-

Bemaldez, Andres, chronicler, xxvii f., 44.

Bertinoro, Bishop of, see Rnffo, Gio- vanni.

Besan9on, xl.

Biblioteca Nacional at Madrid, xxi, xxii, xxxix, xl.

Bicocca, battle of (1521), 66.

Binche, 152.

Black bands, 118.

Bodin, Jean, French writer. Hi f.

Bohemia, 39, 128, 140, 144.

Bohemians, the, 127, 129, 142.

Boleyn, Anne, 97, 130.

Boleyn, George, 130.

Bologna, x, 20, 22, 28, 29, 30, 36, 85, 87, 94, 1 35 ; taken by Gaston de Foix, 31 ; interview of Francis I and Leo X ^t, 43, 132 ; coronation of Charles V at, 88.

Bologna, Defensive League of (1533), 93. 103.

Bonchel, Jean, French writer, xxxiii,

xlf., JIG.

Boniface, Viscount, 67.

Bonifacio, Strait of, 4, 151.

Bonnivet, Guillaume, Admiral of France, 67, 75, 85, 109 ; besieges Milan, 67 f. ; wounded, 69.

Booksellers of Seville, xviii.

Bora, Katharina von, wife of Martin Luther, 126.

Borba, Count Vasco de, 25.

Bordeaux, 137, 140.

Borgia, Caesar, takes Faenza (Imola in the text), 9 ; takes Urbino and Pesaro, 1 1 ; accidentally poisons his father, Pope Alexander VI, 13 ; sent to Castile as captive, 16 ; escapes, 20; death of, 22, 44; career and character of, 2 2 ff.

Borgia, Giovanni, Duke of Gandia, murdered by Caesar Borgia, 23.

Borgia, Lucrezia, 13.

Borgia, Rodrigo, see Alexander VI.

Boriquen, 27.

Bomemisza, John, Hungarian general) 40.

Borrel, Count (not King) of Barcelona (967-93), 50-

INDEX

277

Borysthenes (Dnieper), battle near the,

40- Bosque de Segovia, xviii f.

Bouillon, 147.

Boulogne, 93, 120, 123, 127, 129,

144.

Bourbon, Antoine de. King of Navarre

(i565-72)> "2. Bourbon, Charles, Duke of, in the French service, 34 ; flees from France, 68 ; in the Imperial service, xlvii, 70, 71, 77, 79; condition concerning, in the Peace of Madrid, 74 ; death of,

79, 87. Bourbon, Franjois de, Count of En-

ghien, 120. Bourbon, Fran9ois de. Count of St.

Pol, uncle of the preceding, 83. Bourbon-Montpensier, Duke of, see

Bourbon, Charles, Duke of. Boiirdillon, French general, 147. Brabant, 22, 31, 112, 134. Braganza, Duke of, see James. Brandenburg, Margrave of, see John

(P- 57) ; Joachim II (p. 113). Brandon, Charles, Duke of Suffolk,

70, 150. Bravo, Juan, 63. Brescia, 31, 46.

Brest, naval battle near (1513), 38. Brian9on, 44.

Bri9onnet, Cardinal Guillaume, 29. Brindisi, 109.

Brion, Sieur de, see Chabot. Brissac, Charles de Cosse, Sieur de,

French marshal, 155. British Museum, the, xxi, xxii, xxiii,

xxxix, xlix. Brittany, 12, 41.

Brunswick, Duke of, see Henry II. Brusa, in Asia Minor, 39, 61. Brussels, 19, 120, 140, 142, 155, 156. Bryaerde, Lambert de, 156. Bucer, Martin, Lutheran theologian,

III. Buda,40, 89, III. Bugia, 5, 28, 154. Bu Hassan, King of Veles, 143. Buren, Count of, see Maximilian. Burgo de Osma, xx. Burgos, 18, 19, 33, 42, 80, 82, 100;

the prison of, 69. Burgos, Bishop of, see Pascal. Burgundian fashion, Philip sets up his

court after the, xliii, 139. Burgundy, 38, 62, 68, 73, 76, 81, 85. Burgundy, duchy of, 49 ; ducal line

of, 49. Busseto, 25, 115. Bustan Pasha, slain by Selim I, 61.

Bustan Pasha, Turkish general under

Solyman I, 149. Busto, Bellido, historian, xxxii, 119.

Cabanacio, French cavalier, 1 1 .

Cabo Porferrada, in Galicia, 142.

Cabra, Count of, 9.

Ca9a, Doctor William, 30.

Ca9orla, 136.

Cadore, 25.

Caesar of Naples, see Maggi, Caesar.

Cairo, xxxv, 52, 53, 55, 61, 71.

Cairo, Soldan of, see Kansu.

Cajetan, see Vio, Thomas de.

Calabria, 84.

Calabria, Duke of, see Ferdinand of

Aragon. Calais, 93, 156. Calicut, in India, 8. Calo, Johannes, 6 n. Calvete, Juan Cristoval Spanish author,

xxxi, 140.

Calvi, fort in Corsica, 157. Cambray, Bishop of, see Croy. Cambray, League of (1508), 25, 26, 42. Cambray, Peace of (1529), 84, 85. Camerino War, the, 100 «. Canacao, Alguari Noad Gran, ruler of

Ethiopia, 5. Cananor, in India, 8. Canaries, the, 89 f. Cariete, Marquis of, see Mendoza. Caneto, Antonio, 151. Cano, Juan Sebastian del, xlvii, 62. Cappadocia, 6, 22. Capua, Prior of, see Strozzi, Leon. Carabas, in Transcaucasia, 7. Caraffa, Giovanni Pietro, see Paul IV,

Pope. Caraffa, house of, 154. Carbec Sampri, Persian general, 41. Cardenas, de, Duke of Maqueda, 34. Cardenas, N . . . de, buried alive, 69. Cardona, Hugo de, 1 2. Cardona, Juan de. Count of Colosa,

66. Cardona, Ramon'de, viceroy of Naples,

xl, 30, 37, 38, 109 ; receives the

collar of the Order of the Golden

Fleece, 57. '

Caribana, 25. Carici, battle of, 47. Carignano, in Piedmont, 1 19, 1 20. Carlos, Don, eldest son of Philip II

of Spain, xxii, xxiii, 121, 158. Carmelite Friars, captured by pirates,

28. Carmona, 14.

Carpi, Count Alberto de, see Pio. Carpi, Count of see Pio.

278

INDEX

Carthusian Friars, slain by Henry VIII, 130.

Carvajal, Cardinal Bernardino de. Bishop of Siguenza, 29, 38, 94.

Carvajal, see Galindez de Carvajal.

Casale, 155. i55«-

Casas, Bartolom^ de las, Bishop of Chiapa, ' Protector of the Indians,' xxxiif., 126, 139 f.

Casas, Francisco de las, 70.

Caspian Sea, 7.

Cassim, Turkish vizier, 91.

Castaldo, Marquis Giovanni Battista, 124, 145, 146.

Castelnuovo, in Dalmatia, 107.

Castile, xviii, lii, 2, 14, 15, 17, 19, 25, 36, 44, 46, 68, 82, 89, 105, 140; tax on wheat in, 16; quieted by Fer- dinand V, 2 1 ; Navarre incorporated in, 42 ; Jews driven from, lii, 56 ; revolt of the Comuneros in (1520- 21), 58 f., 63; enormous servicio levied in, 114; custom of, 115; official positions in, 136 ; high prices in, lii, 1 38 f. ; custom of, abandoned in Philip's court, 139 ; under the regency of Joanna, 151.

Castile, Constable of, see Velasco.

Castile, Royal Council of, xxxiii, lii, 127,140, 143, 157.

Castile, Royal Standard of, 16.

Castile and Leon, royal line of, 50 f.

Castilians, march to the relief of Salsas, 13 ; in Navarre, 42 ; discover Tid ore, 62 ; divide the Indies and the New World with the Portuguese, 69.

Castilleja de la Cuesta, xi.

Castro, Count of, see Mendoza.

Castro, Luis, no.

Castro, Pedro de, see Mendoza, Pedro de, Count of Castro.

Catalans, the, swear fealty to King Charles, 56.

Catalonia, 112.

Cateau-Cambresis, 116, 117.

Catharine, Spanish Infanta, marries Arthur, Prince of Wales, 9, 1 29 ; negotiations over second marriage of, 18, 26; marries Henry VIII, 26, 129, 130; death of, xlix, 100; character, beauty, and fortunes of, too.

Catharine, daughter of Philip I of Castile, Queen of Portugal, 19, 21, 70.

Catholics, 92, 99 ; rebellions of, in Germany, 80.

Caxamarca, in Peru, 93.

Caya, river, 148.

^ayas, Antonio de, xxi, xxii,

Cazaza, near Melilla, 20.

Centeno, Hernando, 129.

Cephalonia, 3, 94, 108.

Cerda, Juan de la, Duke of Medina

Celi, 156. Ceri, Renzo da. Papal general, 77. Cerignola, battle of (1503), 12. Cerisoles, battle of (1544), 119 f.,

127, Chabot, Philippe de, Sieur de Brion,

Admiral of France, 74, loi, 102. Chalons, 119, 134. Chambord, Treaty of (1552), 147,

147 «. Chancilleria, 118; in New Granada,

137- Charles II (I as King of France), ' the Bald,' Holy Roman Emperor (875-

7), 49- Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor (1519-56), King of Spain (as Charles I, 1516-56), xi, xiv, xvii f., xxvi, XXXV, xxxviii, xliii, xlvii, liv, Iv, 2, 4. 55. 96, loi, 122, 126, 139; an- cestry, xlviii, 48-51 ; parentage, i, 19; early life, 9, 12, 14, 20, 21, 26, 35> 38, 39. 43; administers the Netherlands, 42, 46; inherits the dominions of Ferdinand the Catholic, 45 ; Treaty of Noyon Avith Francis I, 45 f'j 58; 132 ; assumes the govern- ment of Spain (1517), 48, 56, 57; elected Emperor (1519), 56 f.; goes to Flanders and Germany, 58 ; crowned at Aix-la-Chapelle, 58 ; revolt of the Comuneros, 58 f. ; returns to Spain, 62 ; suppresses the revolt, 62, 63 ; first war with Francis I (1521-6), 63-75, 133; Diet of Worms (1521), 64; in alliance with Henry VIII, 67 ; holds court at Toledo (1525), 72; grants Malta and Tripoli to the Hospitalers, 72 ; Treaty of Madrid with Francis I (1526), 73 f.; marries Isabella of Portugal, 75 ; replies to the am- bassadors of Francis I, 76 f. ; second war with Francis I (1526-9), 77- 85, 133 f. ; at war with Pope Cle- ment VII, 77, 78, 79, 80, 85 ; debts of> 83, 85 ; gives Venezuela to the Welsers, 83 ; Peace of Cambray (1529), 85 ; coronation at Bologna (1530), 88 ; Diet of Augsburg (1 530), 89 ; Praedt his most intimate ad- viser, 89 ; gives Milan to Francesco Sforza, 89; receives the Venetians as friends, 89; relieves Vienna (1532),. 92 ; aids Christian II of Denmark, 93; Defensive League of Bologna (I533)j 93j 103 ; in Spain (i533)r

INDEX

279

97 ; conquers Tnnis (1535), 99, 103 ; visits Sicily and Naples (1535-6), 99; Milan reverts to him, 100; the Council of Trent, 102, iii, 145; third war with Francis I (1536-8), 102-5, 134 J fruitless invasion of Provence (1536), 102 ; Truce of Nice (1538), 105, 134; inherits Frisia (1538), 106; passes through France, 107, 134 ; punishes Ghent, 107 ; ne- gotiations with Francis I, 108; with Henry VIII, 108, 114 ; unsuccessful expedition against Algiers (1541), X f., 112 ; fourth war with Francis I (1542-4), 112-20, 134; makes Philip regent of Spain (1543), 1 14 ; meets Pope Paul III at Busseto, ii4f. ; report of his death (1543), 115; captures Duren, 115; offers battle to Francis I, 116 ff. ; Diet of Spires (1544), 119; relations with the Lutherans, 119, I23ff., 127 ff., 138, 140, 147 ; advances to Chalons, 1 19 ; Treaty of Crespy (1544), 120 ; Diet of Ratisbon (1546), 123; pro- vokes a war against the Schmalkaldic League, 123 ff., 127 ff.; comparison of, with Francis I, xlvi, 131 f. ; Diet of Augsburg (1548), 138; the In- terim, 138 ; his regard for Nicolas Perrenot, 144 ; assists Pope Julius III, 145 ; war with Henry II of France, 146-57; surprised and pur- sued by Maurice of Saxony, 147 ; releases John Frederick of Saxony, 147 ; Treaty of Passau (1552), 147 ; siege of Metz (1552-3), 148, 149; abdicates Naples and Milan (1554), 151 ; fortifies the Flemish frontier, 152, 154 ; abdicates Flanders (1555), 1 55 ; hated by Pope Paul IV, 1 56 ; abdicates the Spanish throne (1556), 156 f. ; comes to Spain by sea, 157 ; retires to the monastery of Yuste, xiii, 157.

Charles ' the Bold ', Duke of Burgundy (1467-77), 49, 73; as Count of Flan- ders, 50.

Charles 'the Good,' Count of Flanders (1119-27), cousin of Baldwin VII, 49.

Charles, Duke of Guelders, see Eg- raont.

Charles II, Duke of Lorraine (1545- i6o8), 79, 146.

Charles HI, Duke of Savoy (1504-

5.^). 57. I02- Charles, third son of Francis I of France, 102, 108 w., iii, 11 a, 120; death of, 122.

Charles, Prince, eldest son of Philip II of Spain, see Carlos, Don.

Chemden Pasha, slain bySelim I, 61.

Chievres, Guillaume de Croy, Lord, 56, 59-

Chifflet, Jules, xxv, xl, xli.

Childebert, German noble, 48.

Childeric, King of the Franks (458- 81), 49.

Chili, 100.

Choron, taken by the Turks, 5 ; war

at (1532). 93.

Christendom, liv, loi, 131, 133.

Christian II, 'Nero,' King of Den- mark and Norway (1513-23), 4, 19,93,98.

Christian III, King of Denmark and Norway (1534-59), i". I35-

Christian captives, release of, 33.

Christian fleet, the, at Prevesa, 106.

Christianity, lack of, in Louis XII, 42 ; restored in England by Mary I, 46 ; injured by the Reformation, 55 ; forcible conversion of Moriscos to, 72 ; suppressed in England bv Hem v VIII, 130.

Christian pilgrims at Jerusalem, 53.

Christians, warred against by Horuc Barbarossa, 56; wars of the, 81, 133; opposed by Solyman I, in ; in England, 153; in Egypt, 9.

