\

\3

r
:

wil

a PS Cr Sie
Ue wh
.o Se ty

yuyu ah aditaenaaniae
Jywd¥

v

wy

e »)

SS> >>.
> Sp >

> 2D Pe

eS DY

> a :
i) up) $ a

SA =—

cn: ez
He
ENVEN AY

i
was

ANA
EX

="

SWa= Wa:

a

Ex

YX

fi
ll

mic |
™ Ey libris

PS

a=

a=

E

\ Wi

la=s

WAAL

cipet

‘a a

ANNALS

OF THE

LYCEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY.

a eaal

samt.
yee

Division of
ANNALS Stoner ag

CR

OF THE

LYCEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY

OF

NEW YORK.

VOLUME VII.

New Dork:
PUBLISHED FOR THE LYCEUM,
BY JOHN WILEY, 56 WALKER ‘STREET,
TRUBNER & CO., 12 PATERNOSTER ROW, LONDON,

HECTOR BOSSANGE, PARIS.

1862.

R, CRAIGHEAD,
Printer, Stereotyper, and Electrotyper,
Caxton Building,
81, 83, and £5 Centre Street.

OFFICERS OF THE LYCEUM.

1862.

President.
JOSEPH DELAFIELD.

-

Vice-Wresidents.
WILLIAM COOPER. J. CARSON BREVOORT.

Corresponding Secretary.
ROBERE DINWID DIE:

Recording Secretary.
ROBERT H. BROWNNE.

Oreagurer.
CRO AVES Boe ME Wake RCA i We

Librarian.
OF IW. MOR RLS.

f Committee of Publication.

WM. COOPER. J. CARSON BREVOORT.
GEO. N. LAWRENCE. THOMAS BLAND.
TEMPLE PRIME.

‘ey diet

TM ta
ee

‘
Prete)
nai

h

A
y

Po
an)

CONTENTS

OF THE

Shy en he VOL OME,

BY THOMAS BLAND.

PAGE

Remarks on certain species of North American Helicidz. . z 26, 115, 420

On the Geographical Distribution of the Genera and Species of Land Shells
of the West India Islands, and a Catalogue of the Species of each
Island . 3 : 4 : : . J 4 - : a

BY THOMAS BLAND AND J. G. OGOPER.

Norice of Land and Fresh-water Shells, collected by Dr. J. G. i oad in
the Rocky Mountains, etc., in 1860 . . : : :

BY ARTHUR EDWARDS,

Nore on ‘ae Reproduction of Individuals of the Genus Actinia . - ,
On the Microseopic Forms of the Harbor of Charleston, South Carolina.

BY D. G. ELLIOT.

Descrietion of a new species of Eupsychortyx .- . s
On the Occurrence, within the limits of the United ptatee of Bartow
Golden-Eye, Bucrpnata Istanpica . . : : 5

BY THEODORE GILL.
Propromus deseriptionis subfamiliz Gobinarum equamis cycloideis pis-
cium el. W. Stimpsono in Mare Pacifico acquisitorum i
Propromus descriptionis familie Gobioidarum duorum generum novorum
Description of a new species of Pimelodine from Canada ,
Descriptions of two new species of Terrestrial Grapsoid Crustaceans fom
the West Indies : : : s
Descrietion of a New Generic Form of Gomme from fie beeen hee
Awnatyticat Synopsis of the Order Squat; and Revision of the Nomencla-
ture ofthe Genera . : : : 5 $4

BY JOHN W. GREENE, M.D.

Descriptions of several New Hymenopterous Insects from the Northwest
Coast of America.

Review of the American Hombiay Wigether Sith a deepen! of ee
Species heretofore undescribed, being a Synopsis of the Species of
this family of Hymenopterous Insects thus far known to inhabit
North America 3 : 5 5 . ° : : : 5

338

362

Td

168

lv CONTENTS.

PAGE
BY GEORGE N. LAWRENCE.
Desceirrions of three new species of Humming Birds of the Genera Heur-
OMASTER, AMAZILIA, and MELLIsuGa . : 107
Description of a new species of Bird of the Genus oes alse of a N ew
Species of Humming Bird of the Genus Heliopedica . 442
Notes on some Cuban Birds, with Descriptions of New Species . - 247
Dxsortptions of new species of Birds of the Genera Myiarchus and Phlo-
gopsis : 284
Catalogu of a Goileatiag of Birds aia in New Geonnda by eo Me-
Leannan, Esq., of New York; with Notes and Descriptions of New
Species . . : p ‘ : 288, 315, 461
Desoriptions of three new species of Binds: : : 308
Desoriprions of six new species of Birds of the gels Panes
Trocuinip&, and CaPRIMULGID& : is - B : : - 455
BY PROF. 0. W. MORRIS.
A comparison of the Climate, ete., of New York and Kansas. s : 22
BY W. NEWCOMB, M.D.

Descriptions of new species of the Genera AcnatInELLA and Pura. . 145
Duscription of a new species of Hetrx from Bougainsville Island ¢ - 283
BY TEMPLE PRIME,

List of the known species of Pismrom, with their Synonymy . 94

Description of two new species of the Genus Barissa, with Notes on h tne
Genus: 90: Satin 1 0)
Norss on the Cyrena Suter ead Coe aero of Morelst - ola
Descriptions of two new species of Mollusca of the Genus Corbicula - 480
Dxscription of new species of Mollusca of the Genus Venus. A - 482
BY REY. J. ROWELL,
Descrietion of a new species of Pura from California : : : < 2B.
BY SANDERSON SMITH.
Ow the Mollusca of Peconic and Gardiner’s Bays, Long Island . of) AA
BY R. P, STEVENS,
Remarks on the Taconic System ; 276
On the Extension of the Carboniferous Sy sia of the United Sins 80 as
to include all true Coals . - : : . - A : - 414
BY W. STIMPSON.
Nores on North American Crustacea . : 5 : : : : 49, 176

BY GEORGE SUCKLEY, M.D.
Descriptions of several new species of Sarmonipx from the North-West
Coast of America, N 1
Noricrs of certain new species of N au gers cihs ars ehicdy 4a in
the collection of the North-West Boundar ‘y Commission ; collected
by Dr. C. B. R. Kennerly, Naturalist to the Cousins ; - 3806

ANNALS

OF THE

PEOCPE oOr VOTER LE aS TORY:

I.— Descriptions of Several New Species of SALMONIDA, from
the North- West Coast of America.

By George Sucker, M.D.

Read December 6, 1858.

Salmo Gibbsii, Suckley.

CotumerA SatmMon-Trovut: Gisss’s SALMON.

Syn.— Fario tsuppitch, Grp. in Proc. Acad. N. Sc. Phil. viii. 218,

1856.
Grp. Rep. on Fishes, U. 8. P. R. R. Surveys,
310, 1858.

[Non Salmo tsuppitch, Ricuarvson.|
Black-spotted Salmon-trout, Luwis & CiLarKE.

Ficures.—The typical specimen of the present species is figured as
F. tsuppitch in the Pacific R. R. Reports, Fishes, Plate LXIX.

Sp. Cx—Body elongated, compressed, fusiform in profile; dorsal
profile but slightly arched; snout rounded, the jaws sub-equal; maxil-
lary gently curved, dilated posteriorly, and extending to a vertical line
passing slightly behind the orbit; anterior margin of dorsal nearer the
extremity of the snout than to the insertion of caudal fin; colors of the

head and back, in the fresh specimen, rich dark olive green, profusely
DECEMBER, 1858. Ann. Lyo. Nat. Hist. Vou. VII.

2 Descriptions of Several New Species of Salmonide,

dotted with roundish black spots, the scales in certain lights showing
bright silvery reflections; sides below the lateral line are usually uni-
color, of a yellowish white; inferior fins unspotted ; tail and upper fins
yellowish olive, profusely spotted with round and oval spots of black,
each spot being from one to two lines in diameter, and completely
isolated from the others, not confluent as in some other species; caudal
fin moderately lunated, not forked ; head small; teeth small, and very
numerous, especially on the labials; length of the full grown adult
rarely exceeds 2 feet.

Habitat.—The Columbia River and its larger affluents. The
species is apparently not anadromous, but seems to remain in
the fresh waters throughout the year.

The typical specimen upon which the foregoing description
is based, is a single skin contained in the Smithsonian collec-
tion, Cat. Number 940—that of a female obtained by the present
describer, at Fort Dalles, Oregon, April 5th, 1855. The species
is known to the Walla Walla Indians as the Shoo-shines, and to
the Wascos by the name of Jc-kwan-eek.

Mr. Girard, mistaking the specimen for the S. tsuppitch of
Richardson, figured and described it as belonging to that
species. Upon his attention being called to several marked
discrepancies between the account given by Sir John Richard-
son of the S. tswppitch, and certain characteristics of the
specimen from Fort Dalles, he at once coincided with me in
considering the two species distinct. According to Richardson
the S. tsuppitch has the dorsal, anal, and caudal fins destitute
of spots, and the tail forked. The present fish, on the contrary,
has the tail but moderately lunated at its extremity; and the
dorsal fins and tail are profusely spotted with black. These
prominent differences, besides many others less striking, have
been deemed sufficient to settle the question of non-identity of
the two species ; and as no recorded description seems to refer
to the present salmon, it is now presented as a new species
under the name Salmo Gibbsiz, in honor of my valued friend
George Gibbs, Esq., Geologist to the N. W. Boundary Commis-

from the North-West Coast of America. 3

sion, and for many years a resident of Washington Territory.
To Mr. Gibbs more than to any other individual am I indebted
for rare specimens in all branches of Natural History, and
especially for information, aid, advice, and encouragement
while endeavoring to elucidate the history of the Salmonidee of
the N. W. coast.

Salmo truncatus, Suckley.
SHORT-TAILED SALMON : SQUARE-TAILED SALMON.
Typical Specimen No. 11384, Smithsonian Collection.

The specimen upon which the description of the present
species is based was an adult female, obtained by the writer in
the Straits of Fuca, in February, 1857. Its body was fusiform,
in its dorsal profile resembling somewhat the S. quinnat
Ricu. It was, however, more slender than that species, and
differed greatly in the form of the head and tail, besides having
other marked characteristic distinctions.

Sp. Cx.—Body fusiform; dorsal profile moderately arched; anterior
margin of dorsal fin much anterior to a point equidistant between the
nose, and the insertion of the tail; head small ; jaws fully provided with
small teeth; tail small, its free margin, when extended, being almost
straight, having a very faint tendency to lunation; scales generally large.
Colors of the fresh run fish, back of head, back, dorsal and caudal fins
bright blue, spotted on the head with roundish, on the fins with oval
spots of black; the blue of the back is silvery, that of the head and fins
darker; lower parts silvery white, this color extending about an inch
above the lateral line, and merging itself irregularly into the color of
the back ; no spots below the lateral line, which is faint and of a bluish
dusky color; lower fins pale and unspotted, their tips somewhat darkish.

From the vague distinctions separating the different species
of Salmonidx, which, although frequently obviously distinct,

4 Descriptions of Several New Species of Salmonide,

yet approach each other in so many characters, differing only
in shade and intensity,—it is very difficult to give a concise and
striking summary of the leading characters of any one species,
so that by reading a short synopsis those nearly allied may be
readily distinguished. This difficulty is strongly felt in charac-
terizing the present species from several others having many

points in common, and when in addition to the great resem-
blance of typical specimens of the healthy fresh run adults, we
add the perplexities induced by changes in age, sex, and condi-
tion, confusion becomes only the worse confounded. To remedy —
these unfortunate obstacles to success, will require years of
patient labor and investigation.

The following brief diagnosis may serve to assist in distin-
guishing the present species from its nearest relatives found in
the same region. From S. guinnat Rich. it may be known by
the much smaller head, and rounded—not pointed—snout. The
smooth triangular projection extending in front of the sym-
physis mentis of that species is also wanting. The tail of the
adult S. guinnat is very deeply lunated—almost forked, that
of the present species is so abruptly terminated that it has
suggested the specific name applied, the end being almost
as abruptly truncated as if chopped off with a large knife.
In this respect it resembles the adult male of the Salmo trutta
Lin., as figured in Agassiz’ Histovre Naturelle des Poissons
Peau douce, Planches, Livraison I. Tab. VII.

Another difference is in the greater size and thickness of the
S. gunnat, which not unfrequently attains a weight of 30 or
40 lbs., whereas the present fish is usually found not exceeding
ten or twelve pounds, and generally much less; and its common
length when full grown rarely exceeds 32 inches. From the
S. gairdnert of Richardson (not of Girard—see Fig. LX XI.
Pacif. R. R. Reports, which is drawn from the young of some
other species), it is more difficult to be distinguished, both having
many characters in common. It is possible that hereafter, upon
accurate comparison being made with numerous specimens, they

From the North- West Coast of America. 5

may be found identical. In studying the specimens at present
in the Smithsonian collection, we were obliged to confine our-
selves to the examination of two imperfectly dried skins of the
S. gairdneri, and one of the present species, which as yet are the
only representatives of those species contained in the collection.
The following differences however were found. The S. truncatus
has the head smaller, and shorter; tail neither so wide nor so
long, and more spotted ; teeth in the lower jaw more numerous,
but smaller; muzzle and chin more pointed ; body posterior to
anal fin more slender. The lengths of the three skins were much
the same, those of the S. gairdnerz being slightly greater. The
teeth of the latter are larger and more scattered, being in one
specimen 9. 9. and in the other 10. 10., on the arms of the lower
jaw. ‘Those of the S. truncatus have 14-16 on each side, and
although in line, were dispersed in a pair-like manner, i. e.
every other interval being greater. This pair-like disposition
of the teeth is not seen in the S. gaerdnere.

From the S. gibbsei it may be known by its greater size, and
much brighter colors; proportionally smaller tail, and fewer
spots. The dental arrangement, however, is much the same—
barring the absence in the S. gibbsiz of the pair-like distribution
of the teeth, already spoken of. This peculiar dental arrange-
ment may be accidental in the specimen preserved, and has
therefore not been included among the specific characters of
the species. For the same reason, the well marked presence of
a double row of vomerine teeth was not included. Indeed the
specimens of the species of Salmonidee from the Pacific coast of
America, now in the Smithsonian collection, vary so much in
regard to the arrangement of the teeth on the yomer, that I
have no hesitation in rejecting, for the present, the Genus /ario
of Valenciennes. In this view I am now upheld by Mr. Girard,
who informs me that had he received some valuable specimens
from the Pacific coast at an earlier day, he would have ignored
the Genus in his Report on the Fishes obtained on the Pacific
Railroad surveys. It is very probable that the arrangement

6 Descriptions of Several New Species of Salmonida,

and number of the vomerine teeth depends greatly on the age
of the individual, and may also ordinarily vary much in indi-
viduals otherwise alike.

The female obtained by me from the Straits of Fuca had a
very short, small head, forming about one-thirteenth of the total
length of the fish. Female salmon usually have smaller heads
than the males; but I do not remember ever seeing those of
any species so small, compared to the total length of the body, »
as in the present instance. The under jaw was received nicely
and accurately within the upper. The labial, inferior maxil-
lary, and vomerine teeth are very uniform in size, and quite
small, those of the intermaxillary larger—but still small.

The name given to the species by the Klallam Indians is
Klutchin; and I suspect it is the same as the Skwovwl, or silvery
winter salmon of the Nisqually Indians. Its flesh, when fresh-
run, is of a bright salmon-red, and inferior to that of none of

the class for the table.

Salmo gibber, Suckley.
Hump-BAcKED SALMON.
Hunnun of the Lumnies. Huddoh of the Nisquallies.
Typical specimen in Smithsonian Collection, Fishes, No. 1132.

Sp. Cu.— Male. Dorsal profile much more arched than in S, scoulers
Ricu. After entering fresh water, an adipose hump becomes strikingly
apparent, its greatest prominence being nearly opposite a point midway
on a line drawn from the eye to the anterior margin of the base of the
dorsal fin; intermaxillary projection curved strongly downwards as in
S. scouleri ; jaws long, as in the latter, the lower terminated by a
dilated knob (as in several other species of the genus), which is armed
with four or five strong sharp teeth on each side; labials and limbs of
the lower jaw closely set with very fine sharp teeth, finer and more
numerous than those of the S. scouleri ; vomerine and palatine teeth

from the North-West Coast of America. 7

much larger than those of the labials; tail rather strongly lunated,
and profusely dotted with elongated oval dark spots; the other fins
usually unspotted, adipose rather elongated; scales much smaller than
those of the S. scouleri.

The colors of this, like those of other species, vary much after
the fish enters fresh water. Those caught in salt water are
more or less silvery. After entering fresh rivers the color of
the upper parts becomes of a dirty greyish yellow ; below, white
blotched with yellow. These colors, however, vary considera-
bly in different individuals.

Habitat.—North-west coast of America, entering the rivers
in the vicinity of Puget Sound for spawning purposes early in
the autumn of every alternate year.

Dr. Kennerly, who obtained the typical specimen of the
present species at Anaimo, Vancouver's Island, Sept. 22, 1857,
remarks in his notes that it was a male, having the “head
greenish yellow, clouded with black: opercula dull pinkish.
Upper parts dirty greyish and yellow: under parts white
blotched with yellow. Ventral and pectoral fins grass green,
dorsal ultramarine blue and green. Tail blotched (spotted ?)
with black.”

The teeth on the limbs of the lower jaw of this specimen extend
backward only half their length. Tongue apparently destitute
of teeth. Branchial rays 11.11.* Total length 254 inches.
Length of head 7 inches. Depth of hump 7 inches.

This species, according to the residents of that portion of the
world—both whites and natives—appears only biennially,
choosing the “odd” years. On its first arrival it is fat and of
good quality, but soon becomes lean and unsavory. In many
respects this fish strongly resembles the Gorzusona, or Hump-
backed Salmon of Kamtschatka, spoken of by Pennant, and

pat ET ES ek ee ee eee

* Measurements and colors furnished by Dr. C. B. Kennerly, Naturalist to
N.W. Boundary Commission,

8 Descriptions of Several New Species of Salmonidea,

Pallas, and alluded to by Richardson in the Fauna B. Ameri-
cana, but differs much in size. This subject will be spoken
of more in detail in a paper now preparing for the P. R. R-
Reports.

Salmo confiuentus, Suckley.
Typical specimen in Smithsonian Collection, Fishes, No. 1135.

Sp. Ca.—Male. Form stout; dorsal profile rising to a point just
anterior to dorsal fin, then rapidly tapering to tail; dorsal, adipose,
and caudal fins profusely spotted ; caudal broad and moderately lunated.
Adipose opposite anal, and much elongated ; spots along the back and
sides, generally linear or Y-shaped, others irregular (but few round), and
covering from two to five scales; the most common cover three scales
and are about half an inch in length; fins on under parts unspotted,
as also all parts beneath the lateral line.

A triangular bare projection of the chin anterior to the front teeth, as
in the S. guinnat ; scales scarcely as large as those of S. truncatus.
Teeth of irregular size, and not so closely disposed on the arms of the
jaws and labials as in S. gazrdneri: middle of dorsal fin nearly opposite
a point at the middle of the total length.

Differs from S. guinnat in having the tail but moderately
lunated at the extremity, that of the latter being so deeply cut
out as to be almost forked.

Habitat.—_N. W. coast of America, entering the rivers for
spawning purposes during the spring, and continuing throughout
the summer.

The typical specimen, from which the foregoing description
was taken, is a dried skin now in the Smithsonian Collection,
procured by the present describer from the Puyallup River,
near Fort Steilacoom, W. T., Sept. 27th, 1856, and called by
the Indians who saw it Zo-oh-odlt. The Indians seem to apply
the same name to another species of salmon, as I have heard of
a gigantic kind only found in certain localities, which is also

From the North- West Coast of America. 9

called Zo-oh-odit. The colors of the specimen procured—an
adult male—were evidently much changed by long residence
in fresh water, and the exhaustion consequent upon procreation.
This was rendered evident by the altered appearance of the
jaws and teeth, as well as by the lean condition of the fish.
The colors, as they appeared, were as follows: Upper parts
dingy olive-green, profusely spotted with diagonal and confluent
spots of dark brown, or black. Lower parts dingy yellowish
white, unspotted, but tinged with a reddish band along the
flanks.* Dorsal, adipose, and caudal fins dark yellowish green,
spotted profusely with dark brown or black.

The examination of the dried skin shows branchial rays 13. 14.
as near as can be counted. ‘The condition of the specimen is
such that no reliable statement can be given of the number of
fin-rays. Length of skin 29 inches. Insertion of anal fin about
2% inches in length. <A single tooth on the anterior portion of
the vomer. Intermaxillary projection strongly decurved in the
dried skin.

Note.—An alcoholic specimen in the Smithsonian Collection,
marked 1186, is apparently that of a female of some nearly
allied species, from the same general region of country. The
head and skin are preserved, the flesh having been removed.
In general appearance it much resembles the present species,
but the spots are more numerous, and rownd—not confluent.

Salmo canis, Suckley.
Doe Satmon: Sporren Satmon.
Chinook Jargon, Lekai. Nisqually, Thl-hwhai.

Sp. Cu,—Maie, Gape line of mouth much arched; intermaxillary
protuberance well marked, decurved ; fleshy prolongation beyond chin

* This reddish tinge on the Sides and abdomen is of common occurrence in
several species of salmon, when exhausted after the spawning season.

10 Descriptions of Several New Species of Salmonida, ete.

rather thick; jaws fully provided with large strong teeth, so large as to
give rise to the name of Deg salmon ; dorsal outline moderately arched ;
body compressed laterally, but rather deep; weight of full grown adult
rarely exceeds 12 or 14 lbs. Colors, upon first arrival into fresh water,
of a dingy greenish olive on the back, fading into brassy yellow on the
sides, and to dingy yellowish white on the belly; sides more or less
maculated with large alternate patches of dingy green, and purplish red;
flesh pale and of inferior quality ; upper fins and tail dark.

Habitat.—N. W. coast of America. Enters the streams along
Puget Sound in great numbers in autumn.

All the specimens preserved of this species were unfortu-
nately lost i transitu. They arrive in the small rivers and
creeks, emptying into Puget Sound, about the first week in Octo-
ber, coming in great numbers, and remaining in the streams
until about the 1st of April. They are the most inferior of all
the kinds of salmon known in that region.

Note.—The foregoing notices of the new species of salmon
from the western coast of America are necessarily incomplete,
as but few specimens of either kind have as yet been received.
More extended and useful descriptions of each will be fur-
nished, as soon as the reception of additional material will admit.
Many anatomical characteristics, such as the number of fin-rays,
teeth, &c., have been omitted, owing to the imperfect condition
of many of the specimens from which the descriptions were
made up.

Descriptions of Several New Hymenopterous Insects, ete. 11

Il.—Deseriptions of Several New Hymenopterous Insects from
the North West Coast of America.

By Joun W. Greene, M.D.
(Communicated by the Smithsonian Institution.)

Read December 6, 1858.

i. Bombus interruptus, Greene.

Muzzle yellowish; a band of black between the eyes, above which a
patch of yellowish hairs, corselet yellow, a quadrangular black spot be-
tween wings; sides of the thorax covered with yellowish hair; bases of
wings jet black; first, second segments, and anus black; the third, fourth,
and fifth segments black, fringed with yellowish hair on the lower mar-
gins of the segments on each side; the fringes are interrupted on the
dorsal aspect of the abdomen, which is of the prevailing color, smooth
and shining; legs moderately hairy, reddish black ; wings smoky ; size,
nearly that of B. Virginicus Fab.

Habitat. N. W. Coast of America, Wash. Territ., Oregon.

ftemarks.—The above description was taken from a specimem
obtained at Fort Steilacoom, W. T., during the month of July,,
1856, by Dr. George Suckley, U.S. A.

It is evidently a female, and has five abdominal segments
exclusive of the anus. The yellow hairs on the thorax of one:
specimen in my cabinet, have a strong ferruginous tinge, but.
this variation is probably due to immersion in alcohol.

Another specimen, apparently a male, differs in its greatly
reduced size, being about half as large, and having the dorsal
aspects of the abdominal segments hairy, not smooth; in the
middle, on the dorsal surface, corresponding to the bare shin-
ing interrupted space separating the lateral yellow fringes of

12 Prodromus Deseriptionis Subfamilie Gobinarum

the female, are black hairs, those of the sides being yellow,
as in the female. It also lacks the tuft of yellow hair on the
face.

2. Bombus occidentalis, Greene.

Face between the eyes yellowish, white anteriorly and laterally ; first
four abdominal segments black; the rest, including anus, white; length
about nine lines, female.

LTabitat.—N orth West Coast of America, Fort Vancouver,
Dr. Cooper; Puget’s Sound, Dr. Suckley.

Remarks.—Two specimens from the same locality present
certain differences, but until I shall have had more opportunity
of comparing them, they had better remain under the present

‘head. These variations consist in their being slightly more
robust in form, hairs on limbs longer, and an encroachment of
the pale hairs upon the fourth segment. Male about two-thirds
the size of female. The yellow hairs upon the thorax of most

of my specimens are dingy, those of the muzzle much paler.

Uil.—Prodromus descriptions subfamilie Gobinarum squamis
cycloideis pisciwm, cl. W. Stimpsono in mare Pacifico acqui-
sitorum.

THEODORE GILL AUCTORE.
Read December 20, 1858.
Cuanogosius, GILL.

Corpus elongatum, gracile, antice subcylindricum, ad caude
pinnam attenuatum.
Squanve cycloidee, plerusque parvee.

Sguamis Cycloideis Piscium. 13

Caput subconicum, linea frontale fere recta, superne depres-
sum, latum, lateribus subrotundatum : vertex, opercula geneque
sine squamis: dorsum antice lateribus nudis, medio squamarum
fascia ab pinna dorsale ad nucham extendente.

Oculi obliqui, parvi, in capitis parte anteriore positi.

Os magnum, valde fissum, rictu pone oculos extendente, paulo
obliquo. Maxille equales. Lingua paulo apice emarginata.

Dentes mediocres, subcylindrici, recurvati.

Pinne dorsales due, ormnino distincte.

P. analis p. dorsali secundee opposita.

P. caudalis rotundata.

P. pectorales rotundate.

P. ventrales subparve, membrana interspinali haud alta.

- Cheenogobius annularis, Giil.

Corpus antice fere cylindricum, altitudine ad pinnam dor-
salem maximo, non extremi longitudinis partem septimam
eequante, duplice quam caude altitudo; postice compressum.

Linea ab pinna dorsali ad rostrum fere recta.

Caput leve, lateraliter semiconicum, infra pene horizontale ;
superne latior, depressum planumque, lente ad rostrum rotunda-
tum coarctatum. Nucha paulo constricta.

Capitis longitudo rostro ad operculi marginem non longitu-
dinis partem quartam formans (23-100); altitudine ejusdem fere
dimidio (11-28); latitudine prope nucham multo dimidium
superante (13-23).

Oculi omnino in capitis parte anteriore, orbitee diametro fere
quarties in capitis longitudine; spatio interorbitali diametri 3
zequante.

Pinna caudalis parva, rotundata, circa longitudinis partem
sextam formans.

P. dorsalis prima radiis sex, ultimo remotiori; p. dorsalis se-
cunda longitudinis dimidio posteriori incipiens. .

De VIL 9: VAS) Ok:

14 Prodromus Descriptionis Subfamilia Gobinarum

Color fulvus, supra dense guttulis nigricantibus minimis
obscuratus, lateribus pone anum paucibus annulis fere mundis
ocellos formantibus. Venter fere mundus, fulvus. Pinna dor-
salis secunda trifasciata.

Hab. in sinu “ Hakodadi” insule Japonice “Jesso.” W.
Stimpson ! (specimen unicum).

Lepmogosivus, GILL.

Corpus elongatum, compressum, ad caudz pinnam regulariter
attenuatum.

Squame regulariter imbricate, cycloide.

Caput elongatum, subconicum, vix inflatum, vertice operculis
genibusque plerumque squamosis.

Oculi fere laterales, in capitis parte mediana plerumque
positi.

Os paulo obliquum rictu ad vel sub oculos extendente. Lin-
gua apice emarginata. Maxille sequales.

Dentes villiformes, seriebus multis, serie externa paulo majore.

Pine dorsales due, bene disjunctee.

P. analis dorsali secundee opposita.

P. caudalis margine rotundata.

P. ventrales membrana interspinali haud alta.

P. pectorales mediocres, basibus latis, marginibus rotun-
datis.

Ad hoe genus, Godius gracilis, Girardi (post @. lepidus Grd.)
et G. Newberrii, Grd. pertinent.

Lepidogobius gracilis, (Girard.)
SYNONYMIA.

Gobius gracilis, Grd. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc., Philad., vol. VII. p. 134.
(non G. gracilis, Jenyns), 1855.

Squamis Cycloideis Piscium. 15

Gobius lepidus, Grd. Report Pacific Railroad Surveying Expedition,
vol. VI, Zoology, p. 21, pl. XX Va, fig. 5,6, 1853.

Corpus fulvum ; membrana branchiostegalis pinnzeque hepa-
ticze vel nigricantes.

Hab.—“ San Francisco,” California. W. Stimpson! October,
1855. San Francisco; Dr. Newberry! Girard.

Cuaturicutuys, RicHarpson.
SYNONYMIA.

Cheturichthys, Rich. Voyage of Sulphur, Ichthyology, p. 54, 1844.

Corpus elongatum, compressum, vix antice sub-cylindricum,
ad caudam regulariter attenuatum.

Squame regulariter imbricatee, mediocres, cycloide.

Caput subconicum, linea frontale vix curvata, antice superne
sublatum. Operculis, genibus verticeque squamis obtectis.

Ocult plerumque fere in capitis parte media positi, obliqui.

Apertura branchialis magna.

Os obliquum, sat magnum, rictu paulo sub oculos extendente.
Maxille subequales. Lingua plerumque apice truncata.

Dentes in maxillis plerumque ordine bino, serie anteriore
majores, paulo curvati vel fere subulati.

Maxilla mferior sabtus barbatula (R.)

Pinne dorsales duse omnino separate.

P. analis p. dorsali secunde opposita.

P. caude lanceolata, utrinque in cauda decurrenti et ibi
radiis plurimis inarticulatis simplicibusque sustentata (R.)

P. ventrales membrana connectente haud alta.

P. pectorales rotundate.

‘

16 Prodromus Descriptionis Familie

Cheturichthys hexanema, Blkr.
SyNONYMIA.

Cheturichthys hexanema, Blkr. Verhandelingen van het Bataviaasch
Genootschap, vol. XXV. p. 43. 1853.

Buccarum squame in septem seriebus; in serie longitudinale
39 plus minusve. Maxilla inferior cirris sex, oculo brevioribus,
fere eequidistantibus, ultimo fere sub oculi marginem anteriorem.
Pinna dorsalis prima radiis octo, omnibus fere pariter remotis.

Color fulvus, latere maculorum diffusorum quinque vel sex
serie. Pinnee obscure, minute guttulatee.

Hab. in mari insule Japonice “ Niphon” lateri orientali
(Brooke et Kern!) Stimpson. Nagasaki, in mari, (Pflaum!)
Bleeker.

Cl. Bleekeri tabulam non vidi.

IV.—Prodromus descriptions familie Gobioidarum duorum
generum novorum.

THEODORE GILL AUCTORE.
Read December 20, 1858.

Gobioide dentibus apicibus denticulatis, pinnis ventralibus infundi-
buli simplicis forma, conjunctis, maxillqaue inferiore superiore non multo
minore, subfamiliam, que nomen TrmENTIGERINA datum est, formant.

TRIDENTIGER, GILL.

Corpus oblongum, antice subcylindricum, postice compressum,
cauda alta.

Squame magnitudine mediocres, marginibus posterioribus
pectinatis.

«

Gobioidarum Duorum Generum Novorum. 17

Caput magnitudine mediocre, superne depressum, planum,
lente ad rostrum coarctatum, lateribus compressis, fere verti-
calibus, antice subtruncatum, rostro obtuse rotundato.

Oculi in capitis parte anteriore, fere verticales.

Os terminale, paulo obliquum, rictu ad oculos extendente:
Maxillee fere zequales, vel inferiore longiore.

Dentes in ambobus maxillis seriebus duabus ordinati; seriei
anterioris dentibus elongatis, apicibus lateraliter dilatatis, ple-
rumque paulo recurvatis, tridentatis, denticulomediano maximo;
seriei posterioris simplicibus, recurvatis.

Pinne dorsales due ; prima subquadrata ; secunda oblonga.

P. analis p. Aorsali secundse opposita.

P. caudalis margine subrotundato.

P. pectorales marginibus subrotundatis.

P. ventrales infundibuliformes, antice membrana juncte.

Genus ab Steydio, Val., quod Gobio Plumieri* Blochii et
speciebus affinibus restrictum est, pinnarum ventralium forma
infundibuliformi simplici, rostro ‘subverticali, maxillibus sequa-
libus vel maxilla inferiore longiore, et dentium serie duplice,
differt. Dentes tricuspidati etiam multo validiores sunt.

S. obscurum 'Temmincki et Schlegeli typus est.

Tridentizger obscurus (FT. S.), Gill.

Sicydium obscurum, Temm. Schl. Fauna Japonica, Pisces, p. 145,
tab. Ixxvi., fig. 1, 1850.

Habitat in aquee dulcis fossis Japonize. W. Stimpson!
TrranopHorus,+ Ginx.

Corpus oblongum, antice subcylindricum, postice compressum,
cauda alta, ad quam dorsum abdomenque lente attenuati sunt.

* Sicydium Plumieri, Val. Hist. Nat. des Poissons, vol. xii, p. 168.
+ Tpraivogoprs, Tridentiger; etiam Neptuninomen: nomen dentes tricuspidatos,

quasi tridentes, designans.
DECEMBER, 1858, Dy) Ann. Lyo. Nat. Hist, Vou. VII.

18 Prodromus Descriptionis Familia, ke.

Squame mediocres, marginibus expositis pectinatis.

Caput oblongum, superne depressum planumque, triangulare,
postice dilatatum, antice verticaliter truneatum, rostro obtuse
rotundato.

Oculi in capitis parte anteriore positi, obliqui.

Os terminale paulo obliquum, rictu sub oculis extendente ;
maxillee subeequales vel maxilla inferior paulo longior.

Dentes maxille superioris elongate, apicibus lateraliter dila-
tatis, paulo incurvatis plerumque, apicibus trieuspidatis, denti-
culo mediano maximo; maxilla inferior seriebus duabus, quarum
series prima maxillee superioris seriei similis est; series posterior
dentium simplicium plerumque recurvatorum composita est.

Pinne dorsales dus; secunda, que analis opposita est,
oblonga. Pinne caudalis, pectorales et ventrales ut in genere
Tridenitgeri, Gill.

Hoe genus Zridentigert (Gill) valde affinis est, sed capite
triangulari, postice inflato, et maxillee superioris dentium seri-
erum numero differt.

Triznophorus trigonocephalus, Gill.

Corpus sat elongatum, lente ad caudee pinnam attenuatum,
altitudine maxima circiter longitudinis extremi (pinnee caudalis
incluse) partem septimam equante ; altitudine prope pinnam
caudalem partem decimam eequante.

Caput oblongum, superne triangulare, temporibus _lateri-
busque postice tumidis; longitudine fere totius longitudinis
partem quartam formante; latitudine maxima fere capitis
longitudinis partes duas tertias equante; altitudine multo
minore.

Os rictu sub oculi margine posteriore desinente.

Squamee in serie longitudinale 52 plus minusve.

Pinnee dorsalis secunda analisque alte, oblonge, sube-
quales.

Note on the Reproduction of Actonia. 19

D: vi. eee 1 Pa We -b-P5 E.

Color fuscus, membrana branchiostegali albo punctulata.
Pinna analis albo marginata. Pinna pectoralis fascia albida
transversa prope basem ornata.

Hab. in portu “Tong Kong” Chine. W. Stimpson!

V.—Wote on the Leeproduction of Indwiduals of the Genus

AcTINIA.
By Arraur M. Epwarps.
Read 20th September, 1858.

Tur important relations that the Actiniz bear to other classes
of animals, both above and below them in the scale of life,
together with the beauty of their forms and tints, have invested
them with an interest to zoologists which has also been shared
by unscientific persons. The attention of naturalists has thus
been drawn to the fact, that a thorough knowledge of their
physiology and anatomy is much needed; and it is believed
that any slight notes promoting that end will be gratefully
accepted by students of this class of animals.

The writer intends in this short communication to give such
facts relating to the reproduction of the Actinige, as have come
under his own observation during the past year, while keeping
specimens of the British species A. mesembryanthemum, and —
A. tigrina, for which he is indebted to Mr. M.S. de Vere of
the University of Virginia.

The writer therefore selects the following from his notes,
taken at the time of the occurrence of the facts mentioned ; and
here he would strongly impress on all observers the value of
clear and extended notes and illustrative drawings, however
crude, made at the time of any observation in Natural History.

20 Note on the Reproduction of

Such a record becomes, after a time, extremely useful for pur-
poses of reference.

“J have often noticed that my specimens of A. mesembry-
anthemum have, at times, accumulations of light pink-eolored
granules, of from 0.025 inch., up to almost 0.05 inch. diameter,
in the interior of their tentacles, and that the creatures were at
these periods in a more or less contracted state, that is to say,
not swollen and semi-transparent as they usually are. TI also
noticed that, when in this state, they exhibited an extraordinary
degree of inactivity, and would scarcely clutch at the food pre-
sented to them, which at other times they would seize and
devour with great avidity. Their urtricating power also seemed
to be deficient.

“Having again observed the presence of these granules in
great quantity in the tentacles of one of my specimens, I
watched them carefully for some time, and remarked the fol-
lowing facts :—

“The pink granules were seen to move up and down in the
tentacles, sometimes reaching the extreme tip, and then retreat-
ing towards the body of the animal and disappearing ; at other
times turning at once down into the cavity, at the point where
the base of the tentacle unites with the oval disc, but most fre-
quently passing down to the other extremity near the mouth,
and gradually disappearing. It at once struck me that these
might be young, so I nipped one of the tentacles with a pair of
forceps, when three of the granules were ejected from the orifice,
situated at the extremity of the tentacle, through which the
Actinia inhales the water by means of which it expands its body.
The tentacle so seized was at once withdrawn, and remained
contracted for some time. Two of the three granules, or, as
Sir John Dalyell calls them, ‘ corpuseula,’ dropped to the bot-
tom of the tank, and were lost among the stones, but I captured
one by means of a tube, and placed it under the microscope. It
proved to be of a somewhat spherical form, and set with ciliz
on its surface, by means of which it moved about in a lively

Individuals of the Genus Actinia. 21

manner. These cilize were found to be always present up to
an advanced age in the Actinia, but do not seem to have
been observed in the adult animal, and are therefore most likely
wanting.

“T have also had an opportunity of verifying the observations
of others, that the cavity of the Actinia, which is situated
between the stomach and exterior wall of the body, is provided
with ciliated epithelium, for on crushing a young specimen
under the microscope, epithelial scales were seen to escape,
which moved about for some time by means of their ciliz.

“By the aid of the exterior ciliz the young Actinia moves
through the water, and indeed in the interior of the parent,
always progressing with the base, or rather the point at which
it afterwards makes its appearance, foremost. When very
young, this swimming action is somewhat quick, but as the
Actinia increases in dimensions the motion becomes slower,
and at last the basal dise becomes apparent. Up to this time,
and even sometimes after the base is formed, the creature often
adheres to foreign objects by means of its tentacles, the urtri-
cating capsules of which seem to be strongly developed.

“Tt is at this period of the appearance of the base, that the
cilize, being no longer needed, most likely disappear. Food is not
now required to be passed to the mouth, as the arms or tentacles
appear, and the animal can search for and capture large prey,—
though we often find full grown specimens, supporting them-
selves for months on the microscopic animals living in the
water. The tentacles in A. mesembryanthemum make their
appearance first as four, or sometimes more protuberances, and
when these have reached maturity, others are added to them.
The tentacles of the young animal are always longer in propor-
tion than those of the adult.

“The normal mode in which the young Actiniz are produced
does not seem to be through the orifices at the extremities of
the tentacles, or at least no one has seen them so brouglit forth.
The natural mode is by the opening at the bottom of the stomach,

22 Comparison of the Climate

and so through the mouth, base foremost. The extreme mus-
cular contraction consequent on seizing food will sometimes
eject young from the mouth, which are also at times carried
back, with the food, into the stomach, but not to be digested,
as the Actinize are not cannibal in their habits. In my opinion,
all Actiniz are normally viviparous, though Mr. Lewes men-
tions what he considers an example of an oviparous specimen.

“On this point, as on many others relating to the Actinia,
much remains to be discovered, and any one possessing a few
living specimens should note down facts, be they already known
or new.”

Since writing the above, I have found that many of the facts
mentioned have been already observed by Sir John Dalyell,
but he did not follow up his observations so far as I have, and
therefore while I confirm some of his, several of mine herein
noted down, are now, for the first time, published.

V1—<A Comparison of the Climate, &c., of New York and
Kansas.
By Prorrssor O. W. Morris, New York.

Read 27th December, 1858.

Mucu has been said of late about the climate of Kansas, as to
its similarity to that of southern New York, as well as to its
salubrity; and as the Army Meteorological Journal afforded
the facilities, a comparison was instituted between them, taking
the station of Fort Leavenworth, on the Missouri river, in Kan-
sas, and of Fort Columbus on Governor’s Island, in New York
Harbor, as the points. Fort Columbus is in north latitude 40°
42',—Fort Leavenworth, in 39° 18’, one degree and twenty-four
minutes farther south, and 20° 42’ west longitude from New
York, and at an elevation of 873 feet above it.

The following Table shows the Mean temperature of each
season, and for the year,—the Maximum and Minimum,—-the
prevailing Winds, and the quantity of Rain for each year, for a

23

of New York and Kansas.

period of ten years,—also the same (except the seasons) for each

month of the year 1854

Spring.

51°88
61:15
50°02
48°34
46°80
44:90
49°02
49°62
48°43
47°07

48°72
1844

1850
2°53

Summer

72:23
74°65
70°94
72°92
71:54
71°24
72°69
73°19
72°25)
72°42

73°40
1845

1846

62

Autumn

54°21
57°99
57°29
54°06
55°05
54°43
55°80
53°67
55°81
55°24

55°36
1845
its)
1852

NEW YORK.
Winter. | Year Max
29°82) 52°03} 92
31°75] 53°88] 99
30°89) 52°28) 95
33°97) 52°32] 94
27°51) 50°22) 94
83'14| 50:98} 94
81°07) 52°15} 96
31°84| 51:40} 92
82°14) 52°16) 89
28°13) 50°71] 98
31:03} 51°81] 93°9
1847) 1845
1849) 1849

Winds.

N. W.
ING AYE
N. W.
N. W.
NeW
INEWis
N, W.
N. W.
SmWe
Ss. W.

Rain.

36°38

34°08
48°91
64°82
31°74
54°53
39°97
43 84
52°20
45°18

45°16

TABLE.

1844
1845
1846
1847
1849
1850
1851
1852
1853
1854

Mean.
Warmest
Mean dif.
Coldest.
Mean dif.

Spring. | Summer

55 23
55°76
56°12
47°43
54°03
48°10

73°38
74°86
74°59
71°66
13°74
7574
54°19) 78°25
5294) 72°72
51°61) 73°75
55°55) 77°71

53°10) 74°14
1846) 1854
4:24) 3°06
1847| 1847

Autumn} Winter.

51°10
54°54
56°13
53:19
57:47
55°27
53°78
51°77
55°27
58°57

80°57
33°61
8410
26°47
23°24
28°67
31°15
28°34
31°44
31°53

54°71] 29°91
1854) 1846

13
1844| 1849
2°57| 4:27

KANSAS.
pea eT,

Year. | Max. | Min. Winds. Rain.
52°57| 91 0} N. W. |48°12
54°69) 99 |—14 S. 84°56
55°86} 94 | —6) N.W. [28°75
49 69) 96 |—10 Ss. 21°08
52°12} 90 |—25) S. BE. /42°85
51:94:100 |—11 S. 27:07
53°09} 91 | —6 5. 37°81
51:44] 98 |—14; N. W. /36°53
53°02] 94 3/S.W&N.W/|25-20
55°84|103 | —8| §. W. |24:40
58°03/94°1 | -9°7 82°13
1846

1:98

1847

53

24 A Comparison of the Climate, &c.,

Monruty Means ror 1854.

NEW YORK. KANSAS.

Max. Min. | Mean. | Winds. | Rain. Max. Min. | Mean. | Winds. | Rain.

N. W.| 2°60 67 8 | 24°68) S. W.} 0°04
N. E. | 4:00 48 6 | 85°53) 8. W.| 1°78
INE Wie ee.) 79 20 | 45:14/ 8. W.| 1°33
N. E. | 8°80 85 15 | 56:06|S. W.) 3:35
8. E. | 7°70 88 40 | 65°45) S. W.| 5°55
8. W./ 2°20 93 46 | 72°85) 8. W.| 4:50
8. W./ 1°90 || 102 59 | 81°19
8. W.| 1:03 || 108 56 | 79°10
S: W.| 1:90 98 AT \"13 71
N. W.| 1°80 88 33 | 60°64
S. W. | 3:95 68 15 | 41°37
N. W.| 8°60 59 | —7 | 84°38

i)
Je)
oO

S. W.| 3°765]| 81°5 | 26°83] 55:84| S. W./2:038

The range of the thermometer in New York for 1854 is 88°,
in Kansas it is 111°, a difference of 23°. The maximum at
New York being 93°, at Kansas 103°—the minimum at New
York 5° above, at Kansas 8° below zero.

This year, all the seasons, as well as the yearly means, are
warmer in Kansas than in New York. The Spring is 8-48°—
the Summer 5-29°—the Autumn 3°33°—the Winter 3:-40°—and
the Year 5:13°.

20-78 inches more rain fell in New York than in Kansas.

July was the warmest month in both; January was the cold-
est month in Kansas, and December in New York.

By this comparison it is seen that Kansas is warmer than
New York. The mean temperature for the ten years was 1:22
degrees warmer. In the year 1844 the mean temperature in
Kansas was 52°57, in New York 54:08—in 1854, in Kansas it
was 55°84, in New York 50°71. The maximum is higher and
the minimum lower there also. In 1844 the max. was 1°, and

of New York and Kansas. 25

the min. 3° less in Kansas than in New York—in 1845 the max.
was the same in both, but the min. was 20° lower, being 14°
below zero. In 1846 the max. was 1°, in 1849 4°, in 1851 5°
lower—in 1852 the same, while in 1847 it was 2°, in 1850 6°,
in 1853 5°, and in 1854 10° higher. In 1844 the min. was 3°,
in 1845 8°, in 1846 11°, in 1847 22°, in 1849 24°, in 1850 20°,
in 1851 10°, in 1852 12°, in 1853 11°, and in 1854 19° lower
than in New York.

The prevailing winds in Kansas are S. and S. W., at New
York N.W. During the ten years the winds in Kansas blew
on 628 days from 8S. and 8. W., and on 618 days from N. W. at
New York. Easterly winds bring the most rain in both.

The quantity of water from rain and snow is also less in Kan-
sas. There fell in ten years at New York a mean of 45:16
inches, in Kansas 32°13 inches, a difference of 13°03 inches.
In 1847 the difference was 43°79 inches, while in 1844 there
was 11-74 inches, and in 1849 11-11 inches more. The greatest
quantity in any one month was 15°8 inches in Kansas (June
1845), and 3-7 inches at New York. In Dec. 1845 there was
none in Kansas, and 2°51 in New York. In April 1854 there
was 3°35 inches in Kansas, and 8°8 inches in New York. The
whole amount for ten years was, in Kansas 321°32 inches, in
New York 451°65 inches, a difference in the whole quantity of
130°33 inches less in Kansas.

The conclusion is, therefore, that the atmospheric changes are
greater, if not so sudden, in Kansas than in New York, and con-
sequently more prejudicial to health. Its distance inland may,
by causing the moisture of the atmosphere from the ocean to
be precipitated before reaching there, render the air more pure
as well as dry.

Nore.—At Fort Jones, California, Lat. 41° 36’, Long. 122° 52’ W., at an eleva-
tion of 2750 feet, the temperature was for 1854—Spring, 4858; Summer, 66°16;
Autumn, 51:20; Winter, 32°65; Year, 49°65; Max. 100°; Min., 5°. At San Fran-
cisco, California, Lat. 37° 48’, Long, 122° 26’ W., at an elevation of 150 feet—
Spring, 5389; Summer, 56°40; Autumn, 57°58; Winter, 50°76; Year, 54°66.

Max., 78°; Min., 27°—a very agreeable climate, with only 17 inches of rain for
the year, and at Fort Jones only 29 inches.

26 Remarks on Certain Species of

VIL—Remarks on certain species of North American
Helicidee.

By Tuomas Buanp.
(Continued from vol. vi. p. $62.)

Read 20th December, 1858.

Melix auriculata, Say.

Synonymy.
Polygyra auriculata Say Nich. Enc. Am. ed. 1816
ot . i Ol. Mead. N.S. Phila, Lp. 277. 1818
Helix as Fer. Prod., No. 98. 1822
2 0. Binney Bost. Jl. IIL, p. 384 (ex parte)
Plixix tig, 1840
ee 2 De Kay N.Y. Moll. p. 47, pl. 3, fig. 28. 1843
« ef Pfr. Mon. Hel. I. No. 1084, excl. var. 1848
i “ Chemn. ed. II. Helix p.371, t. 65, fig. 3, 4.
“ ¢ Desh. in Fer. Hist. p. 76 (excl. var.)
pl. 50, fig. 4.
“ “ Binney Terr. Moll. II. p. 186 (ex parte),
pl. xl., fig. 1 (left hand). 1851
s 4 Reeve Conch. Icon. No. 700. excl. fig. 1852
Polygyra, “ W. G. Binney, reprint of Say, p. 10. 1856
Helix, . és Notes on Amer. Land
Shells in Proc. Acad., Phila, p. 191. 1857
= 20U. 1858

The following is a copy of Say’s description :—

Potya@yRA AURICULATA—Shell beneath, convex; whorls five, a little
rounded, crossed by numerous raised equidistant lines, forming grooves
between them; spire very little raised; lateral line (extending from
the outer whorl to the apex), not convex, but somewhat concave ; mouth
very unequal; lips prominent above, appressed to the preceding whorl

North American Helicide. oY |

beneath ; pillar lip suddenly reflected, and pressed into the mouth at an
acute angle, beneath very acutely concave ; outer lip a little more pro-
minent in the middle, and within the edge protruded into the mouth ;
throat extremely narrow ; suture near the mouth suddenly reflected from
the preceding whorl, and carinate ; umbilicus dilated, very small within,
and exhibiting a groove on the outer whorl.

Breadth of the female nearly half an inch, of the male about three-
tenths. Inhabits Florida. Cabinet of the Academy. This curious
species we found near St. Augustine, East Florida, in a moist situation.
They were observed in considerable numbers; the color is reddish
brown, indistinctly banded with whitish lines, sometimes with darker
ones ; mouth white.

The specimens preserved in the Cabinet of the Academy
at Philadelphia, said to have been Say’s, but labelled in the
handwriting of Mr. Philipps, agree with those collected by
Mr. O. M. Dorman, and to which I refer in these notes.

The group to which this species belongs has been very much
misunderstood. In 1816 Say described HZ. auriculata and H.
avara,-—he sent specimens to Ferussac, who enumerated them
in his Prodromus, and published figures in advance of the text
of the Hist. des Moll., which Deshayes contributed many years
later.

Dr. Binney erroneously considered HZ. avara to be the imma-
ture form of auriculata, and indeed referred all the forms known
to him to the latter species. In 1852 Shuttleworth described
Helix wvulifera, and Reeve published the same, with a figure,
as H. jlorulifera. Of this I received specimens from Shuttle-
worth in 1853,—it appeared to be unknown to American con-
chologists. Subsequently [had a shell from Dr. Budd, without
name or locality, but unquestionably the HZ. avara Say, though
by no means agreeing with any species so labelled in the cabi-
nets to which I had access, including that of Dr. Binney, in
the possession of Mr. W. G. Binney.

During 1858 I received, through the kindness of Mr. O. M.
Dorman, a number of ZZ. auriculata, collected by himself at

28 Remarks on Certain Species of

St. Augustine, and several of the rare H. avara from the
vicinity of the river St. John, East Florida. After careful
examination of the whole subject, I am of opinion that //.
auriculata Say, and avara Say, are entirely distinct,—that the
forms referred to by Dr. Binney as avara, and by him, Pfeiffer,
and Deshayes, as varieties of aurzculata, are likewise distinct,
and that the comparatively small shell commonly labelled
LH. auriculata in our cabinets, but generally without authentic
habitat, is a variety of Z. woulefera Shuttl.

Pfeiffer in Mon. I. refers to Ferussac’s figure 3 (pl. 50), as
var. minor of H. auriculata, but with doubt in Mon. III. to
the same, in the synonymy of HZ. wulifera Shuttl.

Reeve’s fig. 700 (pl. 119), referred to by Pfeiffer as awriculata,
appears to be of the same form.

Deshayes gives an elaborate description in French of this
species; alluding to the variety, he says: “ La variété est plus
petite, plus mince, plus transparente; mais ces caractéres
dépendent probablement de lage. I] en est sans doute de
méme relativement aux différences dans les formes et les pro-
portions de ouverture.” He derived and adopted, I presume,
that opinion from the Boston Journal.

To aid in identifying this and the allied species, I give the

Fie. I. annexed figure I. of the aperture of HZ. auricu-
lata Say, double the natural size, taken from a
living specimen collected by Mr. O. M. Dorman
at St. Augustine.

H. auriculata may be distinguished by its

larger size, the greater development of the seve-

H. quriculata 86Y- v5) parts of its curious aperture, and especially
by the sudden outward deflexure of the central part of the
labrum, which has a deep scrobiculation behind it, correspond-
ing with the upper tooth within the aperture. The portion of
the labium extending from the inferior angle of the parietal
intruded tooth is erect, and more elevated than in any other of
the species.

North American LHelicidea. 29

The following are the measurements of the largest and
smallest specimens, selected from about thirty of those col-
lected by Mr. Dorman :—

Diam. maj. 16, min. 18, Alt. 73 mill.
“c 6¢ 12, 6“ 103, 66 6 14

I have no authentic information of the occurrence of this
species in any other locality than at St. Augustine, and its
immediate neighbourhood, and no other form was there found
by Mr. Dorman.

It is difficult to understand Say’s observation as to the dif
ferent size of the male and female, referring, as he evidently
does, to the shell, and not to the animal. His measurements
correspond with those of the smaller diameters of my speci-
mens. No example with the indistinct bands mentioned by
Say has come under my notice.

No fulcrum or tubercle exists in any member of this group.
The groove in the last whorl, exhibited in the umbilical region,
has a corresponding somewhat convex surface in the interior.

IT would explain that the forms figured as auriculata by
Binney in Terr. Moll., pl. xl., fig. 1 (right hand), by Ferussac,
pl. 50, fig. 8, and by Reeve in Conch. Icon., pl. exix., No. 700,
appear to represent the same species,—one which I consider
distinct, and propose to describe as ZZ. auriformis.

Binney’s fig. 2 in both his works, and Reeve’s pl. exxi., No.
720, may be of a different shell, but cannot in fact be very
readily made out,—the figs.1, 2 in Chemn., pl. 55, are quite unin-
telligible ; certainly none of them are of H. avara Say. To
another distinct species from Georgia, confounded with Z.
avara, I give the specific name Postelliana.

30 Lvemarks on Certain Species of

Mfelix avara, Say.

Synonymy.
Polygyra avara Say Nich. Enc. Am. ed. 1816
a a “Jl. Acad. N: 8, Phil. J. p. 277. 1818
Helix “|. Mer. Prod. No.0%, 1822
“ “Pfr. var. 8. minor, Mon. Hel. I., No. 1087
(ex parte). 1848
. “Desh. in Fer, Hist., p. 78, pl. 50, fig. 2.
ag “— Chemn. ed. II, Helix, p. 370 (ex parte), excl.
fig.
ee “Reeve Conch. Icon. (ex parte), No. 720, excl. fir. 1852
Polygyra “ W. G. Binney reprint of Say, p. 11. 1856
= $s “ Notes on Amer. Land Shells
in Proc. Acad, Phila., p. 200. 1858

Say’s description is as follows :—

P. avara.— Shell covered with numerous short, robust hairs 5 spire
convex; whorls four, regularly rounded, with hardly elevated lines
forming grooves, which are much more conspicuous near the mouth ;
mouth subreniform, two projecting, obtuse teeth on the outer lip within,
separated by a deep sinus; outer lip elevated, equal, describing two-
thirds of a circle; pillar lip elevated, broadly but not profoundly emar-
ginate, concave beneath, and connected to the inner side by an elongated,
lamelliform tooth, which is placed obliquely on the penultimate whorl
near the middle of the mouth ; lips almost equally prominent, continued ;
umbilicus moderate, not exhibiting the yolutions, no groove on the ulti-
mate whorl within it. Breadth quarter of an inch. Inhabits Florida.
Cabinet of the Academy. Animal longer than the breadth of the shell,
acute behind, above granulated and blackish, beneath, and each side,
white.

“This we found in the orange groves of Mr. Fatio, on the River St.
John, East Florida; it is usually covered with a black, earthy coat,

North American flelicide. 31

which is probably retained and collected by the hairs. When unen-
cumbered by this vesture, the shell is of a horn color. It is by no
means so common as the preceding species (P. auriculata).”

No specimen of this comparatively rare shell is now to be
found in the cabinet of the Academy at Philadelphia.

In the above synonymy I exclude all mention of the writings
of Dr. Binney, in the confident belief that he entirely misinter-
preted this species. In the Boston Journal he refers to PI. xix.
fig. 1, as the mature ZZ. awriculata, and to fig. 2 “as the young
shell described by Say as P. avara.” His remarks are repeated
in the Terr. Moll., with an additional observation as to the size
of the shells. From the latter werk I quote the following :—

“ At different periods of growth the aperture differs very much in
appearance, and has led naturalists into error. When the lip is just
beginning to be formed, and as yet projects but little, there are two
projecting teeth on its inner edge, with a deep sulcus between them ; as
these continue to grow, they assume more and more the appearance of
lamellar folds, the lower one of which, when viewed on a line perpen-
dicular to the base of the shell, hides the other. The columellar fold,
at the same early period, appears more like an independent tooth, to
each extremity of which the lip is connected. It is this variety which
Mr. Say described as a distinct species, under the name of Polygyra
avara, This opinion I derive, not so much from his descriptions as
from the examination of original specimens collected and labelled by
him, now in my possession. I have specimens of the mature shell
smaller than any specimen of H.avara that I have seen, and have other
specimens of H. avara, so called, as large as the most mature H, auri-
culata, Plate XL. fig. 1, represents the mature shell, fig. 2, the young
shell, described by Say as P. avara.”

The whole tenor of the above remarks is certainly erroneous.
With respect to the shells “collected and labelled” by Say, it
is possible that he, at a period subsequent to the publication
of his diagnosis, may have distributed as H. avara specimens

32 Remarks on Certain Species of

similar to those figured by Dr. Binney, considering them to be
variety of that species; but the figures by no means agree
with, and indeed I doubt whether he ever saw the rare form
described by Say. There is no example of it in the cabinet of
Dr. Binney, now in the possession of Mr. W. G. Binney.
Through his kindness I have specimens from that cabinet of
the HZ. avara Binney, which are not only mature shells, but
entirely distinct from Say’s species.

Dr. Binney’s statement-that he had the mature ZZ. auricu-
lata smaller than any ZZ. avara he had seen, and the latter as
large as the former in its mature state, is totally unintelligible.
I can only interpret it by assuming that he did not know
H. avara Say, and confounded a small variety of H. uvulifera
Shuttl., and the two forms, both in fact mature shells, figured
in the Terr. Moll., Pl. XL. figs. 1 (right hand) and 2, with
HI. auriculata.

To European authors 4. avara seems to have been almost
entirely unknown,—the figures in Reeve and in Chemnitz do
not represent it; indeed the only figure which does so approxi-
mately is that of Ferussac.

I find from the first letter written to Ferussac by Say, a copy
of which, without date, is now before me, in his own hand-
writing,* that he sent to Ferussac specimens of P. auriculata
and ?. aara. In the reply, dated Paris, 15th July, 1820, are
the following notes :—

“14. P. auriculata, precieuse espéce que je n’avais pas,
nouvelle.”

“15. P. avara, celle-ci est presque aussi curicuse, nouvelle
pour moi.”

Deshayes (Fer. Hist. I. p. 78) writes as to /7. avara, referring
to Ferussac’s figure, Pl. 50, fig. 2:—‘ Avant d’avoir vu cette

* I am indebted to Mrs, Say for an opportunity of examining much of the
correspondence of Mr, Say with Baron Ferussac and others, and would acknow-
ledge gratefully the interest which she manifests in my endeavors to identify the
species described by Mr, Say.

North American Helicide. 33

espéce dans la Collection de M. de Ferussac, nous l’avions prise
pour une variété de PH. auriculata. Aprés avoir comparée
i cette derniére, nous lui avons reconnu des caractéres constants,
ce qui nous a determiné 4 la conserver comme espéce distincte.”
The annexed figure IL. of HZ. avara Say, double the natural
size, is from a specimen collected on the St. John’s Fie. IL.
River, Florida, by Mr. O. M. Dorman. The sirie
are incorrectly represented,—they should have been 4 :
shown only at the termination of the last whorl, over WI
a small space immediately behind the peristome. H. avara Say.

H. avara Say may be readily distinguished by its smaller
size, more delicate texture, and less globose form,—it has from
4 to 4 whorls, and is the only species of the group which is
hirsute. The superior tooth on the labrum is armed with a
hook as in the other species, but is narrower, less deeply seated,
and more erect; the inferior one is rather a distinct tooth than
a lamellar fold. The parietal process differs entirely from that
of H. auriculata, as plainly shown in my figure. ZZ. avara is
without the groove on the last whorl which prevails in auriey-
lata, and the forms represented by Dr. Binney as varieties of it.

The size appears to be constant,—the following are the
measurements of the specimen figured :—

Diam. maj. 7, min. 6, Alt. 3 mill.

Mr. W. G. Binney (Proc. Phila. Acad., 1857, p. 191), when
commenting on the figures of H. auriculata in the Terr. Moll.,
says: “J do not consider fig. 2, HZ. avara Say, as a variety of
this, but a distinct species. There are some varieties of auri-
culata which may be confounded with it, but it is certainly a
good species.” “I entirely agree in the opinion that fig. 2 repre-
sents a good species, but by no means that it is the Z/. avara Say.
Mr. Binney mentions having received fine fresh hirsute speci-
mens from Mr. Postell,—in this there must be some mistake.
The //. avara W.G. Binney from St. Simon’s Island and other
parts of Georgia, is not hirsute, as Mr. Postell himself assures

me, and H/. avara Say has not been found there.
JANUARY, 1858. 3 Ann, Lyo. Nat. Hist. Vou. VIL

34 Remarks on Certain Species of

Helix uvulifera Shuttleworth.

Synonymy.
Helix wvulifera Shuttleworth Bern. Mittheil., p.199, August. 1852
ee “ : Diag. n. Moll., No. 2, p. 19.
“ florulifera Reeve Conch. Icon., No. 699, p. 119. - 1852

“ —uvulifera Chemn, Ed. II. Helix, No. 979, t. 148, fig.
19, 20, fide Pfr.
a - W. G. Binney Notes on Amer. Land Shells,
Proc. Phila. Acad., p. 205. 1858

Shuttleworth thus describes this species :—

“ HELIX UVULIFERA.—T. rimato-perforata, superne planiuscula, subtus
inflata, striata, cinereo-albida, solidula, nitidula; anfr. 5, lente accres-
centes, angusti, ultimus ad aperturam subito deflexus, subtus devius,
scrobiculato-constrictus; apertura valde obliqua, auriformis, ringens,
valde coarctata; perist. acutum, reflexo-patulum, marginibus plica lingui-
formi oblonga medio excavata profunde intrante junctis, dextro lamella
profunde immersa in apicula filiformi reflexa desinente, basali tuberculo
dentiformi obliquo et sinuoso instructo.

“ Diam. maj. 12, min. 11, Alt. 7 mill.

“ Hab.—lIn insulis parvis ‘ Long Keys’ sinu dicto ‘ Sarazota,’ Florida
Austr. (Rugel).

“ Obs——Specimina numerosissima examinavi. Proxime H. auricu-
late affinis, sed textura, colore, ac apertura minus coarctata, peristo-
mateque minus producto satis distincta. HH. Ariadne Pfr. in Chemn.,
ed. 2, tab. 65, f. 29-31, etiam affinis, at differt figura testa tantum
rimata sine vestigio perforationis. Nomen specificum ab apicula lamella
marginis dextri peristomatis, Uvulee Humane haud dissimili, assumptum.
‘Sed character hic in omnibus speciebus affinibus plus minusve obvius est.”

The annexed figure III. of the aperture of H. wulifera
Fie. I, Sbuttl., twice the natural size, is from a specimen
received direct from the author of the species.
H. uvulifera may be distinguished from /7. auri-
culata by the character of the labrum, which is
equally produced from the superior angle of the
parietal process, to the base of the inferior tooth

. wulifera Shuttl.

North American Helicide. 35

or fold, where it is reflected, sometimes appressed to the last
whorl. The lower angle of the parietal ‘process is connected
with the inner termination of the labrum by a flat, more or less
developed callus. The umbilical region is less open, and there
is no groove within it on the last whorl.

This species is variable in size, texture, and sculpture. Mr.
Shuttleworth’s specimen is opaque, of the color indicated in his
description,—irregularly, and, compared* with H. auriculata,
slightly striated.

I have one example of large size, from the cabinet of the late
Mr. Samuel Lounsbury, which is white, translucent, and almost
smooth,—the habitat unknown.

Of the more common form, usually labelled HZ. auriculata in
American cabinets, I received very many specimens from Mr.
Anthony and other correspondents, but without any note of
the locality in which they were collected. For one from Corpus
Christi, Texas, I am indebted to Mr. W. G. Binney. This
variety is of a yellowish horn color, shining, strongly striated
above and at the base, and generally smaller than the shell
described by Shuttleworth.

I add the measurements of the specimens referred to :—

Diam. maj. 114, min. 10, Alt. 6 mill, whorls 5, Shuttleworth.
me ANT: SO ma I Oy a “6, Lounsbury.
- aed? hee Oe ces akg Te “53, W.G. Binney.

Helix Postelliana Bland.

T. rimato-perforataé, superne convexiuscula, costulato-striata, subtus
inflato-convexa, leviuscula; fusco-cornea, tenui, nitida, subpellucida; spira
vix elevata; anfr. 5, lente accrescentibus, convexiusculis, ultimo ad aper-
turam deflexo, disjuncto, scrobiculato-constricto ; sutura impressa ; aper-
turé alba, obliqua, auriformi, coarctata; perist. acuto, continuo, marginibus
plica linguiformi, oblonga, intrante, superne excavata, junctis; dextro
lamella uncata profunde immersa, basali dente lamelliformi, erecto, vix
obliquo, intra aperturam producto et recurvato, instructo.

36 Remarks on Certain Species of

Shell perforate, above slightly convex, with rib-like striz
wider apart and more prominent behind the aperture; beneath
inflated, convex, almost smooth, and with microscopic spiral
lines; brown horn color, thin, shining, subpellucid; whorls 5,
gradually increasing, rather convex, the last deflected and
turned outwards from the preceding one, scrobiculate, con-
stricted, grooved within the umbilical region; suture im-
pressed ; aperture white, oblique, ear-shaped, contracted ; pe-
ristome acute, continuous, the margins joined by a tongue-
shaped fold, excavated above, entering into the aperture, the
right margin having a deeply-seated lamella, which terminates
in a reflexed hook, the base with an erect lamelliform, scarcely
oblique tooth, produced into, and recurved within the aperture.

Diam. maj. 9$; min. 84, mill. Alt. 5 mill.

Habitat.—W ayne Co., Ware Co. and St. Simon’s Island, Ga.,
Postell!: Camden Co., Ga., Bishop Elliott!: Glynn Co., Ga.
Wilson!

Station.—Mr. Postell writes as to the Wayne Co. specimens,
of which he sent me about a dozen.

“These shells are found upon the slopes of the hills, near the
base, where the earth is always moist, under fallen pines, and in
most cases between the bark and trunk of the trees. The ani-
mals feed, f think, on the decayed bark, and not on living vege-
table matter.”

The single specimen in my cabinet from Ware Co. Ga., is
somewhat larger than the others—has 54 whorls,—the aperture
is brown in color, and the strie are more conspicuous at the
base.

Its measurements are,

Diam. maj. 10; min. 9. Alt. 54 mill.

Observations.—This species, of which the annexed fig. IV.
shows the aperture, double the natural size, is certainly dis-
tinct from the three already considered. It is smaller than

North American Helicide. ot

FT. auriculata, and the rib-like strie, which cover Fi. IV.
the whole of that shell, are scarcely rh tae |
at the base. The form of the parietal pro- E
cess is very like that of H. weulifera, but the continuation
of its inferior angle to the inner termination of the labrum
is not prostrate as in that species, but erect as in /Z. awri-
culata. The position and form of the upper tooth on the
labrum is much the same as in that species, and in ZZ. wulifera,
but the lower one is entirely different. In those it is an oblique,
strongly developed, convex, sinuous fold on the margin of the
labrum, not descending into the aperture, there being within
a slight thickening only, corresponding with the lower exterior
apertural depression.

In Z. Postellania there is at the base of the labrum a thin,
erect, oblong, lamelliform tooth, rather oblique, but more
closely marginal than the fold in the other species. The exterior
of this tooth is convex, within concave, it is 1 mill. in height,
and 14 in length, and descends rapidly into the aperture, where
it is recurved, and terminates obtusely opposite to the lower
end of the superior tooth, there being a very distinct and tor-
tuous sinus between the two. Ihave opened specimens from
different localities, and find these characters constant.

This is, I believe, the shell which Dr. Binney supposed to be
the H. avara Say—specimens from his cabinet, as well as one
sent to me by the late Judge Tappan, allso labelled, induce this
opinion. The small figures, however, in the Boston Journal,
and Terr. Moll. scarcely represent this form.

I name this species after my liberal correspondent Mr. James
Postell, in acknowledgment of the valuable assistance which I
have received from him, in my endeavor to elucidate the
North American Helices.

Helix auriformis Bland.

Helix auriculata Binney, Bost. Jl. (ex parte), pl. xix. fig. 2, 1840
tf ss Desh. in Fer. Hist. var. minor, pl. 50, fig. 3.

38 North American Helicide.

Helix avara Chemn. ed. II., Helix 370 (ex parte), t. 65, fig. 1-2.

6 “ Pfr. Mon. I., No. 1087 (ex parte), 1848
“ auriculata Binney, Terr. Moll. IL. (ex parte,), fig. 1,

(right hand), 2. 1851
“ avara Reeve Conch. Icon. No. 720, pl. 121. 1852
“i waunieulata [o> cs cS 00) SEG. 1852

T. rimato-perforata, superne depressa, costulato-striata, subtus in- °
flato-convexa, lzeviusculaé ; alba vel fusco-cornea, tenui, spira brevis-
simé ; anfr. 54-6, planiusculis, ultimo ad aperturam deflexo, breviter
disjuncto, constricto, vix scrobiculato ; apertura subhorizontali, auri-
formi, coarctata ; perist. acuto, continuo, marginibus plica linguiformi,
brevi, intrante junctis ; dextro lamella obtusa, submarginali, basali tuber-
culo dentiformi, obliquo et sinuoso, instructo.

Shell perforate, above depressed, with rib-like strize, beneath
inflated, convex, almost smooth, and with microscopic spiral
lines; white, or brown horn-color, thin ; spire very short ;
whorls 54 to 6, rather flat, the last deflected, and shortly turned
outwards from the preceding whorl, constricted, scarcely scro-
biculate ; aperture sub-horizontal, ear-shaped, contracted ; peri-
stome acute, continuous, the margins joined by a short linguiform
fold, entering within the aperture; the right margin with an
obtuse submarginal lamella, and the base with an oblique sinu-
ous, tooth-like fold.

Diam. maj. 113; min. 10. Alt. 6 mill.

6c “ 9, ‘79 8, 66 4} oe

Habitat.—The largest specimen is from Ware Co., Ga., Pos-
tell! The smaller is one of two specimens found in a rotten
oak log, in the neighborhood of Savannah, Ga., by my young
friend, John Elliott, a son of Bishop Elliott; in these the striz
at the base are more prominent than in any other specimens.
The species seems to have a wider distribution than the preced-
ing. I have specimens from Washington Co., Texas (W. G.
Binney); from Alabama (Prof. A. Winchell and J. H. Redfield)

Description of a New Genus of Pimelodine, &e. 39

and many, without mention of habitat, from several correspon-
dents.

Observations.—This species, the aperture of which is repre-
sented in Fig. V., is common in American cabinets, and usually
labelled ZZ. avara, or var. of H. auriculata, but it Fia. V.
appears to me entirely distinct. It is most nearly
allied to the former, but is larger, not hirsute, and

has the groove in the last whorl, within the

umbilical region like the latter. The parietal fold is some-
what similar to, but does not descend so far into the aper-
ture as that of 7. Postellania, but the teeth on the labrum are
in form and position, though more developed, rather like those
of H. avara. They are separated by the same deep sinus, but
the upper one generally without the sharp reflexed hook at its
termination.

The pale and white varieties are, I believe, from Alabama,
—my figure is taken from one of them, the shells are
heavier, and the parietal fold especially is more developed.

I have given to this species the name aurzformis, the general
form of the aperture, with its several parts, offering a more
striking resemblance to the human ear than is the case with
any of its allies. ©

VIIL—Deseription of a New Genus of Pimelodine from
Canada.

By THEO. GILL.
Read January 31, 1859.

SyNECHOGLANIS, GILL.

Body moderately elongated and much compressed, with the
back and abdomen very slowly converging to the adipose fin ;
caudal peduncle moderate behind the anal fin.

40 Description of a New Genus of

Head conical in profile, compressed, with the sides posteriorly
sloping slightly outwards; the supra-occipital (¢nterparietal Cuv.)
is extended backwards in a triangular prolongation, whose apex
is emarginated, and receives the point of a hastate buckler
extending from the dorsal fin; the bones of the head are
covered by a smooth skin through which the wrinkles of the
skull are apparent.

Eyes large, and almost entirely lateral.

Barbles eight, consisting of two nasal, two maxillary, and
two pairs behind the lower jaw.

Branchial apertures large and continuous under the throat.

Mouth moderate, with the gape subquadrate: lower jaw
shorter than the upper.

Teeth villiform, in a broad band on both the intermaxillaries
and dentary.

Tongue large, attached by the edges to the floor of the
mouth.

Lateral line straight, extending to the caudal.

Dorsal subquadrate, higher than long.

Adipose jin rather small, above posterior portion of anal.

Anal rather long, decreasing posteriorly.

Pectorals triangular, with the first ray a stout spine.

Caudal forked or lunate, with the lobes equal and pointed

Synechoglanis Beadlei, Gill.

r

The dorsal outline declines very gradually to the adipose, and
from thence rather more rapidly to the region of the caudal
peduncle behind the anal fin; the peduncle is consequently
quite slender.

The head is conical in profile, and of small size; it
forms between a fourth and fifth of the total length from the
snout to the concavity of the caudal fin; its greatest breadth is
less than three quarters of its length. The eyes are large and
oval, and the diameter of the orbit is little less than a third of
the length of the head. The distance from the snout is nearly

Pimelodine from Canada. 41

a third greater than the diameter, and the interorbital space
equals a diameter.

The anterior fontanelle commences before the anterior mar-
gins of the orbits, and extends nearly to the posterior margin of
the eye ; the posterior fontanelle is nearly as long as the ante-
rior, and is separated from it by a narrow interval.

The maxillary barbles extend beyond the anterior third of
the pectoral fins, and the external barbles behind the lower jaw
nearly reach to the bases of the same fins.

ESOP VA. 2a CO) PRS MTOM Vere:

The color of the single specimen preserved in spirits is dark
olive brown on the head, and rather lighter on the back, while
the sides have a silvery lustre; the abdomen is white. The
anal fin and the adipose dorsal are clouded on their borders.
The caudal fin is also darker at its margin.

A single specimen of this species was sent by Dr. Delos W.
Beadle, from St. Catherine’s, Canada West, to Mr. J.C. Brevoort,
to whom I am indebted for the privilege of describing it. As
it appears to be a young fish, and is, at the same time, in poor
condition, I have refrained from giving a full description of it ;
a more detailed account may be expected in a short time.

This seems to be the only species of the genus certainly
known. ;

A species of this tribe has been described by Franklin B.
Hough, M.D., under the name of Pimelodus gracilis, which
may be a second species of the genus. No description, how-
ever, is given of the supra-occipital, and the head is simply
described as “slightly flattened, with a longitudinal depression
extending from a little below the orbits to a point above the
extremities of the gills.” The mouth is said to be “ small,” which
can be only applied correctly to a species of the present genus,
as the true Pmelodi have the mouth quite large. The P.
gracilis is described in a “ Catalogue of Reptiles and Fishes

42 Description of Two New Species of Terrestrial

from St. Lawrence Co.,”* and is stated to occur in both St. Law-
rence and Jefferson counties. Its describer has evidently failed
to consult the “ Histoire Naturelle des Poissons,” or he would
have discovered that the same name had already been
given to a species of South America, which has hitherto been
considered as a congener of the North American P%melodus
catus. The Pimelodus gracilis of Hough is said to have
from twenty-two to twenty-four anal rays, twenty-two branched
caudal rays, and maxillary barbles “ extending back to the tips
of the gills,” in which respects it differs from the present
species.

IX.— Description of Two New Species of Terrestrial Grapsoid
Crustaceans from the West Indies.

By Tauro. Git.
Read December 20, 1858.

CARDISOMA, LAT.

i. Cardisoma diurnum, Giil.

The carapace is longitudinally arched and _ transversely
nearly horizontal ; on each side it is distinctly defined anteriorly
by an elevated line which is boldly curved outwards. The
sides are little convex anteriorly, but convexly tumid poste-
riorly. The surface of the carapace has the same order and
arrangement of its areolar areas as that of Cardisoma guanhumi
(Lat.). The postorbital tooth is elongated, triangular, and trilate-
ral, acute and small: behind this and separated by a groove is
a smaller one.

The external maxilliped has its meros or fourth joint almost
obliquely truncated, cordiform, and with its internal side with a
moderately gibbous margin. ,

* In “Fifth Annual Report of the Regents of the University on the Condition
of the State Cabinet of Natural History,” d&c., Albany, 1852.

Grapsoid Crustaceans from the West Indies. 43

The abdomen of the male is nearly similar to that of the
same sex in Oardisoma guanhumi; its sides are slightly
incurved towards the middle, and its second and third segments
are broadest. The abdomen of the female is little broader
than that of the male, but its sides are nearly straight and
not incurved ; the sixth segment is longer than broad, and the
last is semi-elliptical and constricted at its base, as in that of
the male. /

The length of the carapace is 1°58 of an inch, and the
width is 1-97.

It inhabits the islands of Barbadoes and Grenada, where it
has been observed by the describer, and the island of St.
Thomas, where it has been collected by Mr. Riise. It differs
considerably in its habits from its West Indian congener,
coming from its holes to feed in the day time, while the C.
guanhumi is exclusively nocturnal. It dwells in holes exca-
vated by itself, and lives in colonies like the latter species.

Its affinities appear to be rather with the Cancer carnifex
of Herbst, or Cardisoma carnifex of Edwards, than with Car-
disoma guanhumi. It resembles the former species in the angu-
lar margins of the carapace, and this peculiarity will sufficiently
distinguish it from the latter; from that species, it is also dis-
tinguished by the less gibbous form of the meros of the maxil-
liped, and by the form of the abdomen of the female.

GENUS UCA, LAT.
2. Uca pilosipes, Gill.

The carapace is longitudinally arched and transversely mode-
rately convex; on each side it is distinctly defined by an ele-
vated and finely crenulated line, extending from the postorbital
prominence to the region above the base of the penultimate
foot. The sides are anteriorly strongly curved outwards, and
from the linear carina decline inwards. The surface of the

44 Description of Two New Species of Grapsoid, kc.

carapace has nearly the same arrangement of its areolar areas
as that in Uca una (Lat.), but they appear to be less distinctly
defined.

The postorbital angle is convex
The jugal region is granulated; the suborbital area trans-

versely semicordate and nearly smooth; the suborbital margin
is strongly crenulated.

The abdomen of the male has the sides slightly emarginate
at the middle, and with the first segments laterally di-
lated; the last segment is semicircular; the penultimate
quadrate, slightly transverse and not much longer than the
fifth.

The cheliped has its meros studded with a crest of conical
denticulations on its internal and inferior angles, and crenulated
folds on its external ; the corpus is externally convex, and has on its
internal margin two approximated caring, the internal of which
is studded with conical protuberances, and the external more or
less crenulated; the hand is above crested by a row of conical
teeth; below there are several very finely crenulated lines
which are most distinct anteriorly.

The feet have scattered hairs on the inferior angles of their
meros and the corpus and manus are densely covered beneath
by similar hairs; the two last pair are comparatively naked.
The feet of the third pair are longest.

Length of carapace 1:01 inch ; width 1°30 inch.

The upper surfaces of the feet and chelipeds are of a beauti-
ful pale sanguineous color.

Asingle specimen was present in a collection of the crustaceans
of the island of St. Thomas, made by Mr. A. H. Riise. It differs
especially from the Uca una of Latreille in the armature of the
chelipeds, and by the dense hairs of the inferior angles of the
feet.

Description of a New Generic Form of Gobine, &e. 45

X.—Description of a New Generic Form of Gosinm from
the Amazon Lwer.

By Turo. G11.

Read January 31, 1859.
Euctenogobius, Gill.

Body elongated, anteriorly subcylindrical, and thence gra-
dually compressed towards the caudal fin.

Scales regularly imbricated and extending forward almost to
the eyes; they are moderate in size on the sides, but rather
small anterior to the dorsal fin ; a/Z, inclusive of those on the neck
and back, are pectinated on their posterior margins, more or
less angular near the middle, and with their surfaces sculptured
with ridges diverging from the angles.

Head naked, oblong, compressed, with the profile from the
eyes to the snout boldly curved.

Hyes approximated, situated mostly in the anterior half of
the head.

Mouth slightly oblique, with the cleft extending more or less
under the eyes.

Teeth small, in a single row in the upper jaw, and paucispiral
on the lower.

Tongue laterally dilated, truncated anteriorly, and entirely
attached to the floor of the mouth.

Dorsal fins entirely disconnected ; the first triangular, the
second oblong.

Caudal jim with a rounded margin.

Pectorals rounded or subacute, with all the rays connected
by the membranes.

_ Ventrals with the interspinal membrane low or moderate.

This genus may very well be distinguished by the single row
of small teeth in the upper jaw, and by the ctenoid scales ex-
tending on the back to within a short distance of the eyes. But

46 Description of a New Generic Form of

few of the Gobies, or at least, of those inhabiting the seas of
China and Japan, and of the East Indies, appear to have this
plan of squamation. In most of the species of those seas,
although there are ctenoid scales on the sides, the scales of the
anterior portion of the back and of the nape and head, when
any are present, have a true cycloid structure with a more or
less eccentric nucleus. Of all the species collected by the
North Pacific Expedition, fitted out by the Federal government,
_ but a single species has the same mode of squamation as the
one now described ; it is a species which appears to have been
named Gobius platycephalus by Sir John Richardson,* and
was obtained at Hong Kong, China, by Mr. Stimpson, the na-
turalist of the Expedition. To that species, the present writer
has given the generic name of Glossogobius. There is little
necessity of a comparison of the present genus with that one,
for the similar structures of the scales on the back is the only
generic character they have in common Glossogobius has a
depressed head, protruding lower jaw, an anteriorly free and
deeply emarginated tongue, and several rows of stout teeth in
each jaw, the outer of which are hooked backwards. Zucteno-
gobius is also well distinguished by its single row of teeth in the
upper jaw; in this it differs from all the described forms; but
a species obtained during the cruise of the North Pacific Expe-
dition has the same peculiarity ; it is, however, very distinct in
other respects from the present, and will be hereafter described
as the type of a new genus to which the name of Synechogobius
has been given. The relations between that genus and Hucte-
nogobius, are more intimate than with any others of the tribe,
but Synechogobius is especially distinguished by the cycloid
scales of the anterior portion of the back, the’papillated tongue
with parallel sides, and the larger teeth which are also on the
margin of the jaw and not covered by the lips; the lower jaw
also projects beyond the upper, and the caudal fin appears to

* Report on the Ichthyology of the seas of China and Japan in Report of
15th Meeting of the British Association, &c., 1846, p. 204.

Gobine from the Amazon River. 47

have been acute or pointed. But a single species has been
ascertained ; its habitat is unknown, but it is probably a Chinese
fish ; the color is a uniform dark or brownish bay. It will be
more fully described at an early date.

Euctenogobius badius, Gill.

The elongated body is slender, with the height under the
first dorsal fin nearly uniform ; it there equals a seventh of the
extreme length inclusive of the caudal fin. With the com-
mencement of the second dorsal, the back commences to slope
downwards as far as the end of that fin; the caudal peduncle is
then nearly uniform in height to the base of its fin, but near
that base its dorsal and inferior margins appear somewhat in-
flated from the recurrence upon them of the rudimentary rays
of the fin; the height of the peduncle exceeds half of that at
the dorsal. The abdominal outline is nearly straight. A trans-
verse section at the pectorals exhibits an oval or ellipse.

The scales are firmly adherent to the body; there is an ave-
rage number of ten radiating ridges. The number of scales in
a row along the sides is about fifty, and from the dorsal to the
anus, there are about eighteen.

The head from the snout to the opercular margin, forms little
more than a sixth of the extreme length of the fish. The curve
from the dorsal fin to the end of the scaly area is very slight,
but between the latter and the eyes there is a slight depres-
sion; the height is there somewhat more than two-thirds of the
head’s length. The greatest breadth equals the height at the
eyes ; the curve of the profile from the eyes to the snout is very
oblique.

Behind the eyes, there is a slightly curved line of pores with
the convexity anterior; a pore is also above each eye, and two
are on the upper half of the ascending margin of the pre-oper-
culum. There is also adiagonal line of bead-like pores on the
surface of the sub-operculum, the angle of which line is at the
lower part of the ascending margin of the plate.

48 Description of a New Generic Form of Gobine, ke.

The eye has a diameter equalling a quarter of the length of
‘the head, and is almost entirely situated in the anterior half of
the head; the inter-orbital space is only three-tenths of a dia-
meter.

The first dorsal commences at the second-sixth of the total
length.

The caudal constitutes nearly a fifth of the whole length, and
when expanded its margin is regularly rounded.

The pectorals are nearly equal to a sixth of the total length ;
the margin is rounded and the base slightly emarginated. The
rays are well connected by the membrane.

The radial formula is as follows :—

D. VI.—1:101 A. 1.10, G. 4, 7} 6,4... P.17, V. 1, 5+5.1,

The genital papilla is transversely compressed and subqua-
drate, and is received in a depression, so that its surface is
nearly on a line with the abdomen.

The color is reddish-brown or dark bay, with a posteriorly
straight hoary dot in the centre of each scale ; on the back and
sides above, the head is plumbeous, with two livid blue bands
extending from the eye to the upper jaw. ‘The caudal is
crossed by about seven bars, which are obsolete in the mem-
brane.

This is a species which is very easily distinguished by a cer-
tain neatness and compactness of form, and by its almost uni-
form color; the spots are not distinct as in many of the species
which are inhabitants of the Eastern seas, but are simply mani-
fested in obscure parallel lines. The caudal fin is alone barred;
the others are almost uniform in their color.

A single specimen was obtained some years ago by Mr. A.
Edwards in the Amazon river, and was presented to Mr.
Charles A. Wheatley, who has placed it in the Museum of
the New York Lyceum. It was given with the Pimeletropis
lateralis, Gill, but itis not stated whether it was taken in com-
pany with it or otherwise ; its aspect appears to indicate that it
is a fresh-water fish.

Notes on North American Crustacea. 49

XI.—WNotes on North American Crustacra, Vo. 1.
By Witt1am Stimpson, Corresponding Member.
Read February 28th, 1859.
[The materials used in the preparation of the following paper have been chiefly
supplied from the Museum of the Smithsonian Institution. A large number of

interesting species were contributed by Mr. Theo. Gill, who collected them in
the West Indies, under the auspices of Mr. D. J. Steward. ]

MAIOIDEA.
Loxorynehus grandis.

Loxorynchus grandis, Stimpson; Crust. and Echin. Pacific Coast of
WN. Amp. 12 +. pl.sxax, £1, and: som. 11.

This is one of the largest crabs known, as it appears from a
specimen collected by Dr. Kennerly at San Diego, California,
where it is called “Sheep-Crab,” from the woolly pubescence
with which it is covered. The carapax in this specimen mea-
sures 7°34 inches in length and 5°85 in breadth.

Othonia aculeata.
yas aculeata, Gibbes; Proc. Am. Assoc., 1850, p. 171.

This species is not uncommon on the Florida Coast.

Epialtus afffimis, nov. sp.
Epialtus bituberculatus, Gibbes; loc. cit. 173. (non M.-Edw.)

This species differs from . betwberculatus in its greater
MARCH, 1859. 4. Ann, Lyo, Nat. Hist. Vou. VIL.

50 Notes on North American Crustacea.

breadth ; the proportion of the breadth to the length in the
carapax being 1:1:24. It approaches more closely to /. brasi-
liensis, Dana; but differs in its longer rostrum, and in having
two small teeth on the lower edge of the penult joint in the fifth
pair of feet. The length of the carapax in our specimen is 0°52 ;
breadth, 0°42 in.

Found at Indian River, Florida, by G. Wurdemann, Esq.

CANCROIDEA.

Cancer borealis.

Cancer irroratus, Gould ; Inv. Mass. p. 322.
Stimpson ; Mar. Inv. Gr. Manan, p. 59.
Platycarcinus trroratus, Gibbes ; loc. cit. 176.

This species is regarded by Say as the female of his C. ero-
ratus ; and subsequent carcinological authors have thought
proper to retain his name for this rather than for the more
common species, C. sayi of Gould, which Say regarded as the
male. But the rules of nomenclature seem to require that the
species to which his figure, and mainly his description corres-
pond, should receive the name which he applied by mistake to
both. The reason given by Dr. Gould for following the oppo-
site course, viz. that Bell has figured this species as C. zrro-
ratus, will not hold good, since Bell’s figure represents a Chilian
species, CO. plebevus of Poeppig.

C. borealis inhabits the rocks near low water mark, in the
clear waters of ocean shores. It never occurs in muddy or
sandy bays and harbors where C. wroratus abounds. It is a
northern species, not found south of Cape Cod, although extend-
ing to the northward at least as far as Nova Scotia.

Notes on North American Crustacea. 51

Actaea setiger.

Xantho “setiger, Milne-Edwards ; Hist. Nat. des Crust., i. 390.

Specimens from the Florida Keys are in the Museum of the
Smithsonian Institution.

Actaea erosa, nov. sp.

Carapax convex anteriorly, flattened behind. The whole surface of
the body and feet above and below has a deeply eroded or vermiculated
appearance, being filled with small cavities, irregular in shape but nearly
uniform in size. The margins of the cavities are fringed with short
pubescence. The carapax is areolated, but the divisions, with the
exception of the larger ones, are rendered indistinct by the character of
the surface. The anterior side of the carapax is gibbous over the front,
and somewhat contracted over the eyes. The two median lobes of the
front are conspicuously prominent, forming rounded teeth projecting
downward. Lobes of the antero-lateral margin indistinct. The surface
of the ischium-joint of the external maxillipeds is marked with one prin-
cipal eroded channel parallel to its inner margin, and extending the
whole length of the joint. There is a notch on the anterior margin of the
meros-joint of the same maxillipeds. Hands short and broad, with their
outer surface divided by furrows into longitudinal tuberculated ridges ;
the tubercles themselves are eroded and granulated; fingers short,
grooved, and 4—5-toothed within. Ambulatory feet with hairy edges ;
dactyli pubescent. On the first three or four joints of the abdomen the
eroded cavities are transverse, and extend throughout the width of the
joint. The dimensions of the carapax in a male are: length, 0°73;
breadth, 1°01 inch.

This species must be closely allied to Xantho vermiculatus,
M.-Edw.
It inhabits the coral-reefs of Florida.

52 Notes on North American Crustacea.

“Xanthodius, nov. gen.

Carapax perlatus, postice planatus, antice vix declivis; margine
antero-laterali leviter quadrilobato. Palatum colliculo instructum ad
marginem anticum non productum. Antenne articulus basalis fronti v.
processui frontis junctus; pars mobilis hiatum orbite occupans. Max-
illipedum externorum merus latus, brevis, angulo externo subdilatatus,
margine antico rectus. Chelipedum digiti apicibus excavati. Abdo-
minis maris segmenta tertium, quartum, quintumque coalita.

This genus differs from Chlorodius in the ridge on palate or
endostome. It is allied to Xantho and Ozius in the shape of
the carapax.

Xanthodius stermberghii, nov. sp.

Carapax depressed, dark-reddish, distinctly though not prominently
areolated; surface rugulose or as if eroded anteriorly. Antero-lateral
margin somewhat acute, four-parted, teeth little promiment. At the ante-
rior tooth the margin is blunt and rugulose. Front a little projecting,
somewhat sinuous, emarginated at the middle; its lateral lobes are
deflected to meet the basal joint of the antennz. Orbits small, rounded.
Chelipeds not very stout; upper margins of carpus and hand rugulose ;
fingers black, toothed within, and with a spoon-shaped cavity at their
apices not circumscribed within, Ambulatory feet nearly smooth ;
dactyli tomentose. Abdomen of male narrow. Dimensions of the
carapax in a male: length, 0°62; breadth, 1-05 inch.

Found at Panama by J. H. Sternbergh, Esq.

Chliorodius longimanus.

Chlorodius longimanus, M.-Edw.; Hist. Nat. des Crust. i. 401.

Florida Keys.

Notes on North American Crustacea. 53

Menippe nodifroms, nov. sp.

Carapax narrower than is usual in the genus; upper surface areolate
and somewhat nodose anteriorly. There are six knobs on the gastric
region ;—four in a transverse row across the middle, and two in front.
There are also two knobs just above the median frontal lobes, and a large
one on the hepatic region. There is a short blunt ridge on the anterior
part of the branchial region, curving outward and backward to the
lateral tooth. The surface between the knobs is minutely punctate.
Front considerably projecting, and deeply emarginated at the middle,
forming two prominent but thick and rounded teeth, between which and
the angle of the orbit there are on either side two other teeth, small and
tuberculiform. There is a prominent blunt tooth at either extremity of
the inferior margin of the orbit; the outer one having another smaller
one above it, belonging to the superior margin. Antero-lateral margin
armed with four teeth besides the angle of the orbit; the teeth promi-
nent but blunt at the tips, and not sharp-edged as in M. mercenaria
(Cancer mercenaria, Say). Chelipeds robust, microscopically granu-
lated above. Ambulatory feet not compressed; the last three joints
sparsely hairy on the sides, but densely so on the upper and lower sur-
faces. Abdomen like that of MW. mercenaria, Dimensions of carap. in
the male; length, 1:32; breadth, 1°90 inch.

This fine species has much the aspect of a Xantho. It was
found at Indian River, on the coast of Florida, by G. Wurde-
mann, Esq. Mus. Smithsonian.

Menippe obtusa, noy. sp.

Carapax smooth and even, flattened posteriorly. Antero-lateral
margins armed with four teeth resembling those of M. mercenaria in
their proportions, but much less prominent. Front with a single tubercle
only on either side of the two median lobes. Frontal region somewhat
channelled along the margin above the teeth. There are two or three
submarginal tubercles along the inferior side of the orbit, and a few
scattered granules on the subhepatic regions. The meros-joint of the
outer maxilipeds is as long as broad, pentagonal, with the antero-

54 Notes on North American Crustacea.

exterior side longest. Chelipeds very unequal in size; larger one
robust; apex of carpus obtuse or truncate, not tooth-like as in allied
species. The larger hand is armed with a tooth or lobe within at the
base of the superior edge, and on the inner surface, near the insertion of
the dactylus, there is an oval, obliquely-striated area, on which the strize
are sharp and parallel, exactly resembling those of a file. In the
smaller hand, the corresponding area is covered with utriculiform
granules. Ambulatory feet smooth and glossy ; the last two joints only
being hairy. Abdomen as in the allied species. Color of preserved
specimen, reddish, mottled or banded. Dimensionsof carap.in 9: length,
1:2; greatest breadth, at the penult antero-lateral tooth, 1:7 inch.

This species has much resemblance to J/. mercenaria in
general appearance, but is easily distinguished by the smaller
number of frontal teeth, and the striated area on the greater
hand.

It was found at Panama by J. H. Sternbergh, Esq.

Panopeus,

The genus Panopeus seems to be in some degree intermediate
between Xantho and Pilumnus. In our common species, P.
Herbstii, there is a well-marked groove on the palate, indi-
cating the efferent passage, although this is not defined by a
sharply elevated ridge. The genus is peculiar to America.
Certain East Indian forms which have been referred to it,
prove upon examination to be generically distinct, and form a
separate group, for which I have proposed the name LZetero-
panope.

The genus now contains ten species ;—/P. crenatus, M.-Edw.
et Lucas, P. davis, Dana, P. chilensis, M.-E. et L., from the
western coasts of South America; and P. herbstii, M.-Edw.,
P. texanus, Stm., P£wurdemanni, Gibbes, P. harristi, Stm.,
P. occidentalis, De Saussure, P. serratus, Des., and P. ameri-
canus, Des., from the eastern coasts of the United States, and
the Antilles.

Notes on North American Crustacea. 55

Panopeus texamus, nov. sp.

Closely allied to P. herbstiz, for which it would be taken
upon a hasty examination. It exhibits, however, the following
distinctive characters, which are found to be constant in twenty
or more specimens. The carapax is longer in proportion, and
more convex; and the surface is smooth or less granulous, but
generally pubescent. Hiatus of the external angle of the orbit
small, being a deep notch or fissure rather than an opening. First
and second antero-lateral teeth of very slight prominence. Hands
large and smooth in the male, with the dactylus destitute of the
strong basal tooth, which is always present in P. herbsti of
every age. There is, also, no tooth on the hand between the
bases of the fingers. The right hand is always the larger.
The fingers of the smaller hand are long and considerably
curved. The color of the fingers is always white or very pale
brown in the male, the moveable one being generally darker
than the other ;—-they are sometimes blackish in the female.
Ambulatory feet long. The abdomen of the male is rather
broad and convex, with the terminal joint transverse and
broader than the penult ;--thus showing a marked difference
from that of P. herbstwi. The dimensions of carap. of ¢ are,—
length, 0°76; breadth, 0°97 inch. Dimensions of carapax of
P. herbstit 3 ;—length, 0:90; breadth, 1:25 in.

Found at St. Joseph’s Island, Texas, by Gustavus Wurde-
mann, Esq.

Panopeus harrisii.
Pilumnus Harrisii, Gould ; Inv. Mass. 326.

This species is smaller than P. herbstii. The carapax is
more quadrilateral, and the upper surface transversely ridged
or lineated. An important character is found in the canalicu-
lated edge of the front, which thus seems bimarginate. The

56 Notes on North American Crustacea.

hands are longitudinally ridged above, and on the outer surface.
The external hiatus of the orbit is very small, but nevertheless
distinct.

This species is ‘remote from Pdlwmnus in the want of a
ridge on the palate, as well as in the presence of the external
hiatus of the orbit. Gibbes’ description of his P. wuwrdemanni
agrees pretty nearly with it.

It has as yet been found only in the brackish waters of
Charles River, Mass., near its mouth.

Eurytium, nov. gen.

This genus is proposed for the reception of the Panopeus
lumosus of Say ; which is sufficiently distinct from the typical
Panopet in its broad carapax, strong palatal ridge, and in the
fact that the male verges pass: under the margin of the sternum
to reach the abdominal appendages, thus showing a relation to
the Ocypodoidea.

Eurytium limosum.

Cancer limosus, Say; Jour. A. N.S., Philad., i. 446.
Panopeus limosus, M.-Edw.; Hist. Nat. des Crust., i, 404.

Common on the coast of South Carolina, in mud at low
water mark. Specimens brought from Key Biscayne, Fla., by
Mr. Wurdemann are larger, broader, and more highly colored
than the Carolinian specimens.

Eriphia squamata, nov. sp.

Closely allied to #. gonagra of the Gulf of Mexico, from
which it can scarcely be distinguished by any characters de-

Notes on North American Crustacea. BY

rived from the carapax; but the tubercles of the hands are
larger, and more crowded, projecting like scales, and ciliated
beneath.

Found at Mazatlan by Capt. C. P. Stone.

Lupa bellicosa (Sloat, MSS.).

Agrees with Z. hastata in almost every character, except
that the last two joints of the abdomen in the male are broader
and more flattened.

Taken at Guaymas, in the Gulf of California, by Capt. C. P.
Stone. It is the first of the Portunide discovered on our West-
ern coast.

Lupa Gibbesii, nov. sp.

This species is intermediate between Z. sayi and L. spini-
mana. In the characters of the antero-lateral margin, it
resembles Z. say, the lateral spine being at least as long as the
space occupied by the four teeth in front of it. Irontal mar-
gin with four teeth nearly as prominent as in L. spinimana ;—
the sub-median tooth is, however, more prominent than in that
species, though much less so than in Z. sayz. Surface of the
carapax granulated and pubescent. There are three or four
naked transverse ridges or raised lines, two of which arise at
the lateral spines. Chelipeds and abdomen of the male as in
L. spinimana. Dimensions of carapax in the female ;—length,
1; breadth, spines included, 2°18 inch.

Found on the coast of South Carolina, by Capt. Kurtz, and
at St. Augustine, Florida, by Mr. Dorman.

LUpaA spinimama,.

Lupa spinimana, Leach; M-Edw.; Hist. Nat. des Crust., 1, 452.
Dana; U.S. Expl. Exped., 1. 273.

Found at Folly Island, on the coast of South Carolina, by
Capt. Kurtz and myself.

58 Notes on North American Crustacea.

Amphitrite depressifroms, nov. sp.

Carapax convex posteriorly and about the middle, but depressed
toward the frontal and antero-lateral margins. Proportion of length to
breadth, 1: 1:49. Surface in part minutely scabrous and pubescent.
Antero-lateral margin ciliated and 9-toothed, including the angle of the
orbit; teeth nearly equal, the posterior one no larger than that in front
of it. Median lobe of front 4-toothed, teeth about equal. Superior
margin of orbit with two conspicuous fissures. The joints of the cheli-
peds are sharply triangular or prismatic, pubescent; meros 5-spined
and ciliated in front, and armed with a single small tooth at the outer
apex; carpus slender, with one long, very slender and sharp spine at
the summit, and sometimes a smaller spine on the outer side; hand
with a prominent superior crest, and armed with two small spines, one
near the base, and one near the finger; surface of the hand minutely
scabrous; dactylus ciliated above. Ambulatory feet slender; those of
the first pair ciliated below; those of the second and third pairs smooth;
last pair considerably shorter than the third. Abdomen of the male
subtriangular, with the lateral margins somewhat sinuous. The color
in our specimens is entirely obliterated. The species is described from
male individuals, probably young, the dimensions of the carapax in the
largest being,—length, 0°79; breadth, 1°18 inch.

It was found on the coast of South Carolina, by Capt. Kurtz,
and there are specimens from the Florida Keys in the Smithso-
nian Museum.

OCYPODOIDEA.
Speocarcimus, nov. gen.

Carapax longitudinaliter utrinque declivis, transversim fere planus,
retrorsum vix angustatus. Regio faciei dimidiam carapacis latitudinis
paulo superans. Margo antero-lateralis brevis, dentatus. Oculi sat
breves, corneis parvis. Orbitee antenneeque eis Panoper fere similes-
Palatum colliculis carens, Maxillipedes externi valde hiantes, endogna-

Notes on North American Crustacea. 59

thi mero sat brevi, palpo endarthroideo. Chelipedes breves, crassi.
Pedes ambulatorii graciles, leves, dactylis depressis, ciliatis. Vergule
sternales. Abdomen maris ei Panopei simile sed ad basin sterno multo
angustius, et segmentis tertio ad quinto coalitis.

This genus seems to be nearest allied to Hucrate, as described
by Dana, from which it is distinguished by the greater breadth
of the sternum posteriorly, and by the gaping of the maxil-
lipeds.

Speocarcinus carolimemsis.
Piate Is, figs. 1, 2, and 3.

Body depressed, subeylindrical. Carapax above nearly smooth; sur-
face punctate, obsoletely granulated toward the margins; gastric region
well defined; genital region depressed. Antero-lateral margin five-
toothed, including angle of orbit; second tooth not distinctly separated
from the first; last three teeth sharp and moderately prominent. Front
about one-fourth as wide as the carapax, sufficiently prominent, straight,
and emarginate at the middle. Eye-peduncles depressed and pubescent
above. Chelipeds robust, nearly smooth; a strong sharp tooth or spine
near summit of meros; inner margin of carpus granulated, with a blunt
tooth at inner angle; outer surface of hand glabrous, microscopically
granulated. Tarsi sharp; those of last pair curved upward. Length of
carapax in the male, 0°88; breadth 1:09 inch.

This crab lives in the subterranean galleries excavated in the
mud at low water mark by the Squilla, Callianassa, and other
Crustacea, or by large worms. It is found in the harbor of

Charleston, 8. C.
Prionopiax spinicarpus.

Prionoplax spinicarpus, M.-Edw.; Ann. des Sc. Nat., 3me. Serie, Zool.,
xvill, 161; Archives du Mus. d’ Hist.
Nat., vii. 167, pl. xi, f. 3.

Milne-Edwards gives, with a doubt, China as the habitat of

60 Notes on North American Crustacea.

this interesting Crustacean. Our specimens, however, were
found at Panama, by Mr. Sternbergh, so that its geographical
range must be on the tropical parts of the western shores of
America.

An examination of the alcoholic specimens, in the Smith-
sonian Museum, enables us to determine that in this genus the
male verges arise from the cox of the posterior pair of feet,
and are lodged and concealed in the chinks separating the ster-
nal pieces of the sixth and seventh thoracic segments. There
is no ridge upon the palate or endostome.

Euryplax, nov. gen.

Carapax transverse, broad ; antero-lateral margin very short, dentated ;
facial region of less width than the carapax; front nearly half as broad
as the carapax ; ocular peduncles of moderate length ; external antennee
excluded from the orbit by the internal suborbital lobe, which joins the
front. External maxillipeds with the palpus of the endognath articu-
lated to the short.meros at its truncated inner angle, as in the Can-
croids. Palate with a distinct ridge on each side, defining the efferent
channel. Chelipeds large and thick; a circular pit on the front side
of the meros-joint near its extremity. Ambulatory feet compressed ;
dactyli of posterior pair short and compressed. Verges of the male
arising from the cox of the posterior feet, and passing to the abdomi-
nal appendages through canals in the sternum. Basal joints of the
abdomen almost entirely covering the seventh joint of the sternum, a
portion of which, however, is exposed to view on each side at the late-
ral sinuses of the abdomen, which occur between its second and third
joints. None of the abdominal segments are soldered together.

This genus differs from Prionoplax, Pseudorhombila, ete.,
in the characters of the orbits.

Euryplax mitidus, nov. sp.

Carapax smooth and shining, convex in a longitudinal sense. Pro-

Notes on North American Crustacea. 61

‘portion of length to breadth, 1: 1:65. Antero-lateral margin less than
half as long as the postero-lateral, and armed with three strong teeth,
including the angle of the orbit. Postero-lateral margin somewhat
concave. Front deeply notched on each side at the insertions of the
antenne ; the inter-antennal margin straight and smooth, with no me-
dian emargination. Chelipeds robust, smooth and glossy above ; meros
excavated at summit, with a small sharp tooth just behind the excava-
tion; carpus flattened above, and unidentate within; swperior margin
of hand almost acute; fingers somewhat deflexed. Inner side of carpus,
and surface of meros around the circular pit, densely pilose. Ambula-
tory feet slender, those of the third pair longest. Dimensions of the
carapax in a male: length, 0°65; breadth, 1:07 inch.

Found on the Florida Keys. Museum of the Smithsonian
Institution. :

The most remarkable peculiarity of the crab above described,
consists in the existence of a circular depression at the anterior
apex of the meros, concealed in the angle of the arm when
retracted. This I at first considered to be accidental, or the
work of some parasite; but finding it in both chelipeds, with
exactly the same appearance and position, I am led to believe
it to be a prominent and important character, perhaps structu-
ral, although it is difficult to say what office it fills in the eco-
nomy of the animal. The aperture of the pit in our species is
one-twentieth of an inch in diameter, but the cavity expands
beneath the margin, which is ciliated; the depth is about half
the diameter. The bottom of the pit is hard and crustaceous
like the rest of the surface.

Ocypode Gaudichaudii.

Ocypode Gaudichaudii, M.-Edw. et Lucas; in D’Orbigny’s Voy. en
Am. Merid., Crust., p. 26; pl. xi.

Found at Panama by Mr. Sternbergh.

62 Notes on North American Crustacea.

;

Gelasimus palustris.

Cancer palustris, Sloane; Hist. Jamaica.

Gelasimus vocans, var. A, De Kay; N. Y. Fauna, Crust., pl. vi. f. 10.
o “Dana; U.S. Expl. Exped., Crust. i. p. 318.
“palustris, M.-Edw.; Mel. Carcin., 112; pl. iv., f. 13.

“ minax, Le Conte; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philad., vii. 408.

The following characters will serve to distinguish the present
species from G. pugtlator of all ages. The carapax is more
narrowed posteriorly, and the branchial regions are less inflated.
The raised lines of the anterior three-fourths of the lateral mar-
gins are more distinctly prominent. The inner side of the
greater hand is armed near its postero-inferior angle with an
_ oblique tuberculated ridge; while the portion corresponding to
this ridge in G. pugilator is bluntly rounded. The outer sur-
face of the great cheliped is variable in character, the tubercles
being very minute or obsolete in some specimens from the
Mexican and Central American shores.

This species lives in marshes, often at considerable distances
from the sea, and is never found on muddy or sandy beaches,
where G. pugilator abounds. It has a wide geographical range,
having been found at Rio Janeiro by Prof. Dana, at Aspinwall
by the Rev. J. Rowell, at Hayti by Dr. Weinland, on the coast
of Texas by Capt. Pope and Dr. Kennerly, in South Carolina
by Dr. Girard, at Old Point Comfort by myself, at the mouth of
the Potomac by Mr. Stag, and in New Jersey by Maj. Le Conte
and Prof. Baird.

Gelasimus pugilator.

Gelasimus pugilator, Bosc. ; Hist. des Crust., 1. 198.
M.-Edw.; Mel. Carcin. 113.
Le Conte; Proc. Phil. Acad. vii. 408.
& vocans, Gould. (non Rumph).

Found on sand or mud beaches in creeks and harbors, always

Notes on North American Crustacea. 63

near the sea. There are specimens in the Smithsonian Museum
4

from Mexico, Texas, Florida, South Carolina and Virginia, and

its range extends northward to the south side of Cape Cod.

Gelasimus subcylimdricus, nov. sp.

A species of Gelastmus found at Matamoras, on the Rio
Grande, several specimens of which were collected by M. Ber-
landier, and deposited in the Smithsonian Institution by Lieut.
Couch, shows a close affinity with G. pugilator in most of its
characters, but differs so much in its proportions that it will
probably prove distinct. The carapax is much broader, shorter,
and more conyex than in the pugiator, and the branchial
regions are more inflated.

Gelasimus pamamensis, nov. sp.

Of this species there are three specimens only in our pos-
session, all of which are apparently immature. In the largest,
a male, the carapax measures 0°35 Inch in length, and 0°52 in
breadth. The front is prominent but broad, and rounded below
asin G@. pugilator. The carapax is broad and full behind; and
the margins are sufficiently distinct nearly to the posterior
extremities, but are marked by raised lines only on the anterior
half. The slight oblique or curved ridge at the posterior
extremity of the lateral margin is prominent, but short. The
exterior angle of the orbit is acutely prominent, so that the
upper margin of the orbit is sinuous. Immediately behind this
angle the lateral margin is straight, or slightly concave. The
adult character of the great cheliped cannot be determined
from so small a specimen, but the large hand in the young is
smooth or slightly granulous above, and convex and unarmed
within.

Found at Panama by Mr. Sternbergh.

64 Notes on North American Crustacea.

Plagusia sayi.

Plagusia depressa, Say ; Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., i. 100.

‘ sayi, De Kay ; N. Y. Fauna, Crust., p. 16.
of M.-Edw.; Mel. Carcin., 145.
a sqguamosa, Gibbes; loc. cit. 182.

This species is distinguished from P. sguamosa in having a
series of six prominent tubercles arranged in the form of an arc
across the gastric region. The corresponding tubercles may be
traced in P. sguamosa, but they are neither as prominent, nor
so regularly arranged in an arcuated form. Another distin-
guishing characteristic may be found in the greater breadth of
the superior lobe at the bases of the second and third ambula-
tory feet, which is regularly quadridentate.

The differences pointed out by Milne-Edwards will not serve
as characters, since our species is no less tuberculose than P.
SqUamosa. 3

Our specimens are from Key Biscayne, Florida.

Pachysrapsus tramsyersus.

Grapsus transversus, Gibbes ; loc. cit. 181.
Leptograpsus rugulosus, M.-Edw.; Mel. Carcin., 138. (2)

Scarcely to be distinguished from P. innotatus (Goniograp-
sus innotatus, Dana), but the carapax is somewhat more con-
vex. The protogastric lobules are sufficiently distinct in full-
grown individuals. The “ corrugated area on the crest” of the
hand, described by Gibbes, is sometimes obsolete.

Found among the Florida Keys by Wurdemann and White-
hurst, and on the coast of Texas by Wurdemann.

Notes on North American Crustacea. 65

Cyclograpsus integer.

Cyclograpsus integer M.-Edw.; Hist. Nat. des Crust. ii. 79.
Mel, Carcin. 164.

In our specimen of this species the infra- or post-orbital
crest is 2- or 8-lobate externally, and crenulated internally.
There is an obsolete emargination on the lateral margin of the
carapax atits anterior third. The surface toward the front and
antero-lateral margins is minutely rugate or granulated. The
male abdomen narrows toward its extremity as in C. punctatus.
Whether these characters accord with those of the true @. n-
teger, the meagre descriptions as yet published do not enable
me to determine.

Found on the coast of Florida.

Sesarma cinerea.

Grapsus cinereus, Bosc ; Latreille.
Sesarma cinerea, Say; Jour. A. N. S. Phil. i. 422.

a a M.-Edw.; Hist. Nat. des Crust. 11. 75. Melanges
Carcinologiques, 148.
i Gibbes; 1. c. 180.

This species is broader than long, in the proportion of 1:
1:09; the breadth being measured between the orbital angles.
It lives on muddy flats and the shores of creeks and sheltered
harbors. Found at Galveston, Texas, by Dr. Kennerly ; at Ce-
dar Key, Fla., by A. Steele, Esq., and at the mouth of the
Potomac, by Mr. Stag. It is extremely abundant near Charles-
ton, South Carolina.

MARCH, 1859, 5 Ann, Lyo. Nat, Hist. Vou. VII.

66 Notes on North American Crustacea.

Sesarma angustipes.

Sesarma angustipes, Dana; loc, cit. i. 353. pl. xxii. f. 7.
“ Rtcordi, M.-Edw.; Mel. Carcin. 149. ?

Carapax more convex and narrower than in S. cinerea, the
width (measured between the orbital angles) being less than
the length. It. is, however, broader posteriorly. The front
is narrower, more projecting, and often sparsely tuberculated ;
and the ambulatory feet are longer and narrower than in S.
cinerea, to which this species has, in other respects, much
resemblance. The dimensions of a male carapax are ;—
length, 0°67: width, anteriorly, 0°65; of female, length, 0-75 ;
breadth, 0°75 inch.

I cannot certainly identify this species with 8. Ricordi, as
the description of Milne-Edwards is very short, and he does
not mention the narrowness of the carapax, an important cha-
racter.

In the Smithsonian Museum, there are specimens from Flo-
rida, and others collected at Aspinwall by Mr. Rowell.

Sesarma reticulata.

Sesarma reticulata, Say; J. A. N. S. Philad. i. 73, pl. iv. f. 5.
Gibbes, 1. c. 180.

This species is so very different from S. cinerea in its thick,
swollen. form, and short, thick, acuminated and channelled dac-
tyli of the ambulatory feet, that it is surprising how it could
have been confounded with it by European authors. In its
form, and the prominence of the epistome, it is strikingly like
Helice, and it may probably be considered the type of a new
genus.

Notes on North American Crustacea. 67

Pinnotheres ostreum.

Pinnotheres ostreum, Say; J. A. N.S. Philad. i. 67, pl. iv.; f. 5.

The female presents the following characters :—

The meros-joint of the outer maxillipeds is naked and glossy,
broadly rounded and somewhat dilated at the inner angle ; and
the palpus is very short, with broad joints, with the exception
of the dactylus, which is extremely small and slender. The
ambulatory feet of the first pair are somewhat thickened, the
penult joint swollen at its extremity, and the dactylus very
short, almost conical ; those of the second pair are longer than
the others, with a dactylus two-thirds as long asthe penult joint,
compressed and curved, almost ensiform; the dactyli of the
posterior two pairs are compressed, but shorter and thicker
than in the second pair. In the chelipeds, the inside of the
fingers and part of the palm are pubescent.

The male of this species is much smaller than the female,
and rarely found. I have seen but one, which was scarcely
one-eighth of an inch in length. The carapax is narrower, and
flatter above; the front is more protruded, larger than in the
female, and separated from the rest of the carapax by a trans-
verse sulcus.

The species is common in oysters from the coasts of the Vir-
ginian province.

Pinnotheres maculatus.

Pinnotheres maculatum, Say; Jour. A. N.S., Philad., 1. 450.

Carapax in the female narrowing anteriorly, the sides being obliquely
subtruncated; median regions defined by deep sutures ; surface “covered
with a dense but very short pubescence. Front prominent, deflexed, and
concave at its extremity. Meros-joint of the external maxillipeds rather
smaller, but thicker and stronger than is usual in the genus; extremity of
the penult joint of the palpus pointed. Dactyli of first three pairs of am-

68 Notes on North American Crustacea.

bulatory feet curved, of nearly equal and moderate length; those of the
last pair long.

Inhabits the coast of South Carolina.

Pinnixa cylindrica.

Pinnotheres cylindricum, Say; Jour. A. N. S., Philad. i. 452.
Pinnixa cylindrica, White; An. & Mag. Nat. Hist. xviii. 177.
M.-Edwards; Mel. Carcin., 186.

The male of this species differs considerably from the female,
in its broader carapax, which is depressed or concave at the
middle;—the hand is also broader, with nearly transverse fingers,
and the dactylus curved, without a median tooth. These cha-
racters accord nearly with Say’s description of his P. mono-
dactylum. The superior edge of the meros-joint of the feet is
smooth, except near the outer extremity, in all the female spe-
cimens of this species which have come under my notice,
although it is stated by Say to be granulated. The palpus of
the outer maxillipeds in this and the following species, is large,
with the dactylus attached to the penult joint near the base of
the latter, as in Pinnotheres, and not near its extremity as in
Pinniva transversalis, Lucas.

Say remarks that P. cylindrica is probably not parasitic. It
is so however, although, as might be judged from the hardness
of its carapax, it never revels like the Pinnotheres among the
soft folds of the bivalve mollusea. It lives in the tube of a
rougher host,—the Ohetopterus, a large worm found on the
coast of South Carolina, whose parchment-like sheath, expanded
at the middle, is bent in the form of a semicircle, so that both
extremities project to the surface of the mud.

Pinnixa laevigata, nov. sp.

Body glabrous above and below, particularly in the female. Carapax

Notes on North American Crustacea. 69

above punctate, with a slight but sharp transverse ridge, most prominent
in the male; surface behind the ridge oblique, nearly perpendicular.
There is much pubescence about the bases of the feet. In the chelipeds,
the fingers are longitudinal in both male and female, and gaping; the
dactylus is armed with a tooth inside near the middle, and the immo-
vable finger with a tooth near the extremity. The ambulatory feet of
the third pair are very large and thick, but those of the second pair are
not much larger than the first. Color yellowish grey. Dimensions of
the carapax:—in a male, length, 0°22; breadth, 0°48 ;—in a female,
length, 0°32; breadth, 0°64 inch.

This species lives with the lobworm (Avrenzcola cristata) in its
hole in the sand, which is not lined by any tube. The young
occur in the early spring on slimy shores at low-water mark.
They were found by Lieut. Kurtz and myself near Fort Johnson,
harbor of Charleston, 8. C.

OXYSTOMATA.
Leucosilia Jurinii.

Guaia Jurinii, De Saussure; Rev. et Mag. Nat. Hist. 2me Ser. v.
pl. xi. f. 4.
Leucosilia Jurinii, Bell.

Found at Panama by the Rev. J. Rowell.

Randallia ornata.

Randallia ornata (Randall); Stimpson; Crust. and Echin. Pacific
Coast of N. Am., p. 31, pl. xix. f. 3.

This genus is more closely allied to Lewcosilia than any other,
and is similar in the characters of the front. The external
maxillipeds are not marked by a longitudinal ciliated ridge in
the female ; the exognath is widened at the base, and its obtuse
apex is overreached by the extremity of the endognath. The
pterygostomian canal over the exognath is tridentate at its
anterior margin as in Myra.

70 Notes on North American Crustacea.

Persephona punctata.

Cancer punctatus, Browne.
Persephona Latreillii, Leach.

Lamarckit, “
Guaia punctata, M.-Edwards; Hist. Nat. des Crust. ii. 127.
“ vs Gibbes ; loc. cit. 185.

Persephona guaia, Bell.

Common on the shores of Florida and South Carolina.

Persephona Edwardsii.
Persephona Edwardsii, Bell; Lin. Trans. xxi. 294; pl. xxxi. ft 8.

Found at Panama by the Rey. J. Rowell. Bell’s specimens
were from the Galapagos Is. In our examples from Panama
the latero-inferior surfaces of the body, and the lower edges of
the feet, are pubescent. Color in recent aleoholic specimens,
above red, bluish white below.

Hepatus angustatus.

Hepatus angustatus, (Fabr.) White ; Cat. Brit. Mus. 1847, p. 46.
e « Dana, loc. cit. 1. 394.

Hepatus faciatus, Latr.: M.-Edwards.

Brought from Aspinwall by the Rev. J. Rowell.

Hepatus decorus.

Cancer decorus, Herbst.
Hepatus decorus, Gibbes ; loc. cit. p. 183.

Taken at St. Joseph’s Island, Texas, by G. Wurdemann, Esq.
Hepatus tuberculatus of De Saussure should be compared with
the young of this species.

Notes on North American Crustacea. Ta

Calappa marmorata.
Calappa marmorata, Fabr.; Suppl. 346.

We have specimens from Pensacola and from the Tortugas,
Florida.

Calappa galloides, nov. sp.

Very closely allied to C. gallus of the Pacific, but is less con-
vex, and less strongly tuberculated. The front or rostrum is
distinctly quadridentate.

Inhabits the Florida Keys. Museum of the Smithsonian
Institution.

DROMIDEA.

Dromidia* Antillemsis, nov. sp.

Body everywhere short-pubescent, with longer hairs on the sides and
on the feet. Carapax somewhat longer than broad, strongly convex,
smooth. Frontal region longitudinally grooved along the middle.
Front strongly deflexed and five-toothed (supra-ocular teeth included) ;
teeth small and slender, almost spiniform, horizontally projecting ; the
median three sub-equal, and about as long as the distance between
them at their bases; teeth over the eyes shorter but acute. External
angle of the orbit prominent but obtuse. Lateral margin of the carapax
four-toothed, and deflected anteriorly toward the corners of the buccal
area, where there is a tubercle. First three teeth of lateral margin sub-
spiniform ; posterior one, situated at the lateral sulcus, as large as the
others but less acute. External maxillipeds elongated; meros large,
longer than the ischium, with its antero-exterior corner prominent, form-
ing a sharp right angle. Chelipeds rather short and stout, nearly
smooth ; inferior edges of ischium and meros-joints granulated ; carpus
dentated at anterior angles with small teeth ; hand short, smooth exter-
nally ; palm shorter than dactylus, and armed with two or three small
spiniform tubercles on the basal half of its superior margin. Ambula-

* The diagnoses of this and the succeeding new genera of Anomoura will be
found in the Proceedings of the Philad, Acad. Nat. Sciences, Dec. 1858.

72 Notes on North American Crustacea.

tory feet rather slender, smooth. Last pair of feet much longer than
penult pair. Penult joint of abdomen in the male elongated and slen-
der; terminal joint longer than broad; none of the joints soldered.
Length of carapax, 1:30; breadth, 1:28 inch.

It carries a covering which is usually larger than itself, and
may be either a compound ascidian, or a zoanthoid polype.

Found at St. Thomas, by M. Riise ; at Key Biscayne, Flo-
rida, by G. Wurdemann ; and at the Tortugas, by Dr. White-
hurst.

It appears to be a common species, and I have seen it in
most cabinets labelled D. lator, M..Edw. That species, how-
ever, belongs to Milne-Edwards’ first division, in which the
carapax is broader than long.

Hypoconcha arcuata, nov. sp.

Front margin of carapax regularly arched, nearly semicircular in out-
line; much more broadly rounded than in H. sabulosa, Guerin. ‘There
are slight notches on this margin at the insertion of the antenne, but
no notch at the middle, where there is, however, a deep fissure. The
front margin is also minutely spinulose and densely ciliated, but not
sparsely toothed as in Guerin’s species. The lower surface of the facial
region, maxillipeds, and chelipeds are everywhere uniformly granulated ;
but the granules of the chelipeds are rather finer than those of the facial
region. The fingers are toothed, but the teeth are much shorter than
in H, sabulosa, The last two joints of the female abdomen are minutely
granulated, but not tuberculated. Length of carapax in the female,
0:235; breadth, 0°257. In one specimen the dimensions were nearly
twice as great.

Found on the sandy shores of South Carolina, by Lieut.
Kurtz ; and at St. Thomas, by A. H. Riise.

