M Batis iver he ieee Va We eee isa Rear oT Mee aa r bas RY I ¢ f resa y A ; \ : ” ey hte vests batratarg wetenel Mik ata ta oe : ) . int (ory eye a MYO a Ach eka Rely § US ee Le ecard a ra oa i ok fe wih “Veh 2 oa wis ee hy MwA tr PR FA et ty bit a ahs wy sa Boa ‘it sesh NS its ed tte? Waals wkthays 1 pCa aay eae bn fiat PP et ei fas BER DOM ROU Ew Ly a Bald, ae fe han arrere ipl’ oie aeARS be st fe if cm r Uh bt Ne a) og es a accent LL { AT URBAI - LHAMPAIG!S BIOLOGY 2t/. J NN 1° 1982 APY ACES LIBR & 7 vi je i pee i y 5 ike alhS [NALS OF NATURAL HISTORY; OR, TITLE NUMBER = SSS Se NEW TITLE ec SS en oe | tH a. ; G tay « ING INFORMATION H—feronr cover |__ [Paces taminaten | extra tHickness [7 | _[Mar Pocket paren| pfu Focker corn | ye Di eee IRRGeS > SINPKIN AND mansneue ; ono vor LOD eee TAVISTOCK STREET; BAILLIERE, REGENT STREET, AND PARIS: LIZARS, AND MACLACHLAN AND STEWART, EDINBURGH : CURRY, DUBLIN: AND ASHER, BERLIN. 1840, .NNALS OF NATURAL HISTORY; OR, SHIPMENT NO. TITLE NUMBER NEW TITLE THIRD PANEL FOURTH PANEL CHANGE CALL NO. ADD'N. TO CALL NO. CALL NUMBER 1 /, MAP POCKET COLOR NUMBER PRINT 2. INSERT IN THE VOLUME SOLD BY S. HIGHLEY; SIMPKIN AND MARSHALL; SHERWOOD AND CO.: W. WOOD, TAVISTOCK STREET; BAILLIERE, REGENT STREET, AND PARIS: LIZARS, AND MACLACHLAN AND STEWART, EDINBURGH ¢ CURRY, DUBLIN: AND ASHER, BERLIN. 1840, peg ne Noe NS ~—T ~ aw inewane _ ie Fema R wise “ whi r ‘ v “ ¢ A 5 ¢ : “ val < % ws te “ ae 4 ; . sa } A ee Me eee Se = o e i f 5 5 . x Ue » : j ie me bee 4 ek ay - - i ; ANNALS OF NATURAL HISTORY; OR, MAGAZINE OF ZOOLOGY, BOTANY, AND GEOLOGY, (BEING A CONTINUATION OF THE ‘ MAGAZINE OF ZOOLOGY AND BOTANY,’ AND SIR W. J. HOOKER’S ‘ BOTANICAL COMPANION. ) CONDUCTED BY Sir W. JARDINE, Bart.—P. J. SELBY, Esa., Dr. JOHNSTON, Sir W. J. HOOKER, Recius Prorsssor or Botany, AND RICHARD TAYLOR, F.L.S. VOL. IV. LONDON: PRINTED AND PUBLISHED BY R. AND J. E. TAYLOR. SOLD BY S. HIGHLEY; SIMPKIN AND MARSHALL; SHERWOOD AND CO.; W. WOOD, TAVISTOCK STREET; BAILLIERE, REGENT STREET, AND PARIS! LIZARS, AND MACLACHLAN AND STEWART, EDINBURGH : CURRY, DUBLIN: AND ASHER, BERLIN. 1840, “‘Omnes res create sunt divine sapientie et potentiz testes, divitiz felicitatis humane: exharum usu bonitas Creatoris; ex pulchritudine sapientia Domini; ex ceconomia in conservatione, proportione, renovatione, potentia majestatis elucet. Farum itaque indagatio ab hominibus sibi relictis semper zstimata; a vere eruditis et sapientibus semper exculta; male doctis et barbaris semper inimica fuit.”— LINN. AN ACES LISRARY CONTENTS OF VOL. IV. NUMBER XXI. Page. I. Descriptions of some Cheiroptera discovered in Cuba by W. S. MacLeay, Esq. By Joun Epwarp Gray, F.R.S. &c. With some account of their Habits, extracted from Mr. MacLeay’s Notes. (With a Plate.) 1 II. Account of a Journey across the Pampas of Buenos Ayres to RT PAMES LWEEDIE .......cccecsscesccsccasscncsscccces esccaseas 8 III. Observations on Trilobites, founded on a comparison of their Structure with that of Crustacea. By W.S. MacLeay, M.A. ......... 16 IV. Flore Insularum Nove Zelandiz Precursor; or a Specimen of the Botany of the Islands of New Zealand. By ALuan Cunnineuam, Esq. 22 VY. On the Habits of Macroscelides Rozeti. By Dr. MorttrzWacner 26 VE Amaryllidearum Species Nove. By the Hon. and Rev. W. oie aicnconec acc cecdascacseatnascrccccessSnuescescncossasecss 28 VII. Descriptions of British Chaleidites. By Francts Watker, Esq. 29 VIII. Instructions relative to Botany, Vegetable Physiology, and Zoology for the Scientific Expedition to the Antarctic Regions, prepared by the President and Council of the Royal Society ..........s.sesseseeeees 33 New Books :—Supplement to the History of British Fishes, by W. Yarrell; Epicrisis Systematis Mycologici seu Synopsis H ymeno- mycetum, E. Fries; Linnza, ein Journal fiir die Botanik, &c. ; Plantes Cryptogames de France, par J. Desmaziéres; Deustch- lands Kryptogamische Gift-Gewachse, von Dr. Phoebus; Fauna Coleopterorum Helvetica, by O. Heer; Dr. Pye Smith’s Congre- pepemmeereceutives ON Geology .6..........0scccscntcccacdcccovncsenes 42—46 Meeting of the British Association ; Proceedings of the Zoological So- PNEIPOATE IGCIELY <0. sis wdivs cco ude cis tvs dace cececsawcedce tasers 46—69 On the place of Scarabeus longimanus in the system, by Prof. Klug ; Identity of the Shannon with the Lough Neagh Coregonus; Pre- ventive against madness in Elephants, by Carl von Hiigel; Are the Closterie Animals or Plants? Meteorological Observations and MIME 60 occ denlsvocsdec.daecdesces'eseee “atti soter and ore 69—72 NUMBER XXII. IX. On the Discoid Piths of Plants. By Cu. Morren, Professor of Botany in the University of Liége. (With a Plate.) .......s.eeeeseeneree 73 X. Zoological Notices. - By Dr. A. Puiuippi :— I. On two new species of Euplocamus ...scscrcscseecsereecceress 88 II. On the Animal of Pileopsis Garnoti, Payr. ......+ssseeees 90 ~ A028 AV CONTENTS. III. On the Animal of Galeomma ...cccscseecceeees oe ceva 92 IV. On the Oculina ramea of Ehrenberg .......ccs.sssseeeeeees 93 V. On the Chelura terebrans, a new Amphipod Genus ...... 94 XT. Account of a Journey across the Pampas of Buenos Ayres to Tucumat... By James Tweepis, Esq. ...2...0.ssecnssess -ssdenesneeeeaeenans 06 XII. Route from Lima by the Quebrada of San Mateo. By J. Mac Lean tksq:, of Lima «2. .ccsecscevesseuateers coeanhe cesses see noeeeen nnn 105 . XIII. Flore Insularum Nove Zelandiz Precursor; or a Specimen of the Botany of the Islands of New Zeaiand. By Atitan Cunnine- HAM, ESQ... 00 ccecescsiacasarseevocusesncctecnstceon see seeesee as seen = 106 New Books :—Principles of General and Comparative Physiology, by William B. Carpenter ; Memoirs of the Wernerian Natural History Society, vol. viii. Part I.; Scandinaviens Fiskar malade of W. v. Wright, med text of B. Fries och C. U. Eckstrém; Verzeichniss der Conchylien in der Sammlung von E. Anton........0++e00 111—117 Proceedings of the Zoological Society ; British Association for the Ad- vancement of Science; Botanical Society of London; Wernerian Natural History: Society -wsssvecnsssous see omeeces oh nisc ee ereataee 118—139 Notice of an uncommonly tame Pine Marten, by St. von Siemuszova- Pietruski; Clangula Barrovii, anative of Iceland: On the Moult- ing Process of the Cray Fish; Meteorological Observations and Mable’ Weletacese sk ses Gols dvien ss tieue isceee oneia ates oat eames eaeoadaies 139—144 NUMBER XXIII. XIV. Description of Animal Life in Nova Zembla. By K. E. von Baer scsnewpescnen sates ts00's nb weds oniatuan visa eoncese inate? ok yntneaaamm eae 145 XV. On the Fructification of Lycoperdon, Phallus, and their allied Genera. By the Rev. M. J. Berxetey, M.A., F.L.S. (With a Plate.) 155 XVI. Hore Zoologice. No. I. On the History and Habits of Cro- tophaga. By Sir W. Jarpine, Bart. XVII. Account of a Journey across the Pampas of Buenos Ayres to Tucuman... By James Twesoin, Esq. ..isusisvsace+0s-deepeseeeaanenan 171 XVIII. Onthe Laurus Cassia of Linneus, and the Plants producing ~ the Cassia Bark of Commerce. By Ropert Wien, M.D. XIX. On the Discovery of Fossil Teeth of a Leopard, Bear, and other Animals in a Crag Pit at Newbourn in Suffolk. By Cuaruzs Lye, Esq., F.R.S., V.P.G.Si, Ge. cevccaceoncsonsseeeesires eens 186 XX. On the occurrence of Fossil Quadruinanous, Marsupial, and other Mammalia in the London Clay, near Woodbridge in Suffolk. By Cuartes Lyet, Esq., F.R.S., .V.P.G.5i5, 860.2. .; false molars, =; true mo-. lars, = 36. The incisors resemble those of Belideus; the canines are well-developed, long, pointed, and recurved, placed close to the intermaxillary suture, and even encroaching slightly on the intermax- illary bone. ‘The three false molars of the upper jaw have each two fangs, they are compressed, sharply pointed, and viewed laterally, of a triangular form. The first and second are about equal in size, and larger than the third, the apex of which projects beyond the level of the crowns of the true molars. Between the first and second false molars on each side there is a narrow space; the third is placed close to the true molars; these as well as those of the under jaw resemble the true molars of Belideus; there is however one less on each side of both jaws. ‘The incisors of the lower jaw also resemble those in Belideus. Behind these incisors there are two minute teeth on each side, which are followed by two sharply pointed false molars, the foremost of which is the larger, and the apex of the second is raised above the plane of the true molars. «The difference in the form of the false molar teeth pointed out, together with the reduced number of true molars, the slenderness the zygomatic arch, and the incurved angle of the lower jaw, combined with the imperfect state of the palate, will serve to distin- guish the species of the present section from the preceding. Exter- nally, the P. pygmeus (which is the type of M. Desmarest’s sub- genus) may be distinguished by its distichous tail. PetTaurus BREvicEPS. P. cinerea, lineé dorsali longitudinal membrandque laterali supra nigrescentibus, hac ad latera albé s corpore subtus sordidé et pallidé cinereo: caudd gracili, ad apicem fuliginosd ; auribus mediocribus. unc. lin, Longitudo ab apice rostri ad caude basin.... 6 6 MR es Pes SAS anerp the ot i, barsh Gigitoruma@ue 22%... i. isis os Beal SES ae Ras Fern naa 1 o.. 9 Habitat New South Wales. “This species very much resembles the P. sciureus in colouring ; the under parts, however, have a distinct grayish tint: the dark mark which extends from the tip of the nose along the back is in- distinct. Itis of a much smaller size than P. sciureus, the tail is much more slender, and occasionally has a white tip. The skullis proportionately broader and shorter than that of P.sciuwreus, as will be seen in the following dimensions.” 52 Zoological Society. P. breviceps. P. sciureus. in. lin. in. lin. Total length of skull... 2.0... 9 3h. Length of nasal bones........ 0. 352), eee O 74 Length of frontal............: 0 Gt 222.0 Length of palate (o' 772.229. 0 8 Oe aa Wadth!'of skull 276 Leer aaeae pM eS os 1 24 Mr. Waterhouse then proceeded to point out some peculiarities in the skull and dentition of the American Badger (Meles Labra- doria). ‘Three skulls of this species, belonging to individuals of different ages, were exhibited to the Meeting. ‘‘ The most striking peculiarity in the skull of the American Badger,” observes Mr. Wa- terhouse, “‘ consists in the great expanse of the occipital region; the width of the occiput being equal to that of the skull measured from the outer surface of the zygomaticarches. ‘The general form of the skull is almost conical ; viewed laterally, the outline of the upper surface 1s most elevated at, or very near the occiput; thence it runs downwards with a slightly convex curve to the nasal bones. The interorbital portion is considerably contracted, and is narrowest pos- teriorly. The occipital crest is well-developed, but the sagittal crest is very slightly elevated; in this respect differing from the corre- sponding ridge in the Meles vulgaris. «The auditory bulle are very large and convex. The articulating surface of the temporal bone, or glenoid cavity, like that of the Com- mon Badger, has its anterior and posterior process ; these processes, however, merely serve to prevent the protrusion or retraction of the lower jaw, and not to enclose and lock the condyle as in that animal. Comparing the lower jaw with that of the Common Badger, the most striking difference consists in the form of the coronoid process. The anterior margin of this process is less oblique than in the last-men- tioned animal ; its apex is somewhat pointed, whereas in the Common Badger it is rounded: the posterior margin is formed of two lines, an upper one, running backwards and downwards from the apex of the coronoid process, and a lower one, which is perpendicular, and forms an obtuse angle with the first. In this form of the coronoid process we perceive a similarity between the American Badger and the Otter.” Dentition.—‘‘ In the number of the teeth the present animal agrees with the Common Badger, excepting that in the skulls now before me, and which belong to animals of different ages, I do not find the molar corresponding to the small first false molar of the lower jaw of that animal. In the relative size and form of the teeth there is much difference. The incisors of the upper jaw are arranged in an Zoological Society. 53 arch, but form together a segment of a larger circle than those of Meles vulgaris; they are proportionately smaller and shorter. In the - canines there is but little difference ; the posterior cutting edge ob- served in the Badger is here almost obliterated. The false molars likewise scarcely differ. In the ‘ curnassiére’ and true molar, however, there is much difference, the former being of great size and equal to the last molar. It is nearly in the form of a right-angled triangle, the cutting edge is much raised, and there is a large tubercle on the inner lobe of this tooth, which has no analogue in the Badger. The true molar is also nearly triangular; the tubercles with which it is furnished are but slightly raised, and are much less developed than in the corresponding grinding molar of the Badger. The principal differences observable in the teeth of the lower jaw, consist in the smaller size of the incisors, the larger size of the last false molar, and its being furnished with two distinct tubercles at its apex ; that of the Common Badger being simply pointed: the smaller size of the ‘ carnassiére,’ which is not distinctly dilated posteriorly, as in the Badger, and the cutting edge being higher; the true molar is smaller. “« The ‘carnassiére’ of the lower jaw may be dividedintotwoportions, _ that which is opposed to the ‘carnassiére’ of the upper jaw, and which is the cutting portion, having high sharp cusps; and that which is opposed to the true molar, which is the grinding portion. Now in the Common Badger (Meles vulgaris) the latter portion decidedly exceeds the former in bulk, whereas in the American Badger the reverse is the case, arising from the comparatively large size of the ‘carnassiére’ of the upper jaw, and smaller size of the true molar.” Mr. Waterhouse also pointed out other distinctions between the American Badger and the European species. Independent of the differences observable in the colouring and markings, the former may be distinguished by its muzzle being hairy at the tip, the fore limbs stouter, and the claws larger and stronger. The peculiar form of the skull in the present animal, and the mo- difications in the dentition are such, as, in Mr. Waterhouse’s opinion, _ would indicate a subgeneric rather than a specific distinction ; and should his views be borne out by the discovery of other species agreeing essentially with the above animal, he suggested that the name Tazidea might be an appropriate title for the group. November 27, 1838.— Lieut.-Colonel W. H. Sykes in the Chair. Dr. Horsfield laid before the Meeting a series of Mammalia and Birds collected in India by John M°Clelland, Esq., Assistant Sur- 54 Zoological Society. geon E.I.C.S., and proceeded to point out the characters of some which were undescribed. A paper on the Fishes of the Deccan, illustrated with numerous coloured drawings, was read by Colonel Sykes. “« In submitting to the Society an account of the fishes of Dukhun,”’ observes Colonel Sykes, ‘it will scarcely excite surprise, that out of 46 species described no less than 42 are new to science, since they are from a hitherto untrodden field, and from peculiar localities, on the great plateau of the Dukhun (Deccan), none of them coming from a less elevation than 1500 feet above the sea; many from near 2000 feet, and others from yet higher situations. The chief features in the collection are the paucity of orders to which the collection be- longs, and the remarkable prevalence of the members of the families of Siluride and Cyprinide. ‘There is but one apodal Malacopterygian, but 4 Acanthopterygii, and the whole of the rest of the fish belong to the order Abdominal Malacopterygians. Of the families there are only eight: Percide, Scombride, ‘Pharyngiens Labyrinthiformes,’ Gobiada, Siluride, Cyprinide, Esocide, and Murenide, comprising 15 genera and 9 subgenera, including one subgenus, which I have been compelled to add to the Cyprinide. An attempt has been made to methodize and distinguish the multitudinous members of the fa- milies of Siluride and Cyprinide. The fact is, the continued inos- culation in the character of the teeth, of the cirr?, of the spines (ser- rated or not) of the fins, the armature of the head, and the position of the fins in the Siluride; and the number of cirri, and form and position of the fins in the Cyprinide, together with the character of the mouth, produce such approximations in species to each other, and in individuals of one genus to another, that not only is there infinite difficulty in determining the genera of the fishes of these families, but their identity as species is occasionally not less difficult. Some of my Siluride do not exactly correspond with the generic characters of the genera of this family as now constituted, and I might have added to the number of genera; but to this I have an objection, unless as an evidently necessary measure. In the Cyprinide, how- ever, I was obliged to set aside my repugnance, for three species were not referrible to any one even of the numerous subgenera which Buchanan Hamilton wished to establish. It only remains to state that the whole of my fishes were drawn from absolute measurement, and have a scale of size attached to each figure; they were caught in the various rivers on whose banks I encamped, as individuals were required; so that my draftsman, who worked constantly under my own eye, never had to finish his drawings from shriveled and Zoological Society. 