OMUCO TEE Vite Mtge 4 Lile CE, S ow \ o \ LY Le Ate A LAAN, ‘ os \ NS SOVYVy SN . . : RAs AAS . AS . a Son LE, Loi Ze Ae Lee BALES LY o, 4 MEE os Ve RY \\ OX RRVSVng RAV . ww ™ A ‘ : 8 Y RAY . IW : SQ AC AARQRRES RW : RW WY NY N \ ‘, \ RNS . “Nt SSS WAY SRA OS on, ie ups, Gite: y Le yy . SL. LAL ie “i a, Y 4 Liye, a, Ss RK Ww AS Ce, WS er, prs 4 a oats ahs IN NORTH AMERICA _ FOR THE YEAR 1893 / A WITNESS OF PASSING EVENTS AND A RECORD ee | oe OF PROGRESS es OMPRISING AN. ACCOUNT: OF THE HORTICULTURE OF THE COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION By tH. BAILEY NEW YORK: ORANGE JUDD COMPANY 1894 a | CORY RIGHT) 1602) is ~ ee =28S HES BY ORANGE JUDD COMPANY a i PPR ACE It is now five years since this series of annual volumes was undertaken. Its motive has been to preserve the salient move- ments and events touching horticulture in North America, for, otherwise, there has been no consecutive attempt to make a history of the subject. The rural arts and sciences have failed to place themselves with equal rank alongside other fields of human progress, very largely because they lack permanent and attractive literature. The present volumes cannot expect to supply this want, but it is hoped that they may, in some meas- ure, contribute to it by affording a repository of facts to those who have the skill to make a graceful and useful literature. The plan of these volumes has been somewhat modified in the present instance because of the great length of the Colum- bian Exposition history. It has been necessary to greatly reduce Part II, omitting some directories, indexes to current literature, accounts of tools and inventions, obituaries, and the like; but it is expected that these features will be restored in succeeding volumes. It is probable that no other unofficial history of horticulture at the World’s Fair will appear, and the importance of this subject to the horticultural development of America, is sufficient excuse for the temporary omission of the customary features of the volumes. : This history of the Exposition has been made with the codperation, directly or indirectly, of most of those persons who were concerned in the development or maintenance of that great enterprise. ‘The author spent nearly four months at the Expo- sition for the express purpose of compiling this account. A continued correspondence to Garden and Forest has been freely used, by permission, in the final preparation of this history. Mr. Warren H. Manning, connected with Olmsted, Olmsted and Eliot, and one of the judges of ornamental plants at the Exposition, has given me much assistance. The complete list of the hardy plants on exhibition in the grounds of the Fair, was prepared almost wholly by Mr. Manning. I desire here to express my warmest appreciation of the readiness and freedom with which the affairs of the Department of Horticulture were placed at my disposal by its chief, Mr. J. M. Samuels. La H. BAILEY: CoRNELL UNIVERSITY, IrHaca, N. Y. ® CONTENTS. PART I.—Genrrat ANNALS. Page. maT “PRICES: 1893 °c... ccccse de teeedesedeedecve Codes Pea ee hs 1-26 MIRAE et ee ieh Pc dele oud win oid ciaiaed pian scan p Starcseidtee digits si aimee a ADS aa pd melee 2-6 Mie SES UAT OO OTOPS. case n= oss wie welds cnereee cents oe cue sieare 2 Bere OT Of, ATILCS 65 a's cc teas ss giacle weak some dsn owbeeces cea 3 meen ER, LOW ch COULD: 6 one soins cies we alew nem was om oo apie css oe piee 4 noe recemont Reeion Of Virginia... .. 2.26.2... cdecccce cons 5 PeeA eS) IED BPEOPO. 5 ec ew sie bo rab ne cogs nin ow ones o's Res ee ery ee 5 Nate ays ct ss wea vaccinia save Re ate a ache as @ ve wise daha « ciowateaele 6 EON eS he ec ate wal ae a oral a wa eR ie wins’ ne, apes ov AR RE Sena 6-8 Peaches on the Delaware and Chesapeake Penimsula, -... > -6 eepOriaAnivon Of POCAGCHKES 30.262. Se. bo Foy lee cae UEF se bd wees fi MDCT PET Ce cs hee ES cing miare, cicln'e bis, Bur aiye G dcheid’ » ark Lidce wes swale 8-13 ihe Honistawa Oranee CROP... soc e ec ce ee dee cow davas 8 Puture of the Orange Industry .. 0.02.6 ene tee nee ete wees 8 igo mean OFANPCS ... vise ena Stee bree cie stele sla nes oc eb nee sac 9 Beginnings of the Florida Orange Trade................0.. 10 mine -Calitornia Oranee Frade... |. ce noe eis bee ee ce bh eee tf PROT AIS OUGIOOIE sok gos bade nh es dal i teen Sows nels 5 12 ealitornia. Fraits Abroad \ic.5 $2000 4 bo9 wath heads doses dscns tes 13-15 Besimnings of the California Fruit Trade .................. 13 Origra of the Auction, System... .... 2. j6 6 Se wale cede see. Sea een OUNG ree a Oa) GUS wind clotee a Sa Seco Ade w alae eis oo «(eis dein 1 Grapes AUUGle Ee ePE UN Ata echocet aye etl ol wer cpaianee' a Lidtba's wimsee dimers! chan aie 15-18 The Grape Interests of New York.................-62 cee cece 16 The Shipping Season in the Chautauqua District.......... 17 Pwmeticam Grapes ADPOAG . ....di5 glade c ies tee sasieed secre cogs 18 epray ing Muvopean GIAPESie:. <1 coo Hie elles Cee teas 18 eee BONE BLOG oo 5 ihre 2 ee eats we dae Se OR Ge Leh Side pe TR nce! 6 wing oR ov 18 ea) Seog EBERT a Tp Tia Sic ele a Be Socotra 2 9 eee ar 19 mie MO PAA DORAW A WPOAC Goss Once woe hie Pie SUE ae ws cee oe 19 inopoerte anc Ba porte of Bruits ..2.......2c0recniewadee cececee: 20 Spee ee MM ATE Ra ee we Re 3 aperatey fel wtp ad edd ih ou ob oi wt WB wie elaraie © 20 ane New Orleans Fruit: Marleet. iii... ec edie de ede ee ae wees 21 pMMUMED hei test c/c'taia'y, Site's w vay, ati a «rie gi hhoad See ida wie BARR w eipitibr alates 22 Sweet Potatoes........... NEBr din Baan A eae! s Mielke SD we im ar elites teal of 22 MMA NO eS Gah accep oi 6 shi oi Alem Cid Bra bs Giese Ww wel arlene a WMD deheiw ere" bs Shaped 23 Rem Besa Meili 8 2h uci hye con spn svar we ARN ae SOE SEA SOG SU 2 biatwln: 0 ees sieve bS'eh 24 Imports and Exports of Vegetables.......... doin RO apo o Saline) ae Vv Wil ANNALS OF HORTICULTURE. Page. § 2. GENERAL AND MISCELLANEOUS INTERESTS......... oc tincee eee 27-46 1. Floricultural Interests............<. «= + see 1891-92 .......| 537,247 | 339,964 | 320,427 | 163,145 87,379 BDO) a ss cietteenae 1892-93 . .| 218,037 | 204,138 | 429,243 | 235,395 | 116,725 |..........]..- mays Baltimore, 72; Newport News. 1,337; Norfolk, 215. PORTS OF IMPORT. Season. Liverpool; London. | Glasgow.| Various. Total. TSSO- Ciencias ee 839,444 177,935 216,391 95,036 1,328,806 HOSA Rec cee cetociche tees 133,784 46,147 59,266 55 239,252 iO PELE a yan hee 253,432 46,975 81,269 13,318 395,594 PSSS 04 cae yaar eee 46,661 4,843 29,685 343 81,532 SCE Oi ee Oe re sue 491,898 123,081 137,641 16,590 769,210 Bsr eoe Ne nals 537,695 147,102 176,445 24,031 885,273 TSH ST iceulen ME ee ek 468,553 187,840 138,756 12,775 807,924 i Wretoa fast) oer RCRA era 346,557 104,072 139,517 18,275 608,421 MESS OD orrsiveis sso cg @ 8 790,502 279,374 272,068 65,465 1,407,409 MSI) uate ste east socks 16 418,850 128,248 116,449 14,115 677,762 TIO H ON ic cere atlases « 252,548 116,705 80,772 1,260 451,285 POOH OO cae hes ee aes 917,535 224,356 282,553 25,892 | 1,450,336 BS Miers cre oe anton fe 798,291 174,405 220,790 10,052 1,203,538 Apples in Nova Scotia.—The best apple crop in America this year was in Canada, especially in Nova Scotia, where it was large. The following sketch of the development of the apple industry in that province is given by Attorney General Longley in the Canadian Magazine: «The probable acreage in fruit culture in the Annapolis valley in 1860 was about 2,500 acres. Most of these orchards, however, were old and not prop- erly cared for, and were producing in a very limited way and only a few varieties and an inferior quality of fruit. The total acreage at present is estimated at 12,800 acres, with at least 8,000 acres covered with young trees which have not yet begun *It should be said that these figures do not represent the total exportations of the crops of the given years, but only the movements up to the close of the years, at which time the records for the Annals are made up. sing — ———_— a CROPS AND PRICES. 5 to bear. The product in barrels in 1860, as nearly as can be estimated, would not exceed 30,000. The product for the year 1893 will be at least 300,000 barrels and is necessarily increas- ing at arapid rateeach year. As the product began to increase after the formation of the Fruit Growers’ Association, the necessity for a market, permanent and unlimited in its scope, was felt. In 1871 the first effort was made to place Nova Scotia apples in the English market. Of course many difficul- ties had to be overcome. Nova Scotia apples were unknown and the English people could not discriminate between them and Canadian or even American apples. ‘The farmers were not accustomed to packing them in a form that entirely suited the English market. All these things have been met, and to a very great extent overcome, until now there is a large and increasing export. To show the development of this English trade, | may state that the estimated export to Great Britain in 1878 was less than 10,000 barrels; the export last year was over 130,000 bar- rels. It is estimated that the total export to Great Britain from 1871 to the present year would not be less than 1,400,000 barrels. Formerly the export to the United States was very large. Latterly, however, the competition of American fruit is so keen in the United States that the Nova Scotia producers have scarcely a fair chance, except in certain special lines. Besides, under the McKinley bill, a heavy duty on apples was imposed, which still further interfered witb the trade. For the past twenty years, however, it is likely that the total export to the United States has not been less than 400,000 barrels, an average of 20,000 barrels a year. The product during the past twenty years has not been less than two and one-half million barrels, which indicates a considerable local market.” The Piedmont Region of Virginia gave a fair to large crop, and its value in Albemarle county alone is estimated at $400,000. Apples in EKurope.-—Germany and other parts of continental Europe had a very large crop of apples in 1893, and the yield is reported to have been good in England. The Tasmanian apple trade continues to attract attention in the Covent Garden Market, London.* ‘These apples arrive in spring and come into direct competition with the late consignments of American rus- sets. The continental ports receive little attention from Amer- ican apple exporters, and the fact that they are nearer to sources | of native supplies than the English markets will always dis- courage heavy trade in that direction; but it is probably true *For a full discussion of apple-growing in Tasmania, see Annals for 1890, 9; also Annals for 1889, 10; Annals for 1891, 9. 6 ANNALS OF HORTICULTURE. that in years of poor European crops, these continental markets can be opened with profit. Pears.—The pear crop was about three-fourths of an average yield, the country over, with the heaviest falling off in the interior region where the apple crop was lightest. The November crop statistics give the following figures, as com- pared with an average full crop: 1892 1893 1892 1893 Maine, 94 82 Arkansas, 45 60 New Hampshire, 90 81 Tennessee, 50 46 Vermont, 79 63 West Virginia, 42 43 Massachusetts, it 88 Kentucky, 46 43 Rhode Island, 90 50 Ohio, 56 49 Connecticut, 78 63 Michigan, 75 63 New York, 65 69 Indiana, 50 43 New Jersey, 84 69 Lllinois, 40 41 Pennsylvania, 64 71 Wisconsin, 70 33 Delaware, 45 75 Iowa, — 40 Maryland, 32 72 Missouri, 40 32 Virginia, 35 7 Kansas, 25 26 North Carolina, 51 74 Nebraska, — 46 South Carolina, 70 77 Colorado, 70 58 Georgia, 70 69 New Mexico, — 83 67 Florida, 75 89 Arizona, — 50 Alabama, 73 61 Utah, ) 50 74 Mississippi, 65 68 Nevada, — 35 Louisana, —_ 68 Idaho, — 98 Texas, 61 75 Washington, 80 77 California, 80 95 Oregon, 60 83 Peaches.—There was a good yield of peaches throughout the country, and the Chesapeake peninsula had a very heavy crop, ranking fully up to ninety or one-hundred as compared with a full crop. The peach crop of the country was proba- bly never so well distributed to various markets as during 18938, and while the price was low throughout the season, the returns were generally brisk and, considering the general condition of trade, were satisfactory. Peaches on the Delaware and Chesapeake Peninsula.—The most prominent peach area of the year was that comprising the Chesapeake peninsula, which had failed of a good crop for sev- eral years. The following correspondence from Wilmington, Delaware, under date of September 13, is a graphic description of a busy season: “The work of harvesting and marketing Delaware’s greatest peach crop is nearly finished. The largest and what was con- sidered the wildest estimate ever made on a peach crop has been realized. There is now no doubt that the entire crop will exceed 6,000,000 baskets. It is right to say, however, that this is not all a Delaware peach crop. It has been gathered from Kent and Sussex counties in Delaware, and from the Maryland counties of Kent, Queen Anne’s, and Talbot. . These are the central counties of the Delaware and Maryland peninsula. CROPS AND PRICES. po «The distribution of the peach crop this year has included the territory from Richmond, Va., to Toronto, Canada, on the north, and Chicago on the west. Within this district nine cit- ies have taken over a million and a half baskets. Of these cit- ies, New York leads with 600,000 baskets; Philadelphia took about 480,000; Boston 210,000; Wilmington, Del. 120,000; Pittsburg 48,000; Cleveland 36,000; Chester, Pa. 36,000; Buf- falo 30,000, and Providence, R. I. 30,000 baskets, making a total of 1,000,000 baskets. The total shipments by rail to points lying within the territory named, to Sept. 5, were 5,773 carloads of 600 baskets each. “ee 4 14 ANNALS OF HORTICULTURE. ~~ from the first: “In the-year 1867, the experiment of shipping green fruit by express from California was tried with no very flattering results, as the excessive express rates, In conjuction with the fact that the fruit did not arrive in very good condi- tion, made the experiment a losing one on the part of the ship- pers. In 1865, in the month of November, N. R. Doe, at that time located on Vesey Pier, received one car of grapes and three cars of pears. The grapes consisted of several varieties, but mostly Tokays, and arrived in good condition, selling from $10 to $15 per crate of forty pounds net. These grapes came through by passenger train in a ventilated car, with freight charges of $1,200. “The pears were Winter Nelis and Easter Buerre, and arrived in very good condition. ‘They realized from $3.50 to 5.00 per box. The pears came by freight train in ventilated cars and were in transit twenty days, freight on same being $600 per car. The result of these shipments afforded sufficient encouragement for shippers to continue with increased consign- ments, and the following year a total number of twelve cars was received. From this time on shipments increased from year to year until the present year, when over one thousand car- loads of this product have been disposed of in New York markets. Origin of the Auction System.