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A ee) ya Atte fee URW inh MTL tee hf teas FM ‘ Te ALO OU ORY a re me hen “ieee ak g Veo bt dA Ge | ’ i ee We baba oO od the Loar bd hb pat hy i ‘ ete a phe A Bohai Bae Torta iu ta be ae eva i CU e eT ROMO eed Lee F .-¥ PRC RAL A RCRA DE arly ae v ae WAP che ‘ Bat ye ‘ hy Aha fi ie 4 ile wit aoa & Mae at Abe Whe a dopa hae tah taw an edehtat id Lew 8 heady : J Ra Cerin Wie Ir BMT bt Fw fe bake woaheah ea Va ba ee ea ieara. ghccisiure bth d DR MI kr Us cds Be DIT bela do tebe eas PA WE ET pee et ae Ld od Ok TIN SO Pad PAA OLE Wow or yet bkeWd Deeg deeb aah ade ye tn OCR OCR NR I TO OYE LEN REC Oe or) a H febard PN Oe Pwo i Warr ete en ee Sad OU Pe ODA ee Rew eA FOR SUR 4 eee en ete ene ae a ae ca ar eg An Weta CN ee 4 iM Ae ‘ae is bad "Wray iy he : ivi we i} " tues \ fs ye FORR - Manat » b Ay) yA ; ky ine ANS APs a4 OR ey hy Fil ‘a A oe WAY Mi Vian Vee Min: ; , eee | 7 i: \ y _ ' a ao Bi: ¢ tet we ‘ > 9 Lz | ‘ I a 5 , hoe “ ages : ban ey se: nN i 2 ; ' 4 . i] y i / ial i% ; r io ‘ - 4 q .. , . ; 5 5 ’ e ~ P ; : z " a ce ; Ms is ' ) = M ] a" Mag «ie fi ff : , “3 ye i ae ae ‘4 Pf ae EY ket we ue 2 mi “Ty 4 J ° . ree Y, - Mey: i AL, wa 4 i - was) ' < ia a ¢ , 1 ‘ . wi Ly A ) ‘ =H : We i” if P _ ' 5 7) 4 ; ot ! | ¥ y | a its ; ; | p Soret i Se PAP rt if ox | 5 ; er wy Epa’ ‘ ‘ marek | hte 5 ae) tye am t re ‘.4 | Nees hein Bei Ne... it a f Ae am oo oe eS | —_— i a ae a, /V*7 /\ / 4 A ANNALS OF THE NEW YORK SeAUE MY OF SCIENCES Volume XIII IQ00-I1QOI Editor: CHARLES LANE POOR Acting Editor: THEODORE G. WHITE Frew York PUBLISHED BY THE ACADEMY The New Era Printing Company Lancaster, Pa. 3 ue ~* @0m,4 s° Aa “es 7 . ae af , fpleE OF CONTENTS OF VoL. XIII. 1.—Osborn, H. F. Correlation between Tertiary Mammal Horizons of Europe and America 2.—Dwight, Jonathan, Jr. The Sequence of Plum- ages and Moults of the Passerine Birds of New York. (Plates I-VII) . 3.—Stevenson, John J. The Section at Schoharie, eG: 4.—Prince, J. Dynely. Notes on Passamaquoddy ierature. . 5.—Hollick, Arthur. A Reconnoisance of the Eliza- beth Islands. (Plates VIII-XV) 6.—Peck, F. B. Preliminary Notes on the Occur- rence of Serpentine and Talc at Easton, Penna. (Plate X VIE; Figs: 4, 5) %7—Dodge, Richard E., Recording Secretary. Rec- _ords of Meetings of the New York Academy of Sciences, January, 1900, to December, 1900 8.—Title Page and Index for Volume XIII. 7 3-360 . 361-380 . 381-386 . 387-418 - 419-430 431-516 ah ‘ & a a ‘ 4 a * _ : 48 / ‘a a ‘ ‘ ’ \ ~ “1 . ) s ¥ ’ " 4 | i ‘ G “3 iu a ‘ J - oa ‘ a * on ¥ oe ' a AS 4 aa a4 = ‘ yp p>" a 2,8 iS . th : ey Gnd, nash [Annats N. Y. AcaD. Sct., Vol. XIII, No. 1, pp. 1-72, July 18, 1900. ] CORRELATION BETWEEN TERTIARY MAMMAL MORIZONS OF EUROPE, AND. AMERICA An INTRODUCTION TO THE MorE ExActT INVESTIGATION OF TERTIARY ZOOGEOGRAPHY. PRELIMINARY STUDY with [oinp -TRiAaw SHEET Two Presidential Addresses before the New York Academy of Sciences ; first address delivered February 27, 1899; second address delivered February 26, 1900. By HENRY FAIRFIELD OSBORN CON FENTS PART I.—ADDRESS, 1899-1900, Peles be CWEEN» TERTIARY PIORIZONSG 2.55. pdcccs cocesecocessece 3 I NC BM cairns cae si ou'sivnw odaieubtaede ha du teWiew nelle auligpisleteaakgaweddetieaiiess 0s 3 ae ANE SOR IGEA DUONG” |, < cBememalraat cna cv sicewele desist ulasivevidtotcwacniides'sess 4 SU aE AU se SELIUE LGD oi csie's'n nas puaeeae sean saicee's Scenina signbisainearieSdaebiag tows ss ces 5 Peavy AtLABLE. EVIDENCES OF PARALLELISM.,..0.......cs000c0sec0s 6 1. Common Genera and Species ....... Beh Sencar chet en nainecte Sia a wiiaiawe 6 Zee ER he OS OL EUVOMMMODS cMigatas oveneaaseeehcesidcecwensecteskedeseces> 6 2. -SUmMUltAneOUs Im{tKOdUCHORsOf MEW fOCMS. 2. .ccecceieacsmncccccanssdocsas 7 fie ErreeMMINENIA MCE NON CENTAILY LYPESs 5.5 stcec ccc tn bank's Umens se nsccassecsesesoees 7 5. Convergence and divergence of Palzearctic and Nearctic forms.... 7 Pacha eI CATION OF THE EUROPEAN TERTIARY......0..50+ 7 iil) COMPARISON OF THE EOCENE IN EUROPE AND AMERICA 9g ‘ihe Puerce: without a, Maunal: Parallels. ics vcccccccaccccssveccccccesse 9 2. The Torrejon and Thanétien (Cernaysien) nearly parallel......... 10 3. Egerkingen beds more recent than Fuerco, Torrejon or Wasatch., II 4. Lower Eocene, Wasatch and Suessonien (Sparnacien, Yprésien) EAU) AR AU eee ce te eMC CRT Gita acter cmawey welsss'asdclaeaeta le? vanissee 12 CONTENTS. ho 5. Fissure formations, Egerkingen and Lissieu, younger than Wa- BAEC 0.5 shen te > The, Oligocene was proposed by Beyricu (’54, pp. 640-666), chiefly on geo- logical grounds, and although confirmed by the Berlin Geolog- ical Congress some doubts are entertained as to its ultimate utility and survival. . D’OrsiGNy, divided the Eocene into the lower (/) Swes- sonien, in which we find fossil mammals deposited chiefly north of Paris around the Suessonien gulf, and the upper (//) Parisien in which the deposits are chiefly around Paris and in the Hel- vetien canal of the south of France and Switzerland. The stages and substages of the palzarctic Tertiary em- ployed in the 7hird Trial Sheet, are chiefly the proposals of Mayer-Eymar (89), D’ORBIGNY, DUMERIL, Suess, and Lap- PARENT ('85)—all invertebrate paleontologists. The history or authorship and synonymy of the Etages, Montien, Thanétien, Suessonien, etc., may be found in the two palzogeographical essays by Mayrer-Eymar (’89, p. 26), and Canu (795, pp. 53-56), in which a reclassification of the entire Tertiary is advocated upon the hypothesis of the relation between the peri- helions of the globe and the sedimentary substages, as shown in the Tableau 1, of Canu ('95, pp. 12-13). For the purposes of the mammalian paleontologist however, the Lyellian sys- tem is more convenient. Valuable tables of European faunal parallels are given by v. ZiTTEL (93). The fullest lists of European mammals in different horizons are those collected by ScHLossERr (’87-’90) and DEPERET? (’85-—’95) in his memoirs on the Miocene and Pli- ocene. A mine of wealth for an investigation of this kind is SCHLOSSER’S Literaturbericht ('83—’97) ; the writer has referred to it constantly and can hardly express his indebtedness. TERTIARY MAMMAL HORIZONS. 9 TrovuEssart’s (’97) Catalogus would have been far more val- uable if localities had been cited as well as the geological divisions. The first step is to ascertain how far the Periods or Systemes can be paralleled in America and Europe and similar permanent limits placed between them. The second is to establish, as con- venient divisions of each, Upper, Middle, Lower, or Lower and Basal. It is not too much to hope that the synchronism of these periods in the entire Holarctic region during the Tertiary can be established with considerable exactness. The Stages and Substages present much greater difficulty and may prove impos- sible owing to the absolute independence of the earth move- ments which caused them in the old and new worlds. It is perfectly evident that the overlapping of these deposition stages would be the rule and that exact synchronism would be largely coincidence and therefore highly improbable. All that we can reasonably hope to establish in the near future is an approximate parallelism of the Stages; ultimately the lines of overlap may be determined. III. COMPARISON OF THE EOCENE IN EUROPE AND AMERICA 1. The Puerco without a Faunal Parallel The base of the American Eocene is the Puerco, which has been observed by CorpE and WorrMAN to immediately overlie the upper Cretaceous in northern New Mexico. Contrary to the prevailing opinion and usage there is in Eu- rope no known fossil mammal deposit parallel to the basal Eocene or Puerco of America. The Puerco fauna proper is older than the oldest in Europe. We may therefore provisionally conclude that the fresh water Puerco deposits were approximately of the same age as the earliest marine and brackish limestones of the Suessonien Sea, namely, the JMJontien (Calcaire grossier de Mons, Belgium), or marls, Yeersien, (Marnes de Heers), Maudunien (Marnes de Meudon), all resting unconformably on the Cretaceous. 10 OSBORN. 2. The Torrejon and Thanétien (Cernaysien) nearly Parallel The oldest fossil mammal beds of Europe are the fluvio-ma- rine Glauconie de la Fere \Aisne, 6 metres), containing Arcro- cyon primevus, equivalent to the marine Sadbles-de-Lracheus, also resting upon the Cretaceous which is immediately overlaid by the lacustrine Ca/caires et sables de Rilly (38 metres). These together constitute the Zanctien (LAPPARENT, ’85), with which the purely fresh-water Cernaysien (LEMOINE) beds in the vicinity of Rheims are closely parallel. The Cernaysien has been almost universally paralleled with the Puerco, but many years ago, while studying the Cernaysien fauna of Rheims, with the kind aid of the late Doctor VicTor LEMOINE, I reached the conclusion that it was more recent than Puerco (OsporN, ’90, pp. 51-62). This conclusion is now con- firmed by the separation (WoRTMAN and MATTHEw, 799, p. 28) of the true Puerco fauna underlying the Torrejon fauna. The Torrejon agrees closely with the Cernaysien, so far as we can judge from evidence which awaits a more exact study of the Cernaysien fauna than we have yet enjoyed. a. MULTITUBERCULATES. It is especially interesting to com- pare the number of grooves and tubercles upon the JVeo- plagiaulax (Cernaysien) and /¢/odus (Torrejon) fourth premolars and first lower molars, as indicating a similar age. 6. Among the RopENTs or PrimaTes (for the systematic position of these animals is not definitely known, see SCHLOSSER and Marrnew) compare /rotoadapis (Cernaysien), dentition 2-1-3-3, and /lesiadapis with its reduced dentition, simple molar type and enlarged incisors, with /xzdrodon (Torrejon) eee ceca c. Creoponts. Of the Mesonychide, Hyaenodictis (Cernay- sien) is a little more modern than Jrssacus (Torrejon) in its lower molars. Of the Arctocyonide, Arctocyon gervaisiu (Cer- naysien) and Arcfocyon (Claenodon) corrugatus (Torrejon) are to be compared. ad. UncuLatTes. As hypothetically ancestral to the Ancy- lopoda, Pleuraspidotherium (Cernaysien) is in an earlier stage TERTIARY MAMMAL HORIZONS. | than Meniscotherium (Wasatch) which it somewhat resembles in teeth, skull and skeleton. The fact that neither primitive UNGULATEs (Cozdylarthra and Amblypoda) nor EpENTATA have been found in the 7hanétien or Cernaysien beds, together with their absence in the Suessonien and later periods in the Palearctic region, lends some probability to the hypothesis that Condylarthra, Amblypoda and Edentata were exclusively Nearctic during the lower Eocene. On the other hand the Cernaysien beds may present a very imperfect picture of life in France during this period. 3. Egerkingen Beds more recent than Puerco, Torrejon or Wasatch Nor is the above probability lessened by the testimony of Egerkingen which has been widely accepted as proving the ex- istence of the Condylarthra in Europe and as in part a very old fauna. The suppositions of Rutimeyer (88), already questioned by SCHLOSSER (95), that the older portion of the famous fissure fauna of Egerkingen is of Puerco age and that it contains Condy- larthra are rendered improbable by the following considerations. First: by my examination of the teeth referred to Azprofo- gonia, Periptychus and Phenacodus in the Egerkingen collection, which fails to sustain Professor RUriMEYER’s identifications. Egerkingen is rich in small Eocene Primates ; it is possible that the types of the supposed Condylarthra correspond with the larger Bridger or Middle Eocene American monkeys such as Notharctus, Tomitherium (Core) Telmatolestes, Limnotherium (MarsH) which are astonishingly ungulate in appearance. SECOND: I have certainly seen similar primate teeth in Pro- fessor DEPERET’S collection from Zzsszeu ; this is also a fissure fauna and of similar age to Egerkingen. THIRD: because of the absence in Egerkingen of many typ- ical lower Eocene or Suessonien types and the abundant pres- ence of typical middle and upper Eocene types. It is improb- able that a Jurassic fissure would accumulate basal Eocene 12 OSBORN. types, omit lower Eocene types such as Coryphodon, and again collect middle and upper Eocene types. FourtTH : the Tzniodonta, or ancestral Edentata with enam- eled teeth, are apparently truly represented in Egerkingen by the Calamodon curopeus of RUTIMEYER, but this tooth is quite as probably in a Stylinodon, or Middle Eocene (Bridger), stage of development as in an older stage. 4. Lower Eocene, Wasatch and Suessonien (Sparnacien, Ypresien) truly parallel The Sparnacien of LAPPARENT is the middle substage of the more comprehensive stage Sozssonien (MAYER-EYMAR); it marks a continuation of the north France depression or Suesso- nien Sea (Heersien, Thanetien or Suessonien) and is character- ized by marine and fluvio-marine deposits bordered to the west and south by purely fresh water fluviatile or lacustrine deposits. Of the latter the lacustrine Lzguztes du Soissonats (5 metres) con- tain Coryphodon owen, Paleonictis gigantea (Muirancoutt, Oise) and Lophiodon larteti. The Argile plastique (50 metres) is con- sidered by some mainly aerial (fide CAnu), by others lacustrine (GARDNER, LAPPARENT); it commences with the Coxglomerat de Meudon, certainly fluviatile, which contains Coryphodon anthra- coldcus. In the London basin are the Lower Bagshot Sands, a marine formation, and below these the Loudon Clay (166 metres), see Canu (95, p. 54), an estuarine formation ; these together con- stitute the Londinien of MAvER-Eymar. The London Clay contains a primitive species of //yracothertum, H. leporinum, a primitive Coryphodon, C. cocenus. These fossil mammals would cause us to consider the London Clay as parallel with the Sparnacien, but LApPARENT and CANu, from the invertebrate standpoint, place the London Clay in the higher level of the Ypresien or Londinien. In the Paris Basin a fresh return of the sea deposited the Sables Nummutltiques du Soissonais (50 metres, Aisne) embrac- ing the overlying estuarine and littoral Sadles de Cuise la Motte ; here FILHot (’88, p. 155) records a small Lophiodon de Cuts, TERTIARY MAMMAL HORIZONS. 13 this would correspond with //epfodon, the first of the American Lophiodontide. GaAupry (98, p. 302) parallels with these beds the freshwater Sables Agétens (D' EPERNAY), Etage Agéien, LE- MOINE, the mammalian fauna of which has been described by LE- MOINE as containing Lophiodon and Fachynolophus ; but this fauna belongs on a higher level, as in fact GAuDRyY himself inti- mates. The parallel between the Wasatch and the Suessonien of France was first recognized by Marsu in describing Cory- phodon. In the meantime vast additions have been made to our knowledge of the Wasatch fauna and practically nothing to that of the Suessonien. Although we know only a fraction of the lite of the period, there certainly existed at this time in Europe the successors to certain Cernaysien genera which are repre- sented by descendants in the Upper Eocene. The three known genera common to both countries, namely, Coryphodon, Hyracotherium and Palwonictis present close struc- tural parallels. Filhol records Lophiodon larteti of the Lignites du Sotssonats as an ancestor of the true heavy bodied Lophiodontinz, whereas in the Wasatch we find Heptodon belonging to the light bodied Lophiodonts of the ‘“‘Helaletes-Colodon ”’ line which subsequently appears in Europe. flatychwrops, mistakenly compared with Esthonyx by LYDEKKER has no parallel in America unless among the Arctocyomide. GERVAIS (59) mentions a rodent-like type of incisor from the Suessonien, but this has not to my knowledge been subsequently described. 