The genus is a remarkable one, and was first instituted by
Guerin, in 1854, for the Cancer sabulosus of Herbst, known to
travellers, more than a century ago, as the “ Faux Bernhard

Notes on North American Crustacea. a3

’Eremite.” Its dorsal integument is not indurated, but mem-
branaceous, and the animal consequently carries a valve of
some Venus or other bivalve, which serves it both for a pro-
tecting covering and a hiding-place. Guerin says that the
shell is held on by the posterior four feet, but the abdomen
seems to serve this purpose more fully, by being abruptly bent
and projecting near the middle, fitting firmly into the dorsal
or hinge-sinus of the shell.

PORCELLANIDEA.

Petrolisthes sexspinosus.

Porcellana galathina, Say ; Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. i. 458 (vix Bosc.)
Gray ; Zool. Misc. 14.
Porcellana sexspinosa,»Gibbes ; loc. cit. 190.

Found in considerable numbers on the Florida Keys, by
Wurdemann and Whitehurst.

Petrolisthes occidentalis, nov. sp.

Scarcely to be distinguished from P. sexspinosus, but the
carapax is slightly broader, the spines less prominent and less
acute, and the abdomen and feet more pubescent. To esta-
blish these differences with certainty, however, the examination
of a large number of specimens is necessary.

Found at Panama, by Messrs. Sternbergh and Rowell.

Petrolisthes armatus.
Porcellana armata, Gibbes; loc. cit. 190.
The outer edge of the hand in this species is generally

smooth, as the marginal spines mentioned by Gibbes, rarely
occur.

74 Notes on North American Crustacea.

Found at Aspinwall, by Mr. Rowell, and in great abundance
at St. Thomas, by Riise.

Specimens were taken at Panama by Messrs. Sternbergh
and Rowell, of a species which is either identical with P.
armatus, or so closely allied that I have as yet been unable to
find the distinctive characters. ,

Petrolisthes politus.

" Porcellana polita, Gray; Zool. misc. 14. Griffith’s Cuv. Crust. 312.
plexcv. 2) i.
3 magnifica, Gibbes ; loc. cit. 191.

Barbadoes; (Gill;) St. Thomas; (Riise.)

Petrolisthes marginatus, nov. sp.

This species is allied to P. armatus, but the median lobe of the front
is smaller and more prominent, and the carpus shorter ; also there are
four teeth, equal in size and very sharp, on the anterior margin of the
carpus of the left cheliped. The surface of the carapax is smooth and
pubescent. The hands are granulated, and covered above with a very
short but dense pubescence ;—from the inner base of the finger to the
anterior angle of the carpus there extends a ridge of moderate promi-
nence. The anterior or front margin of the hand is regularly small-
tuberculated or crenulated, and the margin is conspicuous from the fact
that the tubercles are of lighter color than the rest of the hand ;—beneath
there are two rows of marginal granules. The meros-joint of the ambu-
latory feet is spinulose above, and 1-spined below, near extremity.
Color a deep purplish-crimson. Dimensions about the same as those of
P. armatus ; length of carapax about half an inch,

Found at Barbadoes, by Mr. Gill.

Petrolisthes gracilis, nov. sp.

Carapax smooth, unarmed, and shaped as in P. rupicolus, but more
flattened, and with a less depressed front. Chelipeds long and slender ;

\

Notes on North American Crustacea. 75

carpus narrow, about three times as long as broad, with its anterior and
posterior margins parallel, straight and smooth, the posterior margin
projecting and forming a sharp tooth at its outer extremity. Hands
smooth, microscopically granulated; fingers within or below hairy.
Ambulatory feet with the meros twice as long as broad, not dilated
towards its extremity, and smooth, without spines above. Color red-
dish. Length of the carapax, 0°44; breadth 0°41 inch.

Taken at Guaymas, in the Gulf of California, by Capt. C. M.
P. Stone.

Petrolisthes tridentatus.

Plate I. fig. 4.

In this small species the carapax is smooth and unarmed. Front
much deflexed and tridentate; with the median tooth or lobe triangu-
lar; margins smooth. The teeth of the front are most distinctly seen
in a front view. Feet nearly naked. Chelipeds obsoletely granuloso-
squamose ; carpus about twice as long as broad, with the anterior mar-
gin nearly straight, not toothed, and ‘very slightly projecting at the
inner angle; the posterior margin subsquamated, but not spinulated.
The carapax is generally minutely spotted with red, and streaked down
the middle with whitish. Chelipeds dark reddish. Ambuiatory feet
annulated. Length of carapax, 0°20; breadth, 0°19 inch.

Found at Barbadoes, by Gill, and at St. Thomas by Riise.

Gray’s short description of his P. affints, (for which no
locality is given,) applies in most respects to this species, and
may be the same.

Pisosoma Riisei, nov. sp.

Carapax rounded, smooth, and glabrous, faintly punctate and obso-
letely striated transversely. Front bi-marginate; the upper margin or
crest straight; the lower margin projecting into a small triangular
tooth placed nearly in a vertical plane. The last three joints of the
ambulatory feet are hairy; the meros-joint not dilated, and with smooth

76 Notes on North American Crustacea.

margins. The chelipeds are unfortunately missing, but they are probably
short and thick, asin P. pisum. Length of carapax, 0°17 inch; breadth
a little greater. In this pretty little species the carapax is of a bright
crimson color, with a large white spot on either side of the front; the
ambulatory feet crimson, broadly 2- or 3-annulated with white.

Taken at St. Thomas, by A. H. Riise.

Pachycheles rudis, nov. sp.

Plate I. fig. 5.

Carapax, antenne, etc., nearly as in P. grossimanus. Sinus of poste-
rior margin deep, almost acute at the middle. Surface glabrous, obso-
letely granulated, punctate or striated in different parts. Chelipeds
very unequal, with a rugose, uneven surface above, irregularly tubercu-
lated and granulated; carpus very short, angular, and projecting in
front, but not dentated, convex at the posterior margin; surface of the
carpus strongly granulated, with two longitudinal rows of more promi-
nent granules near the middle; hand subtriangular, with very uneven
surface, and a strong protuberance near the middle; lower surface of
the hand glossy and slightly granulated in the middle, but more
strongly granulated toward the margins; no pubescence between the
fingers; surface of the fingers like that of the palm. Length of the
carapax (along median line) in the male, 0-48; breadth 0:46; length
of greater hand, 0°58; breadth 0°36 inch.

A littoral species like others of the genus. Inhabits the coast
of California. Found at Monterey by A. 8. Taylor, Esq., at
San Luis Obispo by Dr. Newberry, and near San Francisco by
Dr. Trask.

Megalobrachium granuliferum, nov. sp.
Sides of the body densely hairy both above and below the bases of

the feet. The feet are also hairy. When the chelipeds are folded, the
tips of the fingers do not touch each other. The color is whitish where

Notes on North American Crustacea. (4

not concealed by sordes; with scarlet patches on the margins of the
median region of the carapax, and on the upper sides of the hands.

Carapax convex, smooth at the middle, but uneven and rugate
towards the sides. Front of gastric region protuberant. Frontal region
much depressed. Front tridentate, teeth however but little prominent 5
margins tomentose. Chelipeds large, resembling in shape those of
Polyonyx macrocheles, but rugose, strongly granulated above and longi-
tudinally bi-sulcated, dividing the surface into three equal obtuse ridges ;
meros very large, not dilated at anterior angle; carpus longer than
broad, with entire margins, front margin not dilated, posterior margin
arcuated; hand short, triangular, much narrowed behind, summit at
juncture of finger very prominent; surface of hand more deeply sul-
cated than that of carpus, and outer margin hairy; fingers gaping, hairy
above, crossing each other at tips; dactylus rather longer than the
palm. Length of carapax, 0°29; breadth, 0:29; length of meros joint
of greater cheliped, measured on lower side, 0°15; length of carpus,
0°22; of hand, 0°44, inch.

Found in considerable numbers at Barbadoes by Mr. Gill, and
at St. Thomas by A. H. Riise.

Porcellana ocellata.
Porcellana ocellata, Gibbes; loc. cit. 190.

Specimens of this species are often rather reticulated than
ocellated. The hand is very broad, and strongly arcuated in
the outer margin. In one of our specimens the carapax
measures 0°70 inch in length, and the same in breadth.

Florida Keys; (Wurdemann.) St. Thomas; (Riise.)

78 Notes on North American Orustacea.

HIPPIDEA.
Albunzea Gibbesii, nov. sp.

Plate I., fig. 6.

Albunea symnista, Gibbes ; (non Fabr.) loc. cit. p. 187.

Carapax broader than long, and considerably broader than in A,
symnista, Ocular peduncles elongated, sharply triangular as in A,
Paretii ; their inner edges straight; their outer edges scarcely at all
convex, Anterior margins on each side denticulated with six or eight
teeth, variable in size, sub-distant and rather short. The tooth or spine,
at the antero-lateral angle, reaches forward but little beyond the level of
the anterior margin of the carapax, and is far shorter than in A. Lucasit.
Dactylus of fourth pair of feet with no projecting lobe at the superior
base ; extremity acute, not rounded as in A. symmnista. The terminal
joint of the abdomen, in the male, is narrow, and acuminate, its extremity
forming a long narrow projection, equalling one-fourth the entire length
of the joint. This projection and the lateral margins of the joint are
soft and flexible. On the surface of the joint there is a thick longitudi-
nal tuft of longish sets on either side of the median line, also a very
thick tuft or pencil on each side at the base. Length of carapax in the
male, 0°95 ; breadth, 1°10 inch.

This large species resembles A. Paretii in its front and eyes,
but differs much in the characters of the last joint of the male
abdomen.

Found at St. Augustine, Fla., by J. C. H. Smith, Esq. It
also occurs among the Keys, near the southern extremity of
Florida.

Notes on North American Crustacea. 79

Lepidopa scutellata.

Albunea scutellata, Desm.; Crust. p. 173.
i “f M.-Edw.; Hist. Nat. des Crust. i, 204.
45 = Gibbes ; loc. cit. 187.

Inhabits the shores of the Island of St. Thomas ;—A. H.
Riise.

Lepidopa venusta, nov. sp.

Carapax glabrous, of a silvery hue with bluish reflections in specimens
preserved in spirits. The markings of the dorsal surface of the carapax
are less profound and less numerous than in Z, scwtellata, and the prin-
cipal transverse sulcus is nearly straight, and not undulated as in that

\ species. Front tridentate; lateral teeth situated at about half-way
betwéen the median one and the lateral angles, and consequently nearer
the median one than in Z. scutellata. Ocular peduncles large, oval,
diverging, and a little thickened below along the middle ;—the minute
eye being situated on the inferior surface near the extremity. Antennule
slender, with flagella more than five times as long as the carapax. Feet
nearly as in L. scutellata, but the dactylus of the second pair is more
sharply excised, and the dactyli of the following pairs are more slender.

Length of the carapax, 0°43; greatest breadth, 0°54.

Found at St. Thomas by A. H. Riise.

LITHODIDEA.
Echidnocerus foraminatus.

Body depressed. Upper surface of carapax and feet sharp-tubercu-
lated, and minutely setose as in Z, cibarius. Carapax subpentagonal,
with the sides more sinuated in the hepatic and branchial regions.

80 Notes on North American Crustacea.

Rostrum short; superior part with six short spines; inferior spine slen-
der and acute, curved upward, a little overreaching the eyes. The
antenne are very short, and the acicle has five or six spines on each
side. Feet short, and almost exactly like those of H. cibarius, except
that in the chelipeds, the carpus has below a deep smooth sinus, and the
carpus-joint of the second feet a corresponding sinus, somewhat shal-
lower, however ;—when the feet are folded these sinuses, coming together,
form on each side of the body a round hole half an inch in diameter.
Something of the same kind, but very much smaller and not at all
conspicuous, is seen in E. czbarius. It probably serves for the passage
of water to the gill-openings, which would otherwise be somewhat
obstrueted by the close folding of the chelipeds against the facial
region.

The above description is drawn up from a specimen sent
me by Dr. Trask of San Francisco. The dimensions of this
are—length of carapax, 5:20; breadth, 6°10 inch.

Two examples of this species are in the possession of its dis-
coverer, Dr. Trask, both of which were taken off the coast of
California, near San Francisco.

Phyllolithodes papillosus.

Phyllolithodes papillosus, Brandt; Bulletin phys.-mathem. de l’Acade-
mie de St. Pétersb. 1849, vii. 175.

Petalocerus Bellianus, White; Proc. Zool. Soc., 1856. p. 134. pl. xlii.

Mr. White’s figure of this species having been published,
there is no longer any doubt that his species is identical with
that of Brandt. His description of the abdomen of the crab
is rather “ curious” than satisfactory. .

Found in the stomachs of percoid fishes (“‘ Cabesones’”’) taken
off Monterey, Cal., by Mr. Taylor.

’

Notes on North American Crustacea. 81

. Hapalogaster cavicauda, nov. sp.
Plate I, fig. 7.

Body, feet, and abdomen thickly short-setose above. Carapax sub-
cordate, much depressed, nearly smooth, somewhat roughened or gra-
nulated at the insertions of the sete. Sutures as in H. dentatus, An-
terior margin five-toothed ; median and lateral teeth equally prominent
and sharp; teeth just within lateral teeth, small butsharp. No teeth or
spines on the lateral margins, with the exception of the two on each
side near the middle, at the origins of the sutures. Antenne as long
as the carapax; flagella very slender. Chelipeds thick and strong, but
depressed, of the same size and shape as in H. dentatus, but smooth,
and without tubercles, like the carapax; front margin of meros strongly
bidentate ; carpus with a tooth at the inner extremity of its anterior
margin ; margins of hand smooth. Ambulatory feet broad, much de-
pressed, smooth ; their anterior margins densely ciliated and deeply in-
cised, forming four or five closely approximated teeth on each joint.
Abdomen short, very broad, depressed, folded abruptly upon itself at
the third segment and soldered, so that the three joints above next the
base are convex, and setose in short fascicles; but the terminal joints
below are concave, coriaceous, not setose, and have the segments dis-
tinct. The calcareous plates upon the first segment above are small,
elongated, widely separated, and have no median plate between them,
The plates of the abdomen are thus somewhat like those of Dermatu-
rus, but the outer maxillipeds are exactly as described by Brandt for
his genus Hapalogaster. The chelipeds are without spines, as in H.
Mer tensii.

Brandt, in his diagnosis of the genus, says that the carapax
is somewhat leathery, and but little indurated with calcareous
matter, but inthe present species, as in the Lomzs dentata of
De Haan, which we have referred to the same genus, the cara-
pax is as hard as is usual in crustacea.

The length of the carapax in our species is 0°72; breadth,
0°83 inch.

It was found at Monterey, oh , by Mr. A. S. Taylor.

MARCH, 1859. Ann. Lyo. Nat. Hist, Vou. VII.

82 Notes on North American Crustacea.

PAGURIDEA.
Cenobita rugosa.

Cenobita rugosa, M.-Edw.; Hist. Nat. des Crust. ii. 241.
Dana; loc. cit. 1. 471. pl xxx. “f£N1-
Cenobita clypeata, Owen (non Latr.); Beechey’s Voy. Zool. 85.

Found at Panama by Messrs. Sternbergh and Rowell.

Cenobita diogenes.

Cenobita diogenes, Latr.
< “« -M.-Edw.; Hist. Nat. des Crust. ii. 240.

Found at Barbadoes, by Mr. Gill; St. Thomas, Riise; Hayti,
Dr. Weinland; Florida, Bartlett.

Pagurus venosus.
Pagurus venosus, M.-Edw.; Ann. des. Sc. Nat., Ser. 3me., x. 61.

This species may be distinguished from others of the same
group by the character of the third foot of the right side, which
is exteriorly somewhat flattened, and transversely striated like
that of the left side, though in a less degree. It is about four
inches in length, and of a scarlet color, partly reticulated with
deeper crimson threads or veins.

Found at St. Thomas by A. H. Riise.

Pagurus sinistripes, nov. sp.

Lateral margins of anterior part of carapax spinulose, especially at the
anterior corners. Upper surface sparsely provided with fascicles of sete
toward the sides. The teeth or points of the front between the bases of
the eyes and antennz are large and triangular. The interocular plate or
bracteole is colorless, and hence not conspicuous. Eyes large and thick,
shorter than peduncle of antennse; cornea considerably swollen, and bear-

Notes on North American Crustacea. 83

ing a tuft of hairs in its superior notch. Ophthalmic scale obtusely-
triangular, four-spined and somewhat setose at apex. Acicle of antenne
very slender, setose, not spinulose, and shorter than the eyes. In the left
cheliped the carpus is spinulose, with four larger spines on the superior
edge, that next the hand smallest; hand very thick, surface granulato-
squamose, the squamz often spinulose and setose; no hair on the hand
excepting a little on the inner side ; fingers armed within each with four
or five strong but depressed molar tubercles;-tips of fingers corneous,
excavation small; exterior surface of dactylus sharply tuberculated.
Smaller hand hairy, spinulose above, and depresso-tuberculated on the
outer side. Second and third pairs of feet hairy and spinulose above ;
dactyli with tufts of hairs arranged in longitudinal series. The last two
joints of the left foot of the third pair are flattened, or somewhat excavated
on the outer side ; this surface is divided along the middle by an obtuse
carina, and transversely striated, the striz setose ; superior margin armed
with black-spinules ; inferior margin with subspiniform tubercles. The
scabrous disc of the hand in the 4th pair of feet is elongated, elliptical, almost
acute at either extremity. The false feet of the male abdomen are slen-
der. Length three inches. Length of carapax along median line, one
inch; breadth of front, 0°42 inch.

Found at Panama by the Rev. J. Rowell.

Aniculus elegams, nov. sp.

Median areolet of the gastric region rhomboidal, broader than in
A, typicus, and with its two anterior sides longest and straight. Frontal
sulci occupied by a dense pubescence. Rostral tooth or point regularly
triangular, Ophthalmic scales triangular, with an acute apex, and entire
margins. The under side of the meros and carpus joints in the chelipeds
is setose, but not tuberculated as in A. typicus, and the margins of these
joints are pectinated with black spinules. Length five inches.

Found at Panama by the Rev. J. Rowell.

Calcinus obscurus, nov. sp.

This species has smooth chelipeds, and is closely allied to C.

84 Notes on North American Crustacea.

tibicen,—differing only in color and in its somewhat more elon-
gated hand. The greater cheliped is everywhere reddish-brown,
with the exception of lighter margins to the fingers. The
ambulatory feet are dark-olive, almost black, and their terminal
joints are annulated near the tip, and sometimes also near the
base, with a reddish ring.

This species might be referred to C. chilensis, with which it
agrees in the length of the eyes, ete., but that species is in Gay’s
Hist. de Chile, Zool. iii. p. 191, said to have “ varios tuberculitos
sobre las pinzas y la parte vecina de Ja mano.”

Collected in considerable numbers at Panama by Dr. Suckley.

Clibanarius vittatus.

Pagurus vittatus, Bosc.; Hist. des Crust. ii. 8. pl. xii.
Gibbes ; loc. cit. 189.

Hands equal. Ambulatory feet 8-striped longitudinally; with dactyli
longer than the penult joint.

Found at the mouth of the Rio Grande by Dr. Berlandier ; at
St. Augustine, Fla., by Mr. Dorman ; and is common at Charles-
ton, 8. C.

Clibanarius panmamensis, nov. sp.

Of the same size with C. wittatus, to which it is very closely
allied and perhaps identical; differing but little except in the
arrangement of the colors in the longitudinal vittee of the ambu-
latory feet. The white vittee are more regularly arranged,
equidistant, and more distinct on the inner sides of the feet.
There are also more numerous stripes on the meros joint.
Lastly, the tubercles of the hands are somewhat more sharply
prominent.

Panama. Mr. J. H. Sternbergh.

Notes on North American Crustacea. 85

Clibanarius sclopetarius.

Cancer sclopetarius, Herbst; Naturg. der Krabben und Krebse, ii. 23.
pl. xxii. ff 3.
Pagurus cubensis, De Sauss., loc. cit. p. 39.

Another species very near to 0. vittatus. The dactyli of the
ambulatory feet are somewhat shorter, and the stripes of color
are equal, less distinct, not marginate, and rather yellowish than
reddish.

Found at Aspinwall by Mr. Rowell; at Trinidad by Mr. Gill;
and at the Tortugas by G. Wurdemann.

Clibanarius Antillemsis, nov. sp.

Length about one inch. Eyes slender, very long, longer than either
the peduncle of the antennz, or the width of the front. Ophthalmic
scale large, broad and truncated, spinulose on the front margin. Cheli-
peds nearly equal (the right usually the largest), armed with short spines
or sharp tubercles, and somewhat hairy; hands olive, tubercles white.
Ambulatory feet stout, very hairy above; dactyli much shorter than the
penult joint. In the third foot of the left side the penult and terminal
joints are flattened. The ambulatory feet are olive, with one white stripe
on each side ;—meros-joint with two stripes.

Differs from C. bicolor in its coloration. From C. brasiliensis
in its larger ophthalmic scales, its right third foot not flattened,
and in its more spinous hands. From C. eguabilis in its hairy
and vittate feet.

Barbadoes; Theo. Gill, Esq.

KIsocheles wurdemanni, nov. sp.

Body everywhere densely hirsute with long fine hairs. Post-frontal
transverse sulcus deep, W-shaped, and placed more posteriorly than in
I. equimanus. Median point of front very obtuse, very little prominent,
less so than the lateral points, which are acuminated. Eyes long, some-

86 Notes on North American Crustacea.

what compressed, with a reddish vitta above ; cornea very small. The
eyes reach beyond the middle of the terminal joint of the peduncle of
the external antenne. The acicle is hairy, rough with spiniform points,
and does not reach to the tips of the eyes. Chelipeds tuberculated above,
and sparsely hairy; tubercles rather sharp, the larger ones arranged in
longitudinal rows ; carpus with a broad longitudinal channel between two
rows of tubercles above, tubercles of the marginal row spiniform 3 fingers
with strongly and densely tuberculated surface, somewhat gaping within,
and dentated with equal tuberculiform teeth ; tips corneous, sharply pro-
minent, Feet of the second and third pairs subcylindrical, roughly gra-
nulated; dactyli not compressed, with six or seven slightly prominent,
longitudinal, crenulated, and hairy coste. Hand of the fourth pair of
feet oblong; dactylus slender, not compressed, and scarcely over-reaching
the tip of the rounded thumb-like process of the hand. Abdomen thickly
covered with long hair; terminal joint scarcely emarginated. The cha-
fing areole or callosities of the inferior surfaces of the feet near their
bases, are numerous and well-marked. Length about 23 inches. Length
of carapax, 0°72; breadth posteriorly, 0°65; breadth of front, 0:28;
length of chelipeds, 1:10 ; of ambulatory feet, 1:75 inch.

It is allied to Z. eguimanus, but the hands are more strongly
tuberculated, and the tarsi are not compressed as in that species.

Found in the Gulf of Mexico, at the mouth of the Rio Grande,
by G. Wurdemann, Esq., whose extensive and long-continued
researches in the zodlogy of our southern coast have furnished
us with many interesting novelties.

Paguristes turgidus.

Clibanarius turgidus, Stimpson ; Crust. et Echin. Pacific Coast of N.
Am., p. 44; pl. xxi. f. 1.

The anterior or gastric portion of the carapax is fasciculated with
hairs towards the sides, and bears a single tuft in the median line. The
anterior cardiac lobe is clongate-triangular, slightly convex near the
base, but not dilated toward the pointed extremity. Rostriform tooth
very short, and not more prominent than the lateral points, which are

Notes on North American Crustacea. 87

acuminated. Eyes slender, but much shorter than the width of the
front. Ophthalmic scales with an elongated apex, denticulated on both
margins. Acicle falling short of the extremity of the eye by one-sixth
of the length of the eye ;—it is hairy and spinose on both sides. Che-
lipeds equal. Terminal joint of abdomen unsymmetrical, with the left
terminal lobe much more produced than the right. The callosities of

the inferior surface of the thoracic members are numerous, large, black,
and well defined.

Inhabits the western coast from Puget Sound to Monterey,

Cal.
Paguristes depressus, nov. sp.

Carapax flattened, naked; posterior portion much expanded ; sides of
anterior portion short, the transverse suture reaching far forward late-
rally; surface rugulose; lateral sinuses spinulose. Anterior cardiac
lobe narrow-halberd-shaped, somewhat widening toward its blunt
posterior extremity. Rostrum elongated, reaching nearly to the mid-
dle of the ophthalmic scales, with its lip imbedded in the rounded tuber-
cle of the ophthalmic ring, which is exposed in this species. Eyes very
large, much over-reaching the tip of the peduncle of the very slender
antennule, Ophthalmic scales with bidentate tip,—margins of apex
entire. Antenne short; terminal joint of peduncle and flagellum very
slender, almost naked; acicle slender, spinous and hairy. Chelipeds
equal, broad, and depressed, almost naked; meros scabrous above; car-
pus minutely spinulose, and armed with four spines on the inner edge ;
hand uniformly minutely granulated, with five tubercles on the inner
edge of palm; fingers with sharp, cutting inner edges; tips not spini-
form; immovable finger concave below; dactylus near three times as
long as the inner edge of the palm. Ambulatory feet above scabrous,
spinulose and setose; dactyli with a dense series of longer sete along
the superior and inferior edges. The inner side of the penult and ter-
minal joints in the left second foot is concave. The following are the
measurements of a female specimen :—general length, 3 inches; length
of carapax, 0°77; breadth of front, 0°40; length of eye, 0°41 ; length of
chelipeds, 1°05 inch.

88 Notes on North American Crustacea.

In this species, adapted to live in such shells as those of the
genera Conus and Strombus, with long narrow apertures, the
body is much flattened, and the sternum greatly developed,
being broadly exposed between the chelipeds, and showing the
ventral piece to which the outer maxillipeds are attached. This
would, perhaps, be considered by many as a character of ge-
neric importance, but it appears to us to be only a peculiar spe-
cific modification to adapt the animal to live under peculiar
circumstances. A modification which may occur in any genus of
Paguride, and does occur in one other genus—instance Pagu-
rus platythorax. The species we have described shows fully all
the generic peculiarities of Paguristes, as does the platythorax
all those of Pagurus.

P. depressus was found in a Strombus pugilis dredged in two
fathoms, sandy bottom, at the island of St. Thomas, by Theo.
Gill, Esq.

Spiropagurus dispar, nov. sp.

Carapax smooth and glossy, naked. Eyes rather longer than in S.
spiriger, but not over-reaching the tip of the acicle. Ophthalmic
scales narrow. Chelipeds slender, smooth, glabrous, sparsely ciliated,
unequal in size, the left one being much more slender, though but little
shorter than the right; left hand with slender fingers as long as the
palm. Right hand a little longer than the left, and twice as broad and
thick; fingers short, not more than half the length of the palm, and
coarsely toothed within. Ambulatory feet much longer than the cheli-
peds and over-reaching their extremities, smooth and hairy ; dactyli very
slender, not dilated. Feet of the fourth pair almost simple; penult
joint with no scabrous surface, but a few corneous marginal denticles.
Length about one inch. Colors mostly faded in our specimens; the
hands are, however, pale orange, loosely reticulated with thread-like
crimson lines, on the white fingers as well as on the palm.

This small species was found in the white shell of a Watica,

®

Notes on North American Crustacea. 89

around the aperture of which was an incrustation formed by
some hydroid polype. It was dredged from a sandy bottom in
two fathoms, at the island of Barbadoes, by Theo. Gill, Esq.

It is interesting as being the second species of a genus which
has heretofore contained but one known representative, S.
spiriger of Japan.

Eupagurus bernhardus.

Pagurus bernhardus (Linn.), Fabr.; Gould ; Inv. Mass.
EHupagurus bernhardus, Brandt.

Found on the north-east coast as far south as Long Island.
Specimens have been sent from Puget Sound, by Dr. Kennerly.

Eupagurus kroyeri, nov. sp.

Carapax and feet naked, or only slightly pubescent. Chelipeds incon-
spicuously spinulose, spinules numerous, but very small and _ short-
Right carpus elongated, and expanding at the base of the hand. Right
hand twice as long as broad ; fingers slender, depressed, with corneous
tips. Left hand with its carina single, very sharply prominent, den-
ticulated, and running to the right of the median line ; surface beneath
the carina to the right, smooth ; extero-inferior edge of the hand sharp
and slightly dilated. Ambulatory feet reaching beyond tips of cheli-
peds. Posterior margin of the last caudal segment deeply emarginated
and spinulose. Length two inches.

Found at Grand Manan, and in Massachusetts Bay, by my-
self, and also occurs in Puget Sound.

There are two species on our north-east coast, which have
been confounded under the name of Pagurus pubescens. In
the jirst, a large species, the feet are thickly pilose, the tarsi
much curved, the right cheliped spinulose, and over-reaching
the ambulatory feet of the same side, and the left hand armed
only with a low, obtuse, and often double carina. In the

90 Notes on North American Crustacea.

second, smaller, the feet are scarcely at all pubescent, the
spines shorter, the tarsi straighter, and the carina of the left
hand thin and sharply prominent. Kroyer’s figures and de-
scriptions seem to comprehend both these species, and we
would propose to restrict his specific name to the first, to which
the name pubescens most properly belongs. The second we
have described above, under the name Avoyert. Both are
arctic species, occurring on both sides of the continent.

Eupagurus samuelis.
Plate I. fig. 8.

Hupagurus samuelis, Stimpson ; Crust. and Echin. Pacific Coast of N.
Am., p. 42.

This species was originally described from a single dried
specimen in a bad condition. A large number of specimens
have since been sent from Monterey, by Mr. Taylor; and com-
parisons of numerous individuals, of both species, show that it
is closely allied to Z. hirsutiusculus. It may, however, always
be distinguished by its broader right hand, with a sharply com-
pressed and arcuated outer margin, and by having a sharply

prominent tubercle on the inferior surface of the meros-joint in
both chelipeds.

Eupagurus granosimanus, nov. sp.

Rostrum or median lobe of front broad, obtuse, not prominent. No
sharp teeth between the bases of the eyes and antenne. Eyes rather
long, but shorter than the peduncle of the outer antennz. Acicle of
these antennz small and slender, not reaching to the tips of the eyes,
flattened above, with the inner edge setose; flagellum very long, com-
pressed, naked. Feet naked in the adult. Right cheliped very long,
in the adult over-reaching the tips of the ambulatory feet ; meros below
granulated and bi-tuberculated, and above pectinated at the anterior

Notes on North American Crustacea. 91

margin with seven or eight short, irregular teeth ; carpus and hand
evenly oblong, granulated above and below, granules depressed, largest
and most crowded on the fingers ; carpus nearly twice as long as broad ;
hand a sixth part longer than the carpus; dactylus four-fifths as long as
the palm; outer edge of immovable finger rather sharp ; tips of fingers
calcareous. Left cheliped short, in full-grown specimens not reaching
to the posterior margin of the right hand; surface granulated as in the
right cheliped; meros smooth below; superior edge of carpus sharp
and armed with four or five short spines; hand convex, prominently
granulated, and showing at the middle of the base above, indications of
a groove and carina, which are not, however, continued further. Ambu-
latory feet short, spinulose along the superior edges; dactyli longer
than penult joint, not twisted, their edges not sharp, tips long, corneous.
Color reddish ; feet reeularly maculated with light-blue or yellowish spots,
very small, oblong, sub-equal ; tubercles of under side of meros white.
General length, 2°4; length of carapax, 0°47; width of front, measured
between outer bases of antenna, 0°22 inch.

This species resembles /. middendorffiz in its proportions,
but is readily distinguished by the more strongly granulated
surface of its chelipeds, and the spinules on the superior edges
_ of the other feet.

Found at Monterey, Cal., by Mr. Taylor, and in Puget Sound
by Dr. Kennerly.

Eupagurus brevidactylus, nov. sp.

Carapax smooth, nearly naked. Rostral point very obtuse. Eyes
very long and slender, somewhat tapering, slightly curved, and reaching
to the extremity of the peduncle of the outer antenne ; cornea scarcely
at all dilated. Ophthalmic scales short and broad. Feet sparsely hairy.
Chelipeds spinulose above, beneath smooth and naked. In the right
cheliped the palm of the hand is large, longer than the carpus, and one-
half longer than the fingers ;—the fingers are each armed with a tooth
within at the middle. Left cheliped reaching to the middle of the

99 Notes on North American Crustacea.

dactylus of the right one; fingers gaping. Ambulatory feet smooth; a
small spine at extremity of the carpal joint; dactyli very short, shorter
than the penult joint and not twisted. Color pale reddish ; feet with
interrupted longitudinal stripes of darker red. Length about one inch.

Found at Barbadoes, by Mr. Gill.

Eupagurus pollicaris.

Pagurus pollicaris, Say ; Jour. A. N.8., Philad., i, 162.
te ad Gould ; Inv. Mass., 329.
“ ¢ Gibbes ; loc. cit., 189.

Common on the eastern coast of the United States. Found
at St. Augustine, Fla., by Dorman; and at Brazos Santiago,
Texas, by Wurdemann.

Eupagurus operculatus, nov. sp.
Plate I, figs. 9 and 10,

This species may be easily recognised by the great expansion of its
right cheliped, the hand of which is one half broader than the cara-
pax, and serves as an operculum, closing the aperture when the animal
retires within the shell which it inhabits. This hand is broader than
long, very thin, with the margins expanded and lamelliform ; surface
even, granulated minutely above but more prominently below; superior
surface of dactylus with a median ridge ; carpus subtriangular, margined
on either side by a ridge, that on the left side denticulated, Left
cheliped subeylindrical, very slender and weak; carpus with a row of
minute spines above. Ambulatory feet slender, glabrous, nearly naked,
with a spine at the apex of the carpal joint; dactylus shorter than the
penult joint, and armed below with corneous spinules. Dactylus of
fourth pair of feet broadly expanded. The carapax is smooth and
glossy, naked; eyes exceeding the much carved acicle in length, and
scarcely shorter than the peduncle of the outer antennz ; apex of oph-
thalmic scales long and slender. In the great cheliped the carpus is

List of Figures on Plate I. 93

crimson, maculated with bluish-white; hand white. Length of the ani-
mal about one inch,

It is somewhat allied to Z. tenuzmanus, Dana.
Found at the Tortugas, Florida, by Dr. Whitehurst.

LIST OF FIGURES ON PLATE L

. Speocarcinus carolinensis, 3 nat. size.
. Posterior portion of sternum in the same, showing base of abdo-

men, nat. size.

. Dactylus of ambulatory foot of the same, magnified.

. Petrolisthes tridentatus, 6 magnified two diameters.

. Pachycheles rudis, 9 nat size.

. Terminal joint of the abdomen in Albunaea Gibbesii, 8 twice

nat. size.

. Hapalogaster cavicauda, é nat size.
. Right hand of Hupagurus samuelis, twice nat. size.
. Right hand of Hupagurus operculatus, nat. size.

The same, side view.

94 List of the Known Species of

XI.—List of the Known Species of Pistorum, with their
Synonymy.

{} By Temete Pre.

Read 28th February, 1859.

1. abditum Hlald. Ac. N.S. Phil. Proc. 1, 53, 1841.—De
Kay, 225, 1841.—Jay Cat. 4 edit. 466, 1852.—Pr. Bost. Jl.
VI. 359, pl. XI. f. 24-25, pl. XII. f. 1, 1852.—Bet. Amen. 1,
p- 53, 1853.—Hartman Cat. 1853.—Lewis Bost. Proc. VI. 2,
1856. .
Cyclas minor C. B. Ads. Bost. Proc. 1, 48, 1841.—Bost. J]. IV. 39,
pl. IV. f. 2, 1841.—C. B. Ads. Vermt. 19, 1842.—Migh. Bost,
Jl. TV. 319, 1843.—Linsl, Amer. Jl. 48, 276, 1845.—C. B. Ads.
Cat. 30, 1847.—Jay Cat. 4 edit. 32, 1850.—Pr. Bost. Proce.
IV. 165, 1851.—Bgt. Amen. 1, p. 8, 53, 1853.
Pisidium minus Stimp. Moll. N. E, 16, 1851.—Pr. Bost. Jl. VI.
360, pl. XII. f, 2-4, 1852.
“ obscurum Pr. Bost. Proc. IV. 161, 1851.—Bost. Jl. VI. 359,
1852.
“ Kurtz Pr. Bost. Proc. IV. 162, 1851.—Bost. Jl. 361, pl. XI.
f, 5-7, 1852.
“ zonatum Pr. Bost. Proc. IV. 162, 1851.—Bost. Jl. VI. 364,
pl. XII. f. 17-19, 1852.—Lewis Bost. Proc. VI. 2, 1856.
“ regulare Pr. Bost. Jl. VI. 363, pl. XII. f. 11-13, 1852.
“ notatum Pr. loc. sup. cit. VI. 365, pl. XID. f. 20-22, 1852.
“ amplum Ingalls MSS. 1855.
“"\resartum © loc. sup. cit. 1855. |
“ rubrum Lewis MSS. 1855,
“plenum “ loc. sup. cit. 1855,
Hab. N. Amer.
— abruptum Hald. Ac. N.S. Phil. Proc. 1, 53, 1841, is P. Virgini-
cum Bet.
— acutum Pf. Wiegm. Archiv. 1, 230, 1831, is P. Henslowianum, Jen.

3.

Pisidium, with their Synonymy. 95

Adamsi Pr. Stimp. Moll. N. E. 16, 1851.—Pr. Bost. Jl. VI.
352, pl XE £7153, 1852.

Cyclas nitida Migh. (non Hanl.) Bost. Proc. 1, 48, 1841.—Bost.
Jl. IV. 39, pl. IV. f£. 3, 1841.—loe. sup. cit. IV. 319, 1843.—
Linsl. Amer. Jl. 48, 276, 1845—Pr. Bost. Proc. IV. 165,
1851.—Bgt. Amen. 1, p. 8, 1853.

‘equale Rafin. Pr. Bost. Jl. VI. 367, 1852, is P. Virginicum Bet.

altile Anth. Pr. Bost. Jl. VI. 353, pl. XI. f. 10-12, 1852, is P. com-
pressum Pr,

amnicum Jen. Trans. Camb. Phil. Soc. IV. pt. 2, 309, pl.
XIX. £2. 1832:
Tellina amnica Miiller 2, 205, 1774.
“ striata Schrot. 198, 1779.
“ ~ rivalis Mat. & Rack. Trans. Linn, Soc. 3, 44, pl. XIII. f.
37-38, 1797.
Cyclas palustris Drap. tabl. 106, 1801.
Cardium amnicum Mat. 86, 1808.
Cyclas obliqua Lam. V. 559, 1818.
Pisidium obliquum Pf. Syst. Anord. 124, pl. V. f. 19-20, 1821.
Cyclas amnica Turt. Conch. 250, pl. II. f. 15, 1822.
Pera fluviatilis Leach in Jen, Trans. Camb. Phil. Soc. IV. pt. 2,
310, 1832.
Henslowiana Leach in Jen. loc. sup. cit. 310, 1832.
Pisid. inflatum Meg. Porro 121, pl. Il. f. 13, 1838.
Cyclas Pfeifferi Meg. loc. sup. cit. 121, 1838.
Pisid. palustre Nils. loc. sup. cit. 122, 1838,
“ Pfeiferi Ziegl. Villa Lomb. 10, 1844.
Cordula amnica Léach Brit. Moll. 292, 1852.
Pisid. Grateloupianum Norm. Cycl. 4, 1854.
“ intermedium Gas. Pisid. 11, pl. I. f. 4, 1855.
“ sulcatum Parr. MSS.
Hab. Europe.
amplum Ingalls MSS. 1855, is P. abditum Hald.

a

4. antiquum Braun.

Hab. Germ. (fossil).

96

List of the Known Species of

o. arcuatum Pr. Bost. Jl. VI. 364, pl. XII. f. 14-16, 1852.
Hab. N. Amer. (fossil).
australe Phil. Moll, Sicil. 1, 39, 1816, is P. casertanum Bet.
Baudonianum Ces. Pisid. Cr. 4, 1855, is P. Gassiesianum Dup.
Bonafouxianum Ces. loc. sup. cit. 6, 1855, is P. Henslowianum Jen.
Brongniartinum Bgt. Sph. 51, 1854, is P. cuneatum Petit.
caliculatum Dup. extram. Gall. test. No. 229, 1849, is P. casertanum

Bet.

6. Camariemse Shuti. Diag. n. Moll. 12, 1852.

Hab. Canary Islds.

7. cardiolum Desh. Inv. Par. 525, pl. XXXIV. f.26—-29, 1857.
Hab. France (fossil).

8. casertanum Bet. Cat. Saulcy. 80, 1853.

Cardium casertanum Poli I. 65, pl. XVI. f. 1, 1791.

amnicum (Jr.) Mont. 88, 1803.

Cyclas vitrea Risso IV. 338, 1826.
Pera pulchella Leach MSS. Brit. Mus. 1830.
Pisid. pulchellum Jen. Trans. Camb. Phil. Soc. IV. 2 pt. 306, pl.

(19

(Ts

(74

XXI.f:1-6, 1932.
australe Phil. Moll. Sicil. 1, 39, 1836.
cinereum Ald. Supplem. Cat. 4, 1837.
Lumsternianum Forb. Ann. n, h. 225, pl. XII f. 4, 1839.

Cyclas pulchella Hanl. Rec. Spec. 1, 91, 1843.

“

“

cinerea Hanl. loc. sup. cit. 1, 91, 1843.
lenticularis Norm. Cycl. 8, f. 7-8, 1844.

Pisid. Joannis McGil. Scot. 248, 1844.

Jenynsit McGil. loc. sup. cit. 249, 1844,

vitreum Pf. Verany Cat. 13, 1846.

nitidum Jen. Gas. Agen. 209, 1849.

limosum Gas. loc. sup. cit. 206, pl. 2, f. 10-11, 1849.
tratianum Dup. Gall. extram. test. 234, 1849.

thermale Dup. loc. sup. cit. 238, 1849,

caliculatum Dup. loc. sup. cit. 229, 1849.

sinuatum Bet. Jl. Conch. 421, 1851.—49, pl. I. f. 6-10, 1852.
lenticulare Dup. Moll, Fr. 680, pl. 30, f. 2, 1852.

rotundum Ces. Pisid. Cr. 6, 1855.

Pisidium, with their Synonymy. 97

Pisid. globulosum Gas. Pisid. 21, pl. 2. f. 8, 1855.
“ planum Pf.
“ — Stabileii Schmidt, MSS. 1858.
Hab. Europe.
— cwer Pr, Ann. N. Y. Lye. VI. 65, pl. I. f. 1, a-c, 1853, is P. com-
pressum Pr,
— cinereum Ald. Suppl. Cat. 4, 1837, is P. casertanum Bet.
9. compressum Pr. Bost. Proc. [V. 164, 1851—Ann. N.Y.
Lye. V. 219, pl. VI. 1852.—Bost. Jl. VI. 356, pl. XI. f. 13-15,
1852. Jay Cat. 4 edit. 466, 1852—Bot. Amen. 1, 52, 1853.
—Hartm. Cat. 1853.—Lewis Bost. Proc. VI. 2, 1856.
Cyclas altilis Auth. C. B. Ads. Cat. 29, 1847.
Prsid. altile Anth. in Pr. Bost. Jl. VI. 353, pl. XI. f. 10-12, 1852.
—Jay Cat. 4 edit. 466, 1852.—Bet. Amen. 1, p. 52, 1853.—
Lewis Bost. Proc. VI. 2, 1856.
“-- cicer Pr. Ann. N. Y. Lyc. VI. 65, pl. I. f. 1, a-c, 18538.
Hab. N. Amer.
10. conicum Baud. Pisid. 50, pl. V. f£ B. 1857.
Hab. France.
11. contortum Pr. Ann. N.Y. Lyc. VI. 65, pl. I. f. 2, a-c,
1853.
Hab. N. Amer. (fossil). !
— cornea. Verany. Cat. 13, 1846, Spherium, Scopoli 1771.—Cyclas,
Brug. Lam, 1806, is Spheerium corneum Scop.
12. cumeatum Petit Jl. Conch. 422, 1851.
Cyclas cuneata Sowb. Edin. n, Phil. Jl. VII. 297, 1829.
“ — Brongniartina Math. Cat. meth. 145, pl. XIV. f. 2, 1842.
“ — Matheroni dOrb. Prod. 2, 304, 1850.
Pisid. Brongniartinum Bet. Sph. 51, 1854.
Hab. France (fossil).
— Ddingoli Villa Cat. 44, 1841, is Spheerium Ddingoli Bivona,
— diaphanum Hald. Ac. n.s. Phil. Proc. 1, 53, 1841, is Spherium
maculatum Morelet.
13. Denaiuvilliersi Desh. Jur. Par. 526, pl. XXXIV. f.30-

33, 1857.
MARCH, 1859. uf Ann, Lyo, Nat, Hist, Vou. VIL

98 List of the Known Species of

Cyclas Denaiuvilleirsi Boissy Bull. Soc. Geol. 2 ser. IV. 178, 1846.
—Mem. (do.) 2d ser. III. 269, pl. V. f. 4, a-b, 1848.
Hab. France (fossil).
— dubium Hald. Ac. n.s, Phil, Proc. 1, 103, 1841, is Pisid. Virgini-
cum Bet.
14. duplicatum Pf.
Cyclas duplicata. Pf. Syst. Anord, 280, 1821.
Hab. Germ.
— Dupuyanum Norm. Cycl. 5, 1854, is Pisid. Henslowianum Jen.
15. equilaterale Pr. Bost. Jl. VI. 366, pl. XII f. 23-25, 1852.
Hab. N. Amer.

1G. exaratum Dkr. Weald. 56, pl. XI. f 14-15, 1846.
Hab. Germ. (fossil).
i?. Ferroense Wiorch Suenson Cat. 43, 1857.
Hab. Ferroe Islds.
18. ferrugimeum Pr. (Bost. Proc. IV. 162, 1851.—Bost. Jl.
VI. 362, pl. XIL f£ 8-10, 1852.
Hab. N. Amer.
— fontinale Pf. Syst. Anord. 125, pl. V. f. 15-16, 1821, is P. pusil-
lum Jen.
£9. fuscum Parr. Jellebor. Moll, Austr. 22, 1851.
Hab. Germ.
20. Gassiesianum Dup. Agen. 207, pl. Il. f. 11, 1849.
Pisidium Normandianum Dup. loc. sup. cit. 206, 1849.
st ietragonum Norm. Cycl. 5, 1854.
Baudonianum Ces. Pisid. Or. 4, 1855.
Hab. France.
— globulosum Gas. Pisid, 21, pl. IL. f. 8, 1855, is P. casertanum Bet.
— grande Whit. MSS. 1855, is P. variabile Pr.
— Grateloupianum Norm, Cycl. 4, 1854, is P. amnicum Jen.
21. Menslowianum Jem. Trans. Camb. Phil. Soc. IV. pt. 2
308, pl. XXI. f. 6-7, 1832.
Pera Henslowiana Leach MSS. Brit. Mus. 1819.
Cyclas acuta Pf. Syst. Anord. 230, 1821.
Tellina Henslowana Shep. Trans. Linn. Soc. XTV. 150, 1823,
Cyclas appendiculata Turt, Man, 15, pl. L f. 6, 1831.

Pisidium, with their Synonymy. 99

Pisidium acutum Pf. Wiegm. Archiv. 1, 230, 1831.
Pera appendiculata Leach Brit. Moll. 292, 1852.
Pisidium Jayanum Gas. MSS. 1852.
. Dupuyanum Norm. Cyel. 5, 1854.
“ pallidum Gas. Pisid. 16, pl. I. f. 10, 1855.
“s Bonnafouxianum Ces. Pisid. Cr. 6, 1855,
« — Jandouinianum Gas. Pisid. 18, pl. IL. f, 2, 1855.
“ — pictum Ces. Moll. Creuse. 9, 1857.
Hab. Europe.
— incertum Norm. Cycl. 6, 1854, is P. nitidum Jen.
— inflatum Meg. Porro 121, pl. IL. f. 13, 1838, is P. amnicum Jen.
— intermedium Gas. Pisid 11, pl. I. f. 4, 1855, is P. amnicum Jen.
— iratianum Dup. Extram. Gall. test. No. 234, 1849, is P. caser-
tanum Bet.
— Jaudouinianum Gas, Pisid. 18, pl. Il. f. 2, 1855, is P. Henslowi-
anum Jen,
— Jayanum Gas. MSS. is P. Henslowianum Jen.
— Jengusi McGil. Scot. 249, 1844, is P. casertanum Bet.
— Joannis McGil. loc. sup. cit. 248, 1844, is P. casertanum Bet.
— Kurtz Pr. Bost. Proc. IV. 162, 1851, is P. abditum Hald.
22. laevigatum Bgt. Jl. Conch. 175, 1852.—Desh. Jurt. Par.
525, 1857.
Cyclas laevigata Desh. (non Schum.) Dict. class h. n, V. 220, 1824.
“ — sublaevigata VOrb. Prod. 2, 304, 1850.
fab. France (fossil).
— lenticulare Dup. Moll. Fr. 681, pl. XXX. f. 2, 1850, is P. caser-
tanum Bet.
— limosum Gas. Agen. 206, pl. II. f. 10-11, 1849, is P. casertanum Bet.
— Lumsternianum Forb, An, N. H. 2, 255, pl. XII. fi. 4, 1839, is P.
casertanum Bet.
23. Mallet Dum. & Mort. Cat. 1853.
Hab. Switzerland (fossil).
— minimum Stud. Mem. Soc. Helv. etc. 1, p. 25, 1837, is P. obtusale Pf.
— minus Stimp. N. E. Moll. 16, 1851, is P. abditum Hald.
— Moquimanum Bgt. Amen. 1, p. 61, pl. III. f. 18-17, 1855, is
Spherium maculatum Morelet.

100 List of the Known Species of

24. mitidum Jem. Trans. Camb. Phil. Soc. IV. pt. 2, 304, pl.
XX. f. 7-8, 1882.
Cyclas pusilla Turt. Man. 16, pl. I. f. 7, 1831.

“ nitida Hanl. (non Migh.) Spec. etc. 1, p. 90, pl. XIV-
f, 46, 1843.

Pisid. incertum Norm. Cycl. 6, 1854.
Hab. Europe.
— Normandianum Dup. Gas. Agen. 206, 1849, is P. Gassiesianum Dup.
— notatum Pr. Bost. Jl. VI. 365, pl. XII. f. 20-22, 1852, is P. ab-
ditum Hald.

‘25. Novi Eboraci Pr. Ann. N. Y. Lyc. VI. 66, pl. L f. 3,
a. c. 1853.

Hab. N. Amer.
26. mucileum Bet. Sph. 51, 1854.—Desh. Inv. Par. 526, pl.
XXXIV. f. 23-25, 1857.
Cyclas nuclea Boissy Bull. Soc. Geol. 2d. ser. IV. 178, 1846.—
Mem. (do.) 2d ser. III. 270, pl. V. f. 1, 1848.
, Hab. France (fossil).
— obliquum Pf. Syst. Anord. 124, pl. V. f£ 19-20, 1821, is P. amni-
cum Jen.
— obscurum Pr. Bost. Proc. IV. 161, 1851, is P. abditum. Hald.
27. obtusale Pf Syst. Anord. 125, pl. V. f. 20-21, 1821.
Cyclas obtusalis Lam. V. 559, 1818.
“ minima Stud. Verz. 93, 1820.
“ gibba Ald. Trans. Soc. Northd. 1, pt. 1, p. 41, 18380.
Pera gibba Leach MSS. 18382,
Pisid. minimum Stud. Mem. Soc. Helv. ete. 1, 25, 1837.
Cyclas ovalis Nils. Jen. Trans, Camb. Phil. Soc. IV. pt. 2d, 1882.
Pisid. ovale Petit Jl. Conch. 421, 1851.
Hab. Europe.
— ovale Petit. J], Conch, 421, 1851, is P. obtusale Pf.
— pallidum Gas, Pisid. 16, pl. I. f. 10, 1855, is P. Henslowianum
Jen.
— palustre Porro 122, 1838, is P. amnicum Jen.
— parasiticum Parr, MSS, is Spherium ferrugineum Krauss.

‘Pisidium, with their Synonymy. 101

28. Pfeifferi Roch & Dukr. K.D. Oolit. 60, pl. VII. f. 5,
1857. /
Hab. Germ. (fossil).
— Pfeifferi Ziegl. Villa Lomb. 10, 1844, is P. amnicum Jen.
— pictum Ces. Moll. Cr. 9, 1857, is P. Henslowianum Jen.
— planum Pf. MSS. is P. casertanum Bet.
— plenum Lew. MSS. 1855, is P. abditum Hald.
29. praectermissum Noulet Coq. Fos. 56, 1854.
Hab. France (fossil).
30. priscum Eichw. Leth. Ross. 1, 87, pl. V. f 8, 1852.
Cyclas prisca Eich. Nat. Hist. Skizze 207.
Hab. Russia (fossil).
— pulchellum Jen. Trans. Camb. Phil. Soc. 2d pt. IV. 306, pl. XXI.
f, 1-5, 1832, is P. casertanum Bet.
Si. pusillum Jem. Trans. Camb. Phil. Soc. 2d pt. IV. 302, pl.
XX. f 4-6, 1832.
Tellina pusilla Gml, 3231, 1789.
Cyclas fontinalis (pars.) Dup. Hist. Moll. 130, pl. X. f. 11-12, 1849.
Pisidium fontinale Pf. Syst. Anord. 125, pl. V. f. 15-16, 1821.
Cyclas pusilla Turt. Man. 16, pl. I. f. 7, 1831.
Englesu Henslowiana Leach MSS. Brit. Mus. 1832,
Pisid. roseum Scholtz. Moll. Schl. 140, 1843.
Hab. Europe.
32. pygmeum Roch & Dukr. Oolit. 60, pl. VIL f. 5,
b. c. 1837,
Hab. Germ. (fossil).
33. Recluziamum Best. J). Conch. 174, pl. VIIL f. 8, 1852.
Hab. Europe.
— regulare Pr. Bost. Jl. VI. 363, pl. XII. f. 11-18, 1852, is P. ab-

ditum Hald.
— resartum Ingalls MSS. 1855, is P. abditum Hald.

— rosewm Scholtz. Moll. Schl. 140, 1848, is P. pusillum Jen.
34. rotundatum Pr. Bost. Proc. IV. 164, 1851.—Bost. Jl
VI. 357, pl. XI. f, 19-21, 1852.
Hab. N. Amer.
— rotundum Ces, Pisid. Cr. 6, 1855, is P. casertanum Bet.

102 List of the Known Species of

— rubellum Pr. Bost. Proc. IV. 1638, 1851, is P. tenellum Gould. ~

— rubrum Lewis MSS. 1855, is P. abditum Hald.

— Rylliense Bgt. Sph. 52, 1854, is Spherium Rylliense Boissy.

3. semem Wlemkke Moll. N. Holld. 40, 1843.

Hab. Oceanica.

— sinuatum Bgt. Jl. Conch, 421, 1851, is P. casertanum Bet.

— splendidum Parr. MSS. is a Nucula.

— Stabileti Schmidt MSS. is P. casertanum Bet.

36. Steembuchi Morch Gronld. 19, 1857.

Cyclas Steenbuchi Moll. Ind. Moll. Grl. 20, 1842.
Hab. Greenland.
3¢@. supinum Schmidt Zeit. Malak. 119, 1850.
Hab. Germ.

— sulcatum Parr. MSS. is P. amnicum Jen.

28. temeliumm Gould Ag. L. Sup. 245, 1848—Bost. Jl. VI.
361, pl. XII. f. 5-7, 1852.

Pisid. rubellum Pr. Bost. Proc. IV. 168, 1851.
Hab. N. Amer.

— tetragonum Norm. Cycl. 5, 1854, is P. Gassiesianum Dup.

— thermale Dup. extram. Gall. test. No. 238, 1849, is P. casertanum
Bet.

39. wariabile Pr. Bost. Proc. IV. 163, 1851.—Jay Cat. 4 edit.
466, 1852.—Bost. Jl. VI. 351, pl. XI. f. 7-9, 1852.—Bet.
Amen. 1, p. 53, 1853.—Hartm. Cat. 1853.—Lewis Bost. Proc.
VI..2, 1856.

Pisid grande Whitt. MSS. 1855.
Hab. N. Amer.

— Veatleyii Petit Jl. Conch. 421, 1851, is Spherium maculatum.
Morelet.

40. ventricosum Pr. Bost. Proc. IV. 68, 1851.—loc. sup. cit.
IV. 165, 1851.—Stimp. N. E. Moll. 16, 1851.—Jay Cat. 4
edit. 466, 1852.—Girard Biblio. Amer. 53, 1852.—Bet. Amen
1, p. 538, 1853.—Lewis Bost. Proc. VI. 2, 1856.

Hab. N. Amer.
Al. Virginicum Bst. Amen. 1, p. 53, 1853.
Tellina Virginica Gml, 3236, pl. CLIX, f. 15, 1788.

On the Microscopic Forms, ke. 108

Tellina pusilla (pars.) Dillw. 2, 106, 1819.
Cyclas Virginica Fer. Mag. Zool. 1835.—Bgt. Amen, 1, p. 10, 1853.
“ dubia Say. Nichol. Ency. 1816, 1818, 3d edit. p. 4, pl. Lf.
10, 1829.—Rafin. An. gen. scie. phy. 319, 1820.—Fer. Mag.
Zool. 1835.—Gould Rept. 75, f. 56, 1841—De Kay 223, pl.
XXV. f. 261, 1842.—Linsl. Amer. J]. 48, p. 276, 1845.—C.
B. Ads. Cat. 29, 1847.—Jay Cat. 4 edit. 32, 1850.—-Bgt.
Amen, 1, p. 53, 1853.
“ dubiosa Say. Jay Cat. 3 edit. 16, 1839.—Catlow & Reeve,
29, 1845.—Bgt. Amen. 1, p. 53, 1853.

(Physemoda) equalis Rafin. Ann, gen. scie. Phy. V. 319, 1820.
Pisidium abruptum Hald. Ac. n. s. Phil. Proc. 1, 53, 1841.—De
Kay 225, 1842.—Bot. Amen. 1, p. 53, 1853.

dubium Hald. Ac. n. s. Phil. Proc. 1, 103, 1841.
i “ Say Gould Ag. L. Sup. 245, 1848.
ae “ Gould Pr. Bost. Proc. IV. 165, 1851.—Stimp.
N. E. Moll. 16, 1851.—Pr. Bost. Jl. VI. 354, pl. XI. f. 4-6,
1852.—Hartm. Cat. 1853.—Lewis Bost. Proc. VI. 2, 1856.
Ui equale Rafin. Pr. Bost. Jl. VI. 367, 1852.
fab. N. Amer.
— vitreum Pf. Verany Cat. 13, 1846, is P. casertanum Bet.
— zonatum Pr. Bost. Proc. IV. 162, 1851, is P. abditum Hald.

cc

XII.—On the Microscopie Forms of the Harbor of Charles-
ton, South Carolina.

By Arraur M. Epwarps.
Read February 21, 1859,

In the year 1850, Professor Bailey published, in the Smith-
sonian Contributions to Knowledge, a list of the microscopic
organisms which he had found in mud collected from the logs
of wharves, and other situations in the harbor of Charleston,
S. C., comprising two new species, besides many other curious

forms, and in the year 1853 he described four species of Ehren-
APRIL, 1860, 8 Ann. Lyo., Nat, Hist, You, VII,

104 On the Microscopic Forms of the

berg’s genus Audliscus, three of which are also found at Charles-
ton, though Bailey failed to detect them. Bailey’s list is as

follows:

Actiniscus sirius, Ehr,
Actinocyclus bioctonarius, Ehr.
Actinoptychus senarius, Ehr.
Biddulphia pulchella, Gray.
Cocconeis scutellum, Ehr,

Coscinodiscus excentricus, Ehr,

Navicula sigma, Ehr.

Pinnularia interrupta, K.
os didyma, Ehr.
i lyra, Ehr.

Raphoneis rhombus, Ehr.

Stauroptera aspera, Ehr.

Dictyocha fibula, Ehr. Surirella circumstuta, B.

Eupodiscus Rogersi, Ehr. Terpsinoé musica, Ehr.

os radiatus, B. Triceratium favus, Ehr.
Gallionella suleata, Ebr. ie alternans, DB.

Certain of these have been renamed by later observers, or
have been found to be synonymous with already described
species, and should be designated thus:

Actinocyclus bioctonarius, Ehr. == Coscinodiscus actinoptychus, Ed.
Actinoptychus senarius, Ehr. = Actinophoenia splendens, Shad.
Eupodiseus Rogersii, Ehr. = Eupodiscus areus, Ehr.

Pinnularia didyma, Ehr. Navicula didyma, K.

II

= 6“

« .. lyra, Ehr. lyra, K.

Raphoneis rhombus, Ehr. Doryphora amphiceros, K.

II

Stauroptera aspera, Ehr. = Stauroneis pulchella, W. S.
Tryblionella scutellum, W. 8.
Orthosina marina, W. S.

Surirella circumstuta, B.

Gallionella sulcata, Ehr.

\

Actiniscus sirius, Ehr., and Dictyocha fibula, Ehr , are neither
of them Diatoms, but most probably portions of the skeleton
of a Holothurian.

About:two years since I received from a friend residing at
Charleston some of the, so-called, black “pluff mud,” taken
from between water marks, and which I found to be extremely
rich in Diatomaceous forms.
observed :—

The following species were

Harbor of Charleston, South Carolina. 105

Actinocyelus undulatus, Ehr.
Actinophoenia splendens, Shad.
Auliscus caelatus, B.

pruinosus, B.

‘ punctatus, B.

Biddulphia rhombus, W, S.
« aurita, Breb,

Campylodiscus cribrosus, W. 8.

Cocconeis scutellum, Ehr,

Coscinodiscus actinoptychus, Ed.

Epithemia Hyndmanii, W. 8.
« musculus, K,

Navicula didyma, K.

panes maculata, B,
Fp hie permagna, B.

Nitzschia scalaris, W. S.
Pleurosigma angulata, W. 8.
Triceratium alternans, B,

i favus, Ehr.

ft punctatum, T. B.

es excentricus, Ehr, Tryblionella scutellum, W. S.
Ms lineatus, Ehr. i punctata, W. 8.
oculus-iridis, Ehr,

radiatus, Ehr.

as subtilis, Ehr.

The Mavicula sigma, Ehr., of Bailey’s list is most probably
synonymous with the Pleurosigma angulata, W.8., of mine.
The species marked with an asterisk (*), now placed in the
genus Navicula, are characterized as follows :—

Navicula maculata = Stauroneis maculata, B. 1850.—“ Lan-
ceolate or elliptical, ends slightly produced and rounded ; sur-
face punctato-striate, with a large, smooth central space.”—
Bailey. To this description I have to add the following mea-
Breadth, :00216 in.
coarsely moniliform, 12 in ‘O01 in.

Navicula permagna = Pinnularia permagna, B., 1850.—
“ Large, lanceolate on the ventral faces, with punctato-striate
marginal bands, and a broad, smooth central stripe; ends slightly
rounded.” —Bailey. I have as yet only found this species in
small quantities, and have been unable to take its measurements.
There can be no doubt that these two species should be placed
in the genus Navicula, as the seeming stauros in the first, the
presence of which would seem to rank it in that of Stauroneis,
is only a blank space, such as is seen in many species of Navi-
cula, as JV. elegans, ete. The presence of moniliform strive in the

surements. Length, -0055° in. Strize

106 Description of a New Species of Hupsychortyx.

second species removes it from Pinnularia, which is character-
ized by its markings being cost not resolvable into dots. Of
JV. maculata I have specimens from Duval’s Creek near Enter-
prise, Florida, for which I am indebted to Dr. Christopher
Johnston of Baltimore, Md.

While examining the Charleston mud, I noticed that Smith’s
Eupodiscus radiatus, as described and figured in the first
volume of his ‘“ Synopsis,” is not the same as the form described
under that name by Bailey in 1850. Roper remarked this same
fact (Trans. Mic. Soc., Lond., Vol. VII. p. 19), but was in some
doubt until I had the pleasure of forwarding to him authentic
specimens from Bailey’s cabinet, when he wrote to me that the
examination of them confirmed his opinion, that “Smith was
in error in referring the Thames Diatom to that species. It is
a perfectly distinct and a true Eupodiscus.”

XIV.— Description of a NEW SPECIES of Evursycouortyx.
By D. G. Exuiot, F.Z:S.
Read March 12, 1860.

Eupsychortyx leucofrenatus.

Plate III.

Sp. Ch. Top of head, nape of neck, and upper part of throat,
rufous brown. A line commencing above the eye going down
side of head, and one from below the eye running to, and
encircling the throat, white; each feather tipped with black.
Sides of neck and lower part of throat chesnut, streaked with
black and white. Forepart of back dull pinkish red, with fine
zigzag lines of black; lower back with scapulars, tertials and
upper tail coverts, brownish ash much blotched with black.
Both edges of tertials yellowish white. Primaries and second-
aries brown, with the outer edge of the latter mottled with

Descriptions of Three New Species of Humming-birds. 107

brown and white. Tail much of the color of the upper part
of back, but more mottled with grey. Entire under parts
dark brownish-red, each feather having large blotches of white
edged with black, small on the breast, but becoming larger on
the abdomen. Bill black; feet and tarsi brownish-black.
Length 74 in.; wing 44; tail 22; tarsus 14.

HTab.—Honduras.

Remarks.—This new species of Eupsychortyx is allied to
E. Sonninii of Temm., but differs in the absence of buff on the
sides of the head, and in having the white blotches of the lower
parts extending nearly to the throat, and not interrupted by a
band of reddish. It can, however, easily be distinguished from
any known species of Eupsychortyx in having two distinct
white stripes on each side of the head, which give to it the
appearance of wearing a bridle. The specimen described was
obtained in Honduras by Mr. Amory Edwards, a gentleman
much attached to Natural History, and brought by him, among
some birds which he had collected during a short sojourn in
that country.

Of the habits of /. leucofrenatus I know nothing, but sup-
pose they do not differ from those of the other species of this
genus.

XV.—Descriptions of THREE NEW SPECIES of Humming-
birds of the Genera HexiomasterR, Amazii1a, and MELLISUGA.

By Gro. N. Lawrence.
Read April 9, 1860.
Heliomaster Stuartz.

Male adult—Crown metallic bluish-green; nape and hind
neck of a greenish coppery bronze; back, wing-coverts, rump
and upper tail-coverts of a bronzed green; two middle tail

108 Deseriptions of Three New Species of Humming-birds.

feathers dark bronzy green, blackish at the end; the next one
black, slightly bronzed with green on the outer web; the three
outer ones black, with their ends tipped with white, on the
two outer ones of an oval shape occupying the centre of the
tip, and on the third feather only white at the apex of the
feather; on the lower part of the back a concealed spot of
white ; wings brownish purple ; chin black ; throat of a luminous
crimson lilac, inclining to violet; a blackish line extends under-
neath and beyond the eye, below which, is a line of white ;
under plumage ashy-grey, the sides bronzed with dull green ;
a longitudinal stripe of pure white on the pleura; central and
lower part of abdomen white; under tail coverts dusky black,
bronzed with dull green at their bases, and largely tipped with
white; bill and feet black.
Length about 44 inches; wing 2,% 5 bill 1,8; tail 1,5.

LTabitat—St. Fé de Bogota, New Granada.

Pemarks.—In general appearance it much resembles //.
longirostris, but the black outer tail feathers and dark under
tail coverts, are very distinctive characters; the throat is rather
darker and differs somewhat in shade of color from that species ;
it is also smaller, with the bill and tail shorter, but the wings
decidedly longer, and the central tail feathers proportionately
shorter than in “ dongirostris,” giving the tail an emarginate
form.

I noticed this bird in a small collection of skins from Bogota,
in the possession of my friend R. L. Stuart, Esq., who had the
kindness to present it to me, and in honor of whose estimable
lady I have named it, herself a proficient in some branches of
science, and always an able advocate for its promotion.

I felt well satisfied on an examination of the above described
specimen, of its specific distinctness from “ longirostris,” but
finding a second example from the same locality, in the large
collection of this family, belonging to Mr. J. G. Bell, I was
strengthened in my opinion of its being so.

Descriptions of Three New Species of *Humming-birds. 109

Mr. Bell’s specimen agrees exactly in its measurements with
mine, differing in color only, in having the back and rump
dark grass-green less tinged with bronze.

Amazilia Xamtusii.

Female.—Front adjoining the bill and lores bright rufous,
crown dark-ash with a tinge of pale purple, on a side view dull
green; upper plumage and upper wing coverts light shining
green, in some lights, golden, paler and more golden on the
upper tail-coverts, which are edged with rufous; the two central
tail-feathers light shining green, golden at the end, the other
tail-feathers are chestnut-red, becoming gradually paler to the
outer ones, the two feathers next the middle ones on each side
have longitudinal black spots on the outer side of both webs
near the end, scarcely reaching to the shaft, these spots are
bronzed, the next feather has the same marks but less in extent,
and on the outer web being merely a marginal line, on the
outer feather it consists only of a small spot on the edge of the
inner web; the shafts of all the tail feathers are red; wings
purplish-brown, edged on the bend of the wing with pale
rufous; over the eye is a stripe of pale rufous which is con-
tinued and becomes broader over the ears, where it is white ;
below the eye, and extending along the side of the neck, and
under the white stripe, is one of dull rufous brown; under
surface of the body of a uniform rather pale rufous, on the
sides of the breast and of the body under the wings, intermixed
with green; under wing-coverts green, marked next the body
with rufous; vent white; under tail-coverts pale rufous ; upper
mandible black, under mandible flesh colored for about half
its length, dusky-black at the end; tarsi clothed with pale
rufous feathers; feet black.

Length (measurement sent) 3:30 inches; wing 2°25; tail 1-25,
bill 0°70.

Habitat.—Oape St. Lucas, South California.

110 Descriptions of*Three New Species of Humming-birds.

Lemarks.—This specimen belongs to the Museum of the
Smithsonian Institution, and was sent by Mr. John Xantus,
whose investigations in the Ornithology of Western North
America have been the means of adding many new birds to
science. In compliment to him I have named it.

I do not feel assured that it is right to place it in Amazilia,
but in coloring it seems to be more like the members of this
genus than those of any other, but differs from them all in
having a superciliary stripe. It came labelled as a female,
from which the plumage of the male may vary, but if arranged
in its true position generically, it should not differ much, as Mr.
Gould, in the species figured by him, makes but littlé difference
in the sexes.

Wellisuga Werrittii.

Crown metallic bluish-green, changing to violet in some posi-
tions; back and upper wing-coverts grass-green, changing to
lustrous golden-green ; upper tail-coverts shining grass-green,
tail dark shining green, bronzed near the end of the central
tail-feathers: all the other feathers crossed with a subterminal
band of dark steel-blue, ending broadly with greyish-white ;
wings dark purple; under-plumage cinereous-grey, with a wash
of very pale buff’; the sides of the neck and also of the body
intermixed with golden-green; under tail-coverts grey; a line
under the eye, and the ear-coverts dusky ; bill apparently yel-
low; tarsi clothed with greyish-white feathers ; feet black.

Length 23 inches; wing 113; tail 1; bill ;4.

LHabitat.—V eraguas, New Grenada. Discovered by Dr. J.
K. Merritt, whose name I have conferred upon it.

Remarks.—I have placed it in Mellisuga as it comes nearer
to I. minima, found in Jamaica (the sole representative of
that genus), than any other bird lam acquainted with ; the tail
feathers are, however, much broader and differently colored, but

Descriptions of Three New Species of Humming-birds. 111

in the coloring ofits upper and under plumage it much resem-
bles that species.

At first I was inclined to consider it a young bird, but Dr.
Merritt informed me, that he noticed several others all agreeing
in the grey color below, which particularly called his attention
to them. He thinks it is in mature plumage.

I am happy in being able to add a communication from Dr.
Merritt, giving some of the habits of this diminutive species,
which will be read with interest.

“The following observations and incidents were connected with the
capture of the specimen of Humming-bird recently given to you for
scientific examination.

“As you are aware, I having some years ago given my attention to
the varieties of the Humming-bird species in the district of Belen, Pro-
vince of Veraguas, New Grenada, and since then having been stationed -
in the adjoining district of El Mineral in the same province, I was
induced to observe if there might not be here varieties of this family,
which I had not encountered in Belen, although only fifteen miles
distant.

“Tn the section of El Mineral there has been a slight attempt at cul-
tivation of the soil and planting of fruit-trees, which is not the case at
Belen. The Orange, Guama, and Guayava trees are the most numerous,
particularly the last named, which is very prolific, bearing nearly through-
out the year fruit in all its stages, from the blossom to maturity. Con-
sequently the Guayava tree is the favorite resort of the Humming-bird.

“T often would watch those little ereatures feeding and quarrelling
around a tree near the door of my palm-leaf hut, and soon my attention
was especially attracted to one much smaller than the rest, whose
pugnacity and indomitable ‘pluck’ greatly amused me. Upon closer
observation of this diminutive feathered warrior my interest increased,
as soon as I became satisfied it was a variety new to me, and not noticed
in Belen.

“T frequently afterwards saw a number of specimens of this variety of
Humming-bird, and almost invariably encountered them feeding from
the blossoms of the Guayava, and I therefore conclude they are quite
local in their habitat.”

112 Description of Two New Species of the Genus Batissa.

XVI— Description of TWONEW SPECIES of the Genus
Barissa, with Notes on that Genus.

By Tremere Primer.

Read December 12, 1859,

Tur genus Batissa was established a few years ago by Gray
for a class of the genus Cyrena, represented by the Cyrena
violacea Lamarck, which he thought differed sufficiently from
Cyrena to constitute a distinct genus. Since then the genus
Batissa has been adopted by Deshayes in the Proceedings of
the Zoological Society of London, 1854, and by the brothers
Adams in their recent work.

The species of this genus, of which I append a list, are as
yet not numerous.

Batissa gigamtea Prime.

T. ovato-orbiculari, oblique ineequilaterali, tumida, solidissima, magna,
intus alba, epidermide brunnea vestita, sulcis remotis, umbonibus pro-
minentibus, antice inclinatis; dentibus cardinalibus tribus, inzequilatera-
libus, brevibus, crassioribus ; lateralibus angustis, serrulatis.

Long. 54, lat. 43, diam. 24 inches.
Hab.— ? Collect. Jay.

This is the largest known species of this genus. One speci-
men, which is in the collection of Dr. Jay, was brought to this
country by the Expedition sent to Japan under Commodore
Perry, without, however, any data as to the locality where it
was found.

In general outline it bears some resemblance to the B. insignis,
Deshayes.

Batissa similis Prime.

T. ovato-orbiculari, oblique ineequilaterali, tumida, solida, depressa,
intus superne alba, postice inferneque violacea, epidermide nigra vestita,

Description of Two New Species of the Genus Batissa. 118

sulcis remotis, umbonibus profunde erosis ; dentibus cardinalibus tribus,
subeequalibus, caniculatis; lateralibus elongatis, angustis, subsequalibus,

serrulatis.
, 1 1 1 aQy
Long. 3,,, lat. 24, diam. 14 inches.

FHTab.—Niecobar. Collect. auctoris.

This species, of which I received one specimen through Mr.
Bernardi of Paris, is somewhat like the B. Kerandrenia, but

is less inflated, and posteriorly less elongated.

List of the known Species.
BATISSA GRAY.

Synonymy or THE GENUS.

Cyprina and Cyclas Brug. 1792.— Cyrena Lamk. 1818.—Batissa

Gray, 1854.
Species.
Proc. Zool. XXII. 14, 1854.

1. atrata Desh.
Hab. ?
2. Australis Desh. Loc. sup. cit. XXII. 346, 1854.

Hab. Australia.

3. Childremz Adamns Rec. Gen. 2, 448, 1858.
Cyprina Islandica Brug. Encycl. méth. pl. 301, f. 1, 1792.

Hab. Phil. Islds.

4. compressa Prime Proc. Zool. XXVIII. 1860.
TTab. Borneo.

ao. corbiculoides Desh. Proc. Zool. XXII. 14, 1854,

flab. N. Guinea.
G. elomgata Pr. Proc. Zool. XXVIII. 1860.
fab. N. Caledonia.

eximia Ads, rec. gen. 2, 445, 1858.—Cyrena eximia Dunker.
Proc. Zool. XXVIII. 1860.

7. fortis Pr.
fTab. N. Caledonia.

114 Description of Two New Species of the Genus Batissa.

8. fuscata Pr. Proc. Zool. XXVIIL 1860.
Hab. ?

9. gigamtea Pr. Ann. N.Y. Lyc. Vol. VII. 1860.
LHHub. %

10. gracilis Pr. Proc. Zool. XXVIII. 1860.
Fab. 4

11. humerosa Desh. Proc. Zool. XXII. 14, 1854.
Hab. N. Guinea.

12. inflata Pr. Proc. Zool. XXVIII. 1860.
Hab. Nicobar Islds.

13. imsigmis Desh. Proc. Zool. XII. 13, 1854.
Hab. Phil. Islds.

14. Jayemsis Ads. Rec. Gen. 2, 448, 1858.

Cyrena Jayensis Lea. Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. V. 108, pl. 17,
f. 52, 1832.

Hab. Sumatra.
15. Kerandrenia Ads. Rec. Gen. 2, 448, 1858.
Cyrena Kerandrenia Less. Voy. Coq. 2, 429, pl. 11, f. 3, 1829.
Hab. Wiaugiou. ;
16. lemticularis Desh. Proc. Zool. XXII. 14, 1854.
flab. Phil. Islds.
17. megadesma Desh. Loc. sup. cit. XXII. 14, 1854.
LTab. %
18. mimor Pr. Proc. Zool. XXVIII. 1860.
Hab. Fejee Islds.
19. obesa Ads. Rec. Gen. 2, 448, 1858.
Cyrena obesa Hinds. Ann. Mag. N. H. n. ser. X. 81, 1842.—
Voy. Sulph. 2, 66, pl. XXI. f. 6, 1844.
Hab. Fejee Islds.

20. producta Desh. Proc. Zool. XXII. 13, 1854,
Hab. Phil. Islds.

Remarks on Certain Species of NV. A. Helicide. 115

21. rotumdata Ads. Rec. Gen. 2, 448, 1858.
Cyrena rotundata Lea, ‘Trans. Amer, Phil. Soc. vy. 107, pl. 17
f, 51, 1832.

Hab. E. Indies.

22. similis Pr. Ann. N. Y. Lyc. Vol. VII. 1860.
Hab. Nicobar.
23. sphzricula Pr. MSS. 1859.—Collect. auctoris.
Cyrena violacea (var. Javanica), Mous. Moll. Java. 88, pl. XV. f. 1
1849, ~
flab. Java.
24. temebrosa Ads. Rec. Gen. 2, 448, 1858.
Cyrena tenebrosa Hinds. Ann. Mag. N. H. n. ser. X. 81, 1842.—
Voy. Sulph. 2, 66, pl. XXI. f. 7, 1844.
Hab. Fejee Islds.

25. triquetra Desh. Proc. Zool. XXII. 13, 1854.
Hab. Phil. Islds.

26. umioniformis Pr. Proc. Zool. XXVIII. 1860.
Hab. ?

27. violacea Ads, Rec. Gen. 2, 448, 1858.
Cyclas violacea Lam, Ann. Mus. VII. 421, 1806.
Cyclas violacea Lam. V. 553, 1818.—Lam, (Desh. edit.) VI. 1835.
—Delast. pl. VII. f. 5, 1841.
Hab. The East.

P)

’

XVIL.—Remarks on Certain Species of North American

Hericioa.

By Tuomas Branp.
(Continued from p. 89.)
Read_March 5, 1860.

Helix espiloca Ravenel.
Plate IV. fig. 1-2.

T. rimato-perforata, superne convexiuscula, subtus convexa, striata,
rufescente-corned, tenui, pilis brevissimis obsita; spira vix elevaté; anfr.

116 = =Remarks on Certain Species of N. A. Helicide.

5 convexiusculis, ultimo ad aperturam breviter deflexo, disjuncto, scro-
biculato-constricto ; apertura perobliqua, subreniformi, coarctata; perist.
acuto, continuo, marginibus lamell& superne excavataé, dentem lingui-
formem emittente, junctis; dextro lamella lat&é uncata, basali dente
lamelliformi, erecto, intra aperturam producto et recurvato, instructo.

Shell perforate, above slightly convex, beneath convex,
striated, reddish-horn colored, thin, with very short hairs; spire
scarcely elevated; whorls 5, rather convex, the last deflected
and turned outwards from the preceding one, scrobiculate,
constricted, grooved within the umbilical region; aperture very
oblique, subreniform, contracted; peristome acute, continuous,
the margins joined by a lamella, excavated above, and _ pro-
duced into a tongue-shaped tooth; the right margin having a
broad hooked lamella, and the base an erect lamelliform tooth
produced into and recurved within the aperture. ;

Diam. maj. 9, min. 8, Alt. 4, mill.

: Bd eH eh eG 1. SOO re CRE a ORS

Habitat.—Sullivan’s Island, South Carolina. Dr. E. Ravenel!

Observations.—This species is certainly distinct from the
others of the group. In the form of the parietal process, it is
intermediate between A. Postelliana and H. avara, but most
like the latter; the teeth on the peristome are very similar to
those in the former, but beneath it is less inflated, the umbi-
lical region is wider, showing more of the penultimate whorl,
and it is hirsute.

I am indebted for this species to Dr. Edmund Ravenel, and
adopt the name suggested by him in correspondence with Say.
He informs me that many years ago he collected specimens,
and thinking the shell undescribed, forwarded some to Say,
with the following label, which is still in his possession, “ H.
avara Say ? probably new, if so call it H. espiloca.” Say con-
sidered them to be avara.*

* See Extracts from Dr. Ravenel’s letters at page 124. I am indebted to Mrs.
Say for specimens of H, Postelliana, with label “ Helix ? Swamps of S. Car.”
written by Dr. Ravenel, with the specific name “avara S” added by Say.

Remarks on Certain Species of N. A. Helicide. 117

Seeing that Say pronounced this species and //. Postelliana
to be avara, I can understand the remarks of Dr. Binney
quoted by me, Annals Vol. VII. p. 31, but still am under the
impression that he could not have seen the shell described by
Say as HZ. avara.

Helix imtroferems, mov. sp.

Plate IV. fig. 3-4.

T. umbilicata, depresso-globosé, tenuiuseula, costulato-striata, corneo-
luted; spira convexi; anfr. 6, convexiusculis, ultimo antice vix deflexo,
ad aperturam valde constricto, bicrobiculato, ad peripheriam subangulato,
basi convexo, intra umbilicum excavato; apertura obliqua, lunari, dente
linguiformi valido, flexuoso, in pariete aperturali intrante coarctata 5 perist.
albo, intus calloso, reflexo, margine dextro dente obtuso introrsum flexo,
basali dente lamelliformi submarginali, in medio transversim tuberculato,
instructo; dente inferiori intra aperturam producto, tuberculum yalidum
formante.

Shell umbilicate, globose, depressed, thin, with riblike striee,
yellowish horn colored; spire convex, whorls six, moderately
convex, the last scarcely descending, much constricted at the
aperture, with two exterior pits, subangular at the periphery,
convex beneath, grooved within the umbilicus; aperture
oblique, lunate, with well developed arcuate parietal tooth ;
peristome white, thickened within, reflected ; on the right mar-
gin an obtuse inflected tooth, at the base a submarginal lamelli-
form tooth, with transverse tubercle in the centre; the basal
lamella continued within the aperture, where it forms a strong
white tubercle.

Diam. maj. 15, min. 18. Alt. 7, mill. spec. from Dr. Budd’s
cabinet.

Diam. maj. 18, min. 11,’ Alt. 7, mill. spec. from Gaston Co.
N. Car., Wheatley.

Var. minor. anfr 5.

118 Remarks on Certain Species of N. A. Helicide.

Diam. maj. 11, min. 9, Alt. 6, mill. spec. from Salem, N. Car.
Hartvig!

Ffabitat.—Gaston Co., N. Car., Wheatley. Salem, N. Car.,
Hartvig !

Lemarks.—This shell is closely allied to the Texan species,
H. vultuosa Gould, and also to H. fallaw Say. It differs from
the latter in the narrower umbilicus, which only shows the
penultimate whorl; in the groove in the last whorl within the
umbilical opening, the character of the basal tooth, and the
internal tubercle (a modification of the fulcrum of Lea), which
does not prevail in fallax and its immediate allies tr¢dentata and
LHHopetonensis. In H. introferens the upper tooth is less deeply
seated and less inflected, and the basal one is broader, and more
elevated than in vultuosa, the parietal tooth is more arcuate,
being indeed subangular, but is without the indication, notice-
able in Gould’s species, of a callus extending from its lower
termination towards the upper angle of the lip. ZZ. vultuosa
is even smaller than the var. mnor of my species.

Several years ago I received four or five specimens from Dr.
Budd, and noticed the tubercle within the aperture, subse-
quently Mr. Wheatley gave me the only one in his cabinet, and
the Rev. Mr. Hartvig sent me several collected by himself at
Salem, N. C., where he then resided.

Helix Christyi, mov. sp.

Plate IV. fig. 5-6.

T. imperforata, depressa, solidula, confertim costulato-striata, fusco-
cornea; spiri brevi, obtusa; anfr. 44 convexiusculis, ultimo ad aper-
_turam deflexo, constricto, superne gibbo, ad peripheriam subangulato ;
basi convexo, in medio excavato; apertura depressd, dente lamelliformi
valido, obliquo, in pariete aperturali intrante coarctaté; perist. reflexo,
intus albo-calloso,

Remarks on Certain Species of N. A. Helicide. 119

Shell imperforate, depressed, rather solid, with numerous
oblique rib-like strie, dark horn-colored; spire short, obtuse;
whorls 44, rather convex, the last descending at the aperture,
slightly angular at the periphery, constricted, above gibbous ;
base convex, excavated in the middle; aperture depressed, with
astrong oblique lamelliform parietal tooth; peristome reflected,
with a white callus within.

Diam. maj. 10, min. 8, Alt. 44, mill.

Habitat.—Mountains in Cherokee Co., N. Carolina, David
Christy !

Remarks.—This shell has curious affinities with other North
American species. Without a hairy epidermis, and having the
rib-like strize of the small varieties of /Z. tridentata Say, it has
the form of aperture, parietal tooth, and peristome of /. injlecta
Say. Having a parietal tooth only, it is allied to HZ. monodon
Rack; but independently of the form of the tooth being like
that of H. tnflecta, its closer relation to the latter is shown by
the absence of the feulcerwm, which is characteristic of the
former. Being imperforate, and having the single tooth, this
species is also allied to Z. germana Gould, from Oregon, but
it is less globose, and the epidermis and sculpturing are entirely
different.

Helix Wheatleyi, mov. sp.

Plate IV. fig. 7.

T. imperforataé, depresse conoideo-globosa, tenuiuscula, rufescente-
cornea, conferte costulato-striata, sub lente minute granulata, pilis bre-
vissimis ornata ; spira breviter conoidea ; sutura valde impressa ; anfr. 54,
convexiusculis, ultimo rotundato, ad aperturam breviter deflexo, constricto.
basi convexo, circa columellam excavato; apertura obliqua, lunari,
pariete aperturali tuberculo dentiformi parvo munito; perist. acuto, roseo-

labiato, eequaliter angulatim reflexo, columellari adnato.
APRIL, 1860. 9 Ann. Lyo,. Nat, Hist, Vou, VII.

120 Remarks on Certain Species of N. A. Helicide.

Shell imperforate, depressed, conoid-globose, thin, reddish
horn-colored, with numerous rib-like striae, and microscopic
granulations with very short hairs; spire shortly conoid; suture
deeply impressed ; whorls 54, rather convex, the last rounded,
slightly depressed at the aperture, constricted; base convex,
excavated in the umbilical region; aperture oblique, lunate,
with a small parietal tooth-like tubercle; peristome acute, rose-
colored, equally angularly reflected, appressed at the columella.

Diam. maj. 14, min. 12, Alt. 7, mill.

Habitat.—The mountains in Cherokee Co., N.Car., D. Christy !

Remarks.—This interesting species is in form and size most
like a small variety of HZ. Mttchelliana Lea, or, the parietal
tooth considered, an imperforate specimen of HH. bucculenta
Gould, but is especially distinct from both in its rufous color,
granulated and hirsute surface, and excavated umbilical region.

This is the only known hirsute member, found east of the
Rocky Mountains, of the sub-genus Patera Albers. /. labiosa
Gould, which inhabits Oregon, is the only hirsute representative
of that sub-genus on the western side of the mountains.

Iam indebted to Mr. David Christy of Cincinnati for this
and the preceding, and also specimens of other somewhat rare
species found in the same region, viz. ZZ. barbigera Redf.; ZH.
Lilliotts Redf. ; HZ. Clarkii Lea, &c.

I dedicate this species to my esteemed friend Mr. C. M.
Wheatley, author of the first general catalogue of the Shells of
the United States, a zealous Naturalist, and generous contribu-
tor to the cabinets of others.

Helix laevigata Rafinesque.

Synonymy.
Helix levigata Ker. Prod. 221, ‘ 1821.
inornata Say. J), Acad. Phil. Il. 370, June, 1822,

PASE 6“ Griffith in sched.! fide Pfr.

Remarks on Certain Species of N. A. Helicide. 121

Helix levigata Fer. Hist. t. 82, f. 6, 1822?
fuliginosa Binney Bost. Jl. IL. 417 (excl. desc. syn. et fig.) 1840.
levigata Chemn. ed. II. Helix No. 522. t. 84, fig. 17-19, 1846!

= iS Pfr. Mon. Hel. I. No. 142, 1848.

— lucubrata Binney Terr. Moll, II. 225, t. 32, 1851,

—— levigata Desh. in Fer. Hist. I. p. 94.

—— iornata Reeve, No. 666, 1852.
levigata “ No. 672? ex parte, ~ 1852.

—— mornata Say, W. G. Binney’s Reprint, p. 24,
— levigata W. G. Binney Suppl. Terr. Moll. p. 108, 1859.

The following is Say’s Description :—

H, inornata.—Shell subglobose, pale yellowish horn color, polished ;
whorls 5, rounded, wrinkled ; spire convex; suture not deeply impressed ;
umbilicus small, profound ; aperture wide, at the junction of the labia
with the penultimate whorl shorter than the width of the mouth;
labrum simple.

Inhabits Pennsylvania. Greatest width less than seven-tenths of an
inch.

This species has a strong resemblance to H. ligera, but in addition to
its superior magnitude, its aperture is proportionally wider, a character
which of course gives the whorls a greater breadth ; the whorls are also
fewer in number, and the distance between the terminations of the lips
is very perceptibly less than the width of the aperture, the reverse of
which obtains in the ligera.

In my Remarks, Annals of the Lyceum, Vol. VI., p. 352, I
expressed my belief that //. znornata Say is the same as /Z.
levigata Raf., and not the H. énornata of Dr. Binney. My
friend Mr. W. G. Binney has since examined the subject in his
Supplement to the “ Terrestrial Mollusks,” and concludes that
his father’s determination is correct.

It is not surprising that the question at this date is full of
difficulty, considering that a few years only after Say’s death
Dr. Binney treated fuliginosa Griff., lweubrata Say, and levi-
gata Raf., as one species,—that Mr. Phillips, Curator of the

122 Lemarks on Certain Species of N. A. Helicide.

Museum of the Philadelphia Academy, labelled Ze@vigata Raf.
as inornata Say, but now states that his determinations were
conjectural, while Dr. Griffith concurred at least in the repu-
diated label of cnornata Say. Little confidence can be placed
in the opinion given by Griffith as to the original specimen of
glaphyra being one of cellaria, inasmuch as he sent examples
of the latter to Dr. Ravenel under the name of fuliginosa /

Mr. Binney (Supp. p. 110) refers to the suggestion of an
anonymous writer in Silliman’s Journal (1837). In connexion
with the foregoing, the following quotation of the writer’s lan-
guage is interesting, showing, as it does, the origin of the
opinion :—“ 77. glaphyra and inornata Say, and fuliginosa
Griffith, are only different ages of the same shell, if the speci-
mens I have received from the Philadelphia conchologists be
labelled correctly.”

In Férussac’s cabinet enornata Say is represented by laevigata
Raf., and the latter by the same shell, and fuliginosa Griff.
Deshayes remarks that he has doubts as to dwvigata, having
received it from America under the name of dnornata Say.
Pfeiffer refers to specimens of Je@vzgata sent from this country
as ¢nornata Say, and to inornata By., and fuligimosa Griff. sent
as glaphyra Say.

I find from original papers now in my possession, that Say,
with his first letter to Férussac, sent a number of shells, and in
the accompanying list of them, 7. glaphyra is mentioned.

Férussac, in a letter dated July 15, 1820, acknowledged
receipt of the shells, and of Say’s publications, remarking, how-
ever, as to H. glaphyra, “ Vous ne me l’avez pas envoyeé, mais
je soubconne comme vous, Monsieur, que c’est analogue de
notre HH. nitens, ou cellaria de Miiller.” In the same letter
Férussac asks for examples of H. glaphyra, and gives a list of
shells forwarded to Say, among which was Z. cellaria.

Say in his reply (of which I have before me notes, without
date, in his hand-writing) observed,—“ H. glaphyra. I am
sorry that I cannot send you a specimen yet, but next season I

Remarks on Certain Species of VN. A. Helicide. 128

hope to have more leisure than I had last, and shall probably
be able to procure it for you, as well as some species of Limax.”

In January, 1821, Say’s deseription of HZ. ligera was pub-
lished,—he observed that it “approaches nearest to HH. gla-
phyra.”

In October, 1822, Say wrote, with European shells, to Mr.
Stephen Elliott, and in the list of them I find “ Z. cellaria L.”

It must be supposed that Say knew the shell called fulegznosa,
but in 1832 he expressed ignorance of it.

In that year Mr. Robert Peter was in correspondence with
Say, and sent him a list of shells collected near Pittsburg, Pa.,
enumerating among them ZH. glaphyra, and H. fuliginosa.
Say’s answer may be inferred from Peter’s letter to him of 30th
Dec., expressing surprise that Say did not know the name fulz-
ginosa, which he, Peter, supposed had been published, and
which he had from Dr. Green of Philadelphia. Peter, in the
letter referred to, which, through the kindness of Mrs. Say,
is now in my possession, endeavored to enlighten Say by
explaining that Z. fuliginosa “resembles HZ. glaphyra Vobis,
but is a distinct shell, being about twice as large, having a
larger umbilicus, and being of a dark horn or fuliginous color,
without any of the thickening or whitish appearance beneath,
which characterizes that shell; in other respects it is very
similar.”

Peter, a Western naturalist, apparently instructed from Phila-
delphia, evidently referred glaphyra to inornata By.

All these circumstances seem to me very strongly to favor
the belief not only that glaphyra and cellaria were known by
Say to be distinct, but that his glaphyra is identical -with
LT. inornata Binney, the inornata Say being another species.

Say could not have described //. cellaria in the language
employed with respect to glaphyra, which, however, is per-
fectly applicable to the Pennsylvanian form of inornata By.
Moreover, Say’s description of ¢xornata cannot be referred to
Dr. Binney’s shell. 7

124 Remarks on Certain Species of N. A. Helicide.

In my cabinet are specimens of ZZ. levigata from N. Caro-
lina, which in every particular—in form, size, color, and sculp-
ture—agree with Say’s diagnosis of ¢nornata, and are justly
comparable, especially as regards the base, with ZZ. ligera.

Say mentions Pennsylvania as the habitat of his inornata,—
it very probably occurs there, having been found in Maryland
and Virginia, and also in Illinois.

Information afforded to me by Dr. Edmund Ravenel of
Charleston, throws some light on all this mystery, if indeed it
does not explain it.

Having through Dr. Ravenel cleared up some difficulties
about ZH. avara, I inquired of him as to HZ. inornata Say, send-
ing him a copy of my Notes on ZZ. glaphyra, and specimens in
illustration of my views, viz. /7. devigata under the name of
inornata Say, and H. inernata By. under that of H. glaphyra
Say.

On the 4th Feb., 1860, Dr. Ravenel wrote as follows :—

“The shell which you have now sent me as H. énornata Say is iden-
tical with my shells which I sent to Mr. Say with this name, and which
he returned to me without comment. After receiving these shells from
Mr. Say, having no doubt upon the matter, I distributed the shell to my
correspondents, with this name, and Mr, Lea has recently written to me,
that he has specimens now in his cabinet from me, with my original
label, H. cnornatus. Dr. Binney was with me, after my communication
with Mr. Say, and must have seen the specimens in my cabinet, and I
suppose that I sent him some.

“The shell which Mr, Binney has now sent to me as the ‘ true inor-
nata,’ is identical with the one you have sent as ‘inornata Binney,’ and
which you believe to be glaphyra. I have not had this shell in my
cabinet before.

“ Griffith sent me two specimens many years ago labelled ‘fuliginosa,
from Pa?’ Some years after I received from England a dozen specimens
of cellaria ; on comparing these with Griffith’s shells, I could see no dif-
ference. The two specimens from Griffith, and one of the British shells,
I sent recently to Mr. W. G. Binney, and he returned them as cellaria.

Remarks on Certain Species of N. A. Helicide. 125

“T am inclined to believe that Mr. Say’s indisposition to multiply
species induced him to unite the three shells,* with which we are now
confused, under the one name inornata, and if it was not for the word
polished, | would believe that my shell was the type from which his
description was written. All of these shells are, I believe, found in
Pennsylvania, certainly ¢nornata By. and fuliginosa, and we can scarcely
believe that they escaped the observation of so industrious a naturalist
as Mr. Say. We have a similar instance of his uniting allied species in
the avara group, in which he certainly embraced H. Postelliana and
espiloca, and probably others which do not correspond with the descrip-
tion of the Florida avara.”

Having heard it attributed to Say, that he never volunteered
to correct errors, and even avoided indicating the shell (when
directly applied to) intended by his description, I had further
correspondence with Dr. Ravenel, who, under date 10th April,
1860, favored me with an explanatory letter, from which I
extract the following :—

“Tn answer to your question whether Say ever corrected labels, I can
tell you that I sent him the H. Hopetonensis without a name, merely
writing ‘ Helix

S. Car.” and he returned some of the specimens
with my label filled up ‘H. tridentata var. ephabus Say.’ I sent him
specimens of a variety of the same, from the gardens in Charleston; he
then wrote in pencil on my label, ‘H. tridentata var. ephabus,—the same
as the shell which you sent me several years ago.’ I sent him H. Pos-
telliana with my label ‘ Helix S. Car.” and he filled up the gap
with ‘avara Say.” With H. espiloca the same thing occurred. He cor-
rected, and also gave me names of our marine shells sent to him; and when
I sent him new shells, he described them, and generally returned the
specimens with his paper. I therefore infer and believe that if he had
considered my label H. cnornata incorrect, he would have corrected it ;
ard at the same time, if he had not considered the shell to be nornata,
he would certainly have described it as new.

“T have before expressed the opinion to you that Mr, Say sometimes

* Dr. Ravenel overlooks H. glaphyra Say, but his explanatory suggestions are
both interesting and valuable.

126 = =Remarks on Certain Species of N. A. Helicide.

grouped allied species under one name, as with H. auriculata and avara,
and this is only another instance. He was certainly acquainted with
mornata By., our inornata Say, and fuliginosa, yet we have only from
him the one name, znornata.

“T*have no doubt that I derived the name inornata Say, which I
used, from Mr. Stephen Elliott, who was in very frequent communication
with Mr, Say.”* :

I may mention that I have letters, dated in 1822, from Mr.
S. Elliott to Mr. Say, with copies, in his hand-writing, of the
replies, which give very full notes on the shells sent by the
former, but unfortunately not on the species now under con-
sideration.

On the evidence thus brought together, I think myself not
only justified but called upon to pronounce ZH. laevigata Raf.
and H. inornata Say to be identical. The former name, with-
out description, was published by Férussac in his Prodromus
at about the same time as the latter by Say in the Journal of
the Academy, but seeing that the shell is now better known as
H. levigata, and that doubts may still exist in the minds of
some, it may be best to place Say’s name in the synonymy of
that species.

As the evidence with respect to glaphyra is somewhat less
conclusive, I propose to let it stand in the synonymy of //. nor-
nata By., retaining that name for the shell which Dr. Binney
determined to be the inornata of Say.

Many of the species of this continent are extremely variable,
and the deseription of any one form is not only unsatisfactory,
but productive of much error. Say wrote under serious disad-
vantages as compared with authors of the present day, but his
descriptions are remarkably accurate; and when I find a shell
to which one of his specific names has been affixed not agree-

* Dr. Ravenel in another letter says, “I think that Say was cautious in his
communications, but that he would give his opinion of any species, when requested
to do so. He was however very much more reserved in giving specimens away,
—he certainly gave them to Mr. Elliott, but I have not a single specimen given
to me by Mr. Say from his Cabinet.”

Remarks on Certain Species of N. A. Helicidew. 127

ing with his description, I do not pronounce it faulty, but
assume that sooner or later a form such as he must have had
before him will come under my notice.

H. laevigata is a very variable species,—the following fopyms
are in my cabinet :—

a. Diam. maj. 14, min. 12, Alt. 7 mill. Hab. unknown.
Bonn <4 OPT Te dee ETE “ N. Carolina,
pale yellowish horn colored, polished, irregularly striated,
“ wrinkled.”
ce. Diam. maj. 17, min. 14, Alt. 6 mill. Hab. Maryland.
in sculpturing much like var. 6.
d, Diam. maj. 24, min. 20, Alt. 7 mill. Hab. Georgia.
regularly striated—last whorl with microscopic spiral lines
on the upper surface.
e. Diam. maj. 26, min. 22, Alt. 9 mill. Hab, Middle Georgia.
very finely striated—microscopic elevated points in spiral
lines on the upper and under surface of the last whorl—
shell very thin; umbilicus larger than in other forms, and
aperture more rounded ; the entire shell of the same color,
—in the other varieties the base is of lighter color than
the upper surface. This is allied in form to H. fuliginosa
Griff.
j. Diam. maj. 138, min. 20, Alt. 7 mill. Hab. Georgia.
strie above like var. d, but they are continued over the
periphery to the umbilical excavation.
g. Diam, maj. 23, min. 20, Alt. 9 mill. Hab. St. Augustine, Florida.
shell polished, sculpturing like var. 6, the color of the upper
surface as dark as H. fuliginosa,—beneath pale.

Helix inormata Binmey.

Synonymy.
Helix glaphyra Say? Nich. Enc. IV. t. 1, f. 3, 1816.
inornata By. Bost. Jl. II. p. 419, t. 21, f. 3, 1840,
glaphyra Pfr. Mon. I. No. 120, 1848.

mornata By. Terr, Moll, Il. p. 227, t. 34, 1851.

128 Remarks on Certain Species of N. A. Helicide.

Helix glaphyra Rv. Conch. Icon. No. 667, 1852.
inornata W. G. By. Suppl. p. 109, 1859.
« Pfr. Mon. IV. No. 273, 1859.

Ii®my remarks on H. glaphyra Say (Ann. Lye. VI. 352), and
in the preceding pages, I have fully stated my reasons for deter-
mining that ZZ. levigata Raf. and H. inornata Say are identi-
eal, and that ZZ. znornata By. must be referred to H. glaphyra
Say. To my mind the evidence is conclusive, but, as already
explained, I leave the last named shell in the synonymy of
wnornata By.

I would repeat that, confining myself strictly to the descrip-
tions of Say, I find that of his ¢nornata applicable only to the
shell known as levigata Raf., and that of glaphyra only to the
inornata By. Too much weight has been attached to the locali-
ties given by Say of his two shells. He attributes ¢nornata to
Pennsylvania, from whence we have now no authentic speci-
mens, but the species occurs in Virginia and Maryland, and
may reasonably be looked for on the borders at least of the
adjoining state. JZ. glaphyra was found where certainly it
was a stranger—no one knows how, or from whence it came.
H.. cellaria, to which it is referred, inhabits the New England
States only, and the facts already stated indicate that Say knew
cellaria, and in correspondence did not allude to it as his
glaphyra.

HT. inornata By. is a variable species. In many cabinets,
both here and in Europe, it appears to be represented by speci-
mens from Ohio, which, when mature, are generally by no
means “very much depressed,” and scarcely “pellucid, polished.”
T have individuals from N. Car. and also from Lycoming Co.,
Pa., which are planulate, pellucid, and with a very brilliant
glassy polish. The Pennsylvanian form is small, and the color
above is occasionally as dark asin £7. fuliginusa. A young
specimen with four whorls is much like Say’s figure of gla-
phyra.*

* See Say’s description of H. glaphyra, Ann. Lyc. Vol. VI. p. 352.

Remarks on Certain Species of N. A. Helicide. 129

The following are measurements of specimens in my cabinet:
Diam. maj. 18, min. 15, alt. 7 mill. Ohio.
- LS AR ALB Me OS): «i Manyland,
6c HOY DAT MOLE heb Go STeomning \Co.,) bas,
I have recently received from Dr. Ravenel, for examination,
a singular specimen, collected by himself on the mountains
near Ashville, N. Car., which I can only refer to this species.
It has 6 whorls, and measures,—
Diam. maj. 20, min. 18, Alt. 9 mill.

Melix friabilis W. G. Bimmey.

Synonymy.

Helix friabilis W. G. Binney, Proc. A. N.S. Phila. p.187, 1857.
i Suppl. p. 106, 1859.
— lucubrata Pfr. Mon. Hel. IV. No. 413, p. 68, 1859.

I concur with Mr. Binney in the establishment of this species,
but by no means with Dr. Pfeiffer in his view that it is the
LH. lucubrata Say, with the description of which it does not
agree. Say mentions that Zucubrata is closely allied to his
inornata, but H. friabilis is totally distinct both from HZ. lewvi-
gata Raf.and H/. inornata By. W.G. Binney’s shell is of uniform
color, and the umbilicus is not “much larger” than that of
either of the species referred to. The spire is not “much
depressed.”

Binney describes the shell as having four whorls, but I have
seen no adult with less than five. Specimens from Illinois are
very thin, but those collected by Mrs. Say in Indiana, by Moore
in Texas, and received by Dr. Newcomb from De Witt Co. in
the latter state, are rather less so. I am indebted to Mr. Henry
Van Nostrand for a large and heavy example, having 5}
whorls, from Helena, Arkansas, the measurements of which are
as follows :—

Diam. maj. 31, min. 27, Alt. 16 mill. Ap. 18 mill. longa,
15 lata.

180 Remarks on Certain Species of NV. A. Helicida.

Helix lucubrata Say.

This species was described by Say in the “‘ New Harmony
Disseminator of Useful Knowledge,” IL. 229 (July, 1829), andthe
description was republished by Mrs. Say in 1840, in “ Descrip-
tions of some New Terr. and Fluy. Shells of N. America.”

The subjoined copy is from the reprint of W. G. Binney.

“ H. lucubrata. Shell subglobose, depressed, reddish brown, polished,
subtranslucent; whorls over four, much wrinkled; spire much depressed,
convex ; suture moderate ; beneath paler; umbilicus open, rather large ;
aperture nearly orbicular ; labrum simple.

“Greatest width one inch. Inhabits Mexico. Closely allied to H. inor-
nata Nob., but the umbilicus is much larger, and the aperture is more
accurately rounded ; the color is nearly the same, excepting that in the
present it is of a deeper shade.”

There is great difference of opinion as to this species, and
indeed it has not been satisfactorily determined.

As has been shown, Dr. Binney confounded it with ZH. lew-
gata, by others it has been placed with that species in the
synonymy of //. fuliginosa, and Pfeiffer has recently deter-
mined it to be the species described by W. G. Binney as ZZ.
friabilis.

Mr.. Binney (Suppl. p. 106) considers the Mexican HZ. caduca
Pf. allied to, if not identical with it, and refers to “ Mexican
specimens of dwcubrata preserved for many years in the Phila-
delphia Academy” as agreeing perfectly with that species.

I have critically examined the three specimens at the Aca-
demy; they are attached to a card, and labelled, by Mr. Phillips
I believe, “ Helix lucubrata Say, Mexico. N. H. Disseminator,
vol. ii. p. 229.” One of the specimens, that of which the base
only is visible, is I think a pale var. of ZZ. fuliginosa, but the
other two differ from all the forms of the group, including /7.
caduca Pf., which I have seen. The adult specimen (the other
is young of the same) of which both the upper and lower side

Remarks on Certain Species of N. A. Helicide. 1381

and aperture can be fully seen, agrees entirely with Say’s de-
scription of ZZ. Zucubrata, so much so as to favor the conclusion
that it is an authentic example, if not indeed his type. It is
appropriately compared with Z. levigata Raf. (inornata Say),
but as Say remarks, the umbilicus is “much larger,” nearly
equal to that of Z/. fuliginosa, and the aperture “more accu-
rately rounded,” being somewhat wider, but much like that
of Griffith’s species. The shell is in color darker above than
usual in 77. levigata, the darker shade extending over the
periphery and terminating abruptly, where the paler color of
the base prevails. The margin of the last whorl, at the suture,
has indications of a line of a deeper reddish brown color than
that of the rest of the upper surface of the shell.

The incremental striz are well defined “ wrinkles,” but of
irregular elevation, and not equidistant. The shell has five
whorls, less rapidly increasing than in ZZ. /evigata, and the follow-
ing are its dimensions :—

Diam. maj. 26, min. 28, Alt. 114 mill. Ap. 12 mill. long. 12 lat.

This Academy specimen differs from examples of H. caduca
Pf. received from Mr. Cuming and M. Sallé in the following
particulars; it is more strongly “wrinkled,” of darker color
above, and the aperture is more orbicular—the last whorl is
more ventricose.

A specimen of ZZ. caduca in my cabinet, with 54 whorls,
measures, Diam. maj. 26, min. 214, Alt. 10 mill. Ap. 10 mill.
long. 18 lat. The color is scarcely paler at the base than’ above,
the umbilicus is the same as in the Academy shell, and the
whorls increase in the same proportion. Several young shells
have the same but more plainly discernible dark sutural line.

Considering the Philadelphia specimen to be the ZZ. lucubrata
Say, I cannot pronounce it to be identical with Z. caduca, but
intermediate between it and HZ. lavigata—more closely allied to
the former, and possibly a variety of it, certainly distinct from
the latter and from HZ. fuliginosa, and ZZ. friabilis.

132 Remarks on Certain Species of N. A. Helicide.

Helix septemvolva Say.

This species was described by Say in Nicholson’s Ene. in
1816,* and the description was republished in the Journal of the
Philadelphia Academy in May 1818 ; it is as follows :—

“P. sepremMvotvA.—Shell much depressed, discoidal; spire not
prominent; whorls seven, perfectly lateral, compressed, depressed, and
marked with conspicuous lines and grooves above, a projecting carina
on the upper edge of the body whorl, beneath which the lines and
grooves are obsolete; aperture subreniform, not contracted; lips equal,
elevated, outer one reflected, regularly rounded so as to describe two-
thirds of a circle; pillar lip projecting inwards, into an angle or tooth,
which is concave beneath; beneath the four exterior volutions equally
prominent, transverse diameters equal to those of the upper surface;
umbilicus central, moderate, attenuated to the apex so as to exhibit the
remaining volutions.

Breadth, female, two-fifths—male, three-tenths of an inch. Inhabits
Georgia and East Florida. Cabinet of the Academy. A very common
shell in many parts of Georgia, particularly the sea islands, also in East
Florida. We found them numerous under the ruins of old Fort Picolata
on the St. John River, and on the Oyster-shell Hammocks, near the
sea, and in other situations under decaying palmetto logs, roots, &c.”

This is a very variable shell, and the species of the group to
which it belongs, inhabiting the Southern States and adjacent
Islands and Keys, as well as the Bahama and Bermuda Islands,
have not been accurately defined and determined.

Say, it may be inferred, considered all the individuals which
came under his notice from the United States as belonging to
septemvolva. He sent specimens to Férussac, and was informed,
by letter in reply dated 15th July, 1820, that the species had
been figured and described in 1816, by Megerle de Muhlfeldt
in the Berlin Magazine, under the name of /Z. cereolus.

* Mr. Binney mentions in the Preface to the reprint of Say’s writings on the
Conchology of the United States, that he had not been able to find the first edition
of this work, but gives its date 1816, on the authority of Férussac, Mag. de Zool,
1835.

Remarks on Certain Species of N. A. Helicide. 133

The description by Muhlfeldt (Berlin Mag. VIII. p. 41, pl. ii.
fig. 18, 1816) is short, and the figure indifferent,—I subjoin
copy of the former :—

“T. orbiculari, umbilicata, utrinque planata, alba, oblique subcostata,

marginata, unidentata.”

The dimensions given are Diam. 44 lines, Alt. about 1 line.
In some remarks (in German) Muhlfeldt mentions that the shell
has eight whorls, and that it was most probably from the West
Indies, specimens having been found with a lot of shells from
thence.

Deshayes (in Fer. Hist. I. p. 1889?) remarks in connexion
with ZZ. septemvolva:

“Tl est bien & présumer que I’ H. cereolus de Megerle est la méme
que celle-ci; cependant sa description trop courte et sa figure médiocre-
ment exécutée, nous laissent quelques doutes sur son identité avec celle
que nous venons de décrire.”

Deshayes (in Fer. Hist. I. p. 6, pl. 72, fig. 18) described ZZ.

microdonta as follows:

T. discoidea, planulata, albo-grisea, flammulis obliquis fuscis sub-
rubescentibusve ornata; superne spira depressissima, subtus profunde
lateque in ambitu umbilicata, tenuissime et regulariter striata; apertura
obliqua, marginata, ovato-semilunari ; labio dente obliquo minimo pre-
dito.

Hab.—1 Amerique méridionale? Visle de Cuba? communiquée & M.
de Férussae par M. d’Orbigny.

Nous n’avons sous les yeux que le seul individu de cette espece que
possédoit la coll. de M. de Férussac ; nous le regardons comme appar-
tenant A une espéce bien distincte, intermédiaire par ses caracteres entre
YH. septemvolva et le lingulata (paludosa Pf.) se rapprochant cepen-
dant plus de cette derniére que de l’autre. “ Elle est orbiculaire, depri-
mée, A spire A peine saillante au-dessus du dernier tour; mais elle n’est
pas concave en dessus; en dessous la coquille est pereée @un ombilic
profond et s’elargissant subitement a son entrée, parce que le dernier tour

134 Lemarks on Certain Species of N. A. Helicide.

se déroule par une spire plus large que ceux qui le précédent. Les
tours de spire au nombre de sept sont convexes, couverts de stries fines,
regulieres, rapprochées, plus profondes sur le cdté supérieur que dans la
partie ombilicale : elles s’attenuent insensiblement en passant du dessus
a la circonférence et de la circonférence au-dessous. L’ouverture est
trés oblique, le bord droit, épaissi en dedans, est renyersé en dehors ; il
se continue par ses extremités en un bord gauche, sur le milieu duquel
se reléve une petite dent oblique et courbée que l’on yoit tout entiére
en dehors lorsque l’on regarde ouverture de profil. Cette coquille est
Wun blane grisatre, et elle est ornée de flammules longitudinales, etroites,
irréguli¢rement distribuées et d’un brun pale et rougeatre.
“Elle a 10 mill, de diamétre et 4 de hauteur.’’*

Pfeiffer (Mem. i. p. 409, 1848) assigns HZ. microdonta to the
Bermudas and Texas, “ teste coll. Menkeana.”

Muhlfeldt and Deshayes did not know the localities from
which their specimens came—the figure and description of the
former author are unsatisfactory, and the latter described from
a single individual, and gives a figure which is by no means
conclusive. Under such circumstances, considering that the
species of the group to which ZZ. cereolus and H. microdonta
belong are very variable, it is not surprising that difficulty
should be now experienced in determining them.

When in Bermuda, in 1852, I collected a large number
of specimens of a finely striated shell, pretty closely agreeing
with the description of ZZ. microdonta Desh. ; but Mr.
Shuttleworth, in 1855, was disposed to think it distinct, and
proposed to call it /Z. delitescens, under which name it has
been extensively distributed, but nothing published about it.

In 1853, Mr. 8. sent me specimens labelled “ H. mzcrodonta
Desh., Key West, Florida,” which differ very much from the
Bermuda shell, having sharp and more distant strie, and
an internal lamella. I also received from the same source
examples of /7. volvowis Parr., from Hopeton, Ga. Both these

* See facsimile of the figure to which Deshayes refers, in W. G. Binney’s Supp.
to the Terr. Moll., pl. 78, fig. 23.

Remarks on Certain Species of NV. A. Helicide. 185

speices were at that time apparently unknown to American
conchologists. Dr. Binney makes no mention of them in the
Terr. Moll. ; and Dr. Gould even omits them in vol. iii. (1857),
although he inserts descriptions of additional species, “so as to
embody all the species at present known.” Mr. W. G. Binney
admits them in the Supplement (1859) to his father’s work.

In 1859, Mr. Wm. Cooper collected at Nassau, New Provi-
dence, numerous specimens of a species apparently identical,
though varying somewhat from that which inhabits Bermuda.*

Neither Mr. Binney nor I have received, or even seen speci-
mens from Texas of any of the species belonging to this group.

Before examining the strictly North American species in
detail, I may explain that I consider 77. cereolus Miihl. and 7.
septemvolva Say to be distinct,—that the Bermuda shell is the
LT. nucrodonta Desh, and that the species from Florida, now
known here as microdonta, has not been described. In the fol-
lowing pages I describe it under the name of ZZ. Carpenteriana.
As to 7. volvoxis Parr. I think that it is no more than var. of
LT. septemvolwa.

H. septemvolva, as described by Say, cannot be misunder-
stood,—it occurs only, I believe, in East Florida, and especially
at and in the vicinity of St. Augustine,—for many fine speci-
mens collected there, I am indebted to Mr. O. M. Dorman.
It is variable in size, but distinguished by its sharp carina and
open umbilicus. In a specimen with 84 whorls (diam. maj. 14
mill.), the width of the actual umbilical opening is 2 mill. The
penultimate beneath is generally half covered by the last
whorl. The very small var., called the male by Say, is com-
paratively rare. .

The four examples preserved at Philadelphia, said to be
authentic, are of the form described.

* H. paludosa Pf. (lingulata Fer.), an inhabitant of Cuba and Jamaica (rare
in the latter island), belongs to this group, bnt is readily distinguished by its
rugose upper surface, and small parietal tooth which is unconnected with the
margins of the peristome.

APRIL, 1860, 10 Ann, Lyo, Nat, Hist. You. VII.

136 Lemarks on Certain Species of N. A. Helicide.

The following are measurements of large and small specimens
in my cabinet :—

Diam. maj. 14, min. 124 mill., Alt. 3 mill. anf. 84.

19 66 ver 66 64 (14 6c 24 (<4 19 : ra

Associated with septemvolva, Mr. Dorman found not only the
shell described by Pfeiffer as HZ. volvowis, but an intermediate
form, in which the flat upper surface and carina of the former,
are combined with the more tumid character, and breadth of
the last whorl beneath of the latter. In many specimens the
uniform opaque light color of the base of each whorl is a
striking feature. Mr. Dorman informs me that in some places
in St. Augustine the three forms are found together, but that
septemvolva and volvoxis generally inhabit different localities.

Welix volvoxis Parreyss.
Pfeiffer’s description of this species is as follows :—

T. umbilicata, orbiculato-convexa, tenuis, rufo-cornea, pellucida, regu-
lariter costulato-striata; spira brevissima, convexa; anfr. 7 convexi,
regulariter accrescentes, ultimus reliquis superne vix latior, angulatus,
infra angulum inflatus, striatus, nitidus; umbilicus latus, regularis,
anfractu ultimo latissimo, reliquis regulariter decrescentibus; apertura
majuscula, reniformis; perist. intus callosum, reflexum, marginibus callo
brevi, triangulari, dentiformi junctis. Diam. maj. 9, min. 8; Alt. 4, mill,
Habitat in America boreali: Georgia, Florida.

Obs. Hane speciem, a praecedente (H. cereolus Miihl.) toto ccelo diver-
sam, seepius ex America nomine H. septemvolvee Say accepimus.

This shell is very generally labelled in cabinets ZZ. septem-
volva, but I entertain great doubts, looking at my extensive
suite of specimens, as to its specific difference.

The form described by Pfeiffer is common in St. Simon’s
Island, Ga., whence I have examples collected by Mr. Postell.

It varies in size,—the following are the measurements of a
small specimen, having 6} whorls :—

Diam. maj. 73, min. 633 Alt. 3 mill.

Remarks on Certain Species of N. A. Helicide. 137

Welix cereolus Muhlifeidt.

I have already quoted the original description of this species
at page 133, and refer to the copy of the author’s unsatisfactory
figure, published by W. G. Binney in his Suppl. pl. 77, fig. 23.

The whitish shell, H. cereolus Mihl. var. laminifera of W.
G. Binney’s catalogue in the Philadelphia Proceedings, which
we have in our cabinets, found by Lieut. Wurdeman at Indian
River, E. Florida, and also from Indian Key, belongs in my
opinion to this species. The annexed figures,* double the
natural size, of the base of septemvolva (tig. 1.) and cereolus
(fig. 2.) show the striking differences in the characters of the
umbilicus, and of the aperture, and also that Miihlfeldt’s figure,
especially of the umbilicus, agrees rather with the latter than
the former.

Fig. 1. Fie. 2.
H, septemvolua Say. H, cereolus Mihi.

The umbilical opening, in specimens of about equal size, is
only half the width of that in. septemvolva ; the last whorl is
wider, especially towards its termination at the aperture, more
inflated, and rather less acutely carinated. The aperture is more
orbicular, more contracted, and the outer lip more expanded

* The woodcuts were executed by Waters & Son, 90 Fulton Street, New York,
admirable figures of the shells having been previously photographed, in their
establishment, on the block. I gladly avail myself of this opportunity of calling
the attention of naturalists to this valuable method of securing accurate figures.

188 Remarks on Certain Species of N. A. Helicide.

and acutely reflected, and at its junction below with the pillar
lip more closely appressed to the last whorl.

This shell has generally a more or less developed internal
lamina, commencing on the parietal side of the inner fourth of
the last, and running round rather obliquely within from two-
thirds to three-fourths of the penultimate whorl,—revolving in
fact nearly once round the shell.

In some specimens the penultimate whorl below is partially
covered by the last, as in septemvolva.

This species, which I consider distinct from 7. septemvolva
Say, has from 7 to 8 whorls, and measures as follows :—

Diam. maj. 14, min. 123, Alt. 33 mill. (large specimen.)

ce SACS Blin Ie nel oli tulicellt star amas (201042110 Re oe)

Dr. Gould (Terr. Moll. Vol. II. p. 31) refers to the vertical
series on Plate XX XVIII as reprenting the typical form of ZZ.
septemvolva Say, but the lower figure, showing the base, is cer-
tainly not of the shell described by Say, rather of that which
I call H. cereolus.

Hclix Carpenteriama mov. sp.

Synonymy.
Helix microdonta Pfr. Mon. 1. p. 499 ex-parte ? 1848,
W. G. Binney, Notes on Amer. Land Shells,
Phila. Proce. 1858.
ee pe ees 23 Suppl. Terr. Moll. p. 91, 1859.

T. umbilicata, orbiculata, cornea vel pallide rufescente, superne plana,
oblique et argute costulata, subtus convexa, leviter striata, nitida,
maculis opacis, indistinctis, seepe ‘ornaté; sutura valde impressa;_ anfr.
54-64, ultimo ad peripheriam superne subangulato, ad aperturam breviter
sed subito deflexo, gibbosulo, scrobiculato-constricto, pone aperturam
tumido, costulato, basi dilatato, lamin& interna alb& in pariete columel-
lari, pone aperture insertionem sit&; apertura perobliqua, lunari; perist.
intus calloso, incrassato, reflexiusculo, marginibus lamella dentiformi
triangulari junctis.

diemarks on Certain Species of N. A. Helicide. 139

Shell umbilicate, orbicular, horn-colored or pale rufous, above
flat, obliquely and acutely ribbed, beneath convex, slightly
striated, shining, often ornamented with indistinct white spots ;
suture deeply impressed; whorls 53-63, the last subangular at
the periphery, shortly but suddenly deflected at the aperture,
gibbous, scrobiculate, constricted, tumid behind the aperture,
and ribbed, base dilated, with a white internal lamina on the
columellar wall near the point of attachment of the aperture ;
aperture very oblique, lunate ; perist. callous within, thickened,
little reflected, the margins joined by a triangular dentiform
lamella.

Diam. maj. 10, min. 9, Alt. 4 mill. anfr. 63.

66 6 hs 4 6, 6s 8 “cc s 5d.

Habitat—Key Biscayne, Florida, Wurdeman! Key West,
Shuttleworth. South Florida, Dr. Cooper! Sea Islands, Flo-
rida, Bartlett. Lake Harney, Fla., E. Norton!

Remarks.—This species has been hitherto named HZ. azcro-
donta Desh. in American Cabinets, and I have indeed so
distributed it, but I believe erroneously. It is readily distin-
guished from all the other species of the group by its strong
acute rib-like strize, and the peculiarity of the outer whorl.
About the last third of it, behind the aperture, is ribbed and
tumid,—the whorl is then rather abruptly contracted, becoming
narrower above, and flattened and slightly striated beneath, but
again, as it passes towards and beneath the aperture, dilated,
and convex. This change of form gives to the last whorl a
distorted appearance. ‘The internal lamina is on the columel-
lar wall of the contracted and flattened portion of the last whorl,
and runs obliquely, in the direction of the aperture, attaining a
length in a large specimen of about 6 mill. The character of
the aperture is most like that of /Z. cereolus, but in that species
the last whorl has none of the peculiarities above described.
The internal lamina is found in a majority of specimens, but
not in all; it can generally be seen through the outer wall of
the shell.

140 Lemarks on Certain Species of N. A. Helicide.

In my Cabinet are specimens, received from Mr. W. G.
Binney, belonging to this species, having all the peculiarities
ot the last whorl, but being rather delicately striated,—they
are extremely small, and were, I believe, from Dr. Binney’s
Cabinet; the habitat unknown. The measurements are,

Diam. maj. 54, min. 5, Alt. 2 mill. anfr. 5.

The variety from Lake Harney is dark horn-colored, thin,
translucent, acutely ribbed, but with little of the peculiarities
of the last whorl prevailing in the Key Biscayne specimens,
and in the small variety already noticed,—the whorl, scarcely
flattened and contracted as in those, is nearly of uniform size
beneath.

