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IN NORTH AMERICA

FOR THE YEAR 1891 |

{

y

eA WITNESS OF PASSING EVENTS AND A

ite

oe) RECORD OF PROGRESS ,

~
,

Bh ; COPYRIGHTED 1892
ey pete == NEW YORK *
2
| the
4 He RURAL PUBLISHING COMPANY
Pes E30 2
%
es ‘
ae i et je eee ;
: > : fl hae
A aS, d ut Sage ‘3 ,

BY THE RURAL PUBLISHING COMPANY,
TIMES BUILDING, NEW YORK.

By the same Author.

Annals of Horticulture for 1889
51 illustrations, 312 pages.

Annals of Horticulture for 1890

82 illustrations, 312 pages.

** A new volume is issued each year.
Each volume complete in itself. Cloth, $1;
paper, 60 cents.

The Horticulturists’ Rule=-Book

A Compendium of Useful Information
for Fruit-Growers, Truck-Gardeners, Flor-
ists and Others. Newand revised edition,
brought down to the beginning of 1892, 221
pages. Price, cloth, $1; paper, 50 cents.

The,.Nursery=Book

A hand-book of propagation and pollina-
tion. Gives detailed accounts of methods
of propagating many hundreds of plants.
106 illustrations, 304 pages. Second Ed.
Cloth, $1; paper, 50 cents.

Cross=Breeding and Hybridizing

48 pages, paper, 4o cents. (Rural Library

Series.)
Field Notes on Apple Culture
19 illustrations, 90 pages. Cloth, 75 cents.

Talks Afield

About plants and the science of plants.
100 illustrations, 173 pages. Cloth, $1.

COPYRIGHTED 1892.

ELECTROTYPED AND PRINTED EY
THE RURAL PUBLISHING COMPANY.

ee

INTRODUCTION.

T IS now three years since this attempt to make an annual
epitome of horticultural progress was first undertaken—
although it had been formulated some years earlier—and it

has at this time attained a definiteness of purpose which may
be assumed to indicate its true and permanent. character. ol
hope that the series possesses sufficient merit, at least in
prospect, to commend it to students of plants and plant-
Euiivatron, Its defects, | am aware, are great, but I trust
that the most profound of them are such as issue almost
necessarily from the vastness of any effort to summarize
even the salient features of American horticulture. If the
volumes should be found to possess no other merit, I hope
_ that they will serve a useful purpose in classifying our scat-
tered knowledge and in quickening the growth of a really

worthy American literature of horticulture.

fae the kernel of the present volume is the census of cul-
tivated native plants, which is the first attempt to discover
‘the extent to which horticulture is indebted to our own fields
and woods. Studies in greater detail in this direction may
be expected in future volumes; but the next investigation 1s

to be devoted to our pomological resources.

I desire, also, to call attention to the Introduction Lists

of the several years, and especially in this volume in which

4 Annals of Horticulture.

every effort has been made to render the list complete and
accurate. But it is manifestly impossible to make such lists

wholly complete without the co-operation of every dealer in

seeds and plants. I am, therefore, anxious that my readers

shall communicate with me whenever they have any know-
ledge which the volumes should possess. These annual lists,
together with the list of kitchen-garden vegetables in the
volume of 1889 and the census in the present volume, afford
an important inventory of our horticultural resources, to
which I hope to add the fruits and ornamental plants in

the coming’ years.

LH. BATE Re
GaRDEN Home, ITHAca, N. Y.

ee

CONTENTS:

Pak i L.=—GENERAL. ANNALS:

Meer kvits, VEGETABLES AND GENERAL-INTERESTS... ..,.......7—55
Papers 4 os: SRT 2 fe: 1 ek NCL ea ee a a IR
erie teics se) . IO
ihe Oranze'Crop... ED Oe PCL Sat ten A I RE RE RES
Grapes. . ES ete Son ae Le, SR eee ek Oe ee
Bail rots ls. MOT hen (MEN E RO Peers. noe RRO
MRR tee ey a gta LO
ear eect eo ee elk BO
ee OS ee Pe cl ot as wae denh ae ts ois ame 2O
SMNOCS Pe At st Fo See MR oe eek oe OM
ieee Osi Regt age) soe ed A Ra ee oes ae 23
eee ee See EN oh ee geeks Se ye iw
DeMa ates eee ta eo re xsl oe we ee to,
Trucking Interests. Bee eek ie Miah rere Sk BSS
aie. Seed Crop. . Bo NEGA Norge eine 2. Banas WG
Cavornia . 2,7. . So ae en Skee 32
Pacific Northwest. ye na ae aie ee th pc Ve ae
Caumada >.>.’ Beer ee hw Le ee ate Sle Seta
Outlying Regions . renee Meg hc Re: ets he Mg
DM cery Business. 5c. te 8
ree pcsOl el riits.. 2. Pye oe ee Ne lO. 50
eames meso Veretables... 0.0... b eee oh te. 54

INN SI 8 os Pn e pd oo oe ee ee oe a SHO4QF
re eee OCR Sour tera at Peek aaah ye cha oe de HC
Carnations. Be A PER al eed eam ef Eee eet codec hee EO
Pi yeanthemumhs ©... ....-. ee. see ce. - At Oe en ae 0S
es OF ty and 5 gas a ne a ec ecg a, ates Ao hs
EGIEUNG.S ONO SURI ee ene Cogito arc, |, ame, Saale ae rane fo
ee ee aa SG foe gl heed Ia Le ays dee gs as nea) SOM
ene mT OMNIS py eR As ne tN a ee noe tise ss oe Pokies Yundak OO
iinenY eat. Seas Peierls me 2
eto at Fleviculture 6! ee ila. 95

Meee erANT-DISEASES AND INSECTS...«.../.0.......0+..+.+.:98-124
earn OMSIGERALIONS 6.0. gas fa eeeties ve eat nw dae 2 OS
HA Sk a es Note ahh ce meee a Nal bie me elt i ee ta OE

Washington. . No gi eo eR a Se eee kee: Tien ORE
Pelaware. 2. PS tote AO ee eh (ES me Re kd Ba hs Reh OD
RAMAN ee Ye ne. agate ah abe ws eas fal Lee OM
Ree MeN or pete etl ne er. bie te uc ey ak «OO
ee ee a. SNe) A eS ae elias oe 3 EOF
RS aN Ter oak ttn Le hn Gana cee Ee a ly. sd) eR 3, DOS
BeNOR ie The bees tye eke LOO
IT B29 3 THESIS Big aes Nac ot a ls ere a 99

Annals of Horticulture.

Predaceous Imsetts esac.
Phylloxera .. 5A ga ok cae
Spraying Machinery . jit ee
Fungicides. . oe a

Grape scare” =o. BR ex
Peach-yellows and rosette hoes
Potato-rot .

@ 4. NATIONAL AND Bpucaninen INTERESTS.

COO Bo e®OO co
FW N 4

Bs DO DW B®

6. THE BoTanic GARDENS OF THE WORLD
7, TiTLe INDEX TO. EXPERIMENT. STATION

9g. Books oF ee 2 al ee eine cen ae
10. HORTICULTURAL ‘PERIODICALS OF THE WORLD.)

. DirRECTORY OF HorTICULTURISTS,

Whatis Floriculture?) ee a ee

The Columbian Exposition, . Ba!

Government Aid to Horticulture *

Farmers’ Institutes and ae Extension . .
Horticultural Societies «

New Colleges... He

New York Botner Gosden

Legal Control of Varieties 7.02.

Nomenclature . ee

Other Dietescns ee

Effects of Fog upon Plants.

PAR: tee ae aid ae

INTRODUCFIONS OF 216091....>~.

Census oF CULTIVATED INDIGENOUS PEANTS ..2> 70)

PLANT: (PORTRAITS“OF, 180) 4 ee 3

DIRECTORY. OF THE « NATIONAL... SEATE. Pega
AND OTHER Most IMPORTANT Boecteu anaes So-
CIEFTIES IN. -_NOREH AMERICA: . =

CHARGE OF HORTICULTURAL WORK, OF EXPERI-
MENT STATIONS IN NORTH AMERICA......

HorRTICUL-

OR THOSE IN

109
IIO
II4
II5
LTO
117
1 ae)

.125-158

125
130
132
137
148

i 2
153
155
155
156
1§7

159-215
216-275

276-305

306-311

312-314

. 315-321

TURAL LITERATURE IN NORTH AMERICA FOR I8QI -

(including Publications of the Pe are ee of Ag-
rIculeuLe).. pre oe

; SUBJECT Thee OF a cae Sr rios Horta
TURAL LITERATURE IN NORTH AMERICA FOR I8QI
(including Publications of the eee of ee
riciiture) | coeileaa:

11. TooLs. AND’ CONVENIENCES OF THE YEAR os
12, NECROLOGY OF 166ie..

- 322-335

- 334-353
-*. S30 ae

358-361
362-395
396-408

eae |:
GENERAL ANNALS:

S i. fruits, Vegetables and General
L[nterests.

The crops of 1891 have been a marked contrast to those of
1890, Last year was one of general failure in regions east
of the Rocky Mountains, but this year has given large crops
of unusally good quality. In most regions the weather has
been propitious. The season was unusually dry except in
the extreme northwest and the northern Pacific coast region,
but horticultural crops suffered little. The general tempera-
ture record is also somewhat below the average for the grow-
ing months. Late frosts injured the peaches, grapes and
small fruits in some parts of the eastern states, but the damage,
except in restricted localities, does not appear to have been
great. The country as a whole has been comparatively free
from insect and fungous attacks. The condition of our horti-
cultural interests has never been better than at present.
Prices have been good asa rule, and products have reached
the market in good condition. The winter of 1890-1 was
steady and cold enough to bring fruit-trees to the bloom-
ing season in good and timely condition, The crops in
Europe, however, have been for the most part poor or indiffer-
ent. This is especially true of apples, and the shortage has
had the effect of holding up the prices on the heavy American
exportations. The European grape crop is suffering more
seriously year by year from the devastations of phylloxera and
fungous troubles. The plum and pear crops of Europe are
reported as fair to good, |

The apple crop of 1891 was good, although not heavy in
most parts of the country. The extent of the crop is indica-
ted by the export trade, which is nearly three times heavier

(7)

The year.

Apple
exports.

Climate
and
apples.

- Fall
apples.

8. . Annals of Horticulture.

than in 1890, when the eastern states produced almost no
crop. This export trade has been fed largely by the crop of
Canada, and the territory between the Hudson river and the
ocean. Up tothe 26th of December the exports were 974,405
barrels, against 344,262 barrels to the same date last year.
The quality of the fruit is also superior, as is shown by the —
fact that ordinary grades of Newtown Pippins have found a
slow sale in the English market, a condition which exists only
when other varieties are unusually attractive. The prices in
the foreign markets, notwithstanding the heavy exportations,
have held firm, a condition which is attributed to indifferent
and poor crops in Great Britain and on the continent.

It is possible that great injury will come to our apple-
export industry by the substitution of inferior varieties for
standard sorts. This danger has often been brought to the
attention of shippers by the agricultural press, but the alarm
needs to be repeated. It is said that this year Peck’s Pleas-
sant and other green apples have been shipped to England as
Newtown Pippins.

A good many apples have gone into the export trade from
Virginia this year, chiefly Albermarle Pippin, York Imperial,
Winesap and Willow Twig. Dealers find that the Virginia
apples are poorer keepers than northern fruit of the same
variety, and usually inferior in quality. The identity of the
Albemarle Pippin and Newtown Pippin 1s still a moot point.
Some New York dealers who export both varieties, insist that
the Albemarle is a poorer keeper than the other, less firm,
and usually not so high in quality. These differences are
such as we should expect from the transfer of any variety
from the north to the south, and tend to establish the original
identity of the two varieties. The experience of dealers who
handle large quantities of apples through a long series of years
is invaluable upon such points as the influence of climate
and other generalconditions upon plants. It is a common ex-
pression among dealers that the apples of Michigan are poorer —
keepers than those of New York, while the best keepers come
from Ontario and Quebec, even better than from Nova Scotia.

An important feature of the export apple trade is the large
quantity of fall apples taken at good prices by the English
trade. From the beginning of the export season until October
3rd, 113,513 barrels had been shiped from New York and ports

Fruits, Vegetables and General Interests. 9

north. Fall varieties, like Colvert, Gravenstein and King,
brought from 16 to 25 shillings in Liverpool the first of
October, while the true winter apples were opening at 12 to
18 shillings.

One of the most gratifying features of the apple returns of
1891 is the fair yieid and unusually fine quality of the New
York crop. In 1890 the crop in New York was exceedingly
light, and much of the failure was thought to be due to the
unusual prevalence of the apple-scab fungus; the crop this
year is proof that such scourges may dissipate themselves in
a single season.

The estimated apple yield of the country, as given by
the November crop-report of the Department of Agriculture,
is as follows, the figures representing the percentage of an
average full yield:

ees es sm, New. Hampshire... 89 Vermont......- 85
Meseacmusetes .. 85. kKhode Island.... 96 Connecticut .... 93
New York...3... So ive |ersey .-... . too Pennsylvania... go
Delaware....... roo} Miaryland-....... TOON VaAtoliMtas cs este, 89
Moremrelina.. 72 South Cafolina...66 Georgia........ 69
pla Damas... ..- Os (MISSISSIPPI 1.0. OG. Iomisiana <: 2-54: 71
ORE) a SASS Sagres SOL, At KANSAS bo. e.. 75 Tennessee...... 68
ives vVireinia..: 69. Kentucky ....-.. TO te @INTO!, [cides wil 51
Miigaizan =... .... i ito WoC e boi: Aer ease Fier MMITOIS 605. aye' 65
Wisconsin ...... 65 Minnesota...... VO ge bOWeae Seri 8s 96
Missouri:.2.:... Gor) Kamsas oss ao sae 96. Nebraska......... 100
California. ...... OO wt OregOn 2 efi <=: 92) Nevada 35 o. a: I00
ee lOGardO . i... s. oon poute Dakota... 60) Idaho. 0... 5: go
Mews textco.;,,-100'° Utah .“:. 0.52... 100 Washington.... 90

Piaay parts of the Pacific slope seem to be admirably
adapted to the apple, as appears from facts given in ANNALS
for 1890, and which are more fully presented upon succeeding
pages of this volume. Parts of Virginia and North Carolina
are also important apple-growing regions, even for late fall
and early winter kinds, and the early northern markets have
long been familiar with the early varieties of Delaware, Mary-
land and southwards.

Tasmanian apples, which began to attract attention in the
San Francisco market in 1890, appeared in considerable
quantity this year, as also apples from Australia and New
Zealand. ‘These fruits begin to reach California markets in
mpi. Apples from these countries, especially from Tas-

The

apple
crop.

Tasmanian
apples.

Peaches,
plums,
cherries.

Pear
crop.

IO Annals of Horticulture.

mania, are now consigned in large quantities to the English
markets. Shipments from Tasmania to England were made
so long ago as 1870, but it was not until four or five years ago
that the industry became important. In 1888 about 10,000
cases (each holding about 40 Ibs. of fruit) were sold in Covent
Garden market, London, at an average of from 15 to 30 shil-
lings per case. In 1889 the quantity was quadrupled, with
little change in price. In 1890 some 80,000 cases were sold,
at prices averagiig from 10 to 20 shillings. The Tasmanian
apple industry is instructive as showing the distance at which
profitable markets may be sought for horticultural produce.*

A possible new competitor in the English apple market is
the Caucasus region, from which fruit was consigned to Eng-
land this year for-the first time. Not only apples, but cher-
ries, pears and figs are said to succeed well there.

Other orchard fruits have been abundant and mostly of good
quality during 1891. The Peach crop was enormous, despite
the fears of injuries from late spring frost. In some locali-
ties, however, frost destroyed the crop, notably in southern
Delaware. The yellows is seriously crippling the industry in the
Chesapeake region. Much of thecrop in the Middle States ap-
pears to have been inferior, probably owing to neglect of thin-
ning the fruit and to cool and wet weather at ripening-time.
iene pack of canned peaches appears not to have been as
heavy in the east as in some previous years. The Michigan
crop was very large and was well handled, usually at paying
prices. - The orchards of southern iiimois. Missour1 and
Kansas gave very large crops. Plums and Cherries. generally
Save enormous crops, and prices held firm for well-managed

fruit. In southern Illinois the plum crop is reported as light.

Pears and Quinces were a good crop. The estimated pear
crop of the United States, as recorded in the November crop-

*A full account of the history of the Tasmanian apple industry and the methods of

cultivation, is given in ANNALS FOR 1890, 9-15. See also ANNALS FOR 1889, I0.

fruits, Vegetables and General Interests. II

report of the Department of Agriculture, is given below. The
figures represent the product as compared with a full average
crop: :

aime os... ee2-" New Elamrpshire.t0o Vermont ....... QI
Massachusetts...100 Rhode Island....100 Connecticut.... 94
Nem Votk’ sy... 0. . reo. New: Jersey. .... roo, ‘Pénnsylvania... 93
Delaware-....... roo... Wlaryland..... -. Oe) s Viteimiay a Cbd. 86
Nem Carolina. 63: °South Carolina..-57 Georgia.:...... 59
POCA 2... pene. «ele lcyar t= apenas oe St’ Mississippi. .-... 64
PLousiana.-..... Becohexase re pices a7 Atkansasic ts 2: 79
Wemmecsee | .:.+. G3 West Mireimia:...-82. Kentucky 2.6. 78
ioe et Fe es 2. 669) 2 Michigan |: 4. 2s: Go, indiana... a. 88
Pimots 3.242... : So ° Wisconsin... ; Ga TOWaes 4 4. eee es 92
Missouri ....... Co“ Kansas eo 6 ess - 63,’ Nebraska: .. .2'. . 100
Gelifernia .:.... 106 OLveron st. o7 4 Nevada aes nA. IIO
Colorado, ....... City Wee Meu Ores 2 2 ht Sco” 87 New Mexico.... 97
Wire Shs S., 160 Washinstonm... 7. 93

The orange crop is large and of good quality. An encourag-
ing feature of the orange industry is the steady growth of the
export trade. English markets are said to take the early or
acid oranges at better prices than they bring in this country.
California oranges are being shipped to Europe, but the ofanges.
export trade, so far as transportation 1s concerned, is in favor
of the Florida growers, and our eastern markets will probably
find, as a consequence, an increasing supply of California
fruit.

The import orange trade is still large, however, as is shown
by the following figures of receipts, in boxes, from Palermo,
mieeeiiom October,’ 1890, to September, 1891 :

Oranges. Lemons.

PE aOM Wise Shc ho RS gs soe ae ke 27S A235 5 4 . 808,412
EOSIN 2 aR pee Na Ue vs cea os taeda 165,804... “a s. 144, 244
PRP ent coc Sake a dhe, Be sl woe ae: wwe BOs2OO 2 2 OAS IOE
mG CANIS Cae SS Met ve) eM he Gust Sle ede 35,5072 sa 2) 250,447
ara Ugi eel are Ped ate Ns PSO he he sk oe pMownie i! eS) oo, we Ae BOT eee ky Sy kOO
FUER IPS a hilas anita a ean aR ene Cn a eg AL BAOrs tess) Dy LOS
“e DIRENS oh SSSA ANAS a an Das Pate as HAG, UES . .) 11, 254/478
Canmesmoncdime period,/1889-90. oo in ke wee Be et 464,508 . « . 1,529,892

The total imports of oranges and lemons into the United
States from all sources for the last three months of 1890 and
1889 are as follows :

1890. 1889.
DELS ES a cae gan ee a D230. 737. oe nace Os $231,633
MOM ate Ses hae ae Sie eve ees Tuo, OO Nate. a xs 327,477

- These figures, taken in connection with the iarge crops of

Orange
imports.

12 Annals of Horticulture.

home-grown oranges, show that the consumption of citrus
fruits is rapidly increasing in this country.

The trade in foreign fruit has been less than tasiigean,
however. The following figures of orange and lemon impor-
tations for 1890 and 1891 show a decrease this year, especially
in oranges late in the season. The reasons for this falling off
are not easy to determine. Many dealers attribute it to the
abundance of domestic fruit, but the tariff no doubt has much
to do with it.* The foreign orange and lemon crops are re-
ported as good.

Orange Importations.}

Cases. Boxes.
1890. 18QI. 1890. 18QI.
Tab eh ge oA A an yer i a he A7,140 14.563 57,340 5) Gay ene
i DEMAER nf chan cate ere 3 ee 52,529 0,217 Y%O,607 ones
Whancla ger td sea ene Che oie eee ee 10,637 Q92- 102,082 221,284
ATER eo cot enone en aces ae. 14,554 266 144,464 147,070
WAY. cc iicotd pa Oe ane eer 8,007 oi ahaeee 102,486 76,550
PMC i 2a Bk ie laces ees eee REO @ codes 61,480 - 7ajoes=
Palys Me tn Wh PR Ge esha ate ten es ee 37,303:. 38.255.
AUGUST phe SG aoe. chee eee lee re Bree tie ee ye 4,024 13,960
Septem DEL js). he cms toc epee et 365 4,765
OCEOD OT 6 isd hee Bingen alvie stapes eeu ace ak ee 425
November (y Cosa) bee achat ee ee eee oie 2,770 147
December Mal et eae 17,143) - 1,900. 47,968 5,777

I5I,000 27,488 640,073 636,500
The Valencia crop is said to be large and of good quality.

Lemon Importations,

Boxes. Boxes.
1890. 1891.

PAA ry a Fe ahs aca I ete eee 36,750 78,800
BPebruary cu 22 Rigo eee le ee ee 107,679 67,560
DR ALCD: 5. crate a pas a pete ek ree eee ee rae 100, 406 95,325
ADS ose 2 aside iced Sipe sea, os erate een a eee 172,483 100, 000
Mayers « odd RR II ite ARS See sare ee 184,872 250,000
Jame <4 OFS Re eis ae ce a om eee 184,725 226, 300
ULChs Gare ne mPrc rrr inn y Mere ee ak ORS Say 221,851 207,310
AMICUSE . 135 oii ee «cou teau andrea See ta oe ee recep 124,796 172, 300
September = 25). Yar. So cian eter eee 62,801 86,005
Octobét 22. es. 202 whi ee ae Ae ee ree 50,790 53,522
Novem bers ii.4 5.20 Sg eee es ee ee 130,430 73,149
December 22.) 0/2 336k ee aa hater ee ee 117,950 158,716

1,495,533 - tigleneog

*For tariff schedules, see ANNALS FOR 1890, 133. +Frutt Trade Journal, Jan. 9, 1892.

Fruits, Vegetables and General Interests, 13

An interesting phase of the orange industry is the possible
northward extension of it in an amateur way by means of the
Satsuma or Oonshiu type. This type appears to be hardy
even as far north asthe Carolinas. Professor W. F. Massey,
of Raleigh, North Carolina, writes me this account of it: ‘‘My
Satsuma or Oonshiu orange passed through 15 degrees above
zero, Nov. 29,1891, by a standard thermometer hanging exposed
afew feet from it. The leaves were a little singed for the first
time. Ihe tree stands in the most exposed place I could
select, on a hill-top where the north wind strikes it without
break for twenty miles. I have no longer any doubt of its
hardiness, at least in the coast region.”’

The United States lemon crop does not yet assume much
importance, largely because of the lack of proper attention in
curing and the growing of inferior kinds. But intelligent
attention 1s now directed to lemon-culture, and within a few
years it will no doubt Lecome a prominent industry.

Competition in the citrus-fruit trade may be expected to in-
crease from Mexico, Central America and the West Indies.
The importation of oranges from Jamaica reaches over two
hundred thousand dollars’ worth annually. The new trade
relations between the Spanish countries and the United States
must increase this fruit-traffic. The Mexican International
Steamship Company has been organized to undertake trade
between Philadelphia and Mexican ports, and steamers will
begin to run about the opening of 1892. Trinidad will prob-
ably become an important competitor in the American
orange and lemon market. Fruits from this island have
already appeared in New York and elswhere. The following
note of the fruit-culture of Trinidad is from the London
Times: ‘‘From an advance copy of Sir William Robinson’s
Report to the Colonial Office on the colony of Trinidad, we
are able to give some details of fruit-growing in that island.
The Governor is able to report that this industry, which
he foresees will be of incalculable benefit to the colony, and
which he has spared no endeavors to promote, has at length
commenced to show some encouraging results. The Central
Agricultural Board, a most useful and influential association,
has energetically worked with his Excellency in this object,
and has been the means of stimulating enterprise and spread-
ing valuable information throughout the length and breadth of

Satsuma
orange.

Lemons.

Spanish
American
trade.

Trinidad.

14 Annals of Horticulture.

the island by its discussions and publications. It was in the
spring of 1889 that small shipments of fruit, chiefly oranges
and bananas, were first made to the American markets by the
newly subsidized line of steamers. These shipments were
necessarily of an experimental character, and produced very
varying results, some fruit fetching fair prices, and others
being sold ata loss. This, however, is not difficult to ac-
count for. The shipments were of a spasmodic character,
and the processes of packing and picking, which demand the
greatest care, were but little understood. The first opera-
tions, too, were commenced at a rather unfavorable period of
the year, in which Trinidad fruit had to compete with that
from other well-known fruit-growing countries where the re-
quirements of the market were thoroughly understood,anditis |
not surprising, therefore, that the pioneers of the new indus-

try were somewhat disheartened at the results obtained. The
Central Agricultural Board and its agents, however, urged
the people to persevere, and in the opinion of Sir William
Robinson the industry may now be considered to be firmly
established. The principal exports have consisted of oran-
ges, limes and bananas. Experiments have been made with
other products, but not with satisfactory results. Five thou-
sand two hundred crates of oranges were shipped in the four
months ending December 31, 1890, which constituted the
season for that year. Two larger plantations were started
during the year, and numerous smaller ones. A notice writ-
ten by the Governor calling attention to the advantages of
this industry was extensively circulated throughout the colony
in English, Spanish, French and Hindustani. ‘Trinidad limes
were first placed on the New York market in 1889. These
did fairly well, and in 1890 there was a considerable increase
in the shipments. Several abandoned lime plantations have
been reclaimed, and the exports of this product will,no doubt,
increase rapidly, as it has been discovered that they can
compete favorably with Sicilian lemons. The shipments of —
bananas have considerably fallen off in 1890 as compared
with 1889. The fruit spoils very quickly, and it has been
found that small quantities cannot receive the special care
and attention which they require. Large areas are, however,
being planted up with bananas, but the excessive rainfall of
1890 has somewhat retarded operations. Dried bananas have

Fruits, Vegetables and General Interests. 15

been placed on the Canadian and American markets with the
- most encouraging results.” |

Grapes have been fair to good in yield and of unexcelled
quality. In New York, whichis the most important grape-
growing region in America outside of California, the crop
was medium to fair, the shortage being due, in part, at least,
to late frosts. Fair returns were obtained from the crop,
however. Inthe middle west, as Missouri, the grape crop
has been large.

The grape crop is estimated as follows in the November
crop-report of the Department of Agriculture, the figures rep-
resenting the percentage of an average full crop:

ieee tee... oo" New -iiampsmire , 95 Vermont... .. Q2
Massachusetts... 95 Rhode Island ...100 Connecticut .... 93
New York. ..... So- New Jersey -...-. go Pennsylvania... 85
Delaware ...:... igen) Maryland’... :.. 2. ole eum fie ca bole) eae eee 75
Moria Caroling... 86 South Catolina.. go -Georgia........ go
Pieridae... 47. go” Alabama. jo 00. go Mississippi..... 92
Louisiana......- Gp WEKASI uc es os Lk 89. -Arkansasvt. . ./. 85
Menmessee .:.... Sau West: Virginia:....60° Kentucky... 80
2 eee a2 Machigan: ..c..4: Go. -Limdiang 3c. a: 78
MMOs - os. G2) eNVISCONSIN |... 86 Minnesota .... 95
Peapa ye SS. go Niissouri.. >. SS". So. Kansas.) 4% 88
Nebraska 7.023... Igo. California; os... Oa t2Oregon s6 a2 as 100
Colorag@c...... as2 South Dakota,.....90 -Idaho....-6.,.3. 100
Re eetesico. ...-05 Utah ...\.......%. 95 Washington .... 90

The census report upon viticulture (Bulletin 38, March ro,
1891, by H. Gardner) divides our leading grape-areas into
five regions: the Eastern, including New York and that por-
tion of Pennsylvania lying upon lake Erie; the Middle, in-
cluding Ohio, Indiana and Illinois; the Western, lying in
Kansas and Missouri, the Southern, in Georgia, Tennessee,
North Carolina and Virginia; the Pacific, comprising Cali-
fornia and parts of Arizona and New Mexico. Of these, the
Pacific division comprises the greatest acreage, there being
no less than 213,230 acres in cultivation, of which 157,458
acres are in bearing. The Eastern or New York region fol-
lows next with 51,000 acres, the Middle with 42,633 acres,
the Western with 17,306 acres, and the southern with 17,092
acres. About 60,000 acres are in cultivation outside these
definite areas, making a grand total of 401,261 acres in the
United States, of which 307,575 acres are in bearing.

Grape
crop.

Grape
statistics,

Grapes
in the
south-
west.

16 Annals of Horticulture.

The product of this enormous acreage is sold as table-
grapes, wine and raisins. In the production of table-grapes
New York leads with 60,687 tons in 1890, and is followed by
Ohio with 38,947 tons, California with 38,785 tons and Mis-
sourl with 22,500 tons.. In the production of wine, California
leads with 14,626,c00 gallons, and is followed by New York
with 2,528,250 gallons, Ohio with 1,934,833 gallons, and Mis-
sourl with 1,250,000 gallons. In raisins California produces
practically the whole quantity grown. The highest average
yields per acre are reported in Arizona, Missouri, and New
Mexico, which give three tons to the acre, while @alijormia
gives only 1.77 tons per acre, which is less than Illinois, Kan-
sas, Ohio, Tennessee and Virginia. The highest market value
of grapes per ton is $96 in Georgia, which 1s followed by
Tennessee at $89, New York at $70, Indiana at $67, North
Carolina and Virginia at $60, while California and Arizona
give the lowest returns, with $17.66 and $16.50 respectively.

An interesting feature of this census report is the estimate
of the grape interest in Arizona and New Mexico, and it
seems to show that those territories are destined to be great
wine and raisin centers: ‘‘ Viticulture in Arizona and New
Mexico is comparatively new, but it is thought to have a pros-
perous future. Not only do the native varieties of grapes —
grow in these territories, but the European, or vinifera, also
flourishes here. The Muscat varieties, grown so succesfully
in California for raisins, grow equally well in these territories ;
also varieties that produce a fine sherry wine. This is one of
the most prominent features of viticulture in Arizona. Mr. J.
De Barth Shorb, a prominent vine-grower and wine-maker
of southern California, after experimenting in Arizona, reports
that the sherries produced there have the true sherry flavor
and are made by the natural process; that is, without it be-
ing necessary to ‘bake’ them. They not only have the flavor
of the Spanish sherries, but also the same excellent qualities.
So far, the fine sherries produced in this country have come
from that territory. The same authority states that Arizona
will be to the United States what Spain is now to Europe.
There were in 1889 in Arizona 1,000 acres of bearing vines
and 1,500 acres of new vineyards. The product was 2,850
tons or 5,700,000 pounds of table-grapes, of which 150 tons
or 300,000 pounds were sold to wineries. In New Mexico

Fruits, Vegetables and General Interests. 17

in 1889 there were 1,186 acres of bearing vines and 9,000
acres of new vineyards, which produced 296,500 gallons of
wine and 1,779 tons or 3,558,000 pounds of table-grapes.
The information received from New Mexico by the census
office shows a great advance in viticulture since irrigation has
proved practicable. Two companies are building immense
canals 45 feet wide at the bottom, capable of carrying seven

feet of water. These canals will irrigate 400,000 acres of as ©

rich land as can be found in the world adapted to the growth
of fruit and grapes.’’

The largest vineyard in the world is at Tehama, California,
which comprises 3,800 acres and to which 1,000 acres are to
be added at once. In April, 1890, this great establish-
ment had in stock 300,000 gallons of brandy and 1,000,000
gallons of wine. But if‘‘Califoraia has the largest vine-

yard in the world, it may be well to state that she has
@eieo the smallest= It. is a vineyard consisting of .a
single vine, in Santa Barbara county. It was planted by a
Mexican woman about sixty years ago, and has a diameter at
one foot from the ground of 12 inches, its branches covering
an area of 12,000 feet, and produces annually from 10,000 to
12,000 pounds of grapes of the Mission variety (many bunches
weighing six and seven pounds), the crop being generally
made into wine. The old lady who planted this one-vine
vineyard died in 1865 at the age of 107.’’

In the Pacific division the European grape is grown almost
entirely. This division contains somewhat over half of the
entire grape-acreage of the country, but the greater part of
the product is consumed in wine andraisins. Most of the
table-grapes of the country are produced on the remaining
half of the grape-acreage, and these are the native grapes of
our woods. No more remarkable instance can be produced
of the rapid improvement and dissemination of native species
of plants in any country. In 1825, according to Rafinesque,
there were 600 acres devoted to grapes in North America, of
which the larger part were undoubtedly planted to the Euro-
ean species (lites vinifera). Five years later there. were
some 5,000 acres under cultivation. The native grapes, 1m-
proved by cultivation, are now grown upon nearly 200,000 acres
in the United States, and they yielded in 1890 9,655,905 gal-
lons of wine and 225,636 tons of table-grapes! And to this

Largest
and

smallest
vineyards.

Early
statistics.

The
native
grapes,

Berries.

18 Annals of Horticulture.

can be added a very large acreagein Canada. All this native
grape industry has arisen since the introduction of the Ca-
tawba by John Adlum between 1820 and 1830. Adlum was
regarded as a visionary in his day, but in the light of these de-
velopments, the simple record of his hopes and labors

and disappointments is sad. He had long endeavored to-

direct attention to the native grapes, and he had applied to
the president of the United States for a lease of a bit of pub-
lic ground in Washington to enable him to cultivate them.
But the country was not yet ready for experiments in agricul-
ture, and he was obliged to confine his efforts to his own re-

sources. And then, lest he should die before his work became |

known, he published a little book on the subject.. ‘‘As I am
advancing in years, and know not when I may be called hence,

I am solicitous that the information I have acquired should

not die with me.’’ ‘‘] have been obliged to prosecute’ the

undertaking myself, without assistanee and without patron-

age, and this I have done to the full extent of my very lim-
ited means.”’ Speaking of his best grape, the Catawba, he

said: ‘In bringing this grape into public notice, I have ren-

dered my country a greater service than I would have done

had I paid the national debt.’’ Time has drawn its curtain |

over the work of Adlum, and now the government willingly
spends its thousands to prosecute labors less important than
his. Every man who loves the grape should feel grateful to
Rafinesque for bestowing the name Adlumia upon the charm-
ing ‘‘Alleghany vine’’ of our woods, and he should grow the
plant at his door!

Small fruits of all kind have been unusually abundant, and
considering the great yields, prices have been good.:' In
southern Illinois, which is one of the largest fruit-growing
regions of the country, the strawberry crop was enormous,
and asthe weather was unfavorable during some of the picking-
season the market became dull. Heavy yields of raspberries,

blackberries, currants and gooseberries are reported in every

direction.

Cranberries show gains over last year in the east, but heavy

decrease in Wisconsin, The light crop in the west is charge-
able to frosts. The Milwaukee Sentinel made this comment
upon the summer condition of the Wisconsin bogs: ‘‘It 1s
reported that at least 25 per cent. of the prospective cranberry

fruits, Vegetables and General Interests. Ij

crop of this year at Berlin, Wis., was destroyed by the frost
of the morning of July 8. The damage in this county from
the same cause amounts to about 15 per cent. of the crop.
But the most serious part is the damage done to the crop of
next year. In many places where the blossom was not injured
by the frost, and in all cases where it was injured, the terminal
bud of the upright which lies above the fruit was killed. It is
this that matures the fruit-bud for next year’s crop, and it is
now too far along in the season for the plant to produce in its
stead a lateral upright that will mature afruit-bud. The sea-
son is on the whole a little late, and unless we have a fair
amount of moist, warm weather during the next four weeks,
the crop will be more lable than usual to be caught by the
early fall frosts. For, notwithstanding the large amount of
money that has been expended in ditches and dams, less than
one-tenth of the crop is in a position to be protected from the
frosts.”

The October crop-report of theAmerican Cranberry Growers’
Association makes the following estimates :*

New England, 420,000 bushels, a gain of 22 per cent. over 1890.
New Jersey, 244,000 bushels, a gain of 12 per cent.
The West, 38,250 bushels, a loss of 83 per cent.

The report makes the following comment upon the market:
‘<The market opened on Cape Cod with plenty of buyers, at
prices ranging from $6 to $7 per barrel. New Jersey
also, against the usual custom, camein fora share, and a num-
ber of carloads of fruit, of uncertain quality, found purchas-
ets at. 61.75 to $2 per crate.~ The unusually hot weather
of September was unfavorable for the consumption of cran-

berries by the usual process, but extremely favorable for their

consumption by nature’s process. The Early Blacks of the
Cape and the early picked Jerseys vanished before the de-
stroyer heat, and the result was a great loss to dealers who
had stocked up so liberally. The upshot was a complete
‘slump’ in the market. This experience over, the market re-
sumed on a new and extremely conservative basis. The bulk

*Since the above was in type, the following final estimate of the crop of 1891 has been
received from the secretary of the Cranberry Growers’ Association:

New England .... . Pee or ES ean et aye Green aa Ns 480,000 bushels.
RIMS Ned uty Sia, cdo Bg. Sy we Dw, de 244,C00
memes er ey ets eo he de ee a SBS Per 40,000 of

The
cranberry
crop.

The
cranberry
market.

Potatoes.

20 Annals of Horticulture.

of the New England crop was moved at prices varying from
$5 to $6 per barrel, and New Jersey did not wait, as usual, till
the New England crop was out of the way,but began moving
her crop at prices that were satisfactory to dealers, at least.
With the cool weather came renewed confidence and a healthy
strengthening of prices. The large New England crop has
nearly all been moved, and attention has for some weeks been
centered on New Jersey, where dealers find growers in a favor-
able mood for trade; anda larger portion of the crop than we
ever knew before has changed hands at low prices, varying
from $1.10 to $1.50 in the dirt to $1. 50:to $2 cleaned. Re-
ports from the various township secretaries indicate a move-
ment of over 50 carloads up to October 20, something un-
precedented for New Jersey. To the holder of cranberries
the situation to us never seemed more favorable. The ques-
tion isnotso much, ‘At what price will the balance of the crop
be marketed?’ as, ‘Who will be the fortunate ones when the
advance over the present low prices comes, which it is morally
certain to do?’ The goodcropsof the east are more than off-
set by the shortages of the west; so that the total crop of the
country is still short of last year by nearly 100,000 bushels.
The abundance of other fruits will, no doubt, prevent any ex-
travagant prices for cranberries; but the crop of winter apples
is very moderate, and there is no reason why good prices for
cranberries should not prevail for the balance of the season.”’

Vegetables of all kinds have given good yields and fair re-
turns as to prices. Potatoes were usually good, much better
than in 1890, owing to less injury from blight. Blight was

_serious in many places, however. The December crop-report

of the United States Department of Agriculture makes the
following estimate: ‘*The potato crop in 1890 was very
small, making the smallest supply per capita which we have
had during any recent year. Asa result, the average value
per bushel was very high, but the short crop and inferior qual-
ity in most of the districts of large production prevented farm-
ers from securing any of the advantages of the high prices.
The present crop has been one of large proportions, the acre-
age having been increased and the season favorable in all dis-
tricts where it is grown. As a result, there is a heavy de-
cline in values. The present farm-price is returned at 37.1.
The result in the case of this crop shows what may usually be

Fruits, Vegetables and General Interests. 21

expected when crops in excess of ordinary demands are grown.
With an increase this year of nearly 100,000,000 bushels in
production, the aggregate value of the crop is less than that
of last year by perhaps $20,000,000. It isa fact which our
farming population must learn, that the surplus produced
above requirements always acts powerfully in depressing the
value of the wholecrop. Thissmall fraction is made to regu-
late the values for the aggregate product.”’

The Zomatzo is yearly becoming more important, and it gives
promise of becoming the most prominent crop of the vege-
table-garden. Not only isthe consumption ofthe fresh fruit rap-
idly increasing, but the amounts of packed goods grow larger
year by year. The largest tomato-regions are probably those of
Maryland and adjacent areas, and southern Illinois. Tomato-
culture is gradually extending in all parts of the world, even
in Japan where the fruit has always met with an indifferent
reception. London markets have received consignments this
year from the Canary Islands. The fruits are packed in boxes
holding from three to four pounds, and they sell at from seven
Pieneeedce per pound. It-is said that the production of ‘Tomatoes,
tomatoes, potatoes, peas and other vegetables for the English
markets is coming to be so profitable in the Canary Islands
that some of the older types of farming are being abandoned.
The tomato crop of southern Illinois is the subject of the fol-
lowing editorial comment of the rut Growers’ Journal for
August 15: ‘‘The tomato-season is drawing to a close in
southern Illinois; about ten days will close the business for
‘this year. The acreage of tomatoes was so large, that with
only a moderate yield the total was large. Sixteen carloads
was the largest single day’s shipment from this place [Cobden].
The gathering-season has been one of strife and hurry. A
good peach and apple crop coming on at about the middle of
the tomato-season, and the raspberry and blackberry crops
coming with the first half, have together made this the most
exciting tomato-season seen in many years. The prices real-
ized for tomatoes have not been such as to discourage large
plantings next spring. Early pickings paid well, and the prices
gradually ran down to the point when the shipments were the
heaviest, when for three or four days Chicago shipments paid
very little above expenses. Heavy shipments to other cities
at once relieved the Chicago market of its burden, when

Varieties
of tomatoes,

Winter
tomatoes.

22 Annals of Horticulture,

prices at once rallied, and they have since been such as to give

good returns. As to varieties, the old Acme easily holds its”

place as the favorite, while the Atlantic Prize has mostly su-
perseded the Canada Victor, Alpha and Conqueror, as an
early variety. It was reported last year that the Atlantic Prize
did not give satisfaction at Crystal Springs [Miss.], and we
advised a trial of the Conqueror at that place, but have not
yet learned the result. His a little singular that, Cireaee
dealers report but two varieties, Acme and Trophy. With
them, everything that is not an Acme is a Trophy, while
the fact is there are very few Trophies grown anywhere, al-
though we are not certain that it is not better than many of
the newer varieties that are much more largely grown. “Tt
seems to be a settled fact that location, even in the same
neighborhood, yes, upon the same farm, should determine the
variety grown. It was the case in this vicinity where the Con-
queror was largely grown, that some growers could not get a
satisfactory yield of that variety, while the Acme did exceed-
ingly well; and with others the exact reverse was true. On
our own place there are locations where the Acme will rot so
badly as to render its production unprofitable, while the At-
lantic Prize never rots, but does not do well in the grounds
where the Acme is a success» With us the Aeniewaee
best on low, damp. ground where it might be expected
that its well-known tendency to crack would be increased.
Perhaps it may be accounted for by the theory which attrib-
utes the cracking of fruit to the well-established principle of en-
dosmose and exosmose. The skin of the tomato separates two
fluids of unequal density. Thejuice of the tomato being heavier
than the water contained in the atmosphere, there will be a

transudation of the tomato-juices through the skin to establish.

an equilibrium.”’’

The tomatois yearly assuming more importance as a winter
crop inthe north. It is forced to great advantage in warm
and light-houses, and the product sells readily at prices rang-
ing from 25 to 75 cents per pound. There are many difficul-
ties in its cultivation in the way of fungous and other injuries,
however, and it is doubtful if it will ever be grown so exten-
sively under glass as lettuce and radishes.

The tomato-pack of canned goods of 1891 was the largest
on record. The following statistics of the pack, in cases of

Fruits, Vegetables and General Interests. 23

two dozen cans each, for two years, were compiled by the
American Grocer :

es

STATES. 1891. 1890. STATES. 18901. 1890.
Cases. Cases. Cases Cases.

Mew jersey 2... . 950,833 SrsiaSq lie Nebraska” oo aoc ees 26,900 5,670
Maryland . . 2. ks 744,010 949,157 || Pennsylvania 15,000 21,285
Midttata 8... ‘wi SAT 217 243\920-|| Connecticut: . <<. . 14,400 15,500
Welaware 2... :. 264,950 Za0 0257 Colorado, oe. 12,600 4,500
@altornia- .-. « 218,311 222,173 || Massachusetts. ... 10,000 18,000
Mew Nork: 2.7. .-. 114,774 ROL .952 | Kentueky "304 5.2 10,000 14,972
Peeeitia. 5 oe iw 68,360 95,004/|| Arkansas. . 2:2... 14,500 20,000
era 94,800 65,904). Temnessee) iii. .<5, )< _- 6,840 1,910
ERO Es a 90,599 TR OOOe |W OV CORAS lie aCe veche 4,500 10,850
MaSsouri<=). 25.50). 90,350 28,400 || North Carolina . . 3,900 3,150"
Canaay =... 83,000 FAR2AG. || AGCOLSTA \o-15. 2 ye diss 3,000 3,000
Miciigan’:. 2... 73,506 51,484 —
MIS eG 68, 324 32,250 Otay tk eyo 3,405,305 |" 3) 100,177
Kansas 50,700 29,590 ||

The following table shows the output of canned tomatoes
for the last six years ;

YEAR. TOTAL PACK.
Cases.
Hee PR Re ate ec onde oa ga tye oy Ba 2,363,760
BRR eater cid RIT ahs ohana. mysiar os yee Zi O17, 048
Meee eis Dose ive GAT Sb gave ts wees. Geneia 3,343,137
Beet API Ae MG MDN eS os Tah ka. oye Ae 8 2,070: 705
Re ee VL eS ie eo eiaded.d + avi B's « Snes LOO, len 7,
BMPR oe alata sk Scere im 's wie 6 egw 8 a c0ce 3,405, 365

The sweet-corn crop of 1891 was large, although it has been
exceeded. This crop has assumed new importance within the
last few years, because of its increasing use as a canned vege-
table. Upon this subject the statisticianof the Department of
Agriculture makes the following comment in ‘‘ Report of the
[eps o! the Year,’’ 1891: . ‘‘ The roasting-ear, the green corn
-upon the cob, has been recognized asa standard article of food
during the season in whichit may be obtained, in this country
at least, since it was first introduced to the notice of the origi-
nal settlers. It is only within comparatively recent years,
however, that successful methods have been followed in pre-
paring it for use outside of its ordinary period of growth. This
branch of the industry is now a very large one, and factories
are to be found in very many sections of the country where
the sweet varieties of maize are grown. The principal pack-
ing districts are in Maine, New York and the Atlantic coast,

Sweet
corn.

Melons.

Pe ae
GAS.

2A} Annals of Florticulture.

as far south as Virginia, although in the central west, where
the surplus corn which supplies commercial demand is grown,
it is rapidly assuming importance. The reputation of this
class of our canned goods product is attested by the steady
and rapid increase of the amount consumed by our own
people.”’ |

The corn-pack of the year is thus detailed by the American
Grocer: |

{

STATES. 1891. 1890. STATES. 1801. 1890.

Cases. Cases. States. Cases. Cases.
Va is Pt tee aan 614 894 503,929 ||\Delaware ...... AO OOD) is: meat Fe
Maryland and Virginia . 461,240 260,308 || New Jersey. ... 27,€ 00 3,700
Wie WV aitke oe, sont ae os 530,814 305,061. ||. Michigan. .25 re 12,140 4,000
Illinoisand Indiana. . . 476,735 225,198 || WanSaS 3. os ee 11,800 3,967
LONER eg Wi eae at ee 213,001 108,493 || Massachusetts .. 11,000 9,700
COUEO! ooh ee ec a 194,800 80;700.'|| MissSOnTi.2) she aere - 9,720 2,500
INj|EDEASK Ale sien saan oe 81,750 10,925 || All other states. . 96,559 28,475
Pennsylvania . a $d2.-; AQ) FOO NS oe — A
Canada (partly estimated) 52,0c0 AI,264 Total. . . | 2,790,453" 1,568,660

In the last seven years the total corn-pack of the United

States has been as follows:

YEAR. TOTAL PACK.
«, C@SeS:
BOOS. erga Oe Siscs ae SN Teles on ae 5 08 1,082,174
ESSO oe ol ale ee ee eee 1,704,735
POOP oo Wires.) tia Bi Rosas wey a lar ae ea 2,311,424
TESS 22 Sel eee Oe ene ee eee 3,491,474
T OBO fo cante Be hs Pe ae eee 1,760, 300
DOQOS yes Ss, aie sesh eke apa eae eee ai eee 1,588,860
TOO Te ss ao weer e ee asain uke oa are eee eee 2,799,453

The melon crop of the country continues to increase in ex-
tent and importance. Missouri is coming to be one of the
largest growers. A new departure was made in the industry
this year in exporting melons to England. A trial lot was

sent from Macon, Georgia, the first of August. The result of

the experiment is not known to me.

The onion crop is probably the most staple product of
American truck-gardens, and it is likely to assume still greater
importance to American growers since the passage of the new
tariff law. The following review of the onion trade is written
by G. S. Palmer for the Fruit Trade Journal for August 2:

fruits, Vegetables ana General. Interests. — 25

«¢The new tariff law places a duty of 4oc. a bushel on on-
ions. About 409,597 bushels of onions were imported into
the United States during the six months from January 1 to July
mee ime amcreased. tari on onions is a big thing for the
farmers engaged in truck-growing throughout the United
States, and is bound to stimulate the onion industry in this
country,.especially in the southern states. Inasmuch as we
Mave tae soil and climate to produce good.onions in our
different latitudes, and an additional protection is placed
on them by the new tariff law, special inducements are offered
to make onion-growing more of a specialty, and one of the lead-
ing features of our southern trucking sections, especially in
Florida, whose only competitors can be Bermuda and Spain.
The only necessary thing 1s to obtain the proper seed and plant
sufficiently early,in order to compete with those localities. We
may not see again very soon such a continued favorable
market as at present. But to the American growers (who
have no duty to pay) prices about 50 cents per bushel lower
would be equally profitable, and there ought to be some
little advantage to them in lower freights as well. There is
one advantage which the onion has as a southern crop, in its
not being immediately perishable, and it will bear transpor-
tation wellif properly cured and packed; its sale need not there-
fore be forced. Furthermore, onions have become as staple
em atticle. of produce as potatoes, corn or wheat, and are
consumed by all classes, and there is a steady demand.
But the one important feature is their condition, and it is 1m-
perative that they be well cured and dry, as no immature
stock can be transported and disposed of profitably. The
-following are the correct figures (which were obtained from
the Customs Department) of the imports, in bushels, from
the localities named, January 1 to July 1, 1891:

Sam 1 Yr, is Sen ek id Se wel ele ad wae vies wae 5 68, 255
Rae ee uA ge ceo) Eo ao ge NN erat, a hg 14,250
US ee ES CT apie iP teu ae ks Th cheat aoe Saleste, at OR 42,464
meee PETROS 8 8 oe ei eda ee Sis bile sare sw aces 242,579
MPO ccc ee a oa aye heise ccc des 2/63 4,930
WP Da Eh Wilt ns et i ale a re ae ae 100
ee I ee Pea awa a ae. t.EE3
Seni e ie MiB Se ka ear sion's Ye tk we te es 146
rete re OIE 605, ie. a) eats ac von Se 88 een =a in! oe > 24
Bebdriey. Asige. 6.26, tne, eater hea sae arene nS oes 5s 3,930
eG ae eo ye to SAS eos ble wine wae 31, 700

es)

The
onion
industry.

26 Annals of Horticulture.

This aggregates a_ grand total of 409,597 bushels, on which
duty was paid into the United States Treasury of $163,837.80.
These heavy importations found ready sale at very favorable .
prices, our northern old crop being short. The first arrivals
during January were the Bermuda old crop, which sold from
$2 to $2.50 per bushel. Next followed the new crop from
Cuba during February, and sold at $2.50 to $2.75 per crate.
Domestic onions at the same time were selling at $3.50 to
$4.50 per bushel. Then followed, during February and
March, shipments from Bordeaux, France, also from Spain.
Former prices were firmly sustained until the height of Bermu-
da shipments during the latter part of May, when the market
declined, and the lowest price touched was $1.25 per crate.
The market again reacted, and the Virginia, which is the
last southern crop, sold during June at $3 to $4 per barrel,
and the last shipments, at the middle of July, sold at $5 to
$5.50 per barrel. Shipments from Africa did not begin to
arrive until April, and it was not until May and June that
shipments were received from Spain, Asia, Turkey, Philp-
pine Islands and Portugal.”’

A departure in onion cultivation is the transplantation of
the young plants, for the purpose of increasing the yield and
securing an earlier crop. ‘This practice has been employed

the tO some extent for a number of years by growers here and
new there, but it was first brought prominently into public notice
culture. by Green of the Ohio Experiment Station, and Greiner of
New York, a little over a year ago.* It promises good results
wherever intensive onion cultivation.is practiced.

The ¢rucking interests of the United States are shown to
be enormous by the investigations of the census bureau. Bul-
letin 41 (Mar. 19, 1891), by J. H. Hale,is concerned with truck-
farming. It shows that upwards of S100, 000,000 are invested
in truck-farming, and the product for 1890, after paying

Trucking freights and commissions, amounted to $76,517,155. Five
interests. hundred and thirty-four thousand four hundred and forty
acres of land are devoted to the industry, and this requires
the labor of 216,765 men, 9,254 women, 14,874 children, and
75,866 horses and mules. The value of the implements em-
ployed is $8,971,206. . Yet, great as this mducipy gage

*See Bull. 9, Ohio Exp. Sta., Oct , 1890, by W. G. Green. ‘‘ The New Onion-Culture,”’
by T. Greiner, S91. :

Fruits, Vegetables and General Interests. 27

greater part of it has developed in the last thirty years. The
acreage of truck crops is distributed as follows:

ane PM el a aie Sa Wie oC Lae bw dee 114,381 acres
NEEM etic lita 68.) sl Siele gis) s hs AS ai onnce, aii TF OG4r I.
MSS 8 gee ac os ap SOR Silene of what oS Bu! oy aye Seen 56,162. -. °°
io oa lee sie tees wlan s ony os 27,9070... °"
Sweet-potato........ Ba Migs cml 9 eC i prea a as yA Seance a 28.025
eh Se. Sais Ec bbe www ble Siolne a ee 8 DOE Ages
IMEI oc oe eae Chi ae sie sinvitoe eis o%, de eyale 6 oe 20460..."
MPA cy os oe ees Lee 88 Set pe ee Sree eee 22. BOR. a
LLL EE oo Sn ae a ere eer eae 20; TO5,
LETT! 9 cough gaatge II Ale ne ere Gree er ee Pogo r et
RIE TIBOVOE SNAD). 6. i eee ee 12,6077"
TINS Pe Soo face Si bs igo toe we P's NGa'g Ro ee whe os A OMe
PPM err 2D nn Fee g ig veo dja a ence te bog w si ace meee 2002-1
LSE Ls. 2 o sig ele Rs a a ere ar a 2AZO 4"
MENS ei a one woe sae Sew ohg Se we bie ee ae 82,00n "7
534,440

These crops are grown over a large extent of territory,
which, for convenience of classification, is divided into twelve
sections or districts :

1. New,England district: The field-crops supplying Boston and other
New England cities, and the greenhouse products supplying all the large
cities of the East.

2. New York and Philadelphia district: New York state, Long Island,
New Jersey and Pennsylvania, which contributes largely to the New York
and Philadelphia markets.

3. Peninsular district; Delaware and the eastern shore counties of
Maryland and Virginia, which supplies all the northern and some of the
central west markets.

4. Norfolk district: Eight southeastern counties of Virginia and eight
northeastern counties of North Carolina, which largely supplies northeast-
ern and central western markets.

5. Baltimore district: Western Maryland, West Virginia and that part
of Virginia not in the peninsular and Norfolk districts, largely tributary to
Baltimore, Washington and northern cities, as well as local canning fac-
tories.

6. South Atlantic district: North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgiaand
Florida, supplying northern markets, east and west. )

7. Mississippi Valley district: Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Ten-
nessee and Kentucky, tributary to north central and northwestern cities.

8. Southwest district: Texas, Arkansas, Missouri and Kansas, largely
tributary to St. Louis and Kansas City.

9g. Central district: Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin, Iowa
and Nebraska.

28

to. Northwest district :

Annals of Horticulture.

11. Mountain district:

Mexico and Arizona.

Minnesota, North Dakota and South Dakota.

12. Pacific Coast district :

California, Oregon and Washington.

Idaho, Wyoming, Utah, Nevada, Colorado, New

The distribution of these crops, by acres, is as follows:

&

S n n
5 s gi | 8 5
) wa Bs Co) oO Oo
Districts. ae 5 2 : bo 5 5 &
2 wo & Py os . oD) H
ans) ~ a ~ rQ > oD) » 3)
O. D of 9) Q 3 ce 8 =
wn () cs oO {3} 5 vi iS pe)
1 New England . . 242 83 65 443 1,586 272 210 645
2 New’ York and
Philadelphia. .| 6,592 | 864 | 2,710 | 4,058 | 41,054 870 | 110 7 320 ib Fran
a-Peninsulars. 2,640 67 615 97 2.275 313 590 | 2,469 | 1,160
4 Norfolk une. 15573 || ~r7G.|, 1,008 130 | 9,790 285 | 878 | 2,974 | 1,784
5 baltimore oo... 72 2270 had. 585 198 4,165 360 12° 26r 620 475
6 South Atlantic. .| 14,090 | 766 | 3,465 oe 3,309..| 1,265 | 6901 (5539460). a noe
7 Mississippi Valley| 2,323 144° | 1,276 46 2,816 354 | 240 6,069 | 1,343
outhwest.... 1,719 603153875 313 2,730 894 | 170] 8,098 | 2,238
of General) 23 7. 5,364 | 186; 818 | 9,812 6,103 108 23: | 28,77 712, 210
to Northwest. ... PAG cS ee |. ae 150 400 3 , Freon bras
tr Mountain 12 - i De 18 496 390 18
ea Pacine Coast. * IIO a Soaeee 116 [,370 PV73A oO 2e,
Paes ae is w 7
Oey eee 5
~ Z v Oo
a0] ae) = i=} pes)
+ fo) oy n ass) ise}
Districts. cs o. D0 v 5 a0
ui = Oo 5 w o bn
ov = : B = x 80
aw i ze Nn iS = <
1 New England. . 1,476 427° | 310 305 774 6,838
2 New York and
Philadelphia. . 9,446 2,361 4,660 2,262 6,990 | 10,615 108,135
3 Peninsular... . 3,224 1,295 4.860 2,128 416 | 2,565 25,714
4 Norfolk ..... 5,858 3,305 3,187 5,965 525 | 7.507 45,375
5 Baltimore A hy 5,170 2,860 3,150 1,980 3,780 | .14,173 37,151
6 South Atlantic. . 12,899 5,850 anes 1,838 2,986 4,322 III,441
7 Mississippi Valley 5,879 4,071 1,160 1,590 3,190 5,599 36,180
8 Southwest... . 2.251 3,602 3,725 1,378 2,918 3,888 36,889
Po Centrally. 2s 7,555 2,845 4,556 1,744 1,362 | 25,457 | 107,414
Io Northwest... 60 ae : ae 60 27% 1,083
11 Mountain ... “| go 840 Mon id : | 1,969 3,833
12 Pacific Coast 1,224 590 190 290 8.454 14,357

found to be in a healthy, prosperous condition.

‘¢Taken in its entirety, this comparatively new industry is

New sections

are being developed from year to year that to acertain extent
affect the prosperity of some of the older ones, and there is
likely to be more or less shifting of trucking-centers every few

Fruits, Vegetables and General Interests. 29

years, all upon advancing lines, however. New and better
methods of culture, with the further invention of labor-saving
machinery, must of necessity reduce the cost of produc-
tion. Better transportation facilities will place the prod-
ucts of these farms in cities and towns. more promptly,
in better condition, and at less cost; while the ever-in-
creasing population and wealth of the cities and towns in-
sure a greatly increased consumption at satisfactory prices for
first-class productions.”” This report does not cover all the
vegetable-growing of the country, for a most unwarrantable
distinction is made between truck-gardening and market-
gardening, and the latter is not considered in the bulletin.
- Truck-gardening, as understood in the bulletin, is ‘‘carried
on in favored localities at a distance from market, water and
rail transportation being necessary,’’ while market-gardening
is <‘conducted near local markets, the gr.wer of vegetables
using his own team for transporting hi products direct to
either the retailer or consumer.’’: Meré sistance from market
or methods of transportation have not before entered into
definitions of horticultural vocations. Itisnot apparent where
those growers belong—and they are legion—who are so
fortunate as to market their products both by team and rail.
It is to be hoped that the final census reports will give enu-
merations upon the vegetables grown for market. But the
present bulletin is sufficient to show that truck-gardening is
one of our most important industries.

ie seed crop. Vhe season of 1891 was a very. peculiar
Ome as tegards the seed crop. The crop of nearly every
species of vegetable, whose seed is extensively grown in this
country, promised at first and up to a very short time before
harvest an exceptionally good return, and yet one after

another the crops proved failures so that the quantity of

seeds of the growth of 1891 which finds its way into the ware-
houses of the seedsmen will be much less than for several
years past. Thisis true of the general returns, although with
nearly every variety there have been isolated crops which have
been exceptionally large. The cabbage-seed crop on Long
Island and in the Puget Sound region, while much less than
it promised early in the spring, was still fair, and a normal
and desirable quantity was harvested. The onion-seed crop
of New England was below the average, and that of Michigan

Truck-
garden-

The
seed
crop.

30 Annals of Horticulture.

and the Central States very light, although it seemed, up to
within ten days of gathering, as if there was to be an enormous —
yield. The crop in California was light. The California let-
tuce-seed crop was a very good one and there is an abundant
supply for the whole world, for all now look to California for
seed of this vegetable. Seed-beans were a light crop in New
England and New York, and a fair onein the West. Of peas,
particularly the Extra Earlies, there was not the usual acre-
age planted and the comparatively light crop makes them
rather scarce. Seed-corn is fairly abundant and of better
quality as to vitality than last year. Vine-seeds were a
very lhght crop, those in the famous Platte river districts of
Nebraska a total failure—so that were it not for stocks car-
ried over the shortage would be very serious. This is the
more curious,as early in the season both cucumber and melon-
growers, both in New Jersey and in the west, who had grown
fruit for the market and were unableto sell it, offered to get
out large quantities of seed ; but the distrust which seedmen
have of such crops and their belief that their own crops would
amply supply them, prevented their buying,so that much seed
which, if saved, might have relieved the Pe shortage was
allowed to waste.

As to the cause of the general failure, it is supposed that
itis largely due to the excessively hot days and hot winds
which occurred just as the seeds were setting and maturing,
and which in some cases destroyed the seed already set and
in others prevented pollination. It 1s noticeable that those
varieties of beans and of peas which have the habit of setting
fruit through a long period are a nearly full crop, while those
whose crop is all made at once are very short. For instance,
Valentine and Refugee beans are plenty, while there is a
dearth of Kidney-wax ; the former was able to set a crop after ©
the first setting was destroyed, which the latter variety will
not do.

The quality of seeds of the growth of 1891 1s above the
average both as to vitality and the development of the plants
that produced ‘them, and in purity and trueness to type.
There has been a continuation of the improvement which has
characterized American-grown seed for the past few years,
for which we are largely indebted to the work of the trial-
grounds of the experiment stations as well as to those of the
seedsmen.

Fruits, Vegetables and General Interests. eu

-A special enumeration of the seed-farms of the United
States has been made by J. H. Hale under the auspices of
eeeensus bureau (Bull: 111, Sept. 4, 1891). Starting with

the establishment of Landreth’s seed-farm at Philadelphia in ~

1784, the industry has enlarged to 596 farms with a total of
169,851 acres devoted exclusively to the business. The acre-
age of the different seed-crops is as follows:

Field-corn..... 16,322. -ACKES, Sweet-COrn.,.. 15,004. acres.
ieam oo... .. 12,905 iy Cucumper...*.1o, 210 im
25) a a F071 “ Muskmelon ... 5,149 tf
Sailash .. 13. : 4,663 2 Powmvato ne. 2 3 4,350 .
Ont Ol i. . «+. 4,102 . Watermelon...’ 3,978 ei
Dimon Fo 3 s so 3,500 F Asparagus: .... 1,437 3)
Cabbage <:5.> 1,268 a Se aires eae ee an QI9 -
Ani... 2. S . 885 i FeaGShe. 820 a3 662 ‘
Garret. ./. 6%... 569 s De riiuce fF". 6 ASOIe. ho"!
Parsnip... ..... 374 in Pepper re..5. ae 8305 !
Onionsets.:... 352 i Bee-plant’..2:,:. 252
seemacn.....'... 150 Cy iE ey nee 105 ie
Eumpkin ...... 105 us Flower-seeds.. SI o
Petey. 75 Ms Celeny 4.040528 ttre hae
Dandelion. ..... C(O amare Salsity A. oss es. 26
inwbarb..:... 25 - Kohl yah «522 19 ie
MMetve a... s.-- 16 . MECC atetttce sa 13% -
Colarads ..:... 3 i ©) Sar eee en rare ee 3 z
Cauliflower.... Le a Nasturtium... 2 mn
Cern-calad..... 1% i Gress. “Shek ts 1% bes
Weleriacssh .. s.- ae

More than one-half the farms were established since 1870,
and this is an indication that the business, as a whole, is pros-
pering. ‘‘Sofar as reported, there were but two seed-farms in
the country previous to 1800 (one of these was established in
Philadelphia in 1784, and the other at Enfield, New Hamp-
pie, in £795), Only 3 in 1820, 6 in 1830, 19 in.1840, 34 in
1850, 53 1n 1860, 100 in 1870, 207 in 1880, and 200 more were
established between 1880 and 1890, leaving 189 unaccounted
for as to date of establishment. But asthe proprietors of the
older seed-farms take great pride in this matter, it is safe to
assume that go per cent. of the unreported farms have come
into existence within the last 20 years.’’ ‘‘Of the 596 seed-
farms in the United States, 258, or nearly one-half, are in the
North Atlantic division, the original center of seed produc-
tion. These farms have an acreage of 47,813, or an average
Mieies acres per farm, while in the North Central division

Seed
statistics.

The
seed
business.

~ Califor-
nia crops.

32 Annals of Horticulture.

there are 157 farms, with an acreage of 87,096, or an average
of 555 acres per farm. The seed-farms of Massachusetts

and Connecticut average 142-acres per farm, while those of —

Iowa and Nebraska are 695 acres in extent, and are producing
seeds on a scale of equal magnitude to the other products of
that section of the country. Several of these seed-producing
farms embrace nearly 3,000 acres each.’’

‘‘From general information obtained from the seed-farmers
and a study of the figures in this bulletin it appears that this
branch of agriculture has kept fully apace with the general
march of national progress. Prior to 1850 all the seed-farms
of the country were in the few northeastern states of the
Union, Connecticut and New York for more than half a cen-
tury producing more seeds than all other states combined ;
and while each has at present more seed-farms than any other
state, the general westward tendency of all that partains to
agriculture has stimulated seed-growing on a very extensive
scale in the central west and on the Pacific coast. There has
been of.late a feeling of depression among the growers gen-
erally, who, previous to 1883, made exceptionally fine profits
out of the business, and were thus stimulated to establish
more seed-farms than could profitably find market for their
products during the last few years. The general feeling now
is that prices must be advanced or some method of produc-
tion be discovered whereby a greater yield may be secured at
less cost of labor.”’ : ;

California. Notwithstanding the heavy crops in California
in 1890, the yields were very large this year.

The eastward fruit movements from California are indicated -

by the report of the secretary of the California Fruit Union,
from which the following figures and quotations are taken :
The total number of carloads of fruit shipped by the union
to eastern markets in 1891 was 1,387, against 1,373 in 18go,
ggi-in 1889 and 851 in: 1888.. Of these, 654 cars wenters
Chicago, 258 to New York, 111 to Minneapolis, 94 to Omaha,
54-to St. Paul, 87 to Boston, 55 to New Orleans) a7 to se
Louis, 20 to Kansas City, 9 to Louisville, 1 to Butalo ) ie
cherry shipments were much larger than in any previous year,
and the results were generally very satisfactory. The ship-
ment of Bartlett pears.was very heavy and they generally
arrived in good condition, but prices ruled very low and unsat-

Frutts, Vegetables and General Interests. 33

isfactory on account of meeting with competition from eastern
Bartletts. The shipment of peaches was not very large and
prices were generally low, owing to the large crop of peaches
raised in the east, and also to the fact that their crop was early
while ours was comparatively late. The grape shipment was
heavy, and compared fairly with other years in prices real-
feet § <6 The prices realized for fruit in all markets the past
year have been very low, owing to large crops of nearly all
kinds in all places, as well as the fact that California’s fruit
crop was late in ripening, while the eastern crop was earlier
than usual.’’

The orange crop is probably somewhat larger than that of
last year, and the quality is said to be unsurpassed. The
citrus industry of California is assuming vast proportions, * and
there are almost unlimited possibilities before it. The follow-
ing figures of the shipments of citrus fruits from southern
California for the last season (1890-1), together with those of
the previous year for comparison, were compiled by the

Citrograph :
Boxes. Cars.

County. 1890-1 1889--90 1890-1 1889-90
Weer OSllS. 3. kk ee 632,071 198,695 ORD. 781
Sam ebetnardimo........... 487,882 487,000 1,765. 1,705
Oe eas ve ot) LAT, 332. LL2,190 516 307
PTUs ek ee 19,475 9,460 68 33
SS Sass fe ont soy wd 18, 861 6,600 66 23
Bemirdebs at DATA... ew cw cele 6,478 23
Miguelis foe ee ie. 1,312,000". Sr3045 4,503 2,849

Included in the above lots for 1890-1 are 20,904 boxes (73
carloads) of lemons. The great gain in Los Angeles county,
over two years ago, 1s accounted for by the fact that during
the former year (1889-90) ‘‘the orchards were badly infected by
the scale. Good care and the Vedala cardinalis} have put
the orange-groves in good condition again.’’ ‘‘Taken as a
whole,” the editor concludes, ‘‘the figures are satisfactory and
conclusively show that the great industry is in a thriving
condition.’’

Mire citrus andustry is‘ rapidly enlarging in the. central
Meds northern; portions..of California, also. President P. E.

*For a succinct account of the citrus and other interests of California, see ANNALS for
1890, 18-28.
+See ANNALS for 1889, 62; 1890, 103.

Califor-
nia citrus
fruits.

The
raisin
crop.

34 Annals of Horticulture. |
3

Platt, of the Sacramento Board of Trade, writes that ‘it
is very pleasing to be able to report a continued devel-
opment of this industry, and the assured success of the same.
During the past three years upwards of 250,000 orange and
50,000 lemon trees were planted in Sacramento county and
several counties north and east, and it is gratifying to note
that the trees are doing remarkably well, many of them com-
ing into bearing and old orchards showing a continued good
yield. Itis found that the quality of the fruits is equal to
any grown in the southern part of the state.’’ |

Reports indicate that the raisin crop of California for 1891
will exceed that of last year. Careful estimates place the
crop at 1,800,000 boxes, an increase of 300,000 boxes over
last year. This increase comes mostly from some 20,000
acres of young vines, coming into bearing this year. The
California raisins are constantly gaining favor in the markets,
both at home and abroad. It will be profitable to those in-
terested in the development of our raisin industry to read the
following account of the methods of growing and curing the »
Valencia raisins, with which our product competes. The arti-
cle was contributed to the Fruit Trade Journal from a corre-
spondent in Denia, Spain: ‘‘The raisin industry dates back
to a remote period; in fact it has been uninterruptedly pur-
sued since the middle of the seventeenth century, when
raisins are reported to have been shipped to foreign ports from
Gandia, though to a somewhat insignificant extent. Exports
on a large scale commenced some sixty or seventy years ago,
and since then Denia has been the center Of expomtamas
from its being favorably situated on the coast, in the middle
of the raisin-district. The cultivation of the vineyards
and drying and curing of the grapes. during, tis eae
period have not -been improved, owing to the, Semm@er.
perverseness of the growers and farmers, their non-adop-
tion of modern methods and improvements, their stub-
born attachment to out-of-date implements. In cultivating
the soil they not only use the most primitive implements, but
the vines are never irrigated as is the case in the United
States, even if irrigation is at hand. Ina wet season when

_ abundant rains are prevailing,such irrigation is, of course, un-

necessary ; but in dry seasons the vines are not sufficiently
developed to produce first-class fruit. Since the mildew ap-

Fruits, Vegetables and General Interests. 35

peared in Europe, the vines have been infested with it, and
of late years to a very great extent. For instance, this year
(1891) the mildew has made such havoc among the vines,
that the crop will be some 10,000. to 12,000 tons shorter than
last year. For this result the farmers are greatly to blame.
It is well known that sulphur is a sure remedy when of good
quality and properly employed, but the sulphur generally
used here is of inferior quality and not employed in sufficient
quintity. The majority of growers sulphur their vines only
once, and do this too late, when the havoc is already done by
the mildew. The sulphuring is generally performed in June,
when the berries have set, and it ought to be done before and
after the blooming at least two or three times. The impor-
tant operations of scalding and drying are neglected to such
an extent that the quality of the raisins is seriously affected.
Many growers collect the grapes before they are sufficiently
matured, thus producing raisins which consist only of skin
and seeds, containing little or no pulp. Too frequently the
scalding is improperly performed, as the growers do not rinse
or wash the grapes before dipping them in lye. The grapes,
after being scalded, should be placed on platforms made of
reeds, and exposed to the sun ; but many growers and farmers
are too poor or neglectful to provide the necessary platforms,
and dry the grapes on the soil between the vines or elsewhere
on the bare ground, thus not being able to cover the. grapes
during the night or in case of bad weather setting in. Bynot
rinsing the grapes and by drying them on the soil, much dirt
adheres to them, which is of course a great objection to these
peeins They are able’ to. retaim their’ keeping quality
for a short period only, and are apt to mold and lose their
flavor. There is no doubt that the quality of the Valencia
raisins in general could be considerably improved, were more
care taken in their cultivation, scalding and curing by the
growers and farmers.’

The prune, peach, apricot, and other crops of California were
large this year, and they are constantly increasing in import-
ance in the markets of the world. The total amount of green
_ deciduous fruits shipped-from the state up to December 1,
1891, is estimated at 78,600,000 pounds. Dried fruits are
estimated at upwards of 50,000,000 pounds, although it 1s in-
possible to determine what the final output of the year will

Valencia
raisins.

Other
Califor-
nia crops,

The
fig-
wasp.

36 Annals of Horticulture.

reach. It is gratifying to know that the California prune is
winning areputation. This is said to be due to the method of
curing. The California product is dried in the sun, while the
foreign prune is cooked in the curing process. The olive,
also, 1s yearly attracting more attention.

The most interesting departure in California horticulture |

for the year is the successful importation of the fig-wasp
Blastophaga grossorum (Cynips Psenes, Linn.) from Syria.
The fig is a hollow fleshy body, upon the interior of which are

borne unisexual flowers, the staminate or male flowers being —

confined to a narrow area near the opening and not usually
maturing until the pistillate flowers have passed their receptive
stage. The fig is therefore practically incapable of pollinat-

ing itself, yet it is commonly supposed that early maturity of

the fruit and the development of the best quality depend upon
the fertilization of the minute flowers. The wild fig or caprifig
under certain conditions bears an abundance of pollen, and
this and the cultivated fig practically stand to each other in
the relation of male and female plants. The fig-wasp lives in

the caprifig, one brood depositing an egg in the ovary of each

pistillate flower and then dying within the fig. ‘The larva de-
velops at the expense of the ovule, and the resulting wasp
subsequently pollinates the flowers of a succeeding crop of
figs during the same year. In most fig-growing countries, the
growers plant the caprifig among their figs or more commonly
hang branches of it in the trees. This process of pollination
is known as caprification, and a large special literature exists
upon the subject.* It is one of the most interesting instances
known of the mutual adaptation of insects and flowers. It 1s
still a moot point if caprification 1s always essential to the best
results in fig-culture. Severalimportant researches have pro-

nounced against it, but it nevertheless appears to possess de- -

cided value in many instances. Caprification is employed in
the growing of the Smyrna figs of commerce, and=it terme
that the California product is inferior to them, selling for only
about a third as much. The importation of the fig-insect,
therefore, becomes an event of great interest, and the experi-
ment will be eagerly watched by scientists and horticulturists
alike. The insect was introduced by James Shinn, of Niles,

*The student will find a succinct account of caprificationin Muller’s Fertilization o
Flowers, 521.

Fruits, Vegetables and General Interests. a7

Seema, july 2. J. Bliss, a missionary at Lokia, near
Smyrna, shipped a dozen caprifig fruits containing the eggs of
the insect. These arrived at New York July 18 and at San
Francisco July 25. Some live insects and unhatched eggs
were found in the box upon its arrival, and they were colon-
ized in a large caprifig growing upon Mr. Shinn’s place. The
insects appear to have thrived thus far.

It is commonly supposed, especially throughout the east,
that California cannot grow good apples ; but Leonard Coates
has recently combatted this opinion before the California State
Horticultural Society, and has shown that in certain regions
apples of good quality are easily-grown.. He ‘predicts
than ‘‘in tenor fifteen years from now the state of California
will produce apples in great quantities for export, although
now in but very limited supply, and such that will command
the admiration of any market; and they need not all be of
what are known as the old standard sorts, for many newer
varieties better suited to a mild climate are being introduced
from the southern and southwestern states, and we are orig-
inating a number of seedlings which are peculiarly suited to
our climatic conditions.”’

Pacific Northwest. Oregon and Washington are beginning
to attract attention in horticultural directions. The following
summary of their horticultural status is furnished for this
occasion by Professor E. R. Lake, of the Agricultural College
of Washington: *

‘¢ Unusual activity has marked matters horticultural in this
section during the past year. Great progress has been made
in all directions. The organization of many local societies,
associations and clubs for the discussion of subjects per-
taining to our horticultural interests has been, probably,
the leading factor in this advance. The advent of much
active young blood from both the east and south, has done
no little to awaken a just appreciation of our horticultural
resources. Yet, notwithstanding all this, we are sadly negli-
gent of much that pertains to our best interests; we are
woefully behind in much of the work that marks the intelli-
gent orchardist and gardener, but at the present rate of pro-
gress we may reasonably expect to be in sight of the advance
guard at the World’s Fair.

* See also ANNALS for 1890, 28, for an account of Washington horticulture.

Apples
in Cali-
fornia.

Pacific
North-
west.

Horticul-
ture inthe
North-
west.

38 Annals of Horticulture.

‘At present our horticultural education is jD0Kss after by

ton’s just being organized ;_ two state boards of hort
one state horticultural society, and twelve local organizations.
The meetings, exhibitions, discussions and reports of these

various institutions have been interesting and valuable, and as.

the working organization becomes more effective much better
results may be looked for. The customary aversion of the
average cultivator to books and book-men has had much to do
with the apathy that has characterized our horticulture during
the past decade, and it will require a vigorous effort to con-
vince our practical workers of the great value of scientific
attention.

‘“Then the fact that capital has not been drawn into the
work of building up large orchards and gardens, thereby

stimulating smaller plantations, has been a serious check on

past development of this field. This absence of large orchards.

has also had another effect even more restraining than the
above, in its influence upon transportation. Kates on fruits,
evaporated products excepted, are even now so high as to
restrict shipments greatly, but as. yet the total producer @:
merchantable fruit 1s not sufficient to warrant transportation
companies in making special rates. In the near future when
the young orchards, some of them embracing several hundred
acres, begin to bear, the amount of fruit of a marketable qual-
ity will be such as to enable producers to secure favorable
rates to distant markets; but until this time comes it will re-
quire much effort to induce the older residents to plant, ex-

cept for home use, because they cannot see.an immediate

profit in growing for market.

‘¢Crops have been up to the average the past year, except
prunes. This fruit witnessed its first partial failure in this
section; this, however, only extended to one variety—the

f

Italian—and 1S chargeable to late cold rains, which cra |

damaged the crop at a critical point. -
‘¢Markets have been firm for good fruit, and little inferior
produce has been accepted because an ample supply of the
best was to be obtained, save perhaps, apples, which have been
seriously affected by the codlin-moth worm, the result be-
ing much inferior fruit and high prices for clean fruit. The

Fruits, Vegetables and General Lnterests. 39

average ruling wholesale prices for the various fruits have
been :

Be OWELTICS.. - ei ek eens wre ae 5. ets; per- pound,
(Weerants 2. 5S «ph RRP he gl cee ease Sat ie K
Ob) LEE DEUS SSO aor Se ia rere ea 3% ‘ 2:
EMP Se Noscle hci Tisp dina oli she ed Ua we tO ye ‘s
etre in So wie Ste dow aie eh carg waters sts Pie om
eae ec alts ois m6 wo ora an ales 6 6 or alse dd le eek ie
TLD SCH gi ee ara aan eat rene pas ae ”
Bee OeeGCS te A Pe ee Ce ae uf

2) DSTI E Ss aN See coe Sao nore Gop es
pe ORS ea ee en er ge i

1 SP ES a RE er cra Ae 9 Be
RRM i Gee ee os atc dare eve a 1 ee ie
SLL ES, ES i0 Aga a te ver en ree eee Pyles ai
MRI Sh 57S OE has Fa IS as. Bae wad ee hie Sse A508 . wper WOx:

iited prunes are held at 6 to 8 cents as against ro to 12
cents last year. This is due to the abundant crops east, which
nave shortened the demand for the dried product.

fees, opie! & Co., fruit-merchants of Portland, Oregon,
write me as follows: ‘The prices we name herewith are the
highest and lowest prices these variousitems sold at this year,
although they do not refer to this season’s crops alone. This
season prices have ruled low, while early in the year prices ruled
comparatively high,making the average for the year very good.

SDL i $0 40 to $1 15 per 100 lbs.

bevect Potatoes......'....-) ty si ene ps a i

ae ee ee GOR a2 Oy f

Carrots

he te Pps cat Ke a 40.'' = 1° 00 andi $1 25 per sack.
Turnips j

(2 os ne 40 per doz. to $1 75 per 100 lbs.
ememiawers 6.5%... we 5 OF i 75 1'.; doz. for early. stock.
Me OWET §...... eee Bo. i eae a Ae 3

| SLEDS ee ee ae 4Q “! s OO re

Squash and Pumpkins..... Con (6 Waa
Se 02 to $0 30 per lb. for early stock.
ATCO es ice gos ne eS oa 5: come rer:

SERS ee ae nner O20a 20 s

£25, Se ee aes O2 ys 15 iy

mempers abouts... ....<..., 06 ‘* average.
oS eran aay tigt 35 per dozen heads.
Se a enon a 05 BS 55 i ears.

Melons, Water......¢7.... L5Ouo 6s 2 5 OO Ke

Melons, Musk ...........+ Ora, tc A OO Lat

Fruits
in the
North-
west.

40 Annals of Horticulture.

‘‘Varieties and cultural methods. Noextended and system-
atic work has been done in testing varieties or cultural
methods. Our early orchardists planted a few of the more
hardy varieties, gave them no care, and reaped good crops,
which sold well; but our later orchardists, find that hardy

varieties are not all-sufficient, and that some care must be

given trees if good returns are expected in these days when
cheap and rapid transit bring us into close competition with
other sections. Thus, at present we are largely involved in
experiment. A few varieties are established, but the majority
are on trial. Our soil and climate are so varied that very

different results are obtained with the same variety, in local-

ities only a few mules apart, but having different aspects, soil
and surroundings. The most annoying feature of this part of
the subject is the wretched condition of the nomenclature
of our fruits. Frequently at our exhibitions and @amea me
same variety parades under several names, while the opposite
is as frequently true.- Much of this 1s due to>taewuee
that well-known fruits in the older states change color, size
and flavor when grown on our basaltic soils and in this pecu-
har climate. As yet the simplest methods of culture are fol-
lowed, only the more progressive orchardists recognizing that
clean cultivation and thorough pruning are necessary to best re-
sults. Each of several sections has its favorite varieties. Gen-
erally speaking they are: App/es—Red Astrachan, Williams’
Favorite, Gravenstein, Tompkins King, Ben Davis, Baldwin,
Northern Spy, Twenty Ounce, Esopus Spitzenburgh, Fall
Pippin, Canada Reinette, Yellow Bellefleur, Golden Russet,
Monmouth, McAfee and Blue Pearmain. /ears—Bartlett,
Duchesse d’ Angouleme, Winter Nelis, Vicar, Louise Bonne de

Jersey, Flemish Beauty, Aujou, White Doyenne. Peaches—_

Alexander, Hale’s Early, Early Crawford, French, Early Char-
lotte, Salway, Cox’s Cling, Indian. P/lums—Peach, Yellow
Egg, Columbia, Reine Claude. Prunes—tItalian d’ Agen, Hun-
garian, Coe’s Golden Drop. Cherries—Napoleon, Luelling,

Bigarreau, Black Eagle, May Duke. Slackberries—Lawton, |

Kittatinny, Everbearing.. ARaspberries—Cuthbert, Gregg, Red
Antwerp, Souhegan. Currants—Cherry, Fay, Red Dutch
and Victoria. Gooseberries—Oregon Champion, Industry,
Downing. Strawberries—Wilson, Clarke, Gandy, Jucunda,
Big Bob, Sharpless. Grapfes—Concord, Delaware, Sweet-

Fruits, Vegetables and General Interests. ore

water, Flame Tokay, Black Spanish, Chasselas Rose, Wor-

- den.

‘¢Of nuts little can be said save that experiments are be-
ing carried on in several sections with filberts, chestnuts and
walnuts.

‘Vegetables grow to perfection as well as fruit. Few are
grown for other than the home markets. Some potatoes and
onions are shipped, alsoa little horse-radish. All the ordinary
vegetables flourish throughout the whole section. Prices are
good, as but few give attention to growing for market, fruit-
growing paying better and being much more attractive to the
average cultivator. Withtherapid growth of cities, however,
more attention will be given to this phase of the subject.
Celery and cauliflower, those choicest of vegetables, grow to
“periection here.

‘¢The horticultural resources of this section are just be-
coming apparent, andin a few years, when the young orchards
begin to bear, eastern people may expect to see other fruits
than those of California.”

Apple and pear-culture are promising industries for the
Pacific northwest. The proper selection of varieties for a
new country is one of the most difficult problems connected
with its horticultural progress, and any experience in this di-
rection is useful. The following notes upon apples and pears
are extracted from editorials in the Worthwest Horticulturist
for October and November, leet

‘The climate of this region is favorable to the production
of nearly all standard varieties of winter apples whichare pro-
duced in the middle and eastern states; and so far as the size
and flavor of the fruit and the productiveness of the trees are
concerned, this region excels the states east of the Rocky
mountains. The keeping quality of the same varieties is not
so prolonged here, owing to the moister atmosphere and
milder temperature. Baldwin.and Northern Spy, late keepers
in Michigan and the eastern states, are early winter apples
in western Washington, and so with a number of other varie-
ties. The ideal profitable winter apple is of good quality, t
medium size and red color, and is a late keeper, considering
that the tree is productive. If there 1s no one kind which
fulfills these qualities, then the variety which comes nearest to
this standard must be chosen. In eastern Washington the

4

Vegetables
inthe
Northwest.

Apples in
Washing-
ton,

Apples in
Washing-
ton.

42 Annals of Horticulture. >

same kind of winter apples will keep longer than those raised
in the western part. The mild climate calls for a different
variety from those generally considered late keepers, in order
to keep untilspring. The Northern Spy and Baldwin are profit-
able, but if an apple of the same quality and color could be
kept for two months later than is their keeping-season here,
more profit would be realized by the grower than when he
has to market this fruit earlier, and which in drier and colder
climates keeps for several months. The Englsh Russet pos-
sesses the qualities of the ideal, except in color, which may be
considered as less objectionable for a late winter apple than
for those marketed early. The English Russet has been cul-
tivated and produced for a number of years on Puget Sound
with satisfactory results. The trees grow very straight, and
form upright heads, and the wood is smooth and of a reddish
brown; fruit of medium size, roundish and very regularly —
formed; skin pale greenish yellow, about two-thirds covered
with russet, which is thickest near the stalk; flesh yellowish
white, firm, crisp, with a pleasant, mild, shghtly subacid flavor.
This may be considered a good market sort.

««The Lady’s Sweet has also the qualities of an ideal apple,
except the color, but it has stripes of pale red, and may be con-
sidered one of the finest winter sweet apples for the dessert
known or cultivated in this country. More of this variety
should be planted in both eastern and western Washington.
The wood of the tree is not very strong, but it grows thriftily
and bears very abundantly, making a round, spreading head.
The fruit is large, roundish, narrowing pretty rapidly to the
eye. The skin is smooth and yellowish if grown in the shade,
with broken stripes of pale red. The.flesh is greenish white,
exceedingly tender, juicy and crisp, with a delicious, sprightly,
agreeably perfumed flavor. It keeps, without shriveling or
losing its flavor, until spring.

‘¢The Yellow Newtown Pippin, or Newtown Pippin, posses-
ses the qualities of the ideal apple with exception of color,
and in western Washington has the reputation of being a
light bearer, but it is very satisfactory in the Yakima and
Walla Walla districts. Itis a native of Long Island, and
requires a pretty strong, deep warm soil to attain its full per-
fection ; and in the orchard it should be well manured every
two or three years. While young the tree is remarkable for

Fruits, Vegetables and General Interests. 43

its rough bark. Fruit is of medium size, roundish, somewhat
oblique ; when ripe it is yellow, sometimes with red cheek
and a smooth skin. Fleshis a greenish white, crisp, juicy
and rich flavor. The tree is an excellent bearer, but if not
healthy the fruit will be spotted. It is grown more in eastern
than in western Washington, and there it also keeps late in
spring. The Blue Pearmain has the required color, but is not
so late a keeper as those above mentioned. The tree is also
a more moderate bearer. It is grown more in the south-
eastern part of the state than elsewhere in Washington. The
fruit is of the largest size, roundish, slightly conical, with
stripes of dark purplish red over a dull ground, and appear-
ing bluish from the white bloom. Flesh yellowish, mild,
rather rich, aromatic and very good. The Monmouth Pippin
(Red-Cheeked Pippin) is produced to some extent in south-
eastern Washington, but it is only a moderate keeper and
of pale yellow color. It is a native of Monmouth Co., N. J.—
a tree of moderate upright growth and productive. The
fruit 1s subacid and very good. The Esopus Spitzenburgh
comes nearest being the ideal apple for the entire northwest
region than any other variety yet known. In eastern Washing-
ton it keeps later than on the west side of the Cascades, and is
therefore more profitable for the grower ; but it is generally
considered by all good judges equal to the Newtown Pip-
pin for profit, and unsurpassed as a dessert fruit by any
other sort. It originated at Esopus, on the Hudson, N. Y.
The tree has slender shoots, and when in bearing it has
long and hanging limbs. The fruit is large, oblong, taper-
ing roundly tothe eye; skin smooth, nearly covered with rich,
lively red, with distinct yellow-russet dots ; flesh yellow, rather
firm, crisp, juicy, with a delicious, rich, brisk flavor. With
proper cultivation and care, this apple will be one of the most
profitable for western Washington for some time to come.
‘<The Northern Spy, the ideal apple east, only lacks the
keeping quality to be equally considered in western Washing-
ton, being an early winter apple; it sells for the highest price of
any in its season, and is fairly productive. It originated on
the farm of Heman Chapin, of East Bloomfield, near Roches-
ter, New York. The tree requires high cultivation and open
heads to let in the sun, otherwise the fruit is wanting in fla-
vor, and apt to be imperfect and knotty. The fruit is large,

Apples in
Washing-
ton.

Apples in

Washing-

ton.

A4 Annals of Horticulture.

roundish, oblate, conical; skin thin, smooth in the shade,
greenish or pale yellow in the sun, covered with hght and
dark stripes of purplish red; flesh white, fine-grained, tender,
slightly subacid, with delicious flavor ; core large and open,
This fruit keeps later here than the Spitzenburgh. The

Winesap 1s one of the varieties largely planted by the old

settlers of the north Pacific coast. Both in Oregon and
Washington much fruit of this variety has been produced. It
is generally ready for market about Christmastime. The tree
is productive, bears early and holds its fruit well until late ;
it thrives well in asandy soil. The fruit is of medium size, !
rather roundish, oblong ; skin smooth, of a fine dark red moh
a few dark streaks; flesh yellow, firm, crisp, with -a’ rich,
high flavor—a fine cider-fruit. This variety is most profitable
in southeastern Washington. The Baldwin, the well-known
standard apple for the eastern states, is also an early winter
apple in western Washington and Oregon, where it is grown
tosome extent. There being several varieties ready for market
about the same time,and the tree being a moderate bearer, it is
less noted than where grown in a colder and drier climate.
‘‘The varieties above mentioned are profitable for the Paci-
fic northwest. Trees are generally prolific over this entire re-
gion, and in eastern Washington the fruit grows to immense
size and retain to a considerable extent the late-keeping qual-

ity. For western Washington there 1s demand for a good

red, medium-sized apple that will keep as late as will the
Yellow Newtown Pippin. The ideal apple will grow on a
great variety of soils, but it seldom thrives on very dry lands,
or soils saturated with moisture. Its favorite soil in all
countries is a strong loamof a calcareous or lime-stone nature.
A deep, strong, gravelly, marly or clayey loam or a gravelly
subsoil, produces the greatest crops and highest-flavored fruit,
as well as the utmost longevity of the trees. Some parts of
Orcas Island, San Juan county, abound in such soil. The
calcareous or limestone nature predominates, and it is found
that trees growing there are thrifty, smooth-barked, bear
abundantly, and the fruit is of a high color andquality. Itis
also found that these trees are not being attacked to any great
degree by injurious insects.’

Of pears, ‘‘the six varieties recommended by the Washing-
ton Horticultural Society, for general cultivation, are as fol-

Fruits, Vegetables and General Interests. 45

lows: for summer—Giffard and Bartlett; for fall—Anjou,
Louise Bonne de Jersey and Dix; for winter—Easter. Since
then new varieties have been brought forward for cultivation,
such as Idaho, Erwin and Columbian, which are now being
tried in the various districts of this region. But the Bartlett,
Anjou, Louise Bonne and Easter are sure bearers, prolific,
trees thrifty, fruit delicious, and always bring a good price
on the market.

‘“‘As has been previously stated, the trees are vigorous
growers, fruitful and bothered scarcely any by insects or
blight in this region. S. W. Brown, of Vancouver, Wash.,
in an article tothe Zacoma Commerce, of November 23, 1886,
states: ‘If there is a country on the face of the globe where
pears can be raised more successfully than in this, I have
never heard of it. It is a question in my mind which there is
the most money in, the Bartlett pear or the Italian prune.
Were I going to plant a large orchard for the purpose of rais-
ing fruit to sell, I think I should divide it chiefly between the
Manan prune and the Bartlett pear, -in about equal parts.’
Good Bartlett pears sell from $1 to $1.50 per box (50 Ibs.);
other varieties vary according to quality and season. In New
York it 1s estimated that a young orchard five years from the
time of-planting should produce from $50 to $75 per acre, and
meme ten years old the trees should produce fruit to the
amount of $400 per acre; at 15 years the receipts should be
from $600 to $800. At Olympia, Wash., trees four years old
have produced 50 pounds per tree ; and instances are related
Where trees in this. country have produced from 20 to 25
bushels each, and the fruit sold at $1.25 per bushel. These
Stevexeeptional cases in. favorable locations;-but as a rule
large crops are produced each season, which, if properly cared
for, will bring profitable returns to the growers of the Pacific
northwest.’’

Canada is extending her fruit-growing interests in southern
Ontario, and eastward near the sea-coast. Nova Scotia has
long been famous for its apples, the Annapolis valley being
generally regarded as the best apple-country on the Atlantic
coast ; but it is not generally known that it contains a large
and important cherry-growing district, the Bear River region.
Even in the northwest territory there are regions where small-
fruit growing will some day attain to importance. The fol-

Pears in
Washing-
ton.

46 Annals of Horticulture,

lowing geography of the fruit-growing regions of Canada is
part of a paper by A. M. Smith upon ‘Progress of Fruit-cul-
ture in Canada’’ before the Western New York Horticultural
Society, 1691:

‘¢ Now take a map of Ontario and begin at its eastern boun-
dary and follow up the St. Lawrence river—whose shores are
famous for itsSnow,St. Lawrence, Pomme Grise, MacIntosh
Red and other hardy apples—to Kingston; and then take the
north shore of Lake Ontario—not forgetting to trace around
the Bay of Quinte, where hes Prince Edward county, the
home of the apple—on up to Hamilton, around Burlington
bay; then down the south shore of Ontario to the Niagara
river; up the river to Lake Erie ;.then up the north shore of
that lake to Detroit river, taking in the Niagara peninsula—
famous for all kinds of fruit—and the counties of Essex and
Kent, which will soon be equally famous; thence up the river
and Lake St. Clair shore to Huron; around the south and
eastern shores of that lake and Georgian Bay; through the
counties of Lambton, Huron, Grey, Bruce and Simcoe—all

gee’ noted for their long-keeping apples—and you have traversed
a shore-line of over 1,000 miles in length adapted to apple-
culture. Allowing this belt to be ten miles wide, and one-
tenth of it in suitable condition for orchard-planting, you
have 1,000 square miles, or 640,000 acres, which, with the
shores of small lakes and rivers in the interior, where apples
grow in abundance, could be easily swelled to over a million
~ acres of the best apple-land inthe world. Nor is all the apple-
country of Canada confined to Ontario. Nova Scotia, par-
ticularly the Annapolis valley, has thousands of acres already
in this fruit, and thousands more which might be utilized.
The quality of the apples grown there, particularly the Gra-
venstein, have a world-wide reputation. Many sections of
Quebec, Prince Edward Island and New Brunswick are also
adapted to the apple. British Columbia, onthe Pacific coast, ~
is opening up with great prospects as a fruit-country—apples
pears, plums and cherries being produced in abundance, and
in some sections grapes and peaches. The majority of the
area of apple-land that I have described in Ontario is equally
adapted to plum-culture, and about one-half of it to pears and
cherries; and some two or three hundred miles along the shores
of Lakes Erie and Ontario to grapes. Quite a belt on the

Fruits, Vegetables and General. Interests. a

south shore of Ontario, in the Niagara district, and another
on the north shore of Lake Erie, in the county of Essex,
grow peaches in perfection. Small fruits flourish all over the
province.’’

Outlying regions. Any one who is familiar with the horti-
culture of America must have been struck with the fact that
almost every part of the United States is found to be adapted
to fruit-growing in one form or another, as soon as the exper-
iment isintelligently tried. The exhibits of apples at the meet-
ing of the American Pomological Society in Washington this
year showed that aconsiderable number of varieties are adapted
to our extreme northern borders, as Aroostook county, Maine,
and the cold regions northwest of the great lakes. The hor-
ticultural possibilities of the newer western states are yet un-
known, but there is every reason to expect that large regions
will be found to be peculiarly adapted to special fruits.
Parts of New Mexico and Arizona give great promise in
grapes, raisins, figs, citrus-fruits and olives. Montana, in
which agricultural and horticultural pursuits are almost en-
tirely undeveloped, gives promise of affording some good apple
districts. The Montana Stockman recently published the fol-
lowing note as an earnest of future capabilities: ‘‘A quantity
of apples as large as saucers, exhibited by Secretary Ramsey,
of the World’s Fair Commission, ought to convince the most
sceptical that Montana is a fruit country. These apples were
grown in an orchard about two miles from Missoula. We
have seen no samples of fruit in the east that looked more
inviting to the taste. Did those interested in fruit-growing in
Montana exhibit enough interest to effect the organization of
a horticultural society, it would be a question of a few years
only before our pleasant valleys would blossom like a rose
with fruit of the most luscious quality. If fruit-growing 1s
retarded, it is not because the climate and soil are unfavora-
ble, but because the proper degree of intelligence is not exer-
cised in the selection of trees. A horticultural society would
bridge this difficulty and enlighten the people as to the varie-
ties best adapted to this climate and the soil conditions.
While Montana will doubtless make a fine fruit-exhibit at the
World’s Fair, 1893, it might have easily wrested the laurels
from many less favored regions had the tree problem received
eae attention it merits.”’

Outlying
regions,

Fruits in
Montana.

The nur-
sery sta-
tistics.

48 Annals of Horticulture.

The nursery business is the subject of Bulletin 10g (Sept. 2,

1891) of the census-bureau, by J]. H. Hale. The enumeration

shows that there are 4,510 nurseries in the United States, all
but two of which have been established since 1800. These
nurseries occupy 172,806 acres of land, and represent an in-
vested capital of $52,425,669.51. They give employment to
45,657 men, 2,279 women, and 14,200 animals. The grand
total of plants growing in these nurseries in the census year,
1890, was 3,386,856,778! Of this vast number, 518,016,612
are fruit-trees, 685,603,396 grape-vines and small fruits, and
the remainder are mostly ornamentals. The following table
shows the acreage devoted to the leading species and the total
number grown:

Plants. Number of Average Total number
acres. number grvwn £10WN.,
per acre.

FEW 0) 0) (cae roe a ee ges 20, 23234 11,890 240,570,666
PPTICOL ss fe ec ne 269 11,689 3,144,466
ORR atti ae 3,690 10, 362 38,236,254
Mugs} aaiet 3d ee eee 634% 11,734 742,200
TCMIO Te athe ce eee: 79 6,998 552,841
FAWIG eee oe 6 10,688 64,125
NISCiARIMe’. =. a alan. 50 13,054 652,679
Olivenic =.) eset 26 12,616 328,016
Oranceti sie Ways 607% 7; EOI 4,368, 322
Peach. aps atece ek 3357. 14,861 49,887,894
P@aie 5a set es aes 6,8544% II, 266 7], 22 5402
PVM eo eh ae ate 7,8201%4 11/307 88, 494, 307
Pomelo sie tea pe TAX 5,764 80,700
Promee tiie 3 ee 5388 12,964 7,623,000
CRUDCE sree ae Se bly ey 5S £1,075 6,047,680
INGE oe ce ernie 1,370% 10)072 13,803,006
Deciduous trees*.... 12,342 105,121 1,297,408, 257
Everetecn 4rees-... 8,644% 95,004 822,038, 324
Hardy: shrubs). 7... 2,881% 15,989 40,072, 530
TROSC Aa. ek GAL Eons ae 34014 II,295 3}:91 3,653
Grape-vines.. 5 en's. 5,073 . 28,052 159,139,248
Straw Derry - =. 4.7. 4,433 61,157 271,108,253
Raspberry fa oe, 5,750% i502 86, 487,491
Blackberry: 6 2: 4,889% 21,539 105,310,810
CArran tases 2: a retary QO. T 24,432 49,376,805 ©
Gooseberry... .\/ 2.0.1. « 1,009% 14,047 14,180,789
Miscellaneous’. fruit-"1,477 “% o.-«)-- os.

trees and plants.

The nurserymen of the United States issued in 1890 3,299,-

* Includes forest trees and ornamental trees.

Fruits, Vegetables and General Interests. 49

895 wholesale catalogues, 9,556,980 retail catalogues, and
paid $512,054.61 for newspaper advertising and $394,163.76
for postage. ,

‘¢At first thought it would seem that the annual produc-
tion of all these millions of trees and plants would soon
overstock the country, but itis a sad fact to contemplate
that damage in transit and climatic conditions, coupled with
the carelessness of many planters, result in killing nearly one-
half the plants and trees sent out each year, and further neg-
lect results in the loss of one half of those remaining before
the end of the third year ; and it has been estimated by some
horticulturists that of all the trees set out not more than one
in twenty ever comes to full fruiting. This is notsomuchon
account of soil and climatic conditions as from ignorance and
carelessness of the average planters ; for skilled orchardists
have little trouble in bringing go per cent. of all trees planted
into full fruitage. This loss of trees, coupled with the steady
growth of the country and the increased taste in horticultural
matters, must of necessity cause the demand for nursery pro-
@eucts to be even greater in the future than in the past.
Twenty years ago a fruit-orchard fifty acres in extent was
considered a wonder; now in nearly every state apple, pear
and peach-orchards of 100, 200 and 300 acres are being
‘planted, while in Georgia and California there are many peach-
orchards of 1,000 or more acres each. ‘The greatest and most
steady demands, however, will ever continue to be for plants
and trees for the home ground and the fruit-garden. The
latter, a luxury a few years ago, is fast becoming a recognized
necessity; and as greater attention is being given it each year
it can not fail to help the nursery trade, and so it is expected
to grow and prospereven more in the future than in the past.’’
‘The general tone of the figures shows that the nursery busi-
ness is prospering. ‘‘While a few eastern states show a
slight falling off in the production of some kinds of nursery-
stock, Vermont is the only state to show a falling off in all
lines of production. Maine also shows a considerable de-
crease in several lines. Florida shows a decrease in orange-
tree production, brought about by the discouragement of

planters by the hard freeze of 1886; but with these few ex-_

ceptions the increased production is from 15 to 300 per cent.,
being greatest in the states of the North Central division

The
nursery
business.

New
fruits.

50 Annals of Horticulture.

and on the Pacific coast, With this greatly increased pro-
duction has come about a considerable decrease in the selling-
price, so that while the nurserymen appear -to be prosperous
financially, greater knowledge in the art of production and
better methods of culture enable them to produce better stock
at less cost—conditions all favorable to the planter and not in
the least discouraging to the nurseryman who understands
his business.’’

Lew types of fruits. Perhaps nothing shows so forcibly the
vitality and activity of American horticulture as the astonish-
ing number of new types of fruits introduced during the last _
few years from foreign countries or secured from our own
woods. Even a list of them is scarcely possible at this time.
Florida and southern California have drawn very heavily upon
the subtropical and even tropical fruits of various parts of the
world. The whole country has been much enriched by the
introduction of many Japanese fruits. In all this list of new-
comers it 1s a significant fact that there appears to be not one
which has failed to find some congenial place, and to
make friends. This is proof that our country possesses
the possibilities of a wonderful and varied horticulture.
Perhaps the most encouraging feature of this acquisition
of new types of fruits is the growing desire to rescue and
improve native species. This is nowhere better illus-
trated than in the native plums, which have already assumed
sreat commercial importance. Among the newer wild types
may be mentioned the following as particularly interesting
and promising: Several species of grapes, apples, the dew-
berries, juneberry, Crandall currant, buffalo-berry, elderberry
and western strawberry.

The recent native grape interest has been kept clearly be-
fore the public by T. V. Munson, of Texas, and others, and it
needs no further comment here. The native apples have
been discussed and described by the present writer* during
the year. Our native crabs east of the Rocky Mountains
clearly belong to three species, Pyrus coronaria, P. angustt-
Joliaand P. Joensis. Of these, Pyrus Toensis is far the most im-
portant to the cultivator, apparently, and there is much reason
for expecting profitable results from its amelioration. Still
a fourth species, Pyrus Soulardi, was described. This in-

*A merican Garden, xii. 469 (Aug. 1891).

Fruits, Vegetables and General Interests. 51

cludes the Soulard crab and other promising but unnamed
sorts, some of which are apples of good size and attractive
appearance. Specimens have been received this year of an
unnamed wild form of this species measuring nearly two and
a half inches indiameter. The botanical status of this species
is not clearly determined. There is much reason for sup-
posing it to be a hybird between the common apple and
Pyrus Ioensis. But whatever its botanical position, its horti-
cultural merits deserve to become better known in the north-
-west, where all attempts towards progress in apple-culture
must be made upon the hardiest stocks.

The dewberries have recently been fully discussed by the
present writer ina bulletin of the Cornell Experiment Station. *
A dozen varieties, representing two distinct species, are
known to cultivation, and some of them already possess
considerable importance. The juneberry or service-berry
(Amelanchier Canadensis var. oblongifolia) has been before
the public for several years, and in point of hardiness,
vigor and productiveness deserves to rank high. The only
named variety appears to be the Success, introduced by
H. E. Van Deman, chief of the Division of Pomology of the
United States Department of Agriculture, and who has given
me the following account of its history :

‘‘In December, 1873, I was traveling on horseback from my
home in Kansas to the annual meeting of the State Horticult-
ural Society, and learned by accident of the whereabouts of a
fruit, growing in a man’s garden, that was called huckleberry.
On my way home I hunted up the place and found the bushes.
I was told that this so-called huckleberry bore abundantly
every year, and that it had been brought from Illinois to
that neighborhood. I afterwards learned that an old man
had brought seeds of the dwarf juneberry from the mountains
of Pennsylvania to Illinois, and from them grew this variety.
When he and his children went to Kansas, about 1868, they
took along a stock of the plants, and part of them were set at
the place where I found them. [had no trouble in securing
a few of the plants, which I immediately took home and set
out, and the next year, when the bloom appeared on them, I
learned by consulting the botany that it was amelanchier.
The plants grew so well that I went back the next year and

*Bull. 34, Cornell Exp. Sta. Nov. 18o9r.

Dewberries
an
Juneberry.

Crandall
currant.

Elderberry.

52 Annals of Horticulture.

got several hundred more and planted them at my home.

All of them grew, and I soon had a large plantation. About

this time I found other varieties of the dwarf juneberry in cul-

tivation in different parts of Kansas, and got plants which

bore, and on comparing the fruit with the one I first got, I
thought the first one the best ; and as some people discouraged
the cultivation of some of the varieties because of their rather
inferior fruit, 1, named my variety ‘Success.” About asge ol

began to sell the plants, under the name Success; and until I

sold the larger part of my stock some three years ago, to J. T.

Lovett of New Jersey, I had sold more than ten thousand :

plants of this variety.’’

The Crandall currant (Azdes aureum) was intruduced in the
spring of 1888 by Frank Ford & Son, Ravenna, Ohio, who
obtained the stock of R. W. Crandall, of Newton, Kansas.
Ribes aureum has long been cultivated as an ornamental plant
under the names buffalo-currant, Missouri currant, flowering
currant, and Aves fragrans. It had also been cultivated for its
fruit before the appearance of the Crandall, but it had passed
out of notice. The species,.as represented in the Crandall,
certainly has promise of usefulness.

The buffalo-berry (Shepherdia argentea) was introduced in the
fall of 1890 by G. J. & L. E. R. Lambrigger of Bigiiors
City, Wyoming. During the winter of 1890-1 it was brought
prominently before the public.

The elderberry (Sambucus Canadensis) was introduced inde-
pendently in 1890 by Frank Ford & Son, and) Deets
Bremen, Ohio. The stock introduced by the Fords was not
named. Mr. Ford writes that he ‘‘did not propagate it for
sale, but dug the roots from clumps that produced large
fruit. We sold very few plants, and shall not catalogue it
again until we can propagate stock from a few plants which I
know, and which produce berries nearly one-fourth inch in
diameter.”’ The stock introduced by Brandt was called the
Brainard... It was first discoverd: ‘ina thicket, Gime am mee
county, Ohio, by G. W. Brainard.

The Oregon Everbearing strawberry was introduced in
1890, by Samuel Wilson, of Mechanicsville, Pa., and D.
Brandt of Bremen, Ohio. There is nothing in the descrip-
tions of the variety to indicate its species. For two seasons
I have grown a wild strawberry from Oregon, which is Fra-

Fruits, Vegetables and General Lnterests. 53

garia Chilensis; and it is probable that the Everbearing is
the same, for among Oregon strawberries it is the species
most likely to attract the attention of a horticulturist. /7a-
garia Chilensis is a low-growing species, with stout and villous
scapes, thick and firm leaves, which are smooth and more
or less shining above. In our garden, ripe fruits appeared
this year. July 5, and continued to be produced some time
afterwards. The fruits are of medium size, red, in shape
like common garden sorts of the Manchester type, with the
fee (or ituits) appressed, but not sunken in pits. /ra-
garia Chilensis has been cultivated in the eastern states
before, the Princes, among others, having had it many years
ago. Its disappearance indicates that it must have pos-
sessed no superlative merits for cultivation in the east. The
following remarks concerning the wild strawberries of Cali-
fornia, which are the same species as those of Oregon, are
marom a paper by Emory E. Smith, before the California State
Horticultural Society : ‘‘Two species of fragaria are indige-
nous to California. / Chilensis (identical with the Chilian
species), which is found close along the coast in the north-
ern counties, has perfect flowers and leaves which are
smooth and shiny on their upper wsurface. This is the spe-
cies which grows in such profuson at the Presidio, Cliff
House, Point Bonito, etc. F. Calfornica, which is quite
generally distributed throughout the interior of the state,
differs from the / Chzlensis in appearance, by having sparing-
ly villous leaves, which are not shiny on the surface, as with
the other species. It seems that but little attention has been
given the wild strawberry on the Pacific coast, and the infor-
mation obtainable regarding it, both from botanical and
horticultural standpoints, is exceedingly meagre. From ob-
servations made, I am led to believe that both species can be
sreatly improved by cultivation, and that they may be the
most promising of our wild fruits. I have noticed in several
localities vines of both species which were thriftier and pro-
duced much larger and finer berries than the average. These
were doubtless undefined varieties of nature’s production, and
clearly demonstrate that both the species are capable of great
improvement. The necessity of constantly irrigating the im-
proved varieties of strawberries which have been imported
into California has been a great drawback to the general pro-

Ever-
bearing
strawberry.

Western
straw-
berries.

New
vegetables.

é

54 Annals of Horticulture.

duction and use of the fruit in the home garden. In studying
the localities in which our native berries are found, especially
f. Californica, it has occurred to me that the necessity of irriga-
tion might be overcome by selecting and hybridizing these
varieties, which naturally grow in the dryest and most unprom-
ising locations. Another point to be considered is the deli-
cous sweetness and delightful aroma of our native berries, both
of which qualities it is possible to perpetuate. This subject
of quality is of very great importance and has not received
proper consideration at the hands of California berry-growers.
A large proportion of our strawberries grown by irrigation,
while large and finely colored, are to the educated palate but
a mass of subacid pulp.* - # Z As to the length
of fruiting-season of our native strawberries, I am unable to
speak with accuracy; but the range is very wide, and, under
cultivation, in favorable circumstances, they would fruit
for nearly the entire year. Berries have been picked from /.
Chilensts in favorable seasons, in the neighorhood of San
Francisco, from January until August; and I have found
what I suppose, without careful examination, to be & Cak-
fornica fruiting upon the bay side of the summit of the San
Mateo mountains in the middle of July. The latter vines
were very abundant, and were growing in the brush and in the
hard, open ground, up to within a few feet of immense red-
wood trees. The subject of improving our native fruits is of
great interest; and it is hoped that intelligent experiments will
be much more common in the future among our progressive
horticulturists than they have been hitherto.’’

Lew types of vegetables are not numerous. Perhaps the
most important new types of recent years are the chorogl, or
Stachys Steboldi (better known as Stachys affinis and S.
tuberifera), introduced to America in 1888, and the pepino
(Solanum muricatum), introduced in 1882. The chorogi is a
native of China and perhaps also of Japan. It was intro-
duced into France in 1882 from Pekin. It is a mint-like
plant producing subterranean edible tubers. The pepino
was introduced into the United States from Guatemala by
Gustav Eisen. Itis a native of Peru, and was introduced into
Europe over a hundred years ago.* A small form of the
muskmelon species (Cucumis Melo) has come into cultivation

* For full accounts of chorogi and pepino, see Bull. 37, Cornell Exp. Sta. Dec. 1891.

Fruits, Vegetables and General Interests. 55

within the last few years under a variety of names, as Gar-
den Lemon, Melon Apple, Vine Peach, etc. This was de-
scribed and figured by the present writer in 1889 under the
name of Orange Melon.* ‘Two or three luffas have been
grown in American gardens during recent years, one of which,
the dish-cloth gourd, has appeared in seedsmen’s catalogues.
An interesting novelty, particularly from a botanical standpoint,
is a new species of corn (Zea canina) from Mexico.{~ It dif-
fers from common maize, among other things, in the pro-
duction of several ears from one sheath or joint, and this
feature suggests the amelioration of the species. I have grown
the plant and find that a considerable portion of the ears can
be made to mature in central New York.

Although not a horticultural product, the ginseng may be
Mirmctomed here. ‘The cultivation of this medicinal plant
in thiscountry 1s likely to becomeimportant. Several valuable
discussions of it have appeared in the press in the last two
years, and the Ontario Agricultural College has issued a bul-
feta upon it. George Stanton, of Summit Station, New
York, has undertaken its cultivation, and has issued instruc-
tions for its management.

* Bull. xv. Cornell Exp. Sta.
+ Zea canina, Watson, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sci. xxvi. 158 (1891).

The in- -

creasing

love of

plants.

S 2. Ornamentals.

Probably no part of American horticulture is making such
rapid progress as floriculture and other branches of orna-
mental gardening. This progress springs from both the
positive energy of the florists themselves and from a rapidly
growing demand for higher standards on the part of the
public. There is probably no single factor in our national
life which is more auspicious of refinement and love of home
and country than this increasing expression of the esthetic
sense. The phenomenal increase in number of flower-shows,
and in the appreciation of them by the general public, marksan
epoch in our horticulture. - Not only every laree ey ome
hundreds of small cities and villages have held flower-exhibi-
tions during the year, and almost without exception they have
been successful. The shows of some of the smaller cities
have been marvels of enterprise and skill. Thisera of great
exhibitions must have a wider influence in molding and
extending a simple love of flowers and of nature than any
movement of previous times. It was but a few years since
when flower-shows were financial losses in this country, but
now they are eagerly patronized, even when good prices of ad-
mission are charged. A second indication of the growing
love for plants and ornamental gardening is the increasing
demand for practical advice concerning the embellishment of
homesteads and city openings, and also the fact that a con-

siderable number of professional landscape-gardeners now

find constant and remunerative employment. The growth of
the idea of the ornamented city park is a conspicious tendency
of the later years, and one which has exerted an influence too
great for calculation. All these tendencies are matters of
pride to every thoughtful citizen, for they show that the Amer-
ican is not deficient in that esthetic taste which has been said,

so often, to beforeigntohim. The development of anew and

great county has thus far absorbed attention, for it is only until
(56)

Ornamentals. 57

the rougher elements of nature are overcome that the quieter
joys of the garden appeal to the popular mind.

Much professional study has been given to the best ways
of growing plants for show-purposes and the methods of
Peaimiting them. Several-departures are to- be seen in
the recent exhibitions, of which the most striking and most
gratifying is the practice of grouping plants for their com-
bined effects. This demands an artistic feeling on the part
of the exhibitor, and it constitutes a distinct educational force
as to the best use of ornamental plants. Not only are indi-
vidual exhibits grouped or arranged in an artistic way, but
the whole show is intended to present some harmonious and
simple arrangement under the hand of a single designer.
Plants, therefore, come to have a double use and meaning, a
value as individual specimens and a greater value as a part
of an artistic composition. And this accounts for the interest
which the florists have taken during the year in the discussion
of the esthetics of color, under the leadership of F. Schuyler
Mathews.* This artistic feature of flower-shows is promi-
nent in England and elsewhere. The following editorial
comment from an English journalis in point: + ‘‘ The flower-
shows of 1891 are now practically over,and looking upon them
from an object-lesson point of view they clearly point in one
direction. All the most satisfactory groups of plants, for in-
stance, that call forth double skill, are those that have been
arranged for effect. This shows an education acquired by
some gardeners unknown to many in the past. The skilled
competitor has not only to grow his plants well, but he has to
group them together to havea pleasing effect ; and not in
the matter of color only, but of feature in respect to the blend-
ing of foliage as well as of flowers, and beyond and above all,
the grouping. This is the most artistic work of modern
gardening, and entitles the gardener who excels his neigh-
bor in the double skill of growth and manner of arrange-
ment, to a double-first, like the successful competitors in
our universities of learning. The public, who really form the
backbone of any society they patronize, are constrained to
look at this—not with the sort of furtive glance which charac-
terizes many of their movements in looking at so many plants,
either distinguished for flower or foliage—and they go back

*See discussions in American Florist for the year. + Northern Gardener, vi. 389.

The
grouping
of plants.

¢

58 , Annals of Florticulture.

again to seethe attempt at the ‘something new’; many of our
decentralized shows even in our populous centers are going
down simply because of the want of the ‘something new.’ The
The visitors ineffect say: ‘Thereis no cause of us going to such
_ fewer and such a show; there are the same plants from the same
people year after year, and the thing is becoming far too
monotonous,’ Many people, again, who have no particular
desire for seeing flower-shows, will not go simply because
their friends, who are better informed than themselves, stay
away because the advanced taste for novelty is not sufficiently
catered for. Crowds flock round where the traffic is densest
to satisfy their curiosity as to what others are looking at, and
this has been the case in the respective shows which we have
visited where the plants are arranged in groups for effect.
To young gardeners particularly, and we might say even to
old articled gardeners, these groups furnish object-lessons
which, if properly looked into, will tell upon their practice
many days hence. Of course the ordinary classes need not
be sacrificed ; but the principal prizes ought undoubtedly to go
to the groups, and supposing these groups were offered in a
series of three divisions, it would call up the various garden-
ers in small as well as in large places to try their hand to win
the respective “blue nbbands.-—

The carpet-bedding movement appears to have passed its
zenith. At least, it 1s coming to be properly understood—
to be considered not asanend, butsimply as a small and com-
paratively unimportant part of a system which in the main
follows freer and more natural methods. ;

People are coming more and more to love plants for their
own sakes, and this desire finds gratification in the increasing
number of native plants introduced to the garden, and in the

oi new forms of old: favorites. A reference to’ the tenemaa
favorites. American plants ina succeeding part of this volume will show
the extent to which gardeners have drawn upon our native
resources ; and it is only necessary to consider the improved
varieties of lilacs, hollyhocks, zinnias, portulacas, asters,
poppies, marigolds, sweet-peas and many other species, to re-
mind my reader to what extent the old-time flowers are find-
ing places in modern gardens. Probably no exhibition of
flowers could be so popular as one which should confine its-

self to the old-fashioned plants.

'

Ornamentals. 59

-

The florists are certainly making the best of every circum-
stance to further their profession. They have been united and
encouraged by means of the Society of American Florists,
which, although in but its eighth year, is the strongest horti-
cultural organization in America. A most auspicious influ-
ence of this society is the awakening of special and minor so-
cieties all over the country. The movement which a few
years ago carried a horticultural or fruit-grower’s society into
so many of the local fruit-sections, 1s now eclipsed by one
which has arrested the attention of florists in almost every
important city in the land, and has established numbers of
state and local organizations. Two special national societies
of great promise have also been organized—the American
Chrysanthemum Society, organized in 1889*, and the Ameri-
can Carnation Society, established this year.

Carnations. The organization of the American Carnation
Society is probably the most important independent floricul-
tural movement of 1891. The society was organized October
15, at Horticultural Hall, Philadelphia, at which time about
So-Mames were placed upon the roll. The officers elected
at this meeting are as follows: President, Edwin Lonsdale,
Philadelphia ; vice-president, William Swayne; treasurer, C.
W. Ward, East Moriches, New York; secretary, C. J. Pen-
meck, Kennett Square, Penn.- These, in connection with
Robert Craig, Philadelphia, R. T. Lombard, Wayland, Mass.,
and James Hancock, Grand Haven, Mich., constitute the
executive committee. The objects of the society are stated
by the constitution to be as follows :

1. To increase the general interest in the cultivation and use of the car-
nation.

2. To improve the standard of excellence in the flower.

3. To improve the methods of cultivation and methods of placing it
upon the market.

4. To increase its use as a decorative flower.

5. Toimprove the methods of growing plants and rooted cuttings, and
marketing the same. |

6. To infuse into the grower a more thorough understanding of the
general rules of successful business management.

7. Tosupervise nomenclature properly.

8. To stimulate the growing and introduction of improved seedlings and
crosses, by a system of exhibitions and awarding valuable prizes.

The annual meeting is to be held on the third Tuesday in

*Organized as National Chrysanthemum Society. See ANNALS for 1889, 89.

S.A.F.

Carnation
Society

60 Annals of Horticulture. |

February, at which time an exhibition of carnations will be held.
The object of the exhibition is not so much to stimulate a com- |
petitive display as for the purpose of arriving at an intelli-
gent opinion of the merits of varieties. It is proposed to
create a ‘‘test committee,’’ composed of growers in different
parts of the country to whom new carnations can be sent, and
the opinion of this committee will be expressed upon the
novelties. It is the desire of the society to register all new
carnations. Although only two anda half months have elapsed
since its organization, 45 varieties have been registered, a fact
which shows not only that the carnation industry is active,
but that the growers are ready to support the society. The
following is an official lst of the 45 varieties registered
in 1891, communicated by Secretary Pennock. Someof these
varieties will not be on sale until 1893.

CARNATIONS REGISTERED IN I8gI.

By John McGowan, Orange, N. J.—Iago, crimson; New Jersey, scarlet:
Katharine Storrs, pink center, shading to white; Old Rose, salmon-pink ;
Purple Beauty, light purple; Pride of Essex, no color given.

By C. W. Ward, East Moriches, N. Y., Scarlet Ray, scarlet with white
stripes; Zebra, no color given.

By E. J. Van Reyper, Belleville, N. ].—Florence Van Reyper, pure white.

By C. Eisele, Philadelphia, Pa.—Sambo, dark crimson.

By Messmore & Turner, Minerva, Ohio—Ida McKinley, pink.

By S. Lenton, Pine City, Cal.—Lavinia, scarlet; Buster, dark red:
Piru, white; Adelaide, pink; Goldsmith, yellow and red; Marvel, dark
pink and cream; Ideal, white and red; Romance, bright red; Jennie
Parker, pink; Majesty, dark pink; Wide Awake, dark red; Evangeline,
white and red; Paradise, bright red; Oona, dark pink; White Cap, white ;
Avalanche, dark pink.

By Edwin Lonsdale, Chestnut Hill, Philadelphia, Pa.—Grace Battles,
delicate pink.

By Chambers Bros., Toughkenamon, Pa.—Grace Darling, pink; Waneta,
white.

By Lothrop Wright, Framingham, Mass.—The Princess, pink; Helen
Galvin, pink; Hesper, yellow.

By Lemuel Fawcett, Salem, Ohio—Mrs. Lemuel Fawcett, pink; Banner,
silver-white striped with carmine; White Beauty, white.

By E. G. Hill & Co.—Edna Craig, soft pink; Sea Gull, white; Attrac-
tion, between scarlet and crimson ; White Dove, white; Ben Hur, pink;
Mrs. Hitt, deep pink; Indiana, creamy white and pink; Salmon Queen, ~
soft salmon.

By C. J. Pennock, Kennett Square, Pa.—Pearl, white, with sometimes a
rosy blush, blooms very large on erect stiff stems.

Ornamentals. 61

It will be profitable at this time to consider the present
status of the carnation industry in America. The following
discussion of the subject is contributed to this volume by
Becretary ©. |. Pennock:

‘¢A casual observer, if at all interested in floriculture, can-
not failto have noticed that there has been a marked ad-
vance in the appearance of carnation-blooms as they are now
offered for sale, as compared with the blooms as grown even
_ ten years ago; and to those who have watched such improve-
ment critically itis a prophecy of even greater advancement.
Ten years ago the leading varieties were Edwardsi1, Degraw,
La Purité, King of the Crimsons, and Astoria, scarcely any
of which are grown now by the commercial florist. Prob-
ably greater progress has been made during the last three -
' years in the improvement of the carnation than ever before,
and the present year has produced several varieties of striking
merit.

‘¢The demand continues to be greatest for white flowers,
although shades of delicate pink command the _ highest
market-price, with occasionally a rival in some showy varie-
gated kind like Buttercup or Chester Pride—although, asa
rule, flowers of a single color (self color), are most sought.

‘¢The notable additions for the season of 1890-91 were
Golden Gate, pure yellow; J. R. Freeman, crimson-maroon ;
Mem. F. Dreer, rose-pink; Angelus, pink; Daybreak, light
pink; Edwin Lonsdale, pink; Dorothy, pink ; Constancy and
Fred Dorner, scarlets; Nellie Bly, Caesar and American Flag,
variegated with more or lessscarlet and white; White Wings,
Edelweiss and Lizzie McGowan, white.

‘‘The flower-shows of the present year brought forward
many seedlings, the pink colors being particularly noticeable.
Many of these will not be offered for sale the coming year,
but are held for the accumulation of stock. Of the seedlings
Seee had in 189g1—'2 Aurora, pink, Grace Darling, pink,
Thomas Cartledge, carmine-pink, Golden Triumph, yellow,
Puritan and Pearl, whites, are notable; while of those not
offered for sale the coming season, Grace Battles, Edna
Craig, Pendleton, Ben Hur, Sea-Shell, all pinks, and several
others designated only by numbers, will undoubtedly prove of
- value when they are to be had.

_**The tendency at present seems to be towards a rapid in-

62 Annals of Horticulture.

crease of varieties, which at first glance may not appear de-

sirable; but many of the older kinds are deficient on account
of lack in size, form, fragrance, or stiffness of stem. The
newer kinds, possessing more or less of these desirable qual-
ities, may still not prove to be adapted to the treatment of
different growers. This failure to prove universally good is
apparent to a marked degree in some varieties of carnations,
and as yet it appears to be little understood. The Butter-
cup is a striking example. At its best itis remarkably hand-
some, but many growers have been compelled to discard it
entirely on account of failure to root the cuttings or to grow
itin the summer preparatory to winter-blooming, and yet a
few florists are now growing it as successfully as ever. The
present tendency or aim of the specialist in this line is
towards the production of larger flowers, on long stiff stems,

with abundant fragrance. The petals need not be very

numerous, but of a shape to fill up the entire area of the
blooms, leaving no flat opening in the center. he petals
of the ideal flower, when viewed from the side, will present in
outline a semi-circular form, the lower ones extending hori-
zontally, not drooping or incurved towards the stem. They
will rise well up out of the calyx, which will be firm and large.
The stem will be strong, to carry the flowers erect, and well
supplied with foliage. This form is wellillustrated in a flower
introduced last season, Angelus, although it does not possess
all the qualities of the ideal. More attention is being paid to
fragrance than heretofore, and one seedling, Aurora, was given
the preference in the award of a silver cup by the New York
Florists’ Club on that account.

‘¢Mr. Thorpe’s prediction of the ideal flower, so often re-
ferred to among growers—a flower 4 inches in diameter with

the other highest attributes and to sell for $1 each—seemed |

somewhat chimerical when made two years ago, but now the
fulfillment appears to be much nearer at hand. Flowers with

particularly attractive qualities are selling readily for one-

third to one-half advance over less favored varieties. The
production of carnations is rapidly on the increase, while the
demand seems to keep pace therewith. As in other indus-
tries, the supply of inferior products is often excessive, and
the prices received fall below a profitable figure ; but first-
class flowers will readily sell at wholesale for 75 cts. to $1

Ornamentals. 63

“

Sor too biooms at any time, and during seasons of par-
ticular demand $2.50to $3 per hundred is frequently obtained.
It is safe to say that the production of carnation-blooms has
increased 50 per cent. during the past year.