55 discoloured specimens. I have to a great extent adopted the names by which the fishes are called by the Mahrattas as specific names, so that naturalists who travel the country can always obtain them. Ord. ACANTHOPTERYGII. Fam. Percide. Ambassis, Agass. Amb. Barlovi, Sykes. An Ambassis with the two back fins united, with the first ray indented on the edge, and containing 7 spines, and the second 14 spines; all the spines longer than the membrane, with 18 rays longer than the membrane in the anal fin, and with a short vertically compressed dia- phanous body. . Closely allied to Changa Ranga of Hamilton. ‘Fishes of the Ganges.’ This fish is dedicated to our Secretary. Fam. Scombride. Mastacembelus, Gron. Mast. armatus, Sykes. A Mastacembelus with the fins of the tail, back, and vent united, with thirty-nine to forty short sharp bony spines along the back, and two behind the vent. This fish has not the exact generic characters of Macrognathus, Mastacembelus, or Notacanthus, and might probably consti- tute a genus between the two last. Fam. ‘ Pharyngiens Labyrinthiformes,’ Cuv. Ophicephalus, Bloch. Oph. leucopunctatus, Sykes. An Ophicephalus with from 51 to 53 rays in the dorsal, and 6 in each ventral fin, and with the rays of the dorsal and anal fins undivided; the pectoral fins ending in a central point, and the fish covered with white dots. I have never known this remarkably fine fish crawl on shore or in the grass, as some species of the genus are said todo. It is excellent eating. Fam. Gobiade. Gobius, Linn. Gob. Kurpah, Sykes. A Gobius with 7 rays in the first dorsal fin, 11 in the second, which is of similar size with the anal fin; 19 in the pectoral, and 10 in the anal fin. In different individuals of this species I have found the number of rays in the fins slightly differ. Of a sweet flavour. Ord. MartacorrEryGi11 ABDOMINALES. Fam. Cyprinide. Cyprinus, Linn. Cyp. Abramioides, Sykes. A Cyprinus with 20 rays in the dorsal, 8 in the anal, and 18 in the pectoral fins, without tendrils, with tuberculated nose, red edged fins, and with a red lunule on each scale. This very fine fish is called Tambra by the natives, from the 56 Zoological Society. general prevalence of a copper colour over it. Attains the length of 21 inches and more; height 7 inches. Is excellent eating. Cyp. Potail, Sykes. A Cyprinus proper, deep and fleshy, slightly compressed, with- out tendrils, with the dorsal fin of 13 rays, pectoral of 14, and anal of 9. Scales large and silvery; length 10 or more inches; height 34 inches. Cyp. Nukta, Sykes. A Cyprinus with two tendrils on the under jaw, and with two short horns or bosses on the space between the eyes, which together with the deflected upper lip are tuberculated; large nro scales. In the judgement of my friend Mr. Yarrell, to which I subscribe, this very singular fish is considered a monstrosity of Cyp. au- ratus. Dr. Rippell, who did me the favour to look over my drawings, expresses the same opinion. Found very abun- dantly in the Inderanee river 18 miles north of Poona. It is called Nukta (or nob) by the Mahratta fishermen. Varicorhinus, Rippell. Var. Bobree, Sykes. A Varicorhinus with tuberculated nose, without tendrils ; with 17 rays in the dorsal, and 8 in the anal fin; with the form of a tench. It may be a question whether this is not a real Labeo of Cuvier, with long dorsal, no spines or cirri, and thick fleshy lips fre- quently crenated; size 6 inches by 1,%, high. Barbus, Cuv. Barb. Mussullah, Sykes. A Barbus with 12 rays in the dorsal, 8 in the anal, and 16 in the pectoral fins, with the mouth furnished with 4 very short cirri, and tuberculated nose ; sometimes 3 feet and more long, and a foot high, and weigh- ing 42 pounds. Found in the Goreh river. Barb. Khudree, Sykes. A Barbus with 4 cirri, blood-stained fins, large hexagonal scales, elongated body, and with 14 rays in the dorsal, 14 in the pectoral, and 7 in the anal fins. Found in the Mota Mola river, 8 miles east of Poona. Barb. Kolus, Sykes. A Barbus with 13 rays in the dorsal fin, 8 in the anal, and 10 in the ventral; with moderate-sized scales; with callous tubercles on the head, and a short cirrus_ at each corner of the mouth. This fish shows the difficulty of drawing up generic characters to embrace all the species of a genus. Having only 2 cirri, it should not be a Barbel; but having cirri at all, it does not belong to the next genus Gobio ;—moreover, it has a spine in the dorsal. Chondrostoma, Agassiz, the first division of the genus Leuciscus of Klein. Dorsal fin in the centre of the back. Zoological Society. 57 Chond. Kawrus, Sykes. A Chondrostoma, without lateral line, tubercles, or cirri, with 12 rays in the dorsal, 8 in the anal, and 16 in the pectoral fins. A sub-cylindrical fish found in the Beema river; grows to a foot in length, but is usually smaller. Proportion of length to height in one specimen, 6 inches by 14%5 inch. Chond. Fulungee, Sykes. A Chondrostoma, with dorsal fin of 10 rays, anal 6, and pectoral of 10; of an elongated, not much compressed shape. Length about a foot; height 4 inches. Chond. Boggut, Sykes. A Chondrostoma, without tendrils or tubercles on the nose, with 12 rays in the dorsal, 15 in the pectoral, and 8 in the anal fin; body of an elongated form. Length from 7 to 11 inches; height 14 to 2 inches. Chond. Mullya, Sykes. A Chondrostoma, with a short, obtuse head, without tubercles or tendrils; sub-cylindrical body, with 11 rays in the dorsal, 14 to 16 in the pectoral, and 8 in the anal fins; a red process or protuberance on the snout between the nostrils. Length 5 to 6 inches; 14 to 2 in diameter. Chond. Wattanah, Sykes. A Chondrostoma of an elongated form, without tubercles or tendrils, with the dorsal fin high, and having 11 rays: and 9 or 10 in the ventral, and 8 in the anal fin; subcylindrical form. Length 44 inches, height 3 of an inch. Found in the Beema river. Chela, Buchanan Hamilton. A sub-genus of Lewciscus, with the dorsal fin very far behind over the anal; straight back, and nose on the level of the line of the back. Chel. Balookee, Sykes. A Chela of the size of a minnow; back straight; body elongated; dorsal fin situated far back, and having 8 rays, 14 rays in the anal, and 12 in the pectoral fins. Length 3 inches. Very sweet eating, the bones as well as other parts. Common in all the rivers. Chel. Qweni, Sykes. A Chela,with straight back, elongated and vertically compressed body; dorsal fin situated far back, with 11 rays, 12 in the pectoral, and 19 in the anal fins, with scales so minute as to be scarcely discoverable. Length 5 inches; greatest size 7 inches. Found in most of the rivers. The Cyprinus Culiratus of Bloch would appear to be the type of the sub-genus. I have dedicated this fish to my friend Mr. Owen, the distin- guished naturalist. Chel. Jorah, Sykes. A Chela, with straight back, convex belly, dorsal fin far behind; size of a large minnow; with 10 rays Ann, Nat. Hist. Vol.4. No.21. Sept. 1839. F 58 Zoological Society. in the dorsal, 12 in the pectoral, and 8 rays in the anal fin. Length about 4 inches, height 38,ths of an inch. Excellent eating. Found abundantly in the Beema river near Pairgaon. Chel. Teekanee, Sykes. A small Chela, with nearly straight back; snout on the continuation of the line of the back; belly arched; with 10 rays in the dorsal, 12 in the pectoral, and 14 in the anal fins. Length 24 inches, height inch. Found in the Beema. Chel. Alkootee, Sykes. An elongated, silver-white, slightly ,, compressed, minute Chela, with the dorsal fin of about 8 rays, very far back; ventral of about 7, and anal of about 10 - rays,..with burnished silver gill covers and black orbits ; rarely~ more than an inch long, and not much thicker than a good-sized crow quill. This very beautiful fish has a sweet flavour. Leuciscus, Klein. First division. The dorsal situated a little behind the centre of the back, above the space between the ventral and anal fins. Leuc. Morar, Cyprinus Morar, Buchanan Hamilton. A Leu- ciscus allied to Chela, but with the dorsal fin a little behind the centre of the back, with 8 rays in each ventral fin, 12 in the anal, and 10 in the dorsal, and with the edge of the belly smooth. Length 43 inches; height ,4. Differs slightly from Buchanan Hamilton’s L. Morar. Leuc. Sandkhol, Sykes. A Leuciscus, with nearly cylindrical body; dorsal fin of 12 rays, pectoral of 14, and ventral of 10 rays; gibbous head; 8 to 10 inches long by 14 to 2 inches high; eyes with whitish narrow irides. The dorsal in this fish is situated a little before the centre of the back. Found in the Goreh river at Kullumb. Leuc. Chitul, Sykes. A Leuciscus, with 14 rays in the dorsal, 14 in the pectoral, and 8 in the anal fins; of a reddish grey colour, and rounded head. Sub-cylindrical. Length about 5 inches, height 14 inch. Found in the Inderanee river near Chakun. It being found impracticable to arrange, in any of the sub-genera described, the following fishes of the Carp family, it is proposed to place them in a new sub-genus, which I will call by the native Mahratta name of Rohtee. RouTeEE, nov. genus. Carps with a lozenge-shaped body, rather long dorsal and anal fins, the former seated on the angle of the back, with the first complete ray serrated posteriorly ; scales minute. Rohtee Ogilbii, Sykes. A Rohtee, with 12 rays in the dorsal, 9 in the ventral, and 17 in the anal fins; the body very compressed, and very high, with the back sloping tu each Zoological Society. 59 end from the centre; head sharpish; pectoral fins, narrow acuminated. First complete dorsal ray, a strong bone, ser- rated behind. Length, 41 inches, height 1; inch. A bony fish. Found in the Beema river near Pairgaon. This fish is dedicated to my friend Mr. Ogilby, a distinguished member of the Society. Roht. Vigorsii, Sykes. A Rohtee, with armed dorsal fin of 11 rays, ventral of 10, and anal of 28 rays; compressed body ; high in the middle, and sloping to each end; head slightly recurved; eyes very large. Length, 6 inches; height, 15%, inches; greatest length, 8 inches. Found abundantly in the Beema river at Pairgaon. I have dedicated this fish to my friend Mr. Vigors. Roht. Pangut, Sykes. A Rohtee, compressed, deep, angular- backed, with 12 rays in the dorsal, 14 or 15 in the pectoral, and 8 in the anal fins, and with the first 3 or 4 rays of the dorsal fin black at their tips; scales larger than in the pre- ceding species. Length, 5 inches; height, 14 inch. Found in the Baum and Beema rivers. Roht. Ticto; Cyprinus Ticto of Buchanan Hamilton. A Rohiee, 14 inch long, with 4 to 6 black spots on the body; the 2nd ray of the dorsal toothed behind with sharp incurved teeth ; with 10 rays in the dorsal, 8 in the anal, and 8 in the ventral fins; pectoral fins narrow, acuminate. Found in the Mota Mola at Poona. ‘This fish differs slightly from Dr. Buchanan Hamilton’s Cyprinus Ticto. Cobitis, Lin. Cob. Rupelli, Sykes. A nearly cylindrical scaleless Cobitis, not much thicker than a large goose-quill; from 2 to 3 inches long, with 6 cirri; the lateral line marked with short brown bars, and the rays of the dorsal and anal fins similarly barred ; dorsal fin of 13 rays, pectoral of 12, and ventral of 8 rays. This fish is much esteemed for food. Found in the Beema river at Taimbournee and Mota Mola near Poona. I have dedi- cated this beautiful little fish to Riippell, who did me the favour to look over my drawings, and at the same time gave me his opinion respecting the genera of the fishes. Cob. Mooreh, Sykes. Differs from the preceding only in being of a smaller size, in having 12 rays in the dorsal, and 7 in the anal fin; the head is more obtusely pointed, and there are more dark blotches on it; the bars on the lateral line are differently arranged. Cob. Maya, Sykes. Differs from the first species in having a spine under each eye, and in having a blunter head; 9 rays in the dorsal, 7 in the ventral fins. F 2 60 Zoological Society. Fam. Esocide. Belone, Cuv. Bel. Graii, Sykes. A Belone with the fin of the tail rounded and emarginate, with both jaws elongated into a quadrangular beak ; with very minute scales; dorsal of 16 rays and anal of 16 rays: closely allied to the Hsox Cancila of Buchanan Hamilton. I have dedicated this fish to a gentleman well known for his contributions in natural history. Fam. Siluride. Schilbe, Cuv. | Sch. Pabo; Silurus Pabo, Buchanan Hamilton. ”’? Iwill add in conclusion, that the following statement of Rang, l. ce. p. 142. “ nous avons vu de jeunes Patelles avoir le caractére des Siphonaires et en conserver des traces dans un dge plus avancé,” probably relates to species of this genus, and — not to young Patella. Pate III. Fig. 3. Pileopsis Garnoti, Payr. a, The animal after the removal of the shell, magnified four times. The horse-shoe-form ligamentary muscle, the liver, the ova- rium, the end of the intestinal canal, and in front the respiratory cavity with the branchiz. & The animal with the shell, magnified three times, to show the form of the head and the eyes. 3. On the Animal of Galeomma. Plate III, fig. 4. This very remarkable Acephalous genus was established by Turton in 1825 in the ‘ Zoological Journal,’ and thus charac- terized from the shell: shell bivalve, equivalve, equilateral, transverse ; with a large oval gape at the front margin. Hinge without teeth. Ligament internal. Two very small distant muscular impressions ; impression of the mantle simple. So also Deshayes in Lamarck’s ‘ Hist. Nat. d. Anim. sans Ver- tébres,’ (2nd edit. vi. p. 179.) Animal unknown. M. Costa also found the shell and has described it somewhere in the ‘Annales des Sciences Naturelles,’ (in the absence of M. Costa I cannot state more accurately where, as the entire series of this Journal does not exist in Naples) under the curious name of Hiatella Poliana, which escaped M. Deshayes. M. Delle Chiaje has thought to correct his countryman by naming the questionable animal Hiatella striata in the tables to the 5th volume of his ‘ Memorie,’ which will never see the light. M. Scacchi has described the animal very accurately, carefully, and well under the name of Parthenope formosa in his ‘ Observa- zioni Zoologiche,’ p. 8 and p.19. I have also been so fortu- nate as to observe for some days several living specimens. It occurs between the roots of Zostera or Cavolinia oceanica, but ~ Dr. Philippi on tie Oculina ramea of’ Ehrenberg. ia appears to be rare. The animal is entirely white, semi-trans- parent. The manéle is split in its whole anterior half for the exsertion of the foot, the margin is entire; behind there 1s a small aperture for the exit of the water and the excrements. Where the mantle quits the margin of the shell there are on each side eight or nine short cirri or rather warts. Between the vertex and the aperture of the foot there is also one, and between the vertex and the posterior aperture three warts. The epidermis is highly remarkable; it easily frees itself from the shell which is quite enveloped by it, and hangs to the mantle (a in fig. 4 d.) ; it appears therefore to retain constantly its organization, while m most bivalves it very rapidly dies, yet I would not with M. Scacchi call the shell interior. The foot is nearly cylindrical and can be stretched out to a great length, but it never produces jumping motions, but crawls with its white under surface quite after the manner of the Gaste- ropods, even up the smooth perpendicular side of a glass, which by the bye I have also seen done by Lucina commutata. Thrown into spirits the animal exhibits at the base of the foot a cavity surrounded by a circular prominence, which I sus- pected to be an organ for the secretion of a byssus, but not a trace of byssus was to be seen either on the roots of the Zos- tera or on the glass. When the mantle is cut open in the centre an almost globular body makes its appearance, which is divided posteriorly by a shallow groove, and on each side are seen two large equal branchie terminating free posteriorly. On each side in front are two oval moderately large appen- dices buccales. The two adductors are not evident when the animal lies on its back, but are distinctly recognised when in the reverse position; the hinder one is roundish, nearer to the margin, and somewhat larger than the front oval one. The shell has been elsewhere sufficiently described, but I would hardly call the hinge callous, and the ligament appears to me to be quite internal. A second external one occupies the whole margin of the hinge. The two magnified figures sufficiently show the form and sculpture. 