Several years ago I received from the late Mr. Clark of Cin-
cinnati, about a dozen shells of the species now under consider-
ation, labelled by Mr. Bartlett “H. septemvolva Say, Matanzas,
Cuba,” but agreeing with specimens sent to me by Mr. Shuttle-
worth as //. microdonta from Key West. I communicated them
under the latter name to M. Poey, who seeing that live exam-
ples have not been found in Cuba, doubtfully refers the species
to the fauna of that island. (Vide Mem. V. IL. p. 49 and 90.)

This species I dedicate to my friend Mr. P. P. Carpenter,
author of the “ Report on the Present State of our Knowledge
with regard to the Mollusca of the West Coast of North Ame-
rica,” &¢., &e., whose labors in the United States have added
much to the value of many of our public and private cabinets.

Norr.—H. microponta Desu.—With respect to this species,
looking at his description, I cannot doubt but that the author
refers to the Bermuda shell, now somewhat extensively known
in cabinets as /7. delitescens Shutt. I should mention that Mr.
Shuttleworth, in his latest correspondence with me on the sub-
ject, expressed some doubt as to treating the Florida shell as
the species described by Deshayes. Those doubts may account
for the non-publieation of ZZ. delitescens.

The shells found in abundance by Mr. W. Cooper, at Nassau,
agree rather with those from Bermuda than any other. But in

Remarks on Certain Species of N.A. Helicide. 141

one with very fine strie (anfr. 62), and in another (anfr. 7),
with the strie rather coarse, I have detected the internal
lamina. In both, the outer whorl is without the characteristic
features of HZ. Carpenteriana. Among a considerable number
of specimens I found the lamina only in the two referred to.
I have never seen it in the Bermuda shell, of which I have
examined very many individuals.

The Bermuda shell was known to Say. He wrote a descrip-
tion, which was, however, never published. The following is
a copy from the original MS. in the possession of Mr. Binney :

_ “TL. cxertopon.—Discoidal, labrum reflected—a tooth on the labium.
Inhabits Bermuda.
“Shell discoidal, the spire very slightly convex, whorls nearly 6, with
elevated strize across, forming somewhat regular intervening grooves,—
body whorl angular above its middle, beneath which it is convex, and

only wrinkled, the grooves terminating at the angle or carina,—umbilicus

dilated, exhibiting the volutions to the apex: aperture rather longer
than wide,—labrum contracting the aperture a little, reflected, excepting
towards its superior termination, and declining a little at its junction
with the preceding volution: labium with a short, oblique tooth.
Breadth, 2 inch. The late Mr. Stephen Elliott presented to me this
shell, which he obtained from Bermuda. It is more completely fastigiate
than even H. septemvolva Nob., and there is no obvious calcareous
deposit on the labium, as in that species.”

It may be remarked that Say’s description agrees almost
entirely with that of Deshayes of mdcrodonta,—in specimens
from Bermuda, not completely full grown, but with reflected
lip, the labial tooth is of the character mentioned by Say.

Hertx Fastigans L. W. Say.—In my Remarks (Ann. Lye.
Vol. VI. p. 283) on HZ. fatigzata Say, I noticed that the name
was originally written by Say correctly, viz. fastigiata, and
that Pfeiffer had remarked to the effect that the former word
is unmeaning. Mrs. Say, anxious that this long-standing
typographical error should be removed, expresses her wish

142 Description of a New Species of Bird, ke.

that the specific name of the species should be altered to
fastigans, that of fastigiata having been applied by Hutton to
another.

Herrx porciva Say.—I commented on this species in Ann.
Lye. Vol. VI. p. 344, suggesting that Say’s description applies
rather to a young /Z. inflecta, than HZ. hirsuta, but anticipating
that “further researches will prové this to be a distinct
species.” I now learn that ZZ. Azspida L. inhabits some parts
of Nova Scotia, and also Canada East; and Dr. Gould suggests
as indeed seems highly probable—that HZ. porcina is identi-
eal with it.

XVUI.— Description of a New Srsctes of Bird of the Genus
Puarton, also of a New Svectes of Humming Bird of the
Genus WELtIoPAEDIca.

By Gro. N. Lawrence.

Read April 23, 1860.
Phaeton flavo-aurantius.

The general plumage is of a rich salmon color, rather paler
below and on the ends of the primaries; a line of deep black
runs along the side of the head, over the eye, and extends before
and below it in the shape of a crescent; a band of black crosses
the wing, beginning near the shoulder, occupying the ends of
the middle coverts, and all of the secondaries and tertiaries,
except a small portion of their ends, where they are salmon
color: the scapularies are marked lengthwise with a curving
band of black, which crosses both webs; the first three prima-
ries are black on their outer webs, and on the inner, next the
shaft, from their bases to within about one and a half inches
of their ends; the fourth is black for the same distance, but not

Description of a New Species of Bird, ke. 148

on the inner web; the fifth has only a narrow line of black
along the shaft, on the outer web for a short distance from its
base; the shafts of the primaries are black, except for a short
space at their ends, where they are white; the long feathers
on the flanks are broadly striped down their centres with
greyish black; some of the upper tail ecoverts are irregularly
marked with black; the tail is salmon color, the elongated cen-
tral feathers deepest in color, except near the end, where they
are paler; the shafts of all are black on the upper surface, with
a small terminal portion white; on the under surface, the shafts
of all the tail feathers are white; the upper mandible is of a dusky
greenish-olive, but pale olive yellow along the ridge, the cutting
edges, and at the point; the lower mandible is pale olive yellow,
with a brownish mark on the side for two-thirds its length;
tarsi and basal half of toes orange yellow, remaining portion
and claws black.

Length about 33 inches; wing 114; tail 21; tarsus 13; mid-
dle toe and claw 14; bill 2.

Habitat.—Unknown.

It was bought from a dealer several years ago, who was under
the impression that it had been obtained somewhere in the
Pacific Ocean, but could give no information about it, except
that it had been brought in by a sailor.

I gave a short description of the above bird in Vol. IX. p.
886 of the Pacif. R. R. Reports, under P. flavirostris, as proba-
bly being that species in an abnormal stage of plumage; I was
Jed to this opinion, because a bird apparently the same is
figured by Reichenbach, Syst. Av. pl. 30, as flavirostis. I
had strong misgivings whether it was assigned its true position,
and whether it was not really a distinct species; my suspicion of
its being so, has been strengthened by the account of P. jlaviros-
tris given by J. L. Hurdis, Esq., in The “ Naturalist in Bermuda,”
1859, which states the plumage to be white, the male tinged
with carmine; great numbers were obtained, on one occasion

144 Description of a New Species of Bird, ke.

a small reward being offered for them, between forty and fifty
were brought alive, but none are mentioned as differing in
color. In the Spring of 1859, Dr. H. Bryant visited several
breeding stations in the Bahamas, an account of which he has
published in the Proe. of the Bost. Soc. of N. H. of Sep. last.
He also saw and obtained quite a number, which he states
agreed generally with my description of that species in the
Pacif. R. R. Report. He says the males and females do not
differ in appearance, and the different specimens “ varying only
in the shade of salmon, which is always deepest on the long tail-
feathers, and next on the back and hind neck.” This is proba-
bly the “carmine or roseate hue” spoken of in the Naturalist
in Bermuda, and which is no doubt evanescent shortly after
death, as there is no appearance of it in the specimens pre-
sented by Dr. B. to the Smithsonian Institution, where I lately
saw them, nor does it remain in my own specimen of jlaw-
rostris from Cuba, which appears to be fully adult. Dr. Bryant
in his description says, the white on the three outer primaries
diminishes in extent from the 1st to the 8d; this is so in my
specimen from Cuba, the white tip on the 1st primary being
but half an inch in extent, less on the next, and on the 8d the
black reaches the end; in the species now described, the light
colored ends of these three primaries are nearly alike, or about
one and a half inches in extent. Dr. Bryant examined the bird
now described (after his return from the Bahamas), and united
with me in the opinion of its distinctness from the species which
he obtained.

If jlawirostris ever attains the uniform salmon-colored
plumage of the bird now described, it surely would be when
adult and at the time of breeding; yet of the large numbers
procured at Bermuda and the Bahamas, none were similarly
colored.

The bill in the present species is narrower than that of fla-
virostris, and the upper tail coverts marked with black, which
are pure white in the one last named.

Descriptions of New Species of Achatinella and Pupa. 145

Meliopacdica castamecocauda.

Male. Front, crown, chin and a continuous line running
below and beyond the eye, black; a white line extends back-
ward from behind the eye, and borders on the black; the
upper plumage is grass-green; tail dark chesnut-red, as are
also the shafts, the lateral feathers are somewhat lighter in
color, the two central feathers have a margin of golden bronze
extending entirely around them, the other tail feathers have a
narrow edging of dull black encircling their ends; wings
purplish-brown; throat brilliant grass-green; sides and under
wing-coverts grass-green ; abdomen and nnder tail-coverts dull
rufous; tarsi clothed with pale rufous feathers; bill flesh-color
for three quarters its length, with the end black ; feet blackish-
brown.

Length 34 inches; alar extent 42; wing 2; tail 12; bill 4.

Habitat—Cape St. Lucas, South California.

Ltemarks.—This species is a near ally of HH. melanotis
Sw., but differs in the head being black instead of sapphire-
blue, in the green-plumage being of a much darker shade,
the abdomen rufous in place of grey, and in the dark chesnut
color of the tail, which is mostly black in melanotis.

The specimen belongs to the Museum of the Smithsonian
Institution, and was but lately received from Mr. John Xantus.

XIX.— Descriptions of New Sprctes of the Genera

ACHATINELLA, and PuPa.

By W. Newcoms, M.D., of Oakland, Cal., Corresponding Member.

: Read April 9th, 1860.
Achatinella Kauaiensis, mov. sp.

T. imperforata, dextrorsa, trochiformi, solidé, valide striaté et decus-
sata, superne nigro-fusca, carina et basi albo-luted ; sutura crenulata ;

146 Descriptions of New Species of Achatinella and Pupa.

anfr. 7 plano convexis, ultimo in medio valde chordato-carinato; apertura
irregulariter quadrataé ; columella brevi, tortuosa, uniplicata.

Shell imperforate, dextral, trochiform, solid, strongly striated
and decussated, above blackish-brown, the carina and base
dirty-white colored, suture crenulated ; 7 whorls, flatly convex,
the last with a cord-like keel in the middle; aperture irregu-
larly quadrate ; columella short, twisted, with one fold.

Long. %,, lat. 3 poll. Aperturz long. ,,, lat. 52 poll.

10

fHabitat.—Kauai, Ins. Sandwich.

My cabinet, and cabinets of Rev. E. Johnson and Rev. Mr.
Rowell.

Remarks.—For this interesting species the scientific world
is indebted to the researches of the Rev. E. Johnson, of Waoli,
Kauai.

It belongs to the same group as A. obesa Nob. and A.
melanosis Nob., but the size is so much greater, as to induce a
hope that further research will develope intermediate species.

Pup2a Rowellii, mov. sp.

T. perforata, oblongo-ovata, corneo-eastanea, nitida, pellucida, subtiliter
striata ; apice obtusa; anfr. 5 convexis; apertura truncato-ovata, denti-
bus 4 instructé, 1 prominente, plicato, ad columellam, 3 in faucem
profunde immersis ; perist. vix reflexo.

Shell perforate, oblong-ovate, dark horn colored, shining,
translucent, finely striated ; apex obtuse; whorls 5, convex;
aperture truncately ovate, armed with 4 teeth, one prominent
and plicate on the columella, 3 deeply seated within the aper-
ture ; peristome slightly reflected.

Long. 2, lat. 1 mill.

Habitat.—Near Oakland, California.

On the Mollusca of Long Island. 147

My cabinet, and cabinet of Mr. Rowell.

Remarks.—This approaches nearest to P. ovata Say, from
which it differs, however, in many of its details. I am not
aware that any species of this Genus has heretofore been found
in this State.

I take pleasure in dedicating this species to the Rev. Mr.
Rowell of San Francisco, an active collector, and enthusiastic
conchologist.

A Ne en a ee ae aay Ge

XX.—On the Morrusca of Peconic and Gardiner’s Bays,
Long Island, New York.

By Sanperson SMITH.

Read December 5th, 1859.

Prcontc and Garprver’s Bays, which together indent the
extremity of Long Island to the depth of more than twenty
miles, offer especial advantages for the study of the Inverte-
brata of our Atlantic coast. Situated at the junction of the
“Atlantic and Boreal Molluscan Provinces of Forbes, they have
a greater proportion of species common to both than any other
locality with which I am acquainted. Out of the 96 species,
excluding Tunicata, occurring in the bays, 62 or 64°6 per cent.
pass Cape Cod, and including five species found about Mon-
tauk Point, but not in the bays, the proportion for the east end of
Long Island becomes 67 out of 101, or 66-3 per cent. Stimpson
gives only 27 other species as found on both sides of the Cape,
making the entire number 94, of which 71°3 per cent. occur in
the bays and around Montauk Pt.

Of the 96 species of the Bays, 1 is a Cephalopod, 45 Proso-
branchs, 1 Pulmonifer, 3 Tectibranchs, 1 Nudibranch, and 45
Lamellifers. Besides these, at least 18 or 19 species of Tunicata
exist, making the total number of Mollusca about 115.

148 On the Mollusca of Long Island.

Five species, Chemnitzia seminuda, C. bisuturalis, Mytilus
corrugatus, M. levigatus, and Leda sapotilla, have not before,
so far as I am aware, been found south of Cape Cod. Four
species, a Cwcum, a Rissoa, a Skenea, and an Aolis, besides
most of the Tunicata, appear to be undescribed. Thirty-five
species, Loligo wlecebrosa, diolis ———, Chemnitzia producta,
C. bisuturalis, Vermetus radicula, Cecum pulchellum, Caecum
, Skenea, , Rissoa , Lulima subangulata, Columbella
Gouldiana, Scalaria lineata, S. clathrus, Cerithiopsis Emersonit,
Cer. terebellum, Cerithium nigrocinctum, C. Greenit, Pleurotoma
cerinum, Natica pusilla (Say, non Gould), Anomea aculeata,
Mytilus decussatus, M. corrugatus, M. levigatus, Nucula
proxima, Leda limatula, L. sapotilla, Tellina tenta, Solecurtus
bidens, Solemya borealis, Cyprina Islandica, Cardita borealis,
Astarte mactracea, Montacuta bidentata, Cumingia tellinordes,
and Thracia Conradi, are either not mentioned at all, or only
doubtfully, by Dekay, as New York species. Col. Gouldiana,
Solemya borealis, and Thracia Conradi, may still be considered
doubtful, as only worn specimens or fragments were obtained.

Five species, Astarte castanea, Cyprina Islandica, Mesodesma
arclatum, Purpura lapillus, and Buccinum undatum, were
found about Montauk Pt, but not in the Bays. <A closer
examination and the use of the dredge around Montauk Pt.
would probably very largely increase the list of species belong-
ing to the eastern extremity of Long Island.

With this brief summary, and premising that my dredging
researches have been almost entirely confined to the immediate
neighborhood of Greenport, at the junction of the two bays, I
commence a short account of the species found, with notes on
the animals of some of them.

Cephalopoda.

1. Loligo ilecebrosa Lesueur. Very abundant and large. In
some specimens the pen is nearly a foot long. ‘The spawn

On the Mollusca of Long Island. 149

occurs sometimes in very large masses. In June or July, 1858,
I saw on the beach near Southold, in Peconic Bay, a heap
eighteen inches or two feet in diameter, which must have been
the product of a large number of individuals. Other smaller
heaps were to be seen around. I have never seen‘the species
so abundant as on the day that this.was observed. More than
a thousand, some of the largest size, were lying within a very
small space, having been drawn up inaseine. They appear
to prey upon each other, as I have found the jaws and eyes of
small ones in the stomach of a larger individual. Another had
several fragments of eelgrass (Zostera marina) in its stomach.
The lingual ribbon is about half an inch long in individuals of
the ordinary size.

Prosobranchiata.

2. Ranella caudata Say. Moderately abundant. On sandy
and pebbly bottoms—to 4 to 10 fathoms. Generally smaller
than Gould states, in the Bay, but those from the Sound are
frequently an inch long. The animal has the lower surface of
the foot yellowish white; upper surface translucent yellowish
white, thickly mottled with opaque yellow. Foot square in
front and obtusely pointed behind: about three-eighths the
length of the shell. Upper surface of the body, as well as the
tentacles, translucent white, thickly mottled with opaque white.
Tentacles short and thick, bearing the black eyes on their outer
sides at about three-fourths their length, and diminishing sud-
denly in thickness beyond them. This description is principally
drawn from a single specimen, for though I have kept many of
them alive, and sometimes for a week or two at a time, I have
very rarely succeeded in seeing any part of the animal but the
bottom and edge of the foot.

3. Pyrula carica Brug. Abundant and large. Seven
inches is a common length, and I have seen it eight inches
long. The spawn of this, as well as of the following species, is

150 On the Mollusca of Long Island.

found in a fresh state both in the spring and autumn. The
state of development was not particularly noted in spring (in
April), but as far as my recollection goes, it did not differ
materially from that of specimens taken early in November,
and was far less advanced than in those collected about the 1st
of Feb., appearing to indicate that the animal spawns twice a
year. In spawn of the two species, taken at the same time and
in the same locality, about the 6th of November, this species
was only about one-tenth of an inch long, whilst P. canalicu-
lata was of twice that length, and much more developed. A
corresponding difference was to be seen in specimens obtained
about Feb. Ist, though their respective sizes were then more
than doubled. The membranous cases, containing the ova,
are, in this species, sharp-edged, and marked with about a
dozen radiating ridges on the sides; whilst P. canaliculata has
the sides smooth and parallel, connected by a membrane an
eighth of an inch wide, crossed by twelve or fifteen ribs. The
lingual ribbons of both species are nearly three inches long ;
containing, in this species, about 130 rows of teeth. Low water
to 10 faths. At the latter depth I have never dredged it more
than half an inch long alive.

4. Pyrula canaliculata Brug. Abundant and generally -
larger than Dekay and Gould state. Seven inches is a common
length, and I have found them considerably larger. I have
never found it here in water more than a few feet deep.

5. Buccinum plicosum Menke. Moderately abundant and
large. High water to 10 faths.

6. Massa obsoleta Say. Very abundant. Littoral.

7. Nassa trivittata Say. Abundant. The three bands of
color are generally present. Specimens from the mouth of
Napeague Harbor, which is, however, a little beyond the strict
limits of Gardiner’s Bay, and exposed to a somewhat. heavier
surf, are almost invariably highly colored and conspicuously
banded. I have a dead specimen from here nearly an inch
long. The animal is much lighter colored than that of the pre-

On the Mollusca of Long Island. 151

ceding species, the upper surface being covered with small
slate-colored spots on a nearly white ground. Foot white
below, nearly as long as the shell, horned in front, and with
two tentacular filaments behind; whilst in V. obsoleta it is
bluntly pointed behind, and not so narrow. ‘Tentacles about
one-third the length of the shell, bearing the black eyes on
their upper side, at the first third of their height, and narrow-
ing suddenly beyond them. Trunk mottled like body, capable
of being extended half the length of the shell beyond it. — 2
to 10 faths.

8. Columbella avara Say. Moderately abundant. Low water
(on piles of a pier), to 10 faths.

9. Columbella Gouldiana Agassiz. Several dead specimens,
considered by Mr. Wm. Cooper to belong to this species,
occurred amongst accumulations of Cerithiwm Sayi, and Venus
gemma.

10. Oolumbella lunata Sowerby. Moderately abundant. The
animal has a conspicuous grey siphon, more than half the
length of the shell. Foot white below, very narrow, capable
of being extended to the full length of the shell. Eyes near
base of tentacles. When in confinement, it often floats at the
surface of the water with the foot upwards. Very active. In
mud and sand from low water to 10 faths. Numerous speci-
mens were found in November crawling on Zubularia laryne
attached to the piles of a pier, below low water mark, in com-
pany with Q. avara, Cerithium Greenii, C. nigrocinctumn,
C. Sayi, Nassa trivittata, NV. obsoleta, and Littorina rudis.

11. Pleurotoma cerinum Kurtz & Stimp. Rare. Only dead
shells found.

12. Pleurotoma plicatum Adams. Not so rare as the pre-
ceding. The animal has the foot white below, not very nar-
row, capable of being extended to two-thirds the length of the
shell. Tentacles short, bearing the eyes near their extremity,
and suddenly narrowing beyond. Siphon yellowish, short. In

two faths. mud, and dead amongst accumulations of Cer. Say?, ete.
APRIL, 1860. HL Ann. Lyo. Nat. Hist. Vou. VII.

152 On the Mollusca of Long Island.

13. Watica heros Say. Rare and very small in the Bays.
On the Sound, only a mile or two distant, both this and the
following species are very abundant, and commonly more than
three inches in diameter. On the south side of Montauk Point
fragments of specimens four or five inches in diameter are com-
mon. — to 4 to10 faths.

14. Natica duplicata Say. [are and very small.—to 3
to 10 faths. .

15. Watica triseriata Say. Moderately abundant and rather
large. 2 to 10 faths.

16. Natica pusilla Say, non Gould. Thirty or forty living
specimens of the same species dredged by Messrs. Prime &
Stimpson in Buzzard’s Bay, and by Lt. Kurtz in S. Carolina,
were dredged on one octasion in four or five faths. sand in
Gardiner’s Bay. Dead specimens had previously occurred,
rarely, in the Bays.

17. Natica immaculata Totten. A few dead specimens.
Several very large ones were found about Napeague Point, just
outside of the southern extremity of Gardiner’s Bay.

18. Hulima subangulata Stimpson? Fight or ten dead
specimens dredged at various times in ten faths.

19. Chemnitzia producta Stumpson. Rare. Only dead speci-
mens among accumulations of Cer. Sayi, Venus gemma, &e.

20. Ohemnitzia fusca Stimpson. Rare. Found with pre-
ceding.

21. Chemnitzia seminuda Stimpson. Numerous specimens
dredged in two faths. mud.

22. Chemnitzia bisuturalis Stimpson. Rare. Animal white.
Foot about half the length of the shell. Tentacles short and
thick, about quarter the length of the shell. Eyes black, be-
tween bases of tentacles. Under stones at low water mark.

23. Chemnitzia trifida Stimpson. Moderately abundant at
low water mark under stones, and on the inside of dead valves
of Pecten irradians, together with the preceding species, and
Cer. Sayi. The animal is entirely white. Tentacles about

On the Mollusca of Long Island. 153

quarter the length of the shell, regularly tapered, not very
slender. Eyes minute, between and a little behind the ten-
tacles. Foot rounded behind, expanded and horned in front,
about half the length of the shell. ,

24. Ohemnitzia interrupta Stimpson. On two different occa-
sions, half a dozen living, and two or three times as many dead
specimens were dredged in four or five faths. sand. Numerous
living’ specimens occurred in two fathoms mud on one occasion.
A few other dead specimens occurred in other dredgings. All
the larger specimens had twelve or thirteen whorls, whilst Gould
gives only eight or ten, probably describing from young speci-
mens. The largest were about .35 inch in length.

25. Scalaria clathrus Linn. One dead specimen picked up
on the beach.

26. Scalaria lineata Say. Two dead specimens.

27. Cerithium Sayi Menke. Extremely abundant. At low
water mark, under stones, and in the hollow of dead shells, with
Chemnitzta trifida. Also in mud at two faths. Great accu-
mulations of dead shells are often found in sheltered situations,
containing many of the rarer species, as Columbella lunata, C.
Gouldiana, Pleurotoma plicatum, P. cerinum, Chemnitzia pro-
ducta, CO. fusca, C. trifida, Cerithiopsis Emersonii, Cer. tere-
bellum, Acteon punctostriata, Bulla canaliculata, &c., besides
many specimens of Venus gemma and Rissoa minuta. The
animal is greyish-black. Foot dark grey above, greyish-yellow
below, narrow, rather more than one-third the length of the
shell. Muzzle white. Tentacles white, with black bands. Eyes
black, at outer bases of tentacles. When in confinement, the
animal frequently floats with the foot upwards, like Colwmbella
lunata.

28. Oerithium nigrocinctum Adams. Rare. Low water to
ten faths. |

29. Cerithium Greenii Adams. Rare. At low water mark
on Tubularia laryna, attached to piles. (See Colwmbella lunata.)

30. Cerithiopsis Hmersonit Stuempson. Moderately abundant,

154 On the Mollusca of Long Island.

four to ten faths. Animal white. Eyes near base of tentacles,
‘prominent. Foot about quarter the length of the shell. Very
active.

31. Cerithiopsis terebellum Stimpson. Moderately abundant.
4 to 10 faths. Very active.

32. Cecum pulchellum Stimpson. Several hundred speci-
mens were obtained from the fine sand which passed through
the sieve, in examining the refuse of a dredging made several
weeks before in ten faths., on a bottom of broken shells. Many
of them appeared perfectly fresh, and were probably alive
when dredged. I have since found it in the fine sand from
almost every deep dredging; though, from its minuteness, I
have never succeeding in getting it except from the dried sand,
and have consequently been unable to examine the animal, so
as to ascertain whether it differs from Mr. Stimpson’s species,
which he appears to suspect may be the case.

33. Caecum Coopert (n. s.). Two specimens were dredged
in four or five faths. sand, in the northern part of Gardiner’s
Bay. The shell belongs to the section “ Elephantulum” of the
Genus Coecum, as divided by Carpenter. It has about twenty-
four somewhat rounded longitudinal ribs or liree, crossed by
numerous rings, rather obscure about the middle of the shell,
but very distinet at the two extremities, where the longitudinal
ribs become indistinct. There is a slight constriction near the
mouth of the shell, which swells out again beyond it. Plug
mucronate, with the apex inclining to the left, when looking at
the back of the shell. The lateral profile is concave, rising
rapidly towards the back. Operculum concave. Length .13 in.
width in middle .035 in. The shell is white, not very thin, and
moderately curved. In possessing both longitudinal ribs and
rings this species resembles Cecwm (Hlephantulum) plicatum
of Carpenter, from the West Indies, which, however, is smaller,
and appears, by the description, to have a much longer plug,
symmetrically placed on the end of the shell. I have named
the species in honor of Mr. Wm. Cooper, of Hoboken, to whose

On the Moliusea of Long Island. 155

aid I have so often been indebted in the preparation of this
paper.

34. Vermetus radicula Stimpson. Only the tip of a single
specimen occurred.

35. Lettorina rudis Gould. Very abundant. Animal white
or greyish above, head dark brownish grey, becoming bright
red or purple at each pulsation. Tentacles of same color, short
and blunt, bearing the eyes on bulgings at their outer bases.
Muzzle large and prominent. Foot white below, about two-
thirds the length of the shell, broad, rounded at both ends,
grooved along the middle.

36. Lettorina littoralis Forbes & Hanley. Not so abundant
as the preceding. There appear to be at least two species in-
cluded under this name, the shells of which appear to have no
invariable marks of distinction, both having most of the varie-
ties of color ascribed by Gould to the species. The animal,
however, is in one whitish or yellowish, with yellow or orange
head; and in the other, the head and tentacles vary from dark
grey to jet black, the darkest shades being the commonest.
This second variety or species is three or four times as abun-
dant as the other. If this should not prove te be a sexual
difference, which J] think is hardly probable, though I have
been unable to completely satisfy myself on the subject, the
original name might be retained for the first species, which cor-
responds most nearly with Gould’s description of the animal,
whilst I would propose for the second the name of Z. Peconica,
from the locality in which it occurs. I subjoin more detailed
descriptions.

Littorina littoralis.. Animal white to light reddish yellow.
Head reddish orange, becoming deeper at each pulsation. Ten-
tacles lighter, about quarter the length of the shell, blunt,
bearing the eyes on bulgings at their outer bases. Foot
rounded at both ends, translucent white below, with the ante-

_vior edge opaque white; about two-thirds the length of the
shell.

156 On the Mollusca of Long Island.

Littorina Peconica. Animal dark grey to black above.
Head and upper surface of tentacles jet black. Tentacles about
quarter the length of the shell, blunt, bearing the black eyes
at their outer bases on bulgings of a lighter color. Foot half to
two-thirds the length of the shell, translucent white below,
with the anterior edge opaque white; rounded at both ends,
and grooved below, more distinctly than the preceding. When
the shell is closed, the dark upper surface, showing through
the transparent operculum, gives the appearance of a yellow
centre, formed by the attachment of the operculum, nearly sur-
rounded by a wide black band; and this affords an easy method
of distinguishing this species or variety from the preceding, in
which, when closed, the operculum appears uniformly yellow.
The shell is indistinguishable from the preceding, presenting
almost all the varieties of color and marking ascribed by Gould
to L. palliata. Found with the preceding on and under sea-
weed, but much more abundant.

37. Lacuna vineta Turton. Littoral and laminarian. Mode-
rately abundant. The variety fusca is about as abundant as
the striped variety, but appears to attain a larger size. The
animal has a foot about two-thirds the length of the shell,
rounded at both ends, not very narrow, dull white below. The
white edge of the operculigerous lobe, with its lateral wings,
forms a fringe around the posterior two-thirds of the foot. The
tentacular filaments of the operculigerous lobe are about half
as long as the tentacles. Tentacles white, long and pointed,
bearing the black eyes on very short pedicels at their outer
bases. Upper surface of head reddish-brown, extremity of
muzzle much lighter. Upper surface of body, and operculige-
rous lobe, white, dotted with grey. Specimens taken in Novem-
ber, feeding on green alge, had all the upper surface, except
the back of the head and foot, light green, attaining a bright
emerald green at the edges of the operculigerous lobe, near the
operculum. The shell also, in some specimens, was distinetly
green in some parts by transmitted light. The shell is generally

On the Mollusca of Long Island. 157

loaded with vegetation, sometimes of twenty times its own bulk,
and I at first supposed that the color of the shell was due to a
film of this, but such does not appear to be the case. [The
same circumstance was noticed in some specimens of Zectura
testudinalis, taken at the same time, in which the shell was
distinctly green by transmitted light, though the animal ap-
peared colorless.] Among specimens taken in the beginning
of February from the same locality, were several which had
the upper surface of the body, as well as the tentacles, dark
grey to jet black. In these, as well as the light colored ones,
the green tint was visible along the edges of the operculigerous
lobe, as in those taken in November. Circumstances prevented
any examination of the question of the correspondence of these
differences with sexual distinctions. This species appears to
exclusively inhabit very shallow water here, as I have never
found it alive in dredging, and very rarely dead.

38. Lissoa minuta Stimpson. Extremely abundant dead, in
some localities mixed with Venus gemma. Found alive, rarely,
under stones at low water mark, and abundantly in mud at
two fathoms.

39. Rissoa Stimpsoni (n. s.?). Shell thin, rather dark brown.
Divergence about 24°. Whorls seven, very convex, separated
by a very deep suture, and distinctly wrinkled by the lines of
growth. Apex obtuse. Aperture oval, nearly one-third the
length of the shell. Length -23 in., of which the first whorl
occupies rather more than one half. Only two specimens were
found. Mr. Stimpson thinks it new, but suggests that it may
possibly be a giant form of 2. minuta, which it resembles in
form, though darker colored and much larger.

40. Skenea (n. s.?). About 2; of an inch long. Mr. Stimp-
son thinks it new. Only one specimen was found, which is in
a state that will hardly admit of a satisfactory description.

41. Calyptrea striata Say. Only one dead specimen was
picked up on one of the beaches in Gardiner’s Bay. About
Montauk Point a number of specimens were found, though it

158 On the Mollusca of Long Island.

appears to be a rare shell. One specimen obtained here much
exceeded the dimensions stated by De Kay, having a length of
1°35 and breadth of 1:2 inches, with a height of 0°43 in. The
shell, as found here, is much less elevated than De Kay’s descrip-
tion gives an idea of, though, as the figure does not appear to
correspond, there may perhaps be a typographical error in the
height given. The figure, however, represents a more elevated
shell than any specimens I have found here. Specimens from
Eastport, Maine, have about the same proportions as ours. As
suggested by Mr. Stimpson, in his “ Invertebrata of Grand
Manan,” this may probably form a new species.

42. Crepidula fornicata Lamarck. The most abundant shell
of the bays, occurring in multitudes at every depth, and on
almost every bottom from low water mark to ten fathoms, and
even on a bottom of dead shells, where hardly anything else is
found alive. The animal varies very much in color. The
lower surface of the head, and both surfaces of the foot, are
generally, in adults, yellowish white to light reddish yellow,
the head being lightest. Sometimes, however, they are cov-
ered with a grey or black pigment, and in this case the tenta-
cles are generally grey or black also. These differences do not
appear to depend upon sex, as the black horn-shaped male
genital organ, on the right side of the head, is found in some
individuals of all tints. (In one black individual, this organ
was white.) Neither does it appear to depend on age, though
the young are generally dark colored. The shells of both
varieties are exactly alike, and both generally occur in almost
every group that may be picked up. Upper side of the head
black. Tentacles thick and blunt, bearing the eyes on bulg-
ings at their outer bases. Muzzle tipped with opaque white,
deeply cleft. Mantle black, with a wide border of translucent
white or yellowish, mottled with opaque white. Gill very
large, nearly white, but appearing grey from the black mantle
beneath. Anus white, on right side, near front of the foot.
The horn-shaped male organ is about as long as the tentacles.

On the Mollusca of Long Island. 159

The foot has an appendage in front, slightly horned, which can
be extended as far as the base of the tentacles.

43. Crepidula convexa Say. Abundant. Low water to 10
fathoms. Animal dark grey, except the tentacles and end of
muzzle, which are white.

44. Crepidula unguiformis Lamarck. Abundant. Low
water to 10 faths. Grows to the length of 1,3, inches, and is
frequently very rough-looking, appearing like small oysters.
Specimens from the upper side of large stones are extremely
thin and smooth. The animal is white.

45, Tectura testudinalis Gray. Moderately abundant. Low
water. The animal is white. Foot regularly elliptical. Ten-
tacles very long and slender, nearly two-thirds the length of
the shell. Eyes sessile at outer bases of tentacles, and a little
beneath them. Gill white, about one-fifth the length of the
shell. Head rounded, showing the brown horny jaw in the
centre. The fringed margin of the mantle extends beyond the
shell all round. The shell does not attain a large size here, the
longest having a length of seven-tenths of an inch, and few
exceeding half an inch.

46. Chiton apiculatus Say. Moderately abundant. Four
to ten fathoms.

Pulmonifera.

47. Melampus corneus Stimpson. Very abundant.

Tectibranchiata.

48. Acteon punctostriata Stimpson. Rare. Dead specimens
occur amongst the accumulations of Cerithiwm Say?, and Venus
gemma.

49. Bulla solitaria Say. Rare. In mud at two fathoms,
with Rissoa minuta, and Venus gemma. Animal light grey-
ish, spotted with light grey.

50. Bulla canaliculata Gould. Not so rare as preceding

160 On the Mollusca of Long Island.

species. Alive in two fathoms mud. A good many specimens
obtained from accumulations of C. Say2, ete.

Nudibranchiata.

51. Lolis vermiferus (n. s.). One specimen was found at
low water mark, on the 17th of November. It was half an inch
long. Back greyish white, thickly spotted with greenish grey,
with a deep orange colored spot between the oral tentacles, a
second long and narrow one, wider in the middle, extending
from the dorsal tentacles to the first clusters of papille, and
a third between the first and second clusters, having the form
of an isosceles triangle with hollowed sides, whose base line, of
a deeper orange, was on the median line of the back, and the
apex was situated on the side, half way between the upper and
lower surfaces. Under the tentacles, on the left side, another
orange line existed. The anterior half of the lower surface was
white, the posterior half light salmon color, showing through
the foot. Foot long, narrow, white, nearly transparent, pointed
behind, and horned in front. Tentacles four, the oral the
longest. Eight clusters of papille, with four or five in each
cluster, transparent white, filled with dark grey, apparently
foecal matter; very irregular in diameter and length. The
name I propose alludes to the worm-like appearance of these
bunches of grey papille.

Lamellibranchiata.

52. Ostrea borealis Lamarck. Ihave been assured by the fish-
ermen that the oyster is indigenous to some parts of the Bays,
but I have only once found it under such circumstances as to
render it probable that the specimens were not introduced ones.
In the eastern part of Peconic Bay I found an extensive bed of
dead shells of very large size, perforated throughout by boring
sponges.

' On the Mollusca of Long Island. 161

53. Anomia ephippium Linn. and varieties electrica and
squamula. Extremely abundant. Low water to ten fathoms.

54. Anomia aculeata Gmelin. A number of specimens were
obtained from the roots of large seaweeds, brought up by stones,
together with Saxicava distorta, and Mytilus edulis.

55. Pecten irradians Lamarck. Extremely abundant. In
winter I have seen ridges a foot high, of the living shells, driven
up by a storm, lining the shore for long distances. The finely-
colored and rayed varieties are also extremely abundant. Low
water to tliree or four fathoms.

56. Mytilus decussatus Mont.=Modiola glandula. A few
dead specimens were dredged in Gardiner’s Bay.

57. Mytilus corrugatus Stimpson=Modiola discors Gould
non Angl. fide Stimpson. One living specimen dredged in
about five fathoms mud.

58. Mytilus levigatus Stimpson= Modiola lbsee epans Could.
One fresh valve found with the preceding.

59. Mytilus edulis Linn. Not abundant. Littoral.

60. Mytilus modiolus Linn. Abundant — to ten fathoms.

61. Mytilus plicatulus Deshayes. Abundant. Littoral.

62. Arca transversa Say. Abundant. Three to ten faths.

68. Arca pexata Say. Tare.

64. Nucula proxima Say. Abundant. Two to ten faths.

65. Leda limatula Sttmpson. Rare. Two to five faths. mud.

66. Leda sapotilla Stimpson. Frare and small. Three faths.
mud.

67. Solemya velum Say. Fare. Two to ten faths. mud and
sand. Once, in winter, when the ice which had fringed the
shore disappeared, a very great number of unusually large ones,
containing the animal, were found floating at the water’s edge
on a mud-flat where only one or two fathoms water existed for a
long distance out, and where I have only once succeeded in
dredging a fewevery small ones. The animal is extremely
active.

68. Solemya borealis Totten. A fragment of a Solemya,

162 On the Mollusca of Long Island.

much longer than the preceding species, blackish brown out-
side, and lead color inside, I refer, with some doubt, to this
species.

69. Cardita borealis Conrad. A few very small dead speci-
mens were dredged, at different times, in Gardiner’s Bay.

70. Cardium Mortoni Conrad. Extremely abundant in the
mouths of creeks and on shallow flats, from low water mark to
two faths. The markings are finer and more varied than I
have ever seen in specimens from other localities, some speci-
mens being entirely of a dark fawn color, whilst others are com-
pletely white. The zigzag markings frequently occur in great
perfection, even on specimens of the largest size. Specimens
sometimes occur entirely devoid of the internal purple blotch,
which Dr. Gould states to be the only invariable mark of dis-
tinction from Card. levigatum of the West Indies. The
species is most abundant and finest in a long narrow bay on
Shelter Island, which divides the two bays, now called Cocle’s
Harbor, but which, on an old map of Long Island, I find called
Cockle Harbor, probably from the abundance of this shell. The
animal is white and has short conical siphons, each marked with
a circle of brown spots. The foot can be extended to three
times the length of the shell. The siphonal extremity is fringed
with numerous cirri, which extend a good deal beyond the
shell.

71. Cardium pinnulatum Conrad. Several dead pairs and
single valves (very fresh) were dredged on two occasions in
Gardiner’s Bay, and a single very small dead pair in Peconic
Bay.

72. Astarte mactracea Linsley. Dead pairs and single valves
are abundant in every dredging from five to ten faths. but I
have never obtained it alive.

73. Venus mercenaria Linn. Moderately abundant.

74. Venus gemma Totten. Very abundant. (See remarks
on Lissoa minuta and Cerithium Sayi.) Alive in two faths.
mud, with Cer, Sayz, Nassa obsoleta, Mactra lateralis, and great

On the Mollusca of Long Island. 163

numbers of J2¢ssow minuta, and compound Ascidians in a large
salt-water pond, communicating with the bay only during
storms.

75. Oytherea convena Say. One dead valve was dredged in
Gardiner’s Bay. On the south side of Montauk Pt., dead
valves are not uncommon.

76. Petricola dactylus Say. Father rare.

TT. Petricola pholadiformis Lamarck. Much rarer than the
preceding.

78. Mactra lateralis Say. Rare. Two faths. mud. Five or
six faths. sand.

79. Mactra solidissima Chemnitz. Alive, rarely, in sand at
ten faths. but not more than two inches long. Dead valves are
not uncommon in deep water, but I have never found them
more than three inches long; whilst around Montauk Pt. I
have obtained it seven inches long.

80. Kellia planulata Stimpson. Rare. A few specimens
were found alive at low water mark in mud, and a few dredged
in four to six faths. mud.

81. Montacuta elevata Stimpson. Only one valve found.

82. Tellina tenera Say. Moderately abundant. ‘Two to
eight fathoms generally in sand, though sometimes in mud.
When placed on the surface of sand in a basin of salt-water, it
soon extends its foot, and by a single effort jerks itself upright,
and then, with two or sometimes three strokes, completely
buries itself.

83. Tellina tenta Say. Less abundant than the preceding
species. In sand at six faths., and mud at two faths.

84. Tellina fusca Phil. Abundant dead, and rare alive in
mud near low water mark in a large shallow salt water pond,
communicating freely with the Bay. The specimens were
white, yellow, pink and bluish in about equal proportions, were
very thin, and averaged three quarters ot an inch in diameter.
Also dredged, rarely, in sand at six faths., very small and light
pink.

164 On the Mollusca of Long Island.

85. Cumingia tellinoides Conrad. Single valves are very
abundant in every dredging on sandy or shelly ground, from
ten fathoms up to five, but I have only twice found it contain-
ing the animal. One of these was in mud, at low water mark
(in the same pond as Tellina fusca), and was much thicker and
shorter than any others I have seen; but Mr. Wm. Cooper is of
opinion that it is merely a distorted specimen, perhaps from the
influx of fresh water. |

86. Solen ensis Linn. Not very abundant.

87. Solecurtus bidens Forbes & Hanley. One or two dead
specimens.

88. Mya arenaria Linn. Extremely abundant.

89. Corbula contracta Say. Tolerably abundant dead (fre-
quently with the valves united), at every depth from ten faths.
up, but I have never obtained a living specimen.

90. Anatina papyracea Say. Dredged, very rarely, in three
to five faths. muddy sand, in Gardiner’s Bay. ° |

91. Cochlodesma Leanum Couthouy. A few specimens were
dredged in three fathoms sand, and dead valves occasionally
occur at all depths. After a violent easterly gale, a large num-
ber of fine specimens, containing the animal, were picked up
on the eastern side of Napeague Pt., together with numerous
specimens of Pandora trilineata, Petricola dactylus, P. phola-
diformis, &e.

92. Lyonsia hyalina Conrad. Dredged, rarely, from six
faths. upwards, generally in sand. Once, after a violent storm,
very numerous and fine specimens were driven up on a beach
facing an extensive mud flat; and on another beach, also facing
a large mud flat, a few specimens, containing the animal, occur
after almost every south-east storm.

93. Thracia Conradi Couthouy. A single valve, doubtfully
referred to this species by Mr. Wm. Cooper, was dredged in
ten fathoms.

94. Pandora trilineata Say. Father rare in the Bays.
Dredged in from two to six faths. Great numbers, containing

On the Mollusca of Long Island. 165

the animal, were thrown up on Napeague Pt. after an easterly
gale. (See Coch. Leanum.)

95. Saxicava distorta Say. A few specimens are occasion-
ally thrown up on the beach, attached to the roots of fuci.

96. Zeredo (probably dilatata Stimpson). Tare; in piles
from a pier.

Tumnicata.

Both the simple and compound Ascidians are very numerous.
I have prepared descriptions of a large number of species, most
of which, so far as I can ascertain, are undescribed, at least
from the American side of the Atlantic; but as I have not yet
been able to fully satisfy myself as to those which are identical
with described species, I think it safer, for the present, to defer
describing or naming those which I suppose to be new. The
genera noticed are Ascidium, Molgula, Cynthia, Botryllus,
Botrylloides? Didemnium, Aplydium, and Amorcecium or its
subgenus Parascidium; and the number of species is at least
eighteen or nineteen, and I am disposed to think, much greater.

(Norr.) The remarks as to size, depth at which dredged, &c.,
annexed to each species in this paper, refer, unless otherwise
stated, only to the species as occurring within the strict limits
of the two bays named. Remarks as to size, &c., in the neigh-
boring waters, are, in a number of instances, added.

The extreme depth of water in Peconic Bay is ten or eleven
fathoms. Gardiner’s Bay is a good deal shallower, there being
few places where more than five fathoms can be found.

For determinations of most of the species about which I have
felt any doubt, as well as for much other assistance, I am in-
debted to Mr. Wm. Cooper of Hoboken, and to Mr. Stimpson
of Washington.

I have adopted, without exception, the names of Mr. Stimp-
son’s “Synonymy of the Shells of New England,” not having
had sufficient opportunity to acquaint myself with the more
recent changes in nomenclature.

166 On the Mollusca of Long Island.

I subjoin a table giving the formations in which the shells
occur as fossils, as well as the Geographical Range of the living
shell. In this I have included all the other shells which are
found from Stonington to Cape Cod; so as to comprise in it
all the species of the extreme north of the Atlantic Molluscan
Province. This table is of course very far from being complete,
but may serve to give an idea of the Geographical and Geolo-
gical relations of the Fauna. The principal authorities em-
ployed have been “ Forbes on the Geological Relations of the
Existing Fauna and Flora of the British Isles,” Mr. McAndrew’s
reports on dredging, Dawson & Lyell’s papers on the Canadian
Glacial beds, Mr. Bell’s catalogue of the shells of Canada,
Stimpson’s “Shells of New England,” Lyell’s papers on Ameri-
can Miocene deposits, Tuomey & Holmes’ Post Pliocene Fossils
of South Carolina, Tuomey’s Geological Report on South Carolina,
Mr. Kurtz’s list of the shells of North and South Carolina, and
many of Conrad’s papers in Silliman’s Journal, and the Journal
of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.

Eleven species occur in the Post Pliocene of Florida, all
except one of which are already known to exist as far south, or
may probably be found there hereafter. AZytilus edulis is marked
by Conrad as fossil from St. John’s River, FIl., but does not
occur in Kurtz’s list of N. Carolina and 8. Carolina shells.

Thirty-nine species occur in the Post Pliocene of South Caro-
lina, three of which, Leda limatula, Thracia truncata, and
Natica heros, 1 can find no mention of as recent shells so far
south, whilst Cardiwm Mortoni, though said by Conrad to be
abundant in Florida, does not occur in Kurtz’s N. C. and 8. C.
lists, and is considered by Tuomey & Holmes as probably fossil
only in South Carolina.

Vermetus radicula is fossil in North Carolina, and recent in
Florida, and Cytherea convewa is fossil in N. Carolina, and
though occurring in Kurtz’s recent list, is marked there as very
probably fossil only.

In the Glacial Beds of Canada seventeen species occur, in-

(NAMES)

1
*Loligo illecebrosa........|...-
*Ranella caudata........./....
MEV TULA CHIGB s.2.c14 2 xis ac seis 0
*Pyrula canaliculata....../....
*Buccinum plicosum......|....
*Buccinum undatum......|...-
*Nassa obsoleta........../.-.-
*Nassa. trivittata.........)...-
DUAMEM NADCK: asc lepiis'e wlerctele [es 8
“Purpura lapillus:........|.---
Tritonium pygmeum...,.|....
Mangelia pyramidalis.....)....

*Columbella avara......

Florida.

Post Pliocene, Tampa Bay,
Post Pliocene, St. John’s

River, Florida.

| | Post Plioe
oo

bo

lina,

ene, South Caro-
Post Pliocene, North Caro-
lina

irginia.

| = | Post’ Pligcens, Vi

| o | Glacial Beds, Canada.

eeee

| — | Drift of Scandinavia,

| oo | Drift of Russia.

cS *

© | Drift of Denmark.

Drift of England.
Drift of Scotland.

LOT) ae

* cS

|g | Dritt of retana,

ferous Crag (Eng-

Vana

| = | Mammali
eo

*Skenea, n, 6,

Red Crag (England). —

Miocene of North Carolina.

Miocene of Virginia.

Miocene of Maryland.

Coraline Crag (England),
| Recent in Europe.

leeaae

.|Whole Coast of New England.
. Florida to Buzzard’s Bay.
.|Florida to Cape Cod.

lorida to Cape Cod.

é Seta to ne Bay. Baik: 3

nnecticnt, Arctic Seas, Ochotsk, British Ch 1, Sivily #
.|Florida to Gulf of St, Lawrence. a
Georgia to Gulf of St. Lawrence.

Aspinwall to Cape Cod.

‘South Carolina to Cape Cod.

South Carolina to New Bedford.
‘South Carolina to Buzzard’s Bay.

. |New Jersey to Guif of St. Lawrence.
. South Carolina to Buzzard’s Bay.

. .|Whole Coast of New England,
. [Florida to Massachusetts Bay.
..|Whole Coast of New England.
. .|—— North to Greenport.
.-|—— North to Buzzard’s Bay.

— North to Boston Harbor.

uth Carolina to Massachusetts Bay and northwards,
‘South Carolina? to Massachusetts Bay.

New York to Buzzard’s Bay.

South Carolina to Greenport.

South Carolina to Buzzard’s Bay,

... South Carolina to Buzzard’s Bay.
..'North Carolina to Cape Cod.
. ./South Carolina to Buzzard’s Bay.
. ./South Carolina to Boston Harbor.
. South Carolina to Buzzard's Bay.
. South Carolina to Buzzard’s Bay.
. .|New Bedford and Greenport.

. .|Greenport.

..|Florida to Buzzard's Bay,

New York to Greenland, Nova Zembla, North of Spain, Black Sea.

—— New York to Greenland, Mediterranean, Black Sea,

New York to
New York, N

reenland, Bri

Greenport.

Greenport.

..|—— Whole Coast of New England.
of St. Lawrence, Mediterranean.

Panama, Gulf of Mexico, G

..|Georgia to Massachusetts Bay.

-|Florida to Gulf of St. Lawrence.

Whole Coast of New England, Greenland, Scotland,

.| Whole Const of New England,

. South Carolina to Cape Cod.

.|Florida to Massachusetts Bay.

South Carolina to Buzzard’s Bay.

South Carolina to Massachusetts Bay.

. Florida to Massachusetts Bay.

.../South Carolina to Buzzard's Bay, Maine?

...|Stonington to Eastport.

...|Whole Coast of New England.
.|Greenport.

Whole Coast of New England.

| oO | Post Pliocene, Virginia,

lina.
2. | = | Red Crag (England),

Tina.

Jand).

Epoch).
Pliocene of South Caro-

Sicilian Tertiaries (Glacial)

lina.
Pliocene, North Caro-

Florida,

Post Pliocene, St, John's!
| =|

(GEOGRAPHICAL RANGE OF THE LIVING SHELL.)

River, Florida.

; | «a Es Pliocene, South Caro-

Mammatiferous Crag (Eng-
| Miocene of North Carolina.

| Drift of Scotland.

-
a
a

7 | Post Pliocene, Tampa Bay,
=

= | Drift of Scandinavia.

| a | Miocene of Virginia.
| Ss | Miocene of Maryland.

| = | Drift of Denmark.

[2 | Drift of England.
| | Recent in Europe.

Zl

= | Drift of Russia,
| 5 | Belgian Crag.

le)

| 5 | Glncinl Beds, Canada.

+! ‘Buzzard's Bay to Gulf of St. Lawrence, Scotland? to 4 Sicily!
Florida to Gulf of St. Lawrence, Northern Geandicevin to Madeira
Whole Coast of New England, Northern Scandinavia to British Channel.
.... Florida to Cage Ann (Mass.). :

eee rear a Gooeciant hring’s Straits, Spitzbergen to Drontheim.
Connecticut to Greenland, Bel ‘a Straits,
* ‘North Carolina to Greenland, Columbia River, N. Scandinavia to Mogadore, Black Sea, Caspian.
Greenport to Eastport.
Greenport? St. George’s Bank. ee:
Whole Const of New gland, Greenland, Northern Scandinavia to Scotland.
_— New York to Behring’s Straits, Northera Scandinavia to British Channel.
Georgia to New Hampshire,
. Georgia to Cape Cod,
. Cape Hatteras to Cape Cod.
South Carolina, whole Coast of New England.
..« Whole Coast of New England. ne
North Carolina, whole Coast of New England, Kamschatka, Northern Scandinavia.
... Greenport to Eastport.
.. Fire Island (Long Island) to Greenland.
... Newport to Eastport, Gulf of St. Lawrence!
North Carolina, whole Coast of New England,
...|Whole Coast of New England.
-««/ Stonington to Spitzbergen. 4

. Florida (fide Conrad) North Carolina to Nantucket,
. Whole Coast of New England.
. Sandy Hook to Gulf of St. Lawrence, Ochotsk.
..« South Carolina to New Bedford. 5
Stonington to Ochotsk, Nova Zembla to Mediterranean,
Stonington to Casco Bay.
--+|Brom Sandy Hook to Casco Bay. er b. 4
+ Whole Coast of New England, Labrador, Northern Scandinavia to British Channel, Sicily.
.. Florida Keys to Gulf of St. Lawrence.
. South Carolina to Gulf of St. Lawrence.
North Carolinat New York to Casco Bay.
.. South Carolina to Cape Cod. ‘
.. Gulf of California? Panama? Gulf of Mexico to Gulf of St. Lawrence.
Florida to Cape Ann (Mass.).
New York to Gulf of St. Lawrence.
Greenport to Boston,
Greenport to Boston.
../South Carolina to Nantucket.
-+ South Carolina! to Eastport.
+ ‘South Carolina to Arctic Seas, British Channel,
.. South Carolina to Cape Ann (Mass).
.. South Carolina to Cape Cod.
-. Whole Coast of New England, Gulf of St. Lawrence.
.. South Carolina to Cape Cod. :
‘Florida to Labrador, Northern Scandinavia to Mediterranean, Black Sea,

iene South Carolina to Cape Cod. -
WI

})"Anomia ephippium.
| *Anomia aculeata. . ..
*Pecten irradians. . ..
Pecten Magellanicus.
Pecten Islandicus. .

Florida? Rhode Island to Greenland, Behring’s Straits, North of Spai

.-|Whole Coast of New England. 8 Nor BeeeiGehacce Caguitepet
Long Island to Greenland, Finmark? British Channel?

. .|Florida to Massachusetts Bay.

Greenport? to Massachusetts Bay.

*Mytilus modiolus..
*Mytilus plicatulus.
Arca transversa.. .

“Nucula proxima.....
Nucula delphinodonta.. .
|*Leda limatula
|*Leda sapotilla..
Leda thracieformis.
Leda tenuisuleata, .
*Solemya velum.. .
*Solemya borealis... .
Aphrodite Grenlandica
*Cardium Mortoni... .
*Cardium pinnulatu:
|*Cardita borealis. .
|*Astarte mactrace:
Astarte suleata.. .
|}|Astarte quadrans.
*Astarte castanea. .
|"Cyprina Islandica.
enus mercenaria.
| * Venus gemma..
/*Cytherea conve:

ulf of St. Lawrence.

South Carolina to Boston Harbor.

|*Mactra solidissima,
*Kellia planulata, .
/*Montacuta elevata,
Lucina strigilla..
Thyasira Gouldii
'*Tellina fusea,. . .
*Tellina tenera.
| |\*Pellina tenta,
] *Mesodesma arctatum...
|"Caumingia tellinoides. .
)*Solen ensis.........

*Solecurtus bidens.
Solecurtus gibbus..
Machwra costata.. .
*Mya arenaria.....
*Corbula contracta.
‘*Anatina papyracea, .
|*Cochlodesma Leanu
*Lyonsia hyalina.
*Thracia Conradi,.
Thracia truncata, . .
*Pandora trilineata,
Pholas costata.....
Pholas truncata.
Pholas crispata. .. .
| *Saxicava distorta. .
|*Teredo dilatata.

foundiand, Finmark, North of Spain.
.|New York to Gulf of St. Lawrence?

Whole Coast of New England,

(Noté.) The species occurring on the East end of Long Island are distinguished by (*) before the name,

(GEOGRAPHICAL RANGE OF THE LIVING SHELL.)

Labrador.

to Cape Cod.
hole Const of New England, Labrador, Ochotsk.

. South Carolina to Greenland, Ochotsk, Nova Zembla to British Channel.
. South Carolina to Cape Cod.
— Greenport to Eastport.
. Gulf of California? North Carolina to Gulf of St. Lawrence.
- Florida to Gulf of St. Lawrence.
Whole Coast of New England.
Long Island (New York) to Casco Bay. :
.- + Florida (fide Suy)# North Carolina to Gulf of St, Lawrence.
- Florida to New Bedford. }

South Carolina to New Bedford. F x
Carolina (De Kay)? Stonington to Gulf of St. Lawrence, Drontheim (Norway) to British Channel.
i

Georgia to Behring’s Straits, Nova Zembla to Madeira, i

. South Carolina to Lynn (Mass.).
|

’
;

On the Mollusca of Long Island. 167

cluding two doubtful identifications, all of which have been, or
are likely to be found, in the Canadian waters.

In the Glacial beds of Northern Europe twenty-five species
occur, including five doubtful identifications, all of which,
except Buccinum plicosum, Leda tenuisulcata (both of which
are doubtful identifications), and Aphrodite Groenlandica are
now living there.

In the Pliocene of South Carolina occur thirty-one species,
all of which, except Watica heros, Leda limatula, and Cytherea
convexa, are now living there.

In the English Red Crag occur eight species, inviuding two
doubtful identifications, of which only Leda tenursulcata
(doubtfully identified) and Aphrodite Groenlandica are not now
inhabitants of Europe. In the Miocene of N. Carolina, Virginia,
and Maryland, fifteen species occur, all of which, except Vatica
heros, Pecten Magellanicus, Mytilus decussatus, and Mytilus
modiolus, are now living on these coasts, and some of the ex-
ceptions are probably only due to the imperfect lists at my
command.

In the English Coralline Crag seven species occur, including
one doubtful identification, all of which are living European
species.

Forty-nine species are apparently at or near the northern
extremity of their range; thirty-two at or near the southern
extremity of it. Seventeen extend from 8. Carolina or Florida
to the Gulf of St. Lawrenee or farther north, passing through
the entire length of the Atlantic and Boreal Provinces into the
Arctic Province. Twenty-five range along the whole coast of
New England, or for a short distance only on each side of Cape
Cod, so that Greenport may be considered as not far from
the middle point of their range. Six are found only at one
locality, or range only between New York and Cape Cod.
Twenty-four are found living in Europe, including one or two

doubtful identifications.
APRIL, 1860. 12 Ann, Lyo, Nar. Hist. Vor, VII.

168 Review of the American Bombida.

Nors.—Mr. P. P. Carpenter having seen the specimens of
Cecum Cooper, since the description of it was in type, is of
opinion that it is an already described Southern species, pro-
bably his C. émbricatum, but being unable at the moment to
compare specimens or descriptions could not pronounce posi-
tively.

XXI.—Review of the American Bomswa, together with a
Description of several Species heretofore undescribed, being
a Synopsis of the species of this family of Hymenopterous
Insects thus far known to inhabit North America.

By Joun W. Greene, M.D.
Read April 23d, 1860.

Sam Farceau adopting, with certain modifications, Latreille’s
classification of the Hymenoptera, according to the habits of the
families comprising the order, has placed the Bombidee under
the group of Annual Societies, or those which live in companies
but for one season, perishing to be replaced by their offspring
the succeeding year. Their characters, as laid down by him,
are as follows :—

Tongue almost cylindrical; in repose about the length of the head; as
long as body when in action.

Males, females, workers, all having wings in the perfect state.

Antenne vibratile, filiform, second article shorter than the third,
almost globulons, the third a little conical.

Posterior legs having two spines at their extremities.

First article of the posterior tarsi dilated at the external angle of the
base, in form of a pointed ear.

Radial elongated, internal, and detached from the side or external
nerve of the wing.

Four cubitals, the first almost entirely divided in two by a nervure,
which descends to the side, the second a little contracted towards the

Lieriew of the American Bombida. 169

f
radial, receiving the first recurrent nervure, the third drawn up more

than half towards the radial, receiving the second recurrent nervure near
the fourth cubital, this one not being commenced; the cells ef the limb
confounded with the fourth cubital.
The three discoidal cells complete. Ocelli disposed in right line.
Body velvety.
1st (and only) Genus Bomsus, Fab. Latr.
Bremvs, Jur.
Arts, Linn,
The characters of the unrestricted genus are ‘all contained in
those of the family as already given.

SYNOPSIS OF SPECIES.

With St. Fargeau we divide the genus into three sections,
based on the colors of the hairs on the last segments of the
abdomen.

* Last segment of the abdomen yellow or red.

Two species of this section have, we believe, been identified,
and perhaps three; the . occidentalis, when described, we
placed in the next section, as, although the terminal segments
have a yellowish tinge, we have been in doubt whether this
may not have been caused by alcoholic immersion.

i. Bombus Suckleyi, Greeme. * (4)

Head black, on vertex a few yellowish hairs. Corselet, ante-
rior part covered with yellowish hairs which extend around,
under, and are spread upon the sides of the thorax. A bare
roundish black space between wings, posterior part yellowish.

Tergum yellowish but covered by scattered hairs, the fifth,
sixth segments, and anus more deeply covered than the other
segments ; the middles of these segments are slightly blackish.

Length 2 of aninch g. In my cabinet.

Habitat.—Puget’s Sound. Dr. Suckley!

170 feeview of the American Bombidea.

2. Bombus Carriei, Greeme. * (5)

Head yellowish. Corselet, sides, and anterior part, covered
with greyish yellow hairs. Centre black, posterior greyish
yellow.

Tergum—first and second segments greyish yellow; third
segment black; fourth, fifth, and sixth segments and anus
reddish.

Length 4 of aninch ?. In my cabimet.

Habitat.—F ort Steilacoom, Wash. Ter. Dr. Suckley.
** Last segment of abdomen white.

But one species of this division has hitherto been identified
in North Ameriea, and that is from the Pacific coast. |

3. Bombus occidentalis, Greeme. (2)
Ann. Lyceum Nat. Hist. N. Y. Dee. 1858, Vol. VII.

Face between eyes yellowish, white anteriorly and laterally ;
first four abdominal segments black; the rest, including anus,
white; length about nine lines, ?.

Habitat.—N orth-west Coast of America, Fort Vancouver,
Dr. Cooper; Puget’s Sound, Dr. Suckley.

In my cabinet.

%x#* Last segment black.

Ten species are known to entomologists as found in North
America; from which it appears that this is the prevailing
type of coloration.

4. Bombus Virginicus, Fab.
Piez. 14, Drury Ins. t. I. tab. 48, fig. I.

Black, above and sides of corselet of a greyish yellow, first
segment of the abdomen the same; some greyish yellow hairs

Review of the American Bombide. tit

upon the vertex of head; hairs under the first article of tarsus
reddish. Wings a little smoky, mostly so at the ends, where
they are a little violaceous.

Length 13 lines, g. In my cabinet.

Habitat.—W estern America.

2. Bombus fervidus, Fab. Piez. 48.
Bombus actif S¢. Farg. Hist. Nat. Hymenop. p. 470, Vol. L. Paris, 1836.

Head black. Sides of the corselet and back of a dirty yellow ;
between the wings a narrow black band, underneath the corse-
let black. The shield and four first segments of the abdomen
of a dirty yellow (perhaps yed/ow in the living), the fifth and
the anus black ; feet black ; wings smoky, violaceous.

Length 13 lines.¢ In my cabinet.

Habitat.—Pennsylvania.

6. Bombus sonorus, Say.
Say’s Entom. Le Conte, p. 787, Vol. II. New York, 1860. Bailli¢re Bro.

Body yellow, head black, thorax with a broad black band in
the middle; wings violaceous black; tergum with the first,
second, and third segments yellow, the ethers black, beneath
black.

Length four-fifths of an inch ¢.

Habitat.—Mexico.

7. Bombus ephippiatus, Say.
Say’s Entom. Le Conte, p. 788, Vol. I. N. Y. 1860. Bailliére Bro.

Body black; pleura pale yellow; wings dusky, tinged with
violaceous; tergum pale yellow towards the base, this color being
gradually narrowed behind and terminating on the third seg-

172 Review of the American Bombide.

ment, forming somewhat of a semioval, with its base to the
thorax, and confluent with the color of the pleura.
Length less than half an inch.

fabitat.—Mexico.

8. Bombus ternarius, Say.
Say’s Entom. Le Conte, p. 788, Vol. II. N. Y. 1860. Bailliére Bro.

Head black ; thorax with dull yellowish hair and a blackish
band in the middle; wings with a slightly yellowish tinge;
nervures fuscous ; tergum fulvous on the second and third seg-
ments, first and fourth segments yellowish, rest black.

Length three-fifths of an inch 3.

Habitat.—Indiana.

9. Bombus Americanorum, Fab. Piez. No. [6.
Bombus Americain St. Farg. Hist. Nat. Hymenop. Vol. I. p. 472.

Black, a large yellow band upon the front of the corselet.
Abdomen yellow above the base of the first, fourth, and fifth
segments, and the anus black. Legs and tarsi shaded with
blackish red, their hairs above black, below red ; wings brown-
ish with a violet reflection.

Length 10 lines 2.

Habitat.—W estern America.

10. Bombus Huntiil, Greeme. * (3)

Head black and bare except in middle, which has a line of
yellow hairs extending from the mouth to the vertex. Corse-
let, anterior third covered with yellow hairs that extend quite
to sternum, a transverse black stripe covers the middle, having
its centre bare and shining, the posterior third yellow. First

Review of the American Bombide. 1738

segment of abdomen black, having on each side a large tuft of
yellow; the second and third segments bright red, the fourth
yellow with greenish tinge; last segment and anus black.
Thighs, legs, and tarsi black, inclining to reddish. Wings
smoky. Length about twelve lines. Female.

Habitat.—Utah Territory.

This specimen was furnished me by Dr. Suckley, who
obtained it from Major Franklin E. Hunt, Paymaster Wes.
Army, to whose friendly interest in science I am indebted for
many valuable specimens of Hymenoptera, and in whose honor
I have named this beautiful species.

It approaches nearly to B. rubriventris ; it differs in having
the first and fourth segments yellow, the first of B. rubriven-
tris being black, and the fourth red.

The colors indicated in my description are those of the haus
which cover the parts designated. The color of the integument
in this family is generally black; when this is not the case it
will be stated.

11. Bombus interruptus, Greene.

Ann. Lyceum Nat. Hist. Vol. VII. Dec. 1858.

Muzzle yellowish; black between eyes. Corselet yellow,
black spot between wings; first, second segments and anus
black ; the third, fourth, and fifth segments black fringed with
yellow hairs on the lower margin of the segments on each side ;
middle of tergum black, smooth, and shining; legs reddish
black ; wings smoky.

Size nearly that of B. Virginecus.

Habitat.—N. W. Coast of America, Wash. Territ., Oregon,
* Dr. Suckley.

In my cabinet.

174 Review of the American Bombida.

12. Bombus Carolinus. Auct. (St. Fargeau.)

Head black, thorax black, first and fifth segments and anus
black, second, third, and fourth red; legs and tarsi shaded
reddish black ; wings brownish with a violet reflection.

Length 11 lines ¢.

Habitat.—Carolina.

I know of no specimen of this species, but its existence is
indicated, and diagnostic characters given, by St. Fargeau. See
his work, Vol. I. p. 472, e¢ seq.

13. Bombus violaceus, St. Fars.
Hist. Nat. Hymenop. p. 478, Vol. I.

Black, feet black ; hairs below the legs and tarsi red; wings
brownish with a violet reflection.
Length 13 lines @. Workeralike. Length 6 lines.

Habitat.—Western America.

175

Review of the American Bombide.

NAME. SECT.

———<—

B. occidentalis, .|2nd.

Virginicus,. .|8rd.
Huntii, . _ (8rd,
fervidus, . .|8rd.
interruptus, .|8rd.
sonorus,. . .|srd.
ephippiatus, .|3rd.
ternarius, .|3rd.

Americanorum,|3rd.

Carolinus, . ./3rd.
violaceus, . .|3rd.
Suckleyi, . .{Ist.
Garriei, . . .| 1st.

HEAD. THORAX.
Yellowish
Black and|Grey
Yellow |Yellow
Black and| Yellow
bare, mid-|Black
dle Yellow] Yellow
Black
Black Yellow
Bink Yel- vollna
ow
Broad bl’k,
Black band in
middle.
Black Yellowish
Black Yellowish
Yellow
Black Gera
Black Black
Black Black
i Yellow
Black Black
Greyish
Yellowish | Yellow
Black

1st SEG.

Black

Grey
Yellow

Black
Yellow

Yellow
Black
Yellow

Yellow
Yello’ish
Yellow
Black
Black

Yellow

Greyish
Yellow

2d sEG.

Black
Black

Red

Yellow
Black
Yellow

Yellow
Fulvous
Yellow
Red
Black
Yellow

Grey
Yellow

|

3d sa. | 4th sxc.
Black Black
Black Black
Red Yellow
Yellow |Yellow
Black Black
Yellow |Yellow
Yellow » |Black
Yellow
Bing Black
Fulvous |Yellow

Yellow

Yellow Ringe
Red Red
Black Black
Yellow |Yellow
Black Reddish

5th see.

White
Black

Black

Black

Black
Yellow

Black

Black

Black

Yellow
Black

Black

Black

Yellow
Black

Reddish

6th sEG.

White
Black

Black

Black
Black

Yellow
Black

Reddish

ANUS.

White
Black

Black

Black
Black
Black

Black |

Black

Yellow and
Black

Black
Black
Yellow

Reddish

Nore.—Since the foregoing paper went to press, I find that

the following species of Bombi have been mentioned as from

N. America. I regret that the short time allowed me before

176 Notes on North American Crustacea.

the printing of this monograph will prevent, for the present,
anything more than the simple enumeration of their names.

Bombus elatus, Fab. Syst. Piez, 352, N. A.
‘“* laboriosus, Bohs <6, 602, Car,
eee Mary landicns. fo" 0 BAG) IN. JAS
“ Arcticus, Kirby, Parry’s lst Voy. App. 470.
* Boreahs,. .“. Faun’ Boreal: Am.272; Aren Aa,

“ praticola, “ ““ “< “OFA,

Cie a¥LVv cola, « *« ce as Se eas

“ terricola, © “ ‘ ss MF hes

“ Californicus, Smith, Brit. Mus. Cat. IT. 400, Calif.

.. dagidus, sé aaa asoume & s 12 8 oes vioish
Bay. :

2) LOrmatis, A re 5S 6 AT 898," Eiads.
Bay.

“ Kirbiellus, Curtis, Ross, 2d Voy. App. Arct. Am.
The following are doubtful :—

Bombus nidulans, an Anthophora? see Fab. Piez, 349, N. A.
“« — Virginicus, Fab. Piez, p. 349, is Apis, Virginicus.
“© derhamellus, Kirby, Faun. Bor. A. 273, N. A.
Doubtful. This is an European variety.
For this list I am indebted to Mr. E. Norton.

XXII.—WNotes on North American Crustacea, in the Museum
of the Smithsonian Institution. No. LI.

By Witt1am Streson, M.D., Corresponpinc Mrmper.
Read April 16th, 1860.

In this second part of our contributions to North American
Carcinology we had intended to treat of the Macrurous Crus-
tacea, having published, in the first part, the notes then in

Notes on North American Crustacea. iW

our possession upon the Brachyura and Anomura; but our
knowledge of the development of these two sub-orders upon
this continent has been so greatly increased by recent investi-
gaticns, that it is found necessary to review them in this second
part, in order to include the results. As will be seen below,
these rich materials have been chiefly accumulated by Mr.
John Xantus, in the course of his most successful researches
into the fauna of Cape St. Lucas, at the southern extremity of
the peninsula of Lower California. We have also added a
number of interesting species collected in the West Indies by

Mr. A. H. Riise of St. Thomas.

The type-specimens of all the species herein described are in
the Museum of the Smithsonian Institution.

MAIOIDEA.
Pelia mutica.
Pisa mutica Gibbes; Proc. Am. Assoc. 1850, p. 171.

This species belongs to Pelia of Bell, an American genus,
species of which are found on both sides of the continent. It
differs widely from Psa in the want of a preeorbital spine, in
the long narrow basal joint of the external antenne seen from
above along the side of the rostrum, and in the compressed feet
with unarmed terminal joints.

It was found in Charleston Harbor by Prof. Gibbes and
myself. It has also occurred to me in Beaufort Harbor, N. C.,
and in Holmes’ Hole, Martha’s Vineyard. It most commonly
occurs among ascidians on the piles of wharves, below low tide
mark.

Thoe sulcata, nov. sp.

Allied to Z. erosa Bell, Trans. Zool. Soc. of London, ii. 48,
. pl. ix. f. 4,—a Gallapagos species. But the carapax is generally
more triangular, with the sides and subhepatic regions granu-
lated. Rostrum less deeply bifid. Frontal region with two

178 Notes on North American Crustacea.

longitudinal rows of sharp tubercles, three in each row. The
basal joint of the external antenne is exposed from above, and
separated from the fronto-orbitar region by a deep suture or
pit, and there is also a deep pit on the spine of its exterior
angle, which spine is beneath separated from the rest of
the joint by a deep groove continuous with the superior pitted
suture ; beneath, also, the basal joint is channelled along its
external margin, where it forms the lower floor of the orbit. The
moveable part of the external antenne is shorter and broader than
in 7. erosa, and ciliated on both sides; the third and fourth joints
are broad and pitted, the fifth and terminal ones very slender.
The meros-joint of the endognath in the external maxillipeds,
is more prominent and less rounded at its external angle. In
the chelipeds the tips of the fingers are excavated, and the
tooth of the dactylus is not bifurcated. Meros of ambulatory
feet deeply bi-suleated longitudinally, and armed with a series
of short strong spines along the superior margin.

Length nine-tenths of an inch.

Found at Cape St. Lucas, Lower California, by J ney Xantus,
Esq., tidal observer for the U. S. Coast Survey.

It is difficult to decide, without comparison of specimens,
whether this species be identical with 7. erosa or not. We
have named it because we consider it far better for the interest
of science to admit a slight risk of adding a synonym, than to
refer a species to a locality at which it does not exist, which
would tend to confuse our ideas upon geographical distribution,
a knowledge of which constitutes one of the most important
aims in our investigation of species.

Thoe puella, nov. sp.

Carapax as in 7. evosa protuberant, but broader at the
eyes, and with the antero-lateral sides straight or even a little
concave. Two protuberances on the intestinal region, and two
longitudinal ridges on the frontal. Rostrum acute, deeply

Notes on North American Crustacea. 179

fissured. In the chelipeds there are no excavations on the
superior side of the meros, put this joint, with the carpus and
base of the hand, is granulated ; hand elsewhere smooth and
polished, with the fingers less gaping than in Z. erosa, and
the dactylus one-toothed within. Ambulatory feet depressed,
angular or dentated ; meros in the first three pairs longi-
tudinally ridged and greatly dilated posteriorly, the dilated
portion with two deep concavities, sometimes confluent; penult
joint unidentate on the superior margin. Color bright red, with
yellow patches on the carapax.

Length of the carapax 0°32 ; breadth 0°27 inch.

Found at the Tortugas Is., Florida, by Dr. Whitehurst.

Hivas arameus.
Hyas araneus Leach, Mal. Pod. Brit., pl. 21, A.

We are enabled to announce this species as an inhabitant of
our coast, having dredged several specimens off the coast of
Maine on a cruise in the summer of 1858.

Wilma, nov. gen.

We propose this name for a section of Pericera with less
completely tubular orbits, the species of which have been
placed in Pisa by some authors. The type is Pisa bicornuta
Latr. (Pericera bicorna M. Edw.) It is very different in aspect
from those sharply triangular forms, with the moveable part of
the antenna slender and concealed, which constitute the true
Pericerw, and approaches Pisa and Tiarinia in shape. The
horns of the rostrum are divergent, and the moveable part of
the antenna is exposed from above, as well as the spimiform
process of its basal joint. From Psa it differs in its orbits,
which are nearly as tubular as in Tiarinia, from which latter

150 Notes on North American Crustacea.

genus this differs in the divergence of the rostral horns. Pisa
sty and P. aculeata will be here included.

Milmia bicornuta.

Pisa bicornuta Latr.

Pericera bicorna M. Edw.; Hist. Nat. des Crust. i. 337.

Pisa bicorna Gibbes.

Pericera bicornis Sauss, Crust. nouv. de la Mexique, etc. p. 12, pl. i. fi 3.

We do not know why M. Edwards changed Latreille’s name
' bicornuta to bicorna. The latter is probably a misprint for
bicornis, but has been in common use since the publication of
Milne Edwards’ work.

This is acommon West Indian species, and has been received
in abundance from the coral-reefs of Florida, from all who
have made collections there for the Smithsonian Institution.

MEilmia platysomna, nov. sp.

Allied to Pisa aculeata Bell, but presents the following dif-
ferences. Carapax depressed, but of less breadth, and sparsely
granulated. There are only two laminiform processes on the
antero-lateral margin,—one on the hepatic region, and the
other on the branchial, which latter does not project in an im-
bricated mannner. Between these processes and below their
level there is a spine. There are only two spines on the bran-
chial region, and these are scarcely more than sharp tubercles.
There is a row of bead-like tubercles on the superior edge of
the posterior margin. The rostrum is more flattened than in
M. aculeata, the orbits more tubular, and the preeorbital teeth
sharper. The basal joint of the external antenne is very broad,
and is armed with two teeth or spines on the surface near the
postero-exterior angle. The feet are short and depressed,
and armed with spines as in aculeata ; penult joint with a
broad, rounded, lamelliform process for the articulation of the

Notes on North American Crustacea. 181

dactylus, which is very much curved and sharp. The posterior
feet are broadest.

Length of the carapax, 0.44; breadth, 0.33 inch.

Found at Cape St. Lucas, by Mr. Xantus.

Pericera laevigata, nov. sp.

Carapax elongated, convex ; surface pubescent and partly hairy, hair
erispate ; back and sides smoothly rounded, with no spines or tubercles
except a minute one on the intestinal region. Orbital tubes rather
large ; post-orbital teeth more prominent than the pracorbital, the dis-
tance between their tips equalling five-sixths of the greatest breadth of
the carapax. The rostrum forms between a fourth and a fifth of the
length of the carapax ; it is deflexed, curving downward, bifid, with the
horns united at base for one-third their length, then divergent. The
moveable part of the external antennz is longer than the rostrum; the
spine of the basal joint is large, prominent, exposed from above, divergent
from the rostrum, and much nearer to the orbital tubes. In the chelipeds,
the meros-joint is armed above with obtuse spines; the hands are rather
compressed, crimson in color; fingers with the distal half black, except
the tips, which are white.

Length of the carapax in the male, 0.88; greatest breadth (pos-
teriorly) 0.49 inch.

Inhabits St. Thomas, West Indies. A. H. Riise.

Pericera fossata, nov. sp.

Surface everywhere covered with a uniform short, dense, closely-
adhering pubescence. <A few curled setae on the rostrum, and on the
concave antero-lateral slopes of the carapax. Lateral processes long,
blunt, -and a little curved forward. The regions of the carapax are pro-
tuberant and separated by very deep sinuous pits or channels, appearing
somewhat as if eaten out; but the protuberances themselves are not
vermiculated. The rostrum is as long as the distance between the eyes ;
—the horns diverge, the distance between their tips equalling about
two-thirds that between the orbits. The spine of the basal joint of the

182 Notes on North American Crustacea.

antennz is slender, and reaches considerably beyond the preorbital
tooth. The abdomen in the female shows a deep, vermiculated furrow
on each side of the median rounded ridge ;—also channelled sutures.
Color dark buff, inclining to brownish. Length of the carapax in the
female, 1.32; breadth, 1.20 inch.

It resembles P. trispinosa in form. It differs from P. villosa
Bell, in the concave outline of its antero-lateral margin, the
character of the dorsal surface, and the less divergent horns of
the rostrum.

Cape St. Lucas. J. Xantus.

Pericera subparallela, nov. sp.

Body covered with short tough pubescence. Carapax triangular,
shaped somewhat as in P. trispinosa, but much narrower, and with the
antero-lateral sides not concave. Lateral spines or processes subtriangu-
lar, but sharp, and connected with each other by a nearly straight row
of short spines or sharp tubercles crossing the back. A tubercle on the
posterior part of the gastric, and one on the intestinal region; both very
small, The rostrum forms one-fourth of the length of the carapax, with
the horns nearly parallel, being scarcely farther apart at their extremities
' than at the base, where they are connected for one-third their length
by a web-like expansion of the front. The distance between the tips of
the horns of the rostrum equals three-fifths that between the tips of the
preorbital spines; the upper sides of these horns are clothed with curled
hairs or crispate setae, which extend posteriorly in the same longitudinal
lines as far as the branchial regions, and also clothe the sides of these and
the hepatic regions. The median concavity of the front between these
two lines—continuous on the gastric region—is destitute of crispate
sete. The moveable part of the external antenne is concealed beneath
the rostrum; the anterior spine of the basal joint is small and slender, but
exposed from above. Orbital tubes prominent. Chelipeds in the male
a little shorter than the carapax. Ambulatory feet rather short. Length
of the carapax in the male, 1.02; breadth, 0.8 inch; (spines included.)

St. Thomas. A. H. Riise.

Notes on North American Crustacea. 183

Pericera diplacantha, nov. sp.

Body pubescent and provided with curled hairs above as in P. sub-
parallela, ¢ Carapax subtrigonal, narrow; back protuberant. Lateral
process or spine rather long, and double, seeming to consist of two
spines, one above the other, connected nearly to their tips by a web-like
connecting lamina, concave anteriorly, convex posteriorly. Antero-
lateral margin concave, unarmed except with a small hepatic tubercle.
There are five conical tubercles on the posterior half of the back, and a
few minute ones interspersed. Gastric region strongly inclined anteri-
orly, with the frontal region. The rostrum forms nearly one-third the
length of the carapax ; horns very. long, slender, cylindrical, acute, diver-
gent, but at base connected by a web-like lamina for one-fifth their
length. The anterior spine of the basal joint of the antenne is very
minute, not seen from above. Orbital tubes moderately protuberant ;
preorbital tooth obtuse and not prominent. Length of the carapax ina
female, 1.08 ; breadth, spines included, 0.8, spines not included, 0.55 inch.

‘

It is similar in general character to P. subparallela, but
easily distinguished by the greater length of the rostrum, and
the duplex character of the lateral spines.

St. Thomas. <A. H. Riise.

Pericera cornuta.

Pericera cornuta M, Edw., Hist. Nat. des Crust., 11. 355. — Illust. Cuv.
Regne Anim,, pl. xxx. f. i. Gibbes, Proc. Am.
Assoc. 1850, p. 172.

This species is probably generically distinct from the trian-
gular Pericere. It was found at Key Biscayne, Fla. by
Dr. Cooper.

Anaptychus,* nov. gen.

Carapax triangularis, latior quam longior; marginibus lateralibus
antero-lateralibusque laminiformibus, supra bases pedum expansis ut in

; * ’Avarriyos, expansus.
APRIL, 1860. 138 Ann, Lyo, Nat. Hist. Vou. VII.

184 Notes on North American Crustacea.

genere Huenia, et maxime dentatis; lateribus sublaminis perpendicu-
laribus. Orbitae complete, parve et profundse, sed non tubulares.
Oculi retractiles et sese latentes. Rostrum et antenne externe eis
generis Microphryos similia. Rostrum longulum, bifidum. Antennarum
externarum spina articuli basalis longa acuta, cornum rostri valde simu-
lans; pars mobilis aperta. Spina przeorbitalis saliens acuta; angulus
orbitee externus dentiformis, minutus; fissures orbitales superiores apte
clausz, inconspicue. Maxillipedum externorum endognathi merus
latior quam longior, angulo externo acute prominens, angulo interno
sinuatus ad palpum recipiendum; exognathus latus, intus dente valido
aperto armatus.

Anmaptychus cornutus, nov. sp.

Plate II. fig. 1.

The upper surface of the carapax is nearly level, but the gastric, car-
diac, and inner part of the branchial region are slightly protuberant.
There are also nine low tubercles on the gastric region. Surface covered
with minute tufts of very short sete. Antero-lateral margin with three
large triangular sub-laminiform teeth behind the orbits, separated from
each other by regularly curved sinuses. Posterior margin with a crest,
interrupted on each side; the middle portion being arcuated and fim-
bricated with four pencils of stout longish sete. Rostrum forming
nearly one-fourth the length of the carapax, and cleft nearly to its base ;
horns acute. Chelipeds a little longer than the first pair of ambulatory
feet, but scarcely thicker; meros with five or six blunt, somewhat lamini-
form spines; carpus tuberculated above ; hand unarmed, minutely granu-
lated ; fingers scarcely gaping, minutely toothed within, tips not spoon-
shaped. Inferior surface with stout setae. Abdomen as in allied forms,
widened near the base. Length of carapax in a male, 1.00; breadth,
1.24 inch.

Found in Pinacate Bay, near Guaymas, Gulf of California,
by Capt. C. M. P. Stone.

Notes on North American Crustacea. 185

Herbstia parvifrons.
Herbstia parvifrons Randall, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. viii, 107.

Our specimen is an adult male, in which the carapax is
0.67 inch in length, the chelipeds 1.17, and the first pair of
ambulatory feet 0.93 inch. It agrees pretty well with Ran-
dall’s description, except that the carapax is naked, and the
hands entirely destitute of spines, with a strong tooth on the
dactylus in the gape of the fingers. All the spines are blunt
at the tip.

‘It was taken at Cape St. Lucas by Mr. Xantus.

An attentive consideration of the characters of the rostrum,
orbits, and antenna, as well as of the excavated fingers, leads us
to refer the genus Herbstia to the vicinity of Mthrax, rather
than to that of Pisa and Hyas, where it has hitherto been
placed.

Herbstia depressa, nov. sp.

Carapax much depressed, generally covered with sordes adhering to
a slight pubescence easily detached, beneath which the surface is glabrous,
and less tuberculose than in . condyliata. A median protuberance on
the gastric, and one on the cardiac region; two tubercles on the intes-
tinal region in a transverse row. Lateral and posterior margins armed
with small subspiniform tubercles. A stout spine on the hepatic region.
Rostrum rather short and broad, cleft for one half its length ; horns
triangular, acute. Frontal region and surface of the rostrum with a
median longitudinal sulcus between two short prominent ridges.
Preorbital teeth, orbits, and antenne, nearly as in H. condyliata. Basal
spine of external antennz long, projecting almost as far as the horns of
the rostrum. Exognath of external maxillipeds broad, fusiform, almost
angular at middle of the external margin. Chelipeds shorter than
the first pair of ambulatory feet; meros armed with one row of spines,
and elsewhere smooth ; carpus with numerous very short spines on the
upper surface; hand glabrous. Ambulatory feet slender, hairy above;—
those of the second pair two-thirds longer than the carapax; meros-joint

186 Notes on North American Crustacea.

in all armed with spines above, and sometimes below. Length of carapax
in a male, 0.88 ; breadth, 0.3 inch.

It differs from H. condyliata in its broader carapax, and in
the armature of the more compressed meros-joint of the ambu-
latory feet.

It resembles much more closely the Lower Californian
species noticed above, but is very much smaller (supposing
our specimens to be adult), with fewer and more acute spines,
and much longer and more slender ambulatory feet.

Found at St. Thomas by Mr. Riise.

Mithraculus coronatus.

Cancer coronatus Herbst, Naturg. d. Krabben und Krebse, i. 184,
Pls LG.

This species is remarkable for its triangular shape and great
breadth, the carapax being one-third broader than long. It is
allied to ML. sculptus, but is differently sculptured, the oblique
furrows being deeper and the tubercles less numerous. The
gastric region also is more convex and much less smooth.
Front narrower. Antero-lateral margin straight, with three
tuberenliform teeth, the posterior one. forming the sharply
prominent lateral angle. Meros-joint of the cheliped tuber-
culose above, with two teeth on the inner margin, very short,
and not spiniform. Fingers less gaping than in J. seulptus.
Length of the carapax in the male, 0.76; breadth, 1.05; pro-
portion, 1: 1.39.

Found at the Tortugas, Fla., by Mr. Wurdemann and Dr.
Whitehurst, and at Aspinwall, Central America, by the Rev.
J. Rowell.

Mithraculus cinctimanus, nov. sp. _

Carapax subovate, nearly as broad as long, depressed, and resembling
that of M. sculptus in sculpture ; furrows of the surface, however, very

Notes on North American Crustacea. 187

shallow ; protuberant parts somewhat tuberculated, but not prominently
so. Surface minutely granulated, particularly near the margin ; frontal
region sparsely hairy. Horns of the rostrum small but rather promi-
nent, projecting beyond the preorbital teeth or angles, and beyond the
spine of the basal joint of the antenne. Lateral margin armed with
four teeth, besides the angle of the orbit; teeth minute, acute. Orbits
deep; inner and outer angles prominent. The anterior margin of the
very broad basal joint of the antenne is bidentate, the inner tooth
minute, the outer somewhat unciform, curving inward at tip. Chelipeds
of moderate size; meros unarmed within; carpus with three or four
minute tubercles; hand smooth, white, encircled with a broad median
ring or band of mahogany-color ; fingers stout, also annulated ; dactylus
armed with one tooth within; no tooth on the pollex or immoveable
finger. Feet pilose with capillary sete. Length of carapax in the male,
0.63 ; breadth, 0.62 inch.

Found at the Tortugas by G. Wurdemann, and at St. Thomas
by A. H. Riise.

Mithraculus denticulatus.

Mithrax denticulatus Bell, Trans. Zool. Soc. ii. 54, pl. xi. f. 2.
Mithraculus denticulatus White, Cat. Brit. Mus. Crust. 1847, p. 7.

Found at Cape St. Lucas by Mr. Xantus. Bell’s specimens
were from the Gallapagos Is.

Mithrax verrucosus.

Mithrax verrucosus M. Edwards, Mag. de Zool. 1832, pl. iv. Hist. Nat.
des Crust. i. 321.

Horns of the rostrum very short, blunt. Carapax naked, closely
covered with flattened granules; marginal spines blunt, tuberculiform.
Basal joint of the external antennz three-spined, spines blunt, tuberculi-
form. Notch of the meros-joint of the outer maxillipeds very broad
and shallow. Hands smooth above.

Found at Key Biscayne by Mr. Wurdemann, and at the
Tortugas by Dr. Whitehurst.

188 Notes on North American Crustacea.

Mithrax aculeatus.

Cancer aculeatus Herbst, Nat. d. Krabben und Krebse, pl. xix. f. 104.
Mithrax aculeatus M. Edw., Hist. Nat. des Crust. i. p. 321.

This is a setose species, to which the name /dspidus would
apply much better than to the species called by that name. It is
shorter and broader than J. spinosissimus, and belongs to the
same group with JZ. verrucosus, having the basal joint of the
antenne three-spined; the spines sharp. Carapax covered
with depressed granules, much crowded; marginal spines
sharp, sometimes armed with a supplementary spinule or two
near their tips. Hands more or less spinose above near the
base.

It has been found at the Tortugas, at Aspinwall, at St.
Thomas, and at Barbados.

MWithrax spinosissimus.

Maia spinosissima Lamk. An. sans Vert. v. 241.
Mithrax spinosissimus M. Edw., Mag. de Zool., i. 321, pl. 2, 3.
Gibbes, Proc. Am. Assoc. 1850, p. 372.

This is the largest species of the genus. The carapax is mar-
gined with spines bifurcated at their tips. Basal joint of the
antenns broad, two-spined. Horns of the rostrum rather
longer than in other species. Superior margin of the hand
spinulose towards the base.

It is very abundant on the Florida Keys, from Key Bis-
cayne southward.

Mithrax hispidus.

Cancer hispidus Herbst., Nat. d. Krabben und Krebse, pl. xviii., f.
100.

Maia spinicincta Lamk.

Mithrax spinicinctus Desm., p. 150, pl. xxiii, f. 1, 2.

Notes on North American Crustacea. 189

Mithrax hispidus M. Edw., Hist. Nat. des Crust., 1. 322.
Gibbes, Proc. Am. Assoc. 1850, p. 172.

Carapax naked, punctate, not granulated, broadly trian-
gular. Marginal spines tuberculiform, excepting the posterior
ones, which are spiniform. Basal joint of the external antennas
narrower tlran in allied species, and armed with only two
spines, which are tuberculiform. Hands smooth above.

Found at Key Biscayne, Fla., by Mr. Wurdemann, and at
the Tortugas by Capt. Woodbury

Mithrax tuberculatus, nov. sp.

Carapax naked, tuberculated ; tubercles more or less prominently
granulated, most so in the young. Margin armed on each side with a
strong unguiform spine or tooth curved forward. Between this lateral
spine and the orbit, there are two large, well-rounded tubercles, whose
distance from each other about equals their diameter ; the posterior one
is largest and most prominent. On each side of the lateral spine (before
and behind it) there is also a smaller marginal spine or sharp tooth.
Front narrow ; horns of the rostrum short, blunt, scarcely more promi-
nent than the anterior tooth of the basal joint of the antenne. This
joint is triangular, narrowing before, and is armed on the under side of
the orbit with another, a lateral tooth, very small. A small tooth,
posterior to this, searce belongs to the antennal joint. Pterygostomian
ridge or margin tuberculated. Meros-joint of the external maxillipeds
with a right-angled notch at the inner apex for the insertion of the
palpus. Chelipeds naked; meros tuberculated; carpus sparsely granu-
lated; hand smooth; fingers scarcely gaping, and unarmed within, ex-
cept that there is a tooth on the dactylus in old specimens. Ambula-
tory feet thick, subcylindrical, nearly naked, short-spinose or granulated
above, tomentose below. Dried specimens are cream-colored, mottled
with carmine. In old specimens the carmine predominates. In a large
male, the carapax measures 1.37 inch in length, and 1.67 in greatest
breadth.

190 Notes on North American Crustacea.

It approaches nearest to AL, hispidus, with which it agrees
nearly in the front, orbits, antennee, etc., but it is easily recog-
nised by the granulated tubercles of the carapax.

It inhabits the shores of Cape St. Lucas, L. California, where
it is very abundant, according to Mr. Xantus.

Weleophrys.
Teleophrys Stimpson, Silliman’s Am, Jour. Sci. 2nd ser., xxix. p. 133.

This genus is allied to A/zthrax proper, but is distinguished
by the character of its orbits, which have the superior and ex-
terior margins entire, and not armed with tubercles or spines.
There is sometimes an indication of a superior fissure entirely
closed up, but there is no trace of an exterior one. The basal
joint of the external antennee is rather narrow for the group to
which this genus belongs, tapering anteriorly, armed with a
slight tooth at the antero-exterior angle, and another still
smaller at the middle of the outer margin. Meros-joint of the
external maxillipeds broader than the ischium, and _three-
fourths as long, and notched at the internal angle, for the recep-
tion of the palpus.

Teleophrys cristulipes, nov. sp.

Pl. IL. fig. 2.

Carapax triangular in front, laterally and posteriorly rounded. Gas-
tric and cardiac regions moderately protuberant ; the former crossed at
the middle by a transverse row of four small tubercles. Branchial
region deeply separated from the hepatic, sparsely tuberculated, with
one high tubercle near the lateral extremity, and four short spines, cury-
ing forward, on the lateral margin. Front narrow ; rostrum very short,
slightly bifid. External antenne two-thirds as long as the carapax.
Feet rather broad, naked above, and covered with lamelliform spines or
short, leaf-life crests, often somewhat imbricated. Chelipeds with the

Notes on North American Crustacea. 191

crests on the meros and carpus less developed than on the ambulatory
feet ; hands compressed, smooth, cristate above and below ; fingers gap-
ing, with excavated tips; pollex or immoveable finger with two minute
teeth on the inner margin; dactylus one-toothed within, Length of
carapax in a male, 0.3; breadth 0.32 inch.

Cape St. Lucas. J. Xantus.

Eucimetops,* nov. gen.

Rostrum parvum, bifidum, parum deflexum. Oculi longissimi, mar-
gines carapacis multo superantes. Orbitz parve, basin pedunculi oculo-
rum solumque includentes; angulo externo acuto spiniformi; margine
superiore unifisso, dentibus spinisque destituto. Fossee antennulariz non
profundse, marginibus obtuse rotundate. Antennarum externarum arti-
culus basalis parvus, angulo externo dente uno minuto armatus; pars
mobilis depressa, articulis primo secundoque perlatis: Epistoma per-
breve vel nullum. Maxillipedes externi eis Micippe vix diversi, sed
meri angulo éxterno prominentiore, angulo interno minus sinuato ; palpo
basi turgido ; exognatho antrorsum endognathum superante.

This genus is allied to Micippa. It is remarkable for the
great length and mobility of its eyes, which may be thrown
forward, upward, or even backward over the carapax.

Eucinetops lucasii, nov. sp.
Pl. Il. fig. 3.

Body and feet hairy above. Carapax oblong, subquadrate, with very
uneven surface, not granulated, much depressed between the branchial
and hepatic regions; gastric region strongly prominent, with three small
tubercles in a transverse row across the middle. Protuberant parts of
frontal region clothed with curled hairs. Horns of the rostrum bluntly
rounded at the extremities. Lateral margins of the carapax without
teeth or spines. Feet moderate, cylindrical, unarmed. Inferior surfaces
short-pubescent, not densely so.

a ,

® Eéxivnros, facile mobilis; ay, oculus,

i

192 Notes on North American Crustacea.

The specimen above described is a female, in which the length of the
carapax is 0.36; the breadth, 0.27 inch.

With the above there are certain male specimens which may
belong to a different species, being smaller and narrower, with
the horns of the rostrum acutely pointed, and the external an-
tenn narrower, with the external angle of the first moveable
joint considerably produced. The chelipeds are large, much
compressed, and crested ; carpus with two slight crests confluent
posteriorly in a projecting angle or point; hand rather broad,
flat, tapering to the slender fingers, which are not gaping.
Dactyli of the ambulatory feet much shorter than in the female.
It is difficult to ascertain the color; it is apparently pale orange;
but there is a distinct red patch on the dactyli of the ambula-
tory feet at the middle.

The specimens were all collected at Cape St. Lucas by Mr.
Xantus.

Othonia sexdentata.
Othonia sexdentata Bell, Trans. Zool. Soc., 11. 56, pl. xii, f. 1.

This species has been hitherto known only from the Galla-
pagos Islands. Our specimens were collected at Cape St.
Lucas by Mr. Xantus. They agree in all respects with Bell’s
description and figure. O. sexdentata is the analogue of 0.
aculeata of the east coast, from which it differs in the numerous
granules on the posterior part of the carapax, ete.

Inachoides laevis, nov. sp.

Carapax mostly smooth, and covered with a soft pubescence easily
removed. Gastric and branchial regions protuberant, rounded, glabrous ;
cardiac with a single median tubercle. Rostrum rather long, with a
styliform extremity as long as the thicker, tapering, basal half. Post-
ocular spine very small, blunt. Hepatic region conical, armed at the

Notes on North American Crustacea. 193

apex with a short, deflexed spine. There are two or three tubercles on
the infero-lateral regions, in front of the bases of the chelipeds. Outer
maxillipeds with a sharp longitudinal denticulated ridge on the ischium-
joint ; antero-interior corner of the meros sharply projecting forwards.
Dactyli of the posterior three pairs of feet falciform, equal. Length of
the carapax in the male, 0.45; breadth, 0.32 inch.

It differs from LZ. mécrorhynchus in the smoothness of its
carapax.
Found at Panama, by the Rey. J. Rowell.

Collodes,* noy. gen.

Carapax ovato-triangularis; rostro brevi, bifido, cornibus approximatis.
Oculi mediocres, ad processum post-ocularem yel marginem posteriorem
orbitz retractiles, non sese latentes. Antennarum articulus basalis
angustus, paullo contortus, antrorsum bidentatus, dente uno sub altero
sito; pars mobilis longa, aperta. Maxillipedes externi eis Microrhyncha
fere similes, mero quam ischium non angustiore, antrorsum profunde
inciso, angulo interno sub basin palpi valde prominente acuto. Cheli-
pedes mediocres. Pedes ambulatorii breves, toti prehensiles, dactylis
valde gracilibus, longitudine articulum penultimum adequantibus et ad
eum retractilibus. Segmenta quintum ad septimum abdominis femi-
narum coalita.

The orbit in this genus is incomplete ; the postero-superior
limb is, however, present, and is formed by the strong post-
ocular process, which is separated from the preorbital arch by
a deep, open marginal fissure. The genus differs from J/tecro-
rhynchus in its feet, orbits, and rostrum ; from Acha@us, in its
post-ocular or orbital process, and in its external maxillipeds ;
from Acheopsis, in its prehensile anterior ambulatory feet, and
in the broader meros-joint of the external maxillipeds, with
sharply projecting internal angle; from Hurypodius and Ore-

* From xo\\«dns, tenax, in allusion to the tenacity with which the animal
adheres to submarine objects with its strongly prehensile or ancoral feet.

194 Notes on North American Crustacea.

gonia, in its short rostrum and feet; from Podochela, in its
short feet, and its post-ocular process.

Collodes gramosus, nov. sp.

PI. IL. fig. 4.

Carapax nearly naked, conspicuously granulated, especially on the
branchial regions ; granules rather large and distinctly prominent. An
erect obtuse spine on the gastric region, one on the cardiac, and one on
the basal joint of the abdomen. The anterior half of the cardiac region
and the sulci or depressed parts of the carapax generally, are smooth and
glabrous. Rostrum subtriangular, fissured ; tip minutely bifid. A minute
tooth on the superior arch of the orbit. Chelipeds weak. Ambulatory
feet rather depressed, ciliated, dactyli hairy. Margin of sternum raised
around the egg-cavity in the female, in which sex the abdomen is strongly
indurated, with the outer surface covered with closely-set granules.

The only specimen in our possession is a female, in which the length
of the carapax is 0.36; the posterior breadth, 0.32; the length of the
first pair of ambulatory feet, 0.5 inch.

Found at Cape St. Lucas, by Mr. Xantus.

Podochela,* nov. gen.

‘Carapax depressus, elongato-triangulatus, antrorsum valde productus.
Regio gastrica angusta, tumida. Rostrum breve integrum, triangulatum
vel arcuatum. Oculi non retractiles, transversim porrecti, longe salientes.
Antennarum externarum articulus basalis angustus, medio longitudina-
liter sulcatus, apice angustatus simplex, dente non armatus; pars mobilis
gracilis, aperta. Maxillipedum externorum merus quam ischium multo
brevior, plerumque eo quoque angustior, latitudine vero admodum vari-
abilis, apicibus obtusis vel productis, apice interno plus minusve inciso;
palpo prosarthroideo. Epistoma prelongum. Chelipedes mediocres;
mero curvato, marginibus ciliatis. Pedes prelongi, robusti vel graciles,
subprehensiles, manu sub-cheliformi plus minusve instructi interdum

* TIous, pes; ynAn, chela.

Notes on North American Crustacea. 195

valida, ei Oncinopi simili. Dactyli pedum ambulatoriorum primi paris
gracillimi, uncinati; reliqui falciformes. Feming sternum concayum,
profundum, marginibus elevatis, laminato-dilatatis,—capsulam efliciens ;
abdominis segmentum primum sat grandis; secundum, tertium quar-
tumque brevissima ; quintum, sextum, septimumque coalita.

This genus is allied to Achwus, but the rostrum is entire, and
the first two pairs of ambulatory feet are sub-prehensile. It
appears to be peculiar to the West Indies, as four species are
known, all of which are found only in that province.

Podechela grossipes, nov. sp.
PL Il. fig. 5:

Body everywhere short-pubescent ; feet setose. Rostrum acute, regu-
larly triangular, very little longer than broad at base, setose. Meros-
joint of the external maxillipeds oblong, much narrower than the ischium,
with the apices obtusely rounded, inner one very slightly incised, inci-
sion broad and shallow. Chelipeds with the hand much inflated ; fin-
gers much shorter than the palm, slender, gaping, and annulated with
crimson near their tips. First pair of ambulatory feet very robust, with
a single series of very short small tufts of curled hair along the upper
side; penult joint very thick, and armed on the inferior edge with a
distinct tooth or thumb-process, against which the extremity of the
dactylus closes. The rest of the feet become progressively shorter and
more slender posteriorly, and have much shorter hands. In the penult
and the last pair, the penult joint is scarce longer than the dactylus,
much curved, and concave within, with the thumb-process at the base ;—
the dactylus is almost always closed against this process, and can be
opened only to a limited extent; so that the last two joints are trans-
formed into a strongly subcheliform or ancoral hand, which projects at
aright angle from the precéding joint, and resembles, in every respect,
that of the posterior feet of Oncinopus.

This description is drawn up from a male specimen in which the length
of the carapax is 0.56; its posterior breadth 0.41; length of first ambu-
latory feet, 1.39 ; of posterior pair of feet, excluding dactylus, 0.68 inch.

196 Notes on North American Crustacea.

This species, which we regard as the type of the genus, was
taken at the Island of St. Thomas, W. L., by Mr. Riise.

Podochela macrodera, nov. sp.

This species has considerable resemblance to P. grossipes,
but differs in the following particulars. Rostrum shorter.
Meros-joint of external maxillipeds much shorter and broader,
with the anterior angles prominent and laminate. Chelipeds
with less inflated hands; fingers neither gaping nor annulated
with pink. Ambulatory feet more slender; the penult joint
in the first pair especially much longer and more slender, and
with no distinct thumb-process on its inferior edge; hands of
the posterior two pairs more pedunculated and less geniculated,
the thumb-process being nearer the middle of the penult joint,
and thickly setose. Length of the carapax in a male, 0.421;
posterior breadth, 0.30 inch.

The specific name is suggested by the great length of the
neck, or peduncle of the summit upon which the eyes and
antenne are supported ; although this is almost equally long
in all the other species.

It was found at St. Thomas, by Mr. Riise, and at Key Bis-
cayne, Fla., by G. Wurdemann, Esq. é

Podochela riisei, nov. sp.
Pl. IL, fig. 1.

Of this species we have but a single example, a female. The carapax
is narrow anteriorly, but depressed and broadly expanded posteriorly at
the bases of the ambulatory feet. Gastric region very tumid, with a few
setigerous tubercles: set crispate. Cardiac region sharply prominent,
tuberculiform. Hepatic region with a strong, deflexed, almost laminiform
lateral tooth. Frontal region protuberant, setigerous. Rostrum depressed
much below the level of the frontal region, broader than long, nearly
horizontal, sub-laminiform, naked, with a slight median carina; margin
regularly arcuated, semicircular, entire. Basal joint of the external

Notes on North American Crustacea. 197

antennze with a high laminiform crest on each margin, the intervening
surface being deeply concave ;—these crests converge and join each
other at the anterior extremity of the joint, and the moveable part
is inserted above the point of juncture. Meros-joint of the external
maxillipeds with the anterior angles expanded and prominent as in P.
macrodera. Chelipeds with slender hand and long fingers not gaping.
Ambulatory feet slender, very hirsute on the exterior half of their
length ; first pair stouter than the others, especially in the meros-joint.
The erect laminiform expansions of the sternum, which form the sides
of the ege-cavity, are high and overlapped by the abdomen when shut
down ;—at the anterior extremity the lamina is deeply incised in the
base, forming two triangular points between the bases of the chelipeds.
Lengtl of the carapax in our specimen, 0.7; breadth posteriorly, 0.58 ;
length of first pair of ambulatory feet, 2.05; of the posterior pair, 1.28
inch,

This species and the next depart widely from the type in
the great slenderness of the ambulatory feet, which, also, are
not distinctly prehensile, the thumb-process of the penult joint,
even in the posterior pairs, being almost or entirely obsolete,
and when present situated below the middle of the joint. These
characters render the group at first sight so distinct that we
had described it in manuscript as a genus under the name of
Podonema, but we are now inclined to doubt the propriety of
such a separation and to regard the differences as only those of
degree. PP. macrodera is in fact a species intermediate in
character between the two groups.

P. rivset was found at the Island of St. Thomas, by A. H.
Riise, Esq., after which indefatigable investigator of West
Indian Natural History we have named the species.

Podochela deflexifroms, nov. sp.

Front and rostrum deflexed ; rostrum not as long as broad. Neck
much constricted. Eyes very large. Hepatic tooth abruptly prominent
downward. Chelipeds moderate; lower edge of meros and ischium

198 Notes on North American Crustacea.

fringed with long, parallel, incurving pairs. Ambulatory feet thread-
like, thin, and flexible; the first pair more than three times as long as
the carapax, and with a very minute dactylus; posterior pairs becoming
progressively shorter, with a compressed dactylus one-fourth the length
of the penult joint. Length of the carapax, 0.28; breadth, 0.2; distance
between tips of eyes, 0.18; length of first pair of ambulatory feet, 2

inches.

It is very closely allied to P. rzisez, and is perhaps only a
variety, but the deflexed front and filiform feet seem to be
good distinctive characters.

Metoporhaphis,* nov. gen.

Carapax triangularis, superficie ingequalis, ei Stenorhynchi similis.
Rostrum integrum, longum, exile. Antennze extern longs, parte
mobili aperta. Antennulz ut in Leptopodia, basi non cochleariformes.
Maxillipedes externi eis Leptopodie fere similes. Pedum ambulatoriorum

dactyli fere recti, ciliati.

The type of this genus is the Leptopodia calearata of Say,
which we have found upon examination to differ generically
from Leptopodia in its uneven or protuberant carapax, exposed
external antenne, etc.

Metoporhaphis calcarata.

Leptopodia calcarata Say, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. i. 455.
Gibbes, Proc. Am. Assoc. 1850, p. 169.

We have dredged this species off the mouth of Beaufort
Harbor, N. C., in seven fathoms, shelly bottom.

Epialitus sulcirostris, nov. sp.

Body and ambulatory feet smooth and naked. The carapax is widest
at the posterior of the two lateral teeth, which are rather acute at their

* Mérw7or, frons; padgis, acus.

Notes on North American Crustacea. 199

tips. Preorbital tooth small but distinct and rather prominent. The
rostrum in the outline of its upper side, is oblong, in length about
equalling the distance between the tips of the preeorbital teeth, with sides
slightly converging to a place near the extremity, where they abruptly
run to a triangular point. In its other characters, the rostrum is thick,
with its upper and lower surfaces a little concave; the lower surface is
triangular in shape, narrower than the upper, and separated from it by a
deep lateral groove. Chelipeds pubescent; carpus acutely carinated
externally ; hand broad, compressed, with the upper margin acute or
crested, crest laminiform, very prominent above the insertion of the
dactylus. Ambulatory feet slender, with no vestige of a thumb-process
on the penult joint, excepting in the first pair. Length of the carapax
in a male, 0.86; breadth, 0.27; length of first pair of ambulatory feet,
0.5 inch.

It is allied to & afiinis and Ff. bituberculatus, but wants the
two gastric tubercles, and also differs in the character of the
rostrum.

Found at Cape St. Lucas, by John Xantus, Esq.

Epialtus longirostwis, nov. sp.

Allied to E. aginis, but distinguished by the length of its ros-
trum, which forms more than one-fourth the entire length of
the carapax, and is slender with parallel sides and truncate tip.
The two gastric tubercles are distinct. Post-gastric and cardiac
regions rather prominent. Chelipeds as long as the first ambu-
latory feet, and rather slender ; hand much more elongated than
in £. affinis. Ambulatory feet slender, with no tooth or process
on the penult joint except a very slight one in the first pair.
Length of the carapax in the male, 0.34; breadth, 0.22 inch.

St. Thomas. <A. H. Riise.

Miimmulus. nov. gen.

Carapax planulatus, plus minusye subpentagonus, margine antero-

laterali valde expansus, laminatus et bilobatus, lobis arcte approximatis.
APRIL, 1860, 14 Ann. Lyc, Nat. Hist. Vou, VII.

200 Notes on North American Crustacea.

Rostrum horizontale, breve, bifidum. Orbitee inferne incomplete, superne
dente preorbitali et postorbitali praeditee. Oculi retractiles, non sese
latentes. Epistoma mediocre. Maxillipedum externorum merus brevis,
angulo externo obtusus, angulo interno incisus; exognathus extus dilatatus.
Chelipedum manus valde compressa, laminato-cristata. Pedum ambu-
latoriorum articulus penultimus dente setoso inferne ad medium armatus.
Pedes ambulatorii primi paris prelongi.

This genus is near Hpialtws, with lamellar expansions of the
sides of the carapax as in some /Zueniew. The exognath of the
outer maxillipeds has a strong angular dilatation of the outer
margin near its extremity, so that this margin between the
angle and the tip is concave.

Mimuius foliatus, nov. sp.
Pl. Ill, fig. 1.

The projecting Jateral laminze form more than one-third the width of
the carapax. The posterior one is the larger, and it generally overlaps
the anterior one at the lateral fissure; its posterior angle projects, espe-
cially in young specimens, giving a concave outline to the lateral margin.
The anterior side of the anterior lamina is transverse, and forms a pro-
minent angle with the outer side. There is a post-orbital tooth, at base
separated by an open fissure from the superior margin of the orbit.
Upper side of the carapax somewhat flattened, with the lateral expansions
a little reflexed, the gastric region a little convex, and the surface smooth,
covered and concealed by a thin reddish coat of minute pubescence
easily removed. Rostrum partly clothed with crispate sete. Pterygo-
stomian ridge (or branchiostegian margin) armed with three or four low
tuberculiform teeth. Chelipeds large; meros and carpus angular but
unarmed; inner margin of carpus projecting, laminiform, arcuated; hand
and fingers much compressed; fingers gaping in their basal half.
Ambulatory feet of the last three-pairs naked, angular, not compressed ;
penult joint obtusely crested above. Ambulatory feet of the first pair
compressed, especially in the young, and angular; ischium and meros
armed with tubercles or spines below, most prominent in the young;

Notes on North American Crustacea. 201

penult joint lamelliform, acute above; dactylus long and broad, sublamel-

liform. Length of the carapax in a male, 1.1; breadth, 1.33.

In general appearance and character of the feet, this species
has some resemblance to [Zuenia heraldica of De Haan, but
is easily distinguished by the bifid rostrum destitute of a vertical
lamina, by the post-orbital tooth, the different maxillipeds, ete.

It is a rare species, taken from the stomachs of percoid fishes,
(“ Cabesones”) caught off Monterey, Cal., by A.S. Taylor, Esq.

Lambrus crenulatus.

Lambrus crenulatus Sauss., Crust. nouv. des Antilles et du Mexique, p.
13, pl. i. f, 4.

Found at the Tortugas, Fla., by Capt. Woodbury.

Lambrus triangulus, nov. sp.

The carapax is of the shape of an equilateral triangle, the posterior
margin being nearly straight, and scarcely exceeding the antero-lateral
sides in length. This results from the strong projection of the dentated
posterior corners of the branchial regions, which almost conceal the
ambulatory feet. Antero-lateral margin with about twelve very small
granulated teeth, of which three are on the small rounded hepatic region.
Surface ornamented with conical tubercles variable in number and size.
Rostrum prominent, obtuse, triangular. The base of the movable part
of the external antennz is protected on each side by an over-arching
tooth, one arising from the lower margin of the orbit, the other from the
anterior corner of the epistome. In the outer maxillipeds the ischium
is granulated, the meros tuberculated. Chelipeds rather short, strongly
angular and dentated; hand granulated below, but nearly smooth above
between the crests, which are high, and unevenly eight- or nine-toothed ;
the teeth denticulated, the middle one largest. Ambulatory feet per-
fectly smooth and glabrous; dactyli pubescent. Length of the carapax
in a female, 0.55; breadth, 0°69 inch.

Cape St. Lucas. J. Xantus.

202 Notes on North American Crustacea.

Cryptopodia granulata.

Cryptopodia granulata Gibbes; Proc. Am. Assoc. 1850, p. 173
and Proc. Elliott Soc. i. 25. (wood-cut.)

In addition to the locality (Charleston Harb.) mentioned by
Gibbes, we have this species from Beaufort, N. C. and from St.
Thomas, W. I.

CANCROIDEA.

—— en

Atergatis lobatus.

Cancer lobatus M. Edw., Hist. Nat. des Crust. i. 375. (7)

Our specimen is a small one, the carapax being less than
half an inch in length, and not “fortement bosselée.” The
areolets of the carapax are granulated, and the ambulatory
feet are not altogether smooth, but granulated above on the
penult and antepenult joints. In other characters it agrees
well with the description of Milne Edwards.

It was found at Aspinwall, by Rev. J. Rowell.

Atergatis rotundatus, nov. sp.

Carapax less broad than is usual in the genus, equally convex anteriorly
and posteriorly, areolated and granulated. Antero-lateral margin
crested, indistinctly quadrilobate, the lobes being separated by very
slight notches, not fissures ;—the marginal crest granulated like the rest
of the carapax. Postero-lateral side very short. Hand of the chelipeds
short, with a high lamelliform superior crest; outer surface granulated
above, and ornamented with four or five granulated coste. Length of
the carapax, 0.25; breadth, 0.32 inch.

It differs from A. lémbatus in having a narrower limb or
crest of the antero-lateral margin, It is the analogue or represen-

Notes on North American Crustacea. 208

tative of A. lobatus of the Atlantic side of the continent, but
differs in being more convex and granulated posteriorly, having
higher crests to the hands, ete.

Found at Cape St. Lucas, by Mr. Xantus.

Actaea nodosa, nov. sp.

Carapax broad, and deeply areolated both anteriorly and posteriorly,
the areolets forming prominent granulated nodes, mostly of nearly equal
size, and in number about forty, including those constituting the
antero-lateral teeth. These nodes are strongly convex in the anterior,
but flattened in the posterior regions of the carapax. The furrows
separating them are wide and deep, and more or less thickly pubescent.
The median gastric areolet, which in this genus is usually long and
slender, reaching far forward, is in the present species almost obsolete,
being represented only by its tuberculiform posterior extremity. The feet
are nodose and granulated like the carapax. The outer surface of the
hand is tuberculated, the tubercles being arranged, inferiorly, in three
longitudinal rows. Length of the carapax in a female, 0.64; breadth,
0°97 inch.

Found at the Tortugas, Fla., by Dr. Whitehurst.

Actaea sulicata, nov. sp.

Upper surface of the carapax divided into thirty flattened and granu-
lated lobules (besides the small ones around the orbits), separated by
deep pubescent sulci. The posterior lobules are less prominent, more
distinctly granulated, and sometimes concealed by pubescence. Cheli-
peds above nodose like the carapax; hands and fingers, at base, strongly
granulated externally. Ambulatory feet longitudinally sulcated, but not
granulated. Color bright-red, somewhat maculated or mottled with
white. Length of the carapax in a female, 0.37; breadth, 0.56 inch.

It is somewhat nearly allied to A. nodosa, but the lobules or
nodes of the carapax are less prominent and less distinetly
granulated.

204 Notes on North American Crustacea.

In this species there is some approach to excavation in the
tips of the fingers, that would perhaps require its removal to
the section Actacodes of Dana, which, however, we can scarcely
consider a distinct generic group.

Found at Cape St. Lucas, by Mr. Xantus.

Actaea Jabyrinthica, nov. sp.

This species is very closely allied to the Atlantic species, A-
erosa Stm., differing only in being less minutely eroded or
vermiculated, the prominent parts between the principal furrows
of erosion being flattened and smooth; while in A. erosa these
prominences are sharp and themselves eroded. On the outer
surface of the hands the prominences are smooth, mammilli-
form tubercles.

In color this crab is variegated with yellow and carmine.
Length of the carapax in a female, 1.0; breadth, 1.42 inch.

Found at Panama, by the Rey. J. Rowell. For additional
specimens I am indebted to Mr. W. H. Edwards.

Xantho bella, nov. sp.
PL. IIL, fig. 2.

Carapax rather broad ; proportion of length to breadth about 1:1.50.
It is somewhat octagonal in shape, the antero-lateral margin being
angular at the middle, where it is divided into two equal portions ;—the
anterior one straight, oblique, and entire, with the exception of a small
lobe scarcely projecting near its anterior extremity ; and the posterior
portion nearly longitudinal, and armed with three strong triangular
teeth, the middle one being most prominent. The postero-lateral mar-
gin is longer than the antero-lateral. Surface distinctly areolated,
smooth, and glabrous, except near the anterior margins, where it is
minutely rugose or granulated. Front moderately projecting, deeply
fissured at the middle. The infero-external fissure of the orbit is as well
marked as in X. florida, or as in some Panopei, Chelipeds smooth

~

Notes on North American Crustacea. 205

and glabrous ; hand short, with a basal tooth on the superior margin of
the palm, projecting inward. Ambulatory feet mostly smooth and
glabrous’ (rarely pubescent); penult and antepenult joints compressed,
obtusely cristate above, with an undulated margin; dactyli with rather
long pubescence. Color crimson or beet-red 5 carapax sometimes lighter
in color, or yellowish, maculated with deep red. Length of the carapax
in a male, 0.54; breadth, 0.80 inch. In another, length, 0.56; breadth,
0.89.

Northern specimens are more transverse, rougher, more
pubescent, and more sober in coloration than those found in
warmer latitudes.

Found at Monterey, Cal., by Mr. A. 8. Taylor, and at Ft.
Townsend, Puget Sound, by Dr. Suckley.

Xantho planissima, nov. sp.

Carapax perfectly flat above, smooth and glabrous, excepting near the
frontal margins, where it is somewhat punctate in transverse ruge.
Regions moderately well defined, but not themselves areolated, except-
ing the gastric in its anterior part. Antero-lateral margin four-toothed,
teeth moderate. Chelipeds unarmed (excepting the tooth at the inner
angle of the carpus) ; surface smooth, punctate above ; meros minutely
granulated above, near the apex; hand compressed, broad ; fingers black,
with light-colored tips; pollex broad, with its black patch extending
some distance on the palm. Ambulatory feet smooth, compressed,
pubescent toward their extremities. Color a very dark bluish-grey,
marbled posteriorly. Length of the carapax in a full grown male, 0.3;
breadth, 0.46 inch.

Cape St. Lucas. J. Xantus.

Xantho lamellipes, nov. sp.

Carapax smooth, flattened, and somewhat octagonal in outline, the
antero-lateral margin haying a strong angle or shoulder on the hepatic
region, just before the indistinct cervical suture. The broadest part of

206 Notes on North American Crustacea.

the carapax is at this shoulder, and between it and the orbit, the margin
is thick, obtuse, perfectly straight and smooth. Behind the shoulder-
tooth there are two small teeth on the antero-lateral margin, rather
sharp and crested. Front deflexed, with a reticulated surface. Sub-
hepatic regions also reticulated, that is, covered with minute cavities the
parietes of which form a fine network. Chelipeds angular, with reticu-
lated surface; upper side of carpus somewhat dilated, with a strong
outer, inner, and posterior tooth or angle. Ambulatory feet very much
compressed, almost laminiform, with sharp, smooth, lamelliform crests
above. In the penult and antepenult joints of the first two pairs of
ambulatory feet, there is also a longitudinal erest on the side of the
feet, the spaces between the crests being deep cavities. Sternum and
inferior side of feet pubescent.

It is slate-colored, with the antero-lateral margins and chelipeds red-
dish-white. Length of the carapax in a male, 0.25; breadth, 0.34 inch.

Cape St. Lucas. J. Xantus.

Xantho wittata, nov. sp.

Carapax depressed, rather narrow, anteriorly rather convex, and with
a produced front. Dorsal surface distinctly divided into regions by
sufficiently deep furrows ; the gastric region subdivided into three lobules ;
and the branchial into two by the transverse sulcus arising at the lateral
angle. Surface naked, somewhat punctate, and transversely rugulose
anteriorly. Lateral and posterior margins ciliated beneath. Antero-
lateral margin eight-toothed ; teeth small, sharp, narrower than their
interspaces at the base. Anterior tooth situated at a double interval
from the angle of the orbit. External marginal lobes of the orbit pro-
minent. Front horizontal, much projecting; margin slightly convex,
not toothed, but sparsely ciliated. Chelipeds somewhat rugose above.
Ambulatory feet ciliated. Abdomen in the male narrow; terminal
joint scarcely longer than broad, with rounded extremity. Color yel-
lowish-grey ; carapax with eleven longitudinal stripes of red. Length
of carapax in a male, 0.5; breadth, 0.67 inch.

It is allied to X. sexdecem-dentatus, but the dorsal surface is
distinctly areolated, and the antero-lateral teeth do not touch

Notes on North American Crustacea. 207

each other at base as in that species. X. sewdecem-dentatus
has been referred by some to the genus Paraxanthus of Lucas,
but we cannot perceive that it is generically distinct from Y.
planus ; in the front is equally prominent.

Our species was found at Panama by the Rev. J. Rowell ;
also abundantly at Cape St. Lucas by Mr. Xantus. The north-
ern specimens differ from those of Panama only in their smaller
size.

Xantho denticulata, nov. sp.

Carapax sufficiently broad, naked, very deeply areolated anterior to the
transverse furrow, the extra-medial gastric lobules being partially divided.
An oblique furrow crosses the postero-lateral slope and margin, arising
from the transverse furrow half way between the middle and the lateral
extremity. Antero-lateral margin armed with nine small but prominent
teeth, the anterior one being situated at a lower level than the others
(belonging rather to the sub-hepatic region), and separated from the
angle of the orbit by a rather deep sinus. Front quadridentate ; middle
teeth much the largest. The lobes between the fissures of the external
orbital margins are rather prominent. Preeorbital tooth prominent.
Latero-inferior regions granulated. Basal joint of the external antennze
rather short, but joining a process from the front. In the chelipeds, the
carpus and hand are tuberculated above. Ambulatory feet smooth; a
slight tooth at the superior extremity of the carpus-joint. Length of
carapax in a male, 0.31; breadth, 0.44 inch.

From the character of the external antennz this species
would probably be more properly arranged in Xanthodes, but
the carapax is broad as in the true Xanthos.

Found at Cape St. Lucas by Mr. Xantus, who has been par-
ticularly fortunate in collecting new species of a genus the name
of which approximates so closely to his own.

208 Notes on North American Crustacea.

Xanthodes taylori, nov. sp.
Pl. II, fig. 3.