Christina, Duchess of Lorraine, daugh- ter of Isabella of Denmark, 79, 146.

Christopher, Landgrave of Leuchten- berg, 128.

Chupas, battle of (1542), 112 f.

Church, the, 81, 88, 138.

Church of England, the, 99.

Cifuentes, Count of, see Silva.

Cilapulapo, East Indian chief, 63.

Cimera, 134.

Cintla, in Mexico, battle of, 57.

Circumnavigation of the globe, xlvii, 62.

Ciudad de los Reyes, see Lima.

Clarencieux, English King-at-Arms, 80, 81.

Claudia, French princess, 9, 12 ; be- trothal of, to Francis, 20 ; Queen of France, 42.

Clement VII (Giulio de* Medici), Pope ( 1 523-34), ix, xxxiv, 4, 68 f. , 93, 103, 130 ; in alliance with King Francis I, 70j 73, 133, 134 ; joins the League of Cognac, 76 ; aids Francis I from the ecclesiastical revenues, 77 ; misfor- tunes of, xlvii, 78, 79, 84 ; imprison- ment of, 79, 80, 81, 83, 109, 129, 133; excommunicates John Zapolya, 80 ; agreement with the Emperor

;28o

INDEX

Charles, 85 ; besieges Florence, xlii, 85, 90 ; crowns Charles V at Bologna (1530), 88; snbdues Ancona, 90; meets Francis I at Marseilles (1533), 97 ; death of, 98 ; character and for- tunes of, 98 f.

Clementine League, see Cognac, Holy League of.

Cleves, dnchy of, 113, 130.

Cleves, Duke of, see William V.

Clodion, King of the Franks, son of Pharamond, 49.

Clothaire I, King of the Franks (558- 61), 49.

Clovis, King of the Franks (481-51 1), 49.

Cobos, Diego de los, 136.

Cobos, Francisco de los, Spanish minister, 114; death of, 136; char- acter and fortunes of, I36f.

Cochin, in India, 8.

Cognac, Holy League of (May 22, 1526), 75 f-. 77, 79,80, 83,84,87.

Coimbra, Bishop of, 148.

Colonna, Ascanio, 77, 108.

Colonna, Federigo, 153.

Colonna, Marco Antonio, 153, 156.

Colonna, Cardinal Pompeo, 77 ; death of, 93-

Colonna, Prospero, 37, 38, 95 ; Im- perial commander in Italy, 65, 66, 68, 109 ; death of, 69.

Colonne, the, 23, 78, 79.

Colosa, Count of, see Cardona, Juan de.

Columbus, Christopher, xxxviii; dis- coverer of Cuba, 42 ; death of, 20.

Comares, Marquis of, see Hernandez de Cordova.

Comuneros ^revolt of the, in Castile (1520-1), xxviii, liii, Iv, 58 f., 62, 63, 66, 68, 69, 1 40.

Conqueror of Mexico, see Cortes, Her- nando.

Conquistadores, xvi, xvii.

Constance, 138.

Constantinople, xxxvi, 5, 8, 39, 41, 62, 108, III.

Constantinople, title of Emperor of,

43> 132-

Contreras, Gasca de las, 144.

Cordova, 24.

Cordova, Don Alvaro de, Orders of, 122.

Cordova, Gonsalvo Hemandes de, ' the Great Captain,' xxix, 3, 11, 86, 94, 96, 103, 108 ; victories of, 12 ; sends Caesar Borgia captive to Castile, 16, 24 ; dines with Louis XII, 2 1 ; death of, 48.

Cordova, Gonzalo Hernandes de, Duke of Sessa and Count of Cabra, grandson of the Great Captain, 136.

Cordova, Martin de, Count of Alcau- dete, 34, 118, 126, 148, 157.

Cordova y Figueroa, Gomez Suarez de, fifth Count and (from 1567) first Duke of Feria, younger brother of the succeeding, 139, 155.

Cordova y Figueroa, Pedro Fernandez de, fourth Count of Feria (1528-51), 114.

Corfu, 105.

Corpus Christi, celebration of, 143.

Corsairs, 143; of Dieppe, 156; of Algiers, 157.

Corsica, 4, 151, 152, 153, 157.

Cortes, held at Saragossa and Bar- celona, 13; held at Burgos, 42; thirteen cities represented in, 59; held at Madrid, 98 ; held at Toledo (1538-9), 107; at Mon9on (1547), 136, 137; at Valladolid (1548), 138; at Mon9on (1552), 148.

Cortes, Hernando, in Mexico, xvi, 57, 63, 69, 72, 83 ; at Algiers, x f. ; neglected by Charles V, xi, xvii f. ; relations with Gomara, x f., xiii, xiv, XV, xvi, xxiv, xxvi ; death of, xi, xii,

137- Corunna, 18.

Council, a, proposed, 102, 11 1. Council of State, 158. Council of the Indies, xvii, 112. Councils remain at Aranda de Dnero,

136. Cremona, 36.

Crespy, Treaty of (1544), 120, 120//. Croy, Guillaume de, made Archbishop

of Toledo, 56, 59, 68. Crusades, projected, 15, 39 f., 43. Cuahutemallan, conquered, 69. Cuba, discovery of, 42 ; conquest of,

29. Cuellar, Marquis of, see Cueva, Fran- cisco de la. Cueva, Beltran de la, Duke of Albur-

querque, 34, 62, 64. Cueva, Francisco de la, Marquis of

Cuellar, 103. Cueva, Luis de la, 89. Cueva, Nuno dela, 145. Cuzco, 3, 93, 104.

Damascus, 47.

Damiancillo, a drummer, 24. Damvillers, 147. Danes, the, 93, 98. Dauphine, 44.

INDEX

25l

David, Emperor of Trebizond, 6.

Defender of the Faith, title given Henry VIII of England by Pope Leo X, 129.

Delmiantes, Persian general, 99.

Denia, Marquis of, 13.

Denmark, 4, loi.

Deza, Diego de, Archbishop of Se- ville, death of, 59.

Diaz, George, Galician thief, 142.

Diaz, George, Portuguese in the Spanish service, 11.

Diaz del Castillo, Bemal, xvi.

Dieppe, 25, 156.

Dijon, 38.

Dinant, 152.

Diu, city in India, 106.

Djagatai Tartars, 6.

Dominicans, 125.

Donzeles, Alcaide de los, see Hernan- dez de Cordova.

Doria, Andrea, 84, 93, 134, 145 «., 148.

Doria, Filipino, 84.

Doria, Giannetin, 135,

Dorothea, daughter of Isabella of Denmark, 79.

Dozsa, George, Hungarian crusader and rebel, 39 f. ; put to death by torture, xxxiv, 40.

Dragut, corsair, 153.

Duarte, Francisco, 124.

Dudley, Lord Guildford, 150, 151.

Dudley, John, Duke of Northumber- land and Elarl of Warwick, I50f.

Dueiias, 19.

Diiren, in Germany, captured by Charles, 115.

Earthquake, in September, 1522, 63, at Lisbon, in 1531, 90.

Earthquakes in Andalusia, 14.

Ecclesio, John, Catholic theologian, III.

Economic affairs : civic improvements, 149 f.; coinage, lii, 45, 105, 144; dress, lii, 2 ; of Turkish soldiers, 35 ; of Solyman's army and attendants, 91 f. ; wearing of mourning, 14 ; famine, 21 ; gold, lii, 2, 72 ; drain of, from Castile, lii, 59, 143 ; loans, 83, 85, 149 ; mine of Gual del Canal dis- covered, 157; pearls, 42; presents, 33 ; prices, lii, 2, 126, 138 f. ; regula- tion of the sale of wheat in France, lii, 90 ; servants, 10, 15 ; silver, 2, 72 ; spice trade, 8, 10, 138; salt mines and akabalas, 45; silver spoon, 121 ; taxes, 59, 64, 114, 129, 131, 149; on wheat, 16 ; seizure of merchant

vessels, 145, 146 ; revolt in Bordeaux and Poitiers because of the increased price of salt, 140; Gomara's interest in economic affairs, li ff. ; views of Jean Bodin, lii f.

Edinburgh, 120.

Edward VI, King of England (1547- 53). i30» 144; death of, 150.

Edward, son of King Manuel of Por- tugal, 3,

Efia, Persian river, 31.

Egmont, Charles, Duke of Guelders, 16, 22, 31, 71, 84; death of, 106.

Egmont, Lamoral, Count of Egmont,

158.

Egypt, 5 ; conquered by Selim I, 52.

Eisleben, 125.

Elbe, river in Germany, 128.

Eleanor, daughter of Philip I of Cas- tile, Queen of Portugal and of France, I9» 56, 65, 74, 76, 81, 89, 97, 100, 105, 120, 133, 142, 157.

El felicissimo Viaje, 140.

Elizabeth, Queen of Denmark, see Isabel, daughter of Philip I of Cas- tile.

Elizabeth, Queen of England (1558- 1603), as Princess of Wales, 97.

Elizabeth, Queen of Hungary, see Isabella of Aragon.

Elmo, Castle of Saint (called San Martin in the text), 150, 150 n.

Elvira, wife of Sancho II of Castile,

50-

Emanuel I, King of Portugal, see Manuel I.

Emmanuel Philibert, see Philibert Em- manuel.

Embnin, Archbishop of, see Toumon.

Emile, Paul, French chronicler, xxxiii.

Empire, the, internal development of, liv ; determination of Charles con- cerning, 157.

England, xxii, liv, 2, 9, 18, 46, 62, 101,1 40,155; condition of, in 1 500, 3 .

English, in Guyenne, 33 ; at war with theFrench, 37f., 42, 123; at war with the Scots, 113; at Cateau-Cambresis, 116; capture Edinburgh, 120; become Christians, through the good- ness of Philip of Spain, 153.

English and Flemish army, invades France (1523), 68.

Enriquez, Alonzo, 1 7.

Erbe, in Persia, 6.

Ernest I, son of Duke Leopold III of Austria, Duke of Carinthia and Styria (1386-1424), 49.

Espana, war-cry, 94.

Espanaciel of Macedonia, 92.

2Si

INDEX

Ethiopia, 5, 12.

Euphrates, the River, 61.

Europe, xxxviii, 5, 72, 113.

Everard of Abigniel, 12.

Excellent Lady, the, see Joanna, ' la Beltraneja.'

Excommunication of the Venetians, 25 ; of Louis XII and his supporters, 30 ; of schismatic cardinals, 30 ; of John Zapolya, 80; of Henry VIII, 130 ; of Pallavicino and Ferrari, 146.

Exmisenda, Queen of Asturias, 50.

Fadrique, King of Naples (d. 1504), 3, 4, 17 ; flees to France, 10 ; dies there, 17.

Fadrique of Portugal, appointed Bishop of Sigiienza, 29.

Faenza, 16.

Famine, in Spain, 21.

Fano, 95.

Famese, Alessandro, see Paul III, Pope.

Farnese, Ottavio, Duke of Parma and Piacenza, grandson of Pope Paul III, 106, 124, 135, 145.

Famese, Pier Luigi, son of Pope Paul III, Duke of Parma and Piacenza (1545-7). 126 ; death of, xlvii, 135 ; character of, 135.

Favila, King of Oviedo (737-9), 50.

F"erdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor (1556-64), 12, 19, 43, 51, 56, 92, 93, 120, 127, 137; marries Anne of Hungary, 65 ; seeks the crown of Hungary, 78, 80, 89, 106, iii ; made King of the Romans (1531), 90; difficulties of, in Germany, 98, loi, 128 ; wars with the Turks, 106, 112, 113, 114, 145, 146, 149; oppresses the Bohemians, 1 29 ; arranges peace between Charles and Maurice of Saxony, 1 47 ; successor of Charles as Emperor, 157.

Ferdinand, Count of Andrada, 12.

Ferdinand I, King of Aragon (1412- 16), 50.

Ferdinand V (II of Aragon and Sicily, III of Naples), 'the Catholic,' King of Castile (1474-1516), 1, 2, 4, 9, 10, 12. 13, 14, 15, 19, 20, 36, 37, 39, 5of.,68, 96, 98, 129; relations with Philip I, 16 ff. ; with Louis XII of France, 21, 29, 42 ; with African states, 21 ; punishes malefactors,24 f. ; joins the League of Cambray, 25, 26 ; agreement with Maximilian, 26 ; grants aid to Pope Julius II, 28 ; op- poses schismatics, 29, 30 ; receives tribute from Tlemcen, 33 ; conquers

Navarre, 33 f. ; secret truce with France (15 13), 35 ; agreement with Maximilian, 35 ; relations with Fran- cis I, 43 ; death of, xliii, 44 ; charac- ter of, 44, 132 ; chroniclers of,, xxvii f., XXX, 44, 137.

Ferdinand I, King of Castile (1035-65) and of Leon (1037-65), 50.

Ferdinand II, King of Leon (1157-88), brother of Sancho III of Castile, 50 n.

Ferdinand III, 'the Saint,' King of Castile (12 1 7-52) and of Leon (1229, 1239-52), son of Alfonso IX of Leon and Berengaria, 50.

Ferdinand IV, King of Castile and Leon (i 295-1312), 50.

Ferdinand of Aragon, Duke of Cala- bria, son of King Fadrique of Naples, 10, 34, 75 ; project of marrying him to Joanna the Mad, 59.

Ferdinand, son of King Manuel of Portugal, 3.

Feria, Count of, see Cordova y Figue- roa.

Feria, countship of, 139.

Fernandez de Cordova, Pedro, xxviii, 24.

Fernandez de Oviedo, see Oviedo.

F"ernandez de Velasco, Pedro, Con- stable of Castile, 139,

Ferrara, 65.

Ferrara, Duchess of, J« Renee.

Ferrara, Duke of, see Alfonso I of Este.

Ferrari, Marco Antonio, 146.

Ferrer del Rio, Antonio, Spanish writer, xl, xli,

Ferron, Amould le (Ferronius), his- torian, xxxiii, 137.

Fez, 5, 141.

Fez, King of, see Mohammed I.

Field of the Cloth of Gold, the (1520), 60.

Fieschi, Count Gian Luigi, 135.

Figueroa, Gomez (Gomez Snarez) de,. see Cordova y Figueroa.

Figueroa, Juan de, 151, 158.

Fisher, Cardinal John, 13c.

Five years' truce between Christian princes (15 19), 58.

Flanders, 9, 12, 14, 16, 42, 48, 49, 56, 58, 62, 74, 82, 89, 90, 107, 108, 132, 142, 143, 146, 155, 158; line of the

Counts of Flanders, 49 f.

Flax, used as a drug by Selim I, 61.

Flemings, the, 62.

Flemish army, invades France, 146.

Flemish merchantmen, 156.

Fleuranges, Seigneur de, see Marck, Robert III de la.