4. Oculina ramea, Ehrenberg; Caryophyllia ramea, Lamk. _ Few persons have seen the animal of this common coral, nor 94 Dr. Philippi on a new Species of wood-boring Crustacea. have I succeeded in obtaining it in a fresh state. M. Scacchi however has been so fortunate and has kindly lent me the drawing, which I shall subsequently publish if I find it im- possible to sketch one myself from the living animal. The animal according to this drawing has not the least similarity to the false one of Donati, nor even with that of Shaw. Its colour is of a dirty yellow falling slightly into orange yellow, and it presents about thirty tentacula standing apparently in two series. Tach one is 33!" long, nearly 1” thick at the base, and gradually tapering towards the apex, which is not clavately thickened. At some distance downwards from the tentacula,and extending about 3" to 4" in breadth, is the some- what thick and fleshy body which exhibits numerous oblique furrows and as many strong longitudinal furrows as there are tentacula in one row, and then suddenly gives place on the drawing to the thin membrane which covers the coral stem. The mouth projects very considerably, nearly 5” between the tentacula, but it can also be greatly retracted. It measures 33!" in diameter, and is surrounded by numerous longitudinal folds. 5. Chelura terebrans, anew Amphipod Genus. Fig. 5. On the 17th of May I found at Trieste near the Lazaretioa Vecchio several planks just drawn from the sea, which were eaten through and through, so that they nearly wore the aspect of a sponge. The holes were of two kinds; the larger ones of at least 2” in diameter, in which were a quantity of oviferous Teredo navalis, and the smaller of about 3! in dia- meter, in which I found the little crustacean, which will pre- sently be described, in such immense numbers that I could not doubt for a moment that these holes and galleries had ori- ginated from their devouring. Now if it was already inter- esting to me to find a second example of a wood-boring crus- tacean, my joy at this discovery was greatly increased from its not belonging, like Limnoria, to the Isopodes, but bemg an Amphipode, and moreover strikingly distinguished from all others by its antenne and more especially by its remarkable tail. A great number of specimens have reached Cassel in safety, and I only brought two accidentally with me to Naples, from which I have drawn out preliminarily the following de- Dr. Philippi on a new Species of wood-boring Crustacea. 95 scription. The animal, including the antennz and caudal ap- pendages, is 42" long, and without them 22", and about 3" broad. The head is narrowest, and as long as the two follow- ing segments, the body becomes gradually broader from the head, without however departing considerably from the linear form. The eyes are small and round, the superior antenne of moderate length, setaceous, and with seven articulations. The inferior antennz are one and a half times as long and consist of six articulations, the two first are very short, the remainder gradually increase in length, become flatter, and the last are densely beset with cilia, so that they appear rather to be an organ for swimming than for feeling. The pectoral segments are of equal length and have their lateral parts only slightly developed. The ¢ail or abdomen consists of five segments : the two first resemble the pectoral segments ; the third seg- ment bears on the centre of the back a long curved horn which exactly resembles that of the Sphinx caterpillar, and on each side two small tubercles. The fourth segment is one and a half times as long as broad, beneath somewhat flat, above concave, covered with small protuberances and ciliated on the lateral margins. They are especially distinguished by two small hooks in the centre of the hinder margin. This segment bears on each side two pairs of curious appendages which are arti- culated on to its base. The front appendages are perpendicu- larly directed and consist of three longish rounded flaps which are all thickly beset with long hair, and of which the front one is the largest, the hinder one the smallest. The lateral pair of appendages perfectly corresponds to one of the caudal appendages of the Gammari, and consists of a stalk which supports two small acute laminz. ‘The fifth segment is very short, exhibits superiorly in a fissure the anus, above in the centre, and inserted at its base (or to the hinder margin of the fourth segment) an oval lamina, and at its extremity an enor- mous pair of pincers, which are nearly twice as long as the two last caudal segments. Their two laminz are compressed, somewhat diverging, attenuated towards the apex, and bent in the form of a hook, and they have serrated margins. The JSourteen feet increase posteriorly in length, but not consider- ably. The two front ones have at their extremity a curved 96 Account of a Journey across the — claw, and the tarsus is broad with a diverging tooth. The first pair of feet is much broader than the second. The fol- lowing feet terminate with a long straight claw but slightly curved in the form of a hook at the apex only, the three pos- terior have merely a small foliaceous appendiculated member. I did not see the branchie at their base, but very distinctly the three pairs of pseudo-abdominal feet, which consist of a securiform, lamellar basal joint, and two articulated and ci- liated spines ; so that there can be no doubt to which order of Crustacea this animal belongs. The cibarian apparatus — seemed to me to consist of a marginated upper lip, a pair of mandibule provided with biarticulated palpi, three (?) or four (?) pairs of lameilaceous maxillz, and two sex-articulated foot- jaws. Puate III. Fig. 5. Chelura terebrans. a. The animal lying on its side, magnified four times. b. The fourth and fifth caudal segment from above, as it appears when it is magnified fifteen times. - c. The same from below. The third pair of false abdominal feet is evident at the basis. | d. The first foot seen magnified twenty-five times. e. One of the posterior feet with the same power. [To be continued. } X1.—Evxtracts trom a few rough Notes of a Journey across the Pampas of Buenos Ayres to Tucuman, in 1835. By James TwEEDIE, Esq., addressed to Sir W. J. Hooker. {Continued from p.15.] Tus morning, the 26th, we regained the post-road which we had left at Pergamena, at 3 leagues beyond the post house of Cabeza del Tigere, 320 miles N.W. of Buenos Ayres. Here the tract turns more to the west, keeping along the east bank of the Rio Corcouneon, a most delightful tract to behold, being finely interspersed with woods of Algaroba and Chafeos, the river gli- ding on at the rate of about a mile in the hour, in a deep ravine whose sides are nearly perpendicular for 30 or 40 feet, espe- cially the east bank where the sun is so powerful as to dry up much of the vegetation, while on the west and north-west, where it is shaded from the midday rays, the crooked course Pampas of Buenos Ayres to Tucuman. 97 of the river is tracked as far as the eye can reach by the abundance of willows that line the banks. There are, how- ever, no beautiful slopes and rich holms here, such as grace the shores of the Clyde. We halted this day at the deserted posthouse of Lobaton, where I found the vegetation bearing a striking similarity to that which prevails around Bahia Blanca, distant more than 1100 miles. 27th. We crossed the little river called Salado de Ruiz Diaz, whose flat sides, white with a saline incrustation which crushes like frost under the foot, are denuded of vegetation for at least a hundred yards on either side the stream. At this place we had entered the province of Cordova for 20 miles, and after passing the river pursued a constantly rising road till we came to a posthouse bearing the same name as the river and situated at a considerable elevation. The land all around is very bare of herbage and dry, but gay with a species of Oxalis and the beautiful little Nierembergia gracilis. I also found the Hupa- torium affine, a charming dwarf perennial. The well was the deepest I had seen on the road, 21 feet, but the water was ex- cellent. We passed through a dry and thinly inhabited coun- try, but looking agreeable from its natural clumps of Algaro- bas, &c. The Rio Corcouiieon with its row of willow trees lay on our right, its windings marked by these trees ; and our road being straight, sometimes it was close to us, at other times far distant. We saw several deserted houses and unoccupied land, though the latter was of good quality; and passed through the town of Fraile Muerto, situated close to the river, where there were some spots of fine maize, pompions, French beans and tomatos, the latter an indispensable article here. 30th. Having pursued our journey up the river and gene- rally almost parallel to its course for nearly 100 miles, we crossed it at Esquina del Ahogada, where its name changes from Corcoufieon to Rio Terzero, it being the third river from Cordova going to Buenos Ayres. Here commenced a strange change in the face of the country, a dense forest prevailing for a vast distance, chiefly consisting of Algarobas, of which there were several beautiful varieties. The tops of these trees are often charmingly adorned with the purple flowers of a species of mistletoe, whose blossoms are frequently more than an inch 98 Account of a Journey across the long; there are many species of this kind of climber, some with clusters of white and others of green flowers, all of them finely scented ; and where there was a free opening to the air we observed many trees quite covered and killed with loads of different kinds of Tillandsia. The road through these an- cient forests is often so circuitous that we would be going to- wards all the different points of the compass in the course of one day: frequently again it would become so narrow that there was scarcely room for one cart to pass along, and where its high lumbering body, swinging from side to side, was com- pletely stopped ; so that it was needful to cut away some of the branches before it could proceed. Our great line of ve- hicles, with the feet of the numerous cattle, raised such a tre- mendous cloud of dust, that often one cart was indiscernible at the distance of another, and there was not a breath of air in these dense forests to carry off the dust. On the afternoon of the third day after crossing the river our mules all left us on a sudden at full gallop; they had scented the water of a large lake 6 miles distant ; but much as we were all in want of this necessary of life, nothing but absolute need. could compel us to use it, the quality was so bad. I had gathered, when passing the Rio Terzero, several varieties of the Zinnia, an annual in English gardens; the Goodenia tu- berosa, and some agreeably scented kinds of Cynanchum : little worthy of notice occurred in the dense woods, except 2 or 3 species of Cactus. 4th April. We came to the village of Los Ranchos, an- other poor place, containing apparently about 800 inhabit- ants; the houses are all constructed of unburnt bricks, the church partly of this material and partly of burnt bricks: op- posite to this building is a large market square, but I saw nothing offered for sale except a cart load of beef and a few pompions. This place is considered half-way between Buenos Ayres and Tucuman. At sunset we crossed the Rio Secundo or second river from Cordova, and finding good grass stopped all night in a field of Melissa (?) sp. 6—8 feet high, here called Boldo, and in great use for dyeing, and by the addition of other substances it produces various shades of brown. ‘This Rio Secundo was, at the time we now crossed, 200 yards Pampas of Buenos Ayres to Tucuman. 99 broad, of a regular depth of 4 feet all across, and gliding slowly north-east at about a mile an hour; on our return it | was quite dried up, and in place of water we found nothing but white drifting sand and gravel, brought down from the mountains of Cordova. Two more days and nights travelling brought us to the Rio de Cordova, a fine stream of the clear- est water that can be seen in any of these provinces. The bottom is stony and gravelly, the stones having been brought down from the mountains, 30 miles distant, by the current; for throughout these extensive plains not a vestige of stone or metal can be found. 6th. We rested at the passage of the river for most of the day, repairing carts, &c. The town of Cordova is in view, 26 miles on our left, and appears charmingly situated at the foot of a ridge of hills, stretching north-west. While travelling through the woods I noticed a Passiflora, and saw several species of strong-growing Cactus; and on the steep and dry banks many of the largest Alyarobas were completely killed with loads of air-plants, of which great masses hung from every branch. 8th. After passing this river, the road rises considerably, proceeding more to the north; its former direction was north- west, and is now north-north-west ; the tract over which we passed was miserable, dry, and barren in the extreme; a few stunted shrubs of Chaneos, Algarobas, and some other species of Mimosa were all that could be seen. One of the latter pro- duces a quantity of clear amber gum which distils from its beautifully green bark. At the posthouses we obtained water at from 12 to 15 feet from the surface, and in one instance the cattle were served with it at the rate of a Spanish dollar for 100 beasts, the water being raised by a horse in a sheep’s hide from a well 5 yards deep. In this dry tract we passed over 18 miles, which having been set on fire accidentally by a camp, had been left a naked plain of black ashes, with the bare stems of the shrubs remaining erect like blackened rods. These extensive conflagrations are common in these districts, making a splendid appearance by night. With the first shower that falls on the scorched ground a lovely crop springs up, consisting of Ovalis, red, yellow, and rose-coloured, mingled 100 Account of a Journey across the with different kinds of Amaryllis, which spread a carpet of bloom resembling a richly stocked flower-garden. 14th. We came to the little chapel of San Juan, where, though the village consists of but 3 Ranchos, there is a pul- peria or tippling dram-shop. A day was passed in repairing the carts, all of which had become loose and rickety from the long drought. No iron is used in the construction of these vehicles ; even the wheels are unshod, the trams being made of hard Algaroba wood, which lasts a long time, often several years, on the stoneless roads of this country. This place was the last post house in the province of Cor- dova going north-west, and here, as we were on the ridge of a mountain, we found the vegetation much more varied than of late ; the Cactus tribe were especially numerous and varied ; one specimen of the broad-branched kind struck me particu- larly, its white strong spines measuring from 6 to 9 inches in length; and the tree itself, of a conical shape (the cone re- versed), with its huge body of bushy and numerous flat branches, could not be of less weight than 10 to 12 tons. There are also several Mimosas of different species; that which is called from its hooked thorn Garro-Vato (Grip the Goat) abounds ; varying much, but always preserving a slender mode of growth and fine short pimnated leaves: unfortunately none of these were in flower. I also observed the Jormillio, a slender ever-flowering shrub, with small gummy leaves; the whole plant has a dry brown singy appearance; and a curious frutescent Solanum, whose long, oval, scarlet fruit is generally as empty as a bladder. Here also I found a beautiful shrub much resembling an apricot, its fruit; which is small and yel- low, the natives assure me, when ripe, is not inferior to a good plum ; but as the season was passed, I only picked up a few dry kernels, which also bore a great similarity to those of the apricot; at the lowest part of the bush was a small branch in flower: it is called here Patta. | In this neighbourhood I noticed the effects of the earth- quake which had taken place while I was travelling in August of last year: pits, of various forms and depths, had opened, some only 4 feet deep, while of others we could not find the bottom; also a large deep rent or ravine, crossing our road, Pampas of Buenos Ayres to Tucuman. 