Carapax areolated; areolets anteriorly embossed; margins of the
transverse protuberances often crenulated. Front deeply quadridentate ;
teeth widely separated; their interspaces coarsely crenulated. There is
also a crenulated transverse ridge above and parallel with the front,
interrupted at the middle by the deep median sulcus of the frontal and
gastric regions. Three prominent teeth on the antero-lateral margin,
the anterior one bifid, the posterior one with a supplementary tooth
behind it. Between the anterior tooth and orbit, the margin is obtuse
or flattened, and armed with four or five tubercles. In the chelipeds
the carpus and hand, above and exteriorly, are uniformly covered with ~
rather closely-set, prominent, subglobular, rose-colored tubercles. There
is a slight tendency to excavation in the tips of the fingers. Ambula-
tory feet spinose and setose above, setz stiff. In the alcoholic specimen
the carapax is rose-colored, like the tubercles of the chelipeds, which are
set on a bluish ground; fingers black, the black not spreading upon
the hand. Length of the carapax in a female, 0.72; breadth, 1.09 inch.

This pretty species was found at Monterey, Cal., in March,
1859, by Mr. Alex. 8S. Taylor, who writes :—“The crab is new
to us here, never having been seen before ;—it was found on
the sand-beach after a heavy storm, and lives, very likely, in
deep water among sea-weeds.” It is probably, like other
species of the genus, an inhabitant of the laminarian zone. |

Kanthodius hebes, nov. sp.

Body and feet naked with the exception of the pubescent dactyli of
the ambulatory feet. Carapax smooth, moderately but not deeply
areolated; surface conspicuously punctated. Antero-lateral margin
smooth, obtusely rounded, obscurely quadrilobate. Front obtuse, straight
when seen from above, but deeply sinuous in its margin seen from before,
Subhepatic region deeply punctated or minutely vermiculated behind

Notes on North American Crustacea. 209

the orbit. Chelipeds rather short and stout, rugulose above and exter-
nally. Length of carapax, 0.52; breadth, 0.82 inch.

It approaches nearly to X. sternberghii in its smooth carapax,
but may be easily distinguished by its obtuse antero-lateral
margin.

Found at Cape St. Lucas, where it is extremely abundant,
according to Mr. Xantus.

Xanthodius americanus.

Chlorodius americanus Sauss.; Crust. nouv. des Antilles et du

Mexique, p. 14, pl. i. f. 5.

In a criticism of M. De Saussure’s “ Memoires” (Silliman’s
Am. Jour. Sci., 2nd Ser. xxvii. 446), we have considered this
species identical with C. jfloridanus Gibbes. Having recently,
however, secured numerous specimens of it, we are enabled to
acknowledge the error. It is entirely distinct ;—the carapax is
much broader and more rounded at the lateral angle, the lobules |
are more protuberant, the surface is punctate, not transversely
striated, the lateral teeth are less acute, and the body and feet
generally, are much less hairy. The frontal margin is trans-
versely canaliculated as in C. floridanus.

As this species has a strong ridge upon the palate, I have
arranged it above in Xanthodius.

Found at the Tortugas, Fla., Capt. Woodbury; and at Barba-
does, T. Gill.

Chiorodius floridanus.
Chlorodius floridanus, Gibbes; Proc. Am. Assoc. 1850, p. 175.

This species has much resemblance to the Pacific C. exaratus,
with which it is confounded by Dana (U.S. Expl. Exped.,

210 Notes on North American Crustacea.

Crust. ii. 1554). It is, however, distinguished by the character
of the frontal margin, which is grooved so as to appear double.
Very common on the Florida Keys.

Chiorodius maculatus, nov. sp.

The following description is drawn up from a single female specimen,
the only one yet received. Carapax yellowish, with numerous brown
spots ;—narrow, evenly convex, areolated; lobules rather prominent
anteriorly and antero-laterally, with nearly smooth surfaces. No trans-
verse ridges. Surface posteriorly glabrous. Antero-lateral teeth four
in number (excluding angle of orbit) equal, small but sharply promi-
nent; interspaces broad, concave. Front prominent, sublaminiform,
four-toothed ; middle teeth broad; orbital teeth prominent. -A tooth on
the subhepatic region just beneath the first of the four antero-lateral
teeth. Chelipeds short and stout, spotted with red; meros spinulose
above; fingers short and stout, with large apices deeply spoon-shaped.
Ambulatory feet with the last three joints very spinulose and hairy
above. Length of carapax, 0.625; breadth, 0.84 inch.

It is much narrower in proportion than any other Chlorodius
of the West Indian province.
Found at the Tortugas, Fla., by Capt. Woodbury.

Panopeus tramsversus, nov. sp.

Carapax very broad, moderately convex, naked, smooth except near
the margins anteriorly, where it is minutely rugulose transversely, or
granulated. Regions scarcely defined. Surface not uneven near the
antero-lateral teeth. Front wide, scarcely at all prominent; margin
somewhat undulated, the two lobes being curved and not straight or
truncate. Antero-lateral margin divided by slight incisions into four
teeth as in P. crenatus ;—the first tooth, composed of the angle of the
orbit coalesced with the second normal tooth, is entire and slightly con-
vex in outline. Chelipeds minutely granulated or rugulose above; a
tooth on the inner edge of dactylus at the base. Feet and inferior surfaces
of the body pubescent. Terminal joimt of the male abdomen small,

Notes on North American Crustacea. mali

not dilated laterally. Color a very dark brown; fingers black with
white tips,—the black spreading a little upon the palm. Length of
carapax in a male, 0.5; breadth, 0.75 inch.)

It is allied to P. crenatus of the west coast of S. America,
but the carapax is broader, and less convex, with a less promi-
nent front, ete.

Found at Panama, by the Rey. J. Rowell.

Panopeus abbreviatus, nov. sp.

Carapax broad, transversely rugose ; regions well-defined but not pro-
tuberant. Front rather narrow, and but little projecting; margin seen
from above, nearly straight; and obliquely truncated or bevelled, the
bevelled surface being granulated. Supra-orbital fissure distinct. Antero-
lateral teeth normal in number, and rather prominent. Sub-hepatic
regions granulated; a slight tuberculiform prominence beneath the
first antero-lateral tooth. Chelipeds smooth; surface microscopically
punctated. Color yellowish or brownish ; chelipeds and front margin of
carapax roseate; fingers black with paler tips, the black not spreading.
Length of carapax in a male, 0.525 ; breadth, 0.82 inch.

Found at Barbados, by Theo. Gill, Esq.

Ozius verreauxil.

Ozius verreauavi Sauss.; Rev. et Mag. de Zoologie, 1853, p. 359, pl.
ser eal li

Found at Cape St. Lucas, by Mr. Xantus. A large speci-
men, three inches broad.

Ozius periatus, nov. sp.

Very broad, and depressed; anterior part of carapax and upper side
of chelipeds rugose, the raised portions reticulating, the pits and chan-
nels deep, as if eroded. Carapax flat and smooth posteriorly, anteriorly

912 Notes on North American Crustacea.

well areolated, the anterior branchial lobule being circumscribed.
Latero-inferior regions granulated. Front depressed and transversely
channelled, nearly straight’ in a view from above, but strongly bidentate
at the middle in a front view; teeth obtuse. Basal joint of the external
antenne narrow and projecting, being jammed in the inner angle of the
orbit. External maxillipeds more or less pubescent; meros rather
deeply bisulcated, and conspicuously notched anteriorly at the efferent
aperture. Color dark reddish. Length of carapax, 1.65; breadth, 1.1
inch.

It has some resemblance to O. verreauxii, but is broader,
more deeply areolated, and rugose, almost vermiculated anteri-
orly. The basal joint of the autenne also, in O. verreaumwit, is
much broader and more flattened.

It was found in considerable numbers at Cape St. Lucas, by
Mr. Xantus.

A species closely allied, and if not identical with this, is
found at theisland of Jamaica. It has, however, a more acute
antero-lateral margin.

Daira americama, nov. sp.

Closely allied to D. perlata, differing only in the fingers,
which in our species are not spoon-shaped but acuminate, and
in the existence of tufts of setae between the tubercles of the
earapax. Length of the carapax in the male, 0.8; breadth,
1.15 inch. "

This species affords another instance of the slight value of
the degree of excavation of the finger tips as a distinguishing
character. It should scarcely be used for families, when in this
and some other instances it is not even of generic importance.

We have here removed the genus Daira from the vicinity of
Chiorodius to that of Piluwmnus, in view of the strong ridge
upon the palate, and some other characters of nearly equal im-
portance. Dazra is especially characterized by the notch of

Notes on North American Crustacea. 913

the anterior margin of the meros-joint in the outer maxillipeds,
and by the basal joint of the external antennze not being sol-
dered to the carapax.

Deira americana was found at Cape St. Lucas, by Mr.
Xantus. The only other species known is an inhabitant of
the Indo-Pacific region.

Pilummus xantusii, nov. sp.

Carapax narrow, moderately convex, anteriorly hairy, but posteriorly
short-pubescent like the abdomen. Gastric region and its principal
lobules well circumscribed. ‘Two or three very short spines on the
hepatic and branchial region in a row parallel to the antero-lateral
margin. Surface elsewhere either smooth or sparsely roughened with
sharp grains. Front rather broad, deeply incised at the middle, but
without lateral incisions; its margin armed with six small spines.
Superior margin of orbit straight, ciliated, but not armed with spines;
inferior margin with two or three spines toward the inner angle. Antero-
lateral margin armed with five spines, regularly placed and nearly
equidistant, but diminishing in size forward; the anterior one at the
external angle of the orbit. Meros-joint of the external maxillipeds longer
than is usual in the genus, being nearly square, and less incised at the
internal angle. Chelipeds short and thick; greater hand above and
externally hairy, and sparsely armed with spines; surface between the
spines smooth and glabrous except toward the fingers, where it becomes
granulated, the spines disappearing or becoming tubercles; lower margin
and inner side near the fingers granulated. Fingers tuberculated at:
base. Ambulatory feet not spinous but clothed above with very stiff
hairs. Color-reddish ; spines black ; fingers black, Length of carapax
in a male, 0.6; breadth, spines excluded, 0.68.

It is the western analogue of P. aculeatus, but differs con-
siderably from that species in its narrower carapax, five-spined
antero-lateral margin, and in the want of spines on the feet.

Found at Cape St. Lucas, abundantly, by Mr. Xantus.

214 Notes on North American Crustacea.

Pilumnus gemmatus, nov. sp.

Surface of body and feet above covered with a cream-colored, velvet-
like pubescence. Carapax distinctly areolated, and ornamented with
Scattered granules or small tubercles, from three to six on each areolet.
Spines or teeth of antero-lateral margin very short. Two or three
tubercles on the superior margin of the orbit, not acute. Lobes of the
front prominent, rounded, granulated ; a transverse series of long hairs
above the margin. Lower margin of orbit not spinous. In the cheli-
peds, both hands are tuberculated above, and granulated on the outer
surface. Ambulatory feet long-hairy, pubescent, and studded above
with scattered granules smaller and sharper than those of the carapax
and hands, The granules and spines are all of a bright ruby color, and
present an elegant appearance from contrast with the whitish or cream-
colored velyet in which they are embedded like gems. Length of cara-
pax, 0.36; breadth, 0.49.

Inhabits St. Thomas; A. H. Riise. Also the Tortugas; Capt.
Woodbury.

Pilummus reticulatus, nov. sp.

In this species the carapax is less convex than is usual in the
genus ; both it and the feet are clothed above with short clavate sete,
closely arranged in reticulating lines enclosing small, naked, polygonal
areole, which, on the anterior half of the carapax and on the chelipeds,
are mostly each occupied by a tubercle projecting forward, but flattened
on its superior and posterior surface. There are about twelve tubercles
on the carapax, excluding marginal ones, and about thirteen on each
cheliped. On the ambulatory feet the naked areole form deep cavities
not occupied by tubercles; about two areola occupy the width of the
foot. A few much longer and larger clavate sete are dispersed among
the short ones which clothe the general surface. Antero-lateral margin
distinetly four-toothed, not including the external angle of the orbit ;
the anterior tooth is situated rather on the sub-hepatic region. A tooth
on the sub-branchial region beneath the penult tooth of the antero-

Notes on North American Crustacea. 915

lateral margin, Three projecting teeth on the inferior margin of the
orbit, the inner one very large, flattened on its outer surface. External
antenne long. Fingers and infero-exterior surface of hands smooth and
naked; the naked part sharply defined by an oblique line on the
outer surface. Length of carapax in a male, 0.25 ; breadth, 0.36 inch.

Inhabits St. Thomas; A. H. Riise.

Pilummus ceratopus, nov. sp.

Body above clothed with very short tufts of pubescence, somewhat
irregularly arranged, leaving many open spaces ; feet much more thickly
covered, with a longer hairy coat. Carapax much less convex than
usual, and even flattened posteriorly, but anteriorly moderately sloping
toward the margins. Regions sufficiently distinct, but neither lobulated
nor tuberculated. A transverse ridge on the frontal region, interrupted
at the middle. Surface naked along the anterior margins, which are
obtuse and thickened. Three long, acute spines on the antero-lateral
margin. Front nearly horizontal, very little projecting, and strongly
sinuated at the middle. Superior margin of the orbit unarmed, but
fissured at the middle; outer angle tuberculiform, projecting laterally.
Inferior margin of the orbit deeply bi-lobate; lobes large, triangular,
projecting; external hiatus well-marked, and armed with a tooth at the
bottom. Chelipeds above, and externally, covered with short spines ;
anterior half of palm of hand naked, and of a bright red or purplish
color. Ambulatory feet compressed, densely hairy ; meros with a spine
at the superior extremity; carpus with a large, smooth, procumbent,
horn-like process lying upon its upper side, in front of which are three
spines along the anterior margin; dactylus of the usual length. Length
of carapax in a male, 0.3; breadth, excluding the spines, 0.4 inch,

This pretty little species, very peculiar in the armature of its
ambulatory feet, was found at Key Biscayne, Fla., by the late
Gustavus Wurdemann, Esq.

APRIL, 1860. 15 Ann. Lyo, Nat, Hist. Vou. VII.

216 Notes on North American Crustacea.

Pilumnus lunatus.

Pilumnus lunatus M. Edw. et Lucas; Voy. dans lAm, Merid.
(D’Orbigny) Crust. 20, pl. ix. f. 2.

Distinguished by its thickened, naked, anterior margins, and
by the peculiar sharp lunated process on the superior margin
of the carpus joint of the ambulatory feet. It has no ridge
upon the palate, and should probably, with the preceding
species, be separated generically from Pdlumnus.

Found at Cape St. Lucas by Mr. Xantus, and on the west
coast of Central America by Capt. Dow.

Metopocarcinus,* nov. gen.

Carapax laevis, glaber, orbiculatus, antice truncatus; regionibus non
circumscriptis; margine antero-laterali fere integro, quam postero-late-
ralis breviore, paullo cristato, crista postice introrsum curvata, ut in Pilum-
noide. Frons grandis, perlata, dimidiam carapacis lat. fere superans,
prominens, margine recta, integra. Orbita parva, margine superne
integra, subtus unifissa, Antenna externa hiatum internum orbitae
occupans, articulo basali frontem non attingente. Maxillipedes externi
eis Xanthus, etc. similes. Pedes mediocres. Abdominis maris seg-

menta tertium, quartum quintumque coalita.

Metopocarcinus trumcatus, nov. sp.
Ply Vin fords

Carapax somewhat convex, naked, smooth and even, except that the
anterior gastric lobules and two oblong longitudinal lobules on the frontal
region are slightly raised. Antero-lateral margin obscurely three- or
four-toothed ; teeth to be seen only ina side view. Distance between
inner angles of the orbits equalling more than half the width of the

* Mérwmov, frons; xdpxwos, cancer,

Notes on North American Crustacea. 217

carapax. Inferior side of frontal margin transversely sulcate or chan-
nelled, and granulated. External antenne very short, reaching scarcely
beyond the frontal margin. Chelipeds and ambulatory feet smooth,
naked, and unarmed; fingers acuminate; dactyli pubescent, with long,
slender, acute unguicles. Color, pale orange; postero-lateral surfaces,
above bases of feet, black; fingers of the chelipeds and dactyli of the
other feet, dark colored. Length of carapax in a male, 0.18; breadth,
0.18 inch,

Cape St. Lucas. J. Xantus.

Eriphia gonagra.

Cancer gonagra Fabr.
Liriphia gonagra M. Edw.; Hist. Nat. des Crust. i. 426. Dana, U. S.
Expl. Exped. Crust. i. 250.

Found at the Tortugas by Capt. Woodbury and others; at
Aspinwall and at Panama by the Rev. J. Rowell.

We cannot distinguish the Panama specimens from those
found on the east side of the isthmus.

A variety (?) is found at Key Biscayne, at the Tortugas, and
at Aspinwall, in which the chelipeds are much more tubercu-
lated than in the typical forms, there being strong tubercles on
the carpus and on the lower half of the outer side of the hand.

Dr. Cooper makes an interesting statement with regard to
the habits of this species :—that they build nests of mud upon the
branches and roots of the mangrove at the edge of the water,
into which they retire for concealment. The old world species,
observed by myself (2. Smithii, levimana, spinifrons, eté.),
hide in small cavities of the rocks, from which it is extremely
difficult to extract them uninjured.

Eriphia squamata.
Liriphia squamata Stimpson; Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., vii. 56.

This species is further distinguished from Z gonagra by hay--

218 Notes on North American Crustacea.

ing generally one or two more spiniform teeth on the antero-
lateral margin. It has been received from the following addi-
tional localities, viz.: Cape St. Lucas, J. Xantus; Panama,
Rev. J. Rowell; Peru, C. H. Raymond.

Eriphia hispida, nov. sp.

Body and feet everywhere covered above with short, stiff, black setz,
mostly arising from tubercles, Carapax rather flattened above, indis-
tinctly areolated, rugose with low tubercles, from the front edges of
which the sete arise. Antero-lateral margin with about eight small
teeth mostly armed with one or two denticles near their tips. Front
broad, short-spinous; spines numerous, small, with obtuse tips. Orbit
removed from the antenne to a much greater distance than is usual in
the genus;—its margin spinous, especially beneath, where there is a
deep open fissure or hiatus mgr the external angle. Meros-joint of
external maxillipeds with a shght sinus or emargination of its anterior
margin near the summit, corresponding to the efferent aperture ; ischium
denticulated on its inner margin. Chelipeds unequal; hands tuber-
culated and granulated on both sides, the granules often crowding upon
the tubercles; fingers in smaller hand spoon-excavated. Ambulatory
feet short and stout, mostly smooth beneath the hispid covering ;
meros crenulated above; dactyle very short. Color purplish beneath
the black sete. Length of carapax in a female, 1.72; breadth, 2.35
inch.

Found on the west coast of Central America, by Captain
J. M. Dow.
Domecia hispida.
Domecia hispida Soul., Voy. au Pole sud, pl. vi., f. 3, 7.

We have specimens, found at St. Thomas by Mr. tise,
which are of this species, or of one so closely allied, that the
published figures do not enable us to distinguish it.

Notes on North American Crustacea. 219

Trapezia maculata.

Trapezia maculata Dana, U. 8. Expl. Exped. Orust. i. 256, pl. xv. f. 4.

. Mr. Xantus has sent a specimen of this species, collected at
the Island of Socoro, off the west coast of Mexico. It was
originally found at the Sandwich Islands, and is one of the
very few species common to the American coast and the
eastern outskirts of the great Indo-Pacific region.

Trapezia nigro-fusca, nov. sp.

Carapax broad, naked, slightly convex, very smooth and glabrous, with
a few scattered puncte surrounding the gastric region, though scarcely
defining it. A very slight marginal tooth on either side, at the usual
position. Front slightly convex, entire, not denticulated. Outer maxil-
lipeds fitting neatly in the buccal area, and not gaping; basal margins
in a transverse line. Chelipeds with the meros short, as in Tetralia ;
carpus almost bilobate within; hand very broad and depressed. Ambu-
latory feet short, naked; dactyli with obtuse unguiculi sufficiently con-
spicuous, bent inward at an angle with the main part of this terminal
joint. Color uniform dark-brown, almost black. Length of carapax in
a male, 0.37; breadth, 0.46 inch.

Cape St. Lueas. J. Xantus.

Neptunus.

This genus was instituted by De Haan for a small group of
Lupae, species mostly pelagic in their habits, as ZL. pelagica and
L. sanguinolenta, which are the two mentioned by that author
as examples. It has been rejected by sueceeding carcinolo-
gists, and re-united to Lupa; but I believe it to be well cha-
racterized by the great breadth of the carapax, the little-promi-
nent front, the short meros-joint of the outer maxillipeds, which
is not produced beyond the base of the palpus, and is obtuse at

220 Notes on North American Crustacea.

its outer angle, and by the broad, lamelliform dactyles of the
first three pairs of ambulatory feet.

In the dismemberment of the genus Lupa, the old name
should strictly have been retained for this group called WVep-
tunus by De Haan. But as that author had a right to restrict
the name as he did, to Lwpa forceps, it can scarcely now be
changed.

Neptunus sayi.

Lupa pelagica Say, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. i. 97.
Lupa sayi Gibbes, Proc. Am. Assoc. 1850, p. 178.

Found among floating sargassum in the North Atlantie
Ocean, and not unfrequently washed ashore in considerable
numbers on the Florida Reefs.

Callinectes.*

Under this generic name we propose to distinguish the
eommon American Lupa diacantha. It cannot be placed in
any group yet indicated without violence to its characters.
With the broad carapax, low front, and general habit of (ep-
tunus, the genus now proposed is quite distinct in its external
maxillipeds, the meros-joint of which, though short, is sharply
prominent and curved outward at its antero-external angle.
Also, the male abdomen in the narrowness of its terminal
half, has a form found in no other genus of Lupidae, except
perhaps Huctenota Gerst., a genus characterized by its narrow
front and dentated orbits.

Callimectes diacanthus.

Lupa diacantha (Latr.) M. Edw.; Hist. Nat. des Crust. 3. 451.
We have been unable to find constant differences between

* Kavos, strenues; vixrns, natator,

Notes on North American Crustacea. 921

the northern and southern varieties of this species, which
ranges from Cape Cod to Rio Janeiro. It is also found on the
west coast of America, as we have received an unmistakable
specimen from Mr. Xantus, collected at Cape St. Lucas. This
circumstance throws a doubt upon the distinctness of L. belli-
cosa, described in our last number.

Achelous.

A genus founded by De Haan. He refers to it but one
species, the Portunus spinimanus of Latreille. This species has
been placed in Lupa by subsequent writers, but it appears to
be quite distinct in its narrower and pubescent carapax, its
anteriorly-produced meros-joint of the outer maxillipeds, and
its narrow dactyli of the ambulatory feet. We have, there-
fore, found it necessary to retain the genus, and to place in it
several species usually referred to Amphitrite, a heterogeneous
group of De Haan’s, in which he placed Z. gladiator, hasta-
toides, diacantha, and, with a query, eribraria, rubra, and
pelagicus of Bose (sayz Gibbes). This genus can scarcely be
retained, even were its name acceptable, which it is not, being
pre-occupied.

The genus Acheloiis, as now constituted, is chiefly charac-
terized by the shape of the meros-joint of the external maxilli-
peds, which is greatly produced anteriorly beyond the base of
the palpus, with its outer margin usually straight, but some-
times a little projecting at the antero-exterior angle. The
carapax varies considerably in width, and in the length of the
lateral spine or posterior antero-lateral tooth. The terminal
joints of the first three pairs of ambulatory feet are sulcated,
and usually narrow, but sometimes rather broad and flattened,
although never approaching so much as those of the true swim-
ming Lupas.

All the American species (except Zupa rubra) usually
referred to Amphitrite are here included. The East Indian

222 Notes on North American Crustacea.

Amphitrites probably form a distinct genus, with their large
eyes, prismatic hands, ete.; but this point we have not yet
investigated.

Achelous gibbesii.
Lupa gibbesti Stimpson, An. Lye. Nat. Hist. of N. Y., vii. 57.

An important distinctive character in this species, which we
overlooked in the previous description, consists in the existence
of one or two shallow oblong pits or little depressed spaces,
with a smooth, iridescent surface, near the antero-lateral
margin at the penult or antepenult marginal tooth. At least
one of these pits is always present, and will always distinguish
this species from the varieties of A. spinimanus, some of which
approach it quite nearly, being similar in coloration. They
are, also, almost always found together.

It is found as far north as Beaufort, N.C.

Achelous xantusii, nov. sp.

Carapax pubescent; front and antero-lateral margins meeting in an
angle. Front four-toothed; teeth equally prominent; the two middle
ones less broad and more acute than the outer ones, and separated from
them by a wider space than from each other. Antero-lateral margin
nine-toothed, including the angle of the orbit, which is prominent,
protruding forward nearly as far as the frontal teeth; posterior tooth
(or lateral spine) nearly three times as long as the one anterior to it.
Eyes of moderate size, and in great part concealed by the orbit when
retracted ; cornea rather less thick than the peduncle. The entire
lower margin of the orbit may be seen from above when the eyes are
retracted. Meros-joint of external maxillipeds with the anterior extre-
mity produced, rectangular. Chelipeds slender, pubescent ; meros
depressed, with the pubescence arranged on slight transverse ridges on
the upper surface, and the anterior margin five- or four-spined; carpus
and hand each two-spined. Ambulatory feet slender; dactyli of first
three pairs rather narrower than in A. spinimanus, but similarly sulcate

\

Notes on North American Crustacea. 993

and ciliated. Length of carapax in a female, 0.54; breadth, 1.05
inch.

Very common on the beaches of Cape St. Lucas. J. Xantus.

Achelous tuberculatus, nov. sp.

Carapax inconspicuously pubescent, surface uneven, with the pro-
tuberant parts granulated. There are from four to six small tubercles
on the gastric region, two on the cardiac, and two on the inner part of
each branchial: region. Front rather prominent, convex, four-toothed ;
teeth subequal, the median ones most projecting and more greatly
separated from each other than from the lateral ones. Eyes of moderate
size, with the cornea but little thicker than the peduncle. Antero-
lateral margin nine-toothed, with the posterior tooth or spine very long, as
long as the space occupied by the next five teeth in front of it. Pos-
terior angle of the carapax armed with a hooked spine, directed upward
and forward. Meros-joint of external maxillipeds rather less produced
than usual. Chelipeds slender, with spines as in the preceding species;
hand very slender. Dactyli of ambulatory feet as in A. xantusiz.
Length of the carapax in a female, 0.52; breadth, 1.20 inch.

Common at Cape St. Lucas. J. Xantus.

Achelous depressifrons.

Amphitrite depressifrons Stimpson, An. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., vii. 58.

We have received a large number of fine specimens of this
species from the officers stationed at the Tortugas, Fla., which
enable us to amend the specific character previously published,
and to add further remarks. The largest of these specimens is
an inch and a halfin width. The carapax is pretty uniformly
mottled and clouded with purplish-grey, but is lighter at the
middle. There is always a dark median spot on the intestinal
region. Front very little prominent. Hand remarkably short
and compressed, with the spine of the superior margin situated

/

294 Notes on North American Crustacea.

near to the base of the dactylus, which is ciliated above with
long reddish hairs; hinge-tubercle, and most of the teeth on the
inner sides of the fingers, bright carmine. Dactyli of the first
three pairs of ambulatory feet very broad and flat for the
genus, but with the sulci not entirely obscured.

This species is easily distinguished by the shortness of its
lateral spine or posterior tooth of the antero-lateral margin,
which is no larger than that in front of it.

Achelous ordwayi, nov. sp.

Carapax pubescent, sparsely granulated toward the antero-lateral
margins; granules acute and of a red color. Front very prominent, and
rather narrow, with four very sharp and prominent teeth. Antero-
lateral margin nine-toothed, the posterior tooth twice as long as the
next before it. Meros-joint of the external maxillipeds more prominent
at its antero-exterior angle than is usual in the genus. Chelipeds with
long and sharp spines, in the usual positions; hand rather short, with
the supero-exterior surface in parts smooth, bare of pubescence, and highly
iridescent; fingers long and narrow, deeply sulcated. The dactyli of
the first three pairs of ambulatory feet in this species are very long and
slender, subcylindrical, much narrower than in any other known species
of Portunidae, and deeply sulcated. Color of the crab, pale reddish or
brownish, mottled; gastric region usually deep crimson. Length of
the carapax in a female, 1.45; breadth, 2.235.

This cannot be the Lupa sebae of M. Edwards, as that
author states that in his species the posterior feet are armed with
a spine on the meros-joint as in LZ. rubra.

Key Biscayne, Fla., Wurdemann; Tortugas, Woodbury; St.
Thomas, Riise. '

We have named it after our friend Mr. Albert Ordway, of
Cambridge, a rising carcinologist of much promise, who is, we
learn, engaged upon a monograph of the Portunide.

Notes on North American Crustacea. 225

Cronius,* nov. gen.

This genus is founded on the Lupa rubra of M. Edwards,
which forms the connecting link between the old genus Lupa,
and Charybdis. It is allied to Charybdis in the shape of the
front, and the movable part of the external antenna is some-
what remote from the orbit; but the process from the basal joint
of this antenna does not quite join the preorbital tooth; leav-
ing a narrow chink through which the movable part might
perhaps have access to the orbit. The basal joint of the antenna
is also armed with a short sharp spine beneath the articula-
tion of the movable joint. The antero-lateral margin is nine-
toothed, but the teeth are unequal, showing an approach to
Thalamita. Endostome as in allied genera. Meros-joint of
the outer maxillipeds very little produced anteriorly ; external
angle rather prominent, projecting a little over the tip of the
exognath. Dactyli of ambulatory feet narrow and sulcated.
Abdomen of the male subtrianglar, sides a little concave.

Cronius ruber.
Lupa rubra (Lam’k.) M. Edwards, Hist. Nat. des Crust. i. 454.

This is one of the species common to both sides of the con-
tinent, specimens having been found at St. Thomas, by Mr. Riise,
and at Panama, by Mr. Sternbergh.

Euphylax,} nov. gen.

Carapax transversus, ovalis, convexus; margine antero-laterali brevi,
rotundato, parce dentato; regione faciei (inter angulos orbitarum exter-
nos), carapace vix quarta parte angustiore. Orbitae grandes, praelongae,

* Koévios, nomen Neptuni. + Ed, bene, godaé, vigil.

226 Notes on North American Crustacea.

extus profundae ; angulo externo sat prominente ; lobo suborbitali valido,
prominente, superficie laevi, margine crenulato. Oculi magni, pedun-
culis gracilibus valde elongatis, compressis; corneis sat validis. Frons
inter bases oculorum perangusta, antice multo dilatata, margine undu-
lata, breviter cristata. Antennae et antennulae eis Podophthalmi similes.
Maxillipedes externi eis Luparum vix diversi, necnon mero oblique qua-
drato, vix longiore quam latiore, marginibus non incisis, angulo externo
late rotundato. Chelipedes longi, manu forte compressa. Pedes pos-
tici toti natatorii; dactylis primi secundi tertiique paris late lanceolatis,
quarti paris ovatis.

This very distinct and interesting new genus appears to be
nearest allied to Podophthalmus, which it resembles in the cha-
racters of the front, antennee, etc., and in the great development
of the eye peduncles, which is the most striking feature. But
the orbits are shorter than in that genus, and closed externally,
well surrounding the eye-bulbs when retracted. The carapax
also is very different in its rounded sides and want of spines. In
fact the general form resembles more that of some Lupidae, while
the character of the antero-lateral margin and feet recalls
Polybius.

This is one of the very peculiar forms now so rapidly turning
up from the west coast of America. But one species is yet
known.

Euphylax dovii, nov. sp.
PLN, fen.

Carapax transversely oval, one half broader than long, smooth and
glabrous, but minutely punctate, unevenly convex; cardiac region more
protuberantthan the gastric. Antero-lateral margin much shorter than the
postero-lateral, undulated and obscurely five-toothed, including the angle
of the orbit, which is much larger and more prominent than either of
the other teeth; posterior tooth minute, subspiniform ; intermediate
ones very minute, indistinct, and unequally distant. Margins of orbit
crenulated. Suborbital lobe large and very prominent, with polished

Notes on North American Crustacea. 92

superior surface; distance between its anterior and posterior margins
much exceeding width of eye-peduncle. Front nearly three times as
wide at its anterior extremity as at its base between the eyes; with a
supra-marginal crest interrupted at the middle. Inter-antennulary
septum or median process from epistome, armed with a strong sharp
tooth projecting forward. Chelipeds rather large, nearly smooth above ;
meros broad, armed with three or four very small spines anteriorly :
carpus one-spined within, and with a crenulated outer margin indis-
tinctly one-toothed ; hands ornamented with slight longitudinal ridges
sparsely granulated or short-spinulated, also with two or three elongated
tubercles on inner side of palm, behind base of dactylus; fingers much
compressed, not gaping, strongly toothed within, and with crenulated
exterior margins. Color of alcoholic specimen purplish. Length of
carapax in a female, 1.8; breadth, 2.8 inch.

Found on the western coast of Central America, by Captain
J. M. Dow, of the Steamer “Guatemala,” to whom we have
dedicated the species.

CORYSTOIDEA.

Pliosomaa, nov. gen.

Corpus rotundato-ovatum, longius quam latius, valde inflatum. Regio
faciei valde angustata, tumida. Frons vix rostrata, rostro fisso. Oculi
parvi, retractiles, longitudinaliter porrecti. Orbitae profundae, antrorsum
directae, angulo externo prominentes;. margine superiore unifisso. An-
tennae externae articulus basalis hiatum internum orbitae apte implens;
pars mobilis mediocris, orbita exclusa, basi aperta. Antennulae in fossis.
Epistoma brevissimum, fere obsoletum, apicibus maxillipedum tectum.
Maxillipedes externi elongati, eis Maioideorum plus minusve similes,
ischii apice interno antrorsum producto, palpo endarthroideo ; exognatho
magno, versus apicem contracto et dente intus armato. Chelipedes valde
debiles, parvi. Pedes ambulatorii primi paris longiores, extremitate
graciles, cylindrici; tertii quartique paris versus extremitatem compressi
et ciliati; quarti paris dactylus lanceolatus fere natatorius. Sternum
antice perlatum, retrorsum angustatum.

228 Notes on North American Crustacea.

The single species upon which the genus above described is
established, seems to belong to the Corystoidea rather than to
any other tribe of Brachyua, notwithstanding the small deve-
lopment of the antennae, which are no larger than in many
Maioids or Cancroids. The tribe named is by no means well
constituted, and, as far as understood, it seems to rest upon
general rather than particular characters. And, though our
genus approximates to none of those hitherto referred to this
tribe, yet in general habit, want of a distinct rostrum, epistome
covered by the narrow outer maxillipeds, compressed posterior
feet, etc., it shows so many of the characters found in different
genera of Corystoids, that we have not hesitated to arrange it
here.

Pliosoma parvifroms, nov. sp.
Pil Voi 6.

Carapax convex, pubescent; median regions well separated from the
hepatic and branchial ones. Upper surface armed with erect blunt
spines, as follows; four large and seven small ones on the gastric region,
the large ones on its posterior part; one on the cardiac, and one on the
intestinal region, curved forward; two on the inner part of the bran-_
chial, and two longer ones on the anterior part of its lateral margin ;
three small ones on the hepatic region. ‘There is also a spine on the
middle of the pterygostomian ridge. The facial region occupies less
than one-third the width of the carapax. Distance between the bases
of the chelipeds about one-half the widin of the carapax. First pair of
ambulatory feet in the male about one and one-half times the length of
the carapax. Color brownish or buff. Length of the carapax in a
male, 0.61; breadth, excluding spines, 0.53; in a female, length, 0.81 ;
breadth, 0.7 inch.

It was found in great abundance at Cape St. Lucas, by Mr.

Xantus.
-

Notes on North American Crustacea. 999

OCYPODOIDEA.

Gelasimus brevifroms, nov. sp.

A large species, allied to G. palustris, but the carapax is more convex
and less narrowed behind, with the H-shaped impression in the middle
deeper ; the front very short, broad and more rounded ; and the anterior
superciliary margin more convex and projecting from the posterior one.
On the inner side of the greater hand, the inferior oblique crest is
much more prominent, while the superior one is nearly obsolete. Length
of the carapax, 0.72; breadth, 1.07 inch.

Found in a lagoon at Todos Santos, near Cape St. Lucas,
Lower California, by Mr. Xantus.

Ocypoda occidentalis, nov. sp.

Of the same size, and not easily distinguishable from the
common O. arenaria of the eastern coast. But the ambulatory
feet are less pilose, and the pubescence upon them is much
shorter. The gastric region is more coarsely granulated. These
being constant differences, observed in a large number of spe-
cimens, we have ventured to consider the western form speci-
fically distinct.

Found in considerable numbers at Cape St. Lucas, by Mr.
Xantus. Mr. X. gives an amusing account of his method of
taking these crabs. His small dog finds their holes and
digs them out, bringing them uninjured to the feet of his
master.

Grapsus maculatus.

Grapsus maculatus (Catesby), M. Edw., Mel. Carcin. p. 132, pl. vi. f. 1.
Grapsus pictus Latr., Gibbes, etc.

Found at the Tortugas by Messrs. Wurdemann and White-
hurst, and is not uncommon on other parts of the Florida coast.

230 Notes on North American Crustacea.

Grapsus altifroms, nov. sp.
Grapsus pictus Sauss., Rev. et Mag. de Zodlogie, v. 362. (non Latr.)

A large species intermediate between G. maculatus and G. ornatus,
having the projecting front-margin, the narrow cardiac region, the cir-
cumscribed yellow spots on the carapax, and the robust feet of the latter,
with the short blunt internal suborbital lobe of the former. The sides
are more strongly arcuated than in any other species of the genus. The
front is perpendicular, very high, with a concave surface, and a very
prominent superior margin, the frontal lobules projecting forwards
slightly beyond the inferior margin.

We have no specimens of the Chilian species, @. ornatus, for
comparison with ours, but if M. Edwards’ short description is
correct, that species is quite distinct in its long, acute internal
suborbital lobe, projecting beyond the frontal margin.

G. altifrons is found in great numbers on the rocks of Cape
St. Lucas, by Mr. Xantus.

Geograpsus lividus.

Grapsus lividus M. Edw., Hist. Nat. des Crust. ii. 85 ; Mel. Carcin. 135.

The meros-joint of the ambulatory feet in this species is
somewhat denticulated at the inferior extremity, and not com-
pletely unarmed as stated in the descriptions.

Found at the Tortugas by Dr. Whitehurst. Specimens have
also been found at Cape St. Lucas, by Mr. Xantus, which we
have referred to this species, although they are darker in color
than West Indian examples, being more closely reticulated
with purplish. Should they prove distinct, we propose to call
the species G. occidentalis.

The crab under consideration has been found by Mr. Xan-
tus and other observers at low water, on the rocks of the sea-

Notes on North American Crustacea. 931

shore. On establishing the name Geograpsus for the group
(Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. April, 1858), our impression
was that they were terrestrial in their habits, as the only
species we had observed living (@. rubidus) was found in
ravines nearly a mile from the sea. But from what we hear
of G. lividus, we now infer that either the habits of the differ-
ent species differ, or that they visit the land only at certain
periods of the year,—perhaps at the breeding season.

An additional character for the genus is found in the non-
excavated fingers of the large chelipeds.

Nautilograpsus minutus.
\

Yes
Nautilograpsus minutus M. Edw., Hist. Nat. des Crust. ii. 90.

Found at Cape St. Lucas, by Mr. Xantus. We are unable
to distinguish the specimens from those collected from Gulf-
weed in the North Atlantic.

Plagusia orientalis.

Plagusia squamosa M. Edw., Mel. Carcin. p. 144.
Plagusia orientalis Stm., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., April, 1858.
Prodromus ete. p. 49.

We have received from Mr. Xantus several specimens of a
Plagusia from Cape St. Lucas, which we cannot distinguish
from the common E. Indian species usually called P. sguamosa,
but which is not the true Cancer sguamosus of Herbst, as may
be seen from his figure. It is distinguished from the Atlantic
species by the non-dentate superior lobe of the ischium-joint in
the ambulatory feet, and by the septem-dentate margin of the

epistome.
APRIL, 1860. 16 Awn, Lyo, Nat, Hist, Vou, VII.

232 Notes on North American Crustacea.

Plagusia depressa.
Plagusta depressa (Fabr.) Latr.; M. Edw., Hist. Nat. des Crust. ii. 93.

Found on the west coast of Central America, by Capt. Dow.
It properly belongs to the Indo-Pacific fauna.

Acanthopus planissimus.

Cancer planissimus Herbst.
Plagusia clavimana Auct.; Gibbes, Proc. Am. Assoc. 1850, p.. 180.
Acanthepus planissimus Dana.

Found at Key Biscayne, Fla., by Mr. Wurdemann, and at
Cape St. Lucas, by Mr. Xantus.

Milne Edwards separates the West Indian Acanthopus from
A. planissimus, under the name of A. gibbesva (Mel. Carcin. p.
146). They may be distinct, but we do not find the differences
mentioned by that author to be constant.

We have but one specimen from Cape St. Lucas, in which
the antero-lateral margin is slightly concave anteriorly. It may
therefore belong to a distinct species from A. planissimus, but
we do not venture to decide upon this question until the arrival
of additional specimens which may enable us to observe whe-
ther the character be constant.

Aratus pisoni.

Sesarma pisont M. Edw., Hist. Nat. des Crust. ii. 763; pl. xvii. f. 4, 5.
Gibbes, Proc. Am. Assoc. 1850, p. 181.
Aratus pisont M. Edw., Mel. Carcin. 153.

Found at Key Biscayne, by Mr. Wurdemann, at the Tortu-
gas, by Capt. Woodbury, and at Charlotte Harbor, West Fla.,
by Mr. E. B. Baker. The last-named gentleman informs me
that this species lives much on land, and climbs trees, even to

Notes on North American Crustacea. 933

their tops, where they are often found. They run with rapidity
and are difficult to secure.

Gecarcinus ‘ruricola.
Gecarcinus ruricola Latr.

Found at Key Biscayne, by Mr. Wurdemann, and at Hayti,
by Dr. Weinland. The Florida specimen is narrower and more
convex than that from Hayti.

Gecarcinus quadratus.

Gecarcinus quadratus Sauss., Rev. et Mag. de Zool., 1853, v. 360. pl.
Mist. Ze

A specimen was found at Cape St. Lucas, by Mr. Xantus.
It does not agree exactly with M. de Saussure’s description and
figure, as the lateral carina of the dactylus of the ambulatory
feet is less spinous, approaching in character that of G. lateralis.
The meros-joint of the external maxillipeds is short, and entire
anteriorly, but not produced forward as in @. ruricola,

’ Gecarcinus lateralis.
Gecarcinus lateralis Guerin.

The terms of Milne Edwards’ description of this species are
not always strictly correct, for the meros-joint of the external
maxillipeds has often a slight notch or concavity on the anterior
margin. Also, the dactylus of the ambulatory feet has some-
times a few spines on the lateral carinee toward the extremity.

Found at Key Biscayne, by Mr. Wurdemann, and at the Tor-
tugas, by Capt. Wright.

934 Notes on North American Crustacea.

Gecarcinus planatus, nov. sp.

Body depressed ; carapax broad, flattened about the middle and pos-
teriorly ; median and lateral furrows of gastric region well-marked, the
median one deep; longitudinal furrows of branchial region near gastric,
obsolete; transverse cardiac furrow deep; no furrow separating genital
region from the gastric. Hepatic, and anterior part of gastric regions
granulated. Frontal margin thin and denticulated; not dilated within
to the antennulary fossae. Meros-joint of outer maxillipeds subqua-
drate, with a very deep notch on its antero-interior margin. Chelipeds
rather small; carpus armed with small spines on the inner margin.
Ambulatory feet of moderate length, very spinous toward their extremi-
ties; dactylus with six rows of spines. Length of cdrapax in a male,
1.37; breadth, 1.80 inch.

Found at Todos Santos, near Cape St. Lucas, Lower Califor-
nia, by Mr. John Xantus.

Epilobocera,* nov. gen.

Potamocarcino carapacem frontemque similis. Lobus suborbitalis inter-
nus fronti junctus, antennam externam tegens, sed non eam orbita
excludens. Antennae pars mobilis parvus, in orbitae cantho interno situs.
Maxillipedum externorum merus transversus, margine antico rotundatus ;
palpus goniarthroideus.

Though closely allied to Potamocarcinus, this genus is very
peculiar in the position of its external antenna, which passes
behind the internal suborbital lobe and enters the orbit, the
moveable part appearing in the interior corner of that cavity.

Epilobocera cubensis, nov. sp.

Carapax flattened, glabrous; dorsal surface minutely granulated, with
two minute lunate sutures or impressed lines at the middle; antero-

* Eni, super; AoZ0s, lobus; «épas, cornu.

Notes on North American Crustacea. 935

lateral margin with sixteen small teeth ; superior frontal crest crenulated,
and not projecting beyond the inferior one. Chelipeds rather long;
meros with spinous edges; carpus with a large spine within; fingers
slender, not gaping, much longer than the palm. Ambulatory feet
nearly smooth, naked ; dactyli with three rows of spines above and two
below, spines few in the lower rows. Length of carapax in the male
1.343; breadth, 2.14 inch.

Found in fresh-water streams on the Island of Cuba, near
Santiago, by Mr. Charles Wright.

Pinnixa cylindrica.

Pinnotheres cylindricum Say, Jour. Acad, Nat. Sci. Philad. i. 452.
Pinnixa cylindrica White, Cat. Brit. Mus. Crust. 1847, p. 33.
Pinnixa laevigata Stimpson, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., vii. 22.

Upon further study of the American species of Pinnixa, we
find that the true cylindrica of Say is the species we described
in the last number of these “ Notes” under the name of laevi-
gata, while the species we there considered as the cylindrica is
anew species, which we describe below under the name of P.
chaetopterana.

This species is found as far north as Beaufort, North Carolina.

Pinnixa chaetopterana, nov. sp.
Pinnixa cylindrica Stimpson, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., vii. 22.

Carapax very broad, thickly hairy about the sides; surface uneven.
There is a very acute transverse crest on the cardiac region, broadly
interrupted at the middle, forming two prominent dentiform pro-
tuberances. Regions well defined by pubescent sulci. Front narrow,
with a deep median groove; margin deflected at the middle to form
the interantennulary septum, so that the front, seen from below, forms
two arches. Hepatic region broadly expanded, rather depressed in

»

236 Notes on North American Orustaced.

front, but marked by no ridges. Chelipeds robust. Hand large in
the male; palmar edge perpendicular; fingers strongly gaping; pollex
very short, but acutely prominent. and curved, with a tooth on its inner
margin next the base of the dactylus; dactylus strongly hooked, smooth
on both margins. In the female, fingers much compressed, not gaping,
broad and oblique; pollex nearly as long as the dactylus, and armed
with a tooth on the middle of its inner margin. Ambulatory feet stout,
hairy, with a very short dactylus. Feet of the penult pair very much
longer and stouter than the others, with a transverse groove next the
summit of the meros; carpus and penult joint crested above; inferior.
margin of meros and penult joint denticulated ; inferior surface thickly
pubescent. Length of the carapax in a male at the middle, 0.19;
breadth, 0.51 inch. Females are generally larger.

Found in the tubes of Chaetopterus pergamentaceus, on the
muddy or clayey shores of Charleston Harbor, 8. C.

Pinnixa sayana, nov. sp.

Carapax smooth, glabrous, depressed at the middle, and with a slight
sharp transverse ridge parallel with and near to the posterior margin,
not interrupted at the middle. Two similar ridges on the antero-lateral
slope, distant but nearly parallel with each other, the superior one
curving inward and defining the branchial region, External antennae
about one-third the length of the carapax. Hands robust, compressed,
scarce twice as long as broad, smooth, and of the monodactyle kind,
the pollex being very short; dactylus curved to a right angle. No teeth
on these fingers. Ambulatory feet smooth, rather slender, with dactyli
rather long; penult pair larger than the others, but proportionally
much less robust than in other species of the genus. Length of carapax
in a male, 0.125; breadth, 0.24 inch.

This species approaches nearer to P. monodactylus Say,
than any other species yet described, but it does not have the
long antennee and the teeth at the base of the fingers men-
tioned in Say’s description. The carapax in our species is ©

Notes n North American Crustacea. 237

nearly as in P. cylindrica, but the chelipeds are like those of
P. chaetopterana.

Dredged in six fathoms, sandy mud, off the mouth of Beau-
fort Harbor, N.C.

CALAPPOIDEA.

Calappa xantusiana, nov. sp.

Allied to C. marmorata in its little-protruded front and in the cha-
racter of the surface. It is, however, much narrower and more convex
than that species, and the triangular teeth of the postero-lateral margins
are carinated along the middle above, somewhat as in C. gallus, but
more obliquely. Also, there are numerous short transverse crenulated
carinae or ridges on the surface near the posterior margin. The upper
surface is elsewhere naked and glabrous, although depresso-papillose
and crowdedly granulated, the granules appearing as if covered with
a kind of glazing which fills up their interstices. The frontal sinuated
margin and teeth are obtuse, and there is no median denticle. The
superior crests of the hands are six-toothed, the teeth being less acute
and smoother, or more regularly crowdedly granulated than in C, mar-
morata. Length of carapax in a male, 1.153; greatest: breadth (pos-
teriorly), 1.46 inch.

Found at Cape St. Lucas by Mr. John Xantus.

Cyclois bairdii, nov. sp.

Carapax broader than long, regularly convex; surface more even than
in C. cristata, but with the median regions sufficiently well defined.
Young specimens are, however, more uneven, and sometimes tubercu-
lated. Front tridentate. Antero-lateral margin minutely toothed ; every
third or fourth tooth being larger than the others; posterior tooth
larger than the rest, but not projecting beyond the level of the convex
portion of the lateral margin where the carapax is broadest. External
erest of meros-joint in the chelipeds granulated, bidentate ;—a short

238 Notes on North American Cyystaced.

crest on the base of the hand is continuous with it, and terminates
anteriorly in a tooth. Hand on the outer surface granulated, and
very sparsely low-tuberculated, with two or three longitudinal crests
armed with larger granules, near the base; inferior margin denticu-
lated; superior crest eight-toothed. Ambulatory feet as usual in the
genus. Length of carapax in a male, 1.57; breadth, 1.68 inch. In
young individuals the length and breadth are equal.

It differs from C. granulosa De H. in its broader carapax,
and in having teeth on the exterior margin of the crest of the
meros and hand in the chelipeds. These teeth are not spini-
form as in C. cristata (s. dentata) Brulle.

Found in great abundance at Cape St. Lucas, by Mr.
Xantus. |

LEUCOSOIDEA.

Lithadia cariosa, nov. sp.

Body and feet everywhere tuberculated or granulated above and
below. Carapax convex, subrhomboidal, with the anterior and pos-
terior angles truncated, and the lateral angles obtuse, but not at all
truncated. A small tooth on the postero-lateral margin, sepa-
rated by a deep sinus from the posterior extremity or intestinal region,
which is bilobate. The hepatic region projects scarcely at all beyond
the antero-lateral margin, but is seen in a side view to project beneath,
forming a triangular tooth on the inferior surface. On the upper sur-
face, the cardiac, and the inner lobules of the branchial region are
strongly protuberant. The front is also prominently elevated, and con-
nected with the middle protuberances of the carapax by a narrow
longitudinal ridge traversing the gastric region, which ridge, together
with the frontal region, is much smoother than the rest of the surface.
On either side of this ridge there is a deep and rather broad excavation
of a darker color than the protuberant parts, which extends laterally
over the anterior part of the branchial region, but is nearly divided in
two by the slightly prominent hepatic region, which projects inward
from the antero-lateral margin, with an arcuated inner edge armed with

Notes on North American Crustacea. 239

prominent granules. There is also a deep sulcus of the same character,
but very narrow, separating the cardiac from the branchial regions, and
passing behind the former region, separating it from the thick intestinal
lobes. A slight shallow depression on the branchial region, along the
postero-lateral margin. On the protuberant middle and posterior parts
of the carapax the granules are very large, and somewhat irregularly
piled upon each other, leaving upon the cardiac numerous small eroded
cavities. There is also a little pit on each of the median pro-
tuberances. The front is strongly prominent, with a concave margin
fissured at the middle, The orbits are small, opening above so that the
eyes may be seen. External maxillipeds granulated, most strongly so
near the extremities, where the acute tips of the endognaths project con-
siderably beyond the obtuse extremities of the exognaths. Chelipeds of
moderate size, somewhat depressed ; meros broader than the hand, with its
outer margin convex and a little irregular, but not prominently tubercu-
lated as in L. cwmingii ; hands rather small, uniformly granulated
above and below, and tapering to rather slender fingers. Ambulatory
feet cylindrical, covered with small granules, which upon the dactyli
become very minute, crowded, and almost spinuliform. Sternum and
abdomen covered with small, hard, smooth tubercles, and ornamented
with seven or eight red dots. Abdomen armed with a backward-
pointing tooth at the extremity of the penult joint. Length of carapax
in a male, 0.423; breadth, 0.430 inch.

The genus was founded by Bell for a Central American
species, L. cuming@i, the only one hitherto known, from which
ours differs in its less prominent marginal teeth of the carapax.

L. cariosa was dredged on a bottom of somewhat indurated
ferruginous sand, in two fathoms, in one of the channels of the
harbor of Beaufort, N.C.

*
DROMIOIDEA.

Dynomene ursula, nov. sp.

The whole upper surface is covered with stout thick setae of two
kinds ;—the first kind very short, clavate, or even pedicellate, and

240 Notes on North American Crustacea.

densely crowded,—the second long (a tenth of an inch), and nearly as
thick as the first, but fusiform, with pointed extremities, and sparsely
distributed over the surface, generally in groups of three or four, of
unequal lengths. Surface of the carapax beneath the setae crowdedly
granulated ; granules, however, not prominent; sulci defining the areolets
not deep. Antero-lateral margin longer than the postero-lateral, regu-
larly curved, not sinuated as in D. hispida, and armed with five small
spines, not including that at the angle of the orbit. Front low-
triangular; margin somewhat arched, and continuous with the superior
margin of the orbit, which forms a low projection opposite the juncture
of the cornea of the eye with its peduncle. In other characters this
species bears great resemblance to D. hispida, except that the dactyli of
the ambulatory feet are setose like the other joints, and have sharp,
black, much-curved unguicles. The color is more or less reddish or
crimson; setae of a light golden color. Length of carapax in a female,
0.5; breadth, 0.6 inch. Males are somewhat smaller.

This is an interesting addition to a genus, the species of
which are very few and rarely seen. In this genus the first
three pairs of ambulatory feet are alike, the third pair not
being reduced in size, as in Droméa, but rather larger than
smaller than the second pair. Those of the last pair are very
small and weak, but not prehensile, since the animal does not
cover itself with a foreign body like the Droméae ; and they
fill, apparently, no office in the economy of the animal, except
that when in place, they fill up neatly the chink between the
carapax and the stouter walking feet.

D. wrsula was found at Cape St. Lucas by Mr. Xantus.

RANINOIDEA.

Ranilia angustata, nov. sp.

Very closely allied to A. muricata, but with the carapax conspicu-
ously narrower, smoother, and more glabrous. Colors : carapax pale-
red in alcoholic specimens, closely maculated with white, the spots being
generally about one-fifteenth of an inch in diameter, but sometimes

Notes on North American Crustacea. 941

larger, and so much crowded, that the carapax appears white, reticulated
with red. Length of carapax in a male, 0.93; breadth, 0.66 inch.

Found at Cape St. Lucas by Mr. Xantus.

HIPPOIDEA.

Remipes pacificus.
Remipes pacificus Dana, U.S. Expl. Exped., Crust. i. 407, pl. xxv. f. 7.

Taken by Mr. Xantus at Cape St. Lucas. It was originally
found at the Sandwich Islands.

Remipes strigillatus, nov. sp.

Body much depressed, broad. Front very broad, undulated, with an
obtuse projecting point at the middle; margin entire, smooth. Sides
toward the margin obliquely striated, the striated area being very broad,
especially posteriorly, where it occupies on each side one-fourth the
width of the carapax; striae sharp, minutely setose, and not interrupted,
but extending quite to the margin. Antennulae robust; last joint of the
peduncle nearly as broad as the penult. First pair of feet in the adult
short, robust; terminal joint nearly half as broad as long ; extremity blunt,
with short setae, and with two strong, oblique, setose ridges on the extero-
inferior side, Length of carapax in a female, 1.0; breadth, 0.83 inch,

Very different from all known species in its entire front and
broad lateral striated areas.
Cape St. Lucas. J. Xantus.

Lepidops myops, nov. sp.

Carapax with the same markings on the surface as in L. scutellata,
but stronger. Post-frontal transverse groove broad, with granulated
surface. Median lobe of front rounded; margin armed with small teeth

949, Notes on North American Crustacea.

like those of a comb, which become more conspicuous outwardly as far
as the lateral lobes, where the margin becomes smooth. Ocular plates
or scales obliquely oblong, rather thick, broader behind; antero-exterior
angle prominent, subacute; inner angle rounded; eye-specks obsolete
in most of our specimens, in others barely visible on the inferior side
of the ocular plate near the exterior angle. In other characters this
species approaches very near to JZ. scutellata. Length of carapax in a
female, 0.41; breadth, 0.47 inch.

Cape St. Lucas. J. Xantus.

LITHODOIDEA.
Dermaturus hispidus, nov. sp.

Body depressed. Carapax moderately convex anteriorly, posteriorly
flattened, and even. A depression at the anterior extremity of the bran-
chial region. Cardiac transverse sulcus deep. Surface uniformly and
thickly covered with very small setose tubercles or short spines. Lateral
margins well defined but not at all projecting, and armed with spines a
little longer than the rest. The latero-inferior or epimeral surface may
be seen in a view from above, at the branchial regions. Rostrum rather
large, prominent, tumid, reaching to the tips of the eyes, with a tri-spinose
apex, ye-peduncles hispid. In the external antennae both the acicle
and the process at its base are armed with three or four spines, flexible in
our specimen, The whole arrangement of the eyes and antennae shows
more similarity to the Lithodina than to the Hapalogastrina. External
maxillipeds of moderate size; ischium projecting within with a denticu-
lated margin; last two joints subcylindrical, not dilated. Feet thickly
beset with setose spines, longest on the margins, and more or less
‘ clothed with long hairs. Chelipeds not longer than the ambulatory
feet; carpus and meros armed with two or three long spines within ;
fingers not gaping, and with cochleariform, black, corneous apices.
Ambulatory feet not flattened; middle pairs one and two-thirds as long
as the carapax. Abdomen hispid like the carapax, but more minutely ;
plates of the basal joint broad; right margin armed with a single close

Notes on North American Crustacea. 943

series of soft spines setose on their sides. Length of carapax in a
female, 0.85; breadth anteriorly, 0.43; breadth posteriorly, 0.90 inch.

In habit, this species has a general resemblance to Phyilolz-
thodes, and differs much from Hapalogaster. It may be neces-
sary to separate it generically from Dermaturus, but we have
not seen the typical species of this genus of Brandt.

It was taken trom the stomachs of fishes caught off Monterey,
California, by Alex. S. Taylor, Esq.

Hapalogaster imermiis, noy. sp.

Carapax longer than broad, smooth above except where some minute,
transverse, setose scabrosities or minute squamae are sparsely distributed,
occurring most abundantly toward the sides. Margins unarmed, smooth.
No sinus at the juncture of the cervical suture with the lateral margin.
Rostrum convex above, almost carinated; apex scarcely acute. Inner
orbital tooth minute, inconspicuous. Outer orbital tooth (antero-exterior
angle of the carapax) far less prominent than the rostrum. Acicle rather
short and broad, irregularly somewhat dentated along the exterior margin.
Feet subcylindrical, almost naked, rugose above with minute and some-
what setose tubercles; dactylus three-fourths as long as the penult joint
and armed with a long unguiculus. Plates of the first joint of the
abdomen narrow. Length of carapax, 0.4; breadth posteriorly, 0.388
inch,

Puget Sound.

PAGUROIDEA.
Eupagurus anmulipes, nov. sp.

Carapax rather depressed, smooth, naked above. Hyes nearly as long
as the front is broad, and nearly reaching the tips of the peduncles of
the antennae; they are somewhat constricted about the middle, and the
cornea is not dilated. External antennae longer than the carapax, but
not reaching the tips of the ambulatory feet; flagella sparsely clothed

944 Notes on North American Crustacea.

with long hairs. Feet pilose above, and of a pale orange color, annu-
lated with dark purple; four or five rings on each ambulatory foot.
Right cheliped very long, moderately and evenly granulated or scabrous
above; carpus nearly twice as long as broad, and as long as the palm
of the hand, spinulose along the inner margin; hand large, oblong-ovate,
with long palm and ‘short slender fingers. Beneath, the carpus and
hand are convex, naked, and obsoletely granulated. Left cheliped very
small, scarce over-reaching the extremity of the carpus of the right one,
slender, rather compressed, spinulose and hairy above; hand rather
smaller and shorter than the carpus; fingers somewhat longer than the
palm and slightly gaping. Ambulatory feet slender, compressed; those of
the right side as long as the right cheliped; a small spine at the extre-
mity of the carpus joint; dactylus much curved, a little longer than the
penult joint, scarcely twisted, with smooth, unarmed, sparsely pilose mar-
gins. Usual length about an inch. Length of carapax, 0.19; breadth
of front, 0.11; length of greater cheliped, 0.52; of carpus and hand
together, 0.34 inch.

It is allied to #. brevidactylus, but has the right cheliped
much more elongated and less prominently granulated above.
Also, the dactyli of the ambulatory feet are rather longer.

Tt is common in small -univalves dredged in Beaufort Harbor,
N. C., and off the coast adjacent, in from two to eight fathoms
on bottoms of shelly sand.

GALATHEOIDEA.
Mumida caribaea, nov. sp.

The species of Munida have all great resemblance to each other, and
the present species forms no exception to this rule. It has the usual
characters of front, spinous gastric and hepatic regions, etc. The par-
ticulars in which it differs from other species are the following. The
rather convex carapax is more narrowed anteriorly. The anterior two-
thirds of the lateral margin is armed with six or seven equal and equi-
distant spines. Eye-peduncles longer, and cornea less dilated than
usual. Chelipeds very long, cylindrical, uniformly scabrous; and armed

Notes on North American Crustacea. 945

with very few spines sparsely scattered. Length of the carapax, 0.28 ;
breadth, 0.16 ; length of cheliped, 0.77 inch.

It is the first species of the genus which has occurred upon
the American shores. No true Galathea is found in the waters
of the New World, notwithstanding the abundance of species
and individuals in the Old.

Pleuroncodes, nov. gen.

We propose this new genus for the reception of the Galathea
monodon of Milne Edwards, described in the “ Histoire Natu-
relle des Crustacés,” vol. ii. p. 276, and figured in the “ Annales
des Sciences Naturelles,” Zool., t. xvi. pl. xi. f. 6. It is closely
allied to WZwuda in the characters of the front, etc., but the
sides or latero-inferior regions are greatly swollen, so that
the epimeral sutures are seen from above. The insertion -
of the external antennae is also plainly seen from above, and
not concealed beneath the antero-lateral angle of the carapax
asin DMunida. In the external maxillipeds the meros is un-
armed, and the penult joint is slightly dilated, though much
less so than in Grimothea.

Pleuroncodes planipes, nov. sp.

Very close to P. monodon, but with the ambulatory feet longer and
more flattened than is represented in the figure of that species published
by Milne Edwards. The penult joint of the ambulatory feet in our
species is particularly flattened, and ciliated:—the upper surface is
smooth except at the raised, granulated margins, and a slight obtuse
median ridge. Length of carapax in a male, rostrum included, 0.95 ;
greatest breadth, 0.54; length of cheliped, 1.90 inch.

It may prove identical with P. monodon. We have no
opportunity of comparing specimens.

946 Notes on North American Crustacea.

This species lives in the open ocean, and is sometimes found
in vast quantities in the Pacific off the American Coast. It
was taken by Mr. Grayson in N. lat. 24°, W. long. 180°. In
March, 1859, it was thrown ashore in considerable numbers at
Monterey, California, from which place specimens were for-
warded to us by Alex. 8. Taylor, Esq.

LIST OF FIGURES.

Plate II.

Fig. 1. Anaptychus cornutus 8 nat. size.
“ 1a, External antenna and orbit of the same, from beneath.
“ 16, External maxilliped of the same.
“ 2. Teleophrys cristulipes $ twice natural size.
“ 3. Hucinetops lucasti, the male specimen referred to on p. 192,
twice natural size.
“ 4, Collodes granosus 9 natural size.

Bu

Podochela grossipes 8 nat. size.
“ 6. Podochela riiset Q nat. size.

Plate V.

1. Mimulus foliatus $ nat. size.
2. Xantho bella 6 nat. size.
“ 3. Xanthodes taylort 9 nat. size.
4, Metopocarcinus truncatus @ twice nat. size.
5. Huphylax dovit, frontal region, nat. size.
“ 5a. Outer maxilliped of the same.
“ 6. Pliosoma parvifrons, nat. size.

Notes on some Cuban Birds, cde. 247

XXIII.— Notes on some Cuban Birds, with Descriptions of
New Species.

By Grorer N. Lawrence.

Read May 21, 1860.

I wave received at different times from the collections of Dr.
J. Gundlach and Ramon M. Forns, Esq., specimens of Cuban
birds for examination, and of such as have been thought identi.
eal with species found in the United States for comparison with
them. The result has been, that some have proved to be dif-
ferent from the species, under the names of which they have
heretofore passed, and appear to be undescribed.

In the following notes descriptions are given of those I con-
sider new, with observations on other species, which may serve
to elucidate their history and correct some errors of nomencla-
ture.

I. Tinnunculus sparveroides, (Vigors.)

Falco dominicensis, Gm.? Syst. Nat. 1789, p. 285.
“ sparveroides, Vigors, Zool. Jour. 1827, iii. p. 486; D’Orbig.
(R. de la Sagra) Hist. Cub. 1840, p. 30, pl. 1.
“ sparverius, Lemb. Av. Isl. Cub. 1850, p. 128.
Tinnunculus dominicensis, Cab. Jour. f. Orn. Nov. 1854.
“ sparveroides, Strick. Orn. Syn. 1855, p. 100 (sub. 7.
sparverius).
Hypotriorchis ferrugineus, Sauss.? Rev. et Mag. Zool. 1859, p. 117,
pl. 3.

It being questioned by many writers whether the subject of
this article is really distinct from sparverius, I am induced by
the large number of examples sent me for the purpose, to point
out such differences as appear of importance in determining

whether they shall be entitled to specific distinction.
MAY, 1860. 17 Ann, Lyo. Nat. Hist, Vou. VII.

248 Notes on some Cuban Birds,

The following extract from a letter written by Dr. Gundlach
gives some valuable facts:

“In your letter of the 15th Aug., 1857, you allow that our bird
(Sparrowhawk) is different, and you add, ‘it is of course sparveroides,
Vig., but whether Dominicensis is uncertain. J am convinced that the
species of St. Domingo is the same, for Mr. Saussure has described the
dark female with the name of ferrugineus, see Rev. et Mag. de Zoologie
de Guerin, 1859, No. 3,117. J read in the Pacif. R. R. Reports, p. 14,
‘younger male, upper parts as above, wing-coverts and tail ferruginous
and with numerous transverse bands of brownish black,’ ete. It seems
strange that Mr. Cassin is not aware of the sexual difference, for always,
even from the nest, the male has only one transverse band on the tail,
and the female has several; the male has always the wing-coverts blue,
and the female has them ferruginous, with transverse blackish bands.
The only difference from age is, that the young have more spots‘on the
upper and lower parts, and the adults have none. The varieties in
color are not caused by age, they exist from the very first time the birds
are fledged, and very often may be seen a very clear bird matched with
a dark one. As this species is so common in Cuba, and perpetually
resident, it seems strange that Mr. Gosse does not mention it among the
birds of Jamaica.”

As Dr. Gundlach states that “ even from the nest the young
male has only one transverse bar on the tail,” it seems an
important feature in the Cuban bird, for Audubon and Nuttall
both speak of the young male of sparverius as having the tail
marked with numerous transverse bars of black, which agrees
with Mr. Cassin’s account.

I have always thought, as stated by Wilson and Audubon,
that the female of sparvervus differed from the male in having
the back, wings, and tail rufous with numerous transverse bars
of black, but, as noticed by Dr. Gundlach, Mr. Cassin makes
no difference in the sexes of the adult.

Dr. Gundlach’s specimens of sparveroides are, without doubt,
accurately marked, and the sexes differ in plumage in the same

with Descriptions of New Species. 249

manner as those of sparverius are said to do by Wilson and
Audubon; judging from analogy, the two species would be
supposed to resemble each other in this particular.

Of the specimens from Cuba, seven are adult males; all of
these are without the rufous spot on the crown; in five, the
outer tail feather is dark rufous on both webs, without spots,
except the subterminal bar ; of the other two, one has the outer
web of this feather pale rufous, and the other has it white,
both also without spots.

There are two young males, one only has the red spot on the
vertex; both are nearly white below, slightly tinged with
rufous and almost unspotted—a few spots on the sides of one;
in each the inner web of the outer tail-feather is rufous, and
the outer web whitish, with two or three nearly obsolete spots
next the shaft.

Five of the adult birds are deep rufous brown on the breast
and abdomen, being more or less so on the thighs; and below
are almost unspotted, but two or three having a few dark spots
on the sides.

The older males of this species have their backs dark slate-
blue, in some individuals intermixed with rufous; in the
younger the back and rump are rufous; the wing-coverts and
smaller quills, at all ages, are slate-blue, marked with a few
black spots.

Two adult females have their heads on the crown very dark
slate, and the under parts deep rufous brown, spotted and
barred with black.

Two young females have the crown lighter, with the centre
red; the under parts nearly white and marked with small
longitudinal spots of pale rufous.

All the females have the back, tertiaries, wing-coverts, and
tail ferruginous, transversely barred with black.

T. sparverius. Two United States specimens, adult males,
are rufous below, of a much lighter shade than the Cuban spe-
cies, and but sparingly spotted ; they are without the red spot

250 Notes on Some Cuban Birds,

on the vertex, and have broad spots or imperfect bars on both
webs of the outer tail feather.

Two others, also adult males, have the red spot on the crown,
are nearly white below, and very much spotted; they have
the inner web of the outer tail feather rufous but unspotted ;
the outer web is white, and in one of them there are black
spots next the shaft on the outer web.

The adult males have the back and scapulars generally
rufous, in some cases partly slate-blue, the wing-coverts and
tertiaries greyish-blue, with black spots more numerous than in
sparveroides ; the lower part of the abdomen and thighs nearly
white.

Four adult females (or birds in the plumage generally assigned
to this sex) have the crown dark slate-blue, three of them with
the red central spot; the back, wing-coverts, and tail deep
rufous, closely barred with black ; the under plumage of one is
dull rufous (not dark), the others are very pale rufous, and all
are largely marked below with longitudinal spots of rufous
brown.

The characters in which the two species differ most are as
follows :

T. sparveroides, adult male. The upper plumage dark slate-
blue, and being without the red spot on the crown; in many
specimens the under parts are very deep rufous, including the
thighs, and almost unspotted; the outer tail feathers without
bars.

The young male is very little spotted below.

The adult female has the dark markings beneath of a trans-
verse character.

The young female is sparingly marked below with small
longitudinal stripes of pale rufous. In the males that have the
deep rufous color below, the light markings on the inner webs
of the primaries are bluish-grey, and the dark bars blackish-
grey; the birds that are light colored below have these mark-
ings more defined and almost white and black.

with Descriptions of New Species. 251

T. sparverius, adult male. The back usually rufous, and the
vertex generally with the red spot, but not always; many of
the quite adult birds are much spotted on the under plumage,
and when rufous on these parts, it is never of the deep
brown shade seen in the Cuban bird; the thighs are light
colored or white, and the outer tail feather usually barred.
The inner webs of the primaries are barred with black and
white, with no approach to the grey shades of the other
species.

The females are marked below with large longitudinal blotches
of brownish rufous.

I feel well satisfied that the two species are distinct, for with
thirteen specimens from Cuba before me, there is not one which
does not differ in some of the characters pointed out from the
eight United States birds.

D’Orbigny, in the Hist. of Cuba, gives a very accurately
colored figure of the male sparveroides in the dark plumage,
but he considers it a variety of sparverius.

Vigors, in the Zool. Journal, describes the light-colored indi-
viduals from Cuba as sparverius, though apparently with some
doubt as to its correctness.

Mr. Saussure’s description and plate cited above appear to
resemble the dark-colored female sparveroides, as stated by
Dr. Gundlach. He, however, puts his bird in fypotriorchis,
and a comparison of the plate with a female from Cuba, shows
some important differences ; the back, wing-coverts, and smaller
quills, are of the same dark color as the head in his figure, not
ferruginous, transversely banded with black, as in the Cuban
female; some of the tips of the wing-coverts and of the quills only
being edged with pale rufous; in the plate there is no appear-
ance of the white spot under the eye, and instead of the whitish
throat and chin of the Cuban bird, the dark ferruginous color
of the under plumage extends up to the bill, with a line of
white separating the color of the throat from the dark color of
the cheeks ; in its under plumage otherwise, and the markings

252 Notes on some Cuban Birds,

of its tail, it is very much like the Cuban female. Mr. Saus-
sure does not give the sex of his bird.

If Dr. Gundlach is correct in the identity of the species from
St. Domingo and Cuba, Gmelin’s name of Dominicensis will
have priority.

2. Accipiter Gundlachi, nov. sp.

Astur Cooperi, Lembeye, Aves. Isl. Cuba, 1850, p. 17.

Nisus pileatus, « i; Supplement.
Astur pileatus, Gund. Journ. fur Orn, Nov. 1854.
‘ Cooperi, Cabanis <¢ $f

Adult male. Front, crown, and occiput sooty black ; upper plumage
dull bluish ash, the feathers of the back with brownish margins ; tail
of the same color as the back, partly tinged with dull rufous and crossed
with four brown bars, three of which are imperfect, being but little
developed on the outer webs, the outer bar, however, crosses both webs,
and is narrowly tipped with white; quill feathers brown, having the
shafts, as are also those of the tail feathers, reddish brown; cheeks
dusky ash ; space forward of the eye pale dull rufous ;-a line of whitish
feathers runs along the edge of the crown and extends over the eye;
throat ashy white tinged with rufous; sides of the neck, upper part of
the breast, and a band running to the hind neck, greyish ash ; lower
portion of the breast and upper part of the abdomen rufous, the feathers
very narrowly edged with dull white, lower part of abdomen of a paler
rufous, with transverse bars of dull white; long feathers of the sides
greyish ash tinged with rufous and destitute of bars or spots; sides just
above the junction of the tail plain rufous ; thighs of a bright but rather
pale rufous, the feathers having darker sub-marginal ends, terminating
with very narrow edgings of dull white; under wing-coverts and axillars
bright rufous barred with white; the feathers of the throat, breast, and
sides have their shafts dark brown ; upper tail-covers greyish ash, lower
white; bill horn color, with a whitish mark on the tooth and also on
the edge of the lower mandible near its base ; legs greenish yellow.

Length about 18 inches; wing from flexure 93; tail 72; tarsus 23.

with Descriptions of New Species. 253

This specimen is labelled Astur pileatus, and was received
some months since. I wrote to Dr. Gundlach, stating that it
was probably a new species, and below give an extract from
his letter in reply.

“Tf, after another examination, you consider the species a new one,
you may publish its description. I have nothing to say on its plumage,
for you have the specimen, but will mention its measures, and the color
of the naked parts. The only specimen found here was a male, and was
shot at Hanabana in Noy., 1849. I know nothing of its habits. Cere
and cheeks greenish yellow; feet pale yellow, with a greenish hue;
iris red.

“Length 0°457; extent 0°807.

“J have seen here a young A. Cooperi received from New York, and
I am led to suppose that the Accipiter from Cuba, which we believed
to be Cooperi, is the young of the preceding species. For this reason I
send a Cuban A. Coopert, and if you can discover any difference from
the true one, you may describe it as the young of the preceding, for I
am almost convinced now that they are both the same. It is found in
different localities, having seen it not only in low marshy swamps, but
on the highest mountains, throughout the whole island. I once shot a
young one on high ground, which, by the down that yet covered it, was
certainly bred very near that place. I also send this specimen.

“Tts flight is rapid and almost in a direct line, never having seen it
describe circles, nor does it mount to any considerable height, and is so
daring that it seizes young chickens in the farm-yard under the eyes of
the husbandman. Its ery often repeated resembles ‘ kee.’

“Length of a $ 0.500 extent 0°890 tail 0°230.
. young 6 0.452 “. O-817 “ 0:205.
K! Te ue M OES Sr NO Oase vines ORDO,

“The extremity of the wing from the end of the tail (when shot) was,
in the male, 0°120, and in the female 0°150. Cere yellowish green, feet
and iris bright yellow.”

The two specimens of the young mentioned above, are clearly
those of the present species. They are dark umber brown

254 Notes on some Cuban Birds,

above, with a tinge of deep rufous on the breast and sides of
the neck; the dark longitudinal stripes on the under surface
are of a much larger size than those of Coopert, and cover
the entire abdomen; the sides are heavily barred with rufous
brown, and the feathers of the thighs have their ends marked
with large guttate spots of rufous, assuming the form of irregu-
lar bars; Cooperi has these parts marked with elongated gut-
tate stripes that are quite narrow on the thighs. The tail is
marked much like that of Cooperi, but the colors are more
obscure.

ftemarks.—A. very marked feature in the adult of this spe-
cies is the ash color of the breast and sides, which does not
exist at all in Cooperz; the under surface is less marked with
white than in that species; the thighs are nearly of a uniform
rufous, which in Cooperi are conspicuously barred with white ;
in the latter the under wing-coverts are white, with longitudinal
spots of rufous brown, whereas in Gundlachi they are rufous
barred with white.

From A. pileatus, as figured in Pl. Col. pl. 205, it is also very
different; the adult of that species has the top of the head dark
slate, the upper plumage of a rather light slate-blue; wings
dark slate; tail with four dark bands, whitish between; the
under plumage uniform pale whitish-blue ; thighs deep rufous ;
no appearance of bars on any part of the plumage; under tail-
coverts white ; bill bluish, under mandible yellow at the base ;
legs yellow.

It is perhaps not out of place here to remark, that G. R.
Gray, Cat. of Birds, Brit. Mus., 1848, and Strickland, Ornith.
Syn., 1855, both place Coopert Bon. under pileatus Pr. Max.,
from which it is certainly distinct, and a well-established
species.

with Descriptions of New Species. 255

3. Accipiter fringilloides, Visors.

Accipiter fringilloides, Vig. Zool. Journ. II. 1827, p. 434.

Nisus fringilloides, D’Orbig. (R. de la Sag.) 1840, p. 18.

Accipiter fringilloides, Gray, List Birds, Brit. Mus, 1848, p. 71; Bon.
Cons. Ay. I. 1850, p. 32; Strick. Orn. Syn-
1855, p. 108, sub A. fuscus.

Astur fuscus, Lemb. Av. Isl. Cub. 1850, p. 16.

Nisus fringilloides et fuscus, Lemb. Av. Isl. Cub. Cat. p. 128.

“ fuscus, Gund. Jour. f. Orn. Noy. 1854.

Adult male. The entire upper plumage is of a bluish slate color,
darker on the head ; the tail brownish, crossed with five bands of blackish
brown and ending with white ; primaries brown ; sides of the head and of
the neck of a uniform bright rufous (not of a deep color) and without dark
strie; chin and throat pale rufous white unspotted; under plumage
white, with narrow transverse bars of pale rufous on the breast; and on
the abdomen, sides, and thighs with very faint narrow bars of pale
rufous brown, almost obsolete on the lower part of the abdomen and
thighs; under tail-coverts pure white; bill black, plumbeous at. base ;
legs yellow.

Length about 101 inches; wing 61; tail 42: tarsus 17.

Adult female, from Dr. Gundlach’s collection. It is larger than the
male, and is more distinctly barred on the breast, the thighs rather
lightly so; it has the unspotted rufous cheeks, and the lower part of the
abdomen is white, as in the male.

A young male from Dr. Gundlach is umber brown above,
with the cheeks of a reddish brown streaked with dusky; the
breast blotched with light brown, and bars of darker brown on
the abdomen; lower part of abdomen and thighs white with
faint brown transverse markings.

A young female is paler umber brown above, the sides of
the head and neck having dusky streaks and showing scarcely
any coloring of rufous; sagittate blotches on the breast of a
pale rufous brown, with narrow transverse waving lines on the
abdomen and thighs of a paler brown.

256 Notes on some Cuban Birds,

Another young female from Mr. Forns’s collection has the
sides of the head rufous brown with dark streaks, and the
throat pale rufous; the markings of the under parts darker and
more clearly defined, the thighs more barred than in any of
the others.

As is apparent from the synonymy of this species, ornitholo-
gists have been much in doubt as to its validity, some placing
it under A. fuscus and others doing so with a query: for this
reason I have thought best to give a description of each speci-
men sent to me.

A comparison of the adults of the two species shows their dis-
tinctness very clearly. In form, fringélloides is smaller and
more slender than fwscus, but the clear rufous cheeks, nearly
white under plumage, especially that of the thighs, are strongly
in contrast with the rufous brown cheeks, streaked with dark
brown, and the strongly marked rufous under plumage and
thighs of fuscus. :

All the specimens of the young under examination have the
markings on their under plumage transverse, on the abdomen
and thighs being waving and narrow, whereas in the young of
fuscus these markings are longitudinal, large in size, and more
extensively distributed, on the sides they are heart-shaped in
form, and guttate on the abdomen and thighs.

Dr. Gundlach wrote as follows concerning this species, upon
being informed that it was distinct from A. fuscus -

“JT am happy to have discovered that the Cuban species is not fuscus,
but fringilloides. I had long doubted their identity, though in Cabanis’s
Journal they are supposed to be the same bird. The specimen first sent
you was a male, shot in July, 1857, at Bayamo. I now send an adult
female, killed in June, 1855, at San Diego de los Bafios; a young
male killed in Sept., 1857, at Bayamo, and a young female at Hanabana,
Oct., 1849. It hunts small birds to the size of blackbirds, and though
its wings are so short, it flies with the greatest rapidity. It undoubtedly
breeds on the island, for I once found a female in a pine wood which
attacked me on my arrival in the same manner as the Falco sparverius.

with Descriptions of New Species. 257

I could not find the nest. The adult male and female have the bill
black, with the base of a lead color; cere and feet yellow or pale orange ;
iris reddish grey. The bill in the young is black on the upper part, to
the extremity, with a bluish base; cere and cheeks yellowish green ;
iris pale orange-grey ; feet yellow. The measures of the fresh specimens
were,
Adult, § length 0°278, extent 0°508, tail 0-135.
“ 9, “ 0326, “ 0618, “ 0-155.

4. Cymindis Wilsoni, Cassin.

Cymindis Wilsoni, Cass. Jour. Ac. Sc. Phil. 1847, n. ser. i. p. 21,
pl. 7; Strick. Orn, Syn. 1855, p. 123.

“ uncinatus, Lemb, Ay. Isl. Cuba, Supl. 1850.
cs Gund. Journ. f. Orn. Nov. 1854,
Regerhinus “ Caban. tf .

Mr. Forns sent adult specimens, male and female, of this
species, which agree very closely with Mr. Cassin’s descriptions
and figures.

o. Gymnogiaux nudipes, (Daudin.)

Strix nudipes, Daud. Tr. Orn. II. 1800, p, 199.
Athene nudipes, Gray, Gen, of Birds, Fol.; Strick. Orn. Syn. 1855,
p- 173.
Noctua nudipes, Lemb. Av. Isl. Cuba, 1850, p. 23; Gund. Journ. f.
Orn. Noy. 1855, p. 465.
Gymnoglau nudipes, Caban, Jour. f. Orn. Nov. 1855, p- 465.
m ms Newton? Ibis, i. 1859, p. 64, pl. i.

ds this species is not very often met with, and having three
specimens from Dr. Gundlach’s collection under examination,
I avail myself of the opportunity to give descriptions of them.

Adult male. Upper plumage umber brown, each feather with the
edges lighter and tinged with pale rufous; the feathers of the back and

258 Notes on some Cuban Birds,

the wing-coverts marked with roundish white spots near their ends;
tail umber brown crossed with three imperfect narrow bars of dull
rufous white; primaries dark umber brown with five or six whitish
spots on the outer webs; throat, and a line over the eye, fulvous grey ;
sides of the neck intermixed with greyish white; under plumage grey
intermixed with pale rufous, each feather marked down the centre with
a dark brown streak; upper mandible horn color, whitish along the
ridge, the lower is yellowish white ; legs brownish yellow.

Another male is of a brighter rufous brown on the upper plumage,
and more rufous on the breast.

Length 8 in.; wing 52; tail 315 tarsus 13.

The female sent does not differ materially from the male, it
is nearly white on the breast and abdomen, with the streaks
fewer, narrower, and lighter in color.

The figures given in the Ibis (referred to at the head of this
article) of the birds brought from St. Croix by Messrs. A. and
E. Newton, strike me as so different from the Cuban birds,
that I consider them to be distinct species; the round white
spots on the back and wing-coverts, which are so conspicuous
a character in the Cuban bird, are not at all apparent in the
figures, and the narrow transverse waving lines on the head,
neck, and back, as portrayed in the figures of the St. Croix
birds, are not perceptible in the Cuban; on the contrary, the.
dark markings are large, rather obscure, and longitudinal; the
tail of the St. Croix bird appears to be closely and distinctly
barred, whereas, in the specimens before me, the bars on the
tail are few, and in the form of almost obsolete spots.

The figures in the Ibis having every appearance of being
accurately drawn, I have no hesitation in pronouncing the St,
Croix bird to be distinct from the Cuban ; the latter is assuredly
the true nudipes, as it agrees with Latham’s description, in
which he distinctly mentions the “white spots on the wing-
coverts.” Latham’s account is no doubt accurately compiled.
I propose for the St. Croix bird the specific name of Vewtoni,
in compliment to Alfred Newton, Esq.

with Descriptions of New Species 259
The two species may be thus characterized—

Gymnoglaux nudipes Dandin. Upper plumage umber brown,
each feather edged with light rufous ; back and wings conspicuously
marked with roundish white spots.

Gymnoglaux Newtoni Lawrence. Upper plumage rufous brown, the
head, neck, and upper part of the back crossed with narrow waving lines
of dark brown; the back and wings without the white spots.

6. Glaucidium siju, (D°Orbigmy.)

Noctua siju, D’Orbig. (R. de la Sagra), Hist. Nat. Cub. 1840, p. 33,
pl. 3; Lemb. Av. Isl. Cub. 1850, p. 128; Gund. Jour,
f, Orn. 1855, p. 465.

Athene siju, Gray, Gen. of Birds.

Nyctale siju, Strick. Ornith. Syn. 1855, p. 177.

Glaucidium siju, Caban. Jour. f. Orn, Nov. 1855, p. 465.

Male. Upper plumage umber brown, the head above and occiput
marked with numerous very small oval spots of white, on the front
tinged with rufous; back and wing-coverts barred with pale rufous, the
greater coverts having roundish white spots on the outer webs near the
end; primaries and secondaries marked with white spots on the edges
of their outer webs, and crossed with faint bars of dull rufous; tail
brown, the two central feathers crossed with five narrow bars of white,
the same number of bars on the other tail feathers are rufous, becoming
white at the edge of the webs; throat and sides of the head greyish
white; on the lower neck and upper part of the breast is a bright rufous
band which extends around on the hind neck; upper part of abdomen
white, blotched with bright rufous and barred on the sides with the same
color; lower part of abdomen and under tail-coverts white, the latter
with light brown centres; legs densely clothed with greyish white
feathers, rufous on the thighs; bill and feet yellow.

Length about 71 inches; wings 4; tail 315 tarsus 1.

The female is much the same in plumage, but is smaller; the
wing measures 35 in. and the tail but 2}. The females in

260 Notes on some Cuban Birds,

this family are usually the largest, but I have given them as
marked.

Lemarks.—This small species is much like G. gnoma, from
California, the spots on the head of sijw are however much
smaller and whiter, and the under plumage more rufous.

7. Antrostomus Cubanensis, vov. sp.

Caprimulgus vociferus, D’Orbig. (R. de la Sagra), Hist. Cuba, 1840,
p- 98; Lemb. Aves Isl. Cub. 1850, Catal.
p- 130.

Antrostomus vociferus, Gund. Journ, f. Orn. Jan. 1856, p. 6.

Adult male. Upper plumage dark ash, minutely mottled with dull
rufous and grey, the feathers conspicuously marked with longitudinal
stripes of black in their centres; a line extends from the bill over the
eye and along the crown of greyish white, tinged with pale rufous and
intermixed with black; the tertiaries ochraceous-white, beautifully varie-
gated with black, and having near the end of each feather an irregular
patch of velvety black; wing-coverts the same color as the back, some
of them marked near their ends, with ochraceous spots; primaries dark-
reddish-brown sprinkled with dull rufous and grey at their ends, and
having bright rufous spots arranged regularly on their outer webs,
there are spots also on their inner webs, more obscure in color and
assuming a mottled form; secondaries dark brown, mottled with grey
on the outer webs, and tinged with rufous on the inner; tail very full,
of a fine deep brown, the two central tail feathers closely banded with
curving bars of mottled grey and pale rufous, the next feather on
each side, with the bars dull rufous, and rather narrowly tipped with
ochraceous-white, less in extent on the inner web, the three outer
feathers are irregularly barred with dull rufous mottling for their basal
half, their ends for about an inch creamy-white, with ochraceous edges ;
throat dark brown, minutely freckled with rufous, the neck immediately
below this color crossed with a band of pale rufous; a line of pale rufous-
white or ochraceous spots extend along below the under mandible, and
down the side of the neck, a few spots of the same in a line below the
eye; on the side of the neck enclosed by these spots and the band across

with Descriptions of New Species. 261

the throat is a triangular blackish-brown patch, speckled with rufous ;
sides of the head brown, freckled with minute rufous spots; feathers of
the breast and abdomen ochraceous white, more or less tinged with
rufous, and having their centres dark brown, and their sides and ends
barred and mottled with the same color; the exsosed ends of the feathers
being but little mottled give quite a light appearance to the under
plumage; lower part of the abdomen and under tail-coverts dull pale
rufous, the feathers of the latter with dark markings along their shafts;
sides under the wings dull rufous narrowly barred with dark brown;
under wing-coverts brown mottled with rufous; tarsi clothed in front
with rufous brown feathers; the bill is light brown, black at the point,
and having very strong bristles, some of which are nearly two inches in
length, and furnished with lateral filaments; feet brown. Length about

1 iy ‘wi 1+ taj 3. 1
112 inches; wing 71; tail 52; tarsus 4.

The female does not differ much in appearance from the
male, except in having the white ends of the three outer tail
feathers much less in extent and more tinged with ochraceous;
in size it is rather smaller.

A nestling is of a rather bright rufous color, variegated with
black, and having the throat paler.

Remarks.—This bird which heretofore has been mistaken

for A. vociferus, differs materially from that species, more par-
ticularly in size, and in the form and white markings of the
tail, the feathers of which are very broad, and the white occu-
pying about an inch at the end, whereas in voczferus it extends
for half their length; the colors are lighter and more rufous in
vociferus.
, Both specimens being mounted, I cannot give the length
exactly, but it appears to be little if any smaller than caroli-
nensis, the head being quite as large and the tail more full, but
the wings are a little shorter; the white on the tail of carolz-
nensis is restricted to the inner webs.

This new species is very much like A. nwttalli, in the shape
of the tail, and in the even manner in which the white crosses
the ends of the outer feathers.

262 Notes on some Cuban Birds,
Below are Dr. Gundlach’s remarks on this species :

“T am aware of your observations on this new species, and am also
happy to find my doubts were well founded. The namg ‘ vociferus’
shall not remain in the catalogue, and in answer to your question will
say, that the bird mentioned under this name in La Sagra and Lem-
beye’s works, and in my Catalogue in Cabanis Journal, is this same
species. You will name and describe it. I now send you a female.

“T have observed this bird in the small islands in the Cienega de
Zapata, and on the coast of Manzanillo, that is, on the southern coast
of the central and eastern parts of the island. I cannot say whether it

is not found in other places.
“From the month of March its voice may be heard, in which there

is not the least resemblance to the words ‘ whip-poor-will” It breeds on
the island, and I believe it emigrates in autumn, for I have not observed
it in winter.
“Length ¢ 0°295 extent 0°548.
“ 9 0285 “ 0°525.
“The extremity of the wings is 0°024 from that of the tail. Bill
brown with the end black; iris very dark brown; feet brown.”

8. Chordeiles minor, Cabanis.

Chordetles virginianus, Lemb. Av. Isl. Cub. 1850, p. 51.
« minor, Cab. Jour. f. Orn, Jan. 1856, p. 5.
& gundlachi, Lawr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. vi. Dec. 1856, p. 165.

This species which has been considered in Cuba the same as
our CO. virginianus, I described as new, from specimens sent
by Dr. Gundlach, not knowing that Cabanis had already proposed
a name for it, if further comparison proved it to be different
from virginianus,as he judged it might be from its smaller
size.

In my description the plumage of the adult female was not
given ; it differs from the male in being rather larger, in hay-
ing the band on the throat pale rufous, and the tail being with-

with Descriptions of New Species. 263

out the white band; in other respects the two sexes do not
differ.

9. Chordeiles popetue, (Vieillot.)

Caprimulgus popetue, Vieill. Ois, Am. Sept. 1, 1807, p. 56, pl. xxiv. —

Among the specimens of birds sent me by Dr. Gundlach is
a female of this species. It must therefore remain as a bird of
Cuba, but is evidently not often obtained, the common species
there being C. minor.

Dr. Gundlach writes me,

“Twas glad to find that my supposition was correct, that the speci-
men of Chordeiles was virgintanus, and I have with pleasure added
this name to the catalogue of Cuban birds. I believe then that with the
exception of that single specimen, all those we have here in our collec-

tions are C. minor.”

10. Atthis Helemae, (Gundiach.)

Orthorhynchus Helenae, Gund. Lemb. Avy. Isl. Cub. 1850, p. 70, pl. x.
- Boothi, Gund. Jour, f. Orn. Mch. 1856, p. 99.
Calypte Helenae, Gould. Mon. Troch. part xi. pl.

Male specimens of this beautiful little species have a well-
defined terminal black band on the tail, nearly equal to one
quarter its length; in the young male, as well as in the female,
it exists also inside of the white tips, and occupies more space
than in the adult male.

I have thought best to note this character, as Mr. Gould in
his monograph states that it appears in a drawing sent to him
by Dr. Hartlaub, but he did not find it in his specimens, which
were somewhat imperfect; he therefore was uncertain about
it, and thinks his figures ‘‘may not be quite correct on this

point.”
MAY, 1860, 18 Ann, Lyc. Nat. Hist. Vou. VII

264 Notes on some Cuban Birds,

Li. Dendroica albicollis, (GQmelin.)

Motacilla albicollis, Gm. Syst. Nat. 1, 1788, 983.
Sylvia albicollis, Lath., Ind. Orn. 11, 1790, 535.

: estiva, Lemb. Av. Isl. Cub., 1850, p. 31.
Rhimamphus estwa, Cab. Jour. f. Orn., Noy. 1855, p. 472.

Dr. Gundlach has sent specimens of this species, which has
always passed as wstwa in Cuba. As it appeared to differ in
its habits from those of the United States birds, he wished a
comparison made. He writes respecting it as follows :—

“ As Tread in the Pacific R. R. Reports, and as Wilson and Audubon
mention this bird as common in gardens and fruit trees, while our spe-
cies is only found in mangrove trees near the sea shore (Avicennia
and Rhizophora), I send an adult male, another younger, and still a
younger one, that you may compare them with your species.”

The male, the most adult, differs from estiva in having the
entire crown of a deep orange color; in other particulars of
plumage it does not differ materially, but the bill is decidedly
stronger, being higher at the base; the younger specimens also
show this character of the bill equally as well. The specimen
of middle age has the whole upper plumage of a clear olive
green, and the under parts of a deep bright yellow, with the
red streaks well defined ; in the young of e@stwva all the colors
are pale and the red streaks very faint, consequently the con-
trast between the young of the two species is more marked than
in the adult state.

The youngest male has the upper plumage of the same green
color as the older one, except that on the hind part and sides of
the neck it is of a clear bluish-ash ; the centre of the throat is
white, and on the breast are some patches of the same color,
which is apparently being replaced by the pale-yellow, which

with Descriptions of New Species. 265

prevails on the rest of the under parts; the red streaks in this
specimen are faint. In this plumage it agrees with adbzcollis,
Gmelin, which has been generally placed as a synonym to
estiva, but it must now be restored as an independent species.

Gmelin states that the female has the hind neck greenish-ash
—if this is the correct plumage of the female, the young male
appears to resemble it.

Gmelin gives St. Domingo as the habitat of his species,
which adds to the probability of the Cuban bird being similar.

The restoration of this species is another instance of the im-
portance of a strict comparison of birds from different locali-
ties which are thought to be identical.

Mr, Cassin was much interested in the above specimens,
never having seen any from Cuba, more particularly as he was
at the time engaged with an investigation of the species allied to
_ westive. He suggested that I should examine them carefully, as
he thought the Cuban species, from its recorded habits, would
prove to be different from estiva, and was probably one of the
older species confounded with it.

From Dr. Gundlach’s note it is evident he also suspected it
was different from the United States wstiva, for the same rea-
son.

12. Empidonax acadicus, (Gmelin.)

Muscicapa acadica, Gm. Syst. Nat., 1788, p. 947.

Ke pusilla, Lemb. Av. Isl, Cub. Cat., 1850, p. 129.
Tyrannula “ Gund. Jour. f. Orn., Nov. 1855, p. 480.
Empidonax pusillus, Caban. ‘¢ es

Dr. Gundlach sent me his specimen of the so-called puszllus,
which on examination proves to be acadicus.

It was hardly probable that pustl/us, which inhabits west of
the Mississippi, would occur in Cuba.

266 Notes on some Cuban Birds,

13. Vireosylvia altiloqua, (Vieillot.)

Muscicapa altiloqua, Vieill. Ois. Am., Sep. 1, 1807, p. 67, pl. 38.

Vireo longirostris, Sw. F. Bor, Am. 11, 1831, p. 237.

Vireosylvia olivacea, Gosse; B. of Jam., 1847, p. 194.

Vireosylvia altiloqua, Bon, Cons, Av. 1850, p. 330; Cass. Birds of
Cal., Tex., &c. 1856} p. 221, pl. 37.

Vireo olivaceus, Lemb. ? Av. Isl. Cuba, Cat., 1850, p. 128.

Phyllomanes barbatulus, Caban. ? Jour. f. Orn., 1855, p. 467.

Two specimens from Dr. Gundlach seem to agree with the
bird from Florida, whieh is decided by Mr. Cassin to be the
same as the species found in Jamaica, and considered by him
to be the true altilogua, Until within a few years, this bird
has passed in Cuba as olivacea, from which it may be known
by the blackish stripe that runs from the base of the lower
mandible, downward on each side of the neck. In M. Forns’s
collection is a specimen of olevacea, showing that species to
be found in Cuba also.

14. Sturnella hippocrepis, (Wagiler.)

Stirnus hippocrepis, Wag]. Isis., 1832.
Sturnella Ludoviciana, Lemb. Av. Isl. Cub. Cat., 1850, p. 130.
a hippocrepis, Gund. Journ. f, Orn., Jan. 1856, p. 14.

This is Somewhat smaller than S. magna of the United States,
and I think is specifically distinct. It would be difficult to point
out any reliable differences in coloration, especially of the upper
plumage, as individuals even of the same species are very varia-
ble; the most apparent differences are in the black pectoral band
being narrower, the bill broader at the base, and tapering more
regularly to the end, where it is more pointed than in magna ;
the tertiaries are equal in length tothe primaries ; in my speci-
mens of magna they are much shorter. This is a good character
if a permanent one; it exists in the two adult specimens before
me.

with Descriptions of New Species. 267

Male, length 9 in.; wing 4; tail 3; bill 13,; tarsus 1.

Female, “ 8%; AGG ree AT ae Se eae ea

A comparison of the Cuban birds with specimens from
Jalapa, Mexico, also called Acppocrepis, shows them to be of
about the same size, differing only in the pectoral band appear-
ing broader in the Mexican bird, and the tertials much shorter
than the primaries, but this last may not be a reliable cha-
racter.

1d. Ecterus cucullatus, Swainson.

Icterus cucullatus, Sw. Philos. Mag., i., 1827, p. 436.
a Buliockii, Gund. Jour. f. Orn, Jan. 1856, p. 10.
Hyphantes costototl Caban. = gs

Male. Front, head, hind part and sides of the neck, rump, upper tail-
eoverts and entire under plumage, except the throat, deep yellow inclin-
ing to orange, the hind neck and rump a little obscure, back dusky yel-
lowish olive, darker on the inter-scapular region ; tail black, some of the
feathers olive, no doubt when fully mature all are black ; wings brown,
the ends of the middle coverts and the outer edges of the greater, nar-
rowly edged with white; under wing coverts, yellow; space in front of
the eye to the bill, throat, and fore part of neck to the breast, black;
bill black, bluish on the sides of the lower mandible at the base ; legs
and feet black.

Length—7} in.; wing 3}; tail 335 tarsus 7.

The bird above described is from Mr. Forns’s collection, and
is not fully mature. In size and general appearance it so much
resembles J. cucullatus, that at present I am inclined to consi-
der them the same. In its present plumage there is no black
on the back, but the olive-green occupies the same position and
is about as much in extent as the black in the adult eucullatus :
the black on the face is forward of the eye, not extending under
it to the posterior angle as in cucullatus.

A young male from Dr. Gundlach’s collection is greenish-
olive above, with the rump yellowish and the tail greenish-

268 Notes on some Cuban Birds,

olive; the under plumage is of a paler yellow than in the adult,
the chin and throat only are black.

Remarks.—The young male was sent me about three years
ago by Dr. G., who supposed it was Bullockit. I wrote it was
not that species, but probably the young of J. spwrius in one of
its changes. Since then Mr. Forns obtained the more adult
bird.

The following note from Dr. Gundlach refers to this spe-
cies :—

“T believe that the young sent you in 1856 is the same with the one
since sent by Mr. Forns. There is at present a man travelling about
the island who exhibits a small collection of birds. I saw it in Matan-
zas and noticed a specimen of this bird, brought, as I was told, from
Caraccas ; this was some time before I had seen Mr. Forns’s bird. I sup-
posed that the one in the collection was X. eucullatus. My bird was
found in April, 1852, near Cardenas, ona plain in which are seen several
small streams. The friend that sent it assured me that it was a male.
The one shot by Mr. Forns, near Hayanna, was found about the same

time last year.”

16. Icterus Dominicensis, (Limnaeus.)

Oriolus Dominicensis, Linn. Syst. Nat. 1766, i. p. 163.

Xanthornus “ D’Orb. (R. de le Sagr.) Hist. Cub. 1840, p. 115;
Lemb. Av. Isl. Cub. 1850, Cat. p. 130; Gund.
Jour. f. Orn. Jan. 1856, p. 10.

Mr. P. L. Sclater, in the Proc. Zool. Soc. 1857, p. 7, states
that P. Dominicensis of Bon. Consp. Av. vol. i. p. 482, is
distinct from the present bird, and describes it as a new species,
under the name of Wagleri. Prof. Baird in Pacific R. R. Rep.
vol. ix., cites Bonaparte’s name as a synonym, under Waglerd:
this has induced Dr. Gundlach to inquire wherein the two spe-
cies differ. I have therefore thought a short description of
them might not be out of place.

with Descriptions of New Species. 269

I. Dominicensis is black, having the lesser wing-coverts, the bend of
the shoulders, the under wing-coverts, the rump, upper tail-coverts, and
thighs golden yellow, paler under the wings; the lower part of the
abdomen between the thighs is dull orange.

Length 8 in.; wing 38; tail 32; tarsus 1.

ZI. Wagleri has the entire head, neck, upper part of the back, wings,
and tail black; the lesser and middle wing-coverts, the middle and lower
part of the back, rump, breast, and abdomen are orange-yellow. Length
9} in.; wing 41; tail 41; tarsus 11.

i?. Pyrrhomitris cacullatus, (Swaimson.)

“ Carduelis cucullatus, Sw.” Zool. Ils. 1820-1, pl. 7.

“ Fringilla Cubae, Gerv.” Lemb. Ay. Isl. Cub. 1850, p. 180; Gund.
Journ. f. Orn. Jan. 1856, p. 10.

Pyrrhomitris cucullatus, Bon, Cons. Av. 1, 1850, p. 517.

This species, Dr. Gundlach writes me, is not considered to
be an inhabitant of the island, the few obtained have been
supposed to be birds which had escaped from confinement; but
in the Museum of the Phila. Acad. are two or three specimens
from the north side of Cuba, from a section to which this sus-
picion would not attach; it probably is a resident of the island,
but restricted to certain localities.

Dr. Gundlach’s specimen is labelled J Cubae, which he sus-
pected was not correct, and wished to ascertain its true name.

18. Spizella socialis, (Wilson.)
Fringilla socials, Wils. Am. Orn. 11, 1810, p. 127, pl. xvi.
Emberiza pallida, Lemb, Av. Isl. Cub. 1850, p. 543 Gund. Jour. f.
Orn. Jan, 1856, p. 7.

Spinites pallidus, Cab. we « &

I suspected the true S. pallida did not exist in Cuba, and

270 Votes on some Cuban Birds,

wrote for a specimen, which proved to be the above species in
winter plumage; in this dress it somewhat resembles pallida.

19. Crotophaga rugirostris, Swainson.

Crotophaga rugirostra, Sw. Lard. Cyc. 24 Cent. An. in Men, 1838, p. 321.
s ani, D’Orbig. (R. De la Sagra) Hist. Cub. 1840, p. 1543
Lemb. Av. Isl. Cub. 1850, p. 182; Gund. Jour. f.

Orn. 1856, p. 105.

Two specimens in fine plumage were sent me by Dr. Gund-
lach, which I make out to be rugirostra, Sw., that is, identical
with the bird, decided to be this species, described and figured
in Jard. and Selby’s Is. Orn. n. s. pl. xli., which came from
Tobago. I supposed they would be the same as the species
obtained by Dr. Bryant in the Bahamas, which he calls daevi-
rostris, but they are different, his species being smaller and the
bill destitute of wrinkles.

The male measures in length 14, inches; wing 61; tail 8;
tarsus 13.

The female does not vary particularly in size or plumage.

20. Ortyx Cubanensis, Gould.

Ortyx Virginianus, D’Orb. (R. De la Sagra.) Hist. Cuba, 1840,

p- 182; Lemb. Av. Isl. Cub. 1850, Cat. p. 182.

“ — Cubanensis, Gould, Mono. Odontaph. pl.; Gund. Journ. f. Orn.
Sept. 1856, p. 337.

The distinctness of this species from the common U. States’
bird is now well established, but for a long time, in Cuba, they
were supposed to be the same. I thought it possible both
species might be found there, but Dr. Gundlach says they have
but the one.

It is distinguished from O. Virginianus, by its smaller size,
generally darker colors, and more mottled character of its upper

1
u

with Descriptions of New Species. 271

plumage; the male has the rufous coloring of a much deeper
shade, the black on the neck and breast more in extent, and
the black transverse markings on the abdomen very much
broader than in the U. States’ species.

21. Butorides brummescens, (Gundiach.)

! Ardea brunnescens, Gund. Lemb. Av. Isl. Cub. 1850, p. 84, pl. 12.
Oniscus r Cab. Journ, f. Orn. Sep. 1856, p. 344.

The opportunity to examine this rare species has tempted
me to give a short description of it, more particularly as Lem-
beye’s figure does not satisfactorily represent the specimen sent,
which is fully adult.

The top of the head and long occipital feathers, back, tail and wings,
are dark glossy green; the scapulars and interscapulars pale green,
washed with bluish grey, having light grey shafts; the wing-coverts very
narrowly edged with rufous; the entire neck and long feathers extending
over the breast bright brownish chestnut, paler on the chin; abdomen
dark plumbeous ash, tinged with rufous on the sides.

The wing measures 7 inches; tail 3; tarsus 21; bill 23.

It scarcely differs in size from B. virescens, of which it is a
remarkable representative, but unmistakably distinct. The
plumage generally is darker than in virescens. In the appear-
ance of their upper parts the two species closely resemble each
other, but wrescens has the chin and a central line down the
throat and neck, also a stripe on the side of the head, white,
these parts in brunnescens are uniform in color, with no trace
of white, this species is also without the light edgings to the
wing-coverts and smaller quills, so conspicuous in werescens.

Dr. Gundlach writes me that he has only met with it five or
six times. |

272 Notes on some Cuban Birds,
22. Symphemia semipalmata, (Gmelin.)

Scolopax semipalmatus, Gm. Syst. Nat. 1, 1788, 659.
Totanus semipalmatus Lemb. Av. Isl. Cub. 1850, p. 92.

se speculiferus, Lemb. Cat. p. 133.
Symphemia semipalmata et speculifera, Gund. Journ. f. Orn. Sep. 1856,
p. 351,

Dr. Gundlach sent a specimen of this species with another
representing speculiferus, the latter has the tarsus longer than
the one labelled semipalmatus, but that appears to be smaller
than usual, the tarsus measuring but 21 inches, the tarsus of
the other 21, this last is given by Prof. Baird as about the size
in an extensive series of specimens of semipalmata.

Just the same variation in measurements is observable in
examples from our coast, as in the two from Cuba. I therefore
think there is not sufficient ground for their separation into two
species.

23. Macroramphus scolopaceus, (Say.)

Limosa scolopacea, Say, Long’s Exped. ii. 1832, p. 170.

Scolopax longirostris, Bell. Ann. N. Y. Lyc. v. 1848, p. 3.
Macroramphus scolopaceus, Lawr. fs v. 1849, p. 4, pl. 1.
Macroramphus griseus, Gund.? Journ. f. Orn. Sep. 1856, p. 350.

Dr. Gundlach has sent one adult bird of this species in fine
plumage; in this specimen the colors of the back and tertiaries
are very clear, the rufous markings being particularly bright;
the feathers of the upper part of the breast are each marked
with a narrow subterminal dark band.

I have several specimens of this species obtained at different
seasons, from early spring to late in summer. It may be dis-
tinguished from Jf. griseus by its larger size, being 12 inches
in length; the bill is longer, measuring in different examples
from 22 to 3 inches; the bare part of the tibia is about 1 inch

with Descriptions of New Species. 273

in extent. In three of my specimens, which are in full summer
plumage, the breast and entire abdomen are of a uniform
rather pale rufous without spots or bars, but having the sides
of the breast barred transversely with black. In one example
from Texas the breast is barred in the same manner as in the
one from Cuba. In the upper plumage the colors are deeper
and brighter than those of griseus. In addition to the well-
marked characters of this species, its rarity on our coast (but
few being obtained each season) is further evidence of its dis-
tinctness from griseus, which is very abundant.

They make their appearance quite early in the spring. I
have found them in the market in April, among English snipe
(Gallinago Wilsonit), fully three weeks before any of the com-
mon species are seen.

24. Macroramphus griseus, (Gmelin.)

Scolopax grisea, Gm. Syst. Nat. 1. 1788, p. 658.
Macroramphus griseus, Leach, Cat. Brit. Mus. 1816, p. 31; Gund.
Jour. Orn. Sep. 1856, p. 350.

Of this there are two specimens, one is in the grey winter
dress, but lighter in color than I have ever seen any here.

The length of this species is 101 to 11 inches; the bills vary
in length from 21 to 22 inches; the bare space on the tibia
measures 3 of an inch; the under surface is not entirely red,
the lower part of the abdomen being white, the shade of red
is duller and rather lighter than in scolopaceus ; the breast is
marked with small round black spots, the sides of the breast
are also spotted, but not barred as in the preceding species;
the flanks of both are transversely barred, but those of scolopa-
ceus most conspicuously so.

25. Dendrocygna viduata, (Limnacus.)

Anas viduata, Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 1766, p. 205.

274 Notes on some Cuban Birds,

Through the researches of Dr. Gundlach this fine species has
been added to the list of Cuban birds. Last year he sent me
an adult female for identification, and now writes as follows:

“When you gave me the name of this species I compared it with the
description and found it correct; though the name is not new to science,
it is a valuable addition to our fauna.

“A friend from Santiago de Cuba sent me a male, which differs from
the female sent, in having the black from the back of the neck extend-
ing to the throat, this male was shot about the end of June of last
year.”

26. Spatula clypeata, (Limmaeus. )

Anas clypeata, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. 1766, p. 200.

Young male. Upper plumage umber-brown, each feather with a
lighter margin; sides of the head and throat fulvous grey, the feathers
with dark centres, chin fulvous white; breast and abdomen reddish
brown, the feathers with pale edgings; smaller wing-coverts pale blue,
secondary coverts brown, broadly ending in white, speculum metallic
green; quills and tail brown.

Length about 15 inches; wing 8; bill 215 tarsus 1,3.

This specimen differs so exceedingly in size from clypeata
that I was inclined to consider it distinct, but in its markings,
especially of the wings, it so much resembles that species, and
being immature, I have for the present concluded to so call it.

Dr. Gundlach considers it a hybrid, and writes as follows, in
reply to my statement, that I could not make it agree very
satisfactorily with any other species.

“J at first supposed this bird to have been raised from the union of
A. discors and clypeata ; I afterwards suspected it to be cyanoptera until
I saw some specimens of that species. Now that you cannot discover
it to be any species from North America, I return to my first supposi-
tion, however rare or unheard of the crossing of two species. I shot it
in February, 1846, in » pond near Cardenas, and as it was the only one

with Descriptions of New Species. 245

killed in the flock, I do not know whether the rest were the same or
not. Baill ashy brown with small black spots at the extremity. Length
0°447 5 extent 0°725; end of tail 0°020 from the end of wing.

“T suppose it does not belong to South America, for in that case it
should rather be found here in summer.”

27. Larus argentatus, Brunnich.

Larus argentatus, Brann, Orn. Bor, 1764, p. 44.
«marinus, Lemb. Av. Isl, Cuba, 1850, p. 122,

Dr. Gundlach writes me,

“This is the specimen found by Lemboye in the market at Havana,
and mentioned in his work as marinus. I have now my doubts whether
it is this species or not, but it does not seem to be argentatus, for it is
larger. Though it is not in good condition, I have kept it to discover
its real name. It being besides 4 young bird, its true plumage cannot
be known. I expect you to be able by the size and form of its bill to
know it.”

Remarks.—This example agrees very closely with a speci-
men in my collection of the young of argentatus of middle
age.

My specimen of the young of marinus is larger, and stouter
in form; the back mottled with much darker feathers, and the
bill larger and stronger.

276 Remarks on the Taconic System.

XXIV.—Remarks on the Taconic System.

By R, P. STeveEns.

Read May 21, 1860,

Tur existence of a system of stratified rocks, older than the
Potsdam sandstone, and fossiliferous, has been the mooted ques-
tion of the day.

Mather, the brothers Rodgers, Hall, Sir William Logan,
Hunt,,and recently Pres. Hitchcock must be added to the list,
maintain that there is no such system. That the Potsdam and
ealciferous sandstone are the lowest horizon of Palseozoic life ;
and that the slates, sandstones, and marbles, of Prof. Emmons’
Taconic system, are but the metamorphosed rocks of the lower
Silurian.

On the contrary side of the question we have Prof. Emmons,
the proposer of the system, Safford, Jewett, Foster, in our
country, and Barraude and Salter, in Europe, who maintain not
only that this system of rocks is older than the Silurian, but
that it was the cradle of palzeozoic life.

Mr. Sterry Hunt, the accomplished chemist of the Canadian
survey, carries the idea of metamorphism so far as to make
the limestone of Central Massachusetts, the Devonian, altered
by heat and chemical agency. Doctor Hitchcock lends his
authority to the same view. Such is the present aspect of the
controversy.

The fossils before the Lyceum this evening are from the
Taconic and the Silurian, where it reposes upon the slates un-

eonformably. The Silurian fossils are the J/aclura magna, two
“specimens, Cyrstoceras, and Orthoceras, one of each, with frag-
ments of others. The Taconic fossils are, Paradowides, one
specimen, Graptolithes seculinus, one specimen, and Lucoides
jlexuosa.

It was my intention to have laid before the Lyceum speci-
mens of Brachiopods, new Trilobites, and stems of Encrinites,
but my communications did not reach Albany in time.

Remarks on the Taconie System. 277

~ Barraude places the Paradoxides in his primordial zone, as
typical of it, and Salter, agreeing with him as to geological
position, though not nomenclature, places it in his sub-silurian.
Whatever the argument may be from Paleeozoa;—it is in able
hands, and is daily increasing in favor of Dr. Emmons’ views.

We propose in this paper to maintain the Taconic system,
by the following arguments: Ist, its orography ; 2nd, its struc-
tural geology ; 3rd, the thickness of its strata; 4th, its uncon-
formability with the Silurian.

Ist. The orography of this system is quite peculiar to itself.
Long valleys, lying between high mountains, having a north
and south trend,—the mountains having an easy slope upon
their eastern sides, but steep and abrupt upon their western,—
their summits rounded, smoothed, or scarred by drift agencies
or the ravages of time, every few miles broken off at either
end, and lapping by the succeeding mountain, in an echelon
arrangement; sometimes gently rising up from the south, and
terminating abruptly at the north. The eastern valleys, are
floored with limestones and marbles, and through them up rise
isolated mountains, flanked with the calcareous formations of
the valleys.

The intelligent traveller, passing over this system from the
east, from New Marlboro, Mass., to the City of Hudson, would
be impressed with the following characteristic features. As he
stands on the western edge of the primitive, and looks north-
wards, southwards, and eastwards, he sees, spread before him,
an elevated country, gently rolling and swelling into ridges
and subordinate hills. The rocks are all gneiss and granite,
and vertical in their dip; the valleys are narrow and deep;
the soil thin, and poorly rewarding the labor of the husband-
man.

On the west he suddenly descends into the valley of the
Konkeput, and finds a change has come over the whole sce-
nery. The rocks are new to him; they are stratified, calcare-
ous, arenaceous, or slaty; they have an eastward tilt; they abut

278 Remarks on the Taconie System.

sharply upon the primary; the valley is wide, swelling with
knobs and ridges of gravel and drift; marbles and limestones
underlie the surface; the springs flow with hard water, or hold
carbonate of lime in solution; a new order of agriculture greets
his vision; the whole scenery is changed, a change that did
not escape the observation of Prof. Hopkins and of President
Dwight, when they first travelled into this region.

From the Konkeput on to the Hudson river he passes over
five of these parallel mountains, all having the same peculiari-
ties, and three of the valleys filled with limestones. The lime-
stones of the valleys, the slates and quartz of the mountains
have all of them, for more than thirty miles in width of territory,
the steep tilt eastwards.

At the crossing of the Claverack creek in Columbia county,
quite to his surprise he finds a limestone capping the highest
slate hill.

It is conceded by all geologists that the mountains of the
American continent have been elevated at different geological
periods ; that the continent has undergone repeated oscillations,
and that the dynamics elevating the continent have been dif-
ferent from those uptilting the mountains.

Pres. Hitclicock describes six systems of elevations in the
State of Massachusetts. The fourth in his system is that which
elevated these mountains, but in the order of nature it was the
second, for the Silurian rests unconformably to the slates of
these mountains, while these slates are unconformable to the
primary. They were upheaved, then, before the laying down
of the Potsdam sandstone, and after the close of the Taconic
epoch.

The upheaving force fractured these rocks simultaneously in
two difierent directions, one longitudinally in long lines of from
five to thirty miles, and elevated them many thousand feet, as
we may reasonably suppose. This elevating force threw them
not up in folds of the strata, as the brothers Rodgers have
stated, but in sharp lines of fracture bringing all the strata suc-

Remarks on the Taconie System. 279

cessively into view, and giving their present steep inclination
eastwards. Simultaneously there was a transverse fracture, in an
east and west direction, interrupting the longitudinal at various
and irregular distances, and at the same time pushing the north
end of the interrupted strata to the west of and by the south
end, thus giving the mountains their echelon arrangements, as
has been stated. In the wider valleys, isolated fractures and
elevations sometimes took place.

Subsequently in the order of time there was a depression of
the western edge of the system; the upturned edges were
abraded, and furrowed into deep chasms, to form material for
the nascent Silurian, and into these furrows and sometimes
mighty chasms, as well as on the basset edges of the Taconic,
the Silurian was laid down. Then followed another uprising,
leaving the Silurian dryland, while the Devonian was being
formed. Again another oscillation while the Carboniferous was
being deposited. These various elevations and depressions we
suppose to have been so gentle in their action, as not materially
to disturb these rocks. At the close of the Carboniferous age,
when the Apalachian system of elevation was exerted upon
this continent, these rocks were subjected to further dis-
turbances. The east and west dislocations were further ex-
tended, the already hardened material was crushed and com-
minuted, and the whole of this system underwent so marked a
change, that many observers consider the Apalachian elevation
the only one exerted upon these rocks. But no one system of
elevation can satisfactorily explain all the phenomena of this
interesting group of mountain strata.

These rocks had already been wasted by ocean forces, to yield
material for the Silurian, and, perhaps, all the succeeding for-
mations, when they, in common with all the eastern portion of
our continent, were depressed beneath the seas, and subjected
to all the varied operations of the drift forces, whatever they
may have been.

On emerging from the waters for the last time, they were
MAY, 1860. 19 Ann, Lyo, Nat, Hist, Vou. VII.

280 Remarks on the Taconic System.

covered in mary places with a coating of from 2 to 150 feet of
transparent material. Miles in extent of their strata, and hun-
dreds of feet in thickness, had been abraded and removed,—
the overlying cap of Silurian had mostly been carried away,
leaving only isolated patches in protected positions, and widely
separated localities, for the geologist to infer their former pre-
sence in full force. Add to all, the metamorphism of being
heated and cooled,—of large masses sliding by each other, thus
producing electric and magnetic action,—remember also the
chemical action and reaction that must have been present, and
you will understand the magnitude of the task any investiga-
tor assumes when he attempts to decypher all the problems of
the Taconic sytem.

Our second argument is from its structural geology.

Viewed comprehensively, and not descending to the minutiz,
the geology of this system is very simple. The main bulk of
the mountains is composed of laminated or massive slates of
various grades and varieties. One range on the east is capped
with hornstone or massive silex. The valleys of the eastern
portion are filled with calcareous deposits, with intercalated
beds of slates and sandstone, and these beds also flank the
eastern slope of the mountains. The western valleys are
floored with the same slates as the mountains are composed of,
while the mountains on the west are, or have been, capped
with unconformable limestones or sandstones of a different age.
The calcareous, slaty, or siliceous masses, whether rising into
mountain heights or reposing in the valleys, have unmistak-
able appearances of having been sediments in their normal and
primal condition. Their stratification, always regular,—the
ripple marks still remaining upon the surface,—the water-worn
rounded or brecciated character of the material composing some
of the deposits, as well as their fossil contents, all give evidence
of sedimentary origin.

We may suppose these sediments to have been originally depo-
sited upon the floor of the primal ocean, which had primitive

Remarks on the Taconic System. : 281

rocks upon its eastern shores. The first abrasion of the primi-
tive would yield breccias and conglomerates, arenaceous beds
would follow; these were succeeded by still finer argillaceous
deposits, since hardened into slates ; limestones followed, which
have been metamorphosed into marbles.

These were repeated, the one upon and following the other,
until the whole series was completed.

This simple statement of the structural geology brings us to
the third argument,—the thickness of the strata composing this
system.

The limestones on the east, we have been able approximately
to measure. One thousand feet is the thickness in its present
dilapidated condition, in the valley of the Konkeput, and we
have good reason to infer that it once was more than 2000
feet thick. The magnesian slates are fully 15,000 feet in thick-
ness. The limestones that followed were 4 to 600 feet thick ;
and the true Taconic slates of the state line of Columbia and
Berkshire are full five miles thick. The roofing and other
slates of Columbia Co. were three to three and a half miles in
thickness.

In all, eleven to thirteen miles would be the maximum thick-
ness; but allowing for any reduplication of the strata, or even
a folding of the same, the minimum thickness cannot be less
than five and one half miles,—a thickness much greater than
the Silurian, Devonian, and Carboniferous, which succeed this
eldest born of the sedimentary rocks.

Our last argument is the unconformability and superposition
of the Silurian with the Taconic.

At Becraft Mt., Claurach, Kinderhook, and Ghent, in Colum-
bia Co., at Greenoble and University Hill, in Rensellaer,. at
Bald Mt. and Mt. Toby, in Washington Co., and numerous
other localities might be cited, where the Taconic has its usual
steep inclination eastward, the lower Silurian either reclines
horizontally upon the upturned edges, or in troughs worn in the
slates, but in either case the superposition is manifest and
unmistakable.

282 Remarks on the Taconic System.

The maintainers of the metamorphic Silurian theory are
driven to the following absurdities; that the Utica slate and
Hudson River group of rocks, confessedly only a few hundred
feet in thickness, have been so plicated, uptilted, and pressed
together, as to fill a country more than thirty miles wide with
their strata, at a steep inclination. And, moreover, that the
lower members, as the Pottsdam sandstone, calciferous, chazy,
and Trenton limestones, and, in one case, the Helderburgh lime-
stone unmetamorphosed, are superimposed upon the uptilted
and metamorphosed later rocks of the Utica slate and Hudson
River group. How came the older reclining in a normal con-
dition upon the later? The one changed, the other unchanged ?
Again, how came the upper Silurian limestones to thicken into
two thousand feet of material in the distance of twenty-five
miles,—in the one case metamorphosed into marble, and in the
other case remaining in its usual thickness of a few hundred
feet and unmetamorphosed ?

And, once more, why should the uniform eastward tilt cease
with the upper Silurian, and a new inclination be imposed upon
the Devonian, if Central Massachusetts is but the Devonian
metamorphosed ?

If in Illinois we have the Carboniferous unconformable to the
Devonian, upper Silurian, and lower Silurian, why may we not
have the coal measures in Massachusetts and Rhode Island
unconformed to the Sub-Silurian ?

In the Taconic system we have a new volume added to the
geological history of the earth, carrying us back into the his-
tory of its paleeozoa to a new and lower horizon, as remote
from the Silurian as it is from the Carboniferous. In its fauna
and flora we have the primal forms of the biological alphabet,
and though the generic character of its inscriptions extend into
the Silurian, and, as for that matter, even up to the present
time, its specific characters are essentially distinct.

Norge.—Since the foregoing remarks were read, I have

Description of a New Species of Helix. 283

received a communication from Prof. Safford of the Tennessee
Geological Survey, telling me that he finds in Tennessee a sys-
tem of stratified rocks of great thickness, between the primary
and Pottsdam sandstone.