INDEX

283

Flodden, battle of (1513), xxvii, 37. Florence, xxix, 4, 29, 36, 67, 80, 85,

89, 90, 93, 114, 149; allied with

France, 4, 42. Florentines, the, 17, 26, 70, 76, 99,

153-

Floris, Adrian, see Adrian VI, Pope.

Fluch, Count Caspar, 128.

Foix, Andre de, Seignenr de Lesparre, French commander, 63, 64, 65, 82, 132.

Foix, Charlotte de, 23.

Foix, Gaston de, French commander, 31 ; slain in battle, 32.

Foix, Germaine de, see Germaine de Foix.

Folch, Fernando Ramon, Duke of Cardona, see Cardona, Ramon de.

Fonseca, Alfonso de. Archbishop of Santiago, 9; abdicates, xxviii, 21.

Fonseca, Alfonso de, the younger, suc- ceeds his father as Archbishop of Santiago, xxviii, 21.

Fonseca, Alonzo de. Bishop of Osma, dies, 17.

Fonseca, Antonio de, 25, 33, 34, 75.

Fraisse, Jean de. Bishop of Bayonne, 147.

France, lii, 3, 9, 10, 12, 17, 23, 34, 36, 43, 5i> 68, 73, 75, 76, 7», 97, 102, 103, 105, 107, no, 114, 116, 119, 134, 140, 141, 144,

Francesco Maria, Duke of Urbino, see Rovere.

Francis I, King of France (1515-47), xlvi, II, 34, 58, 93, 97, 98, 100; betrothal of, 20 ; accession of, 43 ; invades Italy, 43, 132; alliance against, 43 ; concludes Treaty of Noyon with Charles I of Spain, 45 f., 132; alliance with the Swiss, 47, i.?5 ; seeks election as Emperor, 57, 132 f.; at the Field of the Cloth of Gold, 60; opposes the Emperor Charles, 62, 64, 133 ; first war with Charles (1521-6), 63-75, ^33 5 con- demns Lutheran doctrines (1521), 64 ; taxes the clergy, 64 ; invades Italy,

70 ; defeated, wounded, and captured at Pavia, 71, 109 ; imprisonment of,

71 f., 73 f., 133; released, 75, 133; second war with Charles (1526-9), 77-85, 109, 133 ; in alliance with Henry VIII, 80, 133; challenges Charles to mortal combat, 83 ; con- firms the Ladies' Peace, 85 ; marries Eleanor, sister of Charles V, 89, 133 ; regulates the sale of wheat, lii, 90 ; meets Clement VII at Marseilles (1533), 97; third war' with Charles

(1536-8), 101-5, 134; at truce with Charles, 106, 107, 108, iii; relations with Alarcon, 109, no ; negotiations with Solyman I, in, 133 ; fourth war with Charles (1542- 44), 112-20, 134; at war with Henry VIII, 120, 123, 129, 134; makes peace with Henry VIII, 127, 134 ; death of, i3of. ; character and fortunes of, xxv,xxxvii f , xliv, 131-4 ; history of, written by le Ferron,

137- *

Francis, Dauphin of France, son of

Francis I, 60, 74, 75,81,82,88, 133. Franciscan Friars, 143. Franconia, 73. Francs archers, 62. Frankfort, 57, 127, 147. Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor

(1440-93), son of Duke Ernest I of

Carinthia and Styria, 49. Frederick II, Elector Palatine (1544-

56), 79-

Frederick, Duke of Saxony, see John Frederick, Elector of Saxony.

Freedom of conscience, principle of, maintained by the Moriscos of Ara- gon, 142.

Fregoso, Caesar, iiof., 112, 134.

Fregoso, Octaviano, 36.

French, the, inNaples,xxix, 11,12, 94, 109; besiege Salsas, 13; make a truce of 10 1 years with the Spaniards (1506), 19; in Genoa, 28; at Ra- venna, 32, 95 ; driven from Italy, 36, 39, 103 ; at war with the English, 37 f., 70 ; in Navarre, 42, 45, 62 ; in Flanders, 62 ; in Burgundy, 62 ; in conflict with the Emperor Charles, 65, 67, 69, 70, 73, 105, 109, 116-20 ; at war with Pope Clement VII, 69, 84 ; in Scotland, 123 ; fight with the English on the sea, 123 ; esteem of, for Francis I, 131 ; under Henry II, 145, 146, 153, 155 ; in Corsica, 152.

French ambassadors at Spires, 78.

French galleys, 145, 155.

PVenchmen as writers of history, 137.

Frenchmen, twelve, in a tourney with twelve Spaniards, 95.

French ships, seized by Spanish gal- leys, 143.

French wars, 153.

Frisia, 46, 51, 106, 126.

Frosinone, 79.

Fruela I, King of Asturias (957-68), 50 «.

Fruela II, King of Asturias (910-25), brother of King Garcia of Leon, 50.

Fuenterrabia, 11, 30, 67, 69, 96.

284

INDEX

Gaeta, besieged, 12.

Galicia, 44.

Galindez de Carvajal, Lorenzo, chroni- cler, x^\, xxviii, 44.

Gandia, Spanish dukedom, 14, 23.

Gandia, Duke of, see Borgia, Gio- vanni.

Garay, Francisco de, death, of, 71.

Garci Iniguez, listed as second King of Aragon in the text, 50.

Garci Iniguez (II), listed as fourth King of Aragon in the text, 50.

Garci Sanchez, listed as sixth King of Aragon in the text, 50.

Garci Ximenes, listed as first King of Aragon in the text, 50.

Garcia, King of Leon (910-14), 50.

Garcia, Martin, xix.

Garcia de los Fayos, Ximen, 24.

Garcia de Paredes, Diego, xxix, 11, 86, 87; death of, 94; career and exploits of, 94-7.

Garigliano, battle of the (1503), 12.

Garlasco, battle of (1523), 69.

Garro, Perucho de, 95.

Gasca, Pedro, 126, 139.

Gascons, 46, 116.

Gattinara, Mercurino de, 26, 35, 74.

Gayangos, Pascual de, xxi «., xxii.

Gaza, in Palestine, 47.

Gazelle, the, see Jambardo Algazeli.

Geneva, xlix, 125 «.

Genoa, 4, 12, 28, 67, 73, 96, 104, 151, 1 56 ; alliances of, 4, 93 ; seized by France, 22, 42 ; the French driven from, 36 f. ; pillaged by the Spani- ards, 67, 68, 86 ; in alliance with Francis I, 80, 83 ; freed from the French (1528), 84; revolt in, 135.

Genoese, wage war near Monaco, 20 ; raze the Lantern, 39 ; in alliance with France, 43 ; hostile to France, 152.

Gentile, Cardinal Antonio, 29.

Gentile, Bernardino, chronicler, xxxii, 44.

George of Austria, natural son of the Emperor Maximilian, 68.

George, Friar, of Croatia, see Mar- tinuzzi.

Gerevolo, Giannin de' Medici slain at,

7^- . .

Germaine de Foix, weds P erdinand V,

1, 19; as Queen of Castile, 21, 26,

32, 45, 48 ; meets Queen Joanna at

Venta Banos, 21 ; marries John,

Margrave of Brandenburg, 57.

German Guard, the, 139.

Germania, the, of Valencia, 64.

Germans, 78, 85, 97, 101, 109, no, 118, 125, 146 ; fight at Vicenza, 38;

at the Rock of Aldava, 62 ; Diet of, at Spires, 78; (i542)> "3; (i544)> 119; in the Imperial service, 124, 148.

Germany, xviii, xlvii, 2, 48, 55, 58, 80, 91, 114, 115, 124, 125, 138, 146, 155, 157; condition of, in 1500, xlvi, 2 ; the Peasants' War in, 68, 73.

Ghent, i, 107, 140.

Giberto, Juan Matheo, 70.

Gibraltar, 10, 20, 107.

Gibraltar, Strait of, 38.

Gilles, Nicolas, French historian, xxxiii, 137.

Giracia, 109.

Giron, Pedro, Count of Olivares, 139.

Giron, Pedro de, 24 f.

Giustiniani, Agostino, xxxvii, 84.

Golden Fleece, Order of the, 57.

Goletta, the seaport of Tunis, no, 119.

Gomado, Juan de, 95.

Gomara, Spanish town, ix, xix, 32.

Gomara, Francisco Lopez de, 24; birth and antecedents of, ix, 32 ; lijfe of, ix-xiii ; adventures of, at Rome, 63> 91 ; Crdnica de los Barbarrojas, xi, xii, xiii ff., xix, xx, xlii, li; His- toi'ia General de las Indias, xiii f., xv-xix, xxiv, xxvi, xxxii, 1 ; Con- quista de Mejico (the latter part of the preceding work), xv, xvi, 32, 60; Annales de Carlos Quinto, x, xii, xiii, xiv, xviii, xix f., xxi-lv; sources of the Annals, xxvi-xxxix ; authors who made use of the Annals, xxxix- xlv ; merits and defects of the An- nals, xlvi-lv ; practical experience and literary training of Gomara, li ; his interest in economic topics, li ff. ; his cosmopolitanism, liii, liv ; light cast by the Annals on the outlook, ideals, and aspirations of the intelli- gent Spaniard of the middle of the sixteenth century, liv f.

Gomara, Garcia de Carabariantes de,

Gomes de Silva, Ruy, 139, 150, 158.

Gomez de Herrera, Feman, xxviii, 24.

Gontram, listed as fifth Count of Hapsburg in the text, 49.

Gonzaga, Federigo de (d. 1540), Mar- quis of Mantua, papal general, 65.

Gonzaga, Fernando de, 117, 118, 119, 120, 127,135,^158.

Gonzalez de Avila, Gil, conquers Nicaragua, 66 ; slays Olid, 70.

Gonzalez deMendoza, Cardinal Pedro (b. 1428, d. 1495), 15.

Gonzalez de Mendoza, Don Pedro,

INDEX

28!

son-in-law of Fernando de Alarcon,

no. Goritz, 35. Gozo, 72. Gracia Dei, Pedro de, chronicler,

xxxii, 44.

Gragal, Marquis of, see V^a. Gran, 90, 119.

Gran, Cardinal of, see Thomas. Gianada, xxix, 2, 19, 66, 72, 76, 108,

137. Granada, Archbishop of, see Talavera,

Hernando de. Granada, Chapel of, 15. Granvelle, Antoine Perrenot, Seigneur

de, 144; Bishop of Arras, 144, 156,

158. Granvelle, Nicolas Perrenot, Seigneur

de, 120; death of, 144; character

and fortunes of, 144. Grape-vines, in Castile, frozen in

April, 89. Gravelines, 156. Great Devil, the, appellation of Jam-

bardo Algazeli, 55. Greece, 2, 10, 93, 106. Greeks, the, in Italy, 56. Grey, Lady Jane, proclaimed Queen

of England, 150; beheaded, 151. Gritti, Lodovico, 89, 90 ; death of, 99. Gropper, Johann, Catholic theolo- gian, III.

Groya, battle of, 12. Gual del Canal, mine, 157. Gnarina, 139. Guazzo, Marco, Italian chronicler,

xxxvii, 147. Guelders, 16, 47, 115, 116. Guelders, Duke of, see Egmont. Guevara, Antonio de. Bishop of Mon-

doiiedo, historian, xxxii, 122. Guicciardini, Francesco, Italian his- torian, xxxvii. Guinea, 3. Guise, Sieur de, 26. Guise, see Lorraine. Guisnes, 74.

Giins, Hungarian fortress, 1, 92. Gurrea, Martin de, Bishop of Huesca,

115. Gustavus I, King of Sweden (1523-

60), III. Guy, Cotmt of Flanders (1279-1304),

49. Guyenne, 33, 37. Guyenne, French King-at-Arms, 80,

82. Guzman, house of, xxiii. Guzman, Gabriel de, Dominican friar,

120.

Guzman, Juan Alonzo de, Duke of

Medina Sidonia, 118. Guzman, Juan Carlos de, Count of

Niebla, 118. Guzman, Pedro Giron de. Count of

Olivares, 118.

Hagenau, 146.

Hainault, 152.

Hamid, King of Tlemcen, 118.

Hapsburg, German state, 48.

Hapsburg, House of, xvii ; line of

succession, 48 f. Haro, Juan de, 95. Hassan, King of Tunis (1526-34,

i.'535-42), "8, 145 ; death of, 144. Heidelberg, League of, against Albert

Alcibiades (i553). i53- . Henriquez, Admiral Fadrique, regent

of Castile, 64. Henry II, Duke of Bnmswick (1514-

68), 113, 124, 155. Henry I, King of Castile (12 14-17),

50 «. Henryllof Trastamara, ' the Bastard,'

King of Castile and Leon (1369-

79), half-brother of Pedro the Cruel,

50.

Henry III, * the Invalid,' King of Cas- tile and Leon (1390-1406), 50.

Henry IV, King of Castile and Leon (1454-74), i5> 50-

Henry VII (in text erroneously VIII), King of England (1485-1509), xlviii, 3 «., 18, 21, 100 ; death of, 26.

Henry VIII, King of England (1509- 47)> liii. 3. 18, 26, 35, 58, 76, 76 «., 77. 85. 93. 97. 100. 104. 133, 150 ; invades France, 37, 129; makes peace with France (1514), 39; rela- tions with Francis I, 43, 46, 62 ; at the Field of the Cloth of Gold, 60 ; meeting with Charles (1522), 62 ; allied with Charles against Francis I, 67? 70, 73 ; allied with Francis I against Charles, 76, 80, 81, 108; at odds with the Papacy, 99, 130 ; dis- solves the English branch of the Hospitalers, 108, 130; friendly with Charles, 114; takes Boulogne, 120, 129 ; death of, xlviii, 129 ; character, life, and fortunes of,xxv, xliv, 129 f. ; writes the Assertio Septem Sacramen- torum against Luther, 129;' Defen- der of the Faith,' 129; suppresses Christianity in England, 1 30.

Henry II, King of France (1547-59). 1". 74. 75 ; as Duke of Orleans, 75, 81, 82, 88, 97, 133; as Dauphin, 105, 112, 117 f., 132 ; as King, 135, 140,

286

INDEX

144, i47» 150, 151, 152. 153. 156, '57-

Henry, Count of Nassau, 42, 64, 96, 104, 105.

Henry, son of King Manuel of Portu- gal, 3-

Hermandad, the, 14, 142.

Hernandez, Francisco, 67.

Hernandez de Cordova, Diego, Mar- quis of Comares, Alcaide de los Don- zeles, 16, 30, 33, 34.