5. Fissure Formations, Egerkingen and Lissieu, younger . than the Wasatch These formations both represent the remains of animals slowly accumulated in fissures of Jurassic age. The Lissieu fauna is of approximately the same Middle and Upper Eocene duration. As above stated the Egerkingen composite fauna almost cer- tainly does not contain types as old as those of the Wasatch. There is one important exception : the Proviverra typica of Eger- kingen is in the same stage of development as the S7zopa (Sty- 14 OSBORN. polophus) viverrina of the Wasatch, while RUTIMEYER’s supposed Stypolophus does agree with the Szzopa brevicalcarata of the Bridger. Notwithstanding these facts, in the absence of Cory- phodon, Paleonictis and other typical Wasatch and Suessonien forms, the greatest age which can_ be positively assigned to the beginning of these fissure formations is the lower portion of the Middle Eocene. 6. Middle Eocene, Lutétien, apparently parallel with the Wind River Fauna Constituting the base of the greater Parisien stage, the Luée- tien substage, first, marks the advance of the sea beyond its Suessonien limits southward around Paris, and to the west and north into Belgium; second, it marks the appearance of fossil mammal deposits in the south of France, in Switzerland (Hel- vetien Canal), and in Alsace. The Calcaire grossier beds (45 metres) are entirely marine in their lower strata (Calc. gros. moyen. et infér.) but become fresh- water or fluviatile at the summit (Calc. gros. supér.) where they contain Lophiodon and many other ungulates. Parallel with these beds are those of the Gres d’/ssel (Aude, 24 metres) fully studied by Firnot (’88) ; of Argenton (Indre) ; of the Argiles a lignites, or Agéin (Rheims) explored by Dr. Lemoine, of Bracklesham (England). Certain types of Luchs- wetler, Alsace, seem to be somewhat more recent. Finally our knowledge of the mammals of this stage is greatly enriched by the older portions of the fissure deposits of Egerkingen (Vaud) and of Lissieu, near Lyons. This fauna has been hitherto paralleled with that of our great Middle Eocene deposits of the Bridger ; we shall see that zt only corresponds with a section of the upper Wind River or the Lower Lridger Lake deposits of the Rocky Mountains. Characteristics : FILHot (88, p. 1, 75), in his conclusion upon the Issel fauna, speaks doubtfully of the presence of a large Creodont, as Pal@onicts gigantea. This is the continuation of the reign of Lophiodon, a type pre- dominant in number and variety. TERTIARY MAMMAL HORIZONS. 15 Three perissodactyl phyla occur, namely the Hyracotherii- nz, Lophiodontinz and Helaletinae, whereas at the same period in America we find the Hyracotherine, Tapiride, and Helaletine. Without exception in the Lutetien representatives of the perissodactyl families Lophiodontine and Hyracotheriine the premolars are simpler than the molars and these animals are therefore in a stage of evolution corresponding with that which we find in the Wind River beds. The horses so far as I can judge from personal study, from FrLHoL’s descriptions and from figures, (GERVAIS, ’59) P. Suillus, P. parvulus, P. duvalit, all belong to the primitive stage, namely, premolars simpler than molars, no mesostyle, and are therefore in a Wind River (Pro- torolippus) rather than Lridger (Orohippus) stage of develop- ment. Fuirnor (’88, p. 182) lays great emphasis upon the fact that all the so-called ‘ Pachynolophus’ of Issel, Pépieux and Lautrec have the premolars simpler than the molars. Further- more in beds of undoubted /sse/, Argenton or Luchsweiler age, no complete Azchilophus types of premolars (pm = m) occur. As for the oldest Artrodactyla in either country, Cope (’82, p. 71) has compared Lemoine’s Lophiodocherus peront of the Argiles-a-lignites with his 7rigonolestes brachystomus, from the Wind River. Among the primates the little known Aeterohyus armatus GERVAIS, distantly resembles JZerosyops of the Bridger in its molar teeth only, the premolars being simpler than in the Bridger species. These are significant facts. So far as they go they indicate that the known beds of Lutetien formation (having a thickness of 45-24 metres) are by no means equivalent to the Bridger Beds (having a thickness of 800 metres), as heretofore stated, but they merely correspond to a section of the Lower Bridger or more probably of the Upper Wind River formation. It is true that in the He/aletine, or cursorial Lophiodonts, in the fauna of Agerkingen and Lisszeu, namely H. cartieri, H. annectens (and perhaps //elaletes (Hyrachyus) zntermedius of Selles-sur-Cher), the third and fourth premolars have double internal lobes like those of “7. (Desmatotherium) guyoti of the Bridger. But it must be remembered as regards both Eger- 16 OSBORN. kingen and Lissieu that they are composite fauna, contain- ing wpper Eocene forms mingled with the mzdd/e Eocene forms, therefore, they cannot be cited at all as proofs of syn- chronism. Similar Helaletes-like teeth are described by FiLHoi from Buchsweiler, Alsace, namely the type 3d and 4th premo- lars of his Pal@otapirus buxovillanus (’88, p. 179, pl. XIX, fig. 4), which certainly belong not to the Zapiride but to the Flelaletine, a sub-family of Lophiodontide. On the other hand, the upper molar and the lower jaw assigned to Hyrachyus inter- qnegius (EILMOk 88," ps tay plo tiesies and 6) from Argenton resemble the /e/aleting in a Wasatch or Heptodon stage of development because they are small and simple. 7. Middle Eocene, Bartonien, apparently Equivalent to the Lower Bridger This substage receives its name from the Sarton Clays of England (100 metres). The Sables de Beauchamp, marine (15 metres) is succeeded by the partly lacustrine Calcaire de Saint Ouen with which the fresh water Gres de Césseras (Herault) are considered parallel. From the Gres de Césseras a few mammals are recorded. The Cesserasictis antiquus (FILHOL '88, p. 182, pl. XIX, fig. 3) type is a small lophiodont jaw with molar teeth which resemble those of F/e/aletes of the Bridger except in the extreme sim- plicity of the supposed 4th premolar. If Fituow’s identification and description is correct no com- parison can be made with our Bridger Helaletes which has a partly compound fourth premolar. The Lophiodon cesseras- sicum FILHOL (L. occttanicum, GERVAIS) is judging by GERVAIS’ figures (pl. 18, fig. 7), one of the Agwud@ in a Bridger stage of development. The American parallel of the Bartonien is probably Lower Bridger but it cannot be determined until we secure a more ex- act knowledge of the state of molar and premolar evolution of the few ungulate fossils which it contains. The writer is chiefly indebted to Professor ALBERT GAuDrRy for the arrangement of the lower Eocene in the accompanying ‘Vhird: Iriel Sheet: TERTIARY MAMMAL HORIZONS. iy 8. Upper Eocene, Ligurien The summit of the French Eocene is characterized geograph- ically by the recession of the northern gulf on its western borders and by numerous small freshwater lake and river de- posits in the south and southwest of France, in Switzerland, and on the German border (Canu, ’95, Plate 44). In the Paris Basin, made famous by the classic researches of Cuvier and Brogniart, is the Gypse de Montmartre (55 metres) partly marine, partly lacustrine ; at its summit are 20 metres of gypsum which contain most of the mammals described by Cuvier. Above are the lacustrine W/arnes de Pantin. Parallel with the Gypse are the rich Lignites de la Debruge (Vaucluse, 2 metres). | Parallel with the Gypse in the South are the beds of Sz A/zp- polyte de Caton (Gard) recently described by DEPERET; of Castlenaudry (Aude) ; of Lautrec (Tarn) described by NouLer (63) also by Gervais (’69). There are also the lacustrine limestones of Carcassonne, near the Pyrenees, and the localities Was-Saintes-Puelles and Villen- euve-la-Comptal, Castres. To the west in Germany are the fis- sure deposits or Lohnerzen of Heidenheim (Mittelfranken) U/m, Pappenheim, Fronstetten* (Swabian Alps), Stgmaringen ; to the south the older fissure deposits of the Phosphorites du Quercy, and the fissures of Agerkingen and Lissieu. This period contrasts with all its predecessors by the superbly full fauna which it contains; we feel for the first time that the fossil record is approximately representative of the living fauna. It is greatly enriched by the composite parallel faunze of the Sidérolithique de Mauremont and the newer portions of the com- posite faunze of Egerkingen and Lissieu. Lautrec, undoubtedly Upper Eocene, contains a very large Lophiodon, L. lautricense of especial interest, because it is ap- parently the last of its race. It is probable that the large Lo- phiodon of Hezdenheim, with complex premolars, is related to the Lautrec type. In the Heidenheim specimen the second and 1 Fronstetten fauna described by Jager, Fraas, Quenstedt and v. Meyer. "ANNALS N. Y. ACAD. Sci., XIII, July 19, 1900—2 18 OSBORN. third superior premolars have double internal cusps. Lzsszez as studied by Depéret is mainly middle Eocene but it contains some important Upper Eocene forms, while Egerkingen has a rich representation of Upper Eocene types. The large L. rhinocerodcs Ritimeyer, of Egerkingen is, how- ever, not of the Heidenheim type because it has simple upper premolars associated with it ; it is an older representative of the large race of Lophiodontide. Mauremont is considered mainly, if not exclusively, of Upper Eocene age. GENERAL CHARACTERS. (1). This fauna is much more modern than that of the Gres de Césseras, or of the Calcaire Grosster and [ssel ; the great advance in the structure of the teeth especially seen in a com- parison of Propale@othcrium and Paleotherium is proof of mod- ernization. Palzotherium is now the predominating type of Perissodactyl, although a large form of Lophiodon survives. (2). Secondly, the composite beds of Agerkingen and Lissicu furnish the ancestry of certain types of Gypse Artiodactyla and in these beds we also find certain other forms transitional between the /sse/ stage and the Gyfse stage. (3). Thirdly, the Gyfse, is a very highly specialized and differentiated fauna including many artiodactyls and other types the ancestry of which is known neither in Europe or America and has not thus far been found in Egerkingen or Lissieu. (4). Fourth, the Ligtirien is widely distinct faunally from the American Upper Eocene or Uinta with which it has been here- tofore paralleled. At no period of the Tertiary were the Nearc- tic and Palearctic faunz so widely separated. In fact a much wider gap exists between Western America and Europe in the Upper Eocene than in the preceding Lower and Middle Eocene or in the succeeding lower Oliogocene. The resemblances or parallels with America are mostly lim- ited to one genus of horses (Pachynolophus), which occur in both countries, to one Creodont AYyenodon, and to the ancestors of the Canide and Viverride which occur in both countries. (5). Contrasts. The Cheiroptera and [nsectivora of these two TERTIARY MAMMAL HORIZONS. / rg regions cannot be compared until the American forms named by Marsh are adequately studied. The Primates have no direct parallels. Among the /erissodactyla, Paleotherium, Palaplo- therium, and Anchilophus have no parallels in America. The Selenodont Artiodactyla of the two continents are widely distinct ; the Gyfse selenodont Artiodactyla have no parallels in America. The bunodont Artiodactyla have not yet been carefully compared. (6). There are therefore comparatively few direct reasons for considering the Gyfse and U7nta as nearly contemporaneous but there is a substantial indirect reason namely that they both closely underly Oligocene Beds in which there suddenly reap- pears a marked community of fauna in the Nearctic and Palaarc- tic regions. In other words the Gyfse bears a relation to the Ronzon similar to that which the Upper Bridger bears to the Upper Uinta and White River. The most significant fact is the apparent invasion of the Pala- arctic region in the Upper Eocene by a great variety of Artio- dactyla which mingled with the older phyla of France and Germany. Where did these animals come from? Not from Asia, certainly, because some of them would have found their way also into the Nearctic, probably therefore from Africa or the Ethiopian Region. 9. Composite, Imperfectly Stratified Fissure Deposits of Middle Eocene to Middle Oligocene Age The most famous of these fissure deposits are those of Quercy, Egerkingen, Mauremont, Fronstetten. In the Swiss Jura are the Loknerzen, mainly non-calcareous reddish clay nodules with pisolithic iron grains. The sidero- lithic earths, Szdérolithiques, typically at MJauremont, found in Jurassic limestone fissures are so called because they contain grains of iron, imbedded in concretions probably of mineral spring origin, associated with travertines. A special type of fis- sure deposits, analogous to the above in certain respects are the Phosphorites, typically represented in Quercy but characteristic also of other periods. 20 OSBORN. The age of these various deposits is a very important matter. For reasons given above and below certain of these deposits ap- pear to have overlapped or extended through one or more periods of regular stratigraphic deposition as follows: Egerkingen (Canton Vaud) Middle to Upper Eocene inclusive. Lissieu, Middle to Upper Eocene inclusive. Fronstetten (Swabian Alps), Mainly Upper Eocene. Heidenheim (Mittelfranken), a Mauremont (Canton Vaud) ue: Oerlinger Thal. u. Eselsberg, Ulm, Upper Eocene. Quercy, Caylux, Mouillac, Phosphorites, Upper Eocene to Middle Oligocene. The PuHospHorirEs pu Quercy, the most extensive and famous fissure deposits of this kind, occur in Jurassic calcareous fissures of 3 to 6 metres in width and 35 metres in length. The matrix is a phosphate of lime probably of mineral spring origin GRImEOny 1F, * I-27). The fauna enjoyed a warm and moist climate. Firuor believes that death was caused by asphyxia- tion, due to poisonous Vapors arising from hot springs, many skeletons being found complete and showing no marks of teeth. In contrast with Quercy, which contains a fauna of extraordi- nary richness, beauty and completeness, EGERKINGEN and Lys- sIEU have yielded merely isolated teeth. The Quercy fauna according to FitHo~ predominates in Upper Eocene or Gypse types. The Phosphorite rhinoceroses have by some authors and in Many museums been referred to A. lemanense and A. minutum, both of which are Upper Oligo- cene or Aquitanean species—zhis is an error » the two rhinocer- oses which this formation contains are probably the Ronzo- therium velaunum AYMARD, found also in Ronzon, and another species much simpler than the Aquitanean Diceratherium minu- tum Cuv. (R. pleuroceros Duvernoy), of Moissac. This small species has simple upper premolars ; it either belongs to A. gaudryt RAaMEs, or represents a distinct species. These facts with the tables published by Firuor (77) show that the Quercy deposition probably terminated in the lower or Middle Oligocene. TERTIARY MAMMAL HORIZONS. 