‘¢The most extensive carnation-establishments are in the
vicinity of the large cities—Boston, New York, Philadelphia,
Washington, Chicago, Cincinnati, Buffalo, etc., although from
the fact that the blooms will bear long transportation they
can be grown in localities quite distant from such centers.
Southeastern Pennsylvania has been prominently known as a
carnation section, and a radius of 50 miles from Philadelphia
probably includes a greater number of growers than any other
similar area. It is estimated that there are now about
I, 500,000 square feet of glass devoted exclusively to the cul-
ture of carnations. At the ordinary space given to a plant,

The Car-
nation
industry.

this would require about 3,750,000 plants. Thirty blooms is

perhaps a moderate yield per plant, which at 75 cts per 100

would give 22% cts. a plant or a total annual yield of nearly
$850,000 !

‘¢Observant growers have been aware for some time that
causes unknown or little understood materially affect the
srowth of the plant and also the product. In some localities
whole houses have succumbed to such attacks, while the
amount of inferior flowers offered for sale, is sufficient evi-
dence that thereis much to be learned in this direction. Here-
tofore precautionary steps have been exceptional, spasmodic
or non-systematic. The recently organized association, the
American Carnation Society, will undoubtedly be able to in-
vestigate and throw light upon such points. This society 1s
composed of growers and those interested in carnations, united
for the exchange of thought and the improvement of methods
relative to the cultivation of carnations. Exhibitions of new
and valuable seedlings will be held, and at the meetings papers
on practical themes will be presented and discussed.”’

An interesting result of the carnation agitation of the year
has been the coining of the word ‘‘carnationist,’”’ to designate
a fancier of these plants.

Chrysanthemums.—Interest in chrysanthemums continues to
increase. The chrysanthemum is undoubtedly the most popu-
lar flower at the present time for display and exhibition pur-
poses. None other lends itself to so many varied uses at the

American
Carnation
Society.

ove Annals of Horticulture.

expenditure of so little labor, and none other presents: so
many diverse and becoming forms, habits and colors. It is
particularly well adapted to exhibition purposes, and it now
composes the body or the finish of every late autumn show.
A full account of the American varieties of the year will be
found in ‘‘Introductions of 1891,” in Part 1f. of tims vyelume:
The following account of recent American chrysanthemums is
written for this occasion by Edwin Lonsdale, of Philadelphia,
Secretary of the American Chrysanthemum Society:

Chrys- ‘¢While cultivation for fine blooms of chrysanthemums has
cone been increasing, that of specimen plants has not improved of

late, if, in fact, it has not actually decreased. At the Madison
Square Garden Exhibition, held under the auspices of the
New York Florists’ Club, in November last, the plants were
not nearly so good as we are accustomed to see at Philadel-
phia. It is acknowledged by those who have had an oppor-
tunity of seeing the different shows, that the city of Brotherly
Love leads them all in respect of fine specimen plants. One
exhibitor, James Vernor, gardener to A. J. Drexel, has taken
the one-hundred-dollar premium for twelve plants for the last
three years, and although his plants were almost, if not quite,
as good at the show of 1891 as they were in 1890 and 1889,
yet the competition was not nearly so keen. When one con-
siders the watchful care that is required to have plants ina
creditable condition on the day of the show, we need not won-
der that the competition is dropping off.

‘¢The production of large specimen blooms is on the in-
crease, both in quantity and quality. While care is neces-
sary, of course, to grow first-class blooms, either for exhibition
or for sale, yet 1t requires much less skill to produce superior

Specimen blooms for cutting than it does to grow even a passable exhi-
blooms. bition plant. The comparative ease with which these high-
class flowers are grown, makes the judicious florist solicitous
for the future. The effect of over-production will be felt first
in New York, Boston, Philadelphia, Chicago, and the other

large cities.

‘¢’The demand for large flowers—those that have been grown
on plants that have been disbudded to a single bud on stout,
erect stems—still continues. The artistic mind deplores the
fact, preferring sprays disbudded to not less than three buds.
Flower-buyers generally have not reached that point, and

ae Ornamentals. 65

prefer the more massive blossoms, presumably because
there is more evidence of skill in the production of the larger
blooms than the more artistic sprays. We hope that the time
is not far distant when mere size will not determine the value
of a flower.

‘¢ The pot-plant trade has always been good in Philadelphia.
This is accounted for, to some extent, by the fact that many
of the more prominent growers are conveniently situated to
@emvet pionis to the stores at short notice. The variety
Ivory has been popular as a pot-plant for the last two seasons.
It is shapely as a plant, a clean and healthy grower, and com-
paratively dwarf; a good flower, incurved Japanese, and a
beautiful white. This variety is also a good one to grow for
cut-flowers. Some of the vases of this sort, as seen at New
York, were among the very best. It is one of the best all-
round varieties we have.

‘¢Among the new chrysanthemums which were exhibited
for the first time in the autumn of 1891, the Yellow Ostrich-
Flume has attracted much attention. Itis believed to be an
importation from Japan. Pitcher & Manda have one which
Mee been named VW.~A. Manda. Peter Henderson & Co.
also’ have one which they call P. Barry. If these should
prove to be identical, and good judges say that they are, the
name W. A. Manda should take precedence, as it was the
first name received for registration by the Secretary of the
American Chrysanthemum Society. Another novelty was
exhibited by Pitcher & Manda, which belongs to the same
class, and it is beheved to have some points of superiority
over Mrs. Alpheus Hardy. It has been named Annie Manda.
It resembles Mrs. Hardy in hairiness and color, but it is dis-
tinct in form, and the stem is much stouter, Golden Wed-
fgee, exhibited by Peter Henderson & Co., is a distinct and
Deautiiul variety. It wil. be good for either exhibition or
commercial cut-blooms. Good Gracious is similar in form to
Kioto, but it is a delicate pink incolor. Philadelphia looked
very much like Peter B. Mead, with its thread-like tubular
florets curling and twisting similar to excelsior packing. O.
Bepeassett, exhibited by E. G: Hill. & Co., is likely to prove
useful, being similar to Cullingfordi in color. Maude Dean
is a pretty pink, quite large, and Mrs. Robert Craig is good
in shape and exquisite in color—a beautiful white. Emily La-

Plant
trade.

New
Chrys-
anthe-
mums.

Raising
Seed-
lings.

66 Annals of Horticulture.

denburg, exhibited by Thomas H. Spaulding, received a silver
cup at New York. Itisa rich crimson. Roselyn is a large
pink. Colonel William B. Smith is bronzy yellow, large, dis-
tinct in form. Dr. Jesse P. Duryea is a delicate pink, and
promising. It has a reflexed flower and is full to the center.
Mrs. John Gardiner is canary-yellow, and resembles the Chi-
nese sorts in form. Harry May attracted much attention. —
It has received honors at all the exhibitions where it has ap-
peared. It took the Lanier cup at New York, a silver medal
at Philadelphia, and a certificate of merit at Indianapolis.
The Mrs.. Louis Childs Madeira may be described as a golden
ball—indeed, that is its pet name. It is one of the most dis-
tinct varieties which has been brought been brought before
the public for a number of years.

‘‘It 1s a noticeable fact that the novelties which attracted
the most attention this year were generally those which had
been carried over the second year. It is very tempting to ex-
hibit the flower of a seedling which shows merit, if it is dis-
tinct in character, form or color, or exceptionally large in
size, but it is not always policy to doso.. Something will
have to be done soon to stem the torrent of new varieties
which is annually increasing involume. One way would be
for the Society not to recognize by cup, medal or certificate,
any variety, no matter how good it may be, unless at least
six blooms are exhibited, and it would be better to make it
twelve.

‘<The raising of seedlings is assuming alarming proportions.
The conservative mind shrinks from what is to come, while the
philosopher declares that it is one of those evils which will
correct itself. The number of novelties offered each year is
bewildering, so much so that the would-be purchaser hesitates
to buy until he is satisfied that he is getti 1g the bests and this
fact should be determined by the public recognition of only
those which are thoroughly deserving. Horticultural socie-
ties have it in their power to protect the public, and they
should not hesitate to exercise that function. Some idea of
the extent to which the raising of seedling chrysanthemums
may be carried can be gathered from a letter which I have.
received from my friend Mr. Haettel, of California, dated
October 28, 1891: ‘Regarding chrysanthemums, I have
about 2,500 seedlings in bloom and coming into bloom. Il

Ornamentals. 67

will send you some of my best varieties. I always grow
them the natural way, without disbudding. This is the
Meer way to test the true value of a variety. _1-—keep the
best for seed and destroy the balance. I have obtained
some beautiful varieties in the past two years. They seed
feo tteely outdoors here, but not in the greenhouse. It
feo that the air is too damp without fire heat. This
applies also to carnation-seedlings.’ When we realize that
an acre of chrysanthemums can be raised and cared for
with very little more expense than we can raise an acre of
corn, it 1s no wonder that the conservatives are nervous.
Radical changes will be necessary in a very short time to con-
trol the chrysanthemum-novelty fever.

‘« The exhibitions which were held in the smaller towns last
autumn would have done credit to any of the large cities six
or eight years ago. The best varieties for exhibition pur-
poses, grown as pot-plants, seem to be the following: Robert
Bottomley, similar to Moonlight, but superior to that good old
fer. )taltan . Bird, delicate pink in color, tubular florets :
Cullingfordi, rich crimson, hardly surpassed to-day in its line of
color; President Harrison, darker in color than the preceding,
not so bright, broad florets and large flowers; Mrs. Irving
Clark, pink, very large; Kioto, bright yellow in color, beautiful
in shape, but the stems are rather too weak to makeit an ideal
Exaipition-variety ; Mr. H. Cannell, in same line of color and
form as the last, may-be better suited to the purpose indica-
ted, as it has stouter and more erect stems; Gold, also
known as Mrs. Richard Elliott, is a very healthy grower, in-
clined to be late, and the flowers are about medium in size;
Frank Wilcox, bronzy yellow, is rather a small flower, yet on
account of its sturdy habit of growth and bright color it
lights up a collection of plants better than almost any other
kind ; Puritan generally comes adelicate pink in color, though
it is occasionally pure white, Neesima, one of the lot which
came over with the Mrs. Alpheus Hardy, is still one of the
best and most beautiful yellows we have, there being some-
thing very distinct in its coloring, yet hard to deseribe ;. W.
_H. Lincoln is another good yellow that cannot be too highly
recommended, either as an exhibition pot-plant or for cut-
flowers ; Mrs. A. Blanc is a good pink, and a robust, healthy
grower; Louis Boehmer, the pink ostrich-plume, makes a

Exhibi-
tion
plants.

68 Annals of Horticulture.

good pot-plant, though the color is against it ; William Fal-
coner, the delicate pink sport from the last-named, will doubt-
less supersede its sportive parent on account of. its more

pleasing shade of color ; Mrs. William Bowen, an improved .-
Mrs. Charles Wheeler, is sometimes seen in excellent condi- —

tion, though itis uncertain ; La Triomphante is an old va-

riety rarely seen now-a-days, One exhibitor at Germantown
_ stated that he had grown this.last continuously for the past

Conti-
nental
chrysan-
themums.

fifteen years, but now he never sees it offered for sale through
catalogues. Itis white, shaded delicate pink. It is a beau-
tiful sort, and well worth preserving.”’

The following careful review of the Continental chrysanthe-
mums, introduced into the 1891 trade, is made by a corres-
pondent of Zhe Garden:*

‘When the list of new Continental chrysanthemums for
1890 was given in Zhe Garden about twelve months since, it
will be remembered that the number distributed then was
fewer than had been the case for some years previous. No
such cause for congratulation, however, can now be found ;
for upon casting up the varieties mentioned in the foreign
catalogues as new seedlings for the ensuing year, the total ap-
pears to be 284 of all sections. In this number are included
the productions of all the eminent raisers, such as Délaux,
De Reydellet, Lacroix, Rozain, as well as those of several
new-comers in the field, whose names are not so familiar to
English cultivators, although no doubt their flowers will ulti-
mately find a place, even if only a temporary one, in the col-
lections of the English importers and trade-growers.

‘“«Some of those raisers mentioned last year as not con-
tributing to the list then, are in their place again this time,
Macary and Lassali in particular ; but Dr. Audiguier, Baco,
and Pertuzés seem to have stayed their hands for another
season, with what result it would be imprudent to predict.
The 1891 novelties, of course, comprise varieties of all estab-
lished sections, but a new race is promised, being the result
of carefully hybridizing the Malgako; and with four new flow-
ers as the nucleus of what is to be termed~the ‘ Toulouse
race,’ we may expect further complications of classification
which will, like the Japanese iucurved, Japanese anemone,
Japanese reflexed, be duly treated by the properly constituted

* “« Chrysanth,”’ in The Garden, xxxix. 407 (May 2, 1891).

Ornamentals. 69

authorities. There is not a little speculation as to the form
of these promised new-comers, for chrysanthemum Malgako
is entirely unknown to this country, and whatever peculiarity
of form or habit it may have, can only be determined after
we have been duly placed in possession of that variety or its
new issue.

‘‘Another point concerning the novelties for the year is the
announcement that a considerable number belong to the large-
flowered, early-blooming section. Of these, Délaux alone
takes credit for distributing 125 varieties, some of which are
recommended as beginning to flower so early in the year as
pac mont of june. For purposes of reference, it has been
deemed advisable to separate such from the ordinary autumn-
blooming varieties, and give an independent list of each.

Peer the first time -in our experience it may be noticed
that a Belgian nurseryman is acting as an original distributor
of new seedlings. M. Chantrier, whose name is closely con-
nected with chrysanthemum-culture in France, from an exhi-
bition standpoint, has taken up with seedling-growing, and
has disposod of his gains to M. Rosseel, of Ghent.

oem tae annexed list every efiort has been made to ensure
brevity consistent with accuracy. It is not always easy to
cut down a foreign description to just sufficient for English
readers. An instance maybe cited to show to what lengths a
translator may go. Oneof the newchrysanthemums has this
year thirteen closely printed lines devoted to its description,
containing over 100 words of more or less eloquent language,
while perhaps ten words at most can be afforded here. The
classification in each case is that given by the raiser, and al-
though it is the best that can be given at present, it will, as
previously stated, be unsafe for English growers to rely upon
what, evenin France, is as yet a vexed and unsettled question.
New chrysanthemums can only be properly classed when
grown by English cultivators and submitted to some authority,
like the Floral Committees of the Roval Horticultural or Na-
tional Chrysanthemum Societies, and until the flowers now
mentioned have been bloomed in this country, all attempts to
do so, or reliance upon others, is likely to lead to much con-
fusion and disturbance of established principles. Thus it is
that for merely reference purposes we give the section as in-
dicated by the raisers, or omit it altogether if they do.

New
type of
Chrys-
anthe-
mum.

The list.

Conti-
nental
Chrys-
anthe-
mums.

ter.

70 Annals of Horticulture.

‘‘As an indication of the keenness of our Continental
brethren in this branch of horticulture, it may be mentioned
that a great improvement is gradually taking place in the style
of printing, illustrating and editing their catalogues; -es-
pecially has this been noticeable during the past two or three
seasons. The American seedlings, and importations into that -

country from Japan, have made quite a stir amongst the

French, with the obvious result that all the leading specialists
have procured the cream of the American varieties to add to
their collections. It 1s earnestly to be hoped that this influx
of new blood will, by dint of careful and intelligent hybridi-
zation, be the means of raising the standard of the Conti-
nental chrysanthemums, than which, perhaps, in the past
none ever held a higher place on the show-boards of this
country.

‘« Alexander Vogel (Delaux). Pompon ; white, shaded rose.

Alfred de Musset (Lacroix). Japanese; soft rose, passing to white,
striped violet. i

Amt Jules Chretien (Hoste). Japanese ; bright poppy-red, shaded chest-
mt:

Archimede (Lacroix). Japanese; color burnt sienna, shaded golden
yellow, reverse yellow. |

Auguste Nonin (Lacroix). Japanese; burnt sienna, striped yellow, re-
verse lighter.

Baron Lombard de Luffieres. Japanese ; rose and white.

Beau Réve (Delaux). Japanese single ; silvery-white, shaded rose.

Beauté Toulousaine (Lacroix). Japanese semi-double ; dark purple-red,
reverse golden.

Boltde (Lacroix). Japanese ; light rose, striped white, tips golden.

Cardinal Foulon (Rozain). Japanese ; rosy purple.

Carl Katser (Delaux). Japanese; crimson-red, shaded velvet-brown,
yellow tips, reverse silvery claret.

Clothtlde Gange (Delaux). Japanese Anemone ; silvery rose, golden cen-

Commandant Maratgnon (Macary). Japanese ; carmine-violet.:

Comte de Galbert. Japanese ; coppery golden color.

Comte fF. Lurant (Delaux). Japanese ; rose and white.

Comtesse a’ Archtac (Chantrier). White.

Emelia (Rozain). Japanese ; light red, mingled dark yellow.

Lim. Goffin (Delaux). Japanese ; brown-red, striped gold, canary center,
edged red, reverse gold.

Etotle de la Pape. See Mme. Bié.

Felix Cassagneau (Delaux). Japanese; bright orange-yellow, striped
reddish salmon.

Felix Mourat (Delaux). Incurved ; dark yellow and dark crimson. *

Ferdinande Ponct (Delaux). Japanese incurved; crimson-red, shaded
velvet.crimson, golden reverse.

Ornamentals. FI

F. Massange de Louvres (Delaux). Japanese; canary-yellow, striped
carmine.

Gaetano Guelfi (Delaux). Japanese ; white.

Gay Lussac (Lacroix). Japanese ; violet-rose, striped white.

Général Comte Pajol (Chantrier). Incurved; dark coppery yellow, gol-
den center.

Great Eastern (Lacroix). Japanese; brick-red, striped golden yellow,
tips golden.

Henry Barrere (Lassali). Anemone; yellow, reverse striped blood-red.

Incandescent (Lacroix). Japanese; coppery red, lightened flame color.

li Trovatore. Japanese semi-double ; soft rose, white reverse.

Jaguarita (Lacroix). Japanese single ; soft rose, edged violet.

Jean. Macary (Macary). Incurved; velvety dark crimson, lightened
bright flame color.

Jeanne Lassaii (Lassali). Anemone ; rose, center white.

Jules Roland (Delaux). Pompon ; silvery white, shaded rose.

La Condamine (Lacroix). Japanese ; creamy white, striped rose.

La Mascotte (Lacroix). Japanese single; creamy white, lightened yel-
low.

L’ Amphitrite (Lacroix.) Japanese ; white, edged violet.

La Neige (Lacroix). Japanese single ; white.

La Rostere(Rozain). Japanese Anemone ; bright violet, rosy ray florets,
silvery rose disc.

L’ Avenir (Delaux). Japanese single ; golden yellow, shaded crimson. irc
La Vive (Chantrier). Japanese ; brick-red, orange center. pean
Le Cid (Lacroix). Japanese single ; dark red, golden reverse. CEE.

Le Cygne (Lacroix). Japanese anemone; white disc, white, shaded yel- Fine.
low.

Le Nouvelliste Bordelazs (Chantrier). Japanese ; dark lilac.

Le Verseau (Lacroix). Japanese ; rose, striped white, center claret.

Libeliule (Lacroix). Japanese semi-double ; soft rose, lightened white.

Louis Voraz(Rozain). Japanese ; sulphur-white, shaded violet.

Mme. Bré (Rozain). Japanese (syn., Etoile de la Pape); creamy white,
passing to pure white..

Mme. Ceuzin- jacob (Hoste). Japanese ; orange, tipped salmon.

Mme. de Montigny. Reflexed; rosy lilac, tips buff.

Mme. de Waresqutel. Chinese; white, mottled lilac.

Mme. Elizabeth Labat (Delaux). Japanese; white.

Mme. Forgeot (De Reydellet). Japanese; white, tinted mauve, center
light rose, tinted pale yellow.

Mme. Gtraud de Montfaicon (Rozain). Japanese; pure violet, tipped
yellow.

Mme. ltasse (Lacroix). Japanese; fine porcelain-white, edged light vio-
Tet.

Mme. la Marquise de Panat (Lacroix). Japanese ; pure white. .

Mme. L. Vouga. Incurved ; rose, tipped salmon.

Mme. Roman (Hoste). Incurved ; milk-white.

Mme. Vallet (Lacroix). Japanese ; light rose, lightened white.

Mlle. Berthe Chantrier (Chantrier). Cream, reverse rosy white.

Mlle. Camille Drevet (Chantrier). Pompon, white.

Mlle. C. Lorthere (Chantrier). Gooseberry-red, tinted orange.

Euro-
pean
Chrys-
anthe-
‘mums.

72 Annals of Horticulture.

Mile. Holaind (De Reydellet). Japanese ; light canary-yellow, passing to
white.

Mlle. Tgounenc (Lassali). Anemone; white, shaded carmine-rose ; center
same color, tipped gold.

Mlle. Marte Lagrace (Chantrier). Chinese ; white.

Mule. Marthe Bocher (Chantrier). Japanese ; velvet-red, tipped yellow.

Mlle. Nathalie Brun (Lassali). Anemone ; white, center golden.

Mile. Paule Labat (Lassali). Anemone ; white and rose, disc yellow.

Marcel Grilli (Delaux). Japanese incurved ; ochre-yellow, striped crim-
son, reverse gold.

Marguerite Perrot (De Reydellet). Japanese incurved; pure white,
light yellow center.

Marta Laglatze (Lassali). Anemone; white, center yellow, passing to
white. |

Marte Crepey (Delaux). Japanese; violet silvery white, edged violet-
rose.
OU Marquis de Parts (Delaux). Japanese ; sulphur-white, darker center.

Mars (Lacroix). Japanese; bright golden yellow, reverse striped chest-
mut;

Maxime dela Rocheterte. Incurved ; bright carmine-lake.

MM, Albert Lematlle (De Reydellet). Japanese; Indian lake-red, yellow
tips, dark yellow center, rather late.

M, Alphonse Seux (De Reydellet). Incurved ; rosy lake, silvery reverse.

M. A. L. Rosseel (De Reydellet). Japanese ; blood-red, reverse old gold,
gold center.

M. Ant. Raymond (Hoste). Japanese; orange-yellow, pure yellow tips.

M. Auguste Nonin (De Reydellet). Japanese ; white and light mauve.

M. Boutreux (De Reydellet). Japanese; dark poppy-red, reverse and
center bronze, rather late.

M. Bredemeter (Delaux). Incurved ; amaranth-violet, reverse silver.

M. de Longhi (Delaux). Incurved; golden yellow, striped crimson-red.

M. Dupanloup (Lacroix). Japanese anemone ; violet-rose, darker at tips,
disc same color, golden tips.

M. Dupanioup (De Reydellet). Japanese; purple, light center, dark
tips, spotted white. 3

M. Emile Lemoine (Hoste). Purple-violet, reverse and tips white.

M. Ettenne Salomon (Hoste). Japanese ; chrome-yellow, white reverse.

M. Eugéne Delatre. fapanese ; velvety carmine, tips silvery.

M. E. Vaucher (Hoste). Japanese ; light satiny lilac, tips dark amaranth-
violet.

M. Eymard (Rozain). Japanese ; rosy white, passing to pure white.

MM. Focquereau l Enfant (Hoste). Incurved; flesh white, reverse rose.

M. Kote. Pitter (Tioste). 4 japanese), niciht red, shaded salmon.

M. Henrt Correvon (De Reydellet). Japanese anemone, light buff ray
florets, center golden yellow.

M. Henri Courtaing (Macary). Japanese incurved; dark brick-red,
lightened buff, reverse gold.

M. Henrt Vanderlinden. Incurved ; silvery white, shaded carmine-rose.

M. feraud (Rozain). Japanese ; silvery rose.

M. H. Fouquer (Hoste). Japanese ; mauve-rose, carmine center.

2 ee

Ornamentals. 73

M. Hillebrand (Deliaux). Japanese ; crimson-red, golden center, reverse
ellow.
y M. H. Maubec (Hoste). Incurved ; rose with white reverse.
M. John Wolf. Incurved ; purplish-rose and white. _
M. Josseaux (Delaux). Japanese; carmine-rose, striped white, white
center, golden reverse.
M. Jules Castagnet (Chantrier), Pompon ; old gold.
M. Louts Larcy (De Reydellet). Japanese ; carmine, lighter towards the
tips.
PU Max. de la Rocheterte (De Reydellet). Japanese; dark purple-lake,
yellow-bronze tips and center, rather late.
M. Mézard (Lacroix). Japanese ; dark brick-red, reverse old gold.
M. Muinard (De Reydellet). Japanese; rose, passing to creamy yellow
in center.
M. Nuz (Delaux). Japanese ; dark crimson-red, reverse old gold.
M. Vachoux-Marchand (Hoste). Japanese ; flesh-white, reverse violet.
M. Vitron (Delaux). Japanese single ; violet-rose, shaded white.
Mrs. Georges Daniels (Rozain). Japanese ; fine rose, hairy petals.
Murillo (Lacroix). Japanese semi-double; dark purple, reverse dark
old.
: Nain Original (Delaux). Single ; canary-yellow and white.
Papa G. Sautel. Japanese ; velvet-carmine, center darker, reverse and
tips silvery.
Paille des Pyrénées (Chantrier). Japanese ; straw-yellow.
Pafpilion (Lacroix). Anemone; light chrome.
Ph. Rivotre (Rozain). Japanese; straw-yellow, passing to creamy white.
Pic Netgeux (Chantrier). Pompon; dark violet and white.
Président de Formigny dela Londe. Incurved; coppery gold, center
buff.
Président Louts Lyand. Reflexed ; dark amber-yellow.
Prof. Henrt Welter (De Reydellet). Japanese incurved ; dark carmine,
reverse paler.
Reyer (Lacroix). Japanese semi-double; fine amaranth-violet, shaded
flame color.
Rodolfho Ragtonzerz (Delaux). Japanese anemone; silvery white,
shaded rose, golden center.
Rosée Matinale (Lacroix). Japanese semi-double; soft rose, white re-
verse.
Salvayre (Lacroix). Japanese single; amaranth-violet, lightened flame
colour, ashy reverse.
Secretatre A. Colmiche. Japanese ; light canary-yellow, striped rose.
meecrerazve A. 7. Rossee/(A. Cendron). Japanese; white and cream,
shaded violet.
Source du Japon (Chantrier). Old gold, speckled brick-red.
Souventr de Mme. David Coren. Incurved ; snow-white.
Trivier (Rozain). Japanese ; creamy white, tips and center sulphur-yel-
low. , ;
Uranus (Lacroix). Japanese ; pure white.
Ville de Bayonne (Chantrier). Soft lilac. |
oo (Lacroix). Japanese ; white, shaded sulphur-yellow, center light
yellow. .

6

European
chrysan-
themums.

74 Annals of Horticulture.

Violacea superba (Lacroix). Japanese single; color rather lighter than
Erecta superba.

Viscontt felix (Delaux). Japanese; crimson-claret and white, striped
violet-rose.

W. f. Dixon (Delaux). Japanese; crimson-red, flamed yellow, yellow
tips, reverse golden.”

Among voses, nothing of unusual interest has occurred dur-
ing the year, except the introduction of the Wabans Tis ~
rose originated at the Waban conservatories of E. M. Wood
& Co., Natick, Mass., and was introduced to the trade by the
originators in the spring of 1891. The rose has been before
the public for nearly two years, however, and its merits are

Roses Well understood.* The Waban is a sport of Catherine Mer-

; met, and differs from it only in color, which is two shades
deeper, being a bright, rich pink. It has had the silver
medals of the Massachusetts and Pennsylvania Horticultural
Societies. E. G. Hill, the well-known rose-grower of Rich-
mond, Ind., writes that the rose novelties of the year, with
which he is experimenting, are all comprised in the lists spread
in ANNALS for 1890.+ These foreign roses arrived so late last
fall (1890), that satisfactory tests of them have not been
completed. ;

The following English experience of some of the newer
roses will be valuable to American growers :{

‘¢One sometimes sees a good rose at an exhibition, and
when purchasing a plant finds it to be a very weak grower and
altogether an indifferent doer. This is very disappointing.

_. There are some roses of recent introduction that are worthy
English : :
roses, Of taking rank among our best, and I propose naming a few
of them, and giving as fair a description of the same as I
can. Germaine Caillot and similar bad growers I will not |
mention ; and readers may therefore conclude that all in this
list are well worth purchasing whenever they can find room
for a few more plants.

‘Souvenir de S. A. Prince, one of the finest white roses ever
introduced, very free-growing and flowering, and also one of
our sweetest-scented roses. This variety is synonymous with
The Queen, and originated in the same manner.

‘¢Madame Hoste is a pale yellow of really first-class quality,

*5ee American Florist for January 22, 1891, for a colored portrait of the Waban. See
also ANNALS for 1890, 43.
+Pp. 41-56. tA. P.in The Northern Gardener, i. new series, 4 (Jan. 1, 1892).

edie Seale

Ornamentals. 75

somewhat like a very pale specimen of Anna Olivier, but gen-
erally speaking it is quite distinct ; a very free-flowering kind,
and a good one for a wet and dripping season.

‘«*‘ Sappho hasa splendid blending of fawn, deep buff, yellow
and rose shades ; it is also wonderfully sweet-scented.

‘‘Cleopatra is of fine form and substance, and has very long
and pointed buds of a sweet and delicate pale pink, edged
with bright rose ; this is one of the best roses of 1889.

‘‘Hrnest Metz is a grand acquisition, very double, and
borne upon strong stalks, which carry the flowers ina particu-
larly bold and striking manner; the flowers are very double
and distinct, being a tender carnation-rose, with a brighter
center and also deeper on the reverse side of its petals. It
is a splendid habited kind, and one of the very best.

‘¢ Kaiserin Freiderich is the result of a cross between Perle
des Jardins and Gloire de Dijon, two of the best roses grown,
and it is well worthy of its parents. I am more taken with
this rose and the two following varieties than with any other
of the climbing Teas sent out for many years. This kind
flowers freely, and grows equally as strong as the old and
valuable Gloire de Dijon. Itscoloris a happy blend between
its two parents, turning pink towards the outside of the petals
when fully exposed to the sun.

‘¢ Henriette de Beauveau is the best pure yellow rose sent
out for alongtime. It is a splendid climber, a free and con-
stant bloomer, and altogether one of the finest acquisitions
among roses during the last ten years or more.

‘¢Kronprinzessin Victoria, or Crown Princess Victoria,
which is a sport from Souvenir de la Malmaison, is the finest
addition tothe Bourbon section for many years. It may be
described as a particularly free-flowering Souvenir de la Mal-
maison, of whiter color generally, and with a very soft and
pretty shade of cream in the center, with a blush tint on the
edges of the petals. Thisis the best Bourbon rose grown.

‘‘Duchesse d’Auerstadt is a very vigorous grower, pure
yellow when in the bud, changing to pale nankeen as it ex-
pands.

‘¢ Madame Moreau is another good climbing rose of a rich
coppery yellow, blended with apricot ; the edges of the flower
are tinted with rose. [See ANNALS for 1890, 54. ]

‘¢White Perle, a pure white sport from that grand rose,

European
roses.

The
newer
roses.

76 | Annals of Horticulture.

Perle des Jardins, and retaining all its qualities, need have no
more said in its favor to recommend it to any who is ac-
quainted with Perle des Jardins.

‘¢Waban is a deep-colored sport from Catherine Mermet,
and when we remember how The Bride has taken with the
public, and that it originated from the same source, I am sure
it will be tried by a good many, independently of my recom-
mendation. I have grown it, and it is a very promising rose.
It originated at the Waban Conservatories in Massachusetts, U.
S. A. Iwill give the raiser’s description, and can endorse the
greater part of it: ‘In foliage and vigor, Waban resembles
its parent ; flowers borne on long, strong stems, in form some-
what larger and exceeding in size and number of petals. [I

do not endorse the last sentence; it is as large as C. Mermet, ~

and asfull, but not more so.] Color carmine-pink, splashed
with flaming madder-red, shaded brilliantly upon outside pet-
als, and as you approach the center of the bud, each petal
increases in intensity and color. Reflexed petals are more
delicate in color, but shaded stronger at the end. From our
knowledge and experience in the growing of roses, we do not
hesitate to say that this rose is one of the greatest acquisitions
to the Tea rose family, and it is the finest which has come to
our knowledge.’ There! if you discount that description
ever -so slightly, you have a fair estimation of this grand
tose, [Seepage 74; also’S 1, Partn]

‘‘Climbing Niphetos must rank as our very best. white
climber under glass. It is always good, and remarkably free-
blooming, and a wonderfully vigorous grower. You should
leave the long Marechal Niel-like shoots intact, and will then
be rewarded with flowers quite equal to the old Niphetos, and
from every eye upon these long growths. It is simply a grand
rose. [See ANNALS for 1890, 56. |

‘«¢L’Ideale is a Noisette of first-class merit, bright, rich
golden yellow in color, splashed with orange-yellow and me-
tallic red ; a very distinct and attractive rose.

‘©The foregoing are the very best of the Tea-scented and
Noisettes, and all are worth obtaining. |

‘¢Hybrid perpetuals. Margaret Dickson is indeed a grand
acquisition, and so I place it first on my list. It is very new,
only being put in commerce this year (1891). It gained the
gold medal last year, and first prize for any new rose, and

Sat en eras

Ornamentals. a)

also for twelve white roses this season at the Crystal Palace
show. The foliage is very fine, so is its habit of growth, and
it issaid to be certain to oust that grand rose, Merville de Lyon,
out of the field. This is high praise, but I believe it really is
an improvement on M. de Lyon. Color white, with pale flesh
center, very large petals and of best substance.

‘¢Marchioness of Dufferin is sent out this year by the same
Irish firm as the foregoing, and is also a grand rose of enor-
mous size, beautiful rosy pink in color, with a suspicion of
yellow at the base of the petals. This variety gained the
gold medal at the Hereford exhibition of the National Rose
Society, in 1890.

‘¢Gustave Piganeau. Themore I see of this rose the better
I like it ; it is one of the finest for decorative purposes on a
large scale. It gained the award of a silver medal at the
Crystal Palace show this summer as being: the finest hybrid
perpetual in the show exhibited by a nurseryman. A very
strong grower, very large, and of good form and substance.
[See Annals for 1890, 43. ]

‘¢Margaret Haywood is a sport from Madame Clemence
Joigneaux, and is certainly possessed of the fine and vigorous
constitution of that variety ; it is said to be a good flower, but
I have not seen one quite up to the description yet. Color
bright rosy pink; full and very globular, Like Madame C.
Joigneaux, it seems to be mildew-proof.

‘¢La France of ’89 is a puzzling name, but it is undoubtedly
a grand rose. It is a good grower, very brilliant red in color,
large, free-flowering, and with long buds of pointed shape.
This rose seems to present a great deal of the China form,
and is very free in growth and flowering.

‘Augustine Guinoisseau is a grand rose that may be very
correctly described as between Mrs. Bosanquet and Viscountess
Folkestone. It is a wonderfully free bloomer, and a splendid
pot rose. [See ANNALS for 1890, 43. ]

‘‘Madame Renahy, a large and globular flower, light car-
mine-rose in color, shaded with lilac. A good grower and
particularly sweet-scented. Sure to prove a great favorite
with allwho try it. [See ANNALS for 1890, 43. ]

‘«¢Souvenir de Monsieur Gomot is a little after the deep-
colored Sir Roland Hill, and isa first-rate rose, of good growth
and habit.

The
newer
roses.

Orchids

Cattleya
labiata.

78 Annals of Horticulture,

‘There are other good roses which might be named in this
list, but as they are not quite so new, and are consequently
better known, I refrain from taking up space with their de-
scription. I will, however, give their names: Mrs. John
Laing, Earl of Dufferin, Lady Arthur Hill, Madame Henri
Periere, Sir Roland Hill, Duchess of Leeds, Caroline d’Ar-
den, Maid of the Mist, Monsieur Trievoz, Silver Queen,
Ethel Brownlow, Luciole, Madame Pierre Guillot, Mrs.
James Wilson, and Grace Darling.’’

Among orchids there has been the usual activity, but despite
the efforts of orchid-growers these plants have not attracted
the popular mind in this country, and it can hardly be ex-
pected that any of them can ever attain to any such degree of
popularity as attaches to the chrysanthemum and carnation.
Among orchid-fanciers themselves, however, there exists the
most exuberant enthusiasm, and every departure in form or
color of flower, no matter how slight, at once attracts gen-
eral attention.

Perhaps the most important discussion of the year is that
relating to the reintroduction of Cattleya labiata. This valu-
ble Brazilian orchid first appeared in England nearly seventy-
fiveyearsago, It appears to have been discovered nearly sim-
ultaneously by William Swainsonand M. Linden. The plant
has always been much sought by orchid-fanciers, and prices
have been high. ‘‘Few orchids,” writes Lewis Castle,*
‘shave so interesting a history as the original Cattleya /abzata,
but itis extremely probable that we shall never hear the whole
of the facts connected with it, for many of the links in the
chain of evidence have been lost, and others can only be sup-
plied by those who are not likely to do so at present. It is
certain, however, that for many years every effort made to dis:
cover the native habitat of this cattleya has failed completely;
collectors were repeatedly despatched bythe leading firms, and
thousands of miles have been explored without the slightest
success.. It would be imposssible to calculate how much
has been expended upon these fruitless searches, and it
had gradually become a fixed idea that the original Caftleya
labiata was really extinct.’’

A brief history of this interesting cattleya is contributed by
F. Sander to the Journal of Horticulture -+ ‘‘It was discov-

*Jour. Hort. Sept. 24, 1891, 262. + Ibid.

Ornamentals. 79

ered in 1817 by Mr. William Swainson in the Brazils. He
sent plants to London, and one flowered in 1818, with Mr.
Cattley, of Barnet, after whom Lindley named the genus.
The elder Hooker also had a piece from Mr. Cattley, and with
him it flowered in 1821. ‘There were, I should think, some
two or three dozen plants sent at first. Mrs. Horsfall,
of Liverpool, received some from the captains of ves-
Pees tradine with the _Brazils, about 1830, and about.
fees Sinall lot arrived in France. There the mat-
ter rested until about 1882, when a small consign-
ment came to the London Zodélogical Gardens, and passed
into the hands of Mr. B. S. Williams, of Holloway, Again,
two years, a small consignment arrived in France.” The re-
cent introductions of this cattleya occurred in 1890 and 18o1.

The plant introduced in 1890 was not recognized as true C..

labiata at first, and was named C. Warocqueana. Some grow-
ers pronounced it a variety of C. /adzata, and others placed it
with C. Gaskelliana. Both these views are on record in ANn-
NALS for 1890, on pages 57 and 59, respectively. While most
growers consider C. Warocqueana and C. labiata to be identical,

there are others who still regard them as distinct, and among

these is so good authority as Lewis Castle, who writes :*
‘¢ Further evidence may be forthcoming that cannot be ignored,
but up to the present time I have not seen a Cattleya Waroc-
gueana which I could consider identical with the old C. Za-
biata vera, with which I have long been familiar in English
collections.’’

There has been much discussion in Europe as to the botani-
cal position of C. Warocqueana, and, unfortunately, the debate
has not been free from personalities. The following extracts
from a letter published by L. Linden, as a supplement to Le
Journal des Orchidees (October, 1891), appear to represent the
salient factsintherecord of the reintroduction of Cattleya labz-
ata: ‘*Myfather, to whom botanists and horticulturists owe
the discovery and original introduction into Europe of almost
all the beautifulcattleyas known, was long aware of the fact that
a certain districtin Brazil contained a remarkable species of
cattleya in abundance. In the month of December, 1889, we
sent our collector, Mr. Bungeroth, to this region, in order that
he might send us several thousand specimens of the plant.

*Jour. Hort. Oct. 1, 1891, 283.

History
of Catt-
leya labi-
ata.

Reintro-
duction of
the
cattleya.

Cattleya
labiata.

BOns Annals of Horticulture.

The first introduction arrived in good condition during the
month of April, 1890. In one of the cases of this shipment,
about a dozen plants were in blossom, and the flowers were
naturally very much torn and injured by the voyage. But all
the rest bore flower-stalks which were entirely dried, and, as
can readily be seen, it wasimpossible to tellif the flowers had
been borne four or five months ora year before. Those which
were received in flower were placed together in one of our
houses, but they have not blossomed again ; they are different

from those which have flowered later. I shall speak only of

those which flowered later than October. |

‘‘In the meantime anew shipment had been made, and as
soon as the first general blossoming took place, in October
and November, 1890, we found that we were in the presence
of C. labtata var. autumnalis. Ata meeting of the Orchidéenne,
which was held the gth day of November, A. Van Im-
schoot, of Ghent, and the Count of Bousies exhibited the
old typeof this species. The entire force of the Orchidéenne,
composed of Messrs. James O’Brien, J. Linden, Count of
Bousies, F. Kegeljan, Massange de Louvrex, G: Sinema
Moens, Em. Rodigas, Dr. Van Cauwelaert, A. -Van* Ime
schoot, and E. Wallaert, were of the opinion that there ex-
isted no difference between these two plants andthe Cattleya
Warocgueana exhibited by us, unless, perhaps, certain varie-
ties of C. Warocqueana had a more highly colored labellum.
Mr. O’Brien, especially, emphatically asserted this in the
Gardeners’ Chronicle of November 15, 1890, while relating his
visit here. Some of the varieties are so exactly hke the true
‘autumn-flowering labiata’ that actual comparison with the
true plant, and careful scrutiny by several good judges, failed
to find a point whereby those forms of the new introduction
can be separated from it, and which is thought to come from the
same locality as the original plant. On the roth of Novem-
ber, the plant sent to the above meeting being still on exhibi-
tion, Jules Hye, of Ghent, sent us a flower of C. /aézata var.
autumnalts, which he had acquired at the sale of Mr. Tautz.
There was no difference between this flower and the majority
of the blossoms in our own houses. I can also give the
opinion of Sir Trevor Lawrence, Bart., M. P., President of
the Royal Horticultural Society of London. During a visit
which he paid to the Horticulture Internationale about two

Ornamentals. 5 SIE

weeks ago, he declared to me that he had immediately recog-
nized C. Warocqueana as the true C. /abiata var. autumnalis
of old.

‘¢Since November, 18go, the identity of these two orchids
has been perfectly established in our eyes, as well as in those
of other connoisseurs. It is easy to see why the plant had
not been recognized from the first, since C. Warocqueana had
produced only a few flowers, formed during the voyage, and
was, therefore, called a distinct variety. But as soon as a
considerable number of the flowers opened, so that one could
judge of a large proportion of the plants, it became evident
that, asa type, C. Warocqueana was identical with C. labsata
var. autumnalts. Nevertheless, as I said in November, I do
not hesitate to retain the name Warocqgueana, because the i1m-
portance of the reintroduction in 18go0, and the large number
of splendid varieties hitherto unknown which have been added
to our cattleyas, make of this latter fact a very important
event. Itis only since May of 1890 that this orchid has really
become a cultivated plant, for, as Mr. O’Brien said, the old
cattleya was scarcely a sample of what was to follow.”

The plant was independently introduced by Sander & Co.,
of St. Albans, England, during the year.*

An account of the orchids introduced into England during
the year is given below by W. Watson, of the Royal Gardens,
Kew :f

‘*A review of the plants introduced into cultivation and
described in various periodicals for the first time during
1891, does not reveal much of very decided value. Orchids
stand a long way first in point of number. There are excep-
tionally few new introductions of any note. The hybrids,
too, fall short in interest of those of the previous year. Of
species, hybrids and wild varieties, there are altogether sev-
enty additions. Besides these, there are those orchids which
had previously been rare, but are now abundant in gardens
in consequence of large importations made last year. The
most noteworthy of these are Cattleya labiata var. vera ( Waroce-
gueana)t and Dendrobium Phalenopsis. Cattleya Rex is another
recent acquisition of quite exceptional prominence.

* For further accounts of the reintroduction of Cattleya /abiata, see L‘Orchidophile, xi.
262, 310; Journ. des Orchidées, i. 280; Etoile Belge, Nov. 1, 1891 ; Revue Hort. ]xiii. ee
S10; Garden, MAKVIT. 470, Xt, 333; Gard. Chron. 3 series, viii. 560, 661. Northern Gar-
dener, vi. 194.

+Garden and Forest, v. 30. t ANNALS for 1890, 87, 59.

Cattleya
labiata.

New
plants in
England.

New
English
plants.

82 Annals of Horticulture.

‘“¢ Ada Lehmannt, Rolfe, differs chiefly in the foliage from
the well-known 4. aurantiaca.

‘¢ Aerides Laurencie var. Amestana, Sander, is a grand va-
riety of a grand orchid. It has racemes over two feet long,
crowded with larger flowers than those of the type (Sander &
Co

age fragrans, Spreng., is an interesting little spe-
cies of economic value in the Island of Bourbon, where its
leaves, when dry, are used as tea. (Kew.)

ee Cattleya Lowryana, Hort., is a pretty hybrid, raised by F.
Sander & Co., and described by me in Garden and Forest, iv.
292. |

‘‘ Currhopetalum Collettit, Hemsley, is the largest, handsom-
est and most remarkable species of a remarkable genus. It
was discovered in upper Burma by General Collett, and sent
by him to Kew, where it flowered for the first time in June
last. C. Wendlandianum, Kranzlin, is described as a new spe-
cies which combines the characters of C. Weduse and C. fim-
briatum. Itis not unlike General Collett’ s plant, and comes
from the same country.

‘‘ Celogyne Micholitziana, Kranzlin, is a white-flowered spe-
cies in the way of C. speczosa, which Messrs. Sander & Co. in-
troduced from Macassar.

‘<Cochlioda Nezliana, Rolfe, is a charming little orchid for
the coolhouse, easy to manage, free-flowering, with elegant
racemes of orange-scarlet and yellow flowers. It was intro-
duced in quantity from Peru by Messrs. Linden, Brussels.

“Cymbidium pulcherrimum, Hort., Sander, is a beautiful
plant, with the habit of C. Wasterszt; and bears a dozen or so
waxy white flowers striped and flushed with crimson. Messrs.
Sander & Co. have introduced it from northern India.

‘¢Cypripedium. There are numerous hybrids of this ge-
nus, as usual, few being of any real decorative value. The
best are C. Antigone* (from C. niveum and C. Laurenctanum),
C. Berenice (from C. Rebelint and C. Lowzz), C. Ceres (from
C. hirsutissimum and C. Spicerianum), C. Castleanumyt (from C.
C. hirsutissimum and C. superbiens).

‘« Dendrobium Leeanum, Hort., Sander, is a species from
New Guinea, with the habit hoe superbiens, the flowers
being white, mottled with rose and tinged with green (F.
Sander & Co. )

" -*ANNALS for 1890, 57. tANNALS or 1890, 57.

Ornamentals. 83

‘“¢ Disa Vettchiz, Hort., is the best hybrid orchid of the year.
It was raised by Messrs. J. Veitch & Sons from D. grandifiora
-and D. racemosa, flowering within two years of the time the
seeds were sown. We have made the same cross at Kew,
besides other crosses between these and D. ¢ripetaloides,
and the seeds have germinated freely. It was proved long
ago by Dr. Moore, of Glasnevin, that disas can be easily
multiplied by means of seeds. I am of opinion that in the
three species here named, we have very promising material
for the production of a really valuable race of easily-grown
cool orchids.

“‘ Epidendrum Dellense, O’Brien, is a pretty hybrid from
E. xanthinum and E. radicans. It originated in the garden of
Baron Schroeder.

‘¢ Habenaria carnea, N. E. Brown, has already been noted
and figured in Garden and Forest (vol. iv. p. 475, fig. 76).

‘‘ Lelia Arnoldiana, Hort., is a handsome hybrid between
L. purpurata and Cattleya labiata raised by Messrs. Sander &
Co. The flowers areas largeas thoseof Z. purpurata, while the
color is that of a richly-marked form of the cattleya. There
isa good figure of it in the Lzudenza, t. 294. L. grandis var.
tenebrosa is a distinct and beautiful variety, the sepals and
petals colored a rich terra-cotta, the lip being crimson, with
a broad, wavy margin of white. It also 1s represented by a
good figure in Lindenza, t. 290.

‘“¢ Masdevaliia Rolfeana,* Kranzlin, is a large-flowered spe-
cies in the way of WW. velifera, but colored rich chocolate-
brown (Sander & Co.). JM. falcata, O’Brien, is a hybrid
between M/. Lindenit and M, Veitchit which promises to be a
good garden plant. It was raised by an English amateur,
Mr. D. O. Drewett. 4/7. Mundyana, Hort., is a hybrid between
M. Veitchit and M. ignea var. aurantiaca, which we owe to the
skill of Messrs. F. Sander & Co.

“‘Miltonia vexillaria var. Leopoldiana (Miltonia vexitlaria, var.
Sandertana), a beautiful variety which I recently described in
Garden and Forest (vol. iv. p. 545), I find has been previously
figured and described in Revue de 0 Horticulture Belge, 1891
(page 73), under the name of MZ. vexillaria var. Leopoldiana,
Reichb. f. ‘One of the prettiest and rarest of the varieties of
this miltonia is this, which was dedicated by Reichenbach to

* ANNALS for 1890, 58.

New
plants in
England.

Introduc-
tions into
England

834 Annals of forticulture.

Leopold II. It had been received by Monsieur Pynaert direct
from Monsieur Paten, of Antioquia, in Colombia. It has been
exhibited before the Horticultural Society of Belgium, and the
Royal Society of Agriculture and Botany, at Ghent. It was
unanimously awarded a certificate of merit.’

‘¢ Odontoglossum Cookianum, Rolfe, is a supposed natural hy-
brid between O. ¢riumphans and O. Sandertanum. O. Del-
lense, O’ Brien, is another so-calied natural hybrid, its sup-
posed parents being O. Pescatorei and O. prenitens. <A third
doubtful hybrid is one named O. Godseffianum, which is said to
suggest O. Lindleyanum and O. triumphans. It would seem
that those who name orchids are less certain than of yore, if
one may judge by the number of introduced plants which
are now dubbed natural hybrids. It would simplify matters
considerably if such plants were either allowed to rank as dis-
tinct species or called varieties of those they are most like.

‘¢We have a supposed natural hybrid among oncidiums now,
namely, O. Larkinianum, whose characters are thought to be
a mixture of O. curtum and O. Barclayanum. Ishould call it
simply a bright-colored variety of O. curtum.

“« Peristeria aspersa, Rolfe, was described and figured in Zzn-
dentia, t. 277. Itisin the way of P. pendula, the pseudobulbs
being as large as goose-eggs, and the short pendent raceme
crowded with ten flowers, which are almost as large as those of

P. elata, and colored yellow, thickly speckled with crimson, -

the lip being blotched with red. Itis a fine plant, and was
introduced by the Messrs. Linden, from Venezuela. |

‘“« Phajus maculato-grandifolius, Hort., Veitch, is a hybrid
between the two species indicated in the name. It has the
habit of the latter species, tawny, yellow flowers, with a poor
lip, a character derived from P. maculatus.

“¢ Renanthera Imschootiana, Rolfe, is a pretty addition to the
genus. Itis very similar to 2. Storeyz.

‘* Restrepia striata, Rolfe, is a charming little orchid, exactly
like R. elegans, but with striped instead of spotted sepals. It
was introduced from New Granada by Low & Co.

‘““Schomburgkia Sanderiana, Rolfe, is similar to the bull’s-
horn species, S. tibtcinus, but with shorter pseudobulbs and
rosy, carmine flowers. The worst character in the plants of
this genus is their shy-flowering behavior under cultivation.

“¢ Sobralia macrantha, var. Keinastiana, Hort., is a white-

Ornamentals. 85

flowered variety, as already noted in Garden and Forest
(vol. iv. p. 305). Itis in the collection of Baron Schroeder.

«¢ Spathologlottis Ericsonit is a yellow-flowered species, which |

has been introduced by Messrs. F. Sander & Co., but I have
not seen it. Possibly it is from S. aurea.

‘« Stenoglottis longifolia, Hook. f., 1s a pretty, easily-cultivated
orchid, for the coolhouse. It has been introduced from Natal
to Kew, where it flowered this year, the erect scape, eighteen
inches high, bearing its deep, mauve flowers for about three
months.

‘¢ Thunia Masterstana, Kranzlin, 1s a tall, long-leaved plant,
with flowers about half the size of Z. a/da. It has been in-
troduced from Monlmien by Messrs. F. Sander & Co.”

Among the new plants which are receiving unusual attention
from general florists at present are the streptocarpuses,
cannas, gladioh, the Darwin tulips—especially abroad—car-
nations, chrysanthemums, and many aquatics. The best ac-
count of the particular merits of the newer introductions in
these and other groups, was compiled this year from the exper1-
ences of various florists by William Falconer, and presented to
the meeting of the Society of American Florists, at Toronto.*

The Darwin tulips, which have attracted much attention in
Europe, are thus described by the editor of Revue Horticole: +
‘¢ Many persons will remember having seen some Darwin tu-
lips at the general exhibition at Paris in the spring of 1889.
They were exhibited by Messrs. Krelage, of Haarlem, Hol-
land. The flowers were almost spherical, firmly carried, and
of brilliant colors, the most common shade being red. Since
the above date the varieties have increased enormously ; the
plants are showing their good qualities more and more, one of
the most important features being the power of resistance to
sun and rain. Itis also asserted that Messrs. Krelage have
fulfilled the dream of the ‘black tulip’ of Alexander Dumas,
and that they have obtained avariety which posseses the black
color to a greater degree than does any other known flower.
The Darwin tulips give us a newrace of flowers, and one
_which will undoubtedly find great favor with all lovers of bulb-
ous plants.’’ This remarkable strain of tulips is named in

*See Proc. Soc. Am. FI. vii. 103-145.

aa Hort. Ixiii. 510 (Nov. 16, 1891). See also Gard. Chron. Oct. 31, 1891, p. 520, and
plate.

New
florists’
plants.

Darwin
tulips.

Green-
house
plants.

86 Annals of Horticulture.

memory of Charles Darwin, because of his deep interest ir
the variations of cultivated plants.

The plants which have attracted attention in England dur--
ing 1891, are discussed as follows by W. Watson, of Kew, in
Garden and Forest :* |

«Stove and Greenhouse plants.—Exclusive of orchids, the
best new stove and greenhouse plants introduced into cultiva-
tion last year must be credited to Kew. Few trade collectors
think 1t worth while to pay any attention to foliage or flower-
ing plants, other than orchids, for the reason that, as a rule,
there is not much money in them, The botanical gardens in
the colonies, and numerous correspondents in various parts of
the world, however, send to Kew various interesting and good
decorative plants, and these are eventually distributed among
nurserymen and others who desire to try them. Of the fifty
or so new stove and greenhouse plants recorded, the following
are of most promise horticulturally :

‘Alberta magna.—Mr.,W. Bull offered this plant in his cata-
logue of new plants forlast year. It has been in cultivation
several years at Kew, but, so far as I know, it has never yet
flowered in England. It is rubiaceous, closely allied to cin-
chona, which it resembles in habit and foliage ; the flowers,
which are small, are in dense panicles, and colored bright red.
It will most likely prove a good greenhouse plant, as it comes
from a high altitude in Natal, The treatment which suits lu-
culia ought to answer for the alberta.

‘“* Allamanda Williamsiz, Hort.—Probably only one of the
many forms of the variable A. cathartica, but differing from

those previously known in gardens byits shrubbyhabit and |

floriferousness. It has been brought into notice by B. S.
Williams & Son. :

‘¢ Aristolochia gigas var. Sturtevantit, Watson.—This came to
Kew from Mr, Sturtevant. It flowered freely in one of the
tropical houses, and, so far at any rate as Europe is concerned,
it was the most remarkable new plant of the year. Itisnamed
in compliment to Mr. E. D. Sturtevant, of New Jersey.f

“« Brownea Crawfordiz, \NVatson.—This is a hybrid between
B. srandiceps and B. macrophylla, which flowered at Kew last
year, and was named in compliment to the late W. H. Craw-
ford, of Cork, who raised it. In the size of the inflorescence
and color of the flowers, it 1s even superior to B. grandiceps.

*Garden and Forest, v. 40. +Garden and Forest, iv. 546.

Ornamentals. 87

“¢ Bauhinia Galpint, N.E.Br.—This is a most promising flow-
ering shrub for the warm greenhouse which has been intro-
duced to Kew from the Transvaal. It has two-lobed leaves
and crowded racemes of large handsome crimson flowers,
- borne on numerous twiggy branches. It grows to a height of
about six feet. A figure of it was published in Hooker’ s [cones
last year (pl. 1994.)

‘¢Crinum Roozentanum, O’ Brien.—This is said to be near C:
Americanum, although the growth resembles C. erudescens.
The flowers are four to twelve in an umbel, six toeight inches
long, with recurved segments three to four inches long and
three-fourths of an inch wide, white. It has been introduced
from Jamaica by A. Roozen & Co., Haarlem.

‘Cocos Pynaerti, Hort., is a seedling form of C. Weddelliana,
with very narrow leaf-segments. It was raised by Monsieur
Pynaert, of Ghent, and figured in the Revue de 1’ Horticulture
Belge last year (p. gi, fig. 15) under the name of C. minima
glauca.

“« Cliveucharis pulchra, Hort.—It was stated last year that
L. Van Houtte, of Ghent, had succeeded in raising a bigen-
eric hybrid from clivea and Eucharis Amazonica, of which
further detail would presently be published. Such a cross, if
successful, cannot fail to be of exceptional interest.

‘¢ Dipladenia wlustris var. glabra, 1s a handsome _ stove-
climber with a woody root-stock, annual climbing stems,
thick ovate leaves, and large, rosy red flowers. It has been
introduced from Brazil, and flowered at Kew last year.

‘* Fpiphyllum Gaertnert was introduced several years ago
under the names &. Makoyanum and EF. Russellianum var.
Gaerinert. It was at first supposed to be a hybrid between
cereus and epiphyllum, but it now proves to bean introduc-
tion from Brazil and a third good species of epiphyllum. It
is a beautiful stove-plant, at least equal to the best of the
varieties of this genus grown, and at the same time abund-
_ antly distinct from them all. A figure of it was published in
the Botanical Magazine (t. 7201).

‘¢ Impatiens mirabilis.—This extraordinary speciesis a native
of Malaya, where it forms an erect, naked, succulent trunk
four feet high, and as thick as a man’s leg; leaves nearly a
foot long, and large inflated, fleshy, golden yellow flowers.
It flowered at Kew, and was figured in Botanical Magazine

fe 7195):

New
green-
house
plants.

New
green-
house
plants.

88 | Annals of Florticulture.

‘‘Lilium Lowi, Baker.—This is a new species, similar to
L. Nepalense, with white flowers. It has been introduced
from northern India by Messrs, H. Low & Co.

‘¢ Morea, or Lris, Robinsonianais not anew plant, but its flow-
ering at Kew last year for the first time revealed its true
character, which is that of a handsome floriferous iris of ex-
ceptional dimensions.

‘¢ Verine pancratioides, Baker, is a new addition to the genus,
which Mr. O’Brien has introduced from Natal. It has long,

narrow leaves, a scape two feet high bearing an umbel of from |

twelve to twenty flowers one inch long, with small square bifid
scales between the filaments.

‘« Primula imperiatis, Jungh.—This is the gigantic primrose
from the mountains of Java, which was raised at Kew from
imported seeds, and flowered for the first time last year. It
has a broad rosette of leaves, each fifteen inches long by five
inches wide, an erect scape three to four feet high, bearing
whorls of deep yellow flowers.

‘< Primula Potssonit, Franchet, is anew and beautiful species
from Yun-nan, which flowered at Kew in June last. It re-
sembles P. Japonica in habit, but differs in the leaves and in
the color of the flowers, which is rich, rosy mauve, with a
yellow eye. Asingle plant of this species has produced no
less than twelve scapes in one season.

“< Streptocarpus Galpint, Hook, f.—l described this in Gar-
den and Forest, vol. iv. p. 534, from plants which have been in-
troduced at Kew from Transvaal. It is the prettiest of all the
species of this genus.

‘¢ Thrinax Morrisii, \Wendl.—This was discovered by Mr.
D. Morris, the Assistant Director at Kew, in the island of An-
guilla, in the West Indies. It differs from all known species
of thrinax in the dwarfness of its stature, none of the many
mature plants seen by Mr. Morris exceeding three feet in
height. It has elegant foliage, and promises to be a useful
garden palm.

‘¢ Tulbaghia Natalensis, Baker, is a Cape bulb, with no more
beauty than mignonette, but, like the latter, it has the charm
of delightful fragrance. It has been introduced to Kew
from Natal. TZ. alfiacea is cultivated for the sake of its

purple flowers; its linear leaves have a strong onion-like -

odor.

Ornamentals. 89

“<< Wahlenbergia undulata, Cham.—A straggling herbaceous
plant, which may be grown in suspended baskets, so that
its thin leafy stems may hang and display its companulate
deep blue flowers. It has been introduced from the Cape to
Kew.

‘‘Among popular greenhouse-plants, perhaps the most
noteworthy additions last year were the beautiful dwarf
cannas, whose large, richly-colored flowers and good nature
under ordinary cultivation have made them prime favorites in
England. Two pretty Japanese varieties of Azala amena,
feandy in England, were sent-out-. by J. Veitch & Sons.
This firm has also added many new varieties of greenhouse
rhododendrons and hippeastrums.

‘¢ Herbaceous Plants. There was an extraordinary number
of varieties of popular harbaceous plants introduced last
year, such things as dahlias, gladioli, peonias, carnations,
rudbeckias, delphiniums and irises being considerably rein-
forced by additional sorts of first-rate character. Of new
Species there were very few, the best of them being as fol-
lows: Chionodoxa grandifiora, a variety of C. Lucile, with
erect racemes and larger flowers than the type. It was pre-
viously known as C. gigantea (T. S. Ware & Co.). Galan-
thus Allent, Baker, a pretty addition to cultivated snow-
drops, characterized by short broad leaves and _ pure
white flowers (Caucasus). G. nivalis var. Else, Burbidge,
a variety with larger flowers and broader leaves than G. Cor-
cyrensis, from Macedonia. Another variety, named Rachela,
Burbidge, has larger flowers than the last-named, and
blossoms in October and November. J/rzs Foster’, Baker, is
a handsome species of the Caucasica group. It has yellow
flowers blotched with deep violet. Zzlum Browniit var.
chloraster, Baker, 1s a new introduction to Kew from western
China, and differs from the type in having broader leaves,
larger flowers, with a broad green midrib to each segment,
and deep red pollen. Z. Martagon X Hansoni, Baker, is a
hybrid raised by C. G. Van Tubergen, Haarlem, from the two
species indicated in the name. Watsonia densiflora var. alba
is a very pretty Cape bulb which has so far stood outdoors
at Kew, where it flowered for the first time last year. It has
erect spikes eighteen inches high, with the flowers in a dense
head like a ripe wheat-ear, pure white.”’

7

New
greenhouse
plants.

New
herbaceous
plants.

Green-
houses.

90 Annals of Horticulture.

Greenhouses. Many departures are making in the con-
struction of glass houses for florists’ use. One of the most
important innovations is the tendency to use the common
wrought-iron steam or gas-pipes for heating purposes, in
preference to the old cast-iron pipes, both for hot water un-
der pressure and steam-heating ; and this has introduced a
system of overhead piping which has overturned some of
the common notions of greenhouse-heating. Steam is also
contending for supremacy over hot-water, but neither agent
can be said to have made signal victories for general purposes.
It will undoubtedly be found that both agents possess supe-
rior advantages for particular purposes. The fact that steam
has-often dislodged hot water systems, is proof that it pos-
sesses decided merit in some cases. No thoroughly satis- |
factory'tests have been made upon the relative merits of steam
and hot water for modern greenhouse-heating.

In greenhouse construction there is an evident tendency to-
wards simplicity, which is itself a positive indication that the
greenhouse business is becoming more practical. The ten- —
dency is towards large to very large glass and light frames.
Glass as large as 20 « 30 inches is sometimes used for roofing.
Iron rafters are coming into frequent use, because of their
durability and little obstruction to sunlight. Iron-frame and
slate-top benches are making their way from conservatories
into forcing-houses and propagating-pits.

Some of the recent movements in greenhouse construction
in France are discussed as follows by Maximilien Ringelmann*
in a report upon horticultural arts and industries as displayed
at the Exposition of the National Society of Horticulture of
France:

‘One division of the general exposition embraced _ horti-
cultural arts and industries. It was divided into four sec-
tions. The first section included greenhouses, sash, frames,
screens, garden-matting, and apparatus for heating. There
were 55 exhibitors. The second section included tools and
machines, sprayers, garden furniture, etc. There were 40
exhibitors. The third section comprised arbors, rustic con-
structions, kiosques, etc., there being 48 exhibitors. Finally,
65 exhibitors entered the fourth section, which embraced va-
rious arts, pottery, basket-making, cutlery, scales, bric-a-

*Revue Horticole, 1891, 277.

Ornamentals. gI

brac, fertilizers, and insecticides. The total number of ex-
hibitors, many of whom made exhibits in several different
sections, was 175.

‘¢ The first section [which alone we shall discuss] embraced
in principle all constructions which are designed to protect
plants from the weather, the temperature, hght and humidity
within being to a certain extent under control. These con-
structions are permanent or temporary. The permanent
ones are known as greenhouses; coldframes, hotbeds, and
other moveable structures are included in the temporary con-
structions. ‘The framework of the houses is of wood or iron,
or both. There has been much discussion in regard to which
material is the better, but by taking a scientific and practical
view of the matter all can be summed up in the following
sentence: A house should have as much light as possible,
and this is obtained by using glass upon as small a frame-
work as is consistent with strength.

‘‘In making arrangements for heating a house, its glass
surface must be taken into consideration, for the transmission
of heat is more rapid through some bodies than through
others. If the radiation of heat from glass is taken as a unit,
the other. substances which are of interest will, under the
same conditions, radiate the following amounts of heat :

Ree OS ees Ne ese ie Fo np eed Sek egies 1.0 per cent.
OS SES 6 Sal se GE i ee a cer teal
See esc ues cs ohn k oad wen Ud es SSO. oar!
ee ee ok ae fa ear cua he eek Rees OO

Ii we assume that the glass covering the house is 30 centi-
meters* [nearly twelve inches] wide, the wooden sash-bars
three centimeters wide, and the iron ones 5 millimeters} [about
I-5 inch] wide, it will be seen that the relative amounts of
the heat radiated will be 30.6 per cent. for wood frames, and
47.5 per cent. for iron frames.

Jn other words, the iron will allow 20 per cent. more heat to
be lost than the wood, other conditions being equal. This
loss can only be made up by burning a larger amount of fuel
and having a greater amount of heating-surface in order to
avoid great variations of temperature. Wooden frames are
preferable so far as heating is concerned, but they are practi-

*A centimeter is .3937 inches. *A millimeter is .03937 inches.

Wood
vs. 1ron
houses.

Wood
vs. iron
frame-
work.

g2 Annals of Horticulture.

cable only for small houses. But they are more expensive to
keep in repair, and are not so durable. The lines for such a
house are straight, and for this reason the structures are not so
handsome as the iron ones.

‘¢ Five men exhibited models of hese with wood frames.
The frames were mostly of pitch-pine, the parts being held
together by plates or castings of iron. About twenty exhibits
of iron-framed houses were made. Suchhouses are generally
more durable, and their arched roofs give them a much more
elegant appearance than houses which have the framework of
wood. But the question of radiation must be considered.
In very cold weather the moisture which collects upon the
iron falls upon the plants in perfect showers. Sash-bars so
formed that the water will be carried in grooves to the side of
the house were exhibited. In order to retain the advantages
of both iron and wood, some builders exhibited models in
which the iron frame was covered with a lining of wood.
This lining is used only in the interior of the house ; it is

_ fastened to the iron by means of clamps, and can be removed

Double
glazing.

Frames.

when desired.

‘¢Some builders put two layers of glass upon their houses
in order to diminish the radiation of heat. This method of
glazing can be used on houses having a frame of wood, or of
wood and iron. ‘The inner glass is not puttied, but is held
in place by small hooks, or bystrips fastened to the sash-bars.
One house had small ventilators so arranged that a current of
air passed between the two layers of glass, thus keeping the
glass free from condensed moisture.

‘¢T shall not describe the various contrivances for opening
ventilators, each exhibitor having a different device, a simple
handle, an iron rod, levers, etc. The ventilators, also, were
of many sizes and of different shapes.

‘A large number of builders exhibited frames designed to
protect plants trained upon walls. These frames contamed
movable panes of glass; the lower parts of some contained
panels of wood which fitted into grooved iron bars. The glass
is fastened to iron bars, also, these bars being grooved to carry
away the condensed moisture which collects upon the glass.
A peculiar sash was exhibited by one builder. It is called
the ‘universal frame’; its size is about 4% K 1%feet, and it
contains four panes of glass. These frames can be used for

Ornamentals. | 93

protecting espaliers, and in many cases they can take the
_ place of the hand-light commonly used in gardens. The
frames are provided with hooks, so that four or six of them
may be fastened together, thus making small glass houses
with even-span roofs.

‘¢An interesting system of glazing was also exhibited. It
was designed to diminish or entirely do away with the dripping
- of condensed moisture. Each pane of glass is held in place by
a clasp, and the panes are separated from each other by a
strip of zinc, bent so that a section presents the form of a V.
These strips are fastened with putty near the upper end of
each pane, and they receive the water from the pane above.
In each strip is a small hole, through which the water flows to
the outer surface of the glass.’’

The year has been a prosperous one for florists. Trade
has been good in all the popular groups of plants. The
Faster trade was the largest on record, and more atten-
tion is being bestowed year by year upon the decorations at
society events. The year has witnessed the birth of the flo-
rists’ telegraph delivery system, and has still further demon-
strated the merits of hail insurance.

In Europe the last winter was unusually severe, and out-
door plants suffered greatly, and it 1s said that this injury had
considerable influence upon the exhibitions of the year. The
following report of the ornamental plants shown at the General
Agricultural Exhibition at Paris this year, is contributed by
Ed. André, to the Revue Horticole :

‘<The exceptional severity of the winter 1890-91, naturally
had an injurious effect upon the Agricultural Exhibition,
which was held in the Palais de |’Industrie. Nevertheless,
the number of exhibits made was unexpected. The ingenuity
displayed by growers in preserving their exhibits under the
most adverse circumstances was admirable, extraordinary ef-
forts often having been made in this direction.

‘¢ Among outdoor plants, only one lot from the open, where
plants were generally injured by the cold, was exhibited.
Honoré Defresne, a nurseryman at Vitry-sur-Seine, had the
happy thought to protect many beautiful specimens of ever-
green shrubs and conifers before the approach of winter.
This enabled him to exhibit remarkable groups of plants, all
of which showed excellent culture. The most noticeable

New J
system of
glazing.

The
year.

The
year in
Europe.

94 Annals of Horticulture.

plants among the conifers were Picea excelsa var. Remonti,

Abies concolor var. violacea, Juniperus Virgintiana var. elegans,
Biota orientalis var. elegantissima, B, filiformis var. erecta, and
Thuya verveneana. Ligustrum coriaceum, Eriobotrya Japonica,
Nandina domestica,euonymuses, privets and box were particu-
larly attractive among the shrubs.

‘¢Of greenhouse plants, although the exhibits were less nu-

merous than usual, the arrangement was exceptionally beauti-
ful. Mr, Chantin, a veteran who is always at the front, hada
non-competitive exhibit of palms,among which were Areca sap-
zda, Corypha australis, Chamerops excelsa, etc., and some
cycads, as Zamia horrida. The exhibit of Mr. Dallé was ex-

tensive. It consisted of palms and evergreen plants from the

~ coolhouse, all of which were in excellent condition. Kenta

Exhibitions

in France.

Belmoreana, Cocos Datil, Kentia Forsteriana, various arecas,
chamerops, etc., were mingled with ferns, draczenas, maran-
tas, phormium, etc., which have become indispensable occu-
pants of greenhouses and conservatories. @lose by were the
orchids of the same exhibitor, and these were also universally

admired. Truly it is a rare talent to be able to exhibit so -

many of these plants in such perfect flower at a season of
the year whichis socold and gloomy. The plants particularly
noticeable were the beautiful Cattleya Percivaliana, Pilumna
nobilis, Vanda suavis, several well-colored dendrobiums, some
interesting cypripediums, oncidiums with gold and maroon
tints, Odontoglossum crispum, both white and rose varieties,
Mesospinidium with violet clusters, etc.

‘¢There was nothing more graceful than the arrangement
of the bulbous plants exhibited by Vilmorin-Andrieux & Co.
The plants were placed near one of the partitions of the hall,
upona staging which rose from the ground in the form of an am-
phitheater. Hyacinths, tulips,crocus, narcissuses, cyclamens,
lilies-of-the-valley, anemones, and many other beautiful flow-
ers which announce the approach of spring, all delighted the
eyes of visitors with the superiority of their colors and their
artistic grouping. Elegant groups of cyclamens were exhib-

ited by Forgeot & Co. Among them could be seen the new

variety, Roi des Noirs, which is of a deep violet color ; also,

Scilla Siberica, with its pretty blue flowers ; begonia Gloire de

Sceaux, and primulas.
‘‘In the center of the hall was a group of forced lilacs,

Ornamentals. 95

which again gave evidence of the long experience which Mr.
Léveque has had in their culture.

_ «Mr. Boutreux has demonstrated that nothing is impossi-
ble to our horticulturists, and that obtaining flowers out of
season is onlya pastime. His lot of flowering chrysanthe-
mums which had been held back by peculiar treatment,
showed a system of culture whichis but little known ; and it

cannot be doubted that the results obtained by it will stimulate

all lovers of this Japanese flower to further work in this direc-
tion. Among the varieties exhibited, mention may be made
of Meyerber, rose-violet ; Cullingfordi, yellow ; Docteur Sagali,
yellow ; Pelican, long rays white ; Citron, sulphur-yellow ; Th.
Buller, violet; Vilmorin, straight rays yellow; Soleil d’Or,
bright yellow, etc.”’

The florists’ business is now enjoying a rapid extension in
America, and it 1s taking its place as one of the important in-
dustries. The present status of the business was the subject
of Bulletin 59 (April 29, 1891) of the Eleventh Census. The
following editorial review of the bulletin appeared in the Amer?-
can Gardentor June: ‘‘ The bulletin shows that tower-growing
has already reached enormous proportions, especially in the
older portions of the country and in California. The busi-
ness is in a thriving condition, as evidenced by the fact that

the number of establishments is rapidly increasing. In 1800.

there was but one commercial florist in the United States.
Between 1810 and 1820 three establishments started; eight
more were started in the next decade, twenty-five in the next,
45 between 1840 and 1850, g6 in the next, 313 in the next, 998
between 1870 and 1880, and 1,797 in the last decade. There

are 4,659 commercial establishments in the country now.
(1890), using 38,823,247 square feet of glass, and heated with

apparatus valued at $38,355,722.43. Tools are valued at
$1,587,693.93. New Jersey has the largest floricultural busi-
ness of any state in proportion tots size. There is not one
establishment, so far as learned, in Idaho, Nevada and Indian
Territory. 312 of these establishments are owned and con-
ducted by women, and 1,958 women are engaged in the busi-
ness in the United States. This indicates that women may
here find a delightful means of livelihood. The inception of
this investigation of the floriculture of the country is said to

_-have come from Mrs. Porter, wife of the Superintendent of

Chrysan-
themums
in France.

Statistics
of flori-
culture,

Statistics
of flori-
culture.

=_

96 Annals of Horticulture.

the Census, and the following statement has gone the rounds
of the press: The bulletin ‘is understood to be the result
of a suggestion made by the accomplished wife of the Super-
intendent of the Census, with a view to opening up a new
avenue of employment for women. Superintendent Porter,

from the day he received his appointment until now, has

been worn down by pitiful appeals from women for employ-
ment. Without straining facts, it might be said that the pro-
portion of rejected women applicants was as high as ninety-
nine out of a hundred. Many of those disappointed took a
woman’s chance and appealed to the wife of the superinten-
dent, who, seeing so many helpless females in the world,
turned her mind to devising some new opening to employment.
The result was the special report on floriculture which now
appears, and which was made at her suggestion.’

‘©The total value of the floricultural product for one year
was $26, 211,805.77,0f which $14,175, 328.01 was for cut-flowers
and the remainder for plants. Of the plants sold, 49,056,253
were rose-bushes, and 38,380,872 were hardy plants and
shrubs, while the total number of all plants sold was 240,-
272,417. It required 18,805 people to grow these plants and
cut-flowers, at an aggregate wage of $8,483,657. All this
business required an outlay of $1,161,168.31 for advertising,
and the issuing of 21,055,694 catalogues, and the estimated
freight and express bills on outgoing shipments was $1,086,-
904.60.

«< <Of the plants sold, the demand in the northern and eastern
states is greatest for geraniums, coleus, roses, pansies, verbe-
nas, heliotropes, carnations, chrysanthemums, palms, ferns
and fuchsias, nearly in the order-named. In the south tae
demand is for roses, chrysanthemums, geraniums, coleus,
palms and ferns; while California shows the demand to be
the largest for roses, carnations, chrysanthemums, geraniums,
palms and pansies. For cut-flowers, roses lead, followed
closely by carnations.’’’

Flower-seed growing has not assumed large proportions in
this country, largely, no doubt, because of the high price of
labor. The value per acre of the ‘‘ planting-stock,” 7. ¢., the
seeds and plants set for the crop, is said torange ‘‘ from $6 to
$25, according to variety.” ‘‘ The yield per acre of flower seed
is from 10 to1,000 pounds, according to variety.” ‘‘The returns

Ornamentals. 97

show a selling-price of flower seeds ranging from 3 cents to
$50 per pound. It is therefore impossible to make an aver-
age price where there is such a vast difference, and the vari-
ous species and varieties are not given.’

Tae Census bulletin (No. 111) upon seed farms reports
a few general figures concerning the business, all of which are
tabulated below :

FLOWER-SEED STATISTICS.
Acreagein Cost of fer-

State. flowers for tilizers per Cost of labor
seed, 1890. acre. peracre.
Peer CMMSCltS.. 4 ow. wa es 7 $25.00 $50.00
Mem ork eh te. 72 22.50 37.50
ie mefersey sai. oe le 2 20.00 40.00
emmey lbyAmIar so. ee eds es IO 29.00 100.00
(SE Or 2 ee, eae ae eee 4 go.00
IM er his de ie cn ae 6 — 45.00
Lo a ela cc 4 5.00
LOTTE a 1 EI Os eee 20 12.00
META ok ps 5 ats 16 SS =
NE rea, ile os aS oh. brs SI

Flower
seed in-
dustry.

S 3. Flant-Diseases and Insects.

The year has been characterized, as a whole, by compara-
tive freedom from insect and fungous injuries to horticultural
crops, although there have been the usual losses from the
depredations of the rose-chafer, the plum-knot, peach-yellows
and some other abiding pests. Dealers everywhere declare
that the apples are unusually free from worms and scabiness,
and the same may be said of most orchard fruits. A number
of new or little-known fruit-pests have attracted attention—
the more alarming ones being, probably, the pear-midge
(Diplosis pyrivora) which has been mischievous along the Hud-
son, and the pear-tree psylla (Psylla pyri, or a related species)
in some parts of the east. There appears to have been great
activity in the experiment stations in the study of injurious
insects and plant-diseases. The constant repetition of advice
from the stations, and the accumulation of a literature upon
almost every enemy to the farmer, are having the effect of
awakening the public to an appreciation of the enormous an-
nual losses occasioned by insects and fungi; and it is bearing
fruit in legislation designed to control the deprédations.
Upon this point, Professor James Fletcher speaks as follows
in his inaugural address as president of the Association of
Economic Entomologists:* ‘We find upon investigation that
accurate estimates of damage done by insects are exceedingly
difficult to arrive at, and the figures are so large that we are
rather afraid to quote them ourselves lest we should prevent
rather than encourage investigation, and it has been the cus-
tom of entomologists to minimize the estimates for fear they
should not be believed. Now the necessity has arisen, I
think, and I lay it before the association for action, in the d1-
rection of gathering together some reliable recent statistics
in a short form which may be printed for distribution, and
which will cover the more important injuries to date, and the

*Before the third annual meeting, held in Washington, D. C., Aug. 17 and 18, 1891. See
Insect Life, iv. 4.
(98)

Plant-Diseases and Insects. 99

part the work of the entomologist has played in reducing
injury-or preventing loss, so that we may overcome this difh-
culty and provide legislators and ourselves with data with
which to meet this argument. After a careful examination
and great effort to obtain data, I have found that there are
certain of these large estimates which appear to be reliable.
I think. better results will follow the publication of a few quite
reliable statistics, which may be taken as typical instances,
than by accumulating a large number of items which would
increase the chance of error and might not be read so care-
fully. By way of example I will refer to the chinch-bug. I
have examined carefully the estimates which have been pub-
lished concerning that particular insect, and the following are
probably quite reliable and appear to have been made with
due regard to all collateral considerations—as the increased
value of the saved crop, the cost of remedial measures, and
similar subjects.

‘¢In 1864 Dr. Shimer’s estimate, which I find was drawn
up with very great care, put the lossin the one state of Illinois
to the corn and grain crops at $73,000,000. In Dr. Riley’s
reports on the injurious insects of Missouri, we find in 1874
there was a reliable estimate of the loss to that state by the
same insect of $19,000,000. In 1887 Professor Osborne’s
estimate, founded upon the reports of the correspondence of
the State Agricultural Society of Iowa, put the loss in that
state 6n corn and grain at $25,000,000; and lastly, Mr.
Howard’s estimate, as given in the entomologist’s report for
1887, for the nine states infested by the chinch-bug in that
year, was $60,000,000. Now, gentlemen, I think that these
statistics of the injuries to crops by one insect alone are
probably as reliable as any we can get, and they give a good
argument which we may use as showing the depredations of
insects. But itis not sufficient that we can convince people
that great injury is going on; we must showthat we are doing
something to mitigate this injury. In Professor Comstock’s
report for 1879 the estimate of the possible loss in years of
general prevalence of the cotton-aletia is placed at $30,000, -
ooo through the cotton states. The injuries by grasshoppers
in the different states of the Union and also occasionally
through the British North American provinces, have been so

100 Annals of Florticulture.

great that figures hardly give an idea of the injury they
do, but they are known by all to be enormous,

‘¢As an instance, however, of what may be done to mitigate
their attacks, I would merely mention those for this year,
which seem to have been very considerable. In the states of
North Dakota and Minnesota it is probable that at least
$400,000 have been saved on account of work done by direct
advice of entomologists—work they have in some instances
forced upon the farmers. Two hundred thousand dollars is a
probable estimate of the amount saved by plowing the land
last autumn. Another equal amount has been saved by the
use of ‘hopperdozers.’ ~ Professor Bruner. tells’ me that
a sufficient number of grasshoppers has been actually taken
this year, which if left alone and allowed to lay their eggs
might next year have devastated the whole crops of those two
states and the adjoining parts of Manitoba. These success-
ful operations have been carried on by the state entomologist
of Minnesota, Professor Lugger, and by Professor Waldron
of North Dakota, ably aided by the advice and assistance of
the agent of the Department of Agriculture, Professor Bruner,
under Professor Ruiley’s instructions; and I think it 1s no
exaggeration to say that at least $400, ooo have been actually
saved in hard cash on this year’s crop, not to speak of the
enormous loss which would most probably have followed next
year had they been left alone, and had climatic ——
been favorable for their increase.

‘<The amount of damage done to crops every year 1S so vast
that the figures excite incredulity from those who do not study
crop-statistics. The agricultural products of the United States
are estimated at about $3,800,000,000. Of this it is thought
that about one-tenth is lost by the ravages of insects. This
is in many cases unnecessary. Inshort,a sum of $380,000,000
is given up without a murmur and almost without a struggle
by the people of the United States. Crops of all kinds are
injured, and simple remedies are known for many of the
attacks and are more or less adopted. Some have already
come into general use. Paris green is now applied to potato-
fields almost as much as a matter of course, as manure is to
fertilize the soil. As an instance of how a saving may be
made even in well-established methods, I give the following:
Through the work of Mr. W. B. Alwood, of the Virginia ex-

Plant-Dtseases and Insects. IOI

periment station, improved machinery and the water mix-
tures of poisons have come into general use amongst the
farmers and potato-growers in the Norfolk region, and some
of the largest growers now claim that they at present do for
from $40 to $60 what used to cost them from {$500 to $600.
To-day in California and Florida orange trees are universally
treated with kerosene and resin emulsions or poisonous gas
for scale insects. In the treatment of cabbage caterpillars,
pyrethrum diluted with four times its weight of common
flour, and then kept tightly closed for 24 hours, leaves noth-
ing to be desired, and thousands of dollars are yearly saved to
small growers who most need the assistance.

‘¢Many excellent remedies have been devised by a mere
modification of existing agricultural methods. Instances of
these are found in the early and late sowing or harvesting of
some crops, as sowing turnips between the broods of the turnip
flea-beetle, the late planting of cabbage for the root-maggot,
the late sowing of wheat for the Hessian fly, etc. In the 1879
report of the United States Department of Agriculture was
first detailed the only successful method of treating the clover-
seed midge by cutting or feeding off the first crop before the
young larve are sufficiently matured to leave the heads and go
into the ground to pupate. This was simply a change of one
week, by which not only 1s the insect destroyed, but the clover
is saved in better condition than under the old method.”’

Attention is now being given to devising laws to aid in the
mitigation of injury from fungi and insects, and within a few
years many states will no doubt take steps in this direction.
The recent gipsy-moth legislation* in Massachusetts is the
most distinct effort yet made in this country to control any
insect or plant disease. It 1s yet too early to prophesy the
outcome of the war against the gipsy-moth, for although the
results thus far reached are not wholly encouraging, those in
charge of the enterprise are sanguine of ultimate success.

Washington has passed ‘‘An act to create a State Board
et florticulture,” which was approved Feb. 16, 1891, and
which provides for an officer known as the ‘Inspector of
Fruit-pests.’’ The regulations are as follows:

‘‘For the purpose of preventing the spread of contagious

*See ANNALS for 1890, p.75. The law is printed in full in Insect Life, iii. 472 (Aug.
1891). See also discussion in Insect Life, iii. 368.4%

102 Annals of Horticulture.

diseases among fruits and fruit-trees, and for prevention,
treatment, cure and extirpation of fruit-pests, and the dis-
eases of fruits and fruit-trees and for the disinfection
of grafts, scions, or orchard debris, empty fruit-boxes or
packages, and other suspected naterial or transportable
articles dangerous to orchards, fruits and fruit-trees, said board
may suggest regulations for the inspection and disinfection
thereof, which regulations shall be circulated in printed form,
by the board, among the fruit-growers and fruit-dealers of the
state, and shall be published at least ten days in two daily
papers of general circulation in the state, and which shall
be posted in three conspicious places in each county in the
state, one of which shall be at the county court-house thereof.
‘¢The said board shall elect from their own number, or ap-
point from without their number, to hold office at the pleasure
of the board, a competent person especially qualified by prac-
tical experience in horticulture, who shall be known as ‘in-
spector of fruit-pests.’ It shall be the duty of said inspector
to visit the horticultural districts of the State ; to see that all
ee eeeton the regulations of said board to prevent the spread of fruit:
pests and diseases of trees and plants injurious to the horti-
cultural interests of the State, and for the disinfection of
fruits, trees, plants, grafts, scions, orchard debris, empty
fruit-boxes and packages and other material be made known
to the people of the State. He shall, whenever required, and
under the direction of the board, and may also upon his own
motion, and upon complaint of interested parties, inspect
orchards, nurseries and other places suspected or believed to
be infected with fruit-pests, or infected with contagious diseases
injurious to trees, plants or fruits, and he shall report the fact
to said board. The inspector shall, from time to time, and
whenever required by said board, report to it such informa-
tion as he may secure from observation, experience and oth-
erwise, as to the best method of diminishing and eradicating
fruit-pests and diseases from orchards, and also suggestions
in practical horticulture, the adaptation of produce to soil,
climate and markets, and such other facts and information as -
shall be calculated to improve the horticultural interests of
tie state.
‘‘Whenever a complaint is made to any member of the
board that any person has an orchard, trees or nursery of

Plant-Diseases and Insects. 103

trees, or a fruit-packing house, store-room, sales-room, or any
other place in this State, infected with any noxious insects,
or the eggs or larve of any such insects, or that any packages
of trees, plants or fruit are in transit to this State, or are in

‘this State about to be disseminated, which are known or sus-

pected to be from localities that are infected with any disease
or pests. injurious, or that may become injurious to the
fruit interests of the State, such member shall inspect,
or cause to be inspected, the premises or property to
which such complaint relates, and if the same is found
to be infected as aforesaid, such member shall notify
in writing the person having charge of such premises
and property to appear before him, at such time and
place as specified in such notice, to be heard in reference to
the infection of such premises or property aforesaid, and if such
member, after hearing the person in charge of such premises
or property, shall be of the opinion that such premises or prop-
erty, or any of the same, is infected as aforesaid, he shall notify
in writing the person in charge of the same within a time to be
prescribed in said notice; and if the person so notified shall
neglect or refuse to treat and disinfect said premises or
property in the manner and within the time prescribed in
said notice, such person shall be deemed guilty of a misde-
meanor, and upon conviction thereof shall be fined not less
than $25nor more than $100 ; andif it appears on the trial that
any orchard, trees, nursery, building or any other structures,
premises or property in charge of the defendant referred to
in said notice, or any part of such structures, premises or
property is infested or infected as aforesaid, the court shall
declare whatsoever of the same 1s so infected a nuisance, and
shall orderit to be abated, or may make any other order necessary
to prevent its continuance ; and it shall be the duty of the
board, or some member thereof, to execute such order, and
the costs and disbursements of the prosecution shall be
adjudged against the party convicted as aforesaid.

‘¢The inspector of fruit-pests shall receive a compensation
for his services when actually engaged in the duties of his
office, asum not toexceed $5 per day, and his mileage actually
paid out, shall be allowed when so engaged.’’

The peach-yellows agitation has resulted in the passage of

new laws in Delaware and Michigan. The Delaware law ap-

Washington
fruit law.

104 Annals of Horticulture.

plies to only a portion of the State, and therefore fails of its
best mission. Michigan was the first State to enact a law
against a definite plant-disease, and its law has been the model
of other legislation against yellows. Its new law, which was
approved June 23, 1891, includes the plum-knot, and is as
follows: Rae

‘¢SecTion 1. The people of ‘the State of Michigan enact
That it shall be unlawful for any person to keep any peach, al-
mond, apricot, plum, prune, cherry or nectarine tree, infected
with the contagious diseases known as yellows or black-knot,
or to offer for sale or shipment, or to sell or ship to others
any of the fruit thereof ; that both tree and fruit so infected shall
be subject to destruction as a public nuisance, as hereinafter
provided, and no damage shall be awarded in any court in the
State for entering upon premises and destroying such diseased
trees or parts of trees and fruit, if done in accordance with

“es the provisions of this act; and it shall be the duty of every
law. person, as soon as he becomes aware of the existence of such
disease in any tree, parts of trees, or fruit owned by him, to
forthwith destroy or cause said fruit or trees to be destroyed.

‘¢Sec. 2. In any township in this State in which said con-
tagious disease exists, or in which there is good reason to
think it exists, or danger may be justly apprehended of its in-
troduction, as such information becomes known to the town-
ship board or any member thereof, it shall be the duty of
said board to appoint forthwith three competent freeholders
of said township as commissioners, who shall hold office
during the pleasure of said board, and such order of appoint-
mentment and revocation shall be entered at large upon the
township records.

‘¢Src. 3. It shall be the duty of said commissioners, within
ten days after appointment as aforesaid, to file their accept-
ance of the same with the clerk of said township, and said
clerk shall be ex-officio clerk of said board of commissioners,
and he shall keep a correct record of the proceedings of said
board in a book to be provided for the purpose, and shall file
and preserve all papers pertaining to the duties and actions
of said commissioners, or either of them, which shall be a
part of the records of said township.

‘“‘Srec. 4. It shall be the duty of the commissioners or any
of them, upon or without complaint, whenever it comes to

Plant-Diseases and I[nsects. 105

their notice that either of the diseases known as yellows or
black-knot exists, or 1s supposed to exist, within the limits of
their townships, to proceed without delay to. examine the
tree or fruit supposed to be infected ; and if the disease is
found to exist, a distinguishing mark shall be placed upon the
tree and the owner notified personally, or bya written notice
left at his usual place of residence, or, if the owner be a non-
resident, by leaving the notice with the person in charge of
the trees or fruit, or the person in whose possession said trees
or fruit maybe. The notice shall contain a simple statement
of the facts as found to exist, with an order to effectually up-
root and destroy, by fire, or as the commissioners may order,
the trees so marked and designated, or such parts thereof
within ten days, Sunday excepted, from the date of the ser-
vice of the notice; and in case of trees known as nursery
stock, or fruit so infected, such notice shall require the per-

son in whose possession or control it is found to immediately

destroy the same, or cause it to be done, said notice or order
to be signed by the full board of commissioners.

‘Sec. 5. Whenever any person shall refuse or neglect to
comply with the order to remove and destroy the tree or parts
of trees so designated and marked by the commissioners as
aforesaid,it shall become the duty of the commissioners to cause
said tree or parts of trees to be destroyed forthwith, employing
all necessary aid for that purpose. The expenses for such re-
moval and destruction of trees or parts of trees to be a charge
against the township ; and for the purpose of said remeval and
destruction, the said commissioners, their agents and work-
men, shall have the right and power to enter upon any and all
premises within their township.

«¢Sec. 6. If any owner neglects to uproot and destroy, or
cause to be removed and destroyed as aforesaid, such diseased
tree or parts of trees or fruit after such examination and no-
tification, and within the time hereinbefore specified, such
_ person shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and punished

Hby a fine not exceeding $100, or by imprisonment in the
county jail not exceeding three months, or both, in the discre-
tion of the court ; and any justice of the peace of the township
where such trees may be, or where such nursery stock or fruit
is sold, shipped, disposed of, or delivered, as aforesaid, shall

have jurisdiction thereof, The words, ‘parts of trees,’
8

The new
Michigan
law

Califor-
nia and

the
yellows.

106 Annals of Horticulture.

wherever used in this act, shall refer to black-knot only, and
not to trees affected with yellows.

‘¢Sec, 7. The commissioners shall bé allowed for services
under this act, $2 for each full day, and $1 for each half day,
and their other charges and disbursements thereunder, to be
audited, as well as any other charges and disbursements under
this act, by the township board ; all of which costs, charges,
expenses and disbursements may be recovered by the town-
ship from the owner of said diseased fruit, or from the owner
of the premises on which said diseased trees stood, in an ac-
tion of assumpsit.’’

There has been an energetic movement in California during
the year to protect the State from the importation of the yel-
lows. The State Board of Horticulture has issued a pam-
phlet * upon the subject, giving the opinions of eastern horti-
culturists upon the probability of the importation of the dis-
ease in buds and nursery stock, and giving the California law
which empowers horticultural commissioners to inspect
orchards and stock, and to eradicate any disease. The Cali-
fornia law provides that ‘‘it shall be the duty of the inspector
of fruit-pests, or the quarantine guardian, to inspect fruit-
packages, and all trees and plants,cuttings, grafts and scions,
known or believed to be infested by any insect or insects, or
the germs thereof, or their eggs, larve, or pup, injurious to
fruit or fruit-trees, or infested with any disease liable to spread
contagion, imported or brought into this State from any for-
eign country, or from any of the United States or Territories ;
and if, upon inspection, such fruit or fruit-packages are found
to be infested or infected, it shall be a misdemeanor to offer
the same for sale, gift, distribution or transportation, unless
they shall be first disinfected.’’ The State Board of Horti-
culture last summer passed the following resolutions relative
to yellows :

‘‘Whereas, We are informed that some nurserymen,
through the scarcity of peach-stocks for budding prunes, have
contracted for large lots of eastern peach-stock for budding
purposes for next season’s delivery ; and whereas, there is
great danger of introducing into this State the yellows, a
deadly disease of the peach, on said roots, and on peach

*Peach Yellows. By B. M. Lelong, Sacramento.

Plant-Diseases and Insects. 107

trees imported from the eastern States ; and while they may
not have the disease in the localities where they get this stock,
but we, having no guarantee that the eastern growers may not
get trees grown in infested sections to supply the California
demand ; therefore be it

‘¢Resolved, That we warn intending purchasers of the dan-
ger of getting trees infected with the yellows and other tree
diseases and pests not now in this State ; and be it further

‘¢Resolved, That we call the attention of all the boards of
county horticultural commissioners and quarantine guardians
throughout the State to this danger, and urge the rigid en-
forcement of the law in all such cases.”’

This experiment of endeavoring to exclude a contagious
plant-disease from a given territory will be watched with keen
interest by the scientific world. There is a.strong feeling
against this movement among eastern nurserymen, who con-
tend that the California nurserymen are using the law to pre-
vent competition in the nursery business.

The most important economic result of the year, as regards
plant-diseases and insects, is the further demonstration of the
value of copper and arsenical sprays,and the popularizing of the
necessity of spraying. Itis now known beyond question, that
by far the larger number of injurious fungi and insects can be
practically and economically controlled by a proper spray,
and farmers themselves are now among the most ardent ad-
vocates of the practice. Paris green and London purple still
remain the most powerful weapons against most insects, with
the improved kerosene emulsions ”* still leading for the exter-
mination of plant-lice and similar insects. The United
States has led in the use of arsenical sprays, but the prejudice
against them in England is being overcome, and their use there
is extending. The demand for large quantities of Paris green
for fighting the cotton-worm has resulted in the adulteration
of the material in the South. Louisiana has enacted a law
for the protection of buyers, which requires that Paris green
must be sold upon a guaranteed analysis, as commercial fer-
tilizers are sold. ‘‘Pure’’ Paris green must contain at least
50 per cent. of arsenic ; all samples containing less than 50
per cent. are marked ‘‘impure.”” Every package sold is re-

*See Bull. 76, Mich. Exp. Sta.

Yellows
agitation.

Sprays.

Adultera-
tion of
Paris
green.

Rose-
chafer.

Wire-
worms.

108 Annals of Horticulture.

quired to bear a label supplied by the commissioner of agri-
culture, at a cost of 50 cents per 100 pounds.

The particular activities of the year in the experiment sta-
tions are indicated by the indexes on a later page (§§ 7 and 8,
Part II.), and few of them need be diseiesed ae.
The insects which have most persistently baffled the skill
of the experimenters are the rose-chafer and the Wwire-
worm, both of which have been the subject of close
investigation during the year. No practical remedies
have yet been devised against the rose-chafer, and the
greatest reliance must still be placed upon various methods
of gathering the beetles. ~ E. S. Carman, editor of tae a.
New-Yorker, has discovered that water at a temperature of
125 degrees to 130 degrees Fahr., will kill the insects, but it
is practically impossible to apply water at this temperature
to trees, although it may be accomplished on grape-vines.
The insects breed on light or sandy soil, and seem to prefer
sod-land. Professor. J. B.. Smith, therefore, advises 9o
‘‘prevent the breeding of the insectson your ownland. This
can be done by using the heaviest land, only, for grass, and
keeping just as little light land as possible insod. As the in-
sects pupate early in May, a thorough cultivation of all the
ground that can be cultivated will turn up and destroy a
large proportion in this stage. Either late in fall or early in
spring, land should be plowed and top-dressed with kainit.
Where light grass-land is to be put into use, plowing at this
time would be most effective in destroying the insects.
Vineyards, especially, should be deeply and thoroughly culti-
vated in May, to turn up and destroy pupe. The clearer the
land is kept, the fewer insects will come to maturity ee
great point is gained if the enemy must come from the out-
side, and does not appear everywhere in the vineyard at one
timer?

The wire-worms have been the subject of an extensive in-
vestigation by Professor Comstock, of Cornell University. {
No positive remedies have been found, however. A short ro-
tation is one of the best means of lessening injury, as is also

* An epitome of the new practices in economic entomology and mycology will be found
in the new edition of the HORTICULTURIST’S RULE-BOOK.

+ Bull 82. New Jersey Exp. Sta. 38.

{Bull. 33, Cornell Exp. Sta.

Plant-Diseases and Insects. 109

fall plowing. All the old remedies—as salt, lime, the growing
of buckwheat and other supposed immune crops, soaking
seeds in copperas or poisons—are found tobeof noavail, The
bulletin has added much to our knowledge of the insects, how-
ever, and will open the way to more intelligent experimenta-
tion than has been employed in the past.

Increased attention has been given to injuries from the nem-
atodes, which are true worms allied to the pork trichina, and
they are found to cause very extensive and promiscuous inju-
ries, They are found to be common in the greenhouses of
the north, as well as in the open in the southern States, caus-
ing the formation of root-galls upon a variety of plants.
‘They are often very serious pests in house-grown tomatoes.
The nematodes also attack the leaves of some plants,* as
bouvardia, pelargonium, cineraria, begonia, cyclamen, lily,
coleus, and others. In Europe the injuries from nematodes
are so great that an experiment station has been established
at Halle, Germany, for the purpose of investigating the sub-
ject.7

The introduction of the lady-bird predacean (Vedala car-
dinats), from Australia to California, to destroy the orange-
scale, still remains one of the wonders of economic ento-
mology.{ The scale has been almost completely destroyed
in many localities, and the orange industry has been given a
new impulse. In fact, so great has been the benefit of the
vedalia colonization, that the last legislature of California ap-
propriated $5,000 ‘‘for the purpose of sending an expert to
Australia, New Zealand, and adjacent countries, to collect
and import into this State parasites and predaceous insects.”
This fund was placed in the hands of the State Board of Hor-
ticulture, and Albert Koebele has been dispatched to Australia
to look for new insect friends. Mr. Koebele has already sent
several promising predaceans to California from the Sandwich
Islands and from Australia. He reports the finding in Aus-
tralia of important enemies of the serious red scale, and
they have been sent to America. These predaceans are mostly

*See ‘‘Eel-wormsin Leaves of Cultivated Plants,’ by B. D. Halsted in American Garden,
Xil. 410 (July, 1891). Also Atkinson, Insect Life, iv. 31.

+See pepe spericht der Versuchstation fiir Nematoden—Vertilgung, by Dr. M. Holl-
rung, 1890.

{For an account of theintroduction, see ANNALS for 1889, 62. Also, ANNALS for 1890,
103.

Nema-
todes.

Introduce
tion of
predaceous
insects.

Predaceous
insects.

The
phylloxera
in Europe.

IIO Annals of Horticulture.

lady-bugs, the two leading species beirg Orcus chalybeus and
O. Australasie. Mr. Koebele is also introducing American in-
sects into the countries he visits.

The signal success of the importationof vedalia has led to
several other efforts in similar directions, but so far apparently
without marked success, because of the loss of the insects upon
the voyage. Attempts are being made to carry the vedalia to
Egypt and South Africa, and efforts have been made to scat-
ter the parasites of the codlin-moth and Hessian fly.* All
these methods are earnests of a new method of dealing with
injurious insects, and one which promises great results.

The grape phylloxeray still continues to spread, particularly
in Europe, and it threatens the destruction of the grape in-
dustry in many of the most famous grape regions of the
world. The following account of the distribution of phyl-
loxera in Europe and adjacent Asia, is compiled by M. Battan-
chon from figures obtained in 1890 and 1891, and published in
the journal La Vigne Americaine :

‘«Spain. According to the latest accounts, the work of the
phylloxera is terrible in Spain, the want of protective measures
making the injury much more severe than it otherwise would
be. Ineach province there is a vigilance committee. An ex-
pert, acting under the orders of the committee, 1s supposed
to examine infected vineyards ; this service is under the di-
rection of a higher central committee, which is located at
Madrid. Unfortunately, the service is very poor, for the
funds are very limited and the work of the committee amounts
to almost nothing.

‘In the province of Malaga, which was one of the first in-
vaded, it was impossible to save more than a few of the old
vineyards, and these are still bearing. Not a sufficient num-
ber of American vines have yet been grafted to make the crop
yielded by them of much importance.

‘¢ The province of Grenada has been known to be infested
with phylloxera since 1886. To-day the applications of
the bisulphide of carbon are abandoned; it is the same with
submersion, which causes chlorosis in the healthy vines.
Pulling up the vines and planting new vineyards are the only
treatments given at present. If, in leaving Grenada, one fol-

*For an account of the importation of the Hessian fly parasites, see Inscct Life, iv. 179.
+For an extended discussion of the phylloxera, see ANNALS for 1890, 93-103.

Plant-Diseases and Insects. 1

lows the shores of the Mediterranean Sea, where the vine-
yards are situated upon the high mountains of Alpujarra, the
course of the scourge can be seen extending into the province
of Almeria, and also menacing Murcia, the borders of which
are already in contact with the completely infested province
of Alicante.

‘In 1886 the phylloxera was allowed to reach the hills of
Barcelona, where the border of this province joins that of
Gerona. In 1837 and 1888 the disease reached the confines of
Tarragona, which was already attacked. The insect followed
the direction of the prevailing wind, which was from east to
west, and to-day has reached the province of Saragossa,

where large portions of extensive vineyards are already af-

fected. In conclusion, it may be said that all cf Catalonia
has beeninfested, or is about to beso. Inthe single province
Ge 4jerona it is estimated that 26,516 hectares* have been
ruined, and 439 in Tarragona. This makes about 30,000 hec-
tares of this region entirely unproductive. And still the dis-
ease will spread, in spite of the precautions which may be
taken.

‘In 1888 the vast zone comprising the provinces of Sala-
manca, Zamora, Leon, Orense, and Pontevedra, had suffered
but little. To-day all this district is infested, Orense particu-
larly. This province was attacked from Tras os Montes, on
the frontier of Portugal.

‘¢ According to official Spanish statistics, about 137,332 hec-
tares are infested in Spain, and the decrease i in wine produc-
tion is estimated at over two million hectolitres,+ valued at
about 31 million francs.

‘¢Portugal. The phylloxera is probably advancing more
rapidly and doing more damage in the vineyards of Portugal
muta anywhere else in, Furope. Especially in the northern
part of the country, the ravages of the insect are almost in-
credible. Theinspector affirms that it will not be long before
every vine will be diseased. Outof 151 communes, QI are in-
fested,and these are just the ones in which the richest and most
profitable vineyards are situated. In northern Portugal, and
in eleven districts, 100,000 hectares have been invaded, and
upon 36,000 of these the vineyards have been entirely de-

* A hectare is 2.47 acres.
tA hectolitre is 25.4 gallons.

The
phylloxera
in Europe.

The
phylloxera
in Europe.

112 Annals of Horticulture.

stroyed. 32,000 hectares out of 50,000 have been ruined in
the Douro region. ‘The present injury must be considerably
greater, as these numbers refer to 1889. Minho, also at-

tacked, sees its revenue reduced year by year. The situation
in Bairrada is about the same. New places of infection are
also reported in the southern vineyards of Alemtejo. There,
as in Spain, the precautions taken are insufficient ; the vine-
yards are renewed but slowly, although some growers are
planting extensively, and with success.

‘Italy. The actual area over which the vineyards are at-
tacked by phylloxera in Italy is about 40,000 hectares, and
the area threatened 1s about 200,000 hectares. Tuscany is
badly infested, as is also the island of Elba. Southern Italy
is not in the best condition. The pest gradually spread
from Calabria, where it first gained a foothold, into all the
neighboring provinces. In the province of Lecce, and in all
eastern Italy, the insect spread quite rapidly on account of
the trifling distances between the vineyards.

‘An eighth part of all the vineyards of Sicily, covering
about 212,000 hectares, were infested at the end or 1eee,
since then the disease has spread from one locality to an-
other, and all the efforts of the Sicilian growers to check
its progress have been in vain.

‘¢In Sardinia the insect has spread throughout the entire
province of Sassari, and it now commences to invade Cag-
liari.

‘¢Austro-Hungary. In 1889 the phylloxera had invaded 61
communes in Lower Austria, 39 in Styria, and 29 in Carinthia.
In Hungary, more than I,300 communes, representing over —
40 departments, were diseased. At present it is estimated
that 17 per cent. of the vineyards of Austro-Hungary have
been destroyed by the phylloxera, and that sixty-three per
cent. are badly.affected, thus leaving only 20 per cent. which
are considered as healthy. It must be said that during the
past few years the insect has spread remarkably fast, seem-
ing to advance more rapidly in loose gravelly soils. In all
these localities preventive measures have given only partially
satisfactory results. Here, also, the American stocks are com-
ing into use. Large quantities are being cultivated in the
state nurseries and in the various departments. The only
countries of the empire which are still free from attack, are

Plant-Diseases and Insects. I13

Dalmatia, Tyrol, and Vorarlberg ; the insect has been dis-
covered recently in some communes of Carniola. In Istria,
58 hectares were infested in 1884; to-day there are about 85,
_ which border on the infested districts of Goritz.

‘¢ About 250 hectares have been set out to American vines

in Hungary. Beside the rooted plants furnished by the state
nurseries, over one half million have been imported from
southern France. The planting of vines in the sandy soils
continues to increase ; and these lands, which were formerly
barren, seem destined to assume the place of those upon
which the phylloxera has destroyed so many valuable vine-
yards.
Se sactinany. The phylloxera.has been’ discovered in the
vineyards of the Rhine, at Rudesheim and at Gorshausen,
and it is feared that it will spread to the north of Bingen, and
south beyond Mayence. Already 18 newly infested districts
have been discovered upon the left bank of the Rhine, and 28
upon the right bank. In Saxony, the Loessnitz district is en-
tirely devastated. It is hoped that goo hectares may be
saved, because they are situated some distance from diseased
localities. In Wurtemburg, also, many vineyards have been
attacked. :

‘¢Switzerland. The phylloxera has done much damage

ever since its first appearance. Recently a new point of at-

tack has been discovered inthe canton of Vaud. In the vine-
yards of Neufchatel the number of infested districts has been
doubled since 1888. December 21, 1889, they numbered
785, and included 9,738 diseased vines. All the communes
in the canton of Geneva, except five or six in the neighbor-
hood of Jussy, are more or less infested. The viticultural
station at Haut-Ruth, near Geneva, has been supplied with
many American vines. Most of the cuttings, and also the
grafted stocks, were received from the department at Hé-
rault. About 151 infested localities have been discovered in
the canton of Zurich, and several million vines have already
been destroyed.

‘‘Russia. The pestis at present doing much damage in
the vineyards about Tiflis. The importation of vines from
the Caucasus has recently been prohibited by a decree. It is
a serious menace to Russian viticulture, for the industry has
quite rapidly extended into Caucasia, Transcaucasia, and into

The.
phylloxera
in Europe.

The
phylloxera
in Europe.

Spraying-
machinery.

114 Annals of Horticulture.

Bessarabia and Crimea. Bessarabia is already badly in-~
fested, and active measures are being taken to destroy the
pest.

‘‘Bulgaria, Servia and Roumania. The phylloxera is
present in the districts of Widdin and Koula only, although
no protective measures have been adopted. No accurate.
information in regard to the increase of diseased districts can
be obtained.

‘¢Greece. The presence of the phylloxera in Greece has
not yet been officially announced.

‘“¢Turkey. Since 1885, when the commission conceded the
presence of the phylloxera in Turkey, no official investigation
has been carried on to determine the amount of damage’
done by the insect. But recent information shows that the
district of Aidin has been invaded,and this regionis the most
important, so far as viticulture is concerned, of any in Tur-
key.

‘¢Qver 10,000 hectares of vineyards in Asia Minor are now
infested. The beautiful vineyards of Smyrna are partially
ruined, and on account of the carelessness of the govern-
ment, it is feared that all the vineyards in the Ottoman em-
pire will soon be infested.’’

In spraying-machinery, there has been great activity in the
manufacture of various styles of knapsack pumps, and sev-
eral horse-machines have been put upon the market or have re-
ceived marked improvements. The most important departure of
the year, however, is the labor of the committee appointed by
the Association of Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Sta-
tions, to consider means by which uniform sizes of fittings
can be secured for all spraying-machines. This committee,
appointed in November, 1890, consists of W. B. Alwood, of
Virginia, D. G. Fairchild, of Washington, D. C., and James
Troop, of Indiana. It has secured the agreement of nearly
all manufacturers to use standard sizes of threads and other
fittings, and the advantages of its labors will be placed be-
fore the public for the season of 1892.

In the treatment of plant-diseases, the copper-sprays con-
tinue to gain favor, and their use for control of diseases of
the grape has already come to be an. established practice
among growers. It is a question of but two or three years
before the leaf-blight of quinces and pears, apple and pear-scab,

Plant-Diseases and Insects. II5

and the old potato-rot, will come under the control of the
general grower. There is a distinct movement in favor of the
ammoniacal carbonate of copper, as compared with the Bor-
deaux mixture, as it is cleaner, cheaper, and much more
easily used. Among new fungicides, there are two which de-
mand record here. The more important is that prepared by
the Division of Vegetable Pathology of the National Depart-
ment of Agriculture last year,as ‘‘ Mixture No. 5.” It consists
of equal parts of ammoniated sulphate of copper and carbon-
ate of ammonia, thoroughly mixed and put up in air-tight
cans. A pound of this dry mixture is used to 30 to 50 gallons
of water. The material is cheap, costing about 45 cents per
pound, is easily prepared, and can be kept in the dry state
until desired foruse. This material, which is essentially a dry
eau celeste, has been used with good results upon those fungi
for which the ammoniacal carbonate of copper and Bordeaux
mixture are etnployed. Lodeman* has found that the chlo-
ride of copper possesses merits which entitle it to trial for the
common plant-diseases. When used at the rate of three ounces
in 22 gallons of water, it gave better results upon squash
mildew (Odium erysiphoides var. Cucurbitarum) than did the
Bordeaux mixture.

Little progress appears to have been made this year in Se-
curing any satisfactory new combination of insecticide and
fungicide. In 1890, Gillette} found that the addition of lime
to London purple renders the arsenic harmless to foliage, a
fact which led to the combination of the arsenites and Bor-
deaux mixture with good results. But when the ammoniacal
carbonate of copper and the arsenites are combined, arsenic
is dissolved by the ammonia,and the compound becomes very
caustic to foliage. Lodeman,{ who has investigated this sub-
ject at length during the year, finds that the caustic action of
arsenites is increased, not only by the ammoniacal carbonate
ei copper, but by the addition of other salts of copper, as
the sulphate, hydrate, borate and chloride. The insecticidal
and fungicidal values of the substances remain, however, after
the combination is made. Weed,§ however, recommends a
combination of arsenites and carbonate of copper, to which

* Bull. 35, Cornell Exp. Sta. (Dec. 1891).
+ ANNALS for 1890, 94.

t Loc. cit.

¢Spraying Crops, 32.

Fungicides.

Insecto-
fungicides.

A new
insecto-
fungicide.

Mycolog-
ical prog-
nostication.

The
““ grape
scare.’’

116 Annals of Florticulture.

lime is added to render the arsenic insoluble. No evidence
is given that this combination is always safe and effective, and
there are chemical reasons for doubting its value ; and it may
also be said that the addition of limeis what we desire to
avoid, for it is the lime in the Bordeaux-arsenite combination
which renders the material thick and heavy, and makes it
nearly valueless for large trees.

Washburn* has made a combination insecticide and
fungicide upon a newprinciple. It is a mixture of’ Paris
green, sulphide of soda, and whale-oil soap:

a| Whale-oil soap, 10 ibs.
Water, 20 gals.
, American concentrated lye, zal.

Sulphur, 2 ibs.

Water, 1 gal.
‘“‘When a is heated enough to become thoroughly liquid, and 6 has been boiled until it is
thoroughly mixed and dark brown, add 6 toa; then heat for half an hour and add 30 gallons
of water, and use at a temperature of 120 degrees Fahrenheit.’

c Paris green at-the rate of 1 tb. to 300 gallons.

This combination was found to lessen apple-scab, Sates
moth injuries, and the woolly aphis.

A phase of the study of plant-diseases which demands at-
tention, 1s what may be termed mycological prognostication.
It is quite as imporfant in many cases to know what are the
probabilities that a certain disease will attack a crop, as to
know the direct means of combating it. ‘The conditions of
weather and other environments which influence the spread of
plant-diseases should receive close study. When, in 18go,
the apple-scab was so bad in New York, growers everywhere
asked what were the probabilities of an attack in 1891. No
one could answer. But the crop of 1891 was the fairest
which has been grown 1n many years.

One of the curious circumstances of the year was the ‘‘ grape-
scare”? in New York city. The city board of health seized a
small consignment of grapes from Ulster county, New York,
which was discolored by Bordeaux mixture. The fact was
given to the press, and the most exaggerated reports were
circulated, stating that most of the grapes in the market were
unwholesome. Aninvestigation was made by the Department
of Agriculture, and it was found that the alarm came entirely
from the grapes of a very few growers, who were careless in
the use of the fungicide. The season was dry, and the spray-

*Bull. 10, Oregon Exp. Sta. (April, 1891).

Plant-Diseases and Insects. 1

ing had been continued longer than necessary ; and the grow-
ers had not exercised proper care in sorting the grapes for
market. The board of health was also precipitate in its ac-
tion. The board, after an investigation, made the following
statement, which was given to the press:

‘¢7, A copper salt is found only upon a very small part of
the grapes offered for sale, and the grapes which are to be
avoided are easily recognized by the greenish-colored sub-
stance upon the berries and stems.

‘¢2, Whenever the substance is apparent upon the berries
or stems, the grapes should be washed before they are used
as food or in the manufacture of wine.

‘¢3. The board urges all dealers and consignees in this city
to advise shippers and consignors of grapes to send no more
grapes to this market upon which this substance is apparent.
The board further states that it does not object to the use of
Bordeaux mixture as recommended by proper authorities ;
but such mixture, or any mixture containing poisonous sub-
stances, should not be sprayed or otherwise placed upon the
grapes immediately before or after they have matured, and
should not appear upon them when sent to the market or of-
Pesca: bor sale.’

The peach-yellows continues to make serious inroads upon
the peach industry in many parts of the country. Dr. E. F.
Smith, our best authority upon the disease, speaks of it as
- follows in his last bulletin :* ‘* Peach-yellows is a perplexing
and destructive disease. On all hands it is conceded to be
one of the most serious with which American fruit-growers
have to contend. Formerly this disease was confined to a
small district on the Atlantic coast ; but during the last twenty
years it has invaded distant regions hitherto free, and has en-
tirely ruined the peach industry over very considerable areas.
Within ten years the disease has takena fresh and very strong
hold upon orchards in the Delaware and Chesapeake region,
the north portion of the peninsula, and has destroyed thou-
sands and thousands of trees, rendering a great industry un-
profitable or precarious. It seems to be native to the eastern
United States, having, so far as we know, not been reported
from California. Diligent inquiry, also, has thus far failed

*Bull. 1, Division Veg. Path. U.S. Dept., Agric.”1r (1891).

The
‘“ grape
Scare.

Peach-
yellows.

Peach-
yellows.

Peach-
rosette.

=~

118 Annals of Horticulture.

to bring to light any notice of its occurrence in Europe or
other parts of the globe.’’ Dr. Smith has established by rigid
scientific tests what has been strenuously held by the most
observant growers, that the yellows 1s not due to any pecu-
liarity or defect in the soil, and that the disease is communi-

cable. His latest conclusions concerning its communicability |

are as follows: The disease is contagious; it may be con-
veyed by seemingly healthy buds taken from diseased trees ;
only a very small portion of infective material is necessary to
convey the disease from tree to tree; the disease has a long
period of incubation. The following propositions, while not
succinctly proved, appear to be well-founded: The whole tree
is affected when symptoms appear in any part of it; the
disease is communicated in some other way than by bud-
inoculation; trees are not infected through the blossoms.
Everything points to some micro-organism as the cause of the
disease. But whatever may be the cause, strenuous legisla-
tion, rigidly enforced, must be relied upon to rid the country
of -thre disease.

The peach-rosette 1s a disease first separated and charac-
terized by Dr. Smith, and his latest report* shows that it is
contagious and serious. It appears to be confined to Geor-
gia, and is most abundant on the archean formations. It is
allied to yellows, but differs in the following points: The
more tufted character and somewhat different appearance of
the diseased growths; the much greater tendency of these
compactly tufted growths to develop in early spring from
winter buds, and to appear all over the tree ; a less tendency
to develop sprouts upon the trunk and main limbs; the ab-
sence of premature fruit ; the general early fall of leaves and
fruit on affected trees; the fruit being small, yellowish green,

and more or less shriveled and gummy; gummosis of the

roots; the occurrence of the disease in plums; the much
more speedy destruction of affected trees. It is probable
that radical measures would obliterate the disease if applied
before it spreads further.

The potato-blight or rot has been very abundant over a large
part of the United States and Canada for four or five years,

and much attention has been given toits treatment. There.

*Bull.1, Division Veg. Path. U.S. Dept. Agric. 45.

Plant-Diseases and Insects. 1 ae)

are two distinct potato-blights in the country, both of which
also cause the tubers to rot. One is a true fungous disease
(due to Phytophthora infestans), and the other is bacterial.
The former is the old or true potato-rot. The relative fre-
quency of these two diseases throughout the country has not
been determined, but it is certain that much of the j injury to
potatoes is due to the little-known bacterial disease. For-
tunately, the ammoniacal carbonate of copper and Bordeaux
mixture are specific preventives of the old or true potato-rot,
if applied early and persistently. In Europe many experi-
ments have been made to determine the best means of keep-
ing the disease in check. An extended experiment was con-
ducted in Belgium and Holland in 1890 by E. Thienpont, the
results of which were published this year.* An abstract of
the investigation is here given :

‘¢More than forty men carried on experiments in treating po-
tato-foliage with the Bordeaux mixture as a protection against
the potato-rot. Ninety-five experiments were made, and the
plants were necessarily grown under widely different condi-
tions. The land upon which the potatoes were grown was of
all kinds, from sand to heavy clay. About forty varieties of
potatoes were grown, some of which were very early and
others late. Theonly fungicide used was the Bordeaux mix-
ture, and this was made with varying amounts of the sul-
phate of copper. Most of the planters made two applica-
tions only ; but some made only one, and others three.

‘¢ Among these experiments there are only six in which no
difference between the treated and untreated plats could be
seen. No reason for this can be given, as there is a differ-
ence in the varieties grown, strength of mixture, number of
applications, etc. But in other cases, apparently the same
conditions gaveexcellent results. There were six plats which
gave unsatisfactory results ; 49 in which the gain was highly
profitable, and 34 in which complete success was reported.
These 95 results are on the whole conclusive ; but if all ele-
ments of error should be removed, such as imperfectly made
fungicides, wrong times and methods of application, etc., the
final result would probably show an astonishing degree of
success. The author fully realizes the difficulty of drawing

*Le Traitement de la Maladie dela Pomme ce Terre. Brussels.

Potato-
rot.

Potato-
rot in
Europe,

_Potato-rot
in Europe.

120 Annals of Horticulture, :

conclusions from results which have been obtained upon dif-
ferent soils, with different varieties which were planted at dif-
ferent times, and were treated with different kinds of manures.
Each case requires individual study, for all circumstances
must be taken into account.

‘¢Itis scarcely necessary to mention the great susceptibility
to rot of some varieties, as Lilloise, for example, ani how
much the danger is increased by late planting, or by the use
of strongly nitrogenous fertilizers. The severity of the dis-
ease also varies with the character of the soil, those of a
lighter character being more free from the disease, the heavy
clay soils being most subject to attack; but even upon the
sandy soils the disease is often severe. This is usually due to
the fact that they are moist, or that the dews are heavy; for
under such circumstances the spores of the fungus germinate
rapidly. Shallow, sandy soils, which have a subsoil imper-
vious to water, lose most of their immunity from attack. If
complete successes can be cited in spite of all these unfavor-
able circumstances, the variety of potato, nature of the soil,
and continuous rains, I think it will be impossible to attribute
them to any other cause than the applications of the fungicide.

‘¢Foliowing are the figures regarding the Lilloise potato,
which is everywhere grown, and is considered of best quality.
The name of the grower is given in eachcase :

Mr. Van Wildermeersch,of Bavichove. Soil good, two appli-

cations; ‘Juneims5 and july 2a... ieee eee Gain 8,000 kilgr.* per hect. +
Mr. Jacquart, of Dottignies. Soil clayey ; two applications,

Jume, 30. and july: oA ei eters ee Gain 7,000 to 8,000
Mr. Dooreman, of Burst. Soil heavy clay ; three applica-

tions, June 23 and july 9 amG.237 tae Gain 8, 287708" =
Mr. Landrieu, of Heurne. Soil, clay and sand ; two a

tions, at end of June and middle of July. Gain 8,700. . se

If we consider the different: varieties, both old and new, the
results are about the same, as 1s shown by the following :

Mr. Van Wildermeersch. Variety, Tonneliers; two applica-
tions, June 25 ands july sete ee ae Gain 9,000 kilgr. per hect.

Mr. Vercampt, of Beveren. Soil, clay and sand; variety,

Early Dunes, two applications, Junerand July 14.......
pee ah sida Rew oc me Me tee alas a Raph eee ee Gain 8,000 _ ‘! as

*A kilogram is 2.2 pounds.
+A hectare is 2.47 acres.

Plant-Diseases and Insects. I2T

Mr. Jacquart. Soil clayey ; varieties, Semis de Bevere, Juno

and Rouge ; two applications for two varieties, and three

for the other. June 30, July 14 and 29. Gain 7,000 to 8,000 kilgr.* per hect. +
Mr. Brutsaert, of Watou. Soilclayey ; variety, Rykmaker’s.

ieate ; three applications, Julyx4 and 29, August 16.....

oe 2 a ee (Gai FO; 343. —" -
Mr. Planque, of Wervicq. Soil, sand and clay ; varieties va-

tious ; three applications, July 9-12 and 25-28, August

loos ee aes cae Gali 3, G00 to 11200) 4), ‘
Mr. Knook, of Oud-Vosmeer. Soil clayey; variety, Bleue de

Zélande; two applications, July 9 and 18. Gain 8,662 a

‘¢In the experiments conducted by the author, the superi-
ority of certain treatments was apparent, according to the times
when the applications were made. Ihad two separate fields,
one of which was neglected. The first application was made
jaine 23; the second was delayed until July 21. Here and
there certain pale spots appeared on the foliage, but no atten-
tion was paid tothem. At the beginning of August the in-
jury spread so rapidly that, with the exception of afew squares,
a third application was entirely impracticable. The yield
of the treated and untreated rows, although considerably dif-
ferent, was nevertheless poor. The other part, which was
planted with three early but susceptible varieties, was sprayed
June 4, 17 and 26, and one are{ which was planted with
Blanche de Schelderode by mistake, was sprayed June 4 and
26, and also July 21. All gave splendid results. The maxi-
mum number of diseased tubers was not over two per cent.

‘There can be no doubt that these results are due to the fact
that the mixture was applied before the spores of the fungus
had germinated, and that the applications were repeated be-
fore the fungicide already applied was washed from the folli-
age. It is only a preventive method of treatment that gives
complete results. This has been proved again and again.
The progress of the disease can be checked only by the aid
of climatic conditions, for the experiments have shown that
late applications were of little practical value.

‘¢Mr. Proost, the Minister of Agriculture, recommends the
use of 4.4 poundsof the sulphate of copper, and 3.3 pounds
of limein preparing the Bordeaux mixture. Several growers

*A kilogram is 2.2 pounds,
yA hectare is 2,47 acres.
tAn are is about one-fortieth of an acre.

9

Potato-
rot in
Europe.

Potato-
rot in
Europe.

122 Annals of Horticulture,

adopted this formula, but I used only 3.3 pounds of the sul-
phate. Three varieties of potatoes were used, and each va-
riety was grown on four plats, three of which were treated
with the Bordeaux mixture made with 6.6, 3.3, and 2.2
pounds of copper sulphate, hme 3.3 pounds, water 26 gallons.
The best results were obtained from the plats treated with
the mixture which contained 3.3 pounds of the sulphate, and
I believe that equally good results may be obtained with 2.2
pounds if the applications are made early enough and re-
peated every two or three weeks. Whatever the amount of
the sulphate used, if the lime is good only one-third as much
by weight need be used as is taken of the sulphate. An ex-
cess of the lime makes the mixture less adhesive.

‘¢The Early Violet potato is so susceptible to the disease
that formerly I lost all my plants at least once each year for
three years in succession. This year, in spite of the contin-
uous rains, I did not find one diseased potato when they were
dug, which was on the 1st of August. Another examination
was made in November, and only nine diseased potatoes were
found, and these were only slightly injured. This was only two
per cent. of the total yield. The same is also true of Royal

Ash-Leaved and Wonderful or Kidney. A treated plat of

White Schelderode yielded 29,413 kilograms, while an un-
treated plat of the same size, and adjoining the first, yielded
only 17,842 kilograms. The number of diseased tubers on
the first plat was 180 kilograms against 7,646 in the untreated
plat. These figures should convince every one of the value of
spraying to prevent the rot of potatoes. But more, by finding
the average gain per hectare of the 71 experiments, we find
that itis 4,970 kilograms, or 73.7 bushels per acre. In calcu-
lating this average, the total failures are included as well as a
large number of highly susceptible varieties.

‘In Belgium the disease usually makes its appearance early

in July. Since it requires some days for the disease to pro-
gress far enough to become visible, it 1s evident that applica-
tions should be made earlier, from the 15th to the 25th of
June. For very early varieties which are planted late in
March, the operation may be performed from 10 to 15 days
earlier. The second application should be made in about 18

m t
‘ a te

days, and during rainy weather it should not be delayed more

thantwo weeks. Ordinarilytwo applications are sufficient both

‘\

Plant-Diseases and Insects. Eos

for early and late varieties, but it is sometimes necessary to
make onetotwomore. Probably the best timeto make the ap-
plications is on astill,sunnyday. The liquid can be more un1-
formly distributed when no wind is blowing, and if it dries
soon after being applied, the lime and copper adhere very
firmly to the leaves.

five quantity. of the Bordeaux mixture to apply.to a
hectare cannot be definitely stated, for it varies with the va-
riety of ,potato grown, with the amount of leaf-surface,
the method of cultivation, etc. Counting 55,000 plants
ea ectare,, from. six to eight hectolitres* are —neces-
sary for the first application, and from ten to twelve for the
later ones.

‘¢Most of the subse aes which are used against fungi are
also recommended, but those containing copper are probably
fae best. The value of powders is doubtful, for they are
harder to apply and their action is not so certain.

‘¢Conclusions.—1. The Bordeaux mixture which contains
3.3 pounds of copper sulphate and 1.1 pounds of lime, is as
efficient as that containing 4.4 or 6.6 pounds. It is even
probable that 2.2 pounds of the sulphate is sufficient.

‘‘2, The treatment, so far as possible, should be preventive.

‘¢3. The probabilities that a curative treatment will be suc-
cessful are only slight, unless the disease is also checked by
some natural causes,such as a north wind, prolonged draught,
or the absence of dew.

‘a. The first application should be made 8 to 10 weeks after
planting, and the following ones at intervals of 18 to 20 days.
But during a rainy season the applications should be repeated
about every two weeks, and for late varieties, at least three
should be made to save any considerable portion of the crop.

5. rom 6 to 6 hectolitres per hectare are required for the
first application ; the later ones require from Io to 12.

“6. The yield of tubers from varieties which are said to be
free from attack is markedly increased by applications of
the Bordeaux mixture.

‘‘7, Most fungicides are effective in the treatment of the po-
tato crop, and the copper compounds are Pete aye valua-
ble in this respect.’’

*A hectolitre is 26.41 gallons.

Treatment
of potato-
rot.