101 but since nearly filled up with mud: the wells, from the same cause, now only afford muddy water, and the natives are con- tent to use what they can obtain from a pool, which occupy- ing the centre of a field and receiving all the washing of the neighbourhood, tastes far too strong of cattle to be palateable. Yet these indolent people make no attempt to obtain a better supply of this needful element. For the same reason they neglect to cultivate the native trees, many of which, such as peaches, growing here fine and healthy by the road sides, would prove highly valuable with little trouble; but a few pompions and maize are all that they care to rear. In the afternoon of the 15th we arrived at the Post Del Carmen, and entered the province San Jago del Esterro, lying at the north-west point of the Cordova mountains. Here the road for a short distance was of a fine hard gravel, the first I had trodden in any of the Argentine Provinces. The Algaroba, hitherto so abundant, now gave place to se- veral other kinds of large trees, as the Quebra Halcha, Colo- rada or Blanca: this names signifies the Hatchet-breaker, as the wood is so hard that a large tree of this sort is rarely felled without breaking the hatchet ; the Colorada was covered with large tufts of red seed, much like the sycamore; while the Blanca is distinguished by its small myrtle-like foliage and long pendent slender boughs, which give the whole tree the appearance of a weeping willow ; its seed is a flat pap-like substance, inclosed in large flat white pods hanging in twos, threes, and fours at the tips of the slender branches like the pendulum ofa clock. This tree always grows quite erect till it attains the height of 20 to 30 feet, and has a singularly majestic appearance. | We now came to a thickly wooded, but deserted country, and travelled for 50 miles without meeting with a single in- habitant, though we saw numbers of old Ranchos and the ruins of what had been good dwellings. The immense num- ber of tigers which infest this district and destroy all the cattle, has caused the people to remove and leave to these voracious animals the exclusive possession of these extensive forests. While our beasts were feeding I took a cautious stroll into the woods and came upon what had been an Indian vil- 102 Account of a Journey across the lage, consisting of a few straggling huts, formed of four-forked posts, on which were laid unpruned branches which were again covered with sods and loose earth, thus merely afford- ing a protection from the sun, but none from the cold, these huts being entirely open at the sides. Not a human being could be seen, though it would appear that this encampment was but recently deserted, from the vegetables, pompions, to- matos, capsicums, and maize, which now covered the ground, as wild and promiscuous as if natives of the soil. In this wilderness I observed several of the small] silver grey fox and a large species of hare, with a broad tail like that of the Cape sheep. Parrots and paroquets were in vast number, but no other birds. Here were some curious Cacti, of large erect growth, and 16 angles to the stem, some of the naked pole- like branches beg upwards of 30 feet high, beset with spines 2 to 4 inches long. The fruit is very small in proportion to the size of the species, some single plants sending out more than a hundred of these naked pole-like branches, most of which were from 6 to 8 inches through, and generally thicker at the top than bottom. 17th. At mid-day we reached the river Saladillo de Gus- man, and here we were kept waiting 15 days for its decrease, the season being that of its greatest fulness, in consequence of the melting of the early fallen snow on the Cordilleras. It may seem an extraordinary circumstance, that when travelling through a country where man and beast often suffer the ut- most distress for want of water, the party should at the very same time be arrested by a river whose margins were flooded for half a mile on either side beyond the ordinary channel ; but such was nevertheless the case here, as in other tropical countries ; the greater the heat and drought, the more swollen are the streams, which diminish in proportion as the weather becomes cold and wet. After waiting for two weeks in vain, we discovered a place, a considerable way further down, where the height of the banks had much contracted the river, and with much labour, and after cutting down many trees, our carts were dragged to the water’s edge. Another Tropa, con- sisting of 11 similar vehicles, having joined us on the one side, while another of 13 was drawn up on the opposite bank, Pampas of Buenos Ayres to Tucuman. 103 where a little village of Indian Ranchos or huts was situated close to the stream, the assemblages of drivers, passengers, and large quantities of cattle gave the place the appearance for a few days of a Highland fair. Commodities of various kinds were brought for sale, among them excellent bread, made from the flour of Algaroba pods, no way inferior to wheaten flour in taste, being sweet-flavoured, but yellow-coloured and slightly purgative at first to those who are unaccustomed to it. The husks after passing through the mill are steeped in water, which is then fermented and greedily drunk by the natives, though to strangers it is a disagreeable dirty mess. The remaining husks and sediment are afterwards dried and sold in small quantities for chewing, being somewhat sweet-tasted, though hardly so good as pea pods would be. These people thus lose nothing of their favourite Algyaroba, which they gather from every tree with the greatest care, and store it up on the tops of posts, that it may be secure from the attacks of mice, &c. On observing to a native that the Algaroba districts of Cordova and San Jago were a most barren plain, he re- plied it was true, but as God had given them a dry sterile soil he had blessed them with abundance of Algarobas. In ex- change for beef we obtained boiled sweet batatoes and chocklos or heads of Indian corn, both boiled and roasted; also some milk of goats, for no cattle are kept here. The task of crossing this river was truly extraordinary : the waggons being unloaded, the largest hides with which they were covered were taken off, and each, kept outstretched with branches of trees and its four corners tied together, formed a kind of oblong box, something like a rough canoe, in which were then deposited as many goods as it could hold. An old Indian woman having contracted to take over our cargo at 20 reals or 2ds of a Spanish dollar, she alone waited upon the loading of each hide, which was done by our drivers, while the dame ordered the mode in which the several articles should be placed, paying particular attention to see that the cargo should be evenly distributed and the hide set fairly on the water. This done, a young girl was employed to swim and drag it be- hind her by means of a small rope fixed to one of the canoes over her right shoulder, while she held and dragged by her 104 Account of a Journey across the Pampas. teeth. Each hide carries from 3 to 4 cwt. according to its size. The river is here about 100 yards wide. To me the task ap- peared a very luckless job ; and when my turn came to go with my chest, boxes, and a fellow passenger, all launched into an - ordinary bull’s hide, with a girl, none of the strongest, to drag us, I felt considerable doubts of our safety. However no- thing went wrong in crossing, either with us or a tropa of 11 carts, 28 in all, which were thus got over. The men, paid by the old woman, of whom there were 11, were occupied in dragging our empty waggons across, in which were fixed crates of earthenware, some heavy boilers, and other articles too large for the hide boat. The passage of the waggons was a still more troublesome business; 3 men swam across with a long rope of hide, and these men remained at certain dis- tances with the rope over their shoulders to keep the water from having too great an impression upon it. When over, it was fixed to 6 bullocks, and the cart then tossed into the river from the opposite side, when it unavoidably disappeared, and on arriving at the other bank it was generally found to have upset under water; when it was no easy task to set it once more upon its wheels. One cart, in particular, occupied most of a day. Seven days were again consumed in reloading, &c., during which time I made several excursions among the woods by the river bank; but from the dryness of the season which had clad everything in its autumn or winter garb, very little could be found ; I saw some memorable varieties of the Cactus family, of all shapes and sizes. There were two spe- cies, or rather perhaps vars., of Passiflora; Mimosas were also very numerous, among which was one allied to the Algaroba, with spines from 4 to 8 inches long; this is called in the coun- try Bonilla or Vanill; its leaves are applied by the natives to cure a dim eyesight. This river flows from the south Andes in a north-east direction towards the Porana, and having traversed a saline tract, becomes so salt that even the cattle refused to drink it. We however obtained good and sweet water only 4 feet from the surface. [To be continued. ] 105 Route from Lima by the Quebrada of San Mateo. -ooseg ap O19 WIOIZ sanSeary | = 1Z I eercecece eecsee 006'L eeocesese @ertees Ceeresceecesessessees euryuoyy eI ap vlag age poom ay} sIqy AVI NT 02 9 eerrscecee eocses 9669 O\Ga a OI 9. Coe Peer aseerseseeesessesces uvyouvovurnyy "Ig ae Geo aboreaiey sid al ys 2.961 seccee 9gc‘g "Wd Z 09-Z¢ SaGRreag hss ibs ene sags see ** OIE) GOB T ‘0g 3. pia a1eq YStpy eocsees eee eeccescece e@evcece 68SFI "Wad I CG. COC rece nesters eseeseesserseseos VIAVULLUN YY be daayg wb g e@evcsceces eesses 98°21 eercesese @ercee SOCCCO eee eveeeseseeseessereneses BIBVIVUIN "6a = °aInyse euley'T it eee eercecscee eevcce EZE el "Wd ¥ 0c: Paap ciice Seamaee Ss os ec beee isso eT ORee Uy 8S "BOLL, BIA eur] wWO.y sonsea]T 19 c Sereceses eoccee 998‘0L "Wed ¥ 89.z¢ Cee cercoreorcescsesereseses eyinbaewexed "EZ : *SOUTUI IAATIC ZO $6 Z681 SI €L9'ET ‘MWVv [I CG. se Cee eee seerereseseccossesees ooseg ep O19) ‘61 ron SBORUL Mes e pue 0d €z¢ a4 E 9-061 ral 000°T "Md G 96.68 Peer eocsereereseoneesesece sereeeeeesa10pUucC) “SE on) oe : aanised daayg OF 4 eae iets on Peeane O8Z'Z1 “Wd Fp SF.9e SUES os Rade cas Se mROS RAR N Sry Se Kas ¢ tar SED Ey "CT = q] 'q i A be epovmod Qeau AA Sop G eoccevece Gib ces F820 *UOONT #9. 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Oeecorecees eneces ZL0°6 "WV 6 29. epee rey Sees Se eee SSE. ep oquivy, a *S90}"}0T £o[ val eaececsece eececce 9Z0'8 "WV f 09- SOP Sere eeeeeeeseeesesseseseseses Sevuvdnye IA e Bers bats a betsy cl e F-00Z eecsee 0069 "Wd c 19-86 POPC ee TOF oes eoeeeeeees SHER OZEEE EEE o91ng ‘Ol - I aulvg ZL e 9-20% 12 Tees "rv ll Og: Cee eeoee Cees eseeeresesereeees BAIVYIVION Oo ; ‘op pue qnAy Yon 6 e eoreeores @escoe Ceecencee sececorce Corecess eAvig eyURG pue “eBuIe AT ‘oped ueg 6 $e dUIBONT pue ‘azieuL ‘Qinyse qT 9 eee C-L0G FZ COS "Wd 9 [2-19 Peewee eareeeseseseeeseesses oSsevorperyy OL, °g ‘20d . TPIOL SES K -suonjonporg Tabedes ‘royem =| *zojour | “yoay *uor}eArasqo Jo porsed -s90eIq JO SOUIENY ‘neq | ss atostilasre: Bullog |-o18Apy | Ul 4YySIoxY | =9Y) 3e ADJaMIOULIOY], S *“Jloq1o FL “UL AA “AOY pues *uofFT oq} & £q poyorunuruos "eury jo ‘bsy ‘Nvaryovy_ Nuoe Ag ‘oagnyy ung fo npnuganey ay; fig nuwyT wo1f ajnoy— 1X 106 Specimen of the Botany of New Zealand. XIII.—Flore Insularum Nove Zelandie Precursor; or a Spe- cumen of the Botany of the Islands of New Zealand. By ALLAN CUNNINGHAM, Esq. {Continued from p. 26.] PITTOSPORE, R. Br. 1. Pirrosrorum, Banks and Sol. 612. P. crassifolium, foliis cbovatis obtusis basi angustatis admodum co- riaceis, supra convexiusculis glabris nitidis venosis, subtus ramulisque cano- villosis, pedunculis terminalibus unifloris solitariis, capsulis crassis 3-valvibus. Banks and Sol. Ms. Tarata, indigenis. R. Cunn. New Zealand (Northern Island).—1769, Sir Jos. Banks. On Flat Island, one of the Cavallos, and at Matauri on the east coast, opposite those islands, &c.—1833, HR. Cunningham. Frutex orgyalis. Rami stricti, fastigiati, glabri, ramulis cinereis foliatis. Folia alterna distincta, vel conferto-verticillata, crassa, valde rigido-coriacea. Pedunculus (uncialis) ex apice ramuli inter folia solitarius. Calyx 5-sepalus, einereo-villosus. Petala 5 longitudine sepalorum. Stamina 5 hypogyna, petalis breviora. Anther@ adnate biloculares. Stylus terminalis, simplex, staminibus parum brevior. Ovarium villosissimum. Capsula nucis Avel- lane magnitudine, plerumque trivalvis, valvis obovatis lignosis resinosis. Se- mina plurima. 613. P. umbellatum ; foliis obovatis obtusis retusisve interdum apiculatis utrinque glabris subtus pallidioribus reticulato-venosis, pedunculis termina- libus umbellatis, pedicellis unifloris calycibusque ferrugineo-tomentosis, cap- sulis 4-lobis 2-valvibus, caule arboreo. Sanks and Sol. Mss. Gert. Fr. i. p- 286. DC. Prodr. i. p. 347. New Zealand (Northern Island).—1769, Sir Jos. Banks. Shores of the Bay of Islands.—1826, 4. Cunningham. In woods around Onawero Bay, Wangaroa.—1833, R. Cunningham. Arbor 20—26 pedalis, formosa, habitu omnino Enkianthi, ramis teretibus glabris. Folia in ramulis alterna vel conferta subtus pulchre reticulata, pe- tiolata. Petiolus subuncialis lucido-coloratus. Flores terminales, rubri, um- bellatim dispositi. Calyx 5-sepalus, sepalis lanceolatis acuminatis extus pi- losis. Petala 5, oblonga, obtusa, nervosa, sepalis longiora apice revoluta. Stamina longitudine styli petalis breviora. Capsula globosa, magnitudine Cerast. 614. P. engeinoides, omnino glabrum, foliis ellipticis (biuncialibus) acutis petiolatis venosis undulatis pellucidis, pedunculis terminalibus brachiato- ramosis, pedicellis umbellato-corymbosis multifloris, eapsulis (minimis) el- lipticis acuminatis bivalvibus, stigmate obtuso. | New Zealand (Northern Island). Shores of Onawero Bay, Wangayoa.— 4833, R. Cunningham. Specimen of the Botany of New Zealand. 107 _ Frutex major. Arbuscula speciosa, aspectu fere facie Eugenie. Rami ramulique teretes, graciles, cortice purpurascente. Folia sparsa, alterna v. verticillato-conferta. Flores nondum vidi. Capsula grani Piperis mole, bivalvis, glabra, elliptica, acuta, minutissime tuberculata, stylo terminata. 615. P. tenuifolium, foliis ovatis ovato-oblongisve (I—1} uncialibus) acu- tiusculis v. obtusis, adultis utrinque glabris nitidis, marginibus undulatis szepeque convolutis crassiusculis, floribus solitariis axillaribus brevipedicel- latis, pedicellis fructibusque junioribus, capsulis 3—4 valvibus. Banks and Sol. Mss. DC. Prodr. i. p.347. Ram. et Sch. Syst. Veg. v. p.432. Gerin. Sem. i. p. 286. t. 59. f. 7.—Trichilia monophylla. 4. Rich. Fl. Nov. Zel. p. 306. t. 34 bes. Mapauriki, indig. R. Cunn. New Zealand (Northern Island).—1769, Sir Jos. Banks. Margins of forests on the immediate shores of the Bay of Islands.—1826, 4. Cunning- ham. At Wangaroa, on the skirts of salt-water inlets.—1833, R. Cunning- ham. Arbor gracilis ornata, 20 pedum altitudine. Rami virgati, erecti, foliosi, cortice levi, atro-brunnei. olia alterna, petiolata, (instar Thee) translu- centia, venulosa. Flores axillares, plerumque solitarii. Pedicellus petiolum zquans. Calyx laciniis ovato-lanceolatis ciliatis, corolla plus duplo brevi- oribus. Petala atropurpurea, oblonga, apice reflexa, decidua. Ovarium3- v. 4-lobatum subpyriforme, densissime villosum, stylo terminatum. Stigma depresso-capitatum, minute papillosum. Judging from the figure and description given by M. A. Richard of a plant which was gathered in fruit on the coast of New Zealand by Capt. D. D’Urville in 1827, and which he has referred to the genus Trichila as above cited, it does appear evident that it is none other than this species of Pittosporum, which is everywhere abundant on the coasts of the Northern Island, and where it was originally disco- vered by the naturalists who accompanied our great circumnavigator in his first voyage! M. Endlicher designs in a forthcoming disser- tation on the Order Meliacee, to refer T. monophylla of Richard, to a genus which he has proposed to name Schoutensia. 616. P. cornifolium, foliis (1—3 uncialibus) oppositis ellipticis obtusis v. ovato-lanceolatis acutis glabris summis verticillatis, pedunculis terminalibus aggregatis villosis unifloris, capsulis 2-valvibus acuminatis extus villosis, ra- mulis quandoque pilis cinereis conspersis. 4. Cunn. in Bot. Mag. t. 3161. — Pittosporoides verticillata. Banks and Sol. Mss. in Bibl. Banks.—8. foliis angusto-oblongis acutis verticillatis sparsisve. New Zealand (Northern Island).—1769, Sir Jos. Banks. A shrub grow- ing as an Epiphyte on trees, especially on the lofty trunks of the Kaikatea, (Dacrydium excelsum, Don.) in humid woods on the banks of the Kana- Kana, and other rivers, Bay of Islands, &c.—1826, 4. Cunningham. Frutex virgatus, glaber ramis dichotomis, summis subverticillatis, omnino supra arborum excelsiorum truncos vivos, inter Astelias epiphyticus. Folia ) 108 Specimen of the Botany of New Zealand. varia. Pedunculi graciles, 1-flori, 2—6 ad apices ramulorum aggregati un- clales, pilis minutis patulis instructi. , Calyx 5-phyllus, foliolis subulato-lan- ceolatis patentibus ciliatis. Corolla 5-petala, petalis lineari-lanceolatis acutis apice reflexis, deciduis. Stam. hypogyna. Filamenta tubi petalorum sty- lique longitudine. Ovarium ovato-lanceolatum dense villosum. Stigma spherico-capitatum. 617. P. reflecum (R. C. Mss.) fruticosum, ramosum, ramulis villosiusculis (pilis cinereis) seepe verticillatis, foliis linearibus confertis glaberrimis apiculo sphacelato, super concavis, modice divaricatis arcuato-reflexisve, junioribus parce ciliatis, capsulis solitariis terminalibus acuminatis bivalvibus cinereo- pilosis. New Zealand (Northern Island). Thickets on the slopes of hills at Wan- garoa, &c.—1833, A. Cunningham. Flores nondum vidi. R. C. 618. P. pimeleoides (R. C. Mss.) fruticosum ramulis verticillatis, foliis modice patentibus angusto-lanceolatis linearibusve acuminatis, apiculo ob- tuso, super concaviusculis glabris subter venosis, marginibus juniorum revo- lutis plus minus ciliatis, capsulis solitariis aggregatisve axillaribus v. termi- nalibus acuminatis 2-valvibus, pilis patentibus cinereis conspersis. New Zealand (Northern Island). Dry woods on the shores of the Bay of Islands, Wangaroa, &c.—1833, R. Cunningham. Frutex 2—3 pedalis, duplo major quam in precedenti, atque folia longiora, latiora, et quamlibet patentia non deflexa, capsulis porro crebre aggregatis. Nihilominus an species distincta? 