Hemani, Juanes de, Spanish captain,

71. Hesdin, 74, 105, 149, 152. Hieronymite Order, 21. Higueras, journey of Cortes to, 72. Hispania, Vtctrix, xv. Holland, 47, 68, 90. Holy Sepulchre, the, 48. Homes, Count of, 139. Horses terrified by artillery, 41 . Hospital, suggested construction of a,

in Turkey, 61 f. ; at Toledo, 121. Hospitalers of St. John of Jerusalem,

Order of the, xiv, i f., 72, 108, 130,

1 39 ; given Malta, Gozo, and Tripoli,

72 ; settle at Malta, 84. Howard, Catharine, fifth queen of

Henry VIII of England, 130. Howard, Thomas (1443-1524), Earl

of Surrey and second Duke of Nor- folk, 37, 129 «. Howard, Thomas (1473-1554), Earl

of Surrey and third Duke of Norfolk,

31, 129, 129 «., 130 «. Hua3ma Capac, ruler of Peru (d. 1525),

3- Hungarians, the, 40, 44. Hungary, 3, 10, 12, 17, 19, 39. 40>

66, 1 19 ; dispute over the succession,

78, 111; Turkish ravages in, 88,

iiif. Hurtado, Luis, Marquis of Mondejar,

34-

Ibrahim Pasha, 91, 93, loi. Icart, Knight Commander, 46. Idiaquez, Diego de, 136. Iglesia Mayor at Valladolid, 26, 30,

143. Illescas, 74. Imperialists, the, in Italy, 76 ; besiege

Landrecies, 116 ; blockade Bohemia,

128. India, 5, 8, 12,65. Indians, 35 f., 69, 104. Indies, the, xix, 2, 20, 25, 57, 67, 69,

83, 98, 126, 136, 137, 157 ; laws of,

"3-

Indulgences, papal, 55, 125,

Indus, the river, 106.

Ingolstadt, 124,

Ifligo Arista, listed as third King of

Aragon in the text, 50. Innsbruck, 147. Inquisition, establishment of the, in

Spain, 1 4. Insilbas,Kingof Samarcand,6; moves

on Khorassan, 26, 31 f. ; death of,

31 f- Insilbas, sons of, 32, 34. Interim, the, 138. Inundations, destructive, in Holland,

Zeeland, and Flanders, 90. Irun, Spanish town, on the Bidassoa,

75.

Isabel, Infanta of Castile, first wife of King Manuel I of Portugal, 2, 65.

Isabel, daughter of Philip I of Castile, Queen of Denmark, 19 ; dies at Brussels, 79.

Isabella I, * the Catholic,' Queen of Castile (1474-1504), xliii, 2, 9, 10, , 13, 23, 50, 51, 98; death of, 14; deeds and character of, 14 £ ; sayings of, 15.

Isabella, daughter of Sigismund I of Poland and queen of John Zapolya of Hungary, granddaughter of Isa- bella of Aragon, daughter of Alfonso II of Naples, and hence called ' of Aragon ' in the text, 112, 145.

Isabella, daughter of King Manuel of Portugal, 3, 150; marries the Em- peror Charles V, 75, 81 ; death of, 107; character of, 107.

Ismail Sophy, King of Persia, xxxv f., 6-8, 26 ; overthrows Alban, 7 ; marries Tasluca, 10; conquers Bag-!' dad, 1 2 ; wages war in Cappadocia, 22; captures King Sermangoli, 27; defeats Insilbas, 31 f. ; revolt against, 34; defeated by Selim I, 40 f., 60 ; relations with Algazeli, xxxv, 55; sends ambassadors to Burgos, 70; death of, 71 ; character and fame of,

71-

Ispello. 88.

Italians, x, xxxvii; in combat with Frenchmen, xlvi, 11, 33, 43, 116; agreement concerning, between Charles and Francis I, 85 ; in com- bat with Spaniards, 86, 87, 116; in Germany, 124, 148; views of, con- cerning Charles and Francis I, 131 ; call Guazzo a charlatan, 147.

Italy, X, xi, xxx, xxxi, xxxiii, xxxviii, xxxix, 1, 3, 16, 22, 36,38, 39. 43, 44. 46, 56, 62,65, 67, 70, 72, 76, 77, 78,

INDEX

287

81. 83, 83, 85, 86, 89, 93, 102, 103, 114, 115, 116, 132, 133, 136, 140.

Ivan III, Grand Prince of Moscow (i462-i505),3«.

Iviza, 50.

Ivoy, 147.

Jalbahat Khasseki, 141.

Jamaica, 71.

Jambardo Algazeli, Mameluke com- mander, XXV, 47 ; exploits of, 52 ; history of, xxxv f., xlviii, 53-5.

James I, King of Aragon (1213-76),

50. James II, King of Aragon (1291-

1327), 50; called also King of

Sardmia in the text, 50. James IV, King of Scotland (1488-

1513), 4, 42 ; slain at Flodden, xxvii,

37. 129. James V, King of Scotland (1513-42),

76, 81, 134; death of, 113. James, Duke of Braganza, slays his

wife, 10 ; fights the Moors, 36. Jane, Queen of England, see Grey. Jane (Jeanne), Countess of Flanders

(1205-44), 49. Janizaries, 47, 54, 55, 61, 92, 93, 149. Jativa, city of Spain, 13, 34. Jaufred I, Count of Barcelona (858

906), called ' king ' in the text, 50. Jaufred II, Count (not King) of Bar- celona (906-13), 50, Jaufred III, listed as fourth ' King ' of

Barcelona in the text, 50. Jean d'Albret, see Albret, Jean d'. Jeanne, Countess of Flanders, see Jane. Jeanne, wife of Louis XII of France,

23. 41-

Jerusalem, xxxv, 53.

Jewish doctor of Selim I, slain, 61.

Jews, the, Hi, 14, 16, 56, 137.

Joachim II, Elector of Brandenbur-; (1535-71), called Margrave in the text, 113.

Joanna, ' la Beltraneja,' daughter of Queen Joanna of Castile, 15; her hand sought by Ferdinand V, 17.

Joanna, 'the Mad,* daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella, wife of Philip 1, 1, 1, 9, 14, 51 ; receives the oath of fealty as heiress of Castile, 10; sails to Flanders, 14; pro- claimed sovereign, 16 ; bravery of, 17 f.; widowhood of, 20, 21, 26, 72 ; represented at Valladolid by King Ferdinand, 26 ; enters Tordesillas, 26 ; relations with Charles, 51 ; pro- ject for her marriage with Ferdinand of Calabria, 59; death of, 154.

Joanna, daughter of the Emperor Charles, 107 ; marries Prince John of Portugal, 148 ; left a widow, 151 ; Regent of Castile and Aragon, 151.

Joanna, mother of Jambardo Alga- zeli, 53.

Jofre Miron, Count (not King) of Bar- celona (913-28), 50.

John I, King of Aragon (i387-95)> wrongly stated in the text to have acquired Sicily, 50.

John II, King of Aragon (145S-79), 50.

John (b. 1493, d. 1526), Margrave of Brandenburg, Viceroy of Valencia, marries Queen Germaine, 57.

John, Duke of Burgundy (1404-19), 49.

John I, King of Castile and Leon (1379-90), 50.

John II, King of Castile and Leon

"(1406-54), 50.

John, King of Denmark and Norway

"(1481-1513), 4.

John II, King of France (1350-64), father ofPhilip the Bold of Burgnndy, 49.

John III, King of Navarre, see Albret, Jean d'.

John III, King of Portugal (1521-57),

"3, 10, 70.85, 135, 148, 151 M.

John (b. 1537, d. 1554), Prince of Portugal, son of King John III and Catharine of Austria, 107, 148, 151.

John the Voivode, see Zapolya, John.

John, son of Ferdinand and Isabella,

" 14, 15, 59, 89.

John, Archbishop of Saragossa, error for Alfonso, Archbishop of Saragossa, son of Ferdinand of Aragon, 51.

John Albert, King of Poland (149.:- 1 501), 3«.

John David, the Preste, 88.

John Frederick, 'the MagnanimcJUs,' Elector of Saxony (1532-47), 113, 123, 124, 127, 128, 140.

Joris, David, Dutch Reformer, 126.

Jouster, the, see Avila, Pedrarias de.

Jovius, Paul, historian, xxv, xxix, xxxiv-xxxvii, 8, 86; death of, 121.

Juan, Honorato, Bishop of Osma, xiii «., XX, 151.

Juan, Mosen, 34.

Judith, first Countess of Flanders, daughter of Charles the Bald, 49.

Julius II (Giuliano della Rovere),Pope (1503-13). 14. 16, 30, 25, 26, 27, 28, 86, 94, 100, 129; troubled by schism, 29 ff. ; hostile to France, 30, 3 • > 35> 36, 42 ; reinstates the Medici

288

INDEX

in Florence, 36 ; death of, 36 ; char- acter and exploits of, 36, 133.

Julius III (Giovanni Maria del Monte), Pope (i550-5)> 145. 146; besieges Parma and Mirandola in vain, 145 ; death of, 154.

Junis Pasha, Turkish commander, 44, 61.

Jurischitz, Nicholas, 92.

Kahir, Lord of Aleppo, 47, 52, 61.

Kansu, Soldan of Egjrpt, xxxv, 5, 32, 52 ; visited by Peter Martyr, 9 ; allied with Ismail Sophy, 41 ; over- thrown and slain, 47 ; patron of Algazeli, 53, 54.

Khorassan, 31.

Knights of St. John, see Hospitalers.

Koran, the, 8, 39.

Kur, river of Transcaucasia, 7.

Kurds, 40.

Ladies' Peace, the (1529), 84, 85.

Ladislaus, King of Hungary (1490- 1516) and Bohemia (1471-1516), 3, 1 2, 39, 40, 43 ; joins the league of Cambray, 28 ; death of, 44 ; piety of, 44.

La Garde,! Baron de (called Captain Paulin), 157.

Lalaing, Count, 158.

La Mejorada, Hieronymite monastery, 14.

Landi, Count Agostino, 135.

Landrecies, xlvi, 116, 117.

Landriano, battle of (1528), 83.

Lannoy, Charles de (d. 1527), Prince of Sulmone (Salmona), Imperial general, 69 ; as Viceroy of Naples, 71, 74, 75, 79, 109 ; at the Bidassoa,

75-

Lannoy, Charles de, Prince of Sul- mone (Salmona), Imperial cavalry officer, son of the preceding, 124.

Lansac, French ambassador, 58, 82.

Lantern, the, fortress at Genoa, 22 ; razed, 39.

Lanzknechts^ 152.

La Plata, in Peru, 106.

Las Gordillas, nuns of, 143.

Lasky, Jerome, 80.

Lautrec, French commander, 29, 65, 77, 79, 87, 103 ; takes Novara, 66 ; storms Pavia, 80 ; besieges Naples, 83, 132; death of, 84, no; called the Assaulter of Cities, 84.

League, the, see Cognac.

Lebrija, Antonio de, chronicler, xxx f., 44.

Leghorn, 114.

Lemos, Count of, 20,

Leo X (Giovanni de' Medici), Pope (1513-21), 4, 36, 38,42, 58, 80, 103, 125, 129; meets Francis I at Bo- logna, 43, 132 ; attacks the Duke of Urbino, 51 f. ; practises simony, 56; condemns Luther as a heretic (1520), 60 ; allied with Charles against Francis I, 65, 69, 133; death of,

65.

Leopold III, Duke of Austria ( 1 379- 86), 49.

Lerin, Count of, 24.

Lesparre, Seigneur de, see Foix, Andre de.

Leyva, Antonio de, xliii f., 73, 77, 79, 80, 83, 92, 93, no; death of, loa ; career, character,and wealth of,io2-4.

Leyva, Dona, Costan9a de, 103.

Leyva, Sancho Martinez de, 102.

Libels, posted in Valladolid, 113.

Lima, founded, 100; Pizarro slain at, III.

Lisbon, 3, 63; riot in (1506), 20; earthquake at (1531), 90.

Literature : biography, 44, 58, no, 137; criticism, 122; history, xxvi- xxxix, 8, 32, 39, 60, 84, ici, 107, 119, 121, 122, 137, 140, 147, 156; poetry, 131 ; theology, 55, 59, 125, 129; the Pasquinade, 13; controver- sial writings, 126; the Polyglot Bible, 51 ; patronage of letters by Pope Leo X, 65.

Lithuania, 141.

Llerena, 45.

Loaysa, Cardinal, 63.

Loaysa, Friar Garci Jofr^ de, 56 ; sails to the Moluccas, 72.

Locusts, 113.

Lodi, 77, 83.

Logrono, 24, 34, 63.

Lombardy, 38, 65, 71, 72, 76, 77, 85, 87, 103, 126, 133, 154.

London, xvii, xxii, 81.

Londono, Sancho de, xxi, xxii,

Loiigpont, 120.

Longueville, Francis, Duke of, 37, 39.

Lopez de Conchillos, 136.

Lopez de Gomara, see Gomara.

Lopez deMendozayZuniga,Inigo, 100.

Lopez de Pacheco, Diego, Duke of Escalona, 148.

Lopez de Padilla, Gutierre, 139.

Lorges, see Montgomery.

Lorraine, 146, 148.

Lorraine, Cardinal Charles of (Charles de Guise), 156.

Lorraine, Duke of, see Charles II.

Louis II, King of Bohemia and Hub-

INDEX

289

gary (1516-26), 43, 64^; defeated

at Mohacs, 78 ; death of, 78. Louis I de Cr^cy, Count of Flanders

(1322-46), grandson of Robert III,

49. Louis II de Male, Count of Flanders,

(1 346-84), 49- Louis XII, King of France (1498- 1515), xxxiii, 3, 4, 9, 12, 19, 2C, 22, 33, 150; enters Genoa, 12; treats with the Spaniards, 12, 13 ; concludes peace with Maximilian I, 16 ; aids the Duke of Guelders against Philip I, 16 ; interview with Ferdinand V at Savona, 21 ; friendship of, with Caesar Borgia, 23; joins the League of Cambray, 25, 26 ; victorious at Agna- dello (1509), 27; at enmity with Pope Julius II, 28-31, 35 ; alliance against (1513), 37; relations with Henry VIII, 39, 129; death of, 41 ; character and fortunes of, 41 f., 131. 132 ; history of, written by le Ferron,

137-

Louis, Duke of Orleans, sic in the text for Charles, Duke of Orleans, 108.

Louis, son of King Manuel of Portu- gal, 3-

Louise, daughter of Francis I of France, 46, 82 ; death of, 48.

Louise of Savoy, mother of King Francis I, and Regent of France, 73.