On the south-east, then, we have the system, on the north-
west in the Azoic of Foster and Whitney, on the north in the
Huronian of Sir Wm. Logan, and in the north-east in the Taco-
nic of Prof. Emmons.

To our State Survey belongs the honor of its discovery and
proper placing of it in the geology of North America.

XXV.—Description of a New Srrecms of Herr, from
Bougainsville Island.
%
By Westry Newcoms, M.D., of Oakland, Cal., Corresponding Member.

Read May 28th, 1860.

Helix Amgasiama. (nov. sp.)

T. imperforata globoso-depressa, solida, malleata, rufo-brunnea, epider-
mide aureolo-tinct&é; spira brevi, obtus&; anfr. 5 planiusculis, sensim
accrescentibus, ultimo ad peripheriam obsolete carinato; sutura valde
impressa, hon marginata ; apertura rotundato-lunari, intus alba ; peristo-
mate reflexo; marginibus callo tenui junctis; columellari calloso, dila-
tato, adnato.

Shell imperforate, depressly globose, solid, malleated, epi-
dermis reddish brown, tinged with golden; spire short, obtuse ;
whirls 5, slightly flattened, regularly enlarging, the last one
slightly keeled at the periphery ; suture well impressed, not
margined ; aperture roundly lunar, white within; lip reflected,
the margins joined by a thin callus; columella thick, dilated,
adhering.

Diam. maj. 60, min. 48, Alt. 34 mill. Aper. 26, mill. longa,
27, lata.

' Hab.—Bougainsville Island,

284 Descriptions of New Species of Birds.

Lemarks.—This fine large Helix, dedicated to that excellent
naturalist, Geo. French Angas, Esq., of Australia, has for its
nearest allied species, Z. cornu militare of St. Domingo. It
differs in being somewhat smaller, in its malleated surface, less
expanded lip, and more rounded aperture. It also approaches
H. Studeriana, from which it differs in its greater solidity,
hammered surface, and in its smaller and more rounded aper-
ture.

XXVI.— Descriptions of New Sprxucies of Birds of the Genera

Mytarcavus and Punogorsis.

By Gero. N. Lawrencn.

Read 21st May, 1860.

Myiarchus Pamamemsis.

Second, third, and fourth quills longest, the first considerably
shorter than the seventh. Upper plumage rather light umber-
brown, the feathers of the crown having darker centres, and the
back an olivaceous shade; tail brown, with a dull ferruginous
tinge, the outer web of the outer tail feather dull white, with a
very slight tinge of rufous, the central feathers with very nar-
row margins of pale rufous, the ends of all the tail feathers
pale ; wing-coverts umber brown, with their edges dull white ;
primaries and secondaries dark umber brown, with their outer
webs very narrowly margined with dull white; tertiaries dark
brown, with their outer edges pale yellowish white; the inner
webs of all the quills are margined with pale yellow; under
wing coverts yellow; throat and fore part of the breast clear
bluish-ash, sides of the same color, tinged with olivaceons ;
abdomen and under tail coverts yellow; bill and legs black.
Length 7% inches; wing 3,%,; tail 3%; bill from front 32;
from rictus 145 tarsus §.

ho
(2)
OL

Descriptions of New Species of Birds.
Habitat.—Isthmus of Panama.

Lemarks.—This species is about the size of my Jf. cinerascens,
but the colors are much darker, and the bill longer and broader.
Compared with J/. crinitus, the color of the throat is of a
deeper shade and the dark coloring on the sides more extensive,
the abdomen is of a rather lighter yellow, the bill is about the
same width at the base, but longer. From both species it dif-
fers in having no rufous coloring on the wings or tail, except the
very slight tinge on the edge of the latter, in having the inner
edges of the quill feathers pale yellow and the wings much
shorter. In the absence of ferruginous it resembles JZ pheo-
cephalus, Sclater.

Two specimens were obtained by Mr. J. McLeannan, who
states that it sits on the top of a tree, and has a cry very simi-
lar to that of the Royal Tody (Mfuscivora Mexicana), so much
so that when he shot these specimens he mistook them for that
species.

Phiogopsis MeLeannani.

Head above umber brown, with a slight ochreous tinge,
there is a deep black spot on both the upper and lower eyelid;
hind neck encircled with a band of bright chestnut red; back,
Wwing-coverts, tertiaries, and rump light umber brown, tinged
with ochraceous or dull ferruginous yellow; feathers of the
back, scapulars, tertiaries and wing-coverts ending with large
spots of deep velvet black, and having pale ferruginous mar-
gins ; these markings exist on the rump and upper tail-coverts,
but become rather obscure towards the latter, when they are
almost obsolete ; tail deep blackish brown, with the two exter-
nal feathers on each side tipped with white; primaries and
secondaries dark umber brown with light brown edgings;
throat and neck in front of a deep glossy black; breast and
upper part of abdomen bright chestnut red, each feather being
marked with a subterminal round spot of deep black; imme-

286 Descriptions of New Species of Birds.

diately below the black throat the red is without spots, and
connects with the collar on the hind neck; centre of abdo-
men paler in color, and on the lower part becoming brown,
with the markings less distinct; the under tail-coverts and
thighs are ochreous brown, banded with black near the ends of
the feathers, which have lighter terminations, these markings
are rather obscure on the thighs; sides and inner covering of
wings dull ferruginous brown; bill black, with the tip horn
color; the tarsi and feet in the dried specimens are very pale
yellow, probably light flesh color in the living bird; claws
yellowish white. In life the bare space around the eye is light
blue.

Total length 8 inches; wing 32; tail 3}; bill from frontal
feathers 12; tarsus 14.

FHabitat.—Isthmus of Panama.

Remarks.—One other specimen is of rather smaller dimen-
sions, but they are precisely alike in plumage. They were
obtained at a locality about equidistant from both oceans.

This is a larger and finer species than the two others em-
braced in this genus; it somewhat resembles P. nigro-macu-
lata Lafr. et D’Orb. in the markings of the back and wing-
coverts, but in its coloration otherwise it is quite different.

This handsome bird was obtained by James McLeannan,
Esq., in compliment to whom I have named it.

Quite a considerable number of birds were collected by this
gentleman, mostly along the line of the Panama railroad. It
is my intention before long to give a catalogue of his collec-
tion, which contains some rare, and probably other new species,
besides those described above.

Description of a New Species of Pupa. 287

XXVIL—Description of a New Species of Pura from
California.

By tue Rev. J. Rowe t, of San Francisco, Cal.

(Communicated by Mr. W. Cooper.)

Read 7th January, 1861.
Pupa Californica, mov. sp.

T. rimato-subperforata, elongato-ovata, tenuiuscula, fusco-cornea, oblique
costulato-striataé ; apice obtusa ; sutura profunda; anfr. 5-6 convexis,
ultimo ad aperturam parum compresso ; apertura obliqua, suborbiculari,
denticulis 4 albis armat&é; 1 valido, lamelliformi, subtorto, in pariete
aperturali, 1 ad columellam, 2 prope basin, profunde immersis; perist.
expansiusculo, columellari subreflexo.

Shell rimate subperforate, elongate ovate, thin, dark
horn colored, with oblique rib-like strive; apex obtuse ; deep
suture ; with 5-6 convex whorls, the last a little compressed at
the aperture ; aperture oblique, suborbicular, armed with four
white denticles; one iamelliform, strongly developed, slightly
twisted, on the parietal wall, one on the columella, and two
deeply seated within or near the base of the aperture ; peri-
stome slightly expanded, columellar margin somewhat reflected.

Long. 24; diam. 1 mill.

*

Habitat.—San Francisco, California.

ftemarks.—1 have collected a considerable number of this
species of Pupa. One other only, P. Rowellii Newce., has

hitherto been found on the Pacific Coast of the United States.
JAN. 1861, 90 Ann. Lyo. Nat. Hisr. Vou. VII.

288 Catalogue of Birds from New Grenada.

XXVIII.—Catalogue of a Collection of Birds, made in New
Grenada, by James McLeannan, Esq., of New York, with
Notes and Descriptions of New Species. Part I.

By GrorGE N. LAWRENCE.

Read January 28, 1861.

Tue birds comprised in this catalogue were collected by
James McLeannan, Esq., on the Atlantic side of the Isthmus of
Panama, along the line of the Panama Railroad, from near
the coast to about a central point between the two oceans. He
procured only such birds as he had the opportunity to preserve
when not otherwise engaged, and had no intention of making
a complete collection, many kinds being seen by him which
were not obtained. This is to be regretted, as among those sent
are many species of much interest.

Mr. MeL. took no notes, as the birds were obtained solely for
his own gratification, and with no expectation that a list of
them would ever be published. He states that the Falconidee
are exceedingly numerous and unsuspicious, frequently perch-
ing on the telegraph poles, and allowing an approach imme-
diately under them without taking alarm.

Fam. FALCONID.
SupraM. POLYBORINE.
1. Lbycter Americanus (Bodd.).
SupramM. BUTEONINE.

2. Buteo gheisbreghtii, Du Bus.
3. Buteo Pennsylvanicus ( Wils.).

4. Leucopternis semiplumbeus, sp. nov.

Entire upper plumage, with the sides of the head and neck rather

Catalogue of Birds from New Grenada. 289

hght plumbeous, the feathers with dark shafts, upper tail coverts and tail
black, the latter crossed at about two inches from the end with a narrow
band of white, slightly tinged with rufous; there is a white spot on the
inner web of the outer tail feather, about equidistant between the base
of the tail and the white band; quills dark plumbeous black, with the
greater portion of their inner margins from the base white, the terminal
portion of the quills on the under side is plumbeous grey crossed with
darker bars on the inner webs, tips dark; under plumage and inner
lining of the wings white; on the chin and throat the feathers have a
narrow plumbeous stripe down their centres; bill bluish black, cere
orange yellow; legs and feet orange yellow; claws black.
Length 16 in.; wing 81; tail 6; bill along ridge 11; tarsi 21,

Supram. MILVINZ.
5. ELlanoides furcatus (Linn.).
6. Lctinia plumbea (Gm.).

Supram. ACCIPITRIN &.

7. Herpetotheres cachinnans (Linn.).
8. dAccprter pileatus (Maz.).

This specimen is not fully adult; the upper plumage is umber
brown ; the crown is blackish brown, showing a very decided
cap ; the under parts are fulvous white, without spots or stripes.
It bears no resemblance to the young of A. Cooperi, which by
some ornithologists has been considered identical with this
species. See remarks, antea, p. 254.

9. Geranospiza cerulescens ( Vierll.).

Fam. STRIGID.
Supram.. SYRN TIN &. :

10. Syrnium perspicillatum (Lath.).

290 Catalogue of Birds from New Grenada.

Fam. CAPRIMULGID.
Supra, STEATORTIN&.

11. Nyctibius grandis (&m.).

Susram. CAPRIMULGIN &.

12. Nyctidromus Americanus (Linn.).
138. * Guianensis (&m.).

Fam. MOMOTIDAL.
Supram. MOMOTIN 4.
14. Momotus Marti (Spi).
15. “ Lessoni, Less.
16. Crypticus platyrhynchus (Poadeeatay

Fam. TROGONID.
Susram. TROGONIN&.
17. Trogon macroura, Gould.
18. “ Massena, Gould.
LO: “ 6viridis, Linn.
20. “ — aurantiiventris, Gould.
21. “ — ealigatus, Gould.

Fam. BUCCONID.
Susram. BUCCONIN.
22. Malacoptila Panamensis, Lafr.

Fam. ALCEDINID.
Susram. ALCEDININ.
238. Ceryle torquata (Linn.).
24. “ Amazona (Lath.).
25. “ inda(Linn.). See Cassin, Proc. Phil. Acad.
1860, p. 133.
26. “ Americana (Gm.).
27. “ superciliosa (Linn.).

Catalogue of Birds from New Grenada. 291

Fam. GALBULID &.
Suspram. GALBULIN &.

38. Jacameraps grandis (Gm.).

Fam. CAZAREBID 2.
Susram, CAREBIN &.

99. Oereba carneipes, Sel. P. Z. 8S. 1859, p. 376.

30. “ lucida, Sclater and Salvi. Ibis, 1859, p. 14.
31. Dacnis cerebicolor, Scl.

32. Certhiola luteola, Caban.

Fam. TROCHILID.

Sursam. TROCHILIN 2.

83. Phathornis eurynomus (Less.).

34. i Adolphi, Boure.

35. Heliothria auritus (Gm.).

36. ee Barroti, Boure.

37. Heliomaster Stuarte, Lawr., antea, p. 107.

Since describing this species, I have had an opportunity of
examining seven other specimens from Bogota, in the posses-
sion of Mr. William Galbraith, Taxidermist, of this city. I
find the bills of these to be quite as long as these of A. long-
rostris, but they are much steuter; and J notice some charac-
ters not mentioned in my eriginal description, viz. the base of
the bill is very broad and bare of feathers, whereas in longi-
rostris the bill at the base is comparatively narrow, and the
feathers extend quite forward on the bill. These differences
were constant in an equal number of each species.

The specimen in this collection shows the same characters,
and has the greater extent of black in the tail feathers, as have
also those spoken of above.

299 Catalogue of Birds from New Grenada.

38. Hlorisuga mellivora (Linn.).
39. Thalurania venusta, Gould.
40. Amazilia Riefferi, Boure.

41. Chiorostilbom assimilis, sp. nov.

The entire upper plumage is of a bronzed or dull golden green; tail
dark steel blue; wings brownish purple; under plumage brilliant green,
golden on the abdomen and on the throat of a bluish green; under tail
coverts grass green; a small white spot on the pleura; tibial feathers
brown; bill and feet black.

Length 3 in.; wing 113; tail 1,5; bill =.

This species is somewhat like C. melanorhynchus, Gould, but
is smaller; the bill is much shorter, and comparatively weaker;
the crown is uniform in color with the back, not brilliant as
in melanorhynchus, the latter species is also more golden on
the abdomen, and has the tail less forked with the feathers nar-
rower.

42. Krythronota Edwardi (Boure. et Delatt.).
43. Suliamya typica, Bonap. (Ornismyia Julie, Bourc.).
44. Damophila amabilis, Gould.

Fam. CERTHIAD.
Supram. FURNARIN &.

45. Rhedinocichla rosea, Less. & and g.

Susram. DENDROGOLAPTIN 4,

46. Dendrornis guttatus (Licht.).

47. a tenucrostres (Licht.).

48, A large species which I have not been
able to make out.

49. Xtphorhynchus Lafresnayanus (O7b.).

Catalogue of Birds from New Grenada. 293

Fam. TROGLODYTID.
Susram. TROGLODYTIN &,

50. Cyphorinus cantans (Gm.).

Above rufous brown, the back crossed with narrow dark almost obso-
lete bars; quills narrowly barred with black on the outer webs ; tail
rufous brown, with narrow black bars; throat and sides of the neck
bright rufous; breast ashy brown; abdomen and sides dull rufous
brown ; bill black; legs and feet yellowish brown.

Length 5 in.; wing 21; tail 1p; bill 3; tarsi 2.
51. Thryothorus nigricupillus, Sel. ?

Fam. MNIOTILTID&.
Susram. MNIOTILTIN A.

52. Dendroica virens (Gm.).

53. LHelminthophaga chrysoptera (Linn.).

Fam. FORMICARID 2.
Susram. THAMNOPHILIN &.

54. Cymbilanius lineatus (Leach). 6 and g.
55. Thamnophilus transandeanus, Sel. 6 and Q.
56. « doliatus (Linn.). & and ¢.

Supram. FORMICIVORIN ©.

57. Myrmetherula Surinamensis (Gm.). 9.

Supram. FORMICARIN &.
58. Pithys rufigularis (Bodd.)?

Upper plumage rufous brown; back scarcely olivaceous; a concealed
spot of white between the shoulders ; sides same color as the back; tail
deep rufous brown; the three outer tail feathers tipped with white ;

294 Catalogue of Birds from New Grenada.

wings umber brown edged with dull rufous, wing coverts edged with
bright rufous; under plumage deep bright rufous ; bill dark horn color,
under mandible lighter at the end.

Length 6 in.; wing 3; tail 23; bill 3; tarsi 1.

This bird does not answer very well to the description of
P. rufigularis, and may be distinct; it differs in having the
entire under surface rufous, a little paler only on the lower part
of the abdomen. PP. rufigularis, according to Latham, has
“the chin, throat, and breast rufous yellow.” Mr. Sclater,
P. Z. S. 1858, p. 274, describes it as being “ brownish olive,
paler below, with the throat rufous.”

59. Gymnocichla nudiceps, Cassin.

60. Phlogopsis McLeannani, Lawr., antea, p. 285.

61. Pittasoma Michleri, Cass. Proce. Phil. Acad. 1860,
p. 189.

This is a fine specimen of this interesting new species. I had
nearly completed ny examination of the birds contained in this
present catalogue, before I was aware that Mr. Cassin was
engaged upon the collection made by Lieutenant Michler. The
above bird I considered one of the most important novelties ;
and it was not until I compared notes with Mr. Cassin, that I
found it was also in the collection he was investigating. As
his paper was nearly ready for publication, and he had assigned
it a name, I yielded the description of it to him.
~ Mr. McL. shot his specimen in high woods, where it was
feeding on low shrubs in company with PAlogopsis Me-

Leannani.
e

Fam. ANABATIDZE.

+ Supram. ANABATIN ZZ,

62. Anabates cervinigularis, Sel.

Or

Catalogue of Birds from New Grenada. 29

Fam. TYRANNIDZ.

Supram. TYRANNINZ.

63. Scaphorhynchus Mexicanus, Lafr.

64. Tyrannus intrepidus, Vieill.-

65. . melancholicus, Vieill.

66. Myiarchus Panamensis, Lawr., antea, p. 284.
67. Myiodynastes nobilis, Scl. P. ZS. 1859, p. 42.
68. Milvulus monachus, Hartl.

69. Myiozetetes Cayennensis (Linn.).

Susram. PLATYRRHYNCHIN &.

70. Todirostrum cinereum (Linn.).
71. Muscivora Mexicana, Sel. .

Fam. COTINGID A.

Supram. TITYRINZ.

72. Tityra albitorques, Du Bus.
73. “ personata, Jard. and Selby.

74. Pachyramphus cinnamomeus, sp. nov.

Male. Third and fourth primaries longest and equal, first interme-
diate between the fifth and sixth, second abnormally shortened. Upper
plumage of a bright reddish cinnamon color, a little darker on the crown;
a dusky spot immediately forward of the eye, and above the spot a pale
streak running to the bill; wings and tail of the same color as the back,
the ends of the primaries being dark brown; under plumage pale cinna-
mon, nearly white on the throat; bill dark horn color, with the edges
and tips of both mandibles white; legs and feet dark plumbeous.

Length 6 in.; wing 313 tail 21; bill 4; tarsi 3.

The female is precisely like the male in plumage, but, as is usual in
this family, has the second primary of full length.

296 Catalogue of Birds from New Grenada.

'

This is the second instance in this genus in which the male
wears the dress of the female ; in all the others, with these two
exceptions, the sexes are very different in color.

The species alluded to above, and which this somewhat
resembles, is P. rufescens (Spix); but as there is no appear-
ance of the cinereous band which extends from the hind neck
on each side of the head in that species, I cannot but consider
it distinct. The localities of the two species are also very
different.

75. Pachyramphus gr.

This is colored much like the above species, but the head is darker,
and the bill much smaller, being short and flat.
Length 53 in.; wing 215 tail 12.

Fam. AMPELID.
Susram. PIPRIN Ai.
16. Chirowiphia caudata (Shaw).
ti.) mentalis, Sel:
78. “ wetellina, Gould.
79. © eyaneocapilla, Wagl.

Supram. GYMNODERIN

80. Querula cruenta (Bodd.).

Fam. CORVID.
Supram. GARRULINA.

81. Uroleuca pileata (Temm.).

Fam. STURNID A.
Susram. QUISCALIN 4.

$2. Cassidix baritus (Sw.).
83. at erasscrostris (Sw.) ?

Catalogue of Birds from New Grenada. 297
Supram. ICTERIN AL.

84. Ostinops Montezuma, Less.
85. < eristatus (Gm.).

86. Ocyalus Waglert (G. R. Gray).
87. Cassiculus Prevosti (Less.).

88. ee écteronotus ( Vievll.).
89. ne uropygialis (Lafr.).
90. Icterus mesomelas ( Wagl.).

91. ¢ Giraudii, Cassin.

Fam. FRINGILLID.
Susram. COCCOTHRAUSTINE.

92. Cyanoloxia cyanoides (Lafr.).
93. Hedymeles Ludovicianus ( Wils.).

Susram. TANAGRIN 2,

94. Saltator atriceps, Less.

95. .. magnus (G'm.).

96. Phenicothraupis rubicoides (Lafr.).
97. Tanagra cana, Swainson.

98. “« palmarum, Max.

99. Rhamphocelus icteronotus, Bonap.

100. Pyranga estiva (Gm.).

101. Zachyphonus luctuosus, D Orb. et Lafr.
102. Tachyphonus Cassinil, sp. nov.

“ Tachyphonus?” Cass. Proc. Phil. Acad. 1860, p. 142.

No. 62 Cat. of Michler’s Collection.

Fourth quill longest, the first and ninth equal.

Male. Front, sides of the head inclosing the eyes and chin black, a
triangular patch of olivaceous yellow begins at a point on the crown
opposite the forward angle of the eye, and gradually widens until on the
occiput it is the entire width of the head; upper plumage besides sooty

298 Catalogue of Birds from New Grenada.

black, slightly tinged with olive green; wings and tail dark sooty brown;
throat dark plumbeous grey, in the centre tinged with olive green ;
under plumage deep olivaceous yellow, brightest on the breast, dusky on
the sides, and deepening to dull reddish orange on the lower part of the |
abdomen and under tail coverts; upper mandible blackish horn color,
the under mandible lighter towards the end; tarsi and feet blackish
brown.
Length 7 in.; wing 32; tail 3; bill £; tarsi 48.

The plumage of the female is similar to that of the male.

A single specimen in the collection puzzled me to know
where to place it, as was the case with Mr. Cassin; but having
received other specimens of both sexes, which I consider relia-
ble, I have no hesitation in deseribing it as new, and have
accordingly dedicated it to my friend Mr. Cassin.

103. Eucometis cristata (Du Bus.).
104. Calliste inornata, Gould.

There are several specimens of this species, all alike in plum-
age. Mr. McLeannan considers it distinct from C. Francesca.
He found them breeding, the nest being placed in low trees.
C. Francesce builds in the Prickly Palm, a large tree.

105. Calliste Francesce (Lafr.).
106. Euphonia hirundinacea, Bp.
107. Arremon aurantirostris, Lafr.
108. Pitylus grossus (Linn.).

Susram. EMBERIZIN 2.

109. Huspiza Americana (Gm.).
110. Phonipara gutturalis (Licht).
p OE cr pusilla (Sw.).

Catalogue of Birds from New Grenada. 299

Fam. RAMPHASTID A.
Susram. RAMPH ASTIN Ai,
112. Rhamphastos tocard, Vieill.
1138. carinatus, Swain.

114. Pteroglossus torquatus ( Wagl.).

Fam. PSITTACID.

Susram. ARAIN AL.

115. Avra militaris (Linn.).
116. Psittovius tovi (Gim.).

Susram. PSITTACIN 4.

117. Pionius menstruus (Linn.).
118. os hematotis, Sel. et Salv.? P.Z. 8. 1860,
p- 800; Ibis, vol. ii. p. 401, pl. xiil.

A single specimen only is in the collection, which differs
from the description and figure above cited in the feathers of
the crown being without the narrow red margins, and in having
a narrow collar of red feathers immediately under the dark
color of the throat. In the large collection of Mr. J. G. Bell,
I examined ten specimens of P. hamatotis (collected by Mr.
Leyland in Honduras), none of which have any trace of the
collar, but all agreeing with Mr. Sclater’s description. Addi-
tional specimens are required to determine whether it is merely
a variety of the above species.

Fam. PICIDAL.
Supram. PICIN A.
119. Dryocopus Matherbia (G. R. Gray). 8 and 9.
Supram. MELANERPIN &.

120. Centurus Pucherani (Math.).
121. a rubriventris, Sw.

300 Catalogue of Birds from New Grenada.

Fam. CAPITONID.

Supram. CAPITONIN 4.
122, Capito maculicoronatus, sp. nov.

The feathers of the crown and occiput are elongated and distinctly
spotted, being of a fine brown color at the base with the ends dull white,
on the hind neck the feathers are wholly brown and destitute of spots ;
the entire upper plumage besides, together with the sides of the head and
of the neck, are glossy bluish black; tail brownish black above and dark
brown underneath; wings dark brown, under lining of wings and inner
edges of quills pale yellow; throat silky white, becoming pale yellow on
the lower part of the neck, and deepening to orange on the breast,
. where it forms a transverse band ; abdomen pale cream-colored white,
marked down each side with conspicuous heart-shaped black spots, sides
under the wings biack, marked on the pleura with elongated feathers of
a deep orange; inside of thighs white; under tail coverts white, tinged
with pale yellow; bill dark horn color, the culmen is marked just for-
ward of the nostrils with a spot of dull orange, under part of the lower
mandible dull white; legs and feet black.

Length 6% in.; wing 31; tail 215; bill 3; tarsi 7.

The female, in place of the white throat and orange breast of the male,
has those parts of the same lustrous black as the upper plumage; in all
other markings they are precisely alike.

This species differs remarkably in color from all others of the
genus.

Fam, CUCULIDA.
Susram. COCCYZINA.

123. Piaya nigricrissa, Scl. P. Z. S. 1860, p. 285.
124. “ rutila ( Vieill.).

125. Deplopterus excellens, Scl. P.Z.8. 1857, p. 229.
126. Dromococcyx Mewicanus, Bp.

Catalogue of Birds from New Grenada.

te

131.

182.

133.
134.
135.
136.
137.

138.

139.

Susram. CROTOPHAGIN &.
Crotophaga ani, Linn.

Fam. COLUMBID&.
Susram. COLUMBIN 4s.

. Lepidoenas speciosa (Gm.).

Susram. GOURINE.

. Chaemepilia rufipennis, Bp.
. Peristera cinerea (Temm.).

Fam. CRACID2.
Suspram. CRACIN AL,

Crax rubra, Innn.? 9.

Fam. TETRAONIDA.
Susram. ODONTOPHORIN &.
Odontophorus Guianensis (Gm.).

Fam. ARDEID &.
Susram. ARDEIN 4.

Eurypyga helias (Pallas).
Garzetta candidissiema (Gm.).
Butorides virescens (Linn.).
Tigrisoma Brasiliense (Linn.).
Pilherodius pileatus (Lath.).

Fam. SCOLOPACID.
Susram. SCOLOPACIN 2.
Gallinago Wilsonii, Bp.
Fam. PALAMEDEID.
Susram. PARIN &.

Parra melanopygia, Sel.

302 Catalogue of Birds from New Grenada.

Fam. RALLIDZ.
Susram. RALLINZ.

140. Corethrura albigularis, sp. nov.

Head above rufous brown, lores ashy; sides of the head and of the
neck, hind neck, and upper part of the back bright rufous; back and
wings rufous brown, rather darker than the head; rump and tail deep
brown; primaries dark brown, shoulders edged with white, smaller wing
coverts blackish brown barred with white, some of the other coverts end-
ing with bright rufous; throat pure white; lower part of the neck and the
breast rufous, paler than that of the hind neck with which it connects ;
abdomen, sides, and under tail coverts black banded with white, each
feather crossed with three bars; under wing coverts white varied with
black ; bill blackish brown; legs and feet appear to have been flesh color.

Length to end of tail 6 in.; wing 3; bill 11; tarsi 11; mid toe and

claw 11.
This species is allied to C. albifrons, Sw. and C. ruficollis, Sw.

Supram. GALLINULIN.
141. Gallinula Martinica (Linn.).

Fam. COLYMBIDA.
Susram. HELIORNIN A.

142. Heliornis fulica (Bodd.).

Descriptions of New Species of Birds. 303

XXIX.— Descriptions of Three New Species of Birds.

By Geo. N. Lawrence. Read April 22, 1861.
Grallaria perspicillata,

Male. Upper part of head and hind neck dark greyish slate ; back
dark yellowish olive, some of the feathers marked down their centres
with narrow stripes of pale orange or fulvous yellow; tail olive brown;
wing coverts of the same color as the back, each feather having a spot at
the end of fulvous yellow ; spurious wing black with a pale orange stripe
on the outer edge; primaries and secondaries blackish brown, broadly
edged with rather dull rufous, brightest on the former, on the base of
which, below the spurious wing, is a lighter colored spot; tertiaries olive
on the outer webs, and blackish brown on the inner; lores, eyelids, and
ear coverts pale orange buff or salmon color, the front half of the buff
colored circle around the eye is bordered with a narrow edging of black ;
a black stripe extends from the lower mandible down the sides of the
neck; throat white, pale yellowish orange down the side of the neck;
the feathers of the upper part of the breast are of the same color as the
side of the neck in their centres, with the edges broadly marked with
black ; on the lower part of the breast, and sides of the abdomen, the
feathers are similarly edged with black, but the centres are white, giving
a striped appearance to the under parts, a portion only of the lower part
of the abdomen in the centre being free from stripes; the sides under
the wings are olivaceous with broad stripes of dusky black; thighs and
under tail coverts dull pale orange; under wing coverts deep salmon
color, spotted with black near the outer edge of the wing; inner edges
of primaries pale salmon color; upper mandible dark horn color, lower
mandible yellowish white, dark at the end; legs and feet yellow, claws
pale.

Length about 54 in., wing 34; tail 1,3,; bill 1425 tarsi,.

Habitat—New Grenada, Isthmus of Panama.

The female similar in plumage to the male.
JUNE, 1861. 91 Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. Yor. VII.

304 Descriptions of New Species of Birds..

In general appearance it much: resembles G. macularca,
which species has the region of the eye naked, whereas in mine
these parts are fully feathered ; in macwlaria the sides are plain
ochraceous without stripes, the back is without the narrow
fulvous markings and the wing coverts are edged with fulvous,
these last in my species having their ends only marked with
triangular shaped spots. The specimen of G. macularia in the
Mus. of the Philadelphia Acad., besides the black stripe run-
ning from the bill down the side of the neck, has a second
one commencing on the chin and running parallel with the
other.

Polioptila superciliaris,

Male. Crown and occiput deep glossy black; lores, superciliary stripe,
and ear coverts white, the extension backward of the superciliary stripe
divides the black, so as to leave a narrow line of that color running back
from the eye; upper plumage clear bluish grey; the two central tail
feathers are black, the first outer feather is entirely white, the second
white excepting a very small portion at the base, the third is black for
half its length, then white to the end, the fourth is black tipped with
white; quill feathers blackish brown, the primaries edged with bluish
grey and the secondaries broadly margined with white; the under
plumage is light plumbeous grey, paler on the throat and cheeks and
nearly white on the lower part of the abdomen; the under wing coverts
and the inner edges of the quills are white; bill black, the base of lower
mandible light horn color; legs and feet black.

Length 32 in.; wing 12; tail 13; bill 75; tarsi 7%.

Habitat.—New Grenada, Isthmus of Panama.

The female differs in having the crown of the same color as
the back.

It resembles P. dilineata; but that species is described as
being plumbeous above, white below, and having the ends only
of the outer tail feathers white. The color of the back in this
new species is very similar to that of P. cwrulea.

Descriptions of New Species of Birds. 305

Chiorostilbon nitens.

Front and crown golden yellowish green, very brilliant; back and wing
coverts shining bronzed green, lower part of back and upper tail coverts
shining grass green; under plumage brilliant green, of a bluish shade on
the throat, and golden on the abdomen; tail steel blue and forked ;
wings brownish purple; tarsi clothed with blackish feathers; vent and
pleural spot white; under tail coverts bright grass green; upper man-
dible black, the under yellow for two thirds its length, with the end
black ; feet black.

Length 3 in.; wing 12; tail 14; bill .%.

Habitat.—V enezuela.

Allied to C. chrysogaster, but is smaller, and has a brilliant
crown, which is not the case with chrysogaster, neither does
the blue color of the throat exist in that species.

For the donation of this specimen I am indebted to Mr. Wil-
liam Galbraith, of this city, who first called my attention to it
as being different from any of the small green Humming birds
he had been in the habit of mounting, especially those from
Bogota. I would here record my thanks to him, not only for
the gift of this species, but for many disinterested favors of a
similar kind, and for the liberal manner in which he has fre-
quently brought to my notice specimens of birds he had not
before met with.

Nors.—In the preceding paper the genus of the species
Nos. 77, 78, and 79, should be Pipra, and not, as printed in
error, Chiroxiphia.

306 Notices of Certain Species of

XXX.—Wotices of certain New Species of North American
Salmonide, chiefly in the Collection of the N. W. Boundary
Commission, in charge of Archibald Campbell, Fsq., Com-
missioner of the United States, collected by Doctor C. B. R.

' Kennerly, Naturalist to the Commission.

By Grorce Sucstey, M.D., Late Assistant Surgeon, U. 8. Army.

Read June, 1861.

Owr1ne to the unfortunate death of Dr. Kennerly on his return
from a three years’ exploration, the preparation of a report on
certain of the material collected by him was assigned to me.
In the course of this undertaking I have prepared a copious
synopsis of the species of American Salmon and Trout, to
appear in the final Report of the Commissioner. It has been
thonght best to issue in advance brief descriptions of the species
hitherto unnamed.

Nothing is more difficult than the naming of different species
of the Salmonidee from individual peculiarities, scarcely one
constant character being ever found confined toa single kind,
so that in the determination of the species we are obliged to
rely upon an aggregation of characters and their modifications.
In many instances this difficulty has been got over readily,
and in a very satisfactory manner to the author, by applying
the names of gentlemen who have directly or indirectly shown
their interest in aiding Dr. Kennerly in his pursuits, or the
author in his preparation of this report. In this paper,—another
published in the Annals of the N.Y. Lyceum,—and a report by
the author on the Salmonidee of the N. W. coast of America,
printed in the 12th volume Pacific R. R. Reports, and dupli-
cated in the “Natural History of Washington Territory,”
nearly everything hitherto printed relating to the species of
Salmon and Trout found on the Pacific slope is embodied—
with the exception of certain details contained in Sir John
Richardson’s Fauna Boreali Americana, and in a few other
papers to be referred to in the more extended report.

North American Salmonide. 307

Saimo Kenmerlyi, Suckley.
Kennerly’s Trout. Chileweyuk Red Salmon-Trout,

Sp. Cu. Dale. The head, measured from snout to nape, is
contained about seven and a half times in the total length;
when measured from the same point to extreme edge of oper-
culum it is contained but four and three quarter times. The
point of greatest depth of body corresponds to a line drawn
from the back downwards, about midway between the tips of
the adducted pectorals and the anterior insertion of the ventrals.
The tips of the dorsal and ventrals when flattened backwards
reach the same imaginary vertical line. Adipose dorsal com-
mences at a point nearly opposite the origin of the last ray of
the anal—the tips of both fins extending backward equally far.
Tail strongly forked, its free margin somewhat waved. Snout
somewhat turned up, the lower jaw projecting slightly beyond
the upper. <A single row of teeth along the anterior half of
vomer. Teeth on the premaxillaries rather strong. Size of
adult rarely exceeds ten or eleven inches. Body compressed
laterally ; its greatest depth contained four and a quarter times
in total length. Dorsal outline strongly arched from the nape,
the ridge beingsomewhat sharp. Curve of belly from origin of
ventral fin to that of the last ray of the anal very sharp, from

thence to the caudal the upper and lower borders of the
peduncle of the tail are almost straight and parallel. General
color of body red, dingy along the back, paler on the sides and
fading into pure white on the belly. Small irregular black
spots above the lateral line. Pectorals bluish, their tips slightly
grayish. Dorsal and ventrals red. Tail spotted.

Habitat.—Chiloweyuk Lake, near Fraser River (Dr. Ken-
nerly), Ne-hoi-al-pit-kwu R. (Gibbs.) The species is named in
honor of Dr. C. B. R. Kennerly, Naturalist of the N. W. Boun-
dary Commission, who died on his return voyage, after three
years’ absence exploring the wilderness.

308 Notices of Certain Species of

Salmo Warreni, Suckley.

Warren’s Trout.
Typical specimens 2070, 2073 in the Smithsonian Coll. Fishes.

Sp. Cu. Dorsal outline strongly arched ; its convexity rising
suddenly from the nape and attaining its height at a point near
a line drawn perpendicular to the lateral line and touching the
tips of the pectorals when flattened backwards along the sides.
Head rather broad ; muzzle somewhat conical; jaws equal and
rounded. The eyes beneath plane of lateral line. Opercules
and pre-opercules spotted with minute spots of black. Nume-
rous stellate and irregular black spots, many of which are quite
faint as if obscured by the thickness of the overlying scales;
belly white; back bluish or greenish; dorsal fins and tail
spotted. Scales small (but much larger than in S. fontinalis),
compact and very adherent ; when glistening in certain reflec-
jlons giving an enamelled appearance to the fish. Tail forked.

Habitat Chiloweyuk Depot. Waters of Fraser River,
British Columbia, Dr. Kennerly.
Named in honor of W. J. Warren, Esq., Secretary N. W. B.

Commission.

Note.—The largest specimens examined by the describer
were not over ten inches in length. They may have been im-
mature individuals of a larger anadromous species; but were

labelled Zrout by Dr. Kennerly.

Salmo brevicauda, Suckley.
Short-tailed Trout.

Sp. Cu. Body long and slender; its dorsal outline from a
point opposite the posterior margin of the opereula being nearly
straight. Scaleslarge; quite thin, and glistening with metallic
lustre; very loosely adherent. They encroach upon the tail
for nearly a third of its length, thus giving it a short appearance.
The peduncle of the tail is wide for the depth of the body, and

North American Salmonide. 309

the caudal itself issomewhat short and narrow. Head long, but
not deep. Dorsal and caudal fins freely spotted with oval
black spots. Body marked with small stellate and irregular
dark spots, their number and size varying greatly in different
individuals. There are usually two rows of teeth on the vomer.
The head is contained nearly five times in the total length,
which rarely exceeds eighteen or twenty inches.
Habitat.—Obtained from the waters of Puget Sound and the
streams in that vicinity, by Drs. Kennerly, Cooper, and Suckley.

Salmo Bairdii, Suckley.
Baird’s River-Trout. Red-spotted Rocky Mountain Trout.

Sp. Cu. Head contained about five times in the total length.
Snout having a deep notch between the extremities of the pre-
maxillaries receiving a conical fleshy protuberance, projecting
upwards from the chin. Teeth strong, hooked, and very uniform
in size; two rows on the tongue; from two to four on the front
of the vomer,—none on its shaft [in one of the specimens
examined, a single accidental small tooth was found on the
shaft of this bone, on the other none]. Sides of the body
beautifully spotted with rose-colored spots of the size of small
peas, of which there are numerous rows. Nostrils double.
Tail broad, and but moderately lunated. Scales small. An-
terior rays of the pectorals, ventrals, and anal broad, and the
skin upon them yellowish red, being colored differently from
the rest of the fin, as in the S. fontinalis. Attains a weight of
ten or twelve Ibs.

Habitat.—Clarke’s Fork of the Columbia, and its tributaries.
Salmo Parkei, Suckley.
Parke’s River Trout. Green speckled-backed Trout.

Aitshst of the Koorenays.

Sp. Ca. Head contained about four and a half times in the
total length; its top flat; muzzle pointed. Tail forked; un-

310 Notices of Certain Species of

spotted. Back dark-green, spotted with spots of lighter green ;
sides spotted with red. Scales adherent and about the size of
those of 8. Bairdii. A disposition towards the formation
of a fleshy “tit” projecting upwards at the point of lower
jaws, with a corresponding notch between the pre-maxillaries.
Superior maxillary reaches to a point considerably behind the
eye. Branchiostegals 13—14. The anterior rays of the lower
fins are covered with a differently colored skin from that of the
rest of the fin—as in S. fontinalis and 8. Bairdii. Two teeth
on the outer extremity of the vomer, behind which from one to
three on the shaft.

Habitat.—Kootenay River, Rocky Mountains.
Named in honor of Lt. John G. Parke, U.S. Topog. Engineers.

Salmo hudsomicus, Suckiey.
Hudson’s Bay Trout.

Sp. Cu. Head contained five times in the total length of the
fish. Dorsal outline strongly arched, its point of greatest height
being at the first ray of the dorsal. Head small and conical.
Mouth quite small. Teeth small; a few on the head of the
vomer; none on its shaft. Two rows of teeth on the tongue.
Tail broad, and usually barred. In some specimens the bars
appear to have faded ont. Upper parts dark (bluish ?), sides
brighter, belly white. The whole fish quite silvery. Scales
small, but larger than in S. fontinalis. They are firmly adhe-
rent, and quite conspicuous. Flanks of adults above and below
the median line covered with light spots about the size of small
peas—those in alcohol appearing as if they had been of a cream
or orange color during life.

Integument over first ray of pectorals of a light orange or
reddish color; that over the next ray dark. Female nearly
similar.

Diagnosis—Would not be easily confounded with any
Atlantic species except S. fontinalis,—but has smaller head,
larger spots, and larger, more adherent, and thicker scales.

North American Salmonide. 311

Hlabitat.—Hudson’s Bay and vicinity (C. Drexler), Labrador
(Elliot Cowes), Newfoundland (T. Gill).

Saimo Richardii, Suckley.
Suk-kégh Salmon.

Sp. Ca. [Based on askin in alcohol, No. 2005, Smithsonian
Cat. Fishes.] Dorsal outline moderately convex, its point of
greatest height being at insertion of anterior ray of dorsal—
the arch from the snout to the caudal insertion being very
uniform,

Female.—Head conical: jaws apparently equal—the thick
fleshy tip on the point of the lower jaw of the fresh-run fish
aiding much to give this appearance. Maxillary extends back
to a point immediately below the posterior margin of orbit.
Teeth extremely small, and but few. Tail deeply Iunated—
almost forked. Caudal and other fins unspotted. Does not often
attain a greater weight than fifteen pounds. Br. rays usually

14.

LHabitat.—N. W. Pacitic coast. Enters Fraser and Skagit
Rivers.

The species is named in honor of Mr. J. H. Richard, the
clever artist who has so handsomely and correctly drawn the
Ichthyological illustrations of the Pacific R. R. Reports.

Saimo Cooperi, Suckicy.

Sp. Cu. Afale. Head enters nearly four and one quarter
times in the total length. Back much arched, having a ten-
dency tohump. Scales rather coarse and large. Skin thick
and strong. Tail deeply lunate, profusely sprinkled with oval
spots of black. Snout (premaxillaries) somewhat elongated.
Dental development much like that of S. proteus, Pallas, but
the fish differs in lacking the exaggerated hump, and in the
lapping of the scales on the body. The adults rarely exceed
twenty-two inches. Female of similar size. Mouth sym-

312 Notices of Certain Species of

metrical. Back Jess arched; and with little tendency to

“humping.” Teeth developed as in the female 8. Scouleri.

Habitat.—Anadromons, ascending the Columbia in autumn.
Found extensively abundant in the Okanakani River, where it
is known to the whites as the ‘“ Little Red-Salmon,” and to the
natives as the Za-ah-nia. :

Named after Dr. James G. Cooper, who has done so much
towards elucidating the Natural History of the North West
Coast.

Notes on Species of Salmon heretofore described.

The Salmo canis Suckley imperfectly described in the
Annals N. Y. Lyceum, Dec. 1858, from memory, has the fol-
lowing additional characteristics not then given, which appear
on the examination of specimens recently added to the Smith-
sonian Collection. A broad dilated knob on the extremity of
the lower jaw upon which there are usually at least three large
curved teeth on each side—the anterior being the larger.
Large curved teeth on the premaxillaries: arms of the lower
jaw studded with teeth of nearly uniform size and appearance.
Tongue with a diverging row of four teeth on each side. Skin
unspotted with speckles, but when the fish has been a few days
in fresh water, blotched with large patches of dingy green and
purplish red. Caudal somewhat forked, unspotted. Other
fins unspotted. The mouth of the female is, as usual with this
group of the salmon, more symmetrical than that of the male.
Skin thick and.fleshy; fin membranes, ditto. Scales quite
adherent, overlapping each other about one third. The head
is large, its dorsal outline nearly straight from the snout to
nape. It is contained about four and a half times in the total
length of the fish.

I have proposed a distinct sub-genus for the group of salmon
embracing this species, the S. Scoulert, S. proteus, and WS.
Cooper?, in which the adult males have the premaxillaries con-

North American Salmonide. 313

siderably elongated, and the tip decurved, extending consider-
ably beyond the extremity of the lower jaws. Upon the tip
of the lower jaws there exists a knob, more or less broad, and
heavily armed with strong curved teeth, as are the premaxilla-
ries above. The type of this sub-genus (which I designate as
Oncorhynchus) is the Salmo Scouleri, of Richardson.

If my separation of this group from the other salmon is con-
sidered as based on sufficiently good anatomieal differences, the
species above mentioned will hereatter be known as Oncorhyn-
chus Scouleri ; Oncorhynchus Cooperi ; Oncorhynchus proteus ;
Oncorhynchus dermatinus ; Oncorhynchus consuetus 5, and
Oncorhynchus canis. In the latter species the projection of the
intermaxillaries beyond the lower jaw is not so strongly marked
—pbut the broad knob, and the heavy armature of strong teeth
on both that and the premaxillaries exists.

The species of salmon described by Dr. Girard as the Salmo
spectabilis, I am obliged to present under a new name.
This is because there had already been described by Valencien-
nes in his Hist. Nat. des Poissons a species under the name of
Salar spectabilis. I cannot recognise the genera Salar or Farvo,
for reasons which will be given in detail in a forthcoming mo-
nograph on the Salmonidz. Therefore, according to my under-
standing of the subject, the Salar spectabilis Val. will become
Salmo spectabilis, and Dr. Girard’s Salmo will have to receive
a new name, which I have accordingly imposed in honor of
Archibald Campbell, Esq., the accomplished Chief of the U.S.
N. W. Boundary Commission. Salmo Campbelli, Nob.

This species is the beautiful red-spotted salmon-trout of the
North Western waters, known to the Skagit and Nisqually
Indians as the che-wah or che-wagh.

For further remarks concerning this species and the S. canes,
those interested are referred to the “ Natural History of Wash-
ington Territory,” published in 1860 by Bailli¢re Brothers,
New York, and to the same text appearing in the Pacific R. R.
Reports, vol. xil., part 2.

314 Wotes on certain Species of Cyrena and Cyrenelia.

XXXI.—Wotes on the Cyrena salmacida and the Cyrenella
Americana of Moretet.

By Témpte Pre. Read June 24, 1861.

Ix 1851 Mr. Morelet, in his work on the new species of shells
from Cuba and Central America, Part II., p. 26, gave descrip-
tions of the above two species, to which I would beg to eall the
attention of conchologists.

The C. salmacidu is a representative of that class of Cyrene
which, differing from the rest of the species of this genus which
live in fresh water, inhabits brackish waters at the outlet of
rivers into the sea.

The C. maritima ©. B. Adams, and the C. Cubensis Prime
are as yet the only other species of this group known to us;
but it is not improbable that when researches shall have been
extended this number wil! be increased.

The discovery of Cyrene in brackish water is a fact of some
importance to geologists, which was duly appreciated by the
late Mr. D’Orbigny in one of his works.

The Cyrenella Americana, I will remark, is the first species
of the genus which has been found on this continent.

The Cyrenelle were at first presumed to be confined to
Africa. Mr. Cuming, however, some years since, brought
home several species from the Philippines. Mr. Deshayes, in
1853, described a fossil one, the Cyrenella lucinoides, from the
basin of Paris, but he has since seen cause to refer it to the
genus Diplodonta.

The @. salmacida and ©. Americana are very rare shells.
Mr. Cuming has one of the former in his cabinet; but, with
that exception, Mr. Morelet is, I believe, the only person who
has specimens of them.

In order to make these species better known, I have thought
it would not be amiss to append a copy of Mr. Morelet’s descrip-
tion of them, accompanied by drawings, which I have been
enabled to procure through his kindness.

Catalogue of a Collection of Birds. 315

Cyrena sAtmactpa, Moretrr. (Plate VI., f. 1, a. b.)
Morelet. Test. nov. Ins. Cub., pt. 2, p. 26, 1851.

' T. ineequilatera, ovalis, anterius rotundata, latere postico productiore,
subrostrato, transversim tenuiter sulcata, albescens vel carnea, stramineo
vel ceerulo nebulosa, umbonibus fulva rubellis et fascia late diluta con-
colore circumdata, Cardo strictus; dentes apiciales 3 minuti; laterales

2 elongati, tenues.
Long. 27; altit. 19 mill.
Testas imanes absque epidermide in paludibus maritimis circa portum

Sisalesem legi.

* CyRENELLA AMERICANA, Moreter. (Plate VI., f. 2. a. b.)
Cyrenoides americanus, Morelet.

T. suborbicularis, tenuis, minute striata, epidermide decidua griseo-
straminea induta, intus albida; umbone antico; dens cardinalis, apici-
alis, lamelleeformis, m utraque valvula duplex.

Long, 11z; altit. 11 mill.

Habitat—Insulam Pinorum in paludibus.

XXXI.— Catalogue of a Collection of Birds, made in New
Grenada, by James McLeannan, Esq., of New York, with
Notes and Descriptions of New Species. Part II.

By George N. Lawrence,
Read May 27, 1861.
(Continued from page 302.)
Tur present part of this Catalogue is the result of a second
collection of birds made during the past winter, along the line

of the Panama Rail Road, by James McLeannan, Esq., with
the assistance of Mr. John Kk. Galbraith, an intelligent and

* Owing to an error on the part of the draughtsman, this species is represented
in the plate with lateral teeth, which is incorrect,

316 Catalogue of a Collection of Birds.

skilful young Taxidermist, of this city. I arranged with them
to receive their collections, which were to comprise all the
species it was in thetr power to obtain, and in as many cases as
possible to procure both the male and female, the sex to be
ascertained by dissection. They were also to make any obser-
vations they thought would be of interest as regards habits,
rarity, &e. The notes, distinguished by quotation marks, were
made by Mr. Galbraith.

These gentlemen appear to have faithfully fulfilled their com-
mission, and forwarded altogether nearly three hundred species ;
in most cases both sexes were procured; many of those sent are
comprised in Part I. of this catalogue, and consequently are
omitted in this, except in cases where further information con-
cerning them can be given.

A few only of those enumerated in Part I. were not obtained.

The greater part of this collection was made on the Atlantic
side of the Isthmus, as the investigation of this section occupied
their time until the season was too far advanced to enable them
to procure many species on the western slope, and in the
vicinity of Panama. All are from the Atlantic slope, with the
exception of Nos. 145, 174, 194, 277, 251, and 282.

Fam. FALCONIDA.
Susram. AQUILIN-A.

143. Spizaétus tyrannus (Maw.). 8 and 9.
144. Urubitinga zonura (Shaw). ¢.
145. es anthracina (Nitsch.). 6.

Supram, BUTEONIN &,
146. Asturina nitida (Lath.). 4% and g.
147. a magnerostris (Gm.). 9 and @.

“Jrides brown; frequents the railroad track, and sits on
the telegraph poles; very gentle.”

Catalogue of a Collection of Birds. 317

Susram. ACCIPITRINAL.
148. Micrastur gilvicollis ( Vierll.). $ and 9.
149, « — poliogaster (Temm.)? 6s.
The upper plumage is slate black; the tail is black, crossed with three
white bars freckled with brown; the under plumage is of a buffy cream

color; legs yellow.
Length 171 in.; wing 91; tail 8; tarsi 3.

There is a specimen in the Museum of the Philadelphia
Academy precisely in the plumage of mine, which is marked
J. poliogaster with a? In Temminck’s figure, Pl. Col. 264,
the under plumage is of a uniform grey ; with this exception,
they agree with his plate; both specimens appear to be fully
adult.

Susram. FALCONIN AE.

150. LHarpagus bidentatus (Lath.).

Supram. MILVIN 2.
151. Cymindis Cayennensis (Gin.).

Supram. CIRCINA.

152. Circus Hudsonicus (Linn.).

Fam. STRIGIDZ.
Supram, SYRNIIN At.

153. Syrnium virgatum, Cass.

Fam. HIRUNDINID~.
Supram. HIRUNDININ A.

154. Hirundo horreorum, Barton.

155. Petrochelidon lunifrons (Say.).

156. f leucoptera (Gim.).

157. Cotyle flavigastra (Vieill.). 8 and ¢.

These specimens are smaller than some I have from Cayenne;
the wings are much shorter, those of the male being 4 an inch

318 Catalogue of a Collection of Birds.

and of the female nearly an inch less; the upper tail coverts
are grey, not so in my examples from Cayenne, and the colors
generally are darker.

158. Progne chalybea (Gim.).

Fam. MOMOTID.
Susram. MOMOTIN®.
159. Momotus subrufescens, Scl. % and 9.

“‘Trides red; found in very retired places in the jungle; feed
on insects and lizards; not plentiful.”

Fam. BUCCONID 2.
Susram. BUCCONIN &.

160. Bucco Dysoni, Scl. 2 and ¢.
L612 °° techus, Bod: Sando?
162. Malacoptila frontalis, Scl. 4 and ¢.

Fam. ALCEDINIDA.
Susram. ALCEDININE.

1638. Ceryle alcyon (Linn.).

Fam. COHREBID A.
Supram. COLREBINZE.

164. Coereba carneipes, Scl. No. 29 of Part I.
“Trides brown; habits very much like the Warblers of the
States; is found very often in large flocks, in which the males

predominate; frequent both high and low trees; have never
heard any song, but they make a chirping noise while feeding.”

165. Ceereba lucida, Scl. and Salv. No. 30 of Part I.

“Trides brown ; habits similar to the preceding species, but
never found in company with them.”

Catalogue of a Collection of Birds. 319

166. Daenis. 2.
167. Chlorophanes atricapilla ( Vieill.). 4 and ¢.

“Trides red; not common, found in open places; no song.”

Fam. TROCHILID &.
Supram. TROCHILIN A.

168. Glaucis hirsutus (Gm.).
169.) ©) \¢ fewehert(Bowrey, 16.

“‘Trides brown ; always seen in retired places in the forest ;
not common.”
170. Phethornis longirostris, Delatt. ¢ and 2.

“ Trides brown; found in dense forests; very common.”

171. Campylopterus Cuviert (Boure.) 3 and ¢
“Trides brown; get their food from the blossoms of a large
tree ; not abundant.”
172. Lampornis mango (Linn.).
173. Hypuroptila Buffoni (Less.). 6 and Q.
“Trides reddish brown; very common near the ‘summit.’ ”
174. Sapphironia ceruleogularis, Gould.

175. Chlorostilbon 9:
176. Gouldia Conversi (Boure.). % juv.

“ Trides brown; but one seen, which was found in a dense
forest.”
Fam. ANABATID/A.

Susram. ANABATIN 4.

177. Anabates ochrolemus, Tsch. ?
178. Syanallauxis brunneicaudalis, Scl. 2 and 9.

“Trides brown; quite common; found in low bushes and

weeds very close to the ground; has no song.”
JUNE, 1861, 992, Ann, Lye, Nat, Hist, Vou. VII,

320 Catalogue of a Collection of Birds.

179. Xenops Mewicanus, Scl. % and ¢.
Susram. DENDROCOLAPTIN &.

180. Dendrocolaptes Sancti Thome (Lafr.).
181. Glyphorhynchus cuneatus (Licht.). ¢ and ¢.
182. Dendrocincla fumigata (Licht.)?

é. (undetermined.)
184. Scleurus caudacutus ( Vieill.).

Fam. TROGLODYTID A.
Susram. TROGLODYTIN&.
185. Cyphorinus bambla (Bodd.\? ¢.

“Trides brown; shot on the ground in the jungle; only one
seen.”

186. Cyphorinus fasciatoventris, Lafr. 8 and ¢.
187. 2 leucostictus, Caban.
188. Zroglodytes hypaédon, Scl. P. Z. 8. 1861, p. 128.

“Trides brown; habits same as the House Wren of the States,
and song very similar.”

189. Thryothorus rutilus, Vieill.

“rides brown; found only in the jungle; very rare.”

190. Thryothorus longirostris, Vieill.
191. ih leucotes, Lafr.

192. Thryothorus Galbraithii, sp. nov.

Male. Upper plumage light rufous-brown, lower part of back
‘and upper tail coverts dull rufous, brightest on the latter, which are
crossed with dusky bars; there are also some nearly obsolete dusky bars
on the back; tail brownish rufous, distinctly crossed with ten rather
broad bars of black; quills brownish-black on the inner webs, the outer
webs marked with alternate bars of black and dull rufous ; wing coverts
of the same color as the back faintly barred with black; lores, super-
ciliary stripe, and ear coverts white; a line of brown extends back from

Catalogue of a Collection of Birds. 321

the eye over the ear coverts; chin and upper part of throat pure white,
entire under plumage besides rufous, paler on the throat and becoming
deeper on the lower part of the abdomen and under tail coverts, the
latter being quite deep in color; there are no bars on the under plum-
age; the under surface of the tail is barred in the same manner as the
upper, but the rufous is paler and duller; upper mandible dark brown,
with the edges and also the under mandible whitish horn color , irides
brown; legs and feet black.

Length 53 in.; wing 22; tail 12; bill $5 tarsi 7.

Female similar in plumage, but a little smaller.

Named in compliment to Mr. John R. Galbraith.

This species is about the size and in the color of the under
plumage resembles 7. Ludovicianus and T. Lerlandieri, but
the color is much deeper, and without the bars on the sides and
under tail coverts, which prevail in both those species; the
bars on the tail and wings are much wore distinct, darker, and
wider apart.

193. Thryothorus castameus, sp. nov.
Thryothorus nigricapilus, Nob. nec. Sel. No. 51 of Part I.

Male. Head above glossy black, this color including the occiput and
sides of the neck, connecting with the latter is a stripe of the same color
running from the chin; cheeks and ear coverts white intermixed with
black; Jores greyish white; superciliary stripe and eyelids white; chin
and upper part of throat white; the entire upper and under plumage
besides deep reddish chesnut, paler on the breast and middle of abdo-
men, which are crossed with interrupted black bars; the sides and under
tail coverts are more distinctly barred; upper tail coverts obscurely
barred with black; tail black, with narrow rufous bars crossing the cen-
val feathers and the outer webs of the others; quills blackish brown,
the outer webs and the larger wing coverts crossed alternately with rufous
and black; the sinaller wing coverts are of the same color as the back;
upper mandible black, lower pale plumbeous ; irides brown ; tarsi and
feet black.

Length 52 in.; wing 23; tail 21; bill 12; tarsi 1.

Female precisely like the male, but smaller.

322 Catalogue of a Collection of Birds.

This species was put in Part I. as 7. nigricapillus, Scl. with
some doubt as to its correctness; but as the measurements are
different, and Mr. Sclater (P. Z. 8. 1860, p. 291) states that
more mature examples have the whole throat and breast pure
white, { consider them to be distinct.

Fam. MOTACILLID.
Susram. MOTACILLIN 2.
194. Anthus rufus (@m.). 6 and 9.

‘“‘Trides brown; found on the Savannahs near Panama, build
their nests on the ground; the male will ascend above the nest,
and remain singing in the air for a long time.”

From its habits it would seem to resemble the genus Weocorys,
Scl., and possibly should be placed there.

Fam. PARIDZ.
Supram. POLIOPTILIN 4.

195. Polioptila svperciliaris, Lawr., antea, p. 304.

Fam. MNIOTILTID£.
Supram. SEIURIN 4.

196. Seiwrus Noveboracensis (Gm.)

Susram. MNIOTELTIN AL.

197. Mniotilta varia (Linn.).

198. Geothlypis Philadelphia (Wils.). ¢ and @.
199. Helminthophaga peregrina ( Wuls.).

200. Dendroeca castanea ( Wils.).

201. e Pennsylvanica (Linn.).

202. i estiva (Gm.).

203. ai maculosa (Gm.).

204. ‘f cerulea ( Wils.).

205. Setophaga ruticilla (Linn.).

206. Bastleuterus Delattrei, Bp.

207. sh semicervinus, Scl.? P. Z.8. 1860, p. 84.

Catalogue of a Collection of Birds. 323

Agrees in markings with Mr. Sclater’s species, but differs
from it somewhat in measurements.

The length is 52 in.; wing 21; tail 2.

“Trides brown; always found on the banks of a brook, close
to the water, and in very retired places in the forest; not

common.”

Fam. VIREONIDA
Supram. VIREONINA

208. Vireo flavifrons, Vieill.
209. Vireosylvia flavoviridis, Cass.
210. H¥viophilus pusillus, sp. nov.

The fourth and fifth primaries are equal and longest, the second is
shorter than the ninth, the first or spurious primary is about half the
length of the second,

The upper part of the head and hind neck are greyish olive, the
feathers being dull plumbeous with the ends yellowish olive; the cap
obscurely defined ; lores dull grey, there is no superciliary stripe; upper
plumage yellowish green ; tail greenish olive, the outer webs are brighter
and the inner webs are margined with pale yellow; quills blackish brown,
the outer edges are of the same color as the back, except the margins of
the outer primaries, which are white; throat and sides of the neck orey-
ish white; sides and under tail coverts yellowish green like the back
breast pale yellow, abdomen nearly white; under wing coverts and inner
edges of quill feathers pale yellow; upper mandible brown, under man-
dible whitish ; irides brown; legs and feet plumbeous.

Length 34 in.; wing 2; tail 1}; bill 45 tarsi 58.

Male and female alike in plumage.

This species resembles //. plumbiceps, Scl., but is smaller; it
differs in having the cap rather indistinct and mixed with oliva-
ceous, whereas in the other the cap is strongly defined, of a clear
plumbeous grey, this color extending further down than in my
species, so as to occupy the upper part of the back; the color
of the present bird above is more yellow and the under parts
whiter, the yellowish green color being paler and more restricted

324 Catalogue of a Collection of Birds.

to the sides under the wings; the eolor of the tail underneath is
brighter. —

211. Wylophilus aurantiifroms, sp. nov.

Male. Fourth quill longest, second and eighth equal, the first primary
three fifths the length of the second.

Front yellowish orange, top and hind part of head cinereous with a
tinge of buff, sides of the head pale reddish buff; upper plumage yellow-
ish green, brightest on the uropygium and upper tail coverts; tail olive
green narrowly edged with pale yellow on the inner webs; quills dusky
brown broadly margined with yellowish green; under plumage entirely
pale yellow, brightest on the under tail coverts, and nearly white on the
throat ; under wing coverts and inner edges of quills pale yellow ; upper
mandible light brown, the lower whitish horn color; irides brown 3 legs
and feet light brown, claws brownish white.

Length 43 in.; wing 21; tail 125; bill 2; tarsi 4.

In this species the cap is obscured and of a rather peculiar
color, which together with the orange yellow front and uniform
pale yellow under plumage, form good distinguishing charac-
ters. Only one specimen was obtained.

212. Hivlophilus viridiflawus, sp. nov.

Female. Fourth quill longest, second shorter than eighth, the first
about two thirds the length of the second.

Entire upper plumage bright olive green; tail olive green with the
outer margins of the feathers brighter, and the inner margins yellow ;
quills dark brown edged with olive green; chin, upper part of throat,
and ear coverts ashy; under plumage bright yellow; under wing coverts
and inner edges of quills bright yellow; bill brownish yellow ; irides
white; legs and feet pate flesh color, claws white.

Length 43 in.; wing 2!; tail 2; bill {4 ; tarsi 2.

The outer secondaries are nearly as long as the primaries, and the tail
is relatively longer than in the preceding species.

“Rare; but one obtained, which was found in the jungle.”

Catalogue of a Collection of Birds. 325

Faw. FORMICARIDZ.
Susram. THAMNOPHILIN 4.

213. Thamnophilus Amazonicus, Scl. $ and @.
“Trides brown; found in the low trees and bushes; not
common.”
Supram. FORMICIVORIN A.

214. Myrmetherula pygmea (Gm.). 8.
915, oi ¢ and @.

A species I cannot make out; resembles Jf. gularis, but is
ochraceous below, not cinereous, and has a longer tail.

216. Myrmetherula. Q.
217. Formicivora quixensis (Corn). 4% and @.

* Trides brown; quite solitary, found on bushes and low trees ;
no song.”

218. Pyriglena maculicaudus, Scl.? 6.
Agrees in markings with Mr. Sclater’s species, but is rather
arger.
219. Myrmeciza ewsul, Scl. 2% and ¢.

The male and female are alike.
“rides brown; found in thick jungle and near the ground ;
has quite a song.”

220. Myrmeciza longipes (Vieill.). 8 and ¢.
“Jrides red; always found on the ground in the jungle;
appears to feed on ants.”
221. Hypocnemis schistacea, Scl. % and @.

“Trides brown; quite common ; found in solitary places.”
The under plumage of the female is of a bright not very deep
rufous.

326 Catalogue of a Collection of Bards.

292. Hypoenemis nevoides (Lafr.). 8 and 9.
223. 6. (undetermined.)

Susram. FORMICARIN ,
924. Pithys leucaspis, Scl. 6 and 9.

Crown not so red and sides more olivaceous than Bogota
specimens.

925. Formicarius analis (D’ Orb. et Lafr.). 4% and 9.

“Trides brown; shot in dense jungle and on the ground ;
when stepping it carries the tail almost erect.”

226. Grallaria perspicillata, Lawr., antea, p. 303.

“ Quite solitary, found in the dense woods and jungle, always
seen on the ground ; not common; has no song.”

927. Pittasoma Michleri, Cass. No. 61 of Part L.

Messrs. McL. and G. obtained but a single specimen of this
species, which is a female, and differs somewhat in plumage
from the male described by Mr. Cassin. It is rather smaller
and has the upper plumage precisely like it, but is without the
black throat, the feathers of the upper part of which are white
at the base, then crossed with black, and terminating in bright
chesnut; the under plumage is similarly marked with that of
the male, but shows more white in consequence of the subter-
minal black bands on each feather being narrower.”

“Trides brown; shot on the ground, appears to feed on ants;
found in retired places in the forest; very rare.”

Fam. TURDID.
Susram. TURDIN &.
228. Turdus fuscescens, Steph.
BOOL owes casius, Bp. 6 and ¢.

“Trides brown; very common; habits much like the song
Thrush of the States; the best songster on the Isthmus.”

Catalogue of a Collection of Birds. 327

This species is of the same size and in its general appearance
much like Z. Grayii, but is quite distinct. The color above
inclines more to brown, that of Grayzi to olivaceous ; in the
latter species the abdomen is much paler and the under wing
coverts very much brighter; the bill of casdws is shorter,
broader at the base, and yellow at the end for half its length.

The above comparison is made with specimens from Gaute-
mala, which I take to be the true 7. Grayit.

Fam. TYRANNIDA.
Susram. ATTILIN &.

230. Attila spadicea (Gim.).4 9.

“Trides brown; very rare.”

Supram. ALECTURIN A.
231. Copurus leuconotus, Lafr. ¢& and @.

Supram. TYRANNINZ,

232. Pitangus lictor (Licht.). % and ¢.
233. Myrarchus crinitus (Linn.).
2384. i. nigriceps, Scl.? 9.

“Trides brown; quite rare.”

This is smaller than the dimensions given of Mr. Sclater’s
species, and the colors differ so materially from his description,
that I am inclined to consider it distinct; he describes the top of
the head as black, which in the present bird is a rich deep brown;
the wings and tail in this are also brown, not blackish as in the
other ; he describes the throat and breast as being cinereous,
this color in mine does not extend on the breast. Should they
prove different on comparison, it may be distinguished by the
name of Jf. brunneiceps.

It measures in length 53 in. ; wing 27; tail 25.

235. Hmpidonax brachytarsus, Scl.
236. - Bairdii, Sc. $ and g.

328 Catalogue of a Collection of Birds.
237. Myiobius barbatus (Gin.) % and &.
238. « — einnamomeus (Lafr. et DP’ Orb.).2 and ¢.

“Trides brown; not common; only three seen.”

239. Tyrannula flaviventris. 4.

“ Trides brown; found on high trees, and very rare.”
Agrees with a specimen so labelled in the Museum of the
Philadelphia Academy from Cayenne, no authority given.

240. Legatus variegatus, Scl.? 4 and @.

“Trides brown; but one pair seen; feed on insects.”

241. Mytozetetes Columbianus, Cab. & Hein. 4 and ¢

“Trides brown; very common, found on the telegraph wires
in pairs ; has a loud call.”

242. Hlainia placens, Sel. 4 and @.

“Trides brown; rare, found in thick jungle; feeds on insects.”

243. Hlainia subpagana, Scl. ¢& and ¢.

“Trides brown; not common; found on high trees; crest
always erect.”
244. Leptopogon amaurocephalus, Cab. 4.
245. Mionectes striaticollis, Lafr. et D Orb. ¢@.

“Trides brown; found on high trees; has no song.” -

246. Mionectes assimilis, Scl.? 6 and @.

The dimensions smaller than given by Mr. Sclater; it agrees
pretty well in coloration ; the tail however is olivaceous, and
the color above bright olive green. A specimen of the same
species is in the Museum of the Philadelphia Academy, labelled
M. olivaceus, Licht., to which I can find no reference.

Length 42 in.; wing 2,7; tail 12; bill from rictus ¥%.

Catelogue of a Collection of Birds. 329

Supram. PLATYRHYNCHIN A.
247. Muscivora Mexicana, Scl. No. 71 of Part I.

“ Trides brown; not abundant, very solitary, often found close
to the bank of some mountain stream ; builds a hanging nest,
which is always suspended over a brook, and lays two eggs;
has a shrill loud call, much like that of the Great Crested Fly-
catcher of the States.”

Mr. Galbraith states that the crest is not shown when the hird
is at rest, only when fighting with another male, and after
being wounded and taken in the hand, when it is beautifully
expanded.

The nest, which is placed in very secluded spots, is surrounded
with a mass of loose straggling material; when first observed
he had no suspicion of its being a bird’s nest, but discovered
it to be so by seeing the bird enter; inside of the loose grass,
&e., is a curious hanging structure, abont three feet in length,
large in the centre and decreasing in size towards each end; the
entrance is on the side at the largest diameter, where the nest
proper is placed, this is very perfect in form; the number of
eges invariably found was two. As I am not aware that a
description of the egg has been given, I have thought it best
to add one.

The eggs appear small for the size of the bird; they measure,
axis 12 in., diameter 12; the ground color is of a dull pale red-
dish white, marked tor half the length with dull reddish brown
lighter at the end, which gives the appearance of a confused
broad belt just back of the largest diameter; the smaller end
is irregularly spotted and streaked with the same dark color.

Messrs. MeL. and G. kept a young bird for several days,
which fed freely on bread, &c., and there was a good prospect
of raising it, but it was killed and eaten up by ants.

248. Cyclorhynchus brevirostris, Cab.? ¢@.

A

249, ae cinereiceps, Scl. 6.

330 Catalogue of a Collection of Birds.

250. Platyrhyncha cancroma, Licht. 2.
251. Todirostrum nigriceps, Scl. 4% and @.
252. «6 megacephalum, Sw. ¢.

Fam. COTINGID.
Suspram. TITY RIN ZZ.
253. Pachyrhamphus marginatus (Licht.).¢ 2.
Crown black, with the ends of the feathers glossy ; interscapulary
region black, lower part of back and rump bluish cinereous tinged with
yellow ; under plumage plumbeous grey, lighter on the abdomen; front

and lords of the same color.
Length 6 in. ; wing 2; tail 22.

254. Pachyrhamphus cinereus (Bodd.).? 4.
Length 5} in.; wing 27; tail:2}.

Rather larger than a specimen from Cayenne (which I sup-
pose to be this species), and the coloring both above and below
more plumbeous; the under wing coverts and inner margins of
quills are pale yellowish white, which in the Cayenne specimen
are pale reddish buff; the Cayenne bird is more tinged with
yellow on the breast and back.

Supram. QUERULIN 2.
955. Lipaugus unirufus, Scl. ¢ and &.

“Trides brown; found in retired places on high trees.”

256. Lipaugus hoerythrus, Scl. 2.

‘“Trides brown; found in the jungle; very solitary.”

257. Lipaugus rufescens, Scl.? 4 and ¢.

“Trides brown; not common ; found in dense forests.”

Catalogue of a Collection of Birds. 331

Fam. ICTERIDA.
Supram. ICTERIN &.

258. Lcterus Baltimore (Linn.).
259. “ spurius (Linn.).

Fam. TANAGRIDA.
Susram. TANAGRIN A.

260. Saltator strratipectus, Lafr. & and ¢?.

“Trides brown ; very common; feeds on low trees and bushes;
has a short song.”

261. Tachyphonus melaleucus (Sparm.) 4 and g.

“Trides brown ; very plentiful; has no song.”

262. Tachyphonus wanthopigius, Scl. 2.

“Trides reddish brown; quite rare.”

263. Tachyphonus Delattrn, Lafr. 4 and g.

“Trides of male red, of female brown; not common; very
solitary, and has no song.”

264. Pyranga rubra, Vieili.
265. LRamphocelus dimidiatus, Lafr. $ and ¢.
266. re luciana, Lafr. ¢ and @.

A fine pair of this rare species was obtained ; in the distribu-
tion of colors it is very similar to 2. démidiatus, but the head
and back are black, with the hind part and sides of the neck
deep maroon color; the red is of a very different shade from
the other species, being of a deep flame color, not crimson. The
female differs still more; in the present species the head and
back are of a dull yellowish olive, with the feathers dusky in
their centres; the breast, abdomen, lower part of back, and

332 Catalogue of a Collection of Birds.

upper tail coverts are dull rather pale orange, brightest on the
rump.

267. Culliste gyroloides (Lafr.).
268. « Francescee (Latr.). juv. No. 105 of Part I.

“Trides brown; found in cleared places; feed on low trees
ard bushes; always in pairs and quite common; no song. The
young one was shot with the two old birds.”

As some doubt has existed of the distinctness of C. ornata
from this species, I requested the collectors to get such evidence
as they could in relation to it. The procuration of this young
specimen of C. Francesce, which bears no resemblance to
C. ornata, I consider as fully establishing the specific validity
of the latter.

It shows the marks of the parent birds in its upper plumage,
but in very dull colors; the head and lower part of the back
are dull green, the upper part of the back is dusky black,
behind the eye a few blue feathers are apparent, and on the
sides of the head the buff color is just coming in; the throat
and breast are ashy, the abdomen whitish tinged with ochra-
ceous ; the blue shoulder spot is just appearing intermixed with
green.

In C. ornata the shoulder mark is of a much deeper and more
uniform blue than in the adult of C. /rancesce, in which species
the ends of the smaller wing coverts are pale verditer green.

269. Euphonia Gouldii, Scl. 4 and ¢.
270. 3 minuta, Cab. & and @.

Fam. FRINGILLID.
Supram. FRINGILLIN 4.

271. Chrysomitris Mexicanus, Sw. 4 and @.

Supram. EMBERIZIN A,

272. Embernagra conirostris (Bp.). 4 and @.
273. Volatenia jacarina (Linn.). $ and ¢.

Catalogue of a Collection of Birds. 333

Susram. PHYRRULIN &.

274. Oryzoborus wthiops, Scl. 2% and @.
275. Spermophila minuta (Linn.). 4 and ¢.
276. ‘ aurita, Bp.? 4 and &.

Fam. PSITTACID.
Susram. ARAIN/E.

277. Conurus pertinax (Linn.).? 46 and g.

The specimens of this species in the Museum of the Phila-
delphia Academy have the yellow color on the sides of the head
diffused ; in mine there is a distinct oblong yellow spot under
the eye.

Fam. PICID.
Supram. PICIN A.
278. Dryocopus scapularis, Vig. 4 and 9.
Susram. PICUMNINE.
279. Picumnis Grenadensis, Lafr. 4 and @.

Fam. COLUMBID.
Susram. COLUMBIN
280. Chloroenas vinacea (Temm.). 4 and 9.
281. - rujina (Temm.). ¢.
Susram. GOURINA.

282. Chamaepelia granatina, Bp. 2.
283. Leptoptila Verreauxi, Bp. 4 and ¢.

Fam. CRACID.
Susram. PENELOPIN 2.
284. Ortalida poliocephala, Wagl. ¢ and Q.

334 Catalogue of a Collection of Birds.

Fam. TINAMIDA.
Susram. TINAMIN A,
285 Tinamus pileatus, Bodd. 4. (Sout, Gm.).

“Trides very light brown; found in the jungle and always
on the ground ; when in confinement will eat corn and rice ;
very common.”

Fam. CHARADRIAD.
Susram@. CHARADRIN A.
286. Aegialities Azarw (Temm.). 4 and 9.

Fam. ARDEIDZ:.
p Susram. ARDEINA.
287. Florida cerulea (Linn.).

Fam. TANTALIDA.
Sursam. TANTALIN A,

288. Tantalus loculator (Linn.).

Fam. SCOLOPACIDA.
Supram. TOTANIN AL.

289. Lehynchophilus solitarius ( Wils.).
290. Gambetta flavipes (Gm.).

291. Tringordes macularius (Linn.).
292. Acteturus Bartramius ( Wils.).

Susram. TRINGIN &.
293. Tringa Wilsonii, Nutt.

Fam. COLYMBID &.
Supram. PODICIPIN Ai.
294. Podiceps Dominicus (Linn.).

West India Land Shells. 335

XXXIII.—On the Geographical Distribution of the Genera
and Species of Land Shells of the West India Islands ;
with a Catalogue of the Species of each Island.

By Tomas Buanp.

Read, June 17, 1861.

Tue researches carried on, especially during the last fifteen
years, have developed the extraordinary richness in Land Shells
of the West India Islands. To the late Professor C. B. Adams
belongs to a great extent the merit of directing the attention of
Naturalists to the subject, and it has, since the result of his first
visit to Jamaica was published, been zealously followed up.

The West Indies consist of a curvilinear chain of islands
extending in a south-east and then southerly direction from the
coast of Florida in North America, to the Gulf of Paria, on the
east coast of Venezuela in South America. The portion of the
Atlantic Ocean, in a manner inclosed by these islands and the
shores of the adjacent continents, is divided into two great
basins—the Gulf of Mexico and the CaribbeanSea. The for-
mer is separated to a considerable extent from the latter by the
Island of Cuba, the western end of which les about midway
between Florida and the peninsula of Yucatan; the distance
from the island to Florida being about 140, and to Yucatan
about 120 miles. The Gulf of Mexico is about 1000 miles long,
and has an average width of 650, or thereabouts. The Carib-
bean Sea is in length 1400, and in width at the narrowest
part about 400 miles.

The islands are divided into three groups, viz. the Bahamas,
the Great Antilles (Cuba, Jamaica, Hayti, and Porto Rico), and
the Lesser Antilles; the area of the first group is estimated to
be 5,424, of the second 75,638, and of the last, 4,961 square

miles. Of the great Antilles, Cuba, with the Isle of Pines,
JUNE, 1861. 23 Ann, Lyo. Nat. Hist. Vou. VII.

336 Geographical Distribution

contains 43,412, Jamaica 4,256, and Porto Rico 2,970 square
miles; the area of Hayti is said to be about 25,000 square miles.
The area of the whole, including the Bermuda group, and also
Curagao and Buen Ayre, being less than that of England,
with Wales and Scotland.

The Bermudas are situate in the Atlantic Ocean, 580 miles
E. by 8. from Cape Hatteras, and 645 miles N. E. from the
nearest point of the Bahamas.

Looking cursorily at a map, the idea is suggested that the
West Indies formed at some period a part of the adjacent conti-
nents, but there is no conclusive, if indeed any evidence of the
fact.

The depth of the basin in which the waters of the Gulf of
Mexico are held is very great: onthe north side of Cuba, within
five miles of the shore near Havana, there is an abrupt descent
to the bottom of nearly a mile! Still greater depths exist in
the Caribbean Sea. The islands, in fact, stand as pinnacles
resting on the solid crust of the earth in the watery abyss.
There is evidence to show, that the last important geological
movement of the greater number, if not of all the islands, and
of the adjacent parts of the contiguous continents, was of an
elevatory character. The geological changes, indeed, which
have occurred since the islands can have formed part of any
continent, must have been enormous.

Humboldt (Cosmos, v. p. 421) remarks on the parallelism
of the volcanic fissure extending from south to north through
the islands of St. Vincent, St. Lucia, Martinique, and Guada-
loupe, with that of Central America, and also on the intersee-
tion of a great basin of which, in his view, the Gulf of Mexico
and Caribbean Sea form a part, by the plutonic mountain
chain ranging from west to east, from Cape Catoche in Yuea-
tan, through Cuba, Haiti, and Porto Rico to Tortola and Virgin
Gorda, parallel with the granite and gneiss chain of Caraccas.

The mountains in Cuba, Jamaica, and Hayti, attain a height
of from 7,000 to 8,000 feet; further to the eastward they de-

of West India Land Shells. 337

crease in height, being in Porto Rico under 4,009, in the Virgin
Islands less than 2,000, and in Virgin Gorda only a few hun-
dred feet. The strait which lies between Virgin Gorda and
Anguilla separates the region just referred to from the islands
to the south, in some of which there is still active volcanic
agency. In this latter chain of islands, the mountains rise
from 2,500 to 5000 feet. Anguilla, at the northern extremity,
and Barbuda and Barbadoes to the eastward of the chain, have
comparatively but little elevation.

The number of species of land shells described by Pfeiffer in
his Monographs and publications of later date, exceeds 6000,
of which nearly one-sixth inhabit the West Indies.* This
appears, perhaps, the less extraordinary, when it is considered
that about one-half of all the known species are peculiar to
islands,

Darwin, in his “ Origin of Species,” remarks :—‘ The species
of all kinds which inhabit oceanic islands are few in number,
compared with those on equal centinental areas. Alph. de
Candolle admits this for plants, and Wollaston for insects.”
The author adds, “ Although in oceanie islands the number of
kinds of inhabitants is scanty, the proportion of endemic species
(7. e. those found nowhere else in the world) is often extremely
large.” Dr. J. D. Hooker, in his “ Introductory Essay to the
Flora of Tasmania,” observes, that the total number of spe-
cies which islands contain, seems to be invariably less than an
equal continental area possesses; and the relative numbers of
species to genera (or other higher groups) are also much less
than in similar continental areas.” :

Now it is true with respect to land shells, that the proportion
of insular endemic species is great, but the number of species,
and also their number relatively to genera, far exceed in amount
those which inhabit equal continental areas. By way of illus-

* In using the general term “ West Indies,” I include Bermuda, and also
Curacao, and the adjacent island of Buen Ayre.

338 Geographical Distribution

tration, [ may mention, that the entire Ameriean continents,
from Greenland to Cape Horn, have afforded very few more
species than the West India Islands.

Prof. C. B. Adams notices (Qont. to Conchology, p. 213)
that if large groups of such islands as the West Indies should
be united in a common area of dry land, “ there would be
Zoological provinces containing five to tenfold as many species
as any which now exist.”

Darwin refers to the striking and important faet in regard
to the inhabitants of islands, that their affinity is “to those of
the nearest mainland without being actually the same species.”
He instances the Gallapagos Archipelago, ‘‘ where almost every
production of the land and water bears the unmistakable
stamp of the American Continent.” This instance, as regards
land shells, is peculiarly appropriate. In the Gallapagos, Buli-
mus, the genus most largely developed in South America, is
alone represented. Dr. Hooker, in the Essay already referred
to, asserts “that most of those Australian orders and genera
whieh are found in other countries around Australia, have their
maximum development in Australia at points approximating
in geographieal position towards those neighboring countries.”
The generic affinity of the land shells of the West India Islands
to those of the adjacent parts of the American Continents is
certainly intimate, but the existence of several genera not
represented on the Continents shows other relationships—the
operation, it may be, of local causes. Seeing, moreover, the
greater number of both genera and species, absolutely and
proportionately, m the islands under consideration, it may not
unreasonably be suggested that the insular stamp has rather
been impressed. on the fauna of the adjacent continents, than
the reverse. ’

Woodward (Manual, p. 387) referring to the Madeiras, and
the problem of their colonization, observes —‘ There is evidence
that this mountain group has not arisen newly from the sea,
and great probability that it has become insulated by the sub-

of West India Land Shells. 339

sidence of the surrounding land. The character and arrange-
ment of its fauna are probably nearly the same now as when it
formed part of a continent.” The origin and condition of the
West Indies are very different. The presumption is, if indeed
there be not evidence of the fact, that the elevation of the
islands was gradual—that the tertiary beds which occur there
were deposited after the elevation of the central mountains,
and the inland cliffs and terraces plainly traceable (I have per-
sonally noticed them in Jamaica, Haiti, and Barbados) indicate
subsequent elevatory movements, synchronous probably with
those which upraised the adjoining continents. There is no
reason for believing that subsidence of contiguous lands caused
the geographical isolation of this group of islands, certainly
not within the period subsequent to the introduction of existing
species. The characteristics of the insular faunas were pro-
bably the same at the time of their origin on the islands as at
present.

As the number of species of land shells in insular provinces
is generally much greater proportionally to the area of the
provinces than in a continental province, of which the Madeira
group is itself a striking example, it may with more reason be
assumed that the land shells originated there after, and not
anterior to the isolation of the group. Continents by submerg-
ence become islands, and islands by emergence become conti-
nents, but, as Prof. C. B. Adams* remarks, “such changes
require an amount of time exceeding one geological period,
during which time there is a change of faunas.”

Dr. Hooker states, as a general result of investigation, that
the sinking islands, those (so determined by Darwin) character-
ized as atolls, or as having barrier reefs, contain comparatively
fewer species, and fewer generic types than those which are
rising. The West Indies are in the latter category, while the

* The paper entitled “ Hints on the Geographical Distribution of Animals with
special reference to the Mollusca,” by C. B. Adams, in the Contributions, is
extremely interesting, and worthy of more notice than it appears to have received.

340 Geographical Distribution

Madeira Islands (although not in either at the present period),
if the number of species of land shells be any criterion, have
not been since the origination of such species in the former.
Wollaston (On the Variation of Species, p. 129) quotes it as the
opinion of Lyell that the Madeira beds in whieh fossil Helices
are found were deposited anterior to the destruction of the
“ Atlantic Province,” of which the Madeira Islands are sup-
posed to have been a part; whereas the condition of the fauna
would lead to the supposition of its insular rather than conti-
nental origin.

Wollaston, referring especially to three species of Helix found
in the Madeiras, says, “that these are actual species (saved
alive from their fellows, after the wholesale destructions in this
Atlantic province had been completed), and no results of
insular development, is demonstrated by the faet that two of
them (for the third has apparently become extinct *) have not
altered one iota since the fossil period.” From that and other
similar facts, he coneludes,—tirst, that this guondam continent
was densely stocked at the beginning with foci of radiation
created expressly for itself; and, secondly, that the areas which
these various creatures had overspread, before the land of
passage was broken up, was extremely limited,—or, which
amounts to the same thing, that their migratory progress was
unusually slow.” As regards the West Indies, the “ guwondam
continent” question does not arise,—there is no evidence of the
breaking up of “the land of passage.” Not only are each of
the larger islands, according to Wollaston’s views, ‘foci of
radiation,” but as he states is the ease in Madeira, so is it in
the West Indies, scarcely a gorge or woodland sierra exists
within their bounds “ which does not harbor some species essen-
tially itsown; and in many instanees the ranges of these crea-
tures are so local or confined, that they might be easily over-
looked in their respective neighborhoods.”

I admit to the fullest extent the slow migratory progress of

* The species referred to, H. tiarella W. & B., has since been found alive.

of West India Land Shells. 341

terrestrial mollusks, but do not believe in any save very trifling
modifications of species being induced by local conditions and
influences. Causes now in operation are insufficient to account
for the present distribution of land shells on such groups of
islands as the West Indies, and speaking generally, I can only
refer the origin of their faunas to creation subsequent to the
elevation of the insulated areas.

Such insular faunas, Professor Adams remarks, “ prove that
the islands which they inhabit, have been geographically sepa-
rate since an era anterior to the introduction of the existing
species.” But this conclusion, he adds, “does not depend on
the assumption that the species would have dispersed them-
selves over several islands, if they had not always been re-
strained by water; but on the fact that such small zoological
provinces exist nowhere on continents.”

Pfeiffer, in his Monographs, divides the inoperculate land
shells, including the Proserpinaceee, into thirty-three genera,
of which twenty are specifically represented on the continents
of America, and eighteen in the West India Islands, The sub-
joined table shows the distribution of the latter. Ceres, peculiar
to North America (Mexico), and Anostoma, Tomigerus, and
Megaspira, belonging to the southern continent, are not found
in the islands, and Ennea and Proserpina are wanting on the
continents.

It will be seen that Vitrina of North America, and also Pro-
serpina, belonging to that part of the continent by affinity, are
found only in the islands west of Portorico, while of the genera
of the southern continent Streptaxis is represented only in
Trinidad, Clausilia in Portorico, Tornatellina in Portorico and
islands east and south* of it, and Balea in Cuba. As regards
genera, and also the relative number of species, as shown in

* Here, and in the tables, I refer to those islands of which lists of species are
given in the catalogue. With the islands actually east and south of Portorico I
include Curagao and Buen Ayre.

342 Geographical Distribution

Table L., the islands west of Portorico are more connected with
North America, and those east and south with South America.
Portorico itself has in both respects marked affinities with each
of the continents.

North South North Islands Islands
America. | America, |and South | West of | Portorico. |E. and S. of
America. | Portorico. Portorico.
Helix... se ake. 6 ae foncks Sate seis * x * *
GLE PUAKIS:.) .. loss 01s 0: ose * S50n Hy3 Oe eee. *
BING Avene cecar ee aoe ers oratets Ado *
Bulmmusiertee aechys Secs * *% * *
SS PINANIS feces cic s10, e106 S0a¢ SOOO * * cose cscs
Orthalieus 2i% 22 8. fates Batts 5 miroir +
} * %
ENG CTT SA See oe : * * * *
@ledcinate. secs A re * * *
Tornatellina....... Sal ogee ae shales ePrice * *
Pupa Cree cc cc rc ceene aiinilvile febenele * * * *
Macroceramus....... aietele Poke * * * *
Cydindrella sire nisms 06 yoiene * * * *
IGA iouc a6 se i iste e 9s mets * Se ssi3 * See eet
Clausilia............ Aone 3 aes ac0¢ ©:
Vitrina... 3366 GO GOO # Seo.0 Aig x eee
Simpulopsis ......... 5508 sanc * * 250c
Succinea MMcvatevetetapsiess sciegs Sidicre * * * *
PPrOSerpMa . ss ose < ou * Sod +e

In 1855 Pfeiffer published a catalogue of the Helicez arranged
in numerous subgenera, but his as well as other similar classi-
fications have not been generally adopted. They seem indeed
in many cases extremely arbitrary, and it is not my present
intention to enter more than incidentally upon the subject of the
geographical distribution of such subgenera, although they
afford striking examples of the connexion between the conti-
nents and islands which I point out in this paper.

The relative number of species to genera, of Helix and Buli-
mus for instance, in different parts of America and the islands,
and the increased number of genera in tropical America, as
exhibited in Table L., are interesting facts.

The operculate land shells are divided by Pfeiffer in his
Monograph into forty-four genera, of which thirteen are found
in America, and twenty in the West Indies. He has since pro-

LIST

SHOWING THE COU|
ALSO |

Names of Gener:

INOPERCULA
HELICcEA. |
Pie lisse tvarsters|
Streptaxis....
Binns sass 4
Bulimus.....
Spiraxis......
Orthalicus....
Achatina....
Oleacina.....,
Tornatellina. .
PUPAleieere i> |
Macroceramus
Cylindrella ..
Baleares.
C@lausilia. ....
Watrinia).t <2:
Simpulopsis..
Suecinea....

PROSERPINACEA.
Proserpina...

OPERCULA
A me nere sae
/ |
/

.

Names of Genera,

_—
INOPERCULATA.

HELICEA.

Wielimavincuesas + +

Streptaxis.......
Ennea....-..

Buss sess ss

Spiraxis. ..
Orthalicus.......
DACCHSUMIN acs jessie = 0:00

(OLGHOINH ene vse 5 ass

Tornatellina......
Pupa.....-.+--0-
Macroceramus.....
Cylindrella

Balea...

re

Simpulopsis.......
BSILCCINGA, ces «sine =

PROSERPINACEA.
Proserpina........

OPERCULATA.
ACICULACEA.

Geomelania.......

Truncatella.......

CYCLosToMACEA.
Oyelotus,.........
Cyclophorus......
Megalomastoma... .
DAMAIOM cisco: . . «
HOI Ge Se ec wees es
Choanopoma.... .
Ctenopoma.......
Adamsiella. ......
Cyclostomus......
MITA OR AM rat cine eves 5
Diplopoma.......
istnla.. 2...
Chondropoma... ..

Heurcrvacea.

Stoas

MCI 2 c.. ss
Helicina.. ..
Schasicheila.......
AUICHMTH iis ois 5 <:s

eee ew eee

mographs,

ecies in Pfeif-
Pacific Coast of N. Am.,

0.

Mi

No. of
fer’s

N. to Mazatlan.
| Eastern N. Am., N. to

Rio Grande.

bo

{AG

Co

Mexico, not included in
other column.
Central and South

20

bo co:

23

ie be 7.

LIST OF THE GENERA OF LAND SHELLS FOUND IN

SHOWING THE COUNTRY 1N WHICH EACH GENUS IS MOST NUMEROUSLY REPRESENTED, THE NUY
ALSO THE NUMBERS WHICH INHABIT THE ISLANDS AND CERTAIN PARTS ae = ee
AMERICAN

THE WEST INDIA ISLANDS,

SPECIES DESCRIBED, AND
CONTINENT.

America,

18
10

Ad

iS 3
=| o
pa 3
: =
2 is
5 a
Zig S
ee elles
2 s “3 3
a ee ee
89 | 92 | 86 | 32
04 | 18] 11 | 24
Bae 8
1 es Mel ae ee
e191 So e-8
17 | 22) 5) 5
fetal rae 1
BSe 29). SA 25
pee tL 1
50 | 48 | 24] 8
1 | : re
ars 1
1
xr 1 1
it|| cea a |e
elke e
25
Clash 3
vi haa 1
1B eee Teen?)
ae | eee
14/008" Gules
18 sued
eae
Tela) wel
Ge puliGu= 2
1 feral
A eseG: lena, 2
37 | 120 ot
|
a5 allele ae 1
git aa ae
43.4 10-}-42-4 18
8 | 14 1
|

of

8.

Islands E. and
ditto.

16

20

oOnw-:

Countries in which the Genera are most numerously
represented,

——— —_—<—- —_—_—_ - —_———

Widely distributed.
S. America.
Africa,
South America.
Mexico and West Indies west of Portorico.
South America,
Africa and West Indies west of Portorico.
North America and W. I. west of Portorico.
Widely distributed.
Europe.
West Indies west of Portorico.
it3 7s “c oe
Widely distributed.
Europe.
Asia and Africa.
| South America.
America and West Indies.

West Indies west of Portorico exclusively.

West Indies west of Portorico exclusively.
North America and West Indies.

South America.
Asia.
West Indies west of Portorico.

ss 4 at - exclusively.
“ ae “ ae “2
ce ‘ “ee “ce ae ;
‘ “ ae Lay ua“
a3 ce oe oe ace
Africa.
West Indies west of Portorico.
Vee % ¥ ss exclusively.

“ oe “

1 species in Ins, Opara.
“ “ tay

West Indies west of Portorico exclusively.

Widely distributed. .

Mexico, 1 sp. in New Providence, Bahamas.

West Indies west of Portorico.

t—

Nore.—The numbers of species in the Js/ands include those de
are common to more than one island are enumerated as belonging to each,
the lists by Mr. W. G. Binney, published by the Smithsonian Institution,

scribed sinee Pfeiffer's Monographs were published.
The numbers in the different sections of N

The species which
. America are from

Teg aD aiin pig
tae Wien Wuhie sme gm AE

aes ue fgiaee ee ee

ps i
y -~ a ?
i Ly
Cee. ;

eet

a
*

Bi ures Pe ; fo! f oS ‘ ; ip? at)
sorera. Hs" | Ae ee sa een cna pel sine e See
i fers | € ; é. ' 4 is A eyo bp Pl, od 7 a bane talons

| Sida ayer re Och oon Ro i ei Cie ean

peceorien ane Me Hee a ad 4 Bil s ak oe i:

| Sethe tient a! , i ats

is 5

~

oon
ee
<< «1

a i

on igh

. w=

=< —

4°e >

> <=

a2

Pe es
——s

fe
=F
» *.
‘
2.*™
ona ©
ed
- -

© sayy AN syle ale Leen

h One edict ie re ay > SL OMY $8) 7 deg Ps Sali ata

; = aa
ay Lt iy y SY TAA "7 si7 ay is 5 Lagi Loe Linens ab a wes ates
i $ : v
‘) Be Apere ~ } 4) re pel | { 7} van tae i
: cabanas colt a Vahey, 90, 0) Ae OSE LaRS
i 4 - ‘ H 1 , x
. at BS tase eal ye (late bike: tdi dey
Lue r ‘ « is ; . i if 1 . * y
ms on I 7h a stay thoy SPATS to? ti 4 gee
Vash was i - et duiccsuncee ‘

~~

=A}

| ai eee: ae tL BISHS 4

ae ik )

fe! bi ‘

w ay ere =

r

Saline Wl
Bias: a

of West India Land Shells. 343

posed another, Diplopoma, which is peculiar to Cuba. Bour-
ciera and Hydrocena, represented on the southern continent, do
not inhabit the islands. The following table displays the dis-
tribution of the insular genera.

——_———«

North South North Islands Islands
America. | America. |and South| West of | Portorico. |E. and 8. of
America. | Portorico. Portorico.

Geomelania ......... ays * cece cee.
Truncatella ......... * 5 * * *
(Onli ogodcedso0e seta ‘ * * ose *
Cyclophorus......... ears.e ie x need aieve
Megalomastoma......| ... * S400 * * *
JaMAlcla.......+--s. vere * eee sees
DIGITS Seadoo s Gaeta - Siete E * one :
Choanopoma........ S00 5 * * *
Ctenopoma.......... * : * 7°

Woamisiellag oes so. s1s.0 A BICEO % see
Cyclostomus......... 0 * . *
Tudora....... Sioaes * Bo * Bpaifele *
Diplopoma.......... esee ee . eoee * eevee eeoe
(Wistar woo see ateveya ass aaa : * % * *
Chondropoma ....... onoC 3 * * * *
Stoastoma.. . 25.5... : eiehens stig * * :
Mrochitellla x. /-crcrs,<rer- es : * peters .
Minterdellays acjeac sie. ast aie B ets :
Helicina wee ee cece ees 56 0 * * * #
Schasicheila ......... re 900 oo00 * o .
INGO SAR bose SNecexe * oe *

As regards the operculate shells the generic connexion of the
islands west of Portorico seems to be greatest with the northern
continent, and of those east and south with South America,
while Portorico holds an intermediate position. The richness
of the West India Islands in operculate genera peculiar to
themselves, is very remarkable. The relative number of spe-
cies to genera on the continents and islands, as with the inoper-
culate shells, is also noticeable.

The existence in Opara, one of the Polynesian Islands, of the
only species of Stoastoma* found elsewhere than in the West
Indies is the more curious, seeing that A. octona inhabits that

* §. succineum Sowb. of Opara differs considerably from the species of the West
Indies. Gray separates it from the others, under the subgeneric name of Elec-
trina. The shell is smooth, not spirally costate.

344 Geographical Distribution

island, Pupa Paredesit Orb. is attributed to it as well as to
South America, and several species of other genera nearly
allied to West Indian forms also occur in it.

In Table IL. lists are given of those species, inhabitants of the
West Indies, which are found in other parts of the world, and
also of those which are in more than one of the islands. Certain
of the islands are distinguished by name,—the last column
includes those E. and 8. of Portorico and Viéque. The object
of the Table is to show the specific, as of Table I. the generic
connexion of the islands with the N. and S. American con-
tinents. .

The only species common to Europe and the West Indies are
B. acicula Mill. (Bermuda), B. decollatus L. (Cuba), and B.
ventrosus Fer. (Bermuda),—the two former occur also in the
southern part of Eastern N. America. ZH. similaris Fer., a
widely distributed species, found in Brazil, inhabits Barbados,
but not Cuba, as stated by Pfeiffer (Mon. Hel. L). S&S unguis
Fer. referred to Guadeloupe by Beau, is also said to belong to
Bolivia. The otherS. American species mentioned in Table II.
are found north of the Equator.

There are twenty-three species of N. America, and twenty-
one (exclusive of JZ. similaris and S. unguis) of 8. America,
N. of the Equator, O. undatus and <A. octona being in both,
which also occur in the West Indies. Omitting the two latter
species, the following is the distribution of the others.

N. American Species. S. American Species.
In Bermuda . : : ; : 2 . : ! None.
In Bahamas, Cuba, and J. of Pines. 15 ‘ ’ i None.
In Jamaica : : : : : 6 c > - 1
In Haiti . A é 6 : 5 4 5 : ; 2
In Portorico and Viéque ; : 6 : ° 5 3
Total in Islands W. of Viéque . Su: . abs 3
Total in Islands E. and 8. of Viéque. 17 : ; : 18

Of species found in Portorico and Viéque (not on the conti-
nents) ten are in the islands to the westward, and twenty-one

Pa)
Sit

i

pert Winnie nis ei Saat a »e

oS heh presto

eee aaa “

PP noe bi a . | a
ur toate nett 2 i
4 Ds de iy

= Fapsiteiinl?

-\ tam

Caley

i ae a seh y
a ae Ay ee

sdedt ick 4 og te
oe ee a eae

ete...

ces) feat 2

eal Juthinue vouhenaeinen ta

oS

4 = se

Can te
gy s that,

a

ares.

TABLE i
LIST OF THE SPECIES OF LAND SHELLS, INHABITANTS OF THE WEST INDIA ISLANDS,

WHICH ARE FOUND IN OTHER PARTS OF THE WORLD; AND ALSO OF TH WHICH OCCUR IN MORE THAN ONE OF THE ISLANDS.

¢éa| = g |5
sis =)
nea| 3 eae
Esa z =
gas | 3 ¢ | Ze ss
dea | 3 ey = Sti na
wo rj - a . 7
Names of Species | 585 BE = |g |e a) “oaramtaramsiees
Bal i : | Halas
Esa|— | 3 2 | <Bileae
; e622 Z a S| a é4
a4 = 3 5 2a 12
8 S ais | oe |e ‘e i :
\ a.
Hewrx.
ae SS Yaiaionasis lalla ne z Guadeloupe.
Hes Be atere ce ae a5
Boothiana P........-| «+ * * = p
GATOCONG Tiviecenncsas| ve ae ? + s. f, in St. Croix.
Carpenteriana Bld.....| £ . b aS
dentiens F.. . Ball) we a ae —
GIBCOlOP F. ..cc0esseee-] ss BD oS oe Se Martinique.
dioscoricola Ad........) .. “6 * ss * Viéque.
euclasta Sh..........- ‘ -«
Gundlachi P..........) = an rs : = | St. Thomas.
Isabella F %f Barbadoes
RADON MM Menlccmecieuerel| +s me Ac 5 Ae .
indentata Say. rect ae AD * : at
indistineta F.. ai ow os * oa : :
Josephinae F... Selle ste . ine ff xx |8 fin St. Christopher.
lyebnuchus Mill At as 5 a A aa E e
pantalla Gur ..<:) . ae * « | 8 fin St. Croix.
microdonta Dh.. Ra 3 - ~ | In Bermuda and N. P., Bahamas.
minuseula By... ahs a
nemoralina Pet. ‘ be ‘ i ard +k
notabilis Sh... .... on a ee ‘ oa rae:
nuxdenticulata Ch.....) .. sia a os ~ | Martinique.
orbiculata F.........) .. re of ss at ke
Ottonis Pi... cs. e| * aS ae te oe
pachygastra Gray....| .. : ae pie BA ok
paludosa P..... eel), se * = ve oo ae
PFOWMOMEEseieicicss cel) cis ll) ie se +. ap « |N.P., Bahamas.
similaris F........... ae ats a B0 fe « | In Brazil and Barbadoes.
subaquila Sh......... le
es eso per 3e * * + os bas
Varians Mic..-......] » ae ee o. E .. | N. P., Bahamas.
MORCGE Mee cieenceerscs| x * ate * : 4% | Also in Bermuda.
A Srrerraxis.
' deformis F........... - oe a 55 te ~ | Trinidad.
‘ . Enyea.
bicolor Gould.........] 2. 45 e os a +x | St. Thomas, Trinidad, and East Indies.
$ Buus.
bh - acicula Mill..........| 4 ahs “ pe he +. | Also in Bermuda.
auris-Sileni Born...... e = Be an Bo x | St. Vincent.
Barbadensis P........| .. ae We a
Caraccasensis Ry.. a : +
chrysalis P....... ie a . . ote #*
decollatus L... . * a = ee | ee ++ | Also in Europe.
pool Bolt. ae a es ‘ ¥ «x | Also in Buen Ayre.
exilis Gm... ... Sel he S
fraterculus F. zs e é i : a
glaber Gm.... Be fe as : «? jy ok
Goodalli Mill. ote eaete * * Ba * see
pw pd Eve slow ote a s ae x | St. Thomas.
asta ©... ... . ae aie
limnoides Bae vs mY fet = ‘ MY be * .
Sol Pardes Ae Sei . - * ig = St. Croix.
ee ra ERG Rl | Pe ms a - xx | Also in Becmuda.
oblongus Set asctcl | Be at Se nF a
octonoides Ad........) 2. * * a * Ss
sepuleralis Py.. | hen oe “i . -. |N, P., Bahamas.
eaters Guild eh oe a are x! ae x | St. Vincent.
pil UW agarreoseatcc ate *
Swiftianus P......... “ i a s mt . en
terebaster Lam........) .. * ae an) * .
ventrosus F..... oe (eS a ie a ae -+ | Bermuda and Europe.
Viequensis P.........) .. ee es ee * x | Viéque and Barbadoes,
Vincentinus P........] .. a A acl oe x | St. Vincent.
Orthalicus, nee
undatus Br............] « * . ne se x | Trinidad.
4 Achatina.
' fasciata Lam.. oa |r ale * oa on ia ae
Gundlachi P........ on ° * = < “e
octona Ch............] * * * * % ae
Oleacina.
. oleacea F...... ae * e * 3 2
solidula P.. ay * ate on -E _ | Also N. P., Bahamas,
WEDUStA Pio. cs se cen a] <> ae * . ee 3
Tornatellina. .
Antillarum Sh........] -- oi : * +e
AMGEN Buseiercscisieicis|| + ne or an ie | Grenada.
lamellata P. and M...| .. Ss nt ae » | Guadeloupe.
Pupa.
contracta Say........] x of oe in
hexodon Ad... . alte o's 4 a % a
Poet ; «| es 2 se ake . Also N. P., Bahamas.
pocithon i CO * te - ad
—— a . = s a jx | Also in Bermuda.
mi ma P... oA
Hiatal Be el]: ae “
it as ns = _ - ". | Also N. P., Bahamas.
tenuidens Ad.... a ‘* oe me) 3
Macroceramus. f
Gossei P.............| * te Pree, | .. | Also N. P., Bahamas.
mierodon P.. ee a4. ¥ ace | St. Thomas, St. John, Tortola.
signatus Guild.......) ° aa a Tortola and Anguilla.
Cylindrella.
RAUIN Bisa wes cca cs\a|) | se
Nida Guild. . a
‘oevana O.... a
EIOIGEAE tanals/04 coma ne
Succinea.
*
s Barbadoes, also Bermuda.
saad Also Bermuda.
7 ditto.
= St. Croix.
» | Martinique.

Guadeloupe and Bolivia.

St. Thomas and St, John,

ree aed Sitcom RX + illest

Ay tie Sante oe! % j 18
s (COR i he D) a. Pree Re as
~ ; ' é ' ee ’ PEN iL ;
BR bate ‘eh TT Fa Mere
' a3 a i aa Og ‘ , Sts
ea Br hee ee ae
, 1 we ‘a5 Pe ee. [ ae >
OG le ae eae STEN Cott a a a
re ys ays “ ‘ a3 ) 2 -
. ee \ : cps 7 =o
* , es w. ery “ Lael
; eee gy < 3 3
f io * , % ad
4 ab yj 2 ( 7.9
PVs Ff em peer, Oo me it ats kl 4 a) ee ee ees ree te -
Bron MUGTE HH ON
me . “ Le Pad a Gn ee bod ee AINE KE Ria aa i)
te Si oe ee ?
ih oe ei : # eee ote me es) one tpe's i
“9 Ba di | ah Sas wansey
Pay rhe bss BSE: ep eit adel ae
. Pebi . yee) . kay 4 Preiditers
‘ees Dey ROY Tae '
4 , OES wa a ie ie sitet inameag og la
“ & ht cenk oee gears :
a 2, ‘ _ ‘
ae » *s ae pa Pe utl et ert . fone “ "
« i aha *9 i - PAs A tbe 5 | ee a ' i “Hoag
= P he se ’ ; OS | er 7 Re! = ee A : phe ;
re My . A Ws en en i" ae ar vey” > } » Ay : ‘ oe
an ba ’ y ‘| Toh oat D 1a a
o] es } 7 } wig Pag Bye! ge P
i : ne i cy phe ee mh
; RRR RRE ORAS NAGA eas ee
. a 4 ) Se ted LS eon re Fe rh i cota re ; rir
nie Re, Ws ta Sa ae eas 5, aa
¥ wee a peru e ake Re ae a-cget ig. Mh A ae
Bro vs De EET | Ata eles rela item ein
; : iach a me ni eo) Se ae el
ro E y > > 17 - i, aoa . RA ee ee Zhe) re a, Oe ae mes ae
r es a .¢ » 2 ee ae | We) a wa de . sR
ag, Ps nl = | as Ae van ae '
a ae Ay ee f a : ra , = i Arar’ BK! ay Stan} , =a
Bd 1! ry r 4 aw 4 “1s 42 ‘ v Vay Si . ‘ }
, 4s 17 = a re a \ , x okt Set et uapttgstehee ee Pah
c é j § d .
yt) oA ee ne adetnl ® he: i a eaenty Ye
( vies eAle i , of wh 7. : =
aa oe ii cla aa hip hegee-s a Rs ny J yi
7 pe - H

_ Ps gre CE ee Ee De
a “22 .

st

*.
-

he er re ag an ge es Fert Silage ae
7 os P
nf ‘

a rd

en
af ’ _ - ] "
ht ar corey
: =
oe ns

ayy
rane

uli Fee
ay 1

of West India Land Shells. 345

in those to the east and south. These facts show, the distribu-
tion of species being considered, a result similar to that arrived
at with regard to the distribution of genera, viz. that the
islands west of Portorico are more related to the N. American,
and those east and south to the 8. American continent—Porto-
rico (with Viéque) being connected with both. It is also
noticeable (Table I.) that the species of N. American generic
type which are represented in the islands west, and also east
and south of Portorico, are generally more numerous in the
former, and those of 8S. Ameriean character in the latter.

Only one operculate species, Lelieina subglobulosa Poey, is
common to the American continents and the islands. With
that exception all the operculated species inhabiting the islands
W. of Portorico (exclusive of Truncatella*) are peculiar to
those which they respectively inhabit, while six found in Porto-
rico and Viéque occur in the islands to the eastward.

The following is the number of species in the islands :—

Inoperculate. Operculate.

Islands W. of Portorico.

Cuba and I. of Pines. : f 251 . ; 179
Jamaica : 6 i é 225 A 4 160
Haiti . “ 6 f : 5 100 5 a 41

576 3880
Portorico and Viéque . ' : 80 C J 30
Islands E. and 8. of Viéque . 5 183 . 50

The large proportion of operculate species in the islands W.
of Portorico, and the diminution of them in that island, and
the islands E. and S. of it, is very remarkable. The relative
proportion of operculate and inoperculate species prevailing on
the continents is shown in Table I. The species common to

* JT omit Truncatella in Table IT., having, as I consider, insufficient data as to
the distribution of the species, which are, however, included in the Catalogue.

346 Geographical Distribution

more than one island are enumerated as belonging to each;
but the number peculiar to the islands exceeds one thousand.

The foregoing remarks are with regard to the relationship of
the West India Islands generally with the American continents,
and the division of the islands into two groups, those west and
those east and south of Portorico, which itself rather belongs to
the latter, but this gives an inadequate idea of the interesting
and peculiar character of these Insular faunas. My limits pre-
elude any very extended observations; but I propose to state
some, at least, of the most striking facts as to the relationships
of the islands ¢nter se.

The Bahamas, Cuba, and the Isle of Pines are especially con-
nected ; Cuba has 17 species found also in Jamaica, 8 in Haiti,
15 in Portorico, and 13 in the islands east and south of Porto-
rico. The development of the subgenus Strophia (Pupa), of
Macroceramus, Megalomastoma, Ctenopoma, Chondropoma,
Trochatella, and Helicina, the occurrence of the only Balea,
and the absence of Geomelania,* Jamaicia, Licina, Stoastoma,
and Lucidella are the principal peculiarities of the Cuban
fauna. With respect to Jamaica, there are common to it and
to Cuba 17, to Haiti 4, to Portorico 10, and to the islands east
and south of that island 10 species. The numerous represen-
tatives of Sagda (Helix), Proserpina, Adamsiella, Cyclostomus,
Tudora, and Alcadia, the exclusive presence of Geomelania,
Jamaicia, Licina, Stoastoma (with the exception of one species
in Portorico and one in Opara), and Lucidella, and the absence
of Strophia (Pupa), Megalomastoma, and Chondropoma, greatly
distinguish Jamaica from the neighboring islands. I doubt
whether any province in the world of equal area is so rich as
Jamaica both in genera and species. Haiti has in common
with Cuba 8, with Jamaica 4, with Portorico 8, and with the
islands east and south of the latter 8 species. This island has
the following peculiarities—the development of Macroceramus

* Information received at a late moment induces me to suspect the occurrence
of Geomelania in Cuba.

of West India Land Shelis. d47

and Chondropoma, the occurrence of the only species of Vitrina,
and the absence of Proserpina and genera peculiar to Jamaica.
Strophia and Megalomastoma, which prevail in Cuba, but are
not in Jamaica, are represented in Haiti. The only insular
species of Simpulopsis are in Haiti and Portorico; those two
islands, nearly equidistant from North and South America,
have not the species of Orthalicus which inhabits both sections
of the continent and the islands more immediately adjacent to
them. Ishonld remark that several of the species common to
Cuba, Jamaica, and Haiti, are otherwise widely distributed.
No other conclusion, under all the circumstances stated, can
be arrived at, but that Cuba with the Isle of Pines and the
Bahamas, Jamaica, and Haiti, are entitled to be ranked as
three distinct zoological provinces; although Haiti has cer-
tainly more relationship with Cuba on the one side and Por-
torico on the other, than exists between it or Cuba with
Jamaica.

Portorico (with Viéque) is characterized by the occurrence
of the only species of Clausilia, and one of Tornatellina, two
South American genera, absent on the islands westward, asingle
one of Stoastoma, the absence of several genera of Cyclo-
stomacee which are found in the islands to the westward, by
the inereased number of Bulimi relatively to Helix, and the
diminished representation of Macroceramus and Pupa. Por-
torico is unmistakably related to St. Croix, St. Thomas, St.
John, Tortola, Anegada, St. Bartholomew, and Anguilla, as
those islands are znter se. Megalomastoma* is not represented
further to the eastward of Portorico than St. John (I am not
certain as to Tortola), and Macroceramus than Anguilla, to the
south of which neither of them occurs. Enneat las one species

* Megalomastoma is found fossil in the Eocene strata of the Isle of Wight and
Paris.

+ As to thg occurrence of Ennea bicolor Gould in St. Thomas, see my remarks
in the Annals VI. p. 147. Mr. Theo. Gill subsequently discovered the same spe-
cies in Trinidad ; its occurrence there also is a curious fact.

848 Geographical Distribution

(the same being found in India) in St. Thomas and Trinidad.
Strophia, which occurs in Portorico, has a semi-fossil species in
St. Croix, but disappears in the islands east and south of Por-
torico, with the solitary exception of S. wa in Curagao. The
islands above-mentioned as being related to Portorico, have, in
common with many of those sonth of Anguilla, species of
Bulimi which also oceur in South America.*

St. Christopher, Antigua, the French islands, and those fur-
ther south, are all more or less connected inter se, and ina
marked manner with South America. The preponderance of
Bulimus, and the paucity of operculated genera and species,
are noticeable. Norepresentative of the family Cyclostomacea
has yet been found in Barbados. The single Streptaxis, dis-
covered by Mr. Gill in 1859, occurs in Trinidad. Plecochilus
(a subgenus of Bulimus), characteristic of South America, only
inhabits the islands east and south of Portorico, with the excep-
tion of one species, ?. glaber, attributed, but I think erroneously,
to Haiti. Stenopus, a subgenus of Nanina (separated from
Helix), is peculiar to St. Vincent. The number of species com-
mon to the French "West India Islands, and French Guiana,
but absent in the intermediate islands, as shown by Dronét
(Vide Mut. Blatt, 1860, p. 126), is remarkable. In connexion
with the fact that the Spanish Islands of Cuba and Portorico
have more species in common than either has with Haiti which
lies between them, can the partial similarity of faunas be attri-
buted to increased intercourse between the inhabitants belong-
ing in modern times to the same European nation? Some of
the species common to the continent and islands, and to more
than one island, are, size and habits considered, such as are most
likely to have been distributed by human agency.

On the whole, Portorico, with Viéque, and the islands east-
ward towards Anguilla, may be considered as forming a dis-
tinct province, and the remaining islands, more to the south, as

* Woodward (Manual, p. 388) remarks on several species common to St. Tho-
mas and the Canary Islands, but none such exist.

of West India Land Shells. 349

another. Whether the division (based on the distribution of
the Land Shells) of the West Indies generally into two groups,
the one extending eastward from the Northern Continent to
Anguilla, and the other southerly from Anguilla to the South
American coast, has any connexion with the geological rela-
tions of the two mountain chains remarked upon by Humboldt,
to which I have already referred, is a curious subject of
inquiry.

The extent to which species vary, especially in the larger
islands of the West Indies, deserves notice. Dr. Hooker says,
“Tt has been remarked (Bory de St. Vincent, in Voy. au
Quatre Iles de ? Afrique) that the species of islands are more
variable than those of continents, an opinion I can scarcely
subscribe to, and which is opposed to Darwin’s facts, inasmuch
as Insular Floras are characterized by peculiar genera, and by
having few species in proportion to genera.”

It appears to me that Bory de St. Vincent’s observation does,
and that “Darwin’s facts” do not, apply to land shells. I admit,
however, that even on continents their tendency to variation is
considerable.

Dr. Hooker remarks—“ If a genus is numerically increasing,
and consequently running into varieties, it will present a group
of species with complex relations ¢nter se ; if, on the contrary,
it is numerically decreasing, such decrease must lead to the
extinction of some varieties, and hence result in the better limi-
tation of the remainder.” Now, without adopting Dr. Hooker’s
and Darwin’s views as to the origin of species, and their greater
limitability by the extinction of varieties, I would state that as
in the great majority of the genera of land shells there are
numerous groups of species with complex relations inter se, that
fact may indicate their comparative recent creation. The geo-
logical record,* of prior date to the tertiary formations, has

* A small fossil body resembling a land shell of the genus Pupa was found by
Lyell, with fossil reptilian remains, in the interior of an erect fossil tree in the
coal measures of Nova Scotia.

350 Geographical Distribution

little evidence of the existence of terrestrial species of shells.
The wonderful development both of genera and species on
islands, especially those the later geological movements of
which have been of elevation, do not at least negative the
indication above suggested.

With respect to the Preshwater Shells of the West Indies,
which are by no means numerous, the distribution of the genera
shows the same connexion of the islands west of Portorico with
the northern, and of those east and south with the southern
continent of America, as do the Land Shells. Of Melania five
species occur in Cuba, none in the other islands; one of Mela-
nopsis inhabits Jamaica. The only Unio in the islands is found
in Cuba. Two or three species of Ampularia are in Cuba, and
one in Jamaica, of North American type, while A. rugosa Lam.,
of South America, occurs in Trinidad and Tobago, and A.
Knorri Phil, closely allied to A. cornu arietis? L., of New
Granada, also inhabits the former island. The species of other
genera, which are in the islands westward of Portorico, do not
generally extend to the islands east and south of it. Several,
however, have a remarkably wide distribution. PJlanorbis
luctdus Pf. occurs in Cuba, Jamaica, Portorico, and Guade-
loupe; Ancylus obscurus Hald., of North America, in Jamaica,
Portorico, St. Thomas, and Guadeloupe; and Ammnicola crystal-
lina Pf, which I found abundant in the river Magdalena, at
Barranquilla, New Granada, inhabits Cuba, Jamaica, Portorico,
Viéque, St. Thomas, St. John, Tortola, and Guadeloupe.*

* The wide distribution, on the continent of North America, of some of the
Unionide is really wonderful. Mr. Isaac Lea mentions, in a communication made
in 1858 to the Philadelphia Academy, that some species common in the Ohio
River, as high up as Pittsburg, are found also in Moose River of Hudson’s Bay,
52° N.; in the Red River of the North, 50° N.; in Upper Missouri, 47° N.; and
in the Big Sioux, 48° N. ; also as far south as Louisiana.

The same remark applies to several terrestrial species of North America.
H. alternata Say is found from Labrador to Texas, and from the Atlantic ocean
to the Rocky Mountains, H. arborea Say, which, according to Beau, occurs in
Guadeloupe, inhabits an equally wide area, and extends even into New Mexico.

of West India Land Shells.

351

CATALOGUE OF THE LAND SHELLS OF THE WEST INDIA

ISLANDS.

[ Abbreviations, Ad., C. B. Adams, F., Férussac, G., Gundlach, P., Pfeiffer, Py, Poey, W. &M.,

Anegada.
HELIX.
notabilis Sh.

Anguilla.
MACROCERAMUS.
signatus Guild.
Antigua (’).
HELIx.
formosa F.
BULIMUS.
Caraccasensis Ry.
exilis Gm.
fraterculus F.
subula P.
ACHATINA.
octona Ch,
CISTULA.
Antiguensis Sh.

Bahamas (’).
HELIX.
Bahamensis P.

(N. P. and Turk’s Is.)
gallopavonisV al (7’'k's Js.)
microdonta Ih (WN. Prov.)
multifasciata W. & M.

( Crooked Is.)
(N. P.)
(Tk's Is.)?

provisoria P.

Troscheli P.

varians Mk.
BULIMUs.

nitidulus P. (Tk's Is.)

sepulcralis? Py. (MN. P.)
OLEACINA.

solidula P. CNS)
Pura.

alvearia Kust. (WN. P.)

iostoma P. (Tks Is.)

pellucida P. (Tk's Is )

striatella F. (NE PS)
Weinlandi Kurr. (Cr. Js.)

MACROCERAMUS.

Gossei P. (N. P.)
CYLINDRELLA

Bahamensis P. (MN. P.)
CISTULA.

scabrosa Humph. (7. Js.)
CHONDROPOMA.

biforme P. (Tk's Is.)

Hjalmarsoni P. (7k’s Js.)
HELICINA

Weinland and Marten.]

Barbados (°).
HELIX.
Isabella F.
similaris F.
vortex P.
BULIMUS.
Barbadensis P,
Caraccasensis Ry.
exilis Gm.
fraterculus F.
fuscus Guild.
Goodalli Mil.
oblongus Mill.
octonoides Ad.
subula P.
Viequensis P.
ACHATINA.
Gundlachi P.
octona Ch.
TORNATELLINA.
Antillarum Sh.
PuPA.
Barbadensis P.
Jamaicensis Ad.
pellucida P.
CYLINDRELLA.
costata Guild.
SUCCINEA.
Barbadensis Guild.
Bermudensis P.

(N. P.)|/TRUNCATELLA.

Barbadensis P.
‘HELICINA.
Barbadensis P.
conoidea P.
substriata Gray.

Bermuda (‘).
Ins. St. George.

HELIX.

Bermudensis P.

circumfirmata Redf.

microdonta Dh.

ochroleuca F, ?

vortex P.
BULIMUS,

nitidulus P.

ventrosus F.
ACHATINA.

acicula Mill.
Popa.

Jamaicensis Ad,

pellucida P,
SUCCINEA

candida P. (Tk’s Is.)
ScHASICHEILA.
minuscula? P. (N.P.)

JUNE, 1861.

Bermudensis P.

24

fulgens Lea.

margarita P.
TRUNCA'TELLA.

subcylindrica Gray.
HELICINA.

convexa P.

Buen Ayre.
BULIMUS.
elongatus Bolt.

Cuba (°).
HELIX.

alauda F.
amplecta G.
Apollo P.
Auberi O.
auricoma F,
avellana F.
Baracoensis Gut.
Bartlettiana P.
Bayamensis P.
Bonplandii Lam.
Boothiana P.
Carpenteriana Bld.
cesticulus G.
comta G.
crassilabris P.
Cubensis P.
cyclostomoides P.
debilis P.
deflexa P
Dennisoni P.
emarginata G.
euclasta Sh.
fuscolabiata Py.
gilva F.
gracilis Py.
Guanensis Py.
Guantanamensis Py.
Gundlachi P.
Gutierrezi Py.
immersa G,
imperator Mtf.
incrustata Py.
jactata G.
Jeannereti P.
Lescaillei G.
Letranensis P.
Lindeni P.
lucipeta Py.
maculifera Gut.
marginelloides O.
melanocephala G.
Mina P.

Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. Vou. VII.

352

~\

minuscula By.
Montetaurina P.
morbida Mor.
multistriata Dh.
muscarum Lea,
iaevula Mor,
notata Py.
Ottonis P.
ovum-reguli Lea.
paludosa P.
Parraiana O.
parallela Py.
paueispira Py.
Pazenzis Py.
pemphigodes P.
penicillata P.
Petitiana O,
picta Born.
Poeyi Pet.
proboscidea P.
prominula P.
provisoria P.
Rangelina P.
taripila Mor.
rostrata P.
rufo-apicata Py.
Sagemon Bk.
Sagraiana O.
saxicola P.
scabrosa Py.
stigmatica P.
suavis G.
sulphurosa Mor,
supertexta P.
tephritis Mor.
tichostoma P
transitoria P.
translucens G.
Trinitaria G.
turbiniformis P.