21 Characteristic of the region of the Alps during elevation are the marine, brackish and freshwater so/asses, that is, calcareous or argillaceous rocks easy to work, mingled with conglomerates called nagelfluh a littoral formation. These were produced in Switzerland on the shores of islands during oscillation periods. IV. OLIGOCENE OF EUROPE This Period is actually well defined in its geographical features, as well as in its fauna and flora; in France it begins typically with the Roxzon fauna which contains a number of entirely new types, and it terminates with that of Sz. Géerand le Puy. Some authors, however, LYDEKKER (’96, p. 191), Lepsius (’92, p. 550), include within the lower Oligocene the Ligurien or Gyfse ; this is a cause of great confusion in the literature. The duration of the Oligocene may be estimated by deposits in Italy of 2900 metres in thickness. Earth Movements.—According to LapparEnrt (85, p. 1164) the Oligocene of Europe begins with the main elevation of the Pyrenees and is marked toward the close by the initial elevation of the Alps. Its first or early earth movements (Lvages [nfra Tongrien and Stampicn) caused a recession of the sea at the south, and an invasion of the sea from the north—this invasion feached the centre of France; in the Rhine valley it extended as far south as Basle. The climate during this period was moderate. The second or Ltage Aguitanicn was one of eleva- tion and strongly contrasted with the preceding by a general recession of the sea; it instituted a period of great freshwater lakes in France and Southern Europe, varied by lagoons with lignitic deposits. Under more temperate climatic conditions, with considerable moisture, the flora was of Indian and Australian type, the deciduous trees increased in number, but palms still houtisned as far north asthe, Baltic; the bird life of central France (Allier, Mitne-Epwarps) was similar to that of the lakes of Southern Africa. Along certain lake borders however, in Southern France (Aix and Gargas, Sapporta), the heat and drought during the latter part of the summer were extreme. Ze OSBORN. The Oligocene terminated by the deepening of valleys, drying of the lakes and substitution of the fluviatile regime of the Lower Miocene. Upper Oligocene 3. Aquitanien. Extensive freshwater lakes and lagoons. Recession of sea. Middle Oligocene 2. Stampien. Advance of sea in Paris Basin. Lower Oligocene I. Infra Tongrien. Marine and brackish deposits, lacustrine and marine Marls. Tongrien. 1. Infra Tongrien, Lower Oligocene co Ronzon was considered of Stampien age by LAPPARENT (’89, p. '976);at is- true’ the ‘beds overlie the Wakamr ae te tor which is undoubtedly lower Oligocene ; GAupRY accordingly places it in the Infra Tongrien, and its fauna certainly succeeds closely that of the Gyfse. In 1881, M. Fitnor (’81, pp. 256-263) concluded that Ronzon, even after 30 years of exploration, could not be considered a locality typical of the French fauna of the period. Since 1881, however, considerable additions have been made to the Ronzon, fauna, so that now it must be considered fairly typical (see SCHLOSSER, ’90). The animals which make their first.appearance here are the anthracotheres (Authracotherium said to be absent in Ronzon), the elotheres, Lxtelodon (Elotherium) and the rhinoceroses, Ronzotherium (Aceratherium), two new genera of dogs, Amphi- cynodon and Cynodon. Otherwise the fauna continues an evolu- tion of that of the Gypse, being especially distinguished as the last stage in which the Pa/eotheride and the creodont Hyeno- dontideé occur. The marsupials are represented by Peratherium. Insectivores are represented by Zetracus. Among rodents we find repre- sentatives of the Anomaluride and Muride. The European parallels with the Warnes et Calcaires de Ron- zon (100 metres) fauna are mainly the newer portion of the PuospHoritres. If .M. Firrnor’s’ identification is correct im establishing the three genera, Leptomanis, Necromanis and Paleorycteropus, FILHOL (98, p. 129), it is possible that during TERTIARY MAMMAL HORIZONS. - 23 7 this early Oligocene stage, the earliest edentates, pangolins ‘and aard varks occur. Here also occurs the earliest of the Euro- pean Axncylopoda, Schizotherium priscum. The lignites of Cadzbona (Piedmont) were considered Upper Oligocene (Aquitanien) by LApparenr (’85) and WEITHOFER, but they contain a little rhinoceros with simple premolars of lower Oligocene type. A portion of the fauna of Lodbsann (Alsace) is parallel (ANDRE#&, ’84) containing Azthracotherium, Hyopotamus velaunus and a species of rhinoceros wrongly at- . tributed to Aceratherium incisivum. 2. Stampien The Mid Oligocene stage is according to all authorities chiefly represented by the marine phase Sables de Fontaincbleu et @ Etampes (41 metres); freshwater parallels are as follows: the Argiles de St. Henri (Rhone) are placed in the Stampien by Gaudry because they contain Azthracotherium and (?) Dicerathe- rium minutum. Inthe Paris basin are Ferté-A/ars (Seine et Oise), lacustrine sands, also placed by Gaudry at this level ; Se//es-sur- Cher (lacustrine limestones), also in the Paris’ Basin ; V2l/ebramar (Molasse, Lot et Garonne). 3. Aquitanien, Upper Oligocene The typical mammal deposits of this stage are the famous lacustrine beds of S¢. Gérand-le-Puy (Allier), calcareous, with a rich fauna (FILHoL, 79). This directly underlies lower Miocene beds containing Anchitherium and Mastodon. Distinctive types of this stage are: Palzeoerinaceus, Paleogale (and other mustelines), Progenetta (and other viverrines), Amphicyon lemanensis, Protapirus douvillei (not certainly a tapir), Diceratherium minutum, Aceratherium lemanense, Anthracotherium magnum. (Lignites de Volx.) Anthracotherium hippoideum. (Lignites de Volx.) 24 OSBORN. The rhinoceroses show a very marked progression. The large A. lemanense, with complicated premolars represents one line; the small Deceratherium (? crotzett) minutum represents the Dicerathere line. Boule has reported a third line, Cadur- cothertum (Moissac) representing the Amynodontide. Parallel with St. Gérand-le-Puy are: J/orssac (Molasse) con- taining the oft quoted D. minutum Cuvier ; Gannat (lacustrine) containing the type of A. gaxnatense which is identical with A. lemanense ; also Randan (lacustrine). Lignitic deposits of this stage are the Liguites de Volx (700 meters, Bas Alpes) and of Manosque (600 meters, Aix). The former contains the large anthracotheres, A. magnum, A. hippoideum, highly characteristic of the upper Oligocene stage. Beds paralleled with these by v. Zirrer (’938, p. 66), in Ger- many are those of Ulm (Eselsberg and Eckingen); the com- plete faunal list of Ulm (Lepstus, ’92, p. 570) shows these beds to be transitional between upper Oligocene and lower Miocene age; Vv. ZITTEL however places St. Gerand-le-Puy in the lower Miocene. V. MIOCENE OF EUROPE The lower Miocene of Europe is sharply separated from the P ply sep Oligocene both geologically and faunally. Its duration may be S S 8 y y y judged from the thickness, 2700 metres, of marine deposits in Italy. Divisions.—The Miocene is clearly divided in some regions y. S into two stages, at others into three, as follows: 3. Tortonien Recession of sea. Mainly fresh water, (Oeningien, Grepp) brackish arid lacustrine deposits. 2d Mediterranean. : 2. Felvétien, Maximum of sea, mainly marine and brack- (Suess. ) M.-F. 1857. ish deposits. Local fluviatile and lacustrine deposits in the south. (Falunien, d’Orb, ) 1. Langhien. Mainly fluviatile deposits. Invasion of sea on Pe Vo nie M. E. 1857. the south, partly marine and brackish de (Suess. ) posits. si (Burdigalien, Lapp. Depér. ) TERTIARY MAMMAL HORIZONS. 25 European geologists and invertebrate paleontologists are practically unanimous as to these divisions (DEPERET, ’92). Cer- tain vertebrate paleontologists, however, still include in the uppermost Miocene the Pikermi and Eppelsheim beds which clearly belong in the base of the Pliocene. Faunally (mam- mals) the Miocene is now divided into upper and lower but it is apparent that it is capable of division into three life-stages typi- fied in France as follows : 3. Upper, typified by Grive-St-Alban. 2. MIDDLE, typified by Sazsan and Simorre. 1. Lower, typified by Sadles de 1’ Orléanais. The separation of these life stages we owe chiefly to Deperet. Physical Geography.—The Miocene is in general distin- guished by a relative e/evation of Northern Europe and depression of Southern Europe ; accompanied by great volcanic eruptions in central France and Hungary; and ending in the completion of the great chains of Alps and Himalayas. 1. Langlien. In France the Oligocene Lake Basins were drained off and replaced by great river valleys, as attested by the fluviatile deposits or Sadles de l’Orleanais. 2. Helvétien. This stage has a thickness of 495 metres in the basin of Crest (Fon- tannes.) ‘The sea invaded the west coast of France up the valley of the Loire, also upon the south, isolating Spain and extending up the Rhone Valley, surrounding the northern slope of the Alps and extending northward to the Mayence Basin, to the east and south into the Vienna Basin, submerging large parts of Austria and Italy and converting parts of Europe into an archipelago. 3. Lortonien. A general recession of. the sea accompanied by a marked increase inthe number of freshwater deposits characterize this stage. Among these deposits perhaps the most typical or complete at the present time is that of Grive-St-Alban (Isére), monographed by Depéret (’92). The lesser part of this fauna is equivalent to that of Sansan ; the greater part is somewhat newer- To the southeast, Austria was still partly submerged forming the Leithakalk or marine summit of the Tortonien in the Vienna Basin. Climate.—lf we can judge by the very gradual evolution of the fauna, the physical and biological conditions changed slowly. 26 OSBORN. The climate was extremely mild, subtropical but becoming more temperate, with a persistence of Sequoias and Palms (Sabal), even far north, a gradual increase in the number of deciduous trees which include a large proportion of North American types, and a marked increase in the grasses, stimulating the evolution of deer in the north and antelope in the south, especially towards the close of the period. 1. Langhien or Burdigalien, Lower Miocene The Sables de 1’ Orléanais (Paris Basin, max. 20 metres) at Neuville-aux-Bois, Chevilly, Avaray, Chitenay (Loire-et-Cher), with a rich typical fauna, consitute the base of the Langhien; overlying the Aquitanien (Calcaire de Beauce) and underlying the Marnes de 1’ Orléanats, and the Calcaire-de-Montabuzard, beds which are parallel with the Sad/es-de-Salogne (40 meters). The Calcaire-de-Montabusard Nas a mammal fauna which Douvillé compared with that of Simorre, while the Sad/es de l’Orléeanais fauna was formerly compared with that of Sansan. But French paleontologists (GAUDRY, DEPERET, ’92, p. 155) now consider the Sadles del’ Orleanais fauna somewhat older than that of Sansan, especially because it contains succes- sors of certain Upper Oligocene types such as Avachyodus onoideus, the last of the anthracotheres in Europe, Pal@ochwrus typus also a survival, and Procervulus or Dicroceras (Deperet, 92, p. 155). On the other hand the Sadles de l’ Orléanais mark a faunal change from the Oligocene of the sharpest kind in the presence of the Proboscidia, Dinotherium bavaricum and Mastodon angustidens, both typically and exclusively Miocene species, which possibly had recently migrated into Europe from Africa by means of a favorable land connection. The Sadles de LOrleanais therefore constitute the typical lower Miocene of Europe. Freshwater equivalents (DEPERET, 95, p. 397) of these beds are the Grauen Sitsswasser Molasse (Lausanne) con- taining a rhinoceros ; Exge/halde (Bern); Rappenfluh (Aarburg). The Brackische Schichten (Ulm) are transitional; partly calca- reous deposits near U/m (Eckingen, Eselsberg, Hockheim), con- tain Anchitherium and a fauna which is partly Oligocene, partly TERTIARY MAMMAL HORIZONS. 27 Miocene (Lepsius, 92, p. 570). Among the marine equiva- lents (Lepsius, ’92, p. 546) are the Odere Meeres Molasse (Switz.), Muschelsandstein (Baden). The marine molasse of Le genburg is a noteworthy parallel as containing A4rachyodus onoideus (DEPERET, '95, p. 397) and Metaxytherium, a Sirenian. Lriit- telen (Studer, ’95) also contains this true lower Miocene fauna including Lrachyodus onoideus (SCHLOSSER, Lit’b., 95, p. 183) and Hyopotamus helveticus. The marine Cetacean of the period is Sgualodon barriense. Of exceptional importance is the presence of a similar fauna (Amphicyon, Mastodon angustidens, Dinotherium, Anthracother- zum, Hyotherium and Listriodon), in southwestern India, in the Bugtt beds of Sind. These beds (BLANForD, ’84, p. 37) are far below the horizon of the Siwalik (Pliocene) fauna and contain all the typical older Miocene forms mingled with many of newer type. We find here especially Hyopotamus giganteus which Deperet regards as merely distinguished by its greater size from Lrachyodus onoideus. LYDEKKER (’96, p. 201) and Blanford both consider the Bugti beds as ‘not improbably of Upper Miocene Age,” and as indicating a survival in this area of archaic types which at that time had completely disappeared in Europe ; the same author refers also to Tetraconodon, a large elothere, and to H/yopotamus ; associated with the Miocene types therefore are true Oligocene types. The Bugti Beds are rich in Proboscidia and taken all together should be considered Lower and Middle Miocene rather than Upper Miocene. Especially significant is this community of fauna between southern Asia and Europe at this time. The lower, middle and upper Miocene faunas may therefore be contrasted as follows : LOWER MIOCENE, MIDDLE MIOCENE. UPPER MIOCENE. Typ.: Sables de’? Orléanais. Typ... Sansan & Simorre, Typ.: Grive-St.