74> 84, 85. Louvain, Dean of, see Adrian V i , Pope. Lou vain, University of, 45, 68. Low Countries, the, 155. Low German cavalry, 116 f. Lucacho, brother of George Dozsa, 40. Lucca, 67, 93, III. Lucero, Inquisitor, 25. Lugo, Alonzo Luis de, 152. Luna, Juan de, Alcaide of Milan, 153. Luna, Dona N. de, Marchioness of

Camaraca, 136. Luthardo, listed as sixth Count of

Hapsburg in the text, 49. Luther, Martin, xxv, 2, 55, 60, 129 ;

death of, 125 ; life and character of,

xlvi f., liii, 125 f. Lutheran doctrines, condemned by

Charles V and Francis I, 64. Lutheran heresies, the, loi. Lutheran heresy, the, 123. Lutheranism, 90. Lutheran lords and cities, 138. Lutherans, 28, 92, 99, 113, 131; in

Denmark and Norway, 4 ; in Fran-

conia, 73 ; in Germany, 73, 80, 119,

123 ; attacked by Charles, 124, 127. Lutheran wars, 129.

Luxembourg, 63, 112, 119, 134.

Lyons, 29.

Lyons, Peace of, 12, 14.

Machiavelli, Niccolo, xxxvii f. Machin, Spanish man-at-arms, 71. Mactan, Magellan slain at, 63. Madeleine, sister of King Francis I,

105. Maderuelo, 90. Madrid, xxxix, xli, xlix, 24, 74, 98,

132. Madrid, Peace of (1526), 73 f., 75, 76,

^33-

Madrigalejo, in Estremadura, 44.

Madruzzo, Cardinal Cristoforo, Bishop of Trent, appointed governor of Milan, 157.

Magellan, Ferdinand, 58 ; dies in battle in the Philippines, 63.

Magellan, Strait of, 58.

Maggi, Caesar, 113, 113 «., 155.

Magic spells, use of, 97.

Magnus, Olaus, Archbishop of Up- sala, X.

Mahomet, see Mohammed.

Maimbourg, Louis, French Jesuit, xlvii.

Mainz, diet at (1517), 51.

Mainz, Bishop {sic for Archbishop) of, 147.

Majorca, see Mallorca.

Majorca, Bishop of, s e Rojas.

Malatia, 44.

Maldonado, Pedro, beheaded, 63.

Malferit, Doctor Thomas, 19.

Mallorca, 50.

Malta, 72, 84.

Malvasia, 108.

Mamelukes, 35, 47, 53, 54, 55 ; over- thrown, 52 ; their wives, 52.

Manat, see Hamid.

Mango, Inca, 104.

Manrique, Alonzo de. Archbishop of Seville, 75.

Manrique, Garcia, Count of Osorio, 122.

Manrique, Pedro, 9.

Manrique, Rodrigo, 1 7.

Manrique de Lara, Antonio, Duke of Najera, 34, 57, 114.

Manrique de Lara, Juan, 153, 158.

Manrique de Lara, Pedro, Duke of Najera, 20.

Mantua, 44.

Manuel I, ' the Great,' King of Por- tugal (1495-1521), 2f.,io, 17, 36; proclaims himself sovereign of Ethi- opia, Arabia, Persia, and India, 12; punishes rioters, 20 ; marries the In- fanta Eleanor, 56; death of, 65 ;

U

290

INDEX

character and exploits of, 65 ; wives and children of, 65, 150. Manuel, Elvira, Spanish noblewoman,

9- Manuel, John, 18.

Manuel, Pedro, Archbishop of Sant- iago, xli, 143. Maqueda, Duke of, see Cardenas. Marano, 113.

Marash, Cappadocian city, 22. MarcellusII, Pope (1555), 154. March of Ancona, see Ancona. Marciano, battle of (1554), 153. Marck, Robert II de la (d. 1535),

Count of Aremberg, 63, 64, 65, 74,

82, 132. Marck, Robert III de la (d. 1537),

Seigneur de Fleuranges, historian,

son of the preceding, xxxiv. Marcq, 156. Margaret I, Countess of Flanders

(1191-4), sister of Count Philip I,

49. Margaret II, Countess of Flanders

(^1244-79), sister of Countess Jane,

49. Margaret III, Countess of Flanders

(1384-1405), wife of Philip the Bold

of Burgundy, 50. Margaret of Austria, aunt of the Em- peror Charles, 84 ; death of, 89. Margaret, natural daughter of the

Emperor Charles, 85, 106. Margaret, sic in the text for Mary of

Burgundy, 50. Marghera, near Venice, 37. Maria (d. 1517), Infanta of Castile,

Qaeen of Portugal, 2 f., 65 ; death of,

48. Maria (d. 1558), daughter of Philip

and Joanna of Castile, Queen of

Hungary, Regent of the Netherlands,

16, 19, 43, 64 f., 89, 100, 105, 106,

142, 146, 152, 157. Maria, daughter of the Emperor

Charles, wife of Maximilian II, 107,

108, ISO, 139, 140, 144. Maria, daughter of John III of Portu- gal, Queen of Philip II of Spain, 118 ;

death of, 121. Maria, daughter of King Manuel of

Portugal, 65, 74, 81, 150. Mariana, Juan de, Spanish historian, xl. Marienburg, in Flanders, 151, 154,

156. Marignano, battle of (15 15), 43.

Marignano, Marquis of, see Medicino. Marillac, Charles de. Bishop of Vannes.

156, 156 n.

Marimont, 152.

Marino de Rivera, Gon9alo, 20.

Marradas, Francisco, buried alive, 69.

Marseilles, 70, 97.

Martha, Persian princess, of Greek descent, wife of Sheikh Haidar, 6; banished, 6.

Martin, King of Aragon (i 395-1410), XXX, 50.

Martin, Captain, 151.

Martinez Siliceo, Juan, Bishop of Car- tagena, 118, 122, 151; wealth and character of, 122; as Archbishop of Toledo, 122, 137.

Martinuzzi, George, Bishop of Vara- din, III, 145 ; put to death, 145 f.

Martyr, Peter, xxxi, 9, 44.

Mary I, Queen of England (1553-8), xxiii, 3, 46, 60, 8t, 100, 150, 154; marries Philip of Spain, 151.

Mary of Burgundy, wife of the Em- peror Maximilian, 49, 50.

Mary, Queen of Scots, 135; in France, 140.

Mary, Princess of Wales, daughter of Henry VII, Queen of Louis XII of France and later wife of Charles Brandon, Duke of Suffolk, 21, 39, 150.

Matera, battle of, 52, 54.

Mauregato, King of Asturias (783- 89), 50.

Maurice, Duke of Saxony, Elector (from 1547), 137, 129 ; turns against Charles, xlvii, 147; death of, 155.

Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor (i493-i5'9). 2,8,12, 17,20,24, 25, 26, 31, 35, 41. 49» 50, 68, 82 ; con- cludes peace with Louis XII, 16; hostile to the Venetians, 22, 25; besieges Padua, 27 ; at war with France, 35, 37, 43 ; interview at Vienna with Ladislaus and Sigis- mund, 43 ; final operations in Italy, 44, 46; death of, 58, 132 ; character of, 58.

Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor (1564-76), 139, 142, 144; Regent of Castile, 140, 142, 143.

Maximilian, Count of Buren, 124; death of, 141 ; character and tastes of, 141.

May, Miguel, death of, 122.

Maya, in Navarre, taken by Bonni- vet, 67.

Maylat, Stephen, 108.

Media, 7.

Medici, the, 36, 80, 85, 89, 98.

Medici, Alessandro de', 85, 93, T06 ; made Duke of Florence, 90, 98 ; slain, 104.

INDEX

291

Medici, Catharine de', 97, 98. Medici, Cosimo (Cosmo) de', ' the

Great,' Duke of Florence, Grand

Dnke of Tuscany (1569-74), 107,

"4. 152. Medici, Giannin de', 76; death of,

78 ; character of, 78. Medici, Giovanni de', see Leo X. Medici, Giovanni de' (d. 1526), see

Medici, Giannin de'. Medici, Giulio de', see Clement VII. Medici, Lorenzino (Lorenzo) de',

104. Medici, Lorenzo de', Duke of Urbino

(15J6-9). 52- Medicino, Gian Giacomo de, 89, 124,

152.153. 154. 155- Medina del Campo, xv, xvii, 14, 20,

24,111. Medina Sidonia, Duke of, 20, 25. Mediterranean Sea, xiv. Meghem, Count, 158, I58«. Mejia, Pedro, chronicler, xiv, xxviii,

58, 91, 91 «. Melanchthon, Philip, 11 1. Melilla, 20, 108 n. Mendoza, Antonio de, 113. Mendoza, Bernardino de, x, 108, 143,

154. 158.

Mendoza, Diego Hurtado de. Mar- quis of Canete, 147 f., 154.

Mendoza, Francisco de, Bishop of Jaen (1538-43). "5-

Mendoza, Cardinal Francisco de, see Mendoza y Bobadilla.

Mendoza, Hurtado de, x.

Mendoza, Juan de, 154.

Mendoza, Dona Maria de, 136.

Mendoza, Martin de, Marquis of Canete, 34.

Mendoza, Pedro de, Count of Castro,

34, 38.

Mendoza, Rodrigo de. Marquis of Zenete, 64.

Mendoza y Bobadilla, Cardinal Fran- cisco de. Bishop of Burgos (c. 1550-66) and Archdeacon of Toledo,

157- Menezes, Duarte de, xxvii, 33. Men of the Devil, revolt of, in

Guyenne, 64. Merino, Gabriel, Archbishop of Bari,

66.

Merovaeus, see M^rovee. M^rov^e, King of the Franks (449?-

.'iS?), 49- Mers-el-Kebir, i6. Mesopotamia, 12. Messina, Prior of, see Moncada. Metz, 146, 148, 149.

Mexico, xi, 57, 59, 63, 69, 71, 72; Gomara's work, the Conquisia de M^Jico, XV f., 32, 60.

Michaud, Joseph Fran9ois, xxvi.

Miguel, Portuguese prince, heir to Portugal and Castile, 2, 65 ; dies in Granada, 2, 48.

Milan, 29, 38, 43, 44, 66, 67 f., 70, 77, 79. 87, 93, 102, 103, 120.

Milan, castle of, 67, 73, 77.

Milan, Duchy of, 8, 22, 28, 42, 73, 77, 82,89,97,103, 108,109, 111,112, 120, 127, 132, 133, 134, 156 ; reverts to the Emperor (1535), xxxviii, 100, 105 ; Pope Paul III attempts to purchase, 114 f; turned over to Philip of Spain, 151 ; governed by Alva, I54f. ; by Madruzzo, 157.

Milan, Duke of, see Sforza.

Milchling, Wolfgang, Grand Master of Prussia, 124, 147.

Mileto, Count of, 1 50.

Military affairs : {a) Soldiers : archers, 92, 139; arquebusiers, 40, 152; blacks, 141 ; foot (or infantry), 13, 27. 32, 33, 40, 43, 68, 70, 104, 116, 119, 123, 124, 141, 147, 148, 155;

francs archers, 62 ; German Guard, 139; halberdiers, 86, 124; horse (or cavalry), 27, 33, 40, 68, 70, 78, 91, 92, 104, 116, 117, 119, 123, 124,

141, 147, 148. 151, 152, 155; jani- zaries, 47, 54, 55, 61,92,93,149; knights, 33, 96, 98; lanzknechts, 152 ; light cavalry, 32, 33, 38, 43, 115, 116, 146; Mamelukes, 35, 47, 52- 55 ; men-at-arms, 13, 32, 33,38, 4°. 43, 102, 112, 115, 146; sch'war::rei- ters (horse arquebusiers), 155 ; Span- ish Guard, 139; spearmen, 141; troopers, 13, 32, 33, 38, 108 ; see also \mAtT Janizaries ; {b) Artillery, 32, 34, 38, 64, 70, 79, 91, 109, 124, 128, 129, 148, 152; Turk- ish, 41; in Persia, 55; 99; heavy artillery, 117; bronze cannon, 32, 124; bombardment of Venice, 37. (c) Auxiliary corps and services : pages, 92 ; labourers, 119; sappers, 123, 124, 148; pontoons, 134. {d) Other topics : banners, 38, 66, 91 f., 119, 128, 152, 153 ; the Royal Stan- dard, 16, 117; the Turkish standard, 91 f ; battle-cries, 94 ; legions, levied by Francis I, 97 ; horses needed for the wars, 98 ; military use of camels, 141 ; of mules, 112 ; munitions of war, 124, 128, 141, 148 ; tournaments and combats, 86, 95 ; at Trani, xxix, xliii, II, 94 J between thirteen Frenchmen

U 2

292

INDEX

and thirteen Italians, xxix, xlvi, 1 1 ;

duels, 48, 83, 95, 96, 102 ; use of

mercenary troops, 102, 123, 152;

Ximenes trains fanners as soldiers, 45. Military Orders, the, in Castile, 59 ;

grand-masterships of the, 10, 68. Minorca, 50.

Miranda, Count of, see Zuniga. Mirandola, 27, 145. Modena, 27, 97. Modon, taken by the Turks, 5. Mohacs, battle of (1526), 78. Mohammed, the prophet, 8, 92, 126. Mohammed, Khan of the Crimean

Tartars, 5. Mohammed I, ruler of Fez and Oran,

xxvii, 5, 25, 33. Mohammed, the Sherif, King of

Morocco, 141, 143. Mohammed, ruler of Tunis, 5, 30. Mohammed II, Sultan of Turkey

(1451-81), 41. Mohammedan Paradise, the, 8. Mohammedans, 9. Moldavians, the, 141. Moluccas, East Indian islands, 63. 72,

83, 138. Monaco, 7. Moncada, Hugo de, 56, 71, 74, 77, 84,

109, 112, 133. Monfon, 136, 137, 148. Mondejar, Marquis of, :ee Hurtado. Monopoli, 109. Montcalvo, 155 n. Montdragon, French cavalier, 11. Montefiascone, 94. Montejo, Francisco de, 75. Monte Mayor, Marchioness of, 143. Montezuma, Aztec sovereign, 57 ;

death of, 60. Montferrat, 155. Montgomery, Gabriel de, Sieur de

Lorges, 123. Montilla, 24. Montmorency, Anne de. Constable of

France, 89, 140. Montreuil, 105. Moorish witches, 66. Moors, the, 25,42, 56, 133, 148; revolt

in Granada, 2 ; revolt in the Sierra

Vermeja, 9 ; commanded to leave

Castile or to become converted, 10 ;

defeated at Azamor, 36 ; in Aragon,

converted, 75 ; wish to relapse, 142. Moral, village, 90. Morales, Caspar de, 42. More, Thomas, 130. Morea, the, 5. Moreno, brother of the Alferez Segura,

II.

Moriscos, 72, 14a.

Mormilla, Caesar, 134.

Morocco, 141.