124 Annals of Horticulture.

The bacterial disease or blight of potatoes is more serious
than the old or true rot, because there is no known method
of treating it. The most that can be done at present is to
practice rotation of crops. The same disease, apparently,
attacks tomatoes, and probably some other plants. Much
attention is now given to bacterial diseases, and they have
been observed in many plants, as in various cucurbits, egg-

lant, sweet-potato, potato, tomato, and others. The bac-

Bacterial terial blight of the pear has received attention during the

potato- :

rot. year by the Department of Agriculture, and results of eco-

nomic importance will soon be published. Bacterial or germ

diseases are obscure and serious, and the treatment of them

must always be toa great extent strategic. Our increasing

knowledge of them enforces another reason for the rotation

of crops; and the rotations of the future must alternate im-

munecrops withthe others. There is indication that in some
departments of husbandry these invisible foes will compel us

to overturn our present managements. |

$4. National and Educational L[nterests.

The year has been an eventful one in general discussions of
horticulturalinterest. Perhapsthe most general attention has
been attracted to the preparations for an horticultural exhibit
at the Columbian Exposition, particularlyto the proposed sched-
ities or classifications of horticultural industries.*’ This discus-
sion of schedules has been of the greatest importance, since it
has necessarily resolved itself into a debate as to what horticul-
ture reallyis. The discussion has revealed the fact that there
still exist the vaguest notions as to the legitimate province of the
subject. Etymologically, horticulture means the cultivation
of a garden (Hortus, garden, cultura, cultivation); and as all in-
telligent cultivation rests upon many scientific principles,
both the art and science of garden cultivation should be in-
efaded im the definition. The scope of the definition turns
upon the meaning of the word garden. This word comes di-
rectly from the Anglo-Saxon gyrdan, to enclose, and is allied
to the verb Zo gird; and indirectly it is allied to the Latin
hortus, which originally related to anenclosure. Garden-cul-
ture or horticulture has always been used in distinction to the
cultivation of extensive tracts, many of which, in former
times, were not enclosed, or were indefinite in outline or ex-
tent. The enclosed area may have been many acres in ex-
tent; and yet have been called a hortus or a garden. The
Latins sometimes used the word ortus for a villa or & coun-
try-seat;* and in England, to-day, the word garden has a wide
application, being applied to large lawns and _ pleasure-
grounds, as well as to small enclosures, and in this sense the

~- *The following note upon the original use of hovtus is given me by my colleague, Pro-
fessor W.G. Hale: ‘‘I find that Zorvtus is nowhere used iu classical Latin in the sense of
villa. But Cicero, Varro and Festus mention that among the (tothem) ancients it had that
sense. Inthe fragments of the Laws-of the Twelve Tables (450 B. C.) it is soused. Latin
literature proper, however, does not begin till two centuries later, and in this literature,
hortus means only a small cultivated garden.’’

(125)

What is
horticul-
ture?

126 | Annals of Horticulture.

word is used in landscape-gardening. In America the word
is commonly restricted toa comparatively small area which is
used for the close cultivation of flowers and kitchen-garden
vegetables ; but this use of it is erroneous and without war-
rant. Gardening and horticulture are synonymous terms.

The exact meaning of the word horticulture, however, must
be determined by its general application. Lindley defines it
as ‘‘that branch of knowledge which relates to the cultivation,
multiplication, and amelioration of the vegetable kingdom.”
It appears never to have been understood in this broad sense,
however; for this definition includes all the cereals and forage-
plants, which have always been regarded as the particular
property of general agriculture. The best understanding of
the term is to be derived from its use in journals, societies,
schools and experiment stations, and it 1s gratifying to know
that it has always been used by these 1 1stitutions in one
sense—to include the arts and sciences which immediately un-
derhe the cultivation of fruits, kitchen-garden vegetables, flow-
ers and other ornamental plants. ‘These are the fields which

Scope of :
horticul- all professors of horticulture are understood to cover, and
ture. which all general horticultural journals include. ;

It may happen, however, that plants which in some coun-
tries fall to the care of the horticulturist, mayin offers) be
the property of the farm rather than the garden; and so it
comes that, while the general definition of horticulture may be
easily drawn, there are many conflicts in the details, and the
lines must be arbitrary in some cases. ‘This fact is well illus-
trated’ in. the case of potatoes in (America, ) Die iii
round potato is held by both horticulturists and agriculturists,
although the index of experiment station hterature preparing
by the Office of Experiment Stations places it—and rightly,
I think—under agriculture ; but the sweet-potato has always
fallen to horticulture, although it would be difficult upon any
other than arbitrary grounds, sanctioned by custom, to retain
ie agete.

Horticulture, then, readily separates itself into three great
divisions—fruits, vegetables, and flowers ; and there 1s also
a fourth division of it which relates to the care and cultivation
of ornamental plants in their relation to landscape, and which
has been called landscape-horticulture. Landscape-garden-

National and Educational Interests. 127

cd

ing, itself, is a fine art, and is not, therefore, strictly speaking,
a part of horticulture ; but it requires an intimate knowledge
of horticulture for its best prosecution, in the same way that
architecture demands a knowledge of carpentry and kindred
arts. Yet the ultimate principles of landscape-gardening are
distinct from those of cultivation and propagation of plants
and all the mere technicalities of making a sod and of plant-
ing; and it is by no means inconceivable that a man may pos-
sess taste and tact sufficient to lay out grounds, and yet have
very little horticultural knowledge. And the term landscape-
horticulture is further of special importance in emphasizing
the fact that landscape-gardening 1s more than the mere em-
bellishment of a bit of ground, or the clever arrangement or
training of plants. Objection has been raised to the term
upon the ground that the ideal landscape-gardener should be
also a horticulturist, and that no hard and fast lines can be
drawn between landscape-gardening and horticulture ;* but
although these statements are incontrovertible, it is still true
that while much that is called landscape-gardening 1s horti-
culture, there is also much of it which is not, and the term
landscape-horticulture rests, therefore, upon a real distinction.
But it should be said that it 1s not the office of the term to force
any division in the practice of landscape-gardening, but sim-
ply to record a distinction which it is often useful to recognize,

forrculture, then, may be defined as the art and science
of the cultivation of garden plants; and the garden is under-
stood to be that part of an estate which is devoted to fruits,
vegetables and ornamental plants, in distinction to those
areas used for cereals or general field crops, forage-plants,
the care of domestic animals, and forestry. The following
outline, while by no means complete, will indicate the scope
of horticulture as understood in America :

GROUP I. POMOLOGY, or THE ART AND SCIENCE OF GROWING FRUIT.

J. - Viticulture.
II. Orchard culture.
A. Pomaceous Frutts.
Apple.
Pear.
Quince.

*Garden and Forest. i 51.

Landscape-
horticul-
ture,

Definition
of horticul-
ture.

128 Annals of Horticulture.

B. Drupaceous or Stone Frutts.
Plum.
Cherry.
Peach and Nectarine.
Apricot.
Almond.
C.: Gitrus Frutts.
Orange.
Lemon.
Lime.
Citron.
Shaddock.

D. Nut-Frutts. (Nuciculture.)
Walnut.
Butternut.
Pecan.
Hickory.
Chestnut.
Filbert and Hazel.

E. Palmaceous Frutts.
Cocoa-nut.
Date.

il) Smmall-irut culcuce,

Strawberry.
Raspberry.
Blackberry.
Dewberry.

Currant.

Gooseberry
Juneberry, and others.

IV. Cranberry culture.

GROUP II. OLERICULTURE, oR THE ART AND SCIENCE OF GROWING
KITCHEN-GARDEN VEGETABLES.

A. Radicaceous Esculents.
Sweet-Potato.
Horse-Radish.
Radish.
Parsnip.
Carrot.
Salsify and Scorzonera.
Turnip. |
Beet.*

B. Brassicaceous Lsculents.
Cabbage’ and Kale, (Borecole or. Kale. Brussele=spromte:
Cabbage. )
Cauliflower and Broccoli.
Kohl-rabi.

*Mangel-Wurzels, being grown for stock, and Sugar-Beets, belong to agriculture.

National and Educational Lnterests. 129

C. Alltaceous Esculents.
Onion.
Leek.
Garlic, Chives, etc.
D. Sfpinaceous and Acetartaceous (Salad) Esculents.
Spinage.
Other spinaceous plants— Rhubarb, Chard, Orach, Sorrel,
Dock, Purslane.
Lettuce.
Endive.
@elery.
Cress and Mustard.
E. Asparagaceous Esculents.
Asparagus.
Artichoke, Cardoon, Chicory.
Sea-Kale.
F. Legsuminaceous Esculents.
Pea.
Bean.
G. Cucurbttaceous Esculents.
Cucumber.
Melon, —Muskmelon, Watermelon, Citron.
Squash and Pumpkin.
H. Solanaceous Esculents.
Tomato.
Egg-Plant.
fved Pepper.
Physalis or Husk Tomato.
l. Aromatic Esculents and Sweet Herbs.

J. Cryptogamic Esculents.
Mushroom.

GROUP Tl. FLORICULTURE, OR THE ART AND SCIENCE OF CULTIVATING
ORNAMENTAL PLANTS FOR THEIR INDIVIDUAL USES.

It is impossible to present any synopsis of floriculture which shall
be generally useful, for its subdivisions rest largely upon the objects
for which the plants are grown. Perhaps the most serviceable classi-
fication would be one which should simply group the plants into their
natural orders or families.

GROUP IV. LANDSCAPE-HORTICULTURE, OR THE ART AND SCIENCE
OF GROWING ORNAMENTAL PLANTS, ESPECIALLY SHRUBS AND TREES, FOR
THEIR USES IN THE LANDSCAPE.

This passes insensibly into landscape-gardening itself. It is inter-
esting to note that Shenstone, the author of the term landscape (or
landskip)-gardening, distinguished it from mere ornamental or ‘‘ par-

130 Annals of Horticulture.

terre-gardening’’: ‘‘Gardening may be divided into three species—
kitchen-gardening, parterre-gardening, and landskip, or picturesque
gardening. ’’*

The nursery business belongs to horticulture, and is that part of
the cultivation of the various species which relates to the propaga-
tion or rearing of plants. In America the word nursery is usually
associated with the rearing of woody plants alone; but this limitation
is erroneous. Seed-growing is alsoa part of horticulture which is or
may be associated with all plants. Mere manufacture, however, is
not horticulture, as the making of wine, cider, jellies, extracts, and
canned goods. Horticulture ends at the factory door.

ZL The Columbian Exposition promises to offer great opportun-
ities for the study of American horticulture ; but there appears
to be no definite movement looking towards an international

World’s horticultural congress, although the necessity of such a con-
Fair clave has been urged by the press. The following general
outline of the plan of the horticultural exhibition was read
before the Michigan Horticultural Society, in December, by

J. M. Samuels, Chief of the Division of Horticulture:

‘‘By persistent effort we have succeeded in having assigned to the depart-
ment all of a beautiful elevated island, containing fifteen acres, and around
which are clustered most of the great buildings of the Exposition. The
view, from every part of this island, will be the grandest on the grounds,
and in some respects will not be equaled in the world. Adjacent or near to
the horticultural buildings an additional ten acres have been secured, mak-
ing about twenty-five acres of outdoor space altogether. The island, upon ~
which has been spread the black soil removed from all the building sites,
mixed with a liberal supply of fertilizing material, will be used for an ex-
hibit of roses, rhododendrons, azaleas, herbaceous plants, and a general
nursery display. The planting immediately in front of the building will
consist of echeverias and other bedding plants, arranged in raised beds and
made to harmonize with the ornamental frieze which extends all along the
front of the building. The beds will probably be illuminated with 30,000 or
40,000 incandescent electric lights, requiring 1,000 horse-power to operate
them. And these lamps will show the complete outlines of every bed,and be
placed under foliage, and colored in a way to bring out the most spectacular
effects. They will be operated to show portions of the beds at one time, or
different parts in rapid succession, and thus present an attractive panorama
or kaleidoscope. Other parts of the outside grounds will be illuminated.

‘‘The horticultural building is the finest ever erected for a fruit and plant
exhibition. It is 1,000 feet long by an extreme width of 237 feet. It hasa
central glass dome, connected by front and rear curtains with two beautiful
end pavilions, thus forming two interior courts, each 89 feet by 287 feet. The
roof of the front curtairis will be glass. They are intended for the tender
plant exhibit. The rear curtains, have opaque roofs, except sufficient glass

*William Shenstone, Works, ii. 125 (176,).

National and Educational Interests. 131

to give an abundance of light for the fruit display. For heating the dome
alone by steam, it will take ten miles of 14-inch pipe, besides an additional
amount for the front curtains. There are 59,631 square feet more of floor
space in the hall than in the combined horticultural buildings at the Cen-
tennial, New Orleans and Paris. The dome is 187 feet in diameter and 113
feet high on the inside, and to overcome the dwarfing effect on plants that
would evidently be produced by-its immensity, it is intended to construct a
miniature mountain under its center, 40 feet high and 70 feet in diameter,
and upon the sides and top of this artificial rock-work to set the largest
specimens of palms, bamboos, tree-ferns, giant cacti, etc. Some grand ex-
amples, 40 feet in height, have been donated for this purpose. Among this
mass of exquisite foliage will be represented, by the use of incandescent
electric lights, the forms and tints, in colored glass, of flowers rarely seen in
this country. Over its sides will fall in translucent sheets and ripples the
water for a beautiful cascade, while the interior will form a cave, from the
crystal side of which will be reflected the brilliant lights of thirty electric
arc lamps of 2,000 candle-power each. In recesses, and for special effects,
incandescent lights will be placed within the cave, in order to observe the
effects and test the endurance of different species under such conditions. It
is hoped to arrive at some definite and valuable conclusion by this experi-
ment.

‘‘In one of the courts of the building basins will be made for exhibiting
Victoria regia, nympheas, and other rare aquatic plants. Incandescent
lamps will be arranged under the water to show effects not heretofore
attempted. In the other court, California and Florida will compete for
honors, with bearing orange-groves. The former state will illustrate the
- manner of irrigating their orchards, and the latter will intersperse bananas,
pineapples, and other semi-tropical plants often cultivated in connection
with the groves of that state. The balance of the building will be devoted
to collections of orchids, crotons, cycads, deaczenas, aroids, and rare plants
from every part of the world, and to the fruit display.

‘‘Space for at least 60,000 plates of fruit will be reserved for the grand
display which will take place in September. In this exhibit, it is intended
to keep out of the beaten paths of former expositions, and adopt some new
methods. Long tables, with straight rows of fruit, are too monotonous, and
will be avoided. It is intended to have the receptacles for the fruit made in
artistic forms of papier-mache, and supported in unique ways. The exhibit
will be embellished with flowers and plants, and made more attractive by
miniature representations of orchards, methods of cultivating, irrigating,
etc., in mountains and on plains, in tropical and temperate climates. Wax
models of fruits out of season, and of those too tender totransport from
distant lands will illustrate in form and color at least, specimens unfa-
miliar to most of the visitors who will attend the Exposition.

‘‘Experiments will be made with glass cases, through which condensing
refrigerator-pipes will be run, and the temperature kept at a proper degree
to preserve, as long as possible, berries and other perishable fruits. The
difficulty in the successful operation of this plan may be the condensation of
moisture on the glass sufficient to obscure the view. It is said, however,
that this can be obviated by making the glasses double, and leaving some
space between them.

‘‘In one of the pavilions the general seed and horticultural appliances

World’s
Fair.

World’s
Fair.

132 Annals of Horticulture.

display will take place ; in the other pavilion the viticultural exhibit will be
confined. These will be separated from the other displays as completely as
if they were in a separate building.

‘‘The classification is very elaborate, and embraces almost everything of
interest to horticulturists. Here may be seen fruits and plants from every
part of the world ; the best methods of heating and ventilating greenhouses ;
grafting, pruning, and spraying of trees and vines ; machinery for gathering
and marketing fruits, and for assorting, cleaning, arranging, labeling, and
testing the vitality of seeds.

‘‘Mr. John Thorpe,of the floricultural bureau, is now in the east,and is in-
structed to visit every prominent conservatory and make a complete List of
all the fine plants that will be donated, loaned, or exhibited for competition,
with a view to having one or more men start,about the beginning of the year,
to the West Indies and Central and South America, to collect large speci-
mens that cannot be secured in this country. Directions for collecting,
packing, and forwarding plants from foreign countries have been translated
into several languages and widely distributed. Many intending exhibitors of
fruits and plants, in this and foreign countries, have made applica-
tion for space, or, with a view thereto, are corresponding with the depart-
ment.

‘“The management, with the aid of the heads of the other departments,
has strenuously opposed all cash premiums, and it has therefore been more
difficult to convince the authorities that an appropriation is necessary for
this purpose. In my report to the committee on awards of the national
commission and the agricultural committee of the local directory, I made
the following statement: Believing that it will result in economy to the Ex-
position management, besides being an act of justice to a certain class of
exhibitors, and also create a superior exhibit, I would recommend that an
appropriation of $45,000 be devoted to cash premiums. No manufacturer
of any horticultural appliance, or any person or corporation that could be
greatly benefited from advertising a business, should receive a cash pre-
mium. On the other hand, the exhibitor of fruits and plants, who makes
collections at great cost, pays freight and express charges, is protected by no
patents, and receives no special benefit, and finally loses everything at the
close of the Exposition, should be reimbursed for some of his outlay. Asa
prize that would be offered amounts to a very small per cent. of the value
of the article exhibited, it seems to me it would bea wise policy to induce
the owners of meritorious specimens to offer them for competition, rather
than be compelled to purchase for account of the Exposition. Some of the
rarest and most beautiful plants could not be bought.or borrowed, and the
only way in which they could be secured would be to offer competitive
prizes. Both committees and Director General Davis have recommended
the appropriation, which practically insures its passage. This amount will
be sufficient to secure a magnificent display.”

Government aid to Horticulture. There is probably no class
of citizens which receives so much direct and specific aid
from the national and state governments as the tillers of the
soil. The national government has not only endowed an ag-
ricultural college and an experiment station in every state

National and Educational Interests. 3

and territory which desires these privileges, but it also main-
tainsa large corps of experts in the Department of Agriculture,
whose duty it is to investigate the condition and promise of
nearly every branch of agriculture. There isa growing appre-
ciation of all these endeavors, a fact which proves that there is
a general awakening among the farming population. And
yet it 1s always needful to recall the advantages of our public
institutions. The particular points in which the Department
of Agriculture appeals to horticulturists are set forth in the
following address by Assistant Pomologist W. A. Taylor, be-
fore the Michigan Horticultural Society :*

‘Though often hampered by lack of sufficient appropriation and by fre-
quent changes of policy, the history of governmental work in the interest of
agriculture, since its beginning in 1840, shows almost constant progress and
widening of field. During recent years, in consequence of more liberal ap-
propriations and the more judicious application of effort, made possible by
the rapid advances in agricultural science, the progress has been particularly
gratifying. Though the attention given to topics relating strictly to horti-
culture has been comparatively small, there has been much accomplished in
the past, as will be found by reference to the reports issued in previous
years. For atime experimental work was carried on, and lists of varieties
of fruits and vegetables were made, and reports published, together with
cultural directions and advice concerning special crops. This work has
been mainly abandoned in consequence of a lack of proper facilities, and
the assumption of that work to a great extent by the experiment stations of

the different states. The distribution of seeds, though often the subject of:

merited criticism, has resulted in general good. ‘The best results achieved
in this line have been for the grain-grower rather than for the horticulturist,
apparently because the subject of grains has been more carefully investigated
and more systematically studied. With adequate appropriations, and the
application of scientific methods by trained workers now available, there
seems to be no good reason why as much should not be accomplished in this
line for the horticulturist as for the general farmer.

‘‘As now organized, most of the work that isof particular interest to
gardeners and fruit-growers is done by four of the sixteen divisions, which,
with the bureaus of animal industry and the weather, make up the working
force of the department. These are the divisions of entomology, vegetable
pathology, pomology, and gardens and grounds.

“The scientific work of the division of entomology is devoted first, to
study and ‘classification of insects, whether injurious or not A change of
habit often develops a dangerous insect pest from a species previously harm-
less. It is thus found necessary to study and record life histories of insects
not now injurious, in order to be able to discover more quickly the weak
point for attacking it, should the species become troublesome. Foreign as
well as native species are thus studied, and particularly those already trou-
blesome in other countries and likely to be imported unawares. Asan in-
stance of the care exercised in this regard, there may be cited the case of an

*See also ANNALS for 1889, 71.

Depart-
ment of

Agricul-
ture.

Depart-
ment of
Agricul-

ture.

134 Annals of Horticulture.

insect enemy of the peach now found in the Burmuda islands, and thought
to have been brought there from the Mediterranean, where it has 1ong been’
known as an enemy of the orange and some other fruits. As it is figured
and described in the department report for 1890, it can hardly reach the
coast of Florida before being recognized and reported. To provide for bet-
ter facilities for this study of life histories, a building has just been erected
where temperature and other conditions can be controlled and the work
done more accurately. Experimental work with insecticides and apparatus
for applying them is carried on by special agents of the division in different
parts of the country, and the search for parasitic foes of injurious insects is
kept up both at home and abroad. ‘The successful combating of the cot-
tony cushion-scale, in the orange-groves of California, by means of Vedalia
cardinalts introduced from Australia, has stimulated effort in this direction,
and several importations of parasitic insects have been made. One of
special interest to horticulturists is a reimportation of a European parasite
of the cabbage-worm, which has been successfully placed at Ames, Iowa,
and is reported to have become very abundant and to have greatly reduced
the number of cabbage-worms. An agent has also been sent to Australia to
investigate. and, if thought advisable, to import certain beneficial insects
likely to be valuable in California.

‘‘As is indicated by its name, the division of vegetable pathology devotes
its attention to diseases affecting plants. This is comparatively a new line
of scientific work, and in consequence much attention is necessarily paid
to work of description and classification of fungi and bacteria affecting
plants. When reports of new plant-diseases are received, specimens are se-
cured and a microscopic study is made to determine the cause of the disease
if possible. Usually this is done by growing the suspected germs in artifi-
cial culture media, such as sterilized gelatine or solutions selected for the
purpose. Inoculations are made on healthy plants with germs thus grown,
and if the diseased condition results, it is regarded as satisfactory proof that
the germ sought has been isolated. The life-history of the germ is then
studied to detect the period in its existence when it is most susceptible to at-
tack, and various remedies are tested in a small way until some are found
that are thought to be at the same time safe and efficient. ‘These are then
tested on a larger scale under similar conditions, in regions where the dis-
ease is most disastrous, with a view to determining the most efficient of the
remedies tested, their comparative cost, and the best and most economical
means of applying. Results obtained are published from time to time, with
directions as to methods and means of application of the remedies.
These published results are sent to all persons who apply for them, or who
are known to be interested in the matter. The methods of preventing and
controlling black-rot and mildew in the grape are now so well-known that
they need not be mentioned here. Experiments on that subject have been
continued, however, during the present season, and it has been found that
much less copperas is required than was formerly used in Bordeaux mixture,
thereby reducing the cost of application from $14 per acre to $2 per acre.
The experiments on control of twig-blight in nursery stock, conducted at
Geneva, New York, during the season just passed, under the direction of one
of the assistants in this division, havé been made on some three million
trees of cherry, apple, quince, pear, and other fruits in the nursery, and are
regarded as very satisfactory. Work on pear-blight, California vine disease,

National and Educational Interests. 135

diseases of the citrus fruits, rot of sweet-potatoes, and a bacterial disease of
oats, is in progress, as well as that on a number of diseases affecting green-
house plants and some fungous diseases affecting insects. The investigation
of peach-yellows has been actively continued, and as a result of three years’
work with every fertilizer likely to have the desired effect, no instance has
been found either of prevention or cure of yellowsin the peach by fertilizers.
This has been a disputed point among the investigators of the subject, and

its settlement narrows the field and indicates the line of research for future ©

work. Amore virulent disease than yellows has been discovered on the
peach in Georgia, and the fact that it is readily communicable, by bud-in-
-oculation, has been established.

‘The division of gardens and grounds has charge of the grounds and
greenhouses of the department. Formerly much experimenting was done,
particularly with fruits, but the gradual encroachment of buildings and per-
manent ornamental planting has so reduced the available ground that but
little experimental work is attempted. The attention of the superintendent
of gardens and grounds is now. largely devoted to the propagation and distri-
bution of plants and trees likely to be of economic importance. Over
100,000 specimens have thus been sent out during the past year to different
parts of the country. Judgment is exercised as to the probable adaptation of
species and varieties to the region where they are sent, and to the economic
importance of the plants distributed. The success of the Russian apples,
the Japanese persimmon, the Washington Navel orange, and numerous
other fruits introduced mainly or entirely through the efforts of the division,
are indications of the good it has accomplished. A catalogue of economic
plants has recently been issued, and a bulletin on horticulture and kindred
subjects, which has been very favorably received by the horticultural public.
It contains a number of articles prepared by the superintendent of gardens
and grounds, and previously published in the annual reports, but now
brought together in convenient form for reading and reference.

‘“The work of the division of pomology naturally divides itself into
three lines :

‘‘First, the Scientific: This includes such investigations in economic
botany as seem necessary at times to establish a foundation for experimental
work in the improvement of fruits. An instance of this is the work done
by T. V. Munson, of the division, on the wild grapes of North America.
A preliminary bulletin has been published on this subject, giving a revised
classification of the genus vitis, with suggestions to experimenters on the
grape, based on cultural as well as botanical characteristics of species.
Colored plates showing fruit, wood and leaves of the more important spe-
cies are in preparation, and will be ready as soon as funds for publication of
the complete monograph are available. Asimilar investigation of the genus
prunus, which contains our native plums and cherries, is badly needed, and
promises rich returns for the labor spent on it, but the fund now at the com-
mand of the division is not sufficient to justify the undertaking until other
work already begun is nearer completion. The same cause prevents a
thorough and systematic investigation of other wild fruits, as the working
force of the division is kept fully occupied by office-work, and only a very
limited sum is available for the work of field agents.

‘‘Second, the Economic: Under this head come investigations of foreign
fruits likely to succeed in this country, and importations of promising va-

Depart-
ment of

Agricul-
ture.

Division of
Pomology.

Division of
Pomology.

136 Annals of Horticulture.

rieties. This requires a careful, comparative study of soils, climates and
markets, and of labor conditions as well, for a fruit crop is not necessarily
profitable because the yield and quality are satisfactory. Selling value and
cost of production are important factors. It is in this line that the recent
importations of date-palms have been made and placed at different places in
New Mexico, Arizona and southern California, where the conditions indi-

cate that the date of commerce can be profitably produced. Importations-

have also been made of choice varieties of the fig and the Persian grapes,
and of the market varieties of the citron of commerce, of which thousands
of dollars’ worth are annually imported from Europe and Asia. Under
this head comes the investigation of the subject of nut-culture, now in prog-
ress. Systematic inquiry has been made in all parts of the country con-
cerning the extent to which the growing of nuts for market has been carried
on, and a number of important and interesting facts have been brought out.
The report on this subject, now awaiting the completion of the illustrations,
will discuss varieties, improvements already made and likely to be made,
methods of propagation and culture, adaptation of varieties to soil, and
methods of marketing, etc. Asa means of drawing attention to our leading
market fruits, and stimulating foreign interest in our orchard products, the
division recently sent to the Scottish Horticultural Association meeting a
small exhibit of leading varieties of market apples from several states.
These were collected and contributed by a few public-spirited growers,
and forwarded with the growers’ names attached.

‘“Third, the Advisory: The third general work of the division may be
called advisory. In consists first in the publication of information to grow-
ers, concerning varieties, methods of culture, etc., of various fruits. There
have been issued thus far in this line a report on tropical and semi-tropi-
cal fruits in the United States, Russian and other fruits in the north-
west, and one on the relative merit of various stocks for the orange.
There are in course of preparation similar reports on small fruits, the apple
and the peach. So far as adaptation of varieties to localities is concerned,
these are based on reports of correspondents numbered by the thousand,
and living in every state and territory in the Union. The reports will be il-
lustrated, and will contain descriptions of recommended varieties and a
carefully revised list of accepted names and synonyms. ‘The second division
of this line of advisory work brings the division into immediate contact with
the fruit-growers, and forms one of its most important duties. This consists
of the examination of new and the identification of old varieties of fruits,
and other matters requiring an immense amount of individual correspond-
ence. Asan illustration of what is done in this line, I have made the fol-
lowing analysis of work of this sort done in October, 1891, as shown by the
correspondence-files and office-records :

Letters written during October. 0 ao. 6 So Oats ven 584
Relating to identification of varieties’; 7.05, 2~) Plu 2 6 eee 3"
Relating to exam inationand opinion of value. ...-....... 69

Relating to nomenclature, . 2... soe ws Poe ne
Relating to choice of variety for particular localities, methods of cul-

ture and pruning, et¢. oo ray eet See aiee Pe ee 422
Samples consisting of fruit, from one to many specimens each, re-
ceived for examination during themonth............. 537

‘‘This may be taken as a fairly representative month, so far as the
amount of office-work of the division is concerned, though the nature of it

National and Educational Interests. Lay

changes with the subjects receiving the attention of fruit-growers at different
seasons of the year.”

Farmers’ institutes. Another movement, which, in one way
or another, derives its support from government, is the farm-
ers’ institute. This enterprise, which has exerted an incal-
culable influence upon the farmer’s work and life, is now
widespréad, and in the older states it may be said to be at
the height of its power. The centralized movement in the
various states will no doubt subside after a few years, but its
‘impetus, instead of being lost, will have been absorbed into
every community in the state, where it will ever remain an in-
spiration to better methods and higher life. The institute
is inseparably connected with the great educational move-
ment of the time, which expresses itself in liberal methods,
in technical societies, and in university extension.

The history of the origin of the farmers’ institute is ob-
scure, but it is certain that the movement began earlier than
we have been led to suppose. It began to assume definite
shape early in the seventies, when several states undertook
to hold farmers’ meetings upon essentially the same plan
#= they proceed at present. As early as\1869 and ’70, such
meetings were held in lowa by Welch, Roberts, Bessey, Jones,
Matthews and Mrs. Tupper, the expenses being met by the
community in which the institute was held. In 1871 an ac-
count of ‘‘ Farmers’ Institutes’’ was published in the Report of
the Board of Trustees of the Iowa Agricultural College,* in
which it is said that ‘‘the experiment of holding farmers’ in-
stitutes in different localities in the state, for the purpose of
giving familiar lectures on prominent topics in agriculture,
was tried last winter with very gratifying success. Institutes
lasting three days were held at Cedar Falls, Council Blufts,
Washington and Muscatine, at each of which points we found
an enthusiastic gathering of farmers.’’ Vermont, Michigan,+
and some other states inaugurated institutes about this time.

The origin of the itinerant lecture system for the instruction
of farmers is to be sought long before this time, however, As
early as 1842 or’3 such lectures were inaugurated by the New
York State Agricultural Society, and these were so successful

*Country Gent. 1887, 873.
For a history of Michigan institutes, see Rep. Mich. Bd. Agric. 1875, 72.
I0

Farmers’
institutes,

History of
institutes.

Institutes
in New
York.

138 Annals of Horticulture.

that the society adopted the following resolution at a meet-
ing held in Albany, January 20, 1848:

‘‘Resolved, That the plan which was adopted by the for- |

mer secretaries of the New York State Agricultural Society,
Daniel Lee, Joel B. Nott and Benjamin P. Johnson, in ad-

ressing, at suitable times, county agricultural societies,
meets the decided approbation of the committee, and they
trust it will be continued hereafter ; and they recommend the
adoption of the resolution.’’

Massachusetts early took steps to inaugurate a series of
farmers’ institutes through the endeavors of the State Board
of Agriculture. The first reference to such meetings is to be
found in the records of the—Secretary of the State Board of
Agriculture under date of January 21, 1859, when it was
voted by the board ‘‘to appoint a committee to consider and
report upon the propriety of instituting meetings similar to
teachers’ institutes.”” This committee reported February 3,
1859, in favor of holding such meetings, and recommended
that they be commenced as soon as possible. February 1,
1871, the board voted ‘‘that the various agricultural socie-
ties of the commonwealth be requested to organize an annual
meeting for lectures and discussions at such time and place
as may be convenient for each society ; these meetings to be
denominated ‘The Farmers’ Institutes of Massachusetts.’’’
February. 7, 1878, it was voted: ‘*That the agmeniaea
societies receiving the bounty of the commonwealth, be re-
quested to arrange and hold one or more farmers’ institutes
each year within their limits; and that they be informed
that the board will render all the assistance in its power to
make such institutes instructive and useful to the public.’’
February 6, 1879, this vote was amended by substituting
the word ‘‘required’’ for ‘‘requested,’’ and changing the num-
ber to be held each year from ‘‘ one’’ to ‘‘ three.”* Pebruarys,
1880, it was voted: ‘‘ That in the opinion of this board it is

expedient that the secretary attend as many farmers’ insti-

tutes as the other duties of his office will allow.’’ February
3, 1887, it was voted: ‘‘ That the rule requiring societies re-
ceiving the bounty of the state to hold at least three institutes
during the year, be restated and enforced.’’ February 7,18809,
the board adopted the following rule: ‘‘ Each agricultural
society receiving the bounty of the Commonwealth is hereby

— enn

National and Educational Interests. 139

required to arrange and hold not less than three farmers’ in-
stitutes each calendar year within its limits, and the board
will render all the assistance in its power to make such inst1-
tutes interesting and profitable. Thesecretary 1s expected to
attend as many of these institutes as is compatible with the
other duties of his office, and he will provide lecturers for the
institutes as far as the appropriation for this object will war-
rant. And the several agricultural societies are earnestly re-
quested at their annual meetings to fix the dates at which they
will hold the several institutes required, and the subjects they
desire to have discussed, and at once notify the secretary of
the board if they desire assistance in the procuring of lectur-
ers. Societies may arrange and hold more than three insti-
tutes if they so desire, and the secretary of each society is re-
quired to certify to the holding of each institute, upon blanks
Provided by this office.’’ During the calendar year 1890
36 societies held 129 institutes. Noregular amount has been
or iS now appropriated by the state to pay the expenses of
these institutes. The state grants an annual bounty of $600
to each incorporated agricultural society complying with the
law and with the regulations of the Board of Agriculture.
Since 18€3 the Board of Agriculture has held an annual three
days’ country (preferably public winter) meeting in some sec-
tion of the commonwealth for lectures and discussion, which
have appeared annually in the Agriculture of Massachusetts.
March 20, 1869, the legislature approved an act which, among
other things, authorized the expenditure for other clerical
services (over and above one clerk with fixed salary) in his
office, and for lectures before the board of agriculture, at its
annual and other meetings, asum not exceeding $400. In
1887 this amount was increased to $800 per annum. This
amount has been used each year to pay lecturers, stenograph-
ele setyices, etc., at this meeting.

The legal authority for the holding of institutes in Michi-
gan, in connection with the Agricultural College, is held to be
derived from the following clause in the organic law of 1861:
‘<The State Board of Agriculture may institute winter courses
of lectures, for others than students of the institution, under
necessary rules and regulations.”’’

This Michigan law possesses unusual interest, for it is
probably the first authority conveyed upon an educational in-

Institutes
in Mass-
achusetts.

Michigan.

University
extension.

Institutes
and educa-
tion.

140 : Annals of Horticulture.

stitution in this country to carry instruction to farmers who
are not students inthecollege. And this recalls the fact that
the farmers’ institute movement is essentially university ex-—
tension, * inasmuch as the greater number of the institutes are
held under the auspices of the agricultural colleges. The
vital connection which exists between these colleges and the
institutes, may be learned from a study of the statistics pre-
sented on the following pages ; and it may also be said that
even in those states in which this official and legal connection
does not exist, the teachers in the colleges are expected to iden-
tify themselves with the institute work. The institute move-
ment lacks much of the definiteness of specific university ex-
tension, however, but the ultimate aims of the two are the
same, and writers upon university extension are recognizing
this fact. The following excerpt from a paper upon ‘ Uni-
versity Extension and its Leaders,” by Professor Herbert Ee
Adams, of Johns Hopkins University, in Review of Reviews
for July, 1891, indicates the position which the farmers’ insti-
tute movement holds in the minds of educators: _

‘‘Of great importance for the higher education of the farming population
of this country are the so-called farmers’ clubs and institutes, which have in-
creased and multiplied since the agricultural college grant of 1862. Professors
S. W. Johnson and Brewer, of New Haven, rendered early and conspicuous
service as lectures to the farmers’ institutes of Connecticut. Like mechanics’
and teachers’ institutes, these voluntary associations of American farmers
are likely to lead ultimately, under right management, to a much higher
appreciation of the possibilities of the agrarian situation than now obtains,
and also to a clearer conception of civic duty. It is by the cordial alliance
of the higher educational forces of each state with the industrial and agri-
cultural, that the best interests of the commonwealth can be subserved.
One of the most interesting types of farmers’ institutes may be found in Wis-
consin, where over 60 of these organizations met last year for two dayseach,
at convenient centers in different parts of the state. University professors
and scientific experts are in the habit of giving familiar talks at these farmers’
institutes, and of promoting popular education as well as scientific agricul-
ture. Farmers come to these meetings with their wives and children.
School-teachers and young people often contribute to the literary exercises..
The Wisconsin State University, under the wise and practical guidance of
Professor Chamberlin, has endeavored to coGperate in every possible way
with the higher educational interests of the farming population, who have
generously responded this year by an extra grant of $50,000 to the university.
Mr. Charles Dudley Warner, in his Studies of the Great West, published

*** University extension means university education for thewhole nation, organized ~
upon itinerant lines.’ In any community classes may be organized to which a teacher
from thecollege or university gives instruction, with occasional examinations.

National and Educational Interests. 141

in Harper's Magazine, April, 1888, said: ‘Wisconsin is working out its
educational ideas on an intelligent system, and one that may be expected to
demonstrate the full value of the popular method—I mean a more intimate
connection of the university with the life of the people than exists elsewhere.
* * * The distinguishing thing, however, about the State University is its
vital Gounection with the farmers’ ,and- agricultural interests. * * * I
know of no other state where a like system of popular instruction on a vital
and universal interest of the state, directed by the highest educational au-
thority, is so perfectly organized and carried on with such unity of purpose
and detail of administration no other in which the farmer is brought system-
atically into such direct relations to the university.’ Farmers’ institutes also
flourish in the state of Indiana, where they may be found in every county
and in close relations with Purdue University, the agricultural college of the
state. Professor Jenks says: ‘Part of the lectures given in these institutes
are by the university professors, and are, of course, of a thoroughly scientific
and scholarly nature.’”’

The institutes are now undergoing a transformation. Far-
mers are constantly asking for more specific instruction, and
courses of technical lectures upon a series of intimately related
topics areindemand. This demand has givenrise to itinerant
‘dairy schools” and similar organizations in various states.
The institute bureaus in some cases publish a roster of
speakers, with announcement of their subjects, and from
Biie-2® iets the dilterent localities select their lecturers. The
Pennsylvania Board of Agriculture, for instance, publishes
this year a list of 55 speakers who treat upon nearly every
subject of rural economy and practice.

The demand for definite and consecutive instruction in
agriculture has brought forward a number of schemes looking
to the intensification and extension of the institute system.
The following plan by Professor H. H. Wing of Cornell Uni-
versity will commend itself to the reader: *

‘“The system of farmers’ institutes that has been maintained for some
time in New York state has undoubtedly done more than any other single
thing toward lifting up and enlightening the general mass of farmers, and ad-
vancing the interests of agriculture asa whole. These institutes are now in
the full tide of their usefulness, and in all probability will continue the same
good work for many years to come; but it has occurred to me that the time
is at hand when they should be supplemented by instruction that should
continue over a longer time, that should be more detailed, definite and spe-
cific in character, and therefore make a more lasting impression upon the
minds of the learners. It seems to me that the demand for such instruction
is greater in those places where the institutes have been of most effect than

elsewhere, and that a scheme something like the following could be quite
easily carried out and would lead to far-reaching and lasting benefits :

* Rural New- Yorker, li. 35.

Evolution
of the
institutes.

Agricul-
tural
extension
scheme,

Agricul-
tural
extension
scheme.

142 Annals of Horticulture,

‘‘Let there be organized, under competent state authority, in various parts
of the state, classes in agriculture, which should extend over a period of at
least 10 weeks and should meet weekly. They should be presided over by a
competent instructor and should admit regular students upon the payment of
a nominal fee; the students registering in these classes should be required to
attend regularly, and at the end of the course should be subjected to exam-
ination, preferably under the care of the Regents of the State University, and —
those passing should receive ‘pass cards,’ which, when a sufficient number
were obtained, should be followed by a diploma, as is now done in the case
of academy and high school pupils. ,

‘It will be seen that the scheme embraces the formation of clases in all
the various branches of applied agricultural science. Some of the courses
that would naturally be organized would be on the origin and formation of
soils and principles of culture; production, care and use of farm manure;
the breeding and rearing of domestic animals; principles and practice of
stock-feeding ; dairy husbandry; the chemistry and physiology of plant-
growth ; the principles of plant propagation ; fruit-growing in all its branches ;
injurious insects and their remedies, etc., etc. In short, all those applica-
tions of practical and natural science for which the common and high schools
now make no provision, should have a place.

‘The details of the arrangement of such classes and courses could, of
course, be varied to suit circumstances; for instance, one instructor could
very easily give instruction in two distinct but related courses, one in the morn-
ing and one in the afternoon, and could meet classes every day in the week in
localities not too widely apart ; so that one instructor could well take charge of
six classes in each of two courses, and when he had finished his course could
give way to another, who should take the same classes in some other branches.
In this way twelve classes in six localities could very easily get instruction
in six different courses during three terms of 10 weeks each, from October 1
to May 1. In all probability the greater number of the persons desiring in-
struction such as that here outlined would be young men and young women,
and the instruction should be designed primarily for them; but an impor-
tant feature of the whole scheme should be the opening of all such classes
to whomsoever might desire to attend. In this way older persons might get
the benefit of the lectures and discussions, but need not be tied down to reg-
ular attendance.

‘‘There should be very little difficulty in getting suitable quarters for
holding such classes. Grange halls, farmers’ club-rooms, and undoubtedly,
in many places, rooms in high schools or academies could be readily had.
Nor would it be a difficult matter to find teachers; those who have attained
the best success in the farmers’ institute work would for the most part make
admirable teachers and leaders for such classes of young men. A largenum-
ber of the better-informed high-school principals would make admirable
teachers demanding most knowledge of pure science, and last, but not least, -
a large and increasing number of graduates of our agricultural colleges could
find here an excellent field to extend their usefulness. Such is a brief out-
line of what I believe to be a most desirable form of agricultural university
extension ; is it not practicable?”

The farmers’ institute has exerted a most powerful influence
upon the agriculture of the country. It is in the highest

National and Educational Interests. 143

sense a philanthropic and patriotic movement. It has met,
perhaps, with the most marked success in Wisconsin, and it
is not surprising that the superintendent of the institutes in that
state, W. H. Morrison, should write thus enthusiastically of
the results :

‘‘T wish that you had the history of this movement in Wisconsin—how the
institutes -have stimulated a pride and respect for agriculture, bringing far-
mers together to compare and pool expertence! ‘They give the farmer an op-
portunity to meet masters in agriculture, men who make the business of
farming a science and alife-work. They build up and unite farm interests, en-
ergize and fertilize local thought, make men and women better satisfied with
the farm, and will have the tendency to keep a fair portion of the best boys
on the farm. They are revolutionizing agriculture in this state, and their
power was felt and heeded by our legislature last winter. Fortunately, our
farm institute work is under the auspices of our State University. My office
is in the same building with Professor Henry, Director of the Experiment
Station, and whatever may come from his experiments that will aid the
farmers of the state is taken by our farm institutes and scattered all over the
state. The fact is, they are doing more for the state than the originators of
the law ever thought or expected. He builded better than he knew. They
are educating our farmers to better methods, and increasing the rewards of
the farm. Seventy to seventy-five institutes are held each winter, attended
by an average of over 500 farmers, making them a great feeder to all the courses
in the University. And, lastly, they are advertising the resources of Wiscon-
sin, as we issue annually 31,000 copies of a farm institute bulletin.”

Nearly $85,000 1s being spent this year in North America
for farmers’ institutes. The following statistics of institutes I
have gathered directly from secretaries of state and secretaries
of boards of agriculture, and they may be regarded as cor-
e-ehtor the current year:

ALABAMA.—Annual appropriation, $3,000.

ARKANSAS.—No appropriation has been made, nor has the general assem-
bly ever made any law for the purpose of fostering farmers’ institutes.

ArIzonA.—No appropriation has been made.

CALIFORNIA.—No farmers’ institutes. The appropriations in the interest
of agriculture are made through the state and district agricultural associa-
tions.

CanaDA.—Ontario.—The number of farmers’ institutes organized in On-
tario, as reported in 1890, was 78. These each receive a grant from the
- Ontario government of $25, and a similar grant from the county council of
the municipality in which the institute is organized. Besides this, the On-
tario government is giving $2,000 this year to defray the expenses of the pro-
fessors at Guelph, who devote the greater part of January in each year to
attendance at these meetings. The Guelph officers divide up into three or
four groups, and take with each group a representative of the Fruit-Growers’
Association and one or two representative farmers; and they are out contin-
uously for three or four weeks, going from place to place holding meetings

Institutes
in Wis-
consin,

Statistics
of insti-
tutes.

Statistics
of insti-
tutes.

144 Annals of Horticulture.

which have been previously arranged for and advertised. There is also a.

central farmers’ institute which holds its meeting annually in Toronto for
three days, and at this meeting one or more persons represent each farmers’
institute in the province. The government grant to this is $800.
Manttoba.—There are about twenty or twenty-five farmers’ institutes in
Manitoba, each one of which receives $25 a year from the provincial funds.

Nova Scotia.—There is no regular organization for farmers’ institutes in

this province, and no money is given by the government specially for this
purpose. Professor Smith, principal of the Agricultural School, is holding
meetings in the western counties of the province, and one of the graduates of
the school is to be employed to lecture in the Cape Breton counties during
the winter. The expenses of these officers are borne by the government.

CoLorabo.—No direct appropriations have been made by the general as-
sembly for the purpose of supporting and conducting farmers’ institutes.
The State Board of Agriculture has annually set aside a certain sum to be
used for the purpose of defraying the expenses of professors attending such
institutes held in different parts of the state. Since the year 1888 a record
has been kept of the amount expended for this purpose, which is as follows:
For the year 1888, $99.55; for the year 1889, $56.60; for the year 1890,
$121.80; for the year 1891, $90; for the year 1892 the sum of 500 has been
appropriated for said purposes.

CONNECTICUT.—No appropriation. The Board of Agriculture holds an im-
portant winter meeting from its own funds, and about $200 per year is other-
wise expended for institute work.

DELAWARE.—Annual appropriation, $200 to each of the three counties.
An act providing for the holding of farmers’ institutes was passed March 29,
1889. The object of the institutes is defined to be ‘‘ the discussion orally,
or by written essays or papers, of agricultural or kindred matters, and for
the dissemination of agricultural knowledge among the farmers of the
state.”

FLoripa.—No appropriation.

GEOoRGIA.—No appropriation.

ILLtinois.—In 1889 the thirty-sixth general assembly appropriated $100
per annum for the use of each congressional district in the state holding
farmers’ institute meetings. There being twenty congressional districts, the
sum appropriated therefore amounts to $4,000 for the two legislative years.
There was paid to the districts holding farmers’ institutes from said appro-
priation, the sum of 43,000. The thirty-seventh general assembly, 189qr1,
passed an act appropriating the sum of $50 annually for two years to each
county farmers’ institute; there being 102 counties in the state, the appro-
priation therefor amounts to the sum of $10,200. But few of the counties
have yet held meetings, but most of them will probably hold institutes, and
will draw the amount appropriated for the holding of them.

INDIANA.—Annual appropriation, $5,000.

Iowa.—No appropriation. Last winter the State Agricultural Society and
the Agricultural College appropriated a small sum. Institutes are held, but
they are supported by individuals or societies.

Kansas.—No appropriation.

KEentTucky.—The first appropriation for state institutes was made in May,
1890, when the legislature passed an amendment to the law creating the
Bureau of Agriculture, and required, among other things, that institutes be

gene

National and Educational Tnterests. I45

held in different partsofthestate. The total appropriation to the Bureau was
$13,000, but no definite sum was specified for institutes. Five institutes were
held in the fall of 1890, nine in the spring of 1891, and about nine more will
be held during the present winter. The cost of these institutes averages
about $100 each, so that about $1,000 may be said to be spent for them annually.

LoutsiAna.—No appropriation. |

MaineE.—Annual appropriation, $3,000. The secretary of the Board of
Agriculture and one member are obliged to hold two institutes yearly in
every county.

MaArYLAND.—No appropriation.

MassACHUSETTS.—Each incorporated agricultural society in the state com-
plying with the state law and regulations of the Board of Agriculture (see
page 138) receives an annual bounty of $600. Each society must hold at
least three institutes each year. In 1890, 36 societies held 129 institutes.

The State Board of Agriculture also holds one public three-days meeting
each year, for which $800 is expended. The state also appropriates funds
for other general institutes, and for these institutes from $600 to $700 is
used. !

MicuiGan.—No separate appropriation. An item for farmers’ institutes
is inserted annually in the appropriations made to the State Board of Agri-
culture. This was first given in 1876-7, the amount being $164.30. It has
varied from that amount to $750, which is the present appropriation per year.

Mrinnesota.—Annual appropriation, $7,000. The first appropriation,
$5,000, was made in 1887.

Mississipp1.—No appropriation.

Missouri1.—Last appropriation, for each of two years, $5,000. Expenses
of members of Board of Agriculture attending meetings, per year, $500.
During the present winter, institutes will be held in 56 counties of the state.

The institute work was established in 1882 by Professor J. W. Sanborn, then
secretary of the State Board of Agriculture. ‘The Board was then receiving
$2,500 per annum to carry on all its work, and out of this sum the expenses of
a very limited series were met. By the aid of members of the faculty of the
Agricultural College, who gave their time during vacations and when they
could be spared from their class-room work, and volunteer assistance from
public-spirited farmers, the work was carried on without any special appro-
priation for the purpose from the general one made to the Board, and which at
any time never exceeded $3,000 perannum. The work progressed slowly from
the time of its organization, and steadily grew in popularity until the demand
was so great for institute meetings that the legislature recognized the necessity
for making a liberal appropriation for carrying it on. The institute work did
more toward securing the increase from $3,000 to $12,000 per year for carry-
ing on the work of the Board of Agriculture than any other of the lines of
work which the Board prosecutes.

MontTana.—No movement has been made to establish farmers’ institutes.

NEBRASKA.—No appropriation has been made by the state. Institutes
have been held for 10 or 12 years, however, through the efforts of individuals
and societies. About 50 institutes are arranged for the present winter.
These are supported by appropriations from the following sources: Board of
Regents of the State University, $300; State Board of Agriculture, $100; State
Horticultural Society, $100; State Dairymen’s Association, $100. These in-
stitutes are to be followed by a week or ten days’ institute at Lincoln, under
the auspices of the State University,

Statistics
of insti-
tutes.

Statistics
of insti-
tutes.

146 Annals of Horticulture.

Nevapba. —No appropriation.

New HAmpPsHIRE.—About $1,000 is now used annually for farmers’ in-
stitutes. Heretofore, the amount has averaged about $600.

NEw JERsEy.—About $2,000 of the amount appropriated to the State Board
of Agriculture is used annually for institutes. The county boards of agri-
culture hold meetings which are of an institute character, and these boards
receive some of the general funds appropriated to the State Board. Sixteen
county boards are now organized.

New Mexico.—No appropriation.

New Yorx.—Annual appropriation for last four years, $10,000. ‘The first
appropriation, $6,000, was made in 1887. From 7o to 8o institutes are held
each winter, under the personal charge of a director selected by the State
Agricultural Society.

NorTH CarROLINA.—No appropriation. From $250 to $500 per year has
been devoted to institutes by the State Board of Agriculture from its own
funds. ‘The first institutes were held in 1886 or 1887.

NortH Dakota. No appropriation.

Ou1o.—There is no specific appropriation by the state for farmers’ in-
stitutes. The funds come from the county treasuries, each county to appro-
priate not more than $200 annually. For 1890-1 the total fund spent for
institutes in Ohio was $7,823.56, and about this sum will probably be ex-
pended each year. In 1890-1, 124 institutes were held under the auspices of
the State Board of AgNculture. In 1886-7 there were 50; 1887-8, 60;
1888-9, 62.

OREGON.—NoO appropriation.

PENNSYLVANIA.—1885, #1I,000; 1886, $1,000; 1887, $3,000; 1888, $3,000 ;
1889, $5,000; 1890, $5,000; 1891, $7,000; 1892, $7,000; also $1,500 for ex-
penses of members of the State Board of Agriculture in attending meetings.
Each county agricultural society elects a member of the State Board, and
each member is responsible for the institutes and expenditure of funds in his
district. In 1890-1, 61 institutes were held. This winter about 100 will be
held.

RHODE IsLanp.—No specific appropriation. About ten institutes are now
held during the year at an average cost of about $40 each. These are held
under the auspices of the State Board of Agriculture. For a few winters
previous to 1889-90, the State Agricultural Society held a course of about
six lectures at the society’s rooms in Providence, and the expense of them
was borne jointly with the Board of Agriculture. Comparatively few far-
mers could attend these meetings, and two years ago (January, 1890) the
Board held an institute in Kingston, following the meeting of the State
Grange. Since then institutes have been held in various parts of the state.

SouTH CaroLtina.—The State Agricultural Society, for a number of years,
commencing about 1874, held summer meetings in different parts of the
state, at which essays were read and discussions had on agricultural topics,
but no funds were appropriated for this purpose till 1877 or 1888, after
which amounts ranging from $200 to $300 were expended annually for this
purpose by the Department of Agriculture, until the abolishment of this De-
partment, which occurred in December, 1890. The duties of the department
of agriculture are now devolved on the trustees of Clemson Agricultural
College, and it is their purpose to encourage farmers’ institutes in every
way possible.

National and Educational Interests. 147

SoutH Daxota.—The last session of the state legislature authorized the
board of trustees of the State Agricultural College to provide for holding
farmers’ institutes during the coming winter in various parts of the state.
Accordingly the trustees directed the faculty of the college to provide pro-
grammes, and arrange for a series of five institutes during December and
January, 1891-2. As no funds were appropriated by the legislature, and
as there are none at the disposal of the trustees for this purpose, all ex-
penses must be met by the communities where institutes are desired. These
expenses cover the rent of rooms where the meetings are held, with lighting
and heating, the printing of notices and programmes, and the necessary
traveling expenses of those members of the college faculty whose services
may be desired. The college prints a roster of its officers who can take
part in the institute work, with the subjects which they wish to discuss.
Communities that desire institutes apply directly to the college.

TENNESSEE.—The state has never made an appropriation for the special
purpose of organizing farmers’ institutes. The present commissioner of
agriculture has commenced the work, and over one-half of the state has
been organized. ‘The work is done by the assistant commissioners in con-
nection with their general work, and they are paid out of the general appro-
priation made for this department.

Trexas.—Annual appropriation, $500, to be used under the direction of
the Agricultural and Mechanical College. It is expected that one institute
shall be held in each congressional district.

Utau.—No appropriation.

VERMONT.—2,500 per year. Every other year a report is printed from the
Board of Agriculture at a cost of $1,500.

ViRGINIA.—No appropriation has been made. Out of its general funds,
the State Board of Agriculture last year used $250 for institutes.

WASHINGTON.—No appropriation.

WEsT VirGINIA.—No appropriation.

Wisconsin.—Annual appropriation, $12,000. The first funds were given six
years ago. The first two years the annual appropriation was $5,000. The
proceedings of the institutes are each year condensed into a volume, of which
31,000 copies are issued. From 70 to 75 institutes are held each winter, with
an average attendance of over 500.

WyxomMING.—No appropriation.

An important educational movement has been inaugurated
in England this year by the Fruit Growers’ Association.* The
following scheme for forty lectures is prepared by a com-
mittee of the Association: /7rst stage. Plant-life.—Seeds:
nature of, and germination ; requirements of growth—water,
Meen cir. Soils; nature and composition.~ Roots: nature
and functions ; branches, fibrils, and root-hairs; what they
do and how—what helps, what hinders them. Stems and
branches : their nature, work and uses—-helps and hindrances.
Leaves: what they are, what they do—helps and hindrances.

*Gar. Chron. 3 ser. x. 520. ~.

Statistics
of insti-
tutes.

Itinerant
lectures in
England.

Agricul-
tural ex-
tension in
England.

Horticul-
tural So-
cieties.

148 Annals of Horticulture.

Buds and tubers: leaf-buds, flower-buds, tubers. Growth:
increase in size and changes of composition, formation and
storage of food materials. Flowers: their component parts ;
what they do. Fruit: changes and development during
ripening ; forms and varieties—apple, strawberry, plum, etc.
Second stage. Elementary operations.—Description and use of
implements under each head. Operations connected with
the land, with explanations and illustrations of good and bad
methods—digging and trenching, draining, hoeing, stirring
the soil and weeding, watering. Preparation of seed-bed :
rolling and raking; sowing, transplanting and thinning.
Potting. Planting: positions and shelter ; staking; earthing
and blanching, Propagation: elementary principles —cut-
ting, budding, grafting, layering; insect and fungous pests.
Third stage. Advanced practice.—Budding. Grafting and
stocks used. Layering. Division. Branch-pruning. Root-
pruning: old and young trees and bushes. Fruit-culture:
Open air and under glass; small fruits; apples and pears;
stone-fruits ; gathering and storing ; packing and marketing.
Vegetable culture: tubers and roots ; green vegetables ; fruits
and seeds (peas, beans, etc.); rotation of crops. Flower cul-
ture: outside and under glass; manures and application.
Treatment of insect pests; treatment of fungous pests. Gen-
eral knowledge of fruits.

A university extension movement in relation to agricultural
topics has been started in Kent. In upwards of 60 villages
courses of six lectures have been given upon agricultural
chemistry, botany, entomology and related subjects. The
funds were provided by a grant of £3000 from the Technical
Education Committee of the Kent County Council. This is
said to be the first attempt in England ‘‘to bring before rural
audiences some of the elementary scientific principles which
underlie their daily work.’’

Numerous societies are prosecuting work of essentially the
same character as that pursued by the farmers’ institutes, and
with the additional advantages of permanence of organization
which insures more consecutive endeavor. There are in
North America a dozen horticultural societies of a national or
general character, and over 50 state, provincial and district
societies. In addition to these there are some hundreds of
county and local societies, of which statistics have never been

ius a sanlesnctelgeg 02

National and Educational Lnterests. 149

collected. The greater number of these societies are of com-
Patatively recent origin. In 1852,-A. J. Downing wrote as
fates im his preface to Lindley’s ‘‘Theory of Horticulture”’:
‘Within the last ten years the taste for horticultural pursuits
has astonishingly increased in the United States. There are,
at the present moment, at least 12 societies in different parts
of the Union devoted to the improvement of gardening, and
to the dissemination of information on the subject.” All the
stronger societies receive instruction from experts in various
departments of horticulture, and as nearly all of them publish
reports of their proceedings, they create a large and invalu-
able portion of the permanent literature of horticulture. The
transactions of these societies never have been appreciated as
their merits deserve, for while very many of them lack the
supervision of a skillful editor, they are all valuable as store-
houses of personal experience.

The society may now be considered to be an indispensable
adjunct to any progress in horticulture, a proposition which
finds confirmation in the fact that the extent of enthusiasm
in any meeting is usually in direct ratio to the value of the
horticultural interests in the community. Writing upon this
point, Charles A. Green makes the following remarks :*

‘‘ Considering all the aspects of the case, any person who can look back
upon the history of fruit-growing will concede that remarkable changes have
taken place, and that every year we have been making wonderful progress.
Nowhere can this fact be so clearly seen as at our horticultural meetings. A
list of subjects that would have been acceptable ten years ago at such meetings
would now be considered unworthy of discussion or attention. Men who
were competent to instruct the members of a horticultural society ten years
ago would not now consider themselves competent. It has come to be un-
derstood that any one profitably to occupy the time of a horticultural associa-
tion should be an expert in some certain specialty, and in most cases a
scientific man, who has devoted his entire life to the study of one department
of affairs relating to practical pomology.”’

The aims and results of a horticultural society have never
been more pleasantly told than by Charles W. Garfield in his
annual address for 1891 as president of the Grand River
Valley (Michigan) Horticultural Society :

‘‘OQur society was organized in 1872, since which time monthly meetings

have been held with creditable regularity. There have been ebbs and flows
in the interest and enthusiasm manifested, but to-day the organization is

*Green’s Fruit Grower, Jan. 1892.

Societies
and edu-
cation.

Aims of the
Society.

Aims of
the Horti-
cultural
Society.

The Society
as a school.

150 Annals of Horticulture.

stronger than ever before. There have been great changes in membership
and officers, and the success of the society has been due to the disinterested
efforts of a few people. The questions will come up occasionally, ‘What
have we to show for all this expenditure of energy?’ ‘ Has the effort paid ?’

‘On the debit side are the labors. of the officers and members to make the
meetings interesting and valuable; the annual fees that have been paid in by
the members ; the sacrifices that have been made to attend; the losses en-
gendered by absence from business to attend the meetings, and duties im-
posed by the society.

‘“On the credit ‘side are the good times we have enjoyed with friends
whose sympathies and labors are in accord with our own; the informa-
tion we have acquired by contact with people who know more about some
things than we do; the brightening of our own views and methods by rubbing
up against our neighbors; the crystallizing into better form our own ways of
doing, through the stimulus of imparting correct information to our friends ;
the gathering by absorption of better ways of management, by seeing the
methods our neighbors are using; the broadening of our lives by a knowledge
of what others are doing, and the development of more defined views of
the means to success and satisfaction in life, thus becoming better fitted to
enjoy life and aid others in its enjoyment.

‘‘How does it look to you? Has it paid to maintain this society? Could
not we swell the credit side to even more considerable proportions by giving
a little more thought and attention to the work of the society? Activity with
good purpose brings its own reward. We can not go amiss in making
the ,most of the days as they come to us, and the meré attaimment of
a livelihood is simply the first course in the foundation of real life. I
feel that the freedom with which, in our society, we impart the in-
formation from our own experience which will aid others to a larger
measure of success, or prevent them from making mistakes that lie in the
way of success, is enough excuse for its continued existence. Our own lives
are enriched and ennobled just in the proportion that we strive to assist our
fellows. I have no sympathy or patience with the method that brings
emoluments in proportion to the ignorance of others.

‘“‘Our meetings make a model school, at which we all willingly attend, to
seek the information we wish. There is no compulsion, no straight-jacket
method, simply the most delightful means of acquiring information, that,
while aiding business and promoting happiness, adds to the general fund of
information and aids in the general growth of the community. We who live
in the country and have to deal with nature’s processes, which are the source
of material wealth, are apt to forget that we are in the midst of a great uni-
versity, with numerous courses of study before us, and the means for a broad
education within our grasp. The question constantly confronts us, Shall we
sacrifice this education because we are not willing to look farther than the
acquirement of means to maintain existence? If our society can aid us to
wider and more liberal views of nature’s processes, to an appreciation of her
beautiful forms, to the utilization of the knowledge of nature’s methods in
adding to our equipment for getting satisfaction out of the life that is given
us, it is worth the expenditure of a large measure of energy in its maintenance.
I am not certain but in promoting the objects of our society, and interesting
our children in the principles and practice that form the basis of success in
horticulture, we may not be accomplishing as much in developing them for

a ie ne ese,

* National and Educational Lnterests. I51

their life-work as by sending them to school to con lessons from books.. It
seems to me that we can make even more of our society in this direction than
we have done.

‘“The man who makes his thousands in a single deal in real estate, who
has added nothing intrinsically to the value of the land, may, because of his
dollars, cut a wide swath in the community; but I count of far greater value
to the world one who, through the study of nature’s possibilities, brings out
an added flower or fruit of value to mankind; and while dealers in stocks
and bonds and lumber and land may iaugh in derision at our enthusiasm over
a new peach that fills a place in the succession of fruits, or a new chrysan-
themum with added attractions of form or color, we can in our ecstasy sor-
row a little that so few people in this world know how to get the highest
pleasure out of life by living near to nature’s heart. There is a wonderful
field for improvement in the objects with which we deal; and the more we
add to our knowledge of the things that lie nearest to us, the wider will open
before us the door to the wealth of information, the acquirement of which
will give to us the keenest delight.”

The aggregate attendance at meetings of the national, state,
provincial and district societies for 1891 has probably exceeded
000. (1 Have endeayored to collect exact statistics upon
this point for the year, but I have not been able to secure
figures from all the societies. The following incomplete record
will have some value, however :

lVo. of Average

NATIONAL OR GENERAL SOCIETIES. Meetings Aiten-
S91. dance.
Pamerneat wesociation Of Nurserymen .........6.0..0c.00+.- I Large.
Pen wee niysanthemum Society +. .5 2.6 ee ee eee ee I
mmotean Cranberry Growers’ Association.........0.0:0...4. 2 75
Pamericatet omological Society .. o.c 2... ba pee ec ee bene I 100
Prmemiam sced. i rade Association... <i see) ek i el ee I
Association of American Cemetery Superintendents......... I 75
Cider and Cider-Vinegar Makers’ Association of the North-
ee RR EME A. aia 2 rete ot gm Hyg RAG 5 AIRE EEE Ok 8 ts w boat I 40
moaesreme Nurserymen s Association... 15. ee eet eevee eee I 15
Peninsula Horticultural Society (Chesapeake Peninsula).... 1 150
Pemeeigeee idericai PlOrists’ . ... . . n fie ww hee neve: I 750

STATE, PROVINCIAL, AND DISTRICT SOCIETIES.

meets EVOnicultural SOCIety .... 6.5.6 cee el ew ce cartaens 2 20
California :
PIE PSS CIANNOR 6 ents 08 a 6 chee ton ee bese SS dle oct ee bee v's IO
Mra mmicWetKEAL, ( SOCICLY eo 08. 5 4.2 te ae cs ek ctw es 12 30
Seurnvenm jomolopical’ Society .....0 225.0500 eee eet 337 £063
eNO EAE SOCIOL: wars cc ats ges s-we poe eb 8 ele ea ewe os 12

* Although this is not strictly a horticultural organization, much of its attention is directed
to fostering apple-growing, and it may therefore be considered here.

The love
of plants.

Society
statistics.

Statisties of
Societies.

New
colleges.

152 Annals of Horticulture. .

Vo. af Average

Meetings Atten-
I89I. dance.
Canada:
British Columbia Fruit Growers’ Association......... I
Montreal Horticultural Society, .. .....:4... uo. ee 2 40
Ontario Fruit Growers’ Association. *.. 2.5 eee I50
Indiana Horticultural Society ))..077..«2,.)s 4. 40s )e ae e 2 50tO 75
Kentucky Horticultural Society. 0... 2: - bee es ee ee I 40
Mainé Pomological Society... ....0.0..55 -=-4..0 458 I. “Good
Michigan Horticultural Society... 25...) oe ee 2 125
Minnesota Horticultural Society... 2. )...5...42 695 2 50and 300
Mississippi Horticultural Society 32: .2 02... 2 2 100
Missouri Horticultural Society. ..).a..-.... esc.) 2 120to 150
New Jersey Horticultural Society... .-i22-..5.. 5 I 75
New York, Western New York Horticultural Society........ I 300
Ohio Horticultural. Society .:.. 20 s28.5 sete one een 3 60
Oregon Horticultural Society. 2.5.5... e2< oak 1 4 150
Pennsylvania: Horticultural Society... 2: /. 220. =) ee 12 45
ea. State Horticultural Association. <2). 232 eee I 50
Rhode'Island Horticultural Society... -20-:..09. ee IO 25
South Carolina Horticultural,Society ...)..2. 8% I Good
Texas Horticultural: Society...i0).00. a5 te 1 ‘ 150
Wisconsin Horticultural Societys... 0. <2 48). sence eee 2 100 to 200

The same spirit which maintains the farmers’ institutes and
the societies seeks the establishment of agricultural schools.
Several agricultural colleges and experiment stations have
been organized during the year or within the few months pre-
ceding it, and it is an interesting fact in the history of the de-
velopment of our country that one of these institutions is in
the newly organized territory of Oklahoma. Forty-six states
and territories now possess an agricultural college and exper-
iment station. Only Alaska, Idaho and Montana have failed
to establish such institutions.
England for technical horticultural schools. (See page 148.)

The most distinct educational movement of the year in hor-
ticultural directions is the passage of the law by the State of
New York, providing for the establishment of a great botanic
garden in New York city. This law was approved April 28,
1891, and is as follows:

There js now a demand in -

ete
puesy

_—s".

Nattonal and Liducational Interests. 153

“AN ACT TO PROVIDE FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT OF A BOTANIC GARDEN AND
MUSEUM AND ARBORETUM IN BRONX PARK, IN THE CITY OF NEW YorRK, AND
TO INCORPORATE THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN FOR CARRYING ON THE
SAME.

‘SECTION I. Seth Low, Charles P. Daly, John S. Newberry, Charles A.
Dana, Addison Brown, Parke Godwin, Henry C. Potter, Charles Butler,
Hugh J. Grant, Edward Cooper, Cornelius Vanderbilt, Nathaniel L.
Britton, Morris K. Jesup, J. Piermont Morgan, Andrew Carnegie, Thomas
F. Gilroy, Eugene Kelly, Jr., Richard T. Auchmuty, D. O. Mills, Charles
F. Chandler, Louis Fitzgerald, Theodore W. Myers, Wm. C. Schermer-
horn, Oswald Ottendorfer, Albert Gallup, Timothy F. Allen, Henry R.
Hoyt, William G. Choate, Wm. H. Draper, John S. Kennedy, Jesse Selig-
man,Wm. L. Brown, David Lydig, William E. Dodge, Jas. A. Scrymser,
Samuel Sloan, Wm. H. Robertson, Stephen P. Nash, Richard W. Gilder,
Thomas Hogg, Nelson Smith, Samuel W. Fairchild, Robert Maclay, Wm.
Hs. Wood, George M. Olcutt, Chas. F. Cox, Jas. R. Pitcher, Percy KR.
Pyne, and such persons as are now, or may hereafter be, associated with
them, and their successors, are hereby constituted and created a body cor-
porate by the name of the New York Botanical Garden, to be located in
the city of New York, for the purpose of establishing and maintaining a
Botanical Garden and Museum and Arboretum therein ; for the collection
and culture of plants, flowers, shrubs and trees; the advancement of bo-
tanical science and knowledge, and the prosecution of original researches
therein and in kindred subjects ; for affording instruction in the same; for
the prosecution and exhibition of ornamental and decorative horticulture
and gardening ; and for the entertainment, recreation, and instruction of
the people.

‘‘Sgc, 2. Said corporation shall have all such corporate powers, and may
take and hold by gift, grant, or devise all such real and personal property
as May be necessary and proper for carrying out the purposes aforesaid,
and for the endowment of the same, or any branch thereof, by adequate
funds therefor.

‘‘Sec. 3. Said corporation may adopt a constitution and by-laws; make
rules and regulations for the transaction of its business, the admission,

- _ suspension and expulsion of the associate members of said corporation, and

for the number, election, terms, and duties of its officers, subject to the pro-
- visions of this act; and may, from time to time, alter or modify its consti-
tution, by-laws, rules and regulations, and shall be subject to the provisions
of Title 3 of Chapter 18 of the first part of the Revised Statutes.

‘‘Sec. 4. The affairs of the said corporation shall be managed and con-
trolled by a Board of Managers as follows: The president of Columbia
College, the professors of botany, of geology, and of chemistry therein, the
president of the Torrey Botanical Club, and the president of the Board of
Education of the city of New York, and their successors in office,
shall be ex officio members of said corporation and of the Board of Mana-
gers, and shall have the management and control of the scientific and
educational departments of said corporation and the appointment of the
Director-in-Chief of said institution, who shall appoint his first assistant
and the chief gardener, and be responsible for the general scientific conduct
of the institution.

II

New York
Botanic
Garden.

New York
Botanic
Garden

154 Annals of Horticulture.

‘‘ All other business and affairs of the corporation, including its financial
management, shall be under the control of the whole Board of Managers,
which shall consist of the aforesaid ex officio members and of the mayor of
the city of New York, the president of the Board of Commissioners of the
Department of Public Parks, and of at least nine other managers to be
elected by the members of the corporation.

‘«The first election shall be by ballot, and held on a written notice of ten

days, addressed by mail to each of the above-named incorporators, stating

the time and place of election, and signed by at least five incorporators.

Three of the managers so elected shall hold office for one year, three for
two years, and three for three years, The term of office of the managers
elected after the first election, save those elected to fill vacancies in unex-
pired terms, shall be three years; and three managers and such others as
may be needed to fill vacancies in unexpired terms shall be elected annually,
pursuant to the by-laws of the corporation. The number of elective man-
agers may be increased by vote of the corporation, whose terms and election
shall be as above provided.

‘“The Board of Managers shall elect from their number a President,
Secretary, and Treasurer, none of whom, or of the Board of Managers,
save the Secretary, shall receive any compensation for his services.

‘Sec. 5. Whenever the said corporation shall have raised, or secured
by subscription, a sum sufficient in the judgment of the Board of Com-
missioners of the Department of Public Parks in the city of New York for
successfully establishing and prosecuting the objects aforesaid, not less,

however, than $250,000, within five years from the passage of this act, the ©

said Board of Commissioners is hereby authorized and directed to set apart
and appropriate, upon such conditions as to the said board may seem ex-
pedient, a portion of the Bronx Park, not exceeding 250 acres, for establishing
and maintaining therein by the said corporation a Botanical Garden and
Museum, including an Herbarium and Arboretum, and for the general pur-
poses stated in the first section of this act. And the said Board of Com-
missioners is thereupon hereby authorized and directed to construct and
equip within the said grounds so allotted, according to plans approved by
them and by the said Board of Managers, a suitable fireproof building for
such Botanical Museum and Herbarium, with lecture rooms and labora-
tories for instruction, together with other suitable buildings for the care
and culture of tender or other plants, indigenous or exotic, at an aggregate
cost not exceeding the annual interest upon the bonds hereinafter authorized
to be issued by the city of New York; the use of said buildings upon com-
pletion to be transferred to said corporation for the purposes stated in
this act.

‘‘And for the purposes of providing means therefor, it shall be the duty
of the comptroller of the city of New York, upon being thereto requested
by said commissioners, and upon being authorized thereto by the Board of
Estimate and Apportionment, to issue and sell at not less than their par
value, bonds or stock of the Mayor, Aldermen and Commonalty of the city
of New York, in the manner now provided by law, payable from taxation,
aggregating the sum $500,000, bearing interest at a rate not exceeding three
per cent. per annum, and redeemed within a period of time not longer than
30 years from the date of their issue.

ee en ee

National and Educational Interests. 155

‘Sec. 6. The grounds set apart as above provided shall be used for no
other purposes than authorized by this act; and no intoxicating liquors
shall be sold or allowed thereon. For police purposes, and for the main-
tenance of proper roads and walks, the said grounds shall remain subject
at all times to the control of the said Board of Commissioners of the De-
partment of Parks; but otherwise, after the suitable laying out of the same,
and the construction of proper roads and walks therein by the Department
of Parks,-the said grounds and buildings shall be under the management
and control of the said corporation. The said grounds shall be open and
free to the public daily, including Sundays, subject to such restrictions only
as to hours as the proper care, culture and preservation of the said garden
may require; and its educational and scientific privileges shall be open to
all alike, male and female, upon such necessary regulations, terms and con-
ditions as shall be prescribed by the managers of those departments.”

Legal control of varieties. The prolonged discussion which
ran through the year 1890 upon legal protection to origina-
tors or owners of varieties of plants, subsided during the
present year.* The only new step taken in the movement
towards protecting plantsmen, is the following recommenda-
mane a -eomimittee (L.-H. Bailey, N. H. Albaugh, S. B:
Parsons) of the American Association of Nurserymen, which
the association adopted :}

‘‘We are of the opinion that anational register of cultivated plants should
be made under the auspices of the Department of Agriculture at Washing-
ton. This register should contain the nameof the plant, its place of origin,
originator, how originated, description, and if possible a drawing or photo-
graph of it. This register would serve as a record simply, and would in
no sense constitute a ‘protection right’ or ‘patent right’ to the originator
or introducer. It would serve for a reference in all doubtful or disputed
cases, and would bea recognition to the originator; and it would afford
a distinct step in advance in the study of systematic horticulture.

‘‘ As a means of distinct protection, we advise that all introducers use a
trade-mark, which is now held by the patent office to constitute a legal
protection.”

Nomenclature. Reform in names of horticultural varieties
is gaining ground perceptibly in all directions. The most
gratifying feature of this progress concerns the nomenclature of
kitchen-garden vegetables. It will be remembered that a
committee from the horticulturists of the experiment stations
formulated a set of rules in 1889 for the revision of the nomen-
clature of vegetables, and the committee also published a cat-
alogue of all varieties sold in American markets that year, f

*Fora full history and discussion of this subject, see ANNALS for 1890, pp. 112-129.
+Proc. Am. Assoc. Nurserymen, 1891, 129.
TANNALS for 1889, 106.

Legal
protection,

*Nomencla-
ture.

156 Annals of Horticulture.

with a revision of the names. ‘The labor was undertaken with
a full knowledge of its difficulties and of the impossibility of
arriving at safe conclusions in all cases; and it was expected
that the work should be simply preliminary to a more thorough
study of the subject at some future time. In the main, the
effort of this committee has met the approval of the seedsmen >
and writers of the country, and it 1s but fair to the dealers to
say that the experimenters have not pushed thereform. The
rules were endorsed by the American Seed Trade Association
at its last meeting, and a committee was creatéd for the pur-

Nomen- pose of fully considering the whole question of nomenclature.

claturee Some seedsmen are adopting the rules gradually, in such a
manner as not to overthrow too suddenly the existing names.
One of the clearest advances in this direction is the dropping
of the possessives by James M. Thorburn & Co. : eé. g., Thor-
burn Everbearing cucumber, instead of Thorburn’s Ever-
bearing.

The work of the committee on nomenclature of the Society
of American Florists really belongs to the subject of synonymy,
as was pointed out last year.* Thereis necessity for a specific
code concerning the form of the name of varieties of ornamental
plants, and if the florists’ committee were to undertake this
labor with the same energy with which it has prosecuted the

synonymy, Subject of synonymy, great progress would soon be made in

the application of ‘‘ brevity, accuracy and good taste” to the
names of flowers. The committee is called upon, of course,

to decide upon the proper form of the scientific name of the

species, but specific and generic names already proceed upon

recognized rules, and the determination of them is a botanical

rather than a horticultural question. The florists’ committee

on synonymy is rendering the cause of revised nomenclature

great aid, however, as any one will at once observe upon

reading its last report,} and it is giving profound moral sup-

.port to the popular demand for ingenuous catalogue-making.

Other discussions. Other important general movements of

Roads, the year are the continued discussions upon country roads,

etc. the agitation of rural free mail-delivery systems, and the pros-
ecution of the statistical elaborations of the eleventh census. f

* ANNALS for 1890, I29.

+Proc. Soc. Am. Flor. vii. 84.

{For a full outline of the census investigation of pomological questions, see paper on the
subject before the American Pomological Society, by Mortimer Whitehead:

‘seid

National and Educational Interests. 157

The transfer of the Weather Bureau to the Department of
Agriculture (July 1, 1891)is also an important event to the
horticulturist, because the movement promises to result in a
more minute study of the particular requirements of the culti-
water, “* Ihe study of climate has, in general, been prosecut-
ed by European meteorologists to an extent and to a degree
of refinement that is not yet attained in America, and perhaps
scarcely appreciated by us. Thus we speak of the climate of
a state, whereas we should speak of the climates within the
state and of the climate of a special farm or even of a small
field, because each individual plant prospers or languishes
according as the temperature and moisture of its own locality
is tavetaple or not. *~ * * The demandsof agricultural
climatology are very different from those of dynamic meteor-
ology or the study and prediction of daily weather.’’*

There has been a revival of interest upon the relation of
electricity to the growth and development of plants, particu-
larly abroad, and one bulletin report upon the subject has
been made in this country.+ Researches upon the influence
of electric light upon vegetation have also been published
from Cornell University,{ and these possess added interest
now that the electric light has been advised as one of the means
of mitigating the effects of London and other city fogs. §

Effects of fog upon plants. One of the unique and important
investigations of the year is that undertaken by Professor F.
W. Oliver, of Kew, for the Royal Horticultural Society, upon
the effects of urban fogs upon plants. A grant of £100 was
made by the government for this purpose in 1890, and this is
the more interesting since it appears to be the ‘‘ very first in-
stance,”’ according to the Gardeners’ Chronicle, ‘‘in which a
grant of public money has been made for any purely horticul-
tural purpose” in that country. A preliminary report was
made to the Royal Society, March 24, 1891. It findsthat pure
country fogs or mists exert no injurious influence on plants
aside from lessening the amount of light which they receive.
The urban fogs, especially those of large manufacturing cities,
contain smoke and other impurities. The most injurious in-

*Mark W. Harrington, chief of Weather Bureau, in special rep. 1891, 25.
Bull. 16, Hatch, Mass. Exp. Sta.
TBull. 30, Cornell Exp. Sta.

2The student of the relations of electricity to plants should consult Dr. Ewald Wollny’s
Anwendung der Elektricitat bei der Pflanzenkultur, Munich, 1883.

Weather
Bureau,

Fog,

Fog.

158 Annals of Horticulture.

gredient of these smoke-fogs appears to be sulphuric acid.
These fogs injure plants, therefore, both by reducing the light
and ‘‘in the formation of actual corrosions of portions of the
leaf-surface.’’ The fogs injure both buds and leaves, causing
them to fall, and they sometimes destroy outright tender
seedlings of cucurbits, tomatoes and some other plants. The
chemical composition of one sample of the fog deposit from a
greenhouse roof was as follows: About 40 per cent. mineral
matter, 36 per cent. carbon, and 15 per cent. of hydrocarbons.
There was 2 to 3 per cent. of metallic iron in minute par-
ticles. Sulphuric acid was present to nearly 5 per cent. and
hydrochloric acid 1%.per cent, The report suggests several
remedial measures. In foggy times in cities the temperature
should be kept low and the roots should be watered sparingly.
‘¢Hverything should be done to tax the vegetative organs ofa
plant to the least possible extent, when any of the vital func-
tions are interfered with, as in dull, foggy weather.’’ ‘There
is some reason to believe that moisture upon the leaves less-
ens the injury from the acid. It is possible that some
practicable way may be found of straining or filtering foggy
air upon its entrance into the house, or some absorbent may
be found which shall render the fog innocuous. It is also
thought that the electric light can be used to advantage in
foggy weather. The most promising remedy, in the opinion
of Professor Oliver, is to keep the fog out of the house. ‘‘It
is to be hoped some metropolitan grower will pluckily face the
situation and construct a range for winter use, which can be
made at will absolutely fog-proof, with close glazing, triple
doors and padded ventilators.”’

PART rt:

See ClAl ANNALS.

S 1. Lntroductions of 1891.*

A LIST OF THE FRUITS, VEGETABLES AND ORNAMENTAL PLANTS
INTRODUCED INTO AMERICAN TRADE DURING THE YEAR.

There were 884 species and varieties of plants introduced
into American trade during the year, as registered in the fol-
lowing pages. In 1889 there were 434 plants introduced, and
“@penogo there were 575. [he increase in the registry for
18gt is in part due to the more thorough and complete record
which each year enables me to make, but it is chiefly due to
the greater activity in horticultural trade during the year.
The importations of roses were very large, and introductions
are increasing in the leading ornamentals, as chrysanthemums,
carnations, geraniums, and cannas, and also in native plants.
The study of these lists from year to year affords an instructive
estimate of the vitality and tendencies of our horticulture.
Of the 884 plants first offered for public sale in North America
in 1891, 668 are ornamental plants, 108 fruit-plants, and 108
vegetables. Including the pecans, 185 native species and
varieties heretofore unknown to cultivation or but sparingly

* In the compilation of this list there has been no attempt to determine synonymy or to
revise names. The list is simply a chronicle of the trade. The descriptions of the plants
are gleaned from the catalogues, and although every care has been exercised in their se-
lection, I can in no case vouch for their accuracy.

(159)

160 Annals of Horticulture.

disseminated were put upon the market’ of these, 24 are
introduced as fruit-plants, but 12 others which are introduced
as ornamentals have edible fruit.

Some of the varieties were first sold in the fall of 18g0 for
planting the following spring, and various ornamental plants
were introduced throughout the late fall and winter ; all these
are recorded as appearing in 1890-1.

Aberia caffra. Reasoner Bros.
South Africa.
Abies bracteata. Orcutt.*
A tall slender pyramidal tree of the Pacific Coast, reaching 100-
150 feet in height.
= MacminiCas iO 7c.
: The Red Fir of the Pacific Coast; reaches 200 feet.
Abronia villosa. Orcutt.
A trailing Californian plant, producing bright rose-purple flowers.
Abutilon.- Future’ Fame. reer.
Very deep rose shaded with crimson.
—— striata-splendida..) 77.
Flowers bright orange, striped with rich crimson.
= ithe ftemiem. 9 7ec7
Deep rosy purple.
Acacia. Fourteen new species from Australiaand the gardens
of Europe... Aeasoner Bros.
Acanthomintha ilicifola. Ovrcu?t.
A mint-like annual, a span high, of Southern Califoraia. Flowers
white and purple.
Actinolepis (or Baeria) coronaria. Orcutt.
A low annual composite, with yellow flowers California.
Adenostoma fasciculatum, and A. sparsifolium. Orcutt.
Evergreen Californian shrubs, belonging to the rose family. The
former is the Chamisad.
Adiantum Lambertianum. Saud.
— monochlamys. UW. S. Wur.
Finely denticulated pinnules
Agapanthus umbellatus var. albus. easoner Bros.
Africa.
— — flore-pleno. Vick.
Dark blue double flowers. Cape of Good Hope.
Agave deserti, A. Pringlei, A. Palmeri, A. Parryi’ and A.
Schott. “C7777
Agave from California and Arizona.

*The plants catalogued by Mr. Orcutt are not all in cultivation, but he offers them for sale
and they must therefore be considered as introductions.

Introductions of I89f. 161

Agave. Eight new kinds from N. Africa. Reasoner Bros.
Aletris aurea. H. P. Kelsey.
E. States.
Allium falcifolium. Orcutt.
~ Flowers rose-color. California.
Ss wmormium. Orcutt.
Scape 3 inches high, bearing 20-30 rose-purple flowers. S. Cali-
fornia. Lavina of the Mexicans.
Mame wiridss. 77. P. Kelsey. Gillett & Horsford.
N. States.
Aloe. Fifteen garden sorts from S$. Europe and N. Africa:
Reasoner Bros.
Alternanthera rosea nana. D. 2. Woods & Co., New Brighton,
Fa. }
Of densecompact growth, so regular that it rarely requires clipping.
In color it is entirely distinct from all others, being bright pink or
rose. The young foliage takes on this color very early in the season
and maintains it until destroyed by frost, presenting a strong and
beautiful contrast with others of its class.
pomeoma ciliata. /farlan PP. Kelsey, NV. C.
Native herbaceous perennial, 2 to 3 ft., flowers pale blue in ter-
minal racemes.
Peaniaese Cochin-Chinensis.. U. S. ur.

Distinct variety from the variegated Pineapple, differing from it in

color.
Anemone Virginiana. Z. P. Kelsey.
E. States.
Aaeelica Curtis. MP. Kelsey.
E. States.

Anthurium Clarkianum. UW S. WVur.
Leaves large and broad; flower-spathe of clear salmon-rose color,
in shape resembling 4. Andreanum.
= haynoldianum. O..S. Nur. Saud.
Hybrid between 4. Ferrierense and Andreanum, Leavesand color
of the spathe are that of former, while shape is same as 4. Andreanum
much enlarged. .
Antirrhinum Orcuttianum. Orcutt.
A Californian snap-dragon. Tall, annual; flowers white or violet.
Discovered in 1882.
Apple. American Blush. Green’s Nur. Co.
Ground color yellowish, overlaid with splashes and streaks of
bright crimson. Flesh tender, juicy, aromatic. Mid-winter.
— Garfield. /. V. Cotta.
Introduced in fall of 1890, and in 1801.
— Jackson. Emerson, Delaware.
— Johnson’s Seedling. Barnes.

EZ

162 7 Annals of Horticulture.

Apple. Lehigh: ~ Johnson, Fa.

— Orchard Red. Stark Bros.

— Palouse. Colfax Nur., Washington.

— Peerless. rand. — :

— Rutledge. Z. V. Munson, Texas.

Fruit large and handsome, richly striped, resembling Bradford’s

Best, but of better quality. Ripens soon after Ben Davis. The ie"
inal tree is owned by Frank Rutledge, Travis Co., Texas.

— WisconsinSpy. Barnes.

[Apples, ro varieties. |

Aquilegia Stuarti. Gardiner.

A cross between Grigor’s Glandulosa and Aquilegia Witmanti, by

Dr. Stuart, Scotland. From the flower thus fertilized a pod was gath-
ered and the seed sown at once. Seven plants lived to be planted
out in the autumn in a-sheltered border. These all bore flowers
identically the same, the top blooms measuring 4 inches and more
across. It wasnamed 4. Stuarti by Professor Balfour. The follow-
ing points of superiority over 4. g/andulosa are given for this hybrid:
it is much larger, more free- flowering, and far more refined in form.
The much-admired Glandulosa of Grigor is avery shy flower. Inthe
new form raised by Dr. Stuart, this defect is to a large extent re-
moved.

Aralia Cashmeriana. Saw.

Arbutus Menziesi. Orcutt.

The Madrofia of California. Flowers white. Sometimes becomes
100 feet high. |
Arctostaphylos bicolor, A. Manzanita and A. Pringlei, Or-

Cutt.

Pacific Coast species. The second one is the Neen treé.
Argemone hispida. Orcutt.

Thistle Poppy of California. Annual,3-6 feet high, with white

flowers 4 or 5 inches in diameter.

Asclepias phytolaccoides. . P. Kelsey.

E.. >tates.
Asparagus Commoriensis. UW. S. Mur.

Much finer and more robust-growing than A. plumosus, hich spe-

cies it somewhat resembles.
— decumbens. JU. S. WVur.
— retrofractus arboreus. Saud.
Aspidium amabile. & S. Wur.
Dark green shining fronds; very hardy.
— viridescens. OU. S. WVur.
Large-growing species with bipinnate fronds of grass-green color.
The pinne are crenated, giving the plant a graceful appearance.
Aster, Apple-Blossom. Henderson.
Belongs to the Jewel type. Ball-shaped, delicate shell-pink.

|
{
4
:
{

Introductions of r8or. 163

@eier.. Deep Kose. Henderson.
Jewel type, ball-shaped, dark rose.
peeeens var. levicaulis, 7. P. Kelsey.
E. states.

Baeria gracilis. Orcutz. :
A Californian composite, a span or so high, with yellow heads.

Baptisia simplicifolia. A. P. Kelsey.
i> otates.
Bean, Boston Market. Sadzer.
=ees Irorticultural Lima. -Chz/ds.
Said to be a cross between the common Lima and Horticultural.
— Early Warwick. Henderson.
An extra-early green bush-bean.
— Extra Early Refugee. Henderson.
Like the old Refugee except that it is two weeks earlier.
ame Wrop. .: C. Hicks.
— Golden Champion. Henderson.
A very early wax pole-bean, with yellow pods, resembling the Yo-
semite Wax.
— Hopkins’ Improved Valentine. #arnard.
— Jackson’s Wonder, JM. W. Johnson & Co.
— Old Homestead. Henderson.

An early green pole variety,stringless, the pods resembling the Ref-
ugee Bush bean. |

— Oneen Wax. D.C. Hicks.
— Sunshine Wax Pole. Surfee.

Pods bright yellow, borne in clusters of three or four, 6 to 8 inches
long, perfectly straight, stringless.
— The Shah (The Black Shah). Zhordurn.

Moderately early dwarf snap-bean, producing a large number of re-
markably long pods, sometimes eight inchesin length and very straight,
slender and almost cylindrical. Seed long and black.

[Beans, 12 varieties. |

Ixeet, Black Oueen: Childs.
Evidently the same as Reine des Noires.
— Early York. Sadzer.
: An early strain of turnip beet.
— Reine des Noires. Henderson.
Desirable both for ornament and the table. Foliage very erect
and dark blood-red. Introduced by Childsas Black Queen.
Begonia, Annie Dorner. AZ.
A free bushy grower ; very elegant notched leaves, deeply pointed.
The coloring is very rich, the dark center and edge being velvety in
texture, enclosing a silky, pointed zone.

164. Annals of Horticulture.

Begonia, Arthur Malet... U.S. 3Vvar

Fine variety in same style as 5. metallica, but with leaves of rich
crushed strawberry color.

— Bertha McGregor. A7//.

Leaf 9 x 6 inches, long-pointed and with six deep notches. A free,
strong grower, producing foliage in abundance; the center of leaf is
small, dark and palm-shaped ; the body of leaf is solid silver out-

_ lined with bronze.
— Cuprea. Dealers.

A seedling from Metallica, with beautiful velvety leaves of dark

green. A strong, rapid grower.

— Dr. James. f/7l/,
Six-pointed leaf with ribbed center and edge of red; body of leaf
silky olive green with zone of silver dots. A fine grower, and the
young foliage is very-richand showy. Stems smooth, red.

= Plera Hil =7777.

A beautiful grower, with deeply notched leaves of great size; color
of leaf a frosted steel, with distinct sheen of plum color ; ribs and
edges dark green shading into reddish plum.

— Haageana. Saul.
—— John Chambers. //7//.

Belongs to the upright-growing section, although the foliage is of
large size though fine in texture ; the leaf is broad, but cut into five
elegant, deep points; the entire body of leaf is like nickel-plate, while
the pointed border is soft reddish plum color, dotted in silver.

— LeCompte. Dealers.

Leaf of medium size, of pointed Rex form ; the color is very dark
velvety green just edged in very bright silver in the young leaves;
the matured leaves are almost completely covered with silvery
blotches on a dark background; it is a fine grower, somewhat in the
styleof Marquis Peralta. A cross between Sudpeltata and Rex.

= Louise Closson, 997727:

The brightest of all the rosy-leaved Rex, of which Chretien was the
forerunner ; the texture is very full andcrape-like, while the zone is
a bright rosy purple, of high metallic luster.

— Lucie.Closson: 2.0.5) Wi

Richly colored leaves.

— Mrs, ALG. Shepherds e777,

Broad, nicely lobed leaves, with center and edge of bronzy red:
body of leaf like light, changeable green silk.

— Mrs. E. Bonner. Al.

Fine upright grower, regularly but not deeply notched. The leaf
is light, silvery green, ribbed and edged with reddish metallic bronze.
Beautiful habit.

— Perle Humfeld. 701.

One of the handsomest begonias ever sent out; shows from six to
eight deep points, arranged in very elegant form. The color is vel-
vety green of various shades, broadly zoned with silvery spots.

Introductions of Ir&0ol. 165

Begonia, Pictaviense. Dealers.

(Scharfit < Metallica.) The leaves are intermediate between
the two parents, both in size and form ; the under side is a rich pur-
plish red, the veinings very prominent, while the face of the leafisa
fine bronzy green with dots of silver. The flowers are borne in large
clusters well above the leaves.

— President Carnot. Dealers.

Cross of Olbia and Rubra.

— Sieberiana semperflorens. Dealers.

The most beautiful variety of all the Semperflorens group; the
plant blooms continually, and the clusters of flowers are very large,
well out beyond the foliage, and of the most beautiful combinations
of pale pink and soft rose color ; the flowers are very large and of
heavy waxen texture.

—— souvemr F, Gaulain. Dealers.

Cross of Olbia and Rubra.

— Sterling. M7.

A broad leaf, three-pointed and the upper part lobed. - A nice up-
right grower with smooth stems; the entire leaf is of pale silvery
green, of frosted luster, broken only by pink ribs narrowly banded
in green and narrowly edged red.

— Triomphe de Lemoine. Dealers.

A cross between Socotrana and Roezlit, Makes a beautiful, com-
pact plant of bright green foliage. The leaves are large and obliquely
rounded. Florets large and united into large panicles of bloom, ofa
bright, clear rosecolor. Blooms from January to May in the greatest
abundance. Should be bedded out in the summer to get best results.

— Velutina. Dealers.

A seedling of Metallica, with much larger leaves, and of velvety
texture. A strong, fine grower, which promises to surpass the parent.

| Begonias, 21 varieties. |

bttzelccrry, Lovett’s Best. . Lovet? Co.
Chance seedling found by Moses Jewett in Atlantic Co., N. J.

Blechnum nitidum. Reasoner Bros.

Queensland.

Bloomeria Clevelandi. Orcutt.

A yellow-flowered liliaceous plant, 6 inches high, from S. Cali-
fornia.

Borecole, Scotch Curled, Bonaccord strain. Gardiner.

This is a variety extensively grown in Aberdeenshire, Scotland,
where it reaches great perfection. It is a very distinct sort, half
dwarf, and very curly.

Brodiza Orcuttii, B. (or Triteleia) hyacinthina and B. pedun-
emlaris. Orcuit.

Liliaceous plants from California. The first has royal purple
flowers, the second milky white, and the last glossy purple.

166 Annals of Horticulture.

Brunella vulgaris. 7. 2. Kelsey.

E. States. Common.

Brussels Sprouts, Craigo. Gardiner.

Originated by Mr. Muirden, of Scotland. Very early, of dwarf,
robust growth, andcovered the entire length of the stem with compact
sprouts of very superior flavor. The sprouts are exceedingly hard-
heading, and cook tender and delicious.

Buffalo-berry (Shepherdia argentea) L. EL, R. Lambrigger,
Cold Spring Seed-farm, Wyoming.

Offered first in the fall of 1&90 (see p. 52, also Western Carden, 1.
52, 132). It is a tree-like shrub, attaining a height of 10 feet when
weil-grown, of compact, symmetrical habit. Leaves numerous and
silvery white. Bears rich clusters of crimson fruit from early sum-
mer through the fall and entire winter. The fruit is round, smooth
and glossy, resembling in size, form and color the cultivated red
currant. The fruit forms in clusters tothe very tips of the branches.
It isa constant and prolific bearer, entirely hardy, having endured
60 degrees below zero, and borne fruit the followingsummer. Be-
fore being touched by frost the fruit is very acid ; freezing subdues it
until it becomes so rich and palatable that as a dessert fruit in mid-
winter it is without a rival, while for jellies it is said by epicures
to equal in flavor the famous Guava jellies.

Cabbage, Early Yellow Dutch Savoy. Gregory.

Imported.

— Nonesuch. Sri/Z.
— Rothselburg. Gregory.
A German drumhead witha very short stump and large head in pro-
portion to the size of the plant. Second early.
— Volunteer. Rawson.
Very early summer cabbage.
— World Beater. Sriv/.
Calochortus aureus, C, Leichtlinii, C. Palmeri and C. venustus-
var. purpurasceus. Orcutt.

These are four types of the Mariposa Tulips of the Pacific Coast.

— Kennedyi. Gillett & Horsford. |

Pacific States.

— nitidus and C. uniflorus. Orcutt.
Types of the Star Tulip or Celestial Tulip section of the genus.

Californian.
Camassia Leichtliniit. Gzllett & Horsford.
NN. W. States.
Campanula Americana and . divaricata.- 7. 2, Kea
E. States.

Canavalia gladiata. Reasoner bros.
Natal, Africa.

Candytuft, Dobbie’s White Spiral. Gardiner.
Raised by Dobbie, Scotland.

Lntroductions of ISQL. 167

Ganna; Eva. Henderson.
About 2 ft.; flowers bright canary-yellow with scarlet spots.
Seedling by Henderson.
——iadelme. L/enderson.
Compact, 2 ft.; flowers chrome-yellow, irregularly marked with
deep scarlet. Seedling by Henderson.
ate Ob 1691. . Childs.

The habit is very dwarf, but with full fine foliage, and it has a per-
sistent habit of throwing up fresh sprouts from the base. Every
sprout produces a flower-spike, which in its turn becomes many-
branched, each branch bearing from 12 to 17 blossoms, each blossom
4 to 5 inches wide, and each petal 1% inches broad. The color of
the flowers is glowing orange-scarlet, faintly banded with golden yel-
low, and the plants, from small to large specimens, are perpet-
ually in bloom. The plant was raised from Crozy Prize Seed by a
Mr. Catlin of Virginia. Hesent it to Wm. Falconer, who grew it in
a pot over winter, and its size, profusion and brillancy of bloom at
once attracted attention. Mr. Childs bought the stock.

— Sunset. Henderson.

Flowers light orange, large, in large spikes; foliage musa-like in

appearance and texture. Seedling by Henderson.
— Unique. Henderson.

Flowers rich golden yellow, the center of the petals marked with
bright crimson. Originated with Henderon.

— The following 36 varieties of Crozy, by various dealers.

Avenier. An excellent variety, with large spikes of bright vermil-
ion flowers; foliage green. 5 feet.

Baron de Sandrans. Foliage bright green; flowers large, of a
bright orange-scarlet, suffused with vermilion, golden yellow edge.
3% feet.

Boucharlet Aine. Flowers very large, scarlet, overlaid with salmon ;
foliage green. 5 feet.

Chevallier Besson. Flowers very large, of a rich orange-scarlet
overlaid with vermilion ; the foliage dark green with purple edge.
6 feet.

Comte Horace de Choiseaul. Flowers of a deep crimson of large
size; foliage deep green. 41% feet.

Doyen Jean Sisley. Flowers large, of a clear magenta overlaid
with carmine; foliage bright bronzy purple. 3% feet.

Duc de Montenard.

Duchesse de Montenard. Very large flowers of a bright yellow
spotted with red; foliage green. 4% feet.

E. Chevreul. Flowers of a peculiar shade of brownish red, edged
and striped with pale yellow, entirely distinct ; foliage green. 4%
feet.

Edward Michel.

Erocadero.

Francois Crozy. Flowers of medium size, of a deepshade ofsalmon,
edged with bright yellow; foliage deep green. 3 feet.

168 Annals of Horticulture.

Canna (Crozy), Francois Maire. . Flowers orange-yellow, minutely spotted
with cinnamon-red ; foliage bright green. 3% feet.

Frederic Benary. Flowers large, of an intense rich crimson;
foliage deep green. 4 feet..

Gen. Baron Berge. Foliage deep green; flowers large, of an in-
tense rich crimson. 3 feet.

Guy de Oultremont.

Henri L.de Vilmorin. An entirely distinct variety and of a most
pleasing color; the center of the flower is of a brownish red, shading
off at the outer edge of the flower to a bright yellow, the two colors
contrasting most beautifully ; foliage pea-green. 4 feet.

Ingénieur Alphand. Flowers large, of a bright vermilions-carlet ;
foliage deep bronzy purple. 4 feet.

Kettlerii. Flowers of medium size, of a rich vermilion-scarlet
shaded with salmon; green foliage. 5 feet.

La Guill. Flowers very large, of a beautiful rich salmon; foliage |
deep green. 5% feet.

Legionaire.

Madame Crozy.

Mademoiselle de Cruillon.

Maurice Rivoire. Large flowers of a vermilion-scarlet; foliage
bronzy purple. 5 feet.

Mr. Cleveland. Flowers very large, of a rich orange-scarlet, over-
laid with deep crimson; foliage deep green. 5 feet.

Mr. Laforcade. Flowers of large size, of a deep salmon, shaded
brick-red ; foliage deep bronzy purple. 3 feet.

M. Lefebvre.

Perfection. Bright golden yellow flowers, minutely spotted with
Cinnamon-red; foliage green. 4% feet.

Pierette de Biorlet. Flowers large, deep lemon, striped with cin-
namon-red ; foliage green. 3 feet.

President Carnot. Very large flowers, scarlet overlaid with ver-
milion; foliage bronzy purple. 4 feet.

President Hardy.

Princesse Brancovan.

Secrétaire Nicolas.

The Garden. |

Thos. S. Ware. Flowerslarge, deep salmon, overlaid with scarlet ;
foliage green. 3 feet.

Vitticeulteur Gaillard. Flowers of very large size, of a bright ver-
milion-scarlet; foliage green. 6 feet.

[Cannas, 41 varieties: |
Carnation, Alexander. Various dealers.
— American Flag. Henderson.

Sport from Portia. Originated with G. Beis Flatbush, Long
Island. Striped scarlet and white.

— Angelus. W. R. Shelmire, Avondale, Pa.

Chester Pride & Grace Wilder. Semi-double, fine shade of pink,
but darker than Wilder. Flowers on long stems and about 2% inches
in diameter.

Introductions of I&Sor 16g

Carnation, Annie Wiegand. A7zv/.

An improved Grace Wilder, being quite similar in color of flower
and foliage, but a strong, long-stemmed grower, both early and free
in bloom; not so novel in form as Lonsdale, but from its perfection
of growth and color, together with its great freedom of bloom, we
predict that it will be grown by every raiser of cut-flowers. (Dorner. )

— Aurora. Ldward Swayne.

= Beatrice:-. W. KR. Shelmire, Avondale, Pa.
Mrs. McKinsey Chester Pride. Light salmon. Flowers good
size and shape, semi-double.

— Brutus. W. R. Shelmire, Avondale, Pa

Red sport of Cesar.

— Cesar. W. R. Shelmire, Avondale, Pa.
E. G. Hill & Andalusia. Markings much like Nellie Bly, but
flowers very double, round and large, on stiff, long stems.

— Cherry Lips. Mv.
Very deep, bright pink; broad foliage and long stems; double and
tree. .( Dorner.)

ee umistmaes.? Chas: 7.. Starr.
=. Creole: © £7777.

About the color of rose Jean Liabaud, and showing a similar
heavy velvety texture; petals slightly notched and shelled, and
occasionally lightly flaked carmine; a good grower, with very long
stems and healthy, fine habit ; a good velvety maroon is in great de-
mand, especially one with strong stem, as in the present variety.
(Dorner. )

— Daybreak. W. P. Simmons & Co.

Large size and perfectly double, clear bright flesh tint without
shading.

— Dorothy. W. R. Shelmire, Avondale, Pa.

Chester Pride & Grace Wilder. Plant more dwarf than Angelus
and color rather darker. Flowers 2% inches or more in diameter
and finely fringed. Full double.

— Edelweiss. W. R. Shelmire, Avondale, Pa.

White sport of Chester Pride.

— Edwin Lonsdale. Av.

A perfect pink carnation; under even ordinary culture the flower
is three inches across; the texture is very heavy, the petals are not
fringed, but somewhat of camellia form; the color is the most ex-
quisite shade of light pink ; it is a very strong grower, and the flower-
stems can be cut 1o to 12inches long. (Dorner.)

— Excellent. Various dealers.

— Fire Ball. Various dealers.

— Fred. Creighton. Geo. Creighton and dealers.
EZ

170 Annals of Horticulture.

Carnation, Fred Dorner. .47777 3

Bright, deep scarlet, a most perfect color, soft yet bri.iiant;: the
flower is of the largest size, with outer petals of extra weight; per-
fectly double; center petals upright ; nicely fringedand sweet. It is
a strong, free grower, and very abundant in bloom; the grass is
heavy and abundant. (Dorner.) :

— General Custer. W. &..Shelmire, Avondale, Pa.
E. G. Hill & Andalusia. Variegated red and white, the markings
red-dotted, red predominating.
— Golden Triumph. Lombard.
— Grace Darling. Chambers.
—— LittleGem. Various dealers.
— Lizzie McGowan. /ohn McGowan and various dealers.

Cross between Peter Henderson and Hinze’s White. Flowers

large and full, white; smaller than Hinze’s White.
— Louise Porch. /ohn McGowan.
— Nellie Bly. W. R. Shelmire, Avondale, Pa,

E. G. Hill <Andalusia. Flowers medium to large, semi-double:
variegated red and white in narrow stripes, beautifully fringed.

— Nellie Lewis. Vick.
Sport from J. J. Harrison; clear pink.
— Pearl. C. /. Pennock, Kennett Square, Pa:

White, occasionally rosy blush, very large, frequently from 3 to 3%
inches across ; a good bloomer with rarely any tendency to burst ;
stem long and stiff.

Puritan, «Wood Dros:
== Red Cross.5* A777.

Very bright, light scarlet, of glistening texture; a fine grower.
(Dorner. )

— Thomas Cartledge. Edward Swayne.
— White Wings. Avi.

Purest white; texture heavy and glistening ; petals lightly fringed ;
a little beyond the average in size, and produced in the greatest pro-
fusion; it is a strong, free grower and produces very long flower-
stems; the flower has a very pure waxen appearence. (Dorner.)

[Carnations, 32 varieties. |

Carpenteria Californica. Orcutt.

A fragrant white-flowered shrub of the saxifrage family.
Carrot, D..M. Ferry & Co. Improved Short White. 322773:
— New Short White. Steele Bros.

— Salzer’s Midsummer. Sadzer.
Castilleia affinis and C. foliolosa. Orcutt.

The former an annual, the latter a perennial; both characterized
by colored bracts. Californian.

L[ntroductions of I&9ol. i

Castor Beans, Carman’s Hybrids. Zzhorburn.

Two years ago Mr. Carman crossed the several so-called Ricinus,
known in catalogues as Cambodgensis, Africanus, Gibsonii, Sanguin-
eus, etc. Many of the resulting hybrids are remarkable in several re-
spects. Some of them grow tall and branching as Sanguineus, with
variously colored stems, and foliage even darker than that of either
Gibsonii or Cambodgensis. Others are dwarfs, growing only to the
height of two or three feet, with leaves of lustrous metallic shades,
varying froma copper-red to dark bronze.

Cauliflower, Early Perfection. Gregory.

An early and productive sort.

Pwiese island Beauty. /rz//.

eanevaius divaricatus,;'C. hirsutus and C. Orcutti. ~ Orcedét.
fit lilacs” of California... Shrubs.

= ovatus, .Gillett & Horsford.
N/2: States:

Celery, Salzer’s Self-Blancher. Sa/zer.

Celtis Kraussiana. Reasoner Bros.
Natal, South Africa.

Chznactis artimisizfolia and C. tenuifolia. Orcutt.

Small compositous annuals, with whitish and lemon-yellow flowers,
respectively. Californian.

Chelone elabra var. alba. 7. P. Kelsey.

E. States.

Chestnut, Hathaway. Love?t.

A large native nut, originating with Benjamin Hathaway, Little
Prairie Ronde, Michigan. 1890-1.

Chilopsis saligna. Orcutt.
Desert Willow, from California. One of the Bignoniacee.
Chlorogalum angustifolium and C. parviflorum. Orcut?z.

Small lilaceous Californian plants.

Chrysanthemum, Alcazar. Wathan Smith & Son.

Incurved Japanese. Petals bronze-red with reverse old gold.
Flowers double, on stiff stems.

— Andrew McNally. Geo. W. Miller, Chicago.

The flowers are very full and large, crimson-scarlet with reverse of
old gold. On opening, the flower is slight!y incurved, but gradually
the petals assume a horizontal position, when the texture showsa
beautiful velvety appearance. Strong grower,-long-stemmed. Cross
between Mrs. Weeeler and Cullingfordii. One of the‘‘World’s Fair
set.”

— Anna Dorner. fred Dorner and dealers.

A full. fine bold flower, with outer petals striped and shaded rich
carmine; center cream-white.

— Anna M, Weybrecht. 7. 7. Spaulding and dealers.

A magnificent pure white variety; petals broad and solid. A
strong, vigorous grower.

nye

Annals of Horticulture.

Chrysanthemum, Aristine Anderson. Nathan Smith & Son.

Much like Mrs. Mary Morgan, but larger, and deeper pink.

stoma. “Cs S) gy ae.

Stout grower, perfectly double, petals irregularly twisted in every
direction; good substance ; deep rose-pink color. f

Atlanta: —C.° So War.

Fine high flower with loose, somewhat twisted petals of good sub-

stance; beautiful delicate mauve color.
August Swanson (Black Beauty). A777.

Bright scarlet lined with bright gold. It is the most brilliant of
the Wheeler type, rather dwarfin habit, and very free in bloom. A
magnificent exhibition pot variety. ;

Beacon, Vaughan.

Magnificent full double creamy white flower with strong stems.
The outer row of petals are tubular and reflexed, while those nearer
the center are incurved, with broad convex tips. Thecolor is very
delicate and pleasing, (Fewkes.)

Bride of Roses. Henderson.
Flowers large, rosy pink. Strong and free. From Japan.
Cardinal Sunshade, CAzlds.

Flowers single, long-quilled, the petals flattened at the ends and

deep cardinal. Very large.
Catawba. WO. S. Var

Flower with curiously shaped and cut petals. Large and strong-

growing ; rose and pink color. Single.
Cesare Costa. Various dealers.

Imported.

Charles Canfield. 7. HW. Spaulding and dealers.

Extra-large and full, double incurving form. A strong, robust
growth. Color claret-red, reverse silvery pink.

Charles Hartwig. Vaughan.

A rich deep crimson, brighter than Cullingfordii. One of the very

best crimson sorts. (Thorpe.)
Charles Henderson. Vaughan.

Clear yellow, streaked and splashed with old gold and reddish
purple, making its center a golden bronze; extremely large and
double. Petals flat and many-toothed, shaped like Elkhorn. Plant
of strong constitution and very tall grower. (Spaulding. )

Charles H. Wacker. Geo. W. Miller, Chicago.

A good variety for pots, perfecting immense numbers of medium
to large flowers; the color is very brilliant scarlet, quite velvety;
slightly recurving, with small incurving center of fine golden petals.
One of the ‘‘World’s Fair Set.”

Charles T. Yerkes, Geo. W. Miller, Chicago.

Very regular, high incurved form, reminding one of the best Chi-
nese ; the color is new in this form, being similar to Mrs. Wheeler,
bright scarlet and gold ; very profuseinbloom. Aclean grower with
long stems. A fine cut-flower variety. One of the ‘‘World’s Fair Set.”

ee es |

L[ntroductions of 189m. 173

Eeiysantiemum, Chicopee. U.. S. Nur.

Very large flower composed of flat petals. Colors are magneta in-
side, while outer side is fawn color. Single.

— Clancy Lloyd. Z. &. Staulding, and dealers.

Delicate flesh-pink, changing to white; of incurving form, with
full center, long guard petals extending in a ray around the flower.

— Clara James. Vaughan.

White, with pale pink tint ; incurving, very large and full, almost

globular. (W. K. Harris.)
— Cleopatre. Various dealers.

Already a noted variety ; very large and pure white, of soft, plumy

appearance. Imported.
— Cohasset. U. S. Nur.

Semi-double fiower, tubular flowers opening at ends; color deep
pink on inside, light Naples yellow on outer side and edges of
petals. :

= corarado. - U.S. ur.

Fine high flower with very broad flat petals. Light chrome-yel-
low.

— Coronarium imbricatum fl. pl. Thorburn.

A double annual chrysanthemum differing most markedly from
the old types in the arrangements of its petals, which, instead of
lying flat one upon another are vaulted and arranged liketiles. The
blooms are globular in shape, very double, and of an intensely glow-
ing golden yellowcolor. These flowers, which are produced pro-
fusely tilllate in the antumn, are unsurpassed for decorative purposes
and preserve their brightness and beauty for about ten days after cut-
ting. German. See American Garden, xi. 53. (Jan. 1891).

This is the ‘‘Porcupine” of Henderson, introduced this year.

— C. W. De Pauw. Ail.

This was produced by the raiser of Widener; itis avery double
sort, having long petals arranged in a most perfect form ; the color is
is a soft pearl-pink with touches of light lavender. It has the appear-
ance ofa soft, fluffy pink ball of great size. Will rank with any of
the very finest varieties.

— Cyrus H. McCormick. Geo. W. Miller, Chicago.

A strong grower, producing long stiff stems. Flowers somewhat
like W. H Lincoln in shape, the large numberof slender petals being
evenly arranged. Dark deep yellow, shaded with bronze-red. Raised
by Jamieson of Philadelphia. Oneof the ‘‘World’s Fair Set.”

— Daisy. OU S. Nur.
Fine flower of pure white color, very symmetrical and artistic
Shape. Single,
— Damon. Geo. L. Miller, Stockton, O.
A rich-terra cotta, 3 inches in diameter. Single.
— Dawn. Henderson.

Delicate rosy blush, of the largest size. (Said to be the same as

V. H. Hallock. See Annats for 1889, 99.)

174

Annals cf Horticulture.

Chrysanthemum, Delaware. U.S. Nur.

Large flower, very double, anemone center ; color white, light pale
yellow near center. Best anemone variety.

Dr.-Chas» B. Bigham, “4705S, 27.

Large full flower, flat petals ; color pure white ; fine grower.

Eda Prass. red. Dorner and dealers.
A fine bold recurving flower of great substance and depth; white,
delicately shaded blush. Of great promise.

Eldorado. HH. Waterer and dealers.
Incurved, intense yellow. Petals broad, flower large for this type,
a good keeper, and stiff-stemmed.

Eimer BD: Smith. 7777

This variety can be made to outrank all others in its diameter and
the number of its petals. The foliage is very large and heavy, and
dark green; the color is cardinal-red, of a very rich pleasing shade,
faced upon the back of the petals with clear chamois; comes nearer
being a scarlet-maroon than any of the Wheeler type yetsent out.
The flower attains a great size even under the most ordinary treat-
ment.

Eimrly Domer- 77777

A rather dwarf grower, but very sturdy; the flower is nicely in-
curved, petals broad, and of the richest shade of orange-yellow,
touched with crimson. Colorextremely rich. ~

Emma Dorner. Fred Dorner and dealers.

A fine deep violet-pink, in the way of Violet Rose when finely done,
but a deeper, purer color. Large ball-shaped flowers of splendid
substance.

Etoile de Lyon. Various dealers.

French.

Evaleen Stein: #7ed Dorner and dealers,

In the way of Bride, but an improvement on that variety ; delicate
white with petals like Elkshorn.

Ferd. W. Peck, or Gallia. Geo. W. Miller, Chicago.

Beautiful rosy pink, petals incurving, while the flower has a beau-
tiful open appearance, though perfectly double to the center. The
flowers are large, and produced in great numbers. One of the
six varieties which won the $100 premium at Indianapolis. One of
the ‘‘World’s Fair Set.”’

Flora iit: 7777

This is to white ‘‘’mums” what Widener is to the yellows. Good
size and heavy texture ; outer petals horizontal or slightly recurving,
the creamy center perfectly full and incurved.

Frank Thomson. 7777.

Nearly spherical ; petals very broad and heavy, and finely incurv-
ing ; nearly white, showing a touch of pearl-pink at the base of the
petals. Strong grower.

L[ntroductions of 1891. F 75

Chrysanthemum, Fred. 5. Winston. Geo. W. Miller, Chicago.

A fiae variety of beautiful bronzy cardinal color with reverse of
Indian red ; of the Carnegie type in general, though a free grower
and perfecting its flowers at mid-season ; rather dwarf than tall. The
form of the bloom is absolutely perfect and displays the colors to the
bestadvantage. One of the ‘‘World’s Fair Set.”’

Garden Queen. Henderson.
Deep violet ; reverse of petals silvery rose.
George kK; Davis. Geo. W. Miller, Chicago.

Is an improvement on Crown Prince, in both freedom of growthand

bloom. Ox-blood red. One of the ‘‘World’s Fair Set.”

Golden Plume. SAenderson.

Drooping petals of rich golden color, with a tuft of feathery petals
in the center.

Innocence. S/red Dorner and dealers.

Seedling from Mrs. Hardy; as fine in form, texture and finish as
the parent, but without the velvety covering. The purest white found
in the entire chrysanthemum family.

J. ©. Vaughan. Vaughan.

Richest plum-crimson without any shade of purple. Flowers re-
flexed; very large, strong, stiff stems. This is really a beautifuland
distinctly colored variety. (Thorpe.)
ioe iksehardson..- Gee. 1. Afiller, Stockton, O.

A large, handsome flower, 5 to 6 inches in diameter, with narrow
petals slightly quilled at first, and whorled in the center, hiding the
disc when flowers are at their best ; color, a rich carmine-pink; Jap-
anese type. ©.

J. Kready. 7. H. Spaulding and dealers.

Immense flower, in style and color of Mrs. Frank Thomson, but
larger and more double.
fea Dyer. 3 US. Vur.

Good strong grower, broad petals of extra substance, perfectly
double ; color chrome-yellow striped entire length of petals with fine
red lines.
tena Porth. 7. 77: Spaulding and dealers.

A good exhibition plant; petalscup-shaped. Finely built-up flower,
completely covering the center; soft pink, shaded silver.
Joun-Goode.» -2/7//,

This is a fancy cut-flower variety. It is of almost globular form,
of the finest silky finish, and destined to become a standard sort for
cutting ; the outer petals are delicate lavender, forming a decided
band of color; the inner petals areclearlemon. A plant in bloom
has a most beautiful airy appearance; it is a light willowy grower,
though strong and healthy. Inall but color resembles Mrs. Geo.
Bullock. Very early. (W.K. Harris.)

Wosephine: Schlicht... U.S. Vur.

Good-sized flower, rather flat, showing center; color white in cen-

ter, beautiful pink around edges. Very light and beautiful variety.

176 Annals of Horticulture.

Chrysanthemum, Jumbo. © @ S. Wur.

Enormous large flower with long tubular petals, showing center ;
fawn-color, light red at ends. Single.

J. V. Farwell. Geo. W. Milter, Chicago.

Soft violet-pink, lined with pale lavender and splendidly incurved.
Received certificate of merit at Indianapolis under the name of W.
N. Rudd. One of the ‘‘World’s Fair Set.”’

Kate Rambo. H#. Waterer and dealers.

Pure white, with broad petals and double flowers; florets curl at

the tips and incurve slightly. Strong grower.
Lily Bates. Z. A. Spaulding and dealers,

Very large, perfectly double; clear, bright pink ; petals broad and
flat. A new and distinct form.

Lizzie Cartledge. 7. H. Spaulding and dealers.

Very large, full double flower ; under row of petals reflexed ; color
dark rose, reverse silvery white.

- Louis Boehmer.

This, the ‘‘Pink Ostrich-plume” chrysanthemum, was imported and
shown two years ago (see Annals for 1889, page 98), but it appears to
have been first registered this year by Henderson. Introduced by U.
S. Nur. in 1890 also.

Lyman |. Gage. Geo. W. Miller, Chicago.

A rather late white, very heavy in texture, thus lasting well when
cut ; it is of the perfectly double, grand incurving type. The color
is of perfect purity ; the flowers are freely borne ; it is a good healthy
grower, and the flower is as beautiful in its last stages as atany stage
of its development. One of the ‘‘World’s Fair Set.”

Madame Ferd. Bergmann. Various dealers.

Of medium size, pure white, very double, with creamy center. An

extra good early sort. Lasts well. Imported.
Mariposa. U. S. Nur.

Semi-double, very early floriferous variety; light chrome-yellow
color. _ Single.

Martin A. Ryerson. Geo. W. Miller, Chicago.

A very large flower of great substance, and double to the last de-
gree; the center is raised high and finely whorled; the outer petals
are slightly recurving, broad and ribbon-like. Thecenter petals are
folded while whorling, but as the flower develops stand upright.
The color is quite similar to Mrs. Frank Thome but brighter.
Oneof the ‘‘ World’s Fair Set.”

Mary Moran. Vaughan.

Brilliant large yellow with strap-like petals, center erect, large
flowers on stiff foot-stalks. (Thorpe. )

Mary Waterer. H. Waterer and dealers.

Delicate rose; the petals recurved to the stem, forming a perfect
ball. Flower very large. Dwarf, but free.

Mattie Bruce. Fred Dorner and dealers.
Silvery pink in color, of medium size.

Strahan

Introductions of IrSor. ses

Chrysanthemum Mattie C.Stewart. 7. W. Spaulding and dealers.
Clear bright yellow, of fair size, petals broad and flat, reflexing,
high built bloom. Won the Mattie Stewart silver cup at Indian-
apolis.
— Mermaid. fred Dorner and dealers. |
Very delicate yet bright pink, perfectly incurving broad petals,
extremely delicate in color and finish. Extra good.
= mieniean. U.S. Vur.
Double flower of rich magenta color; very floriferous.
= oMiaerva. U. S..Nur.
Flower composed of needle-like tubular petals, light pink colcr,
ends of petals a deeper shade of pink. Single.
— Mistletoe. red Dorner and dealers.
Of the Comte de Germiny type, with the outside of the petals
silvery white, lined within with crimson ; wide concave petals in-
curving until nearly globular in form.

— Mrs. A. Rogers. Vaughan.
A rich golden yellow; incurved, form of flower perfect, each
bloom a bouquet. Has produced flowers over 9g inches in diameter,
Strong, vigorous grower, season medium. (Siebrecht.)®

— Mrs. D. D. Farson. Z. A. Spaulding and dealers.

A most meritorious variety ; size above the average, solid and
compactly formed. Color rich silvery pink.

— Mrs. Falconer Jameson. Varzous dealers.
Enormous blooms of chestnut bronze of very pleasing shade (richer
than W. W. Coles); high center; plant of good habit. Imported.
(Cannell.)

pita 4a. Cary. Geo. L. Miller, Stockton, O.
Large flower, with ribbon-like petals, twisted and curled; each
flower resembles a ball of ribbons; color flesh-pink, shaded white;a
profuse bloomer. Japanese type.

— Mrs. G. B. Topham. JU. S. Nur.
Very large semi-double flower, broad petals; color white, tinted on
the edge with lavender. Single.

— Mrs. Herbert A. Pennock. AW. Waterer and dealers.
In shape and habit much like Violet Rose, but somewhat larger;
orange-yellow and very large. Strong grower. Late.

— Mrs. I. D. Sailer. A777.

Took the Sailer prize at Philadelphia. A flower of the largest size,
finely incurving, with broad sharply pointed petals; a strong grower,
producing heavy flower-stems; the color is soft shell-pink, touched
with lemon on the extreme tips of petals. Its keeping qualities after
cutting areextraordinary. Asshown by W. K. Harris, it is one-third
larger than Ada Spaulding, and nearly a globe in form.

— Mrs. J. G. Whilldin. AZ.
Large, light yellow, of good form.

13

178 Annals of Horticulture.

Chrysanthemum, Mrs. J. L. Childs. Chadds.

Fiowers large, double, 5 to 6 inches in diameter, borne on long
stems; color pure white changing to blush, petals broad and shaving-
like. The flower, when fully developed, forms a regular globe.
Strong grower.

— Mrs. John Westcott. A. Waterer and dealers.

Creamy pink, shading to creamy white; flowers reflexed, of
enormous size. Strong-stemmed and sturdy. :

— Mrs. J. R. Baylis. Z. A. Spaulding.

Immenseincurving Japanese, in style of E. H. Fitler and Coronet.

Clear yellow, striped with red, bronze and old gold.
— Mrs. Kendal. 7: &. Spaulding and dealers.

A fine Japanese, with compact full center ; color rich Jacqueminot-

red, reverse of petals bronze, shading to gold. Free and good.
— Mrs. Lay. Z. Hf. Spaulding and dealers.

A chaste and beautiful incurving flower. Petals cup-shaped, with

faintest blush-lines on edges. Extremely double.
— M. Victor Patalher. Various dealers.
The flower is very large, nearly flat, and perfectly double. Very
bright yellow ; petals beautifully arranged. Imported.
— Moravia. U. S. Nur.
Loose flower, white center, graduated into light mauve. Single.
— M. P. Mills. AW. Waterer and dealers. a

Double, bright orange-yellow, extremely large and very late. Pe-
tals rather short, erect, and so arranged that the flower has a flat ap-
pearance.

— Oeta. Nathan Smith & Son.

Chinese incurved. Outer petals tinged and striped with rose, the

center light yellow. |
— Ontario. U. S. Nur.

Fine incurved flower showing center ; bright chrome-yellow color.

Very free-flowering.
— Opheha. George L. Miller, Stockton, O.

Pure white, with yellowdisc. Single.

— Orizaba. U. S. Nur. :

Large massive flower showing center. Good stiff petals of bright
chrome-yellow color. Single.

— Oswego. U. S. Nur.

Good stiff stem; fine double flower, creamy white tinged with

lemon-yellow in center.
— Pandanus. Vaughan.

Strong stems ; free grower ; pure white petals of good substance; a

perfectly double flower of large size. (Pitcher and Manda.)
— Philip Breitmeyer. /7/7//.

A most distinct variety, having heavy stems and foliage of light yel-
lowish green, The flower isof the brightest golden yellow, extremely
double; petals rather short and of heavy texture ; of helianthus form.
Raised by W. K. Harris.

Introductions of 189r. 179

Chrysanthemum, Porcupine. Henderson. C. coronarium var.
imbricatum , which see.

met omer Palmer. Geo. W. Miller, Chicago.
: White seedling from Canning, which it somewhat resembles. A
strong, fine grower, carrying the flowers on long stems. Color
pure. Petals finely arranged, somewhat flat on opening, but gradu-
ally assuming ahalf-globular form of immense size, and of a silky,

rustling texture. Oneof the ‘‘ World’s Fair Set.”

— Progression. TZ. AH. Spaulding and dealers.

Extra large late-flowering variety, blooming from December 1 to
Christmas ; color pure white; very double; style of Grandiflorum.

meeemas. (co. 1. Miller, Stockton, O.

Golden yellow; long petals; flowers 4 to 5 inches in diameter.

Single.
poe Maitre. L770.

Not surpassed by any pink incultivation ; of the largest size, per-
fectly double, and without a trace of coarseness. A splendid keeper,
of most symmetrical form, and a thrifty grower. It perfects numer-
ous flowers to the single plant. Thecolor is delicate and exquisite.

= Bobet A. Waller- Geo. W. Miller, Chicago.

A fine free grower, with long stems nicely clothed in foliage. The
bloom is perfectly double, showing no center, and closely incurving,
presenting a flat rather than globular appearance, and with level
guard petals. The color is a beautiful shade of chamois-yellow.

| One of the ‘‘ World’s Fair Set.”
— Robert Flowerday. Mathan Smith & Son.

Large-flowered Japanese. Outer petals flat with incurving center;
upper surface bright crimson-lake, reverse silvery pink.

-~ Rose Laing. Various dealers.

Spiral center of heliotrope-pink ; outer petals recurving, of blush-
white, faced violet underneath. An unusually fine form for an early
sort. Imported.

— Sabine Mea. Various dealers.
‘Very bright golden yellow, perfectly double and almost globular
inform. A very beautiful variety. Imported.
— Santa Claus. Henderson.
Fleecy white, of large size z.nd perfect form.
— Stanstead White. Varzous dealers.

apee petals, partly incurved, pure,., ite. Imported. (Laing. )

aeemena. 7. S. Nur:

Fine flower, with long pointed petais of beautiful soft rose color.
Single.

ee ouearioal. ~ 7/72//.

One of thefreest-growing and freest-flowering sorts, and under the
most ordinary treatment produces quantities of flowers of the largest
size. The outer petals recurve slightly, while the inner rows in-
curve; the color is varying shades of yellow, often shaded bronze,

. sometimes perfectly clear.