-Alban. PREV OGINS 55 Sanden sdcnoc tan. aneannendeceee ces Aone a Aaanineew evan enenes fe) PERGUPCCUITD actus vee, oveas Mall pass Antilope saiga. The prevailing types of this stage are the typical Alephas pri- migenius which succeeded Llephas trogontheri, Rhinoceros ticho- rlinus and Rangifer tarandus. The reindeer, first the barren ground then the woodland variety, increased rapidly in number during this period and constitute its most distinctive form ; hence this is known as the Reindeer period. It includes the most remarkable diversity of life of Asiatic both Siberian and Oriental, and of African origin. The persist- ence of the following southern forms: Fels (leo) spelea: Felis pardus, Hyena (crocuta) spelea, Equus caballus, Equus (asinus) hemiones, Rhinoceros tichorhinus (with affinities to R. seus), Llephas primigenius. All these types, excepting possibly the Mammoth, now inhabit warm, dry, semi-arid regions. There is therefore an. Ethiopian and Oriental fauna, in certain localities succeeding a steppe and tundre fauna. At no period either be- fore or since was Europe so thoroughly cosmopolitan, a fact 44 OSBORN. which has not been sufficiently emphasized previously. The climate was cold and relatively dry. The close of this period is also the close of the Paleolithic human period which after a long interval was succeeded by the Neolithic period. 3. Upper Pleistocene, Postglacial As above observed there is a difference of opinion as to the interglacial or postglacial age of the loess. All the North Si- berian, Oriental and African types gradually disappear, the modern European forest and field fauna alone survives. There is some evidence that both the mammoth and reindeer lived for a time in this period, the latter being now confined to more northern Europe. The Irish deer, VWegaceros hibernie, the reindeer, the .bovide Sos taurus, Bos longifrons, Bos brachy- ceros, are the characteristic ruminants. " INDO-MALAYAN (Oriental) AFRICAN\, (Ethiopian) a ANTAR of Cc Fic. I.—Division of the World into three Realms and nine main Geographical Regions. The continental platform is raised to the 200 metre line showing the main Tertiary land connections. ation are largely of mechanical nature, they are limited in num- ber and kind by hereditary, stirp or germinal influences, and thus result in the independent evolution of similar types in widely separated regions under the /aw of parallelism or homo- plasy. Adaptive Radiation of Orders and Families This law causes the independent origin not only of similar genera but of similar families and even of similar orders, Nature thus repeats herself upon a vast scale, but the similarity is never complete and exact. When migrations are favored by over-population or geographical changes, a new and severe test of fitness arises by the mingling and competition of the parallel types. 1 So termed by the writer (OSBORN, ’93 and ’99), ANNALS N, Y. Acapb. Sci., XIII, July 19, 1900-4. 50 OSBORN. Under the operation of these laws a most interesting general- ization or hypothesis can be made as to the three realms: geo- graphical isolation has been so continuous and prolonged that great orders of mammals have been evolved (Fig. III) in each. Thus Arctogea, containing the broadest and most highly diversi- fied land area, appears hypothetically as the center in which fourteen primitive and specialized orders radiated from each other. In the southern portion of eog@a at least four orders sprang from primitive members of the above orders, and the Hystri- comorph rodents enjoyed their chief radiation. In Votog@a two orders were cut off by the sea; one of them a rapidly declining type, the Monotremes, the other, the Marsupials, enjoying a very highly diversified radiation. This hypothesis is expressed in Fig. III. Two other orders of mammals, the Sirenia (prob- ably a branch of the hoofed tribe) took the rivers and coasts of America, Europe and probably Africa as their radiating center, while the Cetacea occupied the fourth or oceanic realm. We mean to express by this hypothesis that REALMS were the main centers of adaptive radiation of orders of mammals, but by no means the exclusive areas of distribution, for during the periods of land contact certain members of these orders found their way into adjacent realms. Each realm, therefore, contains its pure autocthonous types and its migrant or derived types. Reacions, on the other hand, may be distinguished from realms as geographical and zoological areas, which have been isolated from each other for shorter periods, either by climatic barriers, as in the case of the Arctic or circumpolar region or by great physical barriers, such as masses of water and of desert sands. In certain cases these regions, such as Africa, appear to have been so large, distinct and isolated as to have become important centers of the radiation of certain orders of mammals and almost attain the rank of realms, but regions in general are chiefly and permanently distinguished by the adaptive radiation of families of mammals. Arctogea may thus be still divided on the old lines into five or six regions, the Arctic or Circumpolar; the £¢hzopran or African, south of the Sahara; the /zdo-Malayan or Oriental, in- TERTIARY MAMMAL HORIZONS. 5] cluding southern Asia and the Malayan islands; the J/a/agasy, including Madagascar; the earctic and the Palearctic. ‘There is no question, as suggested by Professor Newton in his term “ Holarctic,” and by Professor Allen in 1892, in his term “‘ North temperate,”’ that the North American (Nearctic) and Eurasiatic (Palearctic) regions are now so closely similar that they might be united into one. When, however, the zoological or existing char- acteristics of these regions are put to a paleontological test it is found necessary to separate them, because throughout the Ter- tiary period North America and Eurasia were so remote that, to a certain extent, they constituted centers, not only of independent family, but to a limited degree of ordinal radiation. At the same time they were unified, both by frequent intermigrations and by a simultaneous evolution of allied animals. The Continent Antarctica We now come to one of the greatest triumphs of recent bi- ological investigation, namely, the concurrence of botanical, zoological and paleontological testimony in the reconstruction of a great southern continent to which the name Antarctica has been given. Following BLANForD (90), Forbes (93) made the first strong plea for this continent. The flood of evidence for the Ant- arctica theory has now become so strong that only a few details can be mentioned: Forses (’93) and Mi_ne-Epwarps from the consideration of the birds; BrppARD from the study of worms and other invertebrates ; Moore from the study of the flora of South Africa; SPENCER from the study of the fauna of Australia; AMEGHINO, HATCHER and OrTMANN from studies and collections of vertebrate and invertebrate fossils in Pata- gonia not yet fully published ; Moreno, from the discovery of Miolania, an Australian fossil reptile recently found in South America ; from these and many other sources has been brought fourth the body of testimony which draws us almost irresist- ibly' to the conclusion that there was an antarctic continent at various times connecting South America, South Africa, Aus- 'After discussing the evidence with great fairness LYDEKKER (’96), takes a more conservative position. 52 OSBORN. tralia and New Zealand. Such a connection strengthens the conception announced by HuvxLery in 1868, that the zoological regions were mainly upon lines of latitude, rather than as suggested by the present configuration of the earth, upon lines of longitude. With the theoretical elevation of this submerged continent (Fig. II), which may be called the “ Ant- Mites — mn En il ZA —— Coast line — 3504 Meterline aun 3040 Meter line re a , ™s 2 Fic, II.—Restoration of Antarctica by elevation to the 3040 sounding line, showing old continental lines and greater depth between Africa and Antarctica. arctic Region,’ so as to connect the southern land masses at various times, all present and past geographical distribution of mammals may be theoretically accounted for. Elevation to the 10,000 foot (3040 meter) line still leaves a broad channel south of Africa. Without such elevation we are still met by many insuperable difficulties. TERTIARY MAMMAL HORIZONS, 53 Among other problems, a land connection between Africa and South America across the South Atlantic enables us to explain the remarkable distribution of the Sirenia, sea-cows, dugongs and manatees, now found exclusively in the tropical belt of Africa and the Americas. (See Sirenia, Fig. III.) These ani- mals first appear in the Oligocene of Germany. It is also, of course, possible that they may have taken a northern route, as indicated by the remains of Ayézza in the North Pacific. Before confining our attention to ARcTOG®aA, let us further con- sider the mesozoic relations of the three realms. (Fig. I and Bis III.) In the Jurassic period stem forms of insectivores, marsupials and possibly of monotremes’ are found in Arctogzea and seem to establish the theory of the northward origin of the mammalia as a class. Dotto (’99), has recently endeavored to demonstrate that all Marsupials have been evolved from arboreal forms like the Opossum. If we can draw a parallel with the adaptive radia- tion of the placentals during the 3,000,000 years, more or less, of the Tertiary, we may safely conclude that such a primitive family, entering the Australian region during the Cretaceous period either by way of Antarctica (SPENCER) or by way of the Oriental region (WALLACE and LyDEKKER), might have peo- pled Australia with all its wonderfully diversified forms of Marsupial life. The Didelphyidz are to the Marsupials what the Creodonta are to the Placentals in point of potential evolution. The Monotremes also may have entered NoroGc®a by either of these routes. North America is the only part of the globe where Cretaceous mammals are known at present. In the late Cretaceous we ap- pear to discover evidence of the existence of the following orders: Insectivora, Creodonta or ancestral carnivores, hoofed animals or Amblypoda and perhaps the earliest monkeys or Mesodonta. In the basal Eocene we certainly find primitive 1'The writer’s view (OsBoRN, ’88) that the Jurassic mammals of England and Wyoming embrace primitive placentals or insectivores as well as marsupials and multituberculates (? monotremes) is now generally accepted. 54 OSBORN. monkeys or Mesodonta, Rodentia and Tzeniodonta or ancestral Edentata. A land connection with South America in the early Eocene would therefore have supplied Veog@a with the eden- tates as well as the stem forms from which might have been de- rived its wonderful radiation of hoofed animals, the Litopterna, Typotheria and Toxodontia ; together with the remarkable radia- tion of the hystricomorph or porcupine-like rodents and of two families of monkeys. The exact zoological affinities of the oldest mammalian or Pyrotherium fauna of South America remain to be determined. Insectivoré, Cheiroptera, — Crep dopa, - Tillodontia, Rodeptrz Primates>\Mesdonta.... “Amblypoda, Condylarthra Rerissodactyl, ecrigoes | y Wathropoidea A : Sirenia} Proboscidia \ mS: Archaeoceti PANS Mystacoceti = ae Fig. II1I.—Orders of Mammals placed in their hypothetical chief centers of adaptive radiation during the Tertiary Period. Pyrotherium itself is considered by AMEGHINO as the source of the order Progposcip1A while other ungulates are believed to be related to the HyracoIDEA; upon the affinities of these forms turns the problem whether South America derived the sources of its great radiation from Africa or from North America. (See Fig. 111). Four streams of migration to and from NEoG#A appear to have occurred; the first established its autochthonous fauna or distinctive radiation of peculiar ungulates and edentates. The second related this region with Africa, via Antarctica; this con- tact, in addition to the problematical Proboscidia and Hyracoidea TERTIARY MAMMAL HORIZONS. 5D above alluded to, apparently introduced stem forms of Eden- tates into the Ethiopian region from which were derived the pangolins and aard varks ; these peculiar edentates together with armadillos all occur in southern France in the lower Oligo- cene (FiLuHoL, ’94); this land bridge also distributed the Cape golden moles, Chrysochloride ; these facts and others too nu- merous to mention serve to show the vast importance of the explorations in Patagonia and make us impatient for the exact conclusions which are forthcoming from the materials brought together by Ameghino and Hatcher. The third migration into Neogza established its links with Australia, bringing in Marsupials, both polyprotodont and dipro- todont. The fourth was from the north, Arctogza, and is positively known; it occurred at the end of the Miocene, and brought in the northern Carnivora, bears, wolves, cats, and sabre-tooth tigers, raccoons and mustelines, the Artiodactyla, deer and camels, the Perissodactyla, horses and tapirs, three types of rodents, the squirrels, mice and hares or rabbits and the mastodon. The Notogzic types, as well as the animals of the first invasion, in the meantime had largely died out, and the introduction of more vigorous Arctogzic types, especially the carnivores, together with a change of climate, exterminated a further portion of the autochthonous Neogeic fauna. At the same time, that is of this second invasion, many of the South American forms entered North America; they seemed to have reached this continent in the upper Pliocene. We now turn to ArctoG#A. In the Eocene period we find in Europe and North America what may be considered the pure or autochthonous fauna of the Holarctic region, in the absence of all knowledge of Asia. Southern Asia is an absolute serra encognita the earliest known deposits in this region being in the Upper Oligocene in which the fauna is remarkably similar to that of Europe. Northern Asia is unknown palezontologically until the Pleistocene—here is a region for explorers. However, we may consider it as part of a broad Eurasiatic land area tending from the Rocky Mountain region to Great Britain. The faunal relations are astonishingly close, between the new and CxX- 56 OSBORN, old worlds at this time. Every year’s discovery increases the resemblance and diminishes the differences between Europe and the Rocky Mountain region. Distinguishing North America, however, are the Tylopoda ; this sub-order includes the peculiar Artiodactyla of the camel-llama tribe ; these Professor Scott in a recent paper considers as including all the early types of American ruminants which we have been vainly endeavoring to compare with European types. The radiation of the tylopod phylum into a great variety of types is quite conceivable and it is thoroughly consistent with the fundamental law of adaptive radiation which we find operating over and over again. III. THEORY OF SUCCESSIVE INVASIONS OF AN AFRICAN FAUNA INTO EUROPE In. Europe there are in the upper Eocene two classes of animals, first, those which have their ancestors in the older rocks ; second, the class including certain highly specialized animals which have no ancestors in the older rocks—among these, per- haps, are the peculiar flying rodents or Azomalurtde, now con- fined to Africa, and secondly the highly specialized even-toed ruminant types—the anoplotheres, xiphodonts and others, the discovery of which in the Gypse near Paris Cuvier has made famous. It is tempting to imagine that these animals did not evolve in Europe but that they represent what may be called the first invasion of Europe by African types from the Ethiopian region. It is a curious fact that the African continent as a great theater of adaptive radiation of Mammalia has not been sufficiently con- sidered. It is true that it is the dark continent of paleontology for it has practically no fossil mammal history; but it by no means follows that the Mammalia did not enjoy there an exten- sive evolution. Although it is qutte probable that this idea has been advanced before, most writers speak mainly or exclusively of the znvasion of Africa by European types. Blanfordand Allen it is true have especially dwelt upon the likeness of the Onental and Ethiopian : TERTIARY MAMMAL HORIZONS. 