Morone, Cardinal Giovanni, Bishop of

Modena, Papal Legate, 115. Morone, Girolamo, 72. Most Christian King, title assumed by

Francis I of France, 131. Mothe le Vayer, Fran9ois la, xli. Muarasua, probably by mistake for

Nicaragua, 67. Miihlberg, battle of (April 24, 1547),

128. Mules, use of, for riding, forbidden,

98 ; permitted as chargers after the

disastrous campaign of Algiers, 112 ;

cease to be used, 140. Muley Hassan, see Hassan. Miinzer, Thomas, 73, 125. Murad Cam, King of Shiraz, 5 ; slain

by Ismail Sophy, 6, 7. Murviedro, 64. Muscovite cavalry, 40. Muscovites, the, at war with the Poles,

44, 80, 141. Muscovy, see Russia. Mustafa, son of Solyman I, 141,.

149. Mustafa Pasha, slain by Selim I,

60. Muxetula, Juan Antonio, a Neapolitan,

85.

Nahazar, Tunisian prince, 118.

Najera, Duke of, see Manrique de Lara.

Naples, 24, 78, 79, 83, 87, 88, 103, 1 10. 133? 134; the Castel Nuovo of, no.

Naples, Kingdom of, xxxviii, 4, 19, 36, 42, 72, 76, 77, 82, 86, 100, 151 ; divided between King Louis and King Ferdinand, 4, 9 ; wars concern- ing, between the French and the Spaniards, 11, 13, 21, 51, 7of., 73, 109, 132, 1 34 ; agreement concerning (1516), 46; freed from tribute to Rome, 68 ; Charles visits, 99 ; vice- royship of, 154; under Philip, 155, 156.

Nauplia, 108.

Naval affairs : («) Naval battles : be- tween English and Scots, 31,113,129; between English and French, 37 f., 123 ; between Portuguese and Moors.. 36 ; between Spaniards and Turks, 108; between Spaniards and corsairs, 143 ; between Genoese and Turks, 148 ; between Imperialists and Leaguers, 85 ; between Flemish mer-

INDEX

293

chantmen and corsairs of Dieppe, 156; of Salerno (1528), 84, 133; of Prevesa (1538), 106. {U) Fleets : Christian, 106; English, 37 f., 123; French Mediterranean fleet, transfer- red to the Atlantic via the Straits of Gibraltar, 37 f. ; Genoese, 4, 84 ; of the League, 80 ; Portuguese, 36, 42; Scottish, 31, 129; Spanish, 3, 67, 85, 108 ; Turkish, 106, 108, 119, i5i> 153. 157; Venetian, 3; papal, 78 ; of Christian II of Denmark, 93. {c) Other topics: galleys, 114, 123, 140, 143, 145, 148, 153, 154; cor- sairs, 143, 156, 157 ; pirates, 28, 133 ; voyages to Asia, 3, 8 ; of del Cano, around the world, xlvii, 62 ; seizure of merchant vessels, 145, 146; ships transported overland from the Medi- terranean to the Red Sea, 106.

Navarra, Marshal Pedro de, 45.

Navarra, Pedro de, Marquis of Cortes, 150.

Navarre, 3, 20, 24, 30, 45 f., 63 ; seized by Castile, 33, 34, 36, 42, 51, 95; invaded by the French, 67, 82, 132.

Navarrese, 46, 144.

Navarrete, Alonzo, Spanish captain, 152.

Navarro, Count Pedro, 24, 25, 30, 46, 82, 88.

Neapolitans, 118.

Nebbio, Bishop of, see Giustiniani.

Netherlands, the, xviii, 142.

Neuiliy, Charles de, 1 20.

'New Christians', massacred at Lis- bon, 20.

New Granada, 137.

New Spain, 83, 113.

New World, the, xv, xvi, xxxviii, 69.

Nicaragua, 66, 67 n.

Nice, 105, 119.

Nice, Truce of (1538), 105, 132,

134- Nicholas, a Janizary, 55. Nicuesa, Diego de, 25. Nile, battle of the, 52, 54. Noah, xxxi, 107. Noain, battle of (1516), 45. Nola, 87,

Nombre de Dios, in America, 25. Northumberland, Duke of, see Dudley,

John. Norway, 4. Nova, Juan de, 10. Novara, 66.

Novara, battle of (151 3), 36. Noyon, 83.

Noyon, Treaty of (1516), 45 f., 58,

63,82, 132, Nunez de Guzman, Gonzalo, 51. Nunez de Guzman, Pedro, xxii, xli. Nuiiez Vela, Blasco, Viceroy of Peru

(1543-6), 118, 120; death of, 123. Nuremberg, 147.

Ocampo, Florian de, official chroni- cler, xxxi, 107. Oecolampadius, John, 125. Oidores, 112. Ojeda, Alonzo de, 25. Old Castile, ix, 143. Olid, Cristobal de, slain, 70. Olivares, in New Castile, 1 39. Olivarez, Count (Gasparo de Guzman),

Spanish minister, xxii f. Olivera, Andres de, ii. Olivier, French cavalier, 11. Olmo, 1', 38.

Oiiate, Spanish cavalier, 11. Oran, 5, 26, 51, 148, 157 ; fortress

at, 35- Orange, Prince of, see Philibert ;

Ren6 ; William I. Orcha, battle of (i 514), 40. Ordono I, King of Asturias (850-66),

50. OrdoFio II, King of Galicia (910-24)

and of Leon (914-24), brother of

King Garcia of Leon, 50. Ordofio III, King of Leon (950-7),

50 M. Ordono IV, King of Leon (958-60),

son of Alfonso IV, 50. Orgonoz, Rodrigo, 106. Orio, Antonio de, probably a mistake

in the text for Andrea Doria, 145. Orleans, Bishop of, 156. Orleans, Duke of, see Henry II, King

of France, and Charles, third son of

Francis I of France. Orsini, the, 23, 77. Orthez, Truce of (1513), 35. Osma, 17.

Osma, Bishop of, see Juan, Honorato. Osorio, Alvar Perez, xi, xiv. Osorio, Pedro Alvarez, Marquis of

Astorga, xi. Ostrojski, Constantin, Polish general,

40. Otbert, named as first Count of Haps-

burg, 48, 49. Otho I of Hapsburg (d, 1046), listed

as tenth Count in the text, 49. Our Lady de Pie de Gruta, Church of,

at Naples, 88. Oviedo, Gonzalo Fernandez de, his- torian, xxxiii, 44, loi, 140.

294

INDEX

Pacheco, Dona Maria, supporter of the Comuneros, 66.

Pacheco, Cardinal Pedro, 154.

Pacific Ocean, ^iS^r Southern Sea.

Padilla, Juan de, commander-in-chief of the Comuneros, 63, 66; beheaded, 63, 66.

Padua, 27.

Paez de Castro, Juan, Spanish histo- rian, xxxi f., 156.

Palacio Sacro, in Rome, sacked,

77 f- . Palencia, 83. Palencia, Alonzo de, chronicler, xxxii,

44. Palencia, Bishop of, 26. Pallavicini, Count Alessandro, 135. Pallavicini, Count Geronimo, 135. Pallavicino, Sforza, 146. Palomino, Colonel, 95. Pamplona, 33, 34, 63, 67. Pamplona, archbishopric of, 23. Panama, 59. Pantelaria, 145. Panuco, district in Mexico, 71. Papal Datary, the, 70. Papalists, the, 84. Papal troops, 77. Paradin, French historian, xxxiv. Pardo, Camillo, 109. Paris,xvii, 42, 64, 83, 102,119,120,134. Paris, Treaty of (1515), 42, 82. Parlement de Paris, 74. Parma, 65, 145. Parr, Catharine, sixth queen of Henry

VIII, 130. Parthia, 7. Partidas, the, 98. Pascal, Bishop of Burgos, 34. Pasquinade, the, 13. Passau, Peace of (1552), 147. Pater Noster, Deza's commentary on

the, 59. Patrimonium Petri, 23. Paul III (Alessandro Farnese), Pope

(1534-49)) 99> 100, III, 114, 119,

135, 140; meets Charles at Busseto,

115; pays for soldiers to attack the

Lutherans, 123 ; death of, 143 «. Paul IV (Giovanni Pietro Caraffa),

Pope (1555-9), 154; wars of, 156,

157- Paulin, Captain, see La Garde. Pavia, 70, 80, 103, 114. Pavia, battle of (1525), 71, 109, 117. Peasants' War, the, 68, 73. Pedro I, Kingof Aragon (1096-1104),

50. Pedro II, Kingof Aragon (11 96-1 2 13),

50-

Pedro III, King of Aragon (1276-85)

and of Sicily (1282-5), 5°- Pedro IV, King of Aragon (1336-87),

50- Pedro ' the Cruel,' King of Castile and

Leon (1350-69), 50. Pelayo, King of Oviedo (720-37), 50. Penon de Velez de la Gomera, 24. Penon of Algiers, 35. Pera, 127.

Peralta, Don Alonzo de, 1 54. Peranzures, Spanish commander, 106. Perez, Gonzalo, 158. Perez, Lorenzo, 148. Perez del Pulgar, Hernan, xxix, xxx. Peronne, 74, 104. Perpignan, 112, 114, 132. Perrenot, see Granvelle. Persia, xxxv, 5-8, 12, 65, 97. Persians, the, 22, 141, Peru, 3, 72, 91, 106, iir, 126, 139,

154- Perugia, 100. Pesaro, 11. Pesaro, Benito de, 3. Pescara, Marquis of, see Avalos. Peschiera, 78. Pesth, 113. Petronilla, Queen of Aragon (1137-

64)1 50- Pflug, Julius, Catholic theologian,

III. Pharamond, semi-legendary Count of

Franconia and first King of France

(about 420-7), 49. Philibert of Chalons, Prince of Orange,

74- Philibert II, Duke of Savoy (1497-

i504)» 5-

Philibert Emmanuel, Duke of Savoy (1553-80), 124, 149, 158,

Philip ' the Warlike ' (b. 1503, d, 1548), titular Duke of Bavaria and Count Palatine, brother of Duke Otto Henry, defends Vienna against the Turks, 88.

Philip I, 'the Handsome,' King of Castile (1504-6), Archduke of Austria, ruler of the Netherlands (148 2- 1 506), father of the Emperors Charles V and Ferdinand I, i, 9, 14, 49, 51 ; negotiates with Louis XII of France, 12; proclaimed king, 16; reign, 16 ff. ; death of, 18 f. ; charac- ter and sayings of, 19 ; as Count of Flanders (Philip III), 50 ; burial of, 72.

Philip II, ' the Bold,' Duke of Bur- gundy (1363-1404), 49.

Philip III, ' the Good,' Duke of Bur-

INDEX

295

gundy (1419-67), 49; Count of Flanders, as Philip II, 50. Philip I (called ' of Alsace ' in the text), Count of Flanders (i 168-91),

49.

Philip ' the Magnanimous ', Land- grave of Hesse (1509-67), 84, 98, 99,113, 123,124, 128, 140, 147.

Philip II, King of Spain (1556-98), xvii, XXX, 1, Iv, 3, 79, 107, 122 ; as Regent, xviii, xliii, 114, 136, 137, 138, 144, 148 ; marries Maria of Portugal, 118 ; court of, as Regent, 139 ; goes to Italy, xxxi, 140 ; in the Netherlands, 142, 155 ; marriage negotiations of, 150; marries Queen Mary of England, xxiii, 151, 154; proclaimed King of Naples and Duke of Milan, 151 ; succeeds Charles on the Spanish throne, 156 f.; acts of, XX, 157 f.

Philip IV, King of Spain (1621-65), xxii.

Philip of the Palatinate, 12.

Philip, Grand Master of Rhodes, see Villiers de I'lsle Adam.

Philippe de Salm, Rhinegrave (1521- 61), 146.

Piacenza, 65, 79, 85, 96, 126, 135.

Picardy, 37, 62, 64, 70, 120, 127,

134-

Piedmont, 105, 112, 118, 120, 134, 156.

Piedmont, Prince of, see Philibert Emmanuel.

Piedrahita, 27.

Pilgrimage of Grace, the, loi, 102, 130, 140.

Pilgrims, at Jerusalem, xxxv, 48, 53 ; travelling thither, 56.

Pimentel, Rodrigo, Count of Bena- vente, 20.

Pimentel de Talavera, Pedro, be- headed, 63.

Piiian, Rodrigo, 11.

Pio, Alberto, Prince of Carpi (erro- neously called Count in the text), Savoyard nobleman in the service of King Francis I, 69, 70.

Pipemo, 79.

Pirates, capture Carmelite Friars, 28; aid of, sought by Francis I, 133.

Piri Pasha, 60,61.

Piroso, Persian town, xxxvi, 7.

Pisa, (schismatic) Council of (151 1), 29. 36; continued at Milan, 29; at Lyons, 29.

Pisans, 17, 26.

Plstorius, John, Lutheran theologian, III.

Pius III, Pope (1503), 14.

Pizarro, Francisco, 72, 91, 98 ; death

of, III. Pizarro, Gonzalo, father of Francisco,

86, 94. 95- Pizarro, Gonzalo, half-brother of

Francisco, 123, 129; beheaded, 139. Pizarro, Hernando, half-brother of

Francisco, 106. Placentia, see Piacenza. Plague, in Spain, 21 ; at Constanti- nople, 39 ; in Saxony and in the

armies, 128. Plasencia, 139, Podolia, 80. Poison, proposed, suspected, or actual

use of, 6, 13, 23, 34, 60, 97, ^50. Poitiers, 140. Poland, 80. Pole, Edmund de la, Duke (properly

Earl) of Suffolk, 18. Pole, Reginald, 156. Poles, the, in conflict with the Turks,

27 ; at peace with them, 40 ; at war

with the Muscovites, 44, 80. Polyglot Bible, 51. Ponce de Leon, Juan, 27. Ponce de Leon, Manuel, Count of

Baylen, 118. Ponda (Sant' Abbondia), battle of

(r554)> 153, 153 «• Ponthieu, 74. Ponza, 148.

Popayan, in America, 98. ' Pope Andrew,' see Carvajal. Pope, authority of the, 138. Porto Carrero, Inez, death of, 122. Portocarrero, Luis de, SefSor de Palma,

103. Portocarrero, Pedro, 45. Porto Ercole, 155. Portugal, xii, xxiv, 3, 25, 66, 143,

154 ; spice trade of, 8, 10. Portugal, Prince of, see John. Portuguese, the, 69, 106, 143. Portuguese fleet, lost at Azamor, 42. Portuondo, Rodrigo de, 85. Praedt, M. de, 88 f. Prague, 129. Pregent de Bidoux, French admiral,

37- Prevesa, naval battle of (1538), 106. Priego, Marquis of, see Fernandez de

Cordova. Primero, Spanish game, 136. Priory of St. John, 48. Procuradores, in Castile, 59. Prodigious tales, xxvii, xxxv f., xli,

xlii, xliv«., xlviii, 25, 31, 32, 53-5,

63, 89 f., 90 f.