—“Prior to and during 1887 nearly all the California fruit arriving in New York market was disposed of by the firm of Dudley, Clapp & Doe (then located on Vesey Pier) at private sale. In the year 1887 the experiment of disposing of California green fruit at auction * was tried by Messrs. Sgobel & Day, at that time agents for the California Fruit Union, and the result proved favorable. This method received the sanction of both shipper and purchaser as the one manifestly fair method of handling this product, giving the shipper the entire benefit of the market at the time his product is received, together with the advantage of having his goods disposed of promptly on arrival, thus avoiding losses by reason of decay attendant upon the slower method of selling at private sale. This system is also of benefit to the purchaser by affording him the privilege of competition and open market, and giving him the benefit of the opinion of his fellow-buyers as to the quality and value of the fruit exposed for sale. The year 1889 ushered in a venture on the part of the Earl Fruit . Co. In May, 1891, Porter Brothers Company of Chicago, well- known and extensive handlers for many years of California *For an account of the history of the auction sales system, see Annals for 1892, 40. yy CROPS AND PRICES. 15 green and dried fruits and also Agents for the California Fruit Union in that city, opened extensive and well-appointed stores at No. 211-213 Franklin St., with N. R. Doe as manager of same and were appointed to the agency of the California Fruit Union for the handling and sale of California products by the now popular auction system.” Lemons.—The lemon trade has shown remarkable fluctua- tions within the year. The imports from Sicily for the summer months were very heavy, probably stimulated by the anticipated Columbian Exposition trade. Prices ruled very low. Later on, however, shipments were withheld and the market advanced to very high prices. Garden and Forest makes the following com- ment upon this latter feature of the trade: “Lemons have been remarkably scarce in this [New York] city during the last two months of 1893; the few cargoes which arrived in December were quickly distributed here and in Western cities, and New York dealers have at times been compelled to draw on Boston for supplies. In November, when the Sicily fruit is due here, there were no imports of lemons, against 120,000 boxes received during that month in 1892. The lemon season was unusually backward, and the very low prices obtained last year, together with the alarm on account of cholera, discouraged shipments ; importations have been further delayed by unfavorable voyages of the Mediterranean fruit steamers. In January, 1894, a con- signment of 17,000 boxes of Messina, Palermo and Catania lemons was sold at auction at high prices. Well-known brands brought from $4.25 to $5.00 a box, while in January, 1893, ‘fancy’ lemons sold at from $2.25 to $2.75, and those of fair quality realized but $1.75 a box. The sale began with high- grade Messina fruit, but so bare was the market that prices advanced as the sale progressed, and toward the close, Catanias, the lowest grade of lemons, sold for as much as the best Sicily fruit. These high prices were forced by large orders from the West, and in an hour and twenty minutes, lemons to the value of $70,000 were sold.” The American lemon crop is annually growing in importance, but it does not yet exercise great influ-. ence upon the trade. California lemons have not reached the New York market this year except as samples. Of the Florida crop of 18938, New York received a quantity variously estimated from 25,000 to 50,000 boxes. | Grapes and Raisins.—The Grape crops of 1893 were very heavy. The shipment of the season’s raisins from Cali- fornia up to January 1, 1894, amount to 64,000,000 pounds, or over a third more than the output of the previous crop for the same time. At the opening of 1894, it is estimated that from 7,000,000 to 8,000,000 pounds still remain to be shipped from. the Pacific ee Prices have been low. 16 ANNALS OF HORTICULTURE. The yield of grapes, as compared with an average full crop, is estimated as follows in the November statistics of the Department of Agriculture : 1892. 1893. Tennessee, 65 65 Maine, 96 101 West Virginia, 85 82 New Hampshire, 94 101 Kentucky, 79 70 Vermont, 93 82 Ohio, 71 91 Massachusetts, 90 91 Michigan, 88 101 Rhode Island, 88 92 Indiana, 80 93 Connecticut, 86 87 Illinois, 68 86 New York, 82 99 Wisconsin, .80 97 New Jersey, 85 102 ‘Minnesota, 80 92 Pennsylvania, 88 94 Iowa, 82 101 Delaware, 95 100 Missouri, vel 77 Maryland, 80 86 Kansas, 79 70 Virginia, 83 79 Nebraska, 82 73 North Carolina, 83 90 Colorado, (oe 62 South Carolina, 80 87 New Mexico, 90 79 Georgia, 91 86 Arizona, — 75 Florida, 90 100 Utah, 82 91 Alabama, - 92 72 Nevada, — 100 Mississippi, 75 70 Idaho, os 96 Louisiana, 90 83 Washington, 95 85 Texas, 81 78 Oregon, 95 83 Arkansas, 67 70 California, 60 ~ 100 On the whole, the yield was considerably above that of 1892, particularly in the three leading grape-growing win Oalitornia: New York and Ohio. The Grape Interests of New York may be divided into three great divisions, the Chautauqua district facing Lake Erie, the interior lake region about Keuka, Seneca and Cayuga lakes, and the Hudson River district. The following sketch of the Chautauqua district, which is the most recent in development of the three, is part of a contribution to the .Country Gentle- man by L. J. Vance: ‘According to an actual canvass made in March, 1893, there are 17,624 acres of bearing grapevines in the entire belt, and 7,500 acres of non-bearing vines, a total of 25,124 acres. In Chautauqua county alone the vine- yards cover 14,600 acres. Thus, the Chautauqua grape belt is, perhaps, the largest single strip of territory devoted to the cul- ture of grapes to be found in the United States. It contains 10,000 more acres of vineyards than the Hudson river district, and about 2,500 more acres than the great Keuka and Seneca lake district. It about equals the area of the greatest grape- growing county of California—Sonoma, which, according to the last census, had 26,500 acres of vineyard land. Next to that comes Los Angeles county with 22,500 acres of bearing and ° non-bearing vines. So that, if we take the Chautauqua and Lake Erie grape belt as a whole, as it runs from Brocton, New York, to Cleveland, Ohio, it is one of the greatest grape- growing districts in this country, or in the world. “The usual yield of grapes per acre is from one and a half to two tons. The crop this year is above the average, but not up CROPS AND PRICES. 17 to the 1892 crop, which was shipped to market in 2,500 cars. This season the best estimates place the crop at 2,000 cars. As each car holds from 2,500 to 2,700 baskets, the reader can form some correct idea of the quantity of grapes produced annually in the belt. Besides, large quantities of grapes are used for home consumption and for wine-making. ‘The crop is dis- tributed about equally between Eastern and Western markets. The growers send table grapes to cities as far west as Omaha and Denver, and as far east as New York and Boston. The industry represents a capital of $10,000,000, and gives employ- ment to 15,000 people the year round. There have been sea- sons when Chautauqua growers picked over four tons of Con- cords to the acre. The market price of grapes of late years has been from 2 to 24 cents per pound, or from $40 to $50 per ton. It is these facts and figures that have induced so many people to go into raising grapes. The rage of grape- growing has spread with great rapidity in the Chautauqua belt. The ‘boom’ began about ten years ago, and has continued down to the present day. There has been a demand for ‘grape land,’ and, at the present time, the price ranges from $100 to $200 per acre without a vine on the soil. The vineyards extend from a few acres up to 100. Almost every person own- ing a farm has some vines. Farmers who do not make a specialty of grapes have vineyards of five or ten acres. Those who make a business of grape-growing maintain from 20 to 380 acres. They expect to clear from $1,400 to $1,500 a year. Then there are some growers who have 50 acres of vineyard, — and a few persons whose vineyards will reach 75 acres. “The Shipping Season in the Chautauqua District begins about the first week in September, and lasts till the middle of November. After that, only the late varieties, as Catawbas and Niagaras, are shipped to market in small lots. The sea- son is a busy one while it lasts. When the grape picking and packing is at hand, there is a great demand for workers. It is often difficult to secure competent help. The majority of the workers are women, who become quite expert in their way. ‘The crop is picked in crates which hold from thirty to forty pounds each. The crates are gathered several times during the day, and taken to the packing-house, where girls pack the luscious clusters in the five and ten-pound bas- kets that we see in our markets. The usual rate of wages is one dollar a day without board, or three dollars a week with board. In some localities payments are based on the number of baskets, the rate being one cent a basket for picking and the same rate for packing. There can be no uniform wages throughout the belt, because of the difference between one vine- 18 ANNALS OF HORTICULTURE. yard and another, and on account of the variation in the qual- ity of grapes. The bulk of the crop is handled by the Chau- tauqua and Northeast Grape Union, which markets the fruit of the members on a pooling or co-operative plan. It is the out- come of a vast deal of experience in marketing fruit. In the early days of the grape industry, the growers found that the excessive profits of commission men should be saved. Later on, the growers also found that the only way to receive good prices was to ship first-class fruit. Several associations were formed in different localities to accomplish these ends, but, owing to their lack of proper support, they made little head- way. ‘Two years ago, the local unions were combined into one strong body, known as the Chautauqua and Northeast Grape Union, with headquarters at Brocton. This union is a repre- sentative body of growers from different sections of the belt. Besides the usual offices of president and secretary, the two important officers are general salesman and general inspector. The former official employs traveling salesmen to canvas the various grape markets, while the chief inspector appoints sub- inspectors to examine the fruit of the shippers. Without going into details, we may say that the laws of the union are such that the crop of the belt is controlled, and that few growers, or none, can ship inferior fruit without being found out. The stamp of the union is a guarantee of the quality of the grapes.” American Grapes Abroad.—In 1892,* a large consignment of Chautauqua Concords was shipped to England with encour- aging results. The past season, two carloads were exported, but the fruit arrived in such poor condition that some of it was seized by the health authorities of London, and some of the sales did not cover the cost of freight and char ges. Spraying European Grapes. Fach year witnesses a fur- ther popularizing of the copper sprays for combating the dis- eases of the grape. In the grape districts of New York and Ohio, the practice of spraying has now come to be one of the established operations of the vineyard. It is also drawing attention to the possibility of growing some of the varieties of Vitis vinifera, as Black Hamburg, in the open air in the East, by keeping the diseases, to which they are particularly subject, within control.t Strawberries.— The strawberry crop was light in the upper Mississippi valley, but Louisiana and adjacent regions report a good yield. In the East, the yields were variable, but do not appear to have been large over any great extent of *Annals for 1892, 20. 1See Annals for 1892, 20; Garden and Forest, v. 618, and vi. 68, CROPS AND PRICES. 19 territory. Probably no fruit is more influenced by local fea- tures of situation and climate than the strawberry, and it is usually unsafe to make any general statement as to yields. The Fruit Grower's Journal makes the following comment upon the crop at Cobden, Illinois: “A hundred and twenty-five car- loads of strawberries at this place last year, if recollection is not at fault, have dwindled down to less than twenty-five car- loads this year. oe a Se « 1,092,218 877,622 IBATES ani has and shes: 3 558.455 - 394,255 All other fruits........ 2,166,600 1,932,158 $9,695,437 $9,449,674 Dutiable. - 1892. 1893. | BS Te te pare le a oe $575,453 $378,238 MeCMONS 6.25 bonds decker 4,831,334 4,680,353 RO ANVIROS So niag io pecuswice tens o's 1,227,311 1,634,184 Plums and Prunes..... 951,444 756,247 RATS iad ees oe ele sok 1,218,515 668,461 Preserved Fruits. .... 855,220 596,300 All other fruits........ 1,092,668 1,215,291 IIA QGWAS £600 ia bra BS 873,521 807,640 All other nuts......... 889,414 | 734,416 $12,514,880 | $11,471,130 EXPORTS OF DOMESTIC FRUITS. 1892. 1893. Apples, dried. .......-% $835,953 $324,203 freen/ Or Yipe... «.:. 1,709,356 440,874 (Crops of 1892-3 in part) Fruits preserved Canned: a: sees cee 1,262,834 701.149 OGWEE Cesk cba bao 252,621 202,073 All other SLECDs: nee or dried fruits. 