57 fauna but not in connection with its antecedent cause. This cause I believe to have been mainly an invasion from south to north correlated with the northern extension of Ethiopian cli- mate and flora during the Middle Tertiary. Itis ina less meas- ure due to a migration from north to south. Let us therefore clearly set forth the hypothesis of the Ethiopian region or South Africa as a great center of independent evolution and as the source of successive northward migrations of animals, some of which ultimately reached even the extremity of South America I refer to the Mastodons. ‘This hypothesis is clearly implied if not stated by BLANFoRD in 1876 in his paper upon the African element in the fauna of India. The first of these migrations we may suppose brought in cer- tain highly spccialized ruminants of the upper Eocene, the anomalures or peculiar flying rodents of Africa; with this in- vasion may have come the pangolins and aard varks, and possibly certain armadillos, Dasypodide, if M. FILuov’s identi- fication of Vecrodasypus is correct. A second invasion of great distinctness may be that which marks the beginning of the Miocene when the mastodons and dinotheres first appear in Europe, also the earliest of the antelopes. A third invasion may be represented in the base of the Pliocene by the increasing number of antelopes, the great giraffes of the A©gean plateau, and in the upper Pliocene by the hippopotami. With these forms came the rhinoceroses with no incisor or cutting teeth, similar to the smaller African rhinoceros, R. dzcornis. An- other recently discovered African immigrant upon the Island of Samos in the A‘gean plateau is ohyrax or Leptodon, a very large member of the Hyracoidea, probably aquatic in its habits, indicating that this order enjoyed an extensive adaptive radiation in Tertiary times. It thus appears that the Proboscidia, Hyracoidea, certain edentata, the antelopes, the giraffes, the hippopotami, the most specialized ruminants, and among the rodents, the anomalures, dormice, and jerboas, among monkeys the baboons, may all have enjoyed their original adaptative radiation in Africa; that they survived after the glacial period, only in the Oriental 58 OSBORN, or Indo-Malayan region, and that this accounts for the marked community of fauna between this region and the Ethiopian as observed by BLANFoRD and ALLEN. Against the prevalent theory of Oriental origin of these ani- mals are: first, the fact observed by BLANFoRD and LYDEKKER in the Bugti Beds (Sind) that the Oligocene or lower Miocene fauna of the Orient is markedly European in type ; second, that if these animals had originated in Asia some of them would have found their way to North America; third, the fact that all these animals appear suddenly and without any known ancestors in older geological formations. These are the main facts in favor of the Ethiopian migration hypothesis. In the meantime the unification of the North American and Eurasiatic regions was proceeding by intermigration. In the lower Oligocene the giant pigs or elotheres, the tapirs and peculiar amphibious rhinoceroses known as amynodons, found their way from America to Europe, while Europe supplied us with a few anthracotheres, both Anthracotherium and Hyopot- amus. In the Miocene Europe sent us the true cats and we supplied Europe with the destructive sabre tooth tigers; in the upper Miocene Europe sent us our first deer and cattle or Cer- vide and Lovide, also probably the mastodons ex route from Africa. In the Pliocene we supplied Europe with the rabbits and hares, and possibly with the raccoons, if the Panda belongs to this family. In the Pleistocene the camels wandered into Asia from America, while the bears passed them ex route to America. These are a few instances out of many which are already well known. On the other hand certain families had an exclusively Eurasi- atic history, so far as we know. ‘These are, among animals re- lated to the horse and tapir, the paleeotheres and Lophiodon ; among ruminants the traguline deer and muntjacs ; among in- sectivores the hedgehogs; among primates, the anthropoid apes and the lemurs. The latter are peculiar to the Malagasy and Ethiopian regions. At the same time America exclusively raised the titanotheres, the AYyracodontide or cursorial rhinoc- eroses, the pouched rodents or Geomyide, all the early families TERTIARY MAMMAL HORIZONS. 59 of Tylopoda, the peccaries. It is paradoxial that so many ani- mals which we are wont to consider typically American came from the Eurasiatic region, while so many others which we always associate with Asia and Africa came from this country. Herein lies the necessity of a paleontological basis for zoo-geog- raphy. BIBLIOGRAPHY Andreae, A. 83 Die alteren Tertiairschichten im Elsass. Strassburg, 1883. 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XiII, 3 ser. 1886... pp: 288-294 ‘98 Notice sur les Travaux scientifiques de Victor Lemoine Bula a Te S06uG col. ad. France, Patis, 1898. 36 Serie, tome XXVI. pp. 300-310 Gervais, P. 59 Zoologie et Paléontologie Francaises 2e Edition. Paris, 1859 69 Zoologie et Paléontologie Générales. Paris, 1867-69. Pp. 1-245 62 OSBORN. Lapparent, A. de 85 ~Traité de Géologie. Paris, 1885. pp. 1-1504 Lepsius, R. 83. Das Mainzer Becken geologisch beschrieben. Mit einer geologischen Karte. Darmstadt, 1883 ‘92, Geologie von Deutschland und den angrenzenden Gebieten, Stuttgart, 1892. 1-800 Lydekker, R. ‘96 A Geographical History of Mammals. Cambridge, 1896. Ppp. I-400 Maack, G. A. 65 =Palzontologische Untersuchungen iiber noch unbekannte Lophiodon fossilien von Heidenheim; Jahresb. d. Naturh. Ver. in Augsburg, Leipzig, 1865. Sep. p. 1-76. Major Forsyth. °85 On the Mammalian Fauna of the Val d’Arno Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. London, 1885, Vol. XLI._ p. 1-8. 87 Sur un gisement d’ossements fossiles dans l’ile de Samos, contemporains de |’age de Pikermi. Compt. Rend. Paris, cé372 ps4 90 Note on a Pliocene Mammalian Fauna at Olivola in the Upper Val di Magra (Prov. Massa Carrara) Geol. Mag., 1890. pp. 305-308 Mayer-Eymar, C. 89. Tableau des Terrains de Sédiment Soc. Hist, Nat. Croatica. “1899. pp. 1=35. Zagreb (Agram) Matthew, W. D. 99 A Provisional Classification of the Fresh Water Tertiary of the West Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. First. vol. X11, Article TU pp: 19-75, New York, March 31, 1899 Nehring, A. 95 Ueber fossile Menschenzahne aus dem Diluvium von Tau- bach bei Weimar Naturw. Wochens., Berlin, X. Band, S. 369-372. Noulet. 63) «=Memotrs Acad. Sci., Toulouse TERTIARY MAMMAL HORIZONS. 63 Osborn, H. F. ’°88 The Structure and Classification of the Mesozoic Mammalia. Jour. Acad. Nat. Sct., Phila. vol. 1X. pp. 186-265 "90 A Review of the Cernaysian Mammalia. Upon the collec- tion of M. Lemoine, Rheims, France Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1890. pp. 51-62 93 Rise of the Mammalia in North America. Vice-Presidential Address before the American Association for the Advance- ment of Science. Amer. Jour. of Sct., Nov. and Dec., 1893 99. The Origin of Mammals Amer. Jour. of Sct. vol. VII, Feb., 1899 Pohlig, H. 83 Das niederrheinische Pleistocin (Quartar) S7tz. Wied. Ges., Bonn, 1883 Rames, B. Notes sur l’ Age des argiles du Cantal et sur les débris fos- siles qu’elles ont fournis Bull. Soc. Géol., France, 1886. pp. 357-360 Rutimeyer, L. 88 “Ueber einige Beziehungen zwischen d. Saugethierstammen Alter und Neuer Welt, Erster Nachtrag. Abhand. schweiz. pal. Ges. Vol. XV. pp. 1-151 Zurich, 1888 Schlosser, M. 88 Ueber die Beziehungen der ausgestorbenen Saugethierfaunen und ihr Verhaltniss zur Saugethierfaunen der Gegenwart. Biol. Centralb., 1888. Bd. VIII. 5S. 582-650, 611-631 °83-'97 Literaturbericht in Beziehung zur Anthropologie mit Ein- schluss der fossilen und recenten Saiigethiere, Miinchen 1883-1897 ‘90 Die Affen. Lemuren . . . des Europdischen Tertias . . . Wein, 1887-1890. 95 Ueber die Pleistocinschichten in Franken und ihr Ver- haltniss zu den Ablagerungen am Schweizerbild bei Schaff- hausen Separat-abdr. aus dem Neu. Jahrb. f. Mineralogie, Bd I., 1895 64 OSBORN. Steinmann. 93 Das Alter der palzeolithischen Station vom Schweizerbild bei Schaffhausen und die Gliederung des jiingeren Pleisto- can. Ber d. haturh.Ges. zu Freiburg 1. 5B. 1eS3eep ray, (7) Studer, Theo. 94 Die Saugethierfauna von Briittelen. Abh. schweiz. pal. Ges! Voli 22. 1895. Jahre. 1894.) pp. 204-240 Studer, Th. "95 Die Thierreste aus dem pleistocanen Ablagerungen des Schweizersbildes bei Schaffhausen. /ézd. p. 36 Trouessart, E. L. 97 Catalogus Mammalium tam Viventium quam Fossilium. Berlin, 1897 Weithofer, A. 89 Uber die tertiaren Landsaugethiere Italiens Jahrb. d. k. k. geol, Reichs. Wien, 1889, S. 55-82 Woldrich, J. N. 96 Ueber die Gliederung der anthropologischen Formations- gruppe Mitteleuropas. Sitzber. der kgl. bdhmischen Gesellschaft der Wissenchaften, mathematisch-naturwiss. Classe 1896 Ref. von Mategka in Centralblatt fiir Anthropologie, 1896. S. 142-143 Woodward °83. The Ancient Fauna of Essex Trans. Epping Naturalists Club. vol. Ill, p. 1. Zittel, K. A. v. 93 Handbuch der Palzontologie. 1891-93. IV, Band. Vertebrata (Mammalia), Munich, 1893. SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS 65 SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS OF HENRY FAIRFIELD OSBORN. New York Academy of Sciences, Vice-President 1894-1898, President, 1898-1900. DaCosta Professor of Zodlogy Columbia University, Curator of Vertebrate Paleontology American Museum of Natural History, Chairman Executive Committee New York Zodlogical Society. 1SZ7SASe2,. 1878 1. Paleontological Report of the Princeton Scientific Expedition of 1877. E. M. Mus. Bulletin No. 1. (With W. B. Scott and Francis Speir, Jr.) 105 pp., 8vo. Pala 1879 1. Lower jaw of Loxolophodon. Amer. Journ. Science, April, 1879, pp. 304-9. (With Speir. ) : Pal. 2 2. The Early Development of the Common Newt. Quart. Journ. Micros. Science, London, 1879, pp. 1-28. (With Scott. ) Embr. 1 1881 1. A memoir upon Loxolophodon and Uintatherium. Contr. E. M. Mus. of Geol. and Arch., Vol. I, No. 1, 1881, pp. 1-44, 4to. Pal. 3 1882 1. Orthocynodon, an animal related to the Rhinoceros, from the Bridger Eocene. Amer. Journ. Science, June, 1882, pp. 223-25. (With Scott. ) Pal. 4 1883. 1. Orthocynodon and Achenodon. Part i. (With Scott.) Part ii, Osborn. Part i, Bruce. Part iv, Scott. FE. M. Museum Bul- letin No. 3. May, 1883, pp. 1-53. Pal. 5 2. Preliminary Observations upon the Brain of Amphiuma. Proce. Acad. Nat. Se. Phila., 1883, pp. 177-186. Neur. 1 3. Observations upon the Foetal Membranes of the Opossum and other Marsupials. Quart. Journ. Micros. Science, London, 1833, pp. 1-14. Abstr. Science, 1883, p. 451-2. Embr. 2 4, Francis Maitland Balfour. Science, Sept. 7, 1883, pp. 299-301. Biog. 1. 1884 1. A Study of the Mind’s Chamber of Imagery. (With James McCosh. ) Princeton Review, Jan., 1884, pp. 50-72. Piya I 1884 2. Illusions of Memory. North American Review, May, 1884, pp. 476- 486. Psy. 2 3. Visual Memory. Journal Christian Philosophy, July, 1884, pp. 489- 450. Psy. 3 4, Preliminary Observations upon the Brain of Menopoma and Rana. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc., Phila., 1884, pp. 262-274. Neur. 2 ANNALS N. Y. ACAD. Sci., XIII, July 20, 1900-5. 66 1886 1887 1888 1889 OSBORN . Observations upon the presence of the Corpus Callosum in the Brains of Amphibiansand Reptiles. Zool. Anz., No. 219, 1886 (pp. 1-5). Neur. 3 . The Origin of the Corpus Callosum. COLOR FACTS 27 COLOK, TRO rkies The number of investigators who have studied feathers, ever since the days of Aristotle, is almost incredible. All general works deal with plumages, while a number of special papers on feather development, feather structure, moult and color are worthy of particular mention, among them those of Meckel (15), Dutrochet (19), Cuvier (’25), Bachman (’39), Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire (’41), Schlegel (’52), Homeyer ('53), Gatke (54 and ’91), Meves (’55), Engel (’56), Holland (’60 to ’64), Fatio (66), Stieda (’69), Samuel (’70), Pernitza (’71), Studer (’73 and '78), Palmen (’80), Klee (’86), Davies (’88 and ’89), Ficalbi (90), Gadow (’91-’93), Maurer (’92 and ’95), Meijere (’95), Stone (’96) and Keibel (’96). Besides these writers there are some who have studied color and pigment especially, and among these may be mentioned Gloger (53), Altum (’54 and ’55), Weinland (’56—'59), Bogdanow (’58), Severtzov ('63), Kruken- berg ('81), Jeffries ('82), Gadow (’82) and Rabl (97). Still others (including some of those already cited) have discussed the theory that a feather once grown could be recolored months afterward, an idea that seems to have originated with Cartwright (1792); to have been advanced by Fleming (17 and ’20), Whitear (18), Ord (’30), Yarrell (33 and ’35), Schlegel (’52) PASSERINE BIRDS OF NEW YORK 117 and other German writers of his period; and to have received recent attention at the hands of Allen (’96), Chadbourne (’97) and Chapman (’96 and ’97). It is to this theory, so far as it concerns Passerine species, that I now invite attention. In view of the endless complexity of birds’ plumages and the wide diversity in the manner of their acquisition demonstrable even among a few Passerine species, it is not surprising that theoretical explanations should flourish as long as the facts of moult regarding any species are not known. To catch a bird in moult is no easy matter, to catch him in all his moults is a task of considerable magnitude and yet as fast as this has been accomplished, theory has become superfluous. Theory has even gone so far as to assert new growth of abraided barbs and barbules by exudations from a frayed weather-beaten feather, although most writers have contented themselves with alleging a fresh influx of pigment or a redistri- bution of color granules. No two of the upholders of this theory of so-called ‘‘color change without moult,’ or ‘‘aptoso- chromatisin,”’ have agreed as to how a feather that to all appear- ances has been histologically dead for many months may sud- denly absorb, create or redistribute fresh coloring matter and the weakest point of their theory is the necessity for a new law of some sort to explain the theory. The mental attitude of those who believe in these changes is a curious one. They usually admit that moult is responsible for the renewal of one feather but claim a color change they cannot exactly explain in the feather adjoining. They would have Nature work according to well established laws in renewing feathers numbers 1, 2 and 3 of a series and then adopt a new one for number 4! They would have us believe that the shaft of a feather is a sort of an avian thermometer tube up and down which coloring fluids slip according to the seasonal systemic warmth of the bird! There is an element of the absurd about the position taken by theorists, but it is only fair to them to sift the evidence they bring forward in support of their theories. This is the evidence of live birds and the evidence of dead ones. Live birds must of necessity be caged birds, and dead ones of course are chiefly museum or cabinet specimens. 