X versicolor Born.

vortex P.

BuLIMUS

acuticostatus O
angustatus G,
assurgens P.
decollatus L.
gigas Py.
Goodalli Mil.
gracillimus P.
hasta P.
homalogyrus Sh.
lucidus Py.

Manzanillensis G.

marginatus Lay.
Marielinus Py.
nitidulus P,
octonoides Ad.
Poeyanus P.
sepulchralis Py.

Geographical Distribution

strictus Py.
subula P.
terebraster Lam.
SPIRAXIS.
Cubaniana O.
episcopalis Mor.
melanielloides G.
paludinoides O.
suturalis P.
ORTHALICUS.
undatus Brug.
ACHATINA.
abdita Py.
Blainiana Py.
consobrina O.
elata G.
exilis P.
emarginata Swain ?
fasciata Mill.
Gundlachi P.
octona Ch.
picta Rv.
Poeyana P.
pusilla P,
pygmaea P,
subulatoides O.
Trinitaria G.
OLEACINA.
cyanozoaria G,
Lindoni P.
oleacea I.
orysacea O.
Ottonis P.
recularis G.
saturata G.
sicilis Mor.
solidula P.
subulata P.
translucida G.
Trinitaria G.
PUPA.
Cumingiana P.
eyclostoma K.
Gundlachi P.
incana By.
iostoma P.
marginalba P.
maritima P.
marmorata P-
microstoma P.
multicosta K.
Mumia Brug.
Mumiola P.
neglecta Arango.
pellucida P.
Proteus G.
Sagraiana P,
sealarina G.
sculpta Py.
striatella F.

tenuidens Ad.
tumidula Dh?
venusta Py.
vulnerata K.
MACROCERAMUS.
amplus G.
angulosus G.
catenatus G.
claudens G.
costulatus G.
festus G.
Gossei P.
Gundlachi P.
inermis G.
Jeannereti G.
notatus G.
Pazi G.
pictus G.
turricula P.
unicarinatus Lam.
CYLINDRELLA.
acus P.
angulifera G.
Brooksiana G.
Camoensis P.
cinerea P.
coerulaus Py.
crispula P.
cyclostoma P,
discors Py.
elegans P.
Elliotti Py.
Fabreana Py.
fastigiata G.
eracillima Py.
Gundlachiana Py,
Humboldtiana P.
integra P,
interrupta G.
intusmalleata G.
irrorata G.
laevigata G.
lateralis Paz.
Lavalleana O.
marmorata Sh.
minuta G.
nubila Py.
ornata G.
Oviedoiana O,

perlata G.
Philippiana P.
planospira P,
plicata Py.
Poeyana O.
porrecta Gould,
producta G.
Rugeli Sh.
Sagraiana P.
Sauvalleana G.
scalarina Sh,

Shuttleworthi Py.
Sowerbyana P,
strangulata Py,
subita Py.
torquata Mor.
Tureasiana G,
uneata G.
variegata P.
ventricosa G.
volubilis Mor.
BALEA,
Canteroiana G.
SUCCINEA.
angustior Ad.
fulgens Lea.
Gundlachi P.
macta Py.
nobilis Py.
ochracina G,
Sagra O.
tenuis G.
TRUNCATELLA,
bilabiata P.
eapillacea G.
Caribseensis Sow.
elongata Py.
tilicosta G.?
lirata Py. ?
pulchella P.
sealaris Mich.
subcylindrica Gray.
JYCLOTUS.
minimus G,
perdistinetus G.
MEGALOMASTOMA,
alutaceum Mk.
apertum Py.
auriculatum O,

of West India Land Shells.

bituberculatum Sow.

complanatum P,
digitale G.
Gundlachi P.
leoninum P.
Mani Py.
seminudum Py.
tortum Wood.
ventricosum O, .
CHOANOPOMA.
alatum P.
Arangianum G,
auricomum G.
Daudinoti G.
decoloratum G.
eburneum G.
fragile G.
minium G.
majusculum Mor.
perplicatum G.
Pretrei O.
tractum G,

Yaterasense P.
Yunquense P.
CTENOPOMA.
argutum P,
bilabiatum O.
coronatum Py.
deficiens G.
denegatum Py.
echinatum Py.
enode Py.
Garridoianum Py.
honestum Py.
immersum G.
nigriculum G.
nodulatum Py.
perspectivum G,
rotundatum Py.
rugulosum P.
sculptum G,
semicoronatum G,
sordidum G.
torquatum Gut.
ADAMSIELLA.
chordatum-G.
CYCLOSTOMUS.
Rangelinus Py.
TUDORA.
canescens P.
erectum G.
excurrens G.
lurida G.
DIPLOPOMA.
architectonicum G.
CISTULA.
Agassizi Charp.
agrestis G.
ecatenata Gould.
illustris Py.
inculta Py.
interstitiale G.
limbiferam Mk,
Mackinlayi G.
pallida P.
procax Py.
radula P.
CHONDROPOMA.
abnatum G.
Candeanum O.
claudicans Py.
crenimargo P,
decurrens Py.
Delatreanum O,
dilatatum G.
egregium G.
Gutierrezi G.
harpa P.
irradians Sh.
laetum Gut.
latilabre O.
latum G.

marginalbum G.
moestum Sh.
neglectum G.
obesum Mk.
Ottonis P.
oxytremum G.
perlatum G.
Pfeifferianum Py.
pictum P.
Poeyanum O.
revinctum Py.
revocatum G,
rufopictum G.
Sagebieni Py.
semicanum Mor,
sericatum Mor.
Shuttleworthi P.
solidulum G.
tenebrosum Mor.
textum G.
unilabiatum G
violaceum P.

TROCHATELLA.
chrysostoma Sh.
coniea P.
dilatata Py.
hians Py.
Petitiana O.
petrosa G.
politula Py.
regina Mor.
rubicunda G.
rupestris P.
Sloanei O.
stellata Val.
subunguiculata Py.

HELICINA.
acuminata Val.
adspersa P.
Bastidana Py.
Bayamensis Py.
bellula G.
Blandiana, G.
Briarea Py.
chrysochasma Py.
ciliata Py.
columellaris G.
concinna G.
continua G.
declivis G.
elongata O.
exserta G.
glabra Gould.
elobulosa O,
granum P,
jugulata Py.
Lembeyana Py,
littoricola G.
Mayarina Py,
nitida P.

353

354 Geographical Distribution

Orbignyi P.
Poeyi P.
proxima G.
pulcherrima Lea,
pyramidalis Sow.
Reeveana P.
remota Py.
retracta Py.
rotunda O
rubromarginata G.
rugosa P.
Sagraiana O.
silacea Mor.
spectabilis G.
straminea Mor.
subdepressa Py.
subglobulosa Py.

Guadeloupe (’).

HELIX.
arborea Say.
badia F.
Baudoni P.
dentiens F.
Josephine F.
lychnuchus Mill.
pachygastra Gr.
Schrammii Fisch.
BuLIMvs.

Caraccasensis Ry.

chrysalis P.
elongatus Bolt.
exilis Gm.

Lherminieri Fisch.

limnoides F.

dissita Dh.
Dominicensis P.
excellens P.
Gaskoini P.
Haitensis W. & M
hilum W. & M.
Hjalmarsoni P.
indentata Say.
indistineta F.
Justi F.

lampas Mill. ?
leucoraphe P.
loxodon P
monodonta Lea.
Phaedra P
polyodon W. & M.
prumosa P,

submarginata Gray. ACHATINA. ptycoraphe W. & M.

Titanica Py. octona Ch. pubescens P.
ALCADIA. OLEACINA. sarcocheila Mérch.

capax G. Guadeloupensis P. strumosa P,

dissimulans Py. TORNATELLINA. trizonalis Grat.

gonostoma G. lamellata P. & M. undulata F,

Gundlachi P. CYLINDRELLA. vortex P.

hispida P collaris F. BULIMUS.

incrustata G. SUCCINEA Caraccasensis Rv.

minima O. Candeana Lea. Dominicus Ry.
velutina Py. depressa Rang. exilis Gm.
PROSERPINA. patula Br. glaber Gm.?
depressa O. unguis F, hasta P.
TRUNCATELLA. marginatus Say.
Curacao. Caribeeensis Sow. Moussoni P.
HELIx. : clathrus Lowe nitidulus P,
pentodon Mke. modesta Ad. rectus P.
Pupa. scalaris Mich. Salleanus Ry.
uva L. CYCLOPHORUS. Santanensis P.
TUDORA. Beauianus Pet. SPIRAXIS.
megacheila P. & M. Schramini Sh. Dunkeri P.
CHONDROPOMA. Richardi P.
Grenada (°). erenulatum F, Salleana P.
HELrIx, HELICINA. ACHATINA.
perplexa F. fasciata Lam. impressa P.
BuLIMus. Guadaloupensis Sow. ? octona Ch.
Caraccasensis Ry. rhodostoma Gray ? virginea L,
glaber Gm. similis Sow. ? OLEACINA.
octonoides Ad. biplicata W. & M.
subula P. Haiti (°). oleacea F.
TORNATELLINA. HELIx. ptycoraphe W. & M.

acuminata P. terebreetormis Sh.
Albersiana P. texta W. & M.
angistoma F. PUPA

angustata F, glans Kust,
Audebardi P. microstuma P,
Caracolla L, striatella F

cepa Miill. MACROCERAMUS,

Funeki P.
CycLorus.

Granadensis Sh.
HELICcINA.

Heatei P.

Grenadines. cornu-militare L, angulatus W. & M.
HELIX crispata F’. cyrtopleurus P.
perplexa F. desiderata P. formosus Wood.
ORTHALICUS. dilatata P. Gundlachi P.

undulatus Guild.(UnéonZ.) disculus Dh. Hermanni P,

lineatus Br.
Ludovici P.
Richaudi Pet.
signatus Guild.
tenuiplicatus P,

virgineus W. & M.
CYLINDRELLA.

Adamsiana P,
arcuata W. & M.
crenata W. & M.
cristata W. & M.
Dominicensis P.
Kugenii Dorhn.
fasciata Ch.
flammulata P.
Gouldiana P.
Gruneri Dunk.
Guigouana Pet.
Hjalmarsoni P.

Laterradii Grat. Ins. Bente.

Ludersi P.
malleata P.
Menkeana P.
monilifera P.
obesa W. & M.
puncturata P,
Salleana P,
sericea P,
tricolor P.
tumidula W. & M.
Weinlandi P.

SIMPULOPSIS.

Dominicensis P.

VITRINA.

? sp. ind.

SUCCINEA.

of West India Land Shells.

blandum P.
Caricae P.
eusarcum P,
hemiotum P.
litturatum P.
Loweanum P,

Petiteanum P,
Salleanum P.
semilabre Lam.
simplex P.
TROCHATELLA.
elegantula P.
opima Sh.
virginea Lea.
HELICINA.
cingulata P.
Dominicensis P.
festiva Sow.
globosa Gray.
malleata P.
oleosa P.

rufa P.
rugosa P.
Salleana P.
versicolor P.
viridis Lam.
ALCADIA,
suecinea P.

HELIX.
auricoma F,
Bonplandii Lam.
Boothiana P.

magnificum Sallé.

pygmaea P. & M.

I. of Pines.

TROCHATELLA.

eallosa Py.
constellata Mor.
luteo-apicata Py.

HELIcINA.

scopulorum Mor.

PROSERPINA.

globulosa O,

Jamaica (°).

HELIX.

abnormis P.
acuta Lam.
albicans P.
alligans Ad,
alveus Ad.
ambigua Ad.
angustispira Ad.
anomala P.
Anthoniana Ad.
aspera F.
atavus Sh.
Bainbridgei P. ?
Blandiana Ad.
Boothiana P.
brevior Ad.
brevis Ad.
Bronni P.
Buddiana Ad,
eara Ad.
Carmelita F.
Chemnitziana P.
cognata F.
columellata Ad.
connectens Ad.
conspersula P.

355

Dominicensis P. comes Py. Cookiana Gm.
margarita P, Pityonesica P. diminuta Ad.
CYCLOTUS. BULIMUS. dioscoricola Ad.

'* floecosus Sh. Beathinus Py. epistylioides F.
MEGALOMASTOMA. Poeyanus P. epistyliulum Ad.
Orbignyi P. strictus Py. Foremaniana Ad.
CHOANOPOMA. terebra Py. fuscocinata Ad.
Adolfi P. ACHATINA. fuscolabris Ad,
Puertoplatense P. fasciata Mill. fuscula Ad.
Rosaliae P. OLEACINA. Gossei Ad.
solutum Rich, follicularis Mor. graminicola Ad.
tentorium P. oleacea Fer. Haldemaniana Ad,
Wilhelmi P. orysacea Mor, Hollandi Ad.
CTENOPOMA. solidula P. immunda Ad.
Dominicense P. subulata P. inconspicua Ad.
CYCLOSTOMUS. CYLINDRELLA. ingens Ad
Aminensis P. pruinosa Mor, invalida Ad.
TUDORA. MEGALOMASTOMA. invasa P.
nobilis P. procer Py. Jacobensis Ad.
pupaeformis Sow. TUDORA. Jamaicensis Ch.
CISTULA. Moreletiana Pet. Jayana Ad.
cinclidodes P. pupoides Mor, lamellifera Ad.
CHONDROPOMA. CHONDROPOMA. lucerna Mill.
adulterinum P, dissolutum P.

Mac Murrayi Ad.

356

margarita P.
McNabiana Chitty.
minuscula By.
munda Ad.
nemoraloides Ad.
nobilis Ad.
Okeniana P.
osculans Ad.
pallescens Sh.
paludosa P.
patina Ad.
peracutissima Ad.
perafiinis Ad.
perdepressa Ad.
picturata Ad.
pila Ad.
pretiosa Ad.
propenuda Ad.
Proserpinula P.
ptychodes P.
rufula P.
Schroeteriana P.
similis Ad.
Simson P.
simulans Ad.
sincera Ad.
sinuata Mill,
sinuosa F’,
soror F.
Spengleriana P.
spiculosa Sh.
spreta Ad,
straminea Alb.
strangulata Ad.
subconica Ad,
tenerrima Ad.
torrefacta Ad.
tridentina F,
triptycha Sh,
tumida P.
turbiniformis F.
valida Ad.
virginea Ad.
BuuLimvs.
confertus P.
erubescens P.
Goodall: Mil.
hortensis Ad.
immaculatus Ad.
Jamaicensis Ry.
laeviusculus Ad,
macrospira Ad,
marginatus Say.
minimus Ad.
monodon Ad.
nitidiusculus Ad.
nitidulus P.
octonoides Ad.
pallidus Ad.
rufescens Gray.

Geographical Distribution

subula P.
terebella Ad.
SPIRAXIS.
aberrans P.
Adamsiana P.
brevis Ad.
contorta Chitty.
costulosa Ad.
inusitata Ad.
mirabilis Ad.
ORTHALICUS.
undatus Brne.
ACHATINA.
Adamsiana Chitty.
arcuata P.
costulata Ad,
curvilabris P.
Gossei P.
gracilior Ad.
Gundlachi P.
iota Ad.
levis Ad.
longispira Ad.
micans Ad.
octona Ch.
oseulans Ad.
parvula Chitty.
pellucens Ad.
puella Ad.
solitaria Ad,
striosa Ad.
tenera Ad.
OLEACEA,
angiostoma Ad.
Blandiana Ad.
costulosa Ad.
Dominicensis Gm.
Gayana Ad.
Griffithsi Ad.
Ingallsiana Ad.
Jamaicensis P.
leucozonias Walch.
ligata Ad.
nemorensis Ad.
nitida Ad.
perplexa Ad.
Philippiana P.
Philipsi Ad.
procera Ad.
propinqua Ad.
proxima Ad,
similis Ad.
unicolor Ad.
venusta Ad.
vicina Ad.
Pupa.
contracta Say ?
exilis Ad.
Grevillei Chitty.
hexodon Ad.

Jamaicensis Ad.
Jardineana Chitty.
lata Ad.

pellucida P.
tenuidens Ad.

MACROCERAMUS.
Gossei P.

CYLINDRELLA.
abbreviata Dh. ?
Agnesiana Ad.
alabastrina P,
alba Ad.
amethystina Chitty.
aspera Ad.
Augustae Ad.
Baquieana Chitty.
Blandiana P,
brevis P.
columna Ad.
costulata Ad.
eylindrus Ch.
dubia Chitty.
Dunkeriana P.
elatior Ad.
elongata Ch.
Gossei P.
gracilis Wood.
Gravesii Ad.
Hollandi Ad.
Humboldtiana P. ?
humilis Ad.
hydrophana Chitty.
inornata Ad.
lata Ad.
macrostoma P.
Maugeri Wood.
megacheila Chitty.
nobihhor Ad.
ovata Desh. ?
Pearmaneana Chitty.
princeps Ad.
pupaeformis Ad.
pusilla Ad.
Robertsi Ad.
rosea P
sanguinea P,
seminuda Ad.
similis Ad.
simplex Ad.
striata Chitty.
subula F.
tenella Ad.
tricolor P.
variegata P.?
zebrina P.
zonata Ad.

SUCCINEA.
angustior Ad.
contorta Ad.

latior Ad.
Sagra O.
GEOMELANTA.
affinis Ad.
Beardsleana Ad.
econica Ad.
eostulosa Ad.
elegans Ad.
exilis Ad.
expansa Ad.
fortis Ad.
gracilis Ad.
Greyana Ad.
Hilliana Ad
inornata Chitty.
Jamaicensis P.
magna Ad.
media Ad.
minor Ad.
parva Chitty.
pauperata Ad.
procera Ad.
pygmaea Ad.
pyramidata Ad.
sinuosa Chitty.
striosa Ad.
typica Ad.
vicina Ad.
TRUNCATELLA.
Adamsi P.

Caribaeensis Sow.

modesta Ad.
pulchella P.
sealaris Mich.

CYCLOTUS.
asperulus Som.
corrugatus Sow.
erassus Ad.
dubiosus Ad.
Jamaicensis Ch.
jugosus Ad.
pallescens Ad.
perpallidus Ad.
subrugosus Sow.
suturalis Sow.
varians Ad.

JAMAICIA.
anomala Ad,
Moussoniana Ad.

LIcINA.
dubia Gin.
labeo Mill.

CHOANOPOMA.
Chittyi Ad.

fimbriatulum Sow.

granosum Ad.
Hillianom Ad.

interruptum Lam.

lima Ad.

lineina L.
lincinellum Lam,
mite P.
pulchrum Wood.
seabriculum Sow.
spinulosum Ad.
CTENOPOMA.
Campbelli Ad.
pisum Ad.
Wilkinsoni Ad.
ADAMSIELLA.
chlorostoma Sow.
Grayana P.
ignilabris Ad.
intermedia Ad.
mirabilis Wood.
miranda Ad.
monstrosa Ad.
moribunda Ad.
Pearmaneana Chitty.
pulchrior Ad.
variabilis Ad.
xanthostoma Sow.
CYCLOSTOMUS.
albus Sow.
Banksianus Sow.
Bronni Ad.
Chevalieri Ad.
erenulosus Ad.
Humphreyanus P.
Jayanus Ad.
lamellosus Ad.
Redfieidianus Ad.
retrorsus Ad.
serecinus Ad.
tectilabris Ad.
thysanoraphe Sow.
Yallahensis Ad.
TUDORA.
Adamsi P.
armata Ad.
Augustae Ad.
avena Ad.
Barklyana Chitty.
columna Wood.
fascia Wood.
feeunda Ad.
Griffithiana Ad.
maritima Ad.
mutica Ad.
papyracea Ad.
pauperata Ad.
simulans Ad.
Tappaniana Ad.
versicolor P ?
CISTULA.
dislocata Baird.
lugubris P.
mordax Ad,
sagittifera Ad.

of West India Land Shells.

Sauliae Sow.
Shephardiana Ad.
STOASTOMA.
Agassizianum Ad.
Anthonianum Ad,
Blandianum Ad.
Chittyanum Ad.
Cumingianum Ad.
Fadyenianum Ad.
Gouldianum Ad.
Hollandianum Ad.
Jayanum Ad,
Leanum Ad.
Lindsleyanum Ad.
Moricandianum Ad.
Petitianum Ad.
Pfeifferianum Ad.
Philippianum Ad.
pisum Ad.
Redfieldianum Ad,
Tappanianum Ad.
Vilkinsoniae Ad,

TROCHATELLA.
Chittyana P,
Grayana P.
Josephinae Ad.
nobilis Ad.
pulchella Gray.
Tankervillei Gray.
tenuis Ad.

LUCIDELLA.
aureola F.
nana P.

HELICINA.
Adamsiana P,
ampliata Ad.
aurantia Gray,
costata Gray.
depressa Gray.
Jamaicensis Sow.
lineata Ad.
maxima Sow. ?
neritella Lam.
nobilis Ad.

ALCADIA.
Brownei Gray.
citrinolabris Ad.
consanguinea Ad.
dubiosa Ad.
Gossei P.
hirsuta Ad.
Hollandi Ad.
macilenta Ad.
major Gray.
megastoma Ad.
microstoma Ad,
palliata Ad.
pusilla Ad.
solitaria Ad,

358

PROSERPINA.
bidentata Ad.
linguifera Jonas.
nitida Gray.
pisum Ad.

Marie-Galante.
HEe.LIx.
badia F.
HELICINA.
fasciata Lam.

Martinique.
HELIX.
auridens Rang.
badia F.
bracteola F.
crassidens P.
dentiens F.
desidens Rang.
discolor F.
lychnuchus Mill.
nigrescens Wood. ?
nucleola Rang.
nuxdenticulata Ch,
obesa Bk.
orbiculata F.
pachygastra Gray
parilis F.
stenostoma P.
BULIMUS.
chrysalis P.
elongatus Bolt.
Martinicensis P.
multifasciatus Lan.
ACHATINA.
semitarum Rang.
CYLINDRELLA,
collaris F.
SUCCINEA.
Candeana Lea.
haliotoidea Mitt,
rubescens Dh.
CYCLOTUS.
Martinicensis Sh.
CYCLOPHORUS.
rufescens Sow.
CHOANOPOMA.
occidentale P.
HELICINA.
Antillarum Sow.
fasciata Lam.
platycheila Mulhf
plicatula P.
striatula Sow.

Portorico (!°).
HELIX.
angulata F.
Arecibensis P,

bryodes Sh.
Caracolla L.
eoncolor F,
dermatina Sh.
diaphana Lam.
euclasta Sh.
Gundlaehi P.
lima F.
Luquillensis Sh,
marginella Gm.
minuseula By.
musicola Sh,
obliterata F.
plagioptyeha Sh.
Portoricensis P.
Riisei P.
squamosa F.
subaquila Sh.
velutina Lam.
vortex P,

BULIMUS.
alabastrinus Sh.
elongatus Bolt.
exilis Gm.
fraterculus F,
Gompharium Sh.
Goodalli Mil.
hasta P.
Hjalmarsoni P.
liliaceus F.
margaritaceus Sh.
marginatus Say.
nitidulus P.
octonoides Ad.
opalescens Sh.
stylodon Sh.
subula P.
Swiftianus P.
terebraster Lam.

ACHATINA,
acicularis Sh.
octena Ch.

OLEACINA.
glabra P.
interrupta Sh.
Portoricensis P.
suleculosa Sh.
terebraeformis Sh.

STORNATELLINA.

Antillarum Sh.

/PUPA.

hexodon Ad.
microstoma P,
pellucida P.
striatella F.
MACROCERAMUS.
microdon P.
CYLINDRELLA.
pallida Guild.

Geographical Distribution

Portoricensis P.
Riisei P.
CLAUSILIA.
tridens Ch.
SIMPULOPSIS.
Portoricensis Sh.
SUCCINEA.
approximans Sh,
hyalina Sh.
Riisei P.
TRUNCATELLA.
clathrus Lowe.
pulehella P.
subeylindrica Gray.
MEGALOMASTOMA.
cylindraceum Ch,
verruculosum Sh.
CHOANOPOMA.
decussatum Lam.
senticosum Sh.
CISTULA.
lineolata Lam.
Riisei P.
CHONDROPOMA.
Blauneri Sh.
Newcombianum Ad.
Newtoni Sh.
Swifti Sh.
STOASTOMA.
Portoricense P.
HELICINA.
fasciata Lam,
foveata P,
Hjalmarsoni P.
phasianella Sow.
striata Lam.
subfusea Menke.
trochulina O.
umbonata Sh.
yinosa Sh

St. Bartholomew.
HELIX.
notabilis Sh.

‘CHOANOPOMA.

sulculosum F,

St. Christopher.

HELIX.

Josephinae F, s. 7.
BULIMUS.

exilis Gm.

fraterculus F,

multifasciatus Lam.
SUCCINEA.

patula Brug.
HELICINA.

fasciata Lam,

of West India Land Shells. 359

St. Croix (!'),
HELIX.
Caracolla L. s. f.
marginella Gm. s. f.
Santacruzensis P.
variegata Ch. ?
vortex P.

BULIMUS.
elongatus Bolt.
extinctus P. sf
fraterculus F.
marginatus Say.

PuPA.
rudis P.
CYLINDRELLA.
chordata P.
SUCCINEA.
Riisei P.
CYCLOSTOMUS.
fallax P.?
CISTULA.
rufilabris Beck.

CHONDROPOMA.
Santacruzense P.

St. John,
HELIX.
euclasta Sh.
nemoralina Pet.
notabilis Sh.
subaquila Sh.
BULIMUS.
elongatus Bolt.
fraterculus F.
Goodalli Mil.
octonoides Ad.
subula P.
Swiftianus P.
ACHATINA.
octona Ch.
Popa.
pellucida P.
MACROCERAMUS,
microdon P.
CYLINDRELLA
pallida Guild.
SUCCINEA.
approximans Sh.
MEGALOMASTOMA.
Antillarum Sow.
CHONDROPOMA.
Newcombianum Ad,
HELICINA.
phasianella Sow.
subfusca Mk,
ALCADIA.
rubella P.

St. Lucia (!2).
HEtLix.
orbiculata F.
BULIMUS.
aulacostylus P.

St. Martin.
BuLiMus.
elongatus Bolt.
exilis Gm.

St. Thomas ('9).
HELIX.
euclasta Sh.
Gundlachi P.
incerta F. s. 7.
nemoralina Pet.
subaquila Sh.
vortex P,
ENNEA.
bicolor Gould.
BULIMUS.
Barbadensis P.
diaphanus P.
elongatus Bolt.
exilis Gm,
fraterculus F,
Goodalli Mil.
gracillimus P.
octonoides Ad.
subula P.
Swiftianus P.
ACHATINA,
Gundlachi P.
octona Ch,
PuPA.
Jamaicensis Ad.
pellucida P.
MACROCERAMUS.
microdon P.
CYLINDRELLA.
gracillicollis F. ?
pallida Guild.
SUCCINEA.
approximans Sh,
Barbadensis P.
TRUNCATELLA,
clathrus Lowe.
pulchella P.
subeylindrica Gray.
MEGALOMASTOMA.
Antillarum Sow.
CHONDROPOMA.
Newcombianum Ad.
Santacruzense P,
HELICcINA.
foveata P.
subfusca Menke.
ALCADIA,
rubella P.

St. Vincent.
HELIX.
cruentata Guild.
livida Guild.
BULIMUS.
auris-Sileni Born.
exilis Gm,
limnoides F.
oblongus Mill.
stramineus Guild.
undulatus Guild.
Vincentinus P.
SUCCINEA.
Cuvieri Guild.
tigrina Less.
HELICINA.
occidentalis Guild.

Tobago.
BULIMUS.
oblongus Mill.

Tortola.
HELIX.
nemoralina Pet.
notabilis Sh.
ACHATINA.
octona Ch.
TORNATELLINA.
Antillarum Sh.
MACROCERAMUS.
microdon P.
signatus Guild.
CYLINDRELLA.
pallida Guild.
CHONDROPOMA.
Tortolense P.

Trinidad ('*).
HELIX.
diseolor F. ?
SvTREPTAXIS.
deformis F.
ENNEA.
bicolor Gould.
BuLIMvs.
Caraceasensis Ry.
fraterculus F.
glaber Gin.
multifasciatus Lam.
oblongus Mull.
ORTHALICUS.
undatus Brug.
ACHATINA,
octona Ch.
TORNATELLINA.
Antillarum Sh.
CYLINDRELLA.
Trinitaria P.
CYCLOSTOMUS.
citrinus Sow.

360

Vieque.
HELIX.

Caracolla L.
diaphana Lam.
dioscoricola Ad.
euclasta Sh.
Gundlachi P.
lima F,
marginella Gm.
plagioptycha Sh.

Geographical Distribution

BULIMUS.
elongatus Bolt.
exilis Gm.
fraterculus F.
octonoides Ad.
Swiftianus P.
Viequensis P.

ACHATINA.
oetona Ch.

PuPA.

SUCCINEA.
approximans Sh.

CHOANOPOMA.
decussatum Lam.
senticosum Sh.
suleulosum F.

HELICINA.
fasciata Lam.
foveata P.
phasianella Sow.
vinosa Sh.

Riisei P. pellucida P.
subaquila Sh.

NOTES.

1. Antigua.—The species which have come under my notice from this island,
and St. Christopher, were collected by the Rey. A. Hamilton.

2. Bahamas.—The New Providence shells were collected by Mr. Wm. Cooper,
and Mr. T. Smitten,—those from Turk’s Island by Mr. Theo. Gill and others.

3. Barbados.—For these shells I am indebted to the late Rev. J. Parkinson, Mr.
Gill, &e. B. oblongus Mill. was introduced by Mr. Parkinson from St. Vincent.

4. Bermuda.—Collections were made by the late Prof. C. B. Adams, also by
Mr. R. Swift, Mr. Temple Prime, myself, and others. As to H. microdonta Dh.
extensively distributed as H. delitescens Sh. see my remarks, Annals vii. p. 140.

5. Cuba.—I have been liberally supplied with Cuban species, especially by
Prof. Poey, Dr. Gundlach, Mr. Shuttleworth, Bishop Elliott, &e. Some errors
may be detected in the Catalogue arising from differences of opinion and also of
classification, of Poey and Pfeiffer. I should quote the following from Poey,
Mem, ii. p. 406—“ Helices rostrata P., marginelloides O., Pazensis Py., transi-
toria P., Arangiana Py., Gutierrezi Py., marginatoides O., mina P., varietates
sunt H. Sagemonis; quod in itinere Cl, J. Gundlach demonstratum est. Transi-
tiones exstant ; animal in omnibus idem est.” As to H. Carpenteriana Bland, see
Annals vii. p. 138.

The occurrence in species belonging to Cyelostomacea, of a perforation at the
upper margin of the aperture, is peculiar, I believe, to those inhabiting Cuba and
the Bahamas. See Poey, Mem. ii. p. 40.

6. Grenada and Grenadines.—Dr. W. Neweomb collected in Grenada, and I
have received shells from him, Rev. J. Parkinson, and Mr. R. Swift.

7. Guadeloupe.—I have had comparatively few authentic specimens from the
French islands, Beau in his Catalogue (1858) excludes several species generally
attributed to this island.

8. Hait?.—I am principally indebted for Haitian shells to M. Sallé, Mr. Cuming,
and Mr. Swift. The discovery of Vitrina was made by Mr. Hjalmarson, in 1858.

of West India Land Shells. 361

9. Jamaiea—Very numerous specimens collected by Prof. C. B. Adams, Mr.
Chitty, M. Roy, myself, and others, have come under my notice. Pfeiffer Aon.
iv. treats Geomelamia Greyana C. B. Ad., as 2 Cylindrella—it was so originally
described by Adams, but he subsequently corrected the error. Many new species
of Cyclotus and Stoastoma were described by Mr. Chitty in the Zool. Proce, in
1857, but. as they do not appear to have been adopted, [ omit them.

10. Portorico and Viéque—I received very many of the species of these
islands, collected by the late Mr. Blauner, from Mr. Shuttleworth—also from
Messrs. Swift, Riise, Knox, and others.

11. St. Croix —For these shells, as well as for those from St. John and Tortola,
Iam principally indebted to Mr. A. H. Riise, H. Krebs, R. Swift, and H. Haag-
ensen. Two semi-fossil species of Cyclostoma have been described by Pfeiffer—
C. basicarinatum and €. chordiferwm.

12. St. Lucia. —I am satisfied that the information affurded by the late Mr.
MeMurray as to the habitat of B. aulacostylus Pfr., was incorrect. It belongs to
St. Lueia, as originally stated by the Rev. E. Hartvig.

13. St. Thomas.—Nearly all the species were collected by myself in 1852. See
my Notes in Cont. to Conch, p. 215, and Annals, vi. p. 74.

14. Trinidad —From the late Mr. MeMurvray, and especially Mr. Theo. Gill, I
received these shells.

The names of several islands do not appear in the Catalogue, because I am
ignorant as to the species inhabiting them—Dominiea, for instance, from which I
have never seen or even heard of any species. Further examination of Haiti,
and other islands, as well as of the Continents of America, will doubtless afford
many new species, but I do not anticipate that they will sensibly affect the con-
elusions at which I have arrived with regard to the faunas of the islands.

Although disagreeing with Pfeiffer as to the nomenclature and synonymy of
some of the West India species, my linits do net permit of reference to such
questions. In the Catalogue I have adopted his classification, and in a few
instances haye exercised my own judgment as to species, where I differ from him.
Much labor has been bestowed on the Catalogue, and I would mention that my
chief object in publishing it 1s to show the grounds on which my views as to the
geographical distribution of the species generally are founded,

At page 345 the numbers of Inoperculate and Operculate species which occur
in the islands E. and 8. of Viéque are stated to be 183 and 50, the species com-
mon to more than one island being enumerated as belonging to each. The
actual numbers, reckoning each species once only, are 103 Inoperculate, and 43
Operculate.

(oy)
bo

6 Notice of Land and Freshwater Shells.

XXXIV.—WNotice of Land and Freshwater Shells collected by
Dr. J. G. Cooper in the Rocky Mountains, etc., in 1860.

By T. Brann anp J. G. Coorrr.

Read June 17, 1861.

Tue shells, which form the subject of this paper, were col-
lected by Dr. J. G. Cooper, during the progress of a military
expedition under the command of Major Blake, U.S.A. The
party went from St. Louis in the Spring of 1860 by steamboat
to Fort Benton, crossed over the mountains from that point to
the waters of the Columbia River, where it again embarked,
and proceeded to the Pacific Coast.

Dr. Cooper forwarded his notes and specimens to Mr. W.
Cooper, whe placed them in the hands of Mr. T. Bland with a
view to the preparation of the subjoined notice.

Helix Townsendiana Lea, Trans. Amer. Phil. Soe., vi. 99, pl.

93, f. 80.

This species was bronght by Mr. Nuttall, Dr. Townsend, and
the United States Exploring Expedition from the neighborhood
ef the Wahlamat, near its junction with the Columbia River.
Dr. Cooper collected many examples, varying much in size, but
none so large as these which we have seen from Oregon.

The following is a copy of his note on the speeimens,— The
numerous small specimens were found in the dry prairie at the
junction of Hell Gate and Bitter Root Rivers, and as I met with
larger ones of various sizes in more damp situations of the
woods, from an elevation of 4800 feet down te 2200 feet, at the
base of the Bitter Root Range, I presume that the former is a
dwarfed variety, such as is found also west of the Coast Moun-
tains in Washington Territory. This is the most wide-spread
species I have seen.” Other speeimens forwarded by Dr.

Notice of Land and Freshwater Shells. 363

Cooper are labelled, “ both slopes of the Bitter Root Mountains
from 5600 feet to 2200 feet.”

In Binney’s Terr. Moll. If. 162, the greatest transverse dia-
meter of Oregon examples, is said to be 1@ inch.

The following are the measurements of large and small speci-
mens from Dr, Cooper’s shells.

Diam. maj. 23, min. 20, Alt. 13 mil.

be oe LG 66 i 66 9 66
p b]

The small variety is generally more strongly and coarsely
wrinkled,

Dr. Cooper in the Pacific R. R. Report, gives Puget’s Sound,
W. T., as a habitat of this species,—it has also been found at
Cape Disappointment, on the borders of Oregon and Washing-
ton Territory.

Helix Wullami, nov. sp.

T. subobtccte-umbilicata, globoso-depressa, fusco-cornea, irregulariter
striata, epidermide tenui, sub lente lineis spiralibus, et tuberculis (setos
gerentibus?) munit&é, sub epidermide nitida; spira brevi; anfr. 53-6
convexis, ultimo antice gibbo, vix descendente, basi lzeviusculo, ad aper-
turam valde constricto; apertura subtriangulari, obliqua, dente brevi,
albo, linguiformi, in pariete aperturali intrante subcoarctata ; perist. albo,
vel rufo-corneo, expanso, fornicatim reflexo, bidentato, dentibus duobus
albis in margine calli positis, 1 inferiore lamelliformi, altero, seepe obsoleto,
parvo; margine columellari umbilicum mediocrem pervium semioe-
cultante.

Shell with umbilicus partially covered, globose-depressed,
dark horn colored, irregularly striated, having a thin epidermis
with microscopic spiral lines, and tubercles (the latter with
hairs ?); beneath the epidermis shining ; spire short ; whorls 53
to 6, convex, the last gibbous above, scarcely descending, the
base rather smooth, much constricted at the aperture; aperture
subtriangular, oblique, with a short white linguiform parietal

364 Notice of Land and Freshwater Shells.

tooth; peristome white, or reddish horn eolored, thickened,
expanded, and roundly reflected, with two teeth on the margin
of the callus, the lower one lamelliform, the other small, often
obsolete, the columellar margin partially covering the middling
sized pervious wmbilicus.

Diam. maj. 1383, min. 11, Alt. 7 mill.

Station.— Under logs and in dry pine woods.

Llubitat—Dead specimens found near Coeur d’Aléne Mis-
sion, Coeur @Aléne Mountains ;—living ones on the west side
of the Bitter Root Mountains, Washington Territory, J. G.
Cooper!; St. Joseph’s River, 1st Camp, Oregon, Cabinet of W.
G. Binney.

Ltemarks.—This species is most nearly allied in form to //.
Dolumbiana Lea* (ZZ. labiosa Gould), the peristome is however
not only more thickened, but also singularly reflected behind the
plane of the aperture, producing a canal behind it, leading from
the upper margin into the umbilicus. Being tridentate it has
some alliance with /Z tridentata Say, but that shell is of coarser
texture, more depressed, has a more open umbilicus, and the
form of the peristome and teeth are different.

Dr. Cooper found a beautiful hyaline specimen under a stone
“by the Bitter Root River, atan elevation of 4000 feet, ona hill
called ‘Half Way’ 380 miles below the junction.” This
variety is much depressed, translucent, delicately striated, and
has the parietal tooth only. The very thin epidermis shows the
spiral lines, and the last whorl numerous sears of the tubercles
mentioned in our description of the species. In Mr. Binney’s
specimen from Oregon the umbilicus is wider, and not so much
covered by the peristome as in the other examples.

The species is named in honor of Lieutenant Mullan, U.S.A.,
who has done much in collecting the natural products of the
region in which it was found.

* A specimen of H. Columbiana Lea in the Cabinet of T. Bland, has a well de-
veloped parietal tooth, the same as in H, thyroides Say.

Notice of Land and Freshwater Shells. 365

Helix polygyrellfa, nov. sp.

T. late umbilicata, discoidea, planulata, nitida, translucida, luteo-cornea,
superne costulata, costis ad aperturam obsoletis, basi Jaeviuscula, spira
vix elevata; anfr. 7-8 convexiusculis, lente accrescentibus, ultimo antice
breviter deflexo, intus seriebus duobus remotis trium dentium munito;
umbilico ad apicem pervio; apertura subverticali, obliqua, lunato-ovali ;
perist. superne depresso, albo, simplici, valde incrassato, marginibus dente

pliciformi, elevato, albo, triangulari junctis.

Shell widely umbilicate, discoidal, flat, shining, translucent,
yellowish horn colored, ribbed above, the ribs obsolete near the
aperture, base rather smooth; spire scarcely elevated ; whorls
7-8, somewhat convex, gradually increasing, the last slightly
deflexed above, armed within with two rows of three teeth,
seen through the outer wall; umbilicus pervious, of equal size
to the apex; aperture subvertical, oblique, Iunate-oval; peri-
stome depressed above, white, simple, much thickened within,
the margins joined by a white pliciform elevated triangular
tooth.

Diam. maj. 114, min. 103, Alt. 5 mill.

Station.—Inhabits moss and decaying wood in the dampest
parts of the spruce forests.

Habitat—Common on the Coeur d’Aléne Mountains, espe-
cially on their eastern slope. J. G. Cooper!

Remarks.—This very interesting species is unlike any shell,
with which we are acquainted, hitherto found on the North
American Continent. Although entirely distinct from the
Brazilian /7. polygyrata Born it has some affinity with it, espe-
cially as regards the form generally, and the presence of the
internal teeth. Z7. polygyrata has five teeth within the last whorl,
three on the under surface of the outer wall, and two opposite to
the others on the exterior of the penultimate whorl. Our species
has two distinct rows of three tecth, all the teeth being on the

366 Notice of Land and Freshwater Shells.

under surface of the outer whorl; the first row nearly opposite
to the aperture, the second between the first and the parietal
tooth; in one specimen, the second row is immediately behind
that tooth, and visible through the shell just within the
aperture.

Helix Vancouverensis Lea Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. vi., 87, pl.
23, f, 72.

Mr. Isaac Lea described this from specimens brought by
Mr. Nuttall from the banks of the Columbia River, Oregon.
In 1840, Dr. Binney (Bost. JI. iii. 872) considered it the same
as [. concava Say, although he afterwards (Terr. Moll. 11. 166),
in deference to the opinions of others, treated it as distinct.
The two are certainly very closely allied. Dr. Gould described
H. sportella* (Bost. Proce. ii. 167) in 1846; it was brought by
the U.S. Exploring Expedition from Puget Sound, Oregon.
Gould’s differs from Lea’s species in having the incremental
strie more or less decussated by revolving lines, giving it a
granulated appearance. In some individuals the decussation
is to a great extent obsolete, or confined to the upper whorls
only, and it seems to us that the two species cannot be sepa-
rated. The same differences prevail in forms of the Cuban //.
Sagemon Beck. HH. vellicata Forbes is certainly identical with
Lea’s species.

H. Vancouverensis has a wide distribution. Dr. Cooper col-
lected it “on the west side of the Coeur d’Aléne Mountains, W.T.
in the forests of Conifers, &c., such as it inhabits west of the
Cascade range.” He remarks, “ there is a wide plain between
those two ranges quite uninhabitable by Helices on account of
drought, for a distance of about two hundred miles, but this
species and ZZ. Zownsendiana Lea probably extend round its
north end through the forests near lat. 49° N.” We have
it from the vicinity of Crescent City, California (Dr. W.

* In form and sculpture H. sportella is curiously allied to H. euspira Pfr. from
Venezuela,

Notice of Land and Freshwater Shells. 367

Newcomb!), also from Oregon City, and Whidby’s Island,
WE

It is found on the Pacific coast from Puget Sound to San
Diego, Lower California.

felix strigosa Gould Proc. Bost. Soe. N. H. ii. 166.

This species was brought by the U. 8. Exploring Expedition
from the interior of Oregon.

Dr. Cooper found it in Washington Territory “on the Rocky
Mountains by the Bitter Root River, at an elevation of 4000
feet, cestivating under logs of pine, on a steep slope of shale
containing lime in veins.”

The shells collected by Dr. Cooper are of smaller dimensions
than those given by Gould, the former measure diam. maj. 19,
min. 17, alt. 7 mill. The outer whorl is more carinated, with
a more distinct reddish brown band above, and also below the
periphery. In some the penultimate whorl shows at the suture
its acutely carinated edge, excavated near the margin, and with
an’ impressed line, as in H/. Cumberlandiana Lea. The some-
what distant spiral lines at the base, intersecting the incremental
striz, produce a semi-granulated appearance. In old examples
the margins of the peristome are joined by a parietal callous
deposit.

This species also occurs in the Big Horn Mountains, in
Nebraska, and on the Rio Piedra, in W. New Mexico.

One specimen reached us with the animal alive; kept ina
glass vessel with moist grass, it deposited six young shells, each
having 2-23 whorls. The species is, it would seem, viviparous.

Helix Cooperc W. G. Binney Proc. Acad. N. 8. Phila. 1858,
p. 115.

Mr. Binney described this from specimens found by Dr. F.
V. Hayden (Yellow Stone River Expl. Exped.), among the

Black Hills of Nebraska. We can refer only to this a number
JUNE, 1861. 25 Ann. Lyo. Nat, Hist. Vou. VIL

368 Notice of Land and Freshwater Shells.

of shells collected by Dr. Cooper on the east side of Mullan’s
Pass, in the Rocky Mountains, W.T., Lat. 46° 30’ N., at an
elevation of 5500 feet.

The shells, however, attain a very much larger size than
those described by Mr. Binney,—-his (5 whorls) are diam. maj.
15, min. 13, alt. 9mill., whereas Dr. Cooper’s specimens (6 whorls)
measure diam. maj. 25, min. 23, alt. 12 mill. In those before
us the outer whorl is little deflected at the aperture, and the
shell, altogether larger, is less globose; the color is also differ-
ent, Dr. Cooper’s examples are generally of a light ash-grey
color, the upper part prettily tesselated with reddish brown
patches of varied shades, and the last whorl has two bands of
the same color, one above and the other below the periphery.
The surface in fresh specimens has a granulated appearance,
the incremental striz being crossed by numerous distinct
impressed spiral lines.

This species has marked affinities with ZZ. strigosa Gould,
indeed, on a cursory examination might perhaps pass as a
variety, but the difference in color and sculpturing, its more
elevated spire, and narrower umbilicus, seem to entitle it to
specific distinction.

We find a colorless worn specimen, with umbilicus more like
that of /Z. strigosa, and which may be an elevated form of that
species, or a variety of ZZ. Coopert.

This species also occurs on the Big Horn Mountains, Nebras-
ka; on the west side of the Wind River Mountains; and on the
Rio Piedra, W. New Mexico.

Helix solitaria Say Jour. Acad. N.S. Phila. ii, p. 157.

Dr. Cooper collected many specimens on both slopes of the
Coeur d’Aléne Mountains, particularly in the bush and fern
covered openings in the forests, at elevations exceeding 2500
feet. This well known species inhabits a wide area. Say
described a single dead example from Lower Missouri. It

Notice of Land and Freshwater Shells. 369

occurs also in Michigan, Indiana, and Ohio. A small variety,
sometimes without bands, is found on Strontian Island, Lake
Erie. One of Dr. Cooper’s specimens has a very unusual
arrangement of color,—the entire shell is dark reddish brown,
with a single pale band at the periphery.

The shell found by Dr. Hayden at Bridger’s Pass, Nebraska,
and referred to by Mr. W. G. Binney (Proc. Acad. N.S. Phila.
1858, p. 115) as a small variety of HY. solitaria is evidently the
young state of H. Coopert W. G. Binney.

Helix arborea Say Nich. Ene. iv., pl. 4, f 4.

Dr..Cooper met with this species in damp bottom lands along
the lower valley of the Hell Gate River, at an elevation of
about 4500 feet. The wide distribution of A. arborea is
remarkable, it is found from Labrador to Texas, from Florida
to Nebraska, also on the Rio Chama in New Mexico. It is
likewise said by Beau to inhabit the island of Guadeloupe,
West Indies. Férussac, in a letter to Say (1820), the original
of which is in the possession of T. Bland, expresses his belief
that H. arborea is found in Guadeloupe.

Helix striatella Anthony Jl. Bost. Soc. N. H. iin, pl.
3, f. 2.

Dr. Cooper also found this in the same locality as 77. arborea
Say. Its range is from Canada East to Kansas, and from Pem-
bina on the Red River of the North to Virginia.

Succinea ,rusticana Gould Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H. 1846,
Polsi:

This species was brought by the U. 8. Exploring Expedition
~ from Oregon. Dr. Cooper collected it on the Rocky Mountains
of the Bitter Root Valley, at elevations from 2500 to 4500 feet.

370 Notice of Land and Freshwater Shells.

The following fresh water species, as determined with the
assistance of Messrs. Lea, Binney, and Prime, were also collected
in the mountains by Dr. Cooper:

Melania plicifera Lea )

Limneea fragilis L.

— humilis Say

Physa hypnorum L. HalliGatccReses
——-— heterostropha Say

Planorbis trivolvis Say

parvus Say ?
Spheerium occidentale Prime

bulimoides L.
desidiosa S.

Missouri River above the

J
Limneea fragilis L. )
r Falls.

Physa heterostropha 8. |

Spherium striatinum Lam J

Leptoxis.

Amnicola.

Ancylus.

Unio luteolus Lam.

Margaritana margaritifera L.

This latter was found in the “ Missouri River above the Falls,
and also in the Spokan River below Lake Coeur d’Aléne.” It
is the purple variety, hitherto only brought from the Pacific
coast.

Analytical Synopsis of the Order of Squali. 367*

XXXII—Analytical Synopsis of the Order of Squar1; and
Revision of the Nomenclature of the Genera.

By Txropore GILt.

Read 16th December, 1861.

pe
ON THE HISTORY OF THE ORDER.

Ty this memoir, the nomenclature and classification of those
Vertebrates which constitute the order of Squat, or that group
of Elasmobranchiates characterized by lateral branchial aper-
tures, and the absence of naso-pectoral cartilages, are discussed.
The group so distinguished appears to be marked by features
sufficiently important and peculiar to entitle it to the rank of
an order distinct from the Rays. Such distinction has already
been conferred on it by Prof. Agassiz in his “ Essay on Classi-
fication.” ‘The orders so separated are then really equivalent,
according to definition, with the Artedian and Linnean genera
of Squalus and faza, although by the reference of the “saw
fish” (Pristis) to the former, a true representative of the Rays
is treated as a shark.

In order to satisfactorily establish the nomenclature of the
Elasmobranchiates, it will be necessary to review the principal
works in which they have been described, thus ascertaining the
forms known to each zoologist, the genera recognised by them,
and the limits by definition and inclusion of those genera ; it will
be then comparatively easy to discover the name which should
be retained for each.

The systematic arrangement here adopted is a modification
of that of Miiller and Henle. The principal differences consist
in the arrangement of the Scyl/iocds at another point in the

series, and their distribution among three families, and in the
DE 26 Ann, Lyo, Nat. Hist. Vou. VII .

368* Analytical Synopsis of the Order of Squali.

union of the Miillerian families of the Carchariw, Triano-
dontes, Galet, Scylliodontes, and MJustelé in one, but after the
exclusion from the first of the hammer-headed sharks which
appear to constitute a distinct family (Cestraciontoidw) recog-
nised as such by most of the recent systematists. The reasons
for these changes will be hereafter given. At another time we
also hope to be able to give the full characters of the families
and their respective subdivisions now adopted.

1.—Artedi was the first to establish and characterize the
genera of fishes in the manner of the moderns. In his “ Genera
Piscium,” published under the auspices of Linneeus in 1788,
he thus described the genus Squalus.

“ Foramina Branchiarum utringue quinque, longitudinaliter a lateribus
capitis ad pinnas pectorales sita.

Caput plagioplateum, sed corpus oblongum, ambitu vel rotundo vel
anguloso, Cutis aspera.

Oculi ad latera capitis. Caudee superior pars inferiore longior.

Os plerumque in prona parte capitis seu subtus transversim situm.”

The genus thus defined is essentially equivalent to the order
of Sqguali as here adopted; some species since discovered do
not, however, agree with the above diagnosis, the Votidanoida
having six or seven branchial apertures on each side; but such
astructure is abnormal as regards the group, and could not
have been anticipated from acquaintance with the forms then
known. The S. prestis referred to the genus is a Ray and not a
Shark. The Squalus squatina also departs in three of its cha-
racters from those assigned to the genus, but agrees in the
essential feature of lateral branchial apertures.

The species placed by Artedi in the genus were the following.
The names by which they are now known are given after the
Artedian.

Dentibus granulosis praediti.
1. Squalus vostro longo cuspidato osseo plano utrinque dentato=Pristis

antiquorum Shaw.

13.

14.

Analytical Synopsis of the Order of Squali. 369*

. Squalus dentibus obtusis sew granulosis = Mustelus levis Flem.

Dentibus acutis preediti.
Dorso spinoso.

. Squalus pinna ani nulla; ambitu corporis subrotundo=Squalus

acanthias Zinn.

. Squalus pinna ani carens ; naribus in extremo rostro=Spinax niger

Cloquet.

. Squalus pinna ani carens ; ambitu corporis triangulato=Oxynotus

centrina Raf.

. Squalus pinna ani carens; ore in apice capitis=Rhina squatina

Raf.

Spinis dorsi carentes.

. Squalus capite latissimo transverso mallet instar =Cestracion zygaena

Gill,

. Squalus cauda longiore quam ipsum corpus=Alopias vulpes Bon.

Squalus naribus ori vicinis, foraminibus exiguis ad oculos=Galeorhinus
galeus Blain.
Rostris brevioribus.

. Squalus ex rufo varius, pinna ani medio inter anum et caudam

pinnatum=Scylliorhinus caniculus, B/.

. Squalus dorso vario ; pinnis ventralibus concretis=No, 10.
. Squalus cinereus ; pinnis ventralibus discretis=Catulus stellaris Sm.

Rostris longioribus.
Squalus fossuda triangulari in extremo dorsi, foraminibus nullis ad
oculos=Cynocephalus glaucus Gill.
Squalus dorso plano, dentibus plurimis ad latera serratis=Carcha-
rodon lamia Lon.

It has been accepted as a maxim by some modern naturalists,

and especially by ornithologists, that the first-mentioned species

of

a genus should be regarded as its type unless another is

expressly affirmed to be such. But even many of the modern
naturalists consider that the type should be regarded as the cen-
tral form, before and after which such variant species as exhibit
a greater tendency or affinity to other groups, should be respec-
tively placed. It is at least evident from the examination of
the works of the naturalists of the past century that they never

370* Analytical Synopsis of the Order of Squali.

purposely arranged species with the design of placing a typical
one at the head. In the present case, for example, the Prestis
antiquorum is stationed as the first of the genus, yet it not only
entirely disagrees with the generic character, but is happily the
only one that does so! On the other hand, the generic charac-
ters assigned by Artedi to the genus aia are entirely appli-
cable to it. I can scarcely conceive that any one should seri-
ously apply the above-mentioned maxim to the name in question,
and urge the acceptance of the Squalus pristis as the type of
the genus.

2.—Klein,* in 1742, distributed the representatives of the
order of Squali among four genera which were essentially dis-
tinguished as follows :—

J. CyyocrruaLus.—Capite rostrato—Ore longitudinaliter fisso.
1..C. albus=Carcharodon Jamia.
2. C. glaucus=Cynocephalus glaucus.
3. C. rostro brevi.

Il. Gareus 8. Mustelus capite rostrato ; ore transversali, prono.

1. &. acanthias=Squalus acanthias L.

2. G. levis=Mustelus levis Fem.

3. G. rostri extimo parte pellucida=Galeorhinus galeus B/.

4. Gi, capite rostroque brevissimis=Scylliorhinus eaniculus 5.

5. G. cinereus=Catulus stellaris Sm.

6. G. dorso pulverulento—No. 4.

7. G. brevis, crassus=Spinax niger Cloquet.

8. G. cauda longa= Alopias vulpes Bon.

9. G. rostro brevi.
10. G. capite in hyperbolam desinente—Reniceps tiburo (il2. ;
11. G. rostro longo plano, firmo=Pristis antiquorum Shaw.

III. Cesrracton.—Capite transverso, ore prono, transversal.
1. C. fronte arcus figura =Cestracion zygena Gill.
2. C.capite cords figura—Reniceps tiburo Gill.

* Jacobi Theodori Klein, Historia Piscium promovende missus tertius de
piscibus per branchias occultas spirantibus,

Analytical Synopsis of the Order of Squali. 371

TV. Ruta; capite depresso; ore in extremitate.
1. Rhina sive Squativa omnium autorum=Rhina squatina Raf.

2. Rhina pedata quasi; cauda in superiori parte tripenni.*

The four genera thus established correspond to the single ~
Artedian genus Squalus. The generic names are all new, that
of Squalus not having been retained for any special group. As
that name must be accepted for some one genus, and as no
type was mentioned by Artedi, it would then appear that the
subdivision containing some species of the Artedian Squalus
conforming to the original diagnosis, should retain the name
restricted to it by the first succeeding naturalist, and that the
name of Klein’s group equivalent to, or embracing that subdi-
vision, should be regarded as a synonyme.

As will be hereafter shown, Rafinesque was the first to

restrict the Artedian genus by confining it to those species with-
out an anal fin—the first species of Linnzus. LKlein’s Galeus
embracing such, that name will then be considered as a
synonyme.
. The characters assigned by Klein as distinctive of his Cyno-
cephalus and Galeus have nothing like the relative importance
attributed to them, nor have his principles been strictly applied,
since several of his Galec have mouths whose fissures are nearly
as long as in his Cynocephalus. Still, as the two are founded
on actual characters, Cynocephalus should apparently be
retained as a generic appellation.

* The seeond species, of Rhina, regarded by Klein himself as problematical and
factitious, was founded on an extraordinary description of an animal exhibited in
London in September, 1737, having a “fin on each shoulder in shape something
like the wings of a cherubim.” Autor hune piscem pro Sirene Antiquorum agno-
seit; qui in anno 1737, mense Septembri captus et Londini expositus fuit; sed
vereor, ne lucri causa mentule distort et in pedum simulacra, ope fili ferrei vel
aenei, efformate fuerint; adeo hujus piscis descriptio convenit eum precedenti;
nisi quod tres pinnas in cauda, et quasi pedes habeat. The three fins on the tail,
doubtless, included the caudal. The “feet” were likewise, probably, the sexual
organs of the male.

372 Analytical Synopsis of the Order of Squat.

3.—Next in order of time, succeeds the revised classification
of Linnzeus.

In the first nine editions of the “Systema Naturee” is adopted
the arrangement of Artedi. In the tenth edition (1758), he pro-
posed the following modification.

* Dorso spinoso; pinna ani nulla.
acanthias.
centrina—Oxynotus centrina Raf,
spinax—Spinax niger Cloquet.

Pepe te abe eee

squatina=Rhina squatina Raf.
* * Dorso mutico, dentibus acutis; cum pinna ani.
. zygaena—Cestracion zygaena Gill.
. tiburo=Reniceps tiburo Gil.
. galeus=Galeorhinus galeus Bl.
. canicula=Scylliorhinus caniculus Blain.
catulus—No. 8.
. stellaris=Catulus stellaris Sm.

CDAD
ANNNM

—
oO
RMN NM

. glaucus=Cynocephalus glaucus Gill.

. carcharias—Carcharodon lamia Bon.

a
se
TM

* * * Dentibus granulatis.
13. S. mustelus= Mustelus levis Hlem.
14, S. pristis=Pristis antiquorum Shaw.

This arrangement is essentially similar to that of Artedi, the
chief difference consisting in the different distribution of some
of the species, and especially in the placing of S. acanthias as
the first of the genus and the deferring of S. pristes to the
last.

4.—Lacépéde proposed a fictitious genus on the supposed
absence of teeth, under the name of Aodon, but Aguatiis itself
remained unaltered.
5.—Dumeril, in his “ Zoologie Analytique,” established the
genus Squatina for the Squalus squatina of Linneeus, a species
which had already been taken for the Rhina of Klein. His cha-
racters were thus given—

Analytical Synopsis of the Order of Squali. 373

With teeth; pectoral fins nicked, Squatina,
With teeth ; pectoral fins entire, Squalus.
Without teeth, Aodon,

6.—The first naturalist who introduced decided innovations
or improvements in the arrangement of the Squal¢ was Nafines-
que. In a work* published in 1810, in Sicily, he indicated the
following new genera and species. The names which it is
believed should be retained for them, when different from those
used by Rafinesque, are also given.

Carcharias taurus , , , : : . Odontaspis taurus.

Dalatias sparophagus . : : : : : . Scymnus lichia.
< SNOCLUTRUS! | é : é : : . Squalus acanthias.

Tetroras angiova : ; : : : . Cetorhinus maximus.

Isurus oxyrhinchus

Cerictius macrourus . : ; 3 : . . Unknown.

Alopias macrourus. 2 . : : ° . Alopias vulpes.

Heptranchias cinereus : :

Galeus melastomus . , 5 é . Pristiurus melanostomus.

Squalus uyato . , . . . : :

Hexanchus griseus. ‘ : : ‘ : :

Etmopterus aculeatus : 5 : : : . Spinax niger.

Rhina squatina 3 2 f : : A 5 ._—

7.—A short time afterwards, in the “ Indice d’ittiologia sici-
liana,” he named and characterized two more genera founded
on formerly known species. They are the following :—

Oxynotus centrina . 5 : ; : ; : a
Sphyrna zygena : : : . . Cestracion zygzena.

The distinctive characters given by Rafinesque to his genera
are exhibited in the following analytical synopsis.

* Caratteri di aleunt Nuovi Generi, e nuovi specie di Animali e piante della
Sicilia. Palermo, 1810.

3874 Analytical Synopsis of the Order of Squali.

_ I. Anal fin present.
A. Dorsal fins two.
. Caudal fin with its upper lobe elongated,
Caudal with a moderately elongated upper lobe.
Head unarmed above.
Head normally shaped.
Branchial apertures 5.

Spiracles present. Galeus.
Spiracles (obsolete). Carcharias,

(Branchial apertures 4). Tetroras.

Head hammer-shaped. Sphyrna.

“Head armed with two horns above the eyes.” —_-Cerictius.
Caudal with upper lobe very long. Second dorsal

and anal fins small and adipose. Alopias.

BB. Caudal fin lunate. Tsurus.
AA. Dorsal fin single.

Branchial apertures six. Hexanchus.

Branchial apertures seven. Heptranchias.

If. Anal fin absent. Dorsal fins two.
Branchial apertures 5.
Spiracles present. Squalus.
“ Spiracles absent.” Dain |
“ Branchial apertures 3.” Dorsal fins laci-
niated. Etmopterus. J

Rafinesque, in this classification, advanced in many respects
decidedly ahead of his predecessors, and the characters that he
has assigned to seven of the genera are mainly correct; the
names of those so distinguished are indicated in italics.

Of the other forms, his Carcharias taurus, which was the only
species at first referred by him to the genus, and which must
consequently be regarded as its type, has spiracles; as the sole
character which he considered as distinguishing the genus from
Galeus is thus fallacious, and as it originated entirely from mis-
apprehension, the name should apparently not be accepted, as,
had it not been for that error, Rafinesque would have referred
the species to Galeus. The acceptance of Rafinesque’s name

Analytical Synopsis of the Order of Squali. 375

would be equivalent to the offer of a premium for carelessness
and inaccuracy, for which that author was so notoriously dis-
tinguished.

His Zetroras angiova has been regarded by the Prince of
Canino as asynonyme of Wotidanus (or Heptranchias) cinereus,
but such cannot be the case, as the character “ due ale dorsali”
at once demonstrates. The notice of the dentition (dents m
Jorma di raspo), of the large branchial apertures (aperture
della branche bastantemente larghe), and of the caudal carina (wn
appendice ad ogni lato della coda), as well as of the color (bzgio
nerastro), and small eyes (occhi piccolissimo), can only refer to
the Cetorhinus maximus of Blainville, or the great basking
shark, or at least a species of that genus. The attribute of four
branchial apertures is of course incorrect.

Cerictius is doubtless founded on factitious specimens.

Dalatias is synonymous with Squalus, the large spiracles
having been overlooked.

The Ltmopterus aculeatus is apparently founded on the Spi-
nae niger, whose fins, like those of other species of the genus,
exhibit a tendency to become cleft and laciniated, giving them
somewhat of a rayed appearance. It is true that Spinaw has
the teeth of the lower jaw subquadrate, with an almost hori-
zontal incisorial edge, and those of the upper jaw cuspidate and
pointed as in Scyllium, while Rafinesque attributes to his spe-
cies only pointed teeth (¢ dente piccoli ed acuti), and three bran-
chial apertures (¢7z branchie da ogni lato della testa); but—
Leafinesque describes !

8.—Blainville next, in 1816, published his views on the classi-
fication of the sharks, in which he distributed the genera in the
following manner :—

. Scylliorhinus (canicula).

. Echinorhinus (spinosus).

. Monopterhinus (griseus).

. Galeorhinus (mustelus, galeus, etc.)

Oo Be © tO ee

. Acanthorhinus (acanthias).

3876 Analytical Synopsis of the Order of Squali.

6. Heterodontes (Philippii).

7. Carcharinus (Commersonii).
8. Cestrorhinus (zygzna).

9. Cetorhinus (Gunneri).

9.—In the following year Cuvier, in his Regne Animal, pro-
posed the ensuing division.

I. Les Squares (Squatvs L.).
Les Rousserres (Scyiirum Cuv.).
SquaLeEs proprement dits.
Especes sans évents, pourvues d'une anale.
Les Requins (Carcharias Cuyv.).
Les Lamies ou Tonilles (Lamna Cuy.).
Les Marteaux (Zygaena Cuv.),
LEspéces reunissant des évents et une anale,
Les Milandres (Galeus Cuy.).
Les Emissoles (Mustelus Cuv.).
Les Grisets (Notidanus Cuy.).
Les Pelerins (Selache Cuv.).
Les Cestracions (Cestracion Cuy.).
. Lispéces sans anale, mais pourvue dévents.
Les Aiguillats (Spinax Cuv.).
Les Humantins (Centrina Cuy.).
Les Leiches (Scymnus Cuv.).
Il, Les Ances (Squatina Dumér.).

Four of the genera thus proposed are adopted in the following
analytical synopsis, although by some, all of them have been
regarded as synonyms of previously established ones. They
are Lamna (Isurus Raf.), Mustelus (Galeorhinus Bl.), Spinax
(Acanthorhinus Bl.), and Scymnus (Dalatias Gray).

10.—In 1829, in the fourth edition of the Regne Animal,
Cuvier rather modified than improved his classification of the
Squali by the elevation of Zygana to full generic rank, and its
interposition between Squalus and Squatina.

Analytical Synopsis of the Order of Squali. — 377

11.—In the third year-book of the “Archiv fiir Natur-
geschichte” (1837), and in the second volume of the Magazine
of Natural History (new series), a sketch of the arrangement of
the Plagistomes is given by Miiller and Henle. They thus dis-
tributed the various forms known to them :

§ 1. Two dorsals and one anal; first dorsal above or behind ventrals.
Family Scyuura. Pristiurus Bon., Chiloscyllium MH., Hemiscyllium
MH, Crossorhinus MH., Ginglymostoma MH., Stegostoma MH.
§ 2. Two dorsals and one anal ; first dorsal in front of ventrals.
(Family Nicrrranres).
A. Without spiracles.
a. Teeth flat, sharp, the edges serrated or smooth.
1. Carcharias. 2. Scoliodon MH. 3. Zygena.
b. Teeth pointed, with lateral denticles, like the teeth of Scyl-
lium.
1. Trienodon MH. Leptocharias Andr, Smith.
B. Possessing spiracles.
a. Teeth, flat, sharp, serrated or not serrated.
1. Galeocerdo MH. 2. Loxodon MH. 3. Galeus MH.
b. Teeth pointed, as in Scyllium.
Triakis MH.
c. Teeth pavement-like, or presenting a general continuity of sur- .
face, as in the Skates.
Mustelus,
Family Lamnowsa.
1. Lamna. 2. Oxyrhina Agass. 3. Carcharodon Smith.
4, Selache. 5, Rineodon Smith.
Family (OponraspipEs). T'riglochis MH.
Family (Atorgci#) Alopectas MH.
Family (Cestractonres) Cestracion.
§ 3. One dorsal and one anal.
Family (Notmant) Hexanchus Raf. Heptanchus Raf. .
§ 4. No anal.
Group with dorsal stings (Acanthorhinus Blainv.).
1, Acanthias Bonap. 2. Spinax Bonap. 3. Centrina Cuy.
4, Centrophorus MH.

378 Analytical Synopsis of the Order of Squali.

Group without dorsal stings (Scymnus Cuv.).
1. Scymnus MH. 2. Lemargus MH. 3. Echinorhinus Blainv.
§ 5. No anal; mouth terminal.
(Family Squatinx) Squatina.

The principal feature in this classification is the great increase
in the number of families. All the sharks had been previously
regarded as members of a single family, while here they are
divided among nine or ten. The authors have not, in their first
memoirs, named many of these families, and have even failed
to indicate a couple as such; the appellations of those added
in parentheses are adopted from their great work.

The classification deserves every praise, and is certainly a
great improvement on the previous ones. The genera are more
rigidly circumscribed and more naturally approximated than
had been before done, and all the families appear to be entitled
to such rank. The division of the sharks with nictitating mem-
branes into five families, as was afterwards proposed, appears to
be unwarranted. Here, too, the Plagiostomes were, for the
first time, divided into two sub-orders, and the true characters
assigned to them; but notwithstanding, Pristiophorus, which
agrees in all its characters with the Squali, was placed among
the Rays.

12.—Shortly after, the same naturalists published their “ Sys-
tematische Beschreibung der Plagiostomen,” in which they mo-
dified their previous arrangement.

I. section. Sharks with two dorsal fins and an anal fin; the first dorsal
over or behind the ventrals.
One family, Scyuta.

I. Scyllium. II. Pristiurus Bonap. III. Hemiscyllium. IV. Chi-
loscyllium. V. Crossorhinus. WI. Ginglymostoma. VII. Ste-
gostoma.

II. section. Sharks with two dorsal fins and an anal; first dorsal between
the pectorals and ventrals.

First sub-section. With a nictitating membrane and without spi-

racles,

Analytical Synopsis of the Order of Squali. 379

First family, CarcHARL&.

I. Carcharias (1. Sub-genus Scoliodon; 2. Sub-genus Physodon
Valene.; 3. Sub-genus Aprion; 4. Sub-genus Hypoprion; 5.
Sub-genus Prionodon). II. Sphyrna Raf.

Second family, Trrmnopontes. I. Trizenodon.

Second sub-section. With a nictitating membrane and spiracles.
First family, Gaver.

I. Galeus Cuv. II. Galeocerdo. III. Loxodon. IV. Thalassorhi-

nus Valence.

Second family, Scytutoponrses. I. Triakis.
Third family, Musrzeu1. I. Mustelus.

Third sub-section. Without nictitating membrane ; with spiracles.
First family, Lamya.

I. Lamna Cuv. II. Oxyrhina Agass. III. Carcharodon Smith.
IV. Selache Cuv.

Second family, Oponraspipes. I. Odontaspis Agass.

Third family, ALorecra. I. Alopias Raf.
Fourth family, Cesrracionres. J. Cestracion Cuy.
Fifth family, Ruryoponres. J. Rhinodon Smith.
III. section. Sharks with an anal and a single dorsal fin.
One family, Normpant.
I. Hexanchus Raf. II. Heptanchus Raf.
IV. section. Sharks without an anal fin.
First family, Spinaces.
J. Acanthias Bonap. II. Spinax Bonap. III. Centrina Cuv.
IY. Centrophorus. VY. Centroscyllium.
Second family, Scymnt,
I. Scymnus (1. Sub-genus Scymnus; 2. Sub-genus Leemargus).
IJ. Echinorhinus de Blainy. III. Pristiophorus.
Third family, Seuarina. J. Squatina Dum.

The principal innovations in this arrangement of their pre-
vious one, are the transference of the genus Pristiphorus to the
sub-order of Squali and the family of Scymni, the subdivision
of the sharks with a nictitating membrane into five families,
the more positive circumscription of the families, and the crea-
tion of a distinct one for L2hinodon. The name of Odontaspis

880 Analytical Synopsis of the Order of Squali.

proposed by Agassiz is substituted for their subsequent one of
Triglochis ; Leptocharvas is re-united to Triwnodon,—errone-
ously, J believe; and Carcharias is subdivided into five sub-
genera, to which rank Scoliodon is also degraded. The refer-
ence of Pristiophorus to the Squali is a most important im-
provement. On the other hand, the right of the five families of
the sharks with nictitating membranes to such rank is more
than doubtful. The work is altogether worthy of the illustrious
anatomists by whom it was published, and marks a new era in
the history of the class. The characters of the families, genera,
and species, were given with a precision and correctness previ-
ously unparalleled, numerous additions were made to the
known forms, and the synonymy has been much more correctly
digested than had been previously done. The serial arrange-
ment proposed by them has been adopted by almost all suc-
ceeding selachologists, and the chief variations consist in the
different relative value assigned to the various groups of Nicti-
tantes, as well as to that section as a whole, and the position
assigned to the hammer-headed sharks. Those modifications
will be exhibited in the succeeding synopsis of the classifications
of different naturalists.

13.—Mr. Swainson, in “The Natura! History of Fishes, An-
phibians, and Reptiles or Monocardian Animals”* (1839), pro-
posed the following classification. The generic names in italics
indicate swb-genera of those genera printed in roman characters
which precede them.

Order III. Carrizagines. Cartilaginous Fishes.
Family I. Sauatip#. Sharks.
1. Sub-fam. Squatinaz, Typical Sharks.
Squalus Linn., Alopras Raf., Cerictius Raf.—Dalatias Raf.—Sela-
chus, Zsurus Raf., Selachus Cuv.,Lamna Cuy.—Rhineodon Smith,

* Part Il. The natural arrangement of the classes of Fishes, Amphibians, and
Reptiles (pp. 312-319): also Vol. I. pp. 127-168, and Vol. IL. pp. 191, 192, where
they are somewhat differently arranged !

Analytical Synopsis of the Order of Squali. 381

Tetroras Raf., Heptranchias Raf., Scoliodon Mill. and Hen., Lep-
tocharias Smith.
2. Sub-fam. CrnrriInIné.
Centrina. Centrina Cuv., Spinax Cuv., Htmopterus Raf., Seynnus
Cuy., Centrophorus Miiller and Henle—Galeus Antig. Raf.—
Scyllium Cuv.—Cestracion Cuv.—Mustelus Raf.

Spiraculated Sharks, whose natural affinities are uncertain,
and whose rank as sub-genera or aberrant species has not been
ascertained.

Hexanchus Raf. Galeocerdo M. and H., Oxyrhina Agass., Rhiniodon
Smith, Pristiwrus Bon., Chiloscyllium M. and H., Loxodon M.
and H,, Trdglochis M. and H., Alopectas M. and H.
3. Sub-fam. ZyGanin a.
Zygana Antig., Platysqualus Sw.
4. Sub-fam. Crossornin &.
Crossorhinus M. and H,
5. Sub-fam. Pristina.
Pristis Latham.
Family 2. Rama. Rays, Skates, Thornbacks.
4, Sub-fam. Saquarina.
Squatina Dum,

Mr. Swainson’s classification is the natural system. Mr.
Swainson affirms this, and has elsewhere decided that Cuvier
“ was totally unacquainted with the very first principles of the
natural system ;” in a note on Chilescylliwm, he observes that
he had “before expressed [his] opinion on the very artificial
nature of the arrangement of the cartilaginous fishes by Miiller
and Henle.” We had, unfortunately, almost overlooked at first
the system of the learned philosopher! but on account of its
imposing nature and proportions, it cannot be neglected. No
charge of plagiarism can be brought against it; it is the most
original arrangement of the sharks that has ever been proposed,
and in every respect worthy of that Rafinesque whose genera
are all adopted in it. All other naturalists have regarded as

382 Analytical Synopsis of the Order of Squalt.

belonging to the same species, forms which are taken in the
“natural arrangement,” as representatives of distinct genera in
different sub-families: MRafinesque and Swainson have alone the
merit of separating them!

14.—Prof. Richard Owen, in his “ Lectures on the Compara-
tive Anatomy and Physiology of the Vertebrate Animals, deli-
vered at the Royal College of Surgeons of England, in 1844 and
1846,” accepted the order of Plagiostomi without its division
into sub-orders, and adopted the following families of sharks.

Hybodontidze Example, Hybodus.
Cestraciontidee Cestracion.
Notidanidee Grey shark,
Spinacidee Piked dog fish.
Seylliidee Dog fish.
Nictitantes — Tope.

Lamnidee Porbeagle.
Alopeciidee Fox-shark,
Scymniidze Greenland-shark,
Squatinidee Monk fish.

Zy geenidee Hammer-head shark.

The arrangement thus resembles the first classification of
Miller and Henle, rather than the second, in the preservation of
the Nictitantes or sharks with the nictitatin g@ membrane as a true
family. The Odontaspides appear also to be considered as
Lamnide. But the principal difference is the position of the
Zygeenide at the end of the sharks, where they had been before
almost placed by Cuvier in the second edition (1829) of his
Regne Animal,—for the latter had only placed after them the
Squatinee. This position of the Zygzenidee does not appear to
be natural, as those fishes are evidently very nearly allied to the
other Nictitantes, differing only in the lateral development of
the head, and the modifications necessarily induced thereby.
The highest rank to which they are entitled is that of a family
nearly allied to the Nictitantes with the normal squaloid form.

Analytical Synopsis of the Order of Squati. 383

15.—In 1851, a “ List of the Specimens of Fish in the Collec-
tion of the British Museum, Part I. Chondropterygii,” was pub-
lished by that institution. The name of the author is not given
on the title-page. Dr. John Edward Gray, in the introduction,
states that the specimens of the Sharks and Rays which were
not named by Messrs. Miiller and Henle when engaged in their
work, or by Dr. Andrew Smith, “have been determined by
Mr. Edward Gerrard, who has paid considerable attention to
this subject, and has compared several of the specimens with
the authentic types contained in the Paris collection.” The
work, however, bears internal evidence that Mr. Gray is respon-
sible for the letter-press. The arrangement is essentially that
of Miiller and Henle’s “‘ Systematische Beschreibung ;” but the
families of those naturalists are regarded as simple tribes, only
three families being adopted, the Scyllcade@ or Scylli of Miiller
and Henle, the Sgualidw, and the Squatinide. The arrange-
ment also differs from the latest one of Miiller and Henle by the
retention of the genus. Pristzophorus in the “section” of the
Pati and the family of Pristeside. The characters of the
tribes and genera are translated from the great work of Miiller
and Henle, and the species are simply named and not described.
As the names of several of the genera have been changed, the
following sketch of the catalogue may be useful; the names of
Miiller and Henle are inclosed in parentheses.

Order CHonDROPTERYGII.
Sub-order II]. TreMATopNEA.
Sect. I. Squat.

Fam. 1. ScyLirap a.

1. Scyllium. 2. Pristidurus. 3. Hemiscyllium. 4. Chiloscyllium.
5. Crossorhinus. 6. Nebrius (Riip.=Ginglymostoma MZ. & #H.).
6. Stegostoma.

Fam. 2. SquaLip&,

I. Squaliana. 1. Squalus *Scoliodon ** Triglochis(!= Physodon
M. dé H.) *** Aprion ****Hypoprion ***** Carcharinus (=
Prionodon). 2. Sphyrnias (=Sphyrna).

DEC., 1861. ONT Ann, Lyo, Nat, Hist. Vou. VIL”

384 Analytical Synopsis of the Order of Squali.

II. Leptochariana. Leptocharias (=Triznodon).

Ill. Galeiana. 1. Galeus. 2. Galeocerdo, 8. Loxodon. 4. Tha-
lassorhinus.

IV. Triakiana. 1. Triakis.

V. Musteliana. 1. Mustelus.

VI. Lsurina. Isurus (Raf.=Lamna C.). 2. Oxyrbina. 3. Car-
charodon. 4. Cetorhinus (1.=Selache Cuv.).

VII. Odontaspidiana, Odontaspis.

VIII. Alopeciana, 1. Alopias (R=Alopecias M. d& #.).

1X. Heterodontina, 1, Heterodontus (Bl.=Cestracion Cuv.).

X. Fhineodontiana, 1. Rhinodon.

XI. Hewvanchina. 1. Hexanchus. 2. Heptranchus (—Heptanchus
M. & H.).

XII. Acantiana. 1, Acanthias. 2. Spinax. 8. Oxynotus (2.=Cen-
trina Cuv.). 4. Acanthorhinus (Bl.=Centrophorus M. & #.).
5. Centroscyllium.

XII. Dalatiana. 1. Dalatias (=Scymnus Cuv.) a Dalatias (=
Scymnus M. & H.) Somniosus (Les=Laemargus M. &. H.). 2.
Echinorhinus.

Fam. 3. SquaTINID&.
1. Squatina.
Sect. II. Ran.
Fam. 4. Pristism&.
1. Pristiophorus. 2. Pristis.

On account of the consideration of the Scyllioids as a “ fa-
mily” or group, equivalent to the combination of the others—
except the Squatinidze which constitute a third family—and by
the retention of Pristiophorus in the “section” of the Rays,
this arrangement departs from that of Miller and Henle, and is
correspondingly erroneous. Prestiophorus entirely agrees with
the characters of ‘the Sguali as retained by Gray, and equally
disagrees with those of the azw. Its resemblance to Pristis is
remote and simply analogical, not indicative of true affinity.
Pristis is in every respect atrue Ray. The restoration of some
of the names appears also to haye been proposed without due

Analytical Synopsis of the Order of Squali. 385

consideration. The work itself is a useful one, and not only
contains the translations of the characters of the groups of Miil-
ler and Henle, but the synonymy is copied with some additions,
and is very full and generally reliable; a review is also given
of some of the previous arrangements of these fishes.

16.—M. A. Duméril, in a monograph of the Scyllioids,* pro-
posed the division of the sub-order of Squali, which he regarded
as a family, into four tribes, equivalent to the sections of Miller
and Henle, whose characters he thus expressed.

Groups.
{ distinct, (two; the above or behind the ventrals_. I
| dorsal first between the ventrals and pectorals. II

Anal fin.
pe ag lar qme. *. : 3 : : : DEE

{| none . : ; ; ' 3 ; : edie’ [Ae

17.—Sir John Richardson, in the essay on “ Ichthyology,” in
the last edition of the “ Encyclopedia Britannica,” adopted the
following arrangement.

(A.) Sharks, with an anal fin and the dorsals far back; the first being
behind the ventrals.

Family I. Scylliide=Scyllii Midler and Henle.

(B.) Sharks, with two dorsals and an anal; the first dorsal over the
space between the pectorals and ventrals. A nictitating mem-
brane. No spout holes; the last two gill openings over the
pectoral.

Family II. Carcharide.

Genera. I. Carcharias Mitller and Henle. (Sub-genera I. Scoliodon.
II. Physodon. ILI. Aprion. IV. Hypoprion. V. Prionodon.)
Il. Prionodon Mill, and Henle. The last name has been inad-
vertently substituted for Trienodon.

(C.) Sharks, with two dorsals and an anal ; first dorsal between the pec-
torals and ventrals. A nictitating membrane. Spout holes.
The last two gill openings over the pectoral.

* Monographie de la tribu des Scylliens ou Roussettes (Poissons Plagio-
stomes), comprenant deux espéces nouvelles, par M. le docteur Auguste Duméril
in Revue et Magasin de Zoologie pure et appliquée, 2e série—t. v,—1853, pp. 8,
78, 90, 119.

386 Analytical Synopsis of the Order of Squali.

Family II]. Galeidae=Galei, Scylliodontes, Musteli A/al/. and Henle.
(D.) Sharks, with two dorsals and anal; the first dorsal over the space
between the pectorals and ventrals. Spout holes, but no nicti-
tating membrane.
Family 1V. Lamnide=Lamne, Odontaspides A/wll. and Henle.
Family V. Alopeciidee=Alopecize Mill. and Henle.
Family VI. Cestraciontidee=Cestraciontes Mull. and Henle.
Family VII. Rhinodontidze=Rhinodontes Mill. and Henle.
(E.) Sharks, with one anal and only one dorsal.
Family VIII. Notidenidee=Notidani Mill. and Henle.

(F.) Sharks, with spout-holes. Two dorsals; no anal; no nictitating
membrane, Five gill-openings, all before the pectorals. Intes-
tinal valve spiral.

Family LX. Spinacidze=Spinaces J/il/. and Henle.
Family X. Scymnidee=Scymni Mull. and Henle.
Family XI. Squatinidee—Squatine Mill. and Henle.

(G.) Sharks, similar to those of division B. in having a nictitating mem-
brane and no spout holes, and in the position of the spineless
dorsals; but with a lateral extension of the skull at the orbits»
which is greatest in the adults.

Family XII. Zygeenide.

This distribution, if we except the division of the Nictitantes
into two families, is similar to that of Owen; it differs from
the one of Miiller and Henle by the union of the families of the
first and second divisions of the second section into families
corresponding to those sections, after the exclusion of the ham-
mer-headed sharks. The latter are retained as a family at the
end of the sub-order of Squali. The genus //emigaleus, of Blee-
ker, has been rather carelessly placed among the Torpedinoidee.*

* The family of Torpedinoide or Narcaciontoide may be thus arranged.
Disk pyriform, formed by the union of the true disk with the
ventrals, which are united beneath the tail. Tail very
short. Head emarginated in front. Spiracles far behind
eyes. Teeth with three points. Hyrninz.

Dorsals two. Hypnos,

Analytical Synopsis of the Order of Squali. 387

18.—Dr. Bleeker in his “Systematis Piscium Naturalis Tenta-
men,” retained the sharks as a sub-order (Sgualinz) of the order
of Plagiostomi, which formed the fourth order of fishes and the
first of the third legion or Hlasmobranchii. Two orders were
embraced in the latter group, the Plagiostomi, with the two
orders of Squalini and Rajini, and the Holocephali.

The Squali were thus sub-divided :—

Sectio I. Proktopterides.
Tribus I. Dinotopterini.
Faminra 5. Scyiiroie1=Scyuiini Bp.=Scyii1a MH.

Gen. Scyllium MH., Thyellina Miinst. (foss.), Pristiurus Bp.,
Chiloscyllium MH., Ginglymostoma MH., Stegostoma MHL,
Scylliodus Ag. (foss.), an huj. loc ?

Familia 6. Carcharoidei=Carcharie MH.=Carcharide Richd.

Gen. Carcharias MH., Leptocarias Smith, Glyphis Ag., Trizno-
don MH.

Familia 7. Zygenoidei=Zyganine Swns.—Zygenide Richd.

Gen. Zygena Cuv.=Sphyrna Raf.

Familia 8. Galeoidei=Galeide Richds.

Disk and tail nearly equal. Head emarginated in front. Spira-
cles far behind eyes. Teeth transverse, with one point. | NArcactontTINZ.

Spiracles with dentated borders. * Nareacion.

Spiracles with smooth borders (Torpedo occidentalis St.). Tetronarce.
Disk and tail nearly equally long. Head entire or convex in front.

Spiracles close behind eyes. Teeth rhombic or hexagonal. NasRcinin&.

Dorsals two.
Ventrals united beneath the tail. Teeth rhombic, acute

behind. Discopyge.
Disk orbicular. Discopyge.
Ventrals separated. Teeth rhombic, with a median point. Narcine.
Nasal valve with single median lobe; snout convex. Narcine.
Nasal valve tri-lobed.
Disk sub-cireular (Narcine Timlei Henle). Cyclonarce.
Disk pentagonal (Warcine Indica Henle). Gonionarce.
Dorsal single. Teeth rhombic, each with a median point. Astrape.
Disk sub-circular. Astrape.
: Dorsal obsolete. Teeth hexagonal and flat. Temere.

Disk sub-circular. Temera.
.

388 Analytical Synopsis of the Order of Squali.

Gen, Galeus Cuv., Hemigaleus Blkr., Galeocerdo MH., Loxodon
MH., Thalassorhinus Val., Triakis MH., Mustelus Art. Corax
Ag. (foss.) et Aeliopas Ag. (foss.) an huj. loc. ?

Familia 9. Lamnoidei=Lamnini Bp.=Lamne MH.=Lamnide
Richds.

Gen. Isurus Raf., Oxyrhina Ag., Carcharodon MH., Selache Cuv.,
Odontaspis Ag., Otodus Ag., Sphenodus Ag., et Oxytes Gieb.
an hujus loci?

Familia 10. Hybodontoidei= Hybodontes Ag. (foss.).

Gen. Hybodus Ag. Cladodus Ag., Sphenonchus Ag., Diplodus
Ag., Glossodus M’Coy.

Familia 11. Alopecoidei= Alopiadini Bp.=Alopecize MH.= Alo-
pecide Richds.

Gen. Alopecias MH.

Famitia 12, CrestractonorpEI=Cestraciontes Ag.—CrstRract-
ontini Bp.=Cerstraciontiw& Richds.

Gen, Cestracion Cuv., et gens. fossilia Strophodus Ag., Acrodus
Ag., Thectodus Plien., Wodnika Miinst., Petrodus M’Coy,
Orodus Ag., Ctenoptychius Ag., Centrodus Gieb., Ptychodus
Ag. Chromatodus Ag. Helodus Ag., Campodus DeKon,
Cochliodus Ag., Ceratodus Ag., Chirodus M’Coy, Pleurodus
Ag., Polyrrhizodus McCoy, Dictea Munst., Petalodus Ov.,
Carcharopsis Ag.

Familia 138. Rhinodontoidei=Rhinodontes MH.=Rutnopontipz#
Richds.
Gen. Rhinodon Smith.
Trisus I]. Monoprerint.
Familia 14. Normanomwrr=Noripanint Bp.=Normanr MH.=
Normanip# Richds,
Gen. Hexanchus Raf., Heptanchus Raf.
Sectio 2. Aproktopterides.
Familia 15, Centrophoroidei=Spinacini Bp., Spinaces MH. —Spi-
nacidee Richds,

Gen, Acanthias Bp., Spinax Bp., Centrina Cuv., Centrophodus
MH., Centroscy!lium MH.

Familia 16. Scymnoidei=Scymnini Bp.=Scymni MH.=Scymnide
Richds,

Analytical Synopsis of the Order of Squali. 389

Gen. Scymnus Cuy., Laemargus MH., Echinorhinus Bl.
Familia 17, Squatinoidei = Squatinini Bp.=Squatinee Swns.=Squa-
tinide Richds.
Gen. Squatina Dum., Radamas Miinst., Xeracanthus Beyrich.
Familia 18. Pristiophoroidei.
Gen. Pristiophorus MH.
Gen, famil. dub. fossil: Chilodus Gieb., Hemipristis Ag., Gom-
phodus Reuss, Ancistrodon Debey.
At the end of the order are inserted the generic names of many ich-
thyodorulites.’

In this classification, the extinct genera, as well as the recent
ones, are included. The former are indicated by the names
printed in italics. As they have been mostly founded only on
fragments, and especially the teeth, their proper place is often
doubtful, as there is no certain correlation between the modifi-
cations of structure and dentition, as is the case with the mam-
mals. As will be apparent from the study of the order, nearly
or quite the same dentition is observable in very different fami-
lies, while very decided differences of dentition may occur in
one group whose aggregation of characters indicates it to be a
natural family, as such is now generally understood by selacho-.
logists. The classification of Dr. Bleeker is, however, at least
valuable, as being suggestive of their relations, and is, therefore,
transcribed for the benefit of those who may not have access to
the original work. The families adopted, as well as the order
followed, are mostly similar to the classification of Richard-
son; the principal difference is the sequence of the family of
Zygenoidei after the Carcharoidei, in which respect it more
resembles Miiller and Henle’s. The “tribes” and “ sections” of
Dr. Bleeker do not appear to indicate any modifications of
structure of paramount importance, and the section of ‘ Aprok-
pterides” is scarcely natural. There can hardly be a doubt
that the Squatinoidei are the most aberrant as to positive cha-
racters, of any of the sharks, and that if a subdivision is made,
those fishes are entitled to the rank.

390 Analytical Synopsis of the Order of Squati.

19.—In a “Catalogue of the Fishes of the Eastern Coast of
North Aimerieca,” the present author adopted the order of Plagio-
stomi entire, and proposed to subdivide it into four sub-orders—
Squali, Rhine, Pristes, and Raiee, thus essentially preserving the
arrangement of Cuvier by raising his four great genera to sub-
ordinal rank and considering his sub-genera as families. But
the sub-orders thus constituted are of very unequal value, as the
differences existing between the first and the last pairs are of
much greater importance than those between the two of each
respective pair. Iam also convinced that the Pristoide cannot
be separated from the Rhinobatoide, but must be retained in
the same sub-order, and that if there should be any distinction
of sub-orders, it cannot bethat of Pristesand Rais. The former
may be, indeed, almost said to be Rhinobatoidee with a saw-
like snout, and the presence or absence of the ensiform append-
age is surely insufficient to designate sub-orders.

Sal
ON THE RELATIONS OF THE ORDER.

The principal features by which the Sharks are distinguished -
from the Rays, are the position of the branchial apertures on
the side of the neck, the incomplete scapular arch, and the
absence of naso-pectoral cartilages.

Other peculiar characters, more or less general, are the sub-
fusiform or sub-cylindrical shape of the body ; the abrupt flex-
ion of the caudal portion of the vertebral column upwards, and
the consequent heterocercal condition of the fin; the very
convex outline of the cleft of the mouth; the well developed
teeth; and the presence of an anal fin.

An example of the ordinary squaloid form is found in the
common blue sharks, or species of the Cuvierian genus Carcha-
rias. In them, the caudal portion of the vertebral column is

Analytical Synopsis of the Order of Squalv. 391

moderately elongated and bent upwards; the fin beneath is
correspondingly oblique, abruptly notched near its end, and
with the basal portion obliquely produced downwards and back-
wards, forming an inferior lobe. The dorsal fins are two in
number; the first is always in advance of the ventrals, and
often close behind the pectorals. A well developed anal fin is
opposite the second dorsal, and always separated by a consi-
derable interval from the caudal. The pectoral fins are of
moderate size, and their external angles more or less produced
and pointed ; the ventrals moderately developed and inserted
near the middle of the body. All of the fins are more or less
angular. The last of the branchial apertures are above the
pectoral fin. The head is of moderate size, depressed and
oblong oval above, with a produced snout, and a mouth whose
cleft is frequently longer than wide. The teeth are compressed,
with the edges sharp and either smooth or finely denticulated.
Such is the representative shark. The whole organization is
adapted for rapidity of motion, for strength, and for the easy
seizure of prey. These are the sharks that infest every sea and
are the dread of the mariner; these are the ones with which
the name of “ shark” is pre-eminently associated by the Eng-
lish ; to which the French have given that of “ 2eguin,” in
commemoration of the many victims whose dying shrieks serve
as their reguiem or dirge of last repose; these the ones on
which the Greeks have conferred the fear-summoning name
of Acpre.

Nearly related by form and habits is the well known “ white
shark,” which attains a larger size and is still more feared than
even the blue shark; with the attributes, it shares some of the
names of the blue sharks; its form is, perhaps, even more
adapted for rapidity of action, and its voracity is proportionally
great ; its vertebral column is much more bent upwards than in
the former, and is nearly at right angles to the body. It may,
therefore, be considered in such respects as the type of the order.
Its branchial apertures are also somewhat larger than those of

392 Analytical Synopsis of the Order of Squali.

the blue sharks, and all are placed in front of the pectoral
fins.

The family of the Galeorhinoidee, or blue sharks, is by far the
most numerous and important of the order, and alone contains
nearly one-third the genera and more than half of the known
species of living sharks. Its representatives are distributed in
every sea and every zone.

The family to which the “ white shark” belongs is, on the
other hand, very poor in numbers, there being only five genera,
a single one of which is represented by more than one well
ascertained species, and the white shark is itself the only mem-
ber of its group.

The most aberrant of the sharks and the most representative
of, or nearly allied to, the Rays, are unquestionably the Rhi-
noidee. ‘This is evident from the condition of the caudal fin and
the posterior portion of the vertebral column, the absence of the
anal fin, the posterior position of the dorsal fins, and especially
the development of the pectoral and the production forward of
their bases, but the branchial apertures are truly lateral, and
situated on the sides in the clefts of the pectoral fins ; the body
and head are also depressed as much as in some of the Rays,
and the eyes are situated on the dorsal aspect of the latter.
On account of the peculiarities of structure of these fishes, it has
been recently proposed to isolate them as a sub-order.

Having thus, it is hoped, discovered the typical and the most
aberrant groups of the order, it will be endeavored to approx-
imately arrange the other families. At the head of the order,
or rather as its first family, the Rhinodontoidee are placed in
order to establish a serial arrangement of the first families as
much in accordance with their affinities as possible. A serial
arrangement, however, rarely or never expresses the true affini-
ties of families when they are diversified or complicated. Per-
haps the following view in which the Alopecoidee are taken as
the central family, might more truly exhibit at least some of
their relations.

Analytical Synopsis of the Order of Squali. 393

Alopecoide,
Cestraciontoide. Odontaspidoide.
(Ginglymostomatoidze)
Galeorhinoide. Lamnoidee.
Rhinodontoidee.

The remaining groups can scarcely be said to form a regular
serial order. The following are regarded as peculiar or aber-
rant families.

Heterodontoide,
Notidanoidee.

The other families diverge in two regular series and in differ-
ent directions, but both tend towards the Rays: the Scylli-
orhinoids and their allies advancing towards the Rhinoide, and
the Spinacoids and related families towards the Pristoid rays by
means of Pristiophorus. It may not be unnecessary to remind
some, that notwithstanding the relations thus alluded to, the
respective orders of Sharks and Rays are perfectly well defined.

The series referred to are the following.

Spinacoide. Ginglymostomatoidee.
Seymnoide. Scylliorhinoidee.
Echinorhinoide. Crossorhinoidee.
Pristiophoroidee. Rhinoide.

The affinity of the Crossorhinoidee to the Rhinoidee is mani-
fested by the depressed body and head, the terminal mouth,
and the posterior position of the dorsal fins of those fishes, as
well as by the fringed periphery of the head. The relations of
the family to the Scylliorhinoidee, and of the latter to the Gin-
glymostomatoide, are sufficiently evident, and need only be
referred to.

Most of the families of sharks are almost cosmopolitan in
their distribution, and representatives have been found wher-
ever the seas have been sufficiently explored. Some are, never-
theless, quite limited and represented by few members ; four
have no more than a single species each.

The unique species of the Rhinodontoide has only been found
at the Cape of Good Hope.

394 Analytical Synopsis of the Order of Squali.

The living Heterodontoids are confined to the Pacific Ocean.
Four speciesare now known: the anciently known Port Jackson
shark ( Heterodontus Philippi Blainville) of the Australian seas ;
the nearly allied /Zeterodontus zebra (Gray) of the seas of China
and Japan; the H. /rancisci (Gill), recently discovered in the
California waters ; and the ZZ. panthers inus (Gray) of the Galla-
pagos Islands.

The Pristiophoroids and Crossorhinoids are also ernie
by single species, both found in the Chinese and Japanese seas,
and the Crossorhinus extends beyond into the Australian.

The only certainly known representative of the family of
Alopecoidee is widely distributed, ranging along the Atlantic
and Mediterranean coasts of Europe, at the Cape of Good Hope,
and crossing the Atlantic Ocean extends at least along a portion
of the eastern coast of North America down to the Caribbean
Sea.

ee
SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT.

Two analytical tables or synopses of the families of the sub-.
order of Squali are given. ‘The first apparently represents the
more natural arrangement and the more probable affinities of
the families; its primary groups are characterized by the posi-
tion of the anterior dorsal fin in the first place, and the
presence or absence of an anal in the next. In the second, the
families are first grouped with regard to the presence or absence
of the anal fin, and subdivided in order to show the relations of
the groups different from these of the previous synopsis.

FIRST SYNOPSIS.

I. Pectoral fins with the anterior margin rising
directly from the base. Squatt.

Analytical Synopsis of the Order of Squalr. 395

A, First dorsal entirely in advance of the pectorals ;
rarely obsolete.
£, Anal fin present.
C. Dorsal fins two.
a. Caudal lunate, very abruptly bent up-
wards; tal keeled on each side.

Branchial aperture behind above pec-

toral. Rhinodontoide.
Branchial apertures entirely before pec-
torals. Lamnoidee.

aa, Caudal moderately bent upwards, notched
near end, and with basal lobe small or
rudimentary ; tail not keeled.

D. Dorsals unarmed. Head normally de-

pressed.
, Branchial apertures entirely before

pectorals. Odontaspidoidee.
EE, Branchial aperture behind above

pectoral.

a, Caudal exceedingly long. Eyes without

nictitating membranes. Alopecoidee.
aa. Caudal moderately elongated. Kyes

with nictitating membranes.

Head laterally produced. Cestraciontoidee.
Head normally formed. Galeorhinoide.

DD. Dorsals respectively armed in front
with a spine. Head high. Heterodontoide.
CC. Dorsal fin single; first obsolete. Notidanoide.

BB. Anal fin absent.

a, Snout normally formed.

Dorsals respectively spinigerous at front. Spinacoidee.
Dorsals unarmed. Scymnoide.
b. Snout prolonged like a saw. Pristiophoroide.
AA, First dorsal above or behind the ventrals.
B, Anal fin absent. Echinorhinoide.

BEB. Anal fin present.

a, Caudal bent upwards ; with basal lobe. Ginglymostomatoide.

396 Analytical Synopsis of the Order of Squali.

b. Caudal not bent.
Mouth not terminal ; body subcylindrical.
Mouth terminal; body depressed.
II. Pectoral fins expanded at base in front and
separated by a fissure from the neck,
Mouth terminal.

SECOND SYNOPSIS.

I, Pectoral fins moderately developed, not
notched in front at the base.
A, Anal fin present.
&. Dorsal fins two; the first in front of the ven-
trals.
C. Branchial apertures entirely before pecto-
ral fins.
a, Caudal moderately bent, unequal; tail
not keeled.
6. Caudal nearly lanate, much bent upwards ;
tail keeled on each side.
CC. Branchial aperture behind above pectoral
fin.
D, Tail keeled on each side; caudal lunate.
DD, Tail not keeled.
notched near end.

Caudal unequal,

£. Dorsal fins unarmed.
Caudal extremely long; no nictitating
membrane.
Caudal moderately elongated; eyes
with nictitating membrane.
Head laterally produced.
Head normal.
HE. Dorsals each spinigerous in front.
BB. Dorsal fins two; first above or behind ven-

trals.

Scylliorhinoide.
Crossorhinoide.

Ruawa.
Rhinoide.

Squall.

Odontaspidoidee.

Lamnoide.

Rhinodontoidee.

Alopecoide.

Cestraciontoide.
Galeorhinoide.
Heterodontoide.

Analytical Synopsis of the Order of Squali. 397

C. Mouth inferior ; body subcylindrical.
D, Caudal bent upwards, with basal lobe. Ginglymostomatoide.

DD, Caudal straight. Scylliorhinoidee.
CC. Mouth subterminal ; body depressed. Crossorhinoidee.
BBB. Dorsal fin single; first absent. Notidanoidee.

AA, Anal fin absent.
B. First dorsal before ventrals.

a. Dorsals, each armed in front with a spine. Spinacoidee.
6. Dorsals unarmed.
Snout normally produced. Scymnoidee.
Snout saw-shaped. Pristiophoroide.
BB. First dorsal above ventrals. Echinorhinoide.

II. Pectoral fins produced forward at base and
correspondingly notched. Ruin 2.
Mouth subterminal, body depressed. ~ Rhinoide.

Suborder SQUALI Gill, 1861.
Family RHINODONTOIDA, Owen.
Genus Rurgopon (Srrith) Miller and Henle, 1838.
Rhinodon ALiiller and Henle.
Type Khineodon typicus A. Smith.

Family LAMNOIDA Miller and Henle.

Synopsis,
Branchial apertures very large, nearly meeting under the
throat. Teeth small, CETORHININ A,
Snout abruptly slender and conic. Polyprosopus.
Snout short and blunt. Cetorhinus.
Branchial apertures moderate. Teeth well developed, IsuRIN a.
Tecth compressed, triangular and serrated. ~ Carcharodon.

Tecth nail-shaped, long, flexuous, prismatic, and acute.
Dorsal nearly intermediate between pectoral and
ventrals, Isuropsis.

398 Analytical Synopsis of the Order of Squali.

Dorsal close behind pectorals. Tsurus.
Teeth compressed, triangular, entire, with one or two
short pointed denticles on each side of the older

ones. Lamna.

Subfamily CETORHININ A G77.
Genus Creroruinus Blainville, 1816.
Tetroras afinesque 1810 (description and name improper).
Selache Cuvier, 1817.
Type Squalus maximus Linn.

Genus Potyprosoprus Couch, 1861.*

Type Polyprosopus Rashleighanus Couch.
Subfamily LAMNIN A Gail.

Genus Carcuaropon A. Smith.

Type Squalus carcharias Linn.

Genus Isuropsis Gill.

Type Oxyrhina glaucus Dill. and Henle.

Genus Isurus Rafinesque, 1810.
Oxyrhina Agassiz.
Type Isurus oxyrhynchus Laf.

Genus Lamna Cuvier, 1817.
Lamia L%sso.
Isurus Gray, 1815.
Type Lamna cornubica Cuvier.

Family ODONTASPIDOIDE (Mill. and Henle) Gill.
Genus Opontaspis Agassiz.
Carcharias afinesque 1810 (misconception).
Triglochis Afiiller and Henle, 1838.
Type Carcharias taurus Paf.

* This genus seems to be valid, but is not yet well established. The absence of
caudal caring or spiracles is quite improbable.

.

Analytical Synopsis of the Order of Squali. 399

Family GALEORHINOIDA Gill.

Synopsis.
I. Teeth more or less compressed and with entire or ser-
rated sharp edges. GALORHINIIN.
A. Spiracles obsolete.
B. Teeth with no lateral denticles. Cynocephali.*

C. Teeth with the points directed towards the
sides, so that the smooth’ internal margins are
nearly horizontal and present an incisive edge.
D. Teeth thick, with the points slender. Physodon.
DD. Teeth much compressed. ~ Scoliodon.

CC. Teeth with the points, if at all, only mode-
rately directed towards the sides, compressed.

D. First dorsal scarcely entirely behind the
pectorals.
E. Teeth above with the base serrated on the
outer or both sides. Teeth below entire. Hypoprionodon.
EE. Teeth more or less serrated in the lower
as well as upper jaw.
Teeth well serrated, above broad and
straight in front; below in front straight
and claviform. Snout broad and short. Eulamia.
Teeth scarcely serrated, constricted at the
base, claviform and straight in both jaws.
Snout slender, conic. Isogomphodon.
DD. First dorsal intermediate between pectorals
and ventrals.
E. Teeth serrated in both jaws.
Teeth straight in both jaws; above more
or less constricted near the base and cla-
viform. Snout short, conic. Lamiopsis.
Teeth curved outwards and often flexuous ;

outer margin with its upper and under

- * The synopsis of the genera of this group is to be consulted with much can-
tion. At another time a more perfect one will be given and the genera more

rigorously restricted.
DEC., 1861. 28 ‘ Ann, Lye. Nat. Hist. Vou. VII.

400 Analytical Synopsis of the Order of Squali.

halves meeting at a more or less blunt

angle. Snout semioval. Isoplagiodon.

EE. Teeth entire below ; above with the base
coarsely serrated. Hypoprion.
EEE, Teeth entire in both jaws. Aprionodon.
DDD. First dorsal near the ventrals. Cynocephalus.

BB. Teeth with one or two acute lateral denticles on
each side. Tricwnodontes.

Nasal valves without barbels; tail pits developed. Trizenodon.
Nasal valves with well developed barbels 5; tail
pits none. Leptocharias.
AA. Spiracles developed.

B. Teeth with lateral denticles. Scylliodontes.
Snout blunt. Eye-openings long. Triakis-

BB. Teeth without lateral denticles. Galeorhini.
C. Caudal furrows obsolete. Galeorhinus.

CC. Caudal furrows above and below.
D. Teeth denticulated on both edges. Under
caudal border with two notches.
Snout high, declining obliquely backwards.
Tail forming about one-quarter of length. Boreogaleus.
Snout produced and depressed. Tail forming

one-third of length. Galeocerdo.
DD. Teeth triangular, without a ledge, serrated.
Caudal fin only once notched. Thalassorhinus,

DDD. Teeth without serrature internally.
Pupil convex above, pointed below.
Rictus little convex. Teeth above with the
inner edge curved outwards; outer con-
cave and serrated. Hemigaleus.
Rictus as long as wide. Teeth above with
the inner margin incurved; outer with a

denticulated ledge. Cheenogaleus.
Pupil subeireular. Teeth not serrated. Loxodon.
{{. Teeth flat and paved. Musreqin&.

Eye-openings long, Mustelus.

Analytical Synopsis of the Order of Squali. 401

Sub-family GALEORHININ At Gill.
Group CYNOCEPHALL Gill.

Genus Puysopon Miiller and Henle.

Type Physodon Miilleri ( Val.) Mf. & H.

Genus Scotiopon Miller and Henle.

Type Scoliodon laticaudus Miiller and Henle.

Genus Hyporrionopon ill.

Type Carcharias hemiodon ( Val.) I. & H.

Genus Evtamia Gill.

Type Evlamia lamia (ill.

*Genus PLatypopon Gill.
Type Carcharias menisorrah Miiller and Henle.

Genus Isogompnopon Gill.

Type Carcharias oxyrhynchus Miiller & Henle.

Genus Lamropsis Gill.

Type Carcharias Temminckii Miller and Henle.

Genus Isopnaciopon Gill.

Type Carcharias sorrah ( Val.) Md. de #.

Genus Hyporrion Miiller and Henle. *

Type Carcharias (lypoprion) Macloti Jill. and FTenle.

Genus Aprionopon Gill. Feb. 1861.
Aprion Miller and Henle, 1838 (not Aprion Cuwv.)
Type Aprionodon punctatus Gil.

Genus Cynocernarus Klein.
Carcharinus Blainville, 1816.
Carcharias Cuvier, 1817.
Prionodon Mill. & Hen., 1838 (not Prionodon Horsfield 1823).
Type Squalus glaucus Linn.

Group TRLANODONTES (Mill. and Henle).
Genus Trrenopon Miiller and Henle.

Type Trizenodon obesus Miiller and Henle.

402 Analytical Synopsis of the Order of Squali.

Genus Leprocuarias A. Smith.

Type Leptocharias Smithii A. Smith.
Group GALEI (Miller and Henle).

Genus GaLEoruINUS Blainville.
Galeorhinus Blainville, 1816.
Galeus Cwvier, 1817.
Type Galeorhinus galeus Llainville.

Genus GateocerDo Miller and Henle, 1838.:
Type Galeocerdo tigrinus Willer and Henle.

Genus Borzoeateus Gill.
Type Boreogaleus arcticus dl.

Genus Loxopon Miller and Henle, 1838.
Type Loxodon macrorhinus Diiller and Henle.

Genus THaLassorninus Miiller and Henle, 1838.

Type Thalassorhinus Rondoletii Diller and Henle.

Genus Hemicateus Bleeker,
Type Hemigaleus microstoma Bleeker.

Genus CHaznoeateus Gill.
Type Cheenogaleus macrostoma (Il.
Group SCYLLIODONTES (Miller and Henle).
Genus Triaxis Miiller and Henle, 1838.
Type Triakis scyllium Miiller and Henle.

Sub-family MUSTELIN 4 Bon.
Genus Mustetus Cuvier.

Type Mustelus levis Bon.

———

Family CESTRACIONTOIDA Gill.
Zygenide Owen, Richardson.
Zygenoide Lleeker.

Analytical Synopsis of the Order of Squali. 403

Synopsis.
Nostrils in front near the middle, and with grooves extend-
ing towards the eyes. Head hammer-shaped, much

produced laterally. Kusphyra,
Nostrils near the eyes.
Nostrils simple, with the frontal grooves rudimentary or
obsolete. Head reniform. Reniceps.
Nostrils with grooves extending in front towards the middle.
Head hammer-shaped. Cestracion.

Genus Renicers Gill.

Type Reniceps tiburo Gell.

Genus Cestracion Alen.
Sphyrna Raf., 1810.
Sphyrnias 2éaf., 1815.
Cestrorhinus Blainville, 1816.
Zygena Cuvier, 1817.
Platysqualus Swainson, 1839 (P. tiburo Sw.=Zygaena tudes

Vai.)
Sphyra Vanderhoeven.
Type Cestracion zygena Gil.

Genus Evspnyra Gill.

Type Eusphyra Blochii G70.

Family ALOPECOIDA, Owen.
Genus Atortas Raf., 1810.
Alopecias Miiller and Henle, 1888.
Type Alopias vulpes Bon.

—__—.

Family HETERODONTOIDZ Gill.

Genus Hereropontus Blainville, 1816.

Cestracion Cuvier, 1817.
Type Heterodontes Philippii Blainville.

404 Analytical Synopsis of the Order of Squali.

Family NOTIDANOIDZ.

Synopsis.
Branchial apertures 6. Hexanchus.
Branchial apertures 7. Heptranchias.

Genus Hexancuvs Raf., 1810.
Monopterhinus Llacnville, 1816.
Notidanus Cuvier, 1817.
Type Hexanchus griseus Raf.

Genus Heprrancuras faf., 1810.
Heptanchus Jill. and Henle, 1838.
Notorhynchus Ayres, 1855 (N. maculatus Ayres).
Type Heptranchias cinereus Paf.

Family SPINACOIDAE Owen.
Synopsis.
A. Teeth of lower jaw subquadrate, with a nearly hori-
zontal incisorial edge, and a point directed outwards.
B. Teeth of upper and lower jaws similar. Scales

cordiform. Squalus.

BB. Teeth of jaws dissimilar.
C. Branchial apertures equidistant.
Teeth of upper jaw with a large conical median

cusp and two smaller ones on each side. Spinax.

Teeth of upper jaw slender, conic, and little inci-
sorial.
CC. Branchial apertures behind (4 and (5) approxi-

mated. Scales cordiform. Oxynotus.

Teeth of upper jaw triangular, on a quadrangular

base. Centrophorus.

AA. Teeth of loweras well as upper jaw straight, pointed,

and with one or two smaller cusps on each side.

Scales pointed, with a stellate base. Centroscyllium.

Analytical Synopsis of the Order of Squali. 405

Genus Squatus (Artedi) Raf.
Squalus faf., 1810 (S. wyatus).
Dalatias af, 1810.
Acanthorhinus lainville, 1816.
Spinax Cwv., 1817.
Acanthias isso.
Acanthias Bon., 1838.
Type Squalus acanthias Linn.
Genus Sprnax Bon.
Etmopterus /eaf., 1810 (misconception).
Spinax sp. Cuvier (S. acanthias).
Spinax Bonaparte, 1838.
Acanthidium Zowe, 1839.
Type Spinax niger Cloquet.
Genus Oxynotus FRaf., 1810.
Centrina Cuvier, 1816.
Type Oxynotus centrina Laf.

Genus Cenrropnorus Miller and Henle, 1838.
Lepidorhinus Bonaparte, 18388.
Acanthorhinus Gray and Gebhard, 1851.
Type Centrophorus granulosus Jill. and Henle.

Genus Centroscytiium Miller and Henle.

Type Centroscyllium Fabricii Diller and Henle.

Family SCYMNOID, Owen.
Synopsis.
Teeth above broad; below lancet-shaped. Scymnus,
Teeth above narrow ; below quadrate, with a horizontal edge
ending in a point directed outwards. Somniosus.

Genus Scymnus Cuv., 1817.
Dalatias 2af., 1810 (misconception).
Scymnorhinus Lon.

Type Scymuus lichia (Cuv.) Bon.

406 Analytical Synopsis of the Order of Squat.

Genus Somniosus Lesweur, 1818.
Lemargus Miiller and Henle, 1838.
Leiodon Wood, 1846.
Type Somniosus brevipinna Les.

Family ECHINORHINOIDA Gill.
Genus Ecutnoruinus Blainville, 1816.

Goniodus Agassiz.
Type Echinorhinus spinosus Blainville.

——____—

Family PRISTOPHOROIDAL Bleeker.
Genus PristiopHorus Miller and Henle, 1838.
Pristidophorus Bon, 1838. :
Type Pristiophorus cirratus Afiiller and Henle.

Family GINGLYMOSTOMATOID Gill.
Genus Gine_tymostoma Miller and Henle, 1838.
Nebrius Ruppell.
Type Ginglymostoma concolor.

Family SCYLLIORHINOID Gill.
Synopsis.
Caudal fin moderately elongated.
Branchial apertures nearly equidistant.
Spiracles close behind eyes. Anal fin under or
before the second dorsal. ScYLLIORHININ A.
Upper margin of tail serrated by larger scales. Pristiurus.
Upper margin of tail unarmed.
Nasal valves confluent, with their hinder
border entire and free. Scylliorhinus.

Analytical Synopsis of the Order of Squat. 407

Nasal valves separated by an isthmus or
wide septum,
Head normally formed and oblong.
Nasal valves simple, without cirrhi or

grooves. Haleelurus.
Nasal valves with cirrhi or grooves. Catulus.*
Head transversely oval and swollen be-
hind. Cephaloscyllium.
Spiracles chiefly beneath the eye.
Anal fin in advance of second dorsal. PAaRASCYLLIIN A.
Parascyllium.

Anal fin behind second dorsal and contiguous

to the caudal. HemMISCYLLIINA.
Hemiscyllium.

Fourth and fifth branchial apertures close toge-
ther. CHILOSCYLLIINA.
Back not carinated. Chiloscyllium.
Back carinated. Synchismus.
Caudal fin very long. STEGOSTOMATIN&,
Stegostoma.

Sub-family SCYLLIORHININ A Gill.
Genus Pristiurus Bonaparte, 1838.
Galens Rafinesque, 1810.
Type Pristiurus melanostomus Lon.

Genus Scytirorninus Blainville, 1816.
Seyllinm Cuvier, 1817.
Type Scylliorhinus canicula Llainv.

Genus Hata.urus Gill.

Type Walelurus burgeri Gill.

Genus Carutus Smith,
Poroderma Smith (P. Africanum Smith).
Type Catulus stellaris Smzth.

* The genus Catulus is not a homogenous one, but it is preferred provisionally
to retain it with the limits here assigned,

408 Analytical Synopsis of the Order of Squali.

Genus Cepnaoscyiiuium Gill,
Type Seyllium laticeps A. Dumérii.
Sub-family PARASCYLLIIN AE Gill.

Genus Parascyiurum (fill.
Type Hemiseyllium variolatum A. Dumérit.

Sub-family HEMISCYLLIIN 4 Giil.
Genus Hemscyiuium Mill. and Henle.

Type Uemiscyllium ocellatum fill. and Henle.

Sub-family CHILOSCYLLUNA Gidl.
Genus Cuttoscyiuium Mill. and Henle, 1838.
Type Chiloseylliam plagiosum J/iill. and Henle.

Genus Syneuismus Gill,

Type Chiloseylium tuberculatum Jfiill. and Henle.

Sub-family STEGOSTOMATIN 4 Gill.
Genus Stecostoma Mill. and Henle, 1838.
Type Stegostoma fasciatuin A/ill. and LHenle.

Family CROSSORHINOIDA Gav.

Genus Crossorninus Mill. and Henle.

Type Crossorhinus barbatus Jill. and Henle.

Suborder RHINA Gill, 1861.
Family RHINOIDAL Gill.
Genus Ruina ATein, 1742.*
Squatina Dumeril, 1806.
Type Rhina squatina Leaf.
* The pre-oecupation by Klein of the name of Rhina necessitates a change of

the appellation of the genus of the same name among the Rays; that of Rhampho-
batis may be substituted,

Squalorum Generum Novorum, Ce. 409

XXXUI.—Sgualorum Generum Novorum Descriptiones
Diagnostica.

TuEODORE GILL, Auctore.

Read 16th December, 1861.

Familia LAMNOIDE.
Sub-familia LAMNIN A Gill.
Genus Isuropsis Gill.
Lamnine vostro acuto conicoque et dentibus ut in genere
ZIsuro sed pinna dorsali prima fere medio pinnas pectorales
inter et ventrales sita.

Isuropsis glaucus.

Oxyrhina glauca Miller and Henle.
Isuropsis Dekayi.

Lamna punctata Dekay.

Familia GALEORHINOID i.
Sub-familia GALEORHININ As.
Genus Hypeoprionopon Gill.

Cynocephali rostro semiovali, rotundato; dentibus maxil-
larum ambobarum latis cuspidibus glabris; maxilla superioris
paulo obliquis, basis latere externo serratis vel dentatis. Pinna
dorsali prima pectoralibus magis quam ventralibus approximata,
fere antice supra pectorales sita.

Hypoprionodon hemiodon,
Carcharias (Hypoprion) hemiodon ( Val.) WZ. and H.

Genus Euramra Gill.
Cynocephali vostro brevi vel vix oblongo et semiovali, fere
subconico: dentibus maxillz utreeque marginibus denticulatis,
maxillz superioris antice sat latis, margine interna convexis,

410 Squalorum Generum Novorum

vel obliquiter linearibus, margine externo plus minusve angular-
iter excavata; maxille inferioris basi latis, cuspidibus fere
rectis et plus minusve angustis; pinna dorsalis prima pinnis
pectoralibus nagis quam ventralibus approximata, ssepe antice
fere pectoralium bases supra cita.

Eulamia Milberti.
Carcharias (Prionodon) Milberti (Va/.) M. and H.

Genus IsoGompnopon Gill.

Cynocephali rostro elongato et conico: dentibus paulo vel
vix denticulatis, utraque maxilla fere rectis claviformibus et basi
plus minusve constrictis. Pinna dorsali anteriore vix tota pone
pinnas pectorales sita.

Isogomphodon oxyrhynchus.

Carcharias (Prionodon) oxyrhynchus M. and H.

Genus Lamropsis Gill.

Cynocephali rostro breviter conico; dentibus maxille utre-
que rectis; maxillse superioris denticulatis, ad basin plus mi-
nusve constrictis. Pinna dorsali prima fere medio pinnas pec-
torales inter et ventrales sita.

Lamiopsis Temminckii.
Carcharias (Prionodon) Temminckii Miller and Henle.

Lamiopsis limbatus.
Carcharias (Prionodon) limbatus Muller and Henle.

Genus IsopLagiopon Gill.

Cynocephali rostro oblongo, semi-ovali: dentibus maxille
utraeque denticulatis, sat latis, compressis, extrorsum vel sursum
spectantibus margine interna obliquiter incurvatis basi externa
processu serrato. Pinna dorsali pinnis pectoralibus, paulo magis
quam ventralibus approximata.

Isoplagiodus sorrah,
Carcharias (Prionodon) sorrah Miller and Henle.

Descriptiones Diagnostice. 411

Genus Aprionopon (ill.

Cynocephali rostro plus minusve producto et conico: den-
tibus maxille utreeque margine glabris, compressis basi latis
cuspidibus rectibus vel vix extrorsum spectantibus. Pinna
dorsali fere medio pinnas pectorales inter et ventrales sita.

Aprionodon brevipinna.

Carcharias (Aprion) brevipinna Midler and Henle.
Aprionodon isodon.

Carcharias (Aprion) isodon Midler and Henle.

Genus CuanoGareus Gill.

Galet rostro conico ; ore rictu sat vel fere oblongo, longo ac
lato: dentibus maxillee superioris margine interna concavis vel
curvatis, basi externa processu denticulato vel dentato; maxille
inferioris gracilibus, non denticulatis, plus minusve extrorsum
spectantibus; oculorum pupillis triangularibus; pinna dorsali
prima fere medio pectorales inter et ventrales sita; pinna cau-
dali mediocriter elongata, margine inferiori unico lobo posteriori.

Chenogaleus macrostoma Gil.
Hemigaleus macrostoma Bleeker.

Genus BorEocaLeus Gill.

Galei rostro brevissimo, valde obliquiter ad rictum declinente ;
rictu semicirculari: dentibus maxille utraeque compressis,
extrorsum spectantibus, margine interna curvatis vel convexis,
externo basi extrorsum productis: oculorum pupillis ovatis,
superne convexis, inferne subacutis; pinna dorsali prima pinnis
pectoralibus multo magis quam ventralibus approximata ; pinna
caudali mediocriter elongata (circiter + corporis longitudinis
formante), lobo posteriori unico; colore haud variegato.

Boreogalus arcticus.
Galeus arcticus Faber.

412 Squalorum Generum Novorum

Familia CESTRACIONTOID&.
Genus Reniceps Gill.
Caput reniforme vel late cordiforme: nares valde oculis
approximati; sulci rostro-nasales obsoleti.

Reniceps tiburo,
Squalus tiburo Linn.

Genus Euspuyra Gill.
Caput valde latum et transversum, mallei instar formatum ;
nares rictu multo magis quam oculis approximate, sulcis con-
spicuis fere usque ad oculos extendentibus.

Eusphyra Blochii.
Zygena Blochi Vail.

Familia SCY LLIORHINOID A
Sub-Familia SCYLLORHININ A.
Genus Hara.urus Gill.
Scylliorhinine capite oblongo; valvulis nasalibus nee cir-
ratis nec suleatis, isthmo separatis ; pinna dorsali secunda plus
minusve pone analem sita.

. t
Halelurus burgeri.

Scyllium burgeri Miller and Henle.

Genus CepHatoscyiuium Gill.
Scylliorhinine capite late ovali, temporibus tumido; valvulis
nasalibus sulcatis, non ori extendentibus, isthmo lato separatis ;
pinna dorsali posteriore plerusque anali opposita.

Cephaloscyllium laticeps.
Seyllium laticeps A. Duméril.

Sub-familia PARASCYLLIAN 4t Gill
Genus Parascyiirum Gill.
Scylliorhinoide capite, ore, labiis, et valvulis nasalibus fere
ut in Hemiscyllio ; corpore graciliore, subcylindrico; pinna

Descriptiones Diagnostice. 413

dorsali prima capite remota, sat pone pinnas ventrales sita ;
dorsali secunda caudali propiore ; pinna anali plerumque ante
dorsalem secundam sita, sat caudali remota.

Parascyllium variolatum,

Hemiseyllium variolatum A, Duméril.

Sub-familia CHILOSCYLLUN A Gd.

Genus Syncuismus Gill.
Ohiloscylliine dorso ante pinnam dorsalem anteriorem non
carinato.

Synchismus tubereulatum.
Chiloseyllium tuberculatum Miller and Henle.

NOTE.

The preceding diagnoses of the new genera of Squali, indicated in the systematic
article on the order, are as brief as they could possibly be made consistently with
clearness and accuracy. The species described by all preceding naturalists had
been at first referred to the new genera, but it has been since deemed more proper
to await the publication by Dr. Bleeker of the plates illustrative of his species
and the renewed examination of others before finally arranging them. A few
species cannot well be referred to any of the established genera, but I have not
considered it expedient to propose new ones for them at present. In the mono-
graphieal synopses of the different families which I hope to be able to submit to
naturalists on some future occasion, the families, sub-families, and genera will be
fully described and compared, and the extinct, as well as the recent forms, noticed.
The former need a very careful revision by one having knowledge of the subject,
some writers, subsequent to Agassiz, having been little acquainted with recent
forms and not knowing the value to be attached to dentition.