841,792 941,077 Nuts 78,387 92,149 $4,980,943 - $2,701,525 The Banana.—The most striking feature of our fruit importations is the great quantity of bananas which now arrive. Probably no foreign fruit has popularized itself so rapidly in this country as the banana. “We find that bananas were first imported into the United States in 1804, by Captain John N. Chester, of the schooner Reynard, and consisted of about 30 bunches. After that year an occasional small lot would arrive here, until the spring of 1830, when the schooner *For an interesting sketch of Mr. Rider’s mission, SE8 Proceedings of the 24th Meeting Amer. Cranberry Growers’ Assoc. 6 — . CROPS AND PRICES. - 21 Hagri@t Smith was chartered by John Pearsall of the firm of J. & T. Pearsall, to transport to this city the first cargo of bananas, which consisted of 1,500 bunches. About two or three cargoes per year were landed after this for over twenty years. About the year 1857, William C. Bliss entered the banana importing business, having his vessels go from Baracoa to Boston. Mr. Bliss imported bananas from Baracoa until about the year 1868, at which time he was forced to look for another source of supply. In 1869 he sent a small vessel to the Island of Jamaica and secured a light cargo of bananas at Port Antonio, leaving an agent there to encourage the natives to grow this fruit. In 1870 Mr. Bliss obtained three cargoes, and in 1871 five cargoes, and in addition to the five cargoes sent to Boston, one was ordered by him to New Orleans and another to Philadelphia.”* The number of bunches imported into the United States for the past five years is as follows: 1893. For the 1889. 1890. 1891, 1892. {11 mos.| Total. ending Dee. 1. mew POrk.::..... 3,642,076) 4,758,289} 3,567,768) 3,715,625) 3,720,014 19,403,772 New Orleans..... 2,946,058} 3,668,462] 3,744,841) 4,484,751) 4,744,278 19,618,390 Philadelphia..... 852,160) 1,518,865} 1,019,234) 1,818,328) 1,740,135) 6,948,722 PEMGREOT es, oe 1,292,946; 1,602,031} 1,840,519) 1,710,005; 1,693,559} 8,139,060 Baltimore ........ 358,294; 628,905} 609,668} 625,077) 1,069,438) 3,291,382 Savannah......... 75,000 73,209} 190,000 338,209 MEOIMG 1222.56.50. 130,000; 150,000 280,000 Montreal.......... 30,019 43,000 73,019 eee 317,798 48,000 365,798 Galveston ........ 40,000 92,515 3,000 135,515 MerroOlk ... 6.2 05<~ 5. 76,716 76,716 ‘Total No. Bunches imported each yr.! 9,091,534/12,609,350}11,125,754 12,726,805 12,817,140 58,370,583 The New Orleans Fruit Market.—It will be seen that New Orleans is still the largest port of entry for bananas. The fol- lowing sketch is from the New Orleans Picayune: «The Cus- tom House statistics show 5,098,526 bunches of bananas, worth $1,473,803, and 5,602,980 cocoanuts, worth $86,027, imported during 1893. The statistics for 1892 are: Bunches of bana- nas 4,564,025, worth $1,345,236 and 6,419,697 cocoanuts, worth $97,272. These figures are interesting because there has been some discussion of late over our tropical fruit trade, and an idea prevails that we are in danger of losing it. It will be seen that there was no loss in 1893 as compared with the previous year—none at least in bananas, which is the largest item of importation. There was an increase in the quantity of bana- nas imported of 11 per cent. and in value of 9 per cent. If, * Fruit-Trade Journal, x. No. 9, p. 20 (Dec. 23 and 30, 1893). 22 ANNALS OF HORTICULTURE. however, the figures are studied more closely the returns are not altogether satisfactory. For a number of years past the tropical fruit trade of this port has been increasing very rap- idly. There was an increase in 1893, it is true, but it was not nearly as great as in previous years. If we take the fall and winter months, there is an actual decrease as compared with 1892, the imports for the last five months of the year being 1893, $489,203; 1892, 449,768. We began the present year most brilliantly, but the fruit trade has not kept up to what it promised. It will be well for those who think there is no dan- ger of New Orleans losing this trade, and that the high port charges do not tell against this city, to take these facts and fig- ures into consideration.” Potatoes.—“The November returns of the Department of Agriculture relative to potatoes give the estimated aver- age yield per acre, in bushels, and the quality of the product on a basis of 100 as a standard. The yield per acre as aver- aged for the whole country is 72.2 bushels. This is 7.8 bush- els less than the average for a ten-year period ending 1889, about 20 bushels less than in the large crop year, 1891, and 10 bushels greater than the product last year. Strong evidence substantiating the correctness of the returns, and the closeness with which the reports of condition indicate final yield, is again afforded in the consolidated reports of our country correspond- ents for the present month. In 1891 the October condition was 91.3, and the estimated average yield per acre, returned in No- vember, 93.9; in 1892, October condition 67.7, and yield 62 bushels; in the present year, October condition 71.2, and yield 72.2 bushels, a remarkable parallel fluctuation. The general quality is shown to be good, and though the dry weather tended to reduce their size, the tubers are generally sound and mealy. The percentage of quality stands at 89. In New England the yield is reported good, and the quality excellent, with but little if any rot, except in the States of Vermont and Connecticut. Rot appears to be prevalent in sections throughout New York, and complaints of this trouble have been received from Ken- tucky, Arkansas, and Missouri. The Southern States were par- ticularly fortunate in the early crop of potatoes, but late planted suffered severely from the drouth, and the same is true in a few sections of the West, but there, generally, both early and late varieties were much reduced in yield. Many counties in the central West report importations of potatoes for consumption, from more favored localities. The mountain States report good crops, especially where irrigation was used. The Pacific States have an average crop of good quality.” Sweet Potatoes.—The sweet potato crop was rather be- low that of 1892: CROPS AND PRICES. 23 1892 1893. WUOW DEVSOY oii cs cee ale nae 100 89 Pennsylvania:..5. 2.2.0... 90 88 GUAT ALS Lis in sss wi cete ence a cw 6 85 _ 1892. ~~ 1893. 1892, 1893. Maryland, 80 a West Virginia, 85 80 Virginia, 86 90 Kentucky, 76 82 North Carolina, 95 92 Ohio, 90 67 South Carolina, 80 91 Indiana, 87 68 Georgia, 89 93 Illinois, 92 71 Florida, 85 96 Iowa, 82 80 Alabama, 89 81 Missouri, 90 85 Mississippi, 78 91 Kansas, 84 66 Louisiana, 95 87 Nebraska, 70 62 Texas, 86 57 Colorado, 110 90 Arkansas, 97 83 Washington, 110 — Tennessee, 80 82 California, 115 98 Tomatoes.—The Tomato crop as shown in the canned product, was large, especially in the West. In many parts of the East the severe drouths of midsummer shortened the crop, often seriously. The American Grocer makes the following comment upon the tomato output: “Although drouth and other adverse climatic conditions reduced the crop in some sec- tions, the tomato pack turns out to be the heaviest ever recorded, being 382 per cent. larger than that of last year, which was about equal to the average during the last seven years. It reached the grand total of 4,456,443 cases of 2 dozens each, against 3,366,792 cases in 1892, and 3,405,365 cases two years ago. This large output is undoubtedly the result of the sharp advance in prices of canned tomatoes during the first half of 18938, culminating in July, when No. 3 standard grade tomatoes sold from $1.25 to $1.45, as against $1 to $1.15 in January. This rise was due to the fact that stocks were exhausted at the beginning of the packing season, as importations from England and Canada were necessary in order to satisfy the demand. The situation established a premium on tomato packing, so that every kettle within reach was put in operation. The acre- age in some sections, particularly in the West, was increased nearly 50 per cent.” The following table shows, approxi- mately, the pack of 1893 as compared with that of 1892 in eases of 2 dozen each: NOTE.—An excellent sketch of the truck-gardening industries of the United States, by Maurice L. de Vilmorin, will be found in Journal de L’ Agriculture, Paris, for Jan. 6, 13, 20 and 27, 1894. 24. ANNALS OF HORTICULTURE. 1893. 1892. | 1893. 1892. New Jersey....} 977,242 862,692 || Massachusetts . 3,400 6,557 Maryland .....| 1,417,626 977,742 || Kentucky ...... 6,500 2,200 IndiaMa .-....%. 347,260 282,717 || Arkansas....... 14,000 2,500 California..... 451,547 230,943 1) TOXAS 06. cua ce 7 ,b2P)" 100 Delaware ...... 271,277 175,700 || North Carolina. 7,350 1,500 New York..... 160,887 146,290 || South Carolina. 2,950 - 7,500 Virginia, _in- Alabama....... 2,200 1,170 cluding West Georgia e260. 55 4,700 12,400 Virginia, 2,000 45,020 60,386 || Minnesota...... 2/000) 55% pares HGAVEN wees cokes 82,719 57,500 || Wisconsin..... 3,250: Vee oe Paes OMiOr .5 22. 62h. 64,720 87,840 || Mississippi. .... 2,300) boc fei ieee peur Se ae aoe 64,621 |} Oklahoma Ter.. 2, DOO Fiat oe ichigan ..::,.. 30,50 39,602 _S.....1 4300 442 | 3.992 16R Hilinois ....:... 64400 | 42,200 | Gonnan Do ek eee sa oe MeaANSAS. 222.3: 76,815 30,833 piss ES 9 Total U.S. and EAM: oes ke: 29,000 55,000 Canad Nebraska...... 16,900 2,210 seieabia es 41,456,443 | 3,366,792 Pennsylvania. 24,364 18,950 Connecticut... 9,500 14,750 Colorado....... 49,500 39,262 “This estimate shows that the excess in the tomato pack of the United States for 1893 over that of last year is 33 per cent. ; the excess in Canada is eight per cent., and for both countries it is 382 per cent.” The pack of the last eight years has been, approximately, the following: 1886. 2,363,760 cases tomatoes HY 2, 817, 048 1888. 3, 343, 137 ed He 1889. 2,976,765 us Je 1890. 3,166,177 se os 1891. 3,405,365 +s 2 1892. 3.366,792 ae rs 1893. 4,456,443 a6 7 Corn.—The canned corn pack of 1893 was very large. The tollowing comments and figures are from the American Grocer. The figures for 1893 are under rather than over the true amounts, as probably not all the returns were in at the time the footings were made. “In our report of last year we stated that a pack of 3,500,000 cases is barely abreast of con- sumptive requirements. We adhere to that opinion. Any ex- cess over that quantity, whether it be 100,000 cases, or 500,000 cases, left in first hands, puts the market in an unsatisfactory condition. This year, under unfavorable trade conditions, there are 700,000 cases beyond the annual consumptive needs of the country. It can be marketed and sent into consumption, but not without loss to holders. When associated packers perfect a plan to regulate production, then and not until then can they make corn-packing a profitable industry from year to year. The game is in their hands, but so long as every packer oper- ates upon his individual estimate as to supply and demand, the advantage of the market will be with the jobbers and retailers. It is certain that the preceding figurers are below the actual , CROPS AND PRICES. f 2d results. In previous years we have met with no trouble in get- ting returns from Maine, while this year the reports are varied and conflicting. Large and influential packers claim that the pack in Maine was fully equal to that of 1892, while others claim it was 25 per cent. less. It is certain that the acreage was greater, and this increase offset in good part the loss by drouth.”” The following table shows the cases of corn (24 cans each) packed in the various States : 1893. Cases. 1892. Cases. NE ee Sel ye ino 8 n'y Anca alas ers 609,167 727,167 Maryland and Skee yard wee 540,057 618,733 MOO MOOT IGes oie ee cele g eee eee 1,074,530 805,509 Ce SS a a 626,496 464,500 a ay OE Ea a 76,108 53,552 i nc ign okies wo aa dee 470,381 310,315 DUE oe acces es cts was 369,000 210,143 MOPOTAG si oes een es eee es. 192,300 100,730 PUN ed aww idg ee wins Sere etic es 32,950 27,775 EN ew cla din a ckct we e's 26,840 15,881 ATE Soc at eee se 1,200 400 Pennsylvania. .....o7.-...6 51,513 22,100 ONS icy Eo a: ea ar 40,105 7,600 Oiner States....6......0..... 67,804 52,785 United States ............. 4,184,451 3,417,190 Ne cic ois go ec ae oes 117,000 113,889 United States and Canada 4,301,451 3,531,079 The pack of canned corn for the past nine years has been as follows: Cases Cases RE os ere a! Gi a a Yan gh's'e| win aa vedo WHOS AC es GOL oi so Wes Sicb Sais oie ola Sete 2,889,153 Pe steric ea as s's.5 alee wos 08 Di TON RR VOL OO Re aie ac vag held tee 6c ke wince} 3,531,079 aie, wits he wre weed e DU See Hl POOL Ose a eee fol w detec oD. ale a vlan 4,301,451 Sn eS Sy ES, 3,491,474 | - rs cg a ed dl ae has 1,760,300 Total for nine years... .22,660,650 at hea ota aia wie 8, do og Oo ae 1,588,860 Average annual pack.. 2,517,850 Imports and Exports of Vegetables.—Our eastern markets continue to receive large quantities of vegetables from -Europe and the West Indies. In midwinter, 1893-4, some 40,- 000 sacks of Scotch potatoes arrived in New York in one month. Early in 1894, new potatoes began to arrive from Havana, sell- ing in New. York for $6 per bbl. Bermuda old potatoes were also in the market. Cabbages from Denmark brought $10 per hundred. Brussels sprouts from France sold at the same time for twenty-five cents per pound, and French cauliflowers at forty and fifty cents each. A remarkable feature in the vege- table market of New York, for a week or two preceding Christ- mas, was the sale of several tons of forced rhubarb, of which it is said that over ten tons were received from Liverpool. In early spring, Cuba is in the habit of furnishing New York markets with string beans, peppers, okra, egg-plants and other vegetables. 96 ANNALS OF HORTICULTURE. Dutiable. 1392. 1893... Ss Beans ANO PAS... 2. .i06 2... $1,079,910 $1,525,154 a eX ae WOM A COES je sci hse oe ow a > eusnw eles 417,172 1,998,708 IE ut: Pickles and sauces.......... 449,645 398,00 weeny a All other vegetables........ : Bie ae, In natural state..... ig 606,368 692,637 bet Prepared or preserved . 