619. P. radicans (R. C. Mss.) caule fruticoso simpliciter ramoso subra- dicante, ramulis virgatis cinereo-villosis, foliis (uncialiabus) angusto-linea- ribus concaviusculis acuminatis erecto-patentibus rectis faleatisve, pagina superiore margineque pilis raris instructis, capsulis terminalibus solitariis pilosis. R. C. Mss, New Zealand (Northern Island). Growing about the roots of the Kauré (Dammara australis) principally in a forest near the head of the Kana-Kana river, Bay of Islands,—1833, R. Cunningham. This very distinct species, like the two preceding, has only been observed bearing fruit, which is described in the note that accom- panied the specimen, as being very similar to that of P. reflerum, but inserted on a somewhat longer pedicle. ‘The habit and leaves are however somewhat different®. * In herbario meo sequentes sunt pulchre species hujus generis, quee in Australasia jampridem lectz erant, hucusque indescripte, vel minus cog- nite. P. rubiginosum ; foliis oblongo-lanceolatis lanceolatisve acuminatis ve- nosis sparsis verticillatisve, basi subattenuatis undulato-auriculeformibus, adultis superne glabriusculis, inferne ferrugineo-tomentosis pedunculo ter- minali multifloro bracteato ramulisque dense rubiginoso-crinitis, floribus umbellatis pedicellatis stigmate obtuso late membranaceo, caule fruticoso gracili. Specimen of the Botany of New Zealand, 109 DROSERACEX, Bes. Drosera, L. 620. D. propingua (R. C. Mss.) foliis radicalibus oblongo-spathulatis Hab. In ora equinoctiali Nove Cambrie Australis: ad latus Montis Cook, prope fluvium Endeavour dictum. — 1820, 4. Cunningham. P. linifolium ; foliis elliptico-oblongis obtusis acuminatisve petiolatis sub- revolutis leviter undulatis adultis super glabris nitidis, subter parce tomen- tosis reticulato-venosis floribus paniculato-umbellatis, pedunculis fusco-to- mentosis, stigmate obtuso depresso lobato ovarioque dense piloso, capsulis bivalvibus, caule arboreo gracili. Hab. In ora orientali inter tropicam : ad fluvium Endeavour dict., in locis saxosis humidis necnen ad ripas fluvii a littore remotis—1819, 4. Cunning- ham. Obs. Differs from P. undulatum, Andr., that species having ovate-lan- ceolate attenuated leaves, which are smooth on both sides and altogether larger aggregate peduncled flowers. P. phillyre@oides, foliis (1—1}4 uncialibus) oblongis ovato-lanceolatisve mucronatis coriaceis planis utrinque glabris subtus discoloribus obscure ve- nulosis, pedicellis lateralibus unifloris solitariis geminisve petiolo duplo lon- gioribus. DC. Prodr. i. p. 347.—P. oleifolium, 4. Cunn. Mss. (1822). Hab. In ora occidentali, in arenosis aridis Insulz Dirk Hartog, 1802, Lechenault.—1822, A. Cunningham. Frutex robustus, erectus, ramosus, sexpedalis, habitu fere facie Olee. #lores —. Capsula aurantia, elliptica, compressa, bivalvis, extus glabra, ru- gulosa. P. bicolor ; foliis lanceolatis coriaceis nervosis obtusiusculis acuminatisve marginibus refractis, breviter petiolatis super glabris convexiusculis, subter tomentosis, pedunculis unifloris, petalis 4—5ies longioribus terminalibus axillaribusve, ramulis tomentosis. Hook. Journ. Bot. i. p.249.—P. ledifolia. A. Cunn. Ms. (1819). fiab. In insula Van Diemen, in sylvis umbrosis valde humidis, inter Da- erydia (Heronensia, Nobis) ad sinum Macquarie Harbor dictum, ubi in mense Januario floret. —1819, 4. Cunningham.—1831, Ron. Gunn, R. Gul. Lawrance. Frutex gracilis, concinnus, 5—6 pedum altitudine, ramis valde virgatis ferrugineo-tomentosis foliatis. ola sparsa v. verticillato-conferta subtus cinereo- vel fulvo-tomentosa, pilis adpressis. Pedunculus ferrugineo-pilosus. Calyx 5-phyllus patens, villosus, coloratus. Peéala 5 purpurea, oblonga, apice reflexa, sepalis plus duplo longiora. Stamina 5, tubo corollz longiora. Anthere oblong, obtuse, adnatz, antice, bileculares. Stylus longitudine staminum. Stigma lobatum. Ovarium densissime pilosum. P. acacioides (A. C. Mss. 1817) foliis (83—4 uncialibus) angusto-lanceo- latis basi valde attenuatis petiolatis mucronatis planis aveniis utrinque gla~ bris concoloribus, pedunculis axillaribus solitariis geminisve petiolo duplo a ramulis glaberrimis.—P. angustifolia, Lodd. Bot. Cat. t. 1859. 1832). Hab. In ora meridionali.—1802, R. Brown, necnon in interiore, in de- sertis prope flumen Lachlan.—1817, 4. Cunningham. Arbuscula Deserti; 6—20 pedalis, admodum ornata, maxime gracilis, et omnino glaberrima. Rami attenuati debiles, plus minus dependentes. Folia alterna, sparsa, versus basin sensim in petiolum vix pollicarem desinentia. Flores pedunculati, 1—2 axillares, flavi, Sepalis calycis membranaceis, ovalibus, obtusis, tenuissime ciliatis, tubo petalorum ter brevioribus. Petala 110 Specimen of the Botany of New Zealand. scapo (3—4 unciali) tereti 3—4-floro multoties brevioribus, calyce glaber- rima. New Zealand (Northern Island). In boggy grounds, in the vicinity of the Keri-Keri river, Bay of Islands.—1833, R. Cunningham. Obs. D. spathulate, Labill. maxime affinis, que tamen differt, scapo compresso, sex- ad duodecim-floro, atque calyce glanduloso. 621. D. intermedia (R. C. Ms.), foliis longe petiolatis profunde bipartitis, lobis linearibus, petiolo compresso, duplo brevioribus, scapo compressiusculo (sesquipedali) foliis triplo longiore 12—20-floro, floribus racemosis filiformi- pedicellatis. ; New Zealand (Northern Island). In bogs in the country interjacent to the Keri-Keri and Waimaté rivers, Bay of Islands.—1833, R. Cunningham. Obs. Inter D. binatam et pedatam, proxima priori, que petiolo semitereti, foliis duplo ad quadruplum longiore, scapoque tereti vix spithameo, race- moque 38—6-floro, facile distinguenda, atque in D. pedata, foliis pedatim di- chotomis petiolis paulo brevioribus, scapo (pedali) foliis vix duplo longiore, et floribus omnino majoribus, corymbosis, distincta videtur. VIOLARIEA, DC. Erretion, DC. in Herb. Lamb. Calycis sepalis ineequalia, omnia plus minus deorsum in appendices auri- culiformes producta. Petala inequalia estivatione convolutiva, inferius basi concavum in calcar non productum. Stamina 5 approximata, nec coalita, ad apicem dentium tori pentagoni inserta. Filamenta basi di- latata oblonga, antheras demissius gerentia, lobis antherarum distinctis basi subdivergentes. Stamina 2 anteriora dorso appendices subulatas nectariferas in calcar intrantes gerentia. Ovarium superum. Stigma inconspicuum. Capsula trigona, 3-valvis, polysperma. Semina hori- zontalia, manifeste carunculata, ovoidea et nitida. 622. E. spathulatum, stoloniferum foliis longe petiolatis obovato-rotun- ———— eS Cr _ OO rr vv apice reflexa, obtusa. Stamina e fauce parum exserta, stylum zquantia. . Stigma capitatum glanduloso-tuberculatum. Ovariwm pilis cinereis laxis tenuiter instructum. Capsula aurantia, lato-elliptica, compressa, bivalvis, glabra, extus corrugata. . P. ligustrifolium ; foliis (1—2 uncialibus) angusto-lanceolatis subspathu- latisve basi attenuatis petiolatis mucronatis concavis aveniis adultis utrinque glabris, subtus pallidioribus, pedunculis 1-floris axillaribus terminalibusve petiolos zequantibus, ramulis incano-tomentosis. Hab. In littoribus aridis Insulz Rottnest, adversum ostium amnis Swan, ore occidentalis.—1822, 4. Cunningham. Arbuscula altitudine 20 pedum, ramis gracilibus divaricatis, ramulis flex- uoso-patentibus propensis foliatis canescentibus. Folia sparsa confertaque, lanceolata, parum attenuata, glabra, mucrone uncinato, juniora super pilis cinereis raris instructa, lores non nobis cogniti. Capsula sordido-flava, obelliptica, compressa, bivalvis, stylo brevi terminata. Stigma capitatum, lobatum, levigatum. Bibliographical Notices. 111 datis dentato-repandis glabris, petiolis asperis, pedunculis filiformibus, flori- bus nutantibus, caleare brevissimo. G. Don, Syst. Gard. i. p. 334.—Viola Sieberiana, Spreng. Syst. Veg. App. p. 68. New Zealand (Northern Island). Among fern, near the Mission House on the Keri-Keri river, Bay of Islands.—-1833, 2. Cunningham. [To be continued. ] BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES. Principles of General and Comparative Physiology, intended as an in- troduction to the study of Human Physiology, and as a Guide to the Philosophical Pursuit of Natural History. By William B. Car- penter, M.R.C.S., late President of the Royal Medical and Royal Physical Societies of Edinburgh, &c. &c. With 240 Figures on Copper and Wood. London, 1839. Few errors in the mode of pursuing science are more common than to commence the study of some particular branch without that pre- liminary knowledge which is most likely to render it interesting and profitable. This is especially the case in the sciences of natural hi- story and physiology. How frequently we observe young persons zealously devoting themselves to some department of botany,—the collection of the Phanerogamia of Great Britain for example,—with- out thinking it worth while to make themselves acquainted with aught beyond their simple external characters, and thus losing the pleasure which the contemplation of the structure of these plants, and of the analogies of their organs with those of the Cryptogamia on the one hand and of animals on the other, cannot fail to afford to those who properly seek for it, besides foregoing many opportunities of contributing something te the common stock of knowledge! Scarcely less common is it to meet with those who imagine them- selves to be diligent zoologists, when their endeavours are solely di- rected to the acquisition of the most complete collection of shells, of whose inhabitants they know nothing, or of the most perfect se- ries of butterflies or beetles, whose wonderful transformations and beautiful internal structure are regarded by them with indifference. The mere collector has little idea how much enjoyment he loses by not carrying his inquiries further, that is to say, if he have a soul capable of such enjoyment, and not entirely engrossed with the amor habendi. Even among those who possess a truly scientific knowledge of individual branches of natural history it is but too common to discover but a superficial acquaintance with others, such 112 Bibliographical Notices. as is calculated rather tomislead than to guidethem in their researches. And among physiologists it is but recently that the great truth has been generally recognised, that the study of the structure and func- tions of the inferior classes of organized beings is capable of afford- ing the most important assistance in the solution of the many difficul- ties which attend the investigation of the phenomena of life in man. The object of the volume before us is to supply the means of at- taining such knowledge within moderate limits; and, by presenting a comprehensive survey of the whole organized creation, to afford the best preparation for the successful pursuit of any line of inquiry that may suit the taste and opportunities of the student of nature. The author has not contented himself with a superficial view, how- ever, as from its brevity it might be supposed to be, but has endea- voured to introduce his readers to the highest departments of phy- slology and natural history, by a simple exposition of such general laws as have been discovered to preside over their varied phenomena, and, by a judicious selection of facts, to make the application of these laws and the path to be followed in search of others fully intelligible. Among the leading features of the work are the rank given to vege- table physiology, and the original manner in which this subject is treated. We are not acquainted with any treatise on this depart- ment of science in which the Cryptogamia receive a due share of atten- tion. By British writers they have been especially neglected, the structure and functions of the flowering plants alone being treated of in any detail. In this work, however, we find not only a general survey of the whole vegetable kingdom, in which its principal natu- ral groups are all delineated on the same scale, but a detailed view of each system of organs, which is traced from its first appearance in the lower members of the series up to its perfect evolution in the highest. ~ We are thus led to perceive the gradual specialization of each function by the restriction of it to some portion of the or- ganism particularly adapted to perform it, and this is shown to take place also during the evolution of the embryo of any one of the highest tribes of vegetables. We believe then that Mr. Carpenter may fairly claim the credit of having applied to the vegetable kingdom the general law based by Von Baer upon his examination of the ani- mal world, that, both in the ascending scale of creation and in the development of any single being, ‘‘ a heterogeneous or special struc- ture arises out of one more homogeneous or general, and this by a gradual change.” We shall illustrate this position by giving an abridgement of the section which treats of the absorbent system in plants, and this will afford us an opportunity of explaining another Bibliographical Notices. 113 law, propounded by our author himself, which may be regarded as a sort of corollary to the former. In the lowest cellular plants every part of the surface appears equally concerned in the function of absorption. ‘This is most evi- dent in those simple protophytes usually classed among the Alga, which consist: of an aggregation of insulated vesicles, each of which may almost be regarded as a distinct individual. Thus the surface of one of the cells of the Protococcus nivalis may be regarded as all root. In the higher genera of this group the separate vesicles no longer maintain their individuality, but form part of one definite structure. Still the whole surface appears to be endowed with the power of ab- sorption in nearly an equal degree ; and though the semblance of a stem and roots occasionally presents itself, these appear to have no other function than to give attachment to the frondose expansion. There is no transmission of fluid from one part to another, each cell deriving from the surrounding medium, or from the surcharged cells in its immediate neighbourhood, the fluid essential to its existence. It is in the Lichens that we find the first specialization of the absorb- ent function, by the restriction of it to the side least exposed to the sun and air, whilst the reproductive function, which in the Alg@ was common to nearly the whole frond, is here confined to the other sur- face. In some lichens we find radical filaments developed from the absorbent surface, the first indication of special organs for the pur- pose. In the Fungi the separation between the nutrient and repro- ductive organs is generally still more complete, and in the highest groups of this order a stem with very definite roots is developed. These are yet more complete in the mosses, but still nutrition may be performed by the general surface independently of them. And even where these filamentous processes of the Cryptogamia bear the greatest resemblance to roots, there is reason to believe that they ab- sorb by their whole surface, and not by their points alone. In the vascular plants we find the function of absorption attaining its high- est degree of specialization, being as it were concentrated in the growing points of the roots, which are known as the spongioles, and the function is more actively performed by them in proportion to the small amount of surface they expose. Still, however, it is found that the general surface, even of a vascular plant, is concerned in this function, and that in many in- stances it is even capable of entirely performing it when the roots are from any cause unable to act. This is a very beautiful example of the second law to which we have alluded, and which we shall state in the author’s words. ‘In cases where the different functions 114 Bibliographical Notices. are highly specialized, the general structure retains, more or less, the primitive community of function which originally characterized it.” We have seen that in the simplest or most homogeneous beings the entire surface participates equally in the function of absorption, and we now perceive that even in the highest and most heterogeneous, where the number of distinct organs is greatest and their respective functions most completely restricted to them, some traces of this primitive community remain. Weshall conclude our illustration by quoting the account given by Mr. Carpenter of the development of the same system in the embryo of a vascular plant, in which he in- geniously shows its conformity to the same laws. “ In tracing the gradual evolution of the special absorbent system of the more per- fect plants, we may observe many interesting relations between the progressive stages of its development and the permanent forms of the system in the lower orders. Thus the embryo at its first appearance within the ovule is nothing but a single cell, like that of the Proto- coccus, in the midst of the store of semi-fluid nutriment prepared by its parent, which it gradually absorbs by its whole surface, just as do the simplest cellular plants. At the time of the ripening of the seed we mark the rudiment of the future root, which is developed during germination ; but in the early stages of this process the radi- cle simply prolongs itself into the ground, and appears to be equally capable of imbibing moisture through its whole length, like that of the fungi or mosses. It is not until the true leaves are evolved that the root begins to extend itself by ramification, then first protruding perfect fibrils composed of woody fibre and vessels and terminated by spongioles.” We need scarcely point out the additional interest which is given to the facts of science when they thus become subservient to the esta- blishment of those generalizations in which true science consists. Again, to quote our author’s language, ‘‘ At every successive step we are led to comprehend new relations between facts that pre- viously seemed confused and insulated ; new objects for what at first seemed destitute of utility ; and in the same proportion will the con- templative spirit be led to appreciate the vastness of that Designing Mind, which, in originally ordaining the laws of the animated world, could produce such harmony and adaptation amongst their innume- rable results.” Having thus endeavoured to communicate to our readers an idea of the objects and spirit of this treatise, we shall briefly indicate its contents. It is divided into two books, the first of which is devoted to general physiology, the second to special physiology. These, Bibliographical Notices. 