- saat a

180 Annats of Florticulture.

Chrysanthemum, Sunflower (Swanley Yellow). Various dealers.
A Japanese chrysanthemum of massive character, broad, solid,
and of a briliant yellow color. Imported. (Cannell.)

— Sunray. endersen:
Rich yellow and light crimson.

— S. W. Allerton. Geo. W. Miller, Chicago.

A large-flowered extra good white variety, with distinct traits of
character. A large, bold, pure white flower. Of sturdy, bushy
growth, producing quantities of fine flowers. Raised by Mr. Mono-
lan, gardener to. Hy 7 Potter, sq7, Mc One of the
‘‘World’s Fair Set.”

— Target (Shenandoah). Vaughan.
Brilliant crimson, spatulated petals, bright yellow in center ; full,
perfect form; stout, erect stems ; very striking, unique.

— Tremont. Vaughan.
Clear lemon-chrome, very distinct and pure in color, incurved,
flower of good form, long stems, Wheeler style of petals, but more
double. A fine flower. (Fewkes.)

i “Puscolay iS ae:

Semi-double flat flower, tubular petals, long-spatulated ; very
delicate light yellow color. Single.

— Tyro. U.S. Nur.
Good stout grower, high flower, very broad petals of light fawn
color.

— Ulysses. U. S. Nur.
Flower opening flat, and incurving afterward; growing on stout
stems; the color is magenta, outer side deep lilac, large yellow eye.
Single.
— Waban. Vaughan.
Pink; very large full flower with stiff stems ; after the style of
Robert Crawford, but more double, deeper in color, with much
longer and broader petals, the outer of which reflex, while those of
the center incurve, the effect being a superbshow bloom. (Fewkes.)

— Washta. UO. S. Wur.
Semi-double flat flower, tubular petals long-spatulated; deep
chrome-yellow color. Single.

— Wichita. OG. S. WVur.
Deep rosy pink; very free. Single.

ee WA NV CS ant, Ce ae

Large massive double flower, lemon-yellow color; very effective.

— Yonitza. NWathan Smith & Son.
Chinese incurved, of perfect form; white, tinted with green.
Formed of a dense mass of petals disposed in the form of a ball.
[Chrysanthemums, 121 varieties. |

Lntroductions of ISOL. 181

The following 33 chrysanthemums were registered this year
with the American Chrysanthemum Society, but do not ap-
pear to have been introduced :

Adele. “dwin A. Setdewitz, Annapolis, Md.

Alpha. C.D. Kingman.

Ancient City. Sezdewittz.

Blushing Maid. <Atugman.

California. George Hollis, S. Weymouth, Mass.

Canton. Thomas Laurence, Ogdensburg, N. Y.

Captain Crosbie. Sfo//is,

Champlain. Laurence.

Crimson Globe. Aoliis.

Dorothy Tennant. <Azngman.

Edith M. Hollis. odvzs.

Eglantine. Aingman, —

James H. Freeland. &£. A. Wood, W. Newton, Mass.

Jessie K. Crosbie. odlis.

Kildare. Atngman.

Leather Stocking. <zngman.

Lord Baltimore. Sezdew7tz.

Mrs. Dudley C. Hall, A/rs. £, M. Gill,

Mrs. E. W. Wocd. Wood.

My Maryland. Sezdewtz.

Nain. Aollts.

Newton's Favorite. o/ls,

Rosalie. Azugman.

The American. Sezdewttz.

The Correspondent. Sezdewttz.

The Herald. Sezdewrtz.

The Journal. Sezdewitz.

The News, Sezdewittz.

The Sun. Setdewizrtz.

The World. Sezdewttz.

Warrior. //ollis.

Warsaw. <Alngman.

Weymouth Belle. ollts.
Cimicifuga racemosa. 7. P. Kelsey. Gillett & Horsford.

N. E. States. |

Sateea Lutetiana, Harlan P. Kelsey, N. C.

A native woods herb of small size and very small flowers.
Citron, Corsican. Division of Pomology, U. S. Dept. Agr.
Coleus, Silver Leaf. AHenderson.

Silvery white in the center of the leaf when grown under glass

and very light yellow outdoors. Edge of foliage green.

Collinsia bartisizfolia var. alba. Orcutt.

A cultivated white variety; rarely found wild in California.
Collomia (or Gilia) grandiflora. Orcutt.

Annual, 1-2 feet high, with large salmon flowers.

182 Annals of FHlorticulture.

Cooperia pedunculata. Gillett & Horsford.
5. IW: States. 3
Coreopsis trichosperma. Harlan P. Kelsey, N. C.
Flowers large and bright yellow; 2 to4 feet. Native.
Corn, Sweet, Early Dawn. Johnson & Stokes.
A large first early white corn, originating in northern Vermont.
— Lackey’s Early. Gregory.
Sweeter and less liable to smut than Marblehead or Cory.
— New Champion.: Price & Reed.
Early and large. 7
— Red-Cob Evergreen. Henderson.
Cob and kernels deep red ; 16-rowed. Sport from Stowell Ever-
green, but a week or ten days earlier.
Crinum amabile var. minor. Reasoner Bros.
Mexico.
Cucumber, Early Chinese.” 177%:
One to two feet long, very early; light green, few spines and few
seeds. From China.

— Livingston’s Evergreen. Livingston.
Sent out for trial in 1890, as No. 35.
— Long Giant. Salzer.
— New Giant White. S4urpee.
Grows 12to 16 inches long by 2 or 3 inches in diameter, waxen
white.
Cuphea Llave. UO. S. ur.
[ndividual flowers large, tube being bright red, opening of which
is purplish blue, while protruding pollen masses are white.
Cupressus Guadalupensis. Orcutt.
Blue cypress. California. Mr. Orcutt also offers C. Goventana,
C. Macnabiana and C. macrocarpa, species which are to be found in
some collections, but which do not appear to be grown by nurserymen.
Currant, Baldwin Black. Bowdles, Michigan.
England.
— Climbing. Curtice, New York.
— North Star. /ewell Nursery Co., Minn.
Cybotium Barometz. Reasoner Bros.
China.

Cypripedium Arnoldianum (Veztchiz X concolor). U. S. Nur.
Leaves 4 inches long by 2 inches wide, light green with hiero-
glyphic-like tessellation of dark green. Stem 4 to 5 inches high, dark
brown with white, short down. Flower large, nearly 4 inches across
petals. Dorsal sepal nearly round, slightly recurved on sides, lemon-
colored at base, which colorextends upwards. Veins vinous purple,
slightly shading over the ground color. Lower sepal of same color,

only veins not so pronounced. Patals 2 inches long, very broad ; inner
portion lemon color, outer portion washed with vinous purple,

Introductions of I&ol. 183

three-fourths of inner surface covered with dark crimson spots as
in C. Vettchiz. Lip long with narrow opening, bright lemon-yellow
at base, deep vinous purple veins and dottingsin upper part. Column
light green. Staminode slightly horseshoe-shaped, lemon-yellow
with purple Lorder.

Cypripedium, Harrisianum var. Pitcherianum. JU. S. ur.

Very fine variety having dorsal sepal nearly flat ; of a vinous pur-
ple*color, and approaching in beauty C. Harristanum var. superbum.

= ticieae var. Amesianum. «©. U.S. Vur.

Flower same size and shape as J/azu/et, with very broad white
margin, while green lower part is beautifully shaded with brown,
whole flower being void of any spotting whatever.

= ansione vat. Arnoldianum.. U. S: ur. |
Flower same shape as J/au/ez but much larger, beautifully twisted
and molded, both dorsal sepal as well as petals, the ends of the
_ latter being twisted backwards. The whole flower has a rich hue,
while the dorsal sepal has a clear white broad margin, the few
small spots being confined to the lower green portion.
—insigne var. Brownu. U. S. WVur.

Flower large, of a livid green, spotted on petals, while dorsal sepal,
which is heavily spotted with large blotches, has acoronet-like blotch
at apex. 5

— insigne var. Cowperianum. UW. S. WVur.

Flower of peculiar shape, dorsal sepal as in a/4o-marginatum, petal
very long, lip short and broad. Whole flower is of greenish yellow
hue, save white margin which extends all around the dorsal sepals
and a few spots at the base of it.

— insigne var. Cuttingianum. W& S. WVur.

Flower very large and fine, of light green with broad dorsal sepal
of which the upper portion is white with numerous light violet spots.

= aimsiene var. Eyermaniu. ‘U.S. Vur.

Flower size and shape of the type. Coloris a beautiful light green-
ish yellow, while dorsal sepal has a broad white top and a few indi-
stinct spotsat base. Very distinct ; resembles C. zzs7gne var. Sandere.

— insignevar. Gilmoreanum. UW. S. WVur.

Flower large and bold as in Chantiniz, dorsal sepal very large,
white margin with large reddish brown spots through the middle and
smaller oneson the sides. Lower sepal has brown streaks in six rows.

-— insigne var. Mandevillianum. @ S. ur.

Flowers size and shape of the a/éo-marginatum type, having white
margin on top of dorsal sepal into which the regular and close lines
of spots merge. Petals also thickly covered with smallspots in regu-
lar rows.

— insigne var. nitens. OU S.WVur.

Stronger in growththan thetype. Flower very large, of a uniform
yellowish tint, while broad dorsal sepal has a broad white margin
and rich brown-purple spots arranged in irregular rows. Has strik-
ing resemblance to the hybrid of the same name.

184 Annals of Horticulture.

Cypripedium Pavoninum inversum (Venustum X Loxallt).

Oe SOINGT:

Leaves broader and heavier, markings, flower and shape same as
Pavoninum, but color different. Dorsal sepal pointed, almost
flat, with apple-green ground color, over which 1s a heavy shading of

blackish brown; the border of same is pure white; lower sepal

green. Petals slightly curved, green, shaded, lined and spotted in
upper portion with dark brown. Lip light green with darker green
veins. Whole flower shines as if varnished.
[Cypripediums, 12 varieties. ]
Dais cotinifolia. Reasoner Bros.
South Africa.
Date, Fard. Dzvesion of Pomology, U. S. Dep't of Agriculture.
Arabia.
Delphinium virescens. Harlan P. Kelsey N. C.
A native larkspur, valuable for its pretty foliage and attractive habit.
Dichorisandra zanonia. Saud.
Dioscorea sp. Reasoner Bros.
Natal, South Africa.
Diphylleta cymosa.. A. 7P. Kelsey.
Alleghenies.
Dock, “Patrences, ~Wilsex.
Dracena, Alsace Lorraine. U. S. Nur.
Upright-growing variety. Stronger and larger than D. terminalis,
coloring easily and much finer in every way.
-~ ‘areetiea Sttiata.. U-s9a7) a7.
Rare. With small leaves beautifully lined with large silver bands.
latifolia. Medsoner Bros-
South Africa.
oo AIMGEMIte bal ides yee
Free and sturdy grower. Broad reflexed leaves which are beauti-
fully variegated.
—+ Madame Hamme, “Us. Ag
Fine sturdy grower with reflexing green leaves lined with yellow.
__ Neo-Caledonica.. (UV. 3S. Va,
Leaves light metallic in color, very large and hard.
Erythrea venusta. Orcutt.

A small annual, with bright sulphur-yellow and solferino flowers,

known in S. California as a Canchalagua.
Erythronium grandiflorium var. albiflorum. Orcutt
A pale yellow variety of the large Pacific species.
— Howelli. Orcutt.
Flowers light cream color, tinged with red; center yellow. Pacific
coast.
Eucalyptus leptopheba. Reasoner Bros.
New South Wales.

Q Introductions of I&o.. 185

Eucalyptus melanophloia. Reasoner Bros.
New South Wales.

— microcorys. easoner Bros.
South Queensland.

— siderophloia. easoner Bros.
New South Wales.

Fouquiera splendens. Orcutt.
A curious cactus-like plant 5-10 feet high, bearing terminal spikes
of flaming scarlet flowers. Candle-wood or Hocotillo of our south-
western deserts.

Frasera Parryi. Orcutz.
Biennial, reaching 4 feet, and bearing white-spotted flowers. Cal-

ifornia.

Fraxinus dipetala. Orcutt.
Flowering Ash. A shrub from Lower California.

Fuchsia, Augustin Thierry. Various dealers.
Very massive folige with light red stems, large semi-double flowers;
sepals clear red, corolla very bright rose. Imported.

— Bulgarie. Various dealers.

Brilliant single red sepals, large, clearly defined; corolla very

large and spreading, of violet-plum color. Imported.
— Cervantes. Various dealers.

Plant of splendid habit with beautiful light green foliage; sepals
bright rose; corolla very double, of a rose-mauve color, bordered
with blue. Imported.

— Gigantea. Vick.
_ Asport from Phenomenal and like it except that the corolla is
light magenta with dark crimson veins.
— Jupiter. Various dealers.

A French variety, said to be superior to Phenomenal. The plant
is a tall grower; the leaves are dark green with veins of bright crim-
son. The flowers are as large as Phenomenal, are more compact,
and the petals have more depth ; sepals bright scar!et. with rich vio-
let-purple corolla.

— Pierre Loti. Various dealers.

Flowers very double, with enormous violet-blue corolla and bright

red sepals. Imported.

Garden Lemon. J/owa Seed Co.

This resembles the vine-peach in manner of growth, but is distinct
in that the unripe fruit is striped with very dark green, nearly black,
while the vine-peach is plain green, and when ripe, this is not russeted
like the vine-peach. Fruit is somwhat smaller than vine-peach, has
thinner flesh, and is more acid.

Gentiana puberula. Gillett & Horsford.
E. States.

186

Annals of Horticulture.

Geranium, Admiration. Vardous dealers.

Single. A dwarf free grower; large trusses Color white, shaded

rosy salmon, deepest in the center. Imported. 1890-1.
Attraction. Various dealers.

Double. Very large trusses of orange-red, passing to carmine-

violet. Imported. 1890-1,
Aurelien Scholl. Various dealers.

Single. Soft rose, with center of strong violet. White blotches

on the upper petal. Imported. 1890-1.
Bayard. Various dealers.

Trusses and florets large, of a beautiful vermilion color, of com-

pact growth and free-flowering habit. Imported.
Bonnat. Various dealers.

Large spherical trusses, flower full and of finest form. Color
ricaest carmine-rose, of strong, vigorous growth with massive foli-
age. Imported.

Buffalo Bill. A772.
Double. Extra-fine variety ; cream, marbled rose. 1890-1.
Copernic. Various dealers. |

Single. Floret perfectly round ; a lively, beautiful shade of rosy
Carmine, changing to bright salmon at the base of the petals, with
small white eye. Very large truss of florets on long footstalks; a
very noticeable color and quite distinct. Imported. 1890-1.

Director Edmond. Various dealers.

Single. Orange-salmon shading to silvery lilac, with white eye.

Fine for massing. Imported. 1890-1.
Emile Augier. Varzous dealers.

Single. Flowers large, clear orange with white eye. Very

brilliant. Imported. 1890-1.
F. Becker. © A/7#.

A splendid grower, with broad, dark-zoned leaves. The flower
forms a splendid truss of florets nicely displayed ; the color is glow-
ing peach-pink, shading to carmine near the center and enclosing a
white eye; two petals are light scarlet, beautifully veined darker.
Single. Hybrid of Souvenir de Mirande.

Gerome. Various dealers.

Immense-sized trusses ; flowers double, dark violet-rose of a beau-

tiful tint. Imported.

, Gripper Banks. Various dealers.

Double. Produces a larger truss of orange-scarlet flowers than
any other double in cultivation ; very fine. Imported. 1890-1.
H. De Parville. Various dealers.
Single. Very large truss of soft rose color. Veined with vinous
red. Imported. 1890-1.
Henri de Bornier. Various dealers.
Large trusses of double flowers, white delicately tinted; plant
covered with flowers. Imported. (Lemoine.)

Lntroductions of I&9ol. 187

Geranium, Jacques Callot. Various dealers.

Single. A seedling from Souvenir de Mirande, that finest of all
the fancy geraniums. This variety is exactly identical with its pa-
rent, save for its larger size. Imported. 1890-1.

— Jeanne d’Arc. Various dealers. ‘

Even freer in bloom than Mirande, while the coloris most distinct
and attractive, being a bright warm crimson, banded with creamy
white. Imported. (Mirande type.) 1890-1 (?)

— L’Original. Various dealers.
| Double. Flowers very large, and of odd, irregular outline ; silver-
salmon bordered with rose. Imported. 1890-1.
coaenl. + 772d/:

Soft scarlet-pink of beautiful shade, florets circular in form, trusses
of grand size; fine indoors and out. Single. Hybrid of Souvenir
de Mirande.

— Madonna. //7v//.
Bright green foliage of good substance, making a good background
' for the flower, which is the very softest shade of pale pink; the flo-
rets are large, and are arranged in handsome showy trusses well
above the foliage ; a most delicately beautiful color, anda very strik-
ing variety, attracting attention atonce. Single. Hybrid of Sou-

venir de Mirande.

— Madame Chantrier. Various dealers.

, Double. A fine winter bloomer of nice habit ; enormous trusses
composed of very large florets; rosy scarlet and solferino, with
white reverse ; magnificent color; a variety of the finest order.
Imported. (Bruant.)

— Madame Dupont. Various dealers.

Rosette-formed flowers, brilliant deep scarlet ; very free; trusses
large, on strong footstalks. Imported.

—— Madame la Comtesse de Pot. Various dealers.

Salmon-flesh color bordered with white; a fine budding variety.
Single. Imported.

— Madame S. Deseglisse. Varzous dealers.

Double. Truss quite spherical, floret circular: clear bright rose
color, marble-white and with white reverse. Imported, 1890-1.

— Melchior de Vogue. Varzous dealers.

Double. Very fine trusses of bloom; tender rose delicately tinted
lilac. Imported. (Lemoine.)

— Mr. de Fortanier. Varzous dealers.

Double. Very large florets, quite round, and truss very large ;
rosy cerise and capucine-red, producing a very odd and beautiful ef-
fect. Imported. (Bruant.)

— Mrs. A. Blanc. Av.

Flowers of the very largest size, round and perfect; apricot-red,
touches of lilac at the center. Grand single variety for bedding
out. (Bruant.) 1890-1.

188 Annals of Horticulture.

Geranium, Mrs. J. M. Gaar. ~ A777.

Probably the finest of the single white bedders; semi-dwarf, as
free in bloom as Katie Schulz; the plants have been a cloud of
bloom all summer. Florets nicely shaped and of medium size.
Hybridof Souvenir de Mirande.

-— Mrs. Trowbridge. Jf@ller.

— M. Louis Fages. Various dealers.

A beautiful compact grower; fine foliage nicely zoned ; trusses
large, florets of extrasize; semi-double. Color, clear orange. Very
free in bloom. Imported. (Bruanttype.) 1890-1.

—.M. Poimer. ~VYarmous gears. :

Single. Soft vinous rose; the prettiest geranium in thiscolor, with

markings on the upper petals that are beautiful. Imported. 1890-1.
— M.-P. Olombel. Various déaters.

Brilliant vermilion-scarlet with orange shadings; trusses of im-

mense size and perfect form. Imported.
—. Montesquieu. Various dealers.

Very large semi-double florets of exquisite pale pink, with white
eye. The nearest approach tothe color of Grace Wilder; floret
quite circular. An exquisitely beautiful variety. Imported. 1890-1.

— M. V. Noulens. Various dealers.

May be described as a scarlet Mirande. It is a magnificent va-
riety of large size, and of the most brilliant combination of clear
white, with scarlet border. Imported. (Mirandetype.) 1890-1.

—— P. Crozy. Various dealers.

A hybrid between the zonales and ivies. having the foliage of the
former, but very heavy in texture, while the forms of truss and
florets are found only among the ivies; the color is soft bright scar-
let, with veinings of maroon; the habit is perfect, and it is a grand
bedder. Imported. 1890-1.

— President Carnot. Various dealers. :

One of the very best new geraniums of the year. Semi-double,
florets and trusses of immense size ; plant very free bloomer, color
brilliant deep scarlet. Imported. Raised by Delesalle. .

— Ruy Blas. Various dealers.

Very large double florets in medium-sized trusses. Large center

of fierysalmon, edges a soft rosy salmon. Imported. 1890-1.
—Sacher Masoch. Various dealers.

Very large trusses of large double florets, currant-red in See

Imported. (Lemoine.)
— $.G. Cobb. Aiz7.

Beautiful floret with slightly overlapping petals ; asturdy grower
with heavily zoned foliage ; large showy truss on long stems; florets
not crowded owing to length of footstalks ; the two upper petals are
white one-half the distance from the center; theother half is bright
pink ; the other three petals are bright pink, dotted near center with
many tiny pointsof bright red, as in Cannell’s Spotted Gem. Single.
Hybrid of Souvenir de Mirande.

Lntroductions of ISOQl. 189

Geranium, Sully Prudhomme. Various dealers.

Florets very double, in large trusses, bright carmine in color.
Imported. (Lemoine.)

— Tour Eiffel. Various dealers.

(his variety resembles the famous Bruant in form of trusses and
florets. Plant dwarf, but of strong, healthy growth and splendid
for bedding. Color bright orange-scarlet; flowers semi-double.
Imported.

— WA. Chalfant.. A/7z//.

Dazzling scarlet, florets circular and slightly cupped, forming a
magnificent truss ; heavy Bruant-like foliage assuring it a good bed-
der. Single. Hybrid of Souvenir de Mirande.

— Wm. Kelway. Various dealers.

Enormous trusses, florets double and fiery scarlet, Imported.

(Lemoine. )
[Geraniums, 42 varieties. |

Seumtadiatum ff. P. Kelsey.

N. E. States.

Gila minima var. cerula. Orcutt.
California.

Gillenia stipulacea. A. P. Kelsey.
E. States.

Gladiolus, Bertha. J/. Crawford, Ohio.

Tall and strong, exceedingly showy, makes an elegant spike, with
numerous side branches, and multiplies rapidly. Color very bright,
light scarlet, with a large purple blotch on the lower petals.

— Lulu. W Crawford, Ohio.

The color is white, with the edge delicately penciled with dark

crimson, resembling a Picotee pink.
— Mabel. M&M. Crawford, Ohio.

Of dwarf habit, usually less than three feet high. An early and
abundant bloomer, and produces many bulblets. Color soft, rich
Carmine, in various shades.

— May. &. Crawford, Ohio.

White, delicately touched with pink. showing most near the ends
of the petals. The two lower petals are marked with a peculiar
light brown color.

Gladiolus, Nanceianus (Lemoine’s) type. The following by Saz/ -

A. de la Davansaye.

Dr i. Ps Wolcott.

Harry Veitch.

J. H. Krelage.

Kleker.

Le Grand Carnet.

Massena.

Prof. Lambrin,

Prof. Sargent. ~

Rev. W. Wilks.

IgO Annats of Florticulture.

Gladiolus, Royal Queen. Jowa Seed Co.
[Gladiolus, 15 varieties. |
Gloxinia, Emperor Frederick. Henderson.
Vivid scarlet, margined with a clear white band.
Godetia quadrivulnera. Orcutt.
Slender annual, 1-2 feet, with white or purple flowers.
Grape, Magnificent. ice, Georgia.
Red.
— Male-Muscadine. 7. V. Munson, Texas.
Introduced as a pollinizer for the bearing varieties of muscadines.
— Splendid. Arce, Georgia.
White.
— Superb. ice, Georgia.
Black.
Grewia Caffra. Reasoner Bros.
Natal, S. Africa.
Gooseberry, Puyallup. Puyallup Nursery.
— Red Jacket. /osselyn, N.Y. |
Habenaria blephariglottis. Harlan P. Kelsey, N. C.

A native orchid bearing pure white-fringed flowers.

Helianthus letiflorus. /. W. Manning.

A native sunflower, 5 feet high, with deep yellow flowers 3 to 4
inches across.

Heteromeles arbutifolia. Ovcutz.

California Holly or Christmas-berry. Evergreen shrub, with white
flowers and scarlet berries. Rosacez.

Hibiscus, Faust’s New Imperial. aust.
Flowers 5 inches across, rich yellow. 5 ft.
Honeysuckle, Fuchsia-flowered. Chzlds.

A weeping honeysuckle. Flowers long and trumpet-shaped, coral-
red, borne in large clusters and drooping like afuchsia A strong,
rapid grower; blooms during the entire summer and fall.

Hollyhock; Tokio. Henderson. Johnson & Stokes. + .

Flowers double, 12 to 15 inches in circumfence, the petals frilled,
rich wine-maroon at base shading to cherry-red and broadly edged
with white. 5ft. Japanese.

Ipomeza Bronson. Thorburn.

A new perennial ipomza with corrugated stem. A native of Cuba
and was brought to this country by Dr. J. O. Bronson, on whose
plantation in Florida the seed was grown. It is of most luxuriant
growth, extending 50 feet in every direction, and completely hiding
any structure over whichit runs. It produces a profusion of white
flowers over an inch in diameter, and of exquisite perfume. The seed
must be started under glass. |

Ixiolirion Tartaricum. Gardiner.

Imported from Europe.

Lntroductions of I8Qf. IQI

Juniperus occidentalis. Orcutt.
Californian Juniper.
iatmahirsuta. Af. 2. Kelsey.
oy, HE. Statés.
Kola-nut (Cola acuminata). Reasoner Bros. Dobson.
West Africa.
Larkspur, Double-striped. J/owa Seed Co.
Lathyrus venosus and L. vestitus. Orcutt.
Wild peas. Californian.
Leek, True Scotch Musselburgh. Gardiner.
The superiority of this strain of leek lies in its size, rapidity of
growth and fine quality. The stem in this fine sort seldom exceeds
6 or 8inches in length, but it is often 2 inches or more in diameter
in well-grown plants. It is exceedingly hardy, and theleavesare ofa
fine deep green, much larger than the large French leeks, and the
blanched stem is also of superior mild flavor,
Leptosyne Douglasi1 and L. maritima. Orcutt.
Handsome Californian composites.
Memes. “ll Cream.’ Salzer.
A curled lettuce.
— Champion Spring and Summer. /ohnson & Stokes.
An early head lettuce of a bright golden color.
— Denver Market. /. Barteldes & Co., Kansas. ;
Originated with a market-gardener of Denver, Col. The heads are
large, solid, light green, beautifully curled likea Savoy cabbage, very
crisp and tender. Thecrimpled leaves are a distinct feature. The
heads area little after the style of the Hanson but more ere,
Good either for forcing or outside use.
— Early White Self-folding Cos. Ferry.
— Genesee. Sarnard.
A large heading lettuce, said to attain a weight of nearly 4 lbs.
— Golden Queen. Henderson,

Small early lettuce of a golden yellow color, of compact growth.

mtarand Kkapids. - Various Dealers.

A compact forcing lettuce, from Grand Rapids, Mich.

etalk Century... Chzl/ds.

Leaves fold together, forming a long loose head; very brittle.

—- Large Yellow Market. Dreer.

This lettuce is of a greenish yellow color and makes very large flat
heads of a solidity equal to that of a cabbage. They measure 7 inches
in diameter by about 24 inches in circumfence and, unlike most other
lettuces, are entirely free from unserviceable outside leaves. Un-
surpassed for tenderness and durability. It hearts more rapidly
than the late lettuces, and is unaffected by bad weather.

— NewSensation. /ohnson & Stokes.

French.

192 Annals of florticulture.

Lettuce, Rawson’s New Hothouse. Aaws.
— Self-foiding Trianon Cos. Thorburn.
Very carly, being ready for use before the Paris White cos. Very
large, solid, crisp and of excellent quality.
— Tillon’s White Star. erry.
£ = white-seeded lettuce with large, loose, crisp and bright-colored
eads. ;
[Lettuce, 13 varieties. |
Lilium Carolinianum. Gillett & Horsford.
— Grayl. Hf. P. Kelsey. Gillett & Horsford.
N. Carolina.
Linnea borealis. Guzllett & Horsford.
Ni. States.
Littonia modesta. Reasoner Bros.

South Africa.

Leeselia effusa and L. tenuifolia. Ovrcu?z.

Phlox-like plants from California.

Lonicera oblongifolha. Guzllett & Horsford.
N. E. States.
Lupinus affinis, L. arboreus, L. arboreus var. lutens, L. den-
siflorus,. L: micranthus. ~ O-cziz:
— Californian lupines.

Maba Natalensis. Reasoner Bros.

South Africa.
Mamillaria deserti. Orcutt.

A cactus from the Mojave desert.
— phellosperma. Orcutt.

Californian.

Mangifera Indica: Green Mexican, and Melachoton. Aea-
soner Bros. |

Cuba.

Melanthium Virginicum. 4. .P. Kelsey.

E. States.

Mignonette, Elmwood Giant. Gardiner.

Plants robust but dwarf, pyramidal in habit. Spikes very large,
reddish.

— Red Giant. Dreer.

The result of several years’ careful selection from Machet mignon-
ette, and surpasses that excellent variety in every respect. The
plant grows from 12 to16 inches high, of pyramidal habit, very vigor-
ous, slightly compact, and of perfect form. The flower-spikes when
well grown are of enormous size, and thesingle blossoms of an intense
red color.

Milletia Caffra. Reasoner Bros.

South Africa.

Introductions of I&9ol. 193

Monardella nana (M. macrantha var. nana), and M. lanceolata.
Orcutt. :
California mints; the former perennial and evergreen, with white
flowers; the latter annual, with purple flowers.
Muskmelon, Banquet. Henderson
Medium size, flat at both ends and beautifully netted. Flesh dark
salmon, of superior quality.

— Great Combination. Childs.

Large, late, long keeper. weighing 20 to 30 lbs.
—— Johnsen & Stokes’ Superb. /ohnson & Stokes.

A very large, late melon.
—— Livingston’s Market. Lzvingston.

A netted melon, green-fleshed, ripening with Hackensack.
—— Netted Beauty. /ohnson & Stokes.

Very early netted melon, with pale green, very thick, sweet flesh.
— Newport. Henderson.

Resembles Hackensack, except that it is smaller. Raised by J. P.
Dickenson.

—— Ornamental Pomegranate. Livingston.

Almost round, fruit orange-yellow slightly striped red and some-
times spotted red, varying from the size of a plum to that of an
orange. Very fragrant. Probably the Dudaim melon.

— Shumway Giant. Shumway and dealers.

Round-shaped, light green, the skin smooth with little netting.
Flesh deep salmon, thick, fine-grained and not stringy. Average
weight 18 lbs.

Nemophila aurita. Orcutt.
Large violet flowers. Californian.
Nicotiana colossea. Various dealers.
A strong species, growing 6 to g feet high, with stiff red stems and
very large rich green leaves.
Nolina Bigelovu. Orcutt.
A liliaceous plant 6 to 10 feet high. California.
Onion, Deutsche Perle. Vaughan.

This is the most excellent of all this class of onions for pickling
and chow-chow. They are perfectly round, and the smaller ones
resemble pearls as nearly asany vegetable can. They multiply from
the base of the roots, the largest bulbs being the size of a five-cent
piece, and the off-sets about the size of large peas. German.

— Southport Early Red Globe. Gregory.
Said to differ from the Southport Red Globe in being one of the
earliest varieties of large onions.
Opuntia serpentina. ~Orcutt.
Procumbent. Yellow flowers. California. :
— Tuna-manse. Orcutt.

Probably a form of O. Yuna. Fruit nearly globular, orange

blotched with red. S. California.

14

194. Annals of Horticulture.
Orthocarpus purpurascens. Orcut?z.

Annual, r foot or less high, with yellow crimson-tipped flowers and
gaudy bracts: -Pacifie.

Osteospermum moniferum. Reasoner Bros

South Africa.

Oxera pulchella.?) Saw.

New Caledonia.

Oxyanthus Natalensis. Reasoner Bros.

South Africa.

Papaver Californica, Henderson.

Annual, 1 foot, very bushy, producing in great numbers saucer-
shaped flowers 6 inches: in circumference, of rich pinkish orange
with center of sulphur-yellow. California. (See also Poppy.)

Parsnip, Magnum Bonum. Sarnard.
Pea, Leader. Sarnard.

About 2% feet high, very early.

— New Very Dwari Sugar... Menderson.

Very dwarf, with large crimped pods.

-— Notts xcelsion,” “Graco.

A wrinkled pea as early as American Wonder, with larger pods
and half taller, and a heavier cropper. Raised by Richard Nott,
Burlington, Vt.

— Stanley. orsford.
-—_ The Admiral. Henderson.
A wrinkled pea, unusually productive, the pods about the size of
First of All, 3% to 4 feet. English.
-—— The Don... » Henderson.

A deep green wrinkled sort, producing large square-end pods;
second early. 4 feet. English.
— The Mayor. Menderson.
A green wrinkled pea, of main crop. 3 feet. English.

Peach, Albught: — Augle,_ra@,.

— Burke. /. L. Normandy, Marksville, La.
Perhaps sent out as early as 1889.

— Crosby. Hale, Connecticut.

— Diamond. Albaugh, Ohio.

+= /Gold: Dust: “(Olden S7u77 Cos DOr.

—~“Hughes’ IXL.—Z. 7. Suders, Collinsburg, La.

— Kalona. 2. 7. iswdees, Coumsrw se, 2a.

— Lancaster. Eugle, Pa.

— Normand’s Choice. /» Z. Wormand, Marksville, La.

Peary Krull. Mallinckrodt, Missourt.

— Lincoln. /ones, Lllinots.

Marshall. Hoste, Vem Vor.

Introductions of r8or. } 195

Feean, Beauty. A7unson, Texas.
P'ieicaicer. Lrediger, Lexas.
eeieek jack. Brown, Florida.
= Cenvennial. Lrotscher, La.
— Favorita. Brown, Fla.

eee erouscher. /70lscher, La.

- taeorcia Melon. Arown, Fla.
me taset. | Dediocr, Texas.

— Helen Harcourt. Arown, Fla.
— Idlewild. Brediger, Texas. 3
— Jumbo. Munson, Texas.

— Longfellow. Brown, Fla.

— Mammoth. J/rotscher, La.

ae earl. (Munson, J exas.
mete. brown, //a.

=— hed River. A/uttson, Texas.
— Repton. Srown, Fla.

= ikibera. brown, Fla.

ee nisien, xisfen, 7 cxas.
ner. wart, A255.

—— Turkey Ege. Brown, Fla.

— Van Deman. Stuart, Miss.
[Pecans, 22 varieties. |

Pentachzta aurea. Orcutt.
Pepper (ked), Black Nubian. Burpee. Childs.

Fruits long, deep blue-black from the first. Flowers deep purple.
p= @igalds Kaleidoscope. — Childs:

4 long-pointed pendent pepper, changing, as it ripens, from canary
to scarlet.
tie Mina. Dburpec,
An upright pepper of mild flavor.
Eetumia, Plymouth. Gardiner.
Raised by Hender & Son, England.
Fhacelia.campanularia, P. Orcuttiana and P. Parryi, P. tana-
eetiiolia and var. alba. Orcutt.
Southern Californian whitlavia-like plants.
Picea Sitchensis. Orcutt.
A colossal spruce, reaching 150 to 200 feet.
Pinus Lambertiana (Sugar-pine), Parryana (the Pinyon), P.
Paoiniana (Digger-pine), and P. tuberculata. Orcutt.
ms Three Pacific coast pines.
Piper nigrum. Reasoner Bros.
Arabia.

196 Annals of Horticulture.

Plum; Bailey.” MormaenancL a.
A purple Japanese plum.
—“ Missouri Green Gage. “Stark Bros.
= “Normandy ““WVormangs Lax
A yellow Japanese plum.
—,Plattman’s Bunker-Hill Merbert A. Jones, figgeg pee
Originated at Yates county Nurseries. near Seneca lake, by J. H.
Plattman, from seed of the Sugar-plum, which was grown side by
side of the Washington and Reine Claude. It combines all the
essential points of a valuable market sort; good grower; quality,
season and productiveness good. Size of Washington, quality of
Bradshaw and season of Reine Claude.
-—, Stark Green Gage... Sta72 D708
Seedling of Missouri Green Gage (see above), larger and more
productive but not so high in quality.

Polygala Senega. Guillett & Horsford.
E. States.

Polygonatum giganteum. ZA. P. Kelsey.
Ebates.

Pomelo, Royal. Reasoner Bros.
Very sweet sort.

Poppy, Eider-down (Papaver somniferum album laciniatum
i. spl.) endensan.

Sturdy habit, 1% feet, snow-white, the petals deeply frayed. (See
also Papaver.)
—- Rosy Morn.| Gardiner.
A variety of Papaver pzoniflorum. Very uniqueincolor. Flowers
very double, rose.

=< The Bride: (27 2e7.

A pure white single selection from the ordinary Papaver somni-
ferum. The flowers are of large size, and the petals nearly entire at
the margin. Flowers last well after being cut.

— White.Swan. -Dealexs:

The plant forms a dense freely branching bush 2 feet in height ;
above this are elevated on strong, slender stems, the very large flow-
ers. These are of immensesize, very double, with beautifully lacinia-
ted petals, and of the purest possible white. It lasts longer in bloom -
than any other poppy.

Potato, Chautauqua. ford.
Medium season; long, round or oval, skin rose color mottled
with deep red; eyes numerous, prominent; size large to very large;
vines large and stout, standing upright. Productive; good flavor.

- JA Gyance: jar.

Very early ; oblong tolong, round or oval; skin light red or pink,
thickly netted; eyes quite numerous, slightly depressed, size medium
to large. Of best quality, and very productive.

Lntroductions of 189m. 197

Potato, Freeman. AZaule.

Grown by Mr. Freeman, Minnesota.

= Ideak J7. Crawford; Ohio.

Seedling of Jersey Peach-blow. Skin usually russeted, light creamy
brown. Mid-season. High quality and very productive.

— Koshkonong. Jord.

Medium season ; oblong, oval or nearly round; skin creamy white,
thickly netted all over; eyes plenty, but not numerous, slightest pink
tint, some prominent, ali have a well-defined brow; yet the eyes are
shallow, giving the tuber a remarkably smooth appearanse; size large
to very large; vines remarkably stout and thrifty, withstanding drouth
better than most kinds. Seedling in 1884, by Thomas Crane, Wis.

— Late Puritan. Henderson.

Like early Puritan, but later and more productive. Originated

with Robert Birch, Michigan, from the Early Puritan.
— Negro. /errard.

A purple variety of choice quality. Seedling of the old Blue Chris-

tie from New Brunswick.
— Paris Rose. Ford,

Very early; oblong, oval; skin rosecolor, much netted; eyes
plenty, nearly even with the surface; size medium to large; quality
excellent.

— Pride of Ireland. Lzvingston,

A late variety, white-skinned. Originated by Mr. Nigh, Wiscon-

sin.
=aawrmam s Barliest. /owa Seed Co.
— Vaughan. Vaughan.

An inbred seedling of Peerless, raised by E. L. Coy, West Hebron
N.Y. Skin flesh-color, flesh white and rich. Ripens with Early
Puritan.

= Vick’s Champion. Vick.

Tubers large and white with a russet coating; similar in form to
Green Mountain, but more oval, and fuller at seed end.

— Woodbury’s White. Gregory.

This is a white-skinned and also a white-fleshed sort, half oblong
in shape. It has but‘few eyes, and they shallow ones. Medium ear-
ly, mealy and well-flavored ; size large, with exceptionally few small
ones. A great cropper. Originated in Maine.

[ Potatoes, 13 varieties. |
Prosopis juliflora. Orcutt.
The Mesquit tree of California. ‘The bean-like pods are eaten by
the Indians.
— pubescens. Orcutt.
Screw-bean. Smaller tree than the last.
Eranus ilicifolia. Orcuit.
Evergreen Californian shrub, yielding ediblefruit.

nes © Annals of Horticulture.

Pseudotsuga Douglasii var. macrocarpa. Orcutt.
A small white form of Douglas’ spruce.
Pteris serrulata densa. Sav.
== Victoria. Saal O.5S7 Nur, :
East Indies. Originally discovered by I. Fosterman. Foliage
neatly divided, the sterile fronds being much broader than fertile
ones. Middle of frond beautifully variegated with silver-white.
Pumpkin, Calhoun. Henderson.
A medium to small pale yellow pie pumpkin.
Pyrola rotundifolia var. uliginosa, Get & Horsford.
Eastern states.
Quince, Alaska. Green’s Nur. Co.
Hardy, early, of large size and good quality, deep golden yellow.

Radish, Acme Sadzer.

— Livingston’s New Pearl Forcing. Livingston.

Said to be a cross of Strasburg and Wood’s Frame. White.
— Long Black Summer. erry.
— Sandwich. Henderson.

So called because it is largely used by the French and Germans
for slicing for sandwiches, the radish taking the place of meat. This
variety is of a pure snow-white color, similar to the White Strasburg
in shape, but rather more stump-rooted. It produces small tops.

Raspberry, American Everbearing. Cleveland Nur. Co.
Obtained by introducers of M,. Hatfield, Wayne Co., Indiana,
whosays: ‘‘It originated on a farm within a few miles of this place.
I do not know its history from its first propagation, as it was on the
farm when I first found it; since then I have had it in cultivation
and I have given it the name of American Everbearing. The canes
are large and stocky, and are about two weeks earlier than any
raspberry I haveknown. The firstcropisas fullasthe Gregg. The
berry is as large, but much sweeter and better flavored. It is black,
slightly covered with light mold. After the first crop is gathered, in
two weeks the new crop is on hand, and from that time on till heavy
frosts they are continuous in bearing.” :
—-Ebon Beauty. (Blackcap.) 2%. L. Piers, Nem Beams,
Lyd.
— Coranth: «C. J..Coranth,. Amn Arbor, Mich.
— Lovett, or $1,000. Lovett Co.
Chance seedling found in Jefferson Co. Indiana, by Ezra Wood.
Blackcap, aslarge as Gregg, but earlier, firmer and better flavor.
— Older. Lovett Co. Baer
Chance seedling from Iowa. A mid-season blackcap, the fruits
entirely devoid of bloom.

— Perfection. (Red.) Loudon, Wasconstn.
— Royal Church. Church, Ohio.

ss

Lntroductions of I&or. 199

Raspberry, Smith's oe Lizra G. Smith.
= Wanant.- Lord.

Red, resembling Thwack, but the canes are bluer and stronger,
fruit slightly larger and better ; firm.

Rhamnus alnifolia. Gzllett @& Horsford.

Eastern states.

Baus coronoides. . FP. Kelsey.
Alabama.
— ovata. Orcutt.
Evergreen shrub. The dark red berries are used for making a
cooling drink. Pacific.
= typhina var. laciniata. /. W. Manning.

A cut-leaved variety of the common hairy sumac.

Ribes Cynosbati. Gzllett & Horsford.
Eastern states.
— prostratum. Gillett & Horsford.

Eastern states.

— rotundifolium. A. P. Kelsey.

Eastern states.
esa Caltornica. —§ Orcuit.
Rose, Abel Chatenay. Various dealers.

An elegant and graceful rose; large, full flowers, deliciously sweet;
color bright, clear carmine, beautifully shaded and exceedingly
handsome.

— A. Maille. Various dealers.

Extra-large, full flowers, borne on long stout stems; color bril-

liant carmine, passing to clear carnation red; highly recommended.

— Amanda Casado. Various dealers.
Flower of medium size. The center isa mingling of rose and cham-
ois, outer petals bright pink, some petals marbled in rose and white.
A good grower. ‘Tea. French.

— Anna Cook (J. Cook). Various dealers.

Medium size, full imbricated flowers; fragrant; buff pink or pale
rose delicately shaded with amber and coral red. Tea. An Ameri-
can seedling from Bon Silene.

— Augustine Guinoisseau. (White La France.) Vartous

dealers.

A seedling from La France, retaining the habit of growth, frag-
rance and blooming qualities of the parent variety, with flowers ofa
pearly white, shading toward the center to light rose. Hybrid tea.
See ANNALS for 1890, 43, 55. I89Q0-I.

— Baroness M. Werner. Various dealers.

Color, rich creamy white shaded with salmon and amaranth; pet-
als broad; perfumed. Tea. French.

200

Annals of Horticulture.

Rose, Beauty de Grange Héby. Various dealers.

Flowers large, double ; white shading to yellow at the center, last-
ing long after being cut. Cross between Baroness Rothschild and
Mme. Chédanne Guinoisseau. <A strong grower, good for outdoor

culture. Hybrid tea. See ANNALS for 1890, 49.

Bona Weillshott. Varzous dealers.
A very strong grower; flower large and double, and of the centi-
folia form. Color rosy vermilion, with center of orange-red; very
sweet. Hybridtea. See ANNALS for 1890, 42, 55. 1890-1.

Buffalo Bill. Varzous dealers.
Extra-large buds and flowers, fine imbricated form, somewhat
flattened at center, but very full, rich and handsome; color bright
shining rose, passing to deep pink or cerise-red ; - highly pe

Charles de Franciosi. Various dealers.
Flower large, double ; chrome-yellow shading to salmon, the outer
petals shaded rose; the bud long and orange-red. Tea. See ANNALS
for 1890, 46.

Christine de Noue. Various dealers.

Flowers large, finely formed, of heavy texture ; maroon-red ; pet-
als imbricated; very sweet ; vigorous and free. Tea. See ANNALS
for 1890, 44.

Climbing Niphetos. Various dealers.

Sport from Niphetos, and like it, save in habit. See Annats for
1890, 56.

Climbing Perle des Jardins. /ohn Henderson Co.

Sport from Perle des Jardins, of American origin.

Comte deGrassin. Various dealers.
A cross with Gen. Jacqueminot, and astrong grower. The flowers
are produced in clusters, are double and of large size, and very

sweet; the color is silvery rose, shadedcarmine. Hybrid perpetual.
French.

Comtesse de Bouchard. Various dealers.

Flowers very large, double, of good form; orange-yellow, the
backs of the petals a paler shade. Rampant grower. Climbing
tea. See ANNALS for 1890, 44.

Comtesse de Vitzthum. Varzous dealers.

Flowers large, double, finely formed, center bright Naples yellow,
shading toa higher tint. Strong and free. Tea. Seedling of Perle
des Jardins. See Annas for 1890, 45.

Comtesse Eva Starhemberg. Various dealers.

Flower double, heavy in texture, creamy yellow, shading to ochre
at the center, the borders of the petals touched with rose. Bud
long. Free. Tea. See ANNALS for 1890, 46.

Comtesse Julie de Schulenburg. Various dealers.

Color bright purple, of a deeper shade in center. Flowers large

and full. Plant of vigorous habit. Hybrid perpetual. French.

L[ntroductions of I89f. 201

Rose, Dr. Dusillet. Various dealers.
Flowers large, salmon-yellow at the center, changing to clear yellow
at the ends of the petals; also shaded rose. Strong dwarf grower.
Piree, lea. French.”

— Dr. Reymont. Various deaters.
This hardy, everblooming sort was obtained by crossing Gen.
Jacqueminot and the Rosa polyantha or multiifiora. It inherits the
_ hardiness and splendid crimson-colored flowers of Gen. Jacque-
minot—which are but little reduced in size—with the profuse bloom-
ing qualities of the polyantha class, thus combining the two qualities
most desired in a garden rose.

— Duchesse de Dino. Various dealers.
Flowers large anddouble; color crimson, with shadings of bright
Carmine; a strong grower. Hybridperpetual. 1890-1.

Duchesse Marie Salviati. Various dealers.

Beautiful chrome-yellow, elegantly tinged with orange, passing to
buff, prettily flushed with rose, buds and outer petals orange-red :
the buds are long, large and pointed, the flowers extra-large, quite
full and very sweet. See ANNALS for 1890, 42, 54.

= @liza Chatelard:. Varzous dealers.
Asturdy dwarf grower, bearing a profusion of flowersfrom1 to 1%
inches in diameter; color rosy carmine of very rich shade. Poly-
antha. See AnnAts for 1890, 49.

— Eliza Fugier. Various dealers.
Bud much like Niphetos, of which it is a seedling, but flower is
deep cream, sometimes edged with pink. Free, with better habit
and handsomer foliage than its parent. Tea. See Annats for

1890, 44.
— Hmuile Bardiaux. Various * dealers.

A strong, rampant grower ; flowers large and double ; color bright
carmine-red, shaded soft violet. Hybrid perpetual. 1890-1.

—Etoile d’Angers. Various dealers.

Of strong constitution and good habit; produces nicely pointed
buds, opening into double flowers of globular form and heavy tex-
ture. The color is chamois-yellow bordered with peach, and with
shadings of bronze; quite new and distinct. Tea. SeeANNaLs for
1890, 47.

— Etoile d’Or (Star of Gold). Various dealers.

Full round flowers, perfectly double, borne in largeclusters, pale
chrome-yellow, wlth rich citron-red center; blooms quickly and pro-
fusely, and besides being exceedingly beautiful, is entirely distinct
from all others.

— Gen. Mertchansky. Various dealers.
Flowers large and double, nearly erect and of heavy texture, elegant

in form, tender, rosy flesh color, with bright center; bud rounded,
yet long. Tea. See Annats for 1890, 51.

*

202

Annals of Florticulture.

Rose, George Faber. Various dealers.

Of very vigorous growth, with dark, rich foliage. The flowers are
semi-double, with large and beautiful buds. Color bright carmine,
shading towards the center to light pink. French.

Gloire de l’ Exposition Bruxelles. ‘artous dealers.
Flowers finely formed, large, and perfectly double; color purplish
crimson; of velvety texture. Hybrid perpetual. French. 1890-1.

Gloire de Margottin. Vick.
Bright red, very brilliant flowers; large, full, well-formed and
globular; of good habit. Hybrid perpetual. French.

Gloire des Cuivres. Various dealers.

Of avery unique color, which is coppery yellow, shading to orange-
yellow ; reverse of petals vinous red. The large and finely formed
flowers are very double and sweet. French.

Golden Gate. Dingee & Conard Co.

This is the prodnct of Safrano and Cornelia Cook. The flowers
are large, of good substance, very double and full; color rich,
creamy white, tinged and shaded with fine golden yellow; petals
large and btoad, and frequently bordered with clear rose.

Gribaldo Nicola. Various dealers.

Flowers large and double, of Malmaison form ; color silvery white,
with rose and yellow center; reverseof petals bright rose; very
sweet. A splendid bedder, free in bloom. Tea. See ANNALS for
1890, 45.

Gustave Nadaud. Varzovs dealers.

A free-branching grower, with large double flower; the outside
petals are large and rounded, giving it an exquisite cup shape.
Color vermilion, with clear touches of carmine-lake and soft pink
center. Tea. See Annas for 1890, 42. 1890-1.

Gustave Piganeau. Various dealers. .

Flowers extra-large, equaling Paul Neyron in size, double, and of
cup form. Colora beautiful shade of red and brilliant carmine.
Hybrid perpetual. See Annats for 1890, 43. 1890-1.

Gustave Regis. Vartous dealers.

The color is soft yellow, very lightly edged carmine ; semi-double.
Hybrid tea. French.

Henry Brichard. Various dealers.

A splendid grower, producing quantities of buds, which are large
and quitedouble; nearly.white shading into a bright, rosy carmine
center. Hybrid tea, See ANNALS for 1890, 45.

Henry M. Stanley... Dingee G@ Conard Ca.

This everblooming rose was raised from Mme. Lambert and
Comtesse Riza du Parc, and is recommended as a charming variety
of unusual beauty and permanent value. Thecolor isa rare shade
of amber-rose, delicately tinged with apricot-yellow toward scenter.
Reverse of petals clear buff-rose; the flowers of good substance,
extra-large, finely formed, and very full and fragrant.

~

Introductions of I&9l. 203

Rose, J. B. Varrone. Various dealers.

A fine grower; flower large and very double, with high center
opening from long buds. Colorsoft china-rose, changing to bright
deep carmine of even shading; an extra-good rose and very sweet.
Much superior to Luciole, which it greatly favors, but of a better
growth, and much freer inits blooming qualities. See AnNnats for
EOQO, 42>. 1SQ0-I.

— Jeanne Guillaumez. Several dealers.

A very vigorous grower; flower large and double, of good form,
with beautiful long buds. Color clear red, touched with salmon;
center coppery with pale silvery shading. Tea. See ANNALS for
1890, 42, 55. I8g0-I.

— Joseph Metral. Various dealers.

A strong, vigorous rose, resembling Red Malmaison. Flowers are
large and very double; color magenta-red, passing to cerise, and
shaded with purple. French.

— Jules Lemaitre. Various dealers.
A very strong grower; flowers large, double, and of globular
form; color bright rosy carmine; sweet-scented. Seedling from
Mme. Isaac Pereire. Hybrid pepetual. See ANNALS for 1890, 48.

— LaChanson. Various dealers.
Flowers carried erect, large and double bud, long and perfect form ;
color fine rosy carmine, very bright. Seedling from Isabel Nabon-
nand. Tea. See ANNALS for 1890, 51.

— Lady Arthur Hill. Various dealers.

A most vigorous grower, with flowers of the largest size, double
and finely formed. Color fine silvery rose of most pleasing shade.
Seedling from Beauty of Waltham. Extra good. Hybrid perpetual.
See AnnatLS for 1890, 43. I89gQ0-I.

— Lady Castlereagh. Various dealers.

Very large flowers, full, with thick lasting petals; color pale rose,
shaded with fine sulphur-rose ; fragrant. Tea. (Dickson.)

— Laforcade. Various dealers.

Color brilliant carmine-red; flowers large and quite double; a
strong grower. Hybrid perpetual. See ANNALS for 1890, 43.
I8gQo-I.

— La France de’8g. Various dealers.

(Reine Marie Henriette «* La France.) Pronounced by several
noted French rosarians as the most remarkable hybrid tea of late
years. One notable peculiarity of the variety is its long, elegant
buds, which are often 2% inches in length. Another strong point is
its bright color, which is very nearly scarlet. It is arapidand strong
grower, but is not perpetual in character of bloom. 1890-1.

— Laurent Carle. Various dealers.
Flowers delicate, tender and rich ; sweet.

204 Annals of Horticulture.

Rose, Madame Adolphe de Tarle. Various dealers.

Medium to large size flowers, somewhat flat form; having an in-
dented or ruffled outline, quite noticeable and pretty; color clear
canary-yellow, sometimes passing to white, tinted with sulphur-yel-
low, delicately shaded with rosy blush; highly perfumed.

— Madame Andre Duron. Various dealers:

Itisa dwarf, compact grower, making it a particularly valuable
sort for the garden; has dark crimson, very double flowers, which
are perfect even in the hottest weather, and has the rich spicy per-
fume peculiar tothe finest hardy roses. It will prove to be entirely

hardy if given a protection of straw, leaves or litter in the winter
Hybrid tea.

— Madame Allegatiere. Various dealers. |
Clear shell-pink, passing to a delicate shade of fine coral-rose, ele-
gantly suffused with pale carmine ; very pretty buds and large, well-
filled flowers, deliciously perfumed. (Remontant Hybrid Polyantha. )

— Madame Baron Veillard. Various dealers.

This new everbloomer somewhat resembles in form and habit
the old Souvenir de la Malmaison, but is much brighter in color and
exceedingly handsome. Extra large, round, full, regular flowers,
perfectly double; color clear, silvery flesh, beautifully flushed with
bright pink, deepening at center to fine carnation-red. A good
bloomer, very fragrant; quite hardy. ;

— Madame Caroline Testout. Various dealers.

The bloom is large and double; color bright satiny pink, with
rosy center. Petals very large and heavy, and beautifully rounded.
First-rate variety for forcing. Of the La France types Pragramt,
Hybrid tea. French.

— Madame Charles Frederick Worth. Various dealers.

Flowers very large and double, fine form and substance; makes
beautiful buds; a strong, vigorous grower, and true perpetual
bloomer ; color lovely carnation-red, passing to fine rosy crimson.

— Madame Durand. Varzous dealers.

Of strong, half climbing habit ; flower of finely rounded form,
and quite double; beautiful shade of yellow, blooming in clusters.
Tea. See Annats for 1890, 46.

— Madame Elie Lambert. Varzous dealers.

Extremely free in bloom and vigorous in growth; the flower is
globular and cup-shaped; the outer petals are purest white, while
the center is a beautiful rosy flesh color. Tea. See Annats for
1890, 49.

— Madame Jules Cambon. Various dealers.

A strong, bushy grower, with large flowers freely produced on
long stems. Color rosy flesh, reflex of petals magenta; a very
promising variety onaccount of its beautiful buds. French.

Lntroductions of ISol. 205

Rose, Madame Martha du Bourg. Various dealers.
The color is flesh, shading toward the center to delicate peach ; base
of petals orange-yellow ; flowers large and very double; the half-
expanded buds, with delicate blending from white to deep rose and
orange. See ANNALS for 1890, 42. 1890-1.

— Madame Moreau. Various dealers.

Elegant peachy red, passing to apricot and fawn; large, very
double flowers, deliciously sweet, very beautiful. See ANnnats for
1890, 54.

— Madame Olga. Various dealers.

Pure white, center pale, chrome-yellow ; the flowers are medium
to large in size, very double, with almost innumerable petals,
which grow smaller and become slightly twisted and imbricated
towardthe center. A free bloomer, and of good sturdy habit. See
ANNALS for 1890, 55.

— Madame Philippe Kuntz. Various dealers.

A strong grower, bearing its flowers quite erect. These are large
and double, of cherry-red color, passing to salmon and flesh.
French. 1890-1.

— Madame Pierre Liabaud. Various dealers.

Flowers large, double, and of exquisite form; color soft flesh-white.
Seedling from Madame Isaac Pereire. Hybrid perpetual. See
ANNALS for 18g0, 50.

— Madame Renahy. Various dealers.

Flowers large, double, and of fine globular form; color rosy car-
mine, with brighter center ; reverse of petal soft silvery heliotrope.
Very sweet and free. Hybrid perpetual. See Annats for 1890, 43.
18go-I.

— Madame Sadi Carnot. Various dealers.

Blooms in large clusters, fine full flowers; clear bright cherry-red,
passing to magenta; makes pretty buds and is delightfully per-
fumed.

— Madame Sophie Stern. Vick.

Fine globular form, very double and full; color clear carmine,
changing to rose, delicately clouded with crimson. Free bloomer.
Very fragrant. Hybrid perpetual. French.

— Madame Thibaut. Various dealers.

A strong grower; flower of fine double form, imbricated like a
camellia ; soft satiny rose color, shading to rosy carmine. Hybrid
perpetual. 1890-1. |

— Mademoiselle Genevieve Godard. Various dealers.

: Very pretty for button-hole and corsage ; medium size flowers,
very full and regular ; color clear carmine-red ; very handsome and
sweet.

— Mademoiselle Marguerite Fabisch. Varzous dealers.

A very remarkable, brilliant and showy variety; rich crimson

with white center ; large, well-filled flowers, very fragrant and strik-

ing.

206

Annals of Horticulture.

Rose, Madeleine d’Aoust.. Various dealers.

Extra-fine, large regular flowers, perfectly double and full to the
center ; rich apricot-yellow, shaded coppery red ; outer petals silvery
white ; very sweet.

Maria Sage. Various dealers.

Large double flowers, borne in clusters, delightfully perfumed ;
color fine china-rose, shaded lavender and pink; it is a healthy,
vigorous grower and a prodigious bearer; blooms most all the
friare:

Marquise de Forton. Various dealers.

Lovely creamy white, delicately tinged with pale canary-yellow,
elegantly flushed with tender carmine; medium size; deliciously
perfumed.

Martin Cahuzac. Various dealers.

Flowers of extra size and very fine form, quite globular; beauti-
ful rose color and bright carmine ; extra good. Hybrid perpetual.
French. 1890-1.

M. L. de Vilmorin. Various dealers.

A strong grower; flower large and double, and of especially fine
form; clear bright red, with dark veinings and shadings of velvety
brown. Hybrid perpetual. 1890-1.

Maud Little. Dingee & Conard Co.
Raised from Pierre St. Cyr and Duchessede Brabant. A very pretty

rose, of good form and substance, not entirely full, but very hand- ©

some and sweet; color soft china-rose, with a peculiar glowing,
lustrous bloom.

Maurice Rouvier. Various dealers.
Of remarkable vigor for a tea rose; flower of enormous size and
quite double; splendid form; color soft, tender rose, shaded and
varied with red. See ANNALS for 1890, 51. -

Miss Jeannie Dickson. Varzous dealers.

Rosy pink, the entire margin of petals being distinctly edged with
silvery pink, base of petals having a pale yellow zone, makinga beau-
tiful and novel contrast. The flowers are of unique form, very large,
full, with a very high center, which stands up prominently and is
shown to great advantage; petals of heavy substance, very large
and smooth; growth vigorous, foliage distinct and handsome, excel-
lent habit. Hybrid perpetual. (Dickson.)

Miss Marston. Varzous dealers.

Large flowers with beautiful buds; color light rose, shading to-
ward the base of the petals to chrome-yellow, each petal having a
distinct border of bright rose. Of strong, vigorous habit. See
ANNALS for 1890, 54.

Mr. James Brownlow. Various dealers. |
A cross between Marquis de Castellane and Paul Neyron ; brilliant
carmine, very large, full, and symmetrically formed flowers, highly
perfumed. (Dickson.)

L[ntroductions of ISoz. 207

Rose, Mrs. nee flenderson.

Rich glossy pink, fragrant, and a vigorous grower. Valuable for
flowers between July and August. Hardy. Originated some years
ago by Wm. Burgess.

— Mrs. James Wilson. Various dealers.

This resembles in form the superb rose Catherine Mermet. The
flowers are deep lemon-yellow, changing to white; the border of the
petals tipped with rose. (A. Dickson & Sons.)

— Mrs. Jessie Fremont. Dingee & Conard Co.

This is a seedling from Duchesse de Brabant, with not quite such
large buds, but large, perfectly double flowers, well filled and hand-
some; color white, passing to deep rosy flesh, sometimes shaded
with coppery red or old rose.

— Mrs. Paul. Various dealers.

Has the vigorous habit and handsome relive of the seed parent,
Mme. Isaac Pereire, as well as its thoroughly perpetual character. In
addition, it produces flowers of great beauty and exceptional distinct-
ness. The magnificent guard-petals, for smoothness of contour, size
and substance, are unsurpassed, while the pearly white color, some-
times suffused with peach, is very pleasing. Said to be the best
Bourbon offered in several years. (Wm. Paul & Son.)

— Mrs. Wm. Watson. Various dealers.

A cross between Madame Vidot and Merville de Lyon; flowers
of a beautiful pink color, petals shell-shape, and of large size. The
blooms are large, full, of globular form, and are produced freely on
stiff, erect shoots ; the growth is vigorous, foliage large and hand-
some. (Dickson.)

— Pearl Rivers. Dingee & Conard Co.

The result of aunion between Devoniensis and Mme. de Watteville.
It partakes of the leading characteristics of both parents, but resem-
bles the latter most closely ; the flowers are large and quite full, with
fine, peachy red buds. The ground color is ivory-white, having the
petals delicately shaded and bordered with pale rose.

— Pink Rover. Various dealers.

Flower very large, double; a vigorous grower; tender rose of
delicate shade; very free, extra good, quite similar to Malmaison,
but brighter in shade. Bourbon. (Wm. Paul & Son.)

— Professeur Ganiviat. Various dealers.

Vigorous in growth, and free in bloom; flower double and of good

form, of the color of Souv. Th. Levet. Tea. See ANNALS for 1890, 50.
— Progress. Various dealers.

Color brilliant rosy carmine, with yellow shadings at the base of
the petals. The flower is large, nearly double, and the form of Louis
Van Houtte. Very free in flower, anda fine grower. Hybrid tea.

— Red Pet. Vick.

Color, bright dark crimson. Free bloomer. Similar in habits to

Polyantha White Pet. Tea Polyantha.

208

Annals of Horticulture.

Rose, Ruby Gold. Henderson.

This variety originated with Mr. T. O’Connor, Providence, REE
and is the product of Catherine Mermet grafted on a Marechal Niel
rose, which, contrary to all previous belief, have been fused into an
entirely distinct variety by some mysterious process of nature, the
result being a composite likeness of both. It has retained the dwarf

habit of Mermet, while the color of the flowers shows the perfect
blending of the golden yellow of M. Niel with the pink of Mermet,
the result being a tawny shade of yellow, bordering on old gold,
through which run veins of rosy red and pink.

Sappho. Various dealers.

An English tea rose, of large and globular form ; buds fawn color
suffused with rose; the opening flowershaded yellow and buff ; center
deep bright yellow. Very double and a remarkably free bloomer.
See ANNALS for 1890, 54.

Skobeleff. Varzous dealers.
Brilliant rose color, passing to lilac purple, elegantly flushed with
clear carmine; large, bold globular flowers, very double and full ; de-
lightfully perfumed, remarkably large and finely formed buds.
Snowflake (Marie Lambert). Various dealers.
Free-flowering white tea. cork

Souvenir Clairvaux. Various dealers.

Flowers medium to large in size, and of a beautiful form; color
bright china-rose, the base of the petals apricot shading to nankeen-
yellow, with touches of carmine; free in bloom and very sweet. Tea.
See ANNALS for 1890, 48.

Souvenir de Auguste Legros. Various dealers.

A very fine grower ; flowers large and double, withbeautiful lorig

buds ; fiery red, fringed with silvery crimson. French. 1890-1.
Souvenir de Bruel. Various dealers.

A fine, large, full, handsome rose; bold globular flowers, well borne
up on stout stems; color, clear bright carmine or rosy pink, passing
to deep flesh, reverse of petals silvery rose; very fragrant.

Souvenir de Francois Gaulain. Various dealers.

Raised by the French rosarian, M. Guillot. The flowers are of
medium size and so very double that the fully expanded flower is
more beautiful than the bud. Color deep red, shading to carmine.

Souvenir de Lady Ashburton. Varzous dealers.

A strong vigorous tea, that is very floriferous; flower of great
size and quite double; very changeable in color, showing a great
variety of shades—red, salmon, yellow, scarlet, sometimes combined,
and again as selfs. Tea. See ANNALS for 1890, 51.

Souvenir de Madame Sablayrolles. Various dealers. (__]

Flower of beautiful globular form, large and double; color rosy

apricot, shaded yellow, edged carmine. A vigorous seedling from
Devoniensis. Tea. See ANNALS for 1890, 44.

Lntroductions of I8&9f. 209

Rose, Vriomphe de Pernet Pére. Various dealers.

(Gen. Jacqueminot and Desir.) Of strong constitution and fine
habit; flower large, double and of heavy texture; bud long and
nicely pointed ; free in bloom. Hybrid tea. See ANNALS for 18g0, 50.

==) yy. Girdlestone: . Varzous dealers.

Flower of enormous size, very double, and of fine form; color,
bright vermilion with shadings of lake. Strong grower, free and
fragrant. Hybrid perpetual. (Dickson. )

evan: 1. 17. Wood & Co.

See pages 74, 76; also ANNALS for 1890, 43.
— White La France.
See Augustine Guinoisseau.
[Roses, 102 varieties. |
Rubus hispidus. Gzllett & Horsford.
Eastern states.
feu peckratuleida. 7. P. Kelsey.
Eastern states.
Salvia carauacea and S..Columbariz. “Orcu?t.

California thistle-sages or chias. The latter is used by the Indians
for making a beverage or as medicine.

Sambucus glauca. Orcutt.
California elder. Berries edible.

Passmera cucanthemiolia.. 77. P. Kelsey, N.C.
A native saxifrage with white flowers spotted with yellow and
with bright pink protruding stamens.
Scabiosa, Beaten Gold (Aurantiaca). Henderson.
Flowers very large, golden yellow.

p= hoyal Purple. .enderson.
Flowers very large. purplish claret, velvety.
Sempus atrovirens. Gillet? @& fFlorsford.,
Eastern states.
Shepherdia Canadensis. Gvllett & Horsford.
Northern states.
Simmondsia Californica. Orcutt.
An evergreen shrub, 5 to15 feet high, producing edible fruit.
Solidago,czesia, . Gillett & Horsford.
Eastern states.
= euberula, Gillet? @ LHorsford.
Eastern states.
Spirea (Astilbe) compacta multiflora. Gardiner.
Imported from Europe.
Squash, Island Prize. /ohnson & Stokes.
An oblong squash, creamy yellow, with a thick sweet flesh. Said
to have come from the Pacific Islands.

15

210 Annals. of tii orticulture.

Squash, Mammoth Summer Crookneck. Ferry.

Fruits twice larger than the ordinary crookneck and earlier.
Stachys aspera. A. P. Kelsey.

Eastern states. |
Strawberry, Accomack. McMath Bros., Onley, Va.

First attracted attention ina lot of seedlings set in 1887 on the
grounds of the originator, McMath Bros., Accomack Co., Va. The
plant isa rank, vigorous grower, and like the Bidwell, is somewhat

' inclined to stool. The fruit is large and handsome, approaching
Sharpless in size; of good color, excellent flavor, perfect bloomer,
and quite as productive as Bubach No. 5. It ripens about five days
later than Hoffman and Michel Early, and ten days earlier than
Crescent, and holds up well through the season. Introduced in the
fall of 1891 and spring of 18092.

SA lice. Hancock, Hey.
— Auburn. GCeor L. Aer Sige.
Perfect; a good grower, with dark heavy foliage, perfectly healthy ;
berries large, regularly conic, and quite uniform in size; color dark

crimson throughout; a pleasant. acid to the taste. Firm enoughto
carry well. Runners short-jointed.

— Australian Crimson. W.J.° Harle> Azusa
—+ Barton's ©clipse. = Ban. 27.

Kentucky seedling of Longfellow. Pistillate. 1890. (?)

== Beebe. Lovet -Co-

Originated in 1885 with EP; Beebe, Union Co ay.

— Beverly. Benj. M.-Smith, Beverly, Mass.
-...Brunette. .(Perfect:)” G.-Cowms, uae
=—--Cameronian. «LJ. farmer, Lulase,

A large perfect-flowered berry from Ohio.

— Dallas. S7/va-@"'Son, Wem Case. Ca.
ee) Oe es 0s:
= Dr> Moram.= ova, hows a7 7
Imported from France.
— Estelle. ieee icra
— FPatmmount. “dgeu7
— Fancy. (Perfect.) ./- 7. Siveet, West iiaa a
—. Farnsworth. --Greew ss Jy a7 ce.
A high-class home berry. Perfect.
— Gillespie. Geo. L. Miller, Stockton, O.

Originated by Mr. Gillespie and exhibited before Butler Co., Ohio,
Horticultural Society in 1887. Tall, luxuriant grower, free from rust,
and enduring extremesof heat and cold; blossom perfect ; berries of
the largest size, regularly oblong, rounded or blunt at the apex ; color
bright scarlet ; flesh firm, but melting, sweet and good; a decided
improvement on Haverland, having perfect flowers, larger berries
and of better quality, without stringy or hard center ;. it has fair
carrying qualities ; prolific.

Pf ae

Lntroductions of I8QI. 21

Strawberry, Governor Hoard. WM. Crawford, Ohio.

“ Seedling of Sharpless, which it resembles in growth. Fruit large,
roundish conical and somewhat flattened, with aslight neck; brilliant
red, firm, of high flavor; borne on tall and stout stems. Perfect.
Has been tested for ten years.

— Imperial. W, S. Reddick, Neptune, La.
— lowa Beauty. Lovett Co.

Originated by C. E. Walsworth, Marshall Co., Iowa.

ee eee.) 1. 2. K.- Johnson, Allentown, Pa.
— Martha. 4A/. Crawford,, Ohio.

Originated by Wm. Lyons, Minneapolis, who named it for his
daughter. In both plant and fruit it resembles the Wilson, but it is
pistillate and the flesh of the berry is very red.

— Michigan. Lugle, Mich.
eee E Roe.. Orange-Co. Nur.(T./. Dwyer), Cornwall, N.Y.

Found in the garden of W. B. Brown, Newburgh, N. Y. in 1887.

Perfeet. Said to be very_late.
— Sadie. Cleveland Nur. Co.

It is a very strong, healthy grower; dark foliage ; the berry is very
uniform in size and‘shape, carriesits berries well up from the ground.
Very early. It was originated by M. T. Thompson of Cuyahoga Co.,
Ohio, who says it is about the size of Wilson, but one of the most pro-
ductive he ever saw.

— Standard. FParker & Wood.

Originated at North Reading, Mass.

— Waldron. Jord and others.
Originated in Ohio.
= Woolverton. JM. Crawford, Ohto.
Fruit large, in form like Bubach, bright red. Perfect. Remains
along time in flower. Originated by John Little, Canada.

[Strawberries, 28 varieties. |
Streptocarpus, new hybrids. Dealers.

Raised by Watson and by Veitch, England.
— Rexu Dun. Sazd.
Beattie Virdinica. A. P. Kelsey.

Southeastern states.
Sunflower, SulphurGem. Henderson.

Bloxers delicate primrose or sulphur-yellow with a black center.

_ 5 feet, tree-like.
Symphoricarpus Escemosus vat. pauciiiorus. Griler? &
florsford.

Northeastern states.

Peecemannia rigida. 7. P. Kelsey.

Eastern states.

Todza barbara. LReasoner Lros.

Queensland.

pe Annals of Horttculture.

Tomato, Bon Ton. Garretson.

A large, firm, purple variety, much like Acme and Beauty.
— California Fig. ~ Safer.

A yellow fruit.
— Climbing.. Childs.
— Cumberland Red. /ohnson & Stokes.

Originated in Cumberland Co., N. J. A large red, solid smooth
variety.

— New Yellow Peach. Vaughan, Rawson, Gardiner and
others.

Like Peach exeept in color.

— New Zealand. Watson.
A small yellow variety.
— Ponderosa. Henderson.
An enormous pink variety, sent out as No. 400.
— Potomac. /oseph Harris.
A purple tomato of good size, solid and regular.
—_ Red Mikado. — Deer.
Like Mikado except that it is a red (not purple) tomato.
— Ringleader. Dreer.

Fruits very large. The flesh is very thick, solid and of excellent
quality; free from acidity and desirable for slicing. It is a second
early variety.

— Stone. Livingston.

A solid, smooth, red tomato of good size.
— Telegraph. Salzer.
— Thorburn Long-Keeper. Thorburn.

Originated by E. S. Carman, editor of the Rural New-Vorker, by
selection, during thirteen years, from the longest-keeping fruitof each
year. A good uniform pinkor purple sort of medium size, regular
and productive,

[Tomatoes, 13. varieties. |

Tradescantia rosea. 4) Po Aeisey:
Eastern states.

Trautvetieria paimatas “A Fo hese

Alleghenies.

Turnip, Monarch or New Tankard Ruta-Baga. Ferry.

Large tankard-shaped roots, short and small necks, small tops, and
yellow, fine grained flesh.

Turrza heterophylla. Aeasoner Bros.

Natal, South Africa. :
Umbellularia ‘Califormicar, O7cx77

California laurel. 10 to 70 feet high, evergreen.
Vaccinium Canadense. Gillett & Horsford.

Northern states.

Tutroductions of FSOL: 213

Vaccinium corymbosum var. atrococcum. Gvllett & Horsford.
Eastern states.

—eerythrocarpon. #7. P. Kelsey.
Southern states.

~eteeomim. ~ A. PP. Kelsey, WV. :C.
A native hairy shrub, the fruit being edible.

— Oxyeoccus. Gillett & Horsford.
Northern states.

Vepris lanceolata. Reasoner Bros.
South Africa.

Retomicascrpyliioha. A. P. Kelsey.
Eastern states.

Viburnum pubescens. Gvllett & Horsford.
Eastern states.

Siglasitiata. V/. P. Kelsey.
Eastern states.

MValnut, Vilmorin. Gzllet, Cal.
Watermelon.' 7. barteldes & Co., Kansas,

This melon is grown extensively in western Kansas and eastern
Colorado. It belongs to the citrons, and can be used only for pre-
serves or stock food. The melons grow toa large size, some of them
weighing as high as 60 or 70 pounds. The flesh is firm and solid,
with only very fewseeds. The melons willkeep all winter, and can
be fed to stock same as turnips and beets.

Watsonia densiflora alba. Reasoner Bros.
Africa.
Aigiaeauvea yar. Bebbi. A. P. Kelsey.
Eastern states.
Mazyphus Parryi.. Orcutt.
California jujube. Spiny shrub, producing an edible fruit.
@eeedenus lewmanthoides. ~/7. P. Kelsey, WV. C.

Native. White showy flowers in an open panicle; I to 3 feet.

ADDENDUM.

The following additions and corrections should be made to
the volumes for 1889 and 1890. Various additions of native
plants should be made, but these are recorded in the Census
of Cultivated Indigenous Plants (§ 2).

Apple, Carlough.

Is erroneously written Carbough in ANNALS for 1889, 97.

ieaisaimy, burpee’s Defiance. Burpee. 1890.

214 Annals of Horticulture.

Begonia, Gloire de Lucerne. Dealers.

Evidently a cross between Teuscherii and Rubra, both of which it
resembles in foliage, while the bloom is the most beautiful rosy ver-
milion. The leaves are of beautiful form, broad and deeply lobed,
bronze green above and purple below. The plant assumes a fine
tree form witha little attention. 1890.

—— ML de, Wesseps 4s.

A decided improvement on Argentea guttata, the leaf being four
times the size seen in that variety, while the silky texture is the same
and it is beautifully spotted with silver. A very strong, free-grow-
ing variety, that will succeed with any ordinary care, growing rap-
idly and sending out quantities of leaves. 1890.

— Robert George. Dealers.

Rex hybrid. A fine upright grower, showing Diadema blood in the
habit; the leaves are large, and show the Rex textures: they are
nicely notched and deeply pointed; the markings are very fine, of
bright silver arranged ina zone. 1890.

— Wettsteiniu. Dealers. :

Theleaf is more ornamental than Rubra, being peculiarly inden-
ted, and a rich shaded coloring, dark marbled green, shading
lighter, with a line of scarlet at the edge. The flower is similar to
Rubra, butis a brighter shade. 1890.

Carnation, Tidal Wave. W. P. Simmons &-Co. 1889.

Chrysanthemum, Mrs. Wm. Bowen. A7//.

The finest, freest-growing and freest flowering of the Wheeler
type. - 1890.

Cucumber, Siberian. Northrup, Braslan & Goodwin. 1889.
Geranium, Souvenir de Mirande. Various dealers.

The most popular geranium of later years; has proved a charm-
ing surprise to both florist and amateur. Pure white, banded in
bright pink. 1889 or 1890.

Peach, Champion.

Recorded as introduced last year by Hamilton of Michigan (see
ANNALS for 1890, 173), is perhaps an error. W. A. Taylor, Assistant
Pomologist of the Department of Agriculture, writes as follows con-
cerning it: ‘‘Alex. Hamilton, Ganges, Mich., grew a stock of trees
on contract for one Gibson, about 1887 or 88, but discarded the variety
as worthless onaccount of mildew. Gibson named it Champion
about 1887, I think, and sold it through Allegancounty. The Champ-
ion introduced in 1890 was by I. G. Hubbard, Nokomis, I]. andisa
distinct peach.”

Plum, Bongoume. (Japanese.) /. 7. Whitaker, Tyler, Teams

1889.

Rese, Captain Lefort. “azieus gealers. 7

A strong-growing variety, producing a great profusion cf beautiful
light satiny rose flowers, the reverse of the petals and the center be-
ing shaded with deep pink. The blooms are semi-double, with
finely shaped buds. French. 1889 or 1890.

a ow

Lntroductions of 1891. 215

Rose, Dr. Pasteur. Various dealers.

Rosy carmine, a beautiful clear shade; flowers globular, finely
formed ; free-flowering ; dark, rich foliage. Hybrid tea. French.
1889 or 1890.

— Duchess of Albany. Various dealers.

A sport from the well-known and popular La France. While it
resembles its parent in several respects, it is quite distinct in color,
being of a rich, deep even pink tint, and the shape is more finished ;
it is equally vigorous, free-blooming and fragrant. One of the most
important of recent acquisitions. Hybrid tea. Wm. Paul & Son.
1889 or 1890.

— Duchess of Leeds.

Seedling from La France, but much deeper in color, especially on
reverse of petals. Habit and foliage similar to parent. Hybrid per-
Petual. 1889 or 1890.

— Madame Joseph Desbois. Various dealers.

Flesh color, shaded with salmon-rose; vigorous and free-bloom-
ing. Hybrid tea. 1889 or 1890.

— Mary Washington. Childs. Dingee & Conard Co.

A hardy perpetual climberfrom Mt. Vernon. Flowers medium in
size, pure white, perfectly double, fragrant. 1890.

Squash, Illinois Beauty. Vaughan.

An autumn variety in season from September to December, aver-
age size 12 to 14 inches long, and 4 to 5 inches in diameter. Very
thick meat, having almost no seed cavity; remarkably distinct and
showy in appearance, one or both ends being of deep green color
while the center band is of rich deep orange, slightly ribbed, but of
excellent shape for the market and of good quality. 1890.

Strawberry, Phillips Seedling No. 1. Mahan.

Spring, 1890.

Tomato, Lambrigger’s Yellow Humbert. Cold Spring Seed
farm, Big Horn City, Wyo.

Said to be a cross*between Yellow Pear and King Humbert. 1890.

Turnip, Moore’s Golden Crown Ruta-Baga. Delano Moore,

Presque Isle, Me... 1890.

S 2. Census of Cultivated Indigenous Plants.

A Recorbd or ALL THE -SPECIES- OF PLANTS ) Names
NortH AmeERIcA, NORTH OF MEXICO, WHICH HAVE BEEN
COMMERCIALLY INTRODUCED TO CULTIVATION.

The extent to which temperate North America has contribu-
ted to the catalogue of cultivated plants has never been made
the subject of statistical inquiry. There is a general feeling
that, as a people, we have not appreciated our native plants,
and it is probably true that they have been much neglected
until within very recent years. Many of our familiar garden
fruits and flowers are of American origin, but they have
seemed few in comparison to the whole number of desirable
and tractable native species. The following catalogue, how-
ever, shows that the number in cultivation at the present time
is very large, and it is probably the best evidence which can
be adduced to show that Americans possess a fondness for
plants and gardens.

It is not strange that American plants should have been
first cultivated in England or other parts of Europe. Horti-
culture, especially the growing of plants for ornament,
reaches its highest development only as the face of nature
becomes softened by improvements and as institutions be-
come staid and self-sustaining. And it has always been true
that plants have been first appreciated, as a rule, in countries
to which they are strange and unfamiliar, for novelty has
been quite as important as merit in favoring their dissemina-
tion. ‘The early American botanists, of whom John Bartram
was the chief, sent numbers of live plants and seeds to the
botanic gardens of Europe, and the labors of these men were
supplemented by many European collectors traveling in this

(216)

Census of Cultivated Indigenous Plants. 27

country, from the.time of Linnezus until near the middle of
this century. Drummond, Fraser, Douglas and their cotem-
poraries were particularly assiduous in acquainting the gar-
dens of Europe with American plants. Long cultivation has
greatly modified many of these early introductions, so that
even in European botanic gardens American plants often as-
sume forms strange to one who has known them only in a wild
eweee even at Kew, as Director W. J.°Thiselton. Dyer
writes me, ‘‘the American species are mostly represented by
cultivated forms and the feral types are wanted.’’ I have en-
deavored in the following catalogue to record the date of in-
troduction or of the first record of our plantsin England. It
sitive moticed that very few of the dates are recent. On
the other hand, if dates could be obtained of the independent
introduction of native plants to cultivation in America very
few of them would be found to be old.

There appears to have been a distinct movement in the sev-
enties towards the introduction of native plants. Several per-
sons, mostly independently of each other, began then to collect
amd @ifer roots for sale. This appears to have been the first
movement of the kind. Thomas Meehan, who has spent a
long and busy life in the study of our native flora, both as
nurseryman and botanist, writes me the following remuinis-
Getlec 4 taimk that-there was no effort to cultivate our. na-
tive plants until incomparatively recent years. When I came
to Philadelphia, in 1847, the introductions to our gardens were
wholly from Europe. It was rare to find even an American
ifeey to, say nothing of herbaceous plants. Even the culti-
vated varieties of our native plants, such as phloxes, pent-
stemons and rhododendrons, came from Europe. In 1847
Mr. Buist told me that he had attempted to introduce our na-
tive herbaceous plants, but found the prejudice against them
too strong. He was fond of telling an anecdote in connection
with Dodecatheon Meadia, which he had introduced from
Ohio, then ‘the far west.’ Toan admiring ladywho had pur-
chased but had not paid for a plant, he happened to remark
that it was one of the most beautiful of our wild-flowers.
meade a wild! thing 2’ she asked; “then I don’t want it.’
mie eave us younger fellows this bit from experience to
teach alike the folly of saying more than is necessary in a

218 | Annals of Horticulture.

business operation and the futility of getting a trade for wild
plants,’’

Mr. Taylor, of Charlotte, Vermont, began to ship American
plants to England as early as 1854, and for some twenty years

he collected rather extensively for that purpose and to supply .

a small home demand. C. G. Pringle, of the same place,
well-known of late as one of the most indefatigable explorers
of our southwestern and the Mexican floras, was one of the
earliest dealers in native plants. ‘‘It was in the autumn of
1873,” he writes, “that I began.to' collect Amerigamiean.
for cultivation by supplying Asa Gray with roots of Cypripe-
dium arietinum for planting in the Cambridge Botanic Gar-
den, and George E. Davenport with many living ferns, cypri-
pediums, trilliums, etc., which he shared with John Robinson,
Minot B. Pratt and others... The next year I planted a wild
garden and sent large numbers of native plants in exchange
to Dr. George Thurber,. Dr... Hooker, of sKew {aegis
Houtte, of Ghent... From exchanging | went om 1m 283526
selling, and supplied several European firms with many North
American species collected by myself and others all over the
country. The two following years I.snatched a few weeks
each fall from my breeding of plants to carry on this business.
Then in 1878, anticipating becoming a botanical traveler, I
associated with me in the plant trade my cousin, F: H.
Horsford. Nearly every year in Mexico I have had the good
fortune to discover some plant of value for garden culture.
In 1887 it was T7igridia Pringlet. \n 1888 the Waestenerc-
worthy was 77grzdia buccifera. And since then other species
of tigridia have come in my way.’’ The first printea) pace
list of the firm was issued in 1880 to the foreign trade.

Edward Gillett, Southwick, Massachusetts, entered the
trade in 1875 by selling Rhexta Virginica, Lygodium palmatum,
Nymphea odorata, Hepatica tritoba and a few others. His first
catalogue was issued in 1877, but so late as 1880 only about
fifty species were offered. In 1881 he issued an important cat-
alogue, which appears to have been the first. considerable ef
fort of the kind, and consequently I have quoted it freely in
the following census. In 1889 Messrs. Gillett & Horsford
formed a partnership which continued until near the close of
iyoley

One of the most important nurseries of American plants is

<~
oe

Census of Cultivated Indigenous Plants. 210

that established by George C. Woolson at Passaic, New Jer-
sey, and it was probably the first to attain prominence. In
#870 Mr. Woolson became associated with the late Dr.
George Thurber on the American Agriculturist and Hearth and
Home, and went to live with him at ‘‘ The Pines’’ in Passaic.
Dr, Thurber was an excellent botanist and an ardent lover of
gardening, and Mr. Woolson found a small collection of na-
tive plants growing on his premises. To the enlargement of
this private collection Mr. Woolson devoted much energy
for several years, and in 1878, having observed the growing
demand for native plants, he organized a commercial nursery
with Dr. Thurber, under the name of Woolson & Co. Many
of the best collectors in the country contributed to the prog-
ress of the enterprise and the firm soon gained a wide reputa-
tion. In 1889 the firm was reorganized as H. Meyer. The
first catalogue of the firm which I have been able to obtain is
that of 1883, and this I have quoted in the following cata-
logue.

Harlan P. Kelsey, Linville, North Carolina, is a prom-
inent dealer in native plants and has brought to notice
many of the rare and interesting species of the Southern Al-
leghanies. His first attempt at the cultivation of native
plants was made in the spring of 1884, when he was but a
lad. His facilities have enlarged year by year, and he 1s fre-
quently quoted in the following record.

Several other firms pay great attention to native plants and
some of them have made important introductions. Among
these may be mentioned Jacob W. Manning, Reading, Mass.;
United States Nurseries, Short Hills, N. J.; Thomas Meehan,
fetmantown, Penn.; Temple & Beard, Cambridge, Mass.;
reasoner Bros., Manatee, Florida; and very recently-the
Orcutt Seed and Plant Company; of San Diego, California,
has made many introductions.

The following census, the preparation of which has extended
over two years, 1s supposed to chronicle every species native
to North America, north of Mexico, which has been introdyced
into cultivation in this country through the trade. There are
many other species to be found in botanic gardensand private
collections, but such do not come within the scheme of this in-
quiry. Whenever possible, an approximate date has been as-

220 Annals of Horticulture,

signed to their introduction by reference to the catalogue of
Gillett, Gillett & Horsford, Woolson & Co., Kelsey, and others.
When the species has been in cultivation for many years, or
when it has been found to be impossible to assign any defi-
nite date, an asterisk has been used to denote that the species
has come into cultivation in this country. The dates of in-
troductioninto England, or the dates of the first record of them
there, are taken entirely upon the authority of Wzcholson’s Il-
lustrated Dictionary of Gardening.| It will be seen that many
species which have appeared in England have never been in-
troduced into American trade. It does not follow, however,
that species are actually in cultivation in England because
they are recorded in this dist-- Thé record simply shewereaae
they were once introduced into England. Some of them have
never been known there outside botanic gardens and many of
them have been lost to cultivation. Many of the southern
species were introduced into England from the West Indies
or Mexico. The census may contain many errors and omis-
sions, but the difficulties of its preparation are almost insur-
mountable, and at most it is only preliminary to a more thor:
ough study of the subject at some future time. But no pains
has been spared to make it as reliable as our present knowl-
edge will permit.

There are in North America, north of Mexico, about 10,150
known species of native plants, distributed in 1,555 genera
and 168 families. Of these, 2416 Species are recardea imme
census, representing 769 genera* and 133 families) erase
number, 1929 species are now offered for sale 1n America ; 1500
have been introduced into England, of which 487 are not in
cultivation in this country: In order'to, Show tie aiaeee
cultivated species to those not yet introduced, the number of
species in each genus 1s given.

*Excluding the hepaticaceous genus (and family) marchantia, the last one enumerated
in the census.

EXPLANATIONS.—An * denotes that the plant has been in cultivation in this country for
several or many years, or at least that the date of its introduction has not been de-
termined.

Gill., Edward Gillett, Southwick, Mass.

G. © H., Gillett & Horsford, Southwick, Mass.

Census of Cultivated Indigenous Plants. 221

Hors., F. H. Horsford. In some cases two dates are given following this reference. The
one in parenthesis refers to the year in which the plant was first actually sold, while
the other date refers to the year in which the plant was first recorded ina printed
catalogue.

Wool., Woolson & Co., Passaic, N. J.

Kelsey, Harlan P. Kelsey, Linville, N.C.

Orcutt, Orcutt Seed and Plant Co., San Diego, Cal.

Eng., England. The date in parenthesis refers to the date of introduction or to the first
record of the plant in England.

In the absence of an * or a reference toa dealer, the plant is understood to be not in
cultivation in this country.

When no authority or author’s name follows a variety, it is indication that the variety
is a garden form.

RANUNCULACEZ, CROWFOOT F'AMILY.

Aconitum. 18 or 20 species; 5 in
Uiey

A. Californicum has been cata-
logued, but there is no such
species; possibly a mistake for
A. Columbianum.

A. Columbianum, Nutt. (A. Fis-
cheri?)*

a ceipbinifolium, D,'C: Ging.
1820.)

A, torivosum, said by Dict.
Gard. to be N. American (1812)
is evidently the Siberian A.
tortuosum, Willd.

A. toxicum, said by Dict. Gard.
to have come from N. America
(1825), is probably the Old
World species, (A. toxicum,
feichb: )

~ uneimetum, Linn. *- (Eng.
1768 )

Actzea. Species 8, northern hem-
isphere; 3 American.

A. alba, Bigel.* (Eng. )

A. spicata, L. var. arguta, Torr.
Gill. 1881.

~ eepicata ,var..rubra, Ait:- *
(Eng. )

Anemone. About 75 species, in
temperate regions; in our re-
gion 16.

A. Caroliniana, Walter. * (Eng.
1824.)

A. decapetala, Linn. * (Eng.)

_ A. deltoidea, Hook. *

A.multifida, Poir. * (Eng.)

= narcissiiora, Linn. * (Eng.
Wiae:

A. nemorosa, Linn.* (Eng. 1825,
as «A. lancifolia.) White and
blue varieties.

. nemorosa var. alba. fl. pl.
Wool. 1883.

A. patens, Linn. var. Nuttalliana,

Gray. * (Eng. 1826.)

A. Pennsylvanica, Linn. (A.
dichotoma) * (Eng. 1768.)

A. Virginiana, Linn. Kelsey ’91-
92. (Eng. 1722.)

Anemonella. Species 1.

A. thalictroides, Spach. (Thal-
ictrum anemonoides. Anem-
one thalictroides.) Gill. 1881.
‘(Eng. 1768.)

Aquilegia. Perhaps 20 species; 9
in our region.

A.czerulea, James. * (Eng. 1864.)

A. ceerulea var. alba. Wool. 1883.
(Eng.) There is a double-
flowered variety.

A. Canadensis, Linn. * (Eng.
1640. )

Var. flaviflora, Britton. Wool.
about 1889.

A, chrysantha, Gray.* (ne.
1875.)

A. chrysantha var. alba. Hen-
derson 1890.

A. flavescens, Wats. Gill. 1881.
(Eng. 1872.) :

A. formosa, Fisch.
(Eng. )

A. truncata, Fisch. & Meyer,
Gill. 1881. ‘‘ The form inculti-
vation isa hybrid, with large
yellow flowers, the sepals and
spurs of a peep orange-red.’’—
Orcutt.

Caltha. Species about 9; 4in U.S.

C. biflora, DC. Gill. 1881. (Eng.
1827.)

C. leptosepala DC. * (Eng. 1827.)

C. palustris, Linn.* There is a
double-flowered variety cata-
logued.

C. palustris var. Sibirica, Regel.
(var. parnassifolia. ) (Eng.1815.)

Cimicituea, §8 or 10 species;, 5
within our limits.

C. Americana, Michx, (Kng:
7824.)

Gilt 188h.

222

C. racemosa, Nutt. Kelsey ’90-
1: G. ®& HH. ls8t- (ue i327
C.racemosavar. cordifolia, Gray.
(C. cordifolia.) (Eng. 1812.)
Clematis. About 100 species; 18
vey Uhre yy
C. Catesbyana,Pursh. Wool.18838.
©. coccinea, _Kngelm: ~ (Gine.
1868. )
C: crispa, Linn. (C. cylindrica).
(Eng. 1726.)
C. Dougiasii, Hook. Gill. 1881.
C. fremonti, Watson. *
C. ligusticifolia, Nutt. Gill. 1881.
C. ochroleuca, Aiton. Wool. 1883.
Gill. 1884. (Eng. 1767.)
C.. Pitehert,” Tore: a Gray
(Eng.)
C. verticillaris, DC. Gill. 1881.
(Eng. 1797.)
C. Viorna; Linn,” Choe: Tae )
Cy. Vireiniana, Linn, 4" (se we
1767.)
Coptis. A half-dozenspecies; 4 in
this country.
C. asplenifolia, Salisb. (Eng.)
C. occidentalis, Torr. & Gray.
(Eng. )
C. trifolia, Salisb. -Gill. 1881.
Delphinium. About40species; 25
ia Si.
D. azureum, Michx. * (D. vires-
cens.) (Eng. 1805.) 7
D. azureum var. album. (Eng.
1882. )
D. cardinale, Hook.* (Kng.)

D. decorum, Fisch. & Mey. Gill. °

1881.

D.” exaltatum, Aiton. (“CR -
1758.

D. Menziesii, DC. Gill. 1881.

Di-nudicaule,” "Torr ia Gray.
(Eng. 1869.)

D. simplex, Dougl. Gill. 1881.

D, tricorne, Michx. (Eng. 1806.)

D. trolliifolium, Gray. Gill. 1881.

Hepatica. 2species.

Hi. acutiloba, DC. *

H. triloba, Chaix.* Gill. 1875
Native also to Europe, where
several varieties are in culti-
vation.

H. triloba var. alba. Gill. 1884.

H. triloba var. cw#rulea fi. pl.
Wool. 18838.

His” trilobe: var: ora brandi... ai.
Wool, 1883.

Annals of Horticulture.

Hydrastis. 1 species.
H. Canadensis, Linn. Gill. 1881.
(Eng, 1759.)
Peeonia. Perhaps a dozen species ;
1 American.

P. Brownii, Dougl. Gill, 1881.
(Eng. 1826.)
Ranunculus. 160 or more species:

53 are in the United States and
northwards.

R. adoneus, Gray. Gill. 1881.

R. affinis, R. Br. var. cardiophyl-

lus, Gray. (Eng. 1829. )
R. Californicus, Benth. Gill.
1881.

R. Suksdorfii, Gray. Hors. 1889.
Thalictrum. About 50 species; a
dozen American.
T. dicicum, Linn,
fl Fendleri, Engelm. Gill. 1881.
if. minus, Linn.,,; var. adianti-
folium. Wool. "1883,
T. occidentale, Gray. Gill. 1881.
T, polycarpum, Watson. Gill.

T. polygamum, Muhl. (T. Cor-
nuti,) Gill 138i
T. purpurascens. Linn. Wool.
1883.
T. sparsifiorum, Turez Gul
T. venulosum, Trelease. Hors.
1889.
Trautvetteria. Species 2; Amer-
ica and Japan.
T. grandis, Nutt. (T. palmata
var. occidentale.) Gill. 1881.
T. palmata, Fisch. & Mey. Kel-
sey 90-91. (Eng.)
Trollius. Species 9 or 10; 1 Amer-
ican.
T. laxus, Salisb. * (Eng. 1805.)
Xanthorhiza. Species 1.
X. apiifolia, L’Her, * (Hime:
1766. )

CALYCANTHACEA, CALYCANTHUS F'AM-

RLYe
Calycanthus, 4 or 5 species; 4
North American.
C. floridus, Linn. * (Eng. 1726.)
C. glaucus, Willd. * (Eng. 1726.)
C.. leevigatus, Willd. = (Eng.
1806.)
C. occidentalis, Hook. & Arn. *
(Eng. 1831.)

Census of Cultivated [Indigenous Plants.

MAGNOLIACEH, MAaGNnouia FaMILy.
lllicium. Species a half dozen; 2
in our region.
I. Floridanum, Ellis. (Eng. 1771.)

I. parviflorum, Vent. (Eng.
1790.)
Liriodendron. 1 species.

i. .tulipifera, Linn. * (Eng.
1688.) Variegated varieties are
sold. A form called integri-
folia is also catalogued.

Magnolia. Speciesabout 15; Amer-
ica and Eastern Asia.

M. acuminata, Linn. * (Eng.

_ 1736.) Largely used for stocks
upon which to work other
magnolias.

M. cordata, Michx. * (Eng. 1801.)

M. Fraseri, Walt. * (Eng. 1786.)

M. glauca, Linn. * (Eng. 1688.)
A variety longifolia is cata-

logued.

M. grandiflora, Linn. * (Eng.
1734,)

M. macrophylla, Michx. * (Eng.
1800. )

M.Thompsoniana. Hort. * A hy-
brid between M. glauca and
M. tripetala.

M. Umbrella, Lam. * or M. tri-
petala. (Eng. 1752.)

Schizandra. Oneof a half dozen
species inhabits the United
States.

S. coccinea, Michx. (Eng. 1806.)

ANONACE®, CUSTARD-APPLE FAMILY.

Anona. A tropical genus of 50

species, of which only one
comes within our limits.

A. glabra, Linn. (A. laurifolia.)

Reasoner. (Eng. 1774.)

Asimina. 7 or 8 species, Amer-
ican, 6 within our limits.

A. grandifiora, Dunal. Gill. 1881.

A. triloba, Dunal. * (Eng. 1736.)

MENISPERMACE, MOONSEED FAMILY.
Cocculus. 10 species; 2 American.
C. Carolinus, DC. (Eng.)
Menispermum. 2species; 1 Amer-
ican.
M. Canadense, Linn. * (Eng.
1691.)

BERBERIDACE®, BARBERRY FAMILY.
Achlys. Species, 1.
moriphylla, DC. Gill. 1881.

223

Berberis. About 50: species; 9 in
our region.
Bb. Aguitolium, Pursh. * (dine.
1825.) Longineultivation. —
B. Canadensis, Pursh. (Eng.
1759.) This has been cata-
logued in this country for many
years, but the plants are prob-
ably all the European B. vul-
garis, which is naturalized
here:
8. nervosa, Pursh. U.S. Nur-
series 1889. (Eng. 1826.)
B. repens, Lindley. (Eng. 1822.)
Caulophyllum. Species 1.*
C. thalictroides, Michx. (Eng.
T3355)
Diphylleia. Single species.
D. cymosa, Michx. Kelsey ’90-
71. (Ene. 1812, )
Jeffersonia. Species 2; 1 Ameri-
can.
J. diphylla, Pers. * (Hing: 1792.)
Podophyllum. Species 2; 1 Ameri-
Can.
P. peltatum, Linn. * (Eng. 1664.)
Vancouveria. Single species.
V. hexandra, Descne. *

NYMPHZACEA, WATER-LILY FAMILY.
Brasenia. Species 8o0r 4; 1 Ameri-
can,
B. peltata, Pursh.*
Cabomba. Species 2 or 3; lin our
limits.
C. Caroliniana, Gray. (Eng.)
Nelumbo. Species 2; 1in America.
Neintea, ers. * (ne. 1810.)
Nuphar, Species about a half
dozen; 4in our limits.
N. advena, Ait. f. * (Eng. 1772.)
N. advena var. minus, Morong.
(N. luteum.)* (Eng.)
N. Kalmianum, Ait. (N. pumi-
lum.) * (Eng.)
N. polysepalum, Engelm. Hors.
1889 (1888).
Nympheza. About 20 species; 7 in
this country.
N. elegans, Hook. Hors. 1889.
(Eng. 1850.)
N. flava, Leitner. * (Eng. 1881.)
N. Mexicana, Zucc. *
N.. odorata, Ait, *-. Gilly 1875.
(Eng. 1786.)
N. odorata var. minor, Sims. *
N. odorata var. rosea. *

224

N. reniformis, DC.

(N. tube-
rosa.) * (Eng.)

SARRACENIACEH, PITCHER-PLANT

E'AMILY.
Darlingtonia. Single species.
Bb. -Californica, Pore * “(eine.
1861.)
Sarracenia. Species 6: all Ameri-
can.
S. Drummondii, Croom. * (Eng.
1829. )
S. Wrummondiit: yarswaloa, ~*~
(Eng.)

S. Drummondii var. rubra, Wal-
ber,.*. (Enge.)

S. flava, inn, * (Ming. 1752.)

©. flava var. atrosanguinea.
(Eng. )

S. Hava var. Catesbeei.

(Eng. )
S. flava var. limbata. (Eng.)
S. flava var. maxima. (Eng.)

S. flava var. ornata. (Eng. 1881.)

S. psittacina, Michx. * (Eng.
1866. )

S. purpurea, Linn. * (Eng. 1640.)

S. rubra, Walt. * (Eng. 1786.)

S. rubra var. acuminata. (Eng.)

S. variolaris, Michx. “~ «(Hneg.
1803. )

The following are English hybrids:
S. Atkinsoniana. S. flava var.
maxima X S. purpurea. *

S. Chelsoni. S. rubra S. pur-
purea. *

S. Courtii. S. purpurea S. psit-
tacina. ~

S. crispata. Supposed to be a
wild ornatural hybrid between
S. flava-and S. rubra. *

S. excellens. §S. variolaris <x S.
Drummondii.

S. exculta. Probably S.-flava
var. atrosanguinea <X 8S. Drum-
mondii.

S. exornata.
crispata.
S. formosa.
variolaris.
S. illustrata.

ensii.

5S. Madisoniana. §S. variolaris x
S. psittacina. *

S. melanorhoda. S. Stevensiix
S. purpurea. *

S. Mitchelliana. S. Drummondii
var. rubra X S. purpurea:=

S. purpurea xX S.
S. psittacina x S.
S. flava x S. Stev-

Annals of Horticulture.

S. Moorei. S. flava * S. Drum-
mondii. .

S. Popei. S. flava « S. rubra.

S. Stevensii. S. flava x S. pur-
purea.

S. Swaniana. SS. variolaris <
S. purpurea. *

S. Tolliana. S. Drummondiivar.
alba * S. flava.

S. Williamsi. S. purpurea x S.
flava. *

PAPAVERACEA, Poppy F'AMILY.
Argemoue. Four in this country;
6 or 7 in all.

A. hirsuta. (Eng. 1879.) Said by
Dict. Gard. to have come from
California. A. hispida?

A. hispida, Gray. Orcutt, 1891.

A. Mexicana, ting.) hia.

1592. )
Canbya. Species 2, American.
C. candida, Parry. (Eng. 1876.)
California.
Dendromecon. Species 2, Ameri-
can.
D. rigida, Benth. (Eng.)
Eschscholtzia. Species about 15,

all North American.

E. cezespitosa, Benth. (Eng.)

E. Californica, Cham. * (Includ-
ing E. crocea.) (Ene. 179),)
Much cultivated in this coun-
try. The form known as E.
crocea appeared in England in
1838. Over a dozen varieties
are in cultivation.

E. tenuifolia, Hook. * (Eng.)

Papaver. Some 14 species; 3 here.

P. Californicum, Gray. Hender-
son, 1891. Orcutt, 1891.

P. nudicaule, Linn. Many forms
arein cultivation, all probably
from the European plant.

Platystemon. Species 1, Califor-
Wa beg ee ee
i, Californicus, Benth. * Ging
13538.)
Platystigma. Species 8, North
American.

P. lineare, Benth. (Eng. 1833. )
Romneya. Species 1, Californian.
R. Coulteri, Harvey. * (Eng.
1875). Of recent introduction.
Sanguinaria. Species single,
North American.
S. Canadensis, Linn. * (Eng.
1680. )

a

Census of Cultivated Indigenous Plants.

Stylophorum. Four species; 1 in
our region.
S. diphyllum, Nutt. * (Eng.
1854. )

FUMARIACE, E'UMITORY FAMILY.
Adlumia, Species 1, North Amer-
ican.

A. cirrhosa, Raf. * (Eng. 1788.)
Corydalis. About 70 species; 11 in
our region.

C. aurea, Willd. (Eng. 1685.)

C. glauca, Pursh. Hors. 1889.

(Eng. 1683. )
C. Scouleri, Hook. Gill. 1881.
(Eng. 1688.)
Dicentra. A dozen species, two-
thirds in our region.
D. Canadensis, DC. Gill. 1881.
(Eng. 1822.)
chrysantha, Hook. & Arn.
Gill. 1881. (Eng. 1852.)
om Cucullaria, DC. Gill. 1881.
(Eng. 1731.)
Dy eximia, DC; * (Eng. 1812.)
Do formosa, DOC. “Gill. 1881.
(Eng. 1796.)

CRUCIFER&, MUSTARD FAMILY.
Arabis. About 180 species, of
which 88 occur within our
limits.

A. alpina, Linn. Wool. 1883.
Native also to Europe, where
it has been longin cultivation
and whence the plant has prob-
ably come to us.

A. alpina var. variegata. Wool.
1883.

A. blepharophylla, Hook. & Arn.
(Eng. 1874.)

Barbarea. A single species inour
region; some 20 in all.

B. vulgaris, R. Br.* A varie-
gated variety is in cultivation;
native also to Kurope.

Cardamine. About 60 species; 18
in our region.

C. angulata, Hook. Gill. 1881.

C. pratensis, Linn.* A double-
flowered variety is in cultiva-
tion, as well as other forms.
Introduced into cultivation
from Europe, where it is also
native.

C. rhomboidea, DC. (Eng.)

C. rotundifolia, Michx. (Eng.)

16

22%

Cheiranthus. A dozen species;
one-third in our limits.
C. asper, Cham. & Schlecht.

(Eng. 1826.)
C. Menziesii, Benth. & Hook.
Gill, 1881. . (Eng. )
Cochlearia. Five species in this

region; 25 in all.
C. officinalis, Linn.* Nativealso

to Europe.
Dentaria. Seven species occur in

our region.

D. Californica, Watson. Gill.
1881.

Dy diphy ila, Iuinn: Gill. 188i.
(Eng. 1810.)

D. laciniata, Muhl. Gill. 1881.
(Eng. 1825.)

D. maxima, Nutt. Gill. 1884.

D.-tenellay Pursh. Gill. 188t,

(Eng. 1826.)
Draba. Species about 150; 32 with-
in our limits.
D. aurea, Vahl. (Eng. 1824.)
Erysimum. Species about 70; 5in
our territory.
K. asperum, DC. (Eng. 1824.)
EK. asperum var. Arkansanum,
Gray.* (EK. Arkansanum.)
Leavenworthia. 4, North Ameri-
can.
L. Michauxii, Torr. (Eng. 1868.)
Lesquerella. American; 27 spe-
cies (includes species formerly
referred to Vesicaria. )
L. arctica, Wats. (Eng. 1828.)
L. gracilis, Wats. (Eng. 1834.)

Ll. grandiflora, Wats. .( Hing.
1835. )
Parrya. Species about a dozen; 3

in our region.
P. arctica, R. Br. (Eng. 1820.)
P. nudicaulis, iregel... (Ene.
1883. )
Selenia. Species 2, American.
S. aurea, Nutt. (Eng. 1881.)
Streptanthus. About 22 species,
all American.
S. hyacinthoides, Hook. (Eng.
1834.)
S. maculatus, Nutt. (Eng. 1833.)
Vesicaria. See Lésquerella.

CAPPARIDACE®, CAPER F'aMILY.
Cleome. Five species in our re-
gion; about 70 are known.

226 Annals of Horticulture.

C. integrifolia, Torr. & Gray.* In
cultivation perhaps a dozen
years as ‘‘Rocky Mountain Bee-
Plant.?’

Isomeris. Species 1, California.
I. arborea, Nutt. (Eng. 1539.)
Polanisia. About 15 kinds, 4 in

our territory.

P. graveolens, Raf. (EKng.}

CIsTACEZ, RosE-Rock FAMILY.
Helianthemum. Over 100 species
are described; 7 in our limits.
H.Canadense, Michx. (Eng.
1823.)
H. Carolinianum, Michx. (Eng.)

H. secoparium, Nutt. (Eng.
1848.)

Hudsonia. Species 38, all North
America.

H. ericoides, Linn. (Eng. 1805.)
H. tomentosa, Nutt. (Hing. 1826.)

VIOLACEA, VIOLET FAMILY.
Viola. Species over 150; in our
region 3883.

Vv. Beckwithii, T. & G. Gill.

1881.

V. blanda, Willd.
(Eng. 1802.)

V. blanda var. renifolia, Gray.
Hors. 1889.

V. Canadensis, Linn. Gill. 1881.
(Eng. 1783.)

V. canina, Linn. var. adunca,
Gray. Gill. 1881.

V.canina, Linn, var. Muhlen-
bergii, Gray (var. sylvestris,
Regel). Gill. 1881.

V. glabella, Nutt. Gill. 1881.

V. lanceolata, Linn. Gill. 1881.
(Eng. 1759.)

V. lobata, Benth. Gill. 1881.

V. Nuttallii, Pursh. (V. aurea. )
Gill. 1881.

V. palmata, Linn. *

V. palmata var. cucullata, Gray.
(V. cucullata.) * (Eng. 1762.)
There are white and variegated
forms in cultivation.

V. pedata, Linn. * (Eng. 1759.)

V. pedata var. alba. *

V. pedata var. atropurpurea,
(Eng.)

V. pedata var. bicolor, Pursh. *
(ung. )
V. pedunculata, T. & G. Gill.

1881. (Eng. 1856.)

Gill. 1881.

V. .premorsa; -Dousl>> (fine:
1825) er

V.primuleefolia, Linn. Gill. 1881.

V. pubescens, Ait. *

V. rostrata, Muhl. Gill. 1881.

V. rotundifolia, Michx. Gill.1881.
(Eng. 1800.)

V. sagittata, Ait. Gill. 1884.

(Eng. 1775.)
V. sarmentosa, Dougl. Gill. 1881.
V. Selkirkii, Pursh. Gill. 1881.
(Eng. 1878.)
V. Sheltonii, Torr. Gill. 1881.
V. striata, Ait. Kelsey, ’91-’92.
(Eng. 1772.)

POLYGALACE, MILKWORT FAMILY.
Polygala. Some 200 species; 37 in
our region.
P. paucifolia, Willd. Gill. 1881.
(Eng. 1812.)
P. Senega, Linn. G. & H. 1891.
(Eng.)
CARYOPHYLLACE®, PINK FAMILY.
Arenaria. Over 180 species; in
our territory 35.
A. aculeata, Wats. Hors. 18:9.
A. Franklinii, Dougl. Gill. 1881.
A. Groenlandica, Spreng. Gill.
1884.
A. macrophylla, Hook. Gill.
1881.

Cerastium. Species perhaps 100;
9 in our region.

C. alpinum, Linn. Native also
to Europe, where it is culti-
vated.

Lychnis. Some 380 species; 11 in
this country.

L. alpina, Lana. ~

Silene. Over 400 ssecies describ-
ed; in our region 46.

S. Californica, Durand. Gill.
1881.

S. Douglasii, Heok. Gill. 1881.

S. Hookeri, Nutt. (Eng. 1878.)

S, Lyallii, Watson. Gill. 1881.

S. Menziesii, Hook. Gill. 1881.

S. Pennsylvanica, Michx. *
(Eng. 1806.)
S. regia, Sims. (Eng. 1811.)

S. Scouleri, Hook. Gill. 1881.
S. stellata, Ait. *
S. Virginica, Linn. * (Eng. 1783.)
PORTULACACE®, PORTULACA F'AMILY.
Calandrinia. Species 60; a dozen
within our limits.

oo oe

emits. -
: !

Census of Cultivated Indigenous Plants.

C. caulescens, HBK., var. Men-
ziesii, Gray.
(Eng. 1831.)
A white-flowered variety is
offered by Orcutt.

C. rosea. ‘**A form in cultiva-
tion, presumed to have origin-
ated in California.’’ Orcutt.

Claytonia. About 25 species; 20
nere.
C. Caroliniana, Michx. Gill. 1881.

(Eng.)

C. lanceolata, Pursh. (C. Carolin-
iana var. sessilifolia). Gill.
1881. .

C. parvifolia, Moc. Gill. 1881.

C, perfoliata, Donn.* (Eng.)

C. Sibirica, Linn. Native alsoin
the Old World, where it is in
cultivation.

C. Virginica, Linn.* (Eng. 1768.)

Lewisia. Two North American
species.

L. rediviva, Pursh. Gill. 1881.
(Eng. 1826.)

Spraguea. Species single, Western

American.

Ss. umbeelata, Torr.* (Eng.
1858.)

S. umbellata var. caudicifera,

Gray. Hors. 1889.
Talinum. Abouta dozen species;
8 in our region.
T. teretifolium, Pursh. (Eng.
1823.)

TAMARISCINE®, TAMARIX FAMILY.
Fouquiera. Three or 4 species,
American.
F.. formosa, HBK. (Eng.)
F. splendens, Engelm. Orcutt,
1891.

HYPERICACEH, ST.
FAMILY.
Ascyrum. A half-dozen species.

JOHN’S-WORT

A. amplexicaule, Michx. (Eng.
1823.)

A. Crux-Andrez, Linn. = Gill.
1881. (Eng. 1759.)

m Tivypertcoides, Linn. (ing.
1759. )

A.stans, Michx. Gill 1881. (Eng.
1816. )

Elodes. There are two species in

our region.
E. campanulata, Pursh.
eimica.)- Gill. 1881.

(E. Vir-

(C. speciosa.) *

2127)

Hypericum. Over 150 species;

in our region, 29.

H. Ascyron, -Linn. (HH. pyra-
midatum).* (Eng. 1764.)

H. aureum, Bartram.* (Eng.)

H. Buckleyi, M. A. Curtis. Wool.
about 1889.

H. densiflorum, Pursh. Kelsey
1888

H. elatum. Said by Dict. Gard.
to have come from N. America
(1762) is explained as follows:
““H. elatum, Ait. Hort. Kew,
iii. 104, proves to be H. hirci-
num, Linn., or some nearly re-
lated Old World species.’’—
Coulter.

H. fasciculatum, Lam. Hors.
1889. Kelsey, 1890-’91.

H.formosum, HBK. var. Scoul-
eri, Coulter. Gill. 1881.

Hoy Kalmianum,.-Linn, * (Hing:
1759. )

H.maculatum, Walt. (H.corym-
bosum.) Gill. 1881.

He prolitieum, “linn. (tine:
1758.)

TERNSTREMIACEA, TEA FAMILY.

Gordonia. Species 10; 2 in our
limits.

G. Lasianthus, Linn. * (Eng.
1739.)

G. pubescens, L’Her. * (Eng.
1774

Stuartia. Species 8, of which two
are American.
S. pentagyna, L’Her. * (Eng.
1785. )
S. Virginica, Cav. Kelsey, 1891-2.
(Eng. 1743.)

CHEIRANTHODENDRE.

Fremontia. Single species.
if 2. Caltteornica,: Vorr, (Hung:
EB5E;)

MALVACEA, MALLOW FAMILY.
Callirrhoé. Species 6 or 7%, in
North America.
C. involucrata, Gray. * C. involu-
crata var. lineariloba, Gray. *
C. pedata, Gray. *
Hibiscus. Upwards of 150 species ;
a dozen kinds in our region.
H. aculeatus, Walt. *
H Californicus; Kellog es. ~

(Eng.)

228

. coccineus, Walt. * (Eng.)

. incanus, Wendl. *

. militaris, Cav. * (Eng.)

. Moscheutos, Linn. * (Eng.)

. Moscheutos var. rosea. *

There is also a white-flowered

variety.

Malachra. A half dozen species;
2in our region.

M. capitata, Linn. Reasoner.
Malvastrum. Some 60 species;
one quarter of them here.

M. coccineum, Gray. * (Eng.
1811.)

M. coccineum var. grossulariz-
folium, Torr... (Eng L835, )

M. Munroanum, Gray. (M.mini-
ata, Sphzeralcea Munroana, and
‘‘Sunset-Plant,’’ of dealers.)
Introduced 8 or 4 years ago.

Sida. About 80 species; 17 in U.S.

S. Miliotti, Tai& Gy Gale 18s.

S. Napzea, Cav. (Eng.)

segengangenee

Sidalcea. Species 17, American.
S. campestris, Greene. Hors.
1889.

S. candida, Gray. * (Eng. 1882.)
S. malveeflora, Gray. (S. humil-
is.) Gill. 1881. (Eng. 1838.)
Spheralcea. Some25 species; ours
are 16.
S. acerifolia, Nutt. * (Eng. 1861.)

TILIACEH, LINDEN FAMILY.
Tilia. Some 8 or 10 species; 3
American.

T. Americana, Linn. * (Kng.
1752.) Nurserymen have a var.
macrophylla.

T. heterophylla, Vent. (Eng.
1811.)

LINACE, FLAX FAMILY.
Linum. 22in our region; about80
in the world.

L. perenne, Linn. var. Lewisii,
Eat. & Wright. (L. Lewisii.) *

ZYGOPHYLLACEH, BEAN-CAPER F'AM-

ILY.
Larrea. Species 4; 1 in our south-
west.
L. Mexicana, Moric. (Eng.)
MALPIGHIACEA.

Byrsonima. About 90 species; one
in our region.
B. lucida, HBK. (Eng. 1759.)
Malpighia. One species in our re-
gion; 20in all.
M. glabra, Linn. (Eng. 1757.)

Annals of Horticulture.

GERANIACEAZ, GERANIUM FAMILY.
Geranium. About100 species; of
which 90 occur here.

G.incisum, Nutt. Gill. 1881.

G. maculatum, Linn. * (Eng.
1782.)

G. Richardsoni, Fisch. & Mey. -
Gill. 1881.

G. Robertianum, Linn. Gill.1881.
Also European, where a white-
flowered variety is catalogued.

Impatiens. About 185 species; 2
in our region.

I. fulva, Nutt. Kelsey, ’90-’91.

(Eng. )
I. pallida, Nutt. (Eng.)
Limnanthes. Four species, in

Western America.

L.. Douglasit, By Br ae?
18838.

Oxalis.

our territory.

O. Acetosella, Linn. Gill. 1881.
Native in Europe, where itis
also in cultivation.

O. Acetosella var. Oregana,
Trelease. Gill. 1881.

O. corniculata, Linn., var.
stricta, Sav. (Eng. 1658.)

O. Drummondii, Gray. *

O. violacea, Linn. * (Eng. 1772.)
Long familiar as a window-
garden plant.

)
Nearly 250 species; 13 in

RUTACE®, RUE FAMILY.
Ptelea. Two species in ourregion ;
6 in all.
P. trifoliata, Linn. * (Eng. 1704.)
There is a var. aurea.
Xanthoxvlum. About 80 species;
5am. U.S:
xX. Americanum, Mill. * (X. frax-
ineum.) (Eng. 1740.) -
X. Pterota, HBK. (Envy. 1768.)

MELIACE.
Swietenia. One species.
S. Mahogoni, Linn. Reasoner.
(Eng. 1734.)

OLACINE#, OLAX FAMILY. ~
Ximenia. Four species; 1 in our
region.
xX. Americana, Linn. Reasoner.
(Eng. 1759.)

LIcINEa, HoLiy FAMILY.
Tlex. About 150 species; of which
14 grow in our region.

Census of Cultivated Indigenons Plants. 229

heyeassine, uinn.. Gill. 1881. C. collinus, said by Dict. Gard.
(Eng. 1726.) to have been introduced into
I. Dahoon, Walt. * (Eng. 1726.) England in 1827 from N. Amer-
I. Dahoon var. myrtifolia, ica, is not identified.
Chapm. (Eng, 1806.) C. cuneatus, Nutt. Gill. 1881.
I. decidua, Walt. * (Eng.) (Eng.)
ivelabra, Gray.* (King. 1759.) ©. dentatus, To & G. (Ming.
I. laevigata, Gray. * (Eng.) 1848.)
I. mollis, Gray. (Eng.) C. divaricatus, Nutt. Orcutt,
I. monticola, Gray. Kelsey, 1885. 1891. (Eng. 1848. )
I. opaca, Ait. * (Eng. 1744.) C. floribundus, Hook. (Eng.)
i verticillata. Gray. * (Eng. C. hirsutus, Nutt. Orcutt, 1891.
1736. ) C. integerrimus, Hook. & Arn. *
Nemopanthes. A single species, (Eng. 1846. )
in North America. C. microphyllus, Michx. (Eng.
N. fascicularis, Raf. (N. Cana- 1806.)
densis.) * (Eng. 1802.) C. Orcuttii, Parry. Orcutt, 1891.
C. ovatus, Desf. G. & H., 1891.
CYRILLE®, CYRILLA FAMILY. C. papillosus, T.-&-G. (Eng.
Cliftonia. Species 1, southern 1848. )
un C. prostratus, Benth. Gill. 1881.
C.nitida, Gaertn. (Mylocaryum C. rigidus, Nutt. (Eng. 1848.)
ligustrinum.) (Eng.) C. sanguineus, Pursh. Gill. 1881.
Cyrilla. Species 2 or 3, one in our C, thyrsiflorus, Esch. *
region. : C. Veatchianus, Hook. (Eng.)
‘ C. racemifiora, Linn. Gill. 1881. C. velutinus, Doug]. Gill. 1881.
(Eng. 1765.) Reynosia. One species in our re-
gion.
CELASTRACE®, STAFF-TREE FAMILY. R. latifolia, Griseb. Reasoner.
Celastrus. Some 18 species; 1 Rhamnus. There are 60 species;
American. > here.
C. scandens, Linn. * (Eng. 1736.) R. alnifolia, L’Her. G. & H
Euonymus. Forty species; 4 in 1891. as
our region, %
EK. Americanus, Linn. * (Eng. ey ees Gene:
1686.) | ix. ee Aan Caroliniana,
K. Americanus var. obovatus, T. Walt. *
ee Ol i881. eee R. crocea, Nutt (Eng. 1848.)
EK. atropurpureus, Jacquin. * R. lanceolata, Pursh. *
ee EO) R. Purshiana, DC. *
occidentalis, Nutt. Gill. 1881. Zizyphus. Some 50 species; 3 in
Myginda. Species 8: half within our region.
our limits. Z. Parryi, Torr. Orcutt, 1891.

M. latifolia, Swz. (Eng. 1795.)
Pachystima. Two species, Ameri-

* can.

P. Canbyi, Gray. * (Eng.)

P. Myrsinites, Raf. Gill. 1881.

ViITACE, VINE FAMILY.
Ampelopsis quinquefolia, Michx. *
(Eng. 1629.) There are two or
three named horticultural var-

: (Eng. 1818.) ZS
RHAMNACE, BUCKTHORN FAMILY. Cissus. Three species in our re-
Berchemia. About 10 species; 1 gion.
ours. C. Ampelopsis, Pers. (Vitis in-
B. volubilis, DC.* (Eng. 1714.) divisa.) *
eanothus. Species 87 in our re- C.ineisa, Desm. (Vitis incisa.)
gion. Reasoner.
C. Americanus, Linn. * (Eng. ©. *stans.. Pers. (Vitis; _bipin-

1715..) naea:) ~

230

Vitis. About 230 species; 16in our
region.

V.eestivalis, Michx. * (Eng-
1656.) Parent of Norton’s Vir.
ginia and others.

V. Arizonica, Engelm. Munson
1889.

V. Berlandieri, Planchon. Mun-
son, 1589.

V. bicolor, Le Conte. Munson,
1889.

V. Californica. Benth. Munson,
1889.

V. candicans, Engelm. Munson,
1889.

V. cinerea, Engelm.
1889.

V. cordifolia, Michx. Munson,
1889. (Eng. 1806.)

V. coriacea, Shuttl. Munson,
1889.

V. Doaniana, Munson. Munson,
1889.

V. Labrusca, Linn. * (Eng. 1656.)
To this belong Concord, Niag-
ara, and many others.

V. Linsecumii. Buckley. Mun-
1889.

G. monticola, Buckley, Munson.
1889.

Munson,

V. Munsoniana, Simpson. Mun-
son, 1889.

Vr riparia, -—Michx.. >) Much
used in Europe for anti-phyl-
loxera stocks.

V. rotundifolia, Michx. (V. vul-
pina.) * (EKng.) Represented
by the Thomas and others.

V. rubra, Michx. Munson, 1889.

V.rupestris, Scheele. Munson,
1889.

V.Simpsoni, Munson. Munson,
1889.

V.Solonis, Engelm. Munson,
1889.

SAPINDACEH, SOAPBERRY F'AMILY.
Acer. Over 50 species, of which
we have 9.

A. circinatum, Pursh: <*> (hime;
1827.)

A. dasycarpum, Ehrh. * (Eng.
1725.) There are about a
half dozen cut-leaved and
named varieties.

A, glabrum, Torr. * (Eng.)

A.macrophyllum, Pursh.* (Eng.

to} OZ

Annals of Horticulture.

A. Pennsylvanicum, Linn. (A.
striatum.) * (Eng. 1755.)

A.rubrum, Linn. * (Eng. 1656.)
There are two or three culti-
vated varieties. .

A. saccharinum, Wangh. * (Eng.
1755.) A. barbarum, Linn., is
probably the oldest name.

A. saccharinum var. nigrum.
LT. & G. 4° (eae si)

A. spicatum, Lam: *~ (ine.
1750.)

“Eisculus. Species 14; 6 in our re-
gion. .

44. Californica, Nutt. (Eng.)

44. flava, Ait. (Eng. 1764.)

44. glabra, Willd. (4. rubi-
cunda.) * (Eng. 1821.)

4H). parviflora, Walt. * (A4.,or
Pavia, macrostachya.) (Eng.

1820.)
4. Pavia, lainne =) (ne er iy
Cardiospermum. Species. about

15; 2 in our territory.
C. Halicacabum, Linn. * (Eng.)

The well-known Balloon-
vine.

Negundo. Species 2 to 4; 2in our
country.

N. aceroides, Moench. (N. faxin-
ifohum.). *, (Hae rose
There is a variety crispum, in
cultivation.

N. Californicim, 19 @7G.=

Sapindus. Two; 40 in all.
5S. Saponaria, Linn.*
Staphylea. Species 4; one-half
American.
S. Bolanderi, Gray. (Eng. 1883.)
S. trifolia, Linn. * (Ene. 1640.)
Ungnadia. Species 1, Texan.
U. speciosa, Endl. * (Eng. 1850.)

ANACARDIACEA, CASHEW E'AMILY.

haa Species 120; in our region
16.
R. Canadensis, Marshall. (R.
aromatica.) * (Eng. 1773.)
R. Canadensis var. trilobata,
Gray. (R. trilobata.) *
Rk. copallina;- Linn, 7 aie
1688. )

R. cotinoides, Nutt. Kelsey ’90-
Oho (2)

R. diversiloba, T. & G. Gill,
1881. (Eng.)

R. glabra, Linn. * (Eng. 1726.)

\
Tn ee ee

Census of Cultivated Indigenous Plants. Zea

X

R. glabra var. laciniata. A fre-
quent garden form which also
occurs wild.

R. integrifolia, Benth. & Hoo.*

R. ovata, Wats. Orcutt, 1891.

R. Toxicodendron, Linn, (Eng.
1640.)

R. typhina, Linn. * (Eng. 1629.)
A variety laciniata is alsocat-
alogued by Manning

A8 ts venenata, D.C. Wine. 1713.)

LEGUMINOS®, PULSE FAMILY.

Acacia. Nearly 450species, 13 in
our region.

A. Farnesiana, Willd. * (Eng.
1656.)

Amorpha. 7 or 8 species in N.
America,

A. canescens, Nutt. * (Eng. 1812.)

A. fruticosa, Linn. * (Eng. 1724.)

Amphicarphea. About 8 species,

2 in our region.

A.monoica, Nutt. (fing. 1781.)

Apios. Species 3, 1 American.

A.tuberosa, Moench. * (Eng.
1640.)

Astragalus. About 600 species
have been described ; 208 occur
within our territory.

A. adsurgens, Pall. (Eng. 1818.)
Also Siberian, whence it was
introduced into England.

A. alpinus, Linn. Hors. 1889,
(1888). Also European.

A.Canadensis, Linn. Hors. 1889.
(Eng. 1732.)

A. hypoglottis, Linn. Also Eur-
Opean, whence it has come in-
to cultivation.

me reucopoyllus, ‘Torr. & Gr.
(Eng.) |

A. Robbinsii, Gray.
(1888),

Baptisia, About 16 species, all
North American.

B. alba, R. Br. Gill. 1881. (Hing.
1724.)

B. australis, R. Br. (B. czerulea,
B. confusa, B. exaltata, B.
minor), * (Eng. 1758.)

B. lanceolata, Ell. Gill. 1881.

B. leucantha, Torr. & Gr. *

Hors. 1889

B. leucophza, Nutt. Gill 1881.
(Eng. 1870.)
EB perfoliata, R. Br. (¢Eng.

1793.)

B. simplicifolia, Croom. Kelsey

91-’92,
B. tinctoria, ie (Br, Gill, 1886.
(Eng. 1759.)
Ceesalpinia. About 40; 2 in this
country.