296

INDEX

Protestants, iii.

Provence, disastrous invasion of, by

Bourbon (1524), 70; by Charles V

(1536), 102. Prussia, Duke of, see Albert. Pucaran, 129. Pnlgar, Hernan Perez del, chronicler,

xxix, 44.

QuiHones, Diego de, 86.

Qnifiones, Friar Francisco, Imperial

emissary, 80, 80 n. Quito, 3, 98, 123. Quixadade Villa Garcia, LuisMendes,

117, 149.

Ramirez, Sebastian, Bishop of Cuenca,

122. Ramiro I, King of Aragon (1035-63),

50. Ramiro II, ' the Monk,' King of Ara- gon (1134-7). 50- Ramiro I, King of Asturias (842-50),

son of Bermudo I, 50. Ramiro II, King of Leon (931-50),

brother of Alfonso IV, 50. Ramiro III, King of Leon (966-82),

50. Ramon V, Count (not King) of Bar- celona (i 131-62), King of Aragon,

as Ramon (i 151-62), 50. Ramusio, xxxvi. Rapoto (Ratpod) of Hapsburg (d.

1027), listed as eighth Count of

Hapsburg in the text, 49. Ratisbon (Spires in the text), Diet of

(1541), III. Ratisbon, Diet of (1546), 123. Ravenna, xxvii, xl, xlvi, 27, 28, 32,

87, 95, 109. Rebecco, battle of (1523), 69, Reckenrot, George, German officer in

the French service, 146. Red bands, 118. Red Sea, the, 106. Reformation, the, progress of, 2, 55 ;

Roman Catholic histories of the,

xlvii. Keggio, 97. Remesal, 18. Ren6 de Chilons, Prince of Orange

(1530-44), 113, 121. Renie, daughter of Louis XII, 42, 46. Renty, 152.

* Rey Encubierto ', the, 64. Rhinegrave, the, see Philippe de Balm. Rhodes, i, 68. Rhua (or Ruami), Pedro de, Spanish

critic, xxxii, 122.

Ribera, Hernando de, chronicler, xxxii, 44.

Richard of Greiffenklau, Archbishop of Treves (1511-31), 71.

Rimini, 16.

Rin9on, Antonio (in text wrongly Hernando), iiof., 112, 134.

Rivera, Marshal Payo de, 66.

Roa, in Old Castile, 51.

Robert I, of Frisia, Count of Flan- ders (1072-92), brother of Baldwin VI, 49.

Robert II, Count of Flanders (1092- I III), 49.

Robert III, Count of Flanders (1304- 22), 49.

Robert, listed as third Count of Haps- burg in the text, 49.

Robertson, William, xxi «., xxii.

Rochester, Bishop of, see Fisher.

Rochlitz, battle of (1547), 128,

I28«.

Rock of Aldava, battle of the (1521), 62.

Roeulx, Count Adrian de, 146 ; death of, 149.

Rojas, Antonio de (d. 1527), Bishop of Majorca (1496-1507), first Patri- arch of the Indies, 9.

Rojas, Antonio de (d. 1556), official in the courts of Philip and Don Carlos, 139, 158.

Rojas, Bernardo de, 13.

Romagna, the, 9, 23.

Romano, Caesaro, papal captain, 94.

Romans, the, 128.

Rome, ix, xvii, xxxv, 3, 34, 63, 67, 77, 79, 86, 91, 94, 99, 102, no, 120, 122, 125, 127, 147, 153; sack of (1527), xlvii, 79, 80, 87, 99, 133.

Rome, See of, 68.

Romero, Julian, Spanish captain, 152.

Ronquillo, the Alcalde, 59.

Rosano, 86.

Rossem, Martin van, 112, 116.

Roussillon, 13, 134.

Rovere, Francesco Maria de la, Duke ofUrbino, 28, 30, 65,87; commands the papal army, 32 ; attacked by Leo X, 51 f.; on the French side, 69 ; takes Lodi, 77.

Rovere, Giuliano della, see Julius II,

Roxalana, Turkish Sultana, 141.

Royal Archives of the Crown of Cas- tile, XX.

Rudolf I, Holy Roman Emperor (1273-92), 49.

Ruffo, Giovanni, papal nuncio, 26.

Ruiz, Pedro, ix, xix, xx, xxv.

Russia, 3, 72.

INDEX

297

Rnstan, King of Persia, 6 ; slain, 7. Ruy, Hernando, xxxvi, 8.

Saavedra Ceron, Alvaro de, 83. Sachia, Beltrame, 113. Saint-Andre, French marshal, 151. St. -Denis, church of, in Paris, 102. Saint John Lateran, Council of, 34. St. Peter, chair of, 154. St. Peter's, church of, at Rome, 125. St. Pol, Count of, see Bourbon, Fran- ^^9ois of.

St. Thomas, College of, in Seville, 59. Salamanca, 118.

Salazar, Juan de, corregidor of Soria, xix. Salerno, naval battle of (1528), S4,

133- Salerno, Prince of, 151. Salsas, castle of, 9, 13. Salub, King of Persia, 6. Salvatierra, 96.

Salvatierra, Count of, see Ayala. Salviati, Cardinal Giovanni de. Papal

legate, 72, 75. Salzedo, Spanish captain, 87. Samarcand, 6.

Sanabria, Alonzo de, Spanish his- torian, xlii, xliii. Sancha, sister of King Bermudo III of

Leon, wife of King Ferdinand I of

Castile and Leon, 50. Sanchez de Vargas, Ruy, 94. Sancho I (III in text). King of Aragon

(1063-94), 50. Sancho III, ' the Great,' King of Na- varre, including Aragon (970-1035),

listed as Sancho II of Aragon in the

text, 50. Sancho I, ' the Fat,' King of Leon

(95 7-8, 960-6), brother of Ordoilo

III, 50. Sancho II, 'the Strong,' King of

Castile (1065-72), 50. Sancho III, King of Castile (i 157-S),

50 «. Sancho IV, King of Castile and Leon

(1284-95), 50. Sancho of Castile defends Salsas, 13. Sancho Garcia listed as fifth King of

Aragon in the text, 50. San Columban, near Milan, 87. Sandi, Alvaro de, Spanish general, 1 24. San Dionysius, church of, at Milan,

102. Sandoval, Prudencio de, xiv, xxiv,

xxxvi, xl, xli-xlv, 1. San Giorgio, Cardinal of, no. Sanigin, 10. •San Miguel of Tangarara founded, 91.

San Sebastian, in Caribana, 25. San Sebastian, in Spain, 34, 62. San Severino, Cardinal Federigo da,

29. .38. San Severino, Ferdinand de, Prince of

Salerno, 146. Sant' Abbondia, see Ponda. Santa Cruz, Spanish soldier in Italy, 95. Santa Fiore, Mario de, 153. Santa Maria Maggiore, church of, 13. Santa Maria sopra Minerva, monastery

of, 34- Santa Martha, city in South America,

70. Sant' Angelo, castle of, 13, 78. Santarem, 63. Santhi^, in Piedmont, 156. Santiago, a pilot, 17. Santiago, Archbishop of, see Fonseca. Santiago, Order of, 10, 45. Saragossa, xiv, xvii, xviii, xix, xxix,

13, 56.

Saravia, Castilian rebel, beheaded, 63.

Sardinia, 50, 80, 133.

Savages, come to land at Dieppe, 25.

Savona, 21, 36.

Savoy, 5, loi, 120, 134, 135.

Savoy, Duchess of, see Beatrice.

Savoy, Duke of, see Charles III.

Saxons, 128.

Saxony, 73, 128.

Scarlino, 153.

Schartlin, Sebastian, Lutheran general, 124, 146.

Schmalkaldic League, the, 99, 123, 127.

Schmalkaldic War, the (1546-7), 123 ff., 127 ff.

Schwarzreiters, 155.

Scipios, the, xxxi.

Scotland, 4, 120, 123.

Scots, defeated at Flodden, 37 ; at war with the English (1542), 113.

Scottish fleet, defeated, 31, 129.

Sebastian, King of Portugal (1557-78), xii, xxiv, 151.

Segura, the Alferez, 1 1 .

Seigniory of Venice, the, 76.

Selade, Jerome, Bishop of Vaison,85, 85 «.

Selim I, Sultan of Turkey (1512-20), XXXV, 5, 31, 35, 39, 48, 71 ; sayings of, Hi, 35, 41, 52, 56, 60, 61 f. ; defeats, Ismail Sophy, 40 f. ; disregard of Ottoman custom, 41, 51, 61 ; con- quers Aladola, 44 ; overthrows Kan- su, 47, conquers Egypt, xxxiv, 52 ; interview with Algazeli, 54 f. ; death of, xxxiv, 60 ; character and exploits of, 60 f.

298

INDEX

Selim II, ' the Sot,' Sultan of Turkey (1566-74), 141.

Selim, brother of Bayazid II, 34.

Selves, Jean de, 74.

Sepulveda, Juan Ginez de, appointed royal historiographer, 104 ; justifies the conquest of the Indies, xxxii, 126.

Sermangoli, friend of Alban, 7 ; cap- tured by Ismail Sophy, 27.

Servetus, Michel, xlix, 125.

Servicio, the, in Castile, 59, 114.

Sessa, Duke of, 153.

Setelin, a Mameluke, 54.

Seville, xi, xviii, xxviii, xxxv, 3, 10,

,14. 53, 59» 75> "8. Seville, Archbishop of, see Deza ;

later, see Manrique. Seymour, Jane, third queen of Henry

VIII, 130. Seyssel, French historian, xxxiiif. Sforza, Bona, daughter of Gian Gale-

azzo, 43. Sforza, Francesco II, Duke of Milan,

son of Lodovico, 65, 66, 67, 72, 73,

76, 77» 79. 89, 93, 133 ; death of,

100, 103 ; fortunes of, 100. Sforza, Gian Galeazzo Maria, Duke of

Milan, 4, 43. Sforza, Lodovico, ' II Moro,' Duke of

Milan, 3 f. Sforza, Maximilian, Duke of Milan,

36, 38, 43, 82, 109 ; sent prisoner to

France, 43, 132. Sforze, the, end of the line of, 100. Shah, the, see Ismail Sophy, Thamasp

Sophy. Sheikh Haidar, father of Ismail Sophy,

6 ; wars on Rustan, 6 ; slain in

battle, 6 ; sect of, 8, 40. Sherif, the, see Mohammed, King of

Morocco. Shiraz, 6. Sicily, XXX, xxxviii, 28, 44, 50, 82,

99, 109, 127. Sickingen ('Haege '), Franz von, 64, 7 1 . Siena, 4, 67, 79, 93, 149, 154, 157 f. Siennese, the, 147 f. Sierra de Bernia, the, 72. Sierra de Veniega, the, 64. Sierra Vermeja, Moorish revolt in

the, 9. Sievershausen, battle of (1553), xlix,

155, ^55 «.

Sigisbert, German noble, great-great- grandfather of Otbert of Hapsburg, 48.

Sigisbert, German noble, father of Otbert of Hapsburg, 48.

Sigismund I, King of Poland (1506-

48), 40, 43, 76, 78, 101,132,135; attacks Dantzic, 78 n. ; death ofy 140 ; character and fortunes of, i4of.

Sigiienza, 51.

Siliceo, see Martinez Siliceo.

Silo, King of Asturias (974-83), 50 «.,

Silva, Juan de. Count of Cifuentes, Lord High Steward of the Empress Isabella, 19, 122.

Silva, Juan de. Count of Cifuentes, gentleman of the chamber in the court of the Regent Philip, 139.

Silva, Tristan de, chronicler, xxxii, 44.

Simancas, xxx, 63.

Simony, practised by Leo X, p6.

Sinan Pasha, an Albanian, Turkish general, 47; slain by Algazeli, 52, 54.

Sinan the Turk, 145, 148.

Skander Pasha, slain by Selim I, 61.

Smolensk, 39, 40.

Sobrarbe, royal line of, 50.

Soderini, Cardinal Francesco, 29.

Soderini, Piero, 29.

SokoUi, Mohammed, Beglierbeg of Rumelia (not of Greece), 145, 145 n.

Solway Moss, battle of (1542), 113, 113 «.

Solyman I, ' the Magnificent,' Sultan of Turkey (1520-66), xxxv, xlviii, 1, 60, 62, 65, 70, 78, 89, 93, 100, 105, 108, 141, 148; takes Belgrade, 66; victorious at Mohacs, 78 ; at war with Thamasp Sophy, 84; besieges Vienna (1529), 88; (1532), xxviii, 91 f.; slays the Grand Vizier Ibrahim, loi ; relations with Francis I, iii, 131. 133, 134; in Hungary, in f., 119; concludes a five years' truce with Charles and Ferdinand of Austria,

137-

Solyman Pasha, the eunuch, 106.

Sophy, see Ismail Sophy, Thamasp Sophy.

Soria, ix, xix, 96.

Soria (properly Segovia), 13.

Southern Sea discovered, 35.

Spagnuoli, Giovanni Battista, chroni- cler, xxxii, 44.

Spain, x, xvii, xviii, xxii, xxiv, xxvi, xxviii, xxx, xxxiii, xxxviii, xxxix, L liv f., I, 9, 17, 19, 46, 48, 53, 68, 75, 115, 157; condition of, in 1500, 2; changes in, from 1500 to 1556, 2 ; ravaged by famine and plague, 21 ; pearls brought to, 42 ; under Charles 1,62, 97, 104, 109, 113, 129, 133, 136, 138, 144, 154, 156 ; high prices in, 126, 138 f.

Spaniards, in Naples, xxix, 11, 13, 70; in the Indies, xv, 25 ; beaten at

INDEX

299

Ravenna, xlvi, 32 ; at Genoa, 37 ; victorious at Vicenza (1513), 38; fight at Marignano, 43 ; at Brescia, 46 ; in Africa, xiv, 56 ; at Milan, 66, 68; pillage Genoa, 67 ; at Toledo, 72, in Lombardy, 72, 73, 76 ; in Italy, 76, 78 ; at Vienna, 88, 93 ; at Buda, 89 ; in Peru, 91 ; army of, withdrawn from Italy, 93 ; in a tourney with Frenchmen, 95 ; in Persia, 99 ; at Cuzco, 104 ; in Piedmont, 105, 118 ; at Alboran, 108 ; at Castelnuovo, 107 ; at Diiren, likened to cats and griffins, 115; at Landrecies, xlvi, 1 16-18; at Luxembourg, 119; in Germany, 124; swim the Elbe, 128; rising against, in Naples (1547), 134; slandered by le Ferron, 137; take Constance, 138; driven from Siena, 147; at Metz, 148 ; at Therou- anne, 149; at Hesdin, 149; at Valenciennes, 150; at Dinant, 152 ; at Volpiano, 155.