414 Carboniferous System of the United States.

XXXVI.—On the Extension of the Carboniferous System of
the United States, so as to include all true Coals.

By R. P. Srevens.

Read December 16, 1861.

Ir will be recollected, that the late Prof. Eaton, and other
early geologists of our country, considered the Onondaga lime-
stone, including the Cherty beds, commonly called the pyri-
tiferous limestone of Eaton, to be equivalent to the Mountain
limestone of the English authorities; and as there was at that
time a very prevalent contagion among American geologists to
trace equivalents of American strata with European, all above
this horizon of limestone would naturally fall into the carbo-
niferous system.

As the geological investigations of New York and Pennsyl-
vania progressed, it was found that this horizon of rock strata
was low down, nearly at the base of the Devonian, and that the
whole thickness of the Catskill Mountains (Hamilton, Portage,
and Chemung groups), did actually lie between this limestone
and the coal of Pennsylvania; and that this vast thickness of
sedimentary rocks was greatly ingreased, travelling south-west-
wards from these mountains, until in south-western Virginia
they had attained their maximum development.

By the united labors of the brothers Rogers, and their very
able assistants, certain vast deposits of conglomerates were
placed at the base of the Carboniferous, called by them ‘“ For-
mation No. XII.”—or the Coal Conglomerate, in contradistine-
tion from other conglomerates lying both above and below this
very certain horizon.

This stratum was well defined in the anthracite region of the
Schuylkill river, the semi-bituminous region of the Broadtop
mountains, and Blossburgh ; also in the bituminous coal regions
west of the Alleghany mountains. This conglomerate was con-
sidered to be equivalent, if not identical, with the Coal Conglo-
merate of the English: coal measures,

Carboniferous System of the United States. 415

As the geological examinations of our country were extended,
and when the more methodical and scientific measures were
adopted of connecting every line of examination with a regular
system of levelling, added to paleontological investigations, it
was found that some of the coal basins of the States of Michigan,
Iowa, Missouri, and Northern Illinois, had not this Conglomerate
developed, or at least that it could not be identified; but in
some instances, as at La Salle, on the L[llinois river, the Con-
glomerate was a rock belonging to a far earlier age.

The brothers Rogers, in their investigations in Virginia,
found in Wythe, Pulaski, and Montgomery counties two or
three thousand feet of green and red shales, containing three or
more workable strata of coal, lying below their basal “ forma-
tion No. XII.” Mr. Lesley made a similar discovery in Blair
county, Pennsylvania, at the head of the Juniatta river, where
he found six hundred feet of shales, below the “ No. XII.,” con-
taining three workable seams of coal. The late Dr. Owen made
similar discoveries in the States of Kentucky and Arkansas. In
Northern Illinois and Jowa, in the black shales of the horizon
of the Portage Group of the New York system, workable seams
of coal have been found. This shale contains land plants, and
is highly charged with bitumen, and is the source of the petro-
leum and gas springs of New York, Canada, Northern Penn-
sylvania, and Ohio. When we add to these numerous instances,
amounting almost to a law, that Prof. Dawson found a similar
system of coal measures, below the Formation No. XIL., in his
geological exploration of Nova Scotia, are we not carried back
towards the opinions of the Fathers of American Geology ?

Why should a certain coarse conglomerate, grading off into
a sandstone, seldom to be distinguished from any other con-
glomerate and sandstone lying either above or below it, by any
palezontological—the only true evidence, and never by any litho-
logical evidence, be considered the basal measure of the carbo-
niferous? Far below lie true coal-bearing strata. Long ages
previous to its being laid down, the continent was clothed in

DEC., 1861. 99 Ann. Lyo. Nat. Hist. Vou, VII.

416 Carboniferous System of the United States.

verdure by the Neggerathia, Lepidodendron, Sigillaria, and
numerous families of ferns, always considered reliable coal
plants. Carboniferous reptiles walked the sandy shores, and
insects floated on the evening air. Other paleeontological evi-
dence, drawn from the marine fauna, tends in the same direction
to which the previous statements of this paper lead us, viz.; to
carry the base of the carboniferous system three thousand feet
nearer the foundations which the fathers erected. It includes
all the workable seams of coal. The more safely may we travel
in this direction when we take into the elements of our reason-
ing that in all the vast thickness of rock strata, which we should
add to the carboniferous, there is no unconformity, but a regular
sequence in the order of deposition, over a large portion
of the American continent, untouched by any disturbing
causes,

While we dig deeper for the carboniferons foundations, may
we not carry the structure higher, and find the roof-tree hidden
near the Zriassic? In pursuing the geological investigations
of Missouri, Maj. Hawn crossed over into Kansas and brought
back rich trophies as the result of his geological foray beyond
the borders. Upon investigation these trophies were found to
be fossils of the Permian type. About the same time Mr. Meek
made the saine discovery. Prof. Swallow soon followed with
confirming evidence from observations from the west of Mis-
souri. Prof. Hall has also identified fossils as belonging to the
Permian. Dr. Shumard made similar discoveries in the Gua-
delupe Mountains, Texas.

The coal-bearing rocks west of the Mississippi are divided
into upper and lower. Above the upper lie the coal measures
of Kansas, one thousand feet thick, having within them many
seams of coal. Above these, and still higher, lie about eight
hundred feet of limestones, shales, clays, cherty layers, and
sandstones. All these depositions lie conformable to each other.
The fossils gradually grade into each other, from the lower into
the upper carboniferous, and from the latter into the lower Per-

Carboniferous System of the United States. 417

mian, and thence into the upper Permian. About 27 per cent.
of the carboniferous pass into the Permian.*

During all the period of the deposition of the rocks under
consideration, one law of life, with its succession of species,
seems to have prevailed ; while at the same time there was one
law of geological deposition. There is no abrupt change, all
is orderly and easy in its sequence. Faunas familiar to us,
through all the carboniferous seas, follow us into the Permian,
and there we lose them for ever.

The same floras from peat bogs, oozy marshes, or sandy ridges,
are seen in every roofstratum of shale or sandstone. There is no
sign of change either in stratification, conformity, or paleon-
tology. Why should one be called Carboniferous, another Sub-
carboniferous, and still another, Permian ?

In this connexion another coal-bearing stratum comes into
view, which there is more difficulty to place in the newly enlarged
boundaries of the carboniferous. I allude to the coal of North
Carolina and Richmond, Virginia. According to H. D. Ro-
gers, the coal of Virginia belongs to the Jurassic series. With
him agrees Sir Charles Lyell. William B. Rogers thinks that
this coal is of the age of the Triassic. Dr. Emmons, whose faci-
lities for examining the beds of North Carolina were diligently
improved, classes the Deep and Dan river beds with the Per-
mian. Prof. Heer, a very competent authority, sustains him
in this opinion. The great want of conformability of the red
sandstone of the Atlantic slope, with the coal of the Apalachian
systems, makes this part of our inquiry one of very great dif-
ficulty.

Prof. Emmons’ argument for the Permian relationship of
these coal strata is derived,

* Since writing the above my notice has been called to a paper of Mr. Thomas
Davidson, of England, upon the occurrence in the Permian of carboniferous fos-
sils, and he cites the following, Martinia clannyana, Spiriferina crista, Camaro-
phoria schlotheimi, C. globulina, Lingula credneri. To this catalogue of mollusea,
Mr. J. W. Kirby adds the following crustacea, Cythere elongata, C. ornata, Bairdia
gracilis, Gyrocanthus formosus.

418 Carboniferous System of the United States.

Ist, from the reptilian remains.

2d, from the fish remains.

3d, from the vegetable remains, and,

4th, from an unconformability of the lower or coal-bearing
strata of the red sandstone system, and the upper and non-pro-
ductive.

If Prof. Emmons’ views are adopted, there is a beauty and har-
mony in the geological history of America not otherwise dis-
covered, With equal steps, and in grand procession, the geo-
logical phenomena proceed with the paleontological, from the
first appearance of a land plant to the complete metamorphism
of the hydro-carbon of plants into bituminous, semi-bituminous,
and anthracite coal. While the brown coal, or lignite, would
belong to another age, having its own peculiar geological and
biological phenomena, allied to each other and distinct from the
preceding age.

The carboniferous, then, will begin with the dawn of insular
and continental vegetation, and terminate with the true coals—
including ‘the false coal measures,” “ the sub-carboniferous,”
“the barren measures,” “ the upper and lower coal measures,”
“the Permian coals,” “the Jurassic coals,” or whatever name
or synonym may be used, excluding lignite orimpure coal. A
system giving us nearly six thousand feet of sedimentary strata,
deposited under similar conditions, over an area of the American
continent extending from Nova Scotia to Texas, and from North
Carolina to the Rocky Mountains, if not the Sierra Nevada—
obeying one comprehensive law of chemical action, and exhi-
biting one magnificent era of floral verdure with coeval land
and marine faunas.

GENERA OF PLANTS IN THE ENLARGED CARBONIFEROUS.

Permian.—Anabracaulis, Calamites, Chondrites, Dictyocau-
lis, Equisetum, Filias, Gymnocaulus, Lycopodites, Spheno-
pteris, Walchia.

Carboniferous.—Aleopteris, Allamodendron, Alethopteris,

Carboniferous System of the United States. 419

Annularia, Artisia, Asterophyllites, Aspidaria, Asplenites, Car-
diocarpon, Carpolites, Casea, Calamites, Cordaites, Cyclo-
pteris, Callipteris, Coniopteris, Cannophyllites, Cyatheites, Cre-
matopteris, Cyperites, Dictyopteris, Equisetum, Flabellaria,
Halonia, Hemitelites, Hippurites, Hymenophyllites, Knorria,
Lepidodendron, Lepidophlois, Lepidophyllum, Lycopodites,
Nephropteris, Neuropteris, Naggerathia, Odontopteris, Peco-
pteris, Pinnularia, Pyenophyllum, Polysporia, Pachyphyllum,
Poacites, Rhabdocarpus, Rhizolithes, Sagenaria, Sigillaria,
Sphenophyllum, Stigmaria, Staphilopteris, Stigmatocanna,
Syringodendron, Sphenopteris, Schizopteris, Ulodendron, Whit-
tleseya.

FORMATION NO. XII. MILLSTONE GRIT COAL CONGLOMERATE.

Marine Fauna.—Cephalopoda, Gasteropoda, Conchifera.

PRE-CARBONIFERA, PROTO-CARBONIFERA, SUB-CARBONIFERA, PSEUDO-
CARBONIFERA.

Genera of Plants.—Aleopteris, Annularia, Apoxylon, <As-
terites, Asterophyllites, Bornia ?, Calamites, Cardiocarpon, Car-
polites, Cordaites, Cyclopteris, Dadoxylon, Diplotegeium, Dic-
tyopteris, Dymophyllum, Filicites, Fucoides, Halonia, Hyme-
nophyllites, Lepidodendron, Lepidophlois, Lepidophyllum, Le-
pidostrobus, Lycopodites, Megaphytum ?, Neuropteris, Negge-
rathia, Odontopteris, Pecopteris, Pinnaria, Plumalina, Pro-
taxites, Psilophyton, Rhabdocarpus, Rhizolites, Sagenaria ?, Sela-
ginites, Sigillaria, Sphenococcites, Sphenopteris, Sphenophyl-
lum, Sphenophyllites, Staphyllopteris, Sternbergia, Stigmaria,
Stigmatocauna ?

420 Remarks on Certain Species

XXXVII—Remarks on Certain Species of North American

Heticip#.
By Tuomas Branp.

(Continued from p. 142, and concluded.)

Read December 16th, 1861.

Helix Downieana nov. sp.
Plate IV. fig, 23-24.

T. subobtecte umbilicata, subglobosa, tenui, subpellucida, obsolete
costulato-striata, lineis spiralibus impressis sublente confertim decussata,
virenti-cornea; spira brevi, obtusi; anfr. 5, convexis, ultimo tumido,
antice gibbosulo, vix descendente, constricto ; apertura obliqua, lunato-
ovali; perist. albo, labiato, reflexo, margine dextro expanso, columellari,
angulatim dilatato umbilicum fere tegente.

Shell umbilicate, umbilicus nearly covered, subglobose, thin,
subpellucid, with obsolete rib-like strize, decussated with crowded
microscopic spiral lines, greenish horn-colored; spire short,
obtuse ; whorls five, convex, the last tumid, anteriorly some-
what gibbous, scarcely descending, constricted; aperture ob-
lique, lunate-oval ; perist. white, labiate, reflected, right margin
expanded, columellar margin angularly dilated, nearly covering
the umbilicus.

Diam. maj. 103, min 94, Alt. 6 mill.

Station.—Among leaves, at the roots of grass and shrubs in
rocky places.

Habitat.— University Place, Franklin Co., Tenn. Downie!

Ltemarks.—In the autumn of 1860 Ireceived three specimens,
through Bishop Elliott, from Major Downie of Brunswick, Ga.,
to whom I dedicate the species. In form and aspect it is most
like HZ. Christyt Nob., but has no parietal tooth; it is allied
also to ZZ. clausa Say, and HZ. Mitchelliana Lea.

of North American LHelicide. 421

Helix altermata Say.

The geographical distribution of the varieties of 7. alternata
is interesting. The species attains its largest size in Ohio and
Michigan—from the former I have it with 6 whorls, Diam.
maj. 24, min. 22, Alt. 10 mill. In both of those States indi-
viduals are found of nearly uniform color, from pale straw to
dark reddish brown. In Canada, on Goat Island, Niagara, and
on Cunningham Island, Lake Erie, the shell is frequently much
elevated, even globose, thickened, and almost covered with dark-
colored flammules.

A beautiful variety was discovered a few years ago by Mr.
Ferguson on the Helderberg Mountains, New York; subse-
quently near Greenwood Cemetery, Long Island; and also in
the woods adjoining the New York Bay Cemetery, near Jersey
City. It is small, comparatively smooth, especially at the base,
has a shining somewhat translucent epidermis, which on dead
shells becomes opaque. The suture is well impressed and the
outer whorl is not, as usual in the species, obscletely carinated.
The deep red flammules are disposed with much regularity on
a pale horn-colored ground. An average sized specimen, with
5 whorls, is Diam. maj. 154, min. 14, Alt. 63 mill. The ani-
mal does not exude the saffron-colored mucous secretion usually
observed in the typical form. I designate this shell as //. alter-
nata Say var. H. Fergusoni.

In Tennessee, North and South Carolina, and Georgia,
the moderately elevated and numerous strie of JZ. alter-
nata are replaced by sharply defined distant ribs. In a spe-
cimen from North Carolina, for which I am indebted to Mr.
David Christy, these ribs have a remarkable development, being
nearly 1 mill. apart on the last whorl; the shell is depressed,
but obsoletely carinated only. Bishop Elhott found a few spe-
cimens on the eastern slope of the Cumberland Mountains,
strongly ribbed, depressed, and the last whorl subcarinate, the

422 Remarks on Certain Species

carina in a measure obsolete behind the aperture, but modi-
fying its form.

The var. found fossil at Jackson, Miss., is well marked, being
ribbed above, the ribs passing over the periphery, with, at the
base, an additional less prominent rib between each. I have
living examples of the same form from Tennessee, Arkansas,
and Louisiana.

Tkelix mordax Shuttleworth.

This was described by Shuttleworth in the following terms :
(Bern. Mitth., 1852, Diag. n. Moll., No. 2.)

T. late et perspective umbilicata, depressa, sublenticularis, carinata,
tenuis, luteo-cornea, strigis rufis interruptis fasciatim ornata, costis vali-
dis flexuosis remotis utrinque eximie asperata; anfr. 54, plani; apertura
perobliqua angulatim lunari-ovalis ; perist. simplex, acutum,

Diam. maj. 18, min. 16, Alt. 6 mill.

ffab,—In mont. Carolinz sept. specimina ultra 12 legit Rugel.

Obs.—H. alternate valde affinis, sed costis validioribus, ad 1 mill. inter
se remotis, distincta. H.Cumberlandiana Lea (forsan mere forma mon-
struosa), quacum carina congruit, differt (ex icone) testa tantum tenuiter
striata nee costata.

Shuttleworth observes that /Z. mordax being costate is dis-
tinct from //. alternata, and also from H. Cumberlandiana,
described by Lea as ¢enwiter striata ; the fact is, that both his
own and Lea’s species are costate, although the cost in the
latter are not so sharp and regular, indeed on the last whorl
near the aperture are partially obsolete. Shuttleworth states
that his shell agrees, as regards the carina, with 7, Cumber-
landiana. Ihave not seen an authentic specimen of 77. mor-
dax, but looking at the description consider that it bears the
same relation to 7. Cumberlandiana, as H. Carolinensis to H.
obstricta, and although with coste like the southern forms of
H. alternata already noticed, being carinated to the extent
described, it is a variety of 7, Cumberlandiana.

of North American Helicida. 423

Hielix Cumberlandiana Lea.

I subjoin a copy of Lea’s description, (Zrans. Amer. Phat.
Soc., VIII. p. 229, pl. &, fig. 61, 184(.)

CAaRACOLLA CUMBERLANDIANA.

T. lenticulata, carinata, striata, albida, fusco-notata, late umbilicata, ad
carinam superne et inferne impressa; anfr. quinis; apertura angulata,
intus sulcata; labro acuto.

Shell lenticular, carinate, striate, whitish, brown-spotted, widely umbi-
licate, impressed above and below the carina; whorls 5; aperture angu-
lar, within furrowed, lip acute.

Hab.—Cumberland Mts. near Jasper, Tennessee. Dr. Currey.

Diam. .54, length .14 inch,

Remarks—Among many species of land shells which I owe to Dr:
Currey’s kindness, were two individuals of this Caracolla which does not
appear to have been before noticed. It has some resemblance to Hi,
alternata Say, but may at once be distinguished by its depressed, flat,
lenticular form and carina. It is a very interesting species, and has a
remarkable furrow above and below the carina; all the whorls are visi-
ble in the umbilicus, and are striate all over.

This beautiful species was extremely rare, even in American
cabinets, until Bishop Elliott, after diligent search during seve-
ral summers, discovered it in August, 1860, inhabiting a single
spur of the Cumberland Mountains, near University Place,
Franklin County, Tenn. In one of his letters to me he men-
tions having found it on the ground, under stones and wood, in
company with ZZ. spinosa Lea, and also after rain creeping
upon precipitous faces of rock, with a few //. alternata (the
common Southern form), and /elicina orbiculata Say. My
largest. specimen measures, Diam. maj. 17, min. 15, Alt. 53
mill.

Helix tridentata Say.

This well known species varies much in size; for a very unu-

424 Lemarks on Certain Species

sually large specimen, said to be from Tennessee, I am indebted
to Mr. Henry Van Nostrand; it measures,

Diam. maj. 23, min. 19, Alt. 9 mill. (6 whorls).

The comparatively smooth Ohio form is,

Diam. maj. 19, min. 16, Alt. 7 mill. (54 whorls).

A small variety from Goat Island, N. Y., is,

Diam. maj. 13, min. 103, Alt. 54 mill (5 whorls).

A variety found by Mr. H. Van Nostrand, at Delaware
Water Gap, Pa., has very rigid somewhat distant, ribs.

The position of the upper lip-tooth in this species is not abso-
lutely constant, its distance from the lower one is variable.

Helix triodomtoides mov. sp.

Plate IV. fig. 11-12.

T. perforata, globoso-depressa, tenui, subpellucidaé, pallide cornea,
superne subobsolete costulato-striata, basi convexa, levigata; spira
brevi; anfr. 5 conyexiusculis, ultimo prope aperturam plicato, antice
deflexo ; apertura rotundato-lunari, obliqua, coarctaté; perist. reflexo,
calloso, marginibus dente linguiformi, acuto, triangulari junctis, dextro
dente in margine ¢alli posito, basali dente obliquo munito, ambobus den-
tibus parvis, inter se remotis.

Shell perforate, globose-depressed, thin, subpellucid, pale
horn-colored, with partially obsolete rib-like striae above ; base
convex, smooth; spire short; whorls 5, somewhat convex, the
last plicately ribbed near the aperture, deflexed anteriorly ;
aperture roundly lunate, oblique, contracted ; -perist. reflected,
callous, the margins joined by a sharp linguiform triangular
tooth, the right with a tooth on the margin of the callus,
basal with an oblique tooth, both teeth small and far apart.

Diam. maj. 95, min. 8, Alt. 5 mill.

Habitat—De Witt Co., Texas, Dr. Newcomb!; Corpus

Christi, Texas.

Ltemarks.—It has been generally assumed that the Z. ¢ro-

of North American Helicide. 425

donta Jan is identical with 4. Zexastana Moricand. Feérus-
sac (Bul. Zool., 1§53) states that it is so. Dr. Binney, looking
at specimens bearing Jan’s name in the Paris Museum, made
the following note: “ ZZ. triodonta Jan is the shell which we
have from Texas like //. tridentata, with very small teeth 5 it
seems to run into 7. Texasiana Mor.” Dr. Binney referred to
the shell which I have above described; if Jan’s shell is the
same, it should bear the name given by him. W. G. Binney
sent specimens to Pfeiffer, whose opinion is quoted (Terr. Moll.
iv. 79, pl. 78, fig. 18), that it is var. of ZZ. Tewasiana, but Mr.
Binney now concurs with me in considering it distinct.

LH. triodontoides is a more delicate shell than ZZ. Texasiana,
and does not attain the same size. It is not as distinctly ribbed,
is somewhat more elevated, and the aperture is more round.
The last whorl is less devious at its termination beneath, the lip
teeth are smaller and wide apart. In //. Zexasiana they are
close together, and the space between them has much resem-
blance to the notch in //. hirsuta. In that respect, as well as
in the form of the aperture, Moricand’s shell is more closely
allied to HZ. Mooreana W. G. By.

HH. Texasiana varies much in size, which is not the case with
my species. The following are measurements of specimens of
the former in my cabinet :

Diam maj. 113, min. 9, Alt. 5 mill.

66 66 8 66 7 74 4 19

Hielix imflecta Say.

- Say gives ,%,ths of an inch as the greatest transverse diameter
of this species; the size and other characters are, however,
variable. For an extraordinarily large specimen, found at
University Place, Tenn., Lam indebted to Bishop Elliott; having
4 whorls, it measures, Diam. maj. 16, min. 14, Alt. 7 mill.
A small var., Diam maj. 9, min. 8, Alt. 43 mill., inhabits
Taylor Co., Ga. (Dr. Neisler), in which the superior tooth on

496 Remarks on Certain Species

the peristome is situated lower than in the typical form; and
in consequence the space between it and the inferior tooth is
reduced.

From Darien, Ga. (Dr. Wilson !), and St. Simon’s Island, Ga.
(J. Postell !), IL have a.variety in which the epidermis has very
little of the usual hirsute character; the aperture is more
rounded, and the two lip teeth are small, in fact mere denticles.
The parietal tooth is less oblique and more central, not being
continued to the lower margin of the little reflected lip.

Helix Rugeli Shuttleworth.

The following is a copy of Shuttleworth’s description of this
species (Diag. n. Moll., No. 2, p. 18).

T. obtecte perforata, orbiculato-convexa, granulato-striata, parce setosa,
corneo-cerea; spira brevis, obtusa; anfr. 54, convexiusculi, ultimus
antice subito deflexus, ad aperturam valde constrictus; apertura depressa,
dente valido linguiformi flexuoso in pariete aperturali intrante coarctata ;
perist. reflexum, intus callosum, margine dextro dente magno obtuso
profunde immerso extus subscrobiculato, basali dente minore transverso
submarginali instructo.

Diam. maj. 13, min. 114, Alt. 64 mill.

JTub.—In Tennessee (Rugel).

Obs.—Specimina plurima vidi. Variat magnitudine, sed semper
major quam H. inflecta Say, cui maxime affinis; differt insuper dente
parietali magis evoluto et angulatim flexuoso, et dente supero marginis
dextri peristomatis crasso et valde immerso,

As regards the form and position of the upper tooth on the
lip, this species has the same connexion with ZZ. inflecta, as LZ.
Jallae with 1. tridentata.

Shuttleworth’s measurements show that his species is not
always larger than //. injlecta. The following are the dimen-
sions of the largest and smallest specimens in my cabinet.

Diam. maj. 135, min. 114, Alt. 6 mill. Cherokee Co, N. Car.

; Christy !

of North American Helicide. 427

Helix hirsuta Say.

This species varies in size; in my cabinet are specimens
which measure as follows :

Diam. maj. 114, min. 10, Alt. 64 mill.

iT5 74 6 (79 5 6c 4 66

The last whorl in front of the aperture, especially in the
larger forms, is more or less angulated, but I have never seen
a specimen carinated. The position of the parietal tooth is
often rather oblique, but usually nearly parallel with the lower
lip, and is more or less distant from it. The nature of the epi-
dermis varies; in some forms the hairs are very numerous, in
others comparatively few. Spiral impressed lines sometimes
occur beneath the epidermis, at the base of the shell.

Helix stenotrema Ferussac.
Terr. Moll. pl. XLIL, fig. 4.

W. G. Binney (Terr. Moll. IV., p. 61) treats this as distinct
from LZ. hirsuta, “its characteristics being constant in post-
pleiocene fossil as well as in recent individuals.” He does not,
however, define the characters, and I confess that it is difficult
to do so satisfactorily. In /Z. stenotrema the notch is invariably
small, and more central than in Z/. hirsuta ; the parietal tooth
is more produced over the aperture, and its lower edge is a
regular curve, not somewhat. sinuous as in the latter and //.
spinosa Lea; it is also curved downwards at its outer extre-
mity, not terminating abruptly, as usual in those species. The
form of the parietal tooth, however, varies in /Z. hirsuta, from
which Férussae’s species can chiefly, if indeed not alone, be
distinguished by the size and position of the notch.

H. stenotrema is not found in the Eastern and Middle States.
It does not vary much in size, seldom exceeding,

Diam. maj. 10, min. 9, Alt. 6, mill. Tennessee, Shuttleworth !

428 Lemarks on Certain Species

Helix spimosa Lea.

This well known species varies in size. Large specimens
from Alabama and the Cumberland Mountains, Tenn., are
much depressed above and little convex beneath; they measure,

Diam. maj. 14, min. 13, Alt. 5 mill.

A small var. from the Look Out Mountains, Tenn. (2000 ft.,
Bp. Elliott !), is proportionately more elevated above, and more
convex at the base, measuring, Diam. maj. 12, min. 11, Alt. 5
mill.

Helix Edgariana Lea.
Plate IV. fig. 18. (Twice nat. size.)
This was described by Lea in the following terms:
Caracotita EpGaRIANA.

T. supra subplana, subtus convexa, rufo-fusca, enormiter striata, imper-
forata ; spiraé brevi; suturis vix impressis; anfr. 5 planulatis, apertura
angustissima; columella dentem unicum longum et laminatum habente ;
labro incrassato, in medio inciso.

Shell nearly flat above, beneath convex, reddish-brown, irregularly
striate, imperforate ; spire short; sutures scarcely impressed; whorls 5,
flattened; aperture very narrow; columella furnished with a long
lamellar tooth; lip thickened, in the middle notched.

HHab—Cumberland Mountains, Tennessee. Diam. .40, length .20 inch,

Remarks—Among a number of Helices taken by Mr. Edgar were
three specimens of this species, which do not seem to have been before
observed. The carina is sharp. The form of the aperture is that of H.
hirsuta Say, except that the superior and thick part of the lip joins the
tooth of the columella; on the surface of the shell there is no hirsute
character. Several specimens of the hirsuta accompanied them, all of
which presented their usual globose character. It differs from C. spi-
nosa Nob., in being smaller, less flattened, and being without the cilia.
(Proc, Am. Phil, Soc, II. 31. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. TX., p. 2.)

To. Dr. Binney’s remarks on /7Z. spinosa Lea (Terr. Moll. IL.,
155), Dr. Gould adds the following:

of North American Helicide. 429

“There is a small variety of this species, having about half the usual
diameter, and having its faces much more convex, which Mr. Lea has
described under the name of Caracolla EHdgariana. Mr. Lea says, its
aperture has the form of AZ. hirsuta, except that the superior and thick
part of the lip joins the tooth of the columella. We are not yet pre-
pared to admit this as a distinct species, though farther researches may
prove it to be so. The junction of the lip with the columellar tooth
seems to have been accidental in Mr. Lea’s specimens; at least, we have
several specimens, corresponding to his in other respects, where this
character is wanting. Moreover, there is a large carinated variety of
H. hirsuta, from the same locality, which, so far as the aperture is
concerned, corresponds still better with Mr. Lea’s description. His other
character, by which he distinguishes H. Hdgariana from HH. spinosa, its
being without cilia, is not constant, for fresh specimens of both large
and small are well garnished with hairs, quite as abundantly as in H,
hirsuta ; and the difference in the two species is that in the latter the
hairs are erect, while in H. spinosa they are prostrate. Unfortunately

the engravings were made from specimens destitute of hairs.”

There are two specimens in my cabinet which accord entirely
with Lea’s description, and also with fig. 2, Pl. XLIV. Terr.
Moll., the habitat of one unknown, the other collected by Bishop
Elliott in Tennessee. I have seen no specimen, agreeing other-
wise with the type, in which the junction of the lip with the
parietal tooth is wanting, and believe it to be a good specific
character.

Hf. Edgariana differs also from LZ. spinosa in the following
particulars: it is 7 smaller, more elevated, and more convex
beneath. In form the parietal tooth is most like that of ZZ.
stenotrema, while that of H. spinosa is more nearly allied to
that usually prevailing in #7. hirsuta. The whorls of ZZ. spz-
nosa are flattened and exserted, the carinated edges of all being
seen, but in ZZ, Hdgariana the upper whorls are rather convex,
and defined by a well marked suture. Traces of hairs rarely
exist at the base of ZZ. spinosa, and no scars indicating their
presence are visible on dead or denuded shells, whereas in HZ.

430 Leemarks on Certain Species

Hdgarvana there are distant short prostrate hairs, with strongly
marked scars on the shell. Fresh or young specimens have no
doubt the cilia, as in ZZ. spinosa.

The specimen had from Bishop Elliott measures,

Diam. maj. 9, min. 8, Alt. 5 mill.

Helix labrosa mov. sp.
Plate IV., fig. 19, (twice nat. size.)

T. imperforata, lenticulari, carinata, carina pone aperturam subobsoleta,
solidd, arcuatim striata, sub epidermide fusco-corned ; epidermide tenui,
supra setis prostratis munita; spira convexo-conoidea, obtusula ; anf. 54
planiusculis, ultimo antice deflexo, constricto, basi subinflato, lineis
numerosis spiralibus impressis sub epidermide ornato}; apertura perob-
liqua, anguste auriformi, dente valido in toto pariete aperturali lingue-
formi arcuatim intrante coarctata ; perist. calloso, reflexiusculo, margi-
nibus callo sinuato junctis, margine basali incrassato, introrsum perdila-
tato, medio valde inciso.

Shell imperforate, lenticular, carinated, the carina somewhat
obsolete behind the aperture, solid, with curved striz, dark-
brown colored beneath the epidermis, thin epidermis with pros-
trate hairs; spire convex-conoid, obtuse; whorls 53, rather
convex, the last deflexed, constricted, the base inflated, and
sculptured beneath the epidermis with numerous impressed
spiral lines; the aperture very oblique, narrowly ear-shaped,
contracted by a strong linguiform tooth extending along the
entire parietal wall; peristome callous, somewhat reflected, the
margin joined by a sinuous callus, the basal margin thickened,
inwardly much dilated, with a deep and wide notch in the
middle.

Diam. maj. 124; min. 10, Alt. 63 mill.

Habitat—Waschita Springs, Arkansas (Cabinet of W. G.
Binney); Hot Springs, Arkaisas (Cab. Smithsonian Institu-
tion); Alabama (W. G. Binney); Tennessee (Bishop Elliott !).

of North American Helicide. 431

Remarks.—This species has been confounded with H. Hdgar-
eana Lea, from which, however, it differs in several well
marked characters. The specimens to which Mr. W. G. Bin-
ney refers (Terr. Moll. IV., p. 65), as being of Lea’s species,
are of that now under consideration.

The thickened and reflected peristome, and deep wide notch,
sufficiently distinguish HZ. lebrosa from H. Hdgariana. The
notcli in the latter, situated in the centre of the aperture as in
fT, stenotrema, is in a measure obsolete, but in HZ. labrosa it is
strongly developed, and nearer to the outer edge of the peri-
stome as in //. hersuta. The form of the parietal tooth of my
species is like that of 1. hirsuta, while 7. Edgariana is in that
particular nore like ZZ. stenotrema.

H. Kdgariana, in fact, connects LH. stenotrema with H. spi-
nosa, but H. labresa is rather allied to H. hirsuta, and in the
character of the peristome to //. maxillata Gould.

W. G. Binney has a pale, thin, apparently immature spe-
cimen of //. labrosa, entirely agreeing with it as above described,
excepting that the lower lip is not thickened.

Welix monodon Rackett.

There appears to be no doubt that HZ. fraterna Say is a vari-
ety of this species; the degree to which the umbilicus is open
is very variable, it is comparatively rarely entirely closed.
The parietal tooth is sometimes much elevated, approaching in
form to that of ZZ. hersuta. I have several specimens in which
the lower lip is continued as in the typical form, so as partially
to cover the umbilicus, but in a subsequent stage of growth has
its columellar termination duplicated, recurved, and united to
the parietal tooth. Occasionally there is a callus, having the
appearance of an incipient tooth, on the inner margin of the
outer lip.

The following are measurements of specimens in my cabi-
net.

DEO. 1861. 30 Ann, Lc, Nav. Hist, Vor. VIL

432 Remarks on Certain Species

H. monodon Rack., umbilicus open.
Diam. maj. 11, min. 10, Alt. 53 mill (64 whorls), Texas.
66 66 Tet ce 6 One 6“ (5 66 )5 N. Car.
H. fraterna Say, umbilicus entirely closed.

Diam. maj. 10, min. 9, Alt. 5 mill (53 whorls), Goat Isl., N.Y.

rE BC ithpirtt Bho ia ies o(bire hie yp elabamias

[ have three specimens of HZ. monodon, sent to me by Mr.
Sloate, formerly of San Franciseo, who assured me, on the
authority, however, of another person, that they were found
near the mouth of the Columbia River, Oregon. I confess that
I do not feel satisfied of the correctness of the statement.

H. Leaii Ward is the most striking variety, if not indeed
entitled to specific rank; it inhabits by no means so wide an
area as /7. monodon or the var. H. fraterna, being found only,
I believe, in Michigan, Iowa, Indiana, and Ohio. Mr. Frank
Higgins, in his Catalogue of the Mollusca of Columbus, Ohio,
ingists on its being distinct. He says that it is found in the
swamp prairies only, its station being very different to that of
H. monodon, and that it never appears to extend its range, and
does not vary in color of shell or animal.

Mr. A. O. Currier, of Grand Rapids, Michigan, in a late ©
letter remarks, “ Hf. monodon and H. Lead have entirely dif-
ferent habits, the former is abundant in dry, the latter rare in
moist situations and swamps associated with Ammnzcola lapi-
daria Say,and othersemi-aquatic species. H. Leaiz lives during
half the year under water and ice, while “7. monodon is found
under the bark of trees and rotten stumps. If their stations
were changed both would become extinct.”

The measurements of my largest and smallest specimens are,

Diam. maj. 8, min. 7, Alt. 4 mill. (63 whorls), Ohio.

(cc 66 q 66 6 66 35 <4 (5 as ), 66

Helix appressa Say.
This species is variable in several characters. In Georgia it
attains its greatest size; from that State I have examples with

of North American Helicide. 433

six whorls, Diam. maj. 20, min. 18, Alt. 94 mill. Some south-
ern forms are beautifully sculptured with numerous spiral lines,
and have a narrow but very projecting parietal tooth. Near
Nashville, Tenn., a small flattened var. is found, widely ribbed
above, the ribs obsolete at the base, the lip widely reflected,
and the parietal tooth arcuate.

Say’s “ var. a, Labrum with two projecting angles,” inhabits
Illinois; in some specimens the aperture and teeth are singu-
larly like those of ZZ. palliata.

From Wilmington, N. Car., and City Point, Va., I have a
remarkable variety,

depressed, with 44 whorls, the ribs far
apart, and the surface between them somewhat granulated ; the
periphery more sharply angulated than in other forms, and the
parietal tooth more arcuate. Diam. maj. 14, min. 11, Alt. 54
mill.

Specimens from Illinois have the whorls flattened above,
and partially exserted, showing a tendency to variation in the
same direction as //. palliata. .

Helix palliata Say.

This shell has been fully identified, but doubts exist as to
Say’s var. a., HZ. obstricta Say, H. helicoides Lea, and /. Caro-
linensis Lea. Having had much correspondence with concho-
logists, both here and in Europe, respecting those forms, I pro-
pose fully to examine the questions which have arisen con-
cerning them.

In 1821 Say thus described HZ. palliata and LT. obstricta,
(Jour. Acad. Nat. Set., Phila. IL., pp. 152-154),—

H. patirata.—Shell depressed, with elevated lines, forming grooves
between them}; epidermis fuscous, rugose with very numerous minute
tuberculous acute prominences; volutions five, depressed above, beneath
rounded, forming an obtuse angle exteriorly, which is more acute near
the termination of the labrum; umbilicus covered with a white callus ;

aperture contracted by the labrum; labrum widely reflected, with two

434 Lemarks on Certain Species

profound obtuse sinuses on the inner side above the middle, forming a
prominent distinct tooth between them, and a projecting angle near the
middle of the lip; labium with a large, prominent white tooth, placed
perpendicularly to the whorl, and obliquely to the axis of the shell, and
nearly attaining the umbilical callus.

Inhabits Ilinois. Length of the column seven-twentieths of an inch.
Greatest breadth, four-fifths of an inch.

Var. a—A very prominent acute carina, destitute of minute pro-
minences. IJnhabits Ohio. Breadth nearly one inch.

H. opsrricta.—Shell depressed, with elevated lines forming grooves
between them ; epidermis pale-brownish, naked; volutions five, depressed
above, beneath rounded, with an acute, projecting carina; umbilicus
covered with a white callus, indented; mouth resembling that of ZH.
palliata.

Inhabits Ohio. Breadth nearly one inch,

This species is very closely allied to H. palliata, but the epidermis is
not covered with small elevations as in that shell, and the carina is very
prominent and remarkable.

In 1881 Lea described the following species :

H. caro.inensis.—T, supradepressa, infra inflata, oblique striata, fusca,
imperforata ; anfr. 5, spira maxime obtusa ; apertura coarctata ; labro
albo, reflexo, latoque, duobus dentibus instructo, quorum inferior longus
et laminatus, superior parvus et conicus est, columellé dentem elevatum
incurvumque habente, columellz basi valde impressi. Diam. 34ths.
Length ,7;ths inch.

Hab.—South Carolina, near Cheraw.

Shell depressed above, inflated below, obliquely striated, fuscous, im-
perforate ; whorls 5; spire very obtuse ; aperture contracted ; outer lip
white, broad, and reflected, furnished with two teeth, the inferior one
long and lamellar, the superior one small and conical ; columella with an
elevated incurved tooth ; base of the columella much impressed.

Remarks.—I found a few specimens of this fine Helix while travelling
through South Carolina three years since. They were taken from
beneath the bark of an old tree. It is closely allied to Mr. Say’s pal-
liata, but differs in the region of the base of the columella being more
deeply impressed. The oblique strize are more distinct, and no specimen

of North American Helrcide. 435

which I obtained is in the least hirsute. (Zrans. Amer, Phil. Sec., N.
S.1V., p. 108, Pl. XV., figs. 33-a. b. c.)

Caracotita Hetrcoipes.—T. orbiculata, fusca, supra plano-convexa,
subtus inflata, imperforata, oblique striaté; anfr. 5, spira obtusissima ;
apertura contracta; labro albo, lato et reflexo, dentibus duobus instructo,
quorum inferior longus et laminatus, superior parvus et conicus est;
columella dentem unicum, longum, elevatum et incurvum habente.
Diam. 4%ths. Length ;ths inch.

HHab.—Tennessee, near Nashville.

H. palliata? Say var.a. Acad. Nat. Soc. IL., p. 152.

Shell orbicular, fuscous, plano-convex above, inflated below, imperforate,
obliquely striated; whorls 5; spire very obtuse; aperture contracted ;
outer lip white, broad, and reflected, furnished with two teeth, the infe-
rior one long and lamellar, the superior one small and conical; colu-
mella with a long, elevated, incurved tooth.

Remarks—Among the fine shells brought by Prof. Vanuxem, some
years since, from a tour through the Western States, were two specimens
of this beautiful Caracolla. In its specific characters it resembles ZZ. paé-
liata Say, and HZ. Carolinensis described in this paper. It is destitute
of the hirsute appearance of the padliata, and is entirely distinct in the
flatness of the whorls of the spire. In the Carolinensis:the base of the
columella is more impressed, and the whorls more inflated. (Trans.

Amer. Phil. Soc. l. ¢., p. 109, Pl. XV., figs. 34, a, b, c.)

On the cover of No. 6, of his American Conchology (1834),
Say published the following note :

C.. helicoides Lea, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. IV. N. S., is var. a. of H.
palliata Say, H, denotata Fer.

Hf, Carolinensis Ibid. corresponds by description and figures with A.
appressa Say, var. a.

Dr. Binney, in the Boston Journal (1840), and also in the
Terr. Moll. (1851), places /Z. obstrecta and Lea’s two species in
the synonymy of Z7. palliata. W.G. Binney (Terr. Moll. IV.,
1859) observes that the extreme variation of Z/. palliata has
given rise to considerable confusion. He designates /Z. Caro-
linensis as “a prominent variety,” but holds //. obstricta to be
distinct, having no doubt of its identity with ZZ. helicoides ; he

436 Remarks on Certain Species

adds to the synonymy of //. obstricta Say’s var. a. of H. palliata,
considering that the descriptions agree. Thename //. denotata
appears in Férussac’s Prodromus. In the Histoire, Pl. 50, fig.
7, agrees with Lea’s figure of //. helicoides, but in the Expli-
cation des Planches it is erroneously called 77. appressa Say.
In the Bull. Zool. (1835), Férussae refers “7. Carolinensis to
H. palliata, and treats HH. helicoides as a variety of it. Pfeiffer
(Mon. Hel. Viv.) has 4. Curolinensis in the synonymy of /Z.
palliata, and FH. helicoides in that of HZ. obstricta.

Ihave now quoted everything of any moment which has
been written on the subject of the different forms of, or imme-
diately allied to HZ. palliata.

There can be no doubt as to the ZZ. palliata Say. It is im-
possible, however, with absolute certainty to identify Say’s var.
a. and his //. obstricta, looking at the descriptions, and his note
of 1834 on LZ. helicoides. Say gives Ohio as the habitat of the
two first, which increases the difficulty, inasmuch as no carinated
form, so far as I know, occurs in that State.

Say, in 1824, separated /Z. obstricta from var. a. ; in 1834 he
pronounced /Z. helicoides to be the latter, and did not mention
the former. At the latter date he erroneously referred ZZ,
Carolinensis to H. appressa, and I believe that he was equally
in error in referring JZ. helicoides to var. a. instead of to H.
obstricta.

Judging alone from Say’s diagnosis of /7. obstricta, I should
certainly consider it identical with ZZ. helicoides as figured by
Lea, who, in his description, makes no allusion to the carma.
Say characterizes the carina of /7. obstricta as acute, projecting,
very prominent, and remarkable. In H. helicoides the carina is
certainly remarkable; projecting from the edges of all save the
apicial whorls, compressed, and overlapping the suture, as in ZZ.
Cumberlandiana Lea, a shell unknown to Say. Under these
circumstances I coneur with W. G. Binney in placing H. heli-
cotdes in the synonymy of ZT. obstricta.

fH. palliata, var. @., is described by Say as having a very pro-
minent acute carina, and destitute of minute prominences.

of North American Helicide. 437

The only shell to which the description applies (excluding Z.
obstricta) is H. Carolinensis or an intermediate form, and I am
decidedly of opinion that Lea’s species has been misunderstood
by authors; that it is in fact a variety of ZZ. obstricta, to which
it is nearly allied in epidermis and sculpturing, rather than of

H. palliata, from which, in those particulars, it essentially
differs.

The nature of the epidermis and sculpturing are the only
constant specific characters which distinguish /7. palliata from
H. obstricta. In the former the epidermis has “ numerous
minute tuberculous acute prominences ;” the striae are close
together, and somewhat irregular in development. In the typi-
cal form the whorls are convex, with a well impressed suture ;
the last whorl is obtusely angulated in front of, but not behind
the aperture.

The following are the dimensions of the largest and smallest
specimens in my cabinet.

Diam. maj. 23, min. 20, Alt. 10 mill. (5 whorls).

19 6c ily 6c 14 66 8 6c (43 19 ye

The species varies in the form of the whorls and extent of the
angulation of the periphery, as follows.

Var. 8.—Whorls flattened above, slightly exserted, the last
more sharply angulated in front of the aperture, with the striae,
especially behind the aperture, more distinctly defined.

Diam. maj. 22, min. 194, Alt. 8} mill. (5 whorls).

I am indebted to Mr. A. O. Currier of Grand Rapids, Mich.,
for beautiful specimens from Mumfordsville, Ky., and Pittsburg
Landing, Tenn. |

‘Var. y.—Whorls planulate above, and so exserted as to
show the carinated edges of all excepting the apicial whorls,
the last whorl with an acute projecting carina continued to the
back of the aperture ; the umbilicus not always entirely covered
by the reflected lip.

Diam. maj. 214, min. 184, Alt. 7 mill. (5 whorls).

Bishop Elliott collected fine specimens at Jasper Town, Tenn.

438 Remarks on Certain Species

Helix obstricta Say.
SYNONYMY.

Helix obstricta Say Jour. Acad. Nat. Sei. Phila., IL, 154, 1821.

- palliata Say var. a. Jour. Acad., 1. c., 152.

—— Ourolinensis Lea Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. N. Sahay,
108, pl. XV., figs. 33, a, b, c, 1881.

Caracolla helicoides Lea Trans Amer. Phil. Soe., 1. ¢., 109,
pl. XV., figs. 34, a, b, ¢.

Helix palliata Binney Terr. Moll. I., 136, var. pl. XV., 1851.

—- var. H. Carolinensis W. G. Binney. Terr.

. Moll. IV., 57, 1859.

‘ From the dates at which this species and its varieties were

described, the most distinctly carinated form must be treated

as the type, although the nature of the variations is the same

as in #7. palliata.

H. obstricta Say (H. helicoides Lea) differs from H. palliata
in the following particulars ; the epidermis is free from “ tuber-
culous prominenees,” but has raised spiral lines between the
costze on the upper and lower surfaces of the shell. It has ele-
vated, rigid, distant costs, the whorls are subexserted and
acutely carinated, the carina of the upper whorls compressed,
and overlapping the sutures as in //. Cumberlandiana Lea.
The umbilicus, as in the most carinated form of ZZ. palliata, is
not always entirely covered by the reflected lip.

The typical form varies in color from pale to dark brown,
and also in size and elevation, as the following measurements
will show : )

Diam. maj. 25, min. 22, Alt. 10 mill. (53 whorls). Cab. W.

G. Binney, Lea!
Ke “« 93 “ 20 “ 8% (5 whorls). Bersh. Spr.,
Tenn., Elliott! My Cab.
- 0 20-26 TS. 8, (Swhorls), IndianaDr-
Ingalls! My Cab.

of North American Helicide. 439

Var. 8. Whorls subexserted, carina less acute and promi-
nent, partially obsolete behind the aperture, not covering the
sutures.

Diam. maj. 24, min. 19, Alt. 8 mill. (5 whorls).

14 66 204 (79 Lig 6c if 66 (5 5 ys

Bp. Elliott collected many specimens at Columbus, Geo.
This var connects ZZ. Carolinensis Lea with ZH. obstricta, and is
generally found in cabinets under the former name.

Var. y. Whorls more convex, the last obtusely angulated
in front of, but very little behind the aperture.

Diam. maj. 21, min. 17, Alt. 74 mill. (5 whorls). South
Carolina, Lea! Cab. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.

Diam maj. 18, min. 16, Alt. 7 mill. (6 whorls). My Cabinet.

This is the typical H. Carolinensis Lea, holding precisely the
same relation to ZZ. obstricta, as H. palliata to H. palliata
var. 7.

Hielix vultuosa Gould.
PI. IV. fig. 21.

I have lately received from Mr. A. O. Currier, of Grand
Rapids, Michigan, a very instructive specimen collected near
Pine Town, Cherokee County, Texas, by Miss S. N. Bates.

It is larger than the usual form, and has the characteristics
of the species singularly developed. The last whorl is so pro-
duced as to leave both the lip teeth far within the aperture ;
the exterior scrobiculi are long and deep, the space between
them being almost as much elevated as in HZ. awriculata Say.

In specimens had from Dr. Gould, the edge of the peristome
between the teeth is thickened, but in the example before me it
is produced into an erect, white, polished lamella, 3 mill. long
and 14 mill. in height, as shown in my figure.

Dr. Gould remarks, that 77. vudtwosa differs from H. Tewxas-
dana Mor., * by having no line of callus connecting the pillar-
tooth with the angle of the lip, thereby forming a re-entering

440 Remarks on Certain Species

angle.” There is, however, a callus at the lower termination of
the pillar-tooth, extending nearly 1 mill. in the direction of the
upper angle of the lip, which is shown in the figure of the aper-
ture, Terr. Moll. IIL, pl. XL. In Mr. Currier’s specimen this
callus extends for a short distance across the parietal wall, at a
right angle with the tooth, and is thence continued upwards
towards, but not so far as the upper angle of the lip.

I subjoin measurements—

Diam. maj. 10, min. 9, Alt. 54 mill. Dr. Gould’s specimen.

; 60 BD o$ Ss ahd Se Gere) eA OnG niimeme 7d ie

It is curious to notice how much the increased development
of the characters of 77. vultwosa gives to that species affinities,
not existing in the typical form, with the group to which /Z.
auriculata belongs.

But I should remark that some of the North American Heli-
ces, especially the toothed species, are by intermediate varieties
connected in a marked degree.

Note on the Toothed Helices of North America.

The frequent occurrence of toothed shells of the Genus Helix
on the North American Continent is very rémarkable.

In W. G. Binney’s “ Check List” of the species of “ Eastern
North America from the boreal regions to the Rio Grande,”
published by the Smithsonian Institution, 116 are enumerated,
of which no less than 61 have one or more teeth in the aperture,
or within the whorls. In his list of the species of the ‘“ Pacific
Coast from the extreme north to Mazatlan,” Binney mentions
31 species, of which four have teeth, while 8 have them out of
31 named, (exclusive of those embraced in the Pacific Coast
list), in his list of Mexican Helices. Species similarly armed
are numerous in the West Indies, and not unfrequent in Cen-
tral and parts of South America.

What office in the economy of the living tenants of the shells
these processes, showing much uniformity of design, are des-

of North American Helicida. 441

tined to perform, it is difficult, indeed impossible, in the present
state of our knowledge, to comprehend. When the teeth,-from
their form and number, contract to a considerable degree the
apertural space through which the animal can alone protrude
itself, they appear capable of affording to it protection against
the entry of its enemies, or a means of removing particles of
earth or other foreign matter adhering to its mucous-covered
body, when withdrawing into its habitation. I am not, how-
ever, aware of any differences in the habits of the animals of
shells with and without teeth, which warrant such or any other
theories as to their value. Shells with large and small, toothed
and toothless apertures, are found inhabiting the same localities,
and subject to the same external influences and circumstances.

The form and position, and with very trifling exceptions the
number of the teeth, are constant and reliable specific charac-
ters. In proof of this, and as evidence of their value, I may
mention that when the aperture of a toothed shell is accident-
ally broken, the animal not only. repairs the injured part, but
reproduces the teeth. I have specimens of /7. appressa, inflecta,
monodon, septemvolva, and tridentata, in which, after the for-
mation of the parietal tooth, the aperture and part of the last
whorl adjoining were broken off, and the animals not only
reconstructed the reflected lips of their shells, but added also
the parietal teeth, the old ones remaining as monuments of the
destroyed apertures. In one of my specimens of /Z. triden-
tata, after completion of the shell, the animal continued the
last whorl about 2 mill. beyond the lip, partially reflected the
new lip, and added two incipient teeth in advance of the
old ones. On Plate IV., fig. 20, a sketch is given of the
very singular reparation of’ one of my specimens of JZ. sep-
temvolva. The fracture was behind the aperture, which the
animal in consequence abandoned, but it formed a new one by
reflecting the outer lip, on the lower part of which it added a
small tooth,—it found insufficient space for another. parietal
tooth behind the old aperture.

449 Remarks on Certain Species

A number of the North American Helices have, besides the
teeth, the process first noticed by Lea (Obs. V., 60), as a ** pillar
or additional column, placed like a fulerum (buttress) in the
interior, against the wall of the ordinary column, at the distance
of a fifth to a third of a revolution of the whorl from the aper-
ture.” Lea first observed this in /Z. spinosa, and subsequently
in seven other species. He remarks that the fulcrum “ will be
found in some species to be a simple round column soldered to
the paries of the main column; in others a compressed or flat-
tened column extending into the cavity of the whorl.” The
purpose, he adds, “ of this fulcrum or buttress is very evidently
instituted for the greater strength of the ultimate whorl, which,
being very much enlarged, seems in some of these more delli-
cate species to require additional support.”

With regard to the particular use of this curious appendage,
which exists only, so far as I know, in shells having the aperture
contracted by teeth, I suggest that it acts literally as a fulcrum,
in connexion with which the muscles of the animal have
increased leverage power to draw back its protruded body into
the shell, in the performance of which operation the teeth are
obstacles,—yet many toothed shells are without this process.

In repaired individuals of Z/. monodon, not only is a new
parietal tooth added, as above mentioned, but the fulcrum is
also reconstructed in its proper position with respect to the new
aperture. The locality of the old fulcrum is indicated by a
callus,— whether it was broken off or removed by the animal I
am unable to determine.

The following, framed from personal observation of specimens
in my cabinet, presents an arrangement of the species of Helix
of Eastern North America, based on the number of teeth, dis-
tinguishing those which have the fulerum, and also the cha-
racter of the lip—whether simple or reflected.

A. Lip stmpLE—NO FULCRUM.
1. One tooth within at base of aperture.
TH. perspectiva Say.

of North American Helicide. 443

to

. Two teeth within at base of aperture.
H. suppressa Say.

“ oularis
8. Two internal lamelle.

H. lJasmodon Phill.

4, Two or more internal teeth repeated in two or more series,
H. lineata Say.

“interna “

“ multidentata By.

B. Lip rerLEcTED—NO FULCRUM.
5. One parietal tooth.*
H. exoleta By.
“ thyroides Say.
* bueculenta Gould.
“ Wheatleyi Bland.
* dentifera By.
* Roemeri Pfr.

-

-

~

‘ Christyi Bland—allied in form to H. inflecta Say.
6. One tooth on lower lip
H. profunda Say.
“ Pennsylvanica Green, tooth not prominently developed.
. One parietal tooth, and one on lower lip.
H. Say By.
8. One parietal tooth, and one (lamelliform) on lower lip.

~a

H. elevata Say—var. without lip tooth.
“ Clarkii Lea.
“ appressa Say—var. with outer lip tooth, like H. pallata.
9. One parietal tooth, one (lamelliform) on lower lip and one on
outer lip.
H. palliata Say.
“ obstricta “
* H. albolabris not unfrequently, and H. multilineata rarely have this tooth.

+ H. albolabris, exoleta, and thyroides have often a tooth-like callus on the lower
lip near its columellar termination.

444

10.

ie

We

13.

Remarks on Certain Species

One parietal and two lip teeth.
H. inflecta Say.
* Rugeli Shuttl.

-

a

‘ tridentata Say.
“ Hopetonensis Shuttl.
“ fallax Say.
One parietal lamella, continued from its lower end upwards to
superior termination of lip, and two lip teeth.
H. triodontoides Bland.
“ Hindsi Pfr. upper lip tooth modification of the notch of
“ ventrosula Pfr. HI, hirsuta.
“ Texasiana Mor.—both lip teeth ditto.
Modification of same form of parietal lamella, with no lip teeth.
H. septemvolva Say.
“ cereolus Muhlf. eens :
ii f t have also an internal lamina.
Carpenteriana Bland.
Modification of same form of parietal lamella, with two lip teeth,
more or less lamelliform.
H. oppilata Mor.
“ auriformis Bland, upper lip tooth with incipient hook.

6c Te.
avara Say. ) upper lip tooth with hook G the hi
pper ij P

“ espiloca Rav. , : F f
: ; teeth especially in H. auriformis and

“ Postelliana Bland.

; H. avara are modifications of the
“ auriculata Say.

: notch of H. hirsuta.
“ uvulifera Shuttl. J i

“ Ariadne Pfr.

14. Two parallel parietal lamine, with internal teeth.

‘H. Jabyrinthica Say.

H. Hubbardi Brown.*

C. Wir FULCRUM.
15. One parietal lamelliform tooth, lower lip more or less laminated,

* The lip of HZ. Hubbardi is reflected. Brown in his description (Proc. Acad.

N. Sei.,

Phila. 1861), by an oversight has the word “simplici” as well as “ bre-

viter reflexo,”

of North American Helicide. 445

H. monodon Rack.,, lip reflected, var. with denticle on outer lip.
“ barbigera Redf. bd

H. Edvardsi Bland, small notch, lowerlip more or less appressed.

“ spinosa Lea, Hh vf

H. Edgariana Lea, ; rt e
“ stenotrema Fer., i: 3 sg
H. hirsuta Say, deep notch, 33h e
“ labrosa Bland, “ lower lip produced.

H. maxillata Gould, no notch, lower lip produced and duplicated
within the aperture.

Lie REFLECTED—WITH FULCRUM.
16. Parietal process modification of § 11, and two lip teeth.
H. leporina Gould—lip teeth modified form of notch.
“ pustuloides Bland.
“ pustula Fer.

H. Mooreana W G. By.

“ tholus.* &

H. vultuosa Gould, continuation of parietal lamella to lip inci-
pient only.

H. Dorfeuilliana Lea.
“ 'Troostiana «
“ fastigans L. W. Say.
“ Hazardi Bland.
17. One parietal and two lip teeth.
H. introferens Bland,—allied to H. fallax and H. vultuosa.
18. Parietal process modification of § 11, with lamella on lower lip
and two extending downwards, forming, far within the aperture,
a modified duplication of the lower lip, with notch having
reflexed hook.
H. hippocrepis Pfr.

* H. tholus is, I believe, a large var. of H. Mooreana.

446 Remarks on Certain Species

The four species having teeth, comprised in W. G. Binney’s
Pacific Coast List, are HZ. germana Gould, allied to 77. monodon
Rack., but without the fulcrum, belonging to the foregoing sec-
tion 5; ZZ. devia Gould, to section 8; 7. acutedentata W. G.
By., to 13, assuming from its affinity with AZ. Ariadne that it
has no fulerum, and #. loricata Gould, which has a well
developed tubercle, belonging to section 17. To these may be
added 7. Mullant Bland and Cooper (sec. 9), and “7. polygy-
rella Bld. and Coop., which, unlike any other North American
species, has, with an unreflected lip, a parietal tooth and two
series of three teeth in each within the last whorl.

Note on Variation in Species of Helia in Eastern North
al merica.

It will be seen from the foregoing remarks that many of the
species of Helix inhabiting Eastern North America are subject
to considerable variation. Without entering upon the question
of causes of variation, I should notice that, with the exception
of size, the variability of shells is rather in ornamentation than
in characters which indicate differences in the structure of the
animals, or ean affect their welfare.

The variations referred to are chiefly in size, color, sculpture,
and degree of the angulation of the periphery.

Wollaston (On the Variation of Species, p. 106) refers to the
tendency exhibited by many Helices to have at least two
abruptly marked forms, a larger and a smaller one. He says—
“JT have indeed been shown specimens by Sir Chas. Lyell of
the 7. hirsuta Say from N. America, one state of which is
considerably more than double the dimensions of the other;
and I believe it is a well known fact that intermediate links
have not yet been observed to connect the extremes.” So far,
however, as my experience teaches, I must say that, without
exception, the extremes in N. American Helices are connected
by others of intermediate sizes.

of North American Helicide. 447

The tendency of species, in different groups of the same
genus, to vary as regards form in a similar direction, is certainly
curious. HH. palliata Say, with whorls convex above, and an
obsoletely angulated periphery, has a variety with flattened,
sub-exserted whorls, and carinated periphery. The same dif-
ferences exist between /H. Carolinensis Lea and £71 obstricta
Say, and although in a less degree in forms of /7. appressa Say.
There is also the same relation between /Z. hirsuta Say and /.
spinosa Lea, and I may add between “7. Troostiana Lea and
LH. fastigans L. W. Say.

In the species without teeth there appears to be less tendency
to carination,—but 7. Cumberlandiana Lea has the same rela-
tion to ZZ. alternata Say as LZ. obstricta to LH. palliata. There
is also a carinated variety of HZ. interteata Binney.

It is worthy of remark that the stvz@ in #7. alternata and LH. pal-
liata are replaced by costw in H. Cumberlandiana and obstricta.

The geographical distribution of the carinated forms above
mentioned is interesting. None are found in the Eastern or
Middle States ; they inhabit chiefly Kentucky, Tennessee, Ala-
bama, and Georgia,—Tennessee being their metropolis.

Darwin (Origin of Species, p. 143, Amer. Ed.) states the fol-
lowing propositions,—“ distinct species present analogous varia-
tions; and a variety of one species often assumes some of the
characters of an allied species, or reverts to some of the cha-
racters of an early progenitor.” He gives as a case of analo-
gous variation in the vegetable kingdom, the enlarged stems of
the common turnip, Swedish turnip, and Rutabaga, remarking
that, “ according to the ordinary view of each species having
been independently created, we should have to attribute this
similarity in the enlarged stems of these three plants, not to the
vera causa of community of descent, and a consequent tendency
to vary in a like manner, but to three separate yet closely
related acts of creation.” I certainly am not prepared to accept
community of descent as the cause of analogous variation in

the American Helices above mentioned.
FEB, 1862. 81 Ann. Lyo. Nat. Hist, Vou, VII.

448 Remarks on Certain Species, é&c.

In connexion with the subject of variation, | may refer to
the great length of time during which species have been per-
petuated without alteration. In the Post-pleiocene beds of the
Southern States a considerable number of the Helices and other
land, and also fresh water species, occur identical with those
now living. H. labyrinthica Say, widely distributed in North
America, is said to be an Eocene fossil in England.

When species have well defined colors, or colored bands, or
other ornamentation, uniformly pale individuals are usually
noticed as varieties. I have such, in my cabinet, of the follow-
ing Helices, viz.: alternata, solitaria, albolabris, multilineata,
perspectiva, thyroides, interna, profunda, Pennsylvanica, pal-
liata, inflecta, tridentata, fallax, and hirsuta.

In North America there is no species of Helix whieh, in its
normal state, is s¢nzstral, but I may reeord that I have reversed
H1. alternata, thyroides, and Miteheliana ; W. G. Binney has
H. fallax, Mr. Isaac Lea H. hirsuta, and Mr. Anthony, I
believe, H. inflecta and ZH. solitaria.

LIST OF FIGURES ON PLATE IV.

Fig. 1-2. Helix espiloca Ravenel, Ann. Lyc. VII. p. 115
“3-4. “ —introferens Bland, . ope Belek
“5-6. “ Christyi “ - HPS
iibanal eos rey heatleyire: “ - pe Ee
«9-10. “ Postelliana °“ b7 Se Pi eee
“ 11-12. “ — triodontoides “ 6 “ p. 424
“ 13-15. “ polygyrella Bland and Cooper, “ “ p. 365
“ 16-17. “ Mullani € se © \ p. 868
te ROE “ Edgariana Lea (twice nat. size), «~/p. 428
6 oft OE “ abrosa Bland ( K Dearth “ p. 480
0, “ — septemvolva Say, i “ op. 441
“ 91-22. “ vultuosa Gould, “ “« p. 439
“ 93-24. “ Downieana Bland, i. f. pou20

Barrows Golden Eye. 449

XXXVIII.—On the Occurrence, within the Limits of the
United States, of Barrow’s Golden Eye, Buceruata Istanp-
1A (Gmel.) Baird.

By D. G. Extior, F.Z.8.

Read January 27th, 1862.

Wiruin a few years past, certain species of ducks (always
before considered as natives of other countries, or else restricted
in their migrations, by unknown causes, to the distant seas of
the frozen north, but never wandering so far to the southward
as to approach within the boundaries of the United States),
have been discovered hanging up at the stalls of the different
poultry venders in the Fulton and Washington Markets of this
city.

Among the species, [ may here mention the J/areca Pene-
lope, or English Widgeon, first noticed by Mr. George N. Law-
rence, in a communication to J. P. Giraud, Esq., and published
by the latter gentleman in his “ Birds of Long Island.”

Mr. Lawrence obtained his specimen in Fulton Market, but
it was unfortunately picked, with the exception of the head
and upper part of the neck and wings. Since that time this
duck has been frequently shot along our coast, and has very
properly been included as belonging to our fauna, and not a
mere straggler to our shores. I have a very fine specimen in
my cabinet in perfect plumage, of a male of this species, which
was killed in the state of Illinois in the vicinity of Chicago, thus
leaving no doubt upon my mind that these birds are accus-
tomed to ascend and descend the Mississippi river in their
annual migrations, and are in all probability to be met with
during the spring and fall, associating with the myriads of
ducks found upon the prairies of the far west.

Another species, now considered as justly belonging to the
Birds of America, is the ettion Crecca, or English Green

450 Barrow’s Golden Eye

Winged Teal. I well remember the occasion when this bird
was first observed here; how long before the species had been
accustomed to frequent our shores it would be difficult to
say.

I happened one day to call at the rooms of our skilful Taxi-
dermist, Mr. John G. Bell, and found him engaged in preparing
a Teal for mounting, and while handling the bird we noticed
that it was wanting in the conspicuous white bar in front of the
wings, always to be found in our common species at that period
of the year, early spring. This led us to examine it more
closely, when we soon perceived that it was the European
species.

Since that time, Mr. Bell, always on the watch for these
birds, has been fortunate enough to obtain, at various periods,
a good many specimens.

Thus, from time to time, has the fauna of the United States
been increased by species, which always before were deemed
as belonging to the old world, and if they had been isolated
cases, it would have been fair to suppose them mere stragglers,
turned from their accustomed routes by violent storms, or other
unknown causes; but in regard to the two species, referred to
above, so many have followed their pioneer, if I may so call
the first arrival, that it is no longer a matter of doubt, that they
may with propriety be considered as much an inhabitant of the
land as any other species of migratory birds.

Although the species, whose name stands at the commence-
ment of this article, is well known as an inhabitant of our high
latitudes, and is even occasionally met with upon the river St.
Lawrence during the winter, yet it has never been recorded as
having been observed within the limits of the United States,
and, therefore, it is with pleasure I am able to state, that lately
several specimens have been obtained within our boundaries.
Not long ago Mr. Bell’s assistant, Mr. Francis McOulloch, told
me that he had seen in Washington Market a curious Golden
Eye. It looked like a female, but had a white mark near the

within the Limits of the United States. 451

bill in the form of a crescent. Satisfied in my own mind that
it was a young male of Bucephala Islandica, I told him so, and
desired him to keep a sharp look-out for another. Soon after
he showed me a fine adult male of that species which he had
obtained the day previous. On inquiring if there were no
more, he was not sure, so I went to the Washington Market
myself, and found there were still hanging at the stall two adult
females and a young male, along with three females of the
common species. The market-man said they came from out
west, in all probability from the neighborhood of one of the
great lakes, and both species coming together, I suppose that
they were in company before they were killed.

- Barrow’s Golden Eye was first described, I believe, by
Gmelin in his Syst. Natur. 1788, p. 541, under the name of
Anas Islandica, and by Swainson and Richardson in the Fauna
Boreali Americana by the appellation of Clangula Barrovit, or
Rocky Mountain Garrot.

Audubon considered it but a variety of our common species,
and placed the names given by the above authors among its
synonyms.

Maegillivray also, in his History of British Birds, in the
second volume of the Water Birds, page 183, was not at all
inclined to admit the Bucephala Islandica as a good species,
and says that “it presents no other differences, that are not
met with in undoubted specimens of Clangula chrysoph-
thalma (the European representative of Bucephala Ameri-
cana), than that of having a semilunar white band before
the eye, in place of an ovate or oblong band and a trans-
verse black band on the white of the wing. In his opinion,
these crescent spotted individuals, as he calls them, are young
males in their second or third year, and he proceeds to show
why the various differences in the markings are but the evi-
dences of immaturity.

Now at this late day it is but time wasted to argue the specific
differences of these birds, it being generally conceded by Orni-

452 Barrow’s Golden Eye

thologists that Barrow’s Golden Eye is a species distinct from
its relative the Bucephala Americana.

It only requires that the two species should be brought toge-
ther, for the peculiar characteristics appertaining to each to
be recognised at a glance, as regards the males; the females I
must admit require more extended investigation.

As a general thing the Bucephala Islandica is a larger bird
than its relative, but the first object of difference in the males
which would probably attract attention, is the white spot ante-
rior to the eye, which, in the former species, occupies the entire
side of the bill, and runs up to a point on the forehead, while
that of the Bucephala Americana is of an oval shape, length-
ened longitudinally, and not reaching above the base of the
upper mandible.

Another marked difference is in the color of the head, which,
in the species last mentioned, is of a bright glossy green, while
the other is of a deep rich blue, with purple reflections. This
color extends much further along the neck in Barrow’s bird than
in our common species, leaving but a small portion of it a pure
white.

.The Bucephala Americana has the white on the wings a
continuous patch with a concealed black bar on the bases of the
greater coverts, while the other has the greater coverts black,
tipped with white, which is continuous with the white second-
aries.

The scapulars of the common Golden Eye are long and com-
paratively narrow, white margined with black, while those of
its relative are much broader, the white portion of the feather
of a squarer form, with its black margin quite wide. Thereis a
little difference in the shape of the scapulars between the two
species, which it may be as well here to notice, for in all the
examples that I have seen it has occurred, viz. that while those
of the Bucephala Americana are almost square at their termi-
nation, those in its prototype have the black margin elongated
considerably beyond the white, which latter portion is rounded.

within the Limits of the United States. 453

The bills are very dissimilar ; that of our well known species
being lengthened, and rather depressed at its base, while that
of Barrow’s bird is very high at the base and very short; the
measurement of the specimen before me being an inch and a
quarter high at the base, by one and three quarter inches in
length. The sizeof the bills in both species varies considerably
(I have a female of Bucephala Islandica with the bill not quite
an inch by an inch and a quarter long), but never have I seen
the largest bill of the last named species equal in size to the
smallest one of B. Americana.

The color on the sides, and under tail coverts of the common
bird, is not so extensively distributed, nor so dark as in the
Rocky Mountain Garrot.

The females of the two species closely resemble each other,
the principal difference consisting in the smaller bill and darker
color of the head of B. Lslandica, which is a very dark brown,
while the other species is snuff color,—in its larger size, and in.
having, like the males, the color of the head to extend further
down the neck.

As with the males, the females of Barrow’s Golden Eye have
the sides, upper part of the breast, and under tail coverts of a
much darker hue (and more extended, particularly on the
lower part of the abdomen), than those of our common species,
and this dark color is separated from the pure white of the
breast, by an irregular line of light brown. The color of the
eyes is very different, that of B. Americana being a pale yel-
low, while its relative’s is a reddish orange.

The young male is still in the livery of the female, but is
considerably larger in size, the head much darker, being of a
blackish brown, and the upper part of the breast is nearly of a
uniform white with the lower parts, and the white is com-
mencing to show upon the flanks.

The black bar on the wing,
conspicuous in the old male, has hardly made its appearance in
the present example, and but a single feather of the scapulars

so plain in the female, and so

454 Barrows Golden Lye.

has the white and black markings of the adult male. The rest
of the back is like the female, but darker.

The following are the respective measurements of the two
species, which will serve more readily to give an idea of their
relative size.

Sex. - Species, Length. Str’ch of w'g. Wing. Weight.
6 Bucephala Islandica, 20.00. 31.50. 9.75. Ib. 2 oz. 64.
fe) do. 19.00... ° 30.00% 5.900. eo 2 ter
jne. 3 do. 20.00, 9.50. f
& Bucephala Americana, 19,00. 9.00.
fe) do. 16.00. 8.50.

Thus has one more species of the family of the Ducks been
found to frequent our shores, as a visitor at least, although Iam
strongly inclined to believe that it always has been accustomed
to enter the United States during the winter, in small flocks
probably, and has hitherto escaped the notice of ornithologists.
It would, I think, be most likely to follow the course of the
Mississippi river, and consequently, although perhaps often
killed there, would, from the great distance intervening, be but
seldom sent to the markets of our sea-board.

I am, at all events, satisfied that the examples before me are
not the first which have been exposed for sale in this city, for
Mr. Bell’s assistant was particularly impressed with the pecu-
liar appearance of the young male, which [ have before men-
tioned, and although he did not know the B. Zslandica, yet he
was too well conversant with our common species to make any
mistake in the matter, and it was by his keeping a sharp watch,
after my describing to him the difference in the species, that he
discovered the present specimens.

Doubtless many rare and curious birds are brought to the
markets of this city, which never meet the eye of the Ornitho-
logist at all, his procuring anything unusual being only the
exception, and consequently it behoves everyone who takes an
interest in this delightful study, never to omit examining
any number of wild birds which he may meet exposed for
sale at any of the markets he may have oceasion to visit.

Descriptions of Six New Species of Birds. 455

XXXIX.— Descriptions of Sic New Species of Birds, of the

Families Cuaraprip®, Trocuinipa#, and CarrmuLeips.

By Gero. N. Lawrence.

Read February 10th, 1862.
1. Aegialitis temuirostris.

Female. Crown, occiput and back cinereous, the feathers with grey-
ish-white margins; wing-coverts somewhat darker than the back, the
ends of the larger coverts white, forming a transverse bar on the wing ;
primaries umber-brown with the inner webs lighter, except at the end,
and having the shafts white; the secondaries are of the same color as
the primaries and tipped with white ; tertiaries paler and largely marked
with white ; scapulars ashy-brown, lighter on the inner webs and having
both webs crossed with rather obsolete narrow brown bars; the middle
upper tail coverts are pale ochreous-brown, the lateral ones white; the
four central tail feathers are light ochreous-brown at the base, becoming
darker towards their ends, the other tail feathers are white, those next
the central ones being pale ochreous at the end; .front, a line over the
eye, cheeks, a collar on the hind neck, and entire under plumage pure
white ; a semi-collar of ashy-brown on each side of the upper part of the
breast ; bill black with a small space at the base of the under mandible
dull orange ; irides black; tarsi and toes purplish-black.

Length about 62in.; wing 32; tail12; bill from front 2; tarsi 14,

Habitat.—Cuba.

This species is allied to A. melodus, but is rather smaller ; the
bill is longer, depressed at the base, and regularly tapering to
the end where it is comparatively sharp ; in the latter it is quite
obtuse and very different in form; there is less white on the
quills, with more on the tail, and the tarsi are longer than those
of A. melodus.

This specimen belongs to the collection of Dr. J. Gundlach,
who sent it to me for examination, as probably new, accom-
panied by the following note.

456 Descriptions of Siw New Species of Birds.

“This specimen I obtained in the month of July near the
port of Guantanamo, on the south coast of the eastern part of
the island; it was a female, and was caught in a net while sit-
ting on her nest, in which were three eggs; it is in full plu-
mage, I could not find the male nor a single individual more.
Its bill was black, with the base on the under part grey, and the
legs of the same color with a purple tint; eyes very black.
Length 0.170; extent 0.337; tail 0.045; the ends of the wings
were 0.004 from the end of the tail, not beyond it.”

2. Thalurania Luciz.

Male. Crown metallic deep blue, hind part of the head greenish-blue ;
upper plumage and wing coverts grass-green, with a slight golden tinge
on the back; tail steely blue-black and deeply forked; wings dark violet
purple; entire under plumage shining grass-green, under tail-coverts
green; upper mandible black, the under black, except on the sides, where
it is pale yellow for about half its length from the base, the lighter color
gradually merging into the darker; the tarsi are clothed with white
feathers, slightly tinged with brown on the front part; toes ashy on the
upper surface and underneath very pale yellow, claws brownish-black.

Length about 44 in.; wing 285 tail 1f5 bill +2.

Habitat.—Tres Marias Islands, Mexico.

This species at first sight bears a close resemblance to Thal.
glaucopis, but is a little larger, with the bill rather shorter; in
the color of the crown they are much alike, but in the present
bird the wings are darker, as is also the green of the under plu-
mage, which in the other has more of a yellowish shade. In
the Brazilian bird the bill is entirely black, the covering of the
thighs dark-brown tipped with white, and the feet brown above
and bright yellow below, whereas in the new species the bill is
partly yellow, the thighs nearly pure white, and the feet very
pale.

This, I believe, is the most northern point at which any of

Descriptions of Six New Species of Birds. 457

this genus have been found, only one other species ranging
north of the Isthmus of Panama, viz. 7. venusta from Costa
Rica.

I have named this beautiful species in compliment to Miss
Lucy, the young and interesting daughter of my friend Prof.
S. F. Baird.

3. Chiorostilbon insularis.

Crown brilliant orange yellow, upper plumage shining golden green ;
under plumage glittering green, on the throat of a bluish shade and on
the abdomen and sides golden; under tail-coverts grass-green ; tail
steely blue-black, and slightly emarginate ; wings light brownish-purple ;
upper mandible black with the exception of the nasal grooves at the
base of the bill which are flesh color, under mandible yellow with the
end dark-brown; tarsi clothed with sooty feathers, feet blackish-brown.

Length 3$ in.; wing 12; tail 1g; bill j%.

Habitat.—Tres Marias Islands, Mexico.

In its dimensions and the color of its plumage this species is
almost precisely like C. prasinus ; it differs, however, in the bill
being narrower and in the ridge of the upper mandible being
black from the base ; in prasinus the bill is broader at the base,
and the upper mandible is flesh-color for about half its length,
the terminal half dark.

This and the preceding species are in a collection of birds
made by J. Xantus, Esq., in July of last year, on the Pacific
coast of Mexico and the neighboring islands, and were lately
sent to me for examination from the Smithsonian Institution.

It is quite remarkable that these two species should so
closely resemble two others from south-eastern Brazil, a loca-
lity so widely different.

Three other species were obtained by Mr. Xantus at the Tres
Marias Islands, viz. /lorisuga mellivora (Linn.), Cyanomia
Gautemalensis (Gould), and Petasophora thalassina (Sw.).

458 Descriptions of Siw New Species of Birds.

4. Trochilus aurigularis.

Male. Upper plumage shining green, on the head, hind neck, and
upper part of the back, of a bronzed or coppery shade ; two central tail-
feathers of a rather dull bronzed green, the other tail-feathers brownish-
purple; wings brownish-purple; chin black, throat brilliant metallic
golden green, on the upper part and lengthened lateral feathers of the
gorget the color is deep orange, and on the tips of some of the feathers
intensified to brilliant red ; below the gorget is a whitish band becoming
ashy-grey on the breast, which is also the color of the abdomen and
sides, the latter washed with dull green; the bill is pale yellow; feet
light brown, claws yellowish-white.

Length 3% in.; wing 14; tail 14; bill 3.

Habitat, unknown.

This appears to be a third species of the genus Trochilus, as
now restricted, the other two being our familiar 7. colubris and
T. Alexandri, from Northern Mexico and California. The tail
in the present species is precisely of the same form as in the
others, all have the chin black, with a brilliant gorget succeeded
by a band of whitish feathers, and ashy under plumage.

The above specimen was in spirits, which, perhaps, has
deepened the colors somewhat, but I think they have not
changed materially.

This species was also sent from the Smithsonian Institution
for examination ; it was in a bottle by itself without collector’s
name or locality being given, and Prof. Baird did not know
whence it came. |

o. Sapphironia luminosa.

Upper plumage glittering grass-green, inclining to golden on the
rump, the crown not so bright and of a very deep green; entire under
surface of a very brilliant bluish green, the sides of the neck golden
orange; tail forked and of a rich steel blue, the two middle feathers

Descriptions of Six New Species of Birds. 459

green like the rump, the next feather bronzed on the outer web at the
end; wings dull purple; under tail-coverts deep green, very narrowly
edged with bluish-white, thighs clothed with greyish white feathers ;
upper mandible black, under yellowish with the end black; feet and
claws black.

Length 32 in.; wing 12; bill +45 tail 1}.

FHabitat—New Granada.

A single specimen was in a small collection of birds, made at
Barranquilla by Geo. Crowther, Esq.

It somewhat resembles S. Goudoti, but is of a darker green
and altogether a more brilliant bird; it is below of a deep
bluish-green, without any wash of golden on the abdomen, as
in the other; the tail-feathers are narrower, and of a clearer
steel blue; the under tail-coverts are dark green with a mere
fringing of grey, those of Goudoti being greyish-white with

their centres pale green.

6. Stemopsis maculicaudus.

First and second quills nearly equal, the first slightly the longest, tail
even, except that the central feathers extend a little beyond the others ;
tarsi feathered in front for half their length.

Front and upper part of the head black, sparingly marked with small
spots of rufous; a broad band of pale rufous extends from the bill along
the edge of the crown to the hind head; there is a black patch behind
the eye and a broad one underneath it; on the hind neek is a band of
mottled grey, succeeding which is a nuchal collar of rufous; the back
and upper tail-coverts are black crossed with irregular fine lines of pale
rufous and grey; the two central tail-feathers are black, crossed with
distinct bands of mottled ashy-grey, tinged on their outer margins with
pale rufous ; the other tail-feathers are nearly black or of a deep black-
ish-brown, pure white at their ends for rather over half an inch, with a
row of nearly round pure white spots (one on the inner web of each
feather), crossing about two inches from the end, and a similar row about
an inch from the base of the tail, on the outer webs are a few irregular

460 Descriptions of Six New Species of Birds.

marks of light rufous; quills blackish brown, the primaries marked with
ight rufous spots on each web for three-fourths their length from the
base; the secondaries sparingly marked and ending rather broadly with
pale rufous; tertiaries black with a broad stripe of light rufous on the
outer edge of each feather ; wing coverts black, freckled with rufous and
grey, and having a triangular pale rufous spot at the end of each feather ;
under wing coverts light rufous; throat pale rufous, some of the feathers
narrowly ending in black; on the upper part of the breast the feathers
are black at the base, largely rufous-white at their ends; the feathers of
the breast are crossed with narrow transverse black lines; abdomen,
thighs, and under tail-coverts pale rufous, a few black bars on the upper
part of the abdomen and sides; bill black; feet flesh-color, claws
brown.

Another specimen has a greater prevalence of rufous in its plumage,
the spots on the head being larger and the decided grey band on the
hind neck not so apparent.

Length about 8 in.; wing 54; tail 4; bill 74; tarsi 5%.

Habitat—Para. Collected by Mr. v. Schulte Buckow.

From the pure white character of the markings on the tail I
judge these examples to be probably males. ;

The most distinguishing characteristic of this species appears
to be the two rows of distinct white spots crossing the tail. The
size is about the same as that of Antrostomus Nuttalliz, with
the same style of markings on the primaries, but in that species
the spots extend to the ends of the feathers; in the white ter-
minal band on the tail they precisely resemble each other.

Catalogue of a Collection of Birds. 461

XL.— Catalogue of a Collection of Birds, made in New Gra-
nada, by James McLeannan, Esq.,0f New York, with Notes
and Descriptions of New Species. Part III.

By Grorce N. Lawrence.
Read February 10, 1862.

(Continued from page 384.)

At the time of publishing Part Il. of this Catalogue, there
were some species which I considered new, but before deciding
desired to submit them to higher authority, as they were in fami-
lies with which I did not feel very conversant.

P. L. Sclater, Esq., of London, having kindly consented to
examine those species, I sent them to him with descriptions for
publication in the “ Ibis,” in case he should coincide with me
in opinion. Iam happy to say that he did so, and the descrip-
tions accordingly appeared in that magazine.

At the same time I sent to Mr. Sclater, for verification, seve-
ral of the species enumerated in Parts I. and IL, as to which I
had doubts, and also those which I had not determined. Some
of the former proved to have been erroneously referred,— Mr.
Sclater was unable to recognise others. In the present part of
the Catalogue I publish corrections of the errors, and descrip-
tions of such of the species as, on further examination, I believe
to be new. As the species undetermined by me, were unknown
to Mr. Sclater, I now feel justified in describing them, and
accordingly do so.

I add some further species, forwarded by Mr. McLeannan
(who remained on the Isthmus), since the transmission of his
former collections.

Fam. FALCONIDA.
Supram. AQUILIN &.

295. Thrasattus harpyia (Linn.).

462, Catalogue of a Collection of Birds

Supram. FALCONIN A,
296. Hypotriorchis rufigularis (Daud.).
Susram. ACCIPITRIN &.

297. Accipiter collaris, Scl. 6, juv., Ibis Vol. 11, p. 148,
pl. Vale ;

This specimen agrees very well with the description and
figure of the young of this species, as cited above.

298. Micrastur semitorquatus ( Vieill.).

Fam. STRIGIDA.

aes BUBONIN.
299. Scops choliba ( Vieill.).
Susram. SYRNIIN A.
300. Sywaniumm limeatuum, sp. nov.

Male. The plumage above is dark brown, each feather crossed with
several narrow waving lines of dull pale rufous; tail blackish brown
crossed with fine narrow bars of light greyish brown, the tip lighter
grey ; quills brown with light greyish brown bars; a superciliary mark
of pale rufous; the ruff in front has the ends of the feathers cream-
colored white ; sides of the neck and of the breast dusky brown, with
indistinct transverse lines of pale dull rufous; neck in front and
abdomen rather light rufous, with broad longitudinal brown stripes ;
legs brighter rufous than the abdomen, crossed in front with narrow
dusky lines and feathered to the toes; bill plumbeous with the eulmen
and ends of both mandibles yellow; toes brown above, yellowish under-
neath.

Length 12 in.; wing 83; tail 5; bill 145 tarsi 14.

In appearance this species is much like 8. virgatum Cass, but
is smaller; the upper plumage is not so dark, being greyish,
and the markings much smaller and more numerous ; the under

Catalogue of a Collection of Birds. 463

plumage is rather more rufous, with the stripes fewer and less
distinet.

Fam. TROGONID..
Supram. TROGONIN &.
301. Trogon COMCINAUS, sp. Noy.

Male. Front, crown, sides of the head and throat black ; occiput, hind
neck, and upper part of the breast bronzy bluish-green; back golden-green 5
rump and upper tail coverts deep green ; two middle tail feathers bronzy
green, just edged with black, the next black with the outer margin green,
the next wholly black, the next or third lateral feather black with white
bars on the outer web and ending with white, the two outer ones barred
with black and white and ending with white; wings black, the primaries
edged with white on their outer margins towards the base ; the smaller
wing coverts are crossed with very fine waving grey lines; the middle
coverts and outer webs of the secondaries conspicuously crossed with
white lines; middle of the breast, abdomen, and under tail coverts deep
orange; sides of the breast and under the wings dark cinereous ; tarsi
clothed with black feathers; upper mandible plumbeous, the under and
edges of the upper yellowish; feet black.

Length 9 in.; wing 42; tail 54.

Female, Entire upper plumage, head, throat, and chest dark slate ;
wing coverts and outer webs of secondaries crossed with white lines ;
breast, abdomen, and under tail coverts orange.

I am not able to make this agree with any of the described
species of thisgenus. It comes nearest to 7. caligatus, but dif-
fers in being more bronzy on the back, in the hind neck and
gorget bemg of a rather dull green instead of blue, the upper
tail coverts clear green not bluish green, and the two central
tail feathers dull bronzy-green instead of greenish-blue; the
ends of the tail feathers are rounding, whereas in caligatus they
are square with an even terminal black bar; in the latter the
white and black bars on the outer tail feathers are very decided
and regular, in mine they are quite irregular; the middle wing

coverts and secondaries are marked with distinct white lines,
ERB., 1862. 82 Ann. Lyo. Nat. Hist. Vor, VII.

464 Catalogue of a Collection of Birds.

instead of the very fine ones like those on the smaller coverts,
as in caligatus.

~ Fam. BUCCONID.

Suspram. BUCCONIN ©.
302. Bucco pectoralis, Gok. Gray: ~S and 2,

Excellent specimens of this rare species; the wing coverts
and scapulars have their ends narrowly margined with white.
Male. Length 84 in.; wing 3§; tail 325; bill 1,35 tarsi 2.

Fam. CHTREBID~.
Supram. CAZREBIN &.
303. Dacnis venusta, sp. nov. No. 166 of Part II.

Male. The front, lores, region of the eye, face, and chin, are black ;
upper plumage, with the ends of the small and middle wing coverts light
verditer blue, this color extends over the cheeks and quite forward on
the sides of the neck; wings, greater wing coverts, scapulars, upper tail
coverts and tail deep blackish purple; under plumage of a very dark
rich green (not in a good light appearing to be black); thighs of a
bright minium or deep orange-red color; tarsi and toes flesh colored
brown; bill black.

Length 43 in.; wing 23; tail 125 bill 74; tarsi ;%.

Female. Above bluish-green, middle of the back dark green, sides of
the neck and rump verditer blue; wings and tail dark brownish purple ;
throat and upper part of breast ashy grey; breast, abdomen, and under
tail coverts fulvous or tawny yellow, deeper in color on the latter ;
sides dusky ; thighs pale orange red; legs and bill as in the male.

The blue of the upper plumage is much the same as that of
D. melanotis, but rather brighter. The interscapulary region
is blue, the scapulars only being purplish-black; the black
around the eye is confined to a small space, and ends in a point
immediately behind it; the blue of the neck extends quite tor-
ward on the throat, contrasting finely with the deep green of

Catalogue of a Collection of Birds. 465

the under plumage; the blue wing coverts form a broad band
across the wing. In its dark under plumage and bright red
thighs it is totally unlike any other species.

I thought it was an undescribed species from the specimen
of the female enumerated in Part I., which has been confirmed
by the fortunate acquisition of the male.

Fam. TROCHILID~.

Susram. TROCHILIN @.

304. Chrysuronia Eliciw, Boure. et Muls.
305. Lophornis Delattrec, Less.

Fam. DENDROCOLAPTIDA.
Supram. SCLEURIN &.
306. Scleurus Mexicanus, Sel. ?

Differs from a specimen of this species sent me by Mr. Scla-
ter, in being rather smaller, in the rufous on the throat being
paler, the bill shorter, ahd the quills much darker. These dif
ferences may be owing to sex or age, my specimen is a male.
Length 6$ in.; wing 3; tail 24; bill 43; tarsi 12.

Supram. SYNALLAXINA.

307. Automolus pallidigularis, sp. nov.
Anabates ochrolemus, Lawr. nec Tsch., No. 177 of
Part LE

Male. Upper plumage dark olive brown, the feathers of the crown
with lighter centres; rump bright rufous; tail very deep rufous; the
wings are rufous on the outer webs, with the inner webs along the shafts
and at the ends dark brown ; inner edges and under lining of the wings
bright cinnamon color; throat pale buff or cream-colored white; ear-
coverts brown with fawn-colored centres; circle round the eye and a

narrow superciliary stripe ranning back from it fawn color; under plu-

466 Catalogue of a Collection of Birds.

- mage paler than the upper, with the sides dusky; bill light brownish
horn color, with the base of the under mandible pale yellow; irides
brown ; legs yellowish brown.

Length 8 in.; wing 33; tail 34; bill 13; tarsi 2.

This is somewhat like A. cervinigularis Sel., but the bill is
much stouter, the crown not so dark, and the throat very much
paler, the superciliary stripe is less conspicuons and the tail of
a deeper rufous. This species was sent Mr. Sclater for exami-
nation, who decided it was not “ ochrolemus,” to which I had
doubtfully referred it.

No. 62 of Part I., which was referred by me to cervinigu-
Jarvis Scl., was not in good eondition, and the bill much injured ;
it appears to be the same as the species now described.

Susram. DENDROCOLAPTIN &.

308. Dendromanes homochrous, Scl. P. Z. 8.1859, p. 382.
4) No: 183.of dart 2

Dendrocincla

Identified by Mr. Sclater.

309. Dendreocinela olivacea, sp. nov.
se Sumigatus, Lawr. nec Licht.
No. 182 of Part II.

The general plumage is of a clear brownish olive, rather lighter on the
under parts; the ends of the upper tail-coverts and tail deep ferruginous,
the shafts of the tail-feathers black; lores and chin ashy grey ; a black-
ish line runs from the upper mandible to the top of the éye, and there is
an oblong spot of the same color under the eye; running back from the
upper part of the eye is a narrow line of pale rufous; quill feathers deep
rufous, the ends of the primaries brown; under wing-coverts and inner
webs of quills bright cinnamon ; bill brownish-black, the under mandible
whitish underneath ; tarsi and toes black.

Length 8 in.; wing 4; tail 34; bill 1; tarsi 7.

In placing the species as D. fumigatus in Part IL, I felt
doubtful as to its correctness, and sent it to Mr. Sclater for exa-

Catalogue of a Collection of Birds. 467

mination. He wrote me that it was not fumigatus and was
more like D. atrirostris Lafr.; it appears to differ from the latter
species, in having the lores grey, and blackish marks in front of
and under the eye; in the wings and tail being deep rufous,
these in the other are given as cinnamon color, with the tail-
coverts only ferruginous red; in my species the bill is not
entirely black. Although closely allied I think they are dis-
tinct. D. fumigatus has a clear rufous band over and another
below the eye, with the under plumage reddish brown.

310. Dendrornis jachrymosus, sp. nov.
- ——, No. 48 of Part L

Head, upper part of back, and small and middle wing-coverts dark
brown, closely covered with tear-shaped spots of a pale fulvous or fawn
color, the centre of each feather being of this color with dark edges,
these spots are quite small on the front and increase in size to the back
where they are comparatively large; the larger wing-coverts are bright
rufous on the inner webs, the outer have a pale rufous stripe along the
shaft with the outer edge black; lower part of back, wings, and tail
deep bright ferruginous, the ends of the primaries dusky ; inside of wings
cinnamon-red; throat fawn-color, neck and breast closely spotted lke
the back; abdomen, sides, and under tail-coverts dull greyish-brown,
obscurely striped with fulvous yellow, the latter tinged with dull rufous ;
bill light horn-color, with the base of the under mandible dull orange ;
tarsi and toes dark brown.

Length 94 in.; wing 42; tail 44; bill 1}; tarsi 2.

Faw. TROGLODYTID A.

Suspram. TROGLODYTIN Z&.

311. Oyphorinus philomela, Salv. P. 7, S: V861, p. 202.
ef bambla, Lawr. nec Bodd. No. 185 of
Part IL.

Resembles C. bambla, but wants the white bar on the wing
I felt doubtful about referring it to that species,—the specimen

468 Catalogue of a Collection of Birds.

being a female, I considered that the absence of the bar might
be a sexual difference.
It was described by Mr. Salvin just previous to the date of

my catalogue.

Fam. MNIOTILTIDA:
Susram. MNIOTILTIN AL.

312. Dendroeca Blackburnie (Gm).
313. Myiodioctes Canadensis (Linn.).
314. Opororms formosus ( Wils.).

Fam. VIREONIDA
Susram. VIREONINA.

315. Vireolanius pulchellus, Scl. Ibis, Vol. 1,1859, p. 12.

Fam. FORMICARID 4.

Susram. FORMICIVORIN &.

316. prance fulvivemtris, sp. nov.
——, No. 215 of Part I.

Male. Above dull olive-brown ; tail rufous-brown with brighter mar-
gins; quills dark brown edged with pale rufous; smaller wing-coverts
the same color as the back, the other coverts blackish-brown with dis-
tinct pale rufous spots at the end; under wing-coverts and inner edges
of quills of a pale reddish-buff; throat black, with a white spot at the
end of each feather; breast and abdomen of a dull fulvous color, the
sides of the breast dusky olive; upper mandible blackish horn-color,
the lower whitish; irides brown ; tarsi and toes brownish-yellow.

Length 32 in.; wing 2; tail 18; bill $3 tarsi 3.

Female. The upper plumage is more olivaceous than in the male;
the wings are similarly spotted, but the throat is without spots, the entire
under plumage being of a tawny or fulyous color, rather brighter than

in the male.

Catalogue of a Collection of Birds. 469

Allied to I. gularis, but that species is cinereous below and
has a shorter tail.

317. Formicivora Boucardi, Sel. P. Z. 8. 1858, p. 30.
Quixensis, Lawr. nec Corn. No. 217 of

Part II.

The two species are closely allied, but Boucardi is not so
large, and the white spots on the wings are smaller.

318. Ramphocznus semitorquatus, sp. nov.

Male. Upper part of the head and hind neck rufous-brown ; back
and wing-coverts olivaceous-brown, tinged with rufous; tail dull rufous-
brown, but broadly blackish-brown at the end, with the extreme tip
greyish ; wings blackish-brown with rufous brown edgings; cheeks and
sides of the neck light rufous connected by a band of the same color on
the hind neck ; throat greyish- white with a black line separating it from
the rufous cheeks, and a single row of longitudinal black stripes across
the upper part of the breast; breast and abdomen dark greyish cine-
reous, whitish in the middle of the abdomen, and with a brownish tinge
on the lower part; upper mandible black, the under white ; legs black.

Length 4 in.; wing 24; tail 14; bill 2; tarsi 7.

This species resembles /?. cinerewentris Scl., but appears to
differ in having the head differently colored from the back, in
there being no postocular mark, and in having a nuchal collar ;
Mr. Sclater states that his species has the throat striated like
R. rufiventris, whereas in mine the throat is clear grey, afew
black marks existing only on the lower part of the neck, or
upper part of the breast. In the figure of JZ. cinereiventris,
P. Z. S. 1855, pl. 87, the rufous of the sides of the head extends
over and beyond the eye, in mine it terminates at the middle
of the upper eyelid.

With these differences I can but regard them as distinct.

470 Catalogue of a Collection of Birds.

319. Miyrmeciza ferrugimea, sp. nov.
Pithys rufigularis, Lawr. nec Bodd. No. 58 of
Part I. :

I sent this species to Mr. Sclater for verification, but it proved
to be unknown to him, and he considers it to be a Myrmeciza.
I have therefore described it as a new species of that genus.
In placing it provisionally as Pithys rufigularis, I had doubts
as to its generic as well as specific position being correct. For
its description see Part I. antea, p. 293.

Fam. TURDID.
Susram. TURDINE.

320. Turdus obsoletus, sp. nov.

Male. Upper plumage of a very dark brown inclining to reddish olive ;
the feathers of the back are crossed with numerous nearly obsolete dark
lines ; tail dark brown on the inner webs, the outer ones the color of the
back; quills blackish brown, the outer webs like the back, the ends of
the greater wing-coverts are marked with triangular light rufous spots ;
under wing-coverts and inner edges of quills light cinnamon, paler on
the latter; under plumage umber-brown, much lighter than the back,
each feather is marked with a darker colored (rather obscure) spot at
the end, giving a peculiar indistinct mottled appearance to the under
surface; the throat is marked with dull brown stripes, between which
are small ashy grey spots ; lower part of abdomen and under tail-coverts
white; bill blackish-brown ; tarsi and feet dark brown.

Length 83 in.; wing 48; tail 33; bill 125 tarsi 1,3.

167?

321. [Heleodytes albobrunneus, Lawr. Ibis, Vol. IV., p. 10.

Fam. TYRANNID A.
Susram. ATTILIN ZA.

322. Attila Seclateri, sp. nov.
spadicea, Lawr. nec Gm. No. 280 of
Part IL.

Female. Head and hind neck olive green, the feathers of the front

Catalogue of a Collection of Birds. 471

with yellowish centres; back olive brown with a ferruginous tinge ;
rump and upper tail-coverts citron-yellow ; tail brownish rufous with
light rufous shafts; wings blackish-brown with pale rufous margins, the
wing-coverts also edged with pale rufous; under wing-coverts and inner
edges of quills pale cinnamon; throat, breast, and sides olive-green,
rather obscurely striped with yellow; abdomen pale buffy white ; under
tail-coverts pale yellow; bill dark horn-color, lighter on the base and
sides of the under mandible ; legs dark plumbeous.

Length about 6 in.; wing 34; tail 22; bill 7; tarsi 7.

This species I felt doubtful about and submitted it to Mr.
Sclater for examination, who decided it to be undescribed ; in
compliment to him. I propose distinguishing it by the name of
Sclateri.

Susram. TYRANNINZ.
823. Pitangus albovittatus, Lawr. Ibis, Vol. TV. p. 11.

324. Empidomax griseiguiaris, sp. nov.
Ry Bairdii, Lawr. nec Sel. No. 236 of
Partell:

Male. Third quill longest, second and fourth nearly as long and
equal, first and fifth equal. Upper plumage olive-green ; a narrow ring
round the eye of pale yellow; tail olive-brown, the shafts reddish-
brown ; quill feathers dark brown, the secondaries and tertials narrowly
edged with pale yellow; smaller wing-coverts olive-green, the others
brown tipped with yellowish white, forming two bars across the Wings ;
inner lining of wings pale yellow ; throat of a clear whitish grey; under
plumage pale sulphur yellow, with the sides of the neck, a band across
the breast, and the sides under the wings, olivaceous ; bill dark brown
above, white beneath ; tarsi and feet black.

Length 5 in.; wing 28; tail 245 bill }; tarsi 3.

This species T sent to Mr. Sclater for verification, but he
writes me that it is distinct from Bazrdiz, and that he could not
identify it. As Iam unable to make it agree with any other
species, I have described it as new.

472 Catalogue of a Collection of Birds.

In colors it is more like “2 acadicus than any other of the
genus, but is of a different form and much smaller, with the
upper plumage rather more green, and the abdomen more
yellow.

325. Myrobius erythrurus, Cab.
5 cinnamomeus, Lawr. nec Lafr. et D’ Orb-
No. 238 of Part IL.

Sent to Mr. Sclater for examination, who pronounces it to be
Mr. Cabanis’ species.

326. Leptopogon flavovirens, sp. nov.
Tyrannula flaviventris. No. 289 of Part II.

Male. Upper plumage bright yellowish-green, rather darker on the
head; tail-feathers olive-brown with yellowish green margins, the shafts
blackish-brown ; quills dark brown bordered with yellowish-green ;
smaller wing-coverts the color of the back, the others dark brown
broadly marked at the ends with pale yellow, forming two conspicuous
bars on the wing; under wing-coverts light yellow; circle round the
eye white; under plumage rather light yellow, greyish on the chin, and
having the sides of the neck and of the breast greenish olive; upper
mandible dark horn-color, the lower yeliowish with the end dusky ;
irides brown ; legs black,

Length 43 in.; wing 24; tail 2; bill 753 tarsi 12.

A more careful comparison of this bird with the species in
the Phil. Acad., with which I supposed it to be identical, has
satisfied me that it is distinct.

Ihave therefore given it another name, and as Mr. Sclater
considered it a Leptopogon, have placed it in that genus.

327. Legatus albicollis ( Vieill.).
Py varregatus, Lawr. nec Scl. No. 240 of
Part UT.

Submitted to Mr. Sclater, who determined it to be the allied
South Amer. species, LZ. albicollis.

Catalogue of a Collection of Birds.

473

328. Myiozetetes Granadensis, Lawr. Ibis, Vol. TV. p. 11.
329 Camptosoma imberbe, Sel. P. ZS. 1857, p. 208,

pl CkV:

330. Tyrannulus brunneicapillus, Lawr. Ibis, Vol. IV.,
ps L2.
331. Tyranniscus parvus, Lawr. Ibis, Vol. 1V., p. 12.

Supram. PLATYRHYNCHIN&.

332. Cyclorhynchus subbrunneus, Scl. P. Z. S. 1860,

p. 282
333. i aquinoctialis, Sel.
iy brevirostris, Lawr. nec Cab. No.
248 of Part I.
334. ce sulphurescens (Spix.).
% cinereiceps, Lawr. nec Scl. No. 249

of Part Ld;

335. TLodirostrum schistaceiceps, Scl. Ibis, Vol. I., 1859.

p. 444.
336. Oncostoma olivacea, Lawr.

Todirostrum olivaceum, Lawr. Ibis, Vol. IV., p. 12.

In a note under this species in the Ibis, Mr. Sclater states,
that in the catalogue of his collection now in preparation, he
has proposed the generic term Oncostoma, for his Zodirostrum

cinereigulare and the present bird.

Fam. COTINGID.

Supram. TITY RIN.

337. Pachyrhamphus homochrous, Scl. 4 and @.

Supram. PIPRIN ZA,
338. Heteropelma Verapacis, Scl. $ and @.
Supram. COTINGIN &.

339. Cotinga amabilis, Gould.

474 Catalogue of a Collection of Birds.

Fam. FRINGILLIDZ.
Susram. PHYRRULINZ.

3840. Spermophila lineata (Linn.) ¢.
841. Spermophila cinerea, Lafr. ?

Male. Upper plumage, neck in front, sides of the breast and under
the wings dark bluish slate; front and lores black; tail blackish-brown,
with the edges the color of the back; quills blackish-brown, with a small
white spot on the base of the primaries, a few of the larger wing-coverts
tipped with white; axillars white; a spot on each side of the neck,
middle of the breast and abdomen white, lower part of the abdomen
mixed with bluish-slate ; under tail-coverts dull slate terminating with
white; bill pale yellow; tarsi and feet blackish-brown, claws dull
yellow.

Length 44 in.; wing 24; tail 12.

This differs somewhat from specimens in the Phil. Academy,
the color is darker, being more plumbeous, and the white neck
spots are more distinct, these are only slightly apparent in some
of the Philadelphia examples and do not show in others. If
these differences are constant in other specimens, I propose to
distinguish it by the specific name of schéstacea.

Fam. RAMPHASTID A.
Supram. RAMPHASTIN AL

842. Selenidera spectabilis, Cass. ¢.

Fam. PSITEFACIDA, ©
Susram. ARAIN ZZ.

343. Ara macao (Linn.).
344. “ severa (Linn.).

' Catalogue of a Collection of Birds. AT5

345. Psittovius subceeruleus, sp. noy.

Female. The plumage generally is of a pale ccerulean or verditer
blue, brightest above, the middle of the back a little obscure or inclining
to grey, the under plumage lighter; the upper surface of the tail is of a
clear greenish-blue, the feathers with narrow edgings of a lhghter shade ;
the under surface of the tail is of a dull greyish-blue, the inner webs
with grey margins; the shafts of the tail-feathers are dark brown above
and whitish below; the smaller wing-coverts are dull greenish-blue, hke
the back, the middle coverts chocolate-brown with narrow bluish mar-
gins, the larger coverts greenish-blue with lighter margins; quills
greenish-blue, brightest on the outer webs, a stripe of brownish purple
along the shafts of the outer two primaries, shafts of the quill feathers
dark brown ; under wing-coverts white; the chin is pale orange-yellow ;
bill yellow, whitish at the end; feet yellow, claws yellow at the base and
dusky at the end.

Length of skin 63 in.; wing 44; tail 23; bill following the curve 7;
tarsi 2.

Supram. PSITTACIN.

346. Piomius coccinicoliaris, sp. nov.
a hematotis, Lawr. nec Scl. No. 118 of
Bart, 1.

Male. Upper part of head and hind neck olive-green, the feathers of
the crown with a bluish-grey tinge; lores dirty white; region under
and behind the eye dark vinaceous, ending on the ear-coverts with a
spot of bright red tipped with white ; upper plumage bright dark-green ;
central tail-feathers green with dark blue ends, the others are red at the
base on the inner webs and dark purple on the outer ones, all terminat-
ing with deep blue; primaries of a rich blackish-purple with their outer
margins towards the end and the tips fulvous yellow ; the outer webs of
the primaries at the base dark blue; secondaries dark purple on the
inner webs, the outer bright blue, edged with green; tertiaries the color
of the back; wing-coverts green next the body, with those on the outer
portion of the wing blue; spurious wing black with deep blue on the
outer webs; throat dull purple narrowly bordered below with white,

‘476 Catalogue of a Collection of Birds.

adjoining which is a rather broad collar (half an inch in width) of
bright scarlet; under plumage bright green, of a golden tinge on the
breast and under tail coverts ; a large patch of deep scarlet on the sides
under the wings; under lining of wings and inner edges of quills blue ;
bill yellowish white; feet yellow.

Length 9 in.; wing 53; tail 3; bill following the curve 1; tarsi 4.

The female (or possibly the young) differs only in having the
collar quite indistinct.

The specimen of this species, enumerated in Part I., I sup-
pose to be a female, as the collar is not well defined. I then
felt quite well satisfied of its distinctness from Mr. Sclater’s P.
hematotis, but preferred waiting for more before deciding it to
beso. The pair now received, with the conspicuous scarlet
collar of the male, puts all doubt of its being distinct at rest.
As stated at page 299, there is no appearance of the dark red
margins to the feathers of the crown, which seems a strong cha-

racter in hwmatotis.

Fam. .PICLD A‘

Supram. PICIN.

347. Chiloronmerpes caliopterus, sp. nov.

Male. Head above dark olive-brown with a broad occipital scarlet
band ; back and wings golden olive; rump dark olive-green; tail brown,
bordered with olive, and without spots or bars; the outer feather pale
cinnamon color in the middle on each side of the shaft, the next feather
marked more narrowly in the same manner}; the quills are bright cin-
namon with spots and bars of black rather sparingly distributed, the
primaries are brownish-black at their ends, most so on the outer ones;
the secondaries and tertiaries are broadly margined with golden olive ;
a band of pale yellow runs from the bill along the side of the head
under the eye, below which is a band of olive-brown; throat pale ful-
vous with dusky spots; breast olive green, with triangular spots of pale
yellow ; abdomen light yellow with transverse black bars; lower part
of abdomen and under tail-coverts pale rufous; bill dark plumbeous,

Catalogue of a Collection of Birds. ATT

whitish at the base of the under mandible below; tarsi and tocs
brown.

Length about 7 in.; wing 4}; tail 23; bill 3; tarsi &

Fam. CUCULIDZ.
Supram. COCCY ZINE.

348. Coccygus erythrophthalmus ( Wils.).

Fam. COLUMBID.
Susram. ZENADIN AL.
349. Geotrygon violacea (Temin.). ?

Male. Plumage above rufous-brown, the upper part of the back red-
dish-violet, crown and hind neck brownish; front, chin, abdomen, and
under tail-coverts white; lower part of neck and breast light vinaceous,
the feathers margined with pale rufous; tail very deep rafous; legs and
bill yellow.

Length 9 in.; wing 543 tail 325 bill 2; tarsi g.

It agrees quite well with Temminck’s plate of this species, but
the color on the hind neck is violet-red instead of violet-blue,
and there is no appearance of the golden reflections; perhaps
not fully adult.

Fam. TINAMID/.

Susram. TINAMIN
350. Tinamus robustus, Sc. P. Z. 8. 1860, p. 253.

Male. Above reddish brown, with transverse black markings most
conspicuous on the wings and lower part of the back; top of the head
dark brown intermixed with rufous, sides of the head and a broad collar
around the neck bright rufous finely pencilled with black; throat white ;
under plumage ochraceous grey, crossed with numerous fine irregular
markings of dark brown, larger on the sides; under tail-coverts light
rufous, with broad brown bars on the outer edges of the feathers.

Length about 15 in.; wing 9; tail 835 bill 1g; tarsi 24.

478 Catalogue of a Collection of Birds.
The specimen above described, I suppose to be Mr. Sclater’s
species, allied to Z. major.
Fam. CHARADRID A.
Supram. CHARADRIN 4.
851. Aegialitis vociferus (Linn.).
Fam. ARDEIDA.
Susram. ARDEIN A.
352. Botaurus lentiginosus, Steph.

Fam. CANCROMID 4.

Susram. CANCROMIN A.

co
Ot
[su)

. Cancroma cochlearia, Linn.

Fam. EURIPYGID&.

SuprAam. EURIPYGIN.

854. Luripyga major, Hartl. 2.
‘ helias, Lawr. nec Pall. No. 183 of Part I.

A very fine specimen in the present collection shows the
Panama species not to be helias ; its size is much larger, the
plumage of the back is umber brown crossed with blackish-
brown bars, the wing-coverts bluish-grey ; the bands aéross the
quills are broader and of a deeper chestnut than in helas, in
which the ground color of the upper parts is pale fulvous or
light rufous intermixed with grey, and conspicuously barred
with blackish-brown, being much more variegated and the con-
trasts of color more decided. The under mandible in major is
deep orange; in the Brazilian species pale yellow. »*

The comparative measurements are as follows:

£. major, length 19 in.; wing 9; tail 7; bill 24; tarsi 24.

Le eeloasy 8 Means 25 66 Birth bes. One Oia's 2 dP hea ales

Catalogue of a Collection of Birds. 479

I think it probable that all the specimens from Central Ame-
rica referred to hedias, will prove to be of the above species.

Fam. TANTALID A.

Supram. IBIN A.

395. LHarpiprion Cayennensis (Gm.). 3.

Fam. SCOLOPACID.
Supram. SCOLOPACIN A.

356. Macrorhamphus griseus (Gm.).

Susram. TOTANIN A,

337. Gambetta melunoleuca (Gm.).

Fam. RALLIDA.
Supram. RALLIN A.
358. Aramides rujicollis (Gm.). 2.

Head and neck bluish cinereous, top of the head brown; the upper
part of the back, smaller wing-coverts and scapulars are clear olive-green ;
greater wing-coverts and wings rufous, the primaries with dusky tips ;
the middle of the back is brown gradually deepening to black on the
rump and upper tail-coverts; tail black; the throat is nearly white;
breast deep rufous; abdomen, sides, and under tail-coverts black; thighs
greyish brown; circle round the eye vermillion; bill dark olive-green,
lighter at the end, and dark yellow on the sides at the base; legs and
feet bright crimson, claws dusky.

Length 135 in.; wing 735 tail 23; bili 235 tarsi 34.

359. Porzana Carolina (Linn.).

Fam. STERNID A.

Susram. STERNIN &#.

360. THydrochelidon plumbea ( Wils.).

FEB. 1863. 33 Ann. Lyo. Nar. Hist. Vou. VII.

480 Description of

XLI— Descriptions of Two New Species of Mollusca of the

Genus CorpicuLa.

By Temprn Prine.

Read February 17, 1862.
i. Corbicula Larnaudieri, nov. sp.

T. ovato-transversé, ineequilaterali, convexius-
cula, antice paulo longiore, utraque extremitate
rotundata ; umbonibus parvis, turgidulis, integris ;
lunula ovato-lanceolata, pallida; sulcis distantibus ;
epidermide flavescente-viridi, vestita ad umbones
atroviolascente radiati; intus violacea; cardine
inzequaliter tridentato; dentibus lateralibus an-
gustis, tenue striatis.

Long. 13; lat, 115; diam. 7 mill.

ME asc. rs poll.
Hab.—Siam. (My Cabinet.)

This small species is somewhat convex, slightly inequilateral,
the Iunula is distinct, the beaks though small are a little raised
and curve inwardly, the strie are regular and far apart, the
epidermis is glossy and of a yellowish-green color, with distinet
markings of dark violet on the beaks.

Somewhat like the @. twmida from Borneo; it is, however,
smaller, less heavy, more inequilateral, less convex, the striz
are not so far, apart, and the epidermis is of a lighter and
brighter color.

The 0. Larnaudieri, so called in honor of the Abbé Lar-
naudier, was discovered in Siam by that gentleman, who
formed part of the embassy sent to that country a few years
since by the French Government; he only collected the two
specimens now in my cabinet, which I obtained from him
through Mr. Bernardi of Paris. ;

Two New Species of Mollusca of the Genus Corbicula. 481

2. Corbicula mediocris, nov. sp.

T. ovato-transverst, compressiuscula, subsequi-
laterali, tenui, latere antice subangulato, postico
subtruncato ; umbonibus tumidis, brevibus, leevi-
gatis; lunula ovato-lanceolata, pallida, leevigata ;
transversim regulariter sulcaté; cpidermide flaves-
cente-viridi, vestitA ad umbones atro-violascente
radiata ; valvis intus violaceo-rubris; cardine an-
gusto inaqualiter tridentato; dentibus lateralibus
brevibus, angustis, albis, tenue striatis.

Long. 22; lat. 17; diam. 11 mill.

. 1 T
4; 16) 7@ poll.

Hab.? (My Cabinet.)

This species is comparatively delicate, it is nearly equilateral ;
the anterior side is somewhat distended and angular, the pos-
terior being abrupt, the beaks are small and not much raised,
the lunula is distinct and of a lighter color than the rest of the
shell; the strie, though somewhat coarse, are regular and
close; the epidermis is yellowish-green, the valves very little
convex are, in the interior, dark purplish-violet.

Compared with the C@. ocecdens, from India, to which it is
closely allied, the beaks are smaller, the hinge is slighter, but
the main difference consists in the fact that in the C. mediocris
the anterior side is distended and angular, whereas in C.
occidens it is rounded.

482 Description of a

XLIL— Description of a New Species of Mollusca of -the

Genus Venus.
By Tremere Pre.

Read February 17, 1862.

Venus (Gemma) Wanhattemsis, nov. sp.
Jay’s Cat. iv. ed. Suppl., p. 466—1852.

T. parva, triangulari, subsequilaterali, nitida,
transversim striata ; sulcis distantibus; marginibus
crenulatis,

Shell small, triangular, nearly equilateral ;
beaks somewhat raised, generally eroded ;
valves moderately compressed, within white ;
exterior shining, white, strisa somewhat
coarse and distant, though regular; teeth

Magnified nine times.

divergent, strong, distinct; muscular and palleal impressions
very distinct ; sinus small, acute; inner margin crenulated.
Long. 1; lat. 34; diam. 2, inches.
TO a as oe seem
3 S128 3+4
HTab.—The State of New York, in the East River, and at
Greenport, L. L.

(Cabinets of Jay, Gould, Sanderson Smith, and Prime.)

I dredged half a dozen specimens of this species in 1852 at
Hell Gate, between Mill Rock and the mouth of the Harlem
river, and having submitted them to Mr. Stimpson, who pro-
nounced them distinct from the Venus gemma Totten, I distri-
buted them as a new species. Since this time Mr. Sanderson
Smith has found it at Greenport in more abundance and in
company with the V. gemma.

Comparing this species with the -V. gemma, I find that it is
smaller, more triangular, less full, less elongated ; its uniform

| New Species of Mollusca of the Genus Venus. 483

white color, moreover, renders it distinct, as the purple tinge is
one of the characteristic marks of the V. gemma.

Doubts having arisen with some as to the V. Manhattensis
being distinct from the V. gemma, I referred the matter to Dr.
Gould, sending him specimens from Hell Gate and from
Greenport. The distinguished conchologist of Boston, with his
usual kindness, gave the matter his attention, and a short time
since wrote to me as follows. “I have examined the little
Venus, and am of opinion that it is distinct. It is not only
small, white, triangular, but the concentric strie are coarser
and more distant. It is not likely that so broad and uniform a

variation would occur in localities so near each other. Were
they culled from among other specimens of the ordinary
gemma? I could not find one like them in a handful which I
have. This adds to the probability of its being distinct.”

The section of the genus Venus to which the V. Manhat-
tensis belongs, has been separated from the original genus, by
Mr. Deshayes, and called Gemma. Mr. Stimpson has adopted
this new classification in the Smithsonian check lists, by placing
the V. gemma under the name of Gemma Te ottent?.

x “a é

INDEX.