C. Bonduc, Benth. & Hook. *
Canavalia. About a dozen species ;
2 in our region.
C. obtusifolia, DC. (Eng. 1820.)
Also Malabar.
Cassia. 400 species described, 21
curring in the United States.
C. Marilandica, Linn. * (Eng.
1723.)
Centrosema. One species in our
region; 26 in the world.
C, Virginianum, Benth. *

Cercis. Species 4 or5; 3 Ameri-
can,

C. Canadensis, Linn. * (Eng.
1730.)

C. occidentalis, Torr. *
Cladrastis. Species 2; 1 in our
limits.

C2 tinctorias | Rat.
lutea.) * (Eng.)
Clitoria. About 80 species; 1 grow-

ing here.
C. Mariana, Linn. * (Eng. 1759.)
Dalea, Nearly 100 species, all
American; 43 occur in our re-
gion,

D, alopecuroides, Willd. (Eng.)
Daubentonia. But one species in
this country; 3 or 4 others.

D. punicea, DC. (Sesbania pun-
icea.) (Eng. 1820.)
Desmodium. Species about 125;
here there are 88,
D, Canadense, DC. (Eng. 1640.)
Erythrina. Some 25 kinds, 3 be-
ing inthe U.S.
E, herbacea, Linn. * (Eng. 1724.)
Galactia. About 45 species, 16 in
United States.
~ G, Elliottii, Nutt. Gill. 1881.
G. glabella, Miehx. “Gill. 1881.
Gleditschia. 4 or 5 species: 2in
our region.
G. aquatica (G. monosverma),
Marsh, * (Eng. 1723.)
G. triacanthos, Linn. * (Eng.
1700.) A weeping variety is cat-
alogued.
Glycyrrhiza. A dozen species; 1
in this country.

(Virgilea

232

G. lepidota, Nutt. (Eng. 1817.)
Gymnocladus. Single species.
G. Semana Lami.) CE me,
1748. 5
Hedysarum,. A half hundred spe-
cies; 2 in our region.
H. boreale, Nutt. Hors. 1889
(1888).
H. Mackenzii, Richards.
1889 (1888). (Eng. 1878.)
Hosackia. 38 species occur within

our limits.

H. bicolor, Dougl. ~-Gill. 1881.
(Eng, 1823.)

H. crassifolia, Benth. Gill. 1881.
(Eng.)

H. decumbens, Benth. Gill 1881.

Indigofera. Species about 220; 5
in this country.

I. Caroliniana, Walt. *

Lathyrus. Some 170 species have
been described; 22 growing in
our limits.

L. maritimus, Bigelow. * (Eng.
1826.)

L. ornatus, Nutt. Gill. 1881.

L. splendens, Kellogg. Hender-
son, 1890.

L. venosus, Muhl. Orcutt, 1891.

L. vestitus, Nutt. Orcutt, 1891.

Lespedeza. About 25 species; 8
are native to U.S.

L. reticulata, Pers. (Eng.)
L. violacea, Pers. *

Lupinus. About100 species; three-
fourths of them within our
limits.

L. affinis, Agardh. Orcutt, 1891.
(Eng, 1848.)

L. albcaulis, Dougl. Gill. 1881.

L. arboreus, Sims. Orcutt, 1891.
Var. luteus is offered by Or-
cutt, 1891.

L. aridus, Dougl. (Eng. 1827.)

L. Chamissonis, Esch. Gill. 1881.
(Eng. 1793 as L. albifrons;
1833 as L. Chamissonis.)

L. densiflorus, Benth. Orcutt
1891.

L. diffusus, Nutt. Gill. 1881.

L. laxiflorus, Dougl. (Eng. 1826.)

L. lepidus, Dougl. Gill. 1881.
«Eng. 1826.)

L. leptophyllus, Benth. (Eng.)

L.leucophyllus, Doug]. Gill. 1881.
(Eng. 1826.)

L. littoralis, Dougl. (Eng. 1826.)

Hors.

Annals of Horticulture.

L. Te Dougl. Orcutt,
1891.

L. microcarpus, Sims. (Eng.)

L. nanus, Dougl.* (Eng. 1833.)
There is a white form.

L. Nootkatensis, Donn. (Eng.
1794.)

L. ornatus, Doug].
(Eng, 1826.)

L. perennis. Linn. Gill, 1881.
(Eng. 1658.)

L. polyphyllus, Lindl* {Hine
1826.)

Gill. 1881.

Var. albiflorus is offered.
L, Sabinii, Dougl. (Eng. 1827.)
L. subcarnosus, Hook. * (Eng.
1835.)
L. sulphureus, Doug. *
L. villosus, Willd. (L. pilosus.)*
Oxytropis. About 100 species ; 16
in this country.
O. Lamberti, Pursh. (Eng. 1811.)
Parkinsonia. Five in our region.
P. aculeata, Linn. * (Eng. 1739.)
Petalostemon. There are 24 spe-
cies in our region.
P, candidus, Michx. (Eng. 1811.)
P, decumbens, Nutt. Wool.
about 1889.
P. violaceus, Michx. (Eng. 1811.)
Piscidia. One species.
P. Erythrina, Lignan.)
1690.)
Prosopis. Some 18 or 20 species ;
3 inour region.
P. juliflora, DC. - Orcutt; 1891.

P. pubescens, Benth. Orcutt,
1891.
Psoralea. About 100 kinds; 29

erow in this country.
P. lanceolata, Pursh. Gill. 1881.
P. melilotoides, Michx. (Eng.
1814.)
P. physodes, Dougl. Gill. 1881.
Robinia. 5 or 6 species; 4in our
region.
R. hispida, Linn. * (Eneg,1748.)
R. Pseudacacia, Linn. * (Eng.
1640.) There are many culti-
vated varieties.
R. viscosa, Vent. * (Eng. 1797.)
Schrankia. About 10 species; 4
in our territory.
S. uncinata, Willd. (Eng. 1789.)
Sesbania. 16 species; one-fourth
within our limits.
S. vesicaria, Ell, (Eng. 1816.)

Census of Cultivated Indigenous Plants. 2.32

Sophora. About 25 species; 6 in
United States.
S. tomentosa, Linn. (Eng. 1739.)
Tephrosia. About 90 species; a
dozen within our region.

T. Virginiana, Pers. Gill. 1881.
(Eng. 1765.)

Thermopsis. A dozen species; 7 in
this country.

T. Caroliniana, Curtis.*

T. mollis, Curtis.*

T. montana, Nutt. (Eng. 1818.)

Trifolium. Nearly 300 species
have been described; 51 in our
region.

T. fucatum, Lindl. (Eng. 1824.)

T. involucratum, Willd. (T. fim-
briatum.) (Eng. 1825.)

T. reflexum, Linn. (Eng. 1794.)

T. repens, Linn,*

Vicia, Nearly 200 described spe-
cies; 1n our region, 15.

V. Americana, Muhl. Gill 1881.

V. Caroliniana, Walt. Gill 1881.

V. Cracca, Linn. Gill. 1881. Also
European.

V. gigantea, Hook, Gill. 1881.

Vigna. About 30 species, of which
we have one.

V.luteola, Benth. (V. glabra.)
(Eng. 1685.)

Wistaria. Two or 3 species;
Lin America.

W. frutescens, Poir.* (Eng.
1724.) There are 2 or 3 named
horticultural varieties.

Zornia. 10 species; 2in U.S.

Z. tetraphylla, Michx. (Eng.
1824.)
RosacEZ, RosE FAMILY.
Adenostoma. Two Californian

species.
A. fasciculatum, Hook. & Arn.
Orcutt, 1891. (Eng. 1848.)
A.sparsifolium, Torr. Orcutt,
1891

Amelanchier. Four or 5 species;
3 here.

A. alnifolia, Nutt. *

A. Canadensis, T. & G. (Includ-
ing var. Botryapium.) * (Eng.
1746.)

A. Canadensis var. oblongifolia,
Torr. & Gray. * Has been cul-
tivated some 15 years as Dwarf
Juneberry (see p. 51).

A. Canadensis var. rotundifolia,
Torr. & Gray. Kelsey, ’86-’87.
The three following are men-
tioned as varieties of A. Can-
adensis by Dict. of Gard.:
var. florida. N. Am. 1826.
var. ovalis. "N. Am. (Eng.
1800.) (This is probably Pyrus
nigra. See Gard.& For. iii. 440.)
var. parvifolia.

A.olgocarpa, Roem. Introduced
in England in 1800 as <A. san-
guinea.

Chameebatia. One species, Cali-
fornian.

C. foliolosa, Benth. (Eng. 1859.)

Chameebatiaria. One species, Cali-

fornian.
C. (Spirzea) Millefolium, Maxim.
(Eng. 1880.)
Chameerhodos. Species 4 or 5; 1
American.

C, erecta, Bunge. (Eng. 1824.)
Chrysobalanus. Perhaps a half
dozen species, of which we
have 2.
Cy leace; inn. * (ine. 1ia2,)
C. oblongifolius, Michx. (Eng.
1812.)
Cowania. Species 3; Californian
and Mexican.
C. Mexicana, D. Don. (Eng.)
Cratzegus. From 50 to 75 species;
15 in this country.
C. apiifolia, Michx. (Eng. 1812.)
C. coccinea, Linn. * (Eng. 1683.)
C. coccinea var. mollis, Torr. &
Gray. (C. tomentosa var
mollis.) *
C. cordata, Aiton. -* (Eng, 1738.)
Ch2Crus-calline inn: Chane ;
1691.)
C. Crus-galli var. ovalifolia,
Lind!” (Hne. 13810. )
C. Crus-galli var. prunifolia,
se Ge (ness 1318.)
€; Douelasiis ind). *..¢h ug.
1827.)
C. flava, Aiton..* (Eng. 1724.)
C. parvitolia,-Aiton. * (Eng.
1704.)
C. punctata, Jacquin.- (Eng.
1746.)
C. spathulata,- Michx. * ~(ming.
1808. )
Cy. tomentosa, Linn. *
1GD.

(Deere

234

Dalibarda. One or two species;
1in America.

DD. srepens, > tainn. iy Gal: esi:

(Eng. 1766.) :

Dryas. Species 2; 1 in our region.

D. octopetala, Linn., var. Drum-

mondii. Watson. (Eng. 1800.)

Eriogynia. Four species in our
region.
E. (Spirza) pectinata, Hook.
En

Eng.
Fallugia. Species 1.
F. paradoxa, Endl. (Eng.)
Fragaria. A half dozen species;
4 in our region.

F’. Chilensis, Duchesne. * Occa-
sionally grown for many years.

FB’. vesca, Linn. * Various gar-
den varieties, little known in
this country, belong to this
species; but they are of Euro-
pean origin, where the plant
is also native.

EF. Virginiana,. Mill. *-(itne-
1629.) The supposed parent
of the garden strawberries.

Geum. About 30 species; 14 na-
tive to U.S.

G. radiatum, Michx.
91-92.

G. rivale, Linn. * A variety al-

/ DUM IS. OfLened:

G. triflorum, Pursh. * (Eng.)

Gillenia. Species 2, North Amer-
ican. |

G. stipulacea, Nutt. Kelsey, ’91-

2

Kelsey,

92.
G. trifoliata, Moench. *
Heteromeles. One species in
our region.

H. arbutifolia, Roemer. Orcutt.
1891.

Horkelia. There are 14 species in
our region.

H. (Potentilla) congesta, Doug.
(Eng. 1826.)

Ivesia. Thereare 15 species with-
in our limits.

I. Gordoni, T. & G. Gill. 1881.

I. unguiculata, Gray. (Eng.)

Neviusia. A single species, in Ala-
bama.

N. Alabamensis, Gray. * (Eng.
1882.) This is of recent intro-
duction.

Nuttallia, A single species, west-
ern American.

Annals of Horticulture.

N. cerasiformis) ia 16s Gill

1881. (Eng. 1848.)
Physocarpus. Species 4 or 5; 2 in
our region.

P. opulifolius, Maxim. (Neillia
opulifolia,) * (wing, 1690.)
There is a variety aurea. =

Potentilla. About 120 species; in
this country, 40.

P. arguta, Pursh. (Eng. 1826.)

P. fruticosa, Linn. *

P. glandulosa, Lindl. Gill. 1881.

P. gracillis, Dougl. Gill. 1881.
(Eng. 2826.)

P. Pennsylvanica, Linn. (Eng.
1827.)

P. tridentata, Aiton. *

Prunus. About100 species; 25 in
our limits.

P. Americana, Marsh.* (Eng.)
Many varieties are cultivated
for frum.

P. angustifolia, Marsh. (P.
Chicasa.) * Cultivated in vari-
ous varieties for its fruit.

P. Caroliniana, Aiton. *

P. demissa, Walt. Gill. 1881.

P. hortulana, Bailey. * Numer-
ous varieties are in cultivation
for fruit.

P. ilicifolia, Walp. Orcutt, 1891.
(Eng. )

P. incana, Schw. Introduced
sparingly during the last three
or four years, for its possible
value as a fruit-plant, under
the name of P. pumila. Grown
alsoforornament. Thisisthe
western representative of P.
pumila, and its oldest name is
not yetdetermined. P. incana
of Schweinitz is used until an
older one, if such exist, is
found.

P, maritima, Wangh.* (Eng.
1800.) Bassett’s American
plum, grown for its fruit, be-
longs to this species.

P, Pennsylvatica, guages
(Eng. 1773.)

P. pumila, Linn.* (Eng. 1805.)
Grown for ornament. A plant
known in gardens as Cerasus
pumila is not this species.

P:; serotina, EKhre.. eas
There are three or four named
garden varieties.

Census of Cultivated Indigenous Plants. 235

P. subcordata, Benth. Munson,
1889.
Poo iteimiana, Linn, * (Ene.
1724.)
Purshia. Species single.

P. tridentata, DC. Gill. 1881.
(Eng. 1826.)
Pyrus. About 50 species; 9 in this
country.

P.- Americana, DC. * (Eng.
1782.) The Rowan or Euro-
pean mountain-ash is _ fre-
quently sold as this species.

P. angustifolia, Aiton. (Eng.
(1750.)

i aroutiiolia, inn. f. * Ging.
1700.)

) eoronaria, Linn: *(Eneg.
1724.) In cultivation as an or-
namental plant.

P. Ioensis, Bailey. Sparingly
in cultivation for its fruit.

P nigra, sargent. * Heretofore
confounded with P. arbutifolia.
(See Garden and Forest, iii.
416, 440.)

P. rivularis, Dougl.* Of recent

- introduction.

P. sambucifolia, Cham. & Schl.*

P. Soulardi, Bailey.* Culti-
vated some 20 years in the
form of the Soulard crab.

Rosa. Many species; 17 enumer-
ated in our region.

R. Arkansana, Porter. *

R. blanda, Aiton.* (Eng.) The
Rosa blanda offered by most
nurserymen is probably not
the American species.

fr calirornics, Cham. .&
Schl. Orcutt, 1891.

em carolina, Linn. *
1726.)

R. foliolosa, Nutt. Wool. about
1889.

R. gymnocarpa, Nutt.* (Eng.)

R. humilis, Marsh. (Eng.)

R. lucida, Ehrh. * (Eng. 1724.)

R. nitida, Willd. * (Eng. 1807.)

&®. Nutkana, Pres. *

R. pisocarpa, Gray. Gill. 1881.
(Eng. 1877.)

R. setigera, Michx. * (Hng.) This
is well known as a climbing

(ing,

rose.
Rubus. Between 100 and 200 spe-
cies: 22 in this region.

Rk. Canadensis, Linn. (Eng.
1811.) Introduced in 1886 or
1887 in the form of the Win-
dom dewberry.

Rk. Canadensis var. invisus,
Bailey. First introduced from
1870-75 as the Bartel dewberry.

R. Canadensis var. roribaccus,
Bailey. Introduced from 1875-
80 as Lucretia dewberry.

R. cuneifolius, Pursh. (Eng.
EST Ie }

hk. deliciosus, James. * (Eng.
1870. )

R. hispidus, Linn. G. & H. 1891.

R. leucodermis. Doug]. *

R. Nutkanus, Mocq.* (Eng.
1826. )

R. neglectus, Peck.* Shaffer,
Philadelphia and other rasp-
berries belong to this.

R. occidentalis, ; Linn. * (Eng.
1696.) The parent of the com-
mon garden black raspberries.

RK, odoratus, ‘inn. oS Chus.
1700.)

R. spectabilis, Pursh. Gill. 1881.
(Eng. 1827.)

hk, strigosus, Michx. * Ging.)
Parent of the Cuthbert and
probably other garden rasp-
berries.

R. trifiorus, Richards. (Eng.)

R. trivialis, Michx. Introduced
from 1884-1890 as Fairfax,
Manatee, Bauer and Wilson’s
White dewberries.

R. ursinus, Cham & Schl. Gill.
1881.

Ra. villosus, Aiton, .* (Hne.
1777.) The parent of the gar-
den blackberries.

R. villosus var. albinus, Bailey.*
In cultivation for a few years
in forms of the ‘‘ White black-
berry..”

R. villosus var. frondosus, Torr.*
In cultivation as Wilson, Jr.,
and perhaps under other
names.

Spirzea. About 50species, of which
we have 8.

S. Aruncus, Linn. *.

©. betuleefolia, Pall: Gill. 1881.

S. discolor, Pursh. *

S. discolor, Pursh., var. ariz-
folia, Wats. * (Eng.)

230

S. Douglasii, Hook. * (Eng.)

S. Dougilasii, var. Nobleana,
Wats. (Eng. 1859.)

S. Kamtschatica, Pall. Wool.
about 1889.

S. lobata, Jacquin, * (S. pal-
mata.) (Eng. 1765.)

S. salicifolia, Linn.

5. tomentosa, Ling, Chine,
1736.)

Waldsteinia, Four species; half

in our region.

W. fragaroides, Tratt. * (Eng.
1803.)

SAXIFRAGACEH, SAXIFRAGE FAMILY.
Astilbe. A halt dozen species; 1
in America,

A.decandra, Don. (Eng. 1812.)
Bolandra. Species 2; Western
American,

B. Oregana, Watson, Gill. 1881.
Carpenteria, Singlespecies.
C. Californica, Torr. . Orcutt,
1891. (Eng. 1880.)
Chrysosplenium. About 15 spe-
cies; 38in our limits.
C. Americanum, Schw._ Gill.
1884.
Decumaria. <A single species.
Ds Sbarbara, inn. 326i sesh:
(ing, 1785.)
Heuchera, About 25 species; 19
in our territory.
H. Americana, Linn, * (Eng,

1656.)
H. cylindrica, Dougl. Gill. 1881.

(Eng, 1830.)
H, glabra, Willd. (Eng. 1827.)
H. hispida, Pursh. (Eng. 1826.)
H. micrantha, Dougl. Gill. 1881.
(Eng, 1827.)
H. pubescens, Pursh.
1812.)
H. rubescens, Torr. Gill. 1881.
H. sanguinea, Engelm.* Of re-
cent introduction.
H. villosa, Michx. (Eng, 1812.)
Hydrangea. About 85 species; 3
in our country.
H. arborescens, Lizn. * (Eng.
1736.)
H, quercifolia, Bartram.* (Eng.
1803.)
H. radiata, Walt. Kelsey, ’88-’59.
tea, Five species, of which we
have one.

(Eng.

Annals of Horticulture.

I, Virginica, Linn.* (Eng. 1744.)

Jamesia, Sinein eee

J. Americana, Yorr, & Gray,
(ing. 1865.)

Mitella. About 12 species; 8 in

this country.

M. caulescens, Nutt. Gill. 1881,

M. diphylla, Linn. Gill. 1881.

M. nuda, Linn. Gill. 1881. .

M. trifida, Graham. Gill, 1881.

Parnassia, A dozen _ species;

half in this country.

P. asarifolia, Vent. * > (em e -
1812;

P. Caroliniana, Michx. * (Eng,
1802.)

P. fimbriata, Koenig. Gill. 1881.
(Hing.)

P. parviflora, DC. (Eng. 1820.)

Philadelphus. Species 12; 7 in

the U.S.

P, Gordonianus, Lindl. * (Eng.)

P,. grandiflorus, Willd. * (Eng.
1811.)

P. grandiflora var, laxus, T. &
G. * (Eng, 1830.)

P. hirsutus, Nutt. (ing. 1820.)

Se inodorus, Linn, * (Eng. 1738.)
P. Lewisii, Pursh. Gill. 1881.
(Eng. 1739.)
P. microphyllus, Gray. * (Eng.
1883.)
Ribes. Sixty or 70 species; 32 in

this country.

R. aureum, Pursh, * (Eng. 7612)
Grown both for ornament and
for fruit. Fhe Crandall eux:
rant belongs here,

R, aureum var.
Torr: . (ing isi)

RR. cereum, Dougl.. Gill tsi.
(Eng, 1827.)

R. Cynosbati, datnm7-Giem. Ee
1891). (He 17325)

R. divaricatum, Dougl. (Eng.
1826.)

R, -floridum; » ia er om
1729.)

R. gracile, Michx. (king. 1826.)

R. lacustre, Poir. (Eng. 1812.)

R. lacustre var. parvulum,
Gray. Gill. 1881.

R. Lobbii,Gray. Gill.1881. (Eng.)

R. oxyacanthoides, Linn, * (Eng.
1705.) Parent of Houghton,
Downing and other American
gooseberries,

tenuiflorum,

(Eng.

Census of Cultivated Indigenous Plants 2237

R. prostratum, L’Her, G. & H.,
1891. Possibly the R. alpinum
of nurserymen.,

R. Roezlii, (Eng. 1879,) in Dict.
Gard. is not identified with
American species.

R. rotundifolium, Michx. Kelsey,
91-92,

R. sanguineum, Pursh.* (Eng.
1826.) A double-flowered vari-
ety is in cultivation.

speciosum, Pursh. (Eng.
1829.)

Rt. viscosissimum, Pursh. Gill.
1881,

Saxifraga, Species 160 or more, of
which we have 46,

5S. adscendens, Linn. (Eng. 1732.)

S. aizoides, Linn. Hors. 1889.

S. aizoon, Jacq. * (Eng. 1731.)

S. bronchialis, Linn. (Eng. 1819.)

S. bronchialis, var. cherlerioides,
Eng, Gill, 1881.

S. ceespitosa, Linn. Gill. 1881.

S. Engleri. Said by Dict. Gard.
(Suppl.) tocome from North
America; isnot identified with
any of ourspecies.

S. integrifolia, Hook. Gill. 1881.
S. leucanthemifolia, Michx.
Kelsey, ’91-92. (Eng. 1812.)

S. Mertensiana, Bongard. (S.
heterantha.) Gill. 1881.

S. nivalis, Linn. *

©. Oppositifolia, Linn. ‘Hors.
1889

S. peltata, Torr, * (Eng. 1873.)
S. Pennsvlvanica, Linn. Hors.
1889. (Eng.1732.)

S. Virginiensis, Michx.* (Eng.
1790.)
Suksdorfia. Single species of

northwest U.S.

S. violacea, Gray, Gill. 1881.

Sullivantia. Species 2, North
American,

S. Oregana, Watson. Gill. 1881.

Tellima. Seven species, North
American.

T. grandiflora, R. Br. Gill. 1881.

(Eng. 1826.)
T. parviflora, Hook. Gill. 1881.

Tiarella. Five species; 3 in our
limits.
@ cordifolia, Linn. Gill. 1881,
(Eng. 1731.)

T. trifoliata, Linn. Gill. 1881.

T. unifoliata, Hook, Gill, 1881.
Tolmiea, One species, from north-
west America,
T. Menziesii, T. & G; Gill, 1881,
(Eng. 1812.)
Whipplea. Two species, Ameri-
can,
W.modesta, Torr. Gill. 1881.
CRASSULACEZ, ORPINE F'AMILY,
Cotyledon. About 60 described
species; 15in our territory.
C. edulis, Brewer. (Eng. 1883.)
Sedum. 120 species; 24 in this
country.
S. debile, Watson. Gill. 1881.
S. Douglasii, Hook. Gill. 1881.
S. Nevii, Gray. Gull. 1881.
S. obtusatum, Gray. Gill. 1881.
(Eng.)
S. Oreganum, Nutt. Gill. 1881.

S. pulehellum, Michx:, ** Ging.
1874.)

S.rhodanthum, Gray. (Eng.)

S. spathulifolium, Hook. Gill.
188!. (Eng. 1873:)

S. stenopetalum, Pursh. Gill.
1881. (Eng. 1877.)

S. telephioides, Michx. Kelsey,
1891-92. (Eng. 1810.)

S.ternatum, Michx. Gill, 1881.
(Eng, 1789.)

S. variegatum, Watson. Wool.
83.

BROSERACEZ, SUNDEW FAMILY.
Dionzea. Species 1; southeastern
U.S

D. muscipula, Ellis. * (Eng.

1788.)
Drosera. Upwards of 100 species;
7 here,
Dy nliformis,. Kat, “Gill. 18st.
(Eng. 1811.)

D. intermedia, Hayne, var.
Americana, DC. (D. longifolia.)
Gill, 1881.

D. rotundifolia, Linn. *

HAMAMELIDE®, WiTcH-HAZEL F'AM-
TY,
Fothergilla. Species single.
EF’. Gardeni, Linn. (L. alnifolia.)
* (Eng, 1765.)
Hamamelis. Species 2; 1 Ameri-
can, 1 Japanese.
He Nirginiang, Linn, *
1736.)

(Eng.

238 Annals of Horticulture.

Liquidambar. Species 2; 1 Amer-
ican, 1 Asian.

LL... Styracina.“Lanw 7 Gane,
1681.)

HIALORAGE.Z, WATER-MILFOIL F'am-
AY:

Myriophyllum. Ten species in our
region; 15-20in all.
M. heterophyllum, Michx, *
Proserpinaca.. Two species,
American.
P. palustris, Linn. (Eng, 1818.)
P. pectinacea, Lam, (Eng, 1821.)

COMBRETACE,
Conocarpus, Single species.
C. erectus, Linn. (ng, 1752.)
Terminalia. Nearly 100 species;
only one indigenous in our re-
gion.
T. Buceras, & Hook,
(Eng. 1793.)
MyrtTaceEa&, MYRTLE FAMILY.
Calyptranthes. Some 75 species;
one with us.
C. Chytraculia, Swz.
1778.)
Eugenia. Some 700 species; there
are 7 in our region.

Benth.

(Eng.

EK. buxifolia, Willd. Reasoner
(Eng. 1818.)
MELASTOMACEH, MELASTOMA F'am-
ILY,
Rhexia. Species 9, North Amer-
ican. ;

R/ciliosa, Michx.* (Eng. 1812.)
R. lutea, Walt. Gill. 1881.
R. Mariana, Linn. Gill. 1881.
(Eng. 1759.)
R. Virginica, Linn.
(Eng, 1759.)
LYTHRACE®, LOOSESTRIFE FAMILY.
Decodon. We have a single spe-
cies,
D. (Nesza) verticillatus, Ell. *
Lythrum, A dozen or more spe-
cies; 11 in this region.
L, alatum, Pursh. (Eng. 1812.)
ONAGRACEH, EVENING- PRIMROSE
FAMILY.
Circeea, 3 species.
C. eee Linn. Kelsey, ’91-
92

Gill 1875;

C. Pacifica, Asch, & Mag. Gill.
1881,

Clarkia. Four species, Western

American,

C. elegans, Lindl.* (Eng. 1833.)
This and the next are very
common in gardens. Variable.

C. pulchella, Pursh.* (Eng.
1826.) :

Epilobium. Some 50 species; 40 in
our region,

E. angustifolium, Linn, (EH.
spicatum.) *

E. obcordatum, Gray. (Eng.)

EKucharidium. Species 2, Califor-
nian,

IX, concinnum, Fisch, & Mey, *
(EK. grandifiorum.) (Eng. 1787.)

Gaura, Species about 20, Ameri-
can; 14in our region.

G. biennis, Linn, (Eng. 1762.)

G. Lindheimeri, Eng. & Gray. *
(Eng. 1850.)

G. parviflora, Dougl. (Eng, 1835.)

Godetia. There are 15 species in
our territory.

G. amoena, Lilj. * (Eng. 1826 as
Ci, amoena; 1835as CH. vinosa), _
also known as G., rubicunda,

G.amoena, var. rubicunda, (Eng.

1834.)
G. grandiflora, Lindl. (inothera
Whitneyi.) (Eng. 1870.)

G. purpurea, (CEnothera pur-

purea), Watson. (Eng. 1794.)

quadrivulnera, Spach. Or -
cutt, 1891.

Romanzovii, Spach. (C:no-
thera Romanzovii.) (Eng.
1817.)

Jussiza, About 30 species; we
have 6. coy)

J. repens, Linn. var. grandiflora,
Micheli. (Eng. 1812.)

Ludwigia. Species over 20, of
which we have 18.

L. alternifolia, Linn. Gill, 1881.
(Hinothera. 100 or more species;
62 in our limits.

(#. albicaulis, Nutt. (C&. pal-
lida.) (Eng. 1826.)

CH. biennis, Linn. * (Eng.)

(H. biennis, var. grandiflora,
Linn. (C4. grandiflora: CH.
Lamarckiana.) (Eng. 1778.)

(EH. bistorta, Nutt. *

@&. bistorta, Nutt., var. (?)
Veatchiana, Hook. (Eng.)

Census of Cultivated Indigenous Plants.

&. czespitosa, Nutt., (G4. exi-
mia.) (EKng. 1811, as Ci, ces-
pitosa; 1870 as CK. eximia.)

dG. Californica, Watson. Gill.
1881.

Gi -carciophylia, Torr, (hue.
1883. )

CG. Drummondii, Hook. *

Gi. fruticosa, Linn. * (Eng.
1737.) A variety major is in
cultivation.

CH. fruticosa var. linearis (Ci.
riparia of some dealers; Wat-
son. Gill. 1881. (Kng.)

CH. glauca, Michx. (Eng. 1812.)

CH. glauca Michx., var. Fraseri,
ie Go (Gi. Fraseri) *- (Eng.
1811.)

(CH. heterophylla, Spach. (. bi-
frons.) (Eng. 1835.)

(EH. Missouriensis, Sims. * (Eng.
1811.)

C&. pumila, Linn. (. riparia.) *
(Eng. 1757.)

C, rosea, Ait. *

C. speciosa, Nutt. * (Eng. 1821.)

(EK. tetraptera, Cav. *

C. triloba, Nutt. (Eng. 1822.)

Zauschneria. Species single, Cali-
fornian.

Z. Californica, Presl. Gill. 1881.

LoasacE@, LOASA FAMILY.
Eucnide. There are 8 species in
our limits.
EK. bartonioides, Zucc. (Ment-
zelia bartonioides.) * (Eng.

1849. )
Mentzelia. Over 30 species; 21 in
our limits.

M. lzvicaulis, Torr. & Gray.
(Eng.) |

M. Lindleyi, Torr. & Gray. (Bar-
tonia aurea.) * (Eng. 1854.)

M. nuda, Torr. & Gray. (Bar-
tonianuda.) (Eng. 1811.)

oe ooerms, Nutt. (Eng.
1812

M. ornata, Torr. & Gray. (Eng.

£311.)
PASSIFLORACEA, Passion - FLOWER
FaMILY.
Carica. Onespecies; 20 in all.

C. Papaya. Linn.* (Eng. 1690.)
Passifiora. About 120 species, of
which we have 9.
Peinearnata, Linn. *

Cm oo.
1629.)

239

P. lutea, Linn. (Eng. 1714.)

CUCURBITACE®, GOURD FAMILY.
Echinocystis. Aboutl15 species; 1
in our region.
Me. lobatd, Dorr 6 Gray. *

Megarrhiza. One species in our
region,
NE. Catitornica,—Torr. “(Hh ne .
1880.)

CAaCTACEH, CacTUS FAMILY.

Anhalonium, We have 2 species.
A. fissuratum, Engelm., *
A. Williamsii, Engelm., *

Cereus. Some 200 species; 30

within the United States. (In-
cludes Echinocereus. )

Berlandieri, Kngelm. *

ceespitosus, Engelm. *

chloranthus, Engelm. *

conoideus, Bigelow. *

ctenoides, Engelm. * (Eng.)

dasyacanthus, Engelm., *

dubius, Engelm. *

Emoryi, Engelm. *

C Engelmanni, Parry. *

C. enneacanthus, Engelm. *
(Eng.)

C. Fendleri, Engelm. *

C. giganteus, Engelm. *

C gonacanthus, Hngelm. &
Bigel. *

C. Greggii, Engelm. *

C. gumminosus. *‘A new species
from California.” — Blanc,
1891. Orcutt, 1891.

. longisetus, Engelm., *

. paucispinus, Engelm. *

pectinatus, Engelm. *

. pectinatis var. rufispinus. *

phoeniceus, Engelm, *

procumbens, Engelm. *

Roetteri, Engelm, *

stramineus, Engelm. *

. tuberosa, Poselger. *

. viridiflorus, Engelm. *

Echinocactus. Some 200 have been

described, of which we have

1

aaqqaaaa

lololelelorelelore

bicolor, Galeotti. *
brevihamatus, Engelm. *
.cylindraceus, Engelm. *
Emoryi, Engelm.* (Eng.)
. horizonthalonius. Lemaire. *
. intertextus, Engelm. *
Johnsoni, Parry.* (Eng.)
longihamatus, Galeotti. *
(Eng. 1836.)

SLES

240

EK. polycephalus, Engelm. & Big.
(ting. 1886. )

EH. Scheerii, Salm. *

E. setispinus, Hmeelm: *

E. Simpsoni, Engelm. *
1876.)

E. sinuatus, Dietr. (E. Treculia-
nus.)

E. Texensis, Hoepf. * (Eng.)

E. uncinatus, Hoepf. *

E. viridescens, Nutt. *

E. Wislizeni, Engelm., var. Le-
contei, Engelm. (E. Lecontei. ye

(Eng.

Echinocereus. Included with
Cereus.
Mamillaria. Some 300 species, of

which 25 come within the
limits of United States.

M. Arizonica, Engelm. *

M. bicolor, Lehm. (M. nivea.) *
(Eng. 1835.)

M. chlorantha, Engelm. (Eng.
1883. )

M. dasyacantha, Engelm. *

M. deserti, Engelm. Orcutt,
1891.

M. Echinus, Engelm. *

M. tilipendula, Engelm. *

M. Goodridgii, Scheer. *

M. Grahami, Engelm. *

M. Heyderi, Muhlenpf.
applanata.)* (Eng.)

M. lasiacantha, Engelm. *

M. macromeris, Engelm. *

M. meiacantha, Engelm. ea

M. micromeris, Engelm. var.
Greggii, Engelm.* (Eng.)

M. Missouriensis, Sweet. (M.
Nuttallii.) *

M. pectinata, Engelm. *

M. phellosperma, Engelm. Or-
cutt, 1891.

M. Pottsii, Scheer. (Eng. 1840.)

M. pusilla, DC: * (Eng. 1820.)

M. pusilla var. Texana, Engelm.
(Eng. )

M.recurvata, Engelm. (M. re
curvispina.)*

M. spherica, Dietr. *

M. vivipara, Haworth (M. radi
osa.) * (Eng.)

M. Wrightii, Engelm. *

Opuntia. Species over 150; with

in our limits, 46.

O. arborescens, Engelm. *

QO. arbuscula, Engelm. *

O. basilaris, Engelm. & Bigel.
(Eng.)

(M.

Annals: Of FLOFICUL UE.

O. Bernardina, Engelm. *

O. Bigelovii, Engelm. * (Eng.)

O. Camanchica, Engelm. & Big.*

O. clavata, Engelm. ag

O. echinocarpa, Engelm. &
Bigel. * (Eng.)

O. Emoryi, Engelm. *

O. Engelmanni, palm, .*
1854.)

O. filipendula, Engelm. *

O. fulgida, Engelm. *

O. Kleinize, DC. * (Eng. )

Bie DC. (Eng.

L

O. Pes-corvi, Le Conte. * (Eng.)

O. prolifera, ’Engelm. =

O. Rafinesquii, Engelm.* (Eng.

(Eng.

1868.)
O. Rafinesquii, var. macrorhiza,
EKngelm. (Eng.)

O. rufida, Engelm., *

O. serpentina, Engelm. Orcutt,

1891

O. Tuna-manse. ‘‘A_ related
form or variety [to O. Tuna.]
with nearly globular orange
fruit, blotched with red.’’—
Orcutt, 1891. Native?

O. vulgaris, Mill.* (Eng. 1596.)

O. Whipplei, Engelm. & Bigel. *

FICOIDES.
Sesuvium. Four species; 2 in our
region.
S. Portulacastrum, Linn. (Eng.
1692.)

UMBELLIFERA, PARSLEY F'AMILY.
Angelica. About 20 species; 18
here.
A. ee Buckl. Kelsey, ’91-
Care About 50 lieict oe tt 4 in
this country.
C. Gairdneri, Benth. & Hook.
Gill. 1881.
Erigenia. Single species.
E. bulbosa, Nutt. Gill. 1881.
Eryngium. Over 150 described
species, with 24 here.
E. Leavenworth, PP Oras
Gray. *

E. yuccefolium, Michx. (C.
aquaticum.) * (Eng. 1699.)
Leptotzenia. Species 7, American.
L. dissecta, Gray. (Ferula dis-

soluta.) Gill. 1881.
L. mutifida, Nutt. (Ferula mul-
tifida.) Gill, 165m:

' te

» ea

Census of Cultivated Indigenous Plants. 241

Ligusticum. Some 20 kinds, of
which 9 grow in this country.

L. ee Michx. Kelsey,
1 5
Osmorhiza. About 8 species; 6in

our region.

O. nuda, Torr. Gill. 1881.

U.(Glycosma) occidentalis, Nutt.
Gill. 1881. -

Peucedanum. Over 100 species;
in our region 48.

.-dasycarpum, T..& G. Gill.
1881.)

P. Hallii, Watson. Gill. 1881.

P. leiocarpum, Nutt. Gill. 1881.

P. simplex, Nutt. Gill. 1881.

P. triternatum, Nutt. Gill. 1881.

Sanicula. Species about 15; in
this country 10.

S. bipinnatifida, Doug]. Gill. 1881.

S. Marylandica. Linn. Gill. 1881.

S. Menziesii, Hook. & Arn. Gill.
1881.

Thaspium. Three species, in our
region.

T. aureum, Nutt. *

T. aureum, Nutt., var. trifol-
iatum, C. & R. (Thaspium tri-
foliatum.) Kelsey, 1890.

Tiedemannia. There are 4 species
in this region. 3
Kel-

T. rigida, Coulter & Rose.
sey, ’90-’91.
Zizia. A couple species in our re-

gion. fs

Z. aurea, Koch, var. Bebbii,
Coulter & Rose. Kelsey, ’90-
91.

ARALIACEA GINSENG FAMILY.

Aralia. Some 30 species are de-
scribed, about one-third North
American.

A. Californica, Watson. Gill.
1881.

A. hispida, Vent. Gill. 1881.

A. nudicaulis, L. Gill. 1881.

(Eng. 1731.)

A. quinquefolia, Dec. & Planch.
Gill. 1881. (Eng. 1740.) Com-
ing to be grown for its medi-
cinal root.

A. racemosa, Linn.* (Eng.
1658.)

A. spinosa, Linn. * (Eng. 1688.)

A. trifolia, Dec. & Planch. Gill.
1881.

17

Fatsia. 3 species, America and
Japan; 1 in our region.
EE. aoe Benth & Hook. (Eng.
1829.

CoRNACEZ, DoGwoop FamI Ly.
Cornus. Twenty-five or more
species; 18 in this country.

C. alternifolia, Linn. f. *

C. alternifolia var. argentea,
Temple & Beard 1890.

C. Canadensis, Linn. Gill. 1881.
(Eng. 1774.)

C. circinata, Liber. * (Eng.
1784.)

C florida, inn. =. (ine. 17312)
A red-flowered variety has
been in cultivation five or six

years. Thereis also a weeping
form.

C. paniculata, L’Her. * (Eng.
1758.)

C. sericea, Linn. * (Eng. 1683.)

C. stolonifera, Michx. * (Eng.

1741.)
C. stricta, Lam.* (Eng. 1758.)

Garrya. Species 8; 6 in our
limits.
G. elliptica, Dougl. (Eng. 1818.)
G. Fremontii, Torr. (Eng.)
Nyssa. Six or 8;4in our region.
N. aquatica, Linn. (Nyssa mul-

tiflora). * (Eng.1824). There
is a weeping variety sold.
N. Ogeche, Marsh. (Nyssa capi-

tata.) (Eng.)
CAPRIFOLIACEZA, HONEYSUCKLE
FaMILy.
Diervilla. Species about 7; in this

country 3.
D. cee ous Buckl. Kelsey
1887.
D. trifida, Moench. * (Eng. 1739.)
Linnea. Single species.

L. borealis, Gronov. G. & H.
1891.

Lonicera. Nearly 100 kinds; 15
in our region.

L. cerulea, Linn. * Native to
both America and Europe, and
probably cultivated entirely
from European sources.

Leciliata., Muhl. .-Gilk £3881-
(Eng. 1824.)
L. ciliosa, Poir. Gill. 1881.

L. flava, Sims. * (Eng. 1810.)

242

L. glauca Hill.
Kelsey 1889. (Eng.)

L. grata, Ait. Gill. 1881.

L. hirsuta, Eaton. (Eng. 1822.)

L. hispidula, Dougl. Gill. 1881.

(L. varviflora)

L. involucrata, Banks. Gill.
1881. (Eng. 1833.)

L. oblongifolia, Muhl. G. & H.
1891.

L. sempervirens, Ait. * (Eng.
1656. )

L. Sullivantii, Gray. *

' Sambucus. Speciesaboutadozen;

we have 5,

S. Canadensis, Linn. * (Eng.

1761.) Introduced in 1890 as
an edible fruit bearing plant.
(See page 52;) also ANNALS
for 1890, 166, under Elder-

berry.)
S. glauca, Nutt. Orcutt 1891.
S. racemosa, Linn. (Sambucus

pubens). * (Eng. 1812.)
Symphoricarpos. Seven species

in our limits.

S. occidentalis, Hook. * (Eng.)

S. racemosus, Michx. * (Eng.
1817.)

S.racemosus var. pauciflorus,
Robbins. G. & H. 1891.

S. vulgaris, Michx: *.7(Hng.
1730.) There is also a varie-
gated-leaved variety.

Triosteum. Two species in our
region and 1 in Asia.

T. perfoliatum, Linn: (Eng.
1730.)
Viburnum. Nearly 100 species;
we have 14.
VV. acerifolium, inn. 7 (ies.
1736.)
V.cassinoides, Linn. * (Eng.
1761.)

V.dentatum, Linn. * (Eng. 1763.)

V.ellipticum, Hook. Gill. 1881.

V. lantanoiaes, Michx. * (Eng.
1820.)

V. Lentago, Linn, * (Eng. 1761.)

V. molle,-Michi=x, * (ing. 1812) )

V. nudum, Linn. * (Eng. 1752.)

V. Opulus, Linn. * Also Euro-
pean.

VY. prunifolium, Linn. * (Eng;
US.)

V. pubescens, Pursh. G. & H.
1891.

~ Bouvardia.

Annals of Horticulture.

RUBIACEZ, MaDDER FAMILY.
Two species in our
region; 26 in all.
B. triphylla, Salisb. (Eng. 1794.)
Catesbea. A half dozen species;
one in our limits.
C. parviflora, Swz. (Eng. 1810.)
Cephalanthus. About 6 kinds: 1
in this country.

C. occidentalis, Linn. * (Eng.

1735.) . | :

Chiococca. About 8 species; 1 in
our limits.

C. racemosa, Linn. *
Erithalis. About a half dozen
species, of which we have one.
K. fruticosa, Linn. (Eng. 1793.)
Exostema. 20 species; one in our
region.
E. Caribaeeum, Roem. & Schult.
(Eng. 1780.)
Galium. Some 200 or 250 species;
387 in our region.
G. boreale, Linn. *
Genipa. One species here; 8 in all.
G. clusizefolia, Griseb. *
Guettarda. Nearly 50 species; 2
in our limits.
G. scabra, Lam. (Eng. 1818.)
Hamelia. Six or 8 species; 1 in
our region.
H. patens, Jacq. * (Eng. 1752.)
Houstonia. Twenty species de-
scribed, of which 14 are ours.

H.cerulea, Linn. Gill. 1881.
(Eng. 1785.)
H. purpurea, Linn. Gill. 1881.

H. serpyllifolia, Michx. Wool.
1883.
Mitchella, Two species; 1 Ameri-
can, 1 Japanese.

M.repens, Linn. ~ Gill. 1881.
(Eng. 1761.)
Pinckneya. Species single, Am-
erican.
P. pubens, Michx. (Eng. 1786.)
Psychotria. About 500 species; 2
in Florida.

P. undata, Jacq. *
Randia. About 90 species; a single
one in this territory.
R. aculeata, Linn. (Eng. 1733.)

VALERIANCE®, VALERIAN F'AMILY.
Valerianella. A half hundred
species, of which we have a
dozen.

Census of Cultivated Indigenous Plants.

We congesta, Lindl. (Plectritis
congesta.) (Eng. 1826.)

CoMPosIT#, COMPOSITE OR SUN-
FLOWER E‘AMILY. |
Achillea. About 100 species, of
which we have 8.

A. asplenifolia (Eng. 1803), of
Dict. Gard., is probably a rose-
colored form of A. Millefolium
and is evidently not Ameri-
can.

A. Millefolium, Linn. * Also
native to Kurope, whence the
cultivated forms have proba-

bly come.
A. Ptarmica, Linn.* Probably
introduced into cultivation

from Europe, where it is also
native.
‘ Actinella. 16 species in our region.
A. grandiflora, Torr. & Gray.
(Eng. )
Actinomeris.
ours, 2.
A. squarrosa, Nutt. (A. procera
of Dict. Gard.) (Eng. 1640and
1766. )
Ageratum. There are 3 speciesin
~ our region; 16 in all.
. A. corymbosum, Zuccagni. (A.
ceelestinum.) *
Anaphalis. About 25 species; we
have l. -
A.margaritacea, Benth. & Hook.
Gill. 1881.
Antennaria. There are a dozen
species in our region.
A. alpina, Gaertn. Gill. 1881.
A. dimorpha, Torr. & Gr. Gill.
1881.
A. dioica, Gaertn. *
A. Geyeri, Gray. Gill. 1881.
A. racemosa, Hook. Gill. 1881.
Aplopappus. Species 60; in our
region, 45.
A. lanuginosus, Gray. Hors.
1889

9 or 10 species; of

A. spinulosus, DC. (Eng. 1874.)

eo About 20 species; 15 in
res
A. amplexicaulis, Nutt. Gill.
1881.
A.Chamissonis, Less. (Eng.)
A. cordifolia, Hook. Gill. 1881.
peemouesa. Nutt. Gill. 1881.
(Eng.)
A. latifolia, Bong. Gill. 1881.

243

Artemisia. Some 200 are described,
of which 44 occur within our
limits.

A. cana, Pursh. (Eng. 1800.)
A. Canadensis, Michx. *

A. frigida, Willd. Wool. 1883.
A. Ludoviciana, Nutt. *

A. Stelleriana, Bess. Manning,
about 1890.
A. tridentata, Nutt. Gill. 1881.

Aster. An extensive genus, espe-
- cially in America, 128 species
being native within our limits.
A.acuminatus, Michx.* (Eng.
1806.)
A. alpinus, Linn. *
A. amethystinus, Nutt. (A. pilo-
. sus.) (Eng. 1812.)
A. Andersoni, Gray. Gill. 1881.
A. Bigelovii, Gray. (A. Towns-
hendii.) * -(Eing: 1878:)
A. canescens, Pursh. Gill. 1881.
(Eng. 1812.)
A. Carolinianus, Walt. Gill. 1881.
A. Chamissonis, Gray. Gill.
1881.
A. Chapmani, Torr. & Gray.
Wool. 1883.
A. concinnus, Willd. (Eng. 1800.)
A. concolor, Linn. Gill. 1881.
(Eng. 1759.)
A.conspicuus, Lindl. Hors. 1889.

A corditolius, Linn. * (Ene.
1759.)

A. corymbosus, Aiton. Hors.
1889.

A. Cusickii, Gray. Hors. 1889.

A. ditfusus, Aiton.” (Hing. 1777;
1758 as A. pendulus.

A. Douglasii, Lindl. * (Eng.)

A. Drummondii, Lindl. *

A. dumosus, Linn.* (Eng. 1734.)

A. dumosus, Linn. var. albus.

(Eng. )

A. dumosus, var. violaceus.
(Eng.)

A. elegans, Torr. & Gray. (Eng.
1790.)

A. ericoides, Linn. * (Eng.1758. )
A. ericoides, var. Reevesii, Gray.
(A. Reevesi.) (Eng.)
A.falcatus, Lindl. Gill. 1881.
A.foliaceus, Lindl. (Eng. 1782.)

A. grandiflorus, Linn. * (Eng,
L720")
A. Herveyi, Gray. * Of very

recent introduction.

24.4

A. hyssopifolius, of Dict. Gard.
recorded as American, is not’
from this country. It is a
species of Galatella.

A. integrifolius, Nutt. Gill. 1881.

A, levis, Linn. Hors. 1889.
(Eng. 1758.)
A. linariifolius, Linn. * (Eng.

1698. )

A. Lindleyanus. Torr. & Gray. *

A linifolius, of Dict. Gard., said
to havecome from this country
(1759), isa species of Galatella
and is not American.

A. longifolius (A. floribundus),
Lam.* (Eng. 1776, as A. est-
ivus; 1798 as A. longifolius.)
Manning catalogues a variety
formosissimus.

A. peacrop ayant Linn? (ini:
1739. }

A. Menziesii, Lindl. Gill. 1881.

A.multifilorus (A. ciliatus), Ait.*
(Eng. 1782.)

A.nemoralis, Ait. Gill. 1881.

A. Nove-Anglize, Linn. * (Eng.
1710; 1789 as A. spurius?)

A. Nove-Angliz, var. rubra.
(Eng. 1812.) A variety rosea
is in cultivation.

A. Novi-Belgii, Linn. *

A. Novi-Belgii, Linn., var. levi-
gatus, Gray. (A serotinus.)
(Eng. 1710; 1794 as A. leeviga-
tus.)

A. oblongifolius, Nutt.*

A. paniculatus, Lam, * (A. belli-
diflorus; A.dracunculoides; A.
laxus, A. simplex.) (Eng. 1640.)

A. patens, Aiton. (A. amplexi-
caulis.)* (Eng. 1773.)

A. patulus, Willd. (A. preecox.)
(Eng. 1800.)

A. peregrinus, Pursh. (Eng.)

A. polyphyllus, Willd. *

A. prenanthoides, Muhl.*

A. ptarmicoides, Torr. & Gray.*

A. pulchellus, Eaton. Hors.
1889.

A. puniceus, Linn. *

A; puniceus, Linn,., var: laevi-
caulis, Gray. (Eng. 1710; 1800
as A. blandus.)

A. puniceus, var. lucidulus, Gray
(var. vimineus.) *

A. radulinus, Gray. Gill. 1881.

A. reticulatus, Pursh. (Eng.
1812.)

. Berlandiera.

Annals of Horticulture.

A. sagittifolius, Willd. *

A. salicifolius, Aiton.* (A. em-
inens, A. obliquus, also A.
carneus.) (Eng. 1760.)

A. sericeus, Vent.* (fing. 1802;
1801 as A. argenteus.)

A. Shortii, Hook. * (Eng.)

A. Sibiricus, Linn. *

A. spectabilis, Aiton.* (Eng.
1777.)

A. surculosus, Michx. *

A. tardiflorus, Linn. (Eng. 1775.)

A. Tradescanti, L. Gill. 1881.
(Eng. 1633; 1800 as A. fragilis.)

A. turbinellus, Lindl.* (Eng.)
A.umbellatus, Mill. (A. amyg-
dalinus.) (Eng. 1759.)
A. undulatus, Linn. Hors. 1889.
(Eng. 1699.)
A. versicolor, Willd. * (Eng.
1790.
Baccharis. About 275 species; 20
in our region.
B. halimifolia, Linn. * (Eng.
1683.)
Baeria. 20 species in our region.

B. (Actinolepis) coronaria, Gray.
Orcutt 1891.

B. chrysostoma, Fisch. & Mey.
(Eng. 1855.)

B. gracilis, Gray.
Orcutt, 1891.
Bahia. About 20species, of which

11 are ours.”
B.(Villanova)chrysanthemoides,
Gray. (Eng. 1878.)
Balsamorhiza. 8 species in our
limits; a dozen in all.
B. Hookeri, Nutt. Gill. 1881.
5 in our region.
B. tomentosa, Nutt. Gill. 1881.
Bigelovia. There are 31 speciesin
our limits. ;
B. graveolens, Gray. *
B. nudata, DC. (Eng.)
B. paniculata, Gray. (Eng.)
Roltonia. We have 8 species.
B. asteroides, L’Her.* (B. glas-
tifolia.) (Eng. 1758.)
B. latisquama, Gray. *
Brachycheta. Single species.
B. cordata, T. & G. Wool. about
1889.
Cacalia. There are 9 species with-
in our region.
C. atriplicifolia, Linn. (Eng.)
C. reniformis, Muhl. (Eng.
1801.)

(Eng. 1887.)

Census of Cultivated Indigenous Plants. 245

C. suaveolens, Linn.
1752.
C. tuberosa, Nutt. (Eng.)
Cacaliopsis. A single species.
C. Nardosmia, Gray (Adeno-
a Nardosmia, Gray.) Gill.
1831.

(Eng.

Centaurea. Of 400 species, we
have. 1.
C. Americana, Nutt. * (Eng.
1824.)
Centauridium. See Xanthisma,
this family.
Cheenactis. Species 20.

C. artemisizfolia, Gray. Orcutt,
1891.

C. Douglasii, Hook. & Arn.
Gill. 1881.

C. tenuifolia, Nutt. Orcutt, 1891.

‘Chaptalia. Species 3, out of about
20, in our region.

C. tomentosa, Vent.

(Eng. 1806. )
Chrysogonum. A half dozen spe-
cies; 1 in our region.

C. Virginianum, Linn. (Eng.)
Chrysopsis. Thirteen species be-
long to us out of about 20.

C. falcata, Ell.

C. Mariana, Nutt.

C. trichophylla, Nutt.
1827.

©. villosa, Nutt. (Eng.)

Cnicus. About 200 described spe-
cies; we have 389.

C. altissimus, Willd.
1726.)

C. altissimus, var. discolor, Gray.
(Eng. 1808. )

C. undulatus, Gray. (Eng.)

Coreopsis. About 60 species; 28
in thiscountry.

C. aristosa, Michx. (Eng. 1869.)

C.aurea, Aiton.* (Eng.)

© auriculata, Linn. * (Hng.
1699.

C. coronata, Hooker.
1835.)

C. delphinifolia, Lam. *

C. Drummondii, ‘Torr. & Gray.
(Calliopsis Drummondii.) *
(Eng. 1834.) Common in gar-
dens.

C. grandiflora, Nutt. (Calliopsis
grandiflora, Coreopsis longi-
pes.) * (Eng. 1826.)

C. lanceolata, Linn. * (Eng.
1724.)

Gill. 1881.

(Eng.

(Eng.

C. nudata, Nutt. (Eng. 1879.)

Cc. palmata, Nutt. *

C. rosea, Nutt.* (Eng.)

C. tinctoria, Nutt.* (Eng.)

C. trichosperma, Michx. (Cal-
liopsis trichosperma.) *

C. tripteris, Linn. * (Eng.

C. verticillata, Linn.-* dang.
1780.)

Cosmidium Burridgeanum of the
gardens is a hybrid of Theles-
perma filifolium and Coreopsis
tinctoria, acquiring its brown-
purple rays from the latter.—
Gray.

Echinacea. We have 2 species.

EK. angustifolia, DC.* (Eng.
1861.) |

HK. purpurea, Moench. * (Eng.
1799.

Engelmannia. Single species.

E. pinnatifida, Torr. & Gray.
(Eng. 1881.)

Erigeron. About 100 species, of
which we have ‘6.

E. bellidifolius, Muhl. *

EK. glabellus, Nutt. (Eng.)

Ki. glaucus, Ker. * (Eng. 1812.)

EK. grandiflorus, Hook. (Eng.
1819.)

EK. macranthus, Nutt. *

E. ochroleucus, Nutt. Gill. 1881.

E. salsuginosus, Gray. (Aster
salsuginosus.) (Eng. 1827.)

cnc ee var. elatior.

E. speciosus, DC. (Stenactis spe-
ciosa.)* (Eng.)

Eriophyllum. We havel2 species.
E. cespitosum, Dougl. (Bahia-
lanata.) Gill. 1881. (Eng.)
EKupatorium. A genus of over 400

species; 388 in our region.

ih arena tomdes,. linn: . (KE.
F’raseri. )*

Gill. 1881. (Eng. 1640.)

EK. album, Linn. Gill. 1881.

E. altissimum, Linn. *

E. aromaticum, Linn.
1739.)

HK. aromaticum, Linn., var. me-
lissoides, Gray. (E. cor
datum.) *

E. coelestinum, Linn. *

E. perfoliatum, Linn. *

E. purpureum, Linn. * (Eng.
1640. )

(Eng.

246
Gaillardia. Ten species in our
limits.
G. amblyodon, Gay. * (Eng.
1873. )
G. aristata, Pursh. Gill. 1881.
(Eng. 1832.)
G. pulchella, Foug. (G. Drum-

mondii.) * (Eng.)

G. pulchella, var. picta, Gray.
(D. picta.) * Very conrmon in
gardens. |

Gnaphalium. About 100 species,
of which ours are 15.

(Eng.)

Twenty species; 14

G. decurrens, Ives.
Grindelia.

ours.

G. hirsutula, Hook. & Arn. (G.
hirsuta of dealers ?)
G. squarrosa, Dunal. * (Eng.

1811
G. squarrosa, var. grandiflora,

Gray. (Eng. 1851.)
Gymnolomia. Nearly 20 species;
4 ours.
G. multiflora, Benth. & Hook.
(Eng.)

Helenium. Twenty in our region.

H. autumnale, Linn. (H. grand-

iflorum, H. pumilum.) * (Eng.
1729. )

H. Bolanderi, Gray. *

H. Hoopesii, Gray. * (Eng.)

H. nudiflorum, Nutt. (Eng.)

H. quadridentatu™, Labill. (Eng.
1790.)

Helianthus. Forty-three species
are native in our region.

H. angustifolius, Linn. *

H. annuus, Linn. (H. multi-
florus of most dealers.) * (Eng.
1596, 1827 as H. lenticuris.)

H. argophyllus, Torr. & Gray. *
(Eng.) (See AnNnALs for 1890,
168 for record of a cultivated
form.)

H. atrorubens, Linn. *
1732.)

H. Californicus, DC. *

H. debilis, Nutt., var. cucumeri-
folius, Gray. (H. cucumeri-
folius.) *

H. decapetalus, Linn. *

H. decapetalus var. multiflorus,
Grav.* This Helianthus mul-
tiflorus (not the common one?—
see H. annuus) is, according to
Gray, ‘‘known only in cultiva-
tion from early times; must

(Eng.

Annals of Horticulture.

have been derived from H. de-
capetalus.’’ Several garden
forms of H. decapetalus are
offered.

H. divaricatus, Linn. *

H. doronicoides, Lam. *

H. giganteus, Linn. *

H. letiflorus, Pers.
1891.

H. Maximiliani, Schrad. *

H, mollis, Lam. * (Eng. 1805.)

H. orgyalis, DC.* (Eng. 1879.)

H. rigidus, Desf. * (Kng.) Gar-
den varieties are offered.

H. strumosus, Linn. *

H. tracheliifolius, Willd. *

H. tuberosus, Linn. * (Eng.
1617.) Long grown as Jerusa-
lem Artichoke.

Heliopsis. Fourspecies, allin our
region.

H. laevis, Pers. * (Eng. 1714.)

Hulsea. Species 6.
H. nana, Gray. Hors. 1889.
Iva. 11 American species.

I. frutescens, Linn. *

Krigia. Five species, American.

K. amplexicaulis, Nutt. (Cynthia
Virginica. Gill. 1881.

Kuhnia. Two species, American.

K. eupatorioides, Linn. (Eng.
T1812.)

Lasthenia. Four species; 3in our
region. 7

L. glaberrima, DC. (Eng. 1834.)

L. glabrata, Lind]. (UL. Califor-
nica.) * (Eng. 1834.)

Layia. Fourteen species, all
American.
(Eng.)

Manning,

L. Calliglossa, Gray.

L. (Oxyura) chrysanthemoides,
Gray. (Eng. 1834.)

L. elegans, Torr. & Gray. *

reeds Gray. (Eng.

Lepachys.
region.
L. (Rudbeckia) columnaris,
Torr. & Gray., var. pulcher-
rima, Torr. & Gray. (Obelis-
caria pulcherrima.) * (Eng.
1811.)
L. (Rudbeckia) pinnata, Torr. &
Gray.* (Eng. 1803.)

Four species in our

Leptosvne. Seven species in our
limits.

L ealliopsidea, Gray. (Eng.
1873. )

—_ oe Total ~
? ti
bas -
:
.

ee a

Census of Cultivated Indigenous Plants. 247

L. Douglasii, DC. Orcutt, 1891.
L. maritima, Gray. Orcutt, 1891.
Liatris. A North American genus

of 16 species. (See also Tri-
lisia, this family.)

Ly. Chapmanii, Torr do; ‘Gray.
Wool. 1888.

L. cylindracea, Michx. Wool.
1883.

L. elegans, Willd. * (Eng. 1787.)

L. gracilis, Pursh. Wool. 1883.

im graminifolia, Willd. Gill.
1881. (Eng. 1838.)

L. graminifoliavar. dubia, Gray.

(Eng.)

Il. pycnostachya, Michx. *
(Eng. 1732.)

L. scariosa, Willd. (deat
1739.)

L. spicata, Willd. * (Eng. 1782.)
L. squarrosa, Willd. * (Eng.

1782.)
L. tenuifolia, Nutt. Wool. 1883.
Lindheimera. A single species,
Texan.
L. Texana, Gray & Engelm.
(Eng.
Madia. Nineor ten species, Amer-

ican.
M. elegans, Don.* (Eng. 1831.)
M. Nuttallii, Gray. Gill. 1881.
Marshallia. A genus of 4 North
American plants.

M. ceespitosa, Nutt. Wool. 1883.
(Eng. 1837.)
Matricaria. Species about 20; 2 in

our region.

M. inodora, Linn. var., fi. pl.
Wool. 1:88.
Melanthera. Three species in our

region; about 8 are known.
M. deltoidea, Michx. (Eng.1799.)
M. hastata, Michx. (Eng. 1782.)
Mikania. Two species, out of 60,
in our region.
M. scandens, Willd. Gill. 1881.
Monolopia. We have 5 species.
M. major, DC. (Eng. 1834.)
Palafoxia. A half dozen species;
we have 2.
P. linearis, Lag. (Eng.)
Parthenium. A half dozen in our
region.
P. Hysterophorus, Linn. (Eng.)

Pectis. About 40 species; a dozen
here.

P. angustifolia, Torr. (Eng.
1865. )

Pentacheta. Five in our region.
P. aurea, Nutt. Oreutt, 1891.
(Eng. 1884. )
Petasites. A dozen species; 4 in
our territory.
Se eae palmata, Gray.
i

Polymnia. A dozen species; 2in
our region.
P. Canadensis, Linn. (Eng.
1768.)
P. Uvedalia, Linn. (Eng. 1699.)
Polypteris. There are 4 species in
our limits.

P. (Palafoxia) Hookeriana,
Gray.* - Ging. 1865, )
Prenanthes. Species 20; 11 in this
country. (Includes Nabalus.)
P. alba, Linn, (Eng, 1762.)
P. virgata, Michx. (Eng. 1823.)
Rudbeckia. Over 25 species; we
have 21. 7
R. amplexicaulis, Vahl. *
R. bicolor, Nutt. *
R. fulgida, Aiton, Kelsey,’90-’91.

(Eng. 1760.)

R. grandifiora, .C. C. Gmelin.
(Eng. 1830. )

hy hivta, Linn. =Gill. 188i. (Hing.
1714.)

R. laciniata, Linn. ’

R. maxima, ‘Nutt. * + (Bug.

R. speciosa, Wend.* (Eng.)

R. triloba, Linn. (Eng. 1699.)

Senecio. 800 to 900 species; we
have 61.
S. ampullaceus, Hook. (Eng.
1834. )

S. aureus, Linn. Gill. 1881.
S. Bolanderi, Gray. Gill. 1881.
S. fastigiatus, Nutt. Gill. 1881.
S. lugens, Richards. Gill. 1881.
S. lugens, var. exaltatus, Gray.
Gill. 1881.
Sericocarpus.
American.
S. conyzoides, Nees. (Eng. 1778.)

S. rigidus, Lindl. Gill. 1881.

Five species, all

S. solidagineus, Nees. (Eng.
1699. )
Silphium. A dozen species, Am-
erican.

S. albiflorum, Gray. (Eng.)

S. integrifolium, Michx. Gill.
1881.

S.laciniatum, Linn. Gill. 1881.
(Eng. )

S. mEetcligtunt, linn. * (Eng.)

248

S. terebinthinaceum, Linn. Gill.
1881. (Eng.)

S. trifoliatum, Linn. (Eng.)

Solidago. We have 74 species; a

few others in other parts of
the world.

S. czesia, Linn. G. & H. 1891.

S. Canadensis, Linn. *

S. Canadensis, var. procera,
Torr. & Gray. * (Eng. 1648.)

S. confertiflora, DC, Gill. 1881.
(S. humilis var. confertiflora
of Gillett.)

S. Drummondii, Torr. & Gray. *~

(Eng. 1885.)
S. elliptica, Aiton, var. axilli-
flora, Gray. (Eng.) ‘‘Culti-

vated from ante-Linnzean times
in Kuropean collections, not
identified in North America,
but doubtless of American
origin.’’—Gray.

©. elongata, Nutt. Gill. 1881.

S. juncea, Aiton. *

S. lanceolata, Linn. * (Eng.1758.)

S. latifolia, Linn. *

S. Missouriensis, Nutt. *

.S. multiradiata, Aiton.
1776.)

S. nemoralis, Aiton. Hors. 1889.

S. occidentalis, Nutt. *

S. odora, Aiton. * (Eng. 1699.)

©. patula, Muhl. (Eng. 1805.)

©. petiolaris, Ait. *

©. puberyla, Nutt.) @: & FH.
1891

©. rigida, Linn. * (Eng. 1710.)

S. rugosa, Mill. * (Eng. 1686.)

S. sempervirens, linn. * (Eng.
1699.)

©. serotina, Aiton. * (King. 1758.)

S. Shortii, Torr. & Gray. Wool.

(Eng.

1883.
S. speciosa, Nutt. (Eng. 1817.)
S. stricta, Aiton. Wool. 1888.

S. ulmifolia, Muhl.*
S. Virgaurea, Linn., var. alpina,
Bigel. *
Stevia. A half dozen species in
our region; 100 in all.
©. serrata, Cav. * (Eng. 1827.)
-Well-known in greenhouses.
Stokesia. Single species.
S. cyanea, L’Her. * (Eng. 1766.)
Tanacetum. About 30 species; we

have 7.
T. Huronense, Nutt. (Eng.)

Annals of Horticulture.

Taraxacum. We have a single
species; several have been de-

— seribed.

T. officinale, Weber. (T. Dens-
Leonis.) Gill. 1884. Long
grown as a kitchen-garden
vegetable from European
sources, where it isalso native.

Tetradymia. Six species, all

American.
T. canescens, DC. Gill. 1881.
Tetragonotheca. Three species,
American.
YT. helianthoides, inn” (Hine.
1726.)

Trilisa. Species 2, Atlantic states.
T. odoratissima, Cass. (Liatris
odoratissima.) Gill. 1881.
(Eng. 1786.) ;
Troximon. Wehave 17 species.
T. glaucum, Nutt. (Eng. 1811.)
Verbesina. Fifty species describ-
ed; 9 in our region.
V. occidentalis, Walt. (Actino-
meris alata.) (Eng. 1803.)
V. Virginica, Linn. (Eng. 1812.)
Veronia. About 380 species; of
which we have 10.
Ni ee Michx. Wool.
1883

Y. Lindheimeri, Gray & Engelm.
Wool, about 1889.

V. Noveboracensis, Willd. *
(Eng. 1710.)
Wyethia. A dozen species, Am-
erican.

W. angustifolia, Nutt. (Eng.)
Xanthisma. Singlespecies, Texan.
X. Texanum, DC. (Centauri-
dium Drummondii.) * (Eng.
1877. )
Xanthocephalum. Eight species;
2 in our region.
X. gymnospermoides, Benth. &
Hook. (Eng. 1859.)
Zinnia, About a dozen species;
5 in our limits.
Z. pauciflora, Linn. (Eng. 1753.)

LOBELIACE2, LOBELIA F'AMILY.
Downingia. About 10 species; 8
in ourregion. (Alsoknown as
Clintonia; but that name be-
longs to the Liliacez. )
D. elegans, Torr. (Eng. 1827.)
D. pulchella, Torr. * (Eng. 1827,)
Lobelia. About 200 species des-
cribed; we have 24.

Census of Cultivated Indigenous Plants. 249

L. amoena, Michx. (Eng. 1812.)

L. cardinalis, Linn. * (Eng.
1626.)

L. glandulosa, Walt. (Eng.
1840. ) 3

L. Kalmii, Linn. (Eng. 1820.)

L. puberula, Michx. (Eng.)

L. splendens, Willd. Gill. 1881.

: Oe eee iw. °°": (one:
1666.)

Palmerella.
fornian.
P. debilis, Gray, var. serrata,
Gray. Gill. 1881.

One species, Cali-

CAMPANULACE®, CAMPANULA OR
' BELLFLOWER FAMILY.

Campanula. About 2380 species
have been described; we have
iG:

C. Americana, Linn. Kelsey
90-91. (Eng. 1763.)
C. divaricata, Michx. Kelsey

90-791.

C. planiflora, Lam. (C. nitida.)
(Eng. 1731.) ‘‘Long ago de-
scribed from cultivated speci-
mens, vaguely attributed to
North America, is wholly un-
known in a wild state; appar-
ently allied to C. persiceefolia,
and not N. American.’’—Gray.

C. rotundifolia, Linn. *

C. Scouleri, Hook. Gill. 1881.
(Eng. 1876. )

Specularia. Eight species; half
in our region.

S perfoliata, A.DC. (Eng. 1680.)

ERICACEA, HEATH FAMILY.
Andromeda. We have 8 species.
A. (Lyonia) ferruginea, Walt.
(Eng. 1774.)
a feribunda, Pursh.* (Eng.
1812.)
A. ligustrina, Muhl. * (Eng.
1748: Lyonia ligustrina. )
A. Mariana, Linn. Gill. 1881.
(Eng. 1736: Pieris Mariana. )
A.nitida, Bartr. Gill. 1881. (Eng.
1765: Pieris nitida.)
A. phillyreifolia, Hook. (Eng.
1842.)

A. polifolia, Linn. *
A. (Zenobia) speciosa, Michx. *
(Eng. 1800.)
Arbutus. About 10 species de-
scribed; we have 2.

A. Menziesii, Pursh. * (Eng.
1827.
Arctostaphylos. Something like

20species, of which we have 18.

A. bicolor, Gray. Orcutt 1891.

A. glauca, Lindl. *

A. Manzanita, Parry. Orcutt

A. Nevadensis, Gray. Gill. 1881

A. Pringlei, Parry. Orcutt 1891.

A. pungens, HBK. *

A. tomentosa, Doug. *

1826.)

A. Uva-ursi, Spreng. *
Azalea. See Rhododendron.
Bejaria. Over a dozen species; 1

in our region.

B. racemosa, Vent.* (Eng. 1810.)
Calluna. Species single.

C. vulgaris, Salisb. *
Cassandra. Single species.

C. calyculata, Don. Gill. 1881.

(Eng. 1748.)
C. calyculata, var. angustifolia,
Gray. (Eng. 1748.)
Cassiope. About a dozen species;
5 in our region.

C. hypnoides, Don. (Eng. 1798.)

Chimaphila. About4 species; we

have 3.
C. maculata, Pursh. Gill. 1881.
(Eng. 1752.)
C. umbellata, Nutt. Gill. 1881.
Chiogenes. Species single.
C. serpyllifolia, Salisb. (C.

hispidula, Torr. & Gr.) Gill.
1881.

(Eng.

Clethra. About 25 species; 2 in
our region.
C. acuminata, Michx. * (Eng.
1806. )

C: almifolia, Linn. *~ Sold. for
several years by nurserymen. -
(Eng. 1751, as C. alnifolia; 1770
as C. paniculata; 1806 as C.
scabra. )

C. alnifolia, var. tomentosa,
Michx. (Eng. 1781.)

Elliottia. Species 3; 1 American.

E. racemosa, Muhl. (Eng.)

Epigza. 2species; 1 Japanese, 1
American.

E. repens, Linn. Gill. 1881. (Eng.
1736.)

Gaultheria. About 90 species; 4
in our region.

G. Myrsinites, Hook. Gill. 1881.

G. procumbens, Linn. Gill. 1884.

250

G. Shallon, Pursh.* (Eng. 1826.)
Gaylussacia. About 40 species; 6

in our region.

G. dumosa, Torr. & Gray. *
(Eng. 1774.)

G. frondosa, Torr. & Gray. *
(Eng. 1761.)

G. resinosa,
(Eng. 1782.)

Torr. & (Gray. .*

G. ursina, Torr. & Gray. Kel-
sey 1889.
Kalmia. A. half dozen species;
we have 5.
K. angustifolia, Linn. * (Eng.
1736.)

K. angustifolia, var. aurea,
Temple & Beard 1890.
K. cuneata, Michx. (Eng. 1820.)
K. glauca, Aiton. Gill. 1881.
K. hirsuta, Walt. Kelsey ’90’-91.
(Eng. 1786.)
K. latifolia, Linn. * (Eng. 1734.)
K. latifolia, var. crispa, Temple
& Beard 1890.
Ledum. 4or 5 described, of which
we have 38.
L. glandulosum, Nutt. (Eng.)
L. latifolium, Ait. (L. Canaden-
se.) * (Eng. 1763.)
Leiophyllum. Species 2; 1 here.
L. buxifolium, Ell. * (Eng. 1736.)
Leucothoé. We have 6 out of 8 or
10 species,
L. acuminata, Don. (Eng. 1765.)
L. axillaris, Don. (Eng. 1765.)
L. Catesbeei, Gray.* (Eng.)
L. Davisie, Torr. (Eng. 1853.)
L. racemosa, Gray. * (Eng.)
L, recurva, Buckl. Kelsey 1889.

(Eng. )
Menziesia. 7 species; 3 in our re-
gion.
M. ferruginea, Smith. Gill. 1881.
(Ene. 1811.
M. globularis, Salisb. Kelsey
»89-°90. (Eng. 1806.)

Oxydendrum. Species single.
O. arboreum, DC. * (Eng. 1752.)
Pyrola. Species14; 8inourregion.

P. elliptica, Nutt. Gill. 1881.
(Eng. 1818.)
P. picta, Smith. Gill. 1881.

P. rotundifolia, Linn. Gill. 1881.
P. rotundifolia, var. uliginosa,
Gray. G. & H. 1891.
P. secunda, Linn. Gill. 1881.
Rhododendron. Speciesabout 130;
16 in our region.

Annals of Horticulture.

R. albiflorum, Hook. (Eng.)

R. arborescens, Torr. (Azalea
arborescens.) * (Eng. 1818.)

R. calendulaceum, Torr. (Azalea
calendulacea.) * (Eng. 1806.)

R. Californicum, Hook. * (Eng.)

R. Catawbiense, Michx.* (Eng.
1809.) ‘‘Largely hybridized
with other species, and varied
in cultivation.’’—Gray.

R. maximum, Linn.* (Eng. 1756.)

R. nudiflorum, Torr. (Azaleanu-
diflora.) * (Eng. 1734.) ‘‘Many
hybrid forms are in cultiva-
tion.’’—Gray. Azalea speciosa,
of Dict. Gard., if American at
all, is probably Rhododendron
nudiflorum.

R. punctatum, Andr.* (Eng.
1786.)

R. Rhodora, Don.* (Rhodora
Canadensis.) (Eng.)

R. Vaseyi, Gray. Kelsey 1885.

R. viscosum, Torr. (Azaleavis-
cosa.) * (Eng. 1734.) Many
varieties.

R. viscosum var. glaucum, Gray.
(Azaleahispida.)* (Eng. 1734.)

R. viscosum var. nitidum, Gray.
(Azalea nitida.)* (Eng. 1812.)

Vaccinium. About 100 species;
25 grow in our region.

V.arboreum, Marsh. Gill. 1881.

V. Canadense, Kalm. G. & H.
1891.

V. corymbosum, Linn. *

V.corymbosum, Linn., var. at-
rococcum, Gray. G. & H. 1891.

V.erythrocarpon, Michx. Kel-
sey ’90-’91.

V. hirsutum, Buckl. Kelsey
90-91.

V.macrocarpon, Ait.* (Eng.
1760.) The common cranherry;
began to be cultivated in this
country about 1800.

V. ovalifolium, Smith. Gill:
1881.

V. Oxycoccus, Linn. G. & H.
1891.)

V. parvifolium, Smith. Gill, 1881,

V. Pennsylvanicum, Lam. *

V. stamineum, Linn. *

V. vacillans, Solander. *

V. Vitis-Idzea, Linn. *

DIAPENSIACE®, DIAPENSIA F'AMILY.

Galax. Species single.
G. aphylla, Linn. *

Census of Cultivated Indigenous Plants.

Pyxidanthera. Species single.
P. barbulata, Michx. Gill. 1881.
(Eng. 1551.)
Shortia. Species two; 1 in Am-
erica, 1 in Japan.
S. galacifolia, Torr. & Gray.
Kelsey 1888.

PLUMBAGINACEA, LEADWORT F'AMILY.

Plumbago. About 10 species; 1 in
our region.

P. scandens, Linn. * (Eng. 1699.)

PRIMULACEZ, PRIMROSE FAMILY.
Dodecatheon. We have 8 species.
D. Clevelandi, Greene. (1890,
Henderson, Farquhar.) Or-
cutt, 1891, catalogues two var-
ieties: ‘‘ Alba. Divisionsof a
pure white.” ‘‘Splendens.
Divisions of a deep brilliant
phlox-purple.”’
D. frigidum, Cham. & Schlecht.

(Eng. 1869.)
D. Jeffreyi, Moore. (D. Media
(Eng.
1867.)

lancifolium.) *
D. Meadia, Linn. * (Eng. 1744.)
D. Meadiavar.brevifolium,Gray.
(D:-antezrifoliuam.) * (Eng.
1829.)
Douglasia. Species four.
D. nivalis, Lindl. (Eng. 1827.)
Lysimachia. We have 5 species.
(See also Steironema.)
L. quadrifolia, Linn. Gill. 1881.
L. stricta, Ait. Gill. 1881. ’
L. thyrsiflora, Linn. *
Primula. Species about 80; a
dozen in our region.
P. Cusickiana, Gray.
1889 (1886).
P. farinosa, Linn. *

ELoris.

P. Mistassinica, Michx. Gill.
1884. (Eng. 1818.)
P. Parryi, Gray. (Eng. 1865.)
P. Rusbyi, Greene. Hors. 1889
(1886). (Eng. 1881.)
P. suffrutescens, Gray. (Eng.
1884. )
Steironema. Four species in our
region.
S. (Lysimachia) ciliatum, Raf.
(eng. 1869.) -
S. (Lysimachia) lanceolatum,
Gray. (Eng.)
S. (Lysimachia) longifolium,
Gray. Gill. 1881.
Trientalis. Species two.

251

T. Americana, Pursh. Gill. 1881.
(Eng. 1816.)

T. Europea, Linn, var. arctica,
Leb. Gill. 1s38h

T. Europea var. latifolia, Torr.
Gill. 1881.

MYRSINACE.
Ardisia. One in our region; 200
in all.
A. Pickeringia, Torr & Gray. *
Jacquinia. A half dozen species;
2in our region.

J. armillaris, Linn, ~ . (Eng:
1768.)
Myrsine. One in this country;
80 in all.

M. Rapanea, Roem. & Schult.
(M. Floridana.) Reasoner.

SAPOTACEA, SAPODILLA FAMILY.
Bumelia. Some 20 species; 5 in
our region.
B. lanuginosa, Pers. *
Chrysophyllum. A tropical genus
of 60 species; 1 in our region.
C. oliviforme, Lam. Reasoner.
Mimusops. 380 species; 1 in south
Florida.
M. Sieberi, A. DC. Reasoner.

EBENACE®, EBONY F'AMILY.

Diospyros. Over 150 species; 2 in
ourregion. .
D, Virginiana, Linn. *. (Eng.
1629.)

STYRACACEA, STORAX FAMILY.
Halesia. A half dozen species; 3
in our region.
H. diptera, Linn. * (Eng. 1758.)

H. parviflora, Michx. (Eng.
1802.)
H. tetraptera, Linn. * (Eng.
1756.)

Styrax. About 60 species, of

which we have 5.

S. Americana, Lam. *(Eng.)

S. Californica, Torr. (Eng.)

S. grandifolia, Aiton. * (Kng.
1765. )

S. pulverulenta, Michx. (Eng.
1794.)
Symplocos. About 150 species: 1

native to our region.
S. tinctoria, L’Her. (Eng. 1780.)
OLEACE®, OLIVE AND ASH FAMILY.
Chionanthus. Species 8; 1 in our
limits.

252 Annals of Horticulture.

C. Virginica, Linn. * (Eng.
1746. )
Fraxinus. About 30 species; 12in
our territory.
Ff. Americana, Linn. * (Eng.

1723.) Varieties aucubeefolia —

and juglandifolia and others
are catalogued.

F.. dipetala, Hook. & Arn. Or-
cutt, 1891.

F.. Oregana, Nutt. *

F.. platycarpa, Michx.* (Eng.
1724.)

FE’. pubescens, Lam. (Eng. 1811.)

F.. quadrangulata, Michx. *
(Eng. 1823.)

F. sambucifolia, Lam. * (Eng.
1800.)

F. viridis, Michx. f.* (Eng. 1824.)

Osmanthus. Seven species; 1 in

our limits.

O. (Olea) Americana, Benth. &
Hook. * (Eng. 1758.)

APOCYNACE&, DOGBANE FAMILY.
Amsonia. Eight or ten species;
4 North American,someJapan-
ese.
A. angustifolia, Michx. (A. cil-
iata.) Kelsey, 1591.
A. angustifolia, Michx., var.
Texana, Gray. Wool. 1883.
A. Tabernzemontana, Walter. *
(Eng. 1759.)
Apocynum. Species 5; 2 Ameri-
can.

A. androsemifolium, Linn.
Gill. 1881.
Echites. Four in this country;
35 in all.

E. Andrewsii, Chapm. *

EK. paludosa, Vahl. *

EK. umbellata, Jacq. NReasoner.
(Eng. 1733.)

Vinca. Species 10; 1 in our re-

gion.

V. rosea, Linn.* (Eng. 1758.)
Generally cultivated.

ASCLEPIADACE®, MILKWEED F'AMILY.
Asclepias. Species 60; 48 within
our territory.
A. amplexicaulis, Michx. Gill.
1881.
A. Cornuti, Decaisne. (A. Syr-
ilaca.) * (Eng. 1629.)
A. Curassavica, Linn.* (Eng.
1692.)
A.eriocarpa, Benth. Gill. 1881.

A. incarnata, Linn. * (Eng.
1710.)

A. incarnata, var. pulchra,
Pers. *

A. Mexicana, Cav. (A. fascicu-
laris, Dec.) Gill. 1881.

A. phytolaccoides, Pursh. Kel
sey, 90-91. (Eng. 1812.)

A, Dur Ula Linn. (Eng.
(32.

A. quadrifolia, Linn. Gill. 1884.
(Eng. 1820.)
A. rubra, Linn. (Eng. 1825; 1826
as A. acuminata. )
A. speciosa, Torr. (A. Doug-
lasii.) Gill. 1881. (Eng. 1846.)
A. tuberosa, Linn. * (Eng. 1690.)
A. variegata, Linn. Wool. 1883.
(Eng. 1597.)
A. verticillata, Linn. Wool.
1883. (Eng. 1759.)
Asclepiodora. Two species.
A. (Anantherix) viridis, Gray.
(Eng. 1812.)
Gonolobus. About 70 species; 15
in this territory.
G. Carolinensis, R. Br. (Eng.
1824.) ;
G. levis, Michx. (Eng. 1806.)
G. obliquus, R. Br. (Eng. 1809.)
G. suberosus, R. Br. (Eng.
1732.)
Podostigma. One species.
P. pubescens, Ell. Gill. 1881.
(Eng. 1824.)

LOGANIACE2, LOGANIA FAMILY.
Gelsemium. Species 3; 1 in this
region.
G. sempervirens, Ait. * (Eng.
1840.

Spigelia. Species about 30; we
have 5. .
S. Marilandica, Linn. (Eng
1694. )

GENTIANACEA, GENTIAN FAMILY.
Erythrea. 30 species; 10 in our
limits.

E. Muhlenbergii, Griseb. (Eng.)

EK. venusta, Gray. Orcutt 1891.
(Eng. 1878.)

Eustoma. Species 3 or 4; 2in our
territory.

E. Russellianum, Griseb. (Lisi-
anthus Russellianus.) (Eng.
1804.)

E. silenifolium, Sabisb. (E.
exaltatum.) (Eng. 1804.)

}
o) |

Census of Cultivated Indigenous Plants. 252

Frasera. Nine species, American.
F. Carolinensis, Walt. (F. Wal-
teri.) (Eng. 1795.)

F’, Cusickii, Gray. Hors. 1889.
F. Parryi, Torr. Orcutt 1891.
Gentiana. About 180 species; 42

in our limits.

G. affinis, Griseb. (Eng.)

G. alba, Muhl. *

G. Andrewsii, Griseb. * (Eng.
1776.)

G. angustifolia, Michx. Gill.
1881.

G. calycosa, Griseb. *

G. crinita, Froel. * (Eng. 1804.)

G-linearis, roel. Gill. 1881.

(Eng.)
G. Newberryi, Gray. Gill. 1881.
G. Po Froel. (Eng.
1820.)
G. Oregana, Engelm. (G. affinis
var. ovata.) Hors. 1889 (1884).
G. puberula, Michx. G. & H.
1891. Wool. about 1889.
G. quinqueflora, Lam. Gill. 1881.
(Eng. 1834.)
G. Saponaria, Linn. Gill. 1881.
G. sceptrum, Griseb. Hors.
1889 (1884).
Limnanthemum. About24 species;
2 in our region.
L. lacunosum, Griseb. Gill. 1881.
L. trachyspermum, Gray.*
Menyanthes. Three species; 2
American.
M. Crista-galli, Menzies. (Eng.)
M. trifoliata, Linn. *
Sabbatia. About 20 species; 14 in
our region.
S. angularis, Pursh. (Eng. 1826.)
=: calycosa, Pursh. (Eng. 1812.)
S. campestris, Nutt. (Eng. 1855.)
S. chloroides, Pursh. Gill. 1881.
(Eng. 1817.)
Ss. Micaolata: T.&G. Gill. 1881.
S. paniculata, Pursh. (Eb ne.
1817.)
S. stellaris, Pursh. (Eng. 1827.)
Swertia. About 40 species; 1 here.
S. perennis, Linn. Hors. 1889.

POLEMONIACE®, PHLOX FAMILY.
Gilia. An American genus; 102
species coming within our
range.
G. achillezefolia, Benth. * (Eng.
1833.) A white variety is
offered.

G. androsacea, Steud. (Leptosi-
phon androsaceus.) * (Eng.)

G. Brandegei, Gray. (Eng. 1878.)

G. capitata, Dougl. * (Eng.
1826.) There is a Pha neat
ered variety; also var. major.

G. congesta, Hooker. Hors. 1889.

G. coronopifolia, Pers. (Ipom-
opsis elegans.) * (Eng.) Com-
mon in gardens.

G. debilis, Watson. Hors. 1889.

G. densiflora, Benth. (Leptosi-
phon densifiorus. y= Gane,

G. dianthoides, Endl. (Fenzlia
dianthiflora, and F. speciosa. )*
(Eng. 1855. ) There is a white
variety.

G. (Collomia) grandiflora, Gray.
Orcutt, 1891. (Eng. 1826. )

G. (Collomia) poverennae
Dougl. (Eng. 1828.)

a inconspicua, Dougl. (Eng.)

(Collomia) linearis, Gray.
ite 1828.)

G. -lintilora,, Benth, *.(Euge:
1833.)

G. ae rt Steud. (Eng.

70

G. minima, Gray. Orcutt, 1891.
(““C. minima ceerulea.’’)

G. tricolor, Benth. * (Eng.
1833. ) Several garden varie-

ties.
Leeselia. About 3 in our region 7;
or 8 in all.

L. effusa, Gray. Orcutt, 1891.

L. tenuifolia, Gray. Orcutt, 1891.
Both the above grow in
Lower California, but have
been found near the interna-
tional boundary.

Phlox. About 30 species; 28 in
our region.

P.amcoena, Sims. * (Eng. 1809.)

PP; ** Californica.”. Gill. 1881.

PP. divaricata, Linn. (PP: Cana-
densis.) * (Eng. 1746. )

P. Douglasii, Hook. Gill. 1881.

P. Drummondii, Hook. * (Eng.
1835.) Very familiar in gar-
dens and running into numer-
ous varieties.

P. glaberrima, Linn. *

P. maculata, Linn. (Eng. 1840.)
Long cultivated inthiscountry,
probably coming from Euro-
pean dealers. Gillett & Hors-
ford offer it for 1891.

254

P. ovata, Linn. * (Eng. 1759.)

P. paniculata. Linn. (P. decus-
sata.) * (Eng. 1752.) Long
known in gardens.

P. pilosa, Linn. Wool. 1888.

(Eng. 1759.)

P. procumbens, Lehm. (Eng.
1827.) ‘*Unknown as a wild
plant, and is apparently a hy-
brid between P. subulata and
P. amoena,’”’—Gray.

P, reptans, Michx. Gill. 1881.

P. speciosa, Pursh. Gill. 1881.

P. Stellaria, Gray. *

PP subulata,,.ibinn. > (Ene:
1786.) ’

P. subulata, var. nivalis. Wool.
1883.

Polemonium. Wehavel11 species.
P. ceruleum, Linn.* Probably
grown from European stock
where it is also native. A
white variety is offered.
P. confertum, Gray. (Eng. 1886.)
P. flavum, Greene. (Eng.)
P. humile, Willd. (P. Richard-
sonii).* (Eng.1727.)
P.reptans, Linn.* .<ine.4 758.)

HYDROPHYLLACE®, WATERLEAF F’AM-
Ly.

Hesperochiron. Two species.
ee Watson. Gill.
1881.
H. pumilis, Porter. Gill. 1881.
Hydrolea. Species 4, out of 14in
the world.
H. Caroliniana, Michx. (Eng.
1824.)

H. corymbosa, Ell. (Eng.)
Hydrophy!lum. Half dozen Amer-
ican species.
H. appendiculatum, Michx. *
(Eng. 1812.)
H. Canadense, Linn. Gill. 1881.
(Eng. 1759.)
H. capitatum, Dougl. Gill. 1881.
HH. Virginianum, Ginny». Gill.
1881. (Eng. 1739.)
Nama. In this country there are
16 species.
N. Parryi, Gray. (Eng. 1881.)
Nemophila.
N. aurita, Lindl. Orcutt, 1891.
(Eng. 1831.) Thereis a white
variety.
N. insignis, Dousl. *. (Eng,
1822.)

9 species, American..

Annals of Horticulture.

N. maculata, Benth. * (Eng.
1848.)

N. Menziesii, Hook. & Arn. (N.
atomaria, N. discoidalis). *
(Eng. 1836.)

N. phacelioides, Nutt. (Eng.
1822.)

Phacelia. Nearly 100 species; 76 .

in our region.

P. campanularia, Gray. Orcutt,
1891. (Eng. 1882.)

P. congesta, Hook.* (Eng.1835.)

P. divaricata, Gray, var. Wran-
geliana,A. DC. (Eutoca Wran-
geliana.) * (Eng. 1883.)

P. Franklinii, Gray. (Eng. 1827.)

P. grandiflora, Gray. (Eng.)

P. Menziesii. Torr.* (Eutoca
multifiora.) (Eng. 1826.)

P. Parryi, Torre Orci 1397:
(ung. )

P. sericea, Gray. (Eng. 1827.)

P. tanacetifolia, Benth. Orcutt,
1891, (Ene... a2) “aieooa
white variety.

P. viscida, Torr. * (EKutoca vis-

~ cida.) (Eng. 1834.)

P, Whitlavia. Gray. (Whitlavia

grandiflora.) * (Eng. 1854.)
Ram anzcffia. Two species.
R. Sitchensis, Bong. (Eng. 18738. )

BoRRAGINACEA, BORAGE FAMILY.

Cordia. Four in our region; 200
in all.

C. Sebestena, Linn. Reasoner.
(Eng. 1728.)

Cynoglossum. Sixty species; we

have 4, -
C. grande, Dougl. Gill. 1881.
C. Virginicum, Linn. (Eng.)

Kchinospermum. About 50; 12in
our region.

E. diffusum, Lehm. (Eng.)
E. Virginicum, Lehm. (Eng.)

Heliotropium. About 150 species;
11 in our region.

H.convolvulaceum, Gray. (Eng.
1867.)

Krynitzkia. In our region there
are 66 species. (Including
species formerly referred to
Eritrichium. )

K. (Eritrichium) barbigera,
Gray. (Eng. 1886.)
K. glomerata, Gray. Gill. 1881.

Lithospermum. About 40 species;
a dozen in our region.

Census of Cultivated Indigenous Plants.

L. canescens, Lehm. Gill. 1881.
(Eng. 1826.)
L. hirtum, Lehm.
(Eng. 1812.)
L. pilosum, Nutt. Gill. 1881.
Mertensia. Fifteen species; 7 in
our limits.
_M. alpina, Don. (Eng. 1875.)
M. lanceolata, DC. (Eng. 1874.)
M. oblongifolia, Don. Gill. 1881.
M. paniculata, Don. Wool. 18838.

(Eng.) |
M. Sibirica, Don. Gill. 1881.
(Eng. 1801.)
M. Virginica, DC.* (Eng. 1799.)
Onosmodium. A haif dozen spe-
cies; 4inour region.

Gill. 1881.

O. Carolinianum, DC. (Eng.
1759.)
O. Virginianum, DC. (Eng.
1812.)
CONVOLVULACE®, MOoORNING-GLORY
EF‘AMILY.
Breweria. About 20 species; 5in

our limits.
B. grandiflora, Gray. Reasoner.
Convolvulus. About 150 species
have been described; 13 in our
region. .

C. occidentalis, Gray. Gill. 1881.

C. (Calystegia) sepium, Linn.
Occurs occasionally in old gar-
dens, sometimes double; the
cultivated plant probably in-
troduced from the Old World,
where it is also native.

C. sepiumvar.Americanus,Sims.
(Eng.) ‘‘There is a variety
named incarnata, with rose-
colored flowers, North Ameri-

ca.’”’ Dict. Gard.

Ipomoea. About 400 species are
described; 31 grow in our
region.

I. Bona-nox, Linn.*

I. coccinea, Linn. * Introduced
to cultivation from outside our
area, probably.

I, hederacea, Jacq. *

I. Jalapa, Pursh. (I. Michauxii.)*
(Eng. 1733.)

I. Mexicana, Gray.* The culti-
vated I. Mexicana may not be
the one known to botanists by
that name.

I. pandurata, Meyer.* (Eng.
1776.) Now coming into com-
mon cultivation.

a3

I. Pes-capre, Sweet. *
I. sinuata, Ortega. (1. querci-
folia of dealers.) (Hng. 1813.)
Jacquemontia. Three species in
our region; nearly 40 in all.
J. violacea, Choisy. (Eng. 1808.)

SOLANACEH, NIGHTSHADE FAMILY.
Capsicum. A single species na-
| tive to our region; over 50
species have been described.

C. baccatum, Linn.* (Eng. 1731.)

Datura. A genus of 12 species; of
which only 1 is native in our
region.

DPometeloides . DE. “CD.
Wrightii.)* (Eng. 1856.)

Physalis. 17 species in our region;
some 380 or 40 have been de-
scribed.

P. pubescens, Linn. * (Eng.)

Solanum. Avast genus, of some
900 species; 16 native to our
region.

S. Jamesii, Torrey. This was
introduced about 12 years ago.

S. nigrum, Linn.* Native also
to Kurope whence it has come
into cultivation as. the morelle
of the French.

S. Texanum, Dunal, is S., integ-
rifolium of Poiret, and is not
American. See Bull. 26, Cor-
nell Exp. Sta. p. 25.

S. Torreyi, Gray. (Eng. 1878.)

SCROPHULARIACE&, FIGWORT FAMILY.
Antirrhinum. 17 species, out of
25 or 80, occur in our region.
A. maurandioides, Gray. (Mau-
randia antirrhiniflora.) *
A. Orcuttianum, Gray. Orcutt
1891.
‘¢ Browallia Roezli, Rocky Mt.’’
Dict. Gard.
~ Castilleia. Twenty-eight species,
all American.
C. affinis, Hook, & Arn.
1891.
C. coccinea, Spreng. (Eng. 178/.)
C. foliolosa, Hook & Arn. Or-
cutt 1891.
CV indivisa,
1878.)
C. miniata, Dougl. (Eng. 1874.)
Chelone. Four species; American.
C. glabra, Linn. *
C. glabra var. alba. Kelsey
91-792. :

Orcutt

Engelm.* (Eng.

256

C. Lyoni, Pursh.* (Eng. 1872.)

C. nemorosa, -Dougl. * (Eng.
1827.)

C. obliqua, Linn. * (Eng. 1752.)
A variety alba is incultivation.

Collinsia. American; 17 species.

C. bartisizfolia, Benth.* var.
alba. Orcutt 1891.

C. bicolor, Benth. * (Eng. 1833.)
There are 5 or 6 cultivated
varieties, varying mostly in
color of flowers.

C. grandiflora, Doug. *

C. parviflora, Dougl. (Eng. 1826.)

C. sparsiflora, Fisch. & Mey.
(Eng. 1836.)

C. tinctoria, Hartweg. (Eng.
1848. )

C. verna, Nutt.* (Eng. 1855.)

C. violacea, Nutt. (Eng. 1871.)

Gerardia. About 380 species; we
have 28.

G. levigata, Raf. (G. integri-

folia, Gray.) Gill. 1881.
G. pedicularia, Linn. Gill. 1881.
(Eng. )
G. purpurea, Linn. (Eng, 1772.)
G. quercifolia, Pursh. Gill. 1881.
Gratiola. -Thereare 20 species; 138
are in our region.
G. aurea, Muhi. * (Eng. 1828.)
G. pilosa, Michx. (Eng. 1827.)
G. ramosa, Walt. (Eng. 1821.)
G. Virginiana, Linn. (Eng. 1759.)
Herpestis. About 50 species; of
which we have 6.
H. Monniera, HBK. (Eng.)
Linaria. About 130 species; 2 are
in our territory.

L. Canadensis, Dumont. (Eng.
1812.)
Mimulus. Nearly 70 species; 57

are native within our limits.
M. alatus, Ait. Gill. 1881.
M. Californica. Gill. 1881.
M. cardinalis, Doug}. *
M. Fremonti,Gray. (Eng. 1882.)
M. glutinosus, Wendl. Gill. 1881.

Eng.)
M. Lewisii, Pursh. Gill. 1881.
(Eng. 1831.)

Hors. 1889.

M. luteus, Linn.
Gray.

M. luteus var. alpinus,
(M. Roezlii.) *

M. Mohavensis, Lemmon. (Eng.
1885. )

M. moschatus, Dougl. * (Eng.
1826. )

Annals of Horticulture.

M. primuloides, Benth. (Eng.)
M. puniceus, Steud. (Eng.)
M. ringens, Linn. Gill. 1881.
Orthocarpus, We have 25 speci®s.
O. erianthus Benth., var. roseus.
Gray. (Triphysaria versi-
color.) (Eng, 1887.)
O. purpurascens,
cutt 1891.
Pedicularis. About 120 species;
31 in our territory.

P. Canadensis, Linn. Gill. 1881.
(Eng. 1780.)
P, racemosa, Dougl. Gill. 1881.

Pentstemon, An American genus;
86 being in our region.

P.acuminatus, Dougl. (En’g.
1827.)

P, antirrhinoides, Benth. (Eng.
1824.)

P. attenuatus, Dougl. (Eng.
1827.)

P.azureus, Benth, Gill. 1881.
(Eng. 1858.)

P.azureus' var. Jaffrayanus,
Gray, (Eng. 1858.)

P. baccharifolius, Hook. (Eng.
1848.)

P. barbatus, Nutt. * (Eng.'1794.)

P. barbatus var. Torreyi,{Gray.
(P.. Torreyi,) * Ging ja

P. brevifiorus, Lindl. (Eng.)

P. centranthifolius, Benth, Gill.

1881. (Eng. 1858.)
P, Clevelandi, Gray. *
P. Cobzea, Nutt. * (Eng. 1835.)
P. confertus, Dougl.* (Eng.

1827.) <s
P. confertus. Dougl., var. ceeru-

leo-purpureus, Gray. Wool.
1883. (Eng.)
P. cordifolius, Benth, Gill. 1881.
(Eng. 1848.)
P,deustus, Dougl. Gill. 1881.
(Eng. 1827.)

P. diffusus, Dougl.* (Eng. 1826.)

P. Eatoni, Gray. (Eng. 1883.)

P. glaber, Pursh. (P.speciosus.)
* (Eng, 1811.)

P. glandulosus, Lindl. Gill. 1881.
(Eng. 1827.)

P. glaucus, Graham. (Eng. 1827.)

P. gracilentus, Gray. Gill. 1881.

P. gracilis, Nutt. * (Eng. 1824.)

P. grandiflorus, Nutt. Wool:
1883. (Eng. 1811.)

P. heterophyllus, Lindl. (Eng.
1834.)

Benth, Or-

oe =

Census of Cultivated Indigenous Plants.

P,. humilis, Nutt. (Eng. 1874.)

P. labrosus, Hook. f. (Eng. 1884.)

P. letus, Gray. Gill. 1881.

P. levigatus, Solander. (Eng.)

P. levigatus var. Digitalis,Gray.
* (Eng. 1824.)

P. Lemmoni, Gray. Gill. 1881.

P. Menziesii, Hook. Gill. 1881.

P. Menziesii var. Douglasii,
Gray. (Eng.)

PP Menziesii, var.
Gray. Gill. 1881.

P. Menziesii var. Scouleri, Gray.
(Eng, 1827.)

P. Murrayanus, Hook. (Eng.
1835.)

P. ovatus. Dougl.* (Eng. 1836.)

P, Palmeri, Gray.* (Eng. 1873.)

P. pubescens, Solander.* (Eng.
1834.)

P. puniceus, Gray. Gill, 1881.

Newberryl,

P. Richardsonii, Dougl. Gill.
1881. (Eng, 1825.)

P. secundiflorus, Benth. *

P. spectabilis, Thurb. * (Eng.

1816. )
P. tubiflorus, Nutt. *
P. triphyllus, Dougl. (Eng. 1827.)

a > yeuustius, Dongil: Gill: 1881.
(Eing. 1827.)

P. Wrightii, Hook. (Eng. 1850.)

Scrophularia. Three specles in

our limits; 120 in all.

S. nodosa, Linn., var. Marilan-
dica, Gray. Occasionally
erown as a bee-vlant.

Seymeria. Nine species; 6in our
region,

S. pectinata, Pursh. (Eng. 1820.)

S. tenuifolia, Pursh. (Eng. 1730.)

Synthyris. We have 7 species.
S. reniformis, Benth. *(Eng.1885.)
S. rotundifolia, Gray. Gill. 1881.
Veronica. Some 200 species; 11

in our region,
V.alpina, Linn. Wool, 1883.
Gill.

V. Americana, Schwein.
1881.

V. Cusickii, Gray. Hors. 1889.

V. officinalis, Linn. Gill. 1884.

V.serpyllifolia, Linn. Kelsey

91-792.
V. Virginica, Linn.* (Eng. 1714.)

LENTIBULARIACE,
FAMILY.
Pinguicula. About 30 species; 6
in our region.

18

BLADDERWORT

257

P. lutea, Walt. (Eng. 1815.)
Utricularia. 150; 17 in our limits.
U. vulgaris, Linn. Gill. 1884.

BIGNONIACE®, BIGNONIA ORCATALPA
F.AMILY.
Bignonia. About 150 species have
been described; we have 1.

B. capreolata, Linn. * (Eng.
1710.)
Catalpa. A half dozen species, of

which we have 2.

C. bignonioides, Walt. (C.syrin-
geefolia ofnurserymen.) *(Eng.
1726.) Thereisa golden-leaved
and adwarf variety.

C. speciosa, Warder* (Eng. 1879.)

Chilopsis. Single species in West-
ern America.

C. saligne, Don. (C. linearis).
Orcutt 1891. (Eng. 1825.)
Tecoma. Two dozen species; 2 in

our region.

T. radicans, Juss.* (Eng. 1640.)
A variety atrosanguinea is cat-

alogued.

T. stans, Juss.* (Eng. 1730.)

PEDALINACEA.
Martynia. 38speciesin our region;
10 in all.
M. fragrans, Lindl. *
M. proboscidea, Glox. *

ACANTHACEH, ACANTHUS FAMILY.
Calophanes. Species about 26; 5
in our region.
C. oblongifolia, Don. (Eng.18382.)
Dianthera. Spesies 80; 5 North
American.
D. Americana, Linn. (Eng.)
Ruellia. 7 speciesin our region;
150 in the world.
kk. ellaesa, Pursh. *

VERBENACE®, VERBENA E‘AMILY.
Callicarpa. 380 species; 1 here.
C. Americana, Linn.* (Eing.1724.)
Duranta. One in our region; 4or
5 others.
D: Pulmieri, gacg.* (Eng. 1739.)
Lantana. About 50 species; 4 in
our territory.
L. Camara, Linn. (Eng. 1692.)
Lippia. About 90 species de-
scribed; 7 here.
L. nodifiora, Michx. (Eng.)
Phryma. Single species.
P. Leptostachya, Linn. (Eng.
1802.)

258 Annals of Horticulture.

Stachytarpheta. About 40 species;
only one in this region.
R. Jamaicensis, Vahl. (Eng.
1714.)
Verbena. Some 80 species; we
have 15.
V. Aubletia, Linn. (Eng. 1774.)
V. bracteosa, Michx. (Eng. 1820.)
V. hastata, Linn. (Eng. 1810.)
V. stricta, Vent. (Eng.)
V. xutha, Lehm. (Eng. 1824.)

LABIATA, MInT F'AmI Ly.
Acanthomintha. Two species, Am-
erican.,
A. ilicifolia, Gray. Orcutt 1891.
(Eng. 18838.)
Blephilia. 2 species. American.
B. ciliata, Raf. (Eng. 1798.)
B. hirsuta, Benth. (Eng. 2798.)
Brunella. Two or 3 species, of
which we have one.
B. vulgaris, Linn. Kelsey ’91-’92.
Cedronella. We have 5; about 6
in all.
C. cana, Hook. *
C. cordata, Benth. (Eng. 1880.)
C. Mexicana, Benth. (Gardoquia
Betonicoides.) *
Collinsonia. Species 6; 4in our
territory.
C. anisata, Sims. (Eng. 1866.)
C. Canadensis, Linn. Gill. 1881.
(Eng. 1734.)
Cunila. Species 12; 1 in our re-
gion.
C. Mariana, Linn. * (Eng.)
Lophanthus. We have 4 ofthe 6

species.

L. anisatus, Benth. * (Eng.
1826.)

L. nepetoides, Benth. (Eng.
1692. )

L. scrophularizfolius, Benth.
(Ene. 1800.)
L. urticifolius, Benth.
1826 )
Micromeria. 60 species; 3 here.
M. Douglasii, Benth. Gill. 1881.

(Eng.

Monarda. Nine species in our
region.
M. Bradburiana, Beck. (Eng.
1850.)

M. clinopodioides, Gray. (Eng.)

M. didyma, Linn.* (Eng. 1656.)

There is a variety albain culti-
vation.

M. fistulosa, Linn. * (Eng. 1656.)

M. f. var. mollis, Benth.* (Eng.)

M. Russelliana, Nutt. (Eng.
1823

Monardella. Fourteen species, all
American.
M. candicans, Benth. (Eng.
1853. )
M. lanceolata, Gray.Orcutt 1891.
M. macrantha, Gray. Gill. 1881.
(Eng.1877.)
M. macrantha, var. nana, Gray.
(M. nana.) Orcutt 1891. .
M. odoratissima, Benth. Gill.
1881.
Ocimum. About 40; 1 here.
O. micranthum, Willd. (Eng.
1825.)
Physostegia. Three species, Amer-
ican.
P. intermedia, Gray. (Eng.)
P. parviflora, Nutt. (Eng, 1826.)

P. Virginiana, Benth. * (Eng.
1683. )

P. Virginiana, var. denticulata,
Gray. (Eng.)

P. Virginiana, var. speciosa,
Gray. (Eng.)
Pogogyne. Calfornian, 5.
P. Douglasii, Benth. (Eng. 1871.)
P, nudiuscula, Gray. (Eng. 1886.)
Salvia. 29 in our region; 450 in
the world.
S. azurea, Lam. (Eng. 1806.)
S. carduacea, Benth. Orcutt1891.
(Eng. 1854.)
S. coccinea, Linn. *
S. Columbariz, Benth. Orcutt
189. (ine :
S. farinacea, Benth. (Eng. 1847.)
S. Greggii, Gray. Wool. 1883.
S. Roemeriana, Scheele.* (Eng.
1852. )
Scutellaria. About 90 species; we
have 23.
S.angustifolia,Pursh. Gill,1881.
S. antirrhinoides, Benth. Gill.
1881.
S. brevifolia, Gray. Wool. 1883.
S. galericulata, Linn. Gill. 1881.
S. lateriflora, Linn. Gill. 1881.
S. parvula, Michx. (Eng. 1822.)
S. serrata, Andr. (Eng, 1800.)
S. Wrightii, Gray. Gill. 1881.
Stachys. About 200 species have
been described; 16 in this re-
gion,
S. aspera, Michx. Kelsey ’91-’92,
Synandra. Species 1, American.
S. grandiflora, Nutt. (Eng. 1827.)

Census of Cultivated Indigenous Plants.

Trichostema. Species 9, all Am-
erican.
T. lanatum, Benth., var. denud-

atum, Gray. (Tf. -Parishii,)
(Eng. )
NYCTAGINACEA, Four-O’CLOCK F'AM-
Thy,
Abronia. Species 13; all North
American,
A. fragrans, Nutt. (Eng. 1865.)
A igtitolia, Esch. * (A. are-
naria.) (Eng. 1865.)
A. mellifera, Dougl. Gill. 1881.
A.umbellata, Lam. * (Eng.
1823.)
A. villosa, Wats. Orcutt 1891.
Mirabilis. Species 10; 7 in our

limits.

M. Californica, Gray. Gill. 1881.
M. multiflora, Gray. Gill. 1881.
Oxybaphus. Ten species, out of

20, in our region.

O. viscosus, L’Her. (Eng. 1798.)

Pisonia. Sixty species; 3 in our
territory.

P.aculeata, Linn. (Eng. 1806.)

P. obtusata, Swz. (Eng. 1824.)

ILLICEBRACE®, KNOTWORT F'AMILY.

Paronychia. Some 40 species; 138
in our region.

P. dichotoma, Nutt. Wool. 1883.

AMARANTACE&A, AMARANTH F'AMILY.
Froelichia. Species about 10; in
North and South America.
EF, Floridana. Mog. (Eng.)

CHENOPODIACE®, PIGWEED FAMILY.
Chenopodium. Some 50 species;
13 are native to our region.

C. (Blitum) capitatum, Wats.
Introduced three or four years
ago by Dr. T. H. Hoskins as
Strawberry Spinage.

Cycloloma. A single species.

C. platyphyllum, Moq. Intro-
duced two orthree years ago
by John Lewis Childs as the
Cyclone Plant.

PHYTOLACCACE.®, POKEWEED F'AMILY:
Petiveria. One species.
ealimeea, Ginn. (Eng.)
Phytolacca. Ten species; we have
one,
P. decandra, Linn.* Sometimes
cultivated for the asparagus-
like shoots.

259

Rivina. Two species in our region.
R. humilis, Linn. *

POLYGONACE#, BUCKWHEAT or Knort-
WEED FAMILY.
Coccoloba. Two species in our re-
gion; 80 in all.
C. Floridana, Meisn. *
Eriogonum, About 130 species; in
our region 122.
EK. compositum, Doug]. Gill 1881.
KK, heracleoides, Nutt. Gill. 1881.
E. incanum, Torr & Gray. Gill.
1881.
K. niveum, Dougl. Gill. 1881.
EK. nudum, Dougl. Gill. 1881.
EK. ovalifolium, Nutt. Hors. 1889,
i a aia Dougl. Gill.

EK. stellatum, Benth. (Eng.)
KE. thymoides, Benth. Hors. 1889,

Polygonella. Seven species, Am-
erican.

P. parvifolia, Michx, Gill. 1881.

Rumex. About 180 species; a
dozen here.

R. occidentalis, Watson. Gill.
1881,
R. venosus, Pursh, Gill. 1881.
ARISTOLOCHIACEA, BIRTHWORT F'AM-
TY.

Aristolochia, About 100 species in
warm countries; 8 species in
United States.

A. Californica, Torr. Gill. 1884,

A. Serpentaria, Linn.*
A. Sipho, L’Her. * (Eng. 1763.)

A.tomentosa, Sims.* (Eng.

too.)
Asarum. About 18 species; 6 in

our limits.

A.arifolium, Michx. Kelsey
»89-"90.

A.CGanadense, Linn. Gill. 1881.
(Eng. 1713.)

A.caudatum, Lindl. Gill. 1881.

(Eng. 1880.)
A. Hartwegi, Watson, Gill.1881.
A. Lemmoni, Watson. Gill. 1881.
A. Virginicum, Linn, Gill. 1881.

PIPERACEA, PEPPER FAMILY.
Houttunyia. Two or three species;
1 in California.
H. Californica, Benth & Hook.
(Eng. )
Saururus. Species 2; 1 Asian, 1
American.

260 Annals of. Horticulture. ;

S.cernuus, Linn. Gill. 1881.
(Eng. 1759.)

LAURACEZ, LAUREL FAMILY.
Lindera. About 50 species; 2 in
our region. :
L. Benzoin, Blume. (Eng. 1683.)
L. melissefolia, Blume. (Eng.
LTO
Litsea. About 140 species; we
have one,
L. geniculata, Benth & Hook.
(Eng, 1759.)
Persea, About 100 species; we
have one.
P, Carolinensis, Nees. *
Sassafras. Single species.
S. officinale, Nees. * (Eng. 1633.)
Umbellularia. A single species,
U. (Oreodaphne) Californica,
Nutt. Orcutt 1891. (Eng. 1862.)

THYMELH ACEH, MEZEREUM F‘AMILY.
Dirca. Two species; North Am-
erican.
D, palustris, Linn. *

ELZAGNACE®, OLEASTER FAMILY,
Elzeagnus. Some 20 species de-
scribed: a single one in Am-
erica.
EK. argentea, Pursh.* (Eng. 1815.)
Shepherdia. Three species; North
American,
S.argentea, Nutt. (Eng. 1820.)
See pp. 50, 52 and 166.
S. Canadensis, Nutt. G. & H.
1891. (Eng. 1759.)

SANTALACEH, SANDALWOOD F'AMILY.
Pyrularia, Species 2; 1 Asian, 1
North American,
_P, pubera, Michx. (P. oleifera.)
(Eng. 1800.)

EUPHORBIACE®, SPURGE FAMILY.
Drypetes. Two within these
limits; 9 in the world.
D. crocea, Poit. (Eng. 1820.)
Euphorbia. Some 600 species; in
our region there are 106.
E. corollata, Linn. Gill. 1881.
E. coe ee Linn. Goodell,
1889,

EK, marginata, Pursh. *
E. Palmeri, Engelm, Gill. 1881.
Hippomane. One species,
H, Mancinella, Linn.(Eng. 1690.)
Jatropha. Kight species in North
America: about 70 in the
— world.

J. multifida, Linn. (Eng. 1696.)
Pachysandra. Two species; 1 Ja-
panese, 1 North American.

P. procumbens, Michx. * (Eng.
1800. )
Simmondsia. Single species.
S. Californica, Nutt. Orcutt
1891, (Hine)

URTICACE®, NETTLE F'AMILY.
Celtis. From 50 to 70 species; 5
in our region.

C. Mississippiensis, Bose. (C.
crassifolia.) (Eng. 1812.)

C. occidentalis, Linn. * (Eng.
1656.) There is a variety
pumila in trade catalogues.

Ficus. A trgpical genus of 600
species; 3 in our region.

FEF’. aurea, Nutt. Reasoner.

Humulus. Two species; 1 in thls
country.

H. Lupulus, Linn. Native to
both Europe and America.
Long cultivated, but coming
probably from Europe.

Maclura. Single species.

M. aurantiaca, Nutt.* (Eng.
1818.) Long grown as a hedge-
plant. (Osage Orange.)

Morus. About a dozen species; 2
in our region.

M.rubra, Linn. * (Eng. 1629.)
Mentioned by Downingas early
as 1845 as an attractive tree
under cultivation. An early
record, apparently, of the cul-
tivation of Morus rubra is
given by the botanist, Fred-
erick Pursh, in 1806 or 1807,
in an entry in his journal for
July 9, while he was in the
vicinity of Cayuga Lake, N.
Y. ‘‘Morus rubra frequent.
On one or two farms I observ-
ed the mulberry cultivated in
orchards,may be for the raising
of silkworms, as the trees were
low and planted in regular
close rows.’’ It is not certain
whether Pursh meant to say
that M.rubra wascultivated, or
that the common garden mul-
berry occurred in the orchards.

Planera. Species two; North
American.
P. aquatica, Gmelv* a2 hine.
1816.)

a ty

ve -

Census of Cultivated Indigenous Plants. 2601

Ulmus. About 16 species, of
“which we have 5.

U. alata, Michx, (Eng. 1820.)

te Americana, Linn, * (ling,
1752.) There is a weeping
variety.

i, tolwa. Michx,* (Hng.) There
is a weeping variety cata-
logued.

‘U.-racemosa, Thomas, *

PLATANACEA, PLANE-TREE FAMILY.
Platanus. A half dozen species;
half in our region.
wr. ocementalis, Linn. * . (ing,

1686.)

JUGLANDACEA, WALNUT FAMILY.
Carya (or Hicoria). Nine or 10
species; American.

C.alba, Nutt. (Hicoria ovata,
Britton.) * (Eng.)

C. amara, Nutt. (Hicoria mi-
nima, Britton.) * (Eng.)

C. aquatica, Nutt. *

C. microcarpa, Nutt. *

C. oliveformis, Nutt. (Hicoria
Pecan, Britton.) * (Eng. 1766.)
Forty or fifty varieties of pe-
cans are recognized. See In-
troduction List.

C.porcina, Nutt. (Hicoria
glabra, Britton.) * (Eng.)

C. sulcata, Nutt. *

C.tomentosa, Nutt. (Hicoria
alba, Britton.) * (Eng. 1766.)
Var. maxima, Nutt. ‘Var.
maxima, Fruit-globose, nearly
twice the size of that of the
type; ‘as large as an apple’;

Husk exceedingly thick.”’
Dict. Gard.

Juglans. Species 8; half in our
region.

_ J.cinerea, Linn. * (Eng. 1656.)
J.nigra, Linn.* (Eng. 1656.)
MyRICACE, SWEET-GALE FAMILY.
Myrica. Species about 35; 7 in
our limits.
M.(Comptonia) aspleniflora,
Endl. * (Eng. 1714.)
M. Californica, Cham. *
M. cerifera, Linn, *
M Gale, Linn, *
CUPULIFER&, OAK FAMILY.
Alnus. Species 14; 6 in our ter-
ritory.
A. incana, Willd..*
A. maritima, Muhl. *

—

A.rubra, Bongard,(A.Oregana).*
A. serrulata, Willd. *
A. viridis, DC. Kelsey ’90-’91.

G. & H. 1891.
Betula. About 25 species; 8 in this
region.
B. glandulosa, Michx. (Eng.
1815. )

is. Jenta join... (ine 17592)

I. dutea, Mictx, 1. (SB. excelsa.)*

By miera. Aainn, (Bo rubra.
(Eng. 1786. )

B. papyrifera, Marsh. * (Eng.
1750.) Dict. Gard. gives the
following varieties:
var. fusca. Leaves smaller
than those of the type, and less
downy.
var. platyphylla. Leaves very
broad.
var. trichoclada. Leaves cor-
date. Branches extremely
hairy, and twigs in threes.

B. populifolia, Ait.* (Eng. 1750.)
Dict. Gard. records 2 varieties:
var. laciniata. Leaves large,
shining and deeply cut.
var. pendula. Spray drooping
like that of B. alba, var. pen-
dula.

B. pumila, Linn. (Eng. 1762.)

Carpinus. Onespecies out of 9.

C. Caroliniana, Walt. (C. Am-

ericana;y * (King. 18t2.)
Castanea. Fouror5d species de-
scribed; 2in our region.

©, pumila, Mill. * (Eng. 1699.)

C. sativa, Mill.. var. Americana,
Watson. * Long cultivated;
a few named varieties are dis-
seminated. .

Corylus. About 7: we have 2.

C. Americana, Walt.* (Eng.
1798.)

C. rostrata, Ait. * (Eng. 1745.)

Fagus. Some 15 species, of which
we have 1.
F.. ferruginea, Ait.* (Eng. 1766.)
Ostrya. Two species; 1in Amer-
ica.

Ow Virginiea, Willd, *
1692.)

Quercus. 300 species described;
Jpn Our resto.

Q. agrifolia, Nee. (Eng. 1849.)

Q-albay Linn; *- (Ene. 1724.)

Q. aquatica, Walt.* (Eng. 1723.)

Q. bicolor, Willd.* (Eng. 1800.)

(Eng.

262 Annals of Horticulture.

Q. ‘Catesbeer, Michx, *~ (Ene.
1823.)
Q. cinerea, Michx.* (Eng, 1789.)

@. coccinea, Wangh. * (Eng,

1691.)
Q. coccinea, var. tinctora, Gray.*
(Eng. 1800.)
@. densiflora, Hook. & Arn.
(Eng. 1865.)
Q. falcata, Michx. (Eng. 1763.)
. leterophylla, Michx. *
ilicifolia, Wangh. (Q. Bani-
steri.) * (Eng. 1800.)
imbricaria, Michx.* (Eng.)
(Eng, 1786.)

- Jobata,- Nee.
.lyrata, Walt. *
. macrocarpa, Michx.* (Eng.)
.macrocarpa, var. oliveformis,
Gray. *
nigra, Linn, *) (ene. treo!)
. palustris, Du Roi.* (Eng.
1800.) There is a variety com-
pacta of this.
, Phellos, inn, * - me 1723,)
. prinoides, Willd. *
_Prinus, doing. * (ine, 1730) )
There is acut-leaved variety.
. rubra, Linn, *\ (King, 1769.)
.Stellata, Wangh. (Q. obtusi-
loba.) * (Hine. 13879:)

©. undulata, Torr. *

Q@. virens, Ait. * (Eng. 1737.)
SALICACEH, WILLOW FAMILY.

Populus. About 20 species; 8 in
our region..
P. angustifolia, James. *

Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q

P. balsamifera, Linn. * (Eng.
1692.)

P. balsamifera var. suaveolens.
Dict. Gard.

P. grandidentata, Michx.* (Eng,
1772.)

P, heterophylla, Linn. (Eng.
1765.

P. monilifera, Ait. (P. Canaden-
sis, P. Carolina.) * (Eng.
1738.) Oneor 2 horticultural
varieties are catalogued.

P.temuloides, Michx. * (Eng.)

Salix. About 160 species; 63 in
our territory.

S. candicans, offered by Temple
& Beard in 1888-9 and said to
come from Oregon, is probably
not American; at all events
there is no such American
species.

S. candida, Willd. *

S. discolor, Muhl, *

S. lasiandra, Benth., var. lanci-
folia, Bebb. (Eng.)

S. longifolia, Muhl, * :

S. lucida, Muhl. * (Eng.)

S. myrtilloides, Linn. *

S. nigra, Marsh. (Eng.)

S. tristis, Ait. *

EMPETRACEH, CROWBERRY FAMILY.
Ceratiola. Single species.
C. ericoides, Michx. Gill. 1881.
(Eng, 1826.)

Corema. Two Species: 1) iu
America.
C.Conradii, Torr. (Eng.)
CONIFER, PINE oR COoNE-BEARING
FAMILY.
Abies. About 20 species; 9 inthis
country.

A,amabilis, Forbes, (Eng. 1831.)

A. balsamea, Mill.* (Eng. 1696.)
A. Hudsonica is a dwarf
northern form; it is in culti-
vation.

A. bracteata, Nutt. Orcutt 1891.
(Eng. 1853.)

A.concolor, Lindley.* (A. las-
iocarpa of nurseries.) (Eng.
1851.)

A. Fraseri, Lindley.* (Eng.1811.)

A. grandis, Lindley.* (Eng.
1831.)
A. magnifica, Murray. Orcutt

1891. (Eng. 1851.)
A, nobilis, Lindley.* (Eng. 1831.)
A. subalpina, Engelm, * (Eng.)
Chamecyparis. <A half dozen
species; 3 in our territory.

C. Lawsoniana, Parlat. * (Eng.
1853.) Several varieties are
cultiva.ed.

C. Nutkaensis, Spach. (Thuy-
opsis borealis.)* Thereis a
variegated variety.

C.spheeroidea, Spach.* (Eng.
1736.) Referred often to thuja
and cupressus. | |

Cupressus. A dozen species; 4in
our region.

C. Goveniana, Gordon. Orcutt
1891. (Eng, 1846.)

C. Guadalupensis, Wats. Orcutt
1891

C. Macnabiana, Murray. Orcutt
1891. (Eng. 1853.)

C. macrocarpa, Hartweg. Or-
cutt 1891. (Eng, 1847.)

Census of Cultivated Indigenous Plants. 263

Juniperus. Twenty-five species;
7 in our region.

J. Californica, Carr.* (KEng.)

J.communis, Linn.* There are
many cultivated varieties. The
American type of the plant ap-
peared in England in 1820 (J.
communis var, Canadensis.)

J. occidentalis, Hook. Orcutt
1891. (Kng.)

J. pachyphloea, Torr. (Eng.)

J.Sabina, Linn., var. procum-
bens, Pursh.* (Eng.)

J. Virginiana, Linn.* Many
cultivated varieties.

Larix. Eight species; 3 in our
territory.

L. Americana, Michx.* (Eng.)

L. Lyallii, Parlat. (Eng.)

L. occidentalis, Nutt. (Eng.)

Libocedrus. About 8 species; we
have one.

L. decurrens, Torr.* (Eng. 1884.)
Known in cultivation, often,
as Thuja gigantea.

Picea. A dozen species; half in
this country.

P. (Abies) alba, Linn.* (Eng.
1700.) Two or three garden
varieties are in the catalogues.

P. Breweriana, Watson. (Eng.
1886.)

P. Englemanni, Engelm. * (Eng.
1864.) |

P. (Abies) nigra, Linn.* (Eng.
1700.) There is a dwarf va-
riety, and one or two others.

P. pungens, Engelm. *

Py Sitchensis, Carr. (Abies
Menziesii.) Orcutt 1891. (Eng.
1831).

Pinus. Some 70 species; 36 in our
region.

Pealoicaulis, Engelm,. (Hin g\.
1846.)

P. Balfouriana, Jeffrey. F. Kel-
sey 1890. (Eng. 1852.)

P. Balfouriana var. aristata,
Engelm. (Eng. 1870.)

P. Banksiana, Lamb. *

P. clausa, Vasey. (P.inops var.
clausa.) Reasoner.

P. econtorta. Doug]. * (Eng. 1831.)
P, Coulteri, Don. * (Eng. 1882.)
P. Cubensis, Griseh. *

P. edulis, Engelm. *

P. flexilis, James. * (Eng. 1851.)
P.inops, Ait. *

P. insignis, Dougl.,* (or tuber-
culata of Don.) (Eng. 1833.)
P.Jeffreyi,Murray.* (Eng.1852. )
P, Lambertiana, Dougl. Orcuty

1891. (Eng. 1827.)

P, mitis, Michx, *

P,. monophyla, Torr. & Fremont,
* (Eng. 1847. )

P.monticola, Dougl.* (Eng.
1831.)

P. muricata, Don.* (Eng. 1846.)

P. Murrayana Balfour.* (Eng.)

P. palustris, Mill. (P. australis.)*
(Eng.)

P, Parryana, Engelm. Orcutt
1891.

P. ponderosa, Dougl.* (Eng.
1827.)

P. pungens, Michx. {.* (Hng.)

P. resinosa, Ait. *

Prrigida, Milly* - (ing, 1759.)

P. Sabiniana, Dougl. Orcutt
1891. (Eng. 1882.)

PP. Strobus,-lMinn, * -(ing. 1'705,)

Pe Torréeyana, Parry. *

P. tuberculata, Gordon. Orcutt
1891. (Eng. 1847.)

Pseudotsuga. A genus of asingle
American species.

P. Douglasii, Carr.* (Eng, 1826.)

P. Douglasii var, macrocarpa,
Engelm. Orcutt 1891.

Sequoia. Two Pacific species.

S.gigantea,Decsne. * (Eng.1853.)

S. gigantea, h. var.aurea. (Eng.)

S. gigantea,h.var. pendula. (Eng.
1871.)

S. sempervirens, End].* (Eng.)

S.sempervirens h. var. albo-
spica. (Eng.) |

S. sempervirens h. var. glauca.
(Eng.)

Taxodium. Three species; 1 Am-
erican,

T. distichum, Richard.* (Eng.
1640.) There is a weeping
variety.

Taxus. Six or eight species; 3
in this area.

T. brevifolia, Nutt. (Eng.)

T. Canadensis, Willd.* (Eng.

region.

PToiscantea, Nutiy® (ik ne.)
Known in cultivation as T.
plieata and “TL: Lobbii. (See
Libocedrus decurrens. )

264 Annals of Horticulture.

T. occidentalis, Linn. * (Eng.
1596.) As many as two dozen
named varieties are in cultiva-

tion.
Torreya. About 4 species; two
American,

i. Califernica, Torr ¢-4\iine,

1851.)
T. taxifolia, Arn. * (Eng. 1840.)
suga, “Five or 6. species; 4.in
our region.

T. (Abies) Canadensis, Carr. *
(Eng. 1736.) Several varieties
in cultivation.

T. Caroliniana, Engelm. Kelsey
1884. (Eng. 1886.)
T. Mertensiana, Carr.

Sai.)