115 however, are preceded by an introduction of considerable length, de- signed to present to those who stand in need of such preliminary information a general view of the organized creation. The charac- teristics of organized structures are first pointed out, and the ele- mentary tissues of plants and animals described. Here will be found various novel and interesting analogies, especially in regard to the variations which the type of the spiral vessel presents. An outline view is then given of the characters of each of the principal groups of the vegetable and animal kingdoms, in which the links of transi- tion and their respective analogies are specially pointed out. Under the head of General Physiology are discussed the nature and causes of vital actions ; the dependence of life upon external sti- muli; heat, light, electricity, &c.; and the laws of organic develop- ment. ‘These are succeeded by a connected view of the functions performed by organized beings, in which their mutual relations are shown, and the distinctions between plants and animals definitely pointed out. In the second book, comprising Special Physiology, each function is considered in detail. The evolution of its particular organ in the ascending scale of being is described, firstas regards the vegetable king- dom (in the manner we have already instanced ), and then the animal kingdom, and its correspondence with the development of the same organs in the embryo of higher beings is displayed. Under this head are introduced explanations of various interesting malformations or monstrosities which result from arrest of development ; these are most frequently presented in the circulating system of animals. The advantage which the physiologist derives from bringing into comparison the facts derived from an extensive variety of sources is perhaps nowhere more evident than in regard to the reproductive system of vegetables. It has been so much the habit of botanists to separate instead of approximating, that analogies are often obscured by the multiplication of terms; so that the inexperienced cryptoga- mist is bewildered by the different appellations which the same or- gans receive in distinct groups and by the want of any indication of their similarity beyond what he may discover by his own inquiries. Mr. Carpenter appears to us to have extremely simplified this diffi- cult subject by showing the fundamental correspondence between the reproductive organs in all the tribes of Cryptogamia, and he has brought forward strong evidence to show that this may be traced even into the Phanerogamia, which differ from the others only in the addition of new organs, and not in the alteration of the character of the original ones. Without pronouncing a decided opinion upon this 116 Bibliographical Notices. question, we may recommend his views to the attentive consideration of our botanical readers. We understand that they have been pre- sented in more detail to the Botanical Society of Edinburgh, and that they have been mentioned with high approbation by Professor Graham in his late retrospective address. Onsome points they cor- respond in a remarkable manner with the researches of M. Schleiden, which were net published at the time when the author first made known the general result of his inquiries*. After what we have said of the character of this work it is almost needless to add our strong recommendation of it to our readers as one which can scarcely fail to be of service to them, in whatever de- partment of natural history they may be engaged. Although spe- cially designed for the medical student the author has taken much pains to adapt it to the general reader, and we trust that he may racet with his reward in the advancement of that philosophical spirit of inquiry which it is his aim to promote. Memoirs of the Wernerian Natural History Society for the Years 1837-38. Part I. Vol. VIII. 8vo. 1839. The Memoirs of this Society have hitherto been published in 8vo volumes at very distant intervals, thereby losing much of their in- terest on account of the long period which elapsed between the reading and publication of the papers, and often forcing gentlemen who had important information to communicate to lay it before some other Association which was more regular in the issue of their Trans- actions; we are happy therefore to see the present Part, and trust that at the end of each session at least, the more valuable commu- nications which have been read at its meetings may be published and illustrated. We may remark that the price, 6s., is rather be- yond that of the periodicals of the time, while the workmanship is not superior. ‘The papers contained in this part are, I. ‘‘ Observations on the Distinctions, History, and Hunting of Seals in the Shetland Islands.” By Lawrence Edmonstone, M.D. Dr. Edmonstone is of opinion that two species only frequent and are permanent natives of the Shetland isles, which he places under the names of Phoca vitulina and barbata; the supposed existence of any other large seal being perhaps attributable to the great difference in form between the males and females of his P. barbata or Half-fish. A * See ‘ British and Foreign Medical Review,’ vol. iv. p. 561. Transla- tions of Dr. Schleiden’s papers have appeared in the ‘ Lond. and Edin. Phil. Mag.’, vol. xii., and ‘ Taylor’s Scientific Memoirs’, Part VI. Bibliographical Notices. 117 specimen of Phoca Grenlandica was killed in 1830, but is supposed to have fallen overboard from one of the returning Greenland ships. Of P. annellata and leporina he states, “1 am much inclined to suspect that further observations will prove them to be merely varieties of the vitulina.” A specimen of the Walrus was killed near the island of Fetlar in the summer of 1815, and another was seen in 1828 fora few days in Balta Sound. In this paper a great deal will be found to interest relative to the manners and habits of the Shetland seals, and Dr. Edmonstone would be conferring a favour on zoologists if he could send the skins and skeletons of the most marked varieties either to Edinburgh or London, where they could be compared with other species, and any disputed points finally settled. II. ‘* On the last changes in the Relative Levels of the Land and Sea in the British Islands.” By James Smith, Esq., of Jordan Hill. A paper of much local interest, and illustrated by two plates of new recent shells from the firth of Clyde. ; Ilf. ‘On the Asteriade of the Irish Sea.’”’ By Edward Forbes, sq. IV. “‘ Meteorological Journal for the year 1838, kept at the Manse of the parish of Abbey of St. Bathons, Berwickshire.” By the Rev. John Wollow. V. “On the Geognosy of the Isle of Eigg.” By R. J. Hay Cunningham, Esq. Scandinaviens Fiskar, malade of W. v. Wright, med text of B. Fries och C. U. Eckstrom. 4 et 5 Haftet. Stockholm. The fourth part of this excellent work contains splendid drawings of Gadus Aglefinus, Pollachius ; Raniceps niger (with text), Cullio- nymus Lyra § and 92, C. maculatus, besides descriptions of Cypri- nus Grislagine, rutilus, erythrophthalmus, Gadus minutus and mer- langus. The fifth part contains drawings of Centronotus gunellus, Clinus maculatus, Fries; Cyprinus Ballerus, Pleuronectes Liman- doides, Myxine glutinosa, Scomber scombrus, and Squalus cornubicus. From the accuracy of the drawings, and the completeness of the de- scriptions, this work will always remain the most important source for the determination of those species established by Linnzus and the Swedish naturalists. Verzeichniss der Conchylien in der Sammlung von E.. Anton. Halle. This Catalogue contains 3410 species, of which 348 are new, and are here described. 118 Zoological Society. PROCEEDINGS OF LEARNED SOCIETIES. ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. January 22, 1839.—The Rev. F. W. Hope in the chair. At the request of the chairman, Mr. Garnett exhibited a living Jerboa (apparently the Dipus digyptiacus), which had been sent to him from the Cape of Good Hope, but Mr. Garnett stated that he was not aware whether it had been captured in that part of Africa. Professor Owen concluded his paper entitled, “‘ Outlines of a Classification of the Marsupialia.” ‘‘The rich stores of the Mena- » gerie and Museum of the Zoological Society,’ observes Mr. Owen, ‘“‘ having afforded me frequent opportunities of examining the ana- tomy of various and rare species of the Marsupial order; the endea- vour to express in general propositions the more important facts relative to their organization ; to state in which particulars so many agreed or differed; has naturally compelled me to acquire certain ideas respecting their Zoological distribution.” In the first part of the paper, Professor Owen defines the general characters of the Marsupialia; he then proceeds to consider their mutual affinities; and, as closely connected with this subject, com- mences with some observations on their size, their geographical dis- tribution, and their habits. The carnivorous Marsupial animals belonging to the genera Thyla- cinus and Dasyurus are compared to the Carnivora in the placental series; and the Bandicoots (Perameles), and Myrmecobians are re- presented as typifying, or playing corresponding parts with those allotted to the placental Jusectivora. 'Those Marsupials which have an omnivorous diet, live in trees, are provided with‘a prehensile tail, and have a thumb on the hinder extremities, are said to typify the Quadrumana, and the tailless Koala is compared to the arboreal Sun-Bears of the Indian Archipelago. «« Another genus of Marsupialia, the Wombat,” says Mr. Owen, ‘* presents the dentition which characterizes the placental Rodentia ; and the Petaurists, like the Flying Squirrels, have a parachute formed by broad duplications of the skin extending laterally be- tween the fore and hind legs. «“The Kangaroos are the true herbivorous Marsupialia, and many interesting physiological conditions present themselves to the mind in contemplating the singular construction and proportions of these animals. It would appear that the peculiarities of their gestation rendered indispensably necessary the possession of a certain prehen- 9) Zoological Society. pa ce, sile faculty of the anterior extremities, with a free movement of the digits and a rotatory power of the fore-arm, in relation to the mati- pulations of the pouch and of the embryo developed therein. At the same time a herbivorous quadruped must possess great powers of locomotion in order to pass from pasture to pasture and to avoid its enemies by flight. These powers, as is well known, are secured to the herbivorous species of the placental Mammalia, by an ungu- late structure of four pretty equally developed members. Such a structure, however, would have been incompatible with the pro- creative ceconomy of the Kangaroo. It is therefore organized for rapid locomotion by an excessive development of the hinder extre- mities ; and these alone serve as the instruments of flight, which is performed by a succession of extensive bounds. The tail also is of great power and length, and in the stationary position, the body is supported erect on the tripod formed by the tail and hind legs; while in easy progression the tail serves as a crutch upon which and the fore feet the body is sustained while the hind legs are swung forwards. *« As the Australasian continent, the great metropolis of the Mar- supial quadrupeds, still remains but very partially explored ; and as new species and even genera of Marsupials continue at each expe- dition to reward the researches of the scientific traveller; and as moreover the recovery of two lost but distinct genera from the ruins of a former world makes it reasonable to suppose that other types of Marsupials remain still hidden in the crust of the earth; it can hardly be expected that the zoologist should be able to arrange in a natural series, with easy transitions according to the order of their affinities, the few and diversified forms of this implacental subclass which are at present known. The greatest number of correspond- encies, as it appears to me, will be expressed by taking the modi- fications of the digestive system as the guide to the formation of the primary groups of the Marsupialia. “The continent, however, in which the Marsupials ‘ most do con- gregate’ is characterized by the paucity of organized matter upon its surface, and few of them, consequently, are nourished by a very well-defined diet. No large carnivorous quadruped could in fact have existed in the wilds of Australia prior to the introduction of civilized man and his attendant herds: and we find, in fact, that the native genera which are the most decidedly carnivorous, do not include species larger than the dog: we can only reckon among these strictly carnivorous species the Thylacines and the Dasyures ; and, on the other hand, not more than two or three Marsupial 120 Zoological Society. genera feed exclusively on vegetable substances. The rest of them derive a promiscuous nutriment from dead or decayed animal and vegetable matter, crustacea, and the refuse of the sea-shore, insects in their perfect and larva states, live birds, young and succulent sprouts, leaves, fruits, &c. The terms, therefore, which will be given to the different primary subdivisions in the present classifica- tion of the Marsupialia must not be understood to indicate strictly or exclusively the nature of the food of the species severally in- - cluded in these groups, but rather their general tendency to select for their support the substances implied by those designations.” Tribe I. SARCOPHAGA. The genera in this tribe are the most decidedly carnivorous of all the Marsupialia, and are characterized by an important anatomical condition, viz. the absence of an intestinum cecum. Genus 1. Thylacinus. Incisors = canines = ; preemolares ae molares = = 46. The incisors are of equal length, and regularly arranged in the segment of a circle with an interspace in the middle of the series of both jaws. The external incisor on each side is the strongest. The laniary or canine teeth are long, strong, curved, and pointed, like those of the dog tribe. The spurious molares are of a simple, blunt, conical form, each with two roots; the last with a small additional posterior cusp. The true molares in the upper jaw are unequally triangular with three tubercles. ‘Those in the lower jaw are compressed, tricus- pidate, the middle cusp being the longest, especially in the two last molares, which resemble closely the sectorial teeth (dens carnassieérs) of the Dog and Cat. The fore feet are 5-digitate, the hind feet 4-digitate. On the fore foot the middle digit is the longest, the internal one or pollex the shortest, but the difference is slight. On the hind foot the two middle toes are of nearly equal length and longer than the two lateral toes, which are equal. All the toes are armed with strong, blunt, and almost straight claws. The only known species of this genus, the Thylacine (Thylacinus Harrisii, Didelphys Cyno- cephalus, Harris), is a native of Van Diemen’s Land, and is called by the colonists the ‘ Hyzena.’ Genus Dasyurus. 52377 g-2? 44 The eight incisors of the upper jaw are of the same length and : 4—4 ° i! — —4 Incisors canines ;— ; premolares 2" ; molares —*; = 42. Zoological Society. 121 simple structure, and are arranged in a regular semicircle without any middle interval. The six incisors of the lower jaw are simi- larly arranged but have thicker crowns than the upper ones; the canines present the same or even a greater relative development than in the Thylacine. In an extinct species of Dusyurus they present the same form and relative properties as in the Leopard. The spurious molares have two fangs and a pointed compressed triangular crown with a rudimental tubercle at the anterior and posterior part of its base. The grinding surface cf the true molares in the upper jaw is triangular; the first presents four sharp cusps, the second and third each five, the fourth, which is the smallest, only three. In the lower jaw the last molar is nearly of equal size with the penultimate one, and is bristled with four cusps, the ex- ternal one being the longest; the second and third molares have five cusps, three on the inner and two on the outer side; the first molar has four cusps: these are all sharply pointed in the young animal, in which the tubercle of the posterior molar of the lower jaw is divided into two small cusps. The carnivorous character of the previous dentition is most strongly marked in the Ursine Dasyure, or Devil of the Tasmanian colonists, the largest existing species of the genus, and a most pestilent animal in the poultry yard or larder. Genus Phascogale. 