The names.of new species, or coneerning which new information is given, are
printed in Roman letter; and the first number indicates the pages on which the
new matter will be found : synonyms, and species to which only incidental refer-
ence is made, are in /talics ; and names of families or higher divisions in Smatu

Capitals. ]
Pago
Acanthopus Gibbesit M. Ed, . . 232
planissimus (Herbst), - . 282
Acanthias Bonap., 377, 879, 384,
388, 405

Acanthidium Lowe, . . . . . 405
Acanthorhinus Gray, 875, 376,
377, 384, 405
CODNTLLISY SH Nol as ete a ee OLD
ACANTIANA, . Si gots Von tre no
Accipiter collaris Sel., ht 4h 42
Cooperi, . . « « 258, 289
fringilloides Vig., arte emiZoD
fuscus, . slit ep ete eee)
Gundlachi Bows Seago De
pileatus Max, . . . 284, 289

AccrPiITRINAE, . . . 289, 316, 462
ACH ACOPSIS, | 0 \Sel= tre veda 3. LS
Achaeus,,<).) 4) BN eects OBR IGG
‘Achatina, beats Bs Re a ecto
abdita Py. Pe Ue aaihts it Mert
acicula Mull; 05. 02>. (851
QCICULGHISIO BR, ey et a a) OOo
Adamsiana Chitty, - + « 856
arcuata P., . . MiVighn O06,

Blainiana 'Py., Spay wtey roe
consobrina O., . . . « « 3d2
costulata AG 21). pee S56
CULBULEDTUB Ey 2 ha ee OOO
elata Gu, lit nuukenren eee ee roOe

exilis P., Ser 2 eaieso2
emarginata Swaint . . . 352
fasciata Mill, . . . 352, 355

GOsset Pie Saeed ee oO
gracilioy Ad, 22). 5 aoe
Gundlachi P., 351, 352,
356, 359
poet Pla PetENl eee tiey Oe
zota Ad., Se oe rR) eh) dealt RECO}

piss wat Mie SG
longispira Ad., Ealonvel s BOO
micans Suse a= ODO

Page
Achatina octona Ch., 843, 844, 351,
352, 354, 356, 358, 359, 360

osculans Ad., . . . 356
parvula Chitty, oO
pellucensiNds, Vuh ot. S56
FOOL OM SS elle em OI doa Sy Miley Mase sta

VORANITE ING se a) A noe Se BING
SROCYONATE Ss stents hc P ere ODD

DUStlla), Meee Save es oy eer SOS
VOLUME PD Hl ae os toe CO
semitarum Rang.,. . . . 858
SOlitaTIG Ade is, 2 Fan 8bO
striosa “ eek eee 18)

subulatoides oF = ears brea
tenerav Adit un, cogent ee8oG
Teunitanen: Gis see ea ne eo

virginea L.., , : . 354
Achatinella Kauaiensis Newe, . 145
melanosis . 146
obesa . - . 146
Achelous, . . sia aed
depressifrons (Stimp,) ee eae
Gibbesii 57, 222
Ordwayi Stimp.,, . . . . 224
spinimanus .. oie eae!
tubereulatus Stimp., SM of DAS
Xantusii bil Ry ae
RCROGUB HS NS i Me MEE Lot) ele”, OSS
Actzea erosa Stimp., . 51, 204
labyrinthiea “* '. . . 204
nodosa s Bi oldgeak0s}

setiger MT. Wd) vat) oy) OL
suleata Stimp.,. . . . . 208
Acteodes Dana, . - 204
Acteon punceto-striata Stimp., 153, 159
Actinia mesembr Len 19; 20; 21
WgTING,) 2) sey co men nS)

Actiniseus siricus Ebr., pubbennnivemaura a I).
Actinocyclus bioctonarius Ehr., . 104
undulatus 105

Actinopheenia angie Shad, 104, 105

486 Index.

Pago
Actinoptychus senarius Ehr., . . 104
Actiturus Bartramius (Wis), « B54

Adamsiella, .. 343, 346
chlorostoma Sow., Reece ISOH
CHOTA MGs wee BOS
Grayanomea teeters be sl) SOF
PONCE CORISMENG Ss Ol ei. alta ODT
DRULOR COR Gs we Ra %ee | a) SOT
MUNAvULS-WiOOd ...\.-. eB ON,
TT ONG NG iiss ss, ye BON
MEGUSTNOSOs ew \s Avie aie) pane OL
moribunda “ . . ANB OOH

Pearmaneana Chitty, ee, BO
pralchrtor Ad." sees SOT

VATUAOULES in Se apes (Nee BOT
xanthostoma Sow., . . . 857
Aigialitis azare (Temm.), . . . 384
MVC LOCIUS Wie tolerant ADD
tenuirostris Law.,. . . . 455
vociferus (Linn. \e Ae pa deo eelhte
Molis vermiferus Smth., . . . . 160
LE lopas A Passi. 6. ara sesh ens B88
Aiguillats. . . cysts SLO
Albunzxa Gibbesii Stimp, PANS TES aa (to)
LEGER 3 Vee svurcmnts”. AS
ESOT ELUEL) Vater CAPR) weeuteetee cS
seutellata Desmay, kia ail, Lh
symnista Gibbes, . . . . 78
Aleadia, .. peteds, 346
Brownei Gray, . Marieticsk DOD
capax G., BL ee tides ISOM:

citrinolabris “Ad. S EEO ON
consanguinea “ . . . . 8d
dissimulans Py., . . . . 854
Gu0cosac Ad. new a Wee oe ODI
GONOSLONEG Grn yar een eet OA:
Gossei Pa cane cit ciemoeL.
Gundlach.) nn) icen ee oe:
SURAT VX Wen Sa eee SISt)
Rispida Pace), see iar ena Oe
HollandighG: Tea fecasi ise ool

ACT UStOLD Gass So ey ks OF
TACHENTAONG at aisenen hee D
major GYAY, «se terermh) = (ODT
MEGAStOMA Ads. Vice iy . SO
TECT OSLOMG A ot amu Beh we OIL
MOT ONO Nie ie, cei) Pee © alts WOOF:

palliacasAde 1) «= siron near
USI TSE ah eine ety tMinht nen BDT
TUDELLOME ENN daateretes gaan (30,9

BOUTON O NO, Meee GL piss BOT
SUCCUN CA) Wweiaee uit els OOO
Velntiha Pye!” veysda’ mt) BOA
ATCEDINIDA)) eb Se anne (290) 008
ADORDININZS, |0.)20)hs Oe mareme 2 Or ESS
ALECTURINE, . . He eek Sos BAT

Alergatis limbatus, ceed brass 20.2
Jobatus (M. Ed Aarne eee
rotundatus Stimp, . . . 202

Page
ALOPECIA) 6) i ce debe Pell oo ees
Alopecias,. . . . . 8838, 388, 403
ALOPECIDE, . . . . 882, 386, 388
Alopeciana,” (5 9s) ) oy Keene
ALOPECOIDH, 392, 393, 394, 395,

396, 403

ASEOPECOIDEL)..\5 2 425) Belinea eee Se

ALOPIADINI, . . 388
Alopias, 874, 3717, ‘379, 380, 381,

384, 403

macrourus, . aise

vulpes Bon., 369%, 370%, 372, 403
Amazilia Rieferii, ISOULC ej 0-0) amo
Rantusiilaw:, ..°.* . eld
Amnicola erystallina Pfr, 2 oo OO
lapidaria Bay, Oe Si tetas fe ce

AMPELIDH, . . Remi Mlle ce 18
Amphitrite, sis Bae eoe etree

depressifrons Stimp, . 58, 223
Ampullaria, .. Sie Ree)

cornu- ata ie sks tee SEB OO!
knorrd Pils 24 2)5.) cake 350
nugosa Lam., atc oy SHO
Anabates cer vinigularis Sel, shel eOe
ochrolenus sche Wahch staP wo
ochrolzenus Law. tpsiet bah ReoreECO

ANABATID A) (5.48)! ols! a W294 319
ANASBATIN AD 7805 Bol of he ya wong
Anaptychus, aa a et etctiea LOS
cornutus Stimp., Has eeeeeteen te eSa
Anas clypeata Linn, . . . . . 274
CYyanopterd, . ie = sie =. Ae

QUSCOPS Aaa eeepc eae ae
Tslandicay sia: dean ee AOL
giduaia Winn... sss 6 Roenan eos
Anatina papyracea Say, . . . . 164
Ancylus obscurus Hald, . . . . 350
Ancistrodon Debey, . . . « « 889

YAGI A Bo ee OO
Aniculus elegans Stimp., apie Sto ee eae
typieus, .. Bie dota itch:
Anomia aculeata Gmel., dpe SLL
ephippiumL., . . ae ew Od

eS var. eleetrica, . Salm

us: squamula, . 161

AMOStOMas ei. Ot Sai BER ER ORE Oe

TIAN Ga To | Gs a, alll
Amthus rufus) (Gin:) ie ees 22
Antrostomus Carolinensis, . . . 261
Cubanensis Law.,. . . . 260
Wiutiallir, (ys 1ien se 261,460)
vociferus Gund, . . . . 260

Aodon,. . ot tg Shee!
Aphrodite Groenlaniia, RSs ee BS,
PN ovichey | ele miiited MsyeLOw

Virginicus, Mie ta Mans cr ele:
Aprion, . . . . 8179, 388, 385,- 401

Aprionodon Gill, . . 400, 401, 411
breviprnray tai nV oage atieas ae

Index. 487

: Page Page
Aprionodon isodon, . . . . . 411 | Batissa insignis Desh. . . 112, 1 4
PUNCLOLUS). 1. auc eu) tan ofA OU Jayensis Ad., . . . 114
APROKPTERIDES, ~ . . . . 888, 389 Keraudrenia Ad, . 113, 114
PAQUELINGE, | fis tis, yous). os = SOLOS GL lenticularis Desh.,. . . . 114
Ara Macao (itm). es ces Ae et Sr es viel else LL
QUULELATAS (Ghee eu O99 PURO ROE Pe SOR nu) vegan lalla:
Beviera: h(i so Veto oe ae pe eA obesa Ad., ; aie ar cdi rane lle
ARAINE, . 299, 333, 474 producta Desh. eae nis peer eu
Aramides ruficollis ( (Gm) whee 479 ROCURCOLON ACE oe oe. see lS
Aratus'pisont M. Eid.;,. .... % .' 939 SUUMES ME Des ie ae ne ee AO
ARGS DeLALG SAV yore. vs suse obi SHMMRICULCM Es Bi M tho oe Lie
transversa Say; . . . . 161 CeneDTORUPAG Weve. soll
Ardea brunnescens Gund. . PP yal inionetna, esp ae mk... -- LLS
ARDEIDA, on sy eaten. SOL, 334, 478 unioniformis Pr... . . . 115
ARDEINE, . . 301, 234, 478 MOlCCOH AG ete ulus. ney Lo
Arremon aur nee oxtri is Latfr., . 298 | Biddulphia awrita Breb,. . . . 105
Aptartevcastaned., ss ke os. un... LAS pulchella Gray, ciimeaaaeoure LOL
mactracea L., . . . 148, 162 rhombus Stimp., . . . . 105
NOR AREAD AS sav eft bret Yen eas. OS) || SOWETO ACY cine. hy ie oe aot eRe oe CO
Astrape, . pts eas Pasi) Bombus, . . cee OO,
Astur Cooperi Lemb., - « 252, 264 ° actif St. Farg., 5) (bey LeGL
Suscus ¢ EOD Amerieain “ , Say omlglpe
pileatus Gund; "259, 253, 954 Americanorum Fab., 172, 175
Asturina magnirostris (Gum) 7. 316 Areticus, Kirby, jax coos LG
nitida “(Lath ), eceEee tao LG borealis i uae =) Ln!
Atergatis lobatus Stimp., . 202, 203 Californicus Smith, feelers, L0G
limbatus,. . OLN vie nge AO) Carolinus Auct., . . 174, 175
rotundatus Stimp., Sohom a eA02) Carrier Green, .. 3" 170, 175
Athene nudipes Gray, oO eee act -N Derhamellus Kirby, Bare ean KS
siju dears el aa elatus Fabr.,. . Peed vies LAG
Atthis Helene (Gund.), . . . . 263 ephippiatus Say,, pera ce!l 7ialtea ireas
Attila Selater! Law. 5 575..°4 470 fervidus Fabi, . ) 2. 171; 175
SP ACICCR Ges 7) Say aes ODE Yirtqidus Smithy en) tee TG
spadicea Law.,. . « . . 470 Hunti Greeny. eli O ali
ATTILINE,. . 5 yoas SP cUKe interruptus “ , 11,178, 175
Auliseus celatus ups Page eat aa asl KOS Kirbiellus Curtis,. . . . 176
pruinosus B. Chekomacat ail ( Es laboriosus; Habs) vc) ce kG
punctatus Be : 2wl'OD Marylandicus Fab., eee LAG
Automolus cervinigularis Sel., . 466 nidulans, . . = ia lis
pallidigularis Law, . . . 465 occidentalis Green, 12 = cloieh
170,- 115
Balen esr eee), Salsa o4G MATT, Bg i ae a ae
Canteroiana G., . . . . 853 praticola Kirby, setae aealiiks
Basileuterus Delattrei Bp. . . . 322 TUONINCTILT IS pe ea eee TS
. semicervinus Scl.,. . . . 322 sonorus Say, foe eae: ef eral ergs
Babissa:.7 . >. Futsentaen lel Owen ules Suckleyi Green, . . 169, 175
atrata Desh., Boe. Got cen tall isy sylwecola Karbys, |. \.' . « 176
Australis Desh., eae ekuee lilies ternarius Say.,... . 172, 175
OluldrenderAdi sai ote ns tenricola Kirby, . 2. . 176
compressa Pr., . Beh Moran a le} violaceus St. Farg., . 174, 175
corbiculoides Desh, TM oom WLS) Virginicus Fab., 11, 170,
elongata Prot feet ateel its ios el Ore lio
eximia Ad., aa gtat yy fot eles Boreogaleus Gill, . . 400, 402, 411
fortis Pr. Sores each, ep te LI areticus Gill, . . 2-402) 401

fuscata “ . 44.» » 114 | Botaurus lentiginosus aaa . . 478
gigantea: i ha ve be ee pourciera, “ai Sa Bote, eo AS
gracilis “ . Pile var Bean a WO be! ISremus June wisn de cea eG
humerosa Desh., eileen | SUBONIND, < : . 462
1nflata Brn s. nose Rod ene Buceinum plicosum Mke., : 150, 167

488

Buecinum undatum,

Buceo Dysoni Sel., .
pectoris Gray, . .
tectus Bodd., . .

Bucconips£, . . 7290:

Bucoonry x, ‘ 290,

Bucephala Americana,
Islandica Les » :

Bulimus, . 342,
acicula Miill.,
acuticostatus ‘Ge
alabastrinus Sh.,
angustatus G.,
assurgens P.,.
aulacostylus P.,
auris-Sileni Born.,
Barbadensis P.,
Beathinus Py... .
Caraceasensis Ry., 351,
chrysalis P.,
confertus ia
decollatus I..,
diaphanus P,
Dominicus Ryv., . .
élongatus Bolt., 351,

358,

erubescens P., By ul
exilis Gm., 351, 354,

extinctus P. 5s. f.,.

Sraterculus ¥., 351, 358,

Suscus Guild.,
gigas Py.,
glaber Gm.,
Gomphariawm Sh.,

Goodalli Mil., 351, oe,

ane eae

hasta P., Ste Ole
Hjalmar soni P.,
homalogyrus Sh.,
hortensis Ad.,
immaculatus ’Ad.,
Jamaicensis Ry.,
laeviusculus Ad.,
Lherminieri Fisch.,
liliaceus F.,

limnoides F., F
lacidusibiyn, 3. 1. eile
macrospira Ad.,
Manzanillensis G.,
margaritaceus Sh.,
marginatus Say, 352,
356,
Marielinus Py.,
Martinicensis P.,
minimus Ad.,
monodon Ad.,
MoussoniP., . .

Index.

Page

. 148 | Bulimus multifasciatus Lam., 358, 389

. 318 nitidiusculus Ad.,. . . 356

. 464 nitidulus P., 351, 352, 354,
2.) eS 356, 358
318, 464 oblongus Mill., . 351, 359, 360

318, 464 octonoides Ad., 351, 352, 354,
. 451 356, 358, 359, 360
- . 449 opalescens Sh., . 358
847, 348 pallidus Ad., Bien TENG
. 344 Poeyanus P., esas ODO SOD
. 852 rectus P., ; Se aye Bias
. 358 rufescens Gray, . 856
. 852 Salleanus Ry., . 854
5 te ae Santanensis P., a yas ene
359, 361 sepulchralis Pyne ci ool, tooe
eg ted, stramineus Guild., eee a]
351, 359 SEFICLUS Layee aie yesh (SOL OOD
855 istylodonn.an est pamiey ste haOS

354, 359 subula P., 351, 352, 354,
354, 358 356, 358, 359
ey B06 Swiftianus P., . 358, 359, 360
344, 352 ’ terebella Ad., Pei vee 35) 3
. 359 terebra Py., . SNe eo aAtecO LD
1) 2 804 terebraster Lam., . . 852, 358
354, undulatus Guild., . 859
859, 360 ventrosus F.,. . . . 844, 351
LT e8O.G Veequensis P., . . . 351, 860
358, Vincentinus P., bore) CHSC,
359, 860 | Bulla canaliculata Gld., 153, 159
. 359 solitaria Say., . . 52 wali
359, 860 | Buteo Gheisbreghtii Du Bus. Vegas
. 851 ml han ie Wils., - 288
. . 352 | Burzonina, . . 288, 316
354, 359 | Butorides brunnescens ‘Gund., Oni:
=) §47808 virescens (Linn.), ... 271, 301

356,

358, 359 | Caecum, . remarry may hat
352, 3859 Cooperi Smith, . - . 154, 168
354, 358 wmbricatum Carp, 168
. 358 plicatwn Carp., 154
. 852 pulchellum Stimp., Semon Way!
1806. || \CaR ERIE 7) aly ok, 20 noted be:
3856 | CHreBINa, . . 291, 318, 464
. 356 | Calappa calloides Stimp. , sce 7
. 356 GIES ee Srebcaeh acl aly
. 854 marmorata Fabr,, Resi Ult Sli PERL
Se. Olys) Xantusiana Stimp., . . . 287
854, 359 | CALAPPOIDEA, . Msp betayts 237
. » 852°] Caleinus chzlensis, . 9.9. 84
. 856 obscurus Stimp., 83
30 tibicen, 84
. 858 Callinectes Stimp., anne 220
354, dicantha (Latr.), ei aa 20
858, 859 | Calliste Francesce (Lafr. ) . 298, 332
°. 852 gyroloides if . . 8382
. 858 inornata Gould, 298
- 856 ornata, . . 382
. 856 | Calypte Helene Gould, . 263
. 8354 | Calyptreea striata Say, . 157

Index.

Page
Campodus, : . 388
Camptosoma imberbe Sel, a At
Campylodiscus cribrosus Stimp. Bes LOS
Campylopterus Cuvieri (Boure.), . 319
Cancer aculeatus Herbst., 188
borealis Stimp., : 50
carnifer Herbst, Ps 43
coronatus “ sates 186
decorus uC AE 70
Gonagnra Mab... ssiem 217
hispidus Herbst, 188
trroratus Gould, . . . . 50
limosus Say, . 56
lobatus M. Ed., . 202
planissimus Herbst, 232
plebcius Poep., 50
punctatus Brown, « 70
sabulosus Herbst, ol
Sayi Gould, . 50
selopetarius Herbst, 85
squamosus A 3 Pasi
Canororpea, 50, 202
Cancroma cochlearia Linn, mG 478
CANCROMID&, 478
CaNcromIna, . : 478
Capito maculicoronatus Law., 300
Capironip 2, 300
Carrroninz, Me 300
CAPRIMULGID&, 290, 455
CAPRIMULGIN &, . 290
Caprimulgus minor, 263
popetue Vieill., . 263
vociferus D’Orb., 3 260
Caracolla Cumberlandiana Lea, . 423
Edgariana Lea, . . 428
helicoides Lea, . 435, 438
CARCHARLA, .. . . 868%, 379, 387
Carcharias, 374, 376, 877, 379, 380,
381, 385, 387, 390, 398, 401
(Aprion) brevipinna, 3 411
(Hypoprion) hemzodon,
401, 411
(Aprion) isodon, 411
(Prionodon) limbatus, 410
(Hypoprion) macloti, 401
menisorrah, . 401
(Prionodon) milberti, 410
oxyrhynchus, . 401, 411
sorrah, 401, 410
taurus, : 3738, 398
temminckii, . 401, 410
CaRrcHaRID&, Seas 385
Carcharinus, . 376, , 401
Commersonii, 876
Carcharodon Smith, 377, 879, 384,
388, 397, 398
lamia Bon.,. . 869%, 370%, 372
CaRCHAROIDEI, ; . 887, 889
Carcharopsis Agass., . . . . . 388

Cardisoma, . . ae
ear nifex Edw.,
diurnum Gill,

guanhumi Lat., wh) PADS ES
Cardita borealis Con., . 148, 162
Cardium amnicwmn mat., 95, 96
casertanum Poli., air OG
levigatum, fe G2:
Mortoni Con., 162, 166
pinnulatum Con., . ~) 2 162
Carduelis cucullatus Sw.,. . . . 269
Cassiculus tcteronotus (Vieill), . . 297
Prevosti (Less.), bie an RE
uropygialis (Lafr.), Sy Ae lre
Cassidix baritus (Sw.), . 296
crassirostris (Sw.), . 296
CARTILAGINES, . 380
Cartilaginous Fishes, . 380
Catulus Smith, - pagar? AOT
stellaris Sm., 369%, 370*,
: 372, 407
Cenobita clypeata Owen, . Be
diogenes Latr., 82
rugosa M. Ed, 82
Centrina Cuv., 376, '377, 379, 381,
384, 388, 405
CENTRINZE,. . . . . 880
Centrodus, . . 388
CrntRopHororpEt, Bois . 388
Centrophorus M.& C., 377, 379, 381,
384, 388, 404, 405
granulosus, . . 405
Centroscyllium, | 884, "388, 404, 405
Fabricii M. & C., . 405
Centurus Pucherani (Malh.), 209
rubriventris Sw., pene ke)
Cephaloscyllium, 407, 412
laticeps, . . 412
CrPHALOPODA, . 148
Ceratodus Ag, . 388
Ceres, AU pero 2 |
Cerictius, 374, 875, 380
MACrOUrUs, . . 373
Cerithiopsis Emersonii Stimp., 148, 153
terebellum Stimp., 148,152, 154
Cerithium Gireenii Ad., 148, 151, 153
nigrocinctum Ad., 148,
151, 153
Sayr Mke., 151, 152, 1538, 162
CEeRTHIADE, . - 292
Certhiola Zwteola ‘Caban, aol
Ceryle aleyon Linn., . 318
Amazona Lath. i . 290
Americana Gm., . 290
énda Linn., < . 290
superciliosa Linn., : 290
torquata : . 290
Cestracion Cuv., 876, 877, ‘379, 381,
384, 388, 403

490

Index.

Page Page

Cestracion zygana Gill. 869%, Chlorostilbon insularis Law., . 457
370%, 372, 378, 403 melanorhynchus Gould,’. . 292

CESTRACIONOIDEI, . 388 nitens Law., . 805
Cestracions Les., ay cherie ZOO prasinus, . . 457
CESTRACIONTES, 377, 379, Choanopoma, . . 848
386, 888 Adolf P., . 855

CEsTRACIONTIDA, . 382, 886, 888 alatum “ - 358
CrSTRAOIONTINI, ao) ecmakets) Arangianum Gi; . 353
CrstRacton Tor ®, 368%, 393, 395, auricomnum "3800
896, 402, 412 Chittyi Ad... 357

Cestrorhinus, . 876, 403 Daudinoti G., sTe08
zygend, LENT MIO decoloratum ‘ Ol wR GHIR)
CETORHINIA, 397, 398 decussatum Lam., 358, 360
Cetorhinus, 376, 383, 384, 397, 398 eburneum G., . Seco
Gunneri. . . 876 fimbriatulum Sow., . 857
Maximus, | 873, 875 Fragile G., : . 353
Cheemepilia eranatina Bp, . 333 granosum INGE A . 857
rufipennts, A Pee eee OL Hillianun “ ; » 1857
Chanogaleus Gill , 400, 402, 411 interruptum Lam., . B57
macrostoma Gill., 402, 411 lima 4A4., . B57
Chenogobius Gill, 12 lincina L., : Boh
annularis, “ 3 lincinellum Lam., . Se si5yrf
Cheetopterus pergamentaceus, 236 majusculum Mor., . . 353
Cheeturichthys, ‘ 16 minimum G., : . 8538
hexanema Rikr., 17 mite P.., 5 . B57
CHARADRIADA, x gByt occidentale P., . 3858
CHARADRID&, . 455, 478 perplicatum G., . 358
CHARADRINA, . 834, 478 Pretrei O., . 853
Charybdis, . 228 Puer toplatense P.,. . 855
Chemmitzia disuturalisStimp., 148, 152 pulchrum Wood, me isyé
fusca Stimp.,. . 152, 153 Rosaliae P., ; . B55
interrupta Seek el DS, scabriculum Sow., . Ero Dir
producta ese gl Mae als) senticosum Sh., . 358, 360
seminuda 148, 152 solutum Rich., 2 Swen
trifida af Tb25 ibs spinulosum Ad., Syst
Chilodus Gieb., Pao a. BOO suleulosum F., 358, 360
CHILOSCYLLIINA, . 407, 408, 413 tentorium P., ee BbD
Chiloscyllium M. H.,. 377, 378, tractim Gee 0. . 353
381, 383, 887, 407, 408 Wilhelmi P., . - . 855

plagiosum MHL, . “18 n408 Yaterasense “ . 853
tuberculatum M. H., . 408, 413 Yunquense “ Be tO BocS
Chirodus M’Coy, . . 888 | Chondropoma, 343, 846, 347
Chiroxiphia caudata (Shaw), . 296 abnatum G., . ie eaODS
cyaneocapilla Wels . 296 adulterinum P., ; . 855
mentalis Sel., . é . 296 biforme rf + 851
vitellina Gould, . 296 blandum < . 805
Chiton apiculatus Say, = 15o Blauneri Sh., . 858
Chlorodius, Oe, Candeanum O., . 358
Americanus Sans, - 209 Caricae P., ; . 855
exaratus, . . 209 claudicans Pyar s508
floridanus Gibbes, . . 209 crenimargo P., . 353
longimanus M. Ed., 5 crenulatum F, . 854
maculatus Stimp., Pe2hO decurrens Py., . . 853
Chlorcenas rufina (Temm. Waa . 333 Delatreanum O., . 853
vinacea is ooo dilatatum G., a S5S
Chloronerpes callopterus Law., . 476 dissolutum P., «ODS
Chlorophanes atricapilla (Vieill), . 319 egregium G., . 853
Chlorostilbon assimilis Law., . 292 eusarcum P., . 855
chrysogaster, \. «5's .' 805 GutierreziG., . . 3538

Chondropoma harpa P.,

kemiotum P.,
Hjalmarsoni “
trradians Sh.,
laetum Gut., .
latilabre O., .
latum G.,. ake
litturatum P., . .
Loweanum *
magnificum Sallé .
marginalbum G.,
moestum Sh.,
neglectum G.,

N encombianem Ad.,
Newtoni Sh.,
obesum Mk., .
Ottonis Peters)
oxytremum G.,
perlatum “
Petiteanum P.,
Pfeifferianum Py a
pictum P., :
‘Poeyanum OF
revinctum Py., .
revocatum G.,
rufopictum G ,
Sagebient Py., .
Salleanum P.,
Santacruzense P.,
semicanum Mor.,
semilabre Lam.,
sericatum Mor.,
Shuttleworthi P.,
simplex e
solidulum G.,
Swifti Sh.,
tenebrosum Mor.,
textum G., .
Tortolense P.,
unilabiatum G.,
violaceum P.,

CHONDROPTERYGH, .
Chordeiles Gundlachi Law;

minor Caban, .
popetue (Vieill),
virginianus Lemb.,

Chromatodus Ag.,
Chrysomitris Mexicanus Sw., s
Chrysuronia Elicize (Boure. »

Ciro,

Circus Hudsonicus (Linn, ),

Cistula, . 3
Agassizi Charp. Flac
agrestis G., :
Antiguensis Sh.,

catenata Gould,
cinclidodes P.,
dislocata Baird,
illustris Py.,

Index.

Page

. 853
. 855

. 851
. 853
- 353
. 3538
. 853
. 305
- 855
. 355
. 853
. 853

| 858,

.

. 353

359

- 358

» 853
. 0d3
. 853
. 853
- 855
. 353
- 853
- 358
. 353
. 353

353

. 353
. 855
- 359
. 358
. 355
- 3853

353

- 855
- 353
. 858
. 353
- 353
. 359

491
Page
Cistula inculta Py., . 353
interstitiale G.,. . . « 853
limbiferum Mk., . . . 353
lineolata Lam., . : 358
lugubris P.,. . 357
Mackinlayi G., . 353
mordax Ad.,. ‘ 857
pallidaP., 5. 3538
procax Py., . 853
radula P., 353
Riisei “ 358
rufilabris Beek., Sah OOO
sagittifera Ad. . . . . 357
Sauliae Sow., Rath. 357
scabrosa Humph., . 351
Shephardiana Ad., 357
Clangula Barrovii,. . . . . . 461
chrysophthalma, 451
Cladodus Ag., eee OOS
Clausilia, 34], 342, 347
tridens Ch., My ey OOS
Clibanarius eequabilis, Bh 85
antillensis Stimp., 85
breolons uhm ase 85
Brasiliensis, a 85
Panamensis Stimp., 84
Sclopetarius, 85
turgidus Stimp., EES)
vittatus, . . Br tei Sons)
Coceoneis scutellum Ehr., 104, 105
CoccoTHRAUSTINE, . 297
Coccygus erythr ophthalmus( Wile ), 417
acon Zan 5 Pret eee ars] ee ATT
Cochliodus Oe . 388
ieee ‘Leanum Couth., . 164
Coereba carneipes Sel, 291, 318
lucida i 291, 318
Collodes Stimp., . 193
granosus Stimp., . 194
Columbella avara Say, . . . . 151
Gouldiana Ag., 148, 151, 153
lunata Sowb., Seo ibe
CoLuMBIDz, 801, 333, 477
CoLuMBINa, . . . . 301, 333
COLYMBIDA, . . 802, 334
Conurus pertinax (Linn. ‘i . 8383
Copurus leuconotus Lafr., moc
Corax Ag., aes . 388
Corbula contracta Say, . 164
_Cordula amnica Leach, . 95
Corethrura albifrons Sw., . 802
albigularis Law., . . 302
ruficollis Sw., . . 802
Corvipzy 3. shiny ered See
CoryYSsToIDEA, . sy en
Coscinodiseus actinopt tychus Ebr.,
104, 105
excentricus Ehr., 104, 105
lineatus, Eh LOS

492 Index.

Page Page

Coscinodiseus oculus-iridis Ebr., . 105 | Cyclas aequalis Raf, . . . 95, 108
radiatus - 105 alttlis Anth, .« . . 97
subtilis si . 105 AMNIVCOLULT. Wem tee sy oO
Cotinga amabilis Gould, . . . 473 appendiculata Dubtap ss CA Aes
CortIncIpza, . . . . 295, 330, 473 Brongniastina Math., Ae ay 2
CorinciIn#, . . 473 cinerea Hanlyyin le) ten once
Cotyle flavigastra (Vieil), poe tf cuneata Sowb.,. . sane eles
Cracipa, . . ‘ . 3801, 333 Denainvilliersi Boissy, bi a
CRACINZ, . . sibel Hepat eas O.Ol Gubia Says 2) Piten be Meal LU
Crax rubra Linn, ei dais MAREN id coy ZOOM QUb108Sa Es el ated ieee ot LOS)
Orepidula convera Say, . . . . 158 duplicate’ FE.) 3) Use ie e308
fornicata Lam., . . . . 158 fontinalis Dup, . . . . 101
unguiformis Lam., . . . 158 GUT I MOS ES Sg re ve dll)
Cronus Stimp.) 3.0 cee) vanes ~ 220 lemigata Wess; si. Pele «| eae
muber (Rm) ce aN |. 2a lenticularts Norm, . . . 96
CROSSORHINA,. . . 381 Matheroni.d’Orb.,,. . . . O47
CrossORHINOIDA, 393, 394, 396, 397, 408 minima Stud, . . . . . 100
Crossorhinus M. H., . 374, 378, minor C. B. Adams, . . . 94
381, 383, 408 Mitvag anys ie | vey bepitelg te LOO

barbatus, M.H., . . . . 408 COOMA CATES Wh ES See SI
Crotophaga ani D’Orb., Sei Suaeeel nuclea Boissy, » . . . . 100
ant Linn., . DR eatoc yn QOL Gum ams) \rnte hel teil POD
laevirostris, Sal emtes Mata eI oy Oh) obtusalis “ SHE unemeen LOO)
rugirosira, Sw.,. 9... . 270 Guadis NUS cnet wep Gea LUO
CROTOPHAGINA, =.) . 0s) 5. 6 .. 801 palustris Drap., . . . . 95
CRUSTACEA, . 49 PfeiffertiMeg.,. . . . . 95
Crypticus platyr hynchus Leadb., _ 290 prise Mich) ois 46s.) LOL
Cryptopodia granulata ee . 202 pulebella Hanl., pee ee oe
C@fenopoma,” 2. 6). 348, 346 pusilla Turt.,, . . . 100, 101
argutum'P., . (6. s % . B58 Steenbuchi Moreh, . . . 102
bilabiatum 0., amp citi OOS sublaevigata VOrb., . . . 99
Campbelli Ad, Wallets it, BON violacea Wam., |. <5) wees Lilo
CONORALUM BY.5) spice. hve yel OOO Virginica Fer.,. . . . . 108

De fictenS fo, cj-/\00 jth es | ODD eH vitred Riss., . Pune whe
denegatum Py., - . . « . 853 | Cyelograpsus integer M. Ed, 44. > JGR
DominicenseP.,, ys i. 80D punctatus, . . mae OD)
echinatum Py., . >» « «6 858 | Cyeloie Bairdii ee A aceahon ten P-GST

enode aire bS CHASEAEO, «| aro Col, 12o8
Garridoianum Py. Sei ODS granulosa,.. 2. - 6, 288
honestum oS PSY GODS: |) OUCLONATCes a). cuctauaiN ise say ee incl OSH
immersum G.,. . . . . 853 | Cyclophorus,. ... Pincers eet ac
migriculum “\ 5) 3) 5 .)7. 853 Beauianus Pet., Tea wate are
nodulatum, Py., -. .. . 858 rufescens Sow... . . . . 858
perspectivumG, . . . . 358 SchrammiSh,. . . 354
pisun Ad., . . . . . . 857 | Cyelorhynchus zquinoetialis Sel. . 473
rotundatum Py., . 9. . . 858 brevirostris Cab, . . . . 829
FUGULOSUM Ma, bet sel ie) ls OOS brevirostris Law., af ate ANS

Boul ptumi Gr.) s 60) up. ee0 OS cinereiceps Sel, . . . . 829
semicoronatum G.,. . . . 8538 |. cinereiceps Law.,. . . . 473
sordidum Cemetine tis, SDB subbrunneusScl.,. . .- . 478
torquatum Gibeear a. We, f8bS sulphurescens (Spix.), . . 478
Wilkinsoni Ad., . . . . 857 | Cyclostoma basicarinatum Pfr., . 361
Otenoptychinus Ag, . . . . .-888 chordiferum Pfr, . . . 361
CucuLip#,. . .°... 800, 477 | Cxycostomacna, .-. ... 347, 348, 360
Cumingia tellinoides Con., . 148, 164 | Cyclostomus,. . . . . . 348, 346
Cyanoloxia cyanotdes (Lafr.), . 297 GLDUS SOW, | Wen tell ettrst Noo
Cyanomia Gautemalensis (Gould), 457 ATENENSISE agli dire a de, BOO
Cyelas,. . My ean ene Banksianus Sow.,. . . . 857

acuta PE, . Sane | 98 Bronte! BG ei.) es eee Ol

citrifus Sow.,
crenulosus Ad.,

fallax P.#

Cyclostomus Chevalieri Ad.,

Humphreyanus P.,

Jayanus <Ad.,
lamellosus Ok

Rangelinus Py.,

Redjieldianus Ad,

retrorsus
serecinus Ss
tectilubris Ly

th ‘ysanoraphe Sow.,

Yallahensis Ad.,

Cyclotus,

asperulus Som.,

corrugatus Sow. af
crassus Ad.,
dubiosus ‘
Jloecosus Sh.,. .
Granadensis Sh.,
Jamaicensis Ch.,
jugosus Ad.,.

Martinicensis Sh.,.

minimus G.,
palleseens Ad.,
perdistinctus G.,
perpallidus Ad.,
subrugosus Sow.,
suturalis
varians Ad.,.

Cylindrella,

abbreveata Dh. e
acus L.,
Adamsiana one :
Agnesiana Ad.,
alabastrina P.,
alba Ad,

amethystina Chitty,

angulifera G.,

arcuata W. & M.,

aspera Ad.,
Augustae Ad.,
Bahamensis P., .

Baquieana Chitty,

Blandiana P.,
brevis es
Brooksiana G., .
Camoensis P.,
chordata ‘$
cinerea ce
coerulans Py.,
collaris F.,
columna Ad.,
costata Guild.,
costulata Ad.,
crenata W. & M.,
crispula P.,
cristata Ww. &. M.,.

. 357

. 857
. 359
. 3857
. 8572
. 857
. 853
. 0d7
. 357
. 807
. 3857

Index.

Page
359

. 857
. 357

343,

361

. 857

. 857
» 8bT
- 357

. 300

. bd4
. 357
2 857
. B58
. 853
. 857
. 8d3

. 357
. 857
. 357
. 807
. 842
. 856°
. 352
. 855
. 856
. 356

. 356
. 356
. 852
. 855
. 856
. 856
. ddl

356
356

. 356
. 852
. 852
. 859

852

. 352

354,
De eKaoO

858

. 361
. 856
. 855
. 852

. 355

eylindrus Ch.,
discors Py., .
Dominicensis P.,
dubia Chitty,
Dunkeriana P.,
elatior Ad.,
elegans P.,
Hiliotti Py., .
elongata Ch.,
Hugenii Dorhn,
Fabreana Py., .
fasciata Ch.,
fastigiata G., .
flammulata Bs
Gosset
Gouldiana “
gracillicollis F.%
gracillima Py., .
gracilis Wood, .
Gravesii Ad.,
Grunert Dunk.,
Guigouana Pet.,

Gundlachiana Py.,

Hjalmarsoni P.,

Hollandi Ad.,

Cylindrella eyclostoma P.,

Humboldiuna ip: 2

humilis Ad.,

hydrophana Ch itty ty,

inornata Ad.,
integra P.,
interrupta G.,
intusmalleata G.,
irrorata i
laevigata
lata ‘Ad, -
interrade Grats,
lateralis Paz.,
Lavelleana 0,
Ludersi P.,
macrostoma P., .
malleata P.,
marmorata Sh.,

Maugeri Wood,

“

megacheila Chitty,

Menkeana P.,
minuta G.,
monilifera P.,
nobilior Ad.,
mubila Py., ..
abesa W. & M.,
ornata G., i
ovata Desh. ?
Oviedoiana O.,
pallida Guild,

Pearmaneana Chitty,

perlata G.,
Philippiana P.,
planospira “.

494

: Page
Cylindrella plicata Py., . 352
Pocyand.O. ie ieee ae) SOD

porrecta Gould, Webe
Portoricensis P., . . . 358
princeps Ad., . 356
producta G., . . 852
pruinosa Mor, . . 855
puncturata P., A 1800
pupaeformis Ad. . . . 356
pusilla Ad., . 356
Hiiset P.,..--. . 858
Robertsi Ad., . 856
PT OSE ee ie Seekers . 356
Rugeli Sh., . 352
BUGTrUOnd Paves i thie soe
IS ALEC TO) ice cine a Rees BOD
SONGUCNED) Vee sib ta. D0
Sauvalleana G., . 852
scalarina Sh., ecliy
seminuda Ad., . 856
sericea P., . . 855
Shauttleworthi Py... » 858
similis Ad., . 906
simplex Na! 23356
Sowerbyana P., ads
strangulata Py., 5 . 893
striata Chitty, . . 356
subita Py., . 853
subula F., . . 856
tenella Ad., . . 856
torquata Mor., . 3938
tricolor P., 355, 356
Trinitaria Bas; 359
tumidula W. Pi M., . 3855
Turcasiana G., , B50
uncata G., . 853
variegata P., 858, 3856

MEMUTLCOSM Ge «SA Ger DS

volubilis Mor., assy)
Weinlandi P. . 255
zebrina ee . 856
zonata Ad., s . 856
Cymbilanius lineatus Leach, . 293
Cymindis Cayennensis (Gm. ), . 317
uncinatus Lemb., . 257
Wilsoni Cass., ably BOT
CYNOCEPHALI, . : 899, 401
Cynocephalus, » 871%, 400, 401
albus, Bod iOR
glaucus, Gill, "360%, 370%, 872
Cyphorinus bambla (Bodd. ), 320, 467
eantans Gm., . 293
fasciatoventris Lafr., . . 320
leucostictus Cab., . 820
philomela Saly., ay AGT
Cyprina IJslandica Brug,, 1138, 148
Cyrena Cubensis Pr., . 314
eximia Dunk., 6 lg}
Jayensis Lea, pau

Index.

Page
Cyrena keraudrenia Less., 114
maritima C. B. Ad., 314
obesa Hinds, 114
rotundata Lea, . Pee ett
me salmacida Mor., . . 3814, 315
tenebrosa Hinds, Biers lalies
violacea Lam., . TAP stats)
Cyrenella Americana Mor.,. 314, 315
lucinoides Desh., 314
Cyrenoides Americanus Mor, . . 815
Cytherea convexa Say, 163, 166, 167
Daira Americana Stimp., 212, 213
perlata, 5 Lez
Aapea, 391
DaaTIana, . . 384
Dalatias, 3114, 375, 316, 380, 384, 405
noctur nus, » 813
sparophagus, 373
Damophila amabilis Gould, . 292
Daenis caerebicolor Scl., 291
melanotis, 464
venusta Law., 464
A enseciscautake vara 2a 319
Dendrocinela atrirostris Larf., . . 467
fumigata Licht., 320
fumigatus Law., 466
olivacea BS 466
opar ae SL. Be aon 4 2 Mt 40)
Dendrocolaptes Sancti Thome
(Lafr.), 320
Dendrocolaptide, Sinemienriente Oo
DENDROCOLAPTINA, . . 292, 320, 466
Dendroeygna viduata (Linn. ), 273
Dendroeca wstiva (Gm.),. . . . 822
Blackburnize (Gm. ‘ . 468
castanea (Wils.), ue Mowe
coennles, (One) odin ts chasis cae
maculosa (Gm.), ~ . 322
Pennsylvaniea Linn., . 322
Dendroica estiva, . 3 264, 265
albicollis (Gm, ‘3 ; 264
vITENS a 293
Dendromanes homochrous Sel., 466
Dendrornis guttatus Licht., 292
Jachrymosus (Law.), . . 467
tenutrostris Licht., 292
Dermaturus hispidus Seep 942
Dictoea Mun., . . outlets 388
Dictyocha fibula Ehr., . . . 104
Dryoprerint, Aeeh Mane CTH
De wee 314
Diplodus Ag... 888
Diplopoma, - 348
arehitectonicum tex 353
Diplopterus excellens Sel., 300
Discorye 2, 387
Discopyge, . 387
Domecia hispida ‘Soul., 218

Doryphora amphiceros K.,

Dromia, . 240
Dromidea, : 71
Dromidia antillensis Stimp., ; il
lator M. Ed., 72
DRroMIoIDEA, ; : 239
Dromacocsyx Mexicanus Bp. bg 300
Dynomene hispida, . crate O20
ursula Stimp., 5 239, 240
Dryocopus Malherbii (Gray), Se 2)
scapularis Vig., . - 333
Eehidnocerus cibarius, 79, 80
foraminatus, . . 79
EcuINorHInorD 4, . 393, 395, 397, 406
Echinorhinus, 3'15, 378, 379, 384,
389, 406
spinosus, . 375, 406
Elainia placens Scl., en 2S
subpagana Sel. ; . 328
Elanoides furcatus Linn., . 289
Hlasmobranchii, . Pal
Elephantulum plicatum Carp. din ror aley!
EMBERIZINE, . . 298, 332
Embernagra conirostris (Bp. 7 ot lB
Emberiza pallida (Lemb.), . 269
Emissoles, . Re EEO MO
Erpidonax acadicus (Gm.), . 265, 472
Bairdii Law., cron Anal
Bairdii Sel., . Say
brachytarsus, Scl., . 827
griseigularis Law., . . . 471
pusillus Cab., é . 265
Englesa Henslowiana Leach, = LO}
Ennea,. . 5 841, 342
bicolor “Gould, 847, 359
Epialtus, =. «200
affinis Stimp., cer LONG
bituberculatus Gibbes, 49, 199
Brasiliensis Dana, » 60
longirostris Stimp., + 199
sulecirostris ‘ Soils
Epilobocera . 234
Cubensis fe . 234
Epithemia Hyndmanii Stimp. . Riva 1O)s)
musculus K., : gid Os
Eriphia gonagra M. Ed., 56, 207
hispida Stimp., . . 218
levimana, . : Ba Aly
Smithii, Sealy
spinifrons, : ie ala
squamata Stimp., . . 56, 217
Erythronota Hdwardi Boure., . 292
EHtmopterus, 874, 380, 405
aculeatus, . Se SES aS
Eucinetops Stimp., . - 19k
Lueasii “ 7 LO
Eucometis cristata (Du Bus) . 298
Euerate, . : sues BOD)
Euctenogobius Gill, pie . 45, 46
FEB. 1862. 34

Index. 495
Page Page
. 104 | Euctenogobius badius Guill, 47

Eulamia Gill, 399, 401, 409

lamia Gill, . 401
milberti, . . - fe, 410
Eulima subangulata Stimp., . 148, 152
Eupagurus annulipes Stimp., . 243
Bernhardus Brand., 89

brevidactylus Stimp, ;

Ql, 244
granosimanus “ - - 90

hirsutiusculus, 90
Kroyeri Stimp., 89
Middendor fii, Stirs. OH
opereulatus Stimp , . 92, 93
pollicaris Say, - . . « » 92
Samuelis Stimp., 90, 93
tenuimanus Desm., BAGS
Euphonia Gouldii Scl., . 3382
hirundinacea Bp., . . 298
minuta Cab., . 332
Euphylax Stimp., - 225
Doyviticy . 226
Eupodiseus argus Ehr., fg illiet
radiatus B., 104, 106
Rogersit Ehr,, : . 104
Eupsychortyx leucofrenatus ELL,
106, 107
Sonninii Tem., . meee) LONE
Euripyga helias (Pall.), . 801
helias Law., . . 478
major Hartl., . . 478
Euriryeis, Saal . 478
HORI Y GINO Apel ei ot aa ws ATCO
Euryplax,. . 60
nitidus Stimp. Pe . 60
Eurypodius, , . 198
Eurytium limosum Stimp., - 56
Euspiza Americana (Gm.), . 398
Eusphyra Gill, Sigats 408, 412
Blochti,,».. 0/8 403, 412
Faleo Dominicensis (ou) iy doe
sparverius Lemb., 247, 256
sparverotdes (Vig: nt nes A
FALoonIDaé, i 288, 316, 461
FALconin&, . 3817, 462
Fario, . a pat wah
tsuppitch Grd., = et
Florida eczerulea (Linn. ), . . « 884
Florisuga mellivora (Linn.),. 292, 457
ForMICARID &, . 293, 325, 468
ForRMICARIN4, . 298, 326
Formicarius analis (@ Orb. me : . 326
Formicivora Boucardi Sel., . 469
quixensis (Corn.), . . 825
Quixensis Law., Fo ote)
FoRMICIVORINA, 293,
325, 468
Fringillo Cube Lemb., . . 269
socialis Wils., . 269

Ann, Lya Nat. Hist. Vou. VIL

496

FRINGILLIDA, 2917,
FRINGILLINA, . ki
FURNARINZ, . . = .
Galathea monodon,
GALATHEOIDEA, . .
GALBULIDA,
GALBULINA,
GALET ss 5
GaALEID#,
GALEIANA, . : sere
Galeocerdo, M. H., 3 3777, 379,
384, 388,
tigrinus M. H.,
GALEOIDA, . é
GALEORHINI, Rasa hier
GALEORHININA, . . . 899,

GALEORHINOIDA, 392, 398, 395,

Galeorhinus,
galeus Bl.,

375, 876,

mustelus, «

Galeus, 3870*, 371*, 374, ‘376,

381, 388,

acanthias, one
arcticus,

cinereus, . « ¢
UOLUES, rae) sect ren err tie
melastomus, . :
Gallinago Wilsonii BPs, sh
Gallinula Martinica (Linn. ) ;
GALLINULINA,. . :
Gallionella sulcata Ebr, ae
Gambetta flavipes (Gm.),
melanoleuca (Gm.),
GARRULINE, .
Garzetta candidissima (Gm. )
Gecarcinus lateralis Guerin,
planatus Stimp.,
quadratus Sauss., .
ruricola Latr., :
Gelasimus brevifrons Stimp.,
minax Le Conte,
palustris Sloane,
Panamensis Stimp.,
pugilator Bose, .
subcylindricus ‘Stimp. “
vocans Gould, . .
«yar, De Kay,
Gemma Zottenii Stimp., . .
Geograpsus lividus (M. Ed. )
oecidentalis, . a
TUDiDUS ne el eel te

Geomelania,. .
affinis o NG Aa
Peardsleana Ad,
conica i
costulosa er

868%, 371, 379,

369%, 370%,

Index.

Page Page

832, 474 | Geomelania elegans Ad., ; 857

. 332 exilis : pwn

. 292 expanse Bae 2). 30m

fortis Han a ool

. 245 gracilis i! one OT

. 244 Greyana si 357, 361

Zon Hilliana us ear

ere ce inornata Chitty, . 857

385, 402 Jamaicensis P., . 857

885, 387 magna Ad., sob

A) OO media ‘ . B57

881, minor . 857

ae 402 parva Chitty, 357

. 402 pauperata Ad., 357

. 387 procera 357

- . 400 pygmaea 357

401, 409 pyramidata “ 857

396, sinuosa Chitty, . 357

399, 409 striosa Ad., 357

400, 402 typica 357

372, vicina * «OBL

375, 402 | Geothlypis Philadelphia (Wils ), . 322

. 875 | Geotrygon violacea (Temm.), . ATT

37 9, Geranospiza cerulescens (Vieill), 289
402, 407 | Ginglymostoma M. H., 377, 378,

st) are) 383, 387, 406

. 4i1 concolor . . 406
370* | GINGLYMOSTOMATOID A, 395,

370* 397, 406

. . 873 | Glaucidium gnoma, . - . 260

273, 301 siju (d’Orb),. . . 259

- 802 | Glaucis hirsutus (Gm.), . 819

- 302 Ruckeri (Coure. »: . . 319

- 104 | Glossodus M’Coy, 388

. 834 | Glossogobius, . . 45

. 479 | Glyphis Ag., . 387

. 296 Gly shavliynelias: cuneatus Licht., . 820

. 801 | Gosinz, . . 45

. 233 | Gobius gracilis Grd., . . 44

. 234 lepidus “ ae CG

. 233 platycephalus, 46

- . 283 | Gomphedus Reus, . . . 389

. 229 | Gontodus Ag. . . - » 406

. . 62 | Goniograpsus innotatus Dana, 5 64

62, 229 | Gonionaree, . 887

. 63 | Gouldia Conversi Boure ) : a Bs

62, 638 | GouRINA, 01, 333

. 68 | Grallaria maewlari ia, : . . 804

62 perspicillata Law., 303, 826

. 62 | Grapsus altifrons Stimp., . . 2380

. .983 cinereus Bose., oD

230, 231 lividus M. Ed.,. . . 230

. 230 maculatus M. Kd., . . 229

- . dol ornatus . ate . 230

843, 346 pictus (Latr. ii Pete . 229

OES DIL pictus Sauss., Ah) oe eo eAD)

> OO transversus Gibbes, tua 64

. 857.| Grimothea; . . ve, we teeD

. 857 | Grisets, . . 376

Guaia Jurinii Sauss., .
punctata M. Ed.,
Gymnocichla nudiceps Cass.,
GYMNODERIN &,
Gymnoglaux Newtoni Law.
nudipes (Daud), . .

Index.

257, 259

Halelurus Gill, 407, 412
Burgeri Gill, 407, 412
Hapalogaster cavicauda ae ,81, 98
dentatus, . - 81
inermis Stimp., . 248
Mertensit, Sl
Harpagus bidentatus (Lath. ), 317
Harpiprion Cayennensis (Gm.), 479
Hedymeles Ludovicianus (Wils.) . 297
Heleodytes albobrunneus Law., . 470
Heticrz, ; whines: S42
Helicina, 848, 346
acuminata Val., 353
Adamsiana P., 357
adspersa P., 353
ampliata Ad., 357
Antillarum Sow., ; 358
aurantia Gray, . 357
Barbadensis P., . 351
Bastidana Py., . : 353
Bayamensis Py., . . 353
bellula G., Esai 353
Blandiana G., 353
Briarea Py... 1s 353
candida P., ‘ 351
chrysochasma Py., . 353
ciliata Py., 353
cingulata P., 855
columellaris G.., 853
concinna Me Sci 353
conoidea P., 351
continua G., . 353
convexa P., 351
costata Gray, : 357
declivis G., ‘ 353
depressa Gray, . 357
Dominicencis P., 355
elongata O., 353
ELECT UG Gy yl OE ee) (OOO:
fasciata Lam., . 354, 358, 360
festiva Sow.,.. . «=» =» 3855
foveata P., . . 358, 359, 360
glabra Gould, ; 353
globosa Gray, 355
globulosa O.,. 353
granum 5 . 353
Guadaloupensis ‘Sow. ’, . . 354
Heatei P., asc 354
Hjalmar soni P., : 358
Jamaicensis Sow. ets As 357
jugulata Py., ‘ 353
Lembeyana Py., . . + 858

Helicina lineata Ad.,

littoricola G.,
malleata P.,
maxima Sow. ?, .
Mayarina Py., .
neritella Lam., .
nitida P.,

nobilis Ad., ‘
Gorn denaaten. Guild, .
oleosa P.,
Orbignyi P.,

phasianella ‘Sow., 308, 359, ¢

praise aia M Mulhf,
plicatula P., :
Poeyi P., .
proxima G.,
pulcherrima Lea,
pygmaea P, & M.,
pyramidalis Sow., .
Reeveana P.,.
remota Py., .
retracta Py., .
rhodostoma Gray ? . ne
rotunda O., ithe
rubromarginata G.,
rugosa P., :
rufa P.,

Sagr aiana 0.,
Salleana P.,. . ..
scopulorum Mor., .
silacea
similis Sow. ?
spectabilis G.,
straminea Mor.,
striata Lam.,
striatula Sow., .
subdepressa Py.,
subfusca Menke,
subglobulosa Py.,

submarginata Gray, .

substriata Gray,
Titanica Py.,
trochulina O.,
umbonata Sh.,
versicolor P.,
vinosa Sh.,
viridis Lam.,

Heliomaster longirostris, .

Stuarte Law.,

354,

358,
345,

358,
108,
107,

Heliopzdica castaneocauda Law.,

melanotis Sw., .

Tet rorNnIn&, ‘
Heliornis futica (Boda. Me :
Heliothrix awritus Gm.,

Helix,

Barroti Boure.,.

abnormis P.,.
acuminata P.,
acuta Lam., .

342,

498

Index.

Page
Helix acutedentata W. G. By, . » 446
alonuda Ban 4 pap elsil
Albersiana Ps . 364
albicans PE). vas Ae DOD
albolabris Say, . 443, 448
alligans Ad, . . 855
alternata Say, 350, “421, 499,
423, 447, 448
Alves ACs) Ons Meme BOS
ambigua Ad, . . 355
amplecta G.,. . « . 851
Angasiana Newe., . . 283
angistoma F., . 3d4
angulata . 858
angustata “ . 854
angustispira Ad., . 855
anomala P., . 855
Aqheniane Ad., . 855
Apollo P., 3 . 851
appressa Say, 432, ‘436, 436,
441, 443, 447
Arangiana Py., . He 8600
arborea Say,. . . 854, 369
Arecibensis P., St LG nh Fomnite,
Ariadne P., . . 3d4, 444, 446
aspera F., . 855
atavus Sh., . 355
Auberi O., . 351
Audebardi P., aeer. 8b4
aquricoma B., . . 851, 355
auriculata By... . . 37, 38
auriculata Ry., . AE! BS
auriculata Say, . 26, 27, 28,

29, 31, 32, 33, 35, 37, 39,

126, 429, 440,
auridens Rang.,
auriformis Bld.,

29, at, 89,

444

. 358
448 -

avara Chem., 38
avara Ry., . 38
avara Say, 27, 28, 29, 30, ‘31,
32, 33, 37, 39, 116, 111,

: 125, 126, 444
avellana F., ewe. Sol
CCdiG) eo O4, BOS
Bahamensis P.,. «sj. B51
Bainbridgei P.? . 355
Baracoensis Gut., BBall
barbigera Redf., 120, 445
Bartlettiana P., ar. OO
Baudoni P., . 354
Bayamensis P., . oo
Bermudensis P., + 351
Blandiana Ad., . a SOO
Bonplandii Lam., . . 351, 855
Boothiana P., . . . 851, 355
Dracteala Wed cunts . 858
brevior AG. ante . 855
BREUISEAG 1.1. eee OOD
Bronneee (ees OOD

Helix Bryodes Sh, . . . ‘
buceulenta Gld., 120,
Buddiana Ad., iy,
caduca Pfr., 130,
cara Ad.,

Caracolla ig 354, "358, 359,
Carmelita F, g 5
Carpenteriana Bld, 135,
138, 141, 351, 360,
Carolinensis Lea, 422, 438,
434, 435, 436, 487, 438,
439,
cellaria Mull., 122, 123, 124,
cepa 4 Saka OSs
cereolus Muhif, 132, 133,
134, 135, 137, 138, 139,
cesticulus G., :
cheilodon Say,
Chemnitziana P., . :
Christyi Bld, 118, 420,
cir cumfirmata Redf.,
Clarkii Lea,
cognata Fr.,
Columbiana Lea,
columellata Ad.,

- 120,

comes Py.,
COMLANGS, ich eaten
concava Say, .. .

concolor F., 4
connectens ae" STO Ry
conspersula P., ae
Cookiana Gm.,. .
Cooperi W. G. By. ¥, 367, 368,
cornu-militare L., 284,
crassidens P., -
crassilabris P., 3
CHUSPOCONE sie sl oueianemcT ROMs
eruentata Guild,
OCubensis P., eek
Cumber landiana Lea, 367,
4229, 423, 436, 438,
eyelostomoides P,
debilis B., s, 20s
deflexa P, SIMRO e
delitescens Sh., 134, 140,
Dennisont RP... V0 %

denotata Fer., 435,
dentiens BH, 24% 354,
dentifera By., . . ae

dermatina Sh., SRA
GeEsidens)| Ane We urn Meehan
desiderata P., san
devia Gould,
diaphana Lam., . .
dilgtatase ieee eee
diminuta Ad.,

dioscoricola Ad., 51 NO BE
discolor F., 358,
disculus Dh., :

/

Helix dissita, Dh.,

Index.

Page

- 854

Dominicensis P., . . . 854
Dorfeuilliana Lea, . 445
Downieana Bld., . 420
EHdgariana Lea, 428, 429,
430, 431, 446
Edvardsi Bld., - 445
elevata Say, . . 448
Llliotti Redf., . 120
emarginata G., . 851
epistylioides F., . . 855
epistyliulum Ad., - 855

espiloca Rav., 115, 116, 125, 444
euclasta Sh., 351, 858, 359, 360
euspira Pfr, . - + 366
excellens P., . 354
exoleta By., : ; . . 448
fallax Say, 118, 426, 444,
445, 448
fastigans L. W. Say, 141,
142, 445, 447
fastigiata Hutt, . 142
fatigiata Say, : he 14]
florulifera Rv... . . 27, 84
Foremaniana Ad, . 355
formosa F., 5, fale . 851
Sraterna Say, . . . 421, 482
friabilis W. G. By., 129, 186, 181
fuliginosa By.,... . « . 121
Suliginosa Griff., 121, 122,
123, 124, 125, 127, 128,
130, 131
Suscocineta Ad., . 855
Suscolabiata Py., . 851
Suscolabris Ad., - 855
Suscula . 855
gallopavonis Val... . . . 351
Gaskoiny Pie. eens Sot
germana Gould, . ~ 119, 446
Guva es) Vases . 851
glaphyra Pfr., . 227
glaphyra RY.,. 42 93 + - 128
glaphyra Say, 122, 123, 124,
125, 127, 128
Gossei Ad., : » 855
gracilis Py,, . 851
graminicola Ad., . 855
Guanensis Py, . . 351
Guantanamensis Py., . . 851
gularis Say, . » + » 448
Gundlachi P., 351, ‘358, 359, 360
Gutierrezi Py. 5.0) Gems eb, 360
Haitensis W. & M., . 354
Haldemaniana Ad., . 355
Hazard Bld., » « « 445
helicoides Lea, 433, 435, 436
hilumW. & M., . 354
Hands; Pir) ies . 444
hippocrepis Pfr, . . . . 445

Helix hirsuta Say, 142, 425, 427,

428, 429, 431, 444, 445,

446, 447,
hispida L., Res es ae
Hjalmarsoni P.,

Hollandi Ad, . ee) oe
Hopetonensis ‘Sh. 118, 125,

Hubbardi Brown,
immersa G.,
immunda Ad,
imperator Mtf.,
incerta F. s. ee
inconspicua Ad.,
inerustata Py., .
indentata Say, -
indistincta F., Beet a TRE
inflecta Say, 119, 142, 425,
426, 441, 443, 444,
ingens Ad, . Sh ie
inornata By., 121, 122, 123,
124, 125, 126, 127, 128,
inornata W. G. By., :
inornata Griff., . :
inornata Pfr.,
inornata Ry., :
inornata Say, 120, ‘121, 122,
128, 124, 125, 126, 128,
129, 130,
interna Say, |). .) 443,
Mmeercenta SV, /. wh eure
introferens Bld., 117, 118,
ANUALIAG Ades Unie el ele
muvasa Pi, =: . Sines
Isabella ¥r., .
Jacobensis Ad., .
jactata G., 5
Jamaicensis Ch.,
Jayana Ad., .
Jeannereti P., shibeay
Josephine F., . . . 354,
Justi F.,

labiosa Gould, . . . 120,
labrosa Bld., 430, 431,
labyrinthica Say, . . 444,

levigata W. G. By. 55

levigata Ch.,

levigata Desh.,

levigata Fer.,

levigata Pfr.,

laevigata Raf, 120, 121, 122,
124, 126, 127, 128, 129, 1380,

levigata Ry., Sie
lamellifera Ad,,.. 5s
lampas Mill. ? aN:

lasmodon Phill.,

Leaii Ward,.

leporina Gould, .

Lescallei G., .

Letranensis P.,

499

Page

500

Helix lewcoraphe P.

Index.

Page Page

. 854 | Helix obliterata F¥., SMM AI (\5)

seca epee Ale
ligera Say, . . 121, 123, 124 obstricta Say, 429, 433, 435,

CORE it ee) 858; 860 486, 487, 488, 439, 4438, 447
Lindeni Py ee. SON Okeniana [PAO Oe . 356
lineata Say, pereyen S443 oppilata Mor. NOh a Cui atime ses
lingulata F., . . . 188, 185 orbiculata F., . . . 3858, 359
livida Guild, . 859 osculans: Ad Ne ee... (806
loricata Gould, . . 446 OttonisD.) eye Oe
loxodon P., . 854 ovum-reguli Lea, . . . . 352
lucerna Miill., - 355 pachygastra Gr., . . 354, 358
lucipeta Py., . . 351 pallescens Sh., . . . 856
lucubrata By., . i21 palliata Say, 433, 434, 435,

lucubrata Pir... - 129 436, 487, 488, 489, 448, 447, 448
lucubrata Say, 121, 129, 130, 131 paludosa P., 138, 135, 352, 356
Lnuquillensis Sh., cul igh, aueslikss pavallela Pye eye. see
lychnuchus Mill, « « 3854, 358 FOI GN acon jojo Cale
MacMurrayi Ad., . 855 Porraiana O:, 0.) 2. . 882
MeNabiana Chitty, . 856 patina Adis... ON em | E856
maculifera Gut., . 851 paucispiraF., . . . . . 352
margarita P., . 356 Pazenzis ohm Bi pein 5 OREO,
marginatoides Orb., . 360 pemphigodes P., . . . . 352
marginella Gm., 358, 359, 860 penicillataP., . . . . 352
margellinoides Orb,, . 351, 360 ‘Pennsylvanica Green, 443, 448
maxillata Gould, . . 431, 445 pentodon Mke.,. . . . . 354
melanocephala G., . a) aca! peracutissima Ad.,. ch Oyo Melae
microdonta W. G. By., . 138 peraginis Ad... . . . . 356

microdonta Desh., 188, 134,

perdepressa Ad, . . . . 356

136, 139, 140, 141, 351, 360 perplexa B.S a). Bb4
micr odonta Ptr. 5 - 138 perspectiva Say, . . 442, 448
Mona (Pits pairs aetlirs Sa, 360 PetatranaiOl a 2 852
minuscula By., . 352, 356, 358 Pheedhia Patines Wahi. BDA
Mitchelliana Lea, 120, 420, 448 ipicturaia Ad., 3 9.) )>)\. B56
monodon Rack., 119, 431, pila BGs Seley BOD

432, 441, 442, A45, 446 picta Borman emer he. one
monodonta Lea, . 854 Priyonesicay bey van ce) 80D
Montetaurina P., . e- 8D2 plagioptycha Sh., . . 358, 360
Mooreana W. G. 'By., . 425, 445 Poeyi Pet., . . 352
morbida Mor., meng Bae palyeyrelle Bld. & ©, 365, 446
mordax Sh... sett =. AD polygyrata Born. . . . 365
Mullani BI. & C., ; ar 446 polyodon W. & M., Mera). ODA
multidentata By., . Ae . 443 porcina: Say,. 2) 2 hs. 142
anultifasciata W. & M., . 851 Portoricensis P., . . 358
multilineata Say, . . 448, 545 Postelliana Bld., 29, 35, 34,
multistriata Dh., i eo! 39, 116, 111, 125, 444.
munda Ad., sg BRS pretiosa Ad, . ee eb 6
muscarum Wea, A). . 852 proboscidea P. Teeter
musicola Sh., . 858 profunda Say, . . . 448, 448
naevula Mor., 4 Bia) prominulaB., .. . . . 852
nemoralina Pet., 7H359 propenuda ‘Ad., STI eMeM ee. 336
nemoraloides Ad., . 856 Proserpinula P., A ence Meee
nigrescens Wood? . . 358 provisoriaP.,, . . . 351, 352
nitens,. . 2 QD pruinosa P., ao O
nobilis Ad., . 856 ptycoraphe W. & M, Ne. BOs:
NOCALEE Ys eliaaevatem tN. S82 ptychodes Poh). 8S). 356
notabilisSh., . 851, 358, 859 pubescens Pi Ry «Pa beeuroet Van OO
nucleola Rang., . Mapes). 808 pustula er. si Vettes 6) S40
nuaxdenticulata Ch., . 358 pustuloides Bld, . . . . 445
ochroleuca ¥.? . . 351 RangelinaP.,. 0.) ts) ss SB

Ob¢Sa) BE isc eles

. 858 raripila Mor, . . . . . 352

Index.

Page
Helix Riisei P... 358, 360
Roemeri Pfr., . . 448
rostrata P., ‘ 352, 360
rufo- apicata Py. - » oD2
rufula P.,. . EDO.
Rugeli Sh., 426, 444
Sagemon Bk., 852, 360, 366
Sagraiana O., eh. 802
Santacruzensis P., . . 859
sarcocheila Morch., . 854
saxicola P., . 852
Sayit By., . 443
scabrosa Py.,. . . . 852
Schrammizi Fisch., . , ad4:
Schroeteriana P., Se 2856
septemvolva Say, 132; 133,
135, 186, 137, 138, 141, 441, 444
similaris F., i O+4 (Oo L
similis Ad., - 856
Simson P., . 856
simulans Ad., 4 Bile
sincera Ad., . 356
sinuata Miill., . 856
sinuosa F., . Tr eahiad 5), Op.0
solitaria Say, 368, 369, 448
soror F., . 356
Spengleriana P, . 856
spiculosa Sh, . . 356
spinosa Lea, 423, 49, 428,
429, 430, 431, 449, 445, 447
sportella Gld., . 366
spreta Ad., . 356
squamosa He . 858
straminea Alb., . (856
strangulata Ad., . 356
stenostoma P., Souls wre o OS:
stenotrema Fer., 427, 429,
431, 445
stigmatica P., . . 852
striatella Anth., OOO
strigosa Gld., 367, 368
strumosa P,,. » « « « « 8b4
Studeriana, . . 284
suavis G.,. .« siey WEN Oe
subaquila Sh., 358, 359, 360
subconica Ad., . 856
sulphurosa Mor., . 852
supertexta P., . 852
suppressa Say, . . 443
tenerrima Ad., . 356
tephritis Mor., Mitre fie Cy
Texasiana Mor., 425, 489, 444
tholus W. G. By., . 445
thyroides Say, 364, 443, 448
tiarella W. & B., . 340
tichostoma P., . . . 852
torrefacta Ad., . »/ 806
Townsendiana Lea, 362, 866
transitoria P., . 352, 360

501
; Page
Helix translucensG., . . - . « 362
tridentata Say, 118, 119,
125, 364, 428, 425, 426,
441, 444, 448
var. ephabus Say, - - 125
tridentina F., : . 856
Trinitaria G., . 852
triodonta Jau., . . 425
triodontoides Bld., “424, 425, 444
triptycha Sh., . 356
trizonalis Grat., Scere cies
Troostiana Lea, . 445, 447
Troscheli P., Se, Coal
tumida P., , Uk shee oD OG
tur biniformis P, . » 852, 356
undulata F.,. . 354
uvulifera Sh., 21, 28, 32, ‘34,
387, 444
valida Ad., 356
Vancounere ensis Lea, . 366
varians Mk., . 361
variegata Ch.? . 859
vellicata Forbes, . 866
velutina Lam., . 858
b ventrosula Pfr., . . 444
versicolor Born., . 352
virginea Ad., Sala 1 BOG
volvoxis Parr., 134, 135, 136
vortex P., 351, 352, 354, 358, 359
vultuosa G1d., 118, 489, 445
Wheatleyi Bid, 119, 443
Helminthophaga chrysopter a Linn., 293
peregrina ae ne » « 322
Helodus Ag., . eto h cognee a yclSs:
Hemigaleus Bleek., " 386, 388, 400, 402
muer ostoma, Bleek., ene SE
microstoma “ - 502
Hemipristis Ag., . : . 389
HeMISCYLLIN”, . . Cebit 401, 408
Hemiscyllium Gill, 317, 878, 383,
407, 408
ocellatum M. H.., . 408
variolatum Dum.,. . . 413
Hepatus angustatus White, : 70
decorus Gibbes, . 70
fasciatus Latr., : 70
tuberculatus Sauss. . . . 70
Heptanchus Raf., . 377,379, 884, 388
Heptranchias, 374, 381, 404
cinereus, . 378, 874, 404
Herbstia condyliata, 185, 186
depressa Stimp., - 185
parvifrons Rand, . 185
Herpetotheres cabhanigias Dae 45 . 289
HErERODONTINA,. . . 384
HETERODONTOIDA, 393, 394, 395, 396, 403
Heterodontus, _ 376, '383, 384, 403
francisct Gill, pom aaaeevosh Ga OOF:
pantherinus Gray, 5 BREE

502 Indew.

’ Page
Heterodontus philippii Blain, 376,

894, 403
REUPO GRAN He det se-s 394
Hetertpanepe ess ee ees a . OA
HEXANCHINA, . . 884
Hexanchus, 374, 3711, 379, ‘381, 384,
388, 404
GT TREUB, eg i Oo BTB, 404
peli o> ina A Oa ae
EBROIDBACS ye! ea ke Mae, QA
Misinemmme, oS, ke paaiak ., (BLT
Hirunpinw, we 5 By gael
Hirundo horreorum Bar., pt. Os
Honocrpuaut,. . Ane thls (OOrl
Huenia heraldica De Haan, : . 801
Humantins, . . Neate ete 6. OTS
Hyas aculeata Gibbes, aN ates) HED
araneus Leach,. . . . . 179
HivBononmrs,,:. <0 -\2) alee, ete. ‘BSS
Hyzopontip x, AE tebe rok ac eet
Hysopowrorper, a, ROMER so Oe tate (OSS
ELYOODUS eo) Os Eames Been Bes. 1388
Hydrocena, : . 348
Hydrochelidon plumbea (Wils ) . 479
Hylophilus aurantiifrons Law, . 324
plumbiceps'Sel.,-..... . 828
pusillns Law," is ss «828
viridiflavus, Law.,. . . . 824
Hyphantes costototl Cabs erie i. en
HYPNINE,) . Oo On B BShS)
Hypnos, . . fy) O86
Tlypoconcha areuata Stimp., ates Magar (”
subulosa Guer.,. . pet
Hypocnemis naevoides (Lafr, ve . ». 826
schistacea Scl.,. . . 825
Hypoprion, . 8179, 383, 385, 400, 401
Hypoprionodon Gill, . 899, 401, 409
hemiodon “. . . 409
Hypotriorchis fer rugineus Sauss,, . 247
rufigularis Daud., .. . 462
Hypuroptila Buffoni (Less. ee netO Lo
Ipina, . cones. ATS
Tbycter Americanus Boda, on ees
Tomepay Via, 881
IcreRINz, pute pahene rs «6 297
Ieterus Baltimore Linn., etree, COL

Bullockiz Gund... = . 267
cucullatus Sw,» «+ = . 267
Dominicensis (Linn.), 268, 269

Giraudit Cass,. . . . . 297
mesomelas (Wagl. Dew einen 20
spurius Linn, . . . 268, 331
Wragdesers ie siaiioa wae. e200
Ictinia plumbea Gm., . . . . « 289
Tnachoides laevis Stimp., Sais. siaieclia A)
microrhynchus,. . . 193

Isocheles wquimanus, .%. . 85, 86
Wurdemanni Stimp.,,. . . 85

Page
Isogomphodon, . . . 899, 401, 410
oayrhynchus, Sas, LO
Isoplagidon, «9 « ~) 400401) 410
sorrah, Bar hae: ol 0)
IsuRINA, ; 884
TSURINEY 00 y0 ch 2) yale MB Ody TOUS
TStPODRUBN he seh aoe Sil a 409
Dekayi, : . 409
glaucus, . . 409
Isurus, 874, 876, 380, 383, 384, 388, 398
ony” hynehus, . 878, 3898
Jacameraps eget Gm., Aone)!
JAMAICIA, 348, 346
anomala Ad., eae at Wan tialtl
Moussoniana INCL, 857
Juliamya typica Bp., 293
Kellia planulata Stimp., . 163
Laeuna vincta Tur., . . 156
Lemargus M. 4H. 378, 379, 384, 389, 405
Lambrus crenulatus Sauss., . 201
» triangulus Stimp., . 201
LAMELLIBRANCHIATA, 160
Lamia, 398
Lamies, . SEE waekion, aly bere CHAS
Tamiopsisy ere) is Ae 401, 410
limbatus, . . : . 410
Temminekii, .. . 410
Lamna,. . » Sit, 379} 380, 384, 898
cornubica Cuv., ; . 398
flere Dekay, ; . 409
LaMNaz,. . pee ce yy GMlst 379, 388
LAMNID&, Mwy) GEOL cise uUtelay Cxeks)
LaMnine, nclses) Sat nfo, SOUT Fe re A
Lamnint, CU Medio) SUM arene. OOS
Lamnoiz, . Sain Pa Ho 397, 409
Lamyorpna, aante 3877
LAMNOIDEI, 388
Lampornis mango (Linn. ), 319
Larus argentatus (Brun.), 275
Marius LeMDin) ene. i) 2D

Leda limatula Stimp., 148, 161,
166, 167
sapotilla, Stimp. 148, 161
tenuisuleata, . ; 167
Legatus albicollis (Vieill), 472
variegatus Scel., 328
Law., cone AT
Leiches, . 5 Soe
Leiodon Wood, Ble . . 406
Lepidoenas speciosa Gm.,. eco
Lepidogobius gracilis Grd., 14
Lepedopa seutellata, : 79
venusta Desm., : 79
Lepidops myops Stim Mate he 241
tetellat, i = Fates 242,
Lepidorhinus Bon., : 405

Index.

Page
Leptocarias Smith, . . 887
LEPTOCHARIANA, . . Piasytnanat des ieanys te)
Leptocharias A. Smith, 877, 380,
383, 884, 400, 402
Smithii, A. Smith, . - . 402
Leptograpsus rugulosus M. Ed., 64
Leptopodia calcarata Say, . . 198
Leptopogon amaurocephalus Cab., -» 828
flavovirens Law., . . 472
Leptoptila Verreauxi Bp., 333
Leptoxis, . 370
Leucopternis semiplumbeus Law. ., 288
Leucosilia Jurinii Bell, . 69
Levcosorpna, . die Derek:
Licina, . be 848, 846
dubia Gm., sews
labeo Mill., 857
Limosa scolopacea Say, . 272
Limnzea bulimoides L., . 870
desidiosa Say, . 870
Sragilis L., 370
humilis Say, : 370
Lipaugus holerythrus Sel., 830
rufescens Scl., 330
unirufus Scl., 5) a Bb
Lithadia cariosa Stimp., ¢ 238, 28
Cumingii, . 5 Ae yeep)
Lirgopipga, 79
Lithodoidea, . 242
Littorina /ittor alis F, ‘& I, 155
palliata, . 156
Peconica,. ste LOO
rudis Gould, 151, 155
Lomis dentata, Samos AGL
Loligo illecebrosa Lea, . 148
Lophornis Delattrei Less, . . 465
Loxodon MEL, 377, 379, 381, 384,
884, 400, 402
machrorhinus M. & IL, 402
Loxorynchus grandis Stimp., 49
Lucidella, . ae deta ree
aureola F., . eneclat
(Oe HA LANN eae a aac aera on
Lupa bellicosa, 57, 221
crebraria, : : mea a
eacaniie (Latr. A < 220, 221
forceps, . , Aaa 740)
Gibbesii Stimp., 57, 222
gladiator, . a . 221
hastata, . BT
hastatoides, Sig el
pelagica Say, 219, 220
rubra, . 221, 225
sanguinolenta, hice)
Sayi Gibbes, 57, 210
Sebe M. Ed., Sete
spinimana, Leach, 57
J uPIDz, 226
Lyonesia hyalina Con., vs 164
FEB. 1863. 30

503

Pago

Macroceramus, . 842, 346, 347
amplus G.,. 852
angulatus 'W. & M, . 854
angulosus G., . 362
catenatus cus . 852
claudens G., . $852
costulatus G., . 852
cyrtopleurus P., . B54
festusG.,. . , 852
“formosus Wood, ee Soe
Gossei P. . 851, 852, 356
Gundlachi Heh 852, 354
Hermanni P., . 854
inermis G., . 862
Jeannereti G., . 852
lineatus Br., . . 855
LIudovici P., . He ees)
microdon P., . 858, 359
notatus G., a oon

Paz G., S52
pictus G.,. . . 8d2
Richaudi Pet., erry 855
signatus Guild,. 851, 855, 359
tenuiplicatus P., Par SOO:
turricula P., . . 862
unicarinatus Lam., . 852
virgineus W. & M., . 855
Macrorhamphus griseus Gund? . 272
“Teach, . 273

«“ (Gm), 273, 479

scolopaceus (Say), SP DTD,
Macetra lateralis Say, . 162, 163
solidissima Chem., . 168

Maia spinicincta Lam., . 188
spinosissima “ te L88
MaroIpEA, 49, 177
Malacoptila fontalis Sel., . 318
Panamensis Lafr.,. . 290
Margaritana margaritifera L., . 370
Mareca hapa? : . 449
Marteaux, . ree (2) SIG
Megalomastoma, 348, 346, 347
alutaceum Mk., . mo Da
Antillarum Sow., . 859
apertum P., . 853
auriculatum O., 1868
bituberculatum Sow., . . 353
complanatum P., . 353
cylindraceum Ch., 7 858
digitale G., aos
Gundlachi Ve . 853
leoninum P.,. . 858

Mani Py., . 853
Orbignyt P., . 856
procer Py., : . 855
seminudum Py., . 853
tortum Wood., . 853
ventricosum O., : 3538
verruculosum Sh., . 858

Ann. Lyo. Nar. Hist. Vou. VII.

504

Index.

Page

Megalobranchium granuliferum ame.
76

Megaspira, . . 2 . d41
Melampus corneus Stimp., 5 . 159
MELANERPIN», ; ae209
Melania, . 850
plicifera Lea, . 870
Melanopsis, . . 350
Mellisuga Merrittii Law., e . 110
MUnIMA, . « « Pek cise tba)
Menippe mercenaria, ae 54
nodifrons Stimp.,, . . . 53
obtusa fe Se al
Mesodesma arctatum, . . . . . 148
Metopocarcinus Stimp., . . 216
truncatus ‘ . . 216
Metoporhaphis Stimp., . 198
calcarata (Say), Los
Micippa, . . gj Uteyi
Micrastur gilvicollis (Vieill), . 3ll
poliogaster (Temm.), . . 317
semitorquatus (Vieill), . 462
Microrhynchus, . es . 193
Milandres,. . 876
Milnia, . RPE yt a ue
aculeata Bell, . 180
bicornuta (Latr.), . . 180
platysoma Stimp., . = ALSO
Minyinz, : 289, 317
Milvulus :nonachus Har tl., . 295
Mimulus Stimp., . OD
foliatus Stimp,, - 200
Minippe mercenaria, - 53
nodifrons Stimp., : 53
obtusa ee . 53
Mionectes assimilis Sel., . 328
olivaceus Licht., . 828
striaticollis Lafr., . . . . 328
Mithraculus cinctimanus Stimp., . 186
coronatus (Herb.), . . 186
denticulatus sli : . 187
seulptus, : - 186
Mithrax, : . 190
aculeatus M. Ed., . 188
denticulatus Bell, oe iltsag
hispidus M. Ed., 189, 190
spinicinetus Desm., . 188
spinosissimus M. Ed, . 188
tuberculatus SEupP . 189
verrucosus M. Ed.,. . . . 187
Mniotilta varia (Linn.), . . . . 822
MNIoTILTID&, . : 593, 322, 468
MnioritTina,. . 293, 322, 468
Modiola discors Gld., Mima eS LE
discrepans Gild., emo
glandula, . 5 og AM
Momorip”, . 290, 318
Momortin, r 290, 318
Momotus Lessoni Less., eee. He 2oO

Momotus Martii Spix,
subrufescens Scl.,
Monopterhinus, . 2
Monopterhinus griseus, . . .
MonorTerRini,. ... .
Montacuta bidentata, .
elevata Stimp., .
Motacilla albicollis Gm.,. .
MOPAGILLID Ay 5) es ce)sl ani
MoractLuin&, .
Munida Caribzea Stimp., . 3
Muscicapa Acadica Gm., .
altilogua Vieill,
pusilla Lemb., nee
Muscivora Mexicana Scel., 295,
MusTenl, . . . . 868*, 379,
(Mig DEETANAS wf 0° seks bec aver eae
MUSTERINA, 6 eye. ter ap 4005
Mustelus, 376, 377, 379, 381, 884,

levus Flem.,. 368%, 370*,
Riva. terenaria ys Sn Vg suse ls
Myiarchus brunneiceps,

cinerascens Lawr, :

crinitus (Linn.), 285,
nigriceps Scl., :
Panamensis Law., . 284,
' pheocephalus Sch. . .
Myiobius barbatus (Gm. ) ap ede

cinnamomeus Lafr.,
ie Law., .
erythrurus Cab., . .
in yiodiogtes Canadensis (Linn. ),
Myiodynastes nobilis Scl.,
Myiozetetes Cayennensis (Linn. ier
Columbianus (Cab.), .
Granadensis Law.,
Myrmeciza exsul Sel... . . . .
ferrugine Law., . . . .
longipes (Vieill),
Myrmetherula falviventris Law,

gularis, - . 326,
pygmea (Gm, ae Uae oe
SurinamensisGm., . .
Mytilus corrugatus Stimp., 148,
decussatus Mont., 148, 161,
edulis L., : 161,
levigatus Stimp. ike 148,
modiolus L., 161,
plicatulus Desh., :

Nanina, . ae
NaRCACIONTINA, . Ce POT oe ee eae
INARGACIONTOID ASS cadaimcltel tks s
Narciné,
Narcine, joe

Indica Henle, Balke

Pemleti, Saco ae ae

Narcinin&,

Page
Naroacion, SRT 8T
Nassa obsoleta Say, . : 150, 151, 162
trivitlata Say, 150, 151
Natica duplicata Say,. . . . . 152
heros s,s. 152) 1669167
immaculata Tot., wee b2
pusilla Say, . “ee 152
triseriata Say, . . 152
Nautilograpsus minutus M. Ed., 231
Navicula didyma K.,.. . . . . 105
elegans, eee : 105
maculata B.,. . . 105, 106
Lape iKey iaula a) Let hs 104
permagna B., esl
sigma Ehn, . SiR elOss 105
Nebrius Rupke,. . . . . 883, 406
Neocorys, . i ork et Meter Wish Rees hc
Neptunus,. . 219
Sayi (Gibbes), . 220
Nettion brecea, . 449
Nictitantes, : 371, 382, 386
Nisus fr ingilloides D’ Orb., . 255
Fuscus Gund: seas. 255
Lemb., Sui se a3)
pileatus “ 252
Nitzschia scalaris Stimp., . 105
Noctua nudipes Lemb., 257
Siju D’Orb.,. . . 259
Norrpan, . 371, ‘379, 386, 388
Noripanipz, . . . . 882, 886, 388
NortipaninI, Pap Mm S388
Notipanoip&, . . 398, 395, 397, 404
IMOTIDANOIDET, Ween ween eee Poel:
Notidanus Cuv., 376, 404
cinereus, . PROD
Notorhynchus, et ANT SOA:
TINACULAIS Meee Seto:
Nucula prozima, . . . . 148, 161
NupIBRANCHIATA, Se werent 160
Nyctale su Strick, . . . 259
Nyctibius grandis Gm, 290
Nyetidromus Americanus Linn., 290
Guianensis Gm., . . .° . 290
Ocylus Wagleri (Gray), 297
Ocypoda arenaria, . 229
occidentalis Stimp, Se eS)
Ocypode Gaudichaudii, M. Ed., 61
OcyPoDoIDEA, 56, 58, 229
ODONTASPIDES, 877, 379, 382
ODONTASPIDIANA,. . 0. -s . =. . 884
OpontasPIDOIDH, . 393, 395, 396, 398
Odontaspis Ag.,. . 379, 384, ee 398
LAUPUSS «10, TAO . 873
ODONTOPHORINA, . . 301
Odontophorus Guianensis (Gm. ) . 301
Oleacina, . § SP, 342
angiostoma Ad., 356
Blandiana Ad., 356

Index.

Oleacina biplicata W..& Mi,.. « +
costilosa AG ss WSs.
cyanozoaria G., .
Dominicensis Gm.,
follicularis Mor.,
Gayana Ad.,
glabra Pi hay
Griffithsi "Ad,
Guadeloupensis P.,
Ingallsiana Ad.,
interrupta Sh., .
Jamaicensis P., .
leucozonias Walch,
ligata Ad., Dhich Grek cs
LIndony Es, et Ake eek

nemorensis Ad.,

nitida Ad , .
oleacea Fer.,. . 3852, 854
orysacea Mor., 352

Ottonis P., Pphda
perplexa Ad, s,s
Philippiana P.,
Philipsi Ad.,
Portoricensis P.,
procera Ad.,
propingua Ad.,
proxima Ad, . .
ptycoraphe W. & M.,
regularis G.,.
saturata Gi pena: CP
S7czleg: Morar on ecuis
similis Ad.,
solidula P.,
subulata P.,
sulculosa Sh.,
terebreeformis Sh.,
texta W. & M.,.
translucida G., .
Trinitaria G.,
anicolor Ad.,
venusta Ad., .
vicina Ad.,

Oncorhynchus canis,
consuetus,
Cooperi,
dermatinus, .
proteus, aa eink}
Scoulerine Sikes its,

Oncostoma,

Oniseus brunnescens Cab., :

Oporornis formosus (Wils.), :

Oregonia, .

Oriolus Dominicensis Linn.,

Ornismya Julie Boure, . . . .

Orodus Ag... .

Ortalida polioeephala Wagl.,

Orthalicus, : RRS BAD:
undatus Brug., 3.44, 352, Pe
undulatus Guild.,

506

Inde.

Page Page

Orthorhynchus Boothi Gund, . 868 | PARASCYLLIINZ, . . 807, 408, 412
Helene Gund. : . 263 | Parascylliwm, . 407, 412
Orthosina marina W.S.,. . . 104 | Parascyllium variolatum, . . 418
Ortyx Cubanensis Gould,. : . 270 | Paraxanthes Lucas, ‘ . 207
Virginianus D'Orb., . 270 | Panwa, . . 822
Oryzoborus ethiops Sel., . 333 Panis, - *. 301
Ostinops cristatus (Gm. in : . 297 | Parra melanopygia Sel, shi op SOR
Montezuma Less., . . 297 | Pecten irradiaus Lam., 152, 161
Ostrea borealis Lam., . By od CageTRERRE HSS . 167
Othonia aculeata, 49, 192 | Pelerins, . 876
seadentata Bell, ‘192 | Pelia mutica Stimp., 5 Beli)
Otodus Ag., . - . . . 888 | Pera aeppendiculata Leach, 99
Oxynotus Raf., 384, 404, 405 gibba 100
centrina Raf., 369%, 372,378, 405 fluviatilis ¢ 95
Oxyrhina, 877, 879, 880, 384, 888, 398 Henslowiana “ 95, 98
glaucus MH., 398, 409 pulchella s 96
OXYSTOMATA, . - . 69 | Pericera dzcorna M. Ed., 179, 180
Oxytes Gieb., . : . 888 bicornis Sauss., . . 180
Oziustaie as 3s seco Uy Wome Be sp. bicornuta Latr., . 180
perlatus Stimp., . . ala! cornuta M.Ed, . anh ASUSB
Verreauatt Sauss., . 211, 212 diplacantha Sek, 183

fossata 181

Pachycheles grossimanus, = iG levigata, if = ei
rudis Stimp., . 76, 98 subparallela ‘ 182, 188
Pachygrapsus innotatus, . 64 trispinosa, . . . . 182
transversus Gibb... . . . 64 villosa, . : . 182
Pacbyramphus cinereus (Bodd.), . 330 | Pericera, - 179, 183
cinnamomeus Law., . , 298 | Peristera cinerea (Temm. ), : . 301
homocbhrous Sel., - Ake Persophona Edwardsii Bell, . 70
marginatus Licht., . 830 guaia 70
rufescens Spix,. . 296 Lamarekit Leach, . 70
PaGuRID&A, - 82 Latreilli ss 50
Paguristes depressus Stimp, My 87 punctata Brown, . 70
turgidus - 86 | Petalocerus Bellianus White, - §&0
PAGUROIDEA, : : ~ 243 | Retalodus: & sea - 60, 388
Pagurus Bernhardus Linn, ite 89 | Petasophora thalassina (Sw. ) 457
Cubensis De Saus., 85 | Petricola dactylus Say, 163, 164
platythorax, . 88 pholadiformis Lam., . 163, 164
pollicaris Say, . 92 | Petrochelidon leucoptera (Gm.), . 817
pubescens, 89, 90 lunifrons (Say), . Sh Suef
sinistripes Stimp., . . 82 | Petrodus M’Coy,. : - 388
venosus M. Ed.,. 82 | Petrolisthes affinis nis ‘ ae AN
vittatus Bose, . . 84 ‘ armatus, . i . 18, 74
PALAMEDEIDZ, 301 gracilis Stim. aye : = A
Pandora trilineata Say, 164 marginatus Stimp., . 74
Panopeus, . 54 occidentalis ‘“ a3
abbreviatus Stimp. 211 politus, . 74
Americanus Desm., 54 rupicolus, » 74
chilensis M.Ed, . . . . 54 sexspinosus, . ; ste TS
erenatus “ . . 54,210; 211 tridentatus Stimp., . 75, 98
Harrisii Stimp., . 54, 55 | Pheethornis Adolphi Boure., . 291
Herbstii M. Ed., . 64, 55 eurynomus Less., 1 20

levis Dana, 54 longirostris Delatt., ols
limosus M. Ed., . 56 | Pheeton flavirostris, . 148, 144
occidentalis De Saus., . 54 flavo-aurantius Law., . . 142
serratus Desm., . . 54 | Phlogopsis McLeannani Law., 285, 294
Texanus Stimp., 54, 55 nigromaculata L, & D’Orb., 286
transversus ‘ 210 | Pheenicothraupis rubicoides (Lafr.), 297
Wurdemanni Gibbes, ee 56 | Phonipara gutturalis (Licht.), . . 298

index.

Page
sila pusillus (Sw.) . . . 298
Phyllolithodes, . . . 243

Phyllolithodes papillosus, Bra., . 80
Phyllomanes barbatulus Cab., . . 266
PHYRRULINA, . . 8338, 474
Phys» hetorostropha Say, ava 9 SO

hypnorumiLy, 2.6) my SOD

Physemoda equalis Rafin., : . 103
Phy sodon, . 3879, 383, 385, 3 399, 401
Mulleri, Ae . 401

Piaya nigrécrissa Sel., . ie 98 SHE HO
rutila ie tetas uguen 00

Picipa,. . . . 299, 333, 476
Picin#, Ss Tai Sa Hh299: 338, 476
Picumnin, # eKnOS

Picumnis Geanatlonsis Lafr. sh “ooD
Pilherodius pi/eatus Sepa yoeeOl

Pilumnus aculeatus, . Peels
ceratopus Stimp.,. . . » 215
gemmatus “ selcantso le

Harrisit Goulds. . 655
lunatus M.Ed, . . . . 216
reticulatus Stimp.,, . . . 214

Xantusii Bh Mirseotss 23
Pimeletropis lateralis Gill, pe ones AS
PIMELODINA, ... « Rabe S5.) gov
Pimelodus catus, * Ate a eneysy atl

gracilis Hough, Ae pee, 215 42

Pinnixa chxtopterana Stimp., 235, 2387
cylindrica White, . 68, 285, 237
Laas Stimpy alve2e
leevigata . 68, 235
monodactylum Say, 5 ger ae
Sayana Stimp,. . . . . 236
transversalis Lucas, As OS

Pinnotheres cylindricum Say, 68, 235
maculatus Ay as LU
ostreum Hoan cs J6U

Pinnularia didyma Ebr, . . . . 104
UntennUpea Ke. ui aeen ere
lyra M3 ys) oC Re
permagna B, . « . . + 108

Pinius eoceinieollanis Lawes ene
hematotis Scl., . . 299, 476

cs Law., on Ee AGS
menstruus (Linn.),. . . . 299

Pipra cyaneocapilla Wagl., . . . 296
mentales.Sel.,) 14 Vsraans) 3298
vitellina Gould, we, eoclorfi2gS

PIPRINZ, . . x) ites het SiG, ATS

Bisa, 6 sous | aE) haste ean TE TS:
aculeata Bell, iene. 80
bicoina Gibbes,. . . . . 180
bicornuta Latr., . . 179, 180
mutica Gibbes: syn ell odnt
styx, . 180

Pisidium abditum Hald., 94, 95, “99,

100, 101, 102, 103
abruptum Hald., 94, 108

Pisidium acutum Pfr,. . . . 94, 99

VAGAMStuLT inc hietect eke! | 6) LOD
cequale Raf,. . . . 95, 108
GCE PAT ocala ee, GOs OT
amnicum Jen., . 95, 98, 99,
100, 101, 102
amplum Ing, . . . . 94, 95
antiquum Braun, . . . . 95
QRCUACUITE DI! si eliiaiiis t=, 96

australe Phil., Mii veactties 3) 496
Baudonianum Ces., . ~ 96, 98
Bonafouxianum “ Wee (Onn O90
Brongniartinum Bgt., . 96, 97
caliculatum Dup,. . . 96

casertanum Bet., 96, 97, 98,

90, 101, 102, 103
Canariense Shuttl., . . 96
cardiolum Desh, . . . . 96

cicer Pr., . SPighasetes. tee Od
cinereum Ald, Jonette: ONION
compressum Br, 5 Sly ehan OH
conicum Bande ednuis - OK
contortunm Bri, “ssc eine. 5 SC
COTMEG NICTS ME, spensucaice oy Ot

cuneatum Pet... . . . 96, 917
Dolingolti Villa. «(OF
Denainvilliersi eet AMR pps 7
diaphanum Hald., Riles! SOE
dubiumn ac ME OT LOS
duplicatum pe eau ve bhava vs of OS
Dupuyanum Norm., . . 98, 99
equilaterale Ter ot Neicaue. » 198
exaratum Dunk., . . . . 98
Ferroense Moreh, . . . . 98
ferrugineum Pr. « ~ - . 98
Sontinale MEAG eee eens cpm

fuscum Parr, . . « . 98
Gassiesianum Dup., 96, 98, God
100, 102

globulosum Gas., . . . 97, 98
grande Whit., ..»..,)98, 102
Grateloupianum Norm., 95, 98
Henslowianum Jen., 94, 96,

98, 99, 100, 101
incertum Norm. . . 99, 100
inflatum Meg.,. . . ~ 95, 99
intermedium Gas.,. . . 95, 99
iratianum Dup., . . . 96, 99
Jaudouianum Gas, . . . 99
Jayanum aig 535s AO
Jenynsii Meg ee Oma
Joannis ‘ diis ie QOsEoe
Kurici eta whe es 945.99
levigatum Bgt., . . . . 99
lenticulare Dup\,.\. =. 96, 99

limosum Gas., . . - 96, 99
TR IE Forb , . 96, 99
MalletD&M, . . 99

minimum Stud, eh ‘99, 100

508
Page
Pisidium minus Stimp., . 94, 99
Moquinianum Bgt., 99
nitidum Jen., 96, 99, 100
Normandianum Dup., 98, 100
notatum Pr., . 94, 100
Novi Hboract Pr., . . 100
nucleum Begt., 100
obliguum Ptr., 95, 100
obseurum Pr., 94, 100
obtusale Pfr., 99, 100
Oude Pets PRET TaN Ee LOO
pallidum Gas., . 99, 100
palustre Nils., 95, 100
parasiticum Parr., . . 100
Pfeifferi Ziegl., . 95, 101
Pfeiffert R. & D., . > OL
pictum Ces., . 99, 101
planum Ptr., 97, 101
plenum Lew, 94, 101
pretermissum Noulet, eo OW
priscum HKichw., + LOL
pulchellum Jen., 96, 101
pusillum a a oS a1
pygmeum R. & D ce On
Reeluzianum Bet., Bye LOU
regulare Pr.,. 94, 101
resartum Ing., . Bei, BOL
roseum Scholtz,. . . . 101
rotundatum Pr., POE
rotundum Ces., 96, 101
rubellum Pr, . ae nlO2
rubrum Lew., oe eng4, “102
Rylliense Bgt.,. . . . ~ 102
semensMkesPen Sess 102
sinuatum Bgt., . . 96, 102
splendidum Parr., . ree 2
Stabileii Schmidt, . 96, 102
Steenbuchi Moreh, Ly ea
sulcatum Parr., . . 95, 102
supinum Schmidt,. . . . 102
tenellum Gould, Pe LOZ
thermale Dup., . 96, 102
tetragonum Norm., 98, 102
variabile Pr., 98, 102
Veatleyit Pet., Bor 02,
ventricosum Pr., Be eelO2
vitreum Pfr., OOS
Virginicum 'Bet., 94, 95,98, 102
Z0natum, bE, ie. 94, 103
Piscsoma pis; <.), Ae Riki) \s: 176
Riisei Stimp., Ue
Pitangus albovittatus Law., . 471
lictor Licht., A raejoad
Pithys leucaspis Sel., by du aaeAd
rufigularis Bodd., 293, 294
rufigularis Law., Bue LO
Pittasoma Michleri Cass., 294, 326
Pitylus grossus sani 5. 2S)
PLaAGIosTOMI, 387, 390

Indez.

Page
Plagusia clavimana Auct., 232
depressa Say. . . 64
depressa (Fabr.), 232
orientalis Stimp., . 231
Sayi De Kay, 64
sguamosa Gibbes,. . .* 64
Mods wun 931
Planorbis ducidus Pfr., . 350
parvus Say, - 3870
trivolvis “ . 70
Platycarcinus ieroratus Gibbes, 50
Platynodon Gill, . : 401
Platyrhyncha cancroma Licht., 330
PLATYRHYNCHIN&, 295, 329, 473
Platysqualus Sw., 381, 403
tiburo Sw., 06 408
Plecochilus: eats eae ‘ 848
glaber Gm., . ; 348
leur ods Ao) yi ten vee ute ie 388
Pleuroncodes Stimp,, . 245
monodon ‘ 245
planipes “ 245
Pleurosigina angulata W. S., eel OD
Pleurotoma cerinum K. & S., 148,
151, 153
plicatum Ad. . . . 1651, 153
Pliosoma Stimp., . Heyy eee Oneal
parvifrons Stimp. eee. 2 228
Podiceps Dominicus (Linn.), . 3834
PODIGIEINATN |, fat of abel 334
Podochela Stimp., . . Wels ore LOA:
deflexifrons Stimp., I Olde 197
grossipes ce . 195, 196
macrodera “ .4106, 197
Riisei LOG LOT LoS
Podophthalmus, . Nees lea6
Polioptila bilineata, . . . . . 804
coerulea, . - aes 304
superciliaris Law., - + 3804, 322
POLIOP TIGA). (4 3 aah Hau eine 322
Poly bis, «7, 4,e\'s)/2 0a) |venores MPe. "=: PAB
Po.yBorin&, : 5 oilslcne-tets)
Polygyra aurieulata Sy, ei dent, MLO ATS2
avara 30, 31, 32
Polyonyx macrocheles, . . . . "7
Polyprosopus Couch, . 397, 398
Rashleighanus Couch, . . 398
Polyrrhizodus McCoy,. . . » 388
Porcellana armata Gibbes, . 73
galathina Say, . 73
magnifica Gibbes, . . 44
ocellata $ 4 17
polita Gray,. . . A 44
sexspinosa Gibbes, 73
PORCELLANIDEA, . . . . an ais
Poroderma Smith, . . . oo) AON
Africanum Smith, . 407
PorTunIpz, . . . 57
Portunus spinimanus Latr., . 221

Porzana Carolina (Linn.), . . .

Index.

Page

479

FPotamocarcinus, 3.7. «, \e a 61 aoe
Prionodon, . 379, 383, 38, 401
Prionoplax spinicarpus M. Ed., 59
PRISTES, . . . 890
Pristidophor us Bon. oe . 406
Pristidurus, . . 383
PRISTIN A, : Fee ay NBS
PristioPHoRoi x, é ” 393, 894, 395,
397, 400
PRISTIOPHOROIDEIL, . . 389
Pristiophorus, 378, 379, ‘380, 384,
887, 893, 406
cirratus MH., eke ECO
Pristis, . oe Obl ooe
antiquorum, - .868*, 3870* 372
PRISTISID&, 384
Pristiurus Bon., 377, 378, "381, 384,
887, 406, 407
melanostomus, 373, 407
PrisTowwel,. . . 390
Progne chalybea (Gm. ) : . 318
PROKTOPTERIDES, . . 3887
PROSERPINACEA, . 341
Proserpina, 841, "349, 346, 347
bidentata Ad, alan as . 358
HETERO 6S) Sale . 354
globulosa 0, sn\teh ie . 355
linguifera Jonas, . 358
nitida Gray,. . . . .« + 808
pisum Ad, «Me. ee |e 808
PRosOBRANCHIATA, Mavi okay LAD
PsIrTacipsé, 299, 333, 474
PsirTacin#, . : 299, 475
Psittovius subcoeruleus Law. eta, aa iO
tovi (Gm.), . . 299
Pteroglossus torquatus (Wagl ) . 299
Ptychodus Ag., . 388
PULMONIFERA,. . aim come AIG)
Pupa, ere 342, 347, 349
alvearia Kust., ELOOL
Barbadensis P., . 851
contracta Say? . . 356
Californica Row., . . 287
Cumingiana P., - 852
cyclostoma K., . 852
exilis Ad., . 856
glans Kust.,. . . 854
Grevillet Chitty, . . . . 356
Gonalachtib., oo enue teoDe
hexodon Ad., 356, 358
incana By., . 2 Sen siae
SOStOTG ba) sae 351, 352
Jamaicensis Ad., 351, 856, 359
Jardineana Chitty, se ee oO
lata Ad., Eo OO
marginalba |e RS Pa}
maritima P., . 852
marmorata P., . 852

509
Page
Pupa microstoma P., 352, 354, 858
multicosta K., . 852
Mumia Brug., . . 352
Mumiola P., . aoe:
neglecta ay . 852
ovata Say, . . 147
Paredesii Orb, . . . 344
pellucida P., 361, 352, 356,
858, 359, 360
Proteus G., tae coos
Rowellii Newe., 146, 287
TUGISH Eee 25 Py hcelincel
Sagraiana P., . 852
scalarina G., . 852
sculpta Py., Sura: Linea eee
striatella F., 351, 352, 354, 358
tenuidens Ad. . . . 352, 356
tumidula Dh.? . . - oon
uva L., A a) 04:
venusta Py., . Buy
vulnerata K., . . . 352
Weinlandi Kurr., . ~ oD
Purpura lapillus, : - 148
Pyranga estiva (Gm.), . 297
rubra (Vieill), . : . 331
Pyriglena maculicaudus Scl., . 825

Pyrrhomitris cucullatus (Sw.), . . 269
Pyrula canaliculata Brug. ane . 150

carica . 149
Querula cruenta Bodd., . 296
QUERULINA, : . 830
QUISCALINA, 5 . 296
Radamas Munst., atu ord
Raia, : 367*, 370*
Ratz, : 384, 390
Rar, . : . 381
Rau, - . 384
Rasint, . - . 387
RaLiips#, 802, 479
RaLiin 2, 802, 479
RAMPHASTID&, cote BEY
RAMPHAsTIN€, . 299, 474
Ramphastos car inatus Sw., se so ZEN)

tocard (Vieill), . es 299
Ramphoceenus cinereiventris, Scl., 469

rufiventris, - 469

semitorquatus Law., . 469
Ramphocelus ditaidietie Lafr., . 331

icteronotus Bp., . 279

luciana Lafr., See aeopnl
Randallia ornata Rand, . . . . 69
Ranella caudata Say, . : . 149
RaniInoweEa, : . 240
Ranilia angustata Stimp., Bs . 240

muricata,. . Rie) i AO
Raphoneis rhombus Ehr., a he LO
FOIE Gr ibe aattlc : cre id, XSi

510
: i Page ;
Regerhinus uncinatus Cab., . . 257
Remipes pacificus Dana, . 241
strigillatus Stimp., ; . 241

Reniceps Gill, . . . . 4038, 412
tiburo Gill, 370%, 372, 408, 412
Rhamphobatis, A . 408
Rhimamphus estiva Cab., pigte ve Abe
inden testa 372, 408
squatina Raf, "369%, 3v1*
32, 373, 408
Raina, . cz . 890, 396, 397, 408
Rhineodon Smith, 880, 397
typicus A. Smith, . 897
RHINEODONTIANA, . 884
Rhiniodon Smith, . 381
FUHINOBATOUD A uy. sre, eee kee sB OO
Rhinodon Smith, . 879, 884, 888, 397
RaINODONTES, . . . 3879, 886, 388
Ruiwopontip#, 386, 388, 392, 393,
395, 396, 397
IREINODONTOIDET,. (6). +), eulicd ies (O88
Rurnoip#, . . 398, 396, 397, 408
Rhodenocichla rosea Less. . . . 292
Rhynchophilus solitarius (Wils.), . 334
Rineodon Smith, Aire
Rissoa minuta Stimp., . : 153, 157, 163
Stimpsoni Smith, Sey asry

TVOUSSELLES 21 1a) sieh oie tel, MeV ao 376, 385

Sagda,. . Oo hacia . 346
eee ‘spectabilis, Ay Uae Ons eremails)
SALMonNIDs, . ah Red tees aS L0
Salmo Bairdii Sek., 309, 310
brevicauda Sck., f As S105)
Campbellin Se eae Wyse ele
canis Set 0) Op) OL Dap roles
cConiluentusy, oo 6 i. heya
Cooperi i 311, 318
fontinalis, 309, 310

Gairdneri Rich. . A ea witss
pibber S¢ks aq ror woul = Museu anO

Gibbsii “ Gotu ats
Hudsonicus Sek" <i) se OO
Teemmerlya 6 or aise
Parkei se Mutat aes . 309
proteus Pal.,. Sees
quinnat Rich., Vo; 4,48

Richardii Sck., . a eiuil

scouleri, Gwisiole, SLO
spectabilis Gir Solis
truncatus Sck., Be eRH NS)
Hutte ADD etd see e s,s oe
tsuppitch Rich., a ee
Warreni Scek,, 308

SALMONIDA, . REL. col

Saltater atriceps Less, 297
magnus (Gm.),. « 297
striatipectus Lafr., . 331

Sapphironia ceruleogularis Gould, 319

Index.

Page
Sapphironia Goudoti, . . 459
Sapphironia luminosa Law., . 458
Saxicava distorta Say, . - 165
Seaphorhynchus Mexicanus Lafr., 295
Schasicheila, . ; . 348
Schasicheila minuscule i ? me . 851
ScLEurIn«z, 6 . 465
Scleurus Mexicanus ‘Sel., . » 465
Sealaria clathrus L., 148, 153
lineata Say, 148, 153
Scoliodon MH., 877, 379, 380, 381,
383, 385, 399, 401
laticaudus MH., . . . . 401
ScoLopacipé, . 301, 334, 479
SGOLOPACINE,. . 9. . . 301, 479
Seolopax grisea Gm., . 273
longirostri is Bell, - 242,
semipalmatus Gm., = ie
Scops choliba et i} aa hepewent: ey
Scy Lita, ; 377, 878, 387
Soy Liab, of Tolan RLC ey
ScyLtiens, . . 885
Scy ttt, . 3) es pe tO
ScyLiip&, . . 882, 385
SeyLiint, . 387
ScyLi1opontxs, 368%, 379, 386, 400, 402
Scylliodus Ag., . 387
ScYLLioIpEl, 3 = USS
ScyLt1o1ps, 3 | 867%, 384, 385
SOYELIORHININE, 5. sar) Went) ee0G
ScYLliorHInoipz, . 393, 895, 397,
406, 412
Scylliorhinus, 875, 406, 407
canicula, . |. 9» . ‘ 3a, 40m
caniculus Bl., 869*, 370%, 3872
Scyllium Cuv., 376, 383, 387
Burgeri MH., . 412
laticeps A. Dume, : 408, 412
ScymnI, . : 379, 886, 388
SoyMNIpzZ,. . . . . 382, 386, 388
ScyMNINI, . 888
ScyMNoIbz, - 393, 395, 397, 405
SoyMNoIDEL, hae Wiel cr ciey ss
Scymnorhinus Bon., : . 405
Scymnus, 376, 378, 379, 381, 384,
389, 405
WeCNEOsvcgre® op etuenseis 313, 405

SEIURINeZ, . . . 822
Seinrus Noveboracensis (Gm.), . . 322

Selache Cuv., 376, 377, 379, 380,
381, 384, 388
Selenidera spectabilis Cass., . . 474

Sesarma angustipes Dana, . . . 66

cinerea Say, . . 65, 66
pisont M. Ed., . 232
TELICULOLO OA.) ola ree
cond Ne Wah) es eee
Setophaga ruticilla (Linn, tg . 322
HARES, (outs : : . 380

inde

Page
Sicydium obscurum Temm, . . . 17
Simpulopsis, ~ . 842, 847
Dominicensis P., . 855
Portoricensis Sh., . . 858
Skeenea, 7 . 157
Skates. . nny BL
Solecurtus Pidens F. & Els, 148, 164
Solemya borealis Tott, 148, 161
velum Say, Pelt
Solen ensis L., DAP ee Ge
Somniosus, . - 884, 405, 406
Spatula elypeata (Linn. ee 2). 274
Speocarcinus, . : 58
Carolinensis Stimp. ec 5)
Spermophila aurita Bp. . . . 333
cinerea Lafr., . 474
lineata (Linn.), . . 474
mentite \ea)ias re . 833
schistacea, . 474
Spherium cornewn Seop., < 97
Ddingoli Bivon, SEO
Serrugineum Ke, 2 eT SOO
maculatum Morelet, 97, 99, 102
oceidentale Pr., . af) amenSi20
Rylliense Boissy, . 102
striatinum Lam., . 370
Sphenodus Ag., : . 888
Sphenonchus Ag., . 388
Sphyra’ Vandenh. .. .. 7.) %9%, 408

Sphyrna Rat., 374, 379, 383,
387, 403
zygena, BREEN Cones
Sphyrnias, 383, 403
SPINACES, 386, 3888
SPINACIDz, : 382, 386, 388
SPINACINI, . - 388
SPINACOIDZ, . . 393, 395, 397, 404

Spinax, $75, 376, 377, 379, 381,
384, 388, 404, 405

niger Cloquet, 369*, 370%,
872, 873, 405
Spinites pallidus Cab., oR M269
Spiraxis, 342
aberrans P., 356
Adamsiana P., 356
brevis Ad., ‘ 356
contorta Chitty, 356
costulosa Ad., 356
Cubaniana O., 352
Dunkeri P., 354
episcopalis Mor., 352
inusitata Ad., 356
melanielloides G., 352
mirabilis Ad., 356
paludinoides O., 352
Richardi P., . 354
SalleanaP., . . . 854
suturalis P., solete : . 852
Spiropagurus dispar Stinp. ee . 88

FEB, 1863.

uv.
Page
Spiropagurus spiriger, 89
Spizetus tyrannus (Max.), 316
Spizella pallida, oaiton ere 269
socialis (Wils.), . 269
SQUALEs, . . 876
Squat, 367%, 368*, 388, 884, 385,
887, 390, 394, 396, 597
SQUALIANA, . . . 388
SQUALIDA, . 880, 383
SQuALINA, . Le SSO
S@uUALINI, . . 887
Squalus, 367%, 368%, 371, 373, 374,
375, 380, 383, 404, 405
acanthias Linn., 869%, 870*,
nS 405
canicula Linn., : . 872
carcharias, : a
catulus, . 872
centrina, . . RCH
galeus, . - 872
glaucus, . 401
MAXIMUS, . . 398
mustelus, . . 372
pristis, 368%, ‘310%
spinax, ; woe
squatina, . . | 368%, 372
stellaris, . 872
tiburo, . ele,
uyato, . he eB
UYyalus, - 405
zugend, . on eRe
Squatina, 372, 373, 376, ‘378, 379,
381, 388, 408
SquaTing, . 378, 379, 889
SQuatrnt, ee O80.
SquaTInIpz, . | 882, 384, 386, 389
SQUATINOIDEL, HK 6 Bs - 889
Stauroneis maculata B, .)105
pulchella W.S., é . 104
Stauroptera aspera Ehr,, : . 104
maculata B., . . 105
pulchella W.8., . 104
STEATORTINA,. . seep PAO)
Stegostoma, 377, 378, ‘383, 387,
407, 408
Fasciatum, sees 408
STEGOSTOMATIN &, 407, 408
Stenopsis maculicaudus Law., . . 459
Stenopus, : c . 848
STERNIDA, . . 479
STERNINA, . POPU PR fe. 01S cea 3 35 8 eine: SPE)
Stoastoma, . 343, 346, 347, 361
Agassizianum Ad., 5 Biz)
Anthonianum “ . 857
Blandianum “ 357
Chittyanun * . 357
Cumingianun “ PDT
Fadyenianum “ 357
Gouldianun “ . 357

Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. Vou, VII.

512

Index.

Page Page
Stoastoma Hollandianum ce ae . . 857 | SynaLLaxinag, é BO essa Bin 40),
Jayanum . 857 | Synchismus, .« 407, 408, 413
Leanum es . B57 fuberculatuake i . 413
Lindsleyanum * . 357 | Synechoglanis Gill, . 5 39
Moricandianum . - 857 Beadlei “ : 40
Petitianrm - . 857 | Synechogobius, . er ag js eee
Pfeifferianum = - 857 SYRNIIN&, . Fle 289s Sitieu4oe
Philippianum 4 . 857 | Syrnium lineatuin Law., . 462
pisum Ҥ . 85% perspicillatum Lath., . 289
Portoricense P., .« . 858 virgatum Cass... . | By, 462
Pedfieldianum Ad, . 357
succineum Sowb., . . 843 | Tachyphonus Cassinii Law,. . . 297
Tappanianum Ad., . 857 Delattrii Lafr., . 831
Vilkinsoniae “ 5 ORB luctuosus D’Orb., . . 297
Streptaxis, . ei 342, 348 melaleucus (Sparm.), . . 331
deformis F., . af, SOD xanthopigius Sel,. . . . 331
Srrigi#, 289, 317, 462 | TanagracanaSw, . . 297
Strix nudipes Daud, Sedat: 25 palmarum Max., . 297
Strophia, 5 346, 3847, 848 | TanaGripa, HR Sor
Unveb e, es . . . . 848 | Tanacrina, 207, 331
Strophodus > g, F . 888 | Tanraips, 334, 479
Sturnella hippoer epis (Wael) . 266 | Tanvarina, . . AN EN SOA
Ludoviciana Lemb., . | 266 | Tantalus loculator (Linn. i, oe ae, tev
magna, . 266 | TECTIBRANCHIATA, - eno tie) Ow!
Srurvipz#,. . 296 | Tectura destudinalis Gray, 157, 159
Sturnus hippocrepis (Wag). . 266 | Teleophrys Stimp., ‘ gO
Succinea, Wiis BAD cristuliipes Stimp., . . 199
angustior Ad, . . 858, 856 | Tellina amnica Miull., Sint OS
approximans ‘Sh., 358, 359, 360 fusca Phil., > 168, 164
Barbadensis Guild, 351, 359 Henslowiana, Sheph,, . . 98
Bermudensis P., Me oO pusilla Dillw, Sls
Candeana Lea, .« 354, 358 pusilla Gmel., oO
contorta Ad., ne BDO rivalis M. & R., 95
Cuviert Guild, - 859 striata Schrot., . 95
depressa Rang, 7 . 8d4 teneraSay, . . Jee aes)
Dominicensis P., » . 895 tenta Say, 148, 163
ulgens Lea, . 35], 353 Virginica Gmel, Sule lO)
Gundlachi P., SUSE S Oks li ica ena eo we EN eeite. | Re Aisi)
haliotoidea Mitt., . 858 | Tremere, f . B87
hyalina Sh.,. - . 858 | Teredo dilatata 2 Stimp., . . 165
latior Ad., . 856 | Terpsinoé musicaEhr., . 104
macta Py., . . 85638 | TrErRaonipz, . . . 301
margarita P., 351, 355 | Tetronarce, Shue. wien ROPE
nobilis Py., . . 858 | Tetroras, ata 374, 380, 398
ochracina G., 4 808 angiovag, . . . 373, 375
patula Br, 1854s 858) Dhalamitas ys ie shire piace aoe
Riisei P, . 858, 859 | Thalassorhinus, . . . 384, 888, 400
rubescens Dh., . 858 rondeletii MH., . 3 . 402
rusticana Gould, . . 869 | Thalurania glaucopis, . . 456
Sagra O., . 858, 3856 Lucie Law., . nts, 4:56
tenuis G., . ENO e venusta Gould, 292, 457
tigrina Less., . . 859 | THAMNOPHILINA, . 998, 825
unguis ¥., ; 344, 354 | Thamnophilus Amazonicus Sel., . 825
Surirella circwm stuta Be : . 104 doliatus Linn., 7 293
Syanallaxis brunneiéaudalis Sel., . 319 transandeanns Sell, eine 28S
Sylvia wstiva Lemb., . 264 | Fhectodus Plien.,. Lee Ten OOS
albicollis Lath., . . 264 | Thoe erosa Bell, . 177, 378, 179
Symphemia semipalmata Gm, . . 272 puella Stimp., awa 1S
speculifera Gund.,. 272 suleata So ali

,

Index.

Page
THorNBACKS, . . ARE Sten
Thracia Conradi Couth., 148, 164
truncata, . . Eee ey L6G:
Thrasaétus harpyia (Linn, We . 461
Thryothorus Berlandieri, . 321
castaneus Law., O21
Galbraithii “ . 320
leucotis Lafr., . . . 320
longirostris (Vieill), 23320
Ludovicianus, . 821
nigr sempillass Sel., . 293
Law., oral
rutilus Vieill, 820
Thyellina IN QONAYS Fis ooo gue, ate |
Tiarinia, . 179
Tigrisoma Brasiliense (Linn. ‘ee ges 801
TINAMIDA, . 834, 417
TInaMIN«, 334, 477
Tinamus major Sel, 2 . 478
pileatus (Bodd. ) . 334
robustus Sel., eee ee br
Tinnunculus Dominicensis Cab.,
947, 252
sparverius, : . 249
sparveroides Streck, SN
sparveroides (Vig.), , . 247
Tityra albitorgues Du Bus., . 295
personata Jard., rng eels
TrryRIn#, 295, 3380, 473
Todirostrum cinereigulare Sel., . 473
cinereum (Linn.), . 295
megacephalum Sw., . 330
pigriceps Scl., . 330
olivaceum Law., . 473
schistaceiceps Sel., . 478
Tomigerus, . 341
Tonilles, Merone 5) beri Oe
Tornatellina,. . . 841, 342, 347
Antillarum Sh., 351, 858, 359
Funeki P., pay:
lamellata P. & M., . sep:
TorPEDINOIDE, ROG
ToraNIn&, . 334, 479
Totanus semipalmatus Lemb., e202
speculiferus ne Spgs s22}
TREMATOPNEA, oa ee
Trapezia ‘maculata Dana, . . 219
nigro-fusca Stimp., . . 219
Tricnodon MH., 377, 379, 384, 385,
387, 400, 401, 402
obesusMH., . . . . 401
TRLENODONTES, 368*, 379, 400, 401
Trienophorus Gill,. . y 17
trigonocephalus Gill, . 18
TRIAKIANA,. - . . 884
Triakis MH, 371, 379, 384, 388,
400, 402
seyllium MH., Aen Oe
Triceratium alternans By 104, 105

Triceratium favus Ehr.,
punctatum B,

Tridentiger Gill,
obseurus Gill,

Triglochis MUL, 377, 380, 381,

Tringa Wilsoniit Nutt.,
TRINGINA, ‘ :
Tringoides macularis (Linn. ),
Trochatella,
callosa Py.,
Chittyana P.,
chrysostoma Sh.,
CONACE Pai yee
constellata Mor,
dilatata Py.,.
elegantula P.,
Grayana P.,
hianise Py. eases ahs
Josephinae Ad. . .
luteo-apicata Py, .
nobilis Ad.,
opima Sh, .
Petitiana O.,
etrosa Gay a. es eh
politula Py.,. .
pulchella Gray, .
regina Mor., .
rubicunda G.,
rupestris P.,
Sloanei O., .
stellata Val., ,
subunguieulita Pay
Tankervillet Gray,
tenwis Ad., TP
virginea Lea,
TrocHinipx,
TrocHtin#, 3
Trochilus Alexandri,
aurigularis Law., :
colubris, :
Troglodytes h ypedon Sel.,
TROGLODYTID&, nie
TRoGLopyTINA,

291, 319, 4
291,

caligatus Gould, . ..
coneinnus Law.,
macroura Gould,
Massena fs
viridis Linn.,
TROGONID#,
Troconin&,
Truneatella, ..
AdamsiP., . .
Barbadensis ts :
bilabiata P.,. .
capillacea G.,

293,
2938, 82
Trogon aurantiiventris Gould,

456,
319,

Caribeensis Sow., 353, 354,

clathrus Lowe,
elongata Py.,

354,

358,

514

Page

Truneatella filicosta G.?. . . 853
Jr GtG yok te wemenieMS. . 1505
modesta Ad, J... 354, $57
pulchella P., 858, 357, 858, 359
scalaris Mich., 3538, 354, 356

subcylindrica "Gray, . 351,
353, 358, 359
Tryblionella punctata W.%., . . 105

scutellunm W. S., 104, 105
Tubularia larynz, . . . . 151, 153
Tudora, ; : . 848, 346

Adamsi P., . 857

armata Ad. » 8d

Augustae Ad, . 857

avena Ad, Wee owaoe
Barklyana Chitty, iin SSbd

canescens P., MAR 3 ha08

columna Wood, . 857
erectum G., ; . 303
excurrens G., . . . 853
fascia Wood, ean
Jeeunda Ad. 5 Bae

Griffthiana Aa, Ge
lurida G., Mie «Lede

mar itima Ad, 357
megacheila P. © M. ; . 354
Moreletiana Pet., . 359
anutiea Ad., sb
mobilts B., 2.25 « S00
papyracea Ad., . . 857
pauperata Ad., . . 857
pupaeformis Sow., . 855
puporides Mor., . . 859

simulans Ad, . . pie. caaOT

Tappaniana Ad. . . 851
versicolor P.? . . . 5 Sat
TONTIOATA, 500%. 5.) ee ys)
TurvdID&, 326, 470
TurDINA, : 326, 470
Turdus casius Bp. Bs . 826
Suscescens Steph., . 326
Grayii, woul

obseletus Law., eae WALO

TYRANNIDA, 295, 327, 470
TYRANNINE, 295, 3827, 470
Tyranniseus parvus Law., . 473
Tyrannula flaviventris, 328, 472

pusilla Gund., . 268
Tyrannulus brunneicapillus Law.,. 473
Tyrannus intrepidus ara site e290

melancholicus 3) 9 296

Wea Lat...) oleate 2
pilosipes ¢ Gill, tsmebies’. + AB
Und ati, s+. ee MRIS 6 44.

LOST aa ena eh ve . 350
luteolus Lam., eae «310
TINIONIDAL, 27f.)) os att heats 800

Index.

Page

Uroleuea pileata (Temm.), 296
Urubitinga anthracina cece ) - 316
zonura (Shaw), . - 316

Venus gemma Totten, 151, 152,
153, 157, 162, 482, 483

Manhattensis Prime, - 482, 483
mercenaria L.., : o> pomlow
Vermetus radicula Stimp,, 155, 156
Vireo flavifrons Vieill, . Sea 33
longirostris Sw., . 266
olivaceus Lemb. ? . 266
Vireolanius pulchellus Scl., . 468
VIREONIDS, 323, 468
VIREONINA, a 468
Vireosylvia altilogua (Vieill), . 266
flavoviridis Cass... . . 323
olivacea Gosse, . . . 266
Vitrina, eee: $42, 8 347, 360
sp. ind., -Ro0D
ealiina cee (Linn. ), . 332
Wodnika Munst, . . .. . . 388
Xantho, . Sn 52, 54
bella Stimp., : . 204
denticulata Stimp, - 207
florida, . < ae uepe OF:
lamellipes Stimp. pe 205
planissina “ 5 205

planus, AL ee
setiger M. Ed, Ap ESRD SO
sea-decem- Pe agi hay 03
vermiculatus M. Ed... . . 51
vittata Stimp.,,. . . . . 206
Xanthodes, ake
Americanus (Sauss. d Perr 0s?)
hebes Stimp., E
Sternberghii Stimp. vine
Taylori 5 ee
Xanthodius, . . . ae abd vost A tbe
Xanthornis eucuilatiue 25 | ee te OS

52, 209

Dominicensis D’Orb., 268
Xenops Mexicanus Sel., 320
Aeracanthus Beyrich, . . 089
Miphorhynehus Lafr esnayanus

D’Orb,, 292
Zostera marina,. .... . 149
ZENADEN AG. c) ntl adtuee Wistar ATT
Zygena, 376, 377, 3881, 387, 403

Blochaee sche. Sipe Raa

tudes, . . . . 408
ZYGENID#, ‘ , 386, 381, 402
ZS GENOA. dhs oh we . 402
ZYGENOWE, . 387, 389
AXGANINA,. 2 387, 380

Bebo AP a

Page 96 5th line from the top for Bonafouxianum read Bonnafouxianum.
bottom for Denaiuvilliersi read Denainvilliersi.
top

97 22nd *

BUS Re 902
99 18th “*
1011st *

111 11th “*
alate (th ean

“cc

uc

“

iy

be

bottom “
top

te

Denaiuvilleirsi
Jengusi

Roch

ereatures
Kerandrenia
114 17th & 18th lines from the top for “

“

“

“

“a

Denainvilliersi.
Jenynsi.

Koch.
creatures.

Keraudrenia.
a

115 Sth line from the top for Cyrena violacea read Cyclas violacea.

115 22d
117 10th *
2592nd *
QT6viths
Diouruine
278 2nd “*

280 2nd “
281 8th *
291 3rd _ *
801 Tth
801 2nd *
3828 7th “
330 10th “

836 6th =“
83S 12th
852 6th
855 15th “
8761st “
$81 4th *
856 10th “
386 26th *
888 22nd “
* 92nd ‘*
“ 84th “
894 27th *
898 22nd “
42 24th *
408 last “

we

“

. oe

“ “

bottom

top
bottom
top

be

bottom

oe

top

“6

497 penultimate line

410 a

we

top

be

“

“

Gossei Ad.
Heterodontes
Scynnus
Notidenide
sections
Polyrrhizodus
Or
Tentropodus
these
1815
Cnvier
Ileterodontes
homogenous
Isoplugiod us

413 10th line from the top for tuberculutum

Delast “ Delest.
bicrobiculato “ piscrobiculato.
Dandin “ Daudin.
“ Rodgers “Rogers,

for Cyrstoceras ‘ Cyrtoceras.

“ Rodgers “ Rogers.

‘““ transparent “ transported.

* Claurach “Claverack.

“ Jacameraps ‘ Jacamerops.

“ Chemepilia “ Chameepelia,

“ Paring “ Parrine.

“ plumbieeps Scl. read cinereiceps Sel.
“lords “ lores,
“situate “situated.

& 15th lines from the top fur Gallapagos read Galapagos.
line from the bottom for marginatus Lay

“marginatus Say.
“ Gossei P.

“ Heterodontus,
“ Scymnus.

“ Notidanide.
“divisions.

“ Polyrhizodus,
“ Owen

“ Centrophorus.
“those.

“ 1855.

“ Cuvier.

“ Hleterodontus.
“homogeneous.
“ Tsoplagiodon,
“ tuberculatus.

Amn. lyceum Nat. Hist. N.Y_Vol. VII. Plate 1

A. Schonborn, del, On stone by A Frey T Sinelair’s iith Phil*

Ann. Lyceum Nat. Hist. N.Y. Vol VI eo Plate I]

—

i iN

EY,

V
; .

EY
y

nt
\

T. Sinclain’s lith Phil@

“ary

)

LU >i
uae

i? a) ae)

; yf : g

y 2 é a4 ;
7 '

ee | it +

ore ¢ 4 j

: aes
=~
way
x
—-<
7
+ Pe!
—_
.
ae
=
iw
;
a)
=i

—

¥

ae
> = as
a

ms

ALT. of |

rey ; el ey iat ¥
ree : 5 | ty F 7 7 q :

sti
Rs

/ i aN CTT
Annals live Nat Hist VOl |

Lith. Marse

Annals liye Nat Hist Vol Dy

.t

¥
ae een

———
-

%
{

Sazony,Major & Knapp,Lith’ 449 Broadway. .N Y

Y

a, 2 CLL,
C uofisychor vitae Leutco Gevantd Po 6 Cholt
C C

>
at Saeed “4

4 : a 2
AN a ie =
aw

Hy ev :
art hit -y :

Ty. Wee ee TE? 7 7 17
Ann. NJ Lye. Nat Hist Vol Vil Hate Lh

Drawn, Magens Ferd Mayer & Co. W ¥ : Lith. Marse.

Ann. Lyceum Nat. Hist. NY. Vol. VII.
-

Plate V.

A.J. Ibbotson, del T. Sinclair's hth Phil®

=i

ioe

rf)

i On { i

Ann. Lyceum Nat, Hist. N. Y. Vol. VII. Plate VI,

Ei Levasseur del et Lith, Lith Becguet freres.

— peo SRARA banal ANA

sy Tina AAAANAAAAA PANAMA AAS ANA AAANAMAAA, Aa

SS wn AAAANNA MAAAAMAMA AA renee ni

=: AAAAAA. AAAAAAABAY emul A

: APRA ae in

gen emer aa

all RRARAM

it Ana

A
—
pte rene thanu ag

AAAAARAA

idaaNaanoana, Nace