Spanish arquebnsiers, 152.

Spanish bishops, 135.

Spanish division, in Castaldo's army,

145-

Spanish fleet, escorts Pope Adrian VI to Rome, 67.

Spanish foot-soldiers, in Africa, 148.

Spanish Guard, the, 139.

Spanish knights, at the coronation of Charles V, 88.

Spanish language, the, xxxviii.

Spanish soldiers, suggested employ- ment of, in Persia, xxxv, 55 ; serve under Henry VIII of England, 120.

Spanish troops in Frisia, 46 ; in Sicily, 109,

Spezzia, x.

Spice Islands, 58, 63, 83, 85, 113.

Spires, Bishop of, 147.

Spires, Diet of (1526), 78; (1542),

"3 ; (i544)> "9-

Spoleto, 23.

Spurs, Battle of the, 37.

Stenay, 146.

Stephen, see Zapolya, John Sigismund.

Stewart, John, Duke of Albany, 70; moves against Naples, 70 f.

Strassburg, 127, 146.

Strozzi, Leon, Prior of Capua, Floren- tine in the French naval service, 123,

145, 153. Strozzi, Piero, Florentine in the French

service, 120, 123W., 153. Suarez de Sevilla, Jeronimo, Bishop

of Badajoz, death of, 121; character

and fortunes of, 121 f. Suffolk, Duke of, see Brandon, Charles.

Suffolk, Duke (properly Earl) of, see

Pole, Edmund de la. Succaro, captain of Spanish light

horse, 38. Sufis, Mohammedan sect, 8 n. ; garb

of, 8. Sumacchia, King of, see Sermangoli. Surrey, Earl of, see Howard. Swiss, the, 11, 28, 38, 42, 43, 44;

defeated at Marignano, 43, 132; in

alliance with P'rancis 1,47, ^'^> '35 !

in alliance with Henry II, 135, 140,

152 ; in alliance with Pope Paul III,

I35> 140- Swiss cantons, civil war among, 90. Syria, xxxv.

Tabriz, 7, 41,55, 141.

Talavera, Hernando de. Archbishop

of Granada, 2, 14; death of, 21;

accounted a saint, 21. Tangiers, 33.

Tangiers, Alcaide of, see Menezes. Tararequi, in the West Indies, 42. Tartars, the, 80, 99, 141. Tartars of Europe, 5. Tasluca, Persian queen, 10. Tasnula, 41. Tavera, Juan, Archbishop of Toledo,

122; death of, 121; character and

fortunes of. 121, 136. Tax on wheat, 16.

Tchaldiran, battle on the plain of, 40. Tchorlu, Selim I dies at, 60 ; battle

of (1511). 31, 61. Techeiles, Mohammedan theologian,

8, 39- ,

Temesvar, 40, 149.

Tenda, town and marquisate of, no.

Tendilla, Count of, x.

Teneriffe, 152.

Tenes, 5, 21, 58.

Termes, Paul de, 152, 153, 157.

Terrail, Pierre du, see Bayard.

Tersis, French cavalier, 11.

Tetzel, John, Dominican friar, 125.

Thamasp Sophy, King of Persia ( 1 5 2 3-75), successor of Ismail Sophy, 55', 72, 84, 99, 104, 141, 148 f.

Theodebert, German noble, 48.

Theodoric of Alsace, Count of Flan- ders (1128-68^, cousin of Baldwin VII and Charles the Good, 49.

Therouanne, 37, 39, 74, 105, 129, 149.

Therouanne, battle of, 37.

Thierry, see Theodoric.

Thomas, Cardinal of Gran, 39.

Tiber, the, 33.

Tidore, Moluccan island, 63.

Tierra Firme, 25.

300

INDEX

Tlascalans, vanquished by Cortes, 57.

Tlemcen, 5, 21, 30, 126.

Tlemcen, King of, 148.

Toledo, 10, 66, 72 ; Cortes of (1538- 9), 107 ; hospital at, 121 ; Cathe- dral of, 137.

Toledo, archbishopric of, 56, 59, 68.

Toledo, Antonio de, Master of the Horse, 139, 158.

Toledo, Diego de, 48.

Toledo, Lady Eleonor de, 107.

Toledo, Fadrique de, Duke of Alva, 1 3, 16, 20, 48 ; at Pamplona, 33 ; given the collar of the Order of the Golden Fleece, 57.

Toledo, Fadrique de, Commendador of Calatrava, 139.

Toledo, Fernando Alvarez de, Duke of Alva, X, 114, 118, 123 f.; Lord High Steward, 139 ; general-in-chief, 1 48 ; Viceroy and governor of Naples and Milan, 154 f., 156 ; at war with Pope Paul IV, 157.

Toledo, Francisco de, Archimandrite of Sicily, governor of Siena, death of, 1 57 f. ; character of, ,158.

Toledo, Francisco Alvarez de, by mistake in the text for Toledo, Fer- nando Alvarez de, 1 14.

Toledo, Garcia de, 1 58.

Toledo, Pedro de, Viceroy of Naples, 88, 93, 107, 134, 146 ; death of, 149 ; character and fortunes of, 149 f.

Tordesillas, castle, 26, 59, 154.

Tordesillas, 3.regidor, slain at Segovia,

59-

Toro, 15.

Torquemada, Spanish town, 21.

Torrelaguna, 51.

Tortoles, 21.

Tortosa, 68.

Torture, use of, by Caesar Borgia, 23 ; by Selim I, 52 ; in Hungary, xxxiv, 40 ; at Madrid, 69 ; at Naples, 69 ; in Tunis, ii8.

Toumay, 37, 39, 62.

Toumon, Fran9ois de, Archbishop of Embrun, 74, 89.

Tours, Galilean council at, 30.

Tovar, Francisco de, 1 1 9.

Trani, combat at, xliii, 11, 94 ; Fer- nando de Alarcon at, 109.

Transylvania, 108, 145, 149.

Tremonille, Louis de la, French General, 36.

Trent, Council of (1545-63), 113, 114,

"5.135- Treves, Archbishop of, see Richard. Treves, Bishop (properly Archbishop)

of, 147.

Tripoli, 28,72, 145.

Triton, a, seen in the Canaries, xlviii, 90.

Triumpho de la Cruz, in Honduras, 70.

Trivulcio, Teodoro, Venetian com- mander, 65.

Tncio, Tartar Khan, 5.

Tudela, 144,

Tudor, Mary, see Mary I, Queen of England.

Tuesta, Martin de, 1 1 .

Tuman, Soldan of Egypt, xxxv, 52, 54, 55 ; slain by Selim I, 52.

Tunis, 5, 30, 99, 118 ; expedition of the Emperor Charles against, xxi, 99, 102, no.

Turbans, 6 ; red, 8, 32, 34 ; green, 32 ; white, 34.

Turin, 108, 113.

Turkish artillery, 41.

Turkish fleet, the, 106, 134, 151, 157; winters in France, 119.

Turkish power, rise of the, xiv.

Turkish wars, the, loi.

Turks, the, xxxv, xxxvi, 9, 10, 22, 27, 39. 41.44. 52, 54, 80, 81,90,92,93, 97, 99, 106, 107, 113, 114, 132, 133, 141, 143, 145, 146, 151, 155.

Ubeda, 136.

Udene, 113.

Ulm, 127.

Ulrich I, Duke of Wiirtemberg

(1498-1517, 1534-50), 74, 97, 127. Urbina, Juan de, death of, 85 ; career

and exploits of, 86-8 ; honours and

titles of, 88. Urbino, 11.

Urbino, Duke of, see Rovere. Urraca, Queen of Castile(i 109-26), 50. Ustaraba, Hamon, Jewish doctor, 34. Utrecht, Adrian of, see Adrian VI,

Pope. Utrecht, Provost of, 83. Uzun Hasan, King of Persia, 6.

Vaca de Castro, Cristoval, 112 f., 120,

157- Vaison, Bishop of, see Selade. Val de Escaray, Lord of, see Manrique. Valence, 23. Valencia, revolt in, 64 ; rising of the

Moriscos in, 72. Valencia, Archbishopric of, 23. Valenciennes, 64, 150. Valentin, Duke, see Borgia, Caesar. Valentinois, Duke of, see Borgia,

Caesar. Valgrana, Jacobo de, biographer,

xxxii, 104.

INDEX

30X

Valladolid, xi, xii, xvii, xxx, xl, xliii, 20, 26, 48, 63, 79, 90, 98, 113, 121, 138, 139, 142, 143; Audiencia of, 122; Canons of, xli, 143; High Court of, 158.

Vanegas, Luis, 148.

Vanozza Catanei, mistress of Pope Alexander VI, 22.

Vanzo, French town, on the Bidassoa,

75- Vargas, Juan de, 86, 94. Vargas, Martin de, 158. Vasili III (IV), Grand Prince of

Moscow (1505-33), 3, 39, 40,

lOI.

Vasto, Marquis del, see Avalos, Alonzo de.

Vatican, the, xxxiv.

Vaucelles, Truce of (1556), 157, 157 M.

Vaudemont, Duke of. Papal comman- der, 78.

Vechoa, Garcia, 90.

Vedia, Enrique de, ix, ix n.

Vega, Garcilaso de la, xii, xxxii.

Vega, Hernando de, 33, 74.

Vega, Juan de, Marquis of Gragal, 34, 114, 120, 127, 158; Viceroy of Sicily, 144.

Velasco, Bernardino de. Constable of Castile, 20.

Velasco, Inigo de. Constable of Cas- tile, 57, 67, 75 ; as Regent of Castile, 64.

Velasco, Pedro Fernandez de, Con- stable of Castile, 88.

Velasquez, Contador Mayor Juan,

45-

Velasquez de Cu^Uar, Diego, 29 ; death of, 67.

Veles, 143.

Velez de Gomera, 143.

Velez de Guevara, Juan, 149.

Venetians, the, xiv, 2, 4, 12, 16, 22, 40, 42, 46, 67, 72, 105 ; war with the Turks, 5, 23, 106, 108 ; umpires at Trani, 11, excommunicated by Pope Julius II, 25 ; league formed against, at Cambray, 25, 28 ; defeated by Louis XII at Agnadello, 27 ; restore Ravenna to the Pope, 27 ; reconciled with the Pope, 28, 29 ; at war with Leo X, 36 ; in alliance with France, 43. 65, 77, 84, 109; friends of Charles, 89, 103 ; conclude peace with Turkey, 108.

Venezuela, granted to the Welsers, 83.

Venice, x, xvii, 3, 36, 44, 76, 93, 1 11 ; bombarded, 37.

Venlo, 115.

Venta, Bafios, 21.

Vera, Diego de, 11 ; defeated at

Algiers, 46, 112; in Navarre, 67. Verona, 36, 46. Veyre, Imperial emissary, 80. Via Campo, Luis de, 86. Viana, Castle of, 34. Vicenza, battle of (1513), 38, 87. Vienna, 43, 90, 96, 145 ; siege of

(1529), 88 (1532), 91 f.. 103. Viesti, in Apulia, sacked, 153. Viglius (Wigle van Aytta van

Swichem), Flemish jurist, 156. Viguio, Diego, in. Villa Franca, Marquis of, see Toledo,

Pedro de. Villalar, battle of (1521), 63. Villalba, Spanish soldier in Italy, 86,

94. 95- Villalva de Plasencia, Colonel Her- nando de, 45. Villaumbrosa, Count of, see Nunez de

Guzman. Villaverde, 108. Villefranche, 105. Villegas, Antonio, Spanish minister,

136. Villeneuve, 105. Villiers de LTsle Adam, Philippe de,

Grand Master of the Hospitalers

(1521-34), 72. Vio, Thomas de, called Cajetan or

Cajetanus, Papal legate and Bishop

of Gaeta, 57. Vimes, Bishop Alonzo de, strange

story told by, 90. Visconti, the, end of the line of, loo. Viterbo, 85.

Vitoria, in Castile, 65, 67. Vivas, Alonzo, Neapolitan in the

Spanish service, 124, 138. Volpiano, 155.

Wallachia, 149.

Walloons, 124.

Wark, 70.

Welsers, the, German bankers, 83.

Werner, listed as seventh Count of Hapsburg in the text, 49.

Werner, listed as eleventh Count of Hapsburg in the text, 49.

Weser, river in Germany, 155.

Wheat, tax on, in Castile, 16 ; the sale of, regulated in France, 90.

Wilfred, name of certain Counts of Barcelona, j^<r Jaufred.

William V, Duke of Cleves (1539- 92), in, 112, 115, 130; first Ger- man to kiss the Emperor's hand after the custom of Castile, 115.

3oa

INDEX

William I, 'the Silent,' Prince of ■Orange (1544-84), 158. William of Rogendorf, commander in

Hungary, 89. William, Count of Flanders (1127-8),

second cousin of Charles the Good,

not brother, as stated in the text,

49. Winchester, 151. Windsor, 18.

Windsor, Treaty of (1522), 81. Wolfgang, Grand Master of Prussia,

see Milchling, Wolfgang. Wolsey, Thomas, 81. Worms, Bishop of, 147. Worms, Diet of (1521), xliv, 62, 64. Wiirtemberg, Duke of, see Ulrich I.

Xaquixaguana, battle of (1548), 139.

Xativa, see Jdtiva.

Ximenes, mistake in the text for Qai-

nones, 80. Ximenes de Cisneros, Francisco,

Archbishop of Toledo, 2, 20, 25,

45 ; takes Oran, 26, 51 ; death of, 51 ;

character and exploits of, 51.

Yakub, King of Persia, 6 f., 10; a fratricide, 6 ; poisoned by his wife, 6. York, House of, 18. York, Cardinal of, see Wolsey.

' Your Highness,' title of honour re- tained by Queen Germaine, 57.

' Your Lordship,' Antonio de Leyva called, 103 ; Fernando de Alarcon called, no.

Yucatan, 75.

Yuste, Hieronymite monastery, xiii, 157-

Zamudio, Spanish soldier in Italy, 86, 94.

Zapolya, John, Voivode of Transyl- vania, contestant with Ferdinand of Austria for the crown of Hungary (1526-40), 40, 65, 78, 80, 89, 90,106, 108 ; death of, in.

Zapolya, John Sigismund (wrongly called Stephen in the text), Prince of Transylvania (1540-71), in, 11 a,

145. Zeeland, 90. Zenete, Marquis of, see Henry, Count

of Nassau. Zuniga, Alvaro de, Duke of Bejar,

48, 67. 75- Zuniga, Antonio de, 48. Zuniga, Francisco, Count of Miranda,

34, 67. Zuniga, Juan de, death of, 122. Zurita, Jeronimo, Spanish historian,

XXX, xxxii, xl, 44, 137. Zwingli, Ulrich, 125.

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