T. Pattoniana Engelm. (T. Hook-
eriana, T. Roezlii of Carriére?)
(Eng. 1854.)

CYCADACEH®, CycaD FAMILY.

(Hng.

Zamia. About 380 species; we
have 2,
Z. integritolia, Jdacg. (Home:
1758.)

ORCHIDACE®, ORCHID FAMILY.
Aplectrum. Single species.
A. hiemale, Nutt. *
Arethusa. Three species; 1 in
our region,
A. bulbosa, Linn. Gill. 1881.
(Eng.)
Bletia. About 20 species; we
have 1.
B. verecunda, Swartz. Gill. 1881.
Calopogon. Four species, all
American.
C. pulchellus,R.Br.* (Eng.1791.)
Calypso. Single species.
C. borealis, Salisb. Gill. 1881.
Corallorhiza. Species 8 in our re-
gion; a dozen altogether.
C. Mertensiana, Bong.
1881.
C. multiflora, Nutt. Gill. 1881.
Cypripedium. About 40 species;
in our region 11.
C. acaule, Ait.* (Eng. 1786.)
Cyarietinum, -R2) Bree fide:

1808.)

C, Californicum, Gray. Gill.
1881.

C:candidum, -Mubh 3C ine:
1826.)

C. montanum, Dougl. (C. occi-
dentale.) *

‘ae

C. peers Salisb. * (Eng.
1759.) |

C. pubescens, Willd.* (Eng.
1790.)

C. spectabile, Swartz.* (Eng.
1731.) Varieties album and
roseum are catalogued.

Cyrtopodium. Twentyspecies; 1 -
reaching South Florida.

C. punctatum, Lindl. * (Eng.)
Dendrophylax. One species grows
in South Florida; 2 others.

D. Lindenii, Benth. Reasoner.
Epidendrum. About 400 species:

8 in our limits.

. bidentatum, Linn. *

. cochleatum, Linn, +
.conopseum, Ait. *

. nocturnum, Linn. Reasoner.)
. rigidum, Swz. Reasoner.
.venosum, Lindl,?*

Goodyera. We have 8, outof 25.

G. Menziesii, Lindl. *

G. pubescens, R. Br. *

G. quercicola, Lindl. Gill. 1881.

G. repens, R. Br. *

Habenaria. About 400 species; 34
in our territory.

H. blephariglottis, Torr.Gill.1881.
(Eng. 1820.) _ .

H. bracteata, R. Br. Gill. 1881.

H. ciliaris, R. Br.*. (Bue ie)

H. cristata, R, Br. Gill. 1881.
(Eng. 1806.)

H. dilatata, Gray. Gill. 1884.
(Eng. 1823.)

H. elegans, Bolander. Gill. 1881.

H. fimbriata, hob (Eng.
1789.)

H. Hookeri, Torr. Gill. 1881.
(Eng, 1822.)

H. hyperborea, R. Br. Gill. 1881.

H. lacera, RaBEs4

H. leucophzea, Gray. Gill. 1881.

H. leucostachys, Watson. Gill.
1881.

H. (Gymnadenia) nivea, Spreng.
Reasoner,

H. obtusata, Rich. Gill. 1881.

H orbiculata, Terr. Gill. 1851.
(Eng.)

H. psycodes, Gray. *

H. tridentata, Hook. * ;

H. Unalaschensis, Watson. Gill.
1881. |

H. virescens, Spreng. * —
Liparis. We have 2 species, out

of 100.

esfesfesfesicsiics|

Census of Cultivated Indigenous Plants.

euiifolia, Rich, Gill. 1881.
(Ein

g.)
iy Leesellii, Rich. Gill, 188t.

Listera. Tenspecies; we have 8:8.
L. convallarioides, Nutt. Gill.
1884.
L. cordata, R. Br. Gill, 1884.
Orchis. About 80 species; 2 in
our region.
O. rotundifolia, Pursh. Gill.
1881. (Eng.)
O.spectabilis, Linn. Gill. 188].
(Eng. 1801.)
Pogonia. About 30 species; we
have o.
P. divaricata, R. Br. Gill. 1881.
P. ophioglossoides, Nutt. Gill.
’ leeks Cing, 1816.)
P. pendula, Lindl. Gill. 1881,
(Eng. 1824. )
P. verticillata, Nutt. Gill. 1881.

Polystachya. About 40 species; 1
in south Florida.
P. luteola, Hook.
polystachyon.) * (Eng. 1818.)
Ponthieva. One species; 10in all.
P. glandulosa, R. Br. Gill. 1881.
Spiranthes. Some 80 species; 18
in our region.
S. cernua, Rich.* (Eng. 1796.)
S. gracilis, Bigelow. Gill. 1881.
©. latifolia, Torr. Gill. 1881.
S. preecox, Watson. (S. gra-
minea.) Hors. 1889.
S. Romanzoffiana, Cham. Wool.
1883.
S. simplex, Gray. Hors. 1889.
Tipularia. Species 2; 1 Asian,1
American.
re ciscolor, Nutt. *
Vanilla. One species in our re-
gion; 20 in all.
¥. planifolia, --~Andr. *
1800. )

ScITAMINEZ, CARDAMON F'aMILY.
Canna. 30 species; 1 in our region.

(Dendrobium

(Eng.

C. flaccida, Roscoe. Reasoner.
(Eng. 1788.)
Thalia. Species about 5; 2 in our
region.

T. dealbata, Roscoe. (Eng. ote)
gs divaricata, Chapm. *

BROMELIACE®, BROMELIA or PINE-
APPLE E'AMILY.
Catopsis. One species in this re-
gion: about 8 in all.
C. nitida, Baker. (Eng. 1823.)

265

Tillandsia. About 120 species; a
dozen in our region.
T. bulbosa, Hook.* (Eng. 1828.)
T. ceespitosa, Le Conte. *
i: Fecturvata, Pursh. *
fe: usneoides, inn. * (hng: 1877.)
Ale. utriculata, ike Conte. * (Hine.

1793.)
HAMODORACEZ, BLOODWORT F'AmM-
LLY:
Aletris. Eight species; 2 in our
region.
A.aurea, Walt. Kelsey ’90-’91.
(Eng. 1811. )

A, farinosa, Linn,* (Eng. 1768.)
Lachnanthes. One species, North

American.
L, tinctoria, Ell. (Eng. 1812.)
Lovhiola. One species; North
American.

L. aurea, Ker. (Eng. 1811.)
TRIDACEZ, IRIS FAMILY.

Alophia. Three or four species;
we have 2 (Herbertia and
Trifurcia).

A. (Herbertia) czerulea, Benth. &
Hook, (Eng. 1842.)
A. (Herbertia) Drummondiana,
Herb, (Eng; 1839.)
Iris. One hundred species; 19 in
this region.
I, bracteata, Wats. Hors. 1889
(1888. )
Caroliniana, Wats... U.. S.
Nurseries 1889.
cristata, Ait.* (Eng. 1756.)
Douglasiana, Herb. (Eng. 1873.)
fulva, Ker. (Eng.)
Hartwegi, Baker. Gill. 1881.
hexagona, Walt.* (Eng.)
longipetala, Herb. Hors. 1889.
(Eng. 1862.)
macrosiphon, Lorr. -yvar.
flavum. Hors, 1889 (1888).
Missouriensis, Nutt. (1. Tol-
mieana, Hub.) Gill,1881. (Eng.
1880.)

me eke ate

I.prismatica, Pursh. (f. Vir-
cinica, Gray.)* (Eng. 1758.)
I. tenax, Dougl. Gill. 1881. (Eng.
1826.)

[-tripetala” Walt. -. (i. triden-
tata.) «ing. 1829)

Lyerna, Linn... Wools- 1883.
(Eng. 1748.)

I. versicolor, Linn. Gill. 1881.

(Eng. 1732.)

266

Nemastylis. We have 4 outof 6.
N. acuta, Herb. Wool. 1883.
(Eng. 1875.)
N. ceelestina, Nutt.* (Eng. 1882.)
Sisyrinchium, About 50 species;
we have 10.
S. bellum, Watson. Gill. 1881.
S. Bermudiana of Gill. 1881.
May beeitherS.angustifolium,
Mill., or S. anceps, Cav.
S. Californicum, Ait. f. (Eng.
1796.

S. grandiflorum, Dougl. Gill.
1881. (Eng. 1826.)
S. mucronatum, Michx. Gill.
1881.

Tigridia. Seven or eight species;

1 in our’region.
T. buccifera, Wats. Hors. 1889
AMARYLLIDACEH, AMARYLLIS F'Am-
ILY.
Agave. About twenty species;
mostly American.
A. deserti, Engelm. Orcutt 1891.
(Eng. 1877.)
A. Palmeri, Engelm. Orcutt1891.
A. Parryi, Engelm. Orcutt 1891.
A. PoselgerinVexas,. (kine)
A. Pringlei, Engelm. ‘‘ A moun-
tain form of A. deserti, rare

and beautiful.’’ Orcutt 1891.
A. Schottii, Engelm. Orcutt
1891.

A. Shawii, Engelm.* (Eng. 1877.)

A. Utahensis, Engelm. (Eng.
1881.)

A. variegata, Texas. (Eng. 1865.)

A. Virginica, Linn.* (Eng. 1765.)

Cooperia. Species 2; Texas and
Mexico.
C. Drummondii, Herb. Wool.
1883

C. pedunculata, Herb, “G: & .
1891,

Crinum. Species over 60; 1 Am-
erican.
C. Americanum, Linn. *
1752.)
Hymenocallis. Species 30 or more,
in the western hemisphere;
11 within our limits.
H, (Pancratium) Caribeea, Herb.*
H. lacera, Salisb. (Pancratium
rotatum.)* (Eng. 1803.)
Hypoxis. Species over 50; 3 Am-
erican.
H. erecta, Linn, Gill. 1881. (Eng.
1752.)

(Eng.

Annals of Horticulture.

Paucratium.
above.
Zephyranthes. About 30 species,
American; 4 within the limits

of the United States.

Z. Atamasco, Herb. (Amaryllis
Atamasco.)*

Z. longifolia, Hemsl. Hors. 1889
(1886).

Z. Texana, Herb. *

Z. Treatize, Watson. Wool. 1883.

DIOSCOREACEA, YAM FAMILY.
Discorea. About 15 species; 1 in
this country.

D. villosa, Linn. Gill. 1881.

LILIACE®, Lity FAMILY.
Allium. About 250 species; we
have 54.

A.acuminatum, Hook. (A. Mur-
rayanum.) Gill. 1881. (ing.
1840.)

A. acuminaium ‘‘var. rubrum.”’
‘‘F lowers deep red-purple; in
other respects like the type
California.’’ Dict. Gard.

A.anceps, Kellogg. Gill. 1881.

A. attenuifolium, Kellogg. Hors.
1889. (Eng.)

A. Bidwelliz,Wats. Gill.1881.

A. Breweri, Wats, (Eng. 1882.)

A. cernuum, Roth. *

A. Cusickii, Wats. *

A. faleatum. Hors. 1889 (1888).
‘*Hourto6in.; flowersred-pur-
ple; N.W.”? Horsford. A. fal-
cifolium ?

A.falcifolium, Hook. & Arn, Or-
cutt 1891. (Eng. 1880.)

“A. falciforme.”” (Mme 9842)
‘‘Probably a variety of A. uni-
folium,with pure whiteflowers,
in several-flowered umbels.”
Dict. Gard.

A. fimbriatum, Wats. Orcutt,
1891

A. Geyeri, Wats. Wool. 1888.

See Hymenocallis

A. hematochiton, Wats. Hors,
1889 (1884).
A, Macnabianum, Regel. ‘‘Cul-

tivated from bulbs probaably
collected in Oregon, cannot be:
identified from the description
in Regel’s Monographia Alli-
orum.’’ Watson. (Eng.)

A. madidum, Wats. Hors. 1889.

A. mutabile, Michx. (Nothos-
cardum inodorum of Dict.
Gard.) (Eng. 1770 & 1824.)

Census of Cultivated Indigenous FP lants. 267

A. Nevadense, Wats. (Eng.
1882.)

A. platycanle, Wats. Hors. 1889
(1884).

A. reticulatum, Fraser. * (Eng,
1882.)

A.Sanbornii, Wood. Hors. 1889.

A.scaposum, Benth. Hors. 1889
(1885).

A.Schoenoprasum, Linn. Wool.

A. serratum, Wats. Wool. 1883.
A. stellatum, Fraser. Wool. 1883.
A. tricoccum, Ait. *
A.unifolium, Kellogg. Gill. 1881.
(Eng. 1878.)
A. validum, Wats. Wool. 1883.
(Eng. 1881.)
Amianthium. Single speciesinour
territory.
A. muscetoxicum, Gray. Wool.
1888. (Eng. 1758.)
Androstephium. Two, American.
A. Violaceum, Torr. Wool, 1883.
(Eng. 1874.)
Bloomeria. Three species, Cali-
fornian.
B. aurea, Kellogg, Gill. 1881.
ee od Wats. Orcutt,
891]

Brevoortia. Species one.
B. (Brodizea) coccinea, Wats.
Wool. 1888. (Eng. 1870.)
Brodiza. There are 26 in our re-
gion,

B. Bridgesii, Wats. Hors. 1889
(1884).

B. capitata, Benth. Wool. 1883.
(Eng. 1871.)

B.capitatavar.alba. Hors. 1889.

B. congesta, Smith. Gill. 1881.
(Eng. 1806.)

B. Douglasii, Wats. (Eng. 1876.)

i cracilis,, Wats. Gill: 1881.
(Eng. 1876.)

B. grandiflora, Smith. Gill. 1880.
(Eng. 1806.)

B. Howellii, Wats. Gill. 1881.
(Eng. 1880.) :
B. hyacinthina (Triteleia hyacin-
thina, Greene). Orcutt 1891.
B. ixioides, Wats. (Calliprora
lutea.) Gill. 1881. (Eng. 1831.)

B. lactea, Watson. Gill. 1881.
(Eng. 1833.)

B. (Triteleia) laxa, Wats. Gill.
1881. (Eng. 1882.)

B. minor, Watson. Gill. 1881.

B. multiflora, Benth. Gill. 1887-
(Eng. 1872.)

B. Orcuttii, (Greene.) Orcutt
1891.

B. peduncularis, Wats. Orcutt
1891

B. stellaris, Wats. Hors. 1889

(1884),
B. terrestris, Kellogg. Gill. 1881.
Calockortus. American, 34species.

C. albus, Dougl. Gill. 1881. (Eng.
1882.)

C. albus, Dougl.,var. paniculatus.
Baker. Hors. 1889.

C. aureus, Wats. Orcutt 1891.

C. Benthami, Baker. Gill. 1881.

C. exruleus, Wats. Hors. 1889
(1884).

@; elegans) (Pursh, Gill. 18st.
(Eng. 1826.)

C. elegans var. nanus, Wood.
Gill. 1881.

C. flexuosus, Watson. Gill. 1881.

C. Greenei, Watson. Gill. 1881.

C. Gunnisoni, Wats. Wool. 1883.
(Eng.)

C. Howellii, Wats. Hors. 1889
(1888).

C. Kennedyi, Porter. G. & H.
1891. Orcutt 1891.

C. Leichtiinii; Elook. f. “A low
mountain form of C. Nuttellii.
Orcutt 1891.

C. lilacinus, Kellogg. Wool. 1883.
(Eng. 1868.)

C.lilacea. (C.lilacinus?) Hors.
1889,

C. longebarbatus, Wats. Hors.
1889 (1884).

C. luteus, Dougl. Gill. 1881. (Eng.
1831.)

C. luteus var. citrinus, Wats.
Hors. 1889. Sold as a variety
of C. venustus.

C. luteus, Benth. var. oculatus,
Wats. Hors. 1889. Sold as a
variety of C. venustus.

C. macrocarpus, Doug]. Gill.
1881. (Eng. 1826.)

C. Maweanus, Leicht. Gill. 1881.
(Eng. )

C. nitidus, Dougl. Orcutt 1891.

C. nudus, Watson. Gill. 1881.

Cy Nuttall, Vorr & Gr. Gul.
1881. (Eng. 1869.)

C. Palmeri, Wats. Orcutt 1891.

C. pulchellus, Dougl. Wool. 1883.
(Eng. 1882.)

268

C. splendens, Dougl. Gill. 1881.
(Eng. 1832.)

C. uniflorus, Hook. & Arn. Or-
cutt 1891.
C. venustus, Benth. Gill. 1881.
(Eng. 1836.) (See C. luteus.)
C. venustus var. purpurascens,
Wats. Orcutt 1891.

C. venustus var. roseus. Hors.
1889.

C. Weedii, Wood. Hors. 1889

(1884).
Camassia. Fivespecies; N. Amer-
ican.
C. Cusickii, Wats. Hors. 1889
(1886). Wool. about 1889.

C. esculenta, Lindl. Wool. 1888.
C. Praseri, Torr. * (ine:)

C. Leiehtlinii, Wats. G. & 2H.
1891.
Chlorogalum.

ifornian.
C. angustifolium, Kellogg. Or-
cutt 1891.
C. parviflorum, Wats.
1891.
GP pomeridianum, Kunth. Wool.
1888. (Eng. 1819.)
Clintonia. A half dozen species, 4
here (see also Downingia Lobel-

‘Three species, Cal-

Orcutt

laces).

C. Andrewsiana, Torr. Gill. 1881.
(ing.)

©. borealis, Raf: Gill. 1881.
(Eng. 1778.)

C. umbellata, Torr. Kelsey ’89-
»90. (Eng. 1778.)

GC. wniflora, Kunth: (Gill: 168i;
(Eng.)

Convallaria. Single species.

C. majalis, Luinn;y ~ Galle 1881.
Native also to Europe, whence
the stock probably comes.

C. majalis var. rosea. Wool.
1888.

Dasylirion. Two species in our re-
gion, out of 8.

ise eraminifolium is catalogued
by Reasoner; but whether the
plant is the Mexican D. oram-
inifolium or D. Texanum—
which is also known as D.
graminifolium—does not ap-
pear.

D. Wheeleri, Wats. Reasoner.

Disporum. Twelve species; 8 in
our region (including Pro-
sartes).

Annals of Horticulture.

). Hookeri, Benth. & Hook.
(Eng. )

D. lanuginosum, Benth. & Hook.
(Eng. “1758. )

D. (Prosartes) Menziesii, Benth.
& Hook. Gill. 1881.

D. (Prosartes) Oreganum, Benth.
& Hook. Gill. 1881.

D. (Prosartes) trachycarpum,
Benth. & Hook. Hors. 1889.
D. Menziesii, Benth. & Hook.

(Eng. )
Erythronium. About 15 species;
18 in this country.

E. albidum, Nutt. Gill. 1881.

EK. albidum var. coloretum. S.
W. states. Hors. 1889 (1888).

EK. Americanum, Ker, * (Eng.)

E. citrinum, Wats. *

E. giganteum, Lindl. Gill. 1881.

E. grandiflorum, Pursh. Gill.
1881. (Eng.)

E. grandiflorum var. albiflorum,
Hook. Orcutt 1891. Supposed
by some to be identical with E.
giganteum.

E. grandifiorlm Vane fer.
Morren. Hors. 1889.

EK. Hendersoni, Wats.
1889 (1888).

E. Howellii, Wats. Orcutt 1891.

E. purpurascens, Watson. Gill.
1881

E. revolutum, Smith. (Erythro-
nium Smithii.) Hors. 1889
(1885).

Frittillaria. Some 50 species: 8 in
our region (including Lilior-
hiza).

F. atropurpurea, Nutt. Gill.

1881.

F. biflora, Lindl. Wool. 1883.

F. lanceolata, Pursh. Gill. 1881.

= Oe, 1872.)

F’. liliacea, Lindl. (Liliorhiza
lanceolata.) Gill. 1881.

F. parviflora, Torr. Gill. 1881.

Hors.

F. pudica, Spreng. Gill. 1881.
(Eing.)
F. recurva, Benth. Gill. 1881.
(Eng. 1870.)
Helonias. One species, N. Amer-

Can,
H. bullata, Linn. * (Eng. 1758.)
Hesperocallis. One species, N.
American.
H. undulata, Gray. Wool. 1888.
Leucocrinum. Single species.

on
be —"

Census of Cultivated Indigenous Plants. 269

L. montanum, Nutt. Hors. 1889
(1887).
Lilium. About50; 15 in this coun-
try.

L. Binder, Wats. *

L.Canadense, Linn. * (Eng.1829.)

L. Canadense var. flavum. Hors.
1889.

L. Canadense var. rubrum.
Wool. 1888. ‘‘Var. maximum.’’*

L. Carolinianum, Michx. G. &
H. 1891. -(Eng.)

L. Catesbeei, Walt. * (Eng.)

L. Columbianum, Hans. .*

L. Grayi, Wats. Kelsey ’90-’91.
G. & H.1891. Perhaps intro-
duced sparingly a couple of
years earlier by Kelsey.

L. Humboldtii, Roezl. & Leichtl.
Gill. 1881. (Eng. 1872.)

L. maritimum, Kell. Gill. 1881.

“L. nitidum.” Introduced from
California in 1880 to Eng!and,
according to Dict. Gard. The
Species is not identified with
American descriptions.

L. pardalinum, Kell. * (Eng.
1875.)

L. pardalinum var.angustifolium,

Kellogg. (L. Roezlei.) Wool.
hess. (Hine. 1871.)

L. Parryi, Watson. Gill. 1881.
(Eng. 1879.)

iy parvum. Kellogg. (L. Cana-

dense var. parvum.) Gill. 1881.
(Eng. )

i Philadelphicum, Ginn. Gill.
1881. (Eng. 1754.)

L. rubescens, Wats. (L. Wash-
ingtonianum var. purpureum.
Wool. 1888. (Eng. 1872.)

L. suverbum, Linn. * (Eng.)

L. Washingtonianum, Kell. *
(Eng. 1872.)

Lloydia. Species 2; 1 in nae.

L. serotina, Reich. Hors. 1889.

Maianthemum. Two species.

M.(Smilacina) bifolium, DC. Gill.

1881.

Medeola. Species 1.
M. Virginica, Linn.
(Eng. 1759.)
Melanthium.
American.
M. Virginicum, Linn.
~92. (Eng.)
Milla. One species.
M. biflora, Cav. Hors. 1889.

Gill. 1881.
Three species, N.

Kelsey ’91

Nolina. About a dozen species; 8
in our region.

IN: Bigelovii, Wats. Orcutt
1891
N. Georgiana, Mithx. (Bone.

1812.)
Nothoscordum. About 10 species;
1 in this country.

N. fragrans (Eng. 1822), of Dict.
Gard. is probably not Ameri-
can, unless it may beN. stria-
tum.

N. (Allium) striatum, Kunth.
Wool. 1883. (Eng.)

Oakesia. Species 2.

O. (Uvularia) puberula, Wats.
Gu 1824. )

(Uvularia) sessilifolia, Wats.
O Wool 1883. (Eng. 1790.)
Pleea. Onespecies.

PB. tenuitolia, Michx, (Hine.
1824. )

Polygonatum. Two dozen species;
2 in this country.

P., bidiorum, 1 11".
florum. ) * (Eng. )

P. giganteum, Dietr.
99

(Pe multi
Kelsey ’91

Prosartes. See Disporum.
Smilacina. Twenty species; a
half dozen in this country.

S. racemosa, Desf. Gill. 1881.
(Eng. 1640.) |
S. stellata, Desf. Gill. 1881.
(Eng. 1633.)
S. sessilifolia, Nutt. Gill. 1881.
Smilax. Nearly 200 species: 17 in
this region.

S. auriculata, Walt. (Eng. 1884.)

S. Bona-nox, Linn. (Eng. 1739.)

S. glauca, Walt. (Eng. 1815.)

S. herbacea, Linn. (Eng. 1699.)

S. hispida, Muhl. *

S. lanceolata, Linn. (Eng. 1785.)

S. Pseudo-China, Linn. (Eng.
1739.)

S. rotundifolia, Linn. (Eng.)

Stenanthium. Five species: 3

here.

S. angustifolium, Gray. (And
var. gramineum.) (Eng.)
S. occidentale, Gray. Hors.
1889. (Eng. 1881.)
Streptopus. We have three of the
four species.
S. amplexifolius, DC. Gill. 1881.
S. roseus, Michx. Gill. 1881.
Stropholirion. Single species.

270

S. Californicum, Torr. (Brodiza
volubilis.) (Eng. 1874.)
Tofieldia. Some 14 species; 6 in
this region.
T. pubescens, Pers. (Eng. 1840.)
Trillium. A dozen species.
TT. .cernuum,, lam, “Giles.
(Eng. 1758.)
T. erectum, Linn. Gill -1881.
(Eng. 1759.)
T. erectum var. album, Pursh.
Gill. 1881. (Eng.)
T. erectum ‘‘ var. ochroleucum.”’’

‘Yellowish white-.’” Dict.
Gard. Bot. Mag. t. 3250.

T. erythrocarpum, Michx. Gill.
188i Chime, TSilek. )

T. grandiflorum, Salibsb.* (Eng.
1799. )

T. nivale, Riddell. Gill. 1881.
(Eng. 1879.)

T. ovatum, Pursh. Guill. 1881.
(Eng. 1810, as T. obovatum. )

T. petiolatum, Pursh. Gill. 1881.

T. recurvatum, Beck. Gill. 1881.

T. sessile, Linn. Gill.1881. (Eng.
1759.)

T. sessile var. Californicum,
Wats, Hors. 1889 (1884).

T. sessile var. Wrayi, Wats.
T. discolor. Wool. 1883. (Eng.
1831.)

T. stylosum, Nutt. Kelsey 1889.
(Eng. 1823.)

Triteleia. See Brodiza.
Uvularia. Four or five; 2 in this
country. (See Oakesia.)

U. grandiflora, Smith. * (Eng.
1802.)

U. perfoliata, Linn. * (Eng. 1710.)

Veratrum. Hight or 9 species; 5
in our region.

V. viride, Ait. (Eng. 1742.)

Xerophyvllum. Species3, American.

X. setifolium, Michx. (X.aspho-
deloides.) * (Eng. 1765.)

xX. tenax: Nutt. "Gull! 13st

Yucea. We have a dozen species.

Y. aloifolia, Linn:

Y. angustifolia, Pursh. * (Eng.
1811.)

Y. angustifolia var.’ mollis,
Engelm. (Y. stricta.) (Eng.
17.)

Y. baccata, Torr. * (Eng. 1873.)

Y. brevifolia, Enge]m. *

Y. canaliculata, Hook. * (Y. Tre-
culiana.) (Eng. 1858S.)

Annals of Horticulture.

Y. elata, Engelm.
ta.) (Eng. 1862.)

Y. filamentosa, Linn. * (Eng.
1675.)

Y. filamentosa var.
Kingelm. (Y. exigua, Y. glauca.)
(Eng. 1873, 1814.).

Y. gloriosa, Linn. * (Eng. 1596.)

Y. macrocarpa, Engelm.* (Eng.)

Y. rupicola, Scheele. Wool. 1883.
(Eng. )

Y. Whipplei, Torr. * (Eng. 1876.)

(Y. constric-

Zygadenus. A dozen species; 9
here.
Z. angustifolius, Wats. (Eng.
1823.
Z. elegans, Pursh. (Z. glaucus.)
Wool. 1883, (Eng. 1828.)

Z. Fremonti, Torr. Hors. 1889.

(Eng. 1874.)

Z. glaberrimus, Michx. (Eng.
1811.)

Z. leimanthoides, Gray. Kelsey
93 -’92.

Z. Nuttallii, Gray. Wool. 1883.
(Eng. 1883.)

Z. paniculatus, Wats. Hors. 1889.
Z. venenosus, Watson. *

PONTEDERIACE&, PICKEREL-WEED
F'AMILY.
Heteranthera. Hight species, half
in our region.
H. limosa, Vahl.
H. reniformis, Ruiz.

(Eng.)
& Pav.

(Eng. 1824.)
Pontederia. Seven or 8; we have
but 1.

P. cordata, Linn. * (Eng. 1579.)

COMMELINACEZ, SPIDERWORT
FAMILY.
Commelina, About 90 species; 5 in
our region.

C. erecta, Linn. (Eng.)

C. Virginica, Linn. (Eng.)

Tradescantia. Over 30; a half-
dozen here.

T. rosea. Vent. Kelsey ’90-’91.
(Eng. 1802.)

T. Virginica, Linn. * (Eng. 1629.)
There are several named varie-
ties in cultivation.

T. Virginica ‘‘ var.alba.”” Wool.
1883.

JUNCACEA, RusH FAMILY.
Juncus. About 200 species; 70 in
our region.

J. effusus, Linn. *

flaccida, ~

Census of Cultivated Indigenous Plants.

PaLM#, PaAuM FAMILY.
Erythea. Two species,
nian.
E. armata, Wats. * (Eng. 1887.)

Califor-

E. (Brahea) edulis, Wats.
(Eng. ) sat
Oreodoxa. Onespecies in our re-

gion; 5 in all.
O. regia, HBK. * (Eng. 1836.)
Pseudophoenix. Onespeciesin S.
Florida.

P. Sargenti, Wendl. * (Eng. 1887.)
Discovered on Elliott’s Key, 8S.
Florida, in 1886, by Professor
C. S. Sargent.

Rhapidophyllum. Single species,
ee E. States,
R. (Chameerops) Hystrix, Wendl.
& Drude. * (Eng. 1801.)

Sabal. Sixspecies; 3 in ourregion.

S. Adansonii, Guerns. * (Eng.

1810.)
S. Palmetto, Roem. & Schult. =
(Eng. 1825. )
Serenoa. Single species.
S. serrulata, Benth. & Hook. *
(Eng. 1840.)
Thrinax. About 10 species; 3 in
our region.
T. argentea, Loddiges. * (Eng.
1830. )
T. parviflora, Swz.* (Eng. 1778.)
Washingtonia. Species 2.
W. filifera, Wendl. * (Eng.)

Known also as Brahea and
Pritchardia.
W. robusta, Wendl. * (Eng.)

TYPHACE®, CATTAIL FAMILY.
Typha. Ten species; 3
region.

T. latifolia, Linn. *

ARACE®, ARUM FAMILY.
Acorus. Species 2; linour region.

A. Calamus, L. *

A. Calamus var. variegatus.
Wool. 18838. Cultivated varie-
ties probably from Europe,
where the plant is native.

Arisema. About 50 species; 3
American.

A. Dracontium, Schott. Gill.
1881.- (Eng. 1759.)

A. triphyllum, Torr.* (Eng. 1664.)

Calla. Species 1; Europe and
America.
C. palustris, Linn. Gill. 1881.
Orontium. Species 1; American.
O. aquaticum, Linn. *

in our

275

Peltandra. Species 2; American.
P. undulata. Rat. Gens ‘Virginica. Ve
(Eng. 1759.)
Pistia. A single species.
P. stratiotes, Linn., var. spathu-
lata, Engler *
Symplocarpus. Species 1; Ameri-
can and Asian.
S. foetidus, Salish. *
Xanthosoma. Twenty-fivespecies;
one in our region.

X. sagittifolium, Schott. (Eng.
171.0. }
ALISMACEH, WATER-PLANTAIN F'aAmM-
TY
Sagittaria. Species 15 or 20; 11
American.

S. graminea, Michx. (Eng. 1812.)

S. heterophylla, Pursh. (Eng.
1822.)

S. variabilis, Engelm. * (Hng.
1818.)

CYPERACE&, SEDGE FAMILY.
Carex. Some 800 or 900 species;
in our region there are 274,
C. Grayii, Carey. (Eng. 1879.)
C. intumescens, Rudge. (Eng.)
Scirpus. Species about 300; in
our limits 28.
S. atrovirens, Muhl. G. & H.
1891.

S. riparius,
gracilis.) *
Scleria. About 100 species; 11 in
our territory.
S. ciliata, Michx.

Spreng. (Isolepis

(Eng. 1823.)

S.verticillata, Muhl, (Eng.
1825. )
GRAMINEA, GRASS FAMILY.
Agrostis. Species 100; in our re-
gion 27.
A.alba, Linn, (A. stolonifera,

A. vulgaris.) * Apparently na-
tive in mountainous regions,
but introduced into cultivation

from Europe. pe
A. canina, Linn, *
Ammophila. Four species; 1 in
our region,
A. arundinacea, Host. (Calam-

acrostis arenaria.) *
Arundinaria. We have one spec-
ies, out of a total of 24.
A.macrosperma, Michx., var.
suffruticosa, Munro. (A.
tecta.) *

272

Calamagrostis. There are 31
species in our region.
©. brevipilis, Gray. Gill. 1881.
Chrysopogon. About 20 species;
of which we have 3.

C. (Sorghum) nutans, Benth.
Gill. 1881.
Festuca. ‘Twenty-one in our re-

gion; in all, some 230.

F. amethystina, Linn. *

F. duriuscula, Lam.* Native
also in Europe, whence the
cultivated plant has come.

K, -ovina;, Linn: * (See mote
under above. )

F. rubra, Linn. *
der above.)

Glyceria. Species 30;
country.

G. grandis, Watson. (G. or Poa,
aquatica.) *

Hordeum. A dozen species ; 2 in
this country.

H. jubatum, Linn. * (Eng. 1782.)

Panicum. Nearly 300 species; in
this country, 67.
P. virgatum, Linn.* (Eng. 1781.)
Phalaris. About 10 species; 4 in
our region.
P. arundinacea, Linn. * Native

(See note un-

11 in this

also to Europe, whence the.

ribbon-grass of the gardens
(var. picta or var. variegata)
probably came, and also the
ereen-leaved form, grown for
hay.

Phleum. Ten species;
region.

. pratense, Linn. * Native also
to Europe, whence it has come
into cultivation.

Poar
which we have 53.

P. arachnifera, Torr. *

P.nemoralis, Linn.* Perhaps
not..the FP. nemoralis ‘of
botanists.

P. pratensis, Linn. *

Stipa. About 100 species; 23 here.

S. pennata, Linn. *

Tripsacum. Two species in our
region: 3 or 4in all.

is dactyloides, Linn.

Uniola. Species 4; North Am-

erican.
U. latifolia, Michx. Wool. 1883.

2 in our

Eng.) :
U. paniculata, Linn. * (Eng. )

Zizania.

About 200 species - in all; of

Annals of Horticulture.

Single species.
Z. aquatica, Linn. *

EQUISETACE, HORSETAIL F'AMILY.

Equisetum. In
species.
E.. arvense, Linn.
E. hiemale, Linn.

our region 138

Gill. 1884.
Gill. 1884,

FILICES, FERN FAMILY.

Acrostichum. But one speciesfin
America.
A. aureum, Linn. * Soe
Adiantum. We have 5 species.
A. Capillus-Veneris, Linn. *
A. emarginatum, Hook. Gill.
1881.
A. pedatum, Linn. *
ee Two species in our re-

A. S digneitalee Swz. (Eng.1793.)
Aspidium. Two dozen species

grown in this country.

A. acrostichoides, Swz. * (Eng.)

A. aculeatum, Swz. *

A. aculeatum, Swartz,
Braunii, Doell. *

A. Bootii, Tuckerm. Hors. 1889.

A. cristatum, Swz. *

A. cristatum var. Clintonianum,

var.

Eaton. Gill. 1881.
A. Floridanum, Eaton. Gill.
1881. (Eng.)

. Filix-mas, Swz. *
. fragrans, Swz. Gill. 1881.
Goldieanum, Hook.* (Eng.)
. Lonchitis, Swz. *
. marginale, Swz.* (Eng. 1772.)
. munitum, Kaulf.* (Hng.) 4
Nevadense, Eaton. Gill. 1881.
Noveboracense, Swz. * (Eng.
1812.)
A. patens, Swz. Gill. 1881.
A. rigidum, Swz., var. argutum,
Eaton. *
A. spinulosum, Swz. *
A.spinulosum var. dilatatum,
Hornem. *
A. spinulosum var. intermedium,
Eaton, *
A. Thelypteris, Swz. *
A. unitum. R. Br., var. glabrum.
Mett. Reasoner.
Asplenium. Twenty-one species
erow in our region.
A. angustifolium, Michx. Gill.
1881. (Eng. )
A. ebeneum, Ait. * (Eng. 1779.)
A. ebenoides, Scott. Gill. 1881.

PPP bbb bb

Census of Cultivated Indigenous Plants. 273

meiiiix-foemina, Bernh. (A.
Michauxii.* (Eng.)

A. firmum, Kunze. Gill. 1881.
A. montanum, Willd. . (Eng.
1812.)

A.myriophyllum, Presl. Gill.
1881.

A. parvulum, M:. & G. Gill.
1831.

A. pinnatifidum, Nutt.* (Eng.)
A. rhizophyllum, Kunze. (Eng.
1680. )
A. Ruta-muraria, Linn. Gill.
1881.
A. septentrionale, Hoffm.*
A. thelypteroides,Michx.* (Eng.
1823.)
A. Trichomanes, Linn. *
A. Trichomanes var. incisum,
Moore. Orcutt 1891.
A. viride, Huds. Gill. 1881.
Blechnum. Only a single species
in our region.
B. serrulatum, Rich. *
Camptosorus. One species only,
in this country.
C. rhizophyllus, Link.* (Eng.)
Ceratopteris. One species.
C. thalictroides, Brong. (Eng.)
Cheilanthes. We have 21 species.
C. (Hypolepis) Californica, Mett.
Gill. 1881. (Eng.)
C. Clevelandii, Eaton. Gilt.
1881. (Eng.)
C. Cooperze, Eaton. Gill. 1881.
Gy Wendleri, Hook. Gill. 1881.
(Eng.)
C. gracillima, Eaton. Gill. 1881.
(Eng.)
C. lanuginosa, Nutt. (Eng.)
C. Lindheimeri, Hook. (Eng.)
C. microphylla, Swz.*
C.myriophylla, Desv. Orcutt
1891.

C. tomentosa, Link. Wool. 1883.
C. tomentosa var. Eatoni, Dav.

(Eng. )
© vestita, Swz. Wool. 1883.
(Eng. 1812.)

C. viscida, Davenport. Gill. 1881.
C. Wrightii, Hook. (Eng.)
Cryptogamme. Onespecies inour

_ territory.

C. acrostichoides, R. Br. Gill.
1881. (Eng.)

Cystopteris. Species 38 in our
limits.

TQ

C. bulbifera. Bernh. Gill, 1881,
(Eng. 1688.)
C. fragilis, Bernh. *
Dicksonia. One species in this
region.
D. pilosiuscula, Willd.* (Eng.
1811.)
Gymnogramme. Two or three
species in this country.
G. hispida, Mett. Gill. 1881.
G. triangularis, Kaulf. *
G. triangularis var. viscosa, Ea-
ton. Orcutt 1891.
Lomaria. A single species in our
region.
-L. spicant, Desv. Gill. 1881.
Lygodium. One species only in
North America.
L. palmatum, Swz. Gill. 1875.
(Eng,
Nephrolepis. In North America
there are 2 species.
N. exaltata, Schott. * <A _ weli-
known greenhouse fern.
Notholena. We havel4 species.
N. candida, Hook. (Eng.)
Ns) Gretacea,. Liebm. Hors.
1889.
N. ferruginea, Hook. Wool.
1883.

N. Newberryi, Eaton. Gill. 1881.
(Eng.) |

N. Parryi, Eaton. Gill. 1881.

N. sinuata, Kaulf. Wool. 18838.

N. tenera, Gillies. Gill. 1881.

Onoclea. We have 2 species (in-

cluding struthiopteris).

O. sensibilis, Linn. *

O. sensibilis var. obtusilobata.
Torr.” (Eng. )

O. Struthiopteris, Hoffm. Gill.
1881.

Osmunda. Three species here.
O. cinnamomea, Linn. *
O. Claytoniana, Linn. *
©. regalis, Linn.* Fhere is a
var. cristata.
Pellza. We have 15 species.
P.andromedefolia, Fée. Gill.
1881.
P. atropurpurea, Link.* (Eng.
(

P. brachy ptera, Baker. (Eng,
1873.)

P. Breweri, Eaton. Gill. 1881.
P. Bridgesii, Hook. (Eng. 1875.)
P. densa, Hook. * (Hine)

274

P. flexuosa, Link. Gill. 1881.
P. gracilis, Hook. *

P. ornithopus, Hook... Gill.
1881.
(Eng. 1878.)

uae ee ee Hook. Gill.

Phegopteris. In our region there -

are 6 species.
P. alpestris, Mett. Hors. 1889.
P. Dryopteris, Fée. Gill. 1881.
P. hexagonoptera, Fée.* (Eng.
mae ede
P. polypodioides, Fée. (Polypo-
dium Phegopteris.) Gill. 1881.
Polypodium. There are 11 in this
country.
P. aureum, Linn. * (Eng. 1742.)
P. Californicum, Kaulf. Gill.
LS 3 ( ae)
P. falcatum, Kelloge. *
P. incanum, Swz. *
Hee Linn. “> “dine:
793

( S
P.. Phyllitidis;- Juinn..° > Gine:
1793.)

P. Scouleri, Hook. & Grev.
(Eng. )
Po yuleare, Lianne
Pteris. There are 4 speciés in our
region.
P aquihne iin: *
P; aquilina,, Lann.,: var, ‘lana-
ginosa, Bong. Gill. 1881.
P. Cretica, Linn. *
P. serrulata,-, Gin. £4 Cae
1770.)
Schizea. Single species.
S. pusilla, Pursh. Gill. 1881.
Scolopendrium. But one species
in America.
S. vulgare, Smith. *
Tenitis. One species in our
region.
T. lanceolata, R. Br.- (Eng.
1818. )
Trichomanes. Two species only
in our country.
T. Petersii, Gray. Gill. 1881.
(Eng. 1875 )
T. radicans, Swartz. Gill. 1881.
Vittaria. One species grows in
this country.
V. lineata, Smith, =
Woodsia. We have 7 species.
W. elabella, (YR. acbr..9Grl.
1881.
W. Ilvensis, R. Br. Gill. 1881.

Annals of Horticulture.

W. obtusa, Torr. *
& Oa ae * (Eng.)°
. scopulina aton, *
iss4.y : Os
Woodwardia. Three species,
W. angustifolia, Smith. (W.
areolata.) * (Eng, 1812.)

W. radicans, Smith. Gill. 1881. |

W. Virginica, Smith, * (Eng.
1774.)

OPHIOGLOSSACEH, ADDER’S-TONGUE

FAMILY.
Botrychium. A half dozen species

in our territory.

B. lanceolatum, Ang. Gill.
1881.

B. matricariefolium. <A. Br.
Gill. 1881.

B. simplex, Hitch. Gill. 1881.

B. ternatum, Swz. Gill. 1881.

B. ternatum var. australe, Ea-
ton, Gill. 1881.

B. ternatum var. dissectum,
Milde. Gill. 1881.

B. ternatum var. intermedium,
Eaton. Gill, 1881.

B. Ternatum var. lunarioides,
Milde. Kelsey ’90-’91.

B. ternatum var.obliquum,
Milde. Gill. 1881.

B, Virginianum, Swz. Gill. 1881.
(Eng. 1790.)

Ophioglossum. There are 4 species

in our region.

O. crotalophoroides, Walt. (O.
bulbosum.) (Eng.)

O. vulgatum, Linn. Gill. 1881.

LYCOPODIACE%, Cius-Moss FAMILY.

Lycopodium. We have a dozen
species.
L. annotinum, Linn. Hors. 1889.
L. clavatum, Linn. Gill. 1884.
L. complanatum, Linn. Hors.
1889

L. lucidulum, Michx. Gill. 1884.

L. obscurum, Linn.,var.dendroid-
eum, Eaton. (L. dendroid-
eum.) Gill. 1884. (Eng.)

L. Selago, Linn. Hors. 1889.

SELAGINELLACE#Z,SELAGINELLA F'AM-

: IL.
Selaginella. We have 8 species.
S.apus, Spring. Wool. 1883.
(Eng.
S. cuspidata, Link, *

ee eg a ee en ee

Census of Cultivated Indigenous Plants. 275

. Douglasii, Spring. Gill. 1881.
. lepidophylla, Spring. *

. Ludoviciana, A. Br. (Eng.)
soblitera, A, Br, (Kng.) “A
Mexican species, said by Baker
to have been found in Texas.
S. rupestris, Spring. Gill. 1&81.

NNNDN

SALVINIACE..
Azolla Caroliana, Willd. *

MARCHANTIACEA, LIVERWORT F'Am-
ILY.
Marchantia. A single species in
our region.
M. polymorpha, Linn. Gill. 1884.

S 3.7 11a PoKeraies of TSQz.

A LisT OF THE ILLUSTRATIONS IN LEADING HORTICULTURAL
AND SOME AGRICULTURAL JOURNALS AND IN THE EXPER-
IMENT STATION PUBLICATIONS, THAT ARE OF SUCH CHAR-
ACTER AS TO AID IN THE DETERMINATION OF THE SPECIES
OR VARIETY.

ABBREVIATIONS.—Am. Agry., American Agriculturist; Am. Farm &
Hfort., American Farm and Horticulturist; 4m. //or., American Florist;
Am. Gar., American Garden; Sot. Mag., Botanical Magazine; Cal. Fri.
Gr., California Fruit Grower ; Can. Hort., Canadian Horticulturist ; Farm
& Vineyard; Fla, Dis., Florida Dispatch Farmer and Fruit Grower; Ga.,
Georgia Agricultural Experiment Station; Gav. & /or., Garden and For-
est; Gar. Chron., Gardeners’ Chronicle; Gar. M/ag., Gardener’s Magazine ;
Gar. World, Gardening World; Gar¢., Gartenflora; Hort. Belge, Revue
de 1’Horticulture Belge et Etrangére ; Mort, Art /our., Horticultural Art
Journal; ///. Aort., L’Illustration Horticole; /ard., Le Jardin; our.
ffort., Journal of Horticulture; Jour. Roses, Journal des Roses; L’Orch.,
L’Orchidophile ; Meehan’s Monthly; N. Y. Cornell, Bulletin Cornell Agri-
cultural Experiment Station; 4. Y. State, New York State Agricultural
Experiment Station; Ofzo, Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station; O7ch.
& Gar., Orchard and Garden; Ove., Oregon Agricultural Experiment Sta-
tion ; fof. Gar., Popular Gardening ; Prakt. Rat., Der praktische Ratgeber
im Obst und Gartenbau; Rev. Hort., Revue Horticole; Rosen Zeit., Rosen-
Zeitung; Rural N. Y., Rural New-Yorker; Vick’s Mag., Vick’s Magazine;
Woods., Woodsman.

C., colored plate.

(2), refers to the second volume, in such periodicals as run into two
volumes during the year.

In all cases, the nomenclature is that which accompanies the illustra-
tions. se
Abies Canadensis pendula, Garden Abies magnifica, var. Shastensis,

SI. Gar. Chron. 429. (2)
— lasiocarpa, Gar. & For. 380. — nobilis, Gar. Chron. 463. (2.)

(276)

MPa LOT ras Of LS0f.

Abies Nordmanniana, Gar. Chron.
Bete (2.)
— religiosa, Gar. Chron. 305, 307.
— Smithiana, Garden 72.
— Webbiana, Gar. Chron. 393,-
395,399. (2.)
Abronia umbellata, Am. Gar. 736;
Gar. World 829.
Abutilon vexillarium, Garden 293.
(2.)
— virginalis, Gart. 74.
Acacia dealbata, Prakt. Rat. 81.
— elongata, Gar. Chron. 43.
— Rose, Am. Gar. 739. -

Acantholemon glumaceum, Kev.
Hort. 489.
Acanthus latifolius, Garden 274.

(2).
Acer barbatum (?) var. nigrum, Gar.
o For. 149.
— insigne, var. velutinum, Gar.
Chron. 169, .(2.)
— saccharinum, Gar. & For. 141;
Vick’s Mag. 121.
— Trautvetteri, Gart.
266.
—- Volxemi, Gar. Chron.9,11. (2).
Achimenes, Am. Agr. 441.
— Rosy Queen, Jour. Hort. 17.
Aconite, Winter, Am. Agr. 209.

264, 265,

Aconitum lycoctonum, Gar. Mag.
124.
Acrostichum osmundaceum, Hort.
Belge 269.

Actinidia polygama, Am. Gar, 147.
— volubilis, Am. Gar. 143.
Adiantum cuneatum, Garden 362.
2.
— Pe nai Garden 131. (2.)
— Peruvianum, Gar. Chron. 397.
— princeps, Jard. 183.
— Williamsi, Orch. & Gar. 2o1.
Adonis Pyrenaica, Garden 269.
— vernalis, Garden 268. C.
Aéranthus brachycentron, Gart. 324.
— grandiflora, Am. Flor. 631.
Aérides affine var. Godefroijz, Hort.
Belge, 169. C.
— — — Lobbii, Hort. Belge, 171.
— — — Houlletianum majus,
ev. Hort: 324;°°C,

277

fEsculus Californica, Gar. & For.
523.

— Hippocastanum, Gar. World
377:

Aganisia cyanea Am. Flor. 631.
— tricolor, Am. Flor. 631.
Agapanthus umbellatus, Prakt. Rat.
389.
Agaricus melleus, Gar. Chron. 332.
Agave albicans, Bot. Mag. t. 7207.
C

— Americana, Garden 12.
Ageratum nanum, Vergissmeinnicht,
Gart. 74.
— Wendlandicompactum nanum,
Rev. Hort. 326.
Akebi, Am. Gar. 145, I§I.
Akebia lobata, Am. Gar. 129. C.
— quinata, Am. Gar. 145, I51;
Gara. ior, 137.
Alder, Black, Can.-Hort. 53.
Allamanda grandiflora, Garden 192.

— Hendersoni, Garden 469. (2.)
— Williamsi, Garden 468 (2); C.
Gar, World * 7814." Jour.
Hert. 91./7/(2. )
Alligator Pear; Kev. Hort:: 374.
Allium Neapolitanum, Am. Agr.

393:
Almond, Flowering, Pop. Gar. 211.
Alnus maritima, Gar. & For. 269.

. Alocasia Sanderiana, Am. Flor. 209.

(2).

Alstroemeria Chilensis var. Hort.
Belze; 84. C.

Amarantus caudatus, Garden 569.
(2.)

Amaryllis, Empress of India, Vick’'s
Mag 113. 2 ©

— Johnsoni, Vick’s Mag. 181.
— vittata Hybrids, Prakt. Rat.

53.
Amelanchier Utahensis, Gart. 61.
Amorphophallus (Brachyspatha)
Titanum;,7 Bot. Mag: <6.
FiS3-465.
Andromeda speciosa, Am. Flor. 342.
Anemia tomentosa, Hort. Belge, 268.
Anemone, Aldboro’, Gar. World

509.

278 Annals of Horticulture.

Anemone, French Giant Poppy, Gar.
World 509.
— fulgens, Gar. World 509.
— — var. Greca, Gar. Chron.

49.
— Hepatica, Vick’s Mag. 150.
— Japonica, Vick’s Mag. 4. (2.)
— Pink Japan, Pop. Gar. 146.
Angrecum Buyssonii, L’Orch. 284;

Jard. 247.

— caudatum, Garden 436, 437.
Cree ke

— fastuosum, Bot. Mag. t. 7204.
C

— fragrans, Bot. Mag. t. 7161. C.
Anguloa Ruckeri var. media, Am.
Flor. 607.

— uniflora, Am. Flor. 607.
— — alba, Am. Flor. 607.
Anoiganthus breviflorus, Garden 54.

(27) eC:
Anthurium Andreanum, Gar. World
57.
— — var. Mme. Closon, Am.
Flor. 569.

— Burfordiense, Gar. Mag. 418;
jeur: Thert.17> 122)
— Laingi, Gar. Mag. 419; Jour.

Mort. 9.7423)
— rotundispathum (hyb.) Ill.
Elort.9. YC.

— Scherzerianum, Am Flor. 569;
Prakt. Rat. 809.
— — var. bispathaceum, Am.

Flor. 569.

— — — Mlle. Lucienne Linden,
Am. Flor. 560.

— — — Rothschildianum, Am.
Flor. 569.

— — Warocqueanum, Am. Flor.

569.
Aphelandra Blanchetiana, Bot.
Mag. £:-71770. ©
— tetragona var. imperialis,
Gart. 449. C.
Aplectrum hiemale, Am. Gar. 154.
Apple, Aunt Sally, Can. Hort. 13
— Baldwin, Hort. Art Jour. 81.
C,
— Babuskino, Can. Hort. 49.
— Beni-Ringo, Am. Gar. 10.

Apple, Benoni, Jour. Hort. 239. (2.)
— Beauty of Bath, Gar. Mag. 66.
— Baxter, Can. Hort.- 129. C;
Hort. Art Jour. 65 C.

— Chelmsford Wonder, Gar.
Chron. 613. (2.); Gar. Mag.
214. Peiins

— Crab, Bryant, Am. Gar. 209. ~

— — Cherry, Am. Gar. 209.

— — Cornish Aromatic, Gar.

Mag. 36.

— — Fay, Am. Gar. 209.

— — Gibb, Am. Gar. 209.

— — Gideon, Am. Gar. 211.

— — Gideon No. 6, Am. Gar. 209,

— — Gideon No. 8, Am. Gar. 209.

— — Gideon No.9, Am. Gar. 209.

— — Ladies’ Favorite, Am. Gar.

209.

— — Lady Elgin, Am. Gar. 209.

— — Lady Finger, Am. Gar. 209.

— — Lovis, Am. Gar. 2co.

— — Soulard, Am. Gar.471, 472.
— Van Wyck, Am. Gar. 209.
— Devonshire Quarrenden, Gar.

Mag. 108.

— Early Colton, Am. Gar. 573.

— Early Norfolk, Am. Gar. 570.

— Fourth of July, Am. Gar. 571.

— Golden Knob, Garden 219, (2.)

— Grandmother, Can. Hort. 49.

— Gravenstein, Garden 427. (2.)

— Greenfield Seedling, Can.

Hort. 179.

— Hargrove, Am. Agr. 7or.

— King, Hort. Art Jour. 34. C.

— Jonathan, Can. Hort. 75.

— Lady, Garden 427. (2.)

— Linn, Pop. -.Gar. 164.

— Lord Suffield, Garden123. (2.)

— Lowell Geminate, Am. Agr.

LZ:

— Luxemburger Reinette, Prakt.
Rat. 227.

— Marshall Red, Cal. Frt. Gr.
83ni tease

— Okabena, Hort. Art Jour. g. C.

— Palouse, Am. Agr. 146; Rural
Ne Y Sra: |

— Peasgood, Nonsuch, Pop.
Gar. 82.

Plant: Portraits: of T&gr.

Apple, Pewaukee, Can. Hort. 259. C.
— Pomeroy, Am. Gar. 371.
— Red Astrachan, Gar.

66.
_ — Red Juneating, Gar. Mag. 108.
— Rother Bellefleur, Prakt. Rat.
228.
— Russell, Rural N. Y. 342..
— Scotch Bridget, Garden 597.
— Streintown, Am. Gar. 4g.
— Thompson Seedling, No. 28,
iierts Art jour. 17. C.

Mag.

— — No. 38, Hort. Art Jour. 20.
C,
— — No. 72, Hort. Art Jour.
a5. GC.
— — No. 154, Hort. Art Jour.
gee G.
— — No. 164, Hort. Art Jour.
2 er, Omar
— — No. 208, Hort. Art Jour.
go... C:
— White Calville, Garden 427.
(2.)
— Winter Rambour, Prakt. Rat.
227) f

— Yellow Transparent, Am. Gar.

194.
— York Imperial, Am. Gar. 194.
Apricot,Acme, Orch: & Gar. 181.
— Andzu, Am. Gar. 78.
— Royal, Am. Agr. 609.
— Shense, Orch. & Gar. 181.
Aquilegia Canadensis, Vick’s Mag.

287. |
Arachnanthe Cathcartii, Gar. World
669.
Aralia Chabrieri, Gar. 576; Rev.
Flort,; 222.
— filicifolia, Garden 565; Rev.
Hort. 224:
— Kerchovei, Garden 576; Rev.
Hott, 225.
— monstrosa, Garden 565; Rev.
Effort, 225.
— papyrifera, Am. Flor. 385. (2.)
— Veitchii gracillima, Garden

505;-Kev. Hort: 226.
Araucaria Cunninghamii Gart. 375.
=— excelsa, Garden 561, 415 (2);
Gart. 374.

279
Arbutus Arizonica, Gar. &. For.
318.
Arctostaphylos Manzanita, Gar &
For. 571.
Ardisia crenulata, Meehan’s Month-
ly 58.

Aria nivea, Gart. 37.
— Scandica, Gart. 37.
Arisema anomalum, Bot. Mag. t.
72t1.— ©.
— enneaphyllum, Gart. 579.

— triphyllum, Vick’s Mag. 179.
— Wrayi, Jour. Hort. 425. (2.)
Aristolochia elegans, Gar. Chron.

514. (2.)
— gigas, Gar. Chron, 553. (2);
Gar. Mag. 791%; Jour. Hort.
2093 1 (2°)
Arnebia echioides, Garden 51. (2.)
Aronia arbutifolia, Gart. 37.
Artocarpusintegrifolia, Rev. Hort.g.
Arum Palzstinum, Jour. Hort. 267.
— Syriacum, Gart. 657.
— Water, Vick’s Mag. 244.
Asarum geophilum, Bot. Mag. t.
TEOS: «iis
— Virginicum, Vick’s Mag. 154.
Ash, Weeping, Garden 450.
Asimina triloba, Am. Gar. 533, 534;
Rural N.-Y? 574, 575.
Asparagus decumbens (plumosus),
Gar. Chron. 757.
Aspidistra lurida, Pop. Gar. 262.
Asplenium Nidus_ Australasicum,
Garden 497.
— Pringlei, Gar. & For. 449.
Aster acris, Gar. Mag. 615.
— Ball, Pop. Gar. 72, 73.
— cordifolius, Garden 337. (2.)
— levigatus, Gar. Mag. 615.
— Lindleyanus, Gar. Mag. 615.
— longifolius formosus, Gar.
Mag. 615.
— macrophyllus, Gar. & For. 89.
— Mignon, Gart. 606.
— New Jewell, Pop. Gar. 72, 73.
— New Zealand, Celmisia specta-
bilis, Gar. Mag. 451.
— Novi-Belgiidensus, Gar. World
2203 (ac)
— puniceus, Gar. Mag. 615.

280

Aster Reine-Marguerite Bijou, Hort.
Belge 66.

— Shortii, Gar. & For. 473.

— Tartaricus, Gar. & For. 197.

— White Comet, Gar. Chron.

525. (2.)

— White Queen,. jour. Hort-72:
Astrantia major, Garden 430. (2.)
Athrotaxis laxifolia, Gar. Chron.

145, 147.
Athyrium Filix-foemina, Garden 247.

— — plumosum Drueryli, Gar.

Mag. 600.
— — — superbum, Gar.
600.
Aubrietia Leichtlini, Prakt. Rat.243.
Auricula, George Lightbody, Gar.
Mag. 7Io.
Azalea, Deutsche Perle, Gar. World

Mag.

409.

— dianthiflora, Rev. Hort. 60. C.

— Indica Souvenir du Recteur
Hort) Belge.o7."C.

— mollis, Prakt. Rat. 381.

— — fl. pl. Mecene, Jour. Hort.

347- :
— = jas) He Lame, Fort, “pele
2 ily, ee

— Verveneana, Am. Flor. 721.
Banksia marginata, Gar. Chron. 47.
Baptisia exaltata, Jour. Hort. 95. (2.)
Bartonia aurea, Prakt. Rat 32.
Bean, Mexican Jumping, Am. Gar.

553.

— Nain a cosses violettes sans

parchemin, Rev. Hort, 5o0r.

— Prodige a rames 4a grain vert,

Jour. Roses 315 (Rev. Mort.
1278

— Sion House, Am. Gar. 32.

— Soja, Pop. Gar. 192.

Beet, Nutting’s Dwarf Red, Garden

375 AZo) ke
Begonia Baumanni Lemoine, Gart.
oh ein Os

— Clementinz, Am. Flor. 635.

— Credneri, Hort. Belge 31.

— Erdody, Am. Gar. 341.

— Montrose, Gart. 433.

— multiflora erecta fi. pl.,, Hort.
Belge 75.

Annals of Horticutture.

Begonia Rex, Valentine-Denize,

Jard. 183.

— Scharffi, Am. Gar. 223.

— semperflorens atropurpurea,
Gart. 582; Hort. Belge
110; Rev..Hort, 647

—-— — var. Sieberiana, Am.
Gar. 225.

— — — Vernon, Prakt. Rat.

ar7:

— Triomphe de Nancy, Jour.
Hort. 329; Vick’s Mag. 222,
223

— tuberosa vittata, Gar. Chron.
561. (2.) Gart. 607.

— Tuberous, American Garden,
Am. Gar. Fone.

— — Fascination, Am. Gar. I.

Cc:
— — Mme. Emilie Rodigas, Ill.
Hort.-99:--G.
— — New Rochelle, Am. Gar. 1.
C.
— — Rose Hill) Am, Gar 2 3c:

— Vernon, Kev. Hort. 84. C.
— Winter Gem, Garden 504. C.
Jour. Hort. 83.
Bellis perennis var. Boule de Neige,
Hort. Belge 242 G,
— — prolifera, Rev. Hort. 58.
— — fl. pl., Rev. Hort. 58. 3
— — — aaiguilles, Rev. Hort.
58.
— — — albo, Rev. Hort. 58.
Benthamia fragifera, Gar. Chron.
7°97, 709.
Berberis Aquifolium, Garden 383.

(2..)
— Holly-leaved, Garden, 383. (2.)
— Neubert Hybrid, Gar. Chron.

fhe Nair
— stenophylla x, Am. Flor. 325.
Bertolonia guttata var. Baron
Adolphe de Rothschild,
Il. Hortsior
“. — Mme, Léon Say,7 ofr.
59. C.
Bessera elegans, Gar. &. For. 125.
Bignonia Tweediana, Garden Io.
(2. IGS
Billbergia amoena, Gart. 331.

Plant f£orivaus of Fsor.

Billbergia intermedia (nutans «
vittata), Gart. 566.
— Leodiensis (vittata x nutans),
Gart. 565.
— nutans, Gart. 567.
— vittata, Gart. 567.
— — var. Rohani, Gart. 330.
Bindweed, Blue, Garden 52. C.
— Double, Pop. Gar. 130.
— Large White, Garden 501.
Blackberry, Agawam, Rural N. Y.
670.
— Bagnard, Rural N. Y. 670.
— Bangor, Rural N.-Y. 670.
— Early Cluster, Rural N. Y. 670.
— Erie, Rural N. Y. 670.
— Gaynor, Rural N. Y. 670.
= Woevett’s Best, Orch. &
150.
— Minnewaski, Rural N. Y. 670.
— Nevada, Rural N.Y. 670.
— Taylor, Rural N. Y. 670.
— White, Rural N. Y. 670.
Blechnum spicant plumosum, Gar.
Mag. 755.
Bleeding Heart, Dicentra specta-
bilis, Garden 198.- (2.) C.
Bollea pulvinaris, Am. Flor. 609.
Boltonia glastifolia, Meehan’s
Monthly 33. C.
Bougainvillea glabra, Gar. Chron.
339.
Bouvardia, A. Neuner,
Gar. I17.
Brassavola Perrini, Gart. 301.
Brassia caudata var. hieroglyphica,
Am. Flor. 609.
Brassica Napus, Rev. Hort.

Gar.

Oreh: -:&

498,

499.
Broccoli, violetter Navidad, Gart.
73°.
Brugmansia
487.
Brussels Sprouts, Prakt. Rat. 117.
Buckeye, California, Gar. & For.

suaveolens, Garden

523.
Buffalo-berry, Pop. Gar. 84.
Bulbophyllum amplum, Jour. Hort.
343. (2.) |
— (Cirrhopetalum) Meduse
Gart. 624.

281

Bulbophyllum macranthum. Bot.
Mag: t..7208. °C.
Butterwort (Pinguicula grandiflora),
Gar, Chron. 373... ¢2.)
Cabbage, All Seasons, Vick’s Mag.
O77 8:
— Early Winnigstadt, Pop. Gar.
189.

— Milan panaché, Rev/ Hort. 115.

— Semoroz, Gart. 73.
Caladium adamantinum, II]. Hort.

it ee OF

— Bellini, Am. Flor. gor.

— Max Kolb, Garden 1109.

— medio-radiatum, Il]. Hort. 51.

— sagittatum, Ill. Hort. ror. C.
Calandrinia oppositifolia, Garden

A550 C2.)

Calanthe Eyermani, Gar. Mag. 80.

— Regnieri, Am. Flor. 655.

— Veitchii, Gar. Mag. 80.

— vestita, Am. Flor. 655.

— — rubro-oculata, Gar. Mag.8o.
~ — Williamsi, Jard. 67.
Calendula pluvialis, Prakt. Rat. 33.
Calla, Pop,.Gar. 112.

— palustris, Vick’s Mag. 244; Am.

Gar. 288.
Callicarpa purpurea, Gar. Chron.
TOGs*: (2s)

-Calliopsis, New Golden King, Vick’s

Mag. 18. (2.)
Callipsyche mirabilis, Jour. Hort.
32'7.
Callirhde Papaver, Garden 540. (2.)
Calechortus~ Leitchthan;, Gaur .
Chron. 469.
Calypso borealis, Am. Gar. 155.
Calystegia (Convolvulus) grandi-
flora, Garden 501.
— pubescens fl. pl.. Pop. Gar. 130.
— Sepium, Am. Gar. 638.
Campanula isophylla alba, Prakt.
Rat; 362.
— persicifolia. alba, Am. Flor.
383.

— pulla, Garden 444. (2.) C.

— pyramidalis, Garden 35. (2.)
Cy Gary Mags: 286 4)-Gar.
World 341.

282

Candytuft, Am. Flor. 403.
Canna flaccida var. Le Roi, Gart.
755° Jard:.273:
— Indica, Gar. World 585.
— Madame Crozy, Am. Flor. 129
(2.)
— Star of 1891, Am. Agr. 339.
Cannon-ball Tree, Gar. Chron. 649.
2.)
ae Beleana, Rev. Hort. 114.
Carnation, American Flag, Am.
AgT. OA.
— Daybreak, Am. Flor. 399.
— Dr. Hogg. Gar. Mag. 568.
— Edwin Lonsdale, Am. Flor.
360.
— H. E. Chitty, Am. Flor. 361.
— Hoosier, Am. Flor. 361.
— Lizzie McGowan, Am. Agr. 81;

Am Plot 323 chiort,Art
Jour-24.
— Madame Ernest Bergman,

Ii). Hert 663-20,
— Marguerita, Hort. Belge 59.
— Nellie Lewis, Vick’s Mag.73. C.
= Ouéen, Garden 40205 42) iC!
Carpet-bag Flower, Pop. Gar. 219.
Carpinus Betulus, Gart. 378.
Carya oliveformis, Am. Gar. 273.
Cassia Barrenfieldii, Gart. 75.
Castanea Japonica, Am. Gar. 277
— sativa, Am. Gar. 278.-
— — var. Americana, Am. Gar.
278.
Catalpa speciosa, Am. Gar. 289, 290.
Catasetum Bungerothi, Am. Flor.
633.
— decipiens, Am. Flor. 609.
— discolor, Am. Flor. 633.
— fimbriatum, Bot. Mag. t. 7158.
'e

Cattleya amoena (C. Loddigesi
Eg@lia. Perrini)} VOreh. 273.
C.. |
— aurea, Am. Flor. 563.
— bicolor, l’Orch. 17. C.
— Choccensis var. Miss Nilsson,
Am. Flor. 563.
— Gibeziz, Am. Flor. 607.
— granulosa Schofieldiana, Gar.
Mag. 125.

Annals of Horticulture.

Cattleya Hardyana, Hamar Bass’
var., Gar. Mag. 644.
— hybrida Prince of Wales, Gar.
Mag. 450.
— labiata, Am. Flor, 36s. (25)
— — Auguste Victoria, Gart. 1.

— — autumnalis, Am. Flor. 607.
— — Mossiz, Gart.2, 50.

— Mossiz var. Warocqueana,
Am. Flor. 563.

—..rex, Gar. @hron- 2744
Hort.;72.

— Schilleriana var. Amaliana,
Am. Flor. 563.

— Schofield, Gar. Mag. 125.
—— Schroederaz, Garden, 30. (2.)

— Skinnerii alba, Am. Flor. 86r1.
— Triane, l’Orch. 81. C.,
— — var, Annee, Ant Flor oag,
— Warneri, Am. Flor. 563.
— Warocqueana, Gar. Mag. 185.
Cauliflower, Hohenzollern, Gart.227.
— Vick’s Ideal, Vick’s Mag. 3, 4, 5.
Cedar, Blue Mount Atlas, Am. Agr.
cA.
— Juniperus Bermudiana,
& For. 294, 295.
— Lebanon, Gart. 235; Meehan’s
Monthly 39, 40.
—.Red, Pop. Gar. Zan,
Cedrela Sinensis, Rev. Hort. 574,

Gar.

575.
Cedrus Atlantica, Gar. Chron. 425.
(2..)

— Deodara, Gar. Chron. 423. (2.)

— Libani, Gart. 235.
Celery, corne-de-cerf, Rev.

480.

— Folgore, Gart. 274.

— Golden Self-Blanching, Vick’s
Mag. 9, 10, II.

— White Plume, Am. Gar. 727.
Celmisia Chapmanii, Gar. Chron. 731.

— spectabilis, Gar. Mag. 451;

Jour. Hort. 505.

— vernicosa, Gar. Chron. 587.
Celosia Huttonii, Gar. World 277.
Centaurea Cyanus nana compacta

Victoria, Garden 147. (2.)

Hort.

Plant Portraits of 1891. 283

Centaurea macrocephala, Gar. Chorizema Lowi, Gar. Mag. 215.
Chron. 39 (2); Jard. 177. Chrysanthemum, Beacon, Am. Flor.
— Margarite,Gar.Chron.741. (2.) 341.

Cereus grandiflorus, Can. Hort. 18. —, Brilliant. Viek's Mag. 17. (2.)
— Night-blooming, Can. Hort. 18. — carinatum, double, Gar. World
— (Pilocereus) Sargentianus, 297.

Gar. &. For. 437. — Christmas Eve, Am. Flor. 321.

— procumbens, Bot. Mag. t. — Edwin Beckett, Gar. Mag. 660.

7205. .C: — Edwin Molyneux (Japanese),
Ceriman, Am. Agr. 487. Garden 449. (2.)

Ceroxylon Andicola, Am. Flor. 4. — Elaine, Garden, 390. C. 391.

(22 — Elise Dordon (Pompon), Gar-

Chzenomeles citripoma, Rev. Hort. dem. 449). {25}

7 At. — Etoile de Lyon, Ill. Hort. 11.
— Japonica, Gart. 61. Gi

Chamzrops Fortunei, Garden 167. — Eye.of the Serpent, Am. Gar.

(2); Vick’s Mag. 52. 98.
— humilis, Garden, 141. — frutescens, Garden 475.

Cheiranthus incanus semperflorens — G. F. Moseman, Gar. & For.

fl. pl., Gart. 107. 43.

Cherry, European Bird; Pop. Gar. — Gold, Gar. & For. 43.

20; — Great Spiderkry of Japan,
— Florence, Gar. World 813. Pop: Gar. 70.
— Fuzan-Fukun, Am. Gar. 4oo. — Julie Lagravere, Garden 122.
— Kanzan, Am. Gard. 399. C.
— Kode-maru, Am. Gar. 4oI. — Karakwmi of Japan, Pop. Gar.
— Nioi Sakura, Am. Gar. 398. qo:
— Reine Hortense, Can. Hort. — Kioto, Gar. & For. 43.

228. — Louis Boehmer, Orch. & Gar.
— Variegated Cornelian, Pop. 45.

Gar. 211. — Massassauga, Farm & Vine-
— Windsor, Can. Hort. 65. C. yard, No.-10,, 1.

Chestnut, Castanea Japonica, Am. — Medusa, Am. Gar, 98.

Gar. 277. — Mme. Ernest Fierens, Hort.
— Japan Mammoth, Am. Farm Belge 276. .C.
«x, Hort..Ne-1,.3- (2) — Mons. R. Bahaunt, Jour. Hort.
— Numbo, Am. Gar. 773. aAq.- : (22)
— Paragon, Am. Gar. 773. — — Incurved, Gar. Mag. 660.
= famba-Kuri, Am. Gar: .265, — Mrs. Fottler, Gar. & For. 43.
266. — Mrs. Langtry, Gar. & For. 43.
Chicory, Blanche frisée mousse, — Mrs. Simpkins, four. Hort.’
Rev. Hort. 126. 5rd. (2: )
— Reine d’hiver, Rev. Hort. 328. — Nellie A. Tong, Farm & Vine-

Chionanthus Virginica, Orch. & yard,.No-to; 4,

5 Gar. IT9. — «Niagara, Am. Gar. 97.
Chionodoxa grandiflora, Gar. Mag. — President Rene de St. Foix,
Bair’ Gar. World 165. (2.)
Chinquapin, Water, Gar. & For. = Princess Blanche, Garden 9.

557: 2.
Choisya ternata, Garden 115, 573. — ee George, Ill: Hort.. xr.
Ghorogi, N.Y. Cornel! 37. c.

284

Chrysanthemum, Robert Owen, Jour.
Hort. 541. (2.)
— Ruth Cleveland, Vick’s Mag.

3. es)

— Soleil d’Or. Garden 390. C.

— Sunset, Ill. Hort. 21. C.

— Thora Strong, Farm & Vine-

yard No. to, tf.

— Thousand Sparks, Am. Gar. gg.

— Viscountess Hambleden, Gar.

World 245. (2.)
— Viviand Morel, Jour. Hort. 519.
(2.)
— Wm. L. Scott, Farm & Vine-
yard NoPio er.
Cirrhopetalum Collettii, Bot. Mag.
t.27 198. - 2G.

— pulchrum, Am. Flor. 609.
Cistus laurifolius, Gar. Mag. 95.
Citron, Am. Agr. 608.

Citrus Aurantium var. Bergamia,
Bot. Mag.-4.-7194-" “CG.
— trifoliata, Am. Gar. 525; Fla.
Dis. 363.
Claytonia Caroliniana, Vick’s Mag.
180.
Clematis connata, Gar. &. For. 235.
— Duchess of Edinburgh, Gar-
den 281. (2.)

— flammula, Gar. World 161. (2.)

— Jackmanni Am. Gar. 125;
Pop. Gar srre:

— Stanleyi; Bot: Mag. t: 7100. C-;
Gar.-76, ‘C?;- Gar“ Nae- 320;
Pop. Gar-223.

— viticella var. (?) Gar. 30. C.
Cleome heptaphylla, Jour. Hort. 5.
Clethra alnifolia, Can. Hort. 77.

— alnifolia var. tomentosa, Gar.

& For. 65.
Clover, Crimson, Am. Farm & Hort.
INO: 3) 7o:e2 (254
— German, Am. Farm & Hort.
No. 3,30) 22.)
Cocos Pynerti, Gar. Mag. 333.
— Weddeliana (?) minima glauca,
Hort. Belge or.
Codonopsis clematidea, Jour. Hort.
baie): (2,)
Coelogyne pandurata, Am. Flor. 633.
— Rossiana, Bot. Mag. t. 7176. C.

4

Annals of Horticulture.

Colchicum Sibthorpii, Bot. Mag. t.
FEOL, rae:

Collard, Am. Agr. 395.

Colletia cruciata, Gar. Chron. 41.

Coluteacruenta, Gar. World 177. (2.)

Comparettia falcata, Am. Flor. 609.

Convolvulus Mauritanicus, Garden
7 ae OF

— Persicus, Gart. 76.

Cordyline australis, Garden 161.
— indivisa, Gar. Chron. 336.
Coreopsis tinctoria, Garden 3009.
Cornflower, Garden 147. (2.)
Cornus, variegated CarnelianCherry,
Pop. Gard. 21r.

Coryanthes macrantha, Gart. 153.

Corylus rostrata var. Sieboldiana,
Am, Gar, 267.

Corypha umbraculifera, Jour. Hort.
89.

Cotoneaster acuminata, Gart. 5.

— buxifolia, Gar. World 213.

— frigida, Jour. Hort. 29.
Cottonwood, Gar. & For. 187.

— Necklace, or River, Vick’s
Mag. 122.

Couroupita Guianensis, Gar. Chron.
649. (2.)

Cratzgus Celsiana, Gart. 5.
— cordata, Gart. 5.
— grandiflora, Gart. 5.
— Oxyacantha, Garden 500 (2);

Pop. Gar. 180.

— prunifolia, Gart. 5.
— sanguinea, Gart. 5.

Crinum Americanum, Am. Gar, 283.
— amoenum, Jard. 42.
— Asiaticum, Gar. & For. 283.
— gigantetum, Gar. & For. 223.
— Kirki, Jour. Hort. 205. (2.)
— purpurascens, Jour. Hort. 203.

2.
Crossandra infundibuliformis, Rev.
Hort, 136; 3
Croton, Madame Lucien Linden,
Il}. Hort: 11. Rae
— variegatum, Am. Flor. 557.
Cucumber, Kenyon, N. Y. Cornell,
31.
— Marquis of Lorne, Am. Gar.
745 > N.Y. Cornelian

Plaah, Portraits: of 801.

Cuphea Liave, Jour. Hort. 333.
(2.)

Cupressus erecta viridis,Gar. Chron.
, 403. (2.)
— glauca, Gar. Chron. 761. (2.)
— Lawsoniana erecta virilis, Gar.
irom, 371.
— — pendula vera,
Monthly 43.
— Macnabiana, Gar. Chron. 403.
Currant, Climbing,-Am. Gar. 575.
Cycas pectinata, Gar. & For. 114.
Cyclamen, Persian, Garden 600;
Gar. World 3009.
Cydonia Japonica, Prakt. Rat. 232.
— — alba, Gardeni26. (2.) C.
— — pink ware Gan. 126, (2.). C.

Meehan’s

Cymbidium, Tracyanum; ' Gar.
Chron. 137.
Cypress, Weeping Lawson, Mee-

han’s Monthly 43.
Cypripedium, Alfred (hybrid),
Jour. Hort,-153. : (2:)

— amabile, Rev. Hort. 496. C.

— Antigone, Jour. Hort. 262. (2.)

— Arthurianum var. pallidum,
Am. Flor. 557.

— bellatulum, Am. Flor. 557.

— Brownii, Am. Flor. 65. (2.)

— Calceolus, Prakt. Rat. 7.
— Californicum, Bot. Mag. t.
7isoe G.

-— Calypso, Jour. Hort. 559. (2.)

— Cannartianum, Am. Flor. 555.

— Castleanum, Jcur. Hort. ror.

— caudatum, Am. Flor. 850.

— concolor, Gar. Chron. 5o1.

— Corningianum, Jour. Hort.
Aon. (2:)

— Crossianum, Am. Flor. 555.

— Curtisi, Am. Flor. 557.

— Dominianum, Garden 412. C.

— Druryi, Am. Flor. 555.

— Elliottianum, Am. Flor. 557.

— Fairieanum, l’Orch. 336. C.

— Harrisianum, Gar. World 393.

— — var. superbum, Am. Flor.
557; Gar. World 302.

— Houtteanum, Am. Flor. 557.

— hybridum Pollettianum, Jour.
Evert. 263. .(2:)

235

Cypripedium insigne var. Sandere,
Gar. Chron. 669 (2); Gar.
World, 181 (2); Jour. Hort.

447. (2.)

— Klotzschianum, Bot. Mag. t.
FUT ys

— Lathamianum, Am. Gar. 159.

— Lawrenceanum, 1l’Orch. 145.
C.

— macrochilum , Gar. Chron.
343742.)

— Masereelianum, Am. Flor.

B55s mt, Gar, On,
— Maynardi, Jour. Hort. 281.
— microchilum, Am. Flor. 557.
— Mecensianum, Am. Flor. 555.

— M. Finet, Jard. 283; l’Orch.
323, 325.

— Niobe, Am. Gar. 158; Garden
Ase, °C.

— reticulatum, Gar. & For. 605.
— Rothschildianum, Am. Gar.
S94 Gar Chron: 45.27)
_— villosum, Am. Flor. 555; Gar-
den 508. C.
— Weidlinanum, Gar. Mag. 274.
— Youngianum(C.Coningianum),
jour. Hort. 405. <(2,)
Cytisus Canariensis, Am. Flor. 802.
— racemosus, Am. Flor. 802.
Daffodil, Ard-Righ, Am. Gar. Iot.
— Colleen Bawn, Am. Gar. IOI.
— Empress, Gar. Mag. 584. C.
=— Inish King, Am.-Gar. 1ef.

— Rip Van Winkle, Am. Gar.
1O2,
Dahlia, Abel Carriére, Rev. Hort.

Ls ea
— Ami Barillet, Rev. Hort. 424.
Ce

— Contraste, Rev. Hort. 424. C.

— Dwarf, Leonard Lille, Rev.
Hort. 441.

— Ernest Cannell, Ill. Hort.
TIO. CC,

— laciniata purpurea, Rev.
Hort.424,' . C.

— Princess Christine, Ill. Hort.
TIO. GC:

— Robert Cannell, Il]. Hort. 119.
Cc:

286

Dahlia, Tom Thumb, Gar. Mag. 109;
Pop. Gar. 164; Vick’s Mag.
129,
Dais cotinifolia, Garden 398. (2.)
CC
Daphne Cneorum, Pop. Gar. 188.
Davallia Fijiensis, Am. Flor. goo.
— Mooreana, Gar. Chron. 179.
— pallida (Mooreana), Am, Flor.

gol.

Decumaria barbara, Meehan’s
Monthly qr.

Dendrobium bigibbum, 1’Orch.
208. > -C:

— Brymerianum, Am. Flor. 609.

— Dearei,, Am. Gar. 163.

— Jamesianum, Am. Flor. 861.

— dveeanum, “Gar, Chron: 041
(2)3 “Garr World)'193° (2);
Jour. Hort. 537 (2).

— lituiflorum Freemanii, Am.
Flor. 861.

— melanodiscus var. pallens, Jour.
Mort, 201;

— nobile, Gar. Mag. 140.

— Phalenopsis var. Schéderi-

anum, Gar. Chron. 642, 643
(2)5 Jour. Fort. 325:.(2.)
— Pierardi, Garden 197.
— signatum, Jour. Hort. 41.
— speciosum, Garden 531.
— Stratiotes, Am. Flor. 631.
— thyrsiflorum, Gar. Mag. 140.
— Venus, Jour. Hort. 321.

Desmodium penduliflorum, Gar.
World 129 (2); Jour. Hort.
459 (2).

Deutzia gracilis, Garden 200; Rev.
Hort.’ 2032,

Dewberry, Bartell, Am. Gar. 83;
Gar." “For. to20 NS TY,
Cornell 34.

— Lucretia, N. Y. Cornell 34.
— Lueretia’s Sister, > Am---Gar.
63, 04.

Dianthus alpinus, Prakt. Rat. 259.
— callinzonus, Garden 332. (2.) C.
— Caryophyllus var. semper-

florens, Ill: Hort: 60. C.

Dicentra spectabilis, Garden 198.

(2.) “C9 (See Dielytra-)

Annals of Horticulture.

Dicksonia Antarctica, Am. Flor. 3
(2); Gar. Chron. 81.
= Lathami, Jour, Hort 5m.3
Dielytra spectabilis, Gar. World
325; Orch. & Gar. 33. (See
Dicentra. ) .
Dionza muscipula, Meehan’s Month-
ly 69.
Diospyros costata, Gar. Chron. 171.
— Kaki. See Persimmon.
— Lotus, Am. Gar. 460.
Dipelta Yunnanensis, Rev. Hort.
247.
Dipladenia illustris var. glabra, Bot.
Mag. 't. 72565 -@
— Thomas Spead, Hort. Belge
TOT Ae
Disa grandiflora, Gar. Chron. 365;
Gart. 176, 477.
— racemosa, Gardento. C.

— tripetaloides, Bot. Mag. t.
7200; ee

— Veitchii, Gar. Mag. 548; Jour.
Hort. 465.

Dissotis incana, Gar. Chron. 203.
Doryanthes excelsa, Rev. Hort. 548.
— Palmeri, Rev. Hort. 548. C.
Drosera Capensis, Gar. Chron. 365.

(2. )

— dichotoma, Gar. Chron. 364,
365. (23)

— spatulata, Gar. Chron. 365.
(2.)

Drosophyllum Lusitanicum, Gar.
Chron. 365. t2y}
Drymophleus appendiculata, Bot.
Mag: t..7202.4%.:
— oliveformis, Gar. & For. 331.
Edgeworthia Gardneri, Bot. Mag. t.
TSO IG:
Egg-Plant,” Black Peking ie Y.
Cornell 26.
— Dwarf Japanese, N. Y. Cor-
nell 26.
— Early Dwarf Purple, N. Y.
Cornell 26.
— Early Long Purple, N. Y. Cor-
nell 26.
— Ethiopian, N. Y. Cornell 26.
— Giant Round Purple, N. Y.
Cornell 26.

Plant Portraits of 1891.

Egg-Plant, Long Purple, N. Y. Cor-
nell 26.

— Long White, N. Y. Cornell 26.

— New York, N. Y. Cornell 26.

— New York Improved, N. Y.

Cornell 26.
— Round Purple,N.Y. Cornell 26.
— Round White, N. Y. Cornell 26.
— Snake, N. Y. Cornell 26.
— Striped or Guadeloup, N. Y.
Cornell 26.

— Tomato, Pop. Gar. 206.

— White Chinese, N. Y. Cornell
26,

— White Egg, N. Y. Cornell 26.
Elzeagnus pungens maculata, Gar.

7 World 133. (2.)

— umbellata, Am. Gar. 206.
Elder, Cut-leaved, Pop. Gar. 152.

— Fern-leaved, Pop. Gar. 152.

— Golden, Am. Gar. 753; Pop.

Gar. 152.

— Variegated, Pop. Gar. 152.
Elisena longipetala, Garden rro. (2.)
Elm, American, Pop. Gar. 21Io.

— Camperdown Weeping, Pop.

Gar. 238.
— Weeping Wych, Garden 158.
Zi.

— White, Vick’s Mag. 79.

Embothrium coccineum, Gart. 57.
C.

Encephalartos Altenstenii, Bot.
Mag. t. 71762-3.~ C.

— Frederici-Guilielmi, Gar. &
For. 209.
Endive, Dwarf Green Curled, Pop.
7 Gar. 150.
— White Batavian, Pop. Gar.
150.
Epidendrum atropurpureum, Am.
Flor. 609.

— cnemidophorum, Gart. 2.

— (Hormidium) pygmzum, Gart.
a

— nemorale, Am. Flor. 633.

—- sceptrum, Bot. Mag. t? 7160.
Be

-— Stamfordianum, |’Orch. 197.

—vitellinum, Gar. Chron. r4r.

(2.)

207

Epilobium Durizi, Jour. of Bot.
225.

Epipactis latifolia, Prakt. Rat. 7.

Epiphronitis Veitchi, Gar. Mag. 352.

Epiphyllum Gertneri, Bot. Mag. t.
F208 ...O:

Eremurus Himalaicus, Gar. Mag.
644; Jour. Hort. 289. (2.)

Erica Cavendishi, Jard. 137.

Eriogonum MHaussknechtii, n. s.,
Gart. 493.

Erythrina Crista-Galli, Garden 516.
(ee OF
Erythrolena conspicua,
Belge 8.
Erythronium grandiflorum, Jour.

Elort, 177.
Eucalyptus coccifera, Gar. Chron..
169.
— Leucoxylon, Garden 316. C.
Eucharis Amazonica, Gar. Mag.

Hort.

727.
Eucryphia Billardieri var. Milli-
gani, Bot. Mag. t. 7200. (C.)
— pinnatifolia, Gar. Chron. 613,
2a (2%)
Euonymus latifolius, Garden 213.
Eupatorium riparium, Garden 134.
Zz:
Euphrasia officinalis, Jour. of Bot,
161.
Euphorbia fulgens, Garden 239.
— jacquinieflora (E. fulgens),
Garden 2309.
— splendens, Vick’s Mag. 16.
Exochorda grandiflora, Am. Flor.
343.
Fagus ferruginea, Am. Gar. 711;
Vick’s Mag. 120.
Faradaya splendida, Bot. Mag. t.
TOT. Ce,
Fendlera rupicola, Rev. Hort. 42.
Fern, Australian Bird’s-nest, Gar-
den 497.
— Lady, Garden 247.
— Stag’s-horn, Am. Flor. 701 ;
Meehan’s Monthly 77.
Ficus repens, Gar. Chron. 51, 53.
==> stipulata,9 Jour. . Hort: "133;
Rev; Hort. 448... C.
Fig, St. John’s, Jour. Hort. 485.

288 Annals ot Horticulture.

Filbert, Prakt. Rat. 248, 477.
— Kentish Cob-Nut, Can. Hort.
126.
Fir, Douglas, Gar. & For. 211.
— Shasta Red, Gar. Chron. 429.
(2.)

Forget-me-not, ‘‘Hen-and-chickens,”’

| Gar. Chron. 159.. (2.)
— Victoria, Vick’s Mag. 1. C.
Forsythia intermedia, Gart. BOW.
— suspensa, Gar. & For. 70.
— — var. Fortunei, Gart. 397.
— — — Sieboldi, Gart. 397.
Fourcroya lBedinghausii, Gar.
Chron. 480.
Franseria artemisioides, Gart. 106.
Franciscea calycina grandiflora,
Garden 98.)+4(2.) 4@.
Francoa ramosa, Garden 241. (2.)
Freesia refracta alba, Garden 60.
Fringe Tree, Orch. & Gar. 110.
Fuchsia dependens, Garden 458. C.
— General Roberts, Garden 452.
@
— ae Garden 4509.
— Queen of England, Garden
437. (2.)
— serratifolia, Garden 459.
Funkia grandiflora alba, Pop. Gar.
go.
— ovatum, Meehan’s Monthly 73.
— Sieboldi, Am. Flor. 222.
Furcrzea Bedinghausii, Bot. Mag. t.
7170, C.; Garden 143. (2.)
Gaillardia, Lorenz’s Perfection, Gar.
Chron 561.54(2.)
Galanthus Elwesi, Garden 272, 276;
Gar. Chron: (3239 5/h:Giawr.
Mag. 154; Gar. World 445.
— — globosus, Garden 272.
— — major, Garden 273.
— Fosteri, Gar. Mag. 154.
— Melvillei, Garden 272.
— nivalis, Gar. Chron. 337 ; Gar.
Mag. 154.
— — Imperati, Gar. Mag. 155.
— — reflexus, Garden Mag. 155.
— -— virescens, Garden 276,
—~ plieatus’: Gar* Chien:
Gar. Mag. 155.
— — major, Garden 273.

337;

Galanthus, Sharlocki, Gar. Mag.
155. .

Galeandra var. Delphinia, Am.
Flor. 609.

Garland-Flower, Daphne Cneorum,
Pop. Gar, 188.

Garrya elliptica, Garden 261.
Gelsemium sempervirens, Woods. 7.
Genetyllis tulipifera, Garden 500.
Gentiana verna, Garden 395. (2.)

Geranium armenium, Rev. Hort.
250, WC.
Gerbera Jamesoni, Gar. Mag. 7;

Jour. Efert.-63.> (25)
Gingko, Am. Gar. 268, 271.
Gladiolus, Alsace (hyb.), Pop. Gar.

Ti:
— Andre OChenier-(hybry Pen,
Gar! 7a:
— Colville’s, Rev. Hort. 453.
— Comte. Horace. de Choisenl:
Am, Gat, 672,774)
— Emile > Gallé ~(hyb.), > Rev:
Hort. 568): 3;
— Ferdinand de Lesseps (hyb.),
Rev. Hort “5687.
— Gandavensis (hyb.), Rev. Hort.
409.
— Marquis de Saporta (hyb.),
Rev. Hort; 56571.
— Monsieur Hardy, Am. Gar.672.
— Nancieanus, Gar. World 797.
— Pactole' (hyb:), * Rev.” Hort.
508. 2G.
— perroquet, Rev. Hort. 453.
— President Carnot (hyb.), faa
Gann:
— rameux, Rev. Hort. 453.
— Snow White, Pop. Gar. 113.
Globe-Flowers, Garden 102 (2), C.;
103. :(22)
Gloxinia maculata, Garden 364. C.
Goat’s-beard, Garden 185.
Godetia, Perle Blanche, Hort. Belge

53:
Gombo, Jard. 206.

Goodyera pubescens, Am. Gar.
oom)

Gooseberry, Cordon, Jour. Hort.
TOL. (ae)

— Downing, Can. Hort. 161. C.

w
}
a

Plant. Portraits of réor.

Gooseberry, Red Jacket, Hort. Art
Hod i2. C,
Grammatophyllum Fenzlianum,

Osmer’s var., Gar. World
O35, (2.)

— Measuresianum, Gar. Mag.
ga4, jour. Hort. 342.» (2. )

Grape, Alexander Winter Am. Farm
dgidort, No: 4,°5.

— Alicante, Gar. World 261. (2.)

— Alnwick Seedling, Gar. World
SS ei |

— Appley Towers, Gar. Mag. 52.

— Bailey, Am. Gar. 583; Rural
NEA NY . 222,

=> armes, Am. Gar. 579. -C.

— Black Hamburgh, Gar. World
Ber.) (.2:)

— Brighton, Am. Gar. 734.

— Carman, Rural N.-Y. 221:

— Colerain, Am. Farm & Hott.
Neuer (2); 18; Hort. Art
jour, 79.

—- Concord, Am. Gar. 732.

— DeGrasset, Am. Gar. 579. C.

— Delaware, Am. Gar. 727,

— Diamond White, Fla. Dis. 164.

— Eldorado, Am. Gar. 733.

— Green Mountain, Orch. & Gar.

136.

— Gros Maroc, Garden 361;
Gar. World 261. (2.)

— Hermann jfeger, Am. Gar.
584.

— Husmann, Am. Gar. 586;

Rural N.-Y. 224.

— Lady Hutt, Gar. Mag. 53.

— Madresfield Court, Gar. World
Zon). (2)

— Moyer, Orch, & Gar. 175.

— Onderdonk, Am. Gar. 581.

— Red Koshiu, Am. Gar. 137.
— Rochester, Rural N. Y. 122.
Griffinia hyacinthina, Jour. Hort.

Aas: (20h
Ground Cherry, Physalis Alkekengi,

Poep.. Gar. 170. “(Seé=aiso
Physalis. )

Guava, Am. Agr. 341.

Gunmera scabra, Am. Flor. 345;

Gar. Mag. 469.
20

289

Gunnera, manicata, Gart. 18.

— perpensa, Gar. Mag. 468.
Gymnogramma Peruviana argyros
phylla, Garden 369.

— pulchella, Garden 372.
Gynerium argenteum, Am. Gar. 713.
Gypsophila paniculata, Am. Flor.

340.
Habenaria carnea, Gar. Chron. 729
(2)ewGarvc Pore 487:

<— cilvaris; Am..Gar. 282.

— dilatata, Am. Gar. 153.

— fimbriata, Am. Gar. 152.

— Otletez, Ill. Hort: 31. C.

— tridentata, Am. Gar. 153.
Hemanthus Natalensis, Garden 539.

— toxicarius, Garden 554.
Hamamelis arborea, Garden 546, C.;

Gar. Chron. 247 ; Gar. Mag.

94.
— Japonica, Gar. & For. 257;
Rev. Hort. 472. C.
— Virginica, Garden 547.
Hawthorne, English, Cratezgus
Oxycantha, Pop. Gar. 1809.
Hazel, Japanese, Am. Gar. 267.
Helenium autumnale, Am. Gar. 682;
Gar, Chron:~ 433. “(2.)
— Bolanderi, Rev. Hort. 377.
Helianthemum formosum, Gar.
Mag. 246.
Helianthus multiflorus, Gar. Chron.
Aer (2); jard.250:
— — fl. pl., Garden 357.
Helichrysum bracteatum grandi-
florum, Hort. Belge 246.
Hemerocallis disticha fl. pl., Gar-
den 45; Pop. Gar. 254.
Hemionitis elegans, Gar. <.. For.

; 485.
Hepatica triloba, Prakt. Rat. 168.

Heritiera macrophylla, Bot Mag. t.

F192...

Hermannia cristata, Bot. Mag. t.
(Bees | Ore

Heuchera sanguinea, Prakt. Kat.
298.

Hibiscus esculentus, Jard. 2c6.
— lasiocarpus, Gar. & For. 415.
— rosa-Sinensis var. (?), Garden
267 C.

290

Hibiscus Suratensis, Gar. Chron.
529.

— Syriacus, Garden 217.

— venustus, Bot. Mag. t. 7183. C.
Hicoria Pecan, Am. Gar, 273.
Honeysuckle, Hall’s Climbing

Japan, Can. Hort, '350:—-C.

— Japanese, Am. Agr. 19.

Horse-chestnut, /@sculus Hippo-
castanum, Gar. World 377.

— California, Gar. & For. 523.
Hovenia dulcis, Am. Gar. 8o.

Hoya carnosa, Jard. 87.
Hyancinth, Roman, Am. Agr. 282.

— Water, Am: Gar. 55.
Hyacinthus candicans, Prakt. Rat.

400.
Hydrangea paniculata, Am. Gar.
720; "Gar. Chron, 553.
— — grandiflora, Orch. & Gar.
£95. C
— Red-branched, Hort. Art Jour.
Th. eG:
Hypericum Buckleyi,
581.
— Moserianum , Gar. Chron.
333. (2) ;~ Gatr~ World. 40
2); jour. Hort: 263. .- (2: )
Iberis affinis, Jard. 196.
Icho, Am. Gar. 263, 271.
Tlex laevigata, Gar. & For. 221.
Impatiens glanduligera, Jard. 39.
— mirabilis, Bot. Mag. t. 7195.
G:

— Sultani, Gart. 582, 607.

Ionopsis paniculata var. maxima,
Am.‘Flor. 631.

Inula grandiflora, Pop. Gar. 111.

Ipomza Bona-Nox Jard. 29.

— Camerunensis, Gart. 393. C.

—~-. coccinea, fard.23:

— pandurata, Am. Gar.

Hort. Art Jour. 63." )C.
Iris alata alba, -Gart. 369. C.

— — lilacina, Gart. 369. C.

— — speciosa, Gart. 369. C.

— — typica, Gart. 369. C.

— atropurpurea, Gart. 649. C.

— Danfordiz, Jour. Hort. 151.

— fimbriata, Am. Gar. 704; Jour.

Hort..185. 124

Gar. & ‘For.

637 ;

Jerusalem Artichoke,

Annals of Horticulture.

Iris, Gatesi, Garden 351. (2.)
— Kempferi, Gar. Mag. 552.
— Korolkowi var. venosa pul-
cherrima, Gart. 561. C.
— Mourning, Garden 340 C. 341.
— Perstea, fard-232
— reticulata, Jard. 209.
— Robinsoniana, Garden 312
(2°) C.5 Gare Girona 457,
450; Gar. &@ Ber 55") Gace.
Mag. 569; your.; Etert. 29;
(2.)
— Rosenbachiana, Gar. Mag.
1
— Susiana, Garden-340 ©€.= 444.
— xiphioides, Jard. 185.
— — var. argentea, Rev. Hort.
+ 36s
— — — Edmond Scherer, Rev.
Hort. 36. C.
— — — |. Victor, Ber te.
C.
— Xiphium, Jard. 185.
Iron-bark, Red-flowered, Garden

316. 0.
Isotoma longiflora, Gart. 106.
Ixora regina, Jard. 199.
Jacquier, Artocarpus
Kev. Hort..o.
Jasminum nudiflorum, Gar. World
293. |
— polyanthum, Rev. Hort. 270.
White, Gar-

integrifolia,

den 86. (2.)

Juglans cordiformis, Am Gar. 179.
— Mandchourica, Am. Gar. 178.
— Sieboldiana, Am. Gar. 179.
— Vilmoriniana, Gar. & For. 52,

53:
Jujube, Am. Gar. 79.
Juniperus Bermudiana, Gar. & For.
204, 205.
—- Sabina, Garden 429.

Kaki, Gar. Chron. 179. See under
Persimmon.

Kale, Curled Scotch, Am. Gar
104.

Kentia Belmoreana, Jard. 237

Kniphofia (Tritonia) Northiz, Am.
Gar. 772; Gar. Chron. 392.
(2)

Plant Portraits of r8gr.

Kola, Am. Agr. 693.
Lace-leaf Plant, Am. Flor. 67 (2);
Garden 300.
Lachenalia Comesii, Gart. 358.
~- — Regeliana, Gart. 357.
Lactuca Scariola, Am. Gar. 621.
Lady’s-Slipper, C. Weidlin’s, Gar.
Mag. 274.
Lelia acuminata, Gart. 301.
= Amanda, til: Hort. 89g. ~C.
=auceps var. holochila, Gar. &
Por, 173.
— Boothiana, Gar. Chron. 577.
Bs
— yas Gart. 600.
—— =— yar, Cauwelzrtiz, Il). Hort.
Pee -
—-. Digbyana, Gart. 301.
— — Mossiz, Gar. Wold 525.
— flava, ?Orch. 177. _C.
— furfuracea, Gart. 301.

— hybrida Arnoldiana, Jour.
Hort. 491.

— Schrédderi var. delicata, Ill.
Hort; ro9. °C.

Lagenaria spherica, Gart. 100.

Lankesteria Barteri, Jour. Hort.
ese.) 42:)
Lapachys columnaris, Meehan’s

Monthly 65. C.
Larch, European, Pop..Gar. 211.
— Weeping, Garden 84.
Larix Europea pendula, Garden
4. :
Lathyrus latifolius, Jard. 165.
— odoratus, Prakt. Rat. 383.
— splendens, Vick’s Mag. 209.
C

Leek, Broad, or London Flag, Gar-
den 57.

— Large Rouen, Garden 57.

— London Flag, Garden 57.

— Musselburgh, Garden 57.

_ Lembotropis nigricans Carlieri, Rev.
Fiort, 140.

Leptospermum bullatum, Jour.
Hort. 454.

— levigatum, Gar. Chron. 45.
Leptotes bicolor, Am. Flor. 633.
Leschenaultia biloba major, Jour.

Hort. 455.

—

291

Lettuce, Bartelde’s Denver Market,
Hort oArt jour. £5;
— Lorthois, Rev. Hort. 281.
— Prickly, Am. Gar. 621.
— Triomphe a graine blanche,
Rev. Hort. 126.
Leucanthemum latifolium var. la-
custre, Rev. Hort. 478.
Leucophyta Brownei, Rev.
445.
Leucoium nivale, Prakt. Rat. 25.
Libertia formosa, Garden gar. (2.)
Lilac, Frau Dammann, Am. Gar.
657.
— Ludwig Spath, Am. Gar. 664.
Lilium auratum, Am. Flor. 43 (2);
Garden 455.
= cruentum,, Elort.. Belge 193:

Hort:

— candidum, Garden 95.

— concolor, Jour. Hort. 131. (2.)

— giganteum, Gar. Mag 553.

—— Harris, Hort Belgg25. C.

— tientyiy bots Maa’ t.7177, C=;
Garden 422° (2); C., Gar.

Mag. 741, 742. |
— longifiorum, Gar. Mag. 197.
+ -Nepalensis, Gar: “Mag. 774,
775:

— ochroleucum, Gar. Mag. 534,

535.

— Philadelphicum, Gar. Mag. 6.

— superbum, Pop: Gar7117.

— Szovitsianum, Garden 242.
C.

— testaceum, Gar. Mag. 81.

— tigrinum, Jard. 211.

— Wallichianum superbum, Gar.
Mag. 534, 535.

— Washingtonianum, Jour. Hort.

105; /-) (2. )

. Bateman, Am. Agr. 608.

— Blackberry, Am. Agr. 441.

— Brown’s Am. Agr. 557.

— Chalcedonian, Am. Agr. 608.

— Colchic, Garden 242. C.

— Double Day, Pop. Gar. 254.

— Golden-rayed, Garden, 455.

— Guernsey, Orch. & Gar. I7I.

— Japan Day, Meehan’s monthly

73-

2Q2

Lily, Madonna, Garden 95.
— Nankeen, Gar. Mag. 81.
— Nepaul, Gar. Mag. 774, 775.
— Nerine, or Guernsey. Orch. &

Gat. 172.

— Spanish, Am. Agr. 397.
— Trumpet, Gar. Mag. 197.
— [wo-rayed Day, Garden 45.
— White Plantain, Pop. Gar. go
— Whorled-leaved American,

Gar. Mag. 6.

Lindelofia spectabilis, Jour. Hort.
175, (2.)

Linden, European White, Pop. Gar.
210.

— Silver-leaved, Orch. & Gar. 34.
— Weeping White, Orch. & Gar.

35.
— White, or Silver-leaved, Orch.
& Gar. 34.
Liparis liliifolia, Am. Gar 153:
Litchi-Nut, Am. Gar. 269.
Lithospermum prostratum, Garden
473, 122)
Livistona Chinensis (Latania Bor-
ponica), Ame Floni127. 225)
Lobelia syphilitica, Gart. 106.
— — robusta grandiflora, Hort.
Belge 217.
Lodoicea Sechellarum, Rev.
293.
Lomaria procera Duttoni, Gar. Mag.
ZOMZ IT 22:
Lonicera Halleana, Am. Gar. 663,
720,
— Kesselringi, Gart. 125,
— tangutica, Gart. 581.
— Tatarica var. grandibracteata,
Gart. 487.
Loguat, Am. Gar; 1190)7376.
Love-lies-bleeding, Garden 569. (2.)
Luculia gratissima, Am. Flor. 443.
2)
etre biennis, Prakt. Rat.
Rev: Vlort. 403°
— rediviva, Rev. Hort. 403.
Lycastecostata, Jour. Hort. 197. (2.)
— Harrison var. eburnea, Am.
Gar. 407.
— Skinnerii var. alba, Am. Flor.
eye

Hort.

315;

Annals of Horticulture.

Lychnis Chalcedonica, Prakt. Rat.

155. :

— fulgens, Prakt. Rat. 155.

— Haageana (hyb.), Hort. Belge
C

Lycium Chinense, Gar. & For. 102.
Lycopersicum esculentum xX L.
pimpinellifolium, N. Y. Cor-
neli’ 2357 —
Lyygodium palmatum, Garden 265.
Lysimachiaephemerum, Rev. Hort.
303.
— Leschenaulti, Rev. Hort. 303.
— nummularia, Rev. Hort. 303.
— vulgaris, Rev. Hort. 303.
Macadamiaternifolia, Rev. Hort. 319.
Magnolia conspicua, Gar. Chron.
591. !
— parviflora, Hort. Belge 44, 45.
— Soulangeana, Prakt. Rat. 177.
— Watsoni, Bot. Mag. t. 7157.
C. Gar. Mag. 305.
Maiden’s-Wreath, Francoa ramosa,
Garden 241,25)
Malus baccata, Gart. 61.
Mandarin, Kawachi, Am. Gar. 119.
— Oonshiu, Am. Gar, 121.
Mangel, Golden Giant, Vick’s Mag.

12.
Maple, Japanese, Pop. Gar. 250.
— Silver, Gar. &. For. 140.
— Sugar, Gar. & For. 175; Vick’s
Mag. 121.
Maranta zebrina, Gar. Chron. 619.
Marguerite, Garden 475.
Masdevallia Armini, Jour.
400.
— biflora, Gart. 89. C.
— Chimera, Garden 395.
— Estradez,.Am. Flor. 561.
— Lindeni var. grandiflora, am.
Flor. 561.
— macrura, Am. Flor. 561;
Mag. t):71647-7@:
— magrochila, Gart. 169. C.
— platyglossa, Bot. Mag. t. 7185.
c

Hort.

Bot.

— punctata. Bot. Bang Le
Cc
— Roezli, Am. Flor. 561.

— Sanderiana, Jour. Hort. 445.

Mag.

Rat. Parlrais: OF LOOT.

Masdevallia Shuttleworthii, Am.
Pier 501.
— spectrum, Am. Flor. 561.
— Tovarensis, Am. Flor. 561.
Megasea crassifolia, Gar. Mag.
67.*
Mespilus Germanica, Gart. 5.

Michauxia campanuloides, Garden
BIO. < {2.)

Milla (Cyclobothra) Bessera, Am.
Agr. 557

Miltonia Bleuana, Am. Flor: 631.
— Blunti var. Lubbersiana, Jour.

Fiert. 365. (2-)
— Regnellipurpurea, Hort. Belge
Ba. 4 ©.
— ees, tort. Belge 132, C.,
133.

— spectabilis, Am. Flor. 631.
— — var. Moreliana, Am. Flor.
633.

— vexillaria var. Leopoldiana,
oct, Belge 73. _ C.
Mimulus cardinalis, Am. Gar. 736.

— — pictus, Gart. 582.
— glutinosus, Am. Gar. 737.
—— luteus, Am: Gar. 737.
Mina lobata, Garden 144 C.; Hort.
Belge 60 C.
Mock Orange, Philadelphus micro-
piylidis, Garden 238. (2.)
C

Monk’s-hood, Yellow,Gar. Mag.124.
Monstera deliciosa, Am. Flor. 253

(2.)
Montbretia, Pott, Am. Agr. 397.
Moonflower, Hardy Tuberous-root-

ea, tort. Art jour. 68, -C.
Morchella esculenta, Gar. Chron.

504.

Morisia hypogzea, Garden 244 (2.)

C

Mosquito Catcher Plant, Am. Flor.
823.

Mountain leace. Pop. Gar. 172:

Mube, Am. Gar. 139, 141.

Musa Basjoo, Bot. Mag. t.
Gee Garden 557... (2:)

Muskmelon, Ananas d’Amerique,
Rev. Hort.-15.

— Boule d’Or, Rev. Hort. 15.

Gi O2,

293

Muskmelon, de Malte d’hiver 4

chair verte, Rev. Hort. 16.

-—_ Emerald Gem; op. Gar, 166.

— Japan achair verte, Rev. Hort.
1206.

—= Japomais; Kev. Fort. 380.

— Sucrin a chair verte, Rev.
Hort. 16.

— Syon House, Gar. World 345.

— vertarames, Rev. Hort. 16.

— Winter Pineapple, Am. Agr.
2:

Mustard, de Chine a racine tubér-
euse, Kev. Hort. 240.
Mutisia vicizefolia, Rev. Hort. 228.

Cc

Myosotis alpestris var. nana, Jard.
196.
— Victoria, Gar. Chron, 159. :(2.)
Wryrica rubra, Ame Gar. 361:
Myrsiphyllum asparagoides, Orch.

& Gar. 154.
Napoleona Miersii, Bot. Mag t.
_ 7199. Cr
Narcissus, Albatross, Gar. Mag.

367 ; Jour. Hort. 301.
— Backhousei, Jour. Hort. 241.

— Barri conspicuus, Gar. Mag.
, 200.
— — Maurice Vilmorin, Gar.
Mag. 260.

— Bernardi, Jour. Hort. 473.

— bicolor Horsfieldii, Am. Gar,
100.

— Chinese, Vick’s Mag. 194.

— corbularia citrina, Gar. Mag.
369.

— Crom-a-boo, Gar. Chron. 344.

— Double, Campernelle, Vick’s
Mag. 305.

— Double, Incomparable, Vick’s
Mag. 305._<C.

— Emperor, Gar. Mag. 368.
— Empress, Gar. Mag. 368.
— Fenzi, Gart. 429.
— Helen Falconer, Gar. World
5D3°

= Mudibras, Gar, Chron. 535.
— Hybrid No. 2, Gar. Mag. 367.
— Hybrid No. 3, Gar. Mag. 367.
— Hybrid No. 4, Gar. Mag. 367.

294

Narcissus, Hybrid No. 5, Gar. Mag.
368.

— intermedius, Gar. World 6o1.
Leedsi Beatrice, Jour. Hort. 495.
— Margarite, Gart. gor.

— monophyllus, Gar. Chron. 85.

— Nelsoni major, Gar. Mag. 260.

— obvallaris, Twin Double Flow-
er, Gar. Mag. 170.

— — Twin Single Flower, Gar.
Mag. 170.

— poeticus, Vick’s Mag. 305. C.

— — ornatus, Gar. Mag. 368.

— — recurvus xX Pseudo: Nar-

cissus, new var-, Gar.
Chron. 703.

— Pseudo-Narcissus var. Gar.

Mag. 360.

— — —cressida, Jour. Hort.
3383.

—-— — Dr." \Hogg, Jour, Hort.
aor

— — — Samson, Jour. Hort.
303.

— triandrus, Gar. Mag. 3609.
— Victoriz, Gart. 454.
Navelwort (Omphalodes),
Gardemaso. 2 )
Nectarine, Early Rivers, Gar. Mag.
500; Jour. ;Horte1590. (2)
— Précsce de Croncels, Rev.
Port! 2767 ie.
Nelumbo luteum, Gar. & For. 557.

verna,

Nemophila maculata, Gar. World
464.

Neobenthamia gracilis, Gar. Chron.
293) (22)

Neottia Nidus-Avis, Prakt. Rat. 7.
Nepenthes Edinensis, Am. Flor.
2Ba0 Ae)

— Hibberdii, Orch. & Gar. 118.
Nepeta Mussini, Rev. Hort. 300. C.
Nephelium Litchi, Am. Gar. 269.
Nicotiana colossea, Gar. Chron. 83;

Pop. Gar. 142.

— wigandioides, Jard. 139.

Nidularium striatum, Hort.
205.

Nolana prostrata, Gar. World 681.

Nothochlena rigida, Gar. & For.
C2T:

Belge

Annals of Florticulture.

Notholena dealbata, Meehan’s
Monthly 4g. C.
Nymphza odorata, Orch. & Gar.
138.
— Sturtevantii, Am. Fior, 220.
(2.)
Oak, Black, Vick’s Mag. 78.
— Golden Oak of Cyprus, Gar-
den 95. (2.)
Pin, Pop. Gar. 210.
— Red, Gar. & For. 341.

— Scarlet, Vick’s Mag. 77.

— Swamp White, Gar. & For.
246.
— White, Gar. “Por... 6,7;

Vick’s Mag. 76.
Odontoglossum bellulum, Ill. Hort.
49. G.
— Coradinei grandiflorum, Am.
Flor. 559.
— coronarium, Gar. Mag. 8109.
— crispum, Garden 596. (2.)
— — Amesianum,Gar. Mag. 334;
Jour. Hort. 361.
— — Bluthiana, § Gart.
Cy
— — Wrigleyana, Gar. Mag. 581.
— Edward, )@teho2an 1
— excellens, Gar. Mag. 352.
— — var. Dellense, Jour. Hort.
341.
— grande, Am. Flor. 559.
— — excelsior, Hort. Belge 4g.

£8 2s

— Halli. var. Lindéeni Am, Pior.
559.

— Harryanum, Am. Flor. 559.

—Chybridum Ortgiesianum Gart.
(6 ky A 9. |

— Leroyanum, l’Orch. 112. C.

— luteo-purpureum comme di-—

mensions, l’Orch. 124.
— Nevadense, Am. Flor.
Garden 250.
— Pescatores, l’Orch. 123.
— polyxanthum, Rev. Hort. 376.
me 2

559 ;

— radiatum, Am. Flor. 559.
— Rossi majus, Garden 345.
— = Mommianum, °Am, @e ier

559:

Plant Portraits of 189z.

Odontoglossum triumphans, Whit-

teys var...Gar.
Jour. Hort. 143.
~— Uro-Skinneri, Am. Flor. 559.

Mag. 89;

— vexillarium var. purpureum,
Am. Flor, 559.

— Warocqueanum, Am. Flor.
B30:

— Wilckeanum, Am. Flor. 559.
(Enothera Missouriensis latifolia,
Gar. World 665.
Olearia Lyalli, Gar. Chron. 369.

Omphalodes verna, Garden 150.
(2.2 °C),

Oncidium cucullatum, Am. Flor.
505.

— heteranthum, Jour. Hort. 41.
— iridifolium, Am. Flor. 565.
— Jonesianum, Am. Flor. 565.
— Lanceanum var. superbum,
Am. Flor. 565.
— Larkinianum, Jour. Hort. 427.
-— Loxense, Jour. Hort. 517.
—. meaecranthum, Am-..Flor. 565.
— Orthotis, Am. Flor. 565.
— Papilio var.-majus, Am. Flor.
565.
— Phalenopsis, Am. Flor 565;
Jour. Hort. 65.
—splendidum, Hort. Belge 108
@Orch:.304.. C.
= superbiens, Jour. Hort. 121.
Onion, Danvers Yellow, Vick’s Mag.
cis a
== Prize-taker, Ohio 9th rep. >p.
250.
— Wethersfield, R. I. 14.
— White Portugal, R. I. 14.
— White Victoria, Ohio oth rep.
ps 251.
Onychium auratum, Garden 340.
(2.)
Ophrys aranifera, Prakt. Rat. 6.
Wranee, jeppa, Cala. Fri. -Gr.. 1.
(2.)

— Mandarin, Kawachi, Am. Gar.
IIQ.

_— satsuma, Farmer & Dealer 77.

— Shamrock, Fla. Dis. 363.

— Flower, Mexican, Garden 115,

573.

295

Orchis foliosa, Garden 179. (2.)
— Madeira, Gardeni79. (2.)
— palustris, Prakt. Rat. 6.

—~ purple-trnged,..-Am. Gari,
152.
— utriculata, Prakt. Rat. 6.
Orobus hirsutus, Jour. Hort. 251.
Zi
Orphanidesia gaultherioides, Gart.
469.
Osmanthus Aquifolium, Gar. Chron.

47.

Ouvirandra fenestralis, Am. Flor.
67 (2); Garden 300.

Oxalis Bowiei, Can. Hort. 382.

— tropzoloides, Prakt. Rat. 26.
— Valdiviensis, Gar. World 569.
Pachystoma Thomsonianum, Gar-

den 753. (2.)
Palm, des Seychelles, Rev. Hort.

203%
— Indian ‘‘ Toddy,’’ Gar. Chron.

15. {2.)
Palmetto, Bermuda, Gar. &. For.
307.

Pampas-grass, Am. Gar. 713.
Pandanus utilis, Am. Flor. 821.

Papaver Danebrog, Prakt. Rat.
137:
— glaucum, Gar. Chron. 527

(2); Gart. 608.

— somniferum fl. pl. Gart. 609.
— umbrosum, Rev. Hort. 431.
Passifloraedulis, Gar. Mag. 584, 676.
— racemosa, Garden 168. C.

— Watsoniana, Am. Flor. 571.
Passion-Flower, Edible, Gar. Mag.

584.

Pawpaw, Am. Gar. 533, 534; Rural
es 15740575.

Pea, Dwarf, William Hurst, Jour.
Roses 31.

— Heroine, Pop. Gar. 233.
— Premium Gem, Orch. & Gar.

a2
— Stratagem, Orch. & Gar. 32.
Peach; Excelsior, Am, Agr. 701.
— Honey, Fla. Dis. 523.
— Peen-to, Fla. Dis. 523.
— Reeve’s Mammoth Fla. Dis.
63.

Annals of Horticulture.

296
Peach, Souvenir de Jean Denis Pear, Marie Guisse, Prakt. Rat. 106,
ee Rev. f1ort. 108. — Marie Louise, Garden 513.
; 2,
Pear; Akato,. Am.,Gar: 43; — nee Am, Ganji,
— Akatsupo, Am. Gar. 13. — Oiran, Am. Gar..9.
— Alexandrine Mas, Prakt. Rat. — Okago; Am Garo
LOR. — Olivier de Serres, Prakt. Rat.
Anjou, Can. Hort. 136; Pop. 85.
Gar. 64. — Pitmaston Duchess, Garden
Bessemianka, Rural N. Y. 171 (2); Gar. Mag. 480.
749. — Prevost, Praki Ghar eee)

Boussock, Can. Hort 225, 1C-

Butterbirne*=yonu 1. N a 2 him,
Prakt. Kat.106;

Charles Cognee, Gart.
Cra Prakt, Inat,106.

Conference, Gar. Chron...679
(2); Journ WHort..491..9(25)

Dechantsbirne von Alencon,
Prakt.,Rat. 85.

— Montjean, Prakt. Rat. 95.

Deutsche National-Berga-
motte, Prakt. Rat. 385, 386.

Driesche’s Butterbirne, Prakt.
Rat.107.

Edel Crassane, Prakt. Rat. 85.

Esperens Bergamotte, Prakt.
Rat. 95.

Herrenbirne, Prakt. Rat. 415.

Gambier’s Butterbirne, Prakt.
Rat. 106.

General Duvivier, Prakt. Rat.
107.

Gluctsbirne, Prakt. Rat. 95.

Hamberg,-Can. Mort. 12. #

Herzogin von Mouchn, Prakt.
Rat, 107:

Japan Golden Russet,

& Gar. 166.

— Seedless, Am. Gar. Io.

Jargonelle, Garden 572. (2.)

Josephine von Mecheln, Prakt.
Ratires5.

Kieffer, Flor. Dis. 183; Gar.
Chron, 136,144.

Koftliche von Charneu, Prakt.
Rat. 415.

Konigsbirne aus der Vendee,
Prakt) Rat. o6:

Lawrence, Can. Hort. 327. C.

Le Conte, Am. Gar. 614.

537-

Orch.

Prinz Napoleon, Prakt. Rat.
106.

Shiri-yuki, Am. Gar. 15.

Spate Hardenpont,Prakt. Rat.
96.

ot. Germain, Prakivbat. os.

— — Vauquelin, Prakt. Rat.
106.
Suzette von Bavan, Prakt. Rat.

96.

Taihé, Am. Gar. o.

Triomphe de Vodtaeeee Gar-
‘den 103,

Uvedale’s St.
Mag. 510.

Virgouleuse, Prakt. Rat. 96.

Vital, Rev. Hort. 425.

Winter Dechantsbirne, Prakt.
Rat. 85.

Worden’s Seckel, Rural N. Y.
888.

Germain, Gar,

Pecan, Am: Gar. .273.

Criglar, Am. Gar. 274.
Georgia Melon,

BTA
Idlewild, Am. Gar. 275.
Petite, Am. Gar. 274.
Riberia, Am, Gar y75-
Stuart, Am, Garza
Turkey-Egg Jr., Am. Gar. 274.
— — Sr., Am. Gar. 274.

Van Deman, Am. Gar. 274.

Pelargonium, Empress Frederick,

Am. Flor. 899.
— of India, Am. Flor. 899.
Princess Alexandra, Am. Flor.

899.

— — Victoria, Am. Flor. 899.
Pellza Pringlei, Gar. & For. 559.
Pennisetum villosum, Jard. 213.

Am: Gar.

Plant Portraits of 18092.

Pentstemon atropurpureus, Gart.

583.
Pepino, N. Y. Cornell 37.
Pepper, sabre, Kev. Hort. +128.
Persea gratissima, Rev. Hort. 374.
Persimmon, Dai-Dai-Maru, Am.Gar.

337:
— Giboshiu, Am. Gar. 335.
— Goshi-Gaki, Am. Gar. 332.
— Goshiyo-Maru, Am. Gar. 332.
— Hachiya, Am. Gar. 336.
— Haku-Gaki, Am. Gar. 459.
‘-— Hiyakume, Am. Gar. 331.
— Joyama-Gaki, Am. Gar. 461.
— Kabuto-Gaki, Am. Gar. 461.
— Mame-Gaki, Am. Gar. 460.
— Shibu-Tsuno-Magari, Am.
Gart.-40r.
— Shimo-Maru, Am. Gar. 462.
— Shimo Shiradzu, Am. Gar. 461.
— Tane-Nashi, Am. Gar. 338.
— Tsuro-No-Ko, Am. Gar. 335.
— Yedo-ichi, Am. Gar. 334.
— Yemon, Am. Gar. 333.
— Zenji-Maru, Am. Gar. 331.
Petunia, Clematis-flowered, Holborn
Blue, Gar. Mag. 37.
— Double-fringed ‘: Sunset,’’Gar.
Chron. 539. (2.)
— Madame Morosof, Hort.
Belge 31.
— Yellow-throated, Pop. Gar. 93.
Phaius Cooksoni, Gar. Mag. 743.
—— Mumbiottii, Am.’ Flor. 381,
Gag > Am. Gar. 161; Gart.
425, (C.; Rev. Hort. 204.
— tuberculosus, Gart. 33. C.
Phalznopis Esmeralda, Bot. Mag.

i7rop. SC.

=. (L.-Ames (hyb.}, Hort.
Belge 150.

— Harrietz, Am. Gar. 91; Hort.
Belge 160.

— John Seden, Hort. Belge 161.

— Rothschildiana, Hort. Belge
162.

— Schilleriana, Gar. & For. 390.
Philadelphus grandiflorus, Garden
280. ~ (2\)
— microphyllus,
(2) °C.

Garden 288.

297

Phlox Drummondii, Vick’s Mag.
LLOr 202,
— — fl. semipleno, Gart. 583.
— — grandiflora, Garden 263.
Phoenix spinosa, Garden 140.
— sylvestris, Gar Chron.) 105.
(2.)
Photinia integrifolia, Gart. 37.
= japonica, Am ;Gar, ro.
= SemiwulataaGanrt 37.

— villosa (smooth), Gar. & For.

377.
Phyllanthus pallidifolius, Gar. &

Por, Tor
Phyllocactus crenatus, Gart. 257.
C

— delicatus, Gar. World 621.
-— iy bride, jard s28r,
Phymatodes albo-squamata, Garden
270. ae)

Physalis Alkekengi, Pop. Gar. 170.
— Capsicitolia, N.Y. Cornell 37.
= Feruviana, N. Y. Cornell 37.
— pubescens, N. Y. Cornell 37.

Phytolacca decandra, Meehan’s

Monthly 53. | :

Picea nobilis glauca, Jour. Hort.

563...)

-—— pungens, Gar. Chron. 547. (2:)
Gart. 70.

— — var. argentea, Gar. Chron.
549. (2.)

Picotee Redbrzs, Garden 60.
Pilumna nobilis, Am. Flor. 633.
Pine, Buoran, Pop. Gat. 250.

— jeffrey, Gar. & For. 461.

— Norfolk Island, Garden 561;

Garden 415. (2.)
— Northern Pitch, Gar. & For.
402.

— Norway, Am. Gar. 645.
— Scotch, Pop. Gar. 210.

— White, Am. Gar. 645, 646;
Pop. Gat72ro.
Pinguicula grandiflora, Gar. Chron.
Siow ley

— lutea, Bot, Mag. +, 7203...-C:
Pink, Dianthus callinzonus, Garden

Sa200 (2. \o.C,
Pinus cembroides, Gar. & For.
Sa0:

298

Pinus excelsa, Pop. Gar. 250.
— imsignis, Gar. Chron. 336, 341.
—*Jeffreyi, Gar. & For. 461.
— patula var. macrocarpa Gar.
Chron. 435.
— resinosa, Am. Gar. 645.
— rigida, Gar. & For. 402.
— Strobus, Am. Gar. 645, 646.
Pitcairnia Roezlii, Bot. Mag. t. 7175.
Cc

Pianiin: Rattlesnake, Am. Gar.

ZOE.
Platycerium alcicorne, Gar. Chron.
607. 42a)

— grande, Am. Flor. 7o1; Gar.
Chron. "698. 1°(2.)
— Wallichii, Gar. Chron.
(2.
— Willinckii, Gar. Chron. 7or.
2a)
Pleione lagenaria, Gart. 145. C.
Pleurothallis immersa, Bot. Mag. t.
mero yh geal Oe
Plum, Botankio, Am. Gar. 75.
— Bradley’s King Damson, Jour.
Hort, 329, ie.)
— Gui, Can. Hort 263) >C;
— Japan, Blood-leaved, Pop. Gar.
ZL.
— Japan, Botan, Pop. Gar. 255.
— Japan, Hattonkin No. 2, Pop.

699.

Gar: 236.

— Jefferson, Gar. Chron. 484,
485. (2.)

— Normand Yellow, Am. Gar.
501, 574-

— QOullin’s Golden Gage, Garden

405.
— Shiro-Hatankio, Am. Gar. 73.
— Smith’s Purple Prolific, Gar.
Mag. 7If.
— Smomo, Am. Gar. 75.
Podocarpus nubigena, Gar. Chron.
17 So)
Poinciana Gilliesii, Jard. 31.
Poinsettia, Annual, Am. Agr. 608.
Pokeberry, Meehan’s Monthly 53.
Polemonium Richardsoni, Gar.
World 653.
Polygonum amplexicaule oxyphyl-
lum, PoprGat. 172,

Annals of Horticulture.

Polygonum lanigerum, Rev. Hort.
567.
— Mountain Fleece,
172:
— vaccinifolium, Garden 543.
Polyporus squamosus, Gar. Chron.

Pop Gar,

331.
Polystichum angulare, Gar. Mag.
288.
— decompositum splendens, Gar.
Mag. 288. \

— densum, Gar. Mag. 288.
— imbricatum, Gar. Mag. 288.
Pontederia crassipes var. major,
Am. Gar. 55.
Poplar, Canadian, Pop. Gar. 210.
— Weeping, Pop. Gar. 210.
Poppy, Bride, Gar. World 281.

— Shirley, Am. Agr. 83.
Populus Bolleana, Rev. Hort. 188.
— Canadensis, Vick’s Mag. 122.
— monolifera, Gar. & For. 187.
— monticola, Gar. & For. 329.
Potamogeton undulatus, Jour. of

Bot. 259.
Potato, Alexander No. 1, Ore. It.

— Champion of the American
Agriculturist Contest, Am.
AGT. 2

— Early Sunrise, Ore. 11.

— Garfield, Ore. 11.

— Garner, Ore. II.

— Rural New-Yorker No. 2,
Rural N. ¥. 878, One res

— Scotch Champion, Garden 173.

— Sir Walter Raleigh, Rev. Hort.

Tee
Primrose, Oakwood Blue, Garden
502 0G.

Primula acaulis, Prakt. Rat. 59.

— — alba plena, Prakt. Rat. 59.

— Auricula grandiflora, Gart.
LOe.

— Cashmiriana, Prakt. Rat. 71.

— Chinensis var. nove, Hl, Hort.

r:.

— — eaiees Gart. 302.

— imperialis, Garden 266 (2),
C.: Gar. Mag. “756, 95a
Jour. Hort: 3-323

— intermedia, Garden 420.

INOUE 1 OFUT US. OF TOOT.

>t

Primula, Japonica a hampe proli-
fete, Kev: Hort. ait.
— longiflora, Prakt. Rat. 59.

— obconica, Gar. Chron. 4o1;
Hort. Belge 103.

— Obristi, Prakt. Rat. 71.

— Poissonii, Garden 354 (2);
Gar. Mag. 601.

— rosea, Garden 417.
— — grandiflora, Prakt. Rat. 71.
Pritchardia grandis, Am. Flor. 5.

a
Prophet-flower, Arnebia echioides,
Garden 51. (2.)