662,204 564,553 $3,215,299 $5,179,056. > EXPORTS OF DOMESTIC VEGETABLES. E 1892. | 1893. WEA: Ag BeCANS ANG PEAS... ep ca. ee $920,066 $601,603 y OTN TIG AG ioe ost ele Gisiee ste e's 55,819 57,729 Werk POU aS ee es cue ciao ntor seas 604,417 708,757 Canned vegetables.......... 305,265 247,157 All other, including pickles - 147,813 164,633 i $2,033,380 $1,779,879 $2. GENERAL AND MISCELLANEOUS INTERESTS. I FLORICULTURAL INTERESTS. The most striking circumstance of the year in floricultural directions was the chrysanthemum show at Chicago, following the World’s Fair, November 4 to 12. Arrangements for this exhibition were not completed until very late in the season, but the results were nevertheless satisfactory. ‘While there was, of course, room for criticism,” says American Florist, “the show was undoubtedly a grand success from every point of view, for this is the verdict of every trade visitor familiar with exhibi- tions; and that it was national in character is shown by the many States represented by exhibits. Indeed, one award was made to a firm in England. . . . Im view of this entry and those from Canada, the show may be said to have been international.” The best part of the exhibition was that devoted to cut flowers, and the huge vases of fifty blooms were centers of attraction. The paid admissions, at fifty cents each, were 17,531. The awards to all plants are given below. The list is not official, but it is probably complete. Class 1—J. C. Vaughan, Chicago, first prize for vase of fifty blooms, white; J. A. Peterson, Cincinnati, third prize. Class 2—Vase of fifty blooms, yellow, first prize, J. C. Vaughan; second prize, Nathan Smith & Son, Adrian, Mich.; H. W. Buckbee, Rockford, I1., third prize. Class 3—Fifty blooms, pink, E. G. Hill & Co., Richmond, Ind., first prize; John Curwen, Jr., Nashville, Tenn., second prize; W. N. Rudd, Mount Greenwood, II1l., third prize. ' Class 4—Vase of fifty blooms, crimson, Nathan Smith & Son, Adrian, Mich., first prize; Geo. Miller, Chicago, second prize; Ernst Asmus, West Hoboken, N. J., third prize. Class 5—Vase of fifty blooms, bronze, Ernst Asmus, West Hoboken, N.J., third prize. ~ Class 6—Vase of fifty blooms, any other color, E. G. Hill & Co., Rich- mond, Ind., first prize; Ernst Asmus, second prize. Class 7—Best forty-eight varieties, one bloom each, first prize, fifty dollars, E. G. Hill & Co., Richmond, Ind.; second prize, forty dollars, bade ae mo Mount Greenwood, Ill.; third prize, Wm. Scott, Buf- alo, N. Y. Class 8&—Best twenty-five varieties, one flower each, first prize, E. G. Hill & Co., Richmond, Ind.; second prize, O. J. Friedman; third prize, Corbrey & McKellar, Chicago. Class 9—Best twelve varieties, one flower each, first prize, E. G. Hill & Co., Richmond, Ind.; second prize, Nathan Smith & Son; third prize, G. W. Curry & Co., Nashville, Tenn. 20 28 ANNALS OF HORTICULTURE, Class 10—Twenty-four Japanese distinct, one flower each, first prize, E. G. Hill & Co., Richmond, Ind.; second prize, Ernst Asmus, West Hoboken, N. J. Class 11—Best twelve Japanese distinct, one flower each, no first prize; second prize, E. G. Hill & Co.; third prize, C. R. Gallup, Denver. Class 12—Best twelve Chinese incurved, Nathan Smith & Son, first rize. : Class 13—Best six Chinese incurved, first prize, Nathan Smith & Son. Class 14—Best twelve anemones, distinct varieties, first prize, Pitcher & Manda, Short Hills, N. J.; second prize, Nathan Smith & Son. Class 15—Best six anemones, distinct varieties, first prize, Nathan Smith & Son; second prize, Pitcher & Manda. Class 18—Best twelve vases, six flowers, one variety in each, stems not shorter than eighteen inches, first prize, Thomas H. Spaulding, Orange, N. J.; second prize, E. G. Hill & Co.; third prize, O. J. Friedman. Class 19—Best six vases, twelve flowers, one variety in each, stems not shorter than eighteen inches, first prize, EK. G. Hill & Co.; second prize, O. J. Friedman; third prize, Nathan Smith & Son. Class 20—One vase twelve flowers, white, stems eighteen inches, first prize, J. C. Vaughan; second prize, E. G. Hill & Co.; third prize, Ernst Asmus. Class 21—One vase, yellow, twelve flowers, stems eighteen inches, first prize, E.G. Hill & Co.; second prize, J. C. Vaughan; third prize, W.N. Rudd. Class 22—Best vase, pink, twelve flowers, first prize, W. N. Rudd; second prize, E.G. Hill & Co.; third prize, Nathan Smith & Son. Class 23—Best vase, crimson, twelve flowers, stems not less than eighteen inches, first prize,G. W. Curry & Co.; second prize, Nathan Smith & Son. Class 24—Vase any other color, twelve flowers, stems eighteen inches, first prize, E. G. Hill & Co. Class 25—Twelve varieties American origin, one flower each, long stem, first prize, E. G. Hill & Co.; second prize, F. Dorner & Sons, Indianapolis. Class 26—Best twelve varieties European origin, one flower each, first prize, E. G. Hill & Co. Class 27—Best twelve varieties Japanese origin, one flower each, first prize, E. G. Hill & Co. ROSES. Class 50—American Beauties, best twelve, first prize, O. P. Bassett, Hinsdale, Ill.; second prize, O. P. Bassett. Class 52—Kaiserin Augusta Victoria, first prize, W. W. Coles, Kokomo, Ind.; second prize, F. R. Pierson, Tarrytown, N. Y. Class 53—Best twelve Mme. Caroline Testout, first prize, W. W. Coles; sevond prize, F. R. Pierson. Class 54—Best twelve Bridesmaid, first prize, Oakwood Rose Gar- den, Oil City, Pa.; second prize, W. A. Kennedy, Lake Forest. Class 55—Best twelve Mermet, first prize, O. P. Bassett. Class 56—Best twelve La France, first prize, O. P. Bassett; second prize, G. W. Curry & Co. Class 57—Best twelve Mme. Cusin, first prize, G. W. Curry & Co. ; sec- ond prize, F. R. Pierson. _Class 59—Best twelve Meteor, first prize, O. P. Bassett; second prize, F. R. Pierson. Class 60—Best twelve Perle des Jardins, first prize, O. P. Bassett; second prize, M. A. Hunt, Terre Haute, Ind. Class 61—Best twelve Sunset, first prize M. A. Hunt. Class 62—Best twelve Papa Gontier, first prize, W. A. Kennedy. Class 63—Best twelve any other variety, first prize, O. P. Bassett; second prize, Oakland Rose Gardens. CARNATIONS. Class 64—Best 50 white, first prize, F. Dorner & Son; second prize, — QO. J. Friedman. FLORICULTURAL INTERESTS. 29 Class 65—Best 50 yellow, first prize, R. Witterstaetter, Sedans- ville, O. Class. 66—Best 50 pink, first prize, F. Dorner & Son; second prize, F. Dormer & Son. Class 67—Best 50 red, second prize, O. J. Friedman. VIOLETS. Class 70—Best 100 white, first prize, O. J. Friedman. Class 71—Best 100 blue, first prize, O. J. Friedman; second prize, Anchorage Rose company. MIGNONETTE, Class 73—Best 100 spikes, first prize, Dailladouze Bros., Flat- ‘bush, L LILY OF THE VALLEY. ‘Class 74—Best 200 spikes, first prize, Corbrey & McKellar; second prize, O. J. Friedman. CHRYSANTHEMUMS—SEEDLINGS. Best vase of white blooms, R. Witterstaetter, Sedansville, O. Best vase of yellow blooms, E. G. Hill & Co., Richmond, Ind., with special medal to F. Dorner & Son, Lafayette, Ind. Best vase of pink blooms, Fred Walz, Cincinnati. Best vase of crimson, E. G. Hill & Co., Richmond, Ind. Best vase of bronze blooms, 4 ee Or Vaughan, Chicago. Best vase of any other color, E.G. Hill & Co., Richmond, Ind. Best seedling on exhibition not yet disseminated, any color, twelve blooms, E. G. Hill & Co., Richmond, Ind.; $100 premium. Best 100 blooms in vase, white, A s3) Vaughan, Chicago. Best 100 blooms in vase, yellow, E. W. Weiman, Mount Vernon, N.Y. Best vase of any color, with autumn foliage, Art Floral Company, Chicago. Best basket of chrysanthemums, not less than thirty inches, O. J. Friedman, Chicago. ROSES. Best new seedling roses of European origin, not exhibited previous to 1892, not less than twelve blooms, W. W. Coles, Kokomo, Ind. Best fifty eee shown in vase, on long stems, Oakwood Rose Gar- dens, Oil City, P Best fifty can Beauties, O. J. Friedman, Chicago. Best display of cut roses, W. A. Kennedy, Lake Forest, II. . CARNATIONS. Best new seedling carnation, not less than twelve blooms, estate of N. Singler, Washington Heights, III. | ORCHIDS. Best display of cut orchids, O. J. Friedman, Chicago. LILIES OF THE VALLEY. Best display of cut lilies of the valley, O. J. Friedman, Chicago. Best 200 spikes—O. J. Friedman. CYPRIPEDIUMS. Best collection, Pitcher & Manda, Short Hills, N. J. MISCELLANEOUS. Best general display, M. F. Gallagher. Best display tuberous begonias, Jas. Dean, Bay Ridge, N. Y. Best display decorative plants, orchids and stove plants, E. G. Uihlein, Chicago. The most startling novelty is the Pitcher & Manda, a big flower with a yellow center and white border. ROSES. _ Best twelve American beauties—First and second, O. FP. Bassett, Hinsdale, Ill. — 30 ANNALS OF HORTICULTURE. Best twelve American belles—First, O. P. Bassett. Best twelve Madame Caroline Testout—First, O. P. Bassett; second, Peter Reinberg, Chicago. ; Best twelve bridesmaids—First, A. C. Samuelson; second, W. A. Kennedy, Lake Forest. Best twelve Catherine Mermet— First, O. P. Bassett; second, G. W. Currey & Co., Nashville. Best twelve La France—First C. A. Samuelson, Chicago; second O. P. Bassett. Best twelve Madame Cusin—Second, G. W. Currey & Co. Best twelve Meteor—First, O. P. Bassett; second, Peter Reinberg. Best twelve Perle des Jardins—First, O. P. Bassett; second, G. W. Currey & Co. Best twelve Papa Gontier—First, George Reinberg; second, W. A. Kennedy. Best twelve any other variety—First, Reinberg Bros.; second, O. P. Bassett. SPECIAL CLASS BRIDES. First premium—Oakwood Rose Garden, Oil City, Pa.; second, O. P. Bassett. CARNATIONS. Best fifty white—First, Stollery Bros., Argyle Park; second, Geo. Reinberg. Best fifty pink—First, Art Floral Co., Chicago; second, Reinberg Bros. VIOLETS. Best 100 white—O. J. Friedman. Best 100 blue—First, Thos. De Voy & Son, Poughkeepsie; second, O. J. Friedman. Best 100 single—O. J. Friedman. The New Chrysanthemums registered in 1893 with the secretary (Elmer D. Smith) of the National Chrysanthemum Society of America,* are as follows: By W. A. CHALFANT, Springfield, Mo.—Clinton Chalfant. By J. CONDON, Brooklyn, N. Y.—The Jack Van Nostrand, Henry W. Beecher, Gladys Howell, Theodosia, Margery Ferguson, Chauncey M. Depew, Our Mary, The Victor, Katherine Schaus, Mrs. Hugh M. Laug- lin, Laura, Maggie Rutherford, Schaglaticoke, Ella Belzer Ottmann, Sister Kate, The Clara, Billy Florence, Harry L. Luckenbach, Mabel Alida, Lillie M. Thomas, Marion, David A. Boody, Mrs. R. V. Harnett, James Willie McBarron, Nellie F. Condon, Lizzie Ross McKee, Eleanor Elgar, Thos. S. Dakin, Nellie Nicoll, Bessie Mayhew, Sara, Christine Hayward, Annita Carlotta, Cora, James Gordon Bennett, Bessie Greenman. By FRED. DORNER & SON, Lafayette, Ind.—Autumn Glow, Major Bonnafow. By JOHN S. FORSTER, Evanston, Il]l.—Erato, Hiawatha, Eureka, Polyphemus, Brick Top, Monte Vista, Camilla, Nisus, Endymion, Orange Judd, Minnehaha, Proserpine. By HUGH GRAHAM, Philadelphia.—Mrs. Craig Lippincott, Josephine, Philadelphia, Lady Somersett, Frances B. Willard, Mars, Mrs. J. R Jones, Mrs. R. C. Ogden, Rev. J. C. Hanna, Mrs. J. D. Eisele. By T. D. HATFIELD, Wellesley, Mass.—Prairie Rose, Semden,,. Columbine. By E. G. HILL & Co., Richmond, Ind.—Mrs. E. G. Hill, Eugene Dailledonge, Challenge, Inter Ocean, Beau Ideal. By JOHN MCCLEARY, Germantown, Pa.—Mrs. R. J. C. Walker. _ By JOHN N. May, Summit N. J.—Achilles, Malmaison, Mayflower, Minerva, Titian, Yellow Queen, Conspicua, Infatuation, Agrippa, Collos- *At a meeting of the Amer. Chrys. Soe. in 1892, it was voted that the secretary should furnish annually to Annals of Horticulture a list of the registrations of the year. i Wiha 7" * S| a, gs Un auee and FLORICULTURAL INTERESTS. ak eum, Venus de Medici, Castilliar, Zalinda, Sunrise, Constellation, Pluto, Peach Blossom. By H. W. RIEMAN, Indianapolis, Ind.—J. J. B. Hatfield, Mrs. E. H. Hunt, Mrs. F. G. Darlington. By JOHN H. SIEVERS, San Francisco, Cal.—Mrs. J. Geo, IIs. By NATHAN SMITH & Son, Adrian, Mich.—Laredo, Oriana, Pompa- dour, Iora, Miss Hattie Bailey, Nyanza, Ursino, Durango. By THOS. H. SPAULDING, Orange, N. J.—Esther Cleveland. By HENRY G. STRANDEN, Haverford, Pa.—Miss Mary E. Simmons, H. F. Michell, Mrs. Howard Roberts, Mrs. B. F. Cole, Queen Isabella, Madame Dupuy de Lome, Mr. Wm. H. Joyce. By F.S. WALZ, Cincinnati, O.—Mrs. Potter Palmer. By R. WITTERSTATTER, Sedansville, O.— Marie Louise, The Debutant. The American Rose Society, for which the prelimi- nary movements were made in 1892,* has been formally organ- ized during the year by the adoption of a constitution +t and the election of the following temporary officers: President, M. A. Hunt, Terre Haute, Ind.; Vice-president, Robert Craig, Die delphia; Treasurer, John N. May, Summit, N. J.; Secretary, H. B. Beatty, Oil City, Pa. The first formal annual meeting of the society was held this year at St. Louis, in connection with the Society of American Florists, but, owing to the small num- ber present, permanent organization was referred to a committee. Emblematic Flowers.