33 molares =e = 46. In the ae dental formula may be discerned a step in the transition from the Dasyures to the Opossums, not only in the in- creased number of spurious molares, but also in shape and pro- portions of the incisors. In the upper jaw the two middle in- cisors are longer than the rest, and separated from them by a brief interval; they are more curved and project more forward. The three lateral incisors diminish in size to the outermost. The middle incisors of the lower jaw also exceed the lateral ones in size, and project beyond them but not in the same degree, nor are they separated from them by an interval as in the upper jaw. The canines are relatively smaller than in the Dasyures. The spurious molares present a similar form, but the third is much smaller and sim- pler than the two preceding ones. ‘The true molares resemble in their structure those of the Dasyures. The general character of the dentition of these small Marsupials approximates to the insecti- vorous type in the Shrew, Hedgehog, &c., among the placental Ann. Nat. Hist. Vol.4. No.22. Oct. 1839. K Incisors = — ; canines ;— ; preemolares 122 Zoological Society. Mammalia; and corresponds with the food and habits of the species which thus lead from the Zoophagous to the Entomophagous tribe. Other links which once bound these tribes more closely together are now lost, and are indicated only by the few fossil remains which have rendered the Stonesfield oolite so celebrated. One of these extinct genera, which I have called Phascolotherium, presents the same numerical formula, apparently, as in the Thylacinus and Phascogale ; but, if another incisor existed in each ramus of the lower jaw, as seems to be indicated by the fossil, then the den- tition will agree with i a the genus aS —? . 3—3°? molares *— Pax? Incisors sg; canines ; = 1 : premolares owt or 44 The incisors and canines are separated by vacant interspaces, and occupy a large proportion of the dental series: the true mo- lares resemble those of Thylacinus. Tribe I. ENTOMOPHAGA. This is the most extensive and varied of the primary groups of the Marsupial order. In the system of Cuvier, the species of this tribe are united with those of the preceding to form a single group characterized by the presence of long canines and small incisors in both jaws; but in most of the Entomophagous genera of the pre- sent classification, the canines present a marked inferiority of de- velopment, and the species are consequently unable to cope with animals of their own size and grade of organization, but prey upon the smaller and weaker classes of invertebrate animals. Their intestinal canal is complicated by a moderately long and large cecum; and, while in the Sarcophaga, the feet are organized, as in the ordinary placental Digitigrades, they present in the present tribe a variety of well-marked modifications, according to which the species may be arranged into ambulatory, saltatory, and scansorial groups. AMBULATORIA. The only known existing representative of this family is the animal described by Mr. Waterhouse, which constitutes the type of his genus Myrmecobius, of which the following is the remarkable dental formula : 1— From which it will be seen, that the number of sania es, sixteen in the upper and eighteen in the lower jaw, exceeds that of any other known existing Marsupial, and approaches that which cliarac- terizes some of the insectivorous armadilloes. The resemblance to — i Ee Incisors 4 aaa canines — 7; premolares 3 ae ee molares °— Paes == 52, Zoological Society. 123 Dasypus is further carried out in the small size of the molares, their separation from each other by slight interspaces, and their implanta- tion in sockets which are not formed by a well-developed alveolar ridge. ‘The molares, however, present a distinct tuberculate struc- ture; and both the true and false ones possess two separate fangs as in their Marsupial congeners: they are, however, the least pro- duced of any Marsupials; only the triturating tubercles appearing above the gum. The false molares present the usual compressed triangular form, with the apex slightly recurved, and the base more or less obscurely notched before and behind. The canines are very little longer than the false molares; the incisors are minute, slightly compressed and pointed; they are separated from each other and the canines by wide intervals. The Myrmecobians are insectivorous, and shelter themselves in _ the hollows of trees, frequenting most, it is said, those situations where the Port Jackson Willow abounds. In the structure and proportions of the hinder feet, Myrmecobius resembles the Dasyurine family ; and in the slightly developed canines, the smooth external surface of the skull, the breadth between the zygomata, and the absence of the interparietal ridges, as well as in the general exter- nal form and bushy tail, it offers an especial approximation to the genus Phascogale. Intermediate however to Myrmecobius and Phascogale would seem to be the station held by the interesting extinct genera above alluded to. In Phascolotherium the affinity is manifested in the simple form, small size, and straggling disposition of the inci- sors and canines: in the other genus, Thylacotherium, it is dis- played in the size and number of its molares. This, one of the most ancient mammiferous genera hitherto dis- covered, presents eleven molares on each side of the lower jaw, which resemble in structure and close arrangement those of Phascogale and Didelphis, while they are intermediate in their proportional size to these and Myrmecobius. ‘The exact condition of the incisors and canines of the Thylacotherium has not yet been displayed in the fossil jaws which have been discovered. SALTATORIA. Genus Perameles (Bandicoots). 0 5—5 . 7 a =" ° 3—3 ° 4—4 _ — Inev-ors —]; canines —— ; premolares =; molares ——: = 48. This dental formula characterizes a number of Rat-like Insectivora commonly known in Australia by the name of Bandicoots ; the hind K 2 124 Zoological Society. legs are longer and stronger than the fore, and exhibit in a well- marked manner the feeble and slender condition of the second and third digits counting from the inside, and the sudden increase in length and strength of the third and fourth digits, which are chiefly subservient to locomotion: the mode of progression in the Bandi- coots is by bounds; the hind and fore feet being moved alternately as in the Hare and Rabbit; and the crupper raised higher than the fore quarter. The teeth which offer the greatest range of variation in the present genus are the external or posterior incisors and the eanines: the molares, also, which originally are quinque-cuspi- © date, have their points worn away, and present a smooth and oblique grinding surface in some species sooner than in others. The Bandicoots which approach nearest to the Myrmecobius in the condition of the incisive and canine teeth are the Perameles obesula and P. radiata. There is a slight interval between the first and second incisor, and the outer or fifth incisor of the upper jaw is separated from the rest by an interspace equal to twice its own breadth, and moreover presents the triangular, pointed, canine- like crown which characterizes all the incisors of Myrmecobius ; but the four anterior incisors are closely arranged together and have compressed, quadrate, true incisive crowns. From these incisors the canine is very remote, the interspace being equally divided by the fifth pointed incisor, which the canine very slightly exceeds in size. In Peram. nasuta the incisor presents the same general con- dition, but the canines are relatively larger. The marsupial pouch in the Bandicoots, at least in the full-grown females of Per. nasuta, Per. obesula, and Per. lagotis, has its orifice directed downwards or towards the cloaca, contrariwise to its ordinary disposition in the Marsupials: this direction evidently relates to the position of the trunk when supported on the short fore and long hind legs. In the stomach and intestines of a Pera- meles obesula, | found only the remains of insects; and in the ex- amination of the alimentary canal of a Per. nasuta, Dr. Grant ob- tained the same results, Genus Cheropus. The singular animal on which this genus is founded is briefly noticed and figured in Major Mitchell’s Australia, (vol. ii. pl. 38. p- 131.) and the individual described is preserved in the Colonial Museum, at Sydney, N.S. Wales, (No. 35. of Mr. George Bennett’s Catalogue). It would appear that the two outer toes of the fore- foot, which are always very small in the true Bandicoots, are en- Zoological Society. 125 tirely deficient in the Cheropus, unless some rudiments should exist beneath the skin; at all events only two toes are apparent extern- ally, but they are so armed and developed as to be serviceable for burrowing or progression. The inner toe is wanting on the hind foot. Dental formula: Incisors = canines a | preemolares =s ; All the teeth are of small size; the canines resemble the spurious taolares in size and shape, and these are separated at intervals as in Myrmecobius. The marsupium opens downwards in the Cheropus, as in the true Bandicoots. The species described has no tail. The genus would seem by its dentition to rank between Myrmecobius and Perameles. Its digital characters are anomalous and unique among the Marsupialia. 4-4 molares Fer an 46. SCANSORIA. Didelphide, Opossums. These Marsupials are now exclusively confined to the American Continents, although the fossil remains of a small species attest the former existence of the genus Didelphis in Europe contemporaneously with the Paleothere, Anoplothere, and other extinct Pachyderms whose fossil remains characterize the Eocene strata of the Paris Basin. ae dental opin of the genus Didelphis is, Incisors 2 = ; canines —— = = : [== ; molares = = 50. The Opossums resemble in their dentition the Bandicoots more than the Dasyures, except in the structure of the molares. The two middle incisors of the upper jaw are more produced than the others, from which they are separated by a short interspace. The canines are well developed, the upper being always stronger than the lower. ‘The false molares are simply conical; the true ones beset with sharp points, which wear down into tubercles as the animal advances in age. In the type of the subgenus Cheitronectes, besides being web- footed, the anterior extremities present an unusual development of the pisiform bone, which supports a fold of the skin, like a sixth digit; it has indeed been described, as such, by M. Tem- minck; this process has not of course any nail. The dentition of the Yapock resembles that of the ordinary Didelphis. All the Opossums have the inner digit of the hind foot converted by its position and development into a thumb, but without a claw. The hinder hand is associated in almost all the species with a scaly prehensile tail. In some of the smaller Opossums the subabdominal tegumentary folds merely serve to conceal the nipples, and are net developed into 126 Zoological Society. a pouch; the young in these adhere to the mother by entwining their little prehensile tails around hers, and cling to the fur of the back ; hence the term dorsigera applied to one of these Opossums*. Tribe III. CARPOPHAGA. Stomach simple; czecum very long. In this family, the teeth, especially those at the anterior part of the mouth, present considerable deviations from the previously de- — scribed formule ; the chief of which is a predominating size of the two anterior incisors, both in the upper and lower jaw. Hitherto we have seen that the dentition in every genus has participated more or less of a carnivorous character; henceforth it will manifest a tendency to the Rodent type. The Phalangers, so called from the phalanges of the second and third digits of the hinder extremities being inclosed in a common sheath of integument, have the innermost digit modified, to answer the purposes of a thumb ; and the hinder hand being associated in many of the species with a prehensile tail, they evidently, of all Frugivora, come nearest the arboreal species of the preceding section. Ina sy- stem framed on locomotive characters they would rank in the same section with the Opossums. We have seen, however, that they dif- fer from those Entomophagous Marsupials greatly in the condition of the intestinal tube. Let us examine to what extent the dental characters deviate from those of the Opossums. In the skull of a Phalangista Cooki, now before me, there are both in the upper and lower jaw four true molares on each side, each beset with four three-sided pyramidal sharp-pointed cusps; thus these essential and most constant teeth correspond in number with those of the Opossum: but in the upper jaw they differ in the absence of the internal cusp, which gives a triangular figure to the grinding sur- face of the molares in the Opossum ; and the anterior single cusp is wanting in the true molares of the lower jaw. Anterior to the grinders in the Phalanger, there are two spurious molares, of similar shape and proportions to those in the Opossum ; then a third spurious molar, too small to be of any functional im- * Few facts would be more interesting in the present branch of zoology than the condition of the new-born young, and their degree and mode of uterine development in these Opossums. Since the marsupial bones serve not, as is usually described, to support a pouch, but to aid in the function of the mammary glands and testes, they of course are present in the skeleton of these small pouchless Opossumis, as in the more typical Marsupials. Zoological Society. 127 portance, separated also, like the corresponding anterior false molar in the Opossum, by a short interval from those behind. The canine tooth but slightly exceeds in size the above false molar, and consequently here occurs the first great difference be- tween the Phalangers and Opossums; it is however, only a difference in degree of development; and in the Ursine and other Phalangers, as well as in the Petaurists, the corresponding tooth presents more of the proportions and form of a true canine. The incisors, which we have seen to be most variable in number in the carnivorous section, are here three instead of five on each side, in the upper jaw, but their size, especially that of the first, compen- sates for their fewness. In the lower jaw, there is the same number of true molares and of functional false molares, whichformacontinuous and tolerably equable series, as in the Opossums, on each side ; then two very minute and rudimental teeth on each side represent the small spurious molar, and small canine of the upper jaw; and anterior to these, there is one very small and one very large and procumbent incisor on each side. iene constant teeth in ee eee are the 7— ee — ~ incisors. The canines + i are ik syicarags = regard to their pre- ; true molares, and the sence, but variable in size ; fess are gue minute in the lower jaw. With respect to the spurious molares, —, they are always in contact =? with the true grinders, and their crowns reach te the same grinding level ; sometimes a second spurious molar is similarly developed as in the Phal. Cookii, and as in all the flying Phalangers, or Petaurists, but it is commonly absent or replaced by a very minute tooth, shaped like a canine: so that between the posterior spurious grinder and the incisors we may find three teeth, of which the posterior is the largest, as in Phal. Cookii, or the smallest, as in Phal. cavifrons ; or there may be only two teeth, as in Phal. ursina and Phal. vulpina, and the species, whatever that may be, which Fr. Cuvier has selected as the type of the dentition of this Genus. In the lower jaw similar varieties occur in these small and unim- portant teeth; e. g. there may be between the procumbent incisors and the posterior false molar, either four teeth, as in Phal. Cookii ; or three, as in Phal. cavifrons ; or two, as in Phal. ursina, Phal. ma- culata, Phal. chrysorrhoos ; or lastly, one, as in Phal. vulpina, and Phal. fuliginosa. The most important modification is presented by the little PAal. gliriformis of Bell, which has only three true molares on each side of each jaw. 128 Zoological Society. Genus Petaurus. There are many species of Marsupials limited to Australia, and closely resembling or identical with the true Phalangers in their dental characters and the structure of the feet. I allude to the Pe- taurists or Flying Opossums; these, however, present an external character so easily recognizable, and influencing so materially the lo- comotive faculties, as to claim for it more consideration than the mo- difications of the digits or spurious molares, which we have just been considering in the Phalangista. A fold of the skin is extended on each side of the body between the fore and hind legs, which, when © outstretched, forms a lateral wing or parachute, but which, when the legs are in the position for ordinary support or progression, is drawn close to the side of the animal by the elasticity of the subcu- taneous cellular membrane, and then forms a mere tegumentary ridge. ‘These delicate and beautiful Marsupials have been separated generically from the other Marsupials under the name of Petaurus* : they further differ from the Phalangers in wanting the prehensile character of the tail, which in some species of /etaurus has a general clothing of long and soft hairs, whilst in others the hairs are arranged in two lateral series. é Now in the Petaurists there is as little constancy in the exact formula of the dentition as among the Phalangers. The largest species of Petaurus, Pet. Taguanoides, e. g., is almost identical in this respect with the Phalangista Cookw, which M. Fr. Cuvier has therefore classed with the Petaurt. Those teeth of Pet. Taguanoides, which are sufficiently developed, and so equal in length, as to exercise the function of grinders, or in other words, the functional series of molares, include six teeth on each side of the upper jaw, and five teeth on each side of the lower jaw. ‘The four posterior molares in each row are true, and bear four pyramidal cusps, excepting the last tooth in the upper jaw, which, as in Phal. Cooki, has only three cusps. In the upper jaw, the space between the functional false molares and the incisors is occupied by two simple rudimentary teeth, the anterior representing the canine, but being relatively smaller than in Phal. Cookii. The crowns of the two anterior incisors are relatively larger. In the lower jaw the sloping alveolar surface be- tween the functional molares and large procumbent incisors is occu- pied, according to M. Fr. Cuvier, by two rudimentary minute teeth : I have not found any trace of these in the two skulls of Pet. Ta- guanoides examined by me. In Phal. Cookii there are three minute * First by Dr. Shaw in the Naturalist’s Miscellany. Zoological Society. 