Protea nana, Gar. & For. 413.
Prune, Bulgariaa, Am. Agr. 213.
— French, Am, Agr. 213.
— Silver, Am. Agr, 213.
Prunus Avium, Am. Gar. 403.
— Capuli, Rev. Hort. 62, 63.
— Japonica, Am. Gar. 404, 405.
— Pseudo-Cerasus, Am. Gar. 402.
— Simoni, Rev. Hort. 152, 153.
—— tomentosa, Am. Gar. 77.
Pteris tremula Smithiana, Gar.
World 361; Hort. Belge 142.
— Victoriz, Am. Flor. 779; Hort.
Belge 188; Jour. Hort. 389.
Pueraria Thunbergiana, Rev. Hort.

ar.
Putty-root, Am. Gar. 154.
Pyracantha crenulata, Gart. 5.
Pyrethrum, Double, Vick’s Mag.
re Cu
= bybridum, Vick’s’ Mag. 145.
C.
Pyrularia oleifera, Am. Gar. 576.
Pyrus betulifolia, Gart. 37.
— Chinensis, Am. Gar. 16.
— coronaria, Am. Gar. 469, 470,
471.
— loensis, Am. Gar. 473, 474.
— Soulardi, Am. Gar. 471, 472.
— Thianschanica, Gart. 8.
— Toringo, Am. Gar. 17.
— Ussuriensis, Gart. 37.
Pyrus. See also Sorbus.
Quamash, Am. Agr. 393.
Siereus alba, Gar. & For. 6, 7:
Vick’s Mag. 76.
—-- aimitelia, Garden 95. (2.)

A) 8

Quercus bicolor, Gar, & For. 246.
— coccinea, Vick’s Mag. 77.
— — tinctoria, Vick’s Mag. 78.
— Pontica, Gart. 510.
— rubra, Gar. & For. 341.
Quince, Champion, Can. Hort.
o7 Cy, ort, Art Jour so. C-
— Chinese, Am. Gar. 16.
— Fuller, Can. Hort. 48; Orch.
Gg Gar. 23;
— Japanese, Garden 126 (2), C.;
Pop. Gar. 210.
Radish, Scarlet Frame, Am. Gar.
669: NY: Cornell se.
— White Box, N. Y. Cornell, 30.
Ranunculus, Persian, Gar. World
649.
Raspberry, Ada, Orch. & Gar. 27.
— Catawissa, Jour. Hort. 113.
— Greiser’s Fruchtbare, Prakt.

Kat.307.

-—— Johnston's Sweet, Can: Hort.
92.

— Lovett, “Am. Parm <& Hort:
Newt i2), 35 Cant Hert:

15-4 Orch, © Gare.
— Lovett Early, Rural N. Y. 558.
— Marlborough, Prakt. Rat. 307.
— Palmer, Orch. & Gar. 27.
— Progress, Rural N. Y. 558.
— Saru-ichigo, Am. Gar. 205.
— Shaffer’s Colossal, Prakt. Rat.
360.
Ravenea Hildebrantii, Gar. & For.
~~ S59.
Rehmannia (Trionophora) rupestris,
Bot: Mag. t.719n. 1+ C.
Restrepia antennifera, Am. Flor.
631.

Rhamnus Purshiana, Am. Gar. 247.
(An. error. The cut is a
Streptopus. )

Rhapis flabelliformis, Prakt. Rat.
428.
— humilis, Am. Flor. 405. (2.)

Rhazya orientalis, Gart. 225. C.
Rhipsalis dissimilis, Gart. 634.
— trigona, Gart. 39, 40.
Rhodanthe Manglesi, Hort. Belge
245.
— — maculata, Gar. World 617.

300

Rhododendron arboreum, Gar.
Chron. 641.

Brookeanum, Gar. Chron. 621.

— Champione, Jour. Hort. 555.
(2.) |

— Comtesse de Bari, Rev. Hort.
1208

— Countess of Haddington, Gar-
den 71 (27)

Exoniense, Garden 466.
Ponticum, Gar. Chron. 465.
scabrifolium, ‘Bot, Mag. +.

pes Oy tay Ox
Veitchianum, Garden 463.
Williamsi, Gar. Mag. 275.
Rhynchostylis celestis, Gar. World

685.

Ribes alpinum, Gart. 342.

— Grossularia, Gart. 342.

— nigrum, Gart. 344.

— rubrum, Gart. 342.

— speciosum, Gart. 342.
Richardia A£thiopica (Little Gem),

Garden 189.
— Africana compacta, Gar.

World 200.~ (2.4

Robinia Pseudacacia, Vick’s Mag.
123.

Rock-rose, Laurel-leaved, Gar. Mag.
95.

Rodriguezia anomala, Gar. Chron.
729.

Romneya Coulteri, Gart. 593. C.
Rondeletia speciosa, Kev. Hort.
22S,
Roridula dentata, Gar. Chron. 367.
2a
Rosa BA ie Bote Maset w7aga,
C.; Gar. Mag. 4o2.
— gigantea, Gar. Mag. 4o2.
— microphylla, Gar. Mag. 4o2.

— multiflora, Am. Flor. 1003;
Gar. i& Mor: 535:
— polyantha remontant, Prakt.

Rat;.316) 397.
— Wichuraiana, Gar. & For. 569.

Rose, Alfred K. Williams, Gar.
Mag. 403.
— Alphonse Soupert, MRosen-
Zeit. 40:0, ©:

— Anna Olivier, Garden 98. C.

Annals of Horticulture.

Rose, Banksian, Jour. Hort. 349.

Baroness Rothschild, Garden

Ag (a)
Catherine Mermet, Am. Flor.
839.

Chestnut hybrid, Garden, 149.
Chinese, Garden 216. C.
Clothilde Soupert, Vick’s Mag.

177. wee

Comtesse Anna Thun, Rosen-
Zeit. 637.

Comtesse de Nadaillac, Gar.
Mag. 401.

Dinsmcre, Hort. Art Jour. 41.
Doce Grill, Jour. Roses 42.
Duke of Teck, Rosen-Zeit. 85.
eae Morren, Gar. Mag.

395.
Gloire de Dijon, Hort. Belge

228.8 6G
Gloire des Polyantha. Jour.
Roses-56..: CG

Green, Am. Gar. I81.

Gustave Piganeau, Jour. Hort.
Zoe sae

Jean Libaud, Hort. Art Jour.
AL, :Aee

Jules Lemaitre, Jour. Roses 8.

Kaiserin Auguste
Rosen-Zeit. 17. C.
La France de ’89, Jour. Roses

Viktoria,

24, Co Rev: aontisae:
Lamarque, Garden. & For. 233.
Laurette Messimy, Garden

278... (eu
Le Vésuve, ~Jour) Roses e722:

C:

Madame Baron-Veillard, Jour.
Roses 104, C,

Madame Caroline Testout,
jour..Roses13604
Madame de Watteville,

Flor. 847.
Madame Georges Bruant, Hort.
Art Jour: 30; Amana.
Madame Joseph Bonnaire, Jour,
Roses 152. 1C.

Am.

y Pont. Ler ivaus Of LSQl.

Rose, Madame Lambard, Garden

320. .(2.
— Madame Pierre Cochet, Jour.
ioses 108, CC.

— Marie Van Houtte, Garden

548. (2.)

— Mrs. John Laing, Hort. Art
joan. an. C,

— Mrs. Paul, Jour. Hort. 367.

— Noisette Duarte de Oliveira,
dow. Koses S83. «°C.

= Eeimce A de Wagram, Jour.
roses 177. -C.

— Princesse Marie de Lusignan,
Jour. Roses 120.

— Reine Nathalie de
Rosen-Zeit.65- C.

== supens, Garden 215... (2.)

== tugosa’ calocarpa, Rev. Hort.
120;

— sanguinea,
oe

— Sappho, Jour. Hort. 403.

— Shrubby Sun, Gar. Mag. 246.

— Souvenir d’Elise Vardon, Gar.

Serbie,

Orel t%.Gar, 103.

Mag. 400.

— Sultan of Zanzibar, Rosen-
Zeit? te. C:

— Suzanne Marie Rodocanachi,
Gar. Mag. 397.

—-Waban, Am. Flor. 388. C.
— William Allen Richardson,
Gar Nag. 50T-.
Kkubus Canatlensis, Am. Gar. 83;
N.Y. Cornel] 34.
— — var. invisus,Am.Gar. 83,84;
IN. Ys Cornell 34:
— — var. roribaccus, N. Y. Cor-

nell 34.
— fruticosus laciniatus, Garden
271 712.)

— pheznicolasius, Am. Gar. 205.
— trivialis, N. Y. Cornell 34.
Sabal Blackburniana, Gar. & For.

307,

Savisburia adiantifolia, Am. Gar.
2608, 271.

Salix Babylonica, Garden 73.

Salpiglossis sinuata, Garden 75.
(25)

Salvia officinalis aurea, Gart. 108.

e

301

Sambucus nigra var. aurea, Am.
Gat. 753.
— — var.heterophylla, Pop. Gar.
152,
— — var.laciniata, Pop. Gar.152.
— — var.variegata, Pop.Gar.152.
— pendula nova, Rev. Hort.
205.

— pubens, Gart. 631.

— racemosa forma violacea,
art. 631.

— — heterophylla, Gart. 656.

Sand Verbena, Umbel-flowered, Gar.
World 829:

Sanvitalia procumbens,
Gar. 44.

Sarcodes sanguinea,
Monthly 36.

Sarcopodium Godseffianum, Jour.
Hore. 25.

Sarracenia purpurea, Vick’s Mag.
2140275.

Satyrium carneum, Gar. Mag. 261.

Saxifraga cordifolia purpurea, Gar.
World 589.

—- Huetiana, Jard. 197.

— longifolia, Garden 230. (2.)
Saxifrage, Thick-leaved, Gar. Mag.

O77:
Scilla, Siberian, “Am.¢ “Agr. 260°;
Prakt, dnat,-43:
Schizanthus retusus, Garden 337.
Schomburghkia Sanderiana, Jour.
Hort. 103.5030 12.)

— tibicinis, Gar. Chron. 651.

Scolymus Hispanicus, N. Y. Cor-
nell 37.

Scorpiurus muricatus, Rev. Hort.
B27.

— subvillosus, Rev. Hort. 527.

— sulcatus, Rev. Hort. 527.

— vermiculatus, Rev. Hort. 527.
Seaforthia elegans, Garden rao.
Sebastiania Palmeri, Am. Gar. 553.
Sedum oppositifolium, Prakt. Rat.

238.

— spurium, Rev. Hort. 523.

Selaginella atroviridis, Garden 359.
(2)

Senecio Heritieri,
509.

Orch. &

Meehan’s

Gar... & ~ Fer.

302

Shepherdia argentea, Pop. Gar. 84 ;
Vick’s Mag. 88. -

Shortia galacifolia, Am. Gar. 287;
Gar. Mag. 353; Gar. World

605.
Sidalcea candida, Rev. Hort. 356.
Silene d’Orient compacte, Rev.
Hort. 455.

— pendula var. nana compacta
ru berrima;.Jard:7197:
Skunk-cabbage, Double; Meehan’s

Monthly 68.
Snowberry, Pop. Gar. 211.
Snowdrop, Common, Gar. Mag. 154.

— Crimean, Gar. Mag. 155.

— Elwes’s, Gar. Mag. 154.

— Foster’s, Gar. Mag. 154.

— Imperatis, Gar. Mag. 155.

— Reflexed, Gar. Mag. 155.

— Sharlock’s, Gar. Mag. 155.
Sobralia macrantha, Hort.

200" Ce

— — nana, Hort. Belge 38.
Soja hispida, Pop. Gar. 192.
Solandra grandiflora, Jard. 175.
Solanum. coccineum, Pop. Gar.

200.

— Dammannianum, Gart. 20.

— integrifolium, Pop. Gar. 206;
N. Y. Cornell 26.

— Melongena var. depressum,

N. Y. Cornell 26. }
— — — esculentum, N. Y. Cor-
nell 26.

— muricatum, N. Y. Cornell 37.
Solomon’s-Seal, Garden 479.
Sophronitis cernua, Gart: 301.

— grandiflora, Am. Flor.

Gar: Chron. G66.
Sorbus (or Pyrus) Aucuparia, Gart.
37; Hort. Belge 4.

Spanish Salsify, N. Y. Cornell 37.
Sparaxis tricolor, Drapeau Belge,
Hort. Belge 156. C.
Sparmannia Africana, Prakt. Rat.

609 ;

122.

Spartium scoparium var. Andreana,
Gart. 1132, (C:

Spathoglottis augustorum, Am.
Filor..631.

— Vieillardii, Am. Gar. 93.

Belge |

Annals of Horticulture.

Spindle Tree, Brood-leaved, Gar-
den 213.
Spinovitis Davidii, Am. Gar. 435;
Rev. Hort. 162,903.
Spring Beauty, Vick’s Mag. 180.
Spirea ariefolia, Garden 383.
— Aruncus, Garden 185.
— astilboides, Gar. World 325.
— Bumalda, Gar. World 69 (2);
Hort. Belge 12°€2) Orch, &
Gar: 798.
-— callosa, Pop. Gar. 211.
— — alba, Orch. & Gar. 198. C.
— confusa, Jour. Hert. 271
— discolor var. arizfolia, Gar. &
For. 627.
— filipendula fl. pl., Garden 289.
— floribunda, Hort. Belge145. C.
— Japonica compacta multiflora,
Gar. World 37.6 (2)
Spruce, Norway, Pop. Gar. 123, 210.
— Weeping, Am. Gar. 648.
— Weeping Hemlock, Garden 81.
Stachys palustris, Jard. 91.
— Sieboldi (tuberifera’,
Cornell 37.
— tuberifera, Jard. oF.
Stanhopea graveolens var. Lietzei,
Gart.:200 3 1e>
— Ruckeri, Am. Flor. 631.
Staphylea Colchica, Gar. Chron.
hc ee
Statice latifolia, Gar. Mag. 4g.
Stauntonia hexaphylla, Am. Gar.
139, I4I.
Stenandrium Lindeni, II]. Hort.gr. C.
Stenoglottislongifolia, Bot. Mag. t.
TESOrG OG:
Stenomesson incarnatum, II]. Hort.
PASO Oh
Stevia odorata, Gart. 107.
Stock, Imperial Ten-Weeks, Vick’s

NCES:

Mag. 18 (2.)
Strawberry, Admiral Dundas, Pop.
Gar. 68.
— Barton’s Eclipse, Ga. 15;
Ohio 6.

— Belmont, Ga. 15.

— Beebe, Orch. & Gar. 121, 133.
— Black Defiance, Pop. Gar. 211,
— Bubach, Am. Agr. 487.

es

Plant “Poriraiis of 180m.

Strawberry, Chas. Downing, Ga.

15.

— Cloud, Ga. 15.

— Cumberland, Am. Agr. 487;
Kear 5.

— Daisy, N. Y. State, gthrep. p.
a2.

— Eureka, Ga. 15.

— Gandy, Am. Agr. 487; Ga. 15.

— Gold, Prakt. Rat. 31

— Greenville, Ohio 6.

— Haverland, Can. Hort. 142.

— Hoffman, Ga. 15.

— lowa Beauty, Orch. & Gar. 121.

— Jessie, Ga. 15

— Jewel, Ga. IF

-—4jounsons Late, N. Y. State
otI/rep. p. 272.

— Lady Rusk, Ga. 15.

— Laxton’s Scarlet Queen, Jour.
ffert 22. (2.)

aes, NY. State oth rep. p.
2

+) anise, Ni ¥. State oth rep. p.
B72,

— Lovett’s Early, Am. Farm &
fiom. Nor (2),< 1; Can.
Biort, 415 Orel. & Gar.
120.

— Michel, Ga. 15.

— Monmouth, Ga. 15.

— Parker Earle, Am.“Agr. 487;
Oren. & Gar. 183°;\Ga.. 15:

— Parry, Ga. 15.

— Sharpless, Ga. 15.

— Souvenir de Madame Strue-
lens;'Gar. World 145. (2.)

— Summit, Ga. 15.

— Teutonia, Gart. 415.

— Waldron, Orch. & Gar. 121.

— Wilson, Ga. 15.

— Yale, Orch. & Gar. 121. .
Streptocarpus Galpini, Jour. Hort.

250. (2:)
— hybridus Kewensis, Ill. Hort.
Po." ©.

— — Watsoni, Ill. Hort. 81.- C
Stuartia Virginica, Am. Gar. 286.
Sundew. See Drosera.
Sweet-Brier, Lady Penzance, Jour.

Hort. 425.

Bes
Symphoricarpus racemosus, Gar.
Worldz4r. 2 12.)
Symplocarpus focetidus, Meehan’s
Monthly 68.
Synadenium arborescens, Bot. Mag.
te 7184.5 °C:
Synantherias sylvatica, Bot. Mag.
ti 7EQO:-
Syringa Bretschneideri, Garden gr.
— coronarius variegata, Hort.

Art jou®.44. °C.
— Emodi, Garden 106.
Tacsonia Smythiana, Gar. World

AEA: 2)
Taxodium distichum, Gart. 240,
BAT

Taxus Canadensis, Vick’s Mag. 252.

Thermopsis Nepalensis, Garden 49.

Thrinax Morrisii, Gar. Chron. 700.

Thunbergiagrandiflora, Gar. Chron.
789.

Thuya gigantea, Gar. & For. 116.

Pignidia, “pavetia, 1il- Hort. 127:
C

Baer argentea, Garden 524.
(2.
— (Vriesea) hieroglyphica, Rev.
Hort. gor.

— Lorentziana, Gart. 313. C

— punctulata, Gart. 208.

— virginalis, Gar. Chron. 39
Toebaceo,..Giant, Pop. Gar: 142.
Tomato, Advance, Gar. Mag. 21o.

— Husk, N. Y. Cornell 37.

_— McCollum’s Hybrid, Vick’s
Mag. 8, Io.

— 400, Rural N. Y. 876c, 876d.

— rouge naine hative, Rev. Hort.

rel:

— Strawberry, N. Y. Cornell 37.
Torenia Fournieri grandiflora,

Prakt. Rat. 205.
Torminaria Clusii, Gart. 61.
Trachelium czruleum, Jard. 244.
Tragopyrum lanceolatum var. lati-

tolia, Gart. 169..°,/C)
Trichocentrum albo-purpureum var.

striatum, Am. Flor. 609.

— var. splendens, Am. Flor. 609.
Trichopilia suavis var. alba, Am.

Flor. 633.

304 Annals of Horticulture.

Tricuspidaria dependens, Bot. Mag.
t.'7F TOO! Cy

Trillium grandiflorum, Garden 222
(2) 9C Mae sa Mag ona 3:

149.

Trochetia Blackburniana, Bot. Mag.
(7200. " 7C!

Trollius Dauricus, Garden 103. (2.)

— Europzus, Garden 102. (2.)
‘OF

—.— aurantiacus. ‘Garden 1oe2.
(2)

Tsuga Pattoniana, Gar. & For. 380.
Tulip, Piery, Can, Hore 312,

— Joost Van Vandel, Pop. Gar.

222)

— Royal, Can. Hort. 311.
Tulipa tulgems, Can, Hort, 312.

— Greigi, Can. Hort. 311.

— Kolpakowskiana, Garden 174.

(22):

— dveichtlini;) Garden, 174. (24)
Oe

— Sintenesii, Bot. Mag. t. 7193.
G,

Turkey’s-Beard,; Am. Flor. 271.
2.)
ee oe Castle Black Stone,
Garden 297.
—=' Early Duteh) Garden 207.
— Indian, Vick’s Mag. 179.
— Orange Jelly, Garden 297.

— Red-top Strap-leaved Ameri-
can Stone, Garden 297.
Ulmus Americana, Vick’s Mag. 79.

— montana var. ?, Pop. Gar.
233:
Vallota purpurea, Am. Agr. 486.
Vanda Amesiana, Am. Flor. 441.
=—-crulea, Am. Flor, 685./ Hort.
Belge 265. C.
= Denisoniana, Amr log, 607:
-__-Hookeriana, Gar. Worlds53

(2.)

—-. Kimballiana, Am. Gar. 80.

— suavis, Am. Flor. 607.

= war Jundent, |) Am: “lor,

607.

— superba, Am. Flor. 607.

— tricolot, Am.) Flor .607:; Gar.
Mag. 300.

-

Vanilla planifolia, Bot.
TLOT Nee
Vegetable Marrow, Moore’s Vege-

table Cream, Garden 387.
Venus’s Fly-Trap, Meehan’s Month-
a AOE

Mag. t.

Verbascum phlomoides, Garden 561.

2.
Verbena, Aurore boréale,
Bele 2a
— Mammouth, Prakt. Rat. 287.
— Nordlicht, Gart. 16 C.; Prakt.
Rat. 287.
Veronica cupressoides, Gar. Chron.
38.
—- Lavaudiana, Gar. Chron:
784 > Bot, Maget. yargnee
Viburnum dilatatum, Gar. & For.
150.
— molle, Gari & Vor we
— tomentosum, Gar. & Fer. 594,
595.
Victoria regia, Am: Plot,2794292
(2); Am. Gar, 9837 Gare one:
Vincetoxicum acuminatum, Am.
Flor .eé24:
Viola hastata, Gar, &. \Por 77.
— ocellata, Gar. & For. 55.
— pedata, Am. Gar. 284.
Violet, Bird’s-Foot, Am. Gar. 284.
Virgin’s-Bower, Purple, Garden 30.
€

Hort.

Vitis. Champini, Am. Gar. 37o. C.
— Romaneti mascula, Rev. Hort.
521.
— — obtusifolia, Rev.
520.
— — serotina. Rev. Hort. 520.
Vriesa cardinalis (yee Ill.. Hort.
39. C.
— regina, Gart. I61.
Walhenbergia tuberosa, Jard. 271.
— undulata, Bot. Mag. t. 7174.
OF
Walnut, Am. Agr. 301.
Waluewa pulchella, Gart. 89. C.
Warrea Lindeniana, Am. Flor.
655.
Washingtonia robusta, Prakt. Rat.

Hort:

193.
Water Hyacinth, Am. Gar. 55.

Plant Portratt of TOOL,

Robinson-
(25) = :

Wedding-Flower (Iris
iana,) Garden 312.
Gar. Mag. 569.
Weigelia candida, Orch. & Gar. 108,
ei. Op. Gar. 211.
— Eva Rathke, Gat 337, °C.
— Lavallee, Orch. & Gar. 198. C.
-— Mons. Lemoine, Pop. Gar: 211.
— variegated, Pop. Gar. 211.
Willow, Royal, Pop. Gar. 211.
— Weeping, Garden 73.
Wistaria multijuga, Jard.187 ;
FAOrt, 176, 177.
— — alba, Rev. Hort. 421,
jae Unple, Wort. Art Jour. 49. GC.
— Sinensis, Garden 409; Vick's
Mag. 162.
Witch-Hazel, American,
547; Gar. Mag. 94.
Wood-Lily (Trillium grandiflorum),
Gerceme22, (2.) -C.
Wood-Sorrel, Bowie’s, Can.
382.
Woodwardia radicans, Garden 127.

Rev.

Garden

Hort.

fat

395

Xerophyllum asphodeloides (setifo-
um) Aime Flor. 171 (2);
Garden.520% ‘C2527.

Yellow-root, Am. Gar. 289.

Yew, Am. Gar. 648; Garden 509.
2.)

— ee Vick’s Mag. 252.
— Irish, Garden 62. (2.)
Yucca aloifolia, Woodsman 3.

— filamentosa, Am. Gar.
Can. Hort.33. C:
— filifera, Bot. Mag. t. 7197. C.
= rupicola, Bot, Mag..t..7172. C.
— Whipplei, Vick’s Mag. 211.
Zanthorrhiza apiifolia, Am. Gar.
289.

Zinnia, Double-striped Perfection,
Gar. Chron: 587. (2:)

— elegans pumila, Gart. 609.

Zizyphus vulgaris var. inermis, Am.
Gar. 79.

Zygopetalum Gibeziz, Am. Flor.
631.

— rostratum, Am. Flor. 633.

Sys

$4. Derectory of the National, State, Provincial and
Other Most Important flortecultural Societies tn
North America.

Alabama Horticultural Society :
Pres., Geo. I. Motz, Huntsville.
Sec., Frank Boykin, Seale.

American Association of Nurserymen :

Pres., |. Van Lindley} Pomona, Ve.

Sec.,. Chas..A--Green;“‘Kochester, Ni:
American Carnation Society :

Pres., Edwin Lonsdale, Chestnut Hill, Phila.

Sec, C. J. Pennock, Kennett Square, Chester Co., Pa.
American Chrysanthemum Society :

Pres., John Thorpe, Pear! River. o

Sec., Edwin Lonsdale, Chestnut Hill, Be Be:
American Cranberry Growers’ Association :

Pres.; ]. H. Brakeley. Bordentown, a 9.

Sec., aad Treas., A._]. Rider, Trenten; ia).
American Forestry Association :

Pres., James A. Beaver, Bellefonte, Pa.

Sec., C.C. Birmey, Philadelphia, Pa.
American Horticultural Society :

Pres., Parker Earle, Ocean Springs, Miss.

DE: awk, Popenoe, Manhattan, Kan.
American Pomolorical Society-

Pres., P. J. Berckmans, Augusta, Ga.

Sec., G.C. Brackett, Lawrence, Kan.
American Seed Trade Association :

Pres., F. Barteldes, Lawrence, Kan.

Sec. and Treas., A. L. Don, New York.
Arizona Fruit Growers’ Association :

Pres,, Dr, As J Chandler.

Sec.; “-H. Re Patrick; Phenix.
Arkansas Horticultural Society :

Pres: , D. 1... Meleod; judsomia.
pec., W. K. Tipton, Little Kock.

(306)

Directory of Horticultural Societies in North America. 307

Association of American Cemetery Superintendents :
Pres., John G. Barker, Jamaica Plain, Mass.
Sec., Frank Higgins, Detroit, Mich.
British Columbia Fruit Growers’ Association :
Pres., W. J. Harris, Port Hammond.
: Sec., A. H. B. MacGowan, Vancouver.
CALIFORNIA—

California Board of Viticultural Commissioners.
Pres., J. De Barth Shorb, San Gabriel.
Sec., Winfield Scott, San Francisco.
California Fruit Union :
| Pres., J. Z. Anderson, San Francisco.
V.-Pres. and Sec:, L.. W. Buck, San Francisco.
California Horticultural Society:
Pres., E. W. Hilgard, Berkeley.
Sec, 1. }..Wickson,: Berkeley.
California State Board of Horticulture :
Pres., Ellwood Cooper, Santa Barbara.
Sec.; i>. ML eelong) San Krancisco.
California State Floral Society :
Pres., =]. Wickson, Berkeley.
sec.,. Emory E. Smith, San Francisco.
_ Fruit Association ::
Pres., James A. Webster, Vacaville.
See, - |: Buckingham, Vacaville.
Pomological Society of Southern Calitornia:
_ Pres., Hiram Hamilton, Orange.
sec: -'D: Edson Smith, Santa Ana.
Cider Makers’ Association of the Northwest.
Pres., G. W. Milliard,. Brighton, U1.
pec.,- LR: Bryant,Princeton, dil.
Colorado Horticultural Society :
Pres., CC. S. Paurot, Boulder.
Sec., Alexander Shaw, Denver.
Monnecticut. No State Society.
Meiawete, No State Society. Sée Peninsula Hort. Soc.

Eastern Nurserymen’s Association :
ees W..C. Barry, Rochester, N. Y:
sec;,. William: Pitkin, Rochester, N. Y.
FLORIDA—

Florida Fruit Exchange :
Pres., Geo. R. Fairbanks, Jacksonville.
See: Vv P. “Turner, Jacksonville.

308 Annals of Florticulture.

Florida Horticultural Society :
Pres., Dudley W. Adams, Tangierine.
Sec.) EB. OF Painter, De Land!
Florida Orange Growers’ Union:

Pres., J.C. McKibbin, Pomona.
Sec., A. H. Manville, Palatka.

Foreign Fruit Exchange:
Pres., D. Wegman, New York City.
éc.,- F. S. Robinson, New York Cit:

Georgia Horticultural Society :
Pres, P. ]. Berckmans, Augusta.
Sec., “TL: Kitsey, savannah.

Illinois Horticultural Society :
Pres., Jabez-Webster, Centralia,
Sec.,. A. C. Hammond, Warsaw:

INDIANA—

Indiana Horticultural Society :
Pres., E. J. Howland, Howland.
Sec., W. H. Ragan, Greencastle.
Society of Indiana Florists:
Pres., Frederick Dorner, Lafayette.
Sec., Wm. G. Bertermann, Indianapolis.

Inter-State Shippers’ Association :
Pres., A. M. DuBois, Cobden, IIl.
Sec., Thomas Buckle, Villa Ridge, II].

Iowa Horticultural Society : |
Pres., Eugene Secor, Forest City.
Sec.. Geo. Van Houten, Lenox.
Kansas Horticultural Society:
Pres., L. Houk, Hutchinson.
Sec., G.C. Brackett, Lawrence.
Kentucky Horticultural Society :
Pres., A. P. Farnsley, Louisville.
Sec., John C. Hawes, Louisville.
Lowisiana.. No Stare Sociery.

Maine State Pomological Society :
Pres., Chas: S, Pope, Manchester.
Sec., D. H. Knowlton, Farmington.
Massachusetts Horticultural Society :
Pres., William H. Spooner, Jamaica Plain.
Sec., Robert Manning, Boston.

Directory of Horticultural Societies in North America.

Michigan Horticultural Society:
Pres., T.T. Lyon, South Haven.
Sec., Edwy C. Reid, Allegan.

MINNESOTA—

Minnesota Horticultural Society :
Pres., Wyman Elliot, Minneapolis.
Sec., A. W. Latham.
Society of Minnesota Florists:
Pres., E. Nagel, Minneapolis.
Sec., R. Wessling, Minneapolis.
Mississippi Horticultural Society :
Pres., H. E. McKay, Madison Station.
Sec., W. H. Cassell, Canton.
Missouri Horticultural Society :
. = Pres., J.C. Evans, Harlem.
sec., LL: A. Goodman, Westport.
Montana. No Society.

Montreal Horticultural Society:
; Pres., F. Roy, Montreal.
Sec., W. W. Dunlop, Montreal.

Nebraska Horticultural Society :

Pres., F. W. Taylor, Lincoln.
sec., G. ]..Carpenter, Fairbury.

Nevada. No Society.
New Hampshire. No Society.

New Jersey Horticultural Society:
Pres., Ira J. Blackwell, Titusville.
Sec., Wm. R. Ward, Newark.
New Mexico Horticultural Society :
Pres., Arthur Boyle, Santa Fé.
Sec., “Geo: H. Cross,-Santa.Feé.

New YorKk—
New York. Horicultural Society. Non-active.
Western New York Horticultural Society :

Pres., W.C. Barry, Rochester.
Sec., John Hall Rochester.

North Carolina Horticultural Society :

Pres., J.. Van Lindley, Pomona.
Sec., S. Otho Wilson, Raleigh.

North Dakota. No Society.

os,

310 Annals of Horticulture.

Nova Scotia Fruit Growers’ Society:

Pres., Henry Chipman, Grand Pré.
sec.; C. Ri HB: Starr... Weltville:

Ohio Horticultural Society :

Pres., Geo. W. Campbell, Delaware.
Sec., W. W. Farnsworth, Waterville.

Ontario Fruit Growers’ Association :
Pres., J. A. Morton, Wingham.
Sec., L. Woolverton, Grimsby.

OREGON—

Oregon Horticultural Society :
Pres., J. R. Cardwell, Portland.
Sec., “E. R. Lake, Portland,

Oregon Pomological Society :
Pres., E. P. Roberts, The Dalles.
Sec., J. A. Varney, The Dalles.

Oregon State Board of Horticulture :
Pres., J. kK, Cardwell, Portland
Sec., Ethan W. Allen, Portland.

Peninsular Horticultural Society :
Pres., E. L. Martin, Seaford, Del.
Sec., Wesley Webb, Dover, Del.

PENNSYLVANIA—

Pennsylvania Horticultural Society :
Pres., G. W: Childs, Philadelphia.
Sec., D. D. L. Farson, Philadelphia.

Pennsylvania State Horticultural Association :

Pres., W.H. Moon, Morrisville.
Sec.,. E. B. Engle, Waynesboro.

Rhode Island Horticultural Society.
Pres, John G. Massie, Providence.
Sec., Chas. W. Smith, Providence.

Society of American Florists:
Pres., James Dean, Bay Ridge, N. Y.
Sec. W. J. Stewart, Boston, Mass.

South Carolina Horticultural Society :
Pres., H. B. Buist, Greenville.
Sec., G. Wanner, Walhalla.

South Dakota Horticultural Society :
Pres., H. C. Warner, Forestburg.
Sec., C. A. Keffer, Brookings.

in i

Directory of Fforticultural Societies in North America. 31 I

Tennessee—West Tennessee Horticultural Society:
Pres., | ©. Tharp, Gibson.
Sec,,. A. A. Cawdery, Gadsden.

axa S——

Texas State Horticultural Society :
Pres., John M. Howell, Dallas.
Sec.. D. H. Watson, Brenham.

Texas State Nurserymen’s Association :
Pres.,- E, W. Kirkpatrick, McKinney.
pets, >).. ME Howell, Dallas.

Utah. No Society.
weooont. No Society.
Virginia Pomological Society. Non-active.

W ASHINGCTON—

State Board of Horticulture :
Pres.,. Henry Bucey, Tacoma.
i Sec., C. A. Tonneson, Tacoma.
Washington Horticultural Society :
i. fes., tacury bucey,. Tacoma.
Secs «0. N. Miller, Puyallup.
feet Vireinia.. No Society.

Western Nurserymen’s Association :
Fres., Gj. Carpenter, Fairbury, Neb.
sec., |. WW. Schoette, St. Louis; Mo.

Wisconsin Horticultural Society :
Pres., Why A. Thayer; Sparta.
Sec., B.S. Hoxie, Evansville.

Wyoming. No Society.

$5. Dutrectory of Horticulturists, or Thosein Charge
of Florticultural Work, of Experiment Stations
an North America.

Alabama :
P. H. Mell, M.E., Ph.D., Auburn, Botanist and Meteorologist,
Geo. F. Atkinson, Ph.D., Auburn, Biologist.

Arizona:
E. L. Benton, Tucson, Horticulturist.
Arkansas:
J. F. McKay, Fayetteville, Horticulturist.
Calitognia,:
E. J. Wickson, A.M., Berkely, Supt. of Grounds.
Canada (Agricultural College):
J. Hoyes Panton, Guelph, Botanist.
Canada (Central Experimental Farm) :
John Craig, Ottawa, Horticulturist.
Colorade
C. S. Crandall, M.S., Fort Collins, Botanist and Horticulturist.
Connecticut (State Station):
W. C. Sturgis, Ph.D., New Haven, Mycologist.
Delaware :
M. H. Beckwith, Newark, Horticulturist and Entomologist,
Hilorida:
|. P. de Pass, Lake City, Director:
Georgia:
Gustave Speth, Experiment, Horticulturist.
[iinors
Thomas J. Burrill, Ph.D., Champaign, Horticulturist and Botanist.
Indrana’: 3
James Troop, M.S., LaFayette, Horticulturist.
Lowa: |
J. L. Budd, M.H., Ames, Horticulturist.
(312)

Directory of Experiment Stations in North America. 313

Kansas :
Edward A. Popenoe, A.M., Manhattan, Horticulturist.

Kentucky :
C. W. Mathews, Lexington, Botanist and Horticulturist.

Louisiana :

H. A. Morgan, B.S , Baton Rouge, Entomologist and Horticulturist.
Maine :

W. M. Munson, B.S., Orono, Horticulturist.
Maryland :

Thomas L. Brunk, B.S., College Park, Horticulturist.

Massachusetts (Hatch Station):
Samuel T. Maynard, B.S., Amherst, Horticulturist.

Michigan :

it. &. Latt, M.S., Agricultural College P. O., Horticulturist.
Minnesota :

Samuel B. Green, B.S., St. Anthony Park, Horticulturist.
Mississippi :

A. B. McKay, B.S., Agricultural College P. O., Horticulturist.
Missouri:

Charles Keffer, Columbia, Horticulturist.
Nebraska :

Frederic W. Taylor, Lincoln, Horticulturist.
Nevada :

R. H. McDowell, B.S., Reno, Agriculturist and Horticulturist.

New Hampshire :
G. H. Whitcher, B.S., Hanover, Director.
New Jersey :
Byron D. Halstead, Sc.D., New Brunswick, Botanist and Horticul-
turist.
New Mexico:
A. E. Blount, A.M., Las Cruces, Agriculturist and Horticulturist.
New York (Cornell) :
L. H. Bailey, M.S., Ithaca, Horticulturist.
New York (State) :
S. A. Beach, B.S., Botanist and Horticulturist.
C. E. Hunn, Geneva, Assistant.
George W. Churchill], Geneva, Assistant. a
North Carolina :
W.F. Massey, C.E., Raleigh, Horticulturist.
morth Dakota:
C. B. Waldron, B.S., Fargo, Arboriculturist.

314 Annals of Horticulture.

Oklahoma :
A. C. Magruder, Stillwater, Agriculturist and Horticulturist.
Oregon: 3
George Coote, Corvallis, Horticulturist.

Pennsylvania:
George C. Butz, M.S., State College, Centre Co., Horticulturist.

Rhode Island :

L. F. Kinney, B.S., Kingston, Horticulturist.
South Carolina :

J. S. Newman, Fort Hill, Director.

South Dakota:
L. Foster, M.S., Brookings, Director.

Tennessee :

R. L. Watts, B.Ag., Knoxville, Horticulturist.
Texas:

G. W. Curtis, M.S., College Station, Director.
Utah :

E. S. Richmond, B.S., Logan, Horticulturist and Entomologist.
Vermont :

B. W. Minott, B.S., Burlington, Horticulturist. ‘
Virginia :

W. B. Alwood, Blacksburg, Botanist and Entomologist.
Washington :

E. R. Lake, M.S., Pullman, Botanist and Horticulturist.
West Virginia :
Charles F. Millspaugh, M.D., Morgantown, Botanist and Micros-
copist.
Wisconsin :
Emmett S. Goff, Madison, Horticulturist.
Wyoming :
B. C; Buflum, B.S, Horticulturist

S 6. Lhe Botanic Gardens of the World (with correc-

ea ti0ns to the close of 1S9Ir by Professor D. P.
Penhellaw. )

Algeria—t.
Algiers, Jardin d’Acclimation du Hamma, Charles Riviére, Director
Australia—4.
Adelaide (South Australia), Maurice Holtze, Director.
Brisbane (Queensland), Philip MacMahon, Director.
Melbourne (Victoria), Dr. W. K. Guilfoyle, Director.
Stdney (New South Wales), Charles Moore, F.L.S., Director.
Austro-Hungary—15.
Brunn, Botanic Gardens, Prof. Alex. Miatcaveky, Director.
Budapest (Hungary), University Botanic Garden, Dr. L. Juranyi,
Director.
Czernowitz (Bukovina), University Botanic Garden, Dr. Ed. Tang], Dir.
Gratz (Styria), University Botanic Garden, Dr. G. Haberlandt, Dir.
Lnnsbruck (Tyrol), University Botanic Garden, Dr. Emil Heinricher,
Director.
Klagenfurt (Carinthia), Baron Marcus V. Jabornegg-Gamsenegg, Dir.
Kolozsvar (Transylvania), Royal Botanic Garden, Dr. Aug. Kanitz, Dir.
Krakau (Galicia), University Botanic Garden, Dr. Jos. Thom, De
Rostafinski, Director.
Lemberg (Galicia), University Botanic Garden, Dr. Th. Ciesieski, Dir.
Prague (Bohemia), University Botanic Garden, Dr. M. Willkomn, Dir.
Schemnitz (Hungary), Prof. Ludwig Fekete, Director.
Forestry Acad. Botanic Garden, R. Ling, Dir.
Trieste (Istria), Raimondo Tominz, Director.
Vienna, University Botanic Garden, Dr. A. J. Kerner, Director.
Vienna, Imperial Horticultural Gardens of Hofburg, Fr. Antoine, Dir.
Belgium—5.
Antwerp, Dr. H. Van Heurck, Director.
Brussels, Royal Botanic Gardens, Francois Crépin, Director.
Ghent, University Botanic Garden, Dr. J. MacLeod, Director.
Gembloux, Botanic Garden of the Agricultural Institute, Em. Laurent,
Director.
Liege, University Botanic Garden, Dr. A. Gravais, Director.

(315)

316 Annals of Horticulture.
Brazil—t.
Rio de Janeiro, Government Botanic Gardens, Dr. J. B. Rodrigues,
Director.

Canada—t.
Montreal (P. Q.), McGill University Botanic Garden, Prof; D. P. Pen-
hallow, Director.
Canary Islands—t.
Orotava (Teneriffe), Jardin d’Acclimatation, Mr. Wildpret, Chief Gar-
dener.
Cape of Good Hope—3.
Cape Town, Prof. MacOwan, Director.
Graaf Reinet, |. C. Smith, Chief of the Garden:
Graham's Town, Edward Tidmarsh, Chief of the Garden.
Ceylon—1.
Peradeniya, Royal Botanic Garden, Dr. Henry Trimen, Director.
Chili—t1.
Santiago, Prof. Fred.Philippi (fils), Director.
China—I.
Hong Kong, Government Botanic Gardens, A. B. Westland, Supt.
Cochin China—t1.

Saigon, Colonial Botanic Gardens, Dr. Regnier, Director.

Denmark—2z.
Copenhagen, University Botanic Gardens, Prof. Eug. Warming, Dir.
Copenhagen, Royal Gardens of Rosenborg, Mr. Paludin, Director.

Ecuador—1.

Quito, Prof. R. P. Al Sodiro, Director.
Egypt—r1.

Catro, Prof. E. Sickenberger, Director.

France—22.
Angers, Dr. Em. Lieutaud, Director.
Besancon, Dr. Ant. Magnin, Director.
Caen, Otto Lignier, Director.
Cannes, Comte d’Emprémesnil, Director.
Clermont-kerrand, M. Lange,Chet des Culture.
Dijon, Dr. Laguesse, Director.
flyeres, Emile Davrillon, Director.
Lille, T. Meurein, Director.
Lyon, Civic Botanic Garden, Prof. Gerard, Director.
‘* Botanic Garden of the Faculty of Medicine, Dr. C. Beauvisage,
Director.
‘‘ Botanic Gardenof the Veterinary School, Prof. Faure, Director.
Montpellier, Prof. M. Granel, Director.
Nancy, Prof. G. Le Monnier, Director.
Nantes, Dr. Ecorchard, Director.

ic

DV CCtos ies: 317

Orleans, M. Rossignol, Director.

Paris, Gardens of the Natural History Museum, Prof. Maxime Cornu,
Director.

Rochefort, Dr. Barallier, Director.

Rouen, Emm. Blanche, Director.

St. Quentin, Charles Magnier, Director.

Toulon, J. B. Chaubaud, Chief Gardener.

Toulouse, Prof. Leclere du Sablon, Director.

Tours, Prof. David Barnsby, Director.

Germany—35.

Aix-la-Chapel/e, Botanic Gardens, Dr. A. Forster, Director.

Bamberg (Bavaria) Dr. Funk, Director.

Berlin, Royal Botanic Gardens, Prof. A Engler, Director.

Berlin, University Botanic Gardens, Dr. S. Schwendener, Director.

Bonn (Rhenish Prussia), University Botanic Gardens, Dr. Ed. Stras-
burger, Director.

Breslau (Silesia), University Botanic Gardens, Dr. K. Prantl, Director.

Brunswick (Brunswick), Botanic Garden of the Polytechnic School,
Dr. W. Blasius, Director.

Carlsruhe (Baden), J. Pfister, Director.

Cologne (Rhenish Prussia), Prof. J. Niepraschk, Director.

Darmstadt (Hesse), Botanic Garden of the Polytechnic School, Dr.
Leopold Dippel, Director.

Dresden (Saxony), Royal Botanic Garden, Dr. Oscar Drade, Director.

Erlangen (Bavaria), University Botanic Garden, Dr. Max. Rees, Dir.

Frankfort-on-Main (Hesse-Nassau), Botanic Garden of the Medical
Institute, , Director.

Fretburg (Baden), University Botanic Garden, Dr. F. Hildebrand, Dir.

Giessen (Hesse), University Botanic Garden, Prof. A. Hansen, Dir.

Gorftz (Silesia), Dr. R. Peck, Director.

Gottingen, University Botanic Garden, Dr. Peter, Director.

Greifswald (Pomerania), University Botanic Garden, Dr. Fr. Schmitz,
Director.

Flalle-upon-Salle (Saxony), University Botanic Garden, Dr. Greg.
Kraus, Director.

flamburg, Dr. Sadebeck, Director.

Fleidelberg (Baden), University Botanic Garden, Dr. E. Pfitzer, Dir.

Jena (Saxe-Weimar), University Botanic Garden, Dr. E. Stahl, Dir.

Kvtel(Schleswig-Holstein), University Botanic Garden, Prof. J. Reinke,
Director.

Konigsberg, University Botanic Garden, Dr. Christ. Luerrsen, Dir.

Leipzig (Saxony), University Botanic Garden, Dr. W. Pfeffer, Dir.

Marbourg (Hesse-Nassau), University Botanic Gardens,
Director.

Munden (Hanover), Forestry Botanic Garden, N. F. C. Miiller, Dir.

Munich (Bavaria). Dr. K. Goebel, Director.

Munster (Westphalia), Botanic Garden of the Academy, Dr. O. Bre-
feld, Director.

Potsdam, Dr. Juhlke, Director.

318 Annals of Florticulture.

Rostock (Mecklenburg), University Botanic Garden, Dr. P. Falkenberg
Director. :

Strasburg (Alsace-Lorraine), University Botanic Garden, Comte Herm.
de Solms-Laubach, Director.

7harand (Saxony), Forestry Academy Garden, Dr. Fred, Nobbe, Dir.

Tubingen (Wurtemberg), University Botanic Garden, Director.

Wurzberg (Bavaria), University Botanic Garden, Dr. Jul. von Sachs, ~

Director.
Great Britain and Ireland 11.

Birmingham (England), Mr. Latham, Director.

Cambridge (England), University Botanic Garden, Dr. Francis Dar-
win, Sec. to the Garden Synd.

London (England), Royal Gardens, Kew, Prof. W. T. Thistelton-Dyer,
Director.

London (England), Royal Botanic Gardens, Regent’s Park, W. Coom-
ber, Superintendent.

London (England), Royal Horticultural Society Gardens, South Ken-
sington, A. F. Barron, Superintendent. |

Manchester (England), Bruce Findlay, Curator. |

Oxford (England), University Botanic Garden, Dr. S. H. Vines, Dir.

Dublin (Ireland), Royal Botanic Gardens of Glasnevin, F. W. Moore,
Curator.

Belfast (Ireland), Royal Belfast Botanic Gardens, R. Motherell, Sec’y.

Edinburgh (Scotland), Royal Botanic Gardens, Dr. I. Bayley Balfour,
Director.

G/asgow (Scotland), R. Bullen, Curator.
Greece—I.

Athens, Dr. T. de Heldreich, Director.
Guatemala—t. |

Guatemala, Dr, Francesco Abella, Director.
Guiana— Tt.

, Georgetown, G,S. Jenman, Superintendent.
Holland—4.

Amsterdam, Prof. Dr. C. A. J. A. Oudemans, Director.
Groningen, Prof. Dr. J. W. Moll, Director.
Leyden, Prof. Dr. W. FS Ry Surimgar, Director,
Utrecht, Prof. Dr. N. W. P. Rauwenhoff, Director.

Indian Empire—9. |
Agras (N. W. Provinces), Taj Gardens, A. B. Westland, Supt.
Bangalore (Madras), Col. W. L. Johnson, Director.
Bombay, S. Carstenson, Supt.
Calcutta, Roval Botanic Gardens, Prof. G. King, Director.
Ganish Kind (Poona), ————, Director.
Mysore, Government Botanic Gardens, ——-—, Director.
Ootacamud, Mr. M. A. Lanen, Director.
Pondichery. ;
Sacharanpur and Mussourie (Bengal), Government Botanic Gardens,

W. Gollan, Supt. J. F. Duthie, Dir. Bot. Dept. of Northern India.

Directories.

Italy—22.

Be se/egne, Prot. F. Delpino, Director.
Ceear?, Prot..P..Gennar1, Director.
Catania, Prof. Fr. Tornabene, Director.
Ferrara, Prof. Charus Massalongo, Director.
Florence, Prof. T. Caruel, Director.
Genoa, Prof. Otto Penzig, Director.
mae, Or.-C. Bicchi,- Director.
Messina, Prof. A. Borzi, Virector.
Milan, Prof. Fr. Ardissone, Director.
Modena, Prof. A. Mori, Director.
Naples, Prof. J. A. Pasquale, Director.
Podova, Prof. P. A. Saccardo, Director.
Palermo, Dr. Ag. Todaro, Director.
Parma, Prof. J. Passerini, Director.
Pavia, Prof. J. Briosi, Director.
Perugia, Prof. Al. Bruschi, Director.
Pisa, Prof. J. Arcangeli, Director.
Portict, Prof. Horace Comes, Director.
Rome, Prof. R. Pirrotta, Director.
Szena, Prof. Att. Tassi, Director.
Turin, Prof. G. Gibelli, Director.
Venice, Sen. Ruchiner, Director.

Japan—2z.

a9

Tokio, Botanic Garden of the Imperial University, Z. Matsumoura,

Director.

Sapporo, Government Botanic Gardens, Dr. K, Miyabe, Director.

Java—tr.
Luitenzorg, Dr, M. Treub, Director.
Wiaita——t.
Floriana, Argotti Gardens, Prof. F, Debono, M. D. Director.

M auritinus—tr.
fort Louis, |. Horne, Ditector.

Natal—tr.
D' Uroan, Natal Botanic Gardens, J. Medley Wood, Curator.

New Zealand—3.
Christchurch, A. L. Taylor, Director.
Dunedin, J. McBean, Director.

Wellington, Colonial Botanic Garden, Sir James Hector K.C.M.G.,

Director.

Peru—1.
Lima, Dr. Mig. de los Rios, Director.

Philippine Islands—t.

Manilla (Luzon), ——-—, Director.

Re

320 Annals of Horticulture.

Portugal—3.

Coimbra, Dr, J. A. Hienriques, Director.
Lisbon, Prof. Conde de Ficalho, Director.
Oporto, Dr. A, Goncalves, Director.

Reunron Jslamd oft

St, Denis, M. Richard, Director.

Roumania—2.

Bucharest, Dr. Brandza, Director.
Vassy Or, A, Metu,. Director:

Russia—14.

Dorpat (Livonia), Dr. Ed, Russow, Director.

Helsingfors (Finland), —— , Director.

Kazan (Kazan), Dr. N. W. Sorokin, Director.

Kharkoff, Prot. H. L, Reinhardt, Director.

Kiev, Dr. J. Schmalhausen, Director.

Moscow, Dr. J. Goroschankin, Director.

Nikita (Crimea), Mr. Basarow, Director.

Odessa, Dr. Rioschawi, Director.

Ouman (Kiev) Prof. Puchkawicz, Director.

St. Petersburg, Imperial Botanic Gardens, Dr. Ed. de Regel, Director.

St, Petersburg, University Botanic Gardens, Prof. André Beketow, :

Director.

St, Petersburg, Gardens of the Medical Academy, Prof, A.sBatazim
Director.

Tiflis, H. Jacob Medwedew, Director.

Warsaw, H. W. Belajew, Director.

Scandinavia—6.

Christiania, (Norway) University Botanic Gardens, Dr. F. C. Schiibeler,
Director.

Goteborg (Sweden), Hort. Soc. Bot. Gardens, G. Léwegren, Director.

Lund (Sweden), University Botanic Gardens, Dr. F. W.C. Areschoug,
Director.

Stockholm (Sweden), Garden of the Royal Academy of Agricultural
Sciences, E. Lindgren, Director.

Stockholm (Sweden), Royal Gardens of Haga, M. A. Werner, Director.

Upsala (Sweden), University Botanic Garden, Dr. Th. M. Fries. Dir.

Servia=—tT.

Belgrade, Prof. St. Th. Yakchitch, Director.

Sibena—-1.

Tomsk, University Botanic Gardens, Prof. Korshinsky, Director.

Spain—z.

Madrid, Dr. Miguel Colmeiro, Director.
Valencia, » Director.

Straits Settlements—1.

Singapore, H. N. Ridley, Director.

a al
a
‘

Dircetories. 221

Switzerland—4.
Basle, Dr. Klebs, Director.
Berne, Dr, L. Fischer, Director.
Geneva, Dr. Mueller, Director.
Zurich, Dr. C. Craner, Director.

Tasmania—t.
flobart Town, Mr. Abbot, Director.
United: States—5.
Brookline (Mass.), Arnold Arboretum of Harvard College, Prof. C. S.
Sargent, Director.

Cambridge (Mass.), Harvard College Botanic Gardens, Dr. G. L. Good-
- ale, Director.

Lansing (Michigan), Botanic Garden of State Agricultural College, Dr.
av). eal, Director,

St. Louis (Missouri), Missouri Botanical Garden, Dr. Wm. Trelease,
Director.

Washington (D..C.), U.S. Dept. of pene ar Gardens, Wm. Saun-
ders, Superintendent.

West Indies—6.

Hlavana (Cuba), J. Lachaume, Director.

Hope Gardens (Jamaica), Wm. Harris, Superintendent.

King’s House (Jamaica), Wm. Thompson, Superintendent.

Kingston (Jamaica), Government Botanic Gardens, Wm. Fawcett, Dir.
Trinidad, Royal Botanic Gardens, J. H. Hart.

St, Pierre (Martinique), Colonial Botanic Gardens, E. Nolly, Dir.

22

S 7. Little Index to Experiment Station Horticultural
Literature in North America for the year 1897,
(cxcluding Publications of the Department of
Agriculture). |

ExpLANATION.—The figures in the left margin are the numbers of the
reports and bulletins. If the figures stand alone, it indicates that the
bulletin contains only horticultural matter; but if they stand in a paren-
thesis, the bulletin contains other matter than that which is indexed.

ALABAMA :
A. Agricultural Experiment Station.
28, Watermelons andCantaloupes. Nov. _/. S. Newman and /as.
Clayton.
29. Grapes, Raspberries and Strawberries. Nov. /. S. Vewman
and /as. Clayton,
30. Apples, Pears, Peaches and Plums. Nov. /. S. MWewman.
31. Irish and Sweet-Potatoes. Nov. /. S. Vewman and Jas, Clay-
lon,
B. Canebrake Experiment Station,
12. Grapes, Strawberries and Raspberries. Oct.

ARKANSAS:

(1889 report.) Potatoes. dA. &, Menke, Report of Horticulturist
[Strawberries, Sweet-Potatoes, Germination Tests and Ex-
periments with Various Vegetables]. £. S. Richmond and
A tat, Copy.

(1890 report.) MHorticulturist’s Report [Tomatoes, Cucumbers,
Apples, Strawberries, Plums, Apricots, Grapes]. /ervome Mc-
Newll, Entomologist’s Report [Experiments with Arsen-
ites]. C. W. Woodworth, Newport Branch [Sweet-Pota-
toes]. &#. ZL. Bennett,

CALIFORNIA :

(1888-89 report.) Report of the Year’s Work in Horticulture at Cen-
tral Experiment Station. Noteson Culture Experiments at Foot-
hilland Southern Coast Range Station and San Joaquin Valley :
Station. Lists of Trees and Shrubs in University grounds,
and list of Fruit-Trees and Graperies.

(322)

Index to Experiment Station Horticuture. B23

(1890 report.) Fruit and Vegetable Products. Investigation of Cal-
ifornia- Oranges and Lemons. G. £. Colbyand #7. L. Dyer.
Analysis of Apricots. Preservative Fluids for Fresh Fruits.
E. W. fHilgard, The Sulphuring of Dried Fruits. £. W. Htl-
gard, Olive-Culture. W.G. Klee, Louis Paparelii, Reports
from Miscellaneous Plants sent out from the Central Station.
Chas. H, Shinn, Report of Horticultural work at Foothill Sta-
tion, Southern Coast Range Station, San Joaquin Valley Sta-
tion, and South California Station. Chas. H. Shinn. Spray
and Band Treatment for Codlin-Moth. C. W. Woodworth.
The use of Gases against Scale-Insects. /. W. Morse. Grapes
from Italy and Persia. JZ. Paparelli. Distribution of Seeds
and Plants. £. /. Wickson.

89. Distribution of Seeds and Plants. Dec. 1890. &. /. Wickson.
g1. Portand Sherry Grapes in California. Importation of Italian
Grapes. Importation of Olives. Feb. &£. /. Wickson.

92. Notes on California Olives. March. ZL. Papare/t.

93. Investigation of California Oranges and Lemons. June.
Gega lh Colby and Hf. Dyer.

95. Distribution of Seedsand Plants. Dec. &. /. Wickson.

CANADA:
A. Agricultural College (Guelph).
(16th report.) Experiments with Potatoes.
ial) -Sfack-Knot on Plums. /. Moyes Panton.
LXII. Bark-Louse and Pear-Tree Slug. Apr. /. Hoyes Panton.
LXV. Ginseng. June. /. Hoyes Panton.
B. Central Experimental Farm (Ottawa),
10. Treatment of Apple-Scab, Grape and Gooseberry Mildew.
April. John Craig.
11. Recommendations for the Prevention of Damage by some Com-
mon Insects. May. /ames Fletcher,

COLORADO :
(3d report.) Reportof Botanist and Horticulturist [Brief Notes
on many Varieties of Fruits and Vegetables]. C. S. Crandall.
15. The Codlin-Moth and the Grape-Vine Leaf-Hopper. April.
CG. 2.,Gilletic:
17. A preliminary report on the Fruit Interests of the State. Oct.
Crs. Crandal/,

CONNECTICUT :
State Station. (New Haven.)
(1889 report.) Report of Mycologist [Fungous Diseases of the
Onion. Bean-Mildew. Bordeaux Mixture]. Roland 'Thaxter.
(1890 report.) Report of Mycologist [Potato-Scab, Results from
Application of Fungicides, etc.|]. Xoland Thaxter,
to7. The Connecticut ‘Species of Gymnosporangium [Cedar-Ap-
ples]. April. Roland Thaxter.
108. Ash Analysis of White Globe Onions.

324 Annals of Horticulture.

DELAWARE :

(2d report.) Report of Botanist [Black Rot of Grape, Seed-Test-
ing, Pear-Scab, Peach-Yellows]. /. D. Chester, Report of
Horticulturist and Entomologist [Small Fruit Plats, Black Rot
of Grapes. Insecticides]. M7. H. Beckwith.

(3d report.) Fertilizer Experiments with Sweet-Potatoes, PeachTrees,
Strawberries and Tomatoes. A. 7. Neale, Experiments in
the Treatment of Plant Diseases. /. D. Chester. Report of
the Horticulturist, Including Lists of Fruits and Vegetables,
and Experiments with Insecticides. JZ. H. Beckwith.

A. Special. Fungicides, 2. 2. Chaser

XI. Soil and Crop Tests [Corn, Sweet-Potatoes, Peach Trees, Straw- ©
berries, Tomatoes]. Jan. A. 7. Neale,

XII. Injurious Insects and Insecticides [Peach-Aphis, Spring
Canker-Worm, Rose-Chafer, Harlequin Cabbage-Bug, Cut-
Worms, Angoumis Grain-Moth, and Black Flea-Beetle],
March. J7, 4. Beckwith.
XIII. The Leaf-Blight of the Pear and Quince. July. & D. Chester.
FLORIDA: |

(13.) Irish Potatoes. April. James P. DeFass.
(14.) Report of Dept. of Horticulture [Various Fruits and Vegeta-
bles]. /ames P. Defass. NotesonInsecticides. /. /. Zarle.
Ft. Myers Sub-Station [Pineapples]. LZ. C. Washburn.
Formulas of Insecticides, etc. ames P. DePass. July.
GEORGIA :

(11.) Culture Experiments and Variety Tests in Sweet-Potatoes,
Garden Vegetables, etc. Jan. Gustave Speth.

(14.) Variety Tests and Fertilizer Experiments with Vegetables.
Oct] (GS pew: ;

(15.) Culture of Small Fruits. G. Speth.

ILLINOIS :

(13.) Experiments with Sweet and Pop-Corn. Feb. Thos. J. Bur-
rill, Geo. W. McCluer, and G. E. Morrow.

I5. The Fruit Bark-Beetle. S. 4A. Forbes. Use of Fungicides
upon the Apple, Potato and Grape. Feb. 7. /. Burril/and
G. W. McC’uer.

INDIANA:

(34. Vol. II.) Experiments with Vegetables. Arsenite of Ammonia
as an Insecticide. Feb. ames H. Troop.

lowa:

(12.) Experiments with Potatoes. A>. Speer, Sugat-eete. oe
£. Patrick and £. N. Eaton. Injurious Insects and Insecti-
cides. C. P. Gillette. Feb.

(13.) Treatment of Fungous Diseases. ZL. H. Pammel. MWardiness
of Blossoms of Orchard Fruits. /. LZ. Budd. May.

(14.) Kerosene Emulsion for Plant-Lice. Herbert Osborne and L7. A.

Gossard. Breeding of the Orchard and Garden Fruits.
Aug.

Index to Experiment Station Horticulture. 325

KANSAS. |

(2d report.) Report of the Department of Horticulture and Ento-
mology [Garden Tests of Vegetables. Some Insects Injuri-
ous to the Bean]. £. A. Sy aes S. C. Mason and F.. A. Mar-
latt.

17. Crossed Varieties of Corn, Second and Third Years. Dee.
W., A. Kellerman and W, 7. Swingle.

1g. Germination of Weeviled Peas. Garcen Notes on Potatoes,

‘eens and Cabbage; Dec.,; 18900. 4. 4. Popenoe, S. C. Ma-

son and FF, A. Marlatt.

26. Comparison of the Varieties of the Strawberry. Dec. JZ.
A. FPopenoe and S. C. Mason.

KENTUCKY :
32. Variety Testsof Strawberries and Vegetables [Peas]. March.
GL Curtis...
33. Corn Experiments. April.

LOUISIANA :
Pap eeomits Of 1590. .Ofchard Pruits,etc.. Jan. /. G. Lee.

MAINE:

(1890 report.) Report of Botanist and Entomologist [Germination
Experiments. Spraying for Apple-Scab and Codlin-Moth
and Potato-Beetle. Causes of Potato-Scab. Correspondence
about Strawberries. White-Marked Tussock-Moth. Fall
Web-Worm, Eye-Spotted Bud-Moth. Woolly Louse of the
Apple. Red-Humped Apple-Tree Caterpillar. Forest Tent-
Caterpillar, Fruit Tests]. /. ZL. Harvey.

MARYLAND: |
(1890 report.) Report of Horticulturist [Tomatoes, Strawberries,
Potatoes, Orchard, Nursery, Vineyard and Grape Culture.
Orchard Fertilizer Test. Blackberry-Rust, and Vegetable
Pest]: LoL. Bruner.
Bt.. Lomatoes. Dec. 1890. W.:H.. Bishop and A.J. Patterson,

MASSACHUSETTS :
A. State Experiment Station.
(8th report.) Analyses of Apples, Asparagus. W.H. Beal. Black
Knot of Plums, Cucumber Mildew, Brown Rot of Stone-
Fruits. Potato-Scab. Notes on Various Diseases. /ames E.
Humphrey. |
(39.) Treatment of Fungous Diseases. April. /. &. Humphrey.
(40.) Some Diseases of Lettuce and Cucumbers. July. /. &. Hum-
phrey.
B. Hatch Experiment Station.
(11.) Report on Prevention of Potato-Rot. W. P. Brooks. Re-
port on Fungicides and Insecticides on Fruits. Jan. S. 7.
Maynard,

320 Annals of Florticulture.

12. Reporton Insects [Bud-Moth, Spittle-Insects, Squash-Bug, Pea-
Weevil, Bean- Weevil, May-Beetle, Plum Curculio, Onion-Mag-
got, Cabbage-Butterfly, Apple-Tree Tent-Caterpillar, Forest
Tent-Caterpillar, Stalk-Borer, Pyramidal Grape-Vine Cater-
pillar, Grape-Berry Moth, Codlin-Moth, Cabbage-Leaf Miner,
Gartered Plume-Moth]. April. C. A. Fernald.

13.. Direction for useof Fungicides and Insecticides. S. 7. May-

nmard, Girdling Grape-Vines. /. Fisher. April.

15. Experiments in Greenhouse Heating. Special Fertilizers for
Plants Under Glass. Report on Varieties of Strawberries.
Report on Varieties of Blackberries and Raspberries. Oct.
S. ZL. Maynard.

MICHIGAN :

(2d report.) Report of Horticulturist [Seed-Testing, Test of Vege-
tables and Fruits]. Z. &. Zaft. Report ot, Entomolacics
[Arsenites, Various Insects]. A. /. Cook.

70. Vegetables—Varieties and Methods [Beans, Beets, Cabbages,
Corn, Cucumbers, Lettuce, Peas, Peppers, Potatoes, Radishes,
squashes, Tomatoes]: fan: >=: 70. 7a,

73. Kerosene Emulsion. Some NewInsects. April. <A. /. Cook
andeG. CC. Davis.

76: Kerosene Emulsion. Oct. A. /. Gook.

MINNESOTA :
A, Agricultural Experiment Station. ;
(1890 report.) Report of Horticulturist [Miscellaneous Notes].
5. 6. Gree: | ?
18. Notes on Strawberries, Raspberries, Sand-Cherries, Buffalo-
berry, and Russian Mulberry. Evergreensfrom Seed. Sum-
mer Propagation of Hardy Plants. Sept. S. 8. Green.
B. Owatonna Experimental Tree Station.
Report of Superintendent. [Lists of Fruits and Trees. Various
Notes]. Jan \2727..5, Deri.

MISSISSIPPI :
(3d report.) Report of Horticultural Work [Brief Notes on the
Work of the Year].
14. Injurious Insects [Pea and Bean-Weevils, Striped Cucumber-
Beetle, Peach-Tree Borer, Plum-Curculio, Codlin-Moth,
Insecticides and Spraying-Machinery]. March. &. £. Weed.

MIssouRr1:

13. Spraying for the Codlin-Moth, Apple-Scab and Black Rot of
Grape. Reports on Strawberries, Raspberries, Blackberries,
Tomatoes, Peas and Potatoes. List of New Fruits for Test-
ing. jan. /,; W..Claerve

15. Change of Seed. Potatoes. July. “4 /. Waters.

(16.) Covering the Peach Trees to Protect the Fruit-Buds. Spread
of Pear-Blight. Strawberry Tests. Potato Trials. Nov. /.
W. Clark.

Index to Experiment Station Horticulture. 297

NEBRASKA:
(4th report.) Insects Injurious to Young Trees on Tree-Claims.
Lawrence Bruner. Notes on Peas, Lettuce and Radishes.
Experiments with Potatoes and Garden Vegetables. /. G.

Smith,
NEVADA: 7
(3d report.) Melons, Potatoes, Sweet-Corn, Beans, Radishes, Cucum-
; bers.
14. Potato Experiments. Dec. &. 4. McDowell and NV. £,
Wrlson.,

New JERSEY: |

(1890 report.) Report of Botanical Department [Observations
in Peach Orchards. Microscopic Study of Peach-Buds.
Influence of Rainfall at Blooming-Time upon Subsequent
Fruitfulness. Experiments for the Year upon Cranberry
Diseases. The Fungous Diseases of the Sweet-Potato. Field
Work of the Season. Fungous Diseases of Various Crops,
(Potatoes, Cabbage, Radish, Turnip, Carrot, Onions, Spinage,
Egg-Plant, Peppers, Horseradish, Hollyhock, Violet, Carna-
tion, Mignonette.) Black-Knot of Plum and Cherry Trees.
Nematodes as Enemies to Plants. The Weeds of New Jersey].
Byron D. Halsted. Report of the Entomologist [Notes of the
Year. Insecticides. Insects affecting Sweet-Potatoes, Squash
and Melon-Vines, Grape, Cranberry, Peach, Cabbage and
Wheat. Miscellaneous Notes].

Special Bulletin L. Observations upon the Peach.

Special Bulletin M. Field Experiments with Soil and Black Rots
of Sweet-Potatoes. Nov. Syron D. Halsted.

78. Destroy the Black-Knot of Plum and Cherry Trees. An Ap-
peal. fan... Byron D. Halsted,

79. Experiments with Nitrate of Soda on Tomatoes. Feb. £a-
ward B, Voorhees.

(80.) Experiments with Fertilizers on Potatoes. March. dward
B. Voorhees.

82. . The Rose-Chafer or Rose-Bug. July. /ohn B. Smith.

New Mexico:
3. A Preliminary Account of Some Insects Injurious to Fruits

[Vine Leaf-Hopper, Grape-Vine Flea-Beetle, Codlin-Moth,
Woolly Louse of the Apple, Oyster-Shell Bark-Louse, Apple-
Tree Tent-Caterpillar, Scurfy Bark-Louse, Peach-Tree Borer,
Peach-Aphis, Green June-Beetle, Plum-Aphis, Twelve-spotted
Diabrotica. Spraying-Devices]. June. C. HY. Zyler Town-
send,

New YORK:

A. Cornell University Experiment Station (Lthaca),.
_ (1890 report.) Reportof Horticulturist. Z. A. Batley.

26. Experiences with Egg-Plants. March. Z. 4. Batleyand W.
M, Munson.

328 Annals of Horticulture.

28. Experiments in Forcing Tomatoes. June. JZ. H. Bailey.

30. Preliminary Studies of the Influence of the Electric Light Arc
Lamp upon Greenhouse Plants. Aug. LZ. H. Batley.

31. Forcing of English Cucumbers. Sept. Z. A. Batley.

32, Tomatoes. Oct. ZL. H., Baileyand Z£. G. Lodeman.

33. Wireworms. Nov. /. H. Comstock and M. V. Slingerland.

34. Dewberries.. Nov: «2: :4: Batley:

35. Combinations of Fungicides and Insecticides, and some New

‘Insecticides... Dec; “4. G. Logeman,

(37.) .Physalis. Pepino. Chorogi. Spanish Salsify. Influence of
Depth of Transplanting upon the Heading of Cabbages. Ver-
bena Mildew. Dec. ZL. 4H. Batley.

B. . State Experiment Station (Geneva),

(1890 report.) Report of Acting Horticulturist [Test of Small
Fruits. Trials of New Vegetables. Comparison of Imported
versus Home-grown Cabbage and Cauliflower-Seed. Test of
Relative Yield of Tomatoes. Trial of Potatoes. Cross-Polli-
nation of Fruits. Study of Pollen Influence. Insects, Fungi
and the Remedies. Reports on Strawberries, Blackberries,
Raspberries, Currants, Gooseberries, Beans, Corn, Celery,
Cabbage, Cauliflower, Potatoes, Sweet-Potatoes, Peas and
Tomatoes]. C. &. Hunn.

Report of Acting Pomologist [The Grape. Peaches. Some of
the Most Common Fungi, with Preventives. Insects and Rem-

edies. ‘Varieties of Fruits Added in 2890. Arboretum]

G. W. Churchill,

30. Cabbage and Cauliflower. A Comparative Test of Imported
versus American-grown Seed. Tomatoes. Gooseberry Mil-
dew. May.

35. Some of the Most Common Fungi and Insects, with Preventives
[Grape-Diseases. Appleand Pear-Scab. Black-Knotof Plum
and Cherry. Leaf-Blight of the Strawberry. Orange-Rust
and Anthracnose of the Raspberry. Insecticides and Fungi-
cides. Various Injurious Insects]. Aug.

36. Small Fruits [Strawberries, Raspberries, Blackberries, Cur-
rantsand Gooseberries|. Sept.

NortTH CAROLINA:
‘(12th report.) Report of the Horticulturist [Miscellaneous Notes,
with Listsof FruitsGrown]. W. F. Massey.
(13th report.) Report of Horticulturist. W. /. AZassey.
(14th report.) Report of Horticulturist. W. 7. Massey.
76. Plant Diseases, and Howto Combat Them. March. Gerala
McCarthy.
77b. The Injury of Foliage by Arsenites. A Cheap Arsenite. Com-
bination of Arsenites with Fungicides. July. 38. W. Kilgore.
78. Some Injurious Insects, with Remedies. July. Gerald McCarthy.

NortH Dakota:
2. Small Fruits. April. C.B. Waldron.

shear en

Index to Experiment Station Horticulture. 329
OHIO :
(1890 report.) Report of Horticulturist, W. /. Green; Entomologist,
: UM. Weed.

2. Miscellaneous Experiments in the Control of Injurious Insects.
Some Common Cabbage-Insects. Feb. C. WM. Weed.

6. Experiments with Small Fruits. Diseases of the Raspberry and
Blackberry. Oct. W. /. Greenand /. Detmers,

g. Apple-Scab. The Spraying of Orchards. Dec. W. /. Green.

OREGON:

(10.) Experiments with Codlin-Moth and with a Combined Fungi-
cide and Insecticide. Hop-Louse. Apr. 4. L. Washburn.

bre, Notes on Potatoes. May. - 7. 7.-/rench.

(12.) Comparative Test of Strawberries for 1891. Geo. Coote.

(14.) Apple-Tree Tent-Caterpillars. The Branch and Twig-Bur-
rower. L/L, Washburn.

PENNSYLVANIA:

(1889 report.) Systematic Testing of New Varieties. Germination-
Tests. Should Farmers Raise Their Own Vegetable-Seeds?
Notes on New Varieties of Vegetables. Geo. C. Butz. Experi-
ments on the Production of Root-Tubercles. Wm. A. Buck-
hout.

(1890 report.) Tests of Varieties of Potatoes. Wm. H. Caldwell.
Tests of Varieties of Vegetables. Black-Knot of Plums. A
Few Ornamental Plants. Geo. C. Butz.

14. Tests of Varieties of Vegetables for 1890. Jan. Geo. C. Butz.

16. Culture of the Chestnut for Fruit. Analysis of Several Varie-
ties of Chestnuts. July. Wm. A. Buckhout.

RHODE ISLAND:

(3d report.) Report of Horticultural Division [Experiments with
Potatoes. Experiments with Parsnips. The Trial of New
Varieties of Fruits and Vegetables.| Z. 7. Kinney.

14. Potato-Scab, Blight and Rot. Notes on Transplanting Onions.
TF hinney:

SoutH DAKOTA:

(2d report.) Report of Horticulturist. Chas. A. Keffer.

(3d report.) Reportof Horticulturist. Chas. A. Keffer. Notes on
Potatoes. Luther Foster.

22.- Various Injurious Insects. _March. °/. H. Orcutt and /. MW.
Aldrich.

(23.) Various Fruits and Vegetables. April. Chas, A. Keffer.

26. The Strawberry, Sand Cherry. Notes on Varieties of the
Plum. Applesand Crabs. Chas. A. Keffer.

TENNESSEE:

(1 Vol. IV.) Black-Knot of Plum and Cherry. Pruning Fruit-Trees.
Jan.

B35e

Annals of Horticulture.

C Special. Treatment of Certain Fungous Diseases of Plants

[Black Rot and Brown Rot of Grapes. Apple-Scab. Downy
Mildew of the Vine. Powdery Mildew ot the Grape, Goose-
berry, Rose and Apple. Leat-Brownness of the Pear and
Quince. Potato-Rot].

3. Vol. IV. The True-Bugs, or Heteroptera, of Tennessee.

HT, EF, Summers.

4. Vol. IV. Some Fungous Diseases of the Grape. /. L. Scribner.

TEXAS:

(3d report.) Report of Horticulturist. 5S. A. Beach.
(16.) Drainage Experiments with Irish Potatoes, Cabbage and Straw-

berries. Russian Fruits. List of Fruits on Trial.

Unitep Strates (Department of Agriculture):
A. Division of Garden and Grounds,
Gees report.) Catalogue of Economic Plants in Department Collec-

tion. Wm. Saunders. Papers on Horticultural and Kindred
Subjects: Reprinted from Dept. of Agr. Reports, 1863-1889.
[Landscape-Gardening. Draining Lands. Sowing Seeds and
Kaising Young Plants of Forest-Trees. Making and Keeping
Lawns. Spring and Fall Planting of Trees. Keeping Hedges
Cultivation. Mechanical Preparation of Soil. Mulching.
Situations for Orchards. Orchard Planting. Management of
Orchards. Pruning. Pear-Culture. Native Grapes. Grape-
Mildew. Foreign Grapesin Glass Structures. Inside Borders
for Graperies. Thripson Grapes. Propagating by Cuttings.
Sowing Seeds. Seed-Saving. RotationinCropping. Expedi-
ents for Promoting Fruitfulness in Plants. Importance of a
Uniform Supply of Waterin Plant-Culture. Liquid Manure for
Plants in Pot-Culture. Flower-Pots. Night Temperature in
Glass Structures. Watering Plants in Pots. Water-Plants.
Glazing Greenhouse Roofs. Raspberry-Culture. Figs.
Vanilla. India-Rubber Plants. Citron. Special Inquiries and
Answers. Well-ripened Wood. Orange and Pineapple-Cul-
ture]. Wm. Saunders.

B, Division of Vegetable Pathology.
Additional Evidence of the Communicability of Peach-Yellows and

Peach-Rosette. 4. /. Smith.

Circular 10. Treatment of Nursery Stock for Leaf-Blight and

(Joar.

(Jour.

Powdery Mildew. &. 7. Galloway.

of Mycology, 2 Vol. VI.) . New Hollyhock Diseases, £. 4.
Southworth ; New Knapsack Sprayer, &. 7. Galloway , Cop-
per-Soda and Copper-Gypsum as Remedies for Grape Mildew,
I, Nessler ; Combating the Potato-Blight, 7. &. Bunz ; In-
dex to North American Mycological Literature. Sept. ‘1890.
of Mycology, 3 Vol. VI.) Experiments in the Treatment of
Plant Diseases (Black Rot of Grape). &. 7. Galloway and
D. G. Fairchild ; Diseases of the Grape in Western N. Y.,

D. G. Fairchild; Perennial Mycelium of the Fungus of Black-
berry-Rust, 7. C. Newcombe, Field Notes for 1890, £. /.
Smith » A New Pear Disease, 2. 7. Galloway, Index toN. A
Mycological Literature, D. G. Faerchild. Jan.

Index to Experiment Station Horticulture. Bee

(Jour. of Mycology, 4 Vol. VI.) Treatment of Pear Leaf Blight and
Scabin the Orchard, B. 7. Gallowayand D. G. Fairchila,; The
Peach-Rosette, 4. /. Smith; Tuberculosis of the Olive, V. 4.
Pierce; Ripe-Rot of Grapes and Apples, 4. A. Southworth,
Index to N. A. Mycological Literature, D. G, Fairchild. Apr.

(Jour. of Mycology, 1 Vol. VII.) Sweet-Potato Black Rot, 2. D.
Halsted and D. G. Fairchild; Treatment of Apple-Scab, Sep-
toria of Raspberry and Blackberry and Potato-Rot, £4. S.
Goff; Treatment of Apple-Scab and Potato-Rot, 47. Hatch;
Diseases of the Orange in Florida, Z. JZ. Underwood, Peach-
Blight, 2. /. Smzth; The Improved Japy Knapsack Sprayer,
B. T. Galloway; Index to N. A. Mycological Literature, D. G.
Fairchild. Sept.

Division of Pomology.

3. Classification and Synopsis of the Wild Grapes of North Amer-
Wedd: 1, DIUNSON.

4. Relative Merits of Various Stocks for the Orange. #7. £. Van
Deman,

Division of Entomology.

23. Reports of Observations and Experiments in the Practical
Work of the Division [ Report on Various Methods for Destroy-
ing Scale-Insects, D. W. Coqguillet. Entomological Notes for
1890, Wary £. Murtfeldt, Report on the Work of the year,
Herbert Osborn, |

25. .Westructive Locusts. C. V. Ailey,

Circular 1, 2nd Series. Condensed Information Concerning Some of
the More Important Insecticides.

Circular 2, 2nd Series. Hop-Vlant Louse and Remedies. June.

(Wasect (Life 3 Vol. Ill:) An Experience with -Kose-Bugs, /. &.
Smith, The Bermuda Peach-Maggot and Orange-Rust; Two
Grape Tests in Alabama; An Orthesia on Coleus; An Experi-
ence with the Gypsy-Moth; Remedies for the Harlequin
Cabbage-Bug.

(insect Fife, 4-Vol, III.)-. London Hurple for the Rose-Chafer.
A Peach-Tree Leaf-Beetle. The Pear-Slug on Plum, Fight-
ing the Rose-Chafer. Wireworm Damage to Onions. The
Grape-Curculio. Scale-Insects in California The Rose-
Chafer on Clay Lands. Tomato-Worm. The Pear-Slug on
Quince. Fumigating for Scale-Insects.

(Insect Life, 5 Vol. III.) California Scale-Insects. The Grape
Phylloxera. Insecticide Machinery. Fertilizers as Insecti-
cides. Plum and Apple-Curculio. An Experience with the
Rose-Bug. Notes on the Plum-Curculio and Plum-Gouger.
Notes Upon Injurious Insects of the Year in Canada.

(Insect Life, 6 Vol. III.) Prof. Harvey’s Bulletin on the Apple-
Maggot. The Effects of Arseniteson Plants. Kerosene Ex-
tract of Pyrethrum as an Insecticide. Practical Notes on the
Use of Insecticides. A Rose Cecidomyiid.

(Insect Life, 7 & 8 Vol. III.) The Plum-Gouger and the Curculio.
Pear-Leaf Blister-Mite. Apple Bucculatrix. Stag-Beetle Borer

337

Annals of Florticulture.

on Pear. The Strawberry-Leaf Flea-Beetle in Indiana.
Sweet-Potato Root-Borer. A Winter Wash for Scale-Insects.
The Tarnished Plant-Bug Damaging Celery.

(Insect Life,’g & 10 Vol. Ifl.) “Economic Entomology in ]@an-
ada. Insecticide Experiments in New Jersey. Insecticide
Experiments in Massachusetts. Efforts to Stamp Out the
Gypsy-Moth. The Bud-Moth. Discussiou on the Gypsy-
Moth. The Ravages of Lzparis (Pstlura) Monacha in Ger-
many, and Means of Defence. A New Scale-Insect from
California. The Quicksilver Remedy for Phylloxera. Cali-
fornia Peach-Tree Borer. Codlin-Moth in New Zealand.
Spraying for the Codlin-Moth in Oregon. The Mealy Bug.
Sweet-Potato Root-Borer. Figs. Unslaked Lime against the
Rose-Chafer. Fig-Beetles. Injury to Asters by the Black
Blister-Beetle. Some Oregon Work Against Noxious Insects.
Remedies for the Yellow Scale.

(Insect Life, 11 & 12 Vol. III.) Experiments with a Date-Palm
Scale. Observations on Injurious Insects of Arkansas and
Tennessee. History of the Hydrocyanic Gas Treatment for
Scale-Insects. A new Pest to Prune Trees. The Pear Blight-
Beetle and Plum Plant-Louse. Grape-Vine Plume-Moth.
Massachusetts Laws Against the Gypsy-Moth. Hot Water
for the Rose-Chafer. Paris Green for Cabbage-Worms. Hop-
Lice on the Pacific Coast.

(Insect Life, 1 & 2 Vol. IV.) New Jersey Bulletin on the Rose-
Chafer. The Squash-Borer and Remedies Therefor. Notes
of the Season. Notes of the Year in New Jersey. New Saw-
Fly Enemy to Sweet-Potatoes. Kerosene Emulsions. Imbri-
cated Snout-Beetles Injuring Apple Trees. Leaf-Footed Plant-
Bug on Currants. Quassia for the Hop-Aphis. Destroying
the Rose-Chafer.

(Insect Life, 3 & 4 Vol. IV.) Tomato Flea-Beetle. A New Enemy
to Pear-Leaves. A Grape-Vine Flea-Beetle in New Mexico.
Cocoanut-Palm Weevil. Rhynchites bicolor injuring Cultivated
Roses. Remedies for Squash-Borer. New Means Against
Orange-Pests. ;

(Insect Life, 5 and 6 Vol. IV.) Twig-Girdler on Fig Tree. Spray-
ing for Codlin-Moth. Tin Can Remedy for Cut-Worms.
Strawberry Leaf-Roller. The Woolly Root-Louse of the Apple.
The Grape Phylloxerain the United States. Plant-Louse on
Celery. The Rose Diaspis. Fumigating at Night Not Neces-
cary. Hemlock Damage by Larch Saw-Fly. The ‘‘Black
Vine-Weevil.”’

Office of Experiment Stations.

Miscellaneous Bulletin No. 3. Proceedings of the Fourth Annual
Convention of the Assoc. of American Agr. Colleges and Ex-
periment Stations. 4A. W. Harris and f//. £. Alvord.

Circular No. 20. Organization List of the Agricultural Experiment
Stationsin the United States. June. :

Experiment Station Bulletin No. 2. Digest of the Annual Reports
of the Agricultural Experiment Stations for 1888. Part 2.

|

or

Index to Experiment Station Horticulture. 333

Farmers’ Bulletin No. 4. Fungous Diseases of the Grape and their
Preatment. D.-7. Galloway.

UTAH:
(2d report.) Report of Horticulturist. Experiments with Cabbages
and Cauliflowers. &. S. Richman.
3. - Hxperiments with Garden Vegetables. Jan. 2. S. Aichman:
Bet otato: (rials, Niarch ./. W. Sanborn.
10. Experiments with Strawberries, Peasand Beans. Dec. Z£. S.
Richman.

VERMONT:

(4th report.) Report of Horticulturist [Test of Vegetables. Bordeaux
Mixture with Paris Green. Grapes. Blackberries. Dew-
berries. Currants. Gooseberries. Raspberries. Strawber-
ries]. C. W. Minott. Report of Botanist [Fungi. Potato-
Blight and Rot. Apple-Rust and Cedar-Apples. Onion-Smut.
Black-Knot of Plum and Cherry and Notes on some other
Fungous Diseases which are prevalent]. JZ. &. Jones.

24. Potato-Blightand Rot.. May. JZ. &. . Jones.

VIRGINIA :
e. otato Tests..Jan... W. B. Alwood.
9g. Tomatoes, Cultural and Variety Work. Feb. W. &. Alwood.,

WasHINGTON (Board of Horticulture):

Bulletin 1. The State Board of Horticulture. Rules and Regula-
tions. TheGreen Aphis. The Woolly Aphis. The San José
Scale. Codlin-Moth. Apple-Tree Tent-Caterpillar. Pear
and Cherry Tree Slug. Hop-Louse. Oyster-Shell Bark-Louse.
Imported Currant-Worm. Currant-Fly.

Bulletin 2. Disinfectants for Nursery Stock. Apple Plant-Louse.
San José Scale. Greedy Scale. Tent-Caterpillars. Maple
Bark-Louse. Hop-Louse. Tomato-Blight.

WeEsT VIRGINIA:

(3d report.) Report of Entomologist [Various Injurious Insects].
A. D. Hopkins, .

14. Various Injurious Insects [Striped Flea-Beetle, Plum-Curculio,
Codlin-Moth, Imported Currant-Worm, etc. Feb.. 4. JD.
Flopkins.

15. Raspberry. Gouty-Gall Beetle. March. A. D. Hopkins.

WISCONSIN :
(7th report.) Prevention of Apple-Scab. Tests of Varieties of Pota-
toes. Noteson Strawberries. £. S. Goff.
WYOMING :
2, ‘Plant-Lice, -Aug- /. 7. Niswander.

$8. Subject Index of Experiment Station Horticul-
tural Literature in North America for 1891
(cncluding Publications of the Department of
Agriculture).

LExplanation.—Numbers standing alone refer to the number of the bul-
letin. Those preceded by p. or pp. refer to pages of reports.

AGERATUM, NOTE oN—
N.Y. Cornell 36.

ALLIGATOR PEAR—
U, S. Dept. Agr,.1s00'Tép. “p437-
ALMOND, CULTURE AND VARIETIES—

Cal. 1889 rep. pp. 86,.109, 184, 196; 1890 rep..pp. 260, 270, 288, 20a
Eea.i6. N.°Cy 121) rep, pr. res.

APPLE, CULTURE AND VARIETIES—
Ala. 30. Ark. 3d rep. p. 33. Cal. 88; 2889 rep: DDL Oa, eon ee
187; 1890 rep.~pp. 268, 270; 288, 207. Colo. 17> 4d terse.
197. Fla.14. Ga. 17. lowai4. La, 8. Me-166e7eonm ue
Md. 3d rep. p. 114. Minn. 1890 rep. p. 25; Minn. Owattonna
Tree Sta. Jan. rep. ‘N. Y. State oth rep.-p, 3467 ene
rep. Pw107.\. 5:9) 23/20." Texas to 36 tep 4p.

APPLE, DISEASES AND INSECTS OF—

Aphis, Can, Exp. Farm 11.'N. Y. State 35, oth rep..p; 347. SV ese
Hort. Bull. 1; 2. U.S. Dept. Agr. Div. of Entomology, Circular 1,
2d ser.; Bull. 23; Insect Life Vol. IV. 5 and 6° p: 2160, Aza
Worm, N. J. 11th rep. 514. ark-Louse, Ont. Agr. Coll. LXII. ;
Can Exp. Farm 11: -N. Mex. 3. Wash. B’d-of Hort) Bulljae
Bitter-Kot, Del. 3d rep. p. 78. . Berer, Can, Exp: Pata cayenne.
11th rep. p. 513.-N. Y. State 35; oth rep~p. 341. N. Gyan.
14. W. Va. 3d rep. p. 157. Bucculatrix, N. Y. Statesotn nega
341; Bull. 35. Insect Life Vol. III. 7 and 8, p. 308. &ud-Moth,
Insect Life Vol. III. 9 and 10 p. 366. Canker-Worm, Can. Exp.
Farm 11. Del. 3d rep. p. 117. Me. 1890 rep. p. 137.. Nay Yoecare
35; oth rep. p. 34. N.C. 978. Cedar-Apples, Conn. Stateras
Iowai13. Vt. 4threp.p.139. Cecropia Emperor-Moth, S. Dak. 22.

(334)

Index to Experiment Station Horticulture. 335

Neb. 1890 rep. p.g91. Codlin-Moth, Can. Exp. Farmir. Cal. 1889
fp. p.50; 1690 rep p. 305: Colo.15. Del. 2drep. pp. 122,133; 3d
rep.p.122; Bull. XII. Me.189orep.p.114. Mass.Hatch11,12. Mich.
2drep.p.20. Munn. Owattonna Tree Stationrep. Jan. Miss. 14.
IN; Sfex, 3. N.Y. State oth rep. p. 343.. N.C. 78. Ore. 10. Wash.
eo ort. pull, 1, -W. Va. 145 3d-rep:.p. 152. .U. S. Dept. Agr.
Div. of Entomology Circular 1, 2d ser.; Insect Life Vol. III. 6,
p. 272, gand 10, pp. 364, 394, 400, 420; Vol. 1V. Nos. 5 and 6, p. 204.

« Curculto (see also PLuM, DISEASES AND INsEcTs), N. J. 11th rep. p.
iz. N.Y. State 35;, 9th rep. p. 343. N.C. 78. Gypsy-Moth, In-
eect dite Vol. 11l. 3, p. 126; g and 10 pp. 364, 368,381; 11 and 12
p.472. Lmbricated Snout-Beetle, Insect Life Vol. IV. 1 and 2 p. 76.
Leaf-Blizght, see PEAR, DISEASES AND INSEcTS. JZaggot, Iowa 13.
MY jotate 35; oth rep. p. 344... Powdery Mildew, lowa13.. U.S.
Dep. Agr. Div. of Veg. Pathology Circular 10. ed-humped
or “ecked Caterpillar, Can. Exp. Farm 11. Me. 1890 rep. p. 135.
my. state 35. ° K2pe-Kot, Jour. Mycology Volk. VI. 4. Ausz, See
Cedar-Apple. Saw-Fly, Insect Life Vol. IV. 1 and 2 p. 38. Scadé,
Can-Exp. Harm ito, Cal. 18809 rep: p. 51. lil.215. Iowa 13. Me.
ioe Lep. Pp. £53,115. Mass. Hatch ir. Mich.2d rep. p. 20. N.
ie tase 35; oth rep, p. 337. N.C. 76. Obiog. Ore. to.. Tenn.
Peecial ©. Vt. 4threp. p.142. Wis. 7th rep: p. 2193: Insect Life
Wor tT. 9 and 10! p. 364. .Scaze, Wash. B’d of-Hort. Bull. 1; 2.
Tent-Caterpillar, Can. Exp. Farmir. Mass. Hatch 12. Neb. 1890
meee too: IN, N..3: -N:.Y. State 35; 9th rep. p.\341. .N.C..78.
ee ig > Wash, bd ot Hort. Bull; 1; 2x. W.Va. 143 3d-rep.' p.
156. Insect Life Vol. IV. 1 and 2p.36. Web-Worm, Can. Exp.
Pater. Merisgo rep. p. 124, Neb. 1890 rep. p. 120.° N. Y.
State oth rep. p. 341. White-Marked Tussock-Moth, Me. 1890 rep.
p. 122: Ohio xz890 rep. Woolly Louse, Me. 1890 rep. p. 131. N.
Mem 3, N.Y, State 35; oth rep. p. 340. -Insect Life Vol. III. 9
and 10 p. 42.

APPLE, MISCELLANEOUS—
Analyses, Mass. State, 8th rep. pp. 294, 299, 301, 309. Keeping, Ark.
sai rep. p. 38.
APRICOT, CULTURE AND VARIETIES—
mae oe rep. p. 46.. Cal. 1889, rep. pp. 86, 109, 183,194; 1890 rep.
Pp. 209, 279, 287, 209. Colo. 17. Towa 14. -La. 8. Texas 3d
Pep, P.. 50.
APRICOT, DISEASES AND INSECTS OF—
See PEAcH, DISEASES.
APRICOT, MISCELLANEOUS—
Analyses, Cal. 1890 rep. p. II5.
ASPARAGUS, CULTURE AND VARIETIES—
Utal 3.
ASPARAGUS, DISEASES AND INSECTS OF—

meee Conn, State, 1&9 rep. p. 179. Del. 2d rep., p..113. N.Y. State
gth rep. p. 308.

336 Annals of Horticulture.

ASPARAGUS, MISCELLANEOUS—
Analyses, Mass. State, 8th rep. p. 305.

ASTER, DISEASES AND INSECTS OF—
Black Blister-Beetle, Insect Life Vol. III. 9 and 10 p. 416.

BANANA— |
U.S; Dept. Agr.1800 cep. p. 534.

BAaRBADOES GOOSEBERRY—
U.S. Dept- Agr: 1390 rep. p. 537

BEAN, CULTURE AND VARIETIES—
Ark. 2d rep. pp. 97, 99. Cal. 89. Colo. 3d rep. po aa35 Wel cae

p. 57. Ga. 11, 14. Kas. 19; 2d rep. p. 132-3 My. 327 oie eee
rep. p. 108. Md. 3d rep. p. 116. Mich” 7oRD Neb. jiseo gee
292. Nev. 3drep. p. 19. N. YAState oth rep7g@) gen”) Pema. a7,
1889 rép. p.. 164, 1675 1890 rep. p. 1590. Ki eteps oe: 24g
S. D230, Utah 26.) Visatherep:, p. 14a

BEAN, DISEASES AND INSECTS OF—

Leaf-BLeetle, Kan. 2drep. p. 210. J/2z/dew, Conn. State, 1889 rep. p. 167 ;
1890 rep. p.97. Plant-Bugs, Kan. 2d rep. p. 212,.> Lemm, 37) 9) ee
wil, Kan. 2d rep. p. 206. Mass. Hatch 12. Miss-ae eG ge

BEET, CULTURE AND VARIETIES—
Colo. 3d rep. p. 190: Del- 2d rep.p, 57... Plas 347 eee
1890 ‘rep. pp..108, 109, 112. Mich. 7o. . Neb. 1600 Gem a7,
Penn. 14:; 1890 rep. p. 160. 5: Dak: 23: Utal’3,.4V f yee
P.- 155.
Breet, MiscELLANEOUS—
Analyses, Mass. State, 8th rep. pp. 293, 298.

BLACKBERRY, CULTURE AND VARIETIES—
Cal..1889 rep. pp. 88, 110, 197. ~ Colo. 17%. 3d tet aa eee
rep. p. 103. —Ga. 11, 15. Towa 14. Md. 3d rep. peie5 sees
Hatch 15. -Minn. 1890 rep. p. 27. N.Y. State 46) coen see
p. 281. N.-C. 12th rep. p. 109.- N. Dak. 2°” Olives. ne
Penn. 1889 rep. p. 163. S. Dak.23. “Texas 3d rep. page

BLACKBERRY, DISEASES AND INSECTS OF—
(See RaspBERRY, DISEASES AND INSECrs OF.) Anthracnose, Ohio 6 Vol.

IV. Lye-Spotted Bud-Moth, Me. 1890 rep. p. 128. ust, Ga. 15.
Md. 3d rep. p. 115. Mass. State, 8th rep. p. 224. Ohio 6 Vol. IV.

Bouvarpia, DISEASES AND INSECTS OF—
Nematodes, N. J. 11th rep. p. 369.
BUFFALO-BERRY—
Minn. 18,
BUTTERNUT—
Cal. 1889 rep. p. 196.

Index to Experiment Station Horticulture. 337

CABBAGE, CULTURE AND VARIETIES—

Ark. 2d rep. pp. 94, 102. Colo. 3d rep. p. 189. Del. 2d rep. p. 58.
Bia, 14. Ga. 1. Kan.i9. Ky. 32.. Me. 1890 rep.-pp. 108, 109,
ero, Nd. 3d) rep. p. £16. 2 Mass. 7o. .N..¥. Cornell 37.;. State .
go, Gt rép. p. 288." Penn, 14; 1889 rep. pp. 164, 172 ; 1890 rep.
p. roo. -S. Dak. 23; 2d rep. p..32. “Texas 16. Utah 3; 2d rep.
p. 52.

CABBAGE, DISEASES AND INSECTS OF—

gees, Can. Exp. Farm ir.. Fla. 14. N. J. 11th rep. p. 507. S. Dak. 22.
U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Entomology 23. Autterfly, Can. Exp. Farm
re Wel. 2d rep. pp. 123, £35. Fla. 14.< lowa12.. Mass. Hatchi2.
Seti rep p.sir-* N.C. 78.- Obie 2 Vol. FV. -S. Dak, 22,
Pieect tite Vol. Ills p. 247 ; 9 and To p: 361; i1 and 12 p. 483.
Club-root, N. J. 11th rep. p. 348. Cut-Worm, Ohio 2 Vol. IV.
FHlarlequin Cabbage-Bug, Del. XII. ; 2d rep. p. 130; 3d rep. p. 114.
N.C. 78. Insect Life Vol. III. 3 p.127. Leaf-Miner, Mass. Hatch
12. Maggot, Can. Exp. Farmii. U.S. Dep. Agr. Div. of Ento-
mology Circular 1, 2d ser.; Insect Life Vol. III. 5, p. 247; 9 and
#@ pp). 359, 362, Plusza, Ohio 2 Vol. IV. S. Dak. 22. Flutella,
Insect Life Vol. III. 9 and 10 p. 359. Striped Hlea-Beetle, Mich.
a0 tem, p. 9c. Ohio -2°Vol.TV.. W. Va. 3d reps p. 447. Zebra
Carevpzi/a7, Ohio 2 Vol. IV... S. Dak. 22.

CaMPHOR- TREE—
Cal. 1890 rep. pp. 228, 295.

CARNATION, DISEASES AND INSECTS OF-
sepioria, N. J. 11th rep. p. 363.. Vermicularia, N. J. 11th rep. p. 363.
CARROT, CULTURE AND VARIETIES—
Colo. 3d rep--p. 191. Del. 2d rep. p..58. Me. 1890 rep. pp. 108, 109,
fie’ ep. 1690 rep. p. 208. . N. ¥..Cornell 30)" Pénn. 14 ; 1890
fee Pp. 16r.)S. Dak. 23. Vt. 4th rep. p..152.
CaRROT, DISEASES AND INSECTS OF—
woor-Ko7, N. }. 11th rep. p. 350.
Carrot, MiscELLANEOUS—
Analyses, Mass. State 8th rep. pp. 293, 299.
Cassava—
Gates. U-S. Dep. Agr. 1890 rep. p. 582.
CaTALPa, DISEASES AND INSECTS OF—
Sphinx, Insect Life Vol. IV. 3 and 4, p. 139.

CAULIFLOWER, CULTURE AND VARIETIES—
Pi 2d top. p. 103. N: -Y.-State 30; oth rep.-p. 288. Penn. 14;
meg rep. 172: 1890 rep. p..161. R.-IJ.:3d rep: p. 159. {S. Dak.
2a, . Utah. 3; 2d rep: -p..°52.
CELERY, CULTURE AND VARIETIES—
meee aa tep, p.-163. Del. 2d rep. p. 58. Ky. 32. . Me. 1890 rep.
Mie res. tit 7. Y. State oth rep: p.. 287. “Penn. 1889 rep: p.
Eo. vo: Van, 22: 2d rep. p. 30.

23

338 Annals of Horticulture.

CELERY, DISEASES AND INSECTS OF— |
flant-Louse, Insect Life Vol. 1V.5 and 6 p. 213. Tarnished Plant-Bug,
Insect Life Vol. III. 7 and 8, p. 348.
CHERRY, CULTURE AND VARIETIES—

Cal. 1889 rep. pp. 108, 184, 190; 18900 rep, pp. 260,;27G) 2025050 oe
17, 3c FED. .7109: Ga. 11. ITIowair4. Me. 1890 rep. p. 140.
Minn. 1890 rep. p. 26; Owatonna Tree Station, Janrep. N. Y.
State oth rep. p. 347. _N:C. 12th rep. p. 108. Texas 16.

CHERRY, DISEASES AND INSECTS OF—

Black-Knot, see also PLumM, DIsEASES AND INSECTS OF; N. J. 78; 11th
rep. p. 364. N. Y. State 35. N/’C. 76. ‘Tenn? a Vor ae
4th rep. p. 141. Curculio, see PLuMm, DISEASES AND INSECTS OF.
Leaf-Spot and Blight, Conn. State 1890 rep. p. 102. Iowa13. U.
S. Dep. Agr. Div. of Veg. Pathology Circular1o. Powdery Mildew,
Iowa 13. Vt. 4th rep. p. 144..U. S. Dep. Agr Div on ver
thology Circular 10. ot, Conn. State 1889 rep. p. 171. Mass.
State 8th rep. p. 213. Slug, U. S. Dep. Agr. Div. of Entomology
23. 'Wash..B'diot Mort, Ball. 2:

CHESTNUT, CULTURE AND VARIETIES— :

Cal. 1889 rep. pp. 87, 196. La. 8. N.C: 12th rep: pes) ) Pema:
CHESTNUT, MISCELLANEOUS—

Analyses, Penn. 16.
Cuoroci (Stachys Steboldi)—

N.Y Coriell, 37:

CHRYSANTHEMUM, DISEASES AND INSECTS OF—

Aphis, U.S. Dept. Agr. Div. of Entomology 23. Mematodes, N. J. 11th
rep. p. 368.

Citron —
U. S. Dept. Agr. 1890 rep. p. 569; Saunders Papers on Hort. and
kindred subjects, p. go.

Cocoa-PLumM—

U.S, Dept: Agr, 130900 rep.1p. 568:
Cocoanut—

U.S. Dept. Agr. 1890 rep. p. 560.
Cocoanut, DISEASES AND INSECTS OF—

Weevil, Insect Life Vol. IV. 3 and 4 p. 136.
CorrreeE—

Cal. 13890-tep- Dp. 235
CoLeus, NoTE on—

N. Y. Cornell 30.

CoLeus, DISEASES AND INSECTS OF—

Nematodes, N. J. 11th rep. p. 368. Orthesta, Insect Life Vol. III. 3 p.
124.

\

Index to Experiment Station Horticulture. 339

Corn, CULTURE AND VARIETIES—
See rep. p..1907.. Del. 2d rep: p. 58. Ill: 13. Ind: 34... Kan.
ty iy. 32. -Me..1890, pp. 108, 117. . Mich. 70, , .Neb.°1890
per Nev: 30 fep. Dp. 10o:\..N, Y. State oth rep. p. 287.
Penn. 1889 rep: p. 1737S. Dak. 23.° Utah 3. Vt. 4th rep. p. 157.
Corn, DISEASES AND INSECTS OF—
Cyeeuiio, N,C.78. Louse, N. C. 78. .Statk-Borer, Mass.:' Hatch 12.
Pueuarny, N.Y. Cornell .33.;N.C. 78. ° Worm, N. J. 11th
Gep. p..5160, -N. C473, U.S: Dept. Agr. Div. of Entomology 23.

Corn, MISCELLANEOUS—
Analyses, Penn, 1889 rep. p. 72.

Cran APpPLE—
See APPLE.

CRANBERRY, DISEASES AND INSECTS OF—
Meaivere,, IN. |. 11th rep. p. 487. 72p-Worm, N. J. 11th rep. p. 490.

CRANBERRY, MISCELLANEOUS—
Analyses, Mass. State, 8th rep. p. 301.

Cress, Note on—
NY. Cornell 30.

CUCUMBER, CULTURE AND VARIETIES—
ies oo) rep. p. 32.- Colo. 3d rep. p. 49, 192. Del. 2d rep. p. 58.
hteetsQq0 rep. pp. 108, 1090. Md. 3d rep. p. 116. Mich. 7o. ‘Neb.
Eoogrep.p.-yoo. -Nev.3d rep. p. 29. N. Y. Cornell 31. Penn.
Eo waegetep. p: 161.. S: Dak. 23. Utah 3. ‘Ver. 4th rep. p. 159:

CUCUMBER, DISEASES AND INSECTS OF—

Aphis, U.S, Dept. Agr. Div. of Entomology 23. Damping-off, Mass.
State 8th rep. p. 220. Flea-beetve, Can. Exp. Farmi1. Mich. 2d
rep. p.90. Az/dew, Mass. State 8threp. p. 210. Striped Leetle,
Can. Exp,Parm 11. Del. 2d rep: p. 117: Iowa 12. Miss. 14.
ieipusth rep. p4s0. N.C. 738. Obie, 2. Vol. IV. U.S: Dept.
Agr. Div. of Entomology 23. Insect Life Vol. III. gand ro, p. 362.

CURRANT, CULTURE AND VARIETIES—
ee tosg rep. pp. 83, 110, 197. “Colo. 17. Del: 3d rep. p. 99. «N.Y.
suare 30, 9th rep. p. 282.—-N. C. 12th rep. p.-r09.._N. Dak. 2.
Penn, 188o rep. p. 163. S. Dak: 23. . Vt. 4th rep. p. 184.

CURRANT, DISEASES AND INSECTS OF—
Bere, Can, Exp. Farm 11. .Mass. Hatch 12. N.Y. State 36. Gadi-
Mite, Insect Life Vol. 1V. rand 2 p. 38. Leaf-footed Plant-Bug, In-
sect Life Vol. IV. 1 and 2 p. 79. Saw-F/y, Can. Exp. Farm 11.
sper, towa r3. Vt. 4th rep. p. 143. ‘Wash. B’d of Hort. Bull.
i Worm, N.Y. State-36+ 9th rep. p. 307. W. Va. 14; 3d rep.
p. 153. Wash. B’d of Hort. Bull. 1.

CURRANT, MISCELLANEOUS—
. Analyses, Mass. State 8th rep. p. 305.

340 Annals of Horticulture.

CupHEA, NoTE on—
N. Y. Cornell 30.

CuUSTARD-APPLE, VARIETIES—
U. S. Dept. Agr. 1890 rep. p. 560.
Cut-WorMs— ae
Del. XII. ; 3d rep. p. 115. Iowa 12. Mich. 2d rep. p.91. Ohio 2 Vol. IV.
S. Dak. 22. U.S. Dept. Agr. Div. of Entomology 23 ; Insect Life
Vol. III. 5, p. 247 ; Vol.IV. 5 and 6, p. 205.
DaTE—
U-S. Dep. Agr. 1890°rep: p. 587. Cal. 1890-rep: p: 220 aaq:
DaTE, INSECT OF—
Scale, Insect Life Vol. III. 11 and 12 p.-44r1.

DEWBERRY, CULTURE AND VARIETIES—
(See BLACKBERRY, CULTURE.) N. Y. Cornell 34. N. Dak. 2. S. Dak.
23:. Vt. ath rep. p. 184.
Ecc-PLantT, CULTURE AND VARIETIES—
Flair. WNaY¥, (Cornell 26:

EcGc-PLant, DISEASES AND INSECTS OF—
Ashy Mold, N. J, 11th rep. p. 357. “Leaf-Spot, N. J/ 11th tepa pas

ELeEctTrRIc LIGHT— |
Lnfiuence on Greenhouse Plants, N. Y. Cornell 30.

EnpDIvVE, NoTE on—
N... Y. Cornell 30.

Fic, CULTURE AND VARIETIES—
Ca. 1889 rep. pp. 87, 186, 195; T8900 rep. pp. 260, 288, 208) aia ee
Ga. 11. La. 8... N. C. 12th rep. p. 109; 13th.tepip oO s2eeeer
p. 19. Texas 3d rep. p. 50. Insect Life Vol. III. 9 and ro rep.
p. 409. U.S. Dep. Agr. Saunders’ Papers on Hort. and Kindred
Subjects, p. 89.
Fic, DisEASES AND INSECTS OF —
Beetle Insect Life Vol. III. 9 and 10, p. 414. Zwetg-Girdler. Insect
Life Vol. IV. 5 and 6, p. 204.

FILBERT—
Cal:-1889 rep. pp. 110, 196. ‘La...

Pruit Bark -BeErLe—
Ith. 15,

Fucusia, NoTE on—
N: Y.-Cornell zo:

FUNGICIDES—
(See also DISEASES OF VARIOUS PLanTs.) Can. Ont. Agr. Coll. LII. Cal.
1889 rep. p. 51. ~Conn. State, 1889 rep. p. 1747 18900 fep pee,
99, 104. Del. XIII.; 2d rep: pp. 79, 88, 166 ; 3d°ten) eee
Special. Ill. 15. -lowa 13. Me. 1890 rep. pp. 1117419) ie ae

a

| oles

L[ndex to Experiment Station Horticulture. 341

rep. p. 107. Mass. State 39. Mass. Hatch 11; 13. Mich. 2d
ep. p. 20, . N.Y. Corneil, 35: N. Y. State 35; 36; 9th rep. pp.
memos, 234. «N: C703 772.. Olmo'9...Ore. 10: KR. I. 3d reps
mere -leun. 44 Vt 245 ath rep). pp. 131, 140, 141,183. U: S.
Dept. Agr. Div. Veg. Pathology Circular 10. Journ. of Mycology
Vol. 6. Nos. 2, 3, 4. Insect Life Vol. III. 9 and 10, p. 364.

bed, 3d, rep. a 160.
GINSENG—
Ont. Agr. College LXV.

GOOSEBERRY, CULTURE AND VARIETIES—
ical, 1680 rep: pp. 88, 110, 197. Colo. 17 ;~3d rep. p. 200, Del. 2d rep.
p- <03; 34 tep. p. 99. N.Y. State 36; oth rep.p. 284. . N..C..12th
fepep, 110, 'N: Dak: 2: Penn. 1889 rep. p. 163. S. Dak. 23; 2d
rep..p. 30. ‘Vt. 4th rep. p. 184.
GOOSEBERRY, DISEASES AND INSECTS OF—
Currant-Worm, see CURRANT, DISEASES AND INSECTS OF. /7/y, Wash.
B’d of Hort. Bull. 1. JA/c/dew (see also Grapz, DisEasEs), Del.
A, Special. Can. Exp. Farmirz. N.Y. State 36; oth rep. p. 307.
Saw-Fly, Del. 2drep. p. 125. Spot Diseases, lowa 13.

GRAPE, CULTURE AND VARIETIES—

Ala. 29. <Ala..Canebrake 12. _Ark. 3d rep. p. 46. Cal. 88; 89; g1;
Zeco-tep. pp. $8, 111, 197} 1890 rep. p. 193, 223, 297. Colo. 17;
3d rep. pp. 35, 200. Fla.14. Ga.31r. Iowa14. La. 8. Me. 1890
fee. p. 140. Md. 3d -rep. p. 113. .Minn. 1890 rep. p. 27. Miss.
3d rep. p. 36. N. Y.state oth rep. pp. 325, 347. N.C. 12threp. p.
406. ‘Lexas 3d rep. p. 50... Vt. 4th rep. p. 184... U. S. Dept. Agr.
Saunders’ papers on Hort. and kindred subjects pp. 60, (66; Div.
of Botany Bull. 3.

GRAPE, DISEASES AND INSECTS OF—
Anthracnose, Conn. State 1889 rep. p. 174; 1890 rep. p. 102. Del. 3d
Wp... 52... N. Y: State 35; oth rep. pp. 321, 335. N.C, 76. Tenn.
4. Berry-Moth, Del. 2d rep. p. 130. Mass. Hatch 12. Sura’s-eye- .
mee Lenn. «.- D2tter-hot, N.Y: State 35; oth rep; p. 325. lack
fot, Conn. State 1889 rep. p. 175; 1890 rep. p. 100. Del. A, special ;
20, £ep.pp. 69,.79, 106;.3d rep. pp. 46, 51, 54, 58. ill. 15... Mass.
Pease it N. Yo State 35.; 9th rep; pp.. 313, 328; 334. -N. C.-76,
@enn. 4. U: S. Dept: Agr. Div. of Veg. Pathology 1890 rep.
p. 394. Grown Rot, see BLack Rot. Colaspis, Insect Life Vol.
ois pi 123... Curceiio, N. C.-78.. Insect: Lite-Vol. Ill. 4 p. 167;
Il and 12 p. 452. Downy Mildew, Cal. 1889 rep. p. 100. Del. 2d
rep; pp. 69, 70, 106. Mass. State 8th rep. p. 222; Mass. Hatch
Moor state 35; oth rep. pp. 323; 320, 335. °..Ns Cr 76.
VE ath wep: p. 144. U.S. Dept.. Agr. Saunders’ Papers _on
Hort. and Kindred Subjects, p. 63. Jour. Mycology 2 Vol. VI.
Light-spotted Forester, N. J. 11th rep. p.485. /lea-Beetle, Can. Exp.
Farm rr. Mich. 2d rep. p. 90. _N. Mex. 3. N.C. 78. Insect Life
Vol. 1V. 1 and 2 p. 48; 3.and 4 p. 135. Leaf-Blighi, N. Y. State

342 Annals of Horticulture.

35; goth rep. p. 324. Tenn. 4. Jour..Mycology 2 Vol. VI. Zeaf-
Bug, Tenn. 3. Léaf-/fopper, Can. Exp. Farm 11, Col) 25)
Mex. 3. Insect Life Vol. FH. 3 p. 123. -2eaj=Aon7 ee
May-Beetle, N. C. 78. \Phytloxera, Cal, 1889 rep. p. 47. US.
Dept. Agr. Div. of Entomology Circular 1 2d ser.; Insect Life
Vol. III. 5 p. 185, 9 and 10 p.391; Vol. 1V.5 and Gp.2iz fee,
Moth, Mass. Hatch 12. Insect Life Vol. III. 9 and Io p. 460.
Powdery Mildew, See also Downy Mildew; N. Y. State 35; goth
rep. p. 312, 322; 335. ~N. -C. 76.. Tenn 4.07 Ve gee,
144. Pyramidal Caterpillar, Mass. Hatchi2. Azpe-ot, Jour. My-
cology 4 Vol. VI. oot Prionus, Insect Life Vol. ITI. 9 and Io p.
407. ose-Beetle, see ROSE-BEETLE. Spotted Caterpillar, Del. 2d
rep. p. 131. N.C.78. TZzhrips, U.S. Dept. Agr. Saunders’ Papers
on Hort. and Kindred Subjects p. 70. Zwig-Burrower, Ore. 14.
White Rot, N. Y. State 35; 9th rep. p. 324. Wood-Nymph, Can.
Exp. Parmiy rr.

GRAPE, MISCELLANEOUS —
Analyses, Mass. State 8th rep. p. 302.

GREENHOUSE— |
Glazing, U. S. Dept. Agr. Saunders’ Papers on Hort. and Kindred
Subjects p. 87. Heating, Mass. Hatch 15.
GROUND CHERRY—
Neb. 1890 rep..p. 2090. « N. YCornell, 37:
Guava—
Cal. 1890 rep. p. 235. U.S, Dept. Agr 1800 ream p 5oo
GuMBO, VARIETIES—
U.S, Dept.. Agr 1390 gepiip, 557:
HELIOTROPE, NOTE ON—
N. Y. Cornell 30.

HoLtyHock, DISEASES AND INSECTS OF—
Blight, N. J. 11th rep. p. 361. Colletrotrichium, Jour. Mycology 2 Vol.
VI. Leaf-Spot, N. J. 11th rep. p. 361. Aust, Mass. State 8th rep.
p. 224, N. J..1ith rep. p..361. N-. Y. State oth rep pise7 ee
4th rep. p. -144- |
Hops, DisEaASES AND INSECTS OF—
Louse, Ore. 10. Wash. B’d of Hort. Bull. 1, 2. U.S, Dept Agr Diysar
Entomology Circular 2 (2d series) ; Insect Life Vol. III. 11 and 12
p. 486; Volody. 1and 2p, 84.
HoOvENIA DULCIS—
Cal. 1889 rep. p., 197:
Husk Tomatro—
N:-Y. Cornell’37:

HypRANGEA—
Minn. 18. Texas 16.

Index to Experiment Station Horticulture. . 343

INDIAN SORREL—
Ges Dept: Agr. 1890. rép. p: 578.
INSECTICIDES—
(See also under INsEcTs oF Various PLants.) Ark. 3d rep. pp. 62, 8r.
Can. Exp. Farmir. Cal. 1889 rep. pp. 47, 50; 1890rep. pp. 308, 319.
Polo; 15..- Del. XI. :\ 2d frep:-pp. 112, 133 3. 3d rep. p. 110. Fla.
mae ind, 34. Towa .12°; 193 14.1, Me; 1890 rep... p.. 114... Mass.
Paavo, Lt, 13.° Mich; 7o> 76; 2d rep. p: 88. Miss..14. _ Neb.
noee Fep..p.. 63-9 NJ]. 82; 11th rep. pp. 462, -522. N. Mex. 3: N.
f-Cormell 33:35... N: Y. State 35; oth rep. p. 307. N.C. 776;
foe Ono 2. o>) 1890 rep. p.:EXIV.. Ore. 10: S$. Dak.’ 22.
Tenn. 3. Vt. 4threp. p. 183. Wash. Board of Horticulture Bull. 1;
2. W.Va. 3d rep. p. 145. U.S. Dept. Agr. Div. of Entomology
Circular 1 and 2 (2dser.). Insect Life Vol. III. Nos. 1 to 12,
Ivy, NoTE on—
N. Y. Corneli 30.
JERUSALEM ARTICHOKE—
Cal. 95.
JUNEBERRY, CULTURE AND VARIETIES—
Iowa 14.
KuMQUAT—
Us. Dept: Agr. 1890 rep. p. 560.
LANDSCAPE-GARDENING—
U. S. Dept. Agr. Saunders’ Papers on Hort. and Kindred Subjects p. 7.
LANTANA, DISEASES AND INSECTS OF—
Wematodes, N. |. 11th rep. p. 368.

LATITUDE — .
Effect on Productiveness of Potatoes. Md. 3d rep. p. 111. Vt. 4th
Fep. p. 181.

LEMON, CULTURE AND VARIETIES—
(ioe 9a- 1800 tep. pp. 109, 300. U./S. Dept. Agr. 1890 rep. p. 569.

Merewce, CULTURE AND- VARIETIES—
Mel 2oqep. p00. Ky. 32.- Me. 4th-rep. pp..108, 110. » Mich.’ 7o.
Neberego rep. p. 204.. N. Y. Cornell 30. .Penn..14; 1889 ‘rep:
po. 2o4, TOS, £73 5 19800 rep. p. 162. S.,Dalk:.23.- Utah 3.
LETTUCE, DISEASES AND INSECTS OF—
Aphis, U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. of Entomology 23.
LICORICE, CULTURE AND VARIETIES—
Cal. 89.
LIME—
Bo Dept, Agr: 1600 rep. p. 560:
Manco—
es. Dept.Agr.-1800 rep. p. 582.

344 Annals of Horticulture.

May BEETLE—
Mass. Hatch 12. N.C. 78. Neb. 1890 rep. p. 196.
MIGNONETTE, DISEASES AND INSECTS OF—
Cercospora, N- [.11th rep. p. 363.
MvuLBERRY—
Cal. 1889 rep. pp. 186, 167 7° 1890 rep. p. 233.
MUSKMELON, CULTURE AND VARIETIES OF—
Ala. 28.- Colo. 3d'rep. p. 192. Fla. 14. Ga: 14. Kyjg2)) Nepeesea
rep. p. 301.) Nev..3d rep. p..16. .S. Dak. (23. iene
MUSKMELON, DISEASES AND INSECTS OF—
Aphid, N. J. 11th rep. p. 484. Boreal Lady-Lird, N. J. 11th rep. p. 483.
Striped Cucumber-Beetle, See CUCUMBER, DisSEASES; N. J. 11th rep.
p. 480. |
MUSTARD, CULTURE AND VARIETIES—
Del. 2d rep:.p: Go. -

NECTARINE—
Cal. 1889 rep. pp. 109, 183, 194; 1800 rep. pp: 269, 28@, 252, 2am
La. 8.
NEMATODES—
Ni f--rith, rep .p.366.
NuTMEG—

U. S. Dept. Agr. 1890 rep. p. 584.
Oxra, CULTURE AND VARIETIES—
Neb. 1890 rep. p. 300. S. D. 23.
OLIvE, CULTURE AND VARIETIES— :
Cal. 89; 91; 92; 1889 rep.-pp. 187, 196; 1890 Tep. pp) 45a) 220. ae
280, 300. -U. 5. Dept. Agr, 1600 Trepp: 565.
OuiveE, DISEASES AND INSECTS OF—
Tuberculosis, Jour. of Mycology Vol. VI. 4.
OnION, CULTURE AND VARIETIES—

Colo. 3d-rep. pp. 50, 191. Del. 2d rep. p. 60. Me. 18090 rep. pp: zoe,
111. Nebr. 1890 rep. p. 295. .Pénm: 14;-1889 rep4 pion eee
rep. pi 163). Ka Tray ae 23. |

Onion, DISEASES AND INSECTS OF—

Botrytis, N. J. 11th rep. p. 352. Macrosportum, Conn. State 1889 rep.
p.158. N. J. rth rep. p. 354. Maggot, Can. Exp. Farm @77Wiaes.
Hatchi2. U.S. Dept. Agr. Div. of Entomoloy Circular 1 (2d ser.)
Mildew, Conn. State 1889 rep. p. 155. Smut; Conn. State 1889
rep. p. 129. 1890 rep. p. 103. “ N. J. 11th rep. p. 353. Wijaiarep,
p.141. Vermicularia, Conn. State 1889 rep. p. 163. N. J. r1threp.
p. 354. White Blast, Conn. State 1890 rep. p. 180. Wireworm,N.
Y. Cornell 33. Insect Life Vol. III. 4. p. 166.

Onion, MisCELLANEOUS—
Analyses, Conn, State 108. Mass. State 8th rep. p. 305.

Lndex to Experiment Station Horticulture. 345

ORANGE, CULTURE AND VARIETIES—
tar 68: 03; 1689 rep. pp. 87, 196; 1890 rep. pp. 107, 109, 280, 289, 300.
Pee. 19th rep. p20. U.S: Dept. Agt.-; 18¢0-rep. p. 569; Div.
of Pomology Bull. 4; Saunders’ Papers on Hort. and Kindred
Subjects p. 114.
ORANGE, DISEASES AND INSECTS OF—
Blight, Jour. Mycology 1 Vol. VII. Due-Back, Jour. Mycology 1 Vol.
- VII. foot-Rot, Jour. Mycology 1 Vol. VII. Leaf-Glaze, Jour. My-
cology 1 Vol. VII. Leaf-Spot, Jour. Mycology 1 Vol. VII. ust,
Insect Life 3 vol. III. p. 120. Scud, Jour. Mycology 1 Vol. VII.
scares, Cal. 1689. rep. p. 50. U..S. Dept. Agr. Div. of Entomology
Circular a. (20 ser.) ;- bull. 23; Insect Life 4-Vol. II]. pp.-167, 176;
=. 152-7 and $ .p: 347 ; 9.and Io pp. 382, 3908, 421 ;- 11 and 12 p:
as Vol, 1V.3 and-4 p. 155.. Wash. Board of Hort: Bull. 1; 2.
Sooty-mold, Jour. Mycology 1 Vol. VII.

OraNGE, MiscELLANEOUS—
Analyses, Fla. 14.

OTAHEITE GOOSEBERRY—
U.S. Dept. Agr. 1300 rep. p. 568.

Papaw, VARIETIES—
U; S. Dept. Agr. 1800 rep. p. 565.
PARSLEY, CULTURE AND VARIETIES—
Det. -2ad-rep. p. 60... S. Dak. 23.

PaRSNIP, CULTURE AND VARIETIES—
eos tep. p. 6e,- Me. 1800 rep. pp. 108, tog, 110. Neb. 1890 rep.
wee? Fenn. 1659 rep..p. 164, RK. 1. 3d rep. p. 152.

PrEa, CULTURE AND VARIETIES—
mek 2@ tep. pp. 96,.97, 98. . Cal. 95., Colo. 3d rep.-p. 45. -Del. 2d
fap. e. G2, Hla 14. Ga, 11; 14. Ind:.34. Kan: 19;,2d rep. p.
fete ty. 32. “Me, 1800 Tep. p. 108), Mich.7o0. “ Neb. 1890 rep.
mo. 202'204.- N.Y. Cornell 30. “N: Y_ State goth rep. p> 203. Penn.
fa ece rep. pp. 104,, 168, 174 ;, 1890-rep. p. 163. - 5S. Dak: 23.
Wish 24 %0. Vt. 4th rep. p. 160.
Pea, DISEASES AND INSECTS OF— |
Weevil, Mass. Hatch 12. Miss. 14. N.C. 78. Insect Life Vol. III.
e-Quamd TO Pp. 359.
PracH, CULTURE AND VARIETIES—
mide ee. Cal, 1889 rép. pp. 86,.100, 182, 192; 1890°rep. pp.. 260, 280,
zon, 209. Golo.17. Del. XI; .3d rep) pp. 29, 04,290. Fla.14.- Ga-11.
fowa diy. «La. 8. Nd. 3d rep. p. 114. Mo.16. N. J. Special L;
ime he. .428.. IN; Y. otate oth rep: pp. 332, 347. N.C. 12th
ep. p; 106. S. Dak. 23.. Texas 16; 3d rep. p.. 50.
PrEacH, DISEASES AND INSECTS OF—
mes, Del.K11; 3d rep. pp. rio, 118. N. J. 11th rep. p-493. N. Mex.
a. U.S. Dept. Agr. Div: of Entomology 23; Insect Life Vol. IIE.
Gpo270. Baek: and fo7; Conn. State 2889 rep. p. r71.- Del. A,

346 Annals of Horticulture.

Special. Mass. State 8th rep. p. 213. N.C. 76. Jour. Mycology
1 Vol. VII.” Borer, Miss. 14. N, J. 11th rep) -p. 407.) Ne Mex 2
Y. State 35; oth rep. p. 345. N.C. 78. Insect Life Vali game
Io pp. 392,421; Vol. IV.r1and2p.43. Cercosporella, Conn. State
1889 rep. p. 173. Chrysochus, Insect Life Vol. III. 4 p. 162. Cur-
culto (see also PLum, DisEAsEs AND INsEcTs), Fla. 14. Curé-leaf,
Cal. 1889 rep. p. 51. Alaggot, Insect Life Vol. III. 3 p. 120. Root-.
knot, Fla. 14. Rosette, U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. of Veg. Pathology
Bull. 1; Jour. Mycology Vol. VI. 4. Scales (see also ORANGE, Dis-
EASES AND INSEcTs), Wash. B’d of ‘Hort. Bull.1; 2. Zweg-Bur-
rower, Ore. 14. Yellows, Del. 2d rep: p.92. NYC: 76. Ua eee
Agr. Div. of Veg. Pathology Bull. 1.

PracH, MISCELLANEOUS—
Analyses, Mass. 8th rep. pp..301, 309. Suds, Microscopic Study of,
IN). |-CLith rep ep: 327 -
PEAR, CULTURE AND VARIETIES—
Ala. 30. Cal..88; 1889 rep. pp. 108, 184, 188 ; 1890 Tep, pp 208n27e,
288, 298. Colo. 17; 3d rep. p. 198... Fla. 14. > Galerie
La. 8. Minn. Owatonna Tree Sta. Jan. rep. N.Y. State oth rep.
p. 347. . N.C. 12th rep; p.-107.° S. Dak. 22. Vexasihie 320 mom:
p. 50. U.S. Dept. Agr. Saunders’ Papers on Hort. and Kindred
Subjects p. 53.

PEAR, DISEASES AND INSECTS OF—

(See also AppLz, DisEASES AND INSEcTS.) Slight-Leetle, Insect Life
Vol III. 11 and 12 p. 468. LBua-Aloths, Insect Life Vol. III. 9 and
10 p. 366. Codlin-Moth, see APPLE, DISEASES AND INSECTS
oF. fire-Blight, N. C. 76. Vt. 4th rep. p.142. Leaf-Blight, Del.
A, Special; XIII.;-3d rep.-p. 69. lowa 13. N. Cy 76). (Nae
nell 35. U.S. Dept. Agr. Div. of Veg. Pathology Circular 10;
Jour. Mycology Vol. VI. 4. Leaf-Llister Mite, Insect Life Vol. III.
7 and 8 p. 308. Aust, Conn. State 1890 rep. p. 98. Scad (see also
Apple-Scab), Conn. State 1889 rep.-p. 173. Del; AjpSpeciali ed
rep. p, 88. N. Y: State 35; oth rep. p. 337. Ohio 9. “Vi 4ta cep
p. 142. Jour. Mycology Vol. VI. 4. Scales (see also ORANGE,
DISEASES AND INSEcTS), Wash. B’dof Hort. Bull. 1; 2. Slug (see
also CHERRY-StuG), Ont. Agr.Coll. LXII. Can’ Exp. Para ar
N. Y. State 35 ; Insect Life Vol. III. 4 pp. 163, 171. Wash. B’d of
Hort. Bull..1. Stag-Beetle Borer; Insect Life Volo 7 auaes
p. 308. Systena, Insect Life Vol. IV. 3 and 4p.135. TZarnished
Plant-Bug, Tenn. 3. Thelephora, Jour. Mycology Vol. VI. 3.
Twelve-spotted Diacrotica, N. Mex. 3. Twig-Girdler, N. C. 78.

PEar, MiscELLANEOUS—
Analyses, Mass, State 8th rep. p. 301.
PECAN—
Cal. 1889 rep. pp. 87, 110, 196; 1890 rep. p. 270. | N.C. 121i zepag a
PEPINO— a
N. ¥:. Cornell 37.