—The discussion of emblematic flowers has continued throughout the year. The most notable contribution to this agitation is Miss Candace Wheeler’s book, “Columbia’s Emblem: Indian Corn. a central table to the left of this and a wall table still to the west. The plates of THE COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. Ba 35 citrous fruits had now largely disappeared from the California collections, and their places were taken by immense plums, pears, peaches, nectarines and grapes. The Susquehanna peach, which seems to meet with indifferent success in the East, was conspicuous in this collection. The great monument of Cali- fornia oranges was still attractive, although it had lost some of its freshness; and the same may be said of the remarkable citrous display which California made at the south end of this curtain. Against the east wall Maine still held its space, although the exhibit had now dwindled to a few preserved fruits and jellies. About half way down the hall Iowa had a long table heavily loaded with new and old apples, with a sprinkling of native plums. Illinois, appropriately, occupied the largest space of any exhibitor in the hall. It showed great quantities of apples, both old and new crops, peaches, pears and grapes. They were disposed on three long tables with mirror- backed shelves, with blackberries, crabs, plums and some other fruits in a cold-storage case. - Opposite Illinois, Minnesota had one of the best storage case displays in the building. Michigan, which was very poorly represented in earlier displays, was now beginning to fill its shelves with early peaches and apples, and there was prom- ise of a representative display later on. New Jersey had a good collection of apples and pears, and Wisconsin a small and brilliant display of new apples, with the last of the blackberry show still on the shelves. The Lubsk Queen, an apple in this exhibit, was the most remarkable combination of brilliant pink and white and pruinose color of which the eye can conceive, and perhaps the most striking single variety of fruit shown at the Fair. New York was holding its place as one of the most varied and carefully made collections of fruits in the building, although the season’s fruits had not yet appeared in great quan- tity. A large and interesting remnant of apples from the cold- storage fire was still on the shelves. ? Entering the north curtain from the south, one came first upon the large collections of the Canadian Provinces, which were just beginning to feel the effect of the first early apples and peaches. New Mexico followed with asmall lot of bottled fruits, beyond which was a wretched collection of wax fruits and vegetables from Louisiana. Montana and South Dakota showed bottled fruits. Arkansas had a long table devoted to an excellent display of apples and peaches. Idaho showed new peaches, apples and plums, but the larger part of its display, and the entire display of Washington, were yet comprised in the bottled products. In the Georgia section, Mr. A. F. Rice, of Griswoldville, showed a lot of Superb grapes, a new 86 ANNALS OF HORTICULTURE. variety, seedling of Eumelan, resembling Concord in color, but very sweet. Missouri showed by far the finest lots of peaches in the building, the chief variety being the now famous Elberta. This State also displayed new apples and pears, native plums, and grapes in variety. Colorado, which heretofore had con- fined itself almost wholly to bottled and wax fruits, now had fresh peaches, wild goose plums and a long table of new apples. Oregon was receiving new grapes, pears, apples and plums. The great space at the north end of the curtain, occupied by Florida earlier in the season, was rebuilding, and Nebraska was spreading a very large and attractive display of apples, peaches, grapes and native plums; and Oregon had secured some of the space for a show of stone-fruits, including the Early Red nec- tarine and the Hungarian prune, the latter showing many double specimens. | Even at this date, it was too early to judge of the compar- ative merits of even the early displays of new fruits, but it was clear that [llinois, Oregon, New York, Missouri, Arkansas, Ontario, Iowa, New Jersey, Nebraska and Wisconsin were to make strong exhibits. California seemed inclined to rest upon its citrous exhibits, and many States, even in the East, which ° are capable of making important shows, had so far made no effort. } Late Stone Fruits at the Exposition.—Peaches, plums and nectarines comprised the stone fruits on exhibition at the World’s Fair the middle of September. In peaches, Illinois led, both in extent and variety. The peach-growing area of the State comprises its southern half, and the peaches upon the shelves were largely those which close the peach season in Michigan and New York. Illinois and Kentucky were show- ing varieties of similar type and season. ‘These Illinois peaches were chiefly Smock, with many specimens of Stevens’ Rare- ripe, Old Mixon, Heath Free, Silver Medal, Yellow Stump, Late Crawtiord, Chair’s Choice, Texas Ranger, Heath Cling. Some plates of Elberta still persisted. Many of these are varieties practically unknown in the northern peach areas. Among late peaches from Kentucky were Salway, Fox’s Seedling, Stump, Ward’s Late, and White Heath. Michigan had filled her tables with a good lot of fruit, and that from the fruit region of Oceana county was especially interesting. This northern region, on September 13, was showing Early Michigan, which comes in between Hale and Early Crawford, a white freestone, of much better quality than Hale. There is some discussion as to the difference between this and Lewis, but most growers consider the two to be distinct. From Southern Michigan. the chief varieties on exhibition at this time were Kalamazoo, a THE COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 89 magnificent yellow peach coming in just after Early Crawford, and Snow’s Orange, and Barnard; and there were still a few late specimens of Mountain Rose. New York showed, amongst others, Ackley, a white free- stone coming in with Crawford; also Foster, and the Brigden or Garfield. Iowa had a few interesting plates of the Bokara peach, which is said to be hardier than the Bed Davis apple. The fruits are somewhat variable, tending to be longish, with a distinct point, and are as large as Hale. The flesh is white and sweet and the pit is free. Missouri had three late varieties from Oregon county: Picquett’s Late, a peach of the Late Craw- ford type; Wilkins, a large white freestone; and Crimson Beauty, a large late white cling. Henrietta, the latest commer- cial peach of Missouri, was not yet shown. The early peach exhibits of Missour1 were unusually good and they attracted much attention. The leading variety upon the Nebraska tables was Stump. Colorado had Stump, Old Mixon, Crawford, Lord Palmerston, Family Favorite, and others, all remarkable for good size and color. Kansas showed Hoppen Free, a large, new, white variety, coming in ahead of Crawford and promis- ing well; Old Mixon, Smock, and a number of promising seed- lings. South Dakota had peaches in the State building, from trees which were laid down in winter. .Canada was showing a good lot of peaches from Ontario, and the Early Crawford was the leading variety. The region of large fruits seems to begin with Idaho, and to include Oregon, Washington and California. These States made little attempt to show peaches, on account of the dis- tance, but a few plates of enormous specimens were on exhibi- tion. Lemon Cling was shown from Idaho. Oregon and Cal- ifornia both showed the Orange Cling, which was the largest and handsomest peach on exhibition at the Fair. In Oregon this fruit is known as Oregon Cling. California had an interesting collection of nectarines at this time, comprising eleven varieties, from the veteran grower, John Rock of San Jose. The most attractive of these were Darwin, Claremont, Golden, and Downton. Nectarines had been shown from other parts of the State for several weeks. Plums comprised by far the most varied and attractive exhibits of September stone fruits. They stand shipment and keep well upon the tables, and nearly every State finds varieties which it can grow. Peaches pass from the shelves quickly, and a State which had a good collection one day may have had few or none the day following. But the peach displays were good, notwithstanding, and especially in view of the extreme drouth, which was widespread in 1893. The peach does not 88 ANNALS OF HORTICULTURE, appear to be modified greatly in shape by the different climates, although there is a tendency for the Pacific fruits to develop a very prominent or even prolonged tip. Other fruits from the Pacific slope showed this tendency to elongate in a very marked degree. This was true also of the plums. The preponderance of rounded and soft-fleshed plums was observable in all the collections from the East, and even so far west as Colorado, but once over the mountains into Idaho, Washington, Oregon, and California, the long and hard prune-like types appeared. The Eastern fruits excelled in table qualities, but they lacked the size and shipping qualities of those from the West. In the collections from the Eastern States, the plates from Oceana county, in the Michigan exhibit, were most interesting. They came from one of the newest and most promising fruit regions of the East, and, contrary to general experience in plum cul- ture, they thrive upon gravelly soils. It is evident, from a general study of the plum exhibits, that Lombard is more com- monly grown in the East than any other variety. Considering the poor quality of this plum, this popularity is to be regret- ted; and although the tree bears well, the fruit is very liable to rot. | One of the novel features of the late plum exhibit was the large variety of native plums shown by the States of the upper Mississippi basin. As one sees these plums beside the varieties of Prunus domestica grown in the same regions, he is ready to confess that these natives are destined to play a very important part in the pomological development of much of our interior country. Something lke fifty varieties were shown, mostly of the Prunus Americana type, although the Miner, or northern type of Prunus hortulana, was well represented. Iowa had a large collection, among which the leading varieties were Wolf, Miner, Wyant, Hawkeye, Pottawattamie, and Galena. In the Minnesota section many varieties were shown, all con- spicuous for the beauty of their coloring. Here leading sorts were Forest Garden, Early Sweet, De Soto, Harrison’s Peach. South Dakota had a large and varied collection, among which Barnsbeck, a new seedling Americana, was conspicuous. The Japanese plums made some impression upon the fruit displays, especially the Kelsey, which was shown in enormous specimens from California. Ogon and Abundance were sent from several localities earlier in the season, and a few other varieties appeared. Prunus Simonii was sent in from a wide range of country—from Canada to Oregon. Although this fruit is often very bitter and acerb, most of the specimens on exhibition were nearly free from these qualities, and enormous and bright colored samples from Oregon were positively deli- THE COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. — 89 cious. Canada, New York, Colorado, and Nebraska, sent spec- imens which were good eating, while some samples from Iowa were bitter, differences for which it is difficult to account. The General Autumn Fruit Displays—The pomological exhibitions culminated in the closing days of the Exposition, and gave final emphasis to the fact that America is preémi- nently a land of fruits. As early as the latter part of Sep- tember the autumn fruits of the Northern States were shown in wild profusion. ‘The rear wings of the Horticultural Building had never before looked so well, and the uniform excellence of the exhibits silenced criticism of the pomological displays. Many of the Northern States were not represented ; the fault rarely lay with the fruit growers, but was rather due to lack of funds, which, upon one excuse or another, had been diverted from horticultural interests. Every foot of space in the pomological section of the building was now filled with exhibits. On Saturday, Sept. 9, California had a free distri- bution of fruit in front of its State Building, giving away about six carloads of grapes, plums, peaches, pears, and oranges, and some twenty men were kept busy dealing it out to the multitude. Second to the display of citrous fruits from California, the Pacific. Northwest arrested the attention of visitors. Idaho, Oregon, and Washington held a prominent place from the first, although Oregon exceeded the other two in the amount of fresh fruit exhibited. The fruits of this entire region are remarkable for their enormous size and high color, and par- ticularly for the strange influence of climate which they show. All apples which, in the East, tend to be oblong in shape, show this tendency in a more pronounced degree here, and the apex becomes conspicuously ribbed and the calyx is usually larger. The varieties of apple which these States showed were familiar in name to eastern pomologists, though they were strange in appearance. The great interior region was admirably represented by Illinois, Kentucky, Missouri, Kansas, Nebraska, Arkansas, and Colorado. Apples predominated, although pears and grapes were shown in variety. This great geographical region is the area of the comparatively coarser-grained apples of the Ben Davis, Janet, Rome Beauty, and Pippin class, although many fruits of excellent quality are grown. The displays impressed one with the great size of the specimens, and the prominence of the green and yellow under-colors. While red was promi- nent, it was of a coarser type than that seen in the apples of the Northwest Mississippi valley, and, though deep, was rather dull, and laid on in heavy splashes. The coloring usually 90 | ANNALS OF HORTICULTURE. lacked the fiery brilliancy of the apples of the Northeastern States and the delicate pruinose tints of Wisconsin and Min- nesota. Kansas was particularly noticeable at one time for its excellent grape exhibit, the varieties numbering about 80. Illinois also had a large and attractive grape show.