118 DWIGHT It has been asserted that various species of caged birds have been seen to change color without feather loss. Well, it is perfectly true that some do change color, but in these birds, as can be proved, no actual pigmentary change takes place. Colors concealed by feather edgings or optical effects produced by structure may be intensified by gradual loss of parts of the feathers and as these minute parts will not be found in the cage, those who are ignorant of simple principles of wear will see a “brightening by influx of pigment.’ The adult Purple Finch (Carpodacus purpureus) and adult Indigo Bunting (Passerina cyanea) both brighten very perceptibly by wear alone as I can testify. The former has no prenuptial moult, the latter has one confined to the body plumage. Theorists class both together and lump with them a lot of other species, among which similar changes are observed by them or by their friends and the crudest observations and baldest statements are offered as ‘‘proof”’ of new color. From the extensive literature of the subject we learn that ob- servers of caged birds have failed to bar out the possibility of moult, and in species that regularly only renew a small portion of their plumage at the prenuptial moult (particularly the small feathers about the head) I have no doubt that moult has oc- curred, the tiny feathers being whirled out of the cage by a puff of air or rolled up to almost nothing if sprinkled from the bath or drinking cup. It is not often that many are cast off at one time and they are so extremely small that the entire plumage of the head of a bird the size of a Song Sparrow (Melospiza fasciata) may be held between the thumb and forefinger. Did any of the theorists ever try blowing away such a pinch of feathers even in a small room and see how many he will find? Some idea of the relative size of feathers may be gained from plate I, on which those of a Bobolink (Dolichonyz oryztvorus), a good sized Pas- serine bird are figured. In order to give some idea of their relative number, I have made actual count of all the contour feathers on a spring male. The enumeration of the minute down-feathers, semiplumes and filoplumes I leave to others. The result of my count is as follows : PASSERINE BIRDS OF NEW YORK 119 Pemelin UACtS A. teat. Hoga v enttals Dract 22. .4.'. 6. 405 feumieral Tracts. ..>.«.’. pe iGandal Tract No. 4, peosINo. 6, p:.3 3 707d. 11 ESo5-) Oh p. 50; No,"8, p..6g 5 .No: 10, p. 75 Jones, L. ‘97° The Oberlin [Ohio] Summer Grackle [Quwéscalus guiscula eneus| Roost Wilson Orn. Chapt. Agassiz Assoc. Bull. No. 15. 1897. pp. 37-56, 2 maps Keeler, C. H. ‘93 = Evolution of the colors of North American land birds Cala. Acad. Sct., Occasional Paper, No. 3. (San Fran- cisco.) 1893. pp. i-xii, 1-361, col’d pls. 19 Reviewed by Allen, J. As, Auk, X. 1893. pp. 189- 195, 377-380 oot DWIGHT Reviewed by Cope, E..D:, dimer. Wats, XVII 2608. PP. 547-549 Keeler, C. H. 93 ~The evolution of the colors of North American land birds—a reply to criticism. [ Letter. ] Auk, X.’ 1893. . pp. 37 3=377 Keibel, F. 96 = Otogenie und Phylogenie von Haar und Feder Ergebnisse ad. Anat. u. Entwickl. (Merkel u. Bonnet.) Wiesbaden, V (for 1895). 1896. pp. 619-7149, figs. c=T3 Kerbert, C. Ueber die Haut der Reptilien und andere Wirbelthiere Archiv. f. mikros. Andt., XW. 18777 pps 2eqg=262, pls. XVITI-XX Kerville, H. G. de 83. Sur la structure des plumes, etc. _[Translation. ] see Gadow, Hi, 732 Kingsley, J. S. ‘97 ~= Hair and feathers Am: Nat., XXXII. 389072 pp. 767-777, Hes ee Reviewed by Allen, JA‘, Awz, XN. } 1308: Sp. 207 Klee, R. 86 = Bau und Entwickelung der Feder | Leitsthr. f. Naturwiss..- (Haile), Ata, sets V4 ee 1886. pp. 110-156, pls. 3 and 4 (folded) Also /naug.-Diss. Halle. 1886. 3 leaves, pp. 1-47, pls. 3 and 4 (folded) 7 Knight, 0. W. "96 The Pine Grosbeak in captivity Aur...
  • EieAbth. 1882. pp. «1-42; i Abth. 1882. pp. 128-137 heviewea by jelimes, J. A. Bu7/ WV. O.C., Vil. 1882. Phra, 270: Landois, H. °88 = Das Dunennestkleid der Vogel besteht nicht aus Dunen Zool. Anzeiger (Leipzig), XI, 1888. p. 703 Langdon, F. W. "19 The White-rumped and Loggerhead Shrikes in Ohio Bul.. Nutt. Orn. Cito, IN. \187o “Pp. 120 Lescuyer, F. °83. Considérations sur la forme et la coloration des oiseaux Trav. de Acad. Nat. de Rheims, UXXI. 1881-82. (1883.) pp. 1-52 and index Leverkthn, P. 90 Ueber Farbenvarietaten bei Vogeln VOUrt J SOF. XXXVI. 1890. pp. 168-232 Loomis, L. M. 93. Notes on the plumage of some birds from upper South Carolina Auk, x.) “1603; Pp. EFI-155 Lubach, D. ; Kleuren der vogelvederen. _[ Notice. | Album der Natuur, Haarlem. 1858. pp. 53, 54 See Bogdanow, A., ’58 Mc Callum, G. A. 85 [ Possible causes of ] Albinism High, WN 1065+.) PP. bL2, 114 Mc Cormick, L. M. 93 =A Hybrid Tanager [Piranga rubra + P. erythromelas| AU, 2. LOO? . Pp. i202," 203 Martin, L. 03 =Zur Verfarbung des Gefieders, namentlich bei Anas nigra Journ: f. Orn., I. 1853. pp. 206—212 Maurer, F. 92 Haut-Sinnesorgane, Feder- und Haaranlagen, und deren gegenseitige Beziehungen, eine Beitrag zur Phylogenie der Saugethierehaare. 336 DWIGHT Morph. Jahrb., XVI. 1892. pp. 717—804, pls. XXTV— XV Lieve Tess 1a. text Maurer, F. 95. ~~ Die Epidermis und ihre Abkémmlinge Ato. pp. i=ix, 1-352, pls..o, figs: im text'23.—-Leipzig, 1895 Reviewed by Seydel, O., ’96 Mearns, E. A. ‘78 ~~ A description of unusually developed individuals of three species, and remarks on uncommon plumages in several others, taken near West Point, N. Y. Bull. Nutt. Orn: Clb til; 2898. ppp to —72 Mearns, E. A. ‘78-81 A list of the birds of the Hudson Highlands with annotations Bull. Lisséx. Inst, “X. 1878." “pp. 166—17o ¢ 37077. eae 1879. pp. 43-52, 154-167, 189-204 ; zbzd. XII. 1880. pp- 11-25, 109-128; zézd. XIII. 1881. pp. 75-93; also Addendum, Aw, VII. 1890. pp. 55, 56 Mearns, E. A. "79 Notes on some of the less hardy winter residents in the Hudson River Valley Bull. Nutt. Orn: Club; AV. 1879: pps 33-37 Meckel, A. "15. ~Ueber die Federbildung Arth. f. ad. Phystol, (Ral “v~Aulenrieth, idle) oie 1815. pp. 37-96, pl. 3 Megnin, P. (ed. M. Reichenow)* ’°80. =Das Ausfallen der Federn bei Vogeln Ormuth. Centralbl., V. 1880. pp. 99g-I00 Meijere, J. C. H. de "95 ~~ Ueber die Federn der Végel, insbesondere iiber ihre Anord- nung Morph. Jahrb. (Leipzig), XXIII. 1895. pp. 562-591, figs. I-20 Merkel, E. ‘58 ~=Das Pigment der Vogelfedern Correspondenzblatt des Naturf. Ver. (Riga), X. 1858. Pp- 13, 14 See Bogdanow, A., ’58 PASSERINE BIRDS OF NEW YORK 3907 Meves, W. 95 =Om fargférandringen hos foglarna genom och utan rug- " ening Oefvers. Kon. Vet.-Akad. Foérhand. (Stockholm), XI (for 1854): .1S55. pp: 258=266, col’d pls: Ill, IV ‘55 [German translation] Ueber die Farbenanderung der Vogel durch und ohne Mauser wemrn: Ff. Orn, Vil. - 18552) pp: 4230-248, col’d pls. 1 and 2 ‘79 ~=—- [English translation by H, E. Dresser.] On the change of colour in birds through and irrespective of moulting Zoologis?, 3rd ser., Ll. rS7o. pp. :8i—s9, col’d pls. 1x and 2 Merriam, C. H. "T17 ~ .18606=, (ppie7 65.02 Schlegel, H. 52. ~=Sendschreiben an die am 6 Julius 1852 zu Altenburg versammelten Naturforscher Naumannia, Il, Heft 2. 1852. pp. 19-40 Schlegel, H. 53. Over den groei en de kleurveranderingen der vederen van de vogels Verschlag. en Meded. ad. Kon. Akad. Amsterdam, I. 1853. pp. 329-345 PASSERINE BIRDS OF NEW YORK 341 Schlegel, H. 55 ~=[Ueber meine Verfarbungstheorie] LVaumannia. 1855. pp. 249-251 Schrenk, G. 48 De formatione pennae. Diss; maug. , Ato. pp. °32 -—-' 1, pl. I.. Dorpati Livon- orum. 1848. [Also Mitaviae. 1846] Schroeder, J.* ‘77 ~=Erfahrungen bezuglich des Farbenriickschlages Blitter f. Gefliigelsucht, XI. 1877. pp. 39-40 Schroeder, R. 80. = Pterographische Untersuchungen Diss.-inaug. 8vo. pp. 36. Halissaxonum. 1880 Selater, P. L. Nitzsch’s Pterylography pee: Nitzsch,, C. Ty 707 Scott, W. E. D. ’79 Late fall and winter notes on some birds observed in the vicinity of Princeton, N. J., 1878-79 Bull, Nutt. Orn. Club, IV. 1879. pp. 81-85 Selenka, E. "91-93 See Gadow, H. and Selenka, E., ’91-93 Severtzov, N. 63 = Microskopische Untersuchungen iiber die Verfarbung der Federn zum Hochzeitskleide bei einigen Végeln, nebst Betrachtungen iiber das Verhaltniss derselben zur Mauser Bull. del Acad. imp. des Sct. de St. Pétersbourg, V1. 1863. PP- 330-346 [Reprint in] JZélanges biologique, 1V. 1861-65, 1865. PP te So4 Seydel, O. "96 = [Review of Maurer’s] Die Epidermis und ihre Abkémm- linge Morph. Jahrb., XXIV. 1896. pp. 356-358 see Maurer, F., ’95 Sharpe, R. B. and Wyatt, C. W. 85-94 A monograph of the Hirundinidz or Family of Swallows 2 vols. 4to. London. 1885-1894 342 DWIGHT Shufeldt, R. W. 90 =Notes upon Coccothraustes vespertina as a cagebird Auk, Vil-~ x800. \) pp. 93-05 Shufeldt, R. W. ‘91 =A female Piranga rubra assuming the plumage of the male Aue Vil. | 18914, pp- 215-310 Shufeldt, R. W. ‘97 ~=Notes on the moult and certain plumage phases of Prranga rubra Awk, XIV. .i1867-. pp: Ao6,;.407 Skillen, J. 94 The change from winter to spring plumage in the male Bobolink (Dolichonyx oryztvorus ) Auk; Xl, L894. YP. se Stieda, L. 69 Ueber Bau und Entwickelung der Federn St. Petersh; med. Zeitschr., XVIL.- 1369. pp. 185-102 Stieda, L. "72 Ueber den Bau der rothen Blattchen an den Schwingen des Seidenschwanzes (Ampelts garrulus ) Arch. f. mikr. Anat.,VIII. 1872. pp. 639-642, figs. 1-3 [Abstr. by E. Coues.] 1. Y. dudependent, Aug. 12,1875 Stone, W. 96 The molting of birds with special reference to the plum- ages of the smaller land birds of Eastern North America Proc. Acad. Nat. *Sei., (ehila.)> 1896.” pp, Tes—T6 ye piss Vv Reviewed by Palmer, W., Auk, XIII. 1896. pp. 240- 243 Notice in 7475, 7th ser,, V. “18e9.. ps 400 Stone, W. ‘97 = Spring moult in Spenus pinus AUR, SAV 2 1807. Hp. B26 Stone, W. 99. +~=Winter plumages : —IIlustrated by the Rose-breasted Gros- beak (Zamelodia ludoviciana) Auk, XVI. 1899. pp. 305-308, pl. IV Stone, W. . 1900 Report on the birds and mammals collected by the MclIl- henny expedition to Point Barrow, Alaska Proc. Acad. Nai. Sc. (Pnila.}. “1900, pp. 4-49 PASSERINE BIRDS OF NEW YORK 343 Streets, T. H. 83. =A study of the immature plumage of the North American Shrikes, to show their descent from a common progenitor Amer. Nat., XVIT. . 1883. pp. 389-391 Studer, T. ‘73 Die Entwicklung der Federn Inaug.-Diss., Bern. 1873 Studer, T. ‘78 ~=Beitrage zur Entwicklungsgeschichte der Feder Lach fs Wiss “Lo0r., XX, Telit 4.) 1878. pp. 421— 436, pls. XXV, XXVI Sundevall, C. J. 43° Om foglarnes vingars Kon. Vetenskaps-Akad. Handl. 1843. pp. 303-384, pls. 1 a [German translation] ‘‘ Ueber die Fliigel der Végel’’ jour: J. O77, 1. 1355. “pp: 118-168, pl. 1 (folded) [English translation] ‘‘ On the wings of birds ”’ does, sth ser. IV: 1886. pp. 389=457,: pls. XX, XI See also /szs. 1846. pp. 324-366 Thompson, E. E. 94. = Hybrid Prnzcola enucleator + Carpodacus purpureus Age, WI) i894. pp. 1-3, col’d pl..I Townsend, C. H. 82, =Remarkable plumage of the Orchard Oriole [Zeterws spurius] Buu, Nu, Ora. Clad; Vile" 1882? sp. 181 Trotter, S. 87 ~=The significance of certain phases in the genus He/mi- thophila Auk, AV. “18897>. pp..307—210 Tschusi (-Schmidhoffen), V. von * 66 ~=—s Beitrage zur Farbenveranderung der V6égel in Weiss u. Schwarz Verhandl. ad. kats.-kinigl. zool.-bot. Gesell. (Wien), XVI. 1966...) pp. 223,222 Tyrer, R.* "77 ~—Ueber die Vertarbung des Kreuzschnabels Geofed.< Welle Vix 1877. pps 209, 216 344 DWIGHT Waldeyer * ’°82. Untersuchungen iiber die Histogenie der Horngebilde, insbesonders der Haare und Federn Beitrage sur Anat. u. Embryol. als Festschrift fiir Jacob flenle, Bonn. 1882 Wayne, A. T. 91. + =An abnormal specimen of the Nonpareil (Passerina cirts) Aug, NU. 28o%.° sp.-305 Weinland, D. F. 56 = Zur Verfarbung der Vogelfeder ohne Mauserung fOUrn. f. Orn. gIV.e “1856, 7 pp. tess b26 Weinland, D. F. '56-'59 The cause of the change of color in the feathers of birds, and in the hairs of Mammalia, and the manner in which this change is effected Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., V1. 1856-59 pp. 34-37 Weiske, H.* 89. ~=Untersuchungen iiber die Qualitat der Vogelknochen und Federn in verschiedenen Altersstadien Landwirthschaftlichen Versuchsstationen, XXXVI. 1889. | tAared Wheelwright, G. ; 62 = On the change of plumage in the Crossbills and Pine Gros- beak Zoologist, XX. 1862. pp. 8001, 8002. Quoted from ‘‘?iveld’’ (newspaper), March 22, 1862 Wheelwright, G. 63 ~=Change of plumage in the Crossbills Zoologist, XXI. 1863. p. 8492 Quoted from ‘‘ /ve/d’’ (newspaper), November 15, 1862 Whitear, W. "18 Remarks on the changes of the plumage of birds Trans. Linn. Soc... CLosdony XU. “pt. .g5) ere to. pp. 524-526 Wray, R.S. ‘87 On some points in the morphology of the wings of birds Proc. Zool. Soc., (London.) 1887, pp. 343-357, pls XXIX-XXXII (XXX and XXXII col’d) PASSERINE BIRDS OF NEW YORK 345 Wray, B.S. °87 On the structure of the barbs, barbules and barbicels of a typical pennaceous feather Jhis, Sth ser., V. 1887. pp. 420-423, pl. XII Yarrell, W. 33. = [Observations on the changes of plumage in birds. ] Hro0e. £001. Soc. (London. ) 1833. pp: 9;: ro. Yarrell, W. 33, [On the laws that regulate the changes of plumage in birds. ] Proc. Zool. Soc. (London.) 1833. p. 56 Yarrell, William °35 Observations on the laws which appear to influence the as- sumption and changes of plumage in birds Trans. Zool. Soc. (London.) I. 1835. pp. 13-19 [Preliminary mention in] Proc. Zool. Soc., I. 1833. Pp: 9, 1e;-56. STE, 4 si) by? ) q Mig as beh s~ \ chee ; f 5 we dee te Bo (aa A ad | aa * nai ee ea : AM 1 é es 28 2" io? bs Pe, 8,7 pd i274 at P * ‘Das ‘ -y i ¢ ‘ ‘ ‘* a 7 A - > fi . = ly of Cy Me - ite Md ¢ 7 7 4 a Aol cone Plat ee ae ) ae ae Pe rd gi nab ob a Date what rites a > epee kee eee © at. : ae ot yeh #9 i, end ‘iri “etl BEAL rth os te ee ni . (ia . 