Index to Experiment Station Horticulture. 347

PEPPER, CULTURE AND VARIETIES OF-
Malo, 4a rep.<p.47. .Mich. 70. S.'Dak. 23. U.S. Dept; Agr. 1890
rep. p. 588.
PEPPER, DISEASES AND INSECTS OF—
Anthracnose, N. J. 11th rep. p. 358.

PERSIMMON—
Wal. tas0 rep. pp. 87; 186; 1890 rép. pp.:280, 300.. Fla. 14. La. 8°
@exas 3d rep. p..<50. °U.-S: Dept. Agr..1890 rep. p. 573.
Petunia, NOTE ON—
Ney. Cornell 30.

PHYSALIS—
iY, Cornell 37.

PINEAPPLE, CULTURE AND VARIETIES—
Bia, t4. U.S; Dept. Agr. Saunders’ Papers on Hort. and Kindred
Subjects p. 114.

PISTACHIO—
Wes. Dept. Agr. 890 rep. p. 588.

PLant-LIcE— |

(See also under Various Fruits.) Cal. 1889 rep. p.47. Can. Ont. Agr.
a ol) »Can. Exp.-Farm-i1.- Del. XII; 3d rep. p. 110,118.
Pia 14.) Me. 1890 rep. p..131..- Mich. 73. Neb. 1890 rep. p. 202.
ih) aitirep pp. 494,493,507. N.Mex. 3. N.Y. State 35; 9th
map ean, N.C. 78,” N. Mex..3. Ore. 10. S.-Dak. 22. Wash:
icreuiiort; ball, t;)2. Wy:2. . U.S. Dept. Agr. Div. of. Ento-
mology Circulars 1 and 2 (2 ser.); Bull. 23; Insect Life Vol. III.
Bees; 0 p. 270; 9 and 10 pp. 361, 391, 427; 11 and 12 pp. 468;
fem, Vol, i, 1.and 2 p.84; 5and 6 pp. 210, 212, 213:

PiuM CULTURE AND’ VARIETIES—
Perigo. Ark, 3d rep. p. 40.. Cal 388; 1889irep. pp. 86, 108, 183, 184,
iGo, 1890: Lep. pp. 260,280, 288, 206.' Colo. 17; 3d rep. pp: 31,
mg. Plast4.. Ga. 11... lowa 14,.- La. 8. Me. 1890 rep. p. 140:
Mass. State 8th rep. p. 213. Minn.2drep.p.26. Minn. Owatonna
firce Sia..|anrep. IN. C.12th rep. p..ros. ..N..Dak. 2.. S. Dak.
22-420. Yexas 16; 3d.rep. p..50.

Pium, DISEASES AND INSECTS OF—
(See also APPLE, DISEASES AND INsEcis.) Aphis, N. Mex. 3. U. S.
Dept. Agr, Div. of Entomology_23; Insect Lifé Vol. Ill. 11 and 12
p. 468. Slack-Knot, Ont. Agr. College LII. Conn. State 1889 rep.
p. 176. Mass. Hatch 11; Mass. State 8th rep. p. 200. N. J. 78;
Pilbrep. ps 364.. N.Y, State 35. N.C.76. Penn. 1890 rep. p. 160.
Tenn. 1VolLiV. Vt-4threp. p. 141. Brown Kot, see PEACH, DISEASES
AND INsEcTS. Cecropia Emperor-Moth, S. Dak. 22. Curculto, Can.
Pap. fame tt. Del. 2d-rep.p. 120; 3d rep..p. 121..-Mass. Hatch
ni Mich 2d-tep. p.-8o.° Miss. 147 N. J. 1rth rep. p. 512." Nie¥.
Stave ota rep. p. 345. Ohio 27 9. “W..Va.714 3 3d rep. p. 151. U.

348 Annals of Horticulture.
S. Dept. Agr. Div. of Entomology Circular 1 (2d ser.) ; Insect Life
Vol. IIT. 5 pp. 219, 227; 6 p. 307; Vol. IV. a and°a i yee
Bark-Beetle, Vil. 15.. Gouger, Insect Life Vol. III. 5 p. 227; 7 and
8 p. 307. Leaf-Blight, U.S. Dept. Agr. Div. of Veg. Pathology Cir-
cular 10. Leaf-Spot, Conn. State 1889 rep. p. 176; 1890 rep. p.
102. Iowa13. Ohiog. Fear-Slug, Insect Life Vol. III. 4 p. 163.
Powdery Mildew, Towa 13. Rot, Conn. State 1889 rep. pp. 171, 176. -
Rust, lowa 13. Scales, Wash. B’d of Hort. Bull. 1; 2. TZurnus
butterfly, U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. of Entomology 23.

POMEGRANATE—

Cal-1889 rep. pp. 110, 1975 1890 rep. p. 300. USS! Dept wen. mage

rep. Pp. -599.

PoTaro, CULTURE AND: VARIERIES=—

Ala. 31. Ark. 2d rep. p. 27;:3d'rep. p.9. Ont. Apr. College 1otm ree.

pp. 112, 172... Colo. 3d rep.__pp. 38.194. Del 4d rep. #2005 ee
13. Ind. 34. lowar2. Kan. 19; 2drep. p. 168. Md. 3drep. pp. 83,
108. Mich. 70. Miss. 3d rep. p. 37. Mo. 16. Nev. 3d rep: p. 77.
Neb. 1890 rep. p. 284.- Nev. 14. N. J]. 80: N.Y. State ot sen:
p. 293. Ore. 11.. Penn. 1890 rep: p. 152. ° > 2 4a. epee cee
159. .S. Dak. 3d-rep. p. 14. Texas 16: Utah 55) Vii agar
p..163, | Vans. Wis. 7th tep: pa 2e5. |

Potato, DISEASES AND INSECTS OF—

Blight and Lot, Conn. State 1889 rep. p. 176; 1890 rep. p. 102. Del. A,

Special ; 3d rep. p. 77. Iowa 13. .Mass. State St peppy ees
Mass. Hatch 11... N'.J: 11th tép..p. 345-4. N. Ging ee ee
3d rep. p: 137. .Vt. 24; 4th rep. pp. 131, $63.) .0e@me oe.
cology Vol. VI. 2. Bélister-Beetle, N. C. 78. Colorado Beetle, Can.
Exp. Farm 11. Del. 2d rep. p. 118... Me. 1890. rep. p..1a47
Cornell 35. N.Y. State 9th rep. p.308. N.C. 78. Vt: at mepiie:
183. .Flea-Beetle, N. Y. State oth rep. p. 307. ° U, Ss) Depewer
Div. of Entomology 23. Scab, Conn. State 1890 rep. p. 81. IIl.
15, Mass-State 8th rep. p. 216. N; J. 11th rep. pigs, see
Stalk-Borer, Mass. Hatch 12. Weevil, Iowa 12.

PoTATO, Nigte ee

Analyses, Mass. State 8th rep. pp. 294, 299. Utah 5.

PRESERVATIVES FOR FRESH FRUITS—

Ark, 3d rep. p. 38. Cal. 1890 rep. p, 126.

PRIMULA, NOTE ON—

N. Y. Cornell 30.

PROPAGATION—

Summer Propagation of Hardy Plants, Minn. 18.

PRUNE, CULTURE AND VARIETIES—

Cal. 1889 rep. pp. 86, 108, 183, 192; 1890 rep. p. 269, 280, 299.

Prune, DisEASES AND INSECTS OF—

Weevil, Insect Life Vol. III. 11 and 12 p. 468.

Index to Experiment Station Horticulture. 349

PUMPKIN, CULTURE AND VARIETIES—
Pas 2o rep. p. ro4, Del. 2d rep. p. 62... Me. 1800 rep. p. 108... Néb.
E300 TEP. p.. 303.
PUMPKIN, DISEASES AND INSECTS OF—
Boreal Lady-Bird, N. }. 11th rep. p. 483. Jtldew, N. Y. Cornell 35.

QUINCE, CULTURE AND VARIETIES—
@eartas9 tep. pp. 67, 120, 195.. Ga. ri. La,8. N.C..12th rep. p. 108.

QuiIncE, DISEASES AND INSECTS OF—
(Seealso Pzar, DISEASES AND INsEcTs OF.) Borer, N.J. 11threp. p. 513.
Curculto, see Plum-Curcuho, Leaf-Blight (see also PEaR, DISEASES),
Del. 3d rep. p. 69. U.S. Dept. Agr. Div. of Veg. Pathology Cir-
cular 10. Leaf-Sfot, Conn. State 1889 rep. p. 173; 1890 rep. p. 9g.
Del. XII. Pear-Stug (see also PEAR, DISEASES AND INsEcTs), Insect
ee wo Til. 4p. 171. Seales, Wash. B'diof Hort. Bull, x ; 2:

RADISH, CULTURE AND VARIETIES—
mij 2e.fep. pp: 93, 101. Deli 2d rep. p: 62. Ky: 32.. Me. 1890 rep.
pp. 108,111. Mich.7o. Neb. 1890 rep. pp. 263, 296. Nev. 3d rep.
poe... NY ¥- Cornell 30, Penn: 14;.1889 rep. pp. 164, 160,176;
ZS9Q0 TEP. p: 104.
RapisH, DISEASES AND INSECTS OF—
Maggot, Can. Exp. Farm 11. U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. of Entomology
Circular 1(2dser.). Striped Flea-Beetle, Mich. 2d rep. p. 90. Witte
Mala Cystopus), N. J. 11th rep. p. 350.

RaIin—
Lnfluence of at Blooming Time upon Subsequent Fruttfulness. N.J. 11th
TEP. Pp. 330.
RASPBERRY, CULTURE AND VARIETIES—
Ala. 29. Ala. Canebrake 12. Cal. 1889 rep. pp. 88, 110; 1890 rep. p.
Sue Old. £77.30 rep. pp. 34, 199.- Del. 2d rep. p. 103. Ga. ir;
Hs. fowar4.'’-Mass, Hatch 15. Minn. 13; 1890 rep. p. 27. .N.
We otate 37; Oth rep. p. 270. N. C. r2th rep. p..ro9;. 14th rep. p.
eae Dal: 2. Ohio 6 Vol. IV: “Penn.1889 rep. p. 163. S. Dak:
23,520 rep. p> 30. \ Vt. 4threp. p.184.. U.S. Dept. Agr. Saunders’
Papers on Hort. and Kindred Subjects p. 88.

RASPBERRY, DISEASES AND INSECTS OF—

(See also BLACKBERRY, DISEASES AND INSECTS OF.) Axthracnose, Conn.
Beate 18so rep.-p. 172. Del: A, Special.’ N.Y. State 35; 36. Ohio
ovo tv. ~S277/e, Insect Life Vol: 1V.. 1. and.2-p.38... Borer, Can.
Pep. Farm i1.. N:; Y. State-35; 36. Bud Caterpillar, Insect
Life Vol. IV. rand 2p. 38. Gouty-Gall Beetle, W.Va. 14; 15; 3d
rep. p. 160. Maggot, Can. Exp. Farmiz. Plume-Moth, Can. Exp.
Bari, #57; Mass. State 8th rep; p. 224. N..Y. State 35; 36:
Ohio 6 Vol. IV. Vt-4threp. p.143. Sew-//y, Can. Exp. Farm 11.
27ee-Cricker, NY: State 35 > 26.

Root-Grarrs—
Minn, Owatonna Tree Sta. Jan. report.

350 Annals of Horticulture.

Rose; CULTURE. AND VARierins
Minn. 18.

Roser; DISEASES: AND INSECTS OF

Aphis, U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. of Entomology 23; Insect Life Vol. III.
g and 10 p. 361. Beetle, Del. XIII; 3d rep py oe ee
N.C. 78. ° Onio 2 Vol. IV.. Insect Life Vol. IIT. 3 p. aaa 9) Aen
165; 5. p. 220; Op. 271; .9 and 10 pp. 362, 411) 11 amG@ui2oe
Vol. IV. 1 and 2 pp. 2, 76, 84, Cectdomyzttd, Insect Life Vol. II1.6
p. 294. Diaspis, Insect Life Vol. IV. 5 and 6 p. 213. Avemareaes,
N. J. rith rep. p. 369. Powdery Mildew (see also APPLE, DISEASES
AND INsEcTs oF), Weevil, Insect Life Vol. IV. 3 and 4 p. 137.
White-Marked Tussock-Moth, Me. 1890 rep. p. 122.

KOSE-DEETLE

Del. XII.; 3d rep. pp. 113, 119+ .N. J.) 82, N.C. 78>) Ging 2 iolias
Insect Life Vol. Ill. 3 p. 113; 4 pp. 160, 165 | 5 p. 276, (6 pe eee
g and 10p. 362, 411; 11 and ¥2-p. 474; Vol. 1V. tand2gpp.2 70,

SALSIFY, CULTURE AND VARIETIES—

S. Dak. 23. Neb. 1890 rep. p. 297. Spanish Salsity, N’ ¥"@arucia
SaLsiFY, DISEASES AND INSECTS OF—

Root-Kot, N. |, 11th rep.p. 351:
SAND CHERRY—

Minn¥13., 5. Dak..26:

SAPODILLA PLUM—
U.S Dept. Act. 1300 nen. po: Son:

ScALE-INSECTS—
(See also under Various Fruits), Cal. 1889 rep. p. 50; 1890 rep. p.
319:' Can. Exp. Farm iz. N..Mex.-3. Ont. Agr Gall aes
U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. of Entomology Circular 1 (2d ser.); Bull. 23.
Insect Life Vol: III..4 pp. 167, 1760; 5' p. 182; 7 and op. 347, @ aaa
TO pp. 382,398, 421; 11 amd 12 pp. 441, 457: 1V.03 am ee
Wash.B dof Flort..1) 2.

SEeErps—

Imported vs, American-Grown Seed, N. Y. State 30. Jufluence of Change

of Seed on Crop Potatoes, Mo. 15. Latitude, Effect of, Md. 3d rep.
p:.111. . Vt. 4th rep. p..181. Maturity of fru, Agee ee
State 30.. Seving Seed, Penn: 1889 rep. p. 186; > ae wegr ee
Saunders’ Papers on Hort. and Kindred Subjects p. 74. Shculd
Farmers Raise Their Own, Penn. 1889 rep. p. 166. Sowimg, U.S.
Dept. Agr. Saunders’ Papers on Hort. etc. p. 73. Zesting, Mich.
20.Tep. 'p.- 17.
SHADDOCK—
U.S: Dept. Agr: 1690 rep. p2 509:
SOAPBERRY—
U.S. Dept. Agr. 1890 rep. p. 591.

Index to Lixperiment Station Horticulture. 351

SPANISH SALSIFY—
ihe. Cornell 37.

SPINACH, CULTURE AND VARIETIES—
Shel 2drep. p. 62. N.Y. Cornell 30. S. Dak. 23.

SPINACH, DISEASES AND INSECTS OF—
Mildew, Mass. State 8th rep. p. 221.

SQuasH, CULTURE AND VARIETIES-
Ark. 2d tep.p. 104. Del: 2d rep. p. 62. -Me. 1890 rep. p. 109. ‘Mich.
ga. Penn..v4; woo rep. p. 164. S. Dak. 23. Utah 3.

SquasH, DISEASES AND INSECTS OF—
Aphis, U: S: Dept. Agr. Div. of Entomology 23. Sorer, N. J. 11th rep.
p 476. Insect Life Vol. 1V.1 and Zp. 30; 3-and 4 p.-138. Aug,
Can xp. Farmii. Mass. Hatch12...Tenn.3. Cucumber-Beetle,
(see CUCUMBER, DISEASES AND INSECTS oF). Mildew, N.Y. Cornell 35.
STACHYS—
NY. Cornell 37.

STAKES—
Durability, Minn. Owatonna Tree Sta. Jan. rep.

STAR APPLE——
is: Dept. Agr. r890 rep. p. 563.

STRAWBERRY, CULTURE AND VARIETIES—-
mia. 26. Ala: Canebrake 12. Ark. 2d rep. p. 82; 3d rep. p. 39. Cal.
feo rep.pp. 88, 110. Colo.17; 3drep.pp. 31,199. Del. XI.; 2d
Hoe. 102, lo4 ; 3d:rep. pp. 30,97, 98,100. Fla:i14. Ga.11;.15.
tewali4. * Kan, 26. Ky. 32. Me. 1890 rep. p.117. Md. 3d rep.
pe ton Mass, Elatch 15... Minn. 18+ 1890,rep.p...27. Mo.
Mion. ©. state 305 othrep. p. 258. |N.C. 12th rep. p: 109. N:
Daicrz. Ohio 6.Vol; 1V.. Ore, 12. Penn. 1886 rep. p. 163. R.
ieee. feo. ps b56.. o. Dak. 23.5 -26;. 2d rep..p.29.. Texas 16:
Utah io. Vt. 4th rep. p..185- -Wis. 7th rep. p. 213.
STRAWBERRY, DISEASES AND INSECTS OF—
Black Pavia, Nass. 15._ Blight, Conn. State 1889 rep. p. 174. Del.
mM opecial- Ga.15. lJowa-13. Md. 3d rep. p.106. N. Y. State
Boo. Vt 4th. rep.-p. 142. Crown-Borer, N. Y. State 35; 36.
Flea-Beetle, Insect Life Vol. III. 7 and 8 p. 317. Leaf-Roller, In-
sect lite Vol. 1V: 5 and 6 p. 209. Meot-Borer,,.N. Y. State 35; 36.
Rust, Conn. State 1890 rep. p. 102. Mass. Hatch 15. Weevil, In-
sect Life Vol. III. 9 and 10 p. 3509.
STRAWBERRY, MISCELLANEOUS—
Analyses, Mass. State 8th rep. p. 305.
SULPHURING DriED FRuITS—
Cal, 1890 rep. ‘p. 131.
Syebr-Poraro, CULTURE AND VARIETIES—

Peete ke 2d rep. p. or. DelvXl.oadirep-p:. 27... Gai. La; 8.
Neb. 1890 rep. p. 292. N. Y. State oth rep. p. 296.

352 Annals of Horticulture.

SwWEET-PotTato, DISEASES AND INSECTS OF— :
Black-Legged Tortoise-Beetle, N. J, 11th rep. p. 471. Black-Rot, N. J.
Special M. Jour. Mycology 4 Vol. VI. Golden Tortoise-Beetle, N.
J. rith rep. 471. Mottled Tortotse-Beetle, N.], 2 rep oe
Root-Lorer, Insect Life Vol. III. 7and 8 p. 334; g and 10 p. 404.
Saw-Fly, Insect Life 1 and 2 Vol. IV.p 74. Sozl-Rot, N. J. Special
M. .*wo-Striped Beetle, N. |. 1340 rep... 47m

SwEET-PotTatTo, MISCELLANEOUS—
Analyses, Ark. 3d rep. p18:

TAMARIND—
U.-S. Dept. Agr. 1890 rep. p: 593.

rere
Cal. 65.

Tomato, CULTURE AND VARIETIES—
Ark. 2d rep. pp. 95, 100; 3¢-tep. p. 29.. Colo. 3d rep pp meee
Del. 2d rep. p. 62: - Del.. XI.; 3d rep. p: 30. Garis. 7 Ky 3 aes
1890 rep. pp. 108, 111. . Md. 11; -3d rep. pp. 80,1047 Bitcae
N. J. 79. N. Y. Cornell 28, 32, 37; °N: Y. State 30: (or ears
2907: Penn. 14;-1889 rep. pp. 164, 170, 176 ;- 1500 rep, ae
Dak? 23)... Vic Ath rep: p..178. Nae.

ToMATO, DISEASES AND INSECTS OF—

Blight, Wash. B’d of Hort. Bull. 2. Cladosporium, Conn. State 18go
rep. p.95. Corn-Worm, N.J, 11th rep. p. 516. Flea-Beetle, N.Y.
State othrep. p. 307. Insect Life Vol. IV. 3and4 p. 135. usarium,
Conn. State 1890 rep. p. 95. AMacrosportum, Conn. State 1890 rep.
p.95. -fotato-Leetle, see Potato, DISEASESANDINSEcTSOF, /otato-
Rot, Conn. State 1890 rep. p. 95. N. Y. Cornell 32. Srede-Bazer,
Mass. Hatch 12. Worm, Del: 2d rep; p. 126.._N. €. 7a) = ee
22. U.S. Dept. Agr. Div. of Entomology 23 ; Insect Lite Var
ELT. .4-ps 2 7r:

TRANSPLANTING —
Infiuence of, on Heading of Cabbages, N. Y. Cornell 37.

TURNIP, CULTURE AND VARIETIES—
Ont. Agr. Coll.-16th-rep. p. 174. Del..2d rep.p. 62. Me>néeatep am
108, 109, 110. Neb. 1890 rep. p. 298..- S. Dak. 23. . Vir 4tiwene:
73.
Turnip, DISEASES AND INSECTS oF—
Club-Root, N. J. 11th rep. p. 348. lea-Beetle, Can. Exp. Fatm 11.
Root-Rot, N. J. 11th rep. p. 350. :

TuRNIP, MISCELLANEOUS —
Analyses, Mass. State 8th rep. pp. 293, 299.
VANILLA— :

U. S. Dept. Agr. 1890 rep. p. 595; Saunders’ Papers on Hort. and
Kindred Subjects p. 89.

Index to Expériment Station Horticulture. 353

VERBENA, NOTE ON—
N. Y. Cornell 30.

VERBENA, DISEASES—
Mildew, N. Y. Cornell 37.

VIOLET, DISEASES AND INSECTS OF—
Nematodes, N. J. 11th rep. p. 366. Fungi, Various, N. J. 11th rep. p.
366.
WaALNUT—
al. 1609 fep. pp: 87, 110, 190; 1890 rep. pp. 270, 280.. N.C. 12th rep.
p. 108.
WATERMELON, CULTURE AND VARIETIES—-
Paeee2o., Colo. 3d ‘rep. p, 192. Del. 2d rep. p: 60, Flav14. Ky. 32.
he. 160Qe rep: p. 109. Neb. 1890 rep. p. 302. Nev.-3d rep. p. 17.
Utah 3.
WATERMELON, DISEASES AND INSECTS OF—
(See MuskKMELON, DISEASES. )
WILLOW, CULTURE AND VARIETIES—
Ptere oN. C. 12th rep. p. 170. -R. I 3d rep. p. 162. W. Va. 3d rep.
D1£3.
WILLOW, DISEASES AND INSECTS OF—
Cecropia Emperor-Moth, S. Dak. 22. Saw-Fly,S.Dak. 22. Cottonwood
Lay-Beetle, S. Dak. 22.
WINDBREAKS— *
N. Dak. 2.

24

S 9. - Looks of Foon.

UPON. HORTICULTURE AND SOME KINDRED TOPICS, 22.01.42
OF THE REPORTS OF ORGANIZATIONS.

Andersen, M. P. Frukthuset nied Dertil H6rande Kulturer. Anderson,
JoOnképing, Sweden.

André, Ed. L’Ecole Nationale, d’Horticulture de Versailles Paris.

Bailey, L. H. Annals of Horticulture for 1890. Rural Publishing Co.,

New York. :
— The Nursery Book. Rural Publishing Co., New York.
Baltet, Charles. L’Horticulture Francaise. .... depuis, 1789. Paris.

Barbut. Agenda Vermorel, Viticole et Agricole. Montpellier and Paris.
Beissner, L. Einheitliche Koniferen-Benennung. Ludwig Moller, Erfurt.
— Handbuch der Nadelholzkunde. Paul Parey, Berlin.

Bel, M. J. La Rose. .Toulouse. .

Bellair, G. Ad. Les Arbres Fruitiers. Bailliere, Paris.

Benecke, Dr. Franz. Proefnemingen ter Bestrijding der *' Sereh. = Ge -
T. van Dorp & Co., Semarang, Java.

Bergmann, Ernest. Berlin et son Exposition Horticole de 1890. Paris.

Bertram, Max. Giartnerisches Planzeichnen. Max Bertram, Blase-
witz, Dresden. |

Betten, Robert. Unsere Blumen am Fenster. Trowitzsch & Sohn,
Frankfurt a. O.

Blomeyer, Dr. Adolf. Die Kultur der Landwirtschaftlichen Nutzpflanzen.
Finished by Dr. Henry Settegast. Vol. 11. C. F. Wintersche,
Leipzig.

Bois, D. Atlasdes Plantes de Jardin et d’ Appartement. Paul Klinck-
sieck, Paris.

— Les Plantes d’Appartement et les Plantes de Fenétres. J. Bailliére et
fils, Paris.

Brannsdorf, W. Die Blumenbinderei. A. Hartleben, Vienna.

Brooks, C. Mushrooms and Their Culture. London.

Biisgen, M. Der Honigtau. Gustav Fischer, Jena.

Canstatt, Heinrich F.S. von. Durch des Gartens kleine Wunderwelt.
Trowitzsch & Son, Frankfurt a. O.

Carman, E.S. The New Potato Culture. Rural..Publishing Co., New
York.

Carriére, E. A. Du Sulfatage Horticole et Industriel. Paris. ,

Combes, Victor. Expériences Pratique sur la Culture des Vignes Améri-
caines. Camille Coulet, Montpellier.

(354)

Books of 89.1. ane

Constatin et Dufour. Nouvelle Flore des Champignons. Paul Dupont,
Paris.

Cooke, M. C. British Edible Fungi. Kegan, Paul & Co., London.

Correvon, H. Catalogue of the Plants in the Botanic Gardens of Ghent.
Jules Carey, Ghent.

Crozier, A. A. Popular Errors About Plants. Register Publishing Co.,
Ann Arbor, Michigan.

— The Cauliflower. Register Publishing Co., Ann Arbor, Michigan.

Dammann, H. Verzeichnis der Orchideen. Ludwig Moller, Erfurt.

Deberitz, E. Bibliothek g&artnerischer Spezialkulturen. Vol. v. An-
weisung zur Kamellienkultur. Das veredeln der Rosenim Winter. E.
ihitele, Leipzig.

De Salis, Mrs. Floral Decorations a la Mode, Suggestions and Descrip-
tions. Longmans, Green & Co., London.

Dippel, Dr. Handbuch der Laubholzkunde. Paul Parey, Berlin.

Dixon, Charles. Idle Hours with Nature. Chapman & Hall, London.

Drude, Dr. Oswald. Handbuch der Pflanzengeographie. (1890. ) Engel-
horn, Stuttgart.

D’ Ombrain, Rev. H. Honywood. The Rosarian’s Year-Book. London.

Engelmann, W. Botanisches Addressbuch. Leipzig.

Entleutner, Anton. Die Immergriinen Ziergehdlze von Siid Tirol,
Munich. |

Falconer, Wm. Mushrooms: How to Grow Them. Orange judd. Co.,
New York.

French, C. Hand-Book of the Destructive Insects of Victoria.

Greiner, T. Practical Farm Chemistry. La Salle, N. Y.

=the New Onion Culture. LaSalle, N. Y.

Goethe, R. Mitteilungen iiber Obst- und Gartenbau. Revised by R..
Mertens. Rud. Bechtold, Wiesbaden.

Goff, E.S. A Syllabus of Horticulture for the Use of Classes. State
Journal Printing Co., Madison, Wisconsin.

Gordon, W. J. Our Country’s Flowers and How to know Them. Day &
Son, London.

Hallier, Ernest. Asthetik der Natur. Ferdinand Enke, Stuttgart.

Hampel. Die Moderne Teppichgartnerei. Fourth edition, revised and en-
larged. Paul Parey, Berlin.

Heinemann, F.C. Die Kultur der bekanntesten Blumenzwiebeln und
Knollengewiachse. H. Voigt, Leipzig.

Hennings, Paul. Der Hausschwamm. A Seydel, Berlin.

Henslow, George. Making of Flowers. William Blackwood & Sons,
Edinburgh.

Herrmann, R. Praktisches Handbuch der Industriellen Obst- und Gemiise-
verwertung. Paul Parey, Berlin.

Hesse, Dr. Rudolph. Die Hypogaen Deutschlands. Ludwig Hochstetter,
Halle.

Jubisch, Max. Bibliothek Gartnerischer Spezialkulturen. Die Kultur und
Treiberei der Erdbeere, und ihre Verwertung. E. Thiele, Leipzig.

— Bibliothek Gartnerischer Spezialkulturen. Ueber Kultur und Verwer-
tung der schwarzen Johannisbeere. FE. Thiele, Leipzig. ;

Karnasch, Paul. Crosnes (Stachys affinis). (1890.) Paul Karnasch,
Breslau.

356 Annals of Horticulture.

Laurencie, Comte dela. Plantation et Greffage des Vignes Américaines.
Paris.

Lebl, M. Beerenobst und Beerenwein. Paul Parey, Berlin.

— Katechismus der Zimmergirtnerei. J. J. Weber, Leipzig. .

Lelong, B. M. Orange Culture. The Orange from Seed toGrove. State
Board of Horticulture, San Francisco.

Long, E. A. Landscape Gardening. Popular Gardening Publishing Co.,
Buitalo, Ne Y. :

Lowe, E. J. British Ferns and Where Found. Swan, Sonnenschein &
Co., London.

Lucas, Ed, Kurze-Anleitung zur Ohstkultur. Eug. Ulmer, Stuttgart.

Malden, Walter J. Tillage and Implements. George Bell & Sons, London.

Mayr, Dr..H. Monographie der Abietineen des Japanischen Reiches.
Gustave Himmer, Munich.

Mellican, Albert. The Travels and Adventures of an Orchid-Hunter,

Cassell & Co., London. !

Mertens, R. Do6rrbiichlein fiir den Kleinen Haushalt. R. Mertens,
Wiesbaden.

Molyneux, E. Grape-Growing for Amateurs. L. Upcott Gill, London.

Morton, James, Chrysanthemum Culturefor America, Rural Publishing
Co., New York.

Mottet, S. La Mosaiculture (carpet-bedding). Octave Doin, Paris.

Mouillefert, P. Les Vignobles et les Vins de France et de 1’Etranger.
Camille Coulet, Montpellier.

Murtfeldt, Mary E. Outlines of Entomology. Tribune Printing Co.,
Jefferson, Mo.

Naudin, Ch. Description et Emploi des Eucalyptus Introduits en Eu-
rope. Paris.

Ollech, Dr. von. Ueber den Humus und Seine Beziehung zur Boden-
fruchtbarkeit. (1890.) Bodo Grundmann, Berlin.

Parsons, Samuel. Landscape Gardening. Putnam’s Sons. New York.

Pucci, Angiolo. Les Cypripedium ét genre -affines. “1. Nyeolag,
Florence.

Rainer, Michael. Bibliothek Gartnerischer Spezialkulturen. Vol. vi. Das
Treiben des Gemiises. E. Thiele, Leipzig.

Ramé, A. Les Insectes Nuisible. Part 1. Paris.

Reichenbach, Heinrich Gustav. Xenia Orchidacea. Continued by Dr. F.
Kranzlin. III. Vol. (1890.) F. A. Brockhaus, Leipzig.

Robinson, W. The Garden Annual, Almanack and Address Book. ‘‘ The
Garden ”’ Office, London.

Sargent, Charles Sprague. The Silva of North America. Vols, 1-ii1.
(1890-1). Houghton, Mifflin & Co., Boston and New York.

Schmidt, J. C. Abreisskalender. J.C. Schmidt, Erfurt.

— Das Girtchen der Kinder. J. C. Schmidt, Erfurt.

— Die Obstverwertung fiir das Haus. J. C. Schmidt, Erfurt.

Schiibeler, Dr. F.C. Tillaeg til Viridarium Norvegicum. Kristiana.

Schwarz, Frank. Férstliche Botanik. Paul Parey, Berlin.

Sorauer, P. Populaire Pflanzenphysiologie fiir Gartner. E. Ulmer,
Stuttgart.

Stoll, Dr. Rudolf. Die’ Amerikanischen Friihpfirsiche. Stoll, Kloster-
Neuburg.

Books of I&g1.- bio /

Taplin, J. A. Howto Grow Onions. Houlston & Sons, London.

Trelease, Wm. Missouri Botanical Garden. Second Annual Report. St.
Louis, Mo.

Tschaplowitz, Dr. F. Gesammelte Gartenwissenschaftliche Aufsatze und
Versuchsergebnisse. (1890.) Part 1. Eugen Franks, Oppeln.

Tuckwell, Rev. W. Tongues in Trees, and Sermons in Stones. George
Allen, London.

Veitch, James & Sons. A Manual of Orchidaceous Plants. Part vii.
James Veitch & Sons, London.

Viala et Nanot. Tableau du Greffage de la Vigne. Camille Coulet, Mont-
pellier.

Vilmorin. Les Plantes Potageres. Second edition. Vilmorin-Andrieux
et Cie., Paris.

Ward, H. W. My Gardener. Eyre & Spottiswoode, London.

Weed, Clarence M. Insects and Insecticides. Hanover, N. H.

Williams, Jas. Sketches of Village Buildings from Designs. Bentley &
Son, London.

Winslow, I.O. The Principles of Agriculture for Common Schools.
American Book Co.

Woods, W. Plants Indigenous and Naturalized in the Neighborhood of
Sidney. Sidney, Australia.

S$ 10. Horticultural Periodicals of the World.

An effort has been made to obtain recent information
from every horticultural journal in the world. The asterisk
(*) in the following catalogue denotes that the journal in
question is known to have been in continuance at the close
of a8Qt. |

NORTH AMERICA.

American Farm and Horiiculturist.* L.J.Thompson. Quarterly ; 25 cts.
Lakewood, Ohio.

American Florist.* American Florist Co. Weekly; $1. Chicago.

American Gardening.* Rural Pub. Co. 4, $1. New York.

California Fruit Exporter.* Scott & Wood. 42; $1. San Francisco.

California Fruit Grower.* B.N. Rowley. W.,; $3. San Francisco.

Canadian Horticulturist.* Ont. Fruit Growers’ Ass. J/.; $1. Grimsby,
Ontario.

Florists’ Exchange.* A. T.dela Mare Co. W.,; $1. New York.

Fruit Growers’ Journal.* Semz-Monthly. Cobden, Ill.

Fruit Trade Journal.* W.,; $3. New York.

Fruits and Flowers.* D.H. Stearns. 4/., $2. Portland, Oregon.

Garden and Forest.* C.S. Sargent. W.,; $4. New York.

Green’s Fruit Grower.* C. A. Green. 4/.,;, 50 cents. Rochester, N. Y.

Horticultural Art Journal.* 4/.; Rochester, New York.

Journal of the Columbus Horticultural Society.* Qzar¢.; Columbus, Ohio.

Leaflet.* E.S.Thompson. JZ, 25 cents. West Casco, Mich.

Lindenia.* 7; (An English edition of the French journal, with a central
American office in New York.)

Mayflower.* . J. L. Childs. 27., socents;)> Queens, iy, oe

Meehan’s Monthly.* T. Meehan. ™.,; $2. Germantown, Philadelphia.

Nebraska Horticulturist.* J. G. Carpenter. “Quart.,; 25 cents. Bower,
Neb. |

Northwest Horticulturist.* Boothroyd & Tonneson. 4/7. Tacoma, Wash.

Orchard and Garden,*; J7; -Little Snver.N. 4.

Ornamental and Forest Tree Grower.* J.J. Pinney. 4/.,; 50 cents. Ever-
green, Wis.

Park’s Floral Magazine.* G. W. Park. J47.,; $1. . Libonvra, Pa,

Science and Horticulture.* C. RK. Orcutt. “47.; $2. Orcuth are

(358) .

Florticultural Periodicals of the World. 359

Seed Time and Harvest.* J/7., La Plume, Pa. ‘
Smith’s Small Fruit Farmer.* B.B.Smith. Quarvt.,; 50cents. Lawrence.

_ Kansas.
Southern Floral Magazine. Morton & Titus. J/., 50 cents. Clarksville,
Tenn,
Success with Flowers.* Dingee & Conard Co. J/.,; 25 cents. West Grove.
Pay

Vick’s Magazine.* Vick Pub. Co. J7., 50 cents. Rochester, N. Y;
Wineyardist:* J. H. Butler. -S.-47.;> $1. Penn Yan, N. Y.

Western Garden.* J. W. Page. J/., Des Moines, Iowa.

Woodsman.* Geo. W. Caldwell. J7.; 50 cents. Evergreen, Alabama.

ENGLAND.

Amateur Gardening. London. Gardening Illustrated. London.
Botanical Magazine.* London. Gardening World.* Brian Wynne.
Fruit Farm Review. Wi; os: 6d. - Condon:
Garden,* W. London. Horticultural Times.* Alfred Root
Garden Almanac. London. | & Son. W_,; 6s.6d. London,
Gardeners Chronicle:* ?/.; 15s... Journal-of Horticulture.* Robert

London. Hogg. W. London.
Gardeners’ Magazine.* W.,; 11s. Northern Gardener.* C. H. Betts.

6.4. -London. Wo Os, 6d. . Manchester.

IN FRENCH.

Annales de 1’ Horticulture. Brussels.

Annuaire Général d’ Horticulture. Toulouse.

Belgique Horticole. Ghent.

Bulletin d’ Arboriculture. Ghent.

Bulletin d’ Arboriculture, de Floriculture, et de culture Potagére. Ghent.

Bulletin de la Fédération des Sociétés d’ Horticulture de Belgique. Min-
ister of Agriculture. Ghent.

Bulletin de la Société Centrale d’ Horticulture de Mons. J/., 3 francs.
Mons.

Bulletin de |’ Horticulture. Clermont (Oise).

Bulletin de la Société d’ Horticulture et de Viticulture du Puy-de-Dome.
Quart.,; 10 francs. Clermont, Ferrand.

Bulletin de la Société Horticole, Viticole, et Forestiere de Sens. Auxerne,

Bulletin de la Société d’ Horticulture de Bougival.* 6 francs. Bougival,
France.

Bulletin du Circle Floral d’ Anvers. Anvers.

Bulletin du Syndicat des Viticulteurs de France. Paris.

Bulletin Horticole. Huy.

Bulletin Mensuel de la Société d’ Horticulture Pratique du Rhone.
Lyons.

Chasse ot Péche, Acclimation et Elevage. Organ of the Royal Society of
St. Hubert. Brussels.

Ferme (la) et Le Jardin.* C.C. Bouillot. S.-4/.; 4francs. Huy.

Flore des Serres et Jardins de 1’ Angleterre.* Ghent.

Horticulteur. Mons.

360 Annals of Horticulture.

Jardin. * H. Marfinet. -S.-17,> 22 franess (Pari

Jardin dela France, Tours. *

journal d’ Agriculture et d Horticulture. Ss. -M.; 5 francs. Bordeaux.

Journal de Horticultue Pratique, Paris.

Journal des Orchidées.* Lucien Linden. S.-4/.; tofrancs. Brussels.

Journal de la Société Centrale d’ Horticulture. Paris.

Journal de Vulgarisation del’ Horticulture. Paris.

Journal des Roses.* Pierre Cochet. %.,; 12. francs. Paris.

Illustration Horticole.* J. Linden. JZ; 30 francs. Brussels.

Lindenia, Iconographie des Orchidées.* Brussels.

Lyon Horticole.* Viviand-Morel. ..-47.; 8 francs. Lyons.

Moniteur d’ Horticulture.* Lucien Chauré. S.-4/.,; 6 francs. Paris.

Moniteur d’ Horticulture, Arboriculture, etc. Paris.

Orchidophile.* A. Godefroy-Lebeuf: M/., 2 francs, 50c. Paris. ~

Organe du Centre Horticole.* Charles Bloeykens. 5.-4/. Meirelbeke-
lez-Gand. Belgium.

Progrés Agricole et Viticole.* L.Degrully. W.,; 12 francs. Montpellier.

Revue Hofticole.* EA. Carriere. S.-A/_, 20 tranes me

Revue de d’Horticulture Belge.* Ed. Pynaert. J7. Brussels.

Revue Horticole and Viticole.* E. Vancher. JZ; 8 francs. Geneva.
Switzerland.

Revue Vinicole. Paris.

IN GERMAN.

Deutsche Garten-Zeitung. Leipzig.

Deutscher Garten. Berlin.

Deutcher Garten-Kalender. Berlin.

Deutsches Magazin fiir Garten-und Blumenkunde. Stuttgart.

Freyhoff’s Garten-und Ackerbau-Zeitung. Oranienburg.

Fruchtgarten.* Chr. Ilsemann. J/.,; 3 Florins. Vienna.

Gartner. Berlin. ?

Garten-und Blumenfreund. Cassel.

Garten-und Blumenzeitung. J/7.; 15 Marks. Hamburg.

Gartenflora.* L:>Wittmack. 47.; 20 Marks. Berlin.

Hamburger Garten-und Blumen-Zeitung. Hamburg.

Illustrirte Garten-Zeitung. Stuttgart.

Illustrite Praktische Blatter.* W. Richter. S.-47., 3 florins. Vienna.

Journal fiir Landwirtschaft.* G. Liebscher. Qzart.; 10 Marks. Berlin.

Monatsblatt fiir Gartenbau. Kiel.

Monatsschrift des Gartenbauvereins. * Rudolf Noack. JZ/., 2 Marks, 50
Darmstadt.

Monatschrift fiir Kakteenkunde.* Dr. Paul Arendt. J/.,; 2 Marks. Ber-
lin-Friedenau.

Monatsschrift fiir Obst und Weinbau. Frauenfeld.

Nachrichten aus dem Gebiete des Gartenbaus, der Landwirthschaft, Fish-
erei und Jagd. Vilshofen und Hacklberg.

Obstbau.* Karl Gussman. JZ, 6 Marks. Stuttgart.

Obstgarten. Klosterneuburg, bei Wien.

Obstmarkt. Berlin.

Pomologische Monatschefte. Stuttgart.

Horticultural Periodicals of the World. 361

Praktische Obstziichter. Klosterneuburg bei Wein.

_ Praktische Ratgeber im Obst-und Gartenbau.* Johannes Bottner, W.,
4 Marks. Frankfurt a. O.

Rheinische Blatter fiir Obst-Wein-und Gartenbau. Strassburg.

Rheinische Gartenschrift. Carlsruhe. Vereinigte Frauend6rfer Blatter.
Frauendorf.

Rosen-Zeitung.* P. Lambert. J7., 4 Marks. Trier a. Mosel.

Schleswig-Holsteinische Zeitschrift fiir Obst-und Gartenbau*. J/., 1 Mark.
Kiel.

Schweizerische Zeitschrift fiir Obst-und Weinbau. Dr. Miiller-Thurgau.

S.-M, 5 Marks. Wadensweil.

Traube.* Curt Weigelt. J; 2 Marks. Berlin.

Wiener Illustrirte Garten-Zeitung.* Dr. G. R. Beck von Mannagetta. JZ;
16 Marks. Vienna.

Zeitschrift fiir Obst-und Gartenbau. Leipzig.

Zeitschrift fiir bildende Gartenkunst.* Karl Hampel. S.-d//.,; to Marks.
Berlin.

IN ITALIAN. SPANISH, PORTUGUESE.

Bulletino della R. Societa Toscana de Horticultura.* J/7.,; 10 Lire. Flor-
ence, Italy. ;

Frutta e Vino. Milan.

Giardini. Milan.

Gardiniene. Milan.

{oucual de HMorticultura Pratica.*. Edtardo Sequeira. d4/.,; 13 Francs.
Oporto, Portugal.

Orticultura Genovese. Genoa.

O’ Floricultor. Oporto.

Revista de Horticultura. Rio de Janeiro.

Revista orticola. Pallanza.

MISCELLANEOUS.

Dansk Havetidende. Copenhagen.

GyiimOleskiztesz és Konyhakertészeti Fiizetek.* Budapest.

Gartner-Tidende. L. Helweg. W.,; 6 Kroner. Copenhagen.

Het Neederlandsche Tuinbowblad * Hugo de Vries. W., 5 Francs.
Amsterdam.

Journal of the Board of Viticulture. Victoria, Australia.

Kertészeti Fiizetek. Budapest.

Russkoe Sadovodstvo.* <A. K. Grell. W., 4 Roubles. Moscow.

Sempervirens.* ; Gronewegen. Amsterdam.

Tidning Fér Tradgardsodlare.* Erik Lindgren. JZ/., 2 kroner, 50 Gre.
Stockholm.

S11. Zools and Conveniences of the Year.

VARIOUS DEVICES FOR FACILITATING HORTICULTURAL LABOR
WHICH HAVE BEEN INVENTED OR FIRST PROMINENTLY ~

MENTIONED IN I80QI.

[None of the devices here described are in any manner recommended
by the Editor.]

COMBINED CULTIVATOR AND FINGER-WEEDER.—(Fig. 1.)
“™Y This instru-
; ment is de-
YY signed tocom-
i - bine the ad=

y A f
Uy vantages oI a
“es cultivator and

car — weeder by. the

aS AS 33 ee. (6 Ta, rape use of the fin-
ay Ve x ’ ger-teeth.
vA i 3 oY se ‘The design
GP INN WE is wrong,’’the
Ges. SS = editor of the

SS Rural New-

EiGee Yorker thinks,

‘¢ because the rods are too heavy and stiff. They will simply
me through the soil, when they should be limber enough to
‘give’ and slide over obstacles.
The machine is patented.’’? —
Rural New-Vorker, 73.
HomeE-MapE WHEEL - HoE.—
(Bice ‘2; ))- Tis. tee raiend ic santenms oe.
cast-off plow-handles and any old
flat-tired wheel. -. The ’knite is
made of hoop-iron.: It is a good {
Scraper of. Scarier pe gardens aN

on Popular Gardening, ey 7G.
(362)

Tools and Conveniences of the Year. 363

“A Wueet Marker AND DIBBLE. a Ei6.3-). A simple and

useful device, made froma
cylindrical stick of hard
timber, which both marks
the rows and makes holes
for the plants.—Farm and
Fireside ; reported in Popu-
lar Gardening, 207.
PRONGED-HoE. — (F' Ic.
4.) A strong pronged or
‘grape’ hoe for various

FIG. 3.

uses in grubbing.—Ffopular Gardening, 258.

STRAWBERRY-HoE.—(Fig. 5.

A hoe and

runner-knife made from the leaf of a buggy-

spring.
site upper’ part_of the
blade is bent at an oppo-

< partirom you:
\e&x, lar Gardening, 231. |
Mrs. TarrveEr’s Toois.—(Fig. 6.)
A collection of tools, chiefly for the ex-
termination of small weeds, which the
readers of the American Garden will

The blade is about ro inches long.

Fia. 4.

Site am 8 ke
from the low-
er or hoe part
of the blade.
Pores 07th esr

Swords 7 ie

lower part
Stamds °.£0-
wards you
and the upper

"—A. A. Coon, in Popu-

Sa
SS wecalla (See ANNALS fOr 1890, 250. )——
ig. 5. American Garden, 441.

364 Annals of Horticulture.

—
»

an
ae
; hi

VTS RIPTPPPPAB Agere PATA) Ui | MESON evr

Ne
NS
NY

Or
Vpsewmillee

Home-Mave WeEEeEp1NG-Hoe.—(Fig. 7.) Madefrom a piece
of a broken wagon-seatspring. The shank is a broken pitch-
fork tine. ‘‘ The hoe part is 7 inches one way by 13% inches
the other, flat on the bottom, the bevel being on the top
side, with the straight side forward, and sharp all around. It
is essential that the points should be carried out, as they are

Tools and Conveniences of the Year. 3€5

important in shipping betwixt a weed anda plant.’’ —Zhomas
| Buckman, in Farm and Fireside; re-
Y/ ported in Popular Gardening, 223.
Hor-HanDLE ATTACHMENT. —(Fig.
6.) 24 ‘block of wood to be nailed
onto the under side of a hoe-handle to
enable the hand to obtain a better hold.
Secure one at the end of the handle and

ens Or

the other about 18 inches below it.—-
Gleanings tn Bee-Culture ; reported in Popular Gardening, 759.

Sop- KNIFE oR Fork.—(F ig.
9g.) An implement for loosen-
ing sod which has become
‘¢bound.’’—ARural New- York-
eV, gat.

Home- Mave WEEDER.—
PEt2) i0.)~ Shows a good
weeder made from discarded
mowing -machine knives.—
Popular Gardening, 207.

Pig. O:

Hanpy DipsiLe. — (Fig. 11.)
Whittled from a branched stick.
A pieceof rubber hose is slipped
over the handle to afford a bet-
ter grasp of the hand.—W. W.,
zn American Garden, 682, 683.

Por. Dineu&.—(FPig.) 12.) A
turned or shaved hard-wood dib-
ble, 6 inches in diameter at the
base, secured to an old spade-
handle (a)... Mor plunging oa
small pot, it is thrust part

366 Annals

FaG. aa

Way into the scattld
(c). A. Gunch pot ts
plunged at 6.—C. C.
Warlander, in Popu-
lar Gardening, 167.
Hanp- MARKER. —
Cig. 130) ae lake a
piece of board 1 inch
thick and.2° inches
wide, and of any de-
sired length; drawa
line down the center
of each side and one
edge, and witha plane

of Florticulture.

Fae... 12:

or sharp knife pare it down to a sharp edge; fasten a handle
of convenient size and length at center of strip on the upper
edge, and the device is complete. Grasp the handle firmly,
press the sharp edge into the earth and you have a straight,
even drill of uniform depth for sowing.” —D. MW. Farnsworth,
n Popular Gardening, 192, 19}.

Tools and Conveniences of the Year.

367

GarRDEN REEL.—(Fic. 14.) This represents a reel which

has been patented
by Peter Berntgen,
por Cologne, Gér-
many. fie -ad-
vantages claimed ee
for it are: It can
be driven easily
and firmly into the
soil; the line can
be unwound easily
and firmly fastened
by means of the
hook underneath ;
the line is strong
and is knotted at
regular intervals. -—
Der Praktische Rat-
geber im Obst-und-
Gartenbau, 167.
RIDDLING SOIL. --
(Fig. 15.) Ona hand-barrow or box a
sieve is so arranged that it slides easily
back and forth, sifting whatever soil is
placed in it.—FPopular Gardening, 103.
A Post-Driver. — (Fig. 16.) The
device here illustrated can be made en-
tirely at home, excepting the weight and
hook. A block of iron weighing 4o or

srooves

50 pounds is
fae erst wed:
hiss youscan -have- cast.
Its essential features are a
rine. to heist

in

“ANN

Tangies

<a

|

Fic. 14.

the

sides

its by,..and

in

which to slide the tongues
attached to the uprights. To
have the dump self-acting,
the hook must be made of
the precise pattern shown.

368 Annals of Horticulture.

Any blacksmith can reproduce it. The hook is pulled down
to the weight resting on top of the post, and slipped into its
ring. As the weight is hoisted, the hook-ring will be seen to

remain at the left-hand
end . of > thes sigma

reached « the heishi-sa1
which it is desired to
drop the weight, the long
tongue of the hook trips
against a rod or slat ex-
tended across the frame
for the purpose, and is
pulled’ down->--“Ehisaeq
lets the weight slide to
the left, and the hook-
ring to the right in the
slot (see right of picture). The weight is thus freed and falls
Heavily son. te. oct.
Thirteen-foot planks are
firmly braced on the front
ends of stone-boat planks,

held together by isons f “ah
and bolts eight feet from i ie
the ground so they willt| 7

not interfere with posts }~
being driven. When be- *
ing drawn from one field
or farm to another, the boat-planks are connected in front
and behind by hooks made of heavy wire. ‘This prevents
their spreading. Two pulleys are made of double thicknesses
of inch board. The grain of these boards is placed at right
angles the one to the other, to prevent splitting. Oneis hung
- at the top of the upright, to receive the rope direct from the

Fic. 17.

weight-hook, and the other at the rear end of the boat-planks

ona brace. A
horse draws
the machine
along astride
the fence-row,

shown. When it has.

Lools and Conveniences of the Year. 369

and the posts are held in place by the uprights while being
driven. Any boy can raise the weight by pulling on the
rope.’’—Home and Farm ; reported in American Garden, 771.

PRUNING-Saw. —(Fig. 17.) A saw-blade like
that in the illustration can be purchased for 25
cents. Insert it in a bent frame.—V/opular Gar-
@ening, 159.

PRUNING SAw. erie. 18.) This saw-blade is
about 22 inches long and an inch wide, with five
or six teeth to the inch and filed so that it cuts
but one way. It is set in a frame made of three-
quarter inch oval iron, four or five inches wide at
the base and tapering to two inches. A nut at
the base allows of tightening the blade.—C. £.
Cook, in Rural New- Yorker, 282.

PRUNING-Knire.—(Fig. 19.) This consists of a
long shaft at one end of which is a handle, and at
the other end is a curved blade. It is used for
removing canes and branches of thorny plants. —
G. Schneider, in Der Praktische Ratgeber im Obst-
und-Gartenbau, 28.

_ PRUNING -
SHEARS.—
Peri... 20, '}
The illustra-
tion shows —
Pepa it of a. = $=
home - made ; Hf
Shears, both

open and
shut. These
shears cut
upon both
Wio-t ro t's ,

that is, both

in opening

and closing.
—-J.C. Wood-

ruff, in Popu-

lar. Garden- =
mg, IOS.

25

370 , — Annals of Horticulture.

STRAWBERRY-PLANTER.—(Fig. 21.) ‘‘This is made of a 2-
inch pine plank, 6x8 inches, made into a perfect wedge and
covered on two sides with a strip of tin 6x16 inches. A piece
of 34-inch board, 4x8 inches, is nailed on the thick
end, projecting an inch onall sides. A little on one >)
side from the center a hole is bored, inta which the
handle is firmly screwed. The latter is an iron rod
3% feet long.”—/. H. Salisbury, in Popular Garden-

INS, TEL: ne

Hanp-Barrow.—(Fig. 22.) The hand-barrow is
‘‘arranged for carrying three crates (of strawberries)
if necessary or about 180 pounds. The side pieces
are of light but strong material, 4 inches wide and |
1% inches thick. and 7 feet long. Handiesyae
worked on each end and the two pieces connected |
by two cross-pieces framed in, about 3 feet apart <=
or justright to hold three crates, placed cross-
wise, making the barrow 2 feet wide, inside meas-
ure.’’—L. B. Pierce, in Popular Gardening, 88.

MAcHINE FOR MovinG LarGE TREEs.—(Figs. 23,
24.) ‘*The machine consists of a hind axle, 12 feet
long, and broad-tired wheels that will not cut up a I
lawn or sink into the soft soil about the holes. The ''* ?!
main frame is made of spruce 3x8 inches and 2o feet long; the
frames in the cuts are only 16 feet in length, which was not suffi-
cient,as the earth thrown out from the hole into which the tree
was to be planted inter-
fered with the free move-
ment of the machine till I
>made it longer ~ “ihe
braces are 3x5 inches
and 10 feet long, and
the uprights 3x9 inches
and 3 feet high; these
are bolted to the hind
axle and main frame. ‘The front axle has a set of blocks
bolted together, and of sufficient height to support the front
end of the frame. Into the top timbers, 3x6 inches, hollows
are cut at the proper distances to receive the ends of two
locust rollers. Holes can be bored through the rollers and
large ropes from the roots can be made fast to them and by

\

Tools and Conventences of the Year. 371

the means of crowbars they can be wound up and the tree
lifted. I abandoned the plan, however, and put a windlass or
winch at each end of the frame, and now I can easily and
steadily lift and lower the tree, the large doube ropes passing
over the rollers to the windlasses. A locust boom is put across
the machine under the frame and above the braces ; iron pins

<

SAY

)
oie | eae \ ‘
eee Ly \
Ny ur iw
.wh A YIM A o/h
12 11 A Pea 1a

’ > -
eZ ~“~

F1G. 23.

hold it in place. The side guy-ropes are made fast to the
ends of this boom. The other guy-ropes are made fast to the
front and rear parts of the machine. Four rope loops are
made fast inside of the frame and are so placed that by pass-
ing a rope around the trunk of the tree and through these
loops two or three times, a rope ring is made around the tree
that will keep the trunk in the middle of the frame and not
allow it to hit either the edges or the rollers—a very neces-

372 Annals of Horticulture.

sary safeguard to prevent injury. As the tree is slowly lifted
by the windlasses the guy-ropes are loosened as needed.
The tree will pass obstructions, such as trees by the roadside,
but in doing so it is better to len the tree backward.

When the tree has arrived at its new place, the two timbers

od

im ll ws sft a Ce tera

coo nn | ae a; | fn PCC > VX
— ",

7
(a

pits os (Bp
‘lf Bly ot ;

A ne V1,

peer
"US

yb
wy WY SA ag
a A
(@ :
_

— ome

are placed along the opposite edges of the hole so that the
hind wheels can be backed over the latter. The tree is then
lowered to the proper depth and made plumb by the guy-
ropes, and good mellow soilis thrown in and packed well
into all the cavities under the rolls. When the hole is half
filled, several barrels of water should be poured in; this will
wash the soil into the cavities under the center of the tree. —
Edward Flicks, in Rural New- Yorker, 740.

Lawn-Mower Fixrure.—(Fig. 25.) An English patented
device for adjusting the cylinders of lawn-mowers, by the
Messrs. Ransomes, of Ipswich. ‘‘A strong spring under the

a or

Tools and Conveniences of the Year. ARS

bearings on each side supports the cylinder and takes the
place of a bottom set-
Bere w.+.71©) 1 6), stest-
screw working against
the spring is fixed
above the brasses in
which the cylinder
turns: -“Lhe operator
has only to set this
one screw on each
: side of the machine
ii iil T l i ) ===) to adjust the knives.”’
Hi | ll ==Kaie| —Gardeners Maga-
je zie, 205.
= IMPROVED Lawn-
“ao LEE DEE EEF CLEANER. —(Fig. 26.)
Fic. 25. ‘<The illustration re-
presents a machine
designed effectually to clear grass, leaves, etc.; from lawns
and similar places, and which will take up the grass cut by a
lawn-mower, leaving the lawn perfectly clean. It has been
lately patented by Charles _ Winnepeg, Canada. The
frame of the ma- _— ey
chine is prefera- 2 Wl s
bly made of bar- |. ie
iam) and in its ©
Side-bars, near
the rear, 1s jour-
naled a shaft on
which the drive-
wheels are keyed.
ia Aais* .shatt;
@ear one of, the
wheels, is loosely 4
mee uta ted. a4
eroove- pulley ;
having a toothed
periphery contig-
uous to the drive-wheel. This toothed periphery is engaged
by pawls pivoted upon the drive-wheel when the machine is
moved forward, thus revolving the pulley, but when the ma-

Up iilliuabida Mik:

ul

uF

i i a vi | Hl
| a NA
yi

374 Annals of Forticulture.

chine is drawn backward the pawls slip over the teeth. Near
the center of the frame is jour- ————
naled a rake-head, with teeth pro-
jecting at right angles from its

sides, as shown in the small view, } |
one end of the rake-head having i
rigidly attached thereto a small
pulley connected by a belt>with
the pulley on the drive-wheel
shaft. As the refuse is thrown
upward by the rake when the ma-
chine advances, it is received ina
box-like receptacle provided with

a detachable cover, this recepta-
cle neatly fitting within the frame
ef the machine, and -having a
transverse bottom opening within ,

the box has been filled with
grass, leaves, ete., it: may
be lifted from the frame, the
cover removed, its contents
emptied, and the receptacle
again replaced without
trouble.’’—Sczentijic Amert-
can; reported in American
Garden, 70}. “by
Hoser-Truck.—(Fig. 27.)
A neat device for carrying
hose is shown in the figure.
It-is made of ordinary gas-
i pipe. — Popular Gardening,
\ 1096. |
VaSE-WATERING DEVICE.
A SS —(Fig. 28.) ‘This 1s a-sim-
we Fee ple tin or iron punctured
Fic. 28. tube with a funnel top, the

Ly ] Yi

Co
S Q

Y
/ YY Yy
Yj Yj

Tools and Conveniences of the Year. 375

use of whichis obvious from the cut.—/Popular Gardening,
254; 255:
Porte TOF
Scoop. -- (Fig.
29.) A handy
scoop made
by Bissell &
' ‘yor nh i PE
—~ Med ford,
0 bese Gee, Mich. It can
also be used
as a DOLatO-
sorter. --Aural
iNew - Yorker,

<2 FRUIT-SORTER.—(Fig. 30.) The illustration
shows a California machine for sorting or-
anges and other fruits. (See Annats for 1889,
183; and ANNALS for 1890, 257, for other
sorters. )—Rural New- Yorker, 421. :
ORANGE - SORTER.—(Fig. 31.) Shows one
of the many fruit and potato-sorters now
upon the market or devised by ingenious
srowers.—FPopular Gardening, 215. !
INGENIOUS
F RUIT - PICKING
CONTRIVANCE. —
meen Ss enioust
fruit-picking con-
trivance has been }
invented by Ed-
ward D. Stodder,
of San Francisco.
It is a hight, dou-
ble, wheelbarrow-

cas

: \ ee eae ee es
ladder, which can es Ba eas ae eee (ee
elevated at any | - a ee

angle at will. An Pic, 31,

376 Annals of Horticulture.

endless belt, with double pockets, like those of a grain-eleva-
tor, conveys the fruit to the ground and automatically dumps
it into the boxes, doing away with the necessity of the pick-
er’s leaving the ladder for any other reason than that of
changing its location. A number of the ladders will be put

into orchards the coming season by the inventor to demon-

strate their usefulness.—California Fruit-Grower.
Fruit-Nrprers.—(Fig. 32.) The latest device for provid-

Prunus triloba

ns.

FIG. 33. FIG. 35.

ing a stout and sharp substitute for the thumb-nail here illus-
trated is only ashori, thick pair of shears made to fit between
the thumb and forefinger. This effort to save the thumb is a
commendable one.—ARural New- Yorker, 661 ; American Gar-
JON, OF, |

PACKING PuLantTs.- (Fig. 33.) This is a European device for
carrying live plants long distances. The engraving was made
from a basket 12 inches high and four feet across. Tough

Tools and Conveniences of the Year. 377

‘bows of green wood formed the framework of the cover.
Matting covered the whole.—ofular Gardening, 69.
BASKET-FRraME.—(Fig. 34.) A device to facilitate the

GREEN NA. GRAPE.
HOYT &SON.

OCT. 15" 1990.

Fig. 38

378 Annals of Horticulture.

nailing up of berry-boxes. ‘‘ Upon a standard, a, which is a
piece of scantling 2% feet long, another piece g inches long,
6, is morticed and bolted. An iron plate, c, 4%-inch thick,
screwed upon J, serves a good purpose in clinching nails.

FIG. 39.

The seat, d, is 234 feet long and made of 2-inch plank 1 foot

wide. Geo. G. Jones, tn Popular Gardening, 165.

LABEL FOR Low PLants.—(Fig. 35.) The illustration shows
a German device for labeling low plants. The label is made
of zinc. The face is given a couple of coats of black paint
upon which, when dry, the name is written with a stub pen
or brush, in paint made of white lead and rectified varnish. —
Pupular Gardening, 133.

RuraL NeEw- YORKER LaBEL.—(Figs. 36, 37, 38.) Pieces
of zinc, as in fig. 36, are secured by wire atthe middle. The

Tools and Conveniences of the Year. 379

names. or memoranda are written upon all four faces, or at

FiG. 40.

when that is effaced, open the
label and the inside will be
Piouncd £60 be bright. -(See An-
NALS for 1890, 267.)—fural
New- Yorker, r02.
GRAFTING-MACcHINE.— (Figs.

CHIMNEY

least upon the
inside and
outside faces.
Fig. 37 shows
a good form
of memoran-
da. The label
is folded or

doubled _ to-
gether as in
fie. 38. he

outside rec-
ef ord lasts a
s year’ or. two.

ra

By turning the handle
(Ge. 40) to 4he
right, the blade; —2,
makes the first cut;
the piece is then

ee changed to the other

set of grooves, g; and
the second cut for the
insertion of the tongue
is made by the blade,
c, when the handle is

380 Annals of Horticulture.

returned to its original position. Fig. 40 shows a vice, e, by
which the machine may be fastened to atable; Fig. 39 shows
an arrangement, /, for grafting in the field.—Z. Degrully, in
Le Progres Agricole, 250.

FRuit-Housk&s.—(Figs. 41, 42.) These two cross-sections
illustrate at a glance how the movements of air can be utilized
in the cooling of storage-houses. Fig. 41 shows a pit or cel-

lar room. The other is built upon the surfaces. The walls

contain air-spaces.—Country Gentleman ; reported in Popular

Gardening, 245.

CHeap Evaporator,—(Fig. 43.) ‘‘It is built of wood. All
the frame required is the upright, 2x2-inch postsand 2x3-inch
horizontal drawer-rests. The drawer-rests are placed flatwise

and between the posts, rabbeted one-half inch on each side

to receive the drawers. The sides and back of the drawers
are 114 inches wide; the front is 2 inches wide, with a %-
inch rabbet above and below, on the inside, and there are cor-
responding rabbets on the siding of the house, so that when
the drawers are pushed in, the outside surface will be smooth.
The bottoms of the drawers are made of galvanized wire

Tools and Conveniences Ope the” Year. 38

cloth. There is a false front to each drawer, three inches
back. The upright posts are two and one-half feet apart.
The drawers are 334 feet long, and with the false front, three
inches back; this gives a three-inch space at each end of the
drawers for free circulation of air. The end drawers are four
inches deep and five feet long and are used to finish on.
Have four extra drawers and have some extra front pieces to
put in and close up the openings when the drawers are out.
The sheet-iron fenders, A B, extend the whole length, to dis-
tribute the hot and cold air. The cold air enters the ventila-
tors below A, and is divided by B. The arch C is sheet iron
with a 2-inch flange resting on the wall of the furnace, which
is two feet high and two feet wide, laid in mortar. The top
course of brick is laid in mortar on the flange, to prevent the
escape of smoke. The building is 10% feet long, 7 feet high
and 4 feet wide. DD areconnecting-rods attached to the ven-
tilators. The furnace can be built below the surface on slop-
ing ground. The amount of heat is great, and the thing to
be observed closely is toadmit plenty of cold air through the
ventilators.’’—/. W. Beach, in Farm and Fireside; reported in
Popular Gardening, 245.
BLACKBERRY-TRELLIS. —(Fig. 44.) “ My plantis to take
good fence-posts, five feet in length, set one at each end of a
row, 3% feet
in the ground,
leaving twenty
inches above
ao I use
Sa INOS <, O? 2s Oar
-vanized wire
. and draw it as
tightly as possible. However long the rows may be, a post
Seieiinily at each end is sufficient. After the canes are tied
Moot@e wire they form a perfect support, and-there are no
stakes in the way of the hoe. I top my canes at three feet,
just the right height to be handy for the pickers. By running
the wires 20 inches from the ground they pass below the
branches, so that it is much more convenient to tie them, and
less twine is required, while the tops are in better shape for
picking.’’—F. A. Trout, in Rural New-Vorker, 243.
CELERY-BLANCHER.—(Fig. 45.) A patented device which

\

382 Annals of Horticulture.

consists of oiled paper or cloth fitted with loops or hooks and |
held in place by stakes $
thrust into the ground. Ie Nor.
—Rural New-Vorker, aN Sala BNE
OFS RAY CoS oe eta 0
HILLING CELERY.—
(Fig. 46.) Instead ‘of
holding the celery with
the hands until it is
banked, it was found f} |
that paper string— QA NAHE RTE Mets ee reean
which soon rots—could ase
be used. <‘‘ We put it :
on several thousand plants and found that very little injury
was done, and this happened by the careless putting on of
the string. The plants were held in position by the string
until a rain came and settled the dirt around the plants and
4 wet the stranger
enough so it would
give way to the
growing plant.
Some of the plants
we gave a second
banking before the
string gave way
and let the plant
spread. We in-
vented a little de-
vice for putting the
string on. I took
a tomato-can and
punched a hole
through the bot-
tom of it, nailed it
to astick, and then
with -2 © piege er
pantaloons’ sus-
pender, with the
buckles, fastened it
to the -tight arm

H #
i! : A
hi | i-
nu f=
OT eg
Wt ee eee
! { s .
i ry é: fz
NW c= Bnd Yas tay Pe ACR ELI
ID 18 tei ESOS LEN BS ET NY

—_—-

Tools and Conveniences of the Year.

:
a
4
s)

Baceasgeaa’

384 Annals of Horticulture.

above the elbow and at the wrist, letting the string run out at

the bottom of the can and between the thumb and front fin- -

ger. With this one can wind celery all day, if his back does
not get to aching too badly. This is all the drawback I have
found to it yet.’’—. /. Green, in Ohio Farmer ; American
Garden, 704.
TRELLISES. Ae 47.) Good trellises made of hoops ane
= 1p strings, as shown in the cut.—Geo. B.
Diemer, in Popular Gardening, 173.
Potinc Berans.—Fig. 48 shows a
method of training four hills of beans to
a single pole. —Popular Gardening, 187.

49.) **1- stretch a heavy wire sire] s
over each row of plants, 3% feet above
the surface of the ‘soil,’ to ~
which the top of each stake
is fastened with a piece of
fine wire,’ The tstakermar.
four feet long, and they ex
tend two inches above the
wire.—Ldward Salyer, in
American Florist, r46.

PLANT-SupporT. — Fig.
50 -shows a_ simple and
handy wire plant-support.—
Popular Gardening, 124.

STRAWBERRY-PLANT TRIM- |
MER: —{Figs. 51, (§2,) = Biea ex
trimmer is made of heavy
sheet-iron 28 to 30 inches long and 6 inches wide. This makes
a cylinder of about g inches in diameter. Instead of the
cross-bar handle the form shown in fig. 52 may be used.—4#.
W. Red, before the Ohio Horticultural Society ; reported by U.
S.Devol, in American Garin, 27.

Iron GrRapE-Posts.—(Fig. 53.) Made of 1%-inch gas-
pipe, 7 or 8 feet long. The top of the posts should be cov-
ered by a cap: Te should be drawn to a closed point be-
low to keep out moisture. Or iron bars might be used, as
shown in the first two drawings.—H. W. Smith, in American
Garden, 309.

Fia. st,

METHOD OF StTakING RosEes.—(Fig..

Tools and Conventences of the Year. 385

RECEPTACLE FOR STARTING EARLY PLANTS. ees. 54, 55- )

PIG. 53.

26

This consists of long strips of
sacking or any other cheap

material, the sides of which

are sewed together as shown
ii eee See FE Tees ate. Che
from such rolls, they are filled
with earth, and in them the
seeds are sown. When trans-
planting, pots and all are set
im the meld. Nie 55. shows
fier method: ol (carrying or
storing them in flats or trays. —
Ue Di wler in. Dern, 1 raktisone
Ratgeber im Obst-und Garten-
bau, 68.

Wiz

aay ile
bE Sey A Ss
aun Bee

: al

io

Fig. 54.

thes 4

386 Annals of Horticulture.

Too. FoR PRICKING our PLants.—(Fig. 56.) This is made

. ,
e op Sats
Dhaene

FIG. 55.

of wood, and is excellent for transplanting seedlings too small

to handle with the fingers.— W. Kruger,in Der Praktische Rat-

geber im Obst-und Gartenbau, 103. 3
CUCUMBER-PLANT PROTECTOR.—(Fig. 57.) A screen to

Fic. 56.

cover plants that are threatened by the striped-beetle. <« It
is made of 5¢-inch undressed pine lumber, covered over the

SoC SCSO . >

Sp SOSSe SoS SOS OSS
SOC SSO SSO
SSCSo SS OSS SSS

Fic, 57.

Tools and Conveniences of the Year. 387

top with ordinary wire mosquito-netting. The frame may be
made 16 inches square at the top,
and the sections are cut so that the
bottom is slightly larger, giving flare
enough to admit of nesting the boxes
together for convenient storage. By
cutting the boards in the manner
shown in the drawing, they may be
‘double-nailed,’ which greatly adds
Fic. 58. to the strength of the frame.’’ An il-

7 aes | ae if ; mT | : a
Ae

; a iT all anit i
Ht Pil aie
[

ea |

388 : Annals of Horticulture.

~

lustration of the injury wrought by the beetle is shown in the
cut.—Popular Gardening, 179; adapted from E. S. Goff, in
Garden and Forest, it. QI (£590). :

SIMPLE Hose-MeENDER. — (Fig. §8.) ** Biber gaan
evenly the ragged edges of the break in the hose, a short sec-
tion of half-inch iron pipe is inserted as shown by dotted-

. lines in -the'cut< Pensa. piecee

@x—, Of galvanized iron is wrapped
around the hose as shown at the
right-in the upper figure, ana
twisted tightly so as to sink into
the rubber... Phe wires tiem
twisted for a few inches as
shown in the lower figure, again
wrapped around the hose and
fastened as shown at the left
of the upper figure. Thismender
is not patented, and the mate-
rials for making it are inexpen-
sive and easily obtainable.’’—
John McGowan, in American
Florist, vit: 107 ; American Gar-
ns FOS.

DISTRIBUTORS FOR INSECTI-
CIDES.—(Figs. 59, 60, 61.) Fig.
59 shows Stott’s patent distribu-
tor. The insecticide 1s contained
in cells and is forced.with the
water through the hose. Itcan
be fastened to engines and can
be. .removed wire mn, desired:
Figs. 60, and 69 represent, wa
i] syringe which works on the same

rn principle. A “chamber at fhe
a} endof the syringe contains the
~ ©", composition; aud. the merc.

formed. to distribute ifm. the

Fic. 60. form of spray to insect-infested
plants.— Journal of Horticulture, March 26,
250.

CONTRIVANCE FOR APPLYING FLOWERS OF Pie 61.

i) £77)

MAA |

See

yes BY
> =: — ete

HOLNSIMLSIO BSHL

t NOTLOSS™ Nr NMAHS 14U wd |

aa : = a =
ih ~</) f 3

i710

Tools and Conveniences of the Year. 389

euernvR.—(Fig. 62.) The instrument (‘‘Soufreur Vincen-
mois’ ) consists of a zinc. tube at
the base of which is an enlarge-
ment perforated on the under
pide. [he sulphur is put in at
the upper end of the tube, which
is then closed by a cork.—Z. A.
Carre, 1 Revue Horticole, 227.

FLOWER-SYRINGE. — (Fig. 63.)
A fine spray is obtained by di-
recting the solid stream from a
syringe against a hard smooth
surface as shown in the figure. —
G. Schaedtler, in Der Praktische
Ratgeber im Odbst-und Gartenbau,
Di

-06'°Q-- - ------------------

SN ee a es a ee ee, pe, ee

390 Annals of Horticulture.

An Insect-Trap.—(Fic. 64.) This consists of a barrel
suspended from a tree.
Both ends of the barrel
Hare removed and under-
Aneath it 1s a tub par-

=| [he insectsare attracted
a Dy the hght from a lan-
{tern which is hung in
| the center of the barrel,
and are caught in the
3 water below.—-Der Prak-
a tische Ratgeber im Obst-
und Gartenbau, Iz.
7 GREENHOUSE-BENCHES.
—(Figs. 65, 66.) E.G.
Hills bench, Pic) Gere
made of “heht: mon
rails, such as are used on
some street-car lines.
The rails ate hela m
) place by notches in the
framework or by strips
cut to fit between them.
The posts, cedar, ares
Or 12 feet apagt. oe wae
sideboard is. held - in

Fre: 04.

iron strips which pass
through two slits in the
board and clasp around the
outside fark i.) [en
denhall’s bench (Fig. 66) is
constructed with brick piers
and 3x3 in. ansle-iron,- Phe
piers are 8 feet apart.—
American’ Florist, 01. “OS?";
Popular Gardening, 267.
FLOWER - STAGE. —(Fig.
67.) This shows a simple Fic. 65.

tially filled with water. -

,
.

Toots ana. Conveniences. of the. Year. 391

and serviceable stage upon which to grow or exhibit plants. —
J. L. Masters, in Popular Gardening, 200.

SasH-Bars.—(Figs, 68, 69.) Fig. 68 shows a cross-sec-
tion of the eave-plate, A being the plate with a projection at
its side to form a trough; B the rafter-plate, upon which the
ends of the rafters and sash-bars rest ; and C the point to

which attention is called—a trough to catch the drip as it
runs down the glass and sash-bars. This trough is made of
white pine; 1x1% inches. Fig. 69 shows drip-grooves in a
sash-bar.—C. /.. Pennock, in American Plorist, vit. 131.

cj V ENTILATING APPARATUS. —(Fig. 70.) ‘“The winch comprises
a 6-inch bull-wheel, a pinion of 1% inches, a drum of 4
inches, a rachet and dog, and a 12-inch crank handle, set ina

“ee
i ¥
; ;
' oe
Ds, ‘ j
4
< gs
aS
’

392 Annals of Horticulture.
wrought iron frame bolted to the inside end. of the house.
This is found to be of sufficient power to operate 9 sashes on
each side of a house 100x31 feet, amply sufficient for ventila-
tion, and either side can be worked separately at will by
the same winch.’’ ‘‘ By running an auxiliary cord back from
sash to cable in the opposite direction to that of the lifting--

Pern peed

|

ite |

—

(SE
— =) G

($0

mit
eligi F—s— 3
Moe hae

o

——

fl fil

NonGi
AN Sa AY

PIG.-74:

cord,’’ a lock is provided for the sash, whether they are open

or closed. At Lincoln Park, Chicago, where this is used, $26

is the cost of the apparatus for a 100-feet house.—American

Florist, 803 » also Popular Gardening, 223.
Device FOR HeatTInG WaTER.—(Fig. 71.) ‘‘ A cheap way

to warm a tank of water is shown in illustration. Assuming

that the water-tank is 36 inches deep, get atin pail as deep |

and 10 inches in diameter, made with a cover, in which an y

inch hole is’put. Have an inch tube, 4, two inches jong;

soldered on near the bottom and punched through, and to this

Tools and Conveniences Of the Yeas. 393

tube attach an inch hose, a, or pipe, making a water-tight
Sink this tin pail in the tank, and by hooks or
StMetwise fasten it to the bottom so that it remains fixed.
Have the hose, a, fastened to the side soas to bealittle above
the pail. Pill-the tank with water to the dotted
line, and arrange so that it cannot fill more and submerge the

joint at Jd.

the top of

= EA
HEE
ag Wie Al

v; Or yy!
Ye UW: y TT

pesca ee
pasinarapaygiere Tl pei ieel eee tr on : \\ |

a

Vig

ip
fly
me

a. B/) |
va te é 4 : ;
CY, We WY Hy I
MYA 7 Hiden
77 4 4, fe I il (le
Ly Y hs: ae ASH NANT
“Yt 196 j \ 1 j
4 Vp tf, { Hi Wy i sd H\:
SYA N BIAS (Vr
pe Di Yd ft 9.44
/ ke mae 4 , WN i/4 ik
Wo! SREY [bide al
MEST Te A <i
Mr a We to race aly :
phen Whey Te
NE, yer ce : ees

the device.—-Szster Gra-

420US, in
den, O&4.
DEVICE

ie AND PRESERVING CuT-
FLOWERS.—( Fig. 73. )
Vhe material used. for

Pre. 72.

American Gar-

HOR « ARRANG-

making the forms is peat

or turf,

and parts are

pail. Now put a‘5o-cent oil
stove, UU, imto- tie pail, with
oil enough to run it one hour,
and put it (hehted) into the
bottom ‘of the pail. Put on
the pail-cover, and the water
in the tank will soon be warm
enough. Itis best to have a
cover for the tank that can be
saut down and hold im the
heat that escapes from the
patil. > [he tube, a, supphes
tae ait te keep tne fire going.
The fire, of course, goes out
when the oil fails, and there
can be no possible danger. A
pint of oil, costing less than
one cent, will warm a tank of
water, Ihe cost of this ap-
Patatwes;, -albtold; is > Pail, $1;
Howes, HOL-Cents +) Ose, 20
cents.’’—Country Gentleman ;
reported in American Garden,
/(2:

REFRIGERATOR Hot-BEpb. —
(Pig. 72,) The eut éxplains

= aay 3
\)y B
G

394 Annals of Horticulture.

fastened together with small pieces of wood as shown in

yn (eMety oi

the figure. —/. Schmidt, in Der Praktische Ratgeber im Obst-und
Gartenbau, &.

FRy’s IMPROVED FLower-Por.—(Figs. 74, 75, 76.) ‘<< We:

F oS i “al
TL fh iu

Ti

Lools and Conveniences of the Year. 395

Fry’s object has been to provide each pot with three mova-
ble bottoms, so that the depths, especially in the case of
large sizes, may be readily adapted to the requirements of the
plants.” —Gardeners’ Magazine, 58.

SEED-Pan Protector.—(Fig. 77.) A seed-pan made with
a water-trough over which snails, worms and other pests can-
notcrawl. This pan is plunged in the soil and it may be cov-
ered with a hand-light, as shown in the illustration.— Wm.
Moody Bell, in Journal of Horticulture, 481.

$72. Necrology of 189f.

IN AMERICA.

CHARLES P. ANDERSON, a leading rose-grower, died at his
home at Flushing, Long Island, September 16, at 46 years of
age. Mr. Anderson was well known through his connection
with the late John Henderson. He was born in Sheffield,
England, coming to this country when 21 years of age. He
was trained in the florists’ business at the establishment of B.
S. Williams, and afterwards at Kew. His first service in this
country was with Isaac Buchanan. He later became con-
nected with the rose establishment of T. J. Slaughter, Mad1-
son, N. J. In 1883 he took an important position with Mr:
Henderson.

* *
*

EDWARD Crospy BADEAU, the last of the early fruit-im-
porters of this city [New York], died at his home on Taylor
street, West Brighton, Staten Island, Saturday evening, Au-
gust 15, of heart failure. He had been ill for ten days with
pneumonia, but was thought yesterday to be much improved.
Mr. Badeau was bornin this city March 8, 1816. Fifty years
ago he entered the business of fruit importation at No. 209
Washington street, as the head of the firm of Badeau
& Lockwood. The firm afterward was Badeau, Lock-
wood & Co., and in 1872 they failed owing te tae mheass
defalcation of Frederick Bailey, their bookkeeper. But Mr.
Badeau continued his business until prostrated by his last ill- —
ness.—fruit Trade Journal.

* *
*

ALBERT Benz, Dougston, New York [Long Island], died
November 10, of pneumonia. Hewas well-known as a pansy
specialist, and also as a grower of lily-of-the-valley. He
was 38 years old. Mr. Benz came to America from Wirtem-

(396)

Necrology of 1891. 397

berg 18 yearsago. He was once a student of the Pomologi-
Se fostitute at Reutlingen: He was well and favorably
known to the trade, and was a successful business man.

* *
*%

_ ALEXANDER FRASER, an expert florist and grape-grower
of Baltimore, died July 15.

*

James HuTCHINSON, a prominent California florist, died in
February at his home in Oakland. He was identified with
several prominent horticultural movements, having been one
of the original stockholders of the California Nursery Com-
pany. Mr. Hutchinson was born in Glasgow, Scotland, in
1624. At the age of 22 he was head gardener for the Earl
of Limerick, and soon after had charge of the famous Prin-
cess Gardens, in Edinburgh. He came to America in 1848,

and went to California in 1852.

* *
*

GEORGE PHELPS LAWRENCE, senior partner of the fruit-im-
porting firm of Lawrence, Giles & Co., of New York, died at

his residence at Saugatuck, Conn., in December.

* *
*

Pele | 14L0VD,.a prominent florist of Lafayette, Indiana,
died Marchio. Hewas born in New York State in 1808.
He was probably the first outside florist to ship plants to In-
dianapolis and Chicago.

* *
*

ExisHa Moopy, a well-known nurseryman of Lockport, N.
@= a@ied during the year.

* *
*

James H. Munson died in Chicago January 15. He was at
one time prominently connected with the seed business with
Hiram Sibley & Co., and later with Joseph Breck & Sons.

. ; x
*

Henry Nawz, Sr., the pioneer florist of Louisville, Ken-

tucky, died May 1. He was born in Stuttgart, Germany, in

1819, and came to this country in 1847.
* *

G. S. PaLmMer, a well-known fruit-dealer of New York
city, died of pneumonia December 15, 1891, in his 42d year.

398 Annals of Horticulture.

He was born on a farm in Ulster county, New York. Hewas
widely known as one of the most straightforward and con-
scientious of metropolitan merchants. An article from his
pen appears upon page 24 of this volume.

* *
*

CHARLES M. PReEssy, who, with Charles P. Anderson, pur-
chased the business of the late John Henderson, died in Chem-
nitz, Saxony, May 17, while on a business trip. He was
born in Montreal in 1837, and followed the dry- ae trade as
a business.

* *
*

JouN Russe Lt, of Indianapolis, Indiana, died early in the
year at the ageof go. In1824 he purchased the Vew England
Farmer. He became enthusiastic for the foundation of a
horticultural society, and the influence of his paper was di-
rected tothe now well-known Massachusetts Horticultural
Society. In 1868 he was appointed lbrarian in the Depart-

partment of Agriculture.
* *
ne
FREDERICK’ SCHLEGEL, a florist of Rochester, N. Y., and at
one time in charge of the greenhouse department ai 2a.
wanger & Barry’s, died May 15. Hewas bornin Baden in
1832:

* *
*

Cuar.es P. Starr, founder and proprietor of the Pleasant-
ville greenhouses, Avondale, Pa., died on the 230 of “De
cember, 1891, aged 45 years. He early in liié commenced tie
cultivation of flowers, the growing of carnations and
tuberoses being a specialty with him. He originated several
new varieties, of which one was the Pearl tuberose, and the
Buttercup carnation. From a small beginning, by strict
integrity and courteous treatment toward his customers, his
business steadily increased, until of late years he had to refuse
demands for articles of his production. His cardinal princi-
ple was honesty. He leaves a widow and five children—two
daughters and three sons. He was born: on the. same
property where he died, although he rebuilt the dwelling-house
some six years ago. SAMUEL WICKERSHAM.

—

Lecrology of r89t. | 309

BENJAMIN CoLEsS TOWNSEND, Bay Ridge, New York [Long
Pama), died January 13, 1891, at 73 years of age. He was
a retired business man, but was passionately devoted to flori-
culture, and was once president of the New York Horticultural
society.

* *
*

Dominicus WeEcmaN, president of the Foreign Fruit Ex-
change of the City of New York since 1888, died August 28.
Mr. Wegman was born in Bavaria in 1834, and came to this
country at the age of 16. He won an enviable reputation in
the fruit business of New York, and was known as the
‘“Pather of the Fruit Trade,” because of the fatherly interest
which he took in the younger merchants.

* *

Lro WELTZ, a well-known horticulturist and nurseryman of
Ohio, died during the year. He was prominent in horticul-
tural enterprises, and was once sent by the government to
Russia to report upon the resources of that and adjacent
countries.

ABROAD.

A. ALpHaND, the author of ‘‘The Parks, Gardens and
Promenades of Paris,’’ died December 5, at the age of 74 years.
* *

*

JoHN ANDERSON ANDERSON, one of the leading promoters
of the Scottish Arboricultural Society, and a recognized au-
thority on the coniferw, died December 6, aged 80 years.

* *
: ,

LEON AURANGE, a prominent horticulturist of Cannes,
France, died in March. He wrote considerably for the Revue
Fforticole and other French papers.

Ts *

*

AMBROSE Batre died December 8, aged 77 years. Mr.
Balfe was for many years the secretary of the Royal Horticul-
tural Society of Ireland, and he held this office until a short
time before his death. He also edited and contributed to the
horticultural columns of the /rzsh Farmers’ Gazette for many
years.

400 Annals of Horticulture.

H. G. Barb, a well-known English propagator of plants
and commercial horticulturist, died early in the year, aged 68
years. It will be remembered that Mr. Bard took an active
part in the experiments which the Messrs. Carter carried on
with crossing varieties of wheat.

* *
*

WILLIAM Barron, a celebrated English horticulturist, died
April 8, aged 86 years. Mr. Barron was for many years
gardener at Elvaston Castle but he left this position and en-
tered business as a nurseryman and landscape-gardener at
Borrowash, near Derby. Here he accumulated a large collec-
tion of hardy trees and shrubs, his knowledge of which was
remarkable. Healso published a-work entitled ‘‘ The British
Winter-Garden, ’’ which was well received.

TA *
*

G. BasHFoRD, a famous English grape-grower, died in Oc-

tober. ;

* *
*

PIERRE Bertin, died at Versailles, France, April 3, aged
g2 years! For many years he had been the director of an
establishment which was everywhere known as a model of
neatness and good cultivation. He resigned this position and
retired from active life, although his gardens at Versailles still
exhibited his horticultural skill. Mr. Bertin was a chevalier »
of the Mérite Agricole, and contributed largely to the horticul-
tural journals of his country.

* *
*

ANDREW BOTHERSTON, a well-known English botanist, died
early in the year at Kelso, in his 56th year.
* *
*
NicHoLas JOHN Bort, one of the most noted of the chrys-
anthemum-growers on the Channel Islands, died in June,
aged 7I years. :

* *
*

SAMUEL BraDLEy, of Brighton, England, the originator of

several varietiesof strawberries and of Bradley’s Seedling
Apple, died August 13, in his 72d year.

Necrology of 1891. 401

Francis Casty died suddenly of heart-disease, February
19, aged 55 years. He was principal foreman in the nurseries
of the Messrs. Hugh Low & Co., Upper Clapton, England.
He ‘traveled considerably for the firm, and there was no man
more popular in his line of work.

* *
*

GEORGE CHILD, for many years a partner inthe firm of Beck,
Henderson & Child, seedsmen, died at.Balham, England,
Match 28, in his 74th year.

*% *
*

Emit CLausEN, head gardener at Nikita, an Crimea, died
suddenly August 30 after twenty years of faithful service in
this position. He was also a teacher in the agricultural insti-
tute at that place.

* *
*

Tuomas CocHRANE, for twenty-two years superintendent of
Finsbury Park, England, died May 6, in his 61st year.

* *
*

SAMUEL Cooprr, a well-known seedsman of Hadleigh, Suf-
folk, England, died April 3, aged 69.

* *
%*

ADOLPHE CouRTOIS, general secretary of the syndicate of
gardeners of the canton Sceaux, France, died February 5,
aged 44 years.

* a *

Rosert Cowan, formerly partner in the firm of Kennedy &

Co., nurserymen and seedsmen, Dumfries, Scotland, died

November 23.

* *
*

GEORGE CUNNINGHAM, of Liverpool, England, died Febru-
ary 24, aged gi years. In thenorth of England he was re-

garded as an authority on horticultural matters.

* *
*

W. ALFRED DICKSON, a prominent English nurseryman,
died December 24, aged 54 years.
* és *
FRIEDRICH CaRL DIETRICH, curator of the botanical museum
of Berlin, died September 13, at the age of 85 years.

27

402 Annals of Horticulture.

JoHNn Dominy, died February 12, aged 72 years. The loss
of this celebrated gardener will be severely felt in horticultu-
ral circles in England. In 1846 Mr. Dominy became con-
nected with the nurseries of the Messrs. Veitch and he
remained with the firm until 1881, when his health became

poor. In 1856 his first hybrid orchid, Calanthe Domini, ap--

peared, and this was followed by many others. Volum XXI. of
Ihe Garden was dedicated to Mr. Dominy, and it will be long
before he is forgotten by orchid-growers. He was a member
of the floral and also of the orchid committees of the Royal
Horticultural Society, where his experience was valued
highly. :
* *
*

James Murray GARDEN died at Aberdeen, Scotland, early
in the year, aged 46 years. In his death the horticultural in-
terests of northern Scotland suffer a severe blow, for it is main-
ly through the zeal and activity of Mr. Garden that the Royal
Horticultural Society of Aberdeen attained its present flourish-
ing condition, and the influence of this society is far-reaching.

* *
*

Tuomas GILBERT, nurseryman at Hastings, England, died -

February 15, aged 61 years,

* *
*

Henry Gtasscock, a well-known English dahlia-grower,
died in October, at the age of 71.

* %
*

Jouwn Grey,gardener to Lord Willoughby de Eresby, Stam-
ford, England, died suddenly in March, aged 68 years. ©

* *
*

JOHANNES GRONLAND, died at Dahme, Germany, February
13, aged 67 years. He first became known through the hybrids
he obtained by crossing Zriticum vulgare with species of egi-
lops. He assisted in preparing the German edition of Vil-
morin’s ‘‘Les Fleurs de Pleine Terre,’’ and also wrote for
horticultural journals. At the time of his death he occupied
the position of botanist in the experiment station, and lectu-
rer in the agricultural school at Dahme.

SN SS Se Sl ae

ee ee Ee eS ee

LVecrology of r&ol. 403

Aucust Francois Harpy, director of the Horticultural
School of France, at Versailles, and one of the most promi-
nent horticulturists of that country, died November 24. He
held the important post of first vice-president of the National
Horticultural Society. 3
%* x” * :

CARDINAL Lup. HAYNALD, a celebrated botanist, died at the
age of 75 years. His best-known work is ‘‘The Plants of the
Bible.”

* *
*%

F. Herincg died at the age of. 71 years. He had been
editor of the L’ Horticulteur Francais, and collaborator on the
‘¢ Manuel des Plantes,’’ by Jacques.

* *
*

Dr. HERMANN HOFFMANN, director of the botanic gardens
at Giessen, died October 26, aged 73 years. He was well-
known as the most successful of all students of phenology.

* *
*

Mr. INGELREST, landscape- eer deuer of Ghent, died early

in the year.

* *
*

Dr. L. Just, professor of botany at the Carlsruhe Polytech-
nicum, died August 30. He was also director of the Botanic
Garden at Carlsruhe, and the founder of the well-known bo-
tanical publication, Botanischer Jahresbertcht.

* *
*

Epwarp Kemp, of Birkenhead, England, died March 2,
aged 74 years. He was an able landscape-gardener, and his
book, ‘‘ How to Lay Out a Garden,’’ ran through three edi-
tions. This work is still the best concise general book on

landscape-gardening, even for America.

x %
*

ALBERT KLETSCHKE, a well-known and highly-respected Ger-
man horticulturist, died April 4, aged 66 years.

* %*
*

FRANZ KRAMER, who for thirty years had charge of one of
the most prominent collections of orchids in Europe—that of
Legationsrath Rucker-Jenisch of Flottbeck-Hamburg—died
November 22.

404 - Annals of Horticulture.

Mr. Lecaron, one of the leading seedsmen and florists of
Paris, died at the age of 50 years.

j *
ANTOINE LEvET, the well-known rose-grower, died at Lyons,
France, August 21, aged 74 years. Many of Levet’s roses

are well-known in America, especially Perle des Jardins, Paul.

Neyron, Reine Marie Henriette and F. Michelon.

x *

WILLIAM McCoRQUODALE, a eae English forester and
one particularly well-acquainted with the coniferz, died April
17, aged 81 years. He was forester to the Earl of Mans-
field.

* *
*

ALEXANDER W. McNaucuton, of the Vineyard Nursery,
Banbury, England, died early in the year, aged 49 years. He
was particularly skillful in raising early and late grapes, and
was largely instrumental in developing the now flourishing
Chrysanthemum and Fruit Society.

* x
*

FRANK MILES, who was so well know. through his pictorial
sketches, died July 15, at the age of 40 years. He was an
enthusiastic lover of horticulture as well as of art, and he did
much to revive the taste for the cultivation of hardy peren-
nials, and especially of bulbous plants.

* *
*

Puittip MatTHews, president of the York Horticultural
Society, died last August.

* *
*

Dr. C. J. Maxtmowicz, of St. Petersburg, Russia, died Feb-.

ruary 16. This well-known botanist was everywhere recog-
nized as one of the leading scientists of his age, and his loss
will be severely felt. He paid particular attention to the flora
of Eastern Asia, especially to that of Japan; and at the time of
his death he was engaged in describing the floras of Thibet,
central Asia and Mongolia. His collections from these coun-
tries are exceedingly rich; they are deposited at Prjevalsky and
Potanin.
* x *

J. F. Mesron, one of the most able English landscape-gar-
deners, died at Brighton.

‘
ee ee Se Ce

Necrology of rm&9t. 405

CarL WILHELM vOoN NAGELI, probably the greatest German
botanist of the time, died May 11, aged 74 years. His prin-
cipal works relate to anatomy, morphology and embryology.
In systematic work he paid particular attention to alge, and
to the genus hieracium and its hybrids.

* *
*

Mr. Pavarp, director of the national nurseries at Trianon,
France, died early in the year. Healso held the position of
professor of ornamental arboriculture in the national school of
horticulture at Versailles.

* *
*

Joun Pavey, of the Cotham nurseries, Bristol, England,
died at the age of 66 years.

* *
*

CHARLES PENNELL, a well-known nurseryman of Lincoln,
England, died June 21, aged 65 years.

* *
*

P. E. pE Puypt, of Belgium, died attheageof81 years. He
was appointed secretary to the Royal Horticultural Society of
Mons in 1831, and this position he held up to the time of his
death. His first work, ‘‘Le Traite de la Culture des Plantes
de Serre Froid’’ was published in 1860. He was one of the first
to grow orchids, and this family of plants always hada par-
ticular fascination for him. In 1880 his ‘‘Les Orchidées”’
appeared. Mr. de Puydt also contributed extensively to the
leading horticultural papers, especially to the Journal des Or-

chidees.
* *

ACHILLE RaME, a well-known French horticulturist and eco-
nomic entomologist, died April 15, aged 54 years.

* *
*

Rev. A. Rawson, of Fallbarrow, Bowness, Windermere,
England, died May 18, aged 72 years. Mr. Rawson was
one of the most hospitable and thorough florists in England ;
and while he admired all flowers he turned his attention par-
. ticularly to pelargoniums, carnations, violets, primroses and
polyanthus, originating several new varieties.

406 Annals of Horticulture.

WILLIAM RICHARDS, for twenty years publisher and business

manager of Zhe Gardeners’ Chronicle, died March 14, aged 44
years. Mr. Richards leaves a widow and four children. We
have to mourn a straightforward, high-principled colleague
and an excellent man of business; whilst his horticultural

friends, who are legion, will share our sense of the loss of a.

kind-hearted, right-minded friend whose help and judgment
could always be depended upon in case of need, and who
never seemed better pleased than when he was helping for-
ward some charity or other public object connected with hor-
ticulture.— Zhe Gardeners’ Chronicle.

* *
*

Emit RONNENKAMP, garden-inspector of the city of bees
Germany, died March Io, at 53 years of age.
* i %
Ant. Roozen, founder of the firm of Ant. Roozen & Son, of
Haarlem, died at Overveen, Dec. 16, at the age of 86 yeane

* *
*

THEODoR RUmpier, died May 23, aged 72 years. At the

time of his death he was a publisher of garden literature but
had previously held several positions of honor andtrust. The
most popular of his many books is his ‘‘Illustriertes Gartenbau-
Lexicon,’’ which is a standard work on horticultural subjects.

* *
*

Dr. SCHOMBURGK, curator of the Adelaide Botanic Gar-
dens, Australia, died April 4, at Adelaide. Dr. Schomburgk
was an ideal scientist, simple and unassuming, but always
keeping in view the work to which he devoted his long and
useful life. He was driven from Germany on account of his
political opinions, and settled in Adelaide. Hewas appointed
curator of the Botanic Gardens, and held this position until
the time of his death. For nearly twenty-five years he de-
voted himself to enlarging and improving the gardens, and
his labors have been rewarded, for the gardens now occupy
a high place in the scientific world.

* *
*

G. SCHREFELD, inspector of schools of forestry, died in
Moscow, Russia, January 27.

4 aiid ol 2 i
‘ee se

LVecrology of r&9v. : 407

S/EAN SISLEY, the noted rose-grower, died at Lyons, France,
January 12, aged 87 years.

x
*

THOMAS STATTER, one ofthe most enthusiastic orchid-grow-

ers of England, died in the latter part of December.
* *

: *

GEORGE STEEL, nurseryman of Richmond, England, died at
the age of 82 years.
* x *

Jean Baptiste VERLOT, for many years landscape-gardener
of the city of Grenoble, died January 28, aged 75 years. Known
also as the author of an excellent treatise entitled ‘‘Sur la
Production des Variétiés.”’

cS 2

JEAN Baptiste JOSEPH VAN VOLXEM, died September 14,
at the age of 61 years. He had traveled extensively, and had
studied the floras of various parts of the world. He discov-
ered and introduced Zacsonia Volxemii which has now come
into general cultivation. The Caucasian maple, Acer Van
Volxemtt was also made known through his efforts. Mr. Van
Volxem established an arboretum near Vilvorde, and here he
brought together many specimens of hardy shrubs and trees,
the American representatives being prominent.

* *
¥

James WELLs, a veteran English gardener, died in March,

at the age of 104 years.
on

Ap. WETTER, head gardener of the imperial gardens at
Schonbrunn, near Vienna, Austria, died at the age of 76 years.
He had taken an active part in the affairs of the Imperial So-
ciety of Horticulture, of Vienna, and had materially aided all
horticultural progress in Austria.

%* 715
*

James WI t1aMs, father of the late B. S. Williams (see An-
NALS for 1890, 299), died at Upper Holloway, England, De-
cember 24, 1891, in his ninety-fifth year. In 1817 he entered
the service of Mr. Warner, Hoddesden, where he remained
until he retired a few years ago.

408 2 of Horticulture. e e

Joun Witson, for thirty years gic of the York Gala
and Floral Féte, died May 1. “ -

* *

FRANCOIS WiotT, a noted Bolgen horticulturist, died April
4; aged 69 years.

* *
praee

Dr. ey RoBeRT WoopMaN, an English gardener and,
nurseryman, died December 20, aged 62 years.

\

ENGDE X..

Page
Abies concolor var. violacea.. . 94
Peaturantiaca..<« ..... .. . 82
— Lehmanni.. 82

Adams, Professor MB , quoted. 140
Aerides Laurenciz var. ” Amesi-

SASL Ey. NO am a es ee ae
Agriculture, Department of. . . 183
Se OINISI@I .-.< . -.. M ee tke 41
— Extension in England... . 148
=— ©: Nassachusetts ...... . 187
Albaugh, N. H., quoted... . . 155
Alberta magna . Ss ee a ee oh at HOO
Allamanda cathartica SA eae he ae 86
— Williamsii. .. ree eee 0)
Alphand, A., Obituary Dis ie. + 809
Amelanchier Canadensis, var. ob-

MOM ece 2a. g we ew 51

Ammoniacal carbonate of copper 115
Anderson, Charles P., Obituary
of

oy Rs a Pier a te 396
— John Anderson, Be ne of. . 399
André, Ed., quoted. ae . 98
An ereecum ‘fracrans . ae 82
Apples, Crop =] ie eae 9
rem (@aucasus .-..).... 10
EMM AIPOVMIO, i ss + 6 8 37
——im Washington......... 4
— Liverpoolmarket.. .... 9
— of North America....... 9
——aieeacine SlIOPe <<... ... . 9, 41
aA IAT 6 ee ee i)
— Washington exhibitionof .. 47
— Wild 21) IS cea ae ee RE 51
Apricot i in California i a eee 35
Pee ASAI. « .. . ess we oe 94
Aristolochia gigas var. Sturte-
MMO Os cia ne! 5) a <0 Se ee ww
Aurange, Leon, Obituaryof. . . 399
iegererial potatd-rot ..... . . . 124
Badeau, Edward Crosby, Obitu-
ary pe a 396
Bailey, L. H. , quoted Be Ma ae 155
Balfe, ‘Ambrose, Obituary of. . - 399
Bard, EE. Ge, Obituary Of esss .. AOU

Barron, William, Obituary OF, «400

Bashford, G., Obituary of... . "00
Basket- frame ge ee ae eee 377
Baubinia Galping. 2.7. <2..7. ) Of s%
PC eneSeed. alte Sa oe a ig as 30
Benches for greenhouse . .. . .390
Benz, Albert, Obituary of. . . -396
Bertin, Pierre, Obituary of .. . 400
Biota filiformis Var. erecta... .- 94
— orientalis var. elegantissima. 94
Blackberries, Crop of. .°. ... . 18
SUS LIIG’ Beta he ee ets 381
Blastophaga grossorum ..... 36
EsOW CS OT leo a et et 354

Botanic garden, New York law
estaplishimng . bee..* 2, 158
— gardensof the World ... . .315
Botherston, Andrew, Obituary of 400
Bott, Nicholas John, Obituary of 400
Bradley, Samuel, Obituary of . . 400

Brown, S. W. , quoted . Be Rei cer! 5)
Brownea Crawfordii ep sc ay vee 86
= GranaiGepse <a ee 86
=—naeroph ya: nG SF itn ee, 86
aist, Nr. quoted. 2). 2... alli
Cabbage-seed crop ........ 29
Calitormiarerops {45 6 ee ee 32
Carman, E. S., Investigations of 108
Carnation industry... . . as-. 63
— Newvarieties... ..... 61, 168
== Registered: e.% 1-2, ac. 60, 61
— Society... . 59, 68
Casey, Francis, Obituary of . = ve 40h
Castle, Lewis, quoted Sra aint: 4

Cattleya Gaskelliana. ee See A Cun
==> EOMAbA Smee a ee core fe 78, 83
1 aE TIStOLViOn = .) Sona ee 79
— — var.autumnalis ...... 80
— — var. Warocqueana..... 81
SS Vila oe ooh ee a! pee (15 Aton |
— Lowryana... Gace eM iae Ore
— Re-introduction of. Peay RS RT hs)
=e OR CHV DIING. eine ogee 4 7 he ae 94.
Swe Mae tay ee Sets cin es Wee as el
== Warocqueana . Bec ear. wae ah Se
Celery -Blaueher 7-2-0926 43. 5 SS i

410
Page.
Census of cultivated indigenous
Prats 20652 eee ieee
Chameerops excelsa....... 94
Cheap evaporator 2.2 «3. 380
Cherries, Urep of... & gti Sa
Child, George, Obituary. gl: 401
Chinch- bug. 2 f SF i aes OO
Chionodoxa gigantea. Sot Na he Ge
—jerandifiora...c tsa kay eee 89
oa OUMOULAG 3 3, ior ee ae ee ee 89
Chrysanthemums, Continental 68, 70
= BUTOpeal Geo ore oe 01, 74
-— Exhibition plants. ...... 67
= Tai Bame OC. — ous Les, ise as aa a ee
— Introductions of. 171
= MeISO Ol. 38. th ike Pee he ROreeea 69
— New 65, 69
— Society srs eae yo nen Ieee 59, 63
Cirrhopetalum Collettii. .. .-. 82
= Mm DriatuMy i125 Soe ew, eee
s— MICUUSS acc Cat ee: eee ee 82
— Wendlandianum........ 82

Citrus Fruits in California sae genes
— Fruits, Spanish-American

Pret...) a ee 13
Clausen, Emil, Obituary of . . . 401
Cliveucharis pulehra.. 20... 87
Clover-seedmidge........101
Coates, Leonard,quoted..... 37
Cochlioda Noezliana. rate: 82
Cochrane, Thomas, Obituary of . 401
Coens Dati. 4 2.0) Sa 94
— minimaglauca .*s 2... 2) 6 80
— Weddelliana...... Me Teens
se Py ncerdi. See aha Sas Bee 87
Coelogyne Micholitziana..... 82
= SPEGIOS®. ava; S13) esas, Be umeiee 82
Gobleses New... uw kse Le ees 152
Colu mbian IX POSIELON=.| pete 130
Comstock, Professor, Investiga-

fiongof <= 2. eee 108
Conveniences... te tag eer 362
Cooper, Samuel, Obituary of. . .401
Corn-sweet, Pack of ...... a. of
Cory pha-australis {or or cs ber 94
Cotton-aletia ...5.:5 2: 2 aes 99

Country roads...
Courtois, Adolphe, Obituary. of . 401

Cowan, Robert, Obituary of. . . 401
Cranberries, Crop Gis. Pg hee 18
— Growers’ Association... .. 19
= [N- WISCONnSIM.2 os Tete Lee 18
—-IMBTKEE .-o8 « eke ri? es
Crinum Americantm . 4.570 3°. Sc
Crinum erwoeseens *.20 3 2S 87
— Roozenianum.. Bie ie bry Ca ee

Crops, Distribution Of. ce ie ee

Annals of Fflorticulture.

Page.
Crops'in California “> 2) ee
Cucumber-plant protectoi . . . . 886
Cucumis Melo .°) 2227 4), oe eee
Cultivator and finger-weeder,

combined... 2 eee 362
Cunningham, GEOERy, eens of 401
Currant, Crandall F ae

- Currants, Crop-ol si eee

Cut-Flowers Device for arrange-

ment and preservation of . . 3938
Cuts of -Plants 22>) 23. 276.
Cymbidium Mastersii...... 82
— pulcherrimum —=. »} 2 82
Cynips Psenes .. . a ee
Cypripedium Antigone . a ae ee
—arietinum...... ws 218
— Berenice ~ 6°52 3 4 eee
— Castleanum........ 82
— Ceres .. 2.5 2 82.
— hirsutissimum 82

— Laurencianum ©. 203424 = 382

—niveum ..-. -23, 2) 82
— Spicerianum Re ea aS 82
—superbiens ..... ot nae 82
Dendrobium Leeanum ..... 82
— Phalznopsis..-.°2.() 1 See
— superbiens °2 .)> i522 ee 82
Dewberry “2 62 i eee dL
Dibble and Wheel Marker . . 863

Dickson, Alfred W., Obituary of . 401

Dietrich, Friedrich Car], Obitu-
ary of (200. 2%. 401
Dipladenia illustris var. glabra . 87
Diplosis pyrivora (2-2 oe eee 98
Directory of Botanic Gardens. . 315
—ofexperimenters ....... 312
— of societies... ...... . 806
Disa. grandifiora .. "5 220 83
— racemosa... ~). Visa eeee 83
—tripetaloides ...... Rar: 2 =
— Veitchil ..°. 2A eee amie 3
Dodecatheon Meadia...... 217
Dominy, John, Obituary of .. . 402
Downing, A. J.,quoted ..... . 149
Dried fruits in California .... 385
Dyer, W. T. T:, quoted! > awe 217
Educationalinterests ... 125

Elderberry . . _ 52
Electric light, Expertmenie with 157
1

English markets ..—. 2 = eae af
Engvravings-of plants*=.3. = es 276
Epidendrum Dellense ...... &38
—radicans . o>... ee
—xanthinum .. « an ag Chee See
Epiphyllum Geertner' . oo ot ee ae
— Makoyanum . Me ks s

— Russellianum var. ’ Geertneri Rea. 4

Pi

Page.
Eriobotrya Japonica . OF
Eucharis Amazonica 87
Evaporator, Cheap 380
Exhibition in France 94
Experiment stations, Indexes. 322.334
Extention, Agricultural Be NE ye 141
— Agricultural, in England . 148
Farmers’ institutes ....... 137
Fig-wasp, Importation of 36
Fixtureforlawn-mower. . 342
Mew-OGetle. fk kk ee 101
Fletcher, Professor, quoted . 98
Floriculture . SPP” Se 129
F loricultural statistics 95
-Florists, Society of 59
Flower-pot, Fry’s improved . 394
Flower-seed statistics . 97
Ei@@er stage 2. 2 i... 390
Fiower-syringe oe 389
Flower-seed industry a oe 96
Mos meecis Ol... .. RAOe
Ford, Mr., quoted . . 52
Fragaria Californica D3
Se SC ee a 58
Frames for plants. . gO
Frazer, Alexander, Obituary of . 397
Fruit- culture in Trinidad . Ty
Piv@iptiouses |. . 280
—WerOOUChions ...... 159
— law of Washington . 102
— market in northwest 38
Fruit-nippers : 376
Fruit-picking, Contrivance for B05
Wems-SOrter wo. ek ee 63)
Fruits from Caucasus region 10
—in Montana. . Or waht 47
— in northwest 40
—New .. 50
Fungicides . 115
Galanthus Alleni 89
—Corcyrensis . ? 89
—nivalis var. Else ... 89
— nivalis var. Rachelie . 89
Gardenreel .>.... ROO
Gardner, James Murray, Obitu-
ary os Re acta . 402
Gar field, Chas. W., Address by . 149
Gilbert, Thomas, Obituary Of, * 2 402
Gillette, Investigations Oi ge pst LD
Gipsy-moth Reet Me foe era 101
Gliagme, Double. ..... 92
Glazing, New system . . 93
Glasscock, Henry, Obituar Vv ‘of . 402
Gooseberries, Crop of. 18
Grafting- machine ong
Grape, Diseases of . . 34
SeeemiPOpeaM |. ol... 17

Index.

ATI

Page.

Grape, Pliylloxeraof.. . ... .110
— Scare in New York a ererey as
Grapes, Crop of ee ges i
— in the southwest. -. 16
Pape) eee eee ko)
— Statistics of Pes «ats tae Lo
Grasshoppers, Injuries by .... 99
Green, C. A., quoted .- . 149
Greenhouse benches .. . . 390
— construction. . 2 00
Ne URI eae Yh, 2290
SPAS. 4, SPs aS ee we 86, 89
Grey, John, Obituary of . 402

Gronland, Johannes, Obituary of .402

Haettel, Mr. , quoted ; 66
Hale, W.G., ‘quoted eee: . 125
Hand-barrow ae er ))
Hand-marker ... . 366
Handy dabbles. cs... . 865
Hardy, eeuee Francois, Obitu-
ALVEOd Geo Ges . 403
Bagneld Cardinal Lud., Obitu-
ary of anes . 408
Heating water, “Device for . 392
Hebenaria carnea.... . 83

Hepabicatrnova 27s). “i. £2218

Herbaceous plants, New : 89
Hérinco, F., Obituary of . . . 403
EELGSSTaAM At yee oe ee 4 101, 110
Hilling celery : “! aee
Hoe- handle attachment a eee Sah 365
Hoffmann, Dr. Hermann, Obitu-
ary OE he. ane the bene 400
Home-made weeder . 364
— weeding-hoe.. oe te cee ee Oe
—= wheel-hoe -wy 2 2 2 Se 262
Horticultural periodicals mae 258
— societies : Bets 148
— societiesin N. Ke 306
— society, Aims of 150
— education .. . 149
Horticulture defined . 127
— Derivation of . 125
— Government aid d pa bey
— inthenorthwest ... 38
— Scope of : 126
Hose-mender, simple. . . 888
Hoe-truck .. NN Pie AUS ee ane
Hotbed, home- made : . 893

Hutchinson, James, Obituary of 397

Impatiens mirabilis a Sh ye aie 87
Ingelrest, Mr., Obituary of . . . 403
Insecto-fungicides : » ES) Tt6
Insecticides, Distributors for. . 388
Insecttrap -... . 390
Insects, Importation ‘otan: 26
— Injurious “ne 98

A412
Page.
Insects, Predaceous:.’ 2 4.6.0... 1
Institutes and education ... . 140
= RV OLIOn-Of 7... se 141
— History of ...: Les hese eh eae
re Massachusetts . Rg eer m ated ||
an cle h, o) on cater c Wie ie Oana Bi cahpMae sa) b= 7
— in New York by te rt arta ees 188
— in Wisconsin ... OR SA De he |
— Statistics of . ee i te
Introductions of 1891 Se Mace anS)
Ess FOsSteri.co tye So fT a tae ARO
— Robinsoniana . oh Neal ane oes Lees
Iron Grape-posts:. . F217). 1384
Journals of 1891 Sooo we ee oe:
TUMe Merry... ie ae ol

Juniperus Virginiana var. elegans 94
Just, Dr. L. Prof. , Obituary of . 403
Kemp, Edward, Obituary OF 2. 5408
Kentia Belmoreana . . Core ni us eae eh
I OPSLC IAM. ite” alg tren we eo eas 94
Kerosene emulsions, Improved . 107
Kletschke, Albert, Obituary of . 403

Koebele, Albert, Report of. . . .109
Kramer, Franz, Obituary of. . . 403
Label for low plants ...... . 378
— Rural New-Yorker ..... .378
Lady-bird, Introduction of... . 109
Joelle. -Arueldiana:s) is... 2... 4 on 8s
— grandis var. tenebrosa. ... 838
—— PULrpUrata: =o <0. sx. ny Hakly. oe
Lake, Professor, quoted | af cea te he
Landscape- horticulture’... -127, 4129
Law, New Michigan . 104, 105
Lawn- “Mow ermxtUle, 20.9). sane
Lawrence, George Phelps. Obitu-
ary of . Res 3S
Lecaron, Mr. , Obituary ora 404.
Legal protection to plantsmen . . 155
Lemon Nee tae e PR nS 12
Lemons ,Ceop.ot i pk eae ae aS
Lettuce- ‘seed Crop Eon owe.
Levet, Antoine, Obituary of. 404
Ligustrum coriaceum He eal A 9 94

Lilium Brownii var. chloraster . 89

= LOWY, o> 2 Ra arian h clo
— Martagon Hansoni. a ogy cheno)
— Nepalense .. RO aceae OOM aR ots)
Tatlioise potato, ot utace ove er eee
Londen, is, quoted (aa ee
Lindley, quoted: .( 2.0.00 ot ess ee
Lloyd, Allen, Obituary of... . 397
Lodeman, E. G., Investigations of 115
Low plants, Label for... . . . .378
Ly godium palmatum. 54.20. secre
Machine t0rerat ting a7 eed ce oe
— for moving large trees. . .87, 370
Masdevallia Rolfeana...... 83

Annals of Horticulture.

Page.
Massey, Professor, quoted... . 13
Mathews, Phillip, Obituary of . 404
Maximowicz, C.J., Obituary of . 404
McCorquodale, Wm. , Obituary of 404
McNaughton, Alexander W.,

Obituary oF 2.) 32) ee ” 404
Meehan, Thomas, quoted .. . . 217.
Melons, ‘Crop Of... AN oa eee 24
— in Missouri. . ema = 3 24
Mesospinidiun. (9) 7 ee 94
Meston, J. F., Obituary of. . 404
Michigan, Newfruitlaw .. . .104
Miles, “Frank , Obituary of . 404

Miltonia vexillaria var. Leopold:

Tenia;
Miltonia vexillaria var. "Sandee

Vane 2": se ee
Moody, Elisha, Obituary of. . . 397 ~ q
Moreea Robinsoniana j
Morrison, W. H <quoted.) 754. 3 ;
Moving large trees, Machine for 370
Mrs, Tarryer stools . at oa ler eee ;
Munson, James H. , Obituary of . 397 :
Mycological prognostication . 116 ;
Nagell, Carl Wilhelm von, Obitu-
ary of
Nandina domestica :
Nanz, Henry, sr., Obituary of . . 397 .
National interests . 1
Native cultivated ee Record

Of 00. ae oe 216
Nematodes wi sa is nee eg
Nerine pancratioides PO Me ih
New plants of 1891 . hoe
New York botanic garden . . 1538
Nomenclature. . 04°. > ies
Novelties of 1891 mre) 2:
Nurseries, Statisticsof ..... 48
Nursery business. >). 48 ;
Nympheea odorata. ee 218 ‘
Odontoglossum Barclayanum. . 84
— Cookianum.. 25-7 >for |
—crispum. pee ea) SS eee
—curtum .. ai oe ay 84
=—Dellense® oh) eae we OE
— Godseffianum . +) 2 3324.9) ae
+ Larkinianum >.) 252 eee 84 -
—hindlevanum > 3 84
——"Pescatorel. .~.) .) 2 oe
— proenitens,... ©: . 233
—_ Sanderianunm . 40) eee 84
— triumphans sts... <2 84.

-Oidium erysiphoides var, Cucur-

DibarwM 7s. ccs CAL 115
Olericulture, Classification of . . 128
Oliver, Professor F.. W., Investi-

gations of

I[ndex.

. Page
Minos Crop of .. 2°. 20 Le 24
— Tariff on ae, Rah hate prea
—The New Culture....... 26
MOngom ENpOrts. .......0. . HES be AeD
SESE Oe 02D
pee ge bs Ok ek oo. 26
@eton-seed crop. . =: ... .. = ‘29
Orangeimportations ...... 12
sae i. RS 13
mOramee-scale ... ... 20)... . 109
Wiramee-sorter. . ws... we 2 BIB
Mmrmetragde 2 Pe) 11
Meares. Crop ot. .%.. 2. aw ee 11
ial California. <7... em Be
SMe Oris... 0. et ee AL
STE TRT SLE iN at eae nr es na?
w= LEA ig sa ne rma emt |
Orcus Australasie .... . . 110
—chalybeus... . 110
Ornamental plant introductions . 159
Wrmamiemtals: ... 3.0. 2 ok. s,s 56
eee Wlants .) . 6. 376
Palmer, G.S., Sian of mgr td
Papers of 1891 22 eee Fh oe

Paris Agricultural Exhibition Pee
Paris green, Adulteration of . . 107

2 ouivianalaw....... 107
Peisids,19., quoted ....°.“. .155
Pavard, Mr., Obituary of .. . . 405
Pavey, John, Obituary of .. . . 405
esel-velows. .... . . . 10,117
Redem rosemne ©. 6 2 2. :°.-. 118
Pesewes, Cropot o:. .... 10
ae abornia 2... ke 85
Pedal SL’ 98
Pest wmee poylla. 2. 6.7... 98
eee POOvOL 6. evs. 4. <2 10
—in Washington Sh aa Nee eee 45

Pennell, Charles, Obituary of. . 405

renunock, ©.d.,quoted ... .°. 61
Periodicals of 1891... .....-. . 858
Peristeriaaspersa... ., . . 84
SONG Sore i.e Pg Oe Rath nes eg
—pendula..... a ae Las Sa:
Paes MACWIALUS . . iy. «oe 84
—maculato-grandifolius .. 84
IE MONeT A 0. ke 110, 114
Phytophthorainfestans..... "119
Picea excelsa var. Remonti... 94
Prcumres Of plants. . 4... .. 276
mucin Wobilis ... 2 --1 2.) «.. 94
Plant-frames .. Bay pierre wets! OD
Pieami support. i. c.: . . ,. 884
Per OMnMiae: oh. eo at eee OB
Plants, Diseases eS gh aime as 98
— Grouping « OE ea as Ok Seas Oo,
NeW. fe ta

413
Page
Plants, New greenhouse jee
=—'New herbaceous .<(... . 3 4. 89
Platt, Poe removed i. 5 tags 33, 34
Plums, Crop of iis aaa ga 10
Pomology, Census investigation
OM Sie Teal Mae sta, lee aad
= Classification of-..0 3.0 6.2057. 127
= Diviston.of .*. 0.32). «le has Pop pelea
=e US CLM ele 0s.) ele sus | ilar ae
POODLE ee eee Ra ae ak ee 360
Petatocrop: Yuceis fier. deed
—= MM erikee be) i tein a ltedl oy sep aR Deca
Porto-blight or rot it... 408
Potato-rot, Bacterial..°. ..... hed
—in Europe . : ieee ame naoe eee on CS)
— Treatment of . Pee Pirnuiatongis 123
Poling: beamSes coast sos se i lage eee
Portraits of plamtsr..%.. 20...) 5. 2F
POst-driver aos. aso.) 3 ge a OM
Pots forearly plants .. . 885
Presby, Charles M. , Obituary of 398
Primula imperialis ... S88
sail ch DOTNC Aer a6 Pe a agi’ 2 a 88
ai OSS OMA ore Fee he ans 88
Pringle, C. G. quoted: sj. i603 218
PPOReeO WOES jaise fete, cone OS 363
Proost, Mir -aquotedh > 9... oc 2+. 120
Protection to plantsmen ... .155
Prunes in’ California, 200-205 2... 80
Pcie tonite Lot Ryka he a Oe
PP UME SAW ~ cae cs oe bie 2 age
Brumme-shears 2. 8) 4.) sie io00
Psylla pyri .. 5 ees

Puydt, P. E. de, Obituary of . . 405
Pyrus ‘angustifolia

2S COROMATIAY 68. wal qa tite ee a 4)
= GEM SUS eins so ea Beer es 50
ee es (4) PH 2 8 ae ne eee 50
QOuimees: Crop Of,» 5.0) Mode dys 10
Raisins,Cropof....... bk Oe
TO ations oe bs sta ek ee
— Valencia .. Nn a5.

Rame, Achille, Obituary ot 1 8405
Raspberries, Crop of
Rawson, Rev. A. , Obituary of . . 405
Receptacle for ’ starting eee

plants .. eae FN Ste.)
Refrigerator hotbed ..... .398
Renanthera Imschootiana. ... 84
—Storeyi... Ye see eI RE eho
Restrepia elegans . Fee taint kay eee
See AS if ee 02 Pena a ae 84
LMR ae TEOIRICAR Ly kee). > eee
Ribes aureum'... . 2°. ya a ey
SS PA ANS us Mie ee. yah sed D2

Richards, William, Obituary of . 406

So 4 Riddling soil... ..: - 367

A414 Annals of Horticulture.

Page.

Ringelman, Maximilien, quoted . 90
Ronnenkamp, Emil, Obituary ¢ of 406°
Root-maggot .. . 101
Roozen, Ant. , Obituary of 406
Rose- chafer Beg ar et ra Oo 108
Roses eee care open 74
— Kuropean...... oo ee Se
a Wie Ww Moe soo es aes ee 76, 199
Rumpler, Theodor, Obituary of . 406
Rural New-Yorker label... . . 878
Russell, John, Obituary of 398
Sambucus Canadensis. ..... 52
Samuels, J. M., Paper by ae sa
Sander, F. quoted . : 78
Satsuma orange Pe ee 13
Scale-insects, Treatment of. 101
Schomburgk, Dr. , Obituary of . 406
Schomburekia Sanderiana 84
—tibicinus .. 84

es Frederick, ‘Obituary

ake a88

Schrefeld, G: Obituary ¢ of 406
Scilla Sibirica 94
Seed business ........ 32
weed Crop {Gas aes Hei 29
Seed-pan protector . 895
Seed statistics. .... cp k ot ee all
Shepherdia argentea. . . . . 52, 166
Sisley, Jean, Obituary of . . 406
Small fruits, Crop of 18
Smith, A. M., quoted 46
Smith, EK. E.,quoted. . Do
Smith, E. F., quoted 117
Smith. Js = quoted . . 108

Sobralia macrantha var. Keinas-

tian]: ." 84
Societies of horticulture . 148
Society statistics . . » Toil
Sod-knife or fork 365
Soil, riddling Be Peleg Bhd bee:
Solanum muricatum ~— -°.4.-.>: 54
Spathoglottisaurea...... 85
— Ericsonii ... re 85
Spraying- machinery 114
— Noteson.. oak SLO
Stachys aMinis’ 4, <2 40s eee:
ee CDOT hoon tenth oe che Se 54
—tuberifera.....°. iat A) 54
Staking roses, method of . . B84
Starr, Charles P., Obituary of . 398
Statistics of floriculture 95
— of flower-seeds..... 97
— of institutes .. . 148
— of native plants . 220
— of societies i haste 9
Statter, Thomas. Obituary of . . 406
Steel, George, Obituary of . 406

Page.
Stenoglottis longifolia ....., 85
Strawberries, Cropof...... 18
— Western, wild’ 27 ae 54
Strawberry-hoe pepe mys - 3368
Strawberry, Everbearing . Oe ae
Strawberry-planter ......... 370
Strawberry-planttrimmer .. . 384
Streptocarpus Galpini...... 88
Sulphur, Devices for applying. ..388
Sweet-corn, Cropof. . eae
Sweet-corn, Packing Districts. . 23
SynHOMyMy ». 4°. nee . .156
Tariff on onions ...... ss 7 eee
Tasmania, Appleculturein ... 9-
Taylor, W. A., Address by .. . .133
Thienpont, E., quoted .-. 2) 2-8
Thrinax Morrisit. ...° 33> =e
Thunia alba. o2 248 ~ NDS Sheehan
— Mastersiana. .~>...97 9 85
Thuja verveeneana.... . os 2) 94
Tigridia buceifera:..... . {eee
— ‘Pringlei >... Se Se
Tomato Crop. 2 sices wae a eee
Tomato market « .02.) “2 @ wae
Tomato, Packot . 4) > 24>.
Tomato, Statisticsof..... 22, 23
Tomatoes, Varieties Of . > 27. Seae
Tool for pricking out plants . . 386
TOO'S 5 ee 362
Townsend, Benjamin Coles,Obitu- —
Ary Of © 0. Lon: aoe ; . oa

Trap for insects >... 237 eS
Trees, Machine for moving .. . 370
Trellis for Blackberries . .°2..". 381
Trellises< =... Gk eae oie B84
Truck-crops, Acreage of... 7 soe.
Truck-gardening. . 2 .. iS, Saneres
Trucking districts 24° 2424s 27
— interests .. hg, Oe a
Tulbaghia Alliacea “G- °F ae
—--Natalensis:,.\. 0 -Sie ok 1 ee
Tulip, the Darwin - + 272 ee
University extension. ... .. 140
Vanda suayis.. << 4s a..2 eee 94
Van Deman, H. E. loi ats ea
Valencia raisins... .J6o3 2 ee
Varieties of tomatoes ..... 22
Vase-watering device...... 374
Vedalia cardinalis.-..- .72 33,109
Vegetables, Crop of 20
—innorthwest' ..... 4]
— introductions “>... Sie.
—N6W oo on ee 54.
Ventilating apparatus ere St 391

Verlot, Jean Baptiste, Obituary
Oly aaa

Wihelsbaten. 2) ies ee 30 »

fet.

ee ee yt eee oe ent eee

ee ae ; " .
oF 9s ae ee ee

I[ndex.

. Page.
Mamevaras, Sizeof .-. .. ... 17
Vitus vinifera .. 17

Volxem, Jean Baptiste Joseph

Van, OpiiGeary oft -. 2. 406
Wahlenbergia undulata ..—->:.... 89
Washburn, Investigations of . 116
Washington fruitlaw. ...-. .102
Water, Device for heating .. . 392
Watson, W.,quoted....... 81, 86
Watsonia densiflora var. alba. . 89
Weatherbureau. .....-... . 157
——— PranSfer Of .... -.% .« ; 157
Weed, C. M., Recommendations

MM io doce ts ey oe a 115

Wegman, Dominicus, Obituary of 399
Wells, James, Obituary of . . 406

415

Page.
Weltz, Leo, Obituary of. .... 399
Wetter, Ad., Obituary of ... . 406
Wheel-marker and dibbler .. . 863
Wild plants in cultivation. . 216

Williams, James, Obituary of.
Wilson, John, Obituary of... . 408

Wine industry in U.S. ..... 17
Wine Wl quoted: 9. 25: 141
Winter. tomatoes- so)... 22

Wiot, Francois, Obituary of . . . 408

AMIVOWORUIS ais (Se cca) ees 108

Woodman, William Robert, Obit-
(OCH ah 'Gh os Dees A Reres ilie Ma a ar 408

World’s Part. 0 4 ces eee 130

— — Plan horticultural exhibit . 130
Yellows, Laws in California . .106

. in

.
ee.

e

’

Advertising

~

.

~S OLADLISTEEL eu

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THREE SIZES: No. 1: 8-inch, 40 cents; No. 2: 7-inch, 30 cents ;
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Patentee and Manufacturer, BINGHAMTON, New York.

(EXCELSIOR) New England’s Mardy

FROST-PROOF PEACH

Fruits when all others fail. See testimony, description and colored plates, which will
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Prof. S. T. Maynard, Horticulturist of the Massachusetts Experiment Station, says:
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THE SWINDLE AMONG NEW STRAWBERRIES for 1892

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POPES HE PEPE EF SHOI SHEFF SPEDE SOSH OD

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PO ee on a ad Sap dp im din Ain in in ti i in in in inl

The New Potato Culture

By ELBERT S. CARMAN,
Editor of THE RURAL NEW-YORKER,

This book gives the results of the author’s investigations and expeir-
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