* Arkansas surprised visitors by the wealth of its apple display, and Kan- sas and Nebraska sustained their accustomed reputations. Can- ada made attractive additions to its fresh fruits, although still depending too much upon bottled fruits. The firm, hard, crisp apples of the Provinces and of Maine were conspicuous in these autumn exhibits. The newer classes of Russian and other hardy fruits were shown in good variety by Iowa, Minnesota, and Wisconsin, and they were all remarkable for the high and delicate color of the skin. ‘This was especially true of the apples of Minnesota and Wisconsin, which were among the handsomest fruits ever seen in any exhibition. In these States and South Dakota, crab- apples and native plums were particularly conspicuous. The large display from South Dakota was specially gratifying, and included apples, grapes, native and other plums, and tomatoes. Many of the apples in the collection were unfamiliar to Eastern erowers; among well-known kinds are Ben Davis, Maiden’s Blush, Plumb’s Cider, and Blue Pearmain. Most of these Dakota fruits were from the extreme southeastern portion of the State. A study of the autumn fruit displays showed that New York probably made the best exhibition, and the State held this position throughout the Fair. The fruits were not only remarkably well grown, but were in great variety. Careful attention was paid to nomenclature, arrangement, and to giv- ing such incidental information as the intelligent visitor desires to have. The exhibit showed what is accomplished in one of the oldest States by thorough, and what may be called scientific, cultivation. There are many individual orchards in other States which are cultivated according to the best methods, but there is probably no other region of equal extent in Amer- ica, Where good cultivation and careful attention to all the new- est facts and discoveries are so universal, as in New York State. The exhibits showed graphically the results of spraying, a practice now common with all the best growers of the State. High fertilizing was also apparent in many of the samples, and varieties difficult to grow were shown in perfection. There *For a full account of the fruit exhibits of Illinois, see a recent “Report of the Illinois Horticultural Board of Control having in charge the Fruit Exhibit of the State,’ etc., by the secretary, Henry M. Dunlap, Savoy, Ill. THE COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 91 were on exhibition remarkably handsome and clean specimens of Cranberry Pippin, Jonathan, Fameuse, from Mr. George T. Powell of Columbia county, east of the Hudson, and a conspic- uous placard bore this legend: «These varieties are peculiarly liable to attacks of apple-scab, and are often entirely unsalable. These have been thoroughly sprayed with Bordeaux mixture and Paris green. High fertilizing accounts for the brilliant color of the fruit.” The State Experiment Station at Geneva showed average specimens of the old White Doyenne, or Vir- galieu, and Seckel pears, both sprayed and unsprayed, and the differences were remarkable. The exhibit showed that the good old Virgalieu, which has all but gone out of cultivation on account of disease, can be grown as good as ever with the use of the spraying machine. New York excelled in fruits of high excellence, and many of the famous dessert fruits were * shown nowhere else. Pears and grapes were especially con- spicuous. Of the former there were over one hundred varieties of superior quality, and about two hundred varieties of grapes. In fact, in these two fruits—pears and grapes—New York really had no close competitors. Of apples there were over 250 varieties. Among the interesting samples were seventy varieties of apples from St. Lawrence county, shown by A. F. Clark and John Cline. This is the northernmost county of the State and is generally thought not to be adapted to fruit culture. All the finer kinds of berries, including about two hundred varie- ties of gooseberries, were shown in season; and apricots, peaches, plums, and other fruits were displayed in per- fection. At one time, early in October, New York had on exhibition 1,225 plates of fruit, of which over 500 were grapes. New York differed from nearly every other State in hay- ing made no attempt to attract attention by mere displays of quantities of fruits or of unusual or conventional designs. The Michigan fruits were very like the New York fruits in their natural features. New Jersey was the only State from the Atlantic slope which made a general display of autumn fruits. Illinois was a very prominent exhibitor in the fall displays, as it had also been from the first. Aside from its displays in the Horticultural Building, it maintained a continuous display in its own State Building. This second display was particu- larly interesting in showing the extremely long season for fruits which this State enjoys. On exhibition from May 10 to July 30, were 42 varieties of strawberries; from June 1 to Aug. 9, 28 varieties of raspberries; from June 16 to Aug. 10, 26 varieties of blackberries; from May 28 to Aug. 16, 23 varie- ties of cherries; from May 26 to Aug. 16, 22 varieties of goose- berries; from June 1 to Aug. 12, 18 varieties of currants. 92 ANNALS OF HORTICULTURE. Thirty-six varieties of grapes came on the table July 4. The plums came in June 24, and were later shown in 22 varieties. Apricots were shown in six varieties from July 12 to Aug. 20. Peaches came in 38 varieties June 10 and increased later, as did the 36 varieties of pears, which commenced to arrive June 24. A good showing was made of last year’s apples, which were kept in cold-storage and were shown alongside those of the current year’s growth. Iowa occupied a prominent place in the center of the south curtain, and its autumn displays were unusually good. Up to the first of October there had been exhibited about 400 varieties of apples, 20 of crabs, 60 of plums, 55 of grapes, 25 of pears and 10 of peaches. Georgia was represented chiefly by the Kaki, or Japanese persimmon. Several varieties were shown by Mr. P. J. Berck- mans, who also had pomegranates and enormous Kieffer pears. The kakis shown were named Hiyakume, Yiami-Gata, Among, Die-Die-Maru, Ko-tsura, Togarii-Gata, Yedo-Ichi, Myotan, Zengi, Hachega, Masu-Gata, Kerro-kume, and Tsuru-noko. Some of these were ripe when placed on the tables, while the last two named were still very green, showing that this fruit covers a long season. The differences in color, shape, and size in the varieties on exhibition indicated that there was suffi- cient variation in the fruit to adapt it to many uses and demands. Nevada, also, made a display of extra good Bartlett and Clapp pears, with crab-apples, and other fruits. New Mexico also maintained a small early autumn display. Pennsylvania appeared late in the season with a small but good collection of grapes, pears and peaches. The most exact and scientific pomological exhibit in the Horticultural Building was a collection of grapes shown by T. V. Munson. Every species of American Vitis was shown by photographs of the fruit and seeds; by herbarium specimens of leaves and usually of inflorescence; by dried twigs, cut to show the diaphragms at the joints; roots; by fruits preserved in liquids; by sections of old trunks; and, finally, by young plants growing in pots. The exhibit comprised a comprehensive study of the genus, to which Mr. Munson has given himself for many years. From time to time he exhibited fresh grapes, showing the progress he is making in the origination of varie- ties, particularly in his unique crosses with the Post Oak grape (Vitis Lincecumii) of the Southwest. Several of these varieties occasioned much favorable comment from expert judges. Cherries, although early to arrive at the Fair, were repre- sented until late in September. A writer makes the following =. 4 _* be THE COLUMBIAN BXPOSITION. 93 comment upon an interesting test of this fruit: “Upon one point in horticulture there would seem to be no room fora diversity of opinion: The great superiority of Western Pacific slope cherries over those grown in the East, in shipping and keeping qualities. About September 20, for the purpose of trying an experiment, Dr. Lewis, in charge of the Oregon fruit exhibit, gave me a plate of cherries of two varieties, the Bing or Bying, and the Napoleon Bigarreau. ‘They had been received that day, and were in perfect condition, after a ride of 2,600 miles. I put them in a small box, with cotton wadding, and sent them to my home in Southern New York, about 900 miles from Chicago. A few days later I heard from them, and they were still perfectly sound and edible. It is safe to say that they had been at least eight days from the trees when eaten. There is a solidity and meatiness about these Pacific slope cherries that we of the East can not hope torival. They are marvels in that direction, and though they are hardly as fine as our Eastern cherries in flavor, they are very good indeed.” The largest apple was claimed by various States and socie- ties. The following extracts record some. of the largest: «‘ By all odds, the largest and handsomest Porter apples I have ever seen, were sent to the New York exhibit by Mr. Row- land Robinson of Sodus, Wayne county, New York. The largest one of two plates measured 123 by 223 inches, and the others were but little smaller. A plate of Fall Pippins con- tained one which measured 12: inches in circumference. The Porters were not only very large, but perfect in form, and free from all disfiguring marks, showing no traces of worms or scab. Another large apple was an Alexander from New York State Experiment Station, which measured 13 inches in circumference.”’ ‘Arkansas claims the largest apple, a Clapp’s Mammoth, measuring 27 inches around and weighing 14 ounces, being the largest yet shown.” «‘ British Columbia shows the biggest apple in the Exposi- tion. It measures 154 inches in circumferance, and is fair and clean. It came labeled Twenty Ounce or Cabashea, but I doubt the accuracy of the name. One is never sure, however, in naming fruit that is fanned by breezes from the Pacific. Either the soil, or the climate, or the combination of both, work marvelous changes, and old friends come to us so metamor- phosed that we do not recognize them. This apple has the peculiar red color of the Beitigheimer—a color I have never observed in any other variety. It is not flattened enough to be of Beitigheimer shape, but it is a notable fact that all apples from the Kast, when grown on the Pacific coast, become 94 | ANNALS OF HORTICULTURE. elongated, and this in question is not more drawn out than I should expect. I place my judgment on record that it is the Red Beitigheimer.” There were a few exhibits of nuts in the second story of the north pavilon, comprising walnuts from California, and pecans. There was no general or consecutive display of the nut fruits, however. ‘The most important displays in this line were those devoted to the pecan, because this is a fruit of American origin and one which has only very lately attracted the attention of fruit growers. Pecans were the subject of four small, but very interesting exhibits. The Stuart Pecan Company, of Ocean Springs, Mississippi, in which W. R. Stuart, author of The Pecan, and How to Grow It, is a leading spirit, showed a collection of varieties in jars. These varieties were Stuart, Van Deman, Columbia, Jewett and Beauty. B. M. Young, Morgan City, Louisiana, showed an interesting series of photographs of trees, flowers and nuts, and also speci- mens of the following varieties: Pabst, St. Martin, Miller, Vermilion, Frotscher, and many seedlings. E. E. Risien, San | Saba, Texas, had a number of large and very fine varieties, which, however, were unnamed. He also had photographs showing the top-grafting of large wild trees. The trees are ‘topped ” twenty or thirty feet high, in March, and buds are set the middle of June. The Swinden Pecan Orchard, of Brownwood, Texas, showed a picture of its pecan orchard of 16,000 trees, together with a collection of nuts and confections, and oil and soap made from them. Raisins, prunes, Zante currants, and other prepared fruits, were shown in profusion by exhibitors from various States and countries, but a discussion of them is not germane to this account. General Remarks on the Fruit Displays —The fruit exhi- bition, particularly late in the season, was probably the most complete and best effort of the horticultural department. Yet even here the entire country did not respond to the efforts of the Exposition as it might have done. A few States and Provinces only, notably California, New York, [lhnois, Oregon, Washington, Idaho, Missouri, Minnesota, Iowa, Wisconsin, Nebraska, Kansas, Arkansas, Michigan and Canada, made large and more or less extended displays, but these States do not represent the pomology of North America; and as for foreign countries, only New South Wales, Russia and Italy made any attempt to show fresh fruits. The most lamentable gap in the pomological department was the almost entire absence of exhibits from the Southern States. A few States. did remark- ably well, but the country as a whole certainly fell short of THE COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 95 what was to have been expected of it, even in a comparatively poor year. This was equally true of individual fruits. One expected a complete representation of those important fruits which have been developed within two generations from our native species. But not only were the raspberries, blackberries, native goose- berries, and even strawberries, sporadic in their representation, but there was no definite effort to show our native plums. Some table might have been devoted, the season through, to showing these fruits in all their variety, and from all parts of the country, for purposes of easy comparison. The visitor was impressed with the feeling that certain States are capable of making great exhibits; but there was little to show the relative importance of the various fruits in our national economy, and to illustrate their comparative peculiarities and variations. In other words, the proper basis for a comprehensive pomological display undoubtedly is fruit, and not States. Perhaps it would -be difficult to interest the public without appealing to State pride, but it might have been possible to have secured sufficient overplus of special fruits to have made supplementary exhibits for the purpose of showing the whole progress and evolution and distribution of any one species or type. It would be worth considering, in future Expositions, if all the apples, for instance, should not be placed together, each State or country to have its own allotment of space. If this were accomplished with the leading fruits, the educational features of the show would be immeasurably increased, while the decorative fea- tures and State reputation would probably be augmented at the same time. The viticultural displays were amongst the most decorative in the horticultural: department; but, unfortunately, there was much beside genuine horticulture in them. They were made up largely of wines and brandies, subjects which belong to manufacture. Perhaps it would be well, in future shows, to divide grape interests into two parts, as is done by the Italians and others—viticulture, or grape-growing, and viniculture, or wine-making. ‘There