7" ingnpe hae i é ; ee _ +1, Brae oe fan” oe ies a on. ero oe: ne: i tai he 7 ‘— ww, wa Se ae a ie Ok ri ‘ e4 a) a 7 "5 f " -_ fies “6 > Fi bi at a Thee | RAN ee hi - fire ee hyd? tae 5 x De, Ee EADS a Fiz sees say Pee rt ee oe: Ce oa fae ; geht Aly eee he agrees - ry * me 7 ' ’ : - {r i - “t ? Le ey > : i iw e ae. > | eb f\ ‘ ; iil = va > * ; Le he ak Ge eh avy re | ae Fee Mle 7 ee iP af PLATT DWIGHT—PLUMAGE AND MOULT Photograph showing the natural size, pattern and wear of the prin- cipal feathers of Dolichonyx orystvorus, a Passerine bird. They are all from males and some of the buff winter feathers have printed so much darker than they actually are that they, unfortunately, appear to be black. Figs. 1-6. Throat, September .2d 50). D. Jr. No. a aeqer 7.2 otiddile mectrix 66 6 rT, BS 8. Secondary, 66 c< 66 6 Q. Tertiary, ‘é ‘6 ‘6 ‘é LO. ,seriiMary,, ‘é ‘< ‘< «6 11. Dorsal feathers, se “< &< 66 12. Scapulary, << “6 6 6 13. Greater covert, 6é é & cc 14. Median covert, 2 «“ 6 rT, 15-16. Lesser coverts, Zz « «6 6 I7. Crown, 66 66 ‘ec cc 16. > Forehead, «6 “6 < &< 19-20. Side, 66 és bie ie 21. Flank, panes 6 66 6 23 steast. ‘6 c< 6 & 23. New black breast feather, March 1st (Amer. Mus. Nat, Hist., Now g2372,)- 24. Worn black breast feather, May 17th (J. D.) jr No: 2164). 25. Much worn black breast feather, July 2d (J. D., Jr., Norwi2270) 26. New buff abdominal feather, Sept. 2d (J.- D:, Jr., 7 No. 5.2253): 27. Worn buff abdominal feather, March 1st (Amer. Mus. Nat.: Hist., No:t32872): 28. Partly worn black abdominal feather, May 17th (J. Diy Jr. No. 21649; 29. Much worn black abdominal feather, July 2d (J. D., jr.,2No. 1227): ( 348 ) AN NWAIES Nosy, ACAD SCL. - -xXIu, PLATE f. 8 9e VW 5 16 17 14 13 . ~ = v , ia 7 : : ‘ 7 a e me ‘ * - - : 7 ; , f ’ ee TE WE. (349 ) wf < i” 7 al + * > > a : >a * 72 ad ra, Sey Poe — al Seo : a : ? PLATE AM DwIGHT—PLUMAGE AND MOoULT Photograph of feathers, natural size, from birds of various species illustrating some seasonal effects of moult and wear. The numbers are those of male specimens in my collection. Fig. aly 20. 2]. Ammoaramus savannarum passerinus. Juvenal Plumage tertiary, Sept. 16th (No. 63): Ammodramus savannarum passerinus. First Winter Plumage tertiary, Sept. 17th (No. 3468). Ammodramus savannarum passerinus. First Nuptial Plumage tertiary, June 19th (No. 2904). Spinus tristis. First Winter Plumage tertiary, Jan. 13th (No. 6356). Spinus tristis. First Nuptial Plumage tertiary, Aug. 26th (No: 387). Tachycineta bicolor. Adult Winter Plumage tertiary, Aug. 24th (No»6075): Lachycincta bicolor. Adult Nuptial Plumage tertiary, May 12th (No.°749):. | Icterus galbula. _Juvenal Plumage tertiary, July 28th (No, 536). Icterus galbula. First Nuptial Plumage tertiary, May 15th (No. 627). ; Icterus galbula. Adult Nuptial Plumage tertiary, May 17th (No. 2702). Icterus galbula. First Nuptial Plumage, tip of rectrix, May 15th (No. 627). Icterus galbula. Adult Nuptial Plumage, tip of rectrix, May 17th (No. 2163). Sturnella magna. First Winter Plumage, breast feather, Oct. 2d.(No. 5746) Sturnella magna. First Nuptial Plumage, breast feather, July 16th (No. 3389). Sturnella magna. Juvenal Plumage tertiary, July 7th CNo:- 1237). Sturnella magna. First Winter Plumage tertiary, Oct. 20. CNO.piA Gy: Sturnella magna. First Nuptial Plumage tertiary, July 16th (No. 3389). Tyrannus tyrannus. Juvenal Plumage, tips of first and second primaries, Aug. 30th (No. 6098). Tyrannus tyrannus. First Nuptial Plumage, tips of first and second primaries, April 7th (No. 6458). Chelidon erythrogastra. Juvenal Plumage, lateral rectrix, Aug. 6th (No. 1991). Chelidon erythrogastra. First Nuptial Plumage, lateral rectrix, May 22d (No. 2185). ( 350 ) Hp ws I ACAD. \ ANNALS N. . PLATE. ie (351) PEATE DwIGHT—PLUMAGE AND MOULT Photograph showing location of the Pteryle or Feather Tracts of a Passerine bird. Natal Down or neossoptiles may be seen at the tips of the juvenal feathers which are just breaking from their follicles. - The specimen a young Robin (Merula migratoria), five days out of the egg, is photographed life size. Fig. 1. Superior Aspect of the Feather Tracts. Alar or Wing Tract. Humeral or Shoulder Tract. Capital or Head Tract. Dorsal or Spinal Tract. Lumbar or Thigh Tract. Crural or Leg Tract. Caudal or Tail Tract. oO NRO NH Fig. 2. Inferior Aspect of the Feather Tracts. re AlareTract: 3. Capital Tract (lateral view. ) 5. Ventral or Inferior Tract (dividing into two lateral bands). 7 (Crural Tract (352) EAA ies NY? ACAD Stl. XIIt- PALEY. we wi NY yon ; PLATE: LV. ( 353.) ANNALS N. Y, AcAbD. Scr:, XIII, Oct. 31, 1900-23. PLATE LY DwiIGHT—PLUMAGE AND MOoULT Carpodacus parpureus.—Photomicrographs illustrating some of the plumages. (Enlargement about 20 diameters. ) Fig. 1. Juvenal Plumage, crown feather, showing loose struc- ture. (J. Dwight, Jr., No.-1288, July 2ad_) Fig. 2. First Winter Plumage, crown feather, nearly new. (J. Dwight, Jr:, No.§223,-Oct. 17th.) Fig. 3. First Nuptial Plumage, crown feather which is identical with a first winter feather plus wear, no moult inter- vening. (J. Dwight, Jr., No. 260, April 23d.) ( 354 ) ENNALS: Ne Ye ACAD: SCE» :200t PEATE A SS “Sy * ae = ~ SL. ia 2 = PRA TEON DwIGHT—-PLUMAGE AND Mouwuim Photomicrographs illustrating Natal Down adhering to tips of Ju- venal Plumage feathers. A Fig. 1. Dolchonyx oryztvorus, crown feather bearing Natal Down. Specimen in the collection of J. Dwight, Jr., No. 1943, July 28th. (Enlargement about 5 dia- meters. ) Fig. 2. Ctstothorus palustris, crown feather bearing Natal Down. Specimen in the collection of J. Dwight Jr., No. 4214, Aug. 20th. (Enlargement about 15 dia- meters. ) ANNAN. YoOAC AD. SCh. XII. PLATE V. ee we 7 4‘ hd Bahia) j ‘e D f ‘ ‘ . Sits — ye P yi ive “ by he ee 7 . ed Cre ‘ ic ‘ + f , A: t ‘ A ) ‘ : =b¥ f ¥ ‘i 6 ’ 4 ¥ P “* . pS f 1 ‘ a y be | { ' “ \ { 4 = : 5 ‘ é u . i ' " ‘ ~ re ( t . * Big : : nf] v , - - 7 7] J ’ ea! \ | ‘< ee * | ? at om - i ad * ——, be . _ ae rh : q Zi =) o , ie ‘ bg, Pe, ae } . y . Pa 7 @ a * ' i « Ls , + ~ 12 ' Fs es . iy? * : t ¥ : el » f “ 4 )45) vie et Fives . oy ‘ A ut : ; a 0, Ky tas AM in i - vd ‘ oak ey oe as see ‘ae . ° if > a ‘7 ‘ i 7 Wis cio ae 13 P 7 ar ; ur ae Vay 5 uty 3 1% aao Le tras 7 ca ta res gat pire ky oye LATE VI ; bi . t e 3 i 4) & 5 eo SONG, nce, hk th oe uy ook z 4 taf ia vt ’ ‘ ‘4 ea! 7 x J x fa es " & Flak wae C357 ) 7 c as, e \) De Pi PEN 4 \ h eM 4 Lae aw chee , ri ‘ , . 7 >a 8 : 4 ‘ v3 . t a } ‘ . ’ ¢ « - » > 3 ° , — ? . — - _ a ‘ mal { PLATE Vi DWIGHT—PLUMAGE AND MOULT Passerina cyanea.—Photomicrographs illustrating some of the plumages. (Enlargement about 20 diameters. ) Fig. 1. First Winter Plumage, brown throat feather, newly grown. (J. Dwight, Jr., No. 2451, Sept. 23d, } Fig. 2. First Winter Plumage, gray throat feather, worn. (U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 107845, March iith,) This figure does not do the actual feather justice. Fig. 3. First Nuptial Plumage, blue throat feather, new. It was still clasped by its sheath, and was growing beside the gray feather shown as Fig. 2. ( 358 ) ANNALS NAY. AGAD: SCL Xith Riga bE Vi. Se Ht HH aa el sail ee SS | “ ay eo i i * aS my iim. o a % = ee - PLATE VIL. PEATE, Vaal DwIGHT—PLUMAGE AND MOouULT Photomicrographs illustrating the apparent brightening of color in certain feathers. See explanation on pages 80, 173-175. (Enlarge- ment about 15 diameters. ) Fig. 1. Carpodacus purpureus. Adult Winter Plumage, crown feather sightly worn. (Collection of J. Dwight, Jr., No. 894, Oct. 29th.) Fig. 2. Carpodacus purpureus. Adult Nuptial Plumage, crown feather, equivalent to Fig. 1 plus wear and consequent loss ofbarbules. (J. Dwight, Jr., No. 3616, July 7th. ) Fig. 3. Loxia curvirostra\minor, Adult Winter Plumage, newly grown breast feather (the sheath was adherent). (J. Dwight, Jr., Now 1529,Oct.. 16th.) Fig. 4. Loxta curvirostra minor. First Nuptial Plumage, worn breast feather. It was situated beside the one just shown (Fig. 3), which it closely resembled when first developed, a year previously. ( 360) PLATE Vi. ba PIN NS IN. Yo ACAD. SCI. [ANNALS N, Y. Acap. Sci., Vol. XIII, No. 3, pp. 361-38v, Jan, 12, 1901. ] Tae rSeCIION: Al SCHOEARIE, N.Y. JOHN J. STEVENSON (Read October 16, 1899) CONTENTS PAGE RENEE UNEP 50.007) rn dictate, Ss ada ors ca abe a toramabl eg ade eo aNe WaslOAGe ohn Weenie enielcvune ce des 361 The Hudson ; its relation to the Medina Formation at southern localities....... 362 ENE A wr a cles Gee ce erie ete dc ree Se eo apeinid saat wd 'ow's wale 363 The Onondaga; represented by the Waterlime ; and its relation to the Niagara SRC pne) RUCIEEDERS SEMIGE S255 a5 ole ngtantenswew depen ae tesa ncluceccww'ssamdeon -deneeee 364 Be LeL OGL. -h ITS SUBOIMSIONS © ine mo capekn cove amned Salsion bed sdeeeepnsesvaevavadace 366 Sieworicuany + its relation, to. the Pelderbere ... ..iivsreenessa5 «vaoseecdveccnceecesas see 374 ie Cotniterous [Onondaga |]; and! tS subALVISIONS . 2.52.20. ..0cssece sssnseooseosee 375 MEET RUNCORN. conve Nader dah teasnerses ah nt estab ned cesictceaccteuns Fesleepsrbecwaanleadusrasins 377 Sea GNE AICS OT CONIEGIGEE 0 55 5. < Seats vs apna dewesgand Sree Watsiwieg dsebsls ¥eebe’ Seal 377 Appendix : Glacial action in the Schoharie Valley, by Archibald E. Stevenson 378 INTRODUCTION The Schoharie River rises on the easterly side of the Catskill mountains, flows westwardly across the rugged area, then turns northwardly and finally enters the Mohawk river near Amster- dam, about one hundred miles from its source. It cuts the Helderberg escarpment at little more than a mile below the vil- lage of Schoharie in the county of the same name. The Helderbergs are practically the northwestern border of the mountainous synclinal area known as the Catskills, the southeasterly border being the Shawangunk mountains. The section shown in the wall, as seen for many miles along the - Delaware and Hudson railway, extends from the Hudson to the Hamilton, while the Chemung is reached at from one to four miles from the escarpment’s edge. The succession is shown in such detail at many places that this Helderberg scarp from near ANNALS N. Y, Acab. Sci., XIII, Jan. 12, t901—24. (361) 362 STEVESNON Albany to Sharon Springs has always been a favorite ground for students. Prof. James Hall made his first journey along its face in 1832 and three generations of Gebhards. have followed him as industrious collectors along the Schoharie and its tributaries. Recent studies have been made by Prof. C. S. Prosser and Mr. N. H. Darton, which have gone far toward removing uncertainty respecting the relations of some of the beds. Schoharie Valley is a broad indentation of the Helderbergs extending without material contraction for about five miles above Schoharie village. At that distance, however, the Marcellus has passed under the stream, and the hard beds of the Hamilton form the walls of the valley. The writer’s study was confined to the immediate vicinity of Schoharie village, where, on both sides of the valley, the section extends from the Hudson to the Corniferous, while the Hamilton can be reached at barely a mile away. The object of the study was to compare the section be- low the Corniferous with that in south-central Pennsylvania. Many details were obtained during the examination, which are given here for the use of collectors who may visit the locality. THE HUDSON, MEDINA AND CLINTON The Hudson is represented indifferently at Schoharie, the ex- posures on the west side near the bridge and near the edge of the escarpment as well as the outcroppings along the east side of the valley north from the village being insignificant. But the beds are better shown along the Delaware and Hudson railway from Central Bridge to Esperance in this county where they are gray- ish to drab shales and sandstones, making up the low rounded hills northwestward from the escarpment. The thickness is very great, for, according to Mr. Darton, a boring near Alta- mont showed it 3,480 feet. The Medina is unrepresented, and the Oneida, so massive in the Shawangunk, is wanting. The Hudson is succeeded by a shale, which is well shown on the west side of the river at a lit- tle way above the bridge, but very imperfectly on the valley road and on the point of West mountain. This, regarded as the THE SECTION Ad SCHOHARIE, N.Y. 3638 equivalent of the Clinton, is somewhat variable in color, weathers dirty white and contains much nodular pyrite accompanied by barite. The same characteristics appear at Howes cave, five miles west from Schoharie. The pyrite was mined near Scho- harie thirty years ago, but the venture proved unprofitable. The exposures at Schoharie are incomplete but the thickness cannot exceed thirty feet. There is here a very striking contrast with the section of south- ern Pennsylvania and of other localities farther southward. The Hudson shales, in Evitts mountain, Bedford county, Penn., mostly yellow in color, contain some sandstones near the top, where the color changes and physically there is a gradual passage to the lower or red Medina. Rafinesquina alternata, Plectam- bonites sericea, Rhynchotrema capax and Leiopteria radiata pass upward into the red Medina. The conditions in southwestern Virginia are the same. On the northern side of Big Walker mountain in Bland county, near Sharon Springs, as well as in Lyons gap through the same mountain in Smyth county and Hay- ter’s gap through Clinch mountain in Russell county, exposures are especially good, as they show a fossiliferous bed at about one hundred feet below the white Medina, in which Rhynchotrema capax, Actinopteria emacerata, Leiopterta radiata, a Modiolopsis a large linguloid form and fragments of Orthoceras occur abund- antly. The Oneida seems to disappear in south-central Penn- sylvania and thence southward the passage from Ordovician to Silurian is gradual at most of the exposures. THE NIAGARA The Niagara limestone is represented by the Coralline lime- stone of the older reports, which, at the complete exposure on Schoharie river above the bridge, is a massive rock in three layers | averaging in all six feet. The upper portion is very dark on fresh surface, the lower portion less so, but both weather light gray. This limestone is well exposed along the west side of the river for an eighth of a mile above the bridge and at several points below the bridge; it can be followed easily to Howe’s cave, 364 STEVENSON where it underlies the ‘Cement rock”’ of the Waterlime. The only exposure on the east side is that near the African church, but the rock is present along this hill northward and in the Fox- kill valley eastward, as the stone fences hold fragments of it in abundance. Some portions are crowded with /avosites