129 teeth in the corresponding space, but these differences would not be sufficient ground to separate generically the two species if they were unaccompanied by modifications of other parts of the body. In Petaurus sciureus and Petaurus flaviventer the dentition more nearly resembles that of Phalangista vulpina. In the upper jaw the func- tional molar series consists of five teeth on each side, the four hinder ones being, as in Pet. Taguanoides, true tuberculate molares, but di- minishing more rapidly in size, as they are placed further back in the jaw : the hinder tooth has three tubercles, the rest four; their apices seem to be naturally blunter than in Pet. Taguanoides. Between the functional false molar and the incisors there are three teeth, of which the representative of the canine is relatively much larger than | in the Pet. Taguanoides ; the first false molar is also larger, and has two roots; the second, which is functional in Pet. Taguanoides, is here very small ; the first incisor is relatively larger and is more pro- duced. In the lower jaw the functional series of grinders consists of the four true tuberculate molares only, of which the last is rela- tively smaller, and the first of a more triangular form than in Pet. Taguanoides. ‘The space between the tuberculate molares and the procumbent incisor is occupied by four small teeth, of which the one immediately anterior to the molares has two roots, the remaining three are rudimentary and have a single fang. Among the species exhibiting this dental hace Viz., incisors =; ; canines = 73 ; pree- 3-3 molares 3-3; molares =; =40; are Pet. sciureus, Pet. flaviventer, and Pet. macrurus. The Pigmy Petaurist differs from the preceding and larger species in having the hairs of the tail distichous or arranged in two lateral series like the barbs of afeather ; and in having the spurious molares large and sharply pointed; and the true molares bristled each with four acute cusps. ‘This tendency in the dentition to the insectivorous character, with the modification of the tail, induced M. Desmarest to separate the Pigmy Petaurist from the rest of the species, and con- stitute a new subgenus under the name of Acrobata. In four adult specimens, and two of which had young in the pouch, I find ni following dental formula to Bg eae —incisors [= ; ca- nines i : ; preemolares 5 =; ; = 36. The three Pdicicney(idate ites of the upper jaw are preceded by three large spurious molares, each of which has two fangs, and a com- pressed, triangular, sharp-pointed crown, slightly but progressively increasing in length, as they are placed forwards. An interspace occurs between these and the canine, which is long, slender, sharp- pointed, and recurved. The first incisor is longer than the two be- 130 Zoological Society. hind, but is much shorter than the canine. In the lower jaw the true molares are preceded by two functional false ones, similar in size and shape to the three above ; the anterior false molar and the canine are represented by minute, rudimental, simple teeth; the single incisor is long and procumbent, asin the other Petaurists. Genus Phascolarctus. The absence of anomalous spurious molares and of inferior canines appears to be constant in the only known species of this genus. The dental formula in is = this species, (Phase. par Desm.,) is: Incisors = ; ; canines — — - ; preemolares =; ; molares — faz = =30; The true molares are larger in proportion than in the Phalangers ; each is beset with four three-sided pyramids, the cusps of which wear down in age; the outer series in the upper teeth being the first to give way; those of the lower jaw are narrower than those of the upper. The spurious molares are compressed, and terminate in a cutting edge; in those of the upper jaw there is a small parallel ridge along the inner side of the base. The canines slightly exceed in size the posterior incisors; they terminate in an oblique cutting edge rather than a point, their fang is closed at the extremity; they are situated as in the Phalangers close to the intermaxillary suture. The lateral incisors of the upper jaw are small and obtuse, the two middle incisors are of twice the size, conical, subcompressed, beveled off obliquely to aa anterior cutting edge, but differing essentially from the dentes scalprarit of the Rodentia, in being closed at the extremity of the fang. The two incisors of the lower jaw resemble those of the upper, but are longer and more compressed: they are also formed by a temporary pulp, and its absorption is accompanied by a closure of the aperture of the pulp cavity, as in the upper in- cisors. The Koala therefore, in regard to the number, kind, and con- formation of its teeth, closely resembles the Phalangers, with which it agrees in its long czecum, but the stomach has a cardiac gland as in the Wombat. The extremities of the Koala are organized for prehension ; each is terminated by five digits; the hind feet are pro- vided with a large thumb, and have the two contiguous digits enve- loped in the same tegumentary fold; the anterior digits are divided into two groups, the thumb and index being opposed to the other three fingers. The fore-paws have a similar structure in some of the small Phalangers ; it is very conspicuous in some of the Petau- rists. The Koala, however, differs from the Phalangers and Petau- rists in the extreme shortness of its tail and in its more compact and heavy general form. Itis known to feed on the buds and leaves of the trees in which it habitually resides. Zoological Society. 13] Tribe IV. POEPHAGA. _ The present tribe includes the most strictly vegetable feeders ; all the species have a complex sacculated stomach and a long simple cecum. Guided by the modifications of the teeth we pass from the Koala to the Kangaroo family (Macropodide),—animals of widely different general form. ‘The Potoroos, however, in this group, present abso- lutely the same dentition as the Koala, some slight modifications in the form of certain teeth excepted. The spurious molares, in their longitudinal extent, compressed form, and cutting edge, would chiefly distinguish the dentition of the Potoroo, but the Koala evidently offers the transitional structure between the Phalangers and Potoroos in the condition of these teeth, of which one only is retained on each side of each jaw, in both Phascolarctus and Hypsiprymnus. The dental formula of the genus Hypsiprymnus is: incisors —, canines =; ; premolares =; mol. —: =30. The two anterior incisors are longer and more curved, the lateral incisors relatively smaller than in the Koala. The pulps of the an- terior incisors are persistent. The canines are larger than in the Koala; they always project from the line of the intermaxillary suture ; and while the fang is lodged in the maxillary bone, the crown projects almost wholly from the intermaxillary. In the large Hypsiprymaus ursinus the canines are relatively smaller than in the other Potoroos, a structure which indicates the transition from the Potoroo to the Kangaroo genus. In the skeleton of this species in the Leyden Museum the canines pre- sent a longitudinal groove on the outer side. The characteristic form of the trenchant spurious molar has just been alluded to; its maximum of development is attained in the ar- boreal Potoroos of New Guinea (Hypsiprymnus ursinus, and Hyps. dorsocephalus) ; in the latter of which its antero-posterior extent nearly equals that of the three succeeding molar teeth. in all the Potoroos the trenchant spurious molar is sculptured, especially on the outer side, and in young teeth by many small verti- cal grooves. The true molares each present four three-sided pyrami- dal cusps, but the internal angles of the two opposite cusps are con- * tinued into each other across the tooth, forming two concave trans- verse ridges. In the old animal these cusps and ridges disappear, and the grinding surface is worn quite flat. In the genus Macropus the normal condition of the permanent teeth — = “Segue follows :—incisors —; canines = pree- molares 5; molares 74: =28. 132 Zoological Society. The main difference, as compared with Hypsiprymnus, lies in the absence of the upper canines; yet I have seen them present, but of very small size, and concealed by the gum, in a small species of Kangaroo (Macropus rufiventer, Ogilby.). This, however, is a rare exception; while the constant presence and conspicuous size of the canines will always serve to distinguish the Potoroo from the Kan- garoo. But besides this, there are other differences in the form and © proportions of certain teeth. The upper incisors cf the Macropi have their cutting margins on the same line, the anterior ones not being produced beyond that line as in the Hypsiprymni; the third or external incisor is also broader in the Kangaroos, and is grooved and complicated by one or two folds of the enamel continued from the outer side of the tooth obliquely forwards and inwards, into the substance of the tooth. In most species the anterior fold is represented by a simple groove; the relative size of the outer incisor, the extent and position of the posterior fold of enamel, and consequently the proportions of the part of the tooth in front or behind it, vary more or less in every species of Macropus : there are two folds of enamel near the anterior part of the tooth in Macr. major ; the posterior portion is of the greatest extent, and the entire crown of the tooth is relatively broadest in this species. The middle incisor is here also complicated with a posterior notch and an external groove. These modifications of the external incisors have been pointed out in detail by M. Jourdan ; and subgeneric distinctions have been subsequently based upon them; but they possess neither sufficient constancy nor physio- logical consequence, to justify such an application. M. Fr. Cuvier has proposed a binary division of the Kangaroos founded on the absence of permanent spurious molares and a supposed difference in the mode of succession of the permanent molares in the Kan- garoos, combined with modifications of the muzzle or upper lip, and of the tail. 6 The dental formula which I have assigned to the genus Macropus is restricted by that naturalist in its application to some small species of Kangaroo, grouped together under the term Halmaturus, origin- ally applied by Illiger to the Kangaroos generally. The rest of the Kangaroos, under the generic term Macropus, are characterized by the following dental formula :—aincisors 2; mol, 7: =24. The truth, however, is, that both the Halmaturi and Macropi of Fr. Cuvier have their teeth developed in precisely the same number and manner; they only differ in the length of time during which certain of them are retained. In the great Kangaroo, for example, the per- Zoological Society. 133 manent spurious molar which succeeds the corresponding deciduous one in the vertical direction, is pushed out of place and shed by the time the last true molar has cut the gum: the succeeding true molar_ is soon afterwards extruded; and I have seen a skull of an old Ma- cropus major inthe Museum at Leyden, in which the grinders were reduced to two on each side of each jaw by this yielding of the an- terior ones to the vis a tergo of their successors. Tribe V. RHIZOPHAGA. The characters of this tribe are taken from the stomach, which is simple in outward form, but complicated within by a large cardiac gland; and from the cecum, which is short and wide, with a vermi- form appendage. Genus Phascolomys. | In its heavy shapeless proportions, large trunk, and short equably developed legs, the Wombat offers as great a contrast to the Kan- garoos as does the Koala, which it most nearly resembles in its ge- neral outward form and want of tail. But in the more important characters afforded by the teeth and intestinal canal the Wombat differs more from the Koala than this does from either the Phalan- gers or Kangaroos. The dental system presents the extreme de- gree of that degradation of the teeth intermediate between the front incisors and true molares which we have been tracing from the Opossum to the Kangaroos: not only have the functionless spurious molares and canines now totally disappeared, but also the posterior incisors of the upper jaw, which we have seen in the Po- toroos to exhibit a feeble degree of development as compared with the anterior pair; these in fact are alone retained in the denti- tion of the present group, which possesses the fewest teeth of any Marsupial animal. ‘The dental formula of the Wombat is thus re- duced both in number and kind to that of the true Rodentia: Incisors ; ; canines oe premolares = molares 4 c= A The incisors, moreover, are true dentes scalprarii, with persistent pulps, but are inferior, especially in the lower jaw, in their relative length, and curvature, to those of the placental Glires: they present a subtrihedral figure, and are traversed by a shallow groove on their inner surfaces. The spurious molares present no trace of that compressed struc- ture which characterizes them in the Koala and Kangaroos ; but have a wide, oval, transverse section ; those of the upper jaw being tra- versed on the inner side with a slight longitudinal groove. The true molares have double the size of the spurious ones : the superior 134 Zoological Society. ones are also traversed by an internal longitudinal groove, but this is so deep and wide, that it divides the whole tooth into two prismatic portions, with one of the angles directed inwards. The inferior molares are in like manner divided into two trihedral portions, but the intervening groove is here external, and one of the faces of each prism is turned inwards. All the grinders are curved, and de- scribe about a quarter of a circle; in the upper jaw the concavity of the curve is directed outwards, in the. lower jaw inwards. The false and true molares like the incisors have persistent pulps, and are consequently devoid of true fangs: in which respect the Wombat differs from all other Marsupials, and resembles the extinct Toxodon, the dentigerous Brutu, and herbivorous Rodentia. Although none of the Marsupialia possess teeth composed of an . intermixture of layers of ivory, cement and enamel through the body of the crown; yet the layer of cement which covers the enameled crown is thickest in the vegetable-feeding Marsupials, and is re- markably distinct in the Wombat. I may add that the Wombat deviates from the other Marsupials in the number of its ribs: as these are very constant in the rest of the order, the difference in the Wombat, which has 15 pairs, in- stead of 13 or 12, is the more deserving of notice. The Koala, lke the Phalangers and Kangaroos, has 18 pairs of ribs. Professor Owen next proceeds to compare the classification of the Marsupialia here proposed with that of Cuvier, given in the second edition of the Régne Animal, and states the reasons which have led him to devise a new arrangement. The following is a tabular view of Professor Owen’s classifica- tion. CLASSIFICATION OF THE MARSUPIALIA. Tribes. Families. Genera. Subgenera, SARCOPHAGA. Three kinds of teeth; canines long in both Thylacinus. jaws; a simple sto- Dasyuride. . 4 Dasyurus. mach; no intestinum Phascogale. cecum. 7 mt Phascolotherium. 3 Extincttransitional forms . . . .. . siete a } Fossil ENTOMOPHAGA. Three kinds of teeth in both jaws; a simple stomach; amoderately long intestinum cecum. Ambulatoria. . Myrmecobius. Cheropus. Perameles. Scansoria. . Didelphis. ... Cheironectes. Saltatoria. . British Association. 135 Tribes. Families. Genera. Subgenera. CARPOPHAGA. Anterior incisors large andlongin both jaws; Phalangistide. . . Cuscus. Phalangista. . . 4 Pseudocheirus. . canines inconstant; a Petaurus. Tapoa. simple stomach; avery Acrobata. long intestinum cecum. Phascolarctid@.. Phascolarctus. 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