is certainly little more reason for includ- ing the manufacture of spirits under grape-culture than to group beer-making with hop-culture. All this, however, was a fault of the original classification, and it must be said that, in its way, the viticultural display was one of the best at the Fair. The autumn display of fresh grapes must certainly be numbered amongst the leading features of the Exposition. BC. - Areas with an average width of something over one hundred feet lay upon either side of the Horticultural Building. (See 96 ANNALS OF HORTICULTURE. map, page 105). ‘The area in the rear was bounded upon. the back, next the margin of the Fair grounds, by the Annex green- houses. The space in front of these houses was occupied by a miscellaneous lot of displays, the most prominent of which were a cone-like mound of cannas, yuccas and some other plants; an old-fashioned garden shown by New York, but which contained some new-fashioned things; a small display of young apple trees, which were a part of the nursery exhibit. Some of the ground was used for the propagating of annuals, which were used in various decorations. Karly in the season, the border against the rear of the building was given to tulips, and later to dahhas and other plants. The arrangement of the rear grounds was strictly formal, and there was nothing, either in the arrangement or planting, of more than ordinary merit. The Greenhouse Exhibits. —'The greenhouse displays at the World’s Fair were disposed, for the most part, upon the lawn in the rear of the Horticultural Building, although three of them were inside the building. The exhibits were not numer- ous, but they represented the recent improvements in con- struction, and they may be taken, as they stood, to indicate the present stage of our progress in greenhouse building. One familiar with the houses of twenty years ago saw great changes. Large glass, exceedingly light framework, the free use of iron in the construction, and the abandonment of the old point-and- putty system of glazing, were the chief innovations; and one might add, also, the construction of portable houses. The fears attending the use of iron for greenhouse construction have now subsided, or have been overcome. Rafters only a half inch thick and three inches deep, are strong enough to hold a roof thirty feet high, without a post. Glass was both lapped and butted in the various houses, although the lapped was more used. Except in some patent systems of glazing, wooden sash bars were still used. Some of these houses, par- ticularly those erected by Lord & Burnham and Hitchings & Co., were used for plant exhibits, the former for various New York collections and the latter for Pennsylvania exhibits. The two most comprehensive displays were those of Hitch- ings & Co. and Lord & Burnham, immediately back of the Hor- ticultural dome. The former showed an admirable fancy palm house, 34x50 feet, and 30 feet high, which was free from all posts and troublesome braces. A greenhouse wing, 19x35 feet, was attached at the rear. The entire plant, with slate and tile benches, heated, can be built for $8,500. Lord & Burnham showed a nest of three houses and a connecting workroom. The largest house, of which the centre was a lily tank, was 25x 50 feet. The greenhouse wing was 20x334 feet, and the rose oat pe THE COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 97 house 181x33 feet. This plant complete, heated, can be built for $6,000. Two other houses were also shown by Lord & Burnham, one a curvilinear greenhouse, 15x30 feet, costing $900; the other, a portable house 10x20, costing $400. Hitch- ings & Co. also had two sections of a portable iron-frame green- house in the dome gallery of the Horticultural Building. i Y) if \" * 5 WN GN i { , Ail ( NK \' ey \ wht 7 —(@) He 105 PLAN OF HORTICULTURAL AREAS. (For key to the island, see pp. 106-108; to other areas, pp. 96-104.) 106 ANNALS OF HORTICULTURE, Japanese garden is at 1, a piece of construction which, as pointed out in the sequel (p. 124), is by no means typical of Japan- ese garden art. Plot 5 was taken by Germany, with a collection of ornamental plants furnished by several firms. The most conspicuous plants early in the season were roses, especially the standard or tree plants. Later on, stocks and asters, mont- bretias, single dahlias, tuberous begonias, excellent border car- nations, Quedlinburg phlox and zinnias were the chief plants of interest. The dwarf dahlia called Alba imbricata, shown by Albert Brandt, of Elbing, was particularly good. The plant grows from a foot and a half to two feet high, with very double pure white flowers in profusion. The German exhibit was backed up by a mixed collection of shrubbery, which was planted by the Fair managers. Plot 6 was filled by the Dingee & Conard Company with a large bank of hydrangea, bordered by a loose belt of clematis. The same firm occupied the center of plot 7 with a clump of tamarisk, around which was a plan- tation of hydrangea and a border of clematis. The borders of this area were given to various dianthuses by C. Eisele,. of Philadelphia. Border carnations and Dianthus Heddewigii were prominent. Plot 8 was also taken by Dingee & Conard, with a mixed shrubbery, comprising hydrangea and Rosa rugosa, — bordered with Lobelia syphilitica and its variety alba, and beds of pinks in the foreground. Plot 9 was open greensward. No. 10 was assigned to W. W. Wilmore, of Denver, who showed a large variety of single and double dahlias—the best, probably, at the Fair. Plot 11 was filled with big sunflowers by the Bureau of Floriculture, but the severe drouth interfered much with its beauty. The idea was a good one, however, for it enforced the yellowness and warmth of the American summer and:autumn. Area 12 had three large beds of herbs by Rea Brothers, of Norwood, Massachusetts, who made a display of the excellent Gnothera Youngii and sunflower-like composites. Masses of native asters were also prominent, as also were perennial phloxes, Eryngium amethystinum, Zauschneria Californica, Pyrethrum uliginosum and “The Pearl’ achillea. Part of this area was occupied by Ellwanger & Barry with a shrubbery, in which hydrangea, variegated and cut-leaved elders, Prunus Pissardi and phloxes were most conspicuous. ‘This firm also filled plots 14 and 15 with a general collection of ornamental nursery stock, which was the best display of its kind in the Exposition. Pitcher & Manda made by far the largest and most varied display of herbaceous plants. ‘There were over two hundred species and varieties in bloom in the later days of the Fair, among which the most prominent things were pyrethrums in variety, native THE COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 10% sunflowers and similar composites, Boltonia glastifolia, Gaillardia grandiflora, Coreopsis lanceolata, Hibiscus Moscheutos, var. albus, and masses of datura, phloxes, asters, zinnias and pinks. The firm occupied a portion of plot 12 and all of 16. Area 17 was taken by B. A. Elliott Co., of Pittsburgh, with beds of strong plants, like native sunflowers, Sedum spectabile, Monarda didyma, delphiniums, peonies, perennial phloxes, Hibiscus Californicus, dahhas and eulalias. Wahlenbergia grandiflora was one of the pleasing plants in this exhibit. George Achelis, of West Chester, Pennsylvania, showed a clump of ornamental nursery stock here, comprising some excellent dwarf thuyas. Nos. 18 and 19 were small areas, occupied by Jacob W. Manning, of Reading, Massachusetts, with choice native and other flowers. Here were excellent plantings of Helenium autumnale, Aster Nove-Anglie, Veronica spicata, HKupatorium ageratoides, Coreopsis lanceolata, Boltonia latisquama, and other self-colored flowers. In plot 18, W. C. Strong, of Waban, Massachusetts, showed Dawson and Wichuriana roses, and Dennis Zirngiebel, of Needham, Massachusetts, had an excellent display of pinks of the carnation type, many of which were single. Plot 20 was the rose-garden, which is described in the following pages. When the rose-bloom began to fail, China asters, balsams, snap- dragons, gladioluses, coreopsis and other annuals filled the spaces and borders of the garden. Plot 21, alongside the rose-garden, was occupied with Ger- man exhibits, including tea roses, dwarf and other dahlias, cannas, and the Japanese climbing cucumber, the only kitchen- garden vegetable growing at the Fair. In groups 22 and 23 New York exhibitors showed, among some nursery stock, a col- lection of Japanese irises and other plants. No. 24 contained plantations of Hibiscus Californicus and peonies, the exhibitor being W. F. Bassett. No. 25 was given to the displays of the Kissena Nurseries, Flushing, Long Island, containing chiefly American grown azaleas and rhododendrons. In No. 26, Anthony Waterer showed the excellent azaleas described in succeeding pages; and here, also, was a large rhododendron exhibit by Fred Kelsey. Plots 27 and 28 were sodded areas sur- rounding the garden tool-house, and they contained various small plantings of rhododendrons and some specimen plants. Pitcher & Manda occupied No. 29 with rhododendrons and beds of lilies, gladioluses and tigridias. Plot 30 was given to azalea displays of Joosten & Co., representing Dutch growers, and to various exhibits of nursery stock and roses by Joosten, Dekker, and the Phoenix Nursery Co., of Bloomington, Illinois. Plot 31 was also devoted to Dutch azaleas and bulbs. Vilmorin Andrieux et Cie., of Paris, and Cannell & Sons, of England, He ANNALS OF HORTICULTURE. made good shows of dahlias in plot 32. Plot 33 held a Belgian display of azaleas. It also contained a glowing piece of carpet- bedding in the form of the “Harp of Erin,” contributed by Eileen Donlan, of New York, under the auspices of the Gaelic Society. The skeleton of the bed was made of house leeks (Cotyledon secunda glauca and C. sempervivum) and Alternanthera paronychioides, and the reliefs were furnished with “Shamrocks from Erin’s green hills.” This Shamrock was Trifolium repens (white clover). Beyond the outer walk at the south end of the island (84), Fred Kelsey showed an interesting plantation of imported evergreens, kalmias and other ornamental specimen plants. 3 In general, the ornamental effect of the island was good, considering the haste in which it was prepared, the poor soil and the dry season. It was a matter of surprise that so many of the exhibitors were foreigners, who must have taken great pains to accomplish so much at such distance from home. It was gratifying to find that great prominence had been given to native plants in the floral effects. Some of the most conspicu- ous exhibits upon the island will now be described, with inci- dental references to collections of similar kind in other parts of the Fair grounds. Azaleas.——The early shows upon the island were the azaleas and rhododendrons, which were a source of astonish- ment to most visitors. During the third and fourth weeks of May, azaleas excited more comment than any other portion of the floricultural exhibits. The number of varieties shown, both indoors and in the open, was very large, and the flames of color quite eclipsed the less showy plants. Azaleas have never won wide popularity in America, especially the Ghent varieties, which are adapted to outdoor cultivation. This scar- city of azaleas in lawn planting is commonly attributed to the severity of our climate, and it is true that many of the imported varieties are not adapted to our circumstances; but this very lack of adaptation is, no doubt, due to the almost indiscriminate importations of foreign kinds. Among all the azaleas upon exhibition at Jackson Park only one lot was American grown. | This was from the Parsons’ nurseries on Long Island. If greater attention were given to the propagation of hardy kinds by our own nurserymen, the time could not be far distant when sufficient varieties for all purposes should be obtained. If one may judge from the almost unanimous surprise and interest which the beds of hardy azaleas elicted from the thou- sands of visitors at the World’s Fair, the market for successful varieties could be easily extended. Among the outdoor azaleas, the largest collection was one of 116 varieties, by the Boskoop Holland Nursery Association, THE COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 109 represented by C. H. Joosten, of New York. This occupied a conspicuous position on the island (plot 30), and as several varieties were freely duplicated it made a most remarkable blaze of color, which was conspicuous from many points beyond the lagoon. Other collections of hardy azaleas in the open ground were those of Ch. Vuylsteke, Belgium, fifteen varieties; about a dozen varieties from J. C. Vaughan, Chicago; a small collec- tion from Ellwanger & Barry; thirteen varieties from Moser, of Versailles, near the Woman’s Building, and the American grown plants from Parsons, comprising twenty-five varieties. The most unique, and in many respects the most valuable exhibit of deciduous azaleas was a display of seedlings made by Anthony Waterer, of Knap Hill, near London. Thes~ plants are seedlings of Azalea mollis, A. Sinensis and A. occiccn- talis, and they are remarkable for the great variety and. bril- liancy of color and free habit of growth. It is expectec that these azaleas will prove hardy in the Northern States. Mention must also be made of a good collection of Ghent azaleas from Mr. Vuylsteke, which were forced into bloom in the Horticul- tural Building early in May. ‘These were very effective. The Japanese showed some interesting azaleas. The most striking ones were large and free growing bushes, three to four feet high, of dull pink-red, single flowered Azalea Indica. These are used along the walks in the Japanese garden in the Horticultural Building, and again in the Japanese garden on the island. On the island a white flowered bushy azalea was erowing, which is a free growing form of A. Indica. Very diminutive, small leaved and small flowered azaleas were freely used in the garden indoors for borders in much the way in which we might use box. These azaleas were said to be A. Indica. Their flowers were usually single and _ self-colored. One variety attracted attention from its very small, greenish- white flowers. It is called Mitsusomekuruma. About twenty named kinds of these diminutive azaleas were shown. Several varieties of the Ghent type were also on exhibition. There were two exceedingly curious forms, in which the corolla was reduced to five separate and long strap-shaped divisions. In one instance, of the mollis type, the petals were red and spotted, and the stamens were wanting. In another, of the Indica type, the petals were dull pink-red, and the long red filaments were entirely barren of anthers, giving the flower a strange, spidery look. The Japanese know the deciduous azaleas as Tsutsuji, and the Indian type as Satsuki and Kirishima, the former name denoting a late, and the latter an early class. _Ehododendrons were the most conspicuous displays on the grounds during the first days of June. Nothing can be more 110 ANNALS OF HORTICULTURE. showy than a mass of rhododendrons, and, unlike many other Ay showy plants, they carry an air of massiveness and stability which makes them impressive in habit. They are the most architectural of the plants which can be made to endure our f northern climate, and it was, therefore, a happy thought with - Mr. Olmsted that he should have banked nearly six hundred — , of them against the long architectural terraces in the basin, or ” the magnificent space which lay between the Manufactures and Agricultural Buildings, headed by the noble Administration Building, and constituting what was known as the Court of Honor. The plants used in these banks comprised a long list of varieties, and the sizes and colors were arranged with bold effect. The masses were four in number, two lying against the terrace of the Manufactures Building on the north of the basin, and t¢vo against the Agricultural Building on the south. The plants were entered as competitive exhibits, although made to form a part of a landscape picture. Of the plants in these long masses, Anthony Waterer contributed 229 ; Moser, of Versailles, 62, and the Belgian commission 267, mak- ing a total of 558 plants, nearly all well bloomed. Unfortunately, the other rhododendrons were widely scat- tered. The greater part of the exhibits were thrown into the southern portion of the island, with little reference to landscape effect, a large formal plantation extended across the north front of the Woman’s Building, and some of Moser’s best specimens were flowered under the dome of the Horticultural Building, where they attracted great attention. The best effect in these various plantations, all things considered, was undoubtedly that obtained on the terrace banks in the basin, although it was necessary to screen them from the sun by a temporary awning. Aside from these plants which Mr. Olmsted used for architect- ural effect, the rhododendrons were under the immediate charge of the Horticultural Department. The rhododendron exhibits may be roughly grouped under two classes for the purposes of this account—small or young plants, and large ones (including standards). The small plants were shown by the Boskoop Holland Nursery Association in 102 varieties; Blaouw & Co., Boskoop, Holland, 56 varieties; W. Van Kleef & Sons, Boskoop, 35 varieties; Parsons, Long Island, 16 varieties; T. J. Seidel, Dresden, five new varieties, and a small collection by Ellwanger & Barry. The plants in these collections ranged from one to three feet high, and there was little or no attempt to train them to a single trunk, although Parsons’ plants, which were the only American grown rhododendrons in the entire exhibition, were somewhat larger. A conspicuous variety in the Dutch exhibits was the mauye md THE COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. ELI R. Catawbiense. This was used to excellent effect in the Kleeff exhibit as a backbone or center of a long and thick clump. There were excellent specimens of standard rhododendrons shown by Fred Kelsey (plants from John Watérer) and M. Moser, some of the tallest in the former collection standing eight or nine feet high. Very strong plants, in bloom, were shown by Anthony Waterer, England, in 98 varieties and 15 seedlings; Moser, in 69 varieties; Croux & Son, Sceaux, near Paris, 49 varieties; Fred Kelsey 41 varieties; Pitcher & Manda, 14 varieties; and the Belgian Commission, 50 varieties. The Belgian plants were contributed by Ch. Vuylsteke, Desmet Brothers, Alexis Dallaire, and the Horticultural School, all of Ghent or its vicinity. It will be seen that in the excellent rhododendron shows, the Exposition was indebted to the enter- prise of foreign nurserymen, for all the plants—with the single exception of the small and comparatively unimportant collec- tion from Parsons—were brought directly from Europe for pur- poses of exposition. Some of Moser’s plants were fifty years old and were worth as many dollars, and some of the large plants in the Kelsey and Pitcher & Manda (Waterer) exhibits sell in England for seventy-five dollars each. The French plants, especially those from Moser, were the most perfect in form of any on exhibition, and the John Waterer plants were the largest, but, taken all in all, considering hardiness a prime factor, no collection surpassed that of Anthony Waterer, if, in fact, it equaled it. Without exception, the collections of all foreign exhibitors were marvels of vigor and profuseness of bloom, especially when one considers the journey to which they had been subjected, and the fact that they were all planted in the spring of 18938. When the Kelsey collection came into bloom, the plants were massed under a large tent near the rose garden, where they attracted much attention. One of the most interesting displays of rhododendrons was a collection of 55 large plants, in boxes, of R. Californicum, about the Washington State Building. This species has recently been designated as the State flower by the legislature of Wash- ington. The plants were received late in May, in rather poor condition, having been three weeks on the way in a dark car, but they rallied and made some bloom. The species occurs locally in Washington, especially about Seattle and the base of Mount Hood. It forms dense plantations, four to eight feet, and eyen fourteen feet in height. The flowers vary from pink- white to rose. Altogether, this was undoubtedly the best display of rho- dodendrons ever held west of the Alleghanies. Although the rhododendron is a captious plant in our climate, it must be 112 ANNALS OF HORTICULTURE. remembered that one of the best species is native here, and that many varieties can be relied upon with tolerable certainty, even in trying places. Plants int Bloom in Early Summer.—The last of June a great variety of plants came into bloom at the World’s Fair, although there were no masses which could compare in bold- ness of effect with the azaleas and rhododendrons of a month earlier. ‘The only prominent bloom alongside the Horticultural Building at that time was the pansy collection, which was then in good condition. The pansies seem to have fallen short of expectations in size and brilliancy, but they were, nevertheless, attractive, because of the enormous number of plants. The thin partitions of grass which separated the exhibits in the largest beds grew tall and loose, and gave the beds a weedy and unkempt appearance. The greatest show, after the rhododendrons, was made by. peonies, which were shown in large assortment by Cannel, of England, and also by B. A. Elliott, Ellwanger & Barry, Pitcher & Manda, and in the Japanese Garden. At the close of June, the Canterbury bells, which afforded a temporary filling about shrubs and unoccupied borders, were making a great show. A variety of Stocks was used for similar purposes, especially in the German section; and aquilegias were pressed into like service. The most conspicuous herb, aside from the peonies and Canterbury bells, was Ginothera Youngiit, which was used for a dense border about two large beds of Rea Brothers, Norwood, Massachusetts, and also by B. A. Elliott, of Pittsburg. This is a strong plant, with firm, shiny foliage, growing to a height of two feet and bearing a profusion of bright lemon-yellow flowers, which remain open throughout the day. The large exhibit of herbaceous plants made by Pitcher & Manda, began now to give abundant bloom. Among the prominent flowers in this exhibit, late in June and early in July, were pyrethrums in variety, Gaillardia grandiflora, Coreopsis lanceolata, Papaver nudicaule, Dianthus barbatus, Astilbe Japonica, Tradescantia Vir- ginica, Tunica Saxifraga and forget-me-nots. Perennial phloxes were coming into bloom in a number of exhibits. Rea Brothers showed a variety of aquilegias, lychnises, Geranium Ibericum, Geum miniatum and pentstemons and delphiniums. Kalmia latifolia, from European growers, bloomed profusely upon the island, and also about the Woman’s Building, and it must have been a revelation to thousands of people who have never seen our mountain laurel in its natural haunts. A second part of the floricultural display upon the island is that which was used to accentuate the wooded margin of the lagoons. As seen from the outside, the island was intended to THE COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 113 have a wholly wild and natural appearance, but from the inside the borders were designed to look somewhat more trim and gardenesque. It requires the nicest taste to introduce flowering herbs into a wooded border without overdoing it. The faintest suggestion of color here and there gives a truer effect than bold and protruding masses, for it is then properly subordinated to the spirit of the composition, while it is enough to give a feeling of completeness and finish. These flowering plants were introduced into the borders, against the shrubbery, with most dainty effect, and one was surprised to see what interest such frugal plantings may add toa landscape. J.C. Vaughan contributed a running exhibit to these borders. Among the plants which gave very pleasing effects were the following familiar species: Pinks, candytuft, wallflower (hes- peris), pyrethrums, bachelor’s buttons, foxgloves, sweet wil- liams, daisies (bellis), bleeding hearts, dusty miller (Lychnis coronaria), wild thalictrums, Saponaria ocymoides, Geum atrosan- guineum, forget-me-nots, corn poppies, Papaver nudicaule, pink yarrow, Anemone Pennsylvanica, Canterbury beils, irises, peren- nial phlox, Lythrum Salicaria, Potentilla fruticosa, columbines and larkspurs. Other bloom appeared late in the season. Hydrangeas, lilies and dahlias were particularly prominent, although they were seriously injured by the severe drouth. Roses.—No other floral display of the Horticultural teak ment awakened such interest as the roses. The last days of June and the first days of July saw all the rose plantations in excellent bloom. ‘The chief interest centered about the rose garden in the southeastern portion of the island (plot 20, map on page 105), for not only were the displays good, considering the conditions, but there was something of unusual suggestive- ness in a garden given over bodily to a wealth of roses. This rose garden comprised a little less than an acre of land in rec- tangular shape and surrounded by a chain fence. It was laid out in severe geometric fashion and comprised forty beds, four of which were filled with clematis. In design this garden reminded one of a gigantic hot-air register. From an artistic point of view, some freer and more natural arrangement of groups or clumps upon the sward would have been better; but it must be considered that the plants were received so irregu- larly that little definite planning for effects could have been confidently made, and many of the plants were so small that they would have given little character to any bold system of grouping. In considering the ornamental plantations, one must remember that the soil was but a shallow covering of black 8 114 ANNALS OF HORTICULTURE. earth, and that it was loose and droughty; and in the rose garden there was no soil which is adapted to roses. The gard- eners also complain that the intense sun of the American climate burns out the more delicate and better roses as soon as they open. Yet, notwithstanding all this, it was generally con- ceded that the rose garden was a success. ateelbe 117 Clark, A. F., mentioned........ 91 Classification of exhibits Classification of horticulture.. Clematis at World’s Fair, 102,106, 150 117 1 oreceeee eoseeeeee eee e eee e vests Clerodendzron fragrans Climatic CONAITIONS, ere veeevoee af 4 ANNALS OF HORTICULTURE. Climate, influence upon fruits, . o's oe she b0p.c kee ee 76, 88, 89 Cline, John, mentioned......... 91 Coal oil preservative............ 65 Coboea scandens ..........seeces 75 Cocoanuts at World’s Fair...... 8l Coffee at World’s Fair.......... 117 Cold storage at World’s Fair... 67 Colorado, exhibits by...76, 86, 87, 89 Columbian Exposition 47, 126; 136-163 Columbines at World’s Fair. 112, 113 Commission merchants, league erect eceee eee * ee ee «@ OL... 5 seems tetonn yep ee 38 Conant & Co., mentioned....... 9 Condon, J., chrysanthemus of.. 30 Congress on Horticulture....... 33 Convent at World’s Fair...... 12, 122 Coreopsis at World’s Fair...... 102 Coreopsis lanceolata....107, 112, 122 Cornell mixture. .... ..jcmapmciee 43 Corn, pack. ..... 2) :.

... 04 Riva PUMA Se. Sal eek a AA Robinson & Co., mentioned.... 9 Robinson, Rowland, mentioned 93 Roehrs, Julius, mentioned..... 72 RomneyvasCoulterie. tics. ee). 123 ROSA: SUIS OSA eo hrd | eho sieme a1 ears 106, 115 Rosa WiehuPiawage 2k co. see 115 ROSE) SOCIELY: 22a nr piece cee 31 Roses at World’s Fair, 103, 107, IS, WAT, 125 Rules for judging.. ei. BOO Russian apples at World’s Fair, SAA et Kk ARCA eR OLN 84, 90, 94 Sagittaria Montevidensis....... 104 Salicylic acid preservative...65, 66 SAX TLOSMATIMTEO MA: peat ae oils 121 Sala Var Semel exis leas ike la oete 123 pamuels, J. M., mentioned.. . 30, 55 Sanchezia nobilis.............. 117 Saponaria ocymoides........... 113 Sarsaparilla at World’s Fair... 117 Seattergood & Co., mentioned 9 Schiebe, Gustave, mentioned.. 117 SebiIMUs MNO] MS. Fu. sis hae we eee 117 Sciadopitys verticillata......... 124 Scirpus Tabernemontanus,.... 104 peatorthia, elegans.