niag- arensis and Stromatopora concentrica but other forms are rare. Occasionally one finds a nest of Rhynchonella lamellosa with Arypa reticularis and Pterinea securiformis, all well preserved. Besides these are some univalves and cephalopods but for the most part they are indefinite and in some cases even the genus cannot be determined satisfactorily. THE ONONDAGA The Onondaga, of Dana, is represented only by the Water- lime. The Salina shales, so thick in western New York and per- sistent in southward even to the Baltimore and Ohio railroad’ in Maryland, have no representative here. The physical change from Coralline (Niagara) to Waterlime is sufficiently sharp in that the color changes abruptly from very dark brown (the ‘“blackrock”’ of the Cement quarries) to dark gray or dull brown while the fracture becomes more earthy and ragged, though the weathered surface of the two rocks is very similar. The Waterlime is not well exposed at any point near Scho- harie. The space between fhe Coralline and the Tentaculite on the east side is apparently not more than 15 feet, but it is certainly greater on the west side of the river upon the Gebhard farm, where there is a good exposure for more than six feet above the Coralline. The succession is fairly well shown at the Howe’s cave cement tunnel, where, in descending from the Tentaculite limestone, one finds L. Mlagey. and -shaly limestone... sce one ee at. Bees SIME, LOCK 2 soa c ctu 2 Jee aos ane ee a0" 27a Cement TOCK. | 5. ce ged cacao con ee eee 6’ 1 Gr bane AER Fic heh et oe ach hank 20) 16” 1 As ascertained by I. C. White. THE“SECTION. AT SCHOHARIE, N.Y: 365 The upper portion of No. 1 is shown at the entrance to Howe's cave, and at the grinding mill as well as in an excavation near by once occupied by a kiln. The middle portion for about 6’ is concealed, while the lower portion is exposed at the tunnel. The flaggy layers are from 6” to 1’ thick and _ hard, yielding a good building stone, which was used in the older part of the Cave hotel. The greater part of the mass, however, is made up of layers from one to two inches thick, separated by lamine of shale. The rock weathers light gray with trace of blue, but is brownish gray on the fresh surface: The “blue rock” is evi- dently a hydraulic limestone, light blue in color, with irregular fracture and too calcareous for cement. The “cement rock,’ which forms the base of the mass, varies little from 6’ and is in three layers. It is darker than the last, more ragged in fracture and is the cement rock of the works in Ulster and Schoharie counties. At Howe’s cave, calcite occurs in little patches between the ““Blue’’ and “Cement,” sometimes in sufficient quantity to be annoying. Near Schoharie, it has been obtained at Clarke’s cave as well as near the Table rock, both on the west side of the river. Near the latter locality, strontianite is associated with the calcite. Several tons of the former mineral were shipped, but the deposit did not prove to be of economic importance as the streaks are too variable. No attempt has been made at Scho- harie to utilize the rock in the manufacture of cement, though the character is apparently the same as at- Howe’s cave, where preparations are making for an output of 2,000 barrels per diem. While the color and composition of the rock prove a decided change in physical conditions from those prevailing during the Niagara, still that change must have been comparatively unim- portant, since it did not suffice to cause local destruction of the fauna. At Howe’s cave, /:7vosites niagarensis passes upward from the Coralline and persists in the lower three feet of the ‘““cement,’’ being so abundant in some of the headings as to unfit the rock for use. According to Professor Hall, Hadysites catenu- faria passes from Niagara to Waterlime in Herkimer county. At Schoharie, Mr. W. D. Gebhard has obtained some of his best 366 STEVENSON ‘“Coralline ” forms from the lower layers of the Waterlime ; and certainly some specimens in the New York University museum, collected many years ago by John Gebhard, Jr., are in rock showing the color and fracture not of Coralline but of Waterlime. It is sufficiently evident that, while the great mass of Salina shale was in process of deposit in central New York and in much of the Appalachian region, the conditions within this portion of New York changed so gradually as to bring about only a slow disap- pearance of the fauna. There is a steady increase of calcareous matter from the bottom to the top of the Waterlime. No fossils were found in the, lower portions of No. 1, but, above the middle, Spirifer vanuxemi and Leperditia alta were obtained from the thicker layers, showing that the passage to Helderberg was quite as gradual as that from Niagara. The Waterlime is the cave rock of this region. THE HELDERBERG The Helderberg (Lower Helderberg) was divided by the older geologists into 1. Tentaculite Limestone. 2. Lower Pentamerus Limestone. 3. Catskill or Delthyris Shaly Limestone. 4. Scutella Limestone. 5. Upper Pentamerus Limestone. The succession being in ascending order. This succession is distinct in southern Pennsylvania and even in southwest Virginia, though in the latter area the upper beds are quite silicious. The formation is termed the Lewistown limestone in the Pennsylvania reports. 1. The Tentaculite Limestone The passage from Waterlime to Tentaculite is marked in the Schoharie region by an abrupt change in color, the latter being the ‘ Blue limestone,” with blue so deep in the lower lay- ers as to appear almost black. The succession in descending order is THE SECTION AT SCHOHARIE, N. Y. 367 Tentaculite limestone. 1. Limestone, bluish, irregularly bedded, layers 2’ te ae Ne FE xc hats Re ee Re einige vse cere side 2-0. 2. Limestone, bluish, irregularly bedded, often sub-concretionary, the layers separated by very MM SCS gear as oinawieneemee ree taeceel 66%20 et GY s. Limestone, deep blac, in two layers, 2’ 3’’ and 2’ 6’’, separated by 2” of clay, massive, brittle, conchordal fracture, fetid odor. .....¢0........%.. Ayer” 4. Limestone, thin layers with laminz of shale... 5’ 5. Limestone, blue to bluish-black, massive......... aia 6. Limestone, bluish, irregular, sub-concretionary SURG RUE sree aman krcttnn tebe cataract siness/- no's 2} 7. Limestone, thin bedded, with laminz of shale 5’ 8” 5) Wimestone, imdayers about 17’ thick. ..40-.i...-% x g. Limestone, bluish-black, ragged fracture, mas- Sie; SUM Uee WIANELS: cmd. vase oematiaie 4 on Seems oes mrallyas’ 5’’ thick. This section is seen in an almost continuous exposure on the east side, where quarries have been worked for a quarter of a mile below Schoharie village, and there are many partial ex- posures within half a mile above the village. The only com- plete exposure on the west side is along the road ascending West Mountain. Occasional outcrops were seen on Foxkill and Cobleskill east and west from the Schoharie and the great quar- ries at Howe’s cave exhibit the same order. At one time, the massive beds were quarried either for building or for ornamental stone, but they are used no longer, as planes of bedding developed on exposure and caused unsightly seams. The weathered sur- faces in the quarries show that the massive beds are laminated though the surface of fresh fracture shows no trace of such structure. The lowest bed was quarried most extensively as it yields blocks of large size. The rock is brittle, rings when struck but has a very ragged fracture. Fossils are comparatively rare, only Spirifer venuxeni and Leperditia alta having been seen. But the half-burned rock is clearly a mass of fossils, mostly of the 368 STEVENSON forms mentioned with some 7enztaculites. No. 8 varies little in thickness and not atall in character. The upper surfaces of the layers are crowded with 7entacultes gyracanthus, which at many localities are in perfect condition. No. 7 is more irregular in its bedding. Thin laminz of limestones in the shales separating the thicker layers are crowded with fossils, seldom in good con- dition. The predominating forms are Zaphrentis, Stromatopora, Spirifer vanuxemi, Leiopteria aviculoidea, Tentaculites gyracan- thus, Leperditia alta, Beyrichia and minute univalves. The deli- cate crinoid, Homocrinus scoparius, is said by W. D. Gebhard to belong in the upper portion of this division, but no fragments of it were found. No. 6 contains many Stromatopora, some of which are large, one colony having been seen which weighed more than 75 pounds. No. 4 resembles No. 7 and contains the same fossils in the same condition. No. 3 resembles Nos. 5 and g. It yields the Spzrifer and Letopterta well preserved but LTentaculites is rare. No. 2 is very fossiliferous, and the speci- mens obtained from the harder parts are very good; Stropheo- donta varistriata occurs abundantly and a fine pygidium of Dalmanites micrurus was found near the top. No. 1 contains few fossils aside from fragments of crinoidal stems, which are shown on the weathered surface. Besides the forms mentioned, some of the massive beds contain Ovthoceras ; no specimens were found in place but several were obtained from the waste piles. Irregular markings occur on the surfaces of the higher beds which may be looked upon as mats of fucoids, shrinkage cracks or trails ; all appear to be chafed or water-worn as though the rock had been at the water’s edge. There is no transition from the Tentaculite to the Lower Pen- tamerus. The former is blue, brittle, laminated or thin-bedded ; the latter is bluish gray, massive, extremely tough and refrac- tory. The best blocks of Tentaculite bear little strain ; some, 15 inches thick, in the Schoharie cemetery have broken on irregular foundations under the weight of comparatively small monuments, but the Lower Pentamerus is reported to beara pressure of 19,- 000 to 26,000 pounds to the square inch. THE. SECTION “Al SCHOHARIE, N. Y. 369 2. Lower Pentamerus Limestone The Lower Pentamerus consists of 33 feet of hard, massive limestone below and 32 feet ' of alternating hard and somewhat softer limestones above. The lower portion forms a bold cliff, which is distinct on both sides of the Schoharie valley to two miles above the village, where it passes under the river at less than half a mile below Davis’s dam. It is equally distinct west- wardly to Howe’s cave and eastwardly along the face of the Helderberg for many miles. The rock is excessively hard, or better, tough, very difficult to break with the hammer. The bedding is evident, but there is a subordinate structure, so that the rock seems to be made up of irregular lenses separated by coatings of clay. This structure is very apparent on the weath- ered surface, and is recognizable without difficulty in the un- weathered rock. The weathered surface is very irregular and suggests a loose structure, but in Mix & O’Reilly’s quarry at Schoharie, building-stone of the best quality has been obtained at five feet back from the face. The rock has been exposed to attack from both sides in that quarry, for the joint planes have been converted into open fissures, whose sides are weathered as thoroughly as is the exposed cliff. The clay film may be a cementing material for the lenses. The color is dull grayish on the cliff face, which is often coated with drip lime, but internally the color has more of blue, though wholly different from the blue of the Tentaculite. The full thickness of this portion is not shown on the east side, but is exposed on the west side of the valley, along the road ascending West mountain. The character of this portion is the same as at Howe’s cave, where, however, no use is made of the rock except in preparation of road metal. ‘The upper portion of the Lower Pentamerus is not exposed in satisfactory detail near Schoharie. An imperfect exposure was found in a dry waterway in the park back of Schoharie village on the east side, and another in a similar waterway on the west side, about 200 yards south from the schoolhouse. ' These measurements are by barometer. 370 STEVENSON The succession at both places is that of thin limestones varying in hardness but with very little trace of shale. No exposures were seen in open fields on the east side, but the harder beds are shown on the schoolhouse hill south from the waterway just mentioned, where the decayed outcrop gives opportunity to see the fossils. The toughness of the lower portion is such that fossils can be obtained in very few places; even where decay has gone on for a long period, the result is little more than mere separation of the lenses, leaving the limestone itself as refractory as before. A few layers, however, are more readily treated and yield nu- merous strophomenoid forms, one of them being evidently the Stropheodonta of the Tentaculite. Szeberella galeata is found abundantly with the valves separate. Uncinulus mutabilis, At- rypa reticularis are common; rude fragments of Orthoceras and pygidia of Dalmanites occur, and fragments of crinoidal stems are not rare. In the upper division the same forms are present, but the Szeberella is less common. A layer within two or three feet from the top is characterized by the Lepadocrinus gebhard.. A continuous outcrop of more than 200 feet in the field south from the schoolhouse shows the stems in great abundance, but complete specimens are very rare, barely a dozen examples having been obtained during almost seventy years of collecting by three generations of Gebhards. This horizon is exposed in the park near Schoharie village. One of the higher layers con- tains great numbers of Jariacrinus stems, some of which are more than a foot long. 3. The Delthyris or Catskill Shaly Limestone The immediate contact between the Lower Pentamerus and the Delthyris was not seen, there being a concealed interval of from two to five feet between characteristic beds. The thick- ness of the Delthyris by barometer is from 85 to g5 feet. The mass is a succession of limestone beds, one to three feet thick separated by beds of calcareous shale varying in like manner. The limestones are bluish to dark gray, some of them very light gray. Many of them are somewhat argillaceous and most of THE SECTION AT SCHOHARIE, N. Y. 371 them weather light gray. The shales are hard but weather readily. As a whole the rocks wear away easily so that the place of the Delthyris is marked by a slope between cliffs made by the Lower and the Upper Pentamerus. This slope on the east side of the valley is long and gentle so as to be cultivated and there are few satisfactory exposures ; but the slope is com- paratively steep on the west side and an almost continuous ex- posure is found on the schoolhouse hill in a little waterway. Imperfect exposures only were found on West mountain near Murphy’s, though there one finds the best exhibition of the uppermost beds. The most extensive exposure is on the west side of Schoharie river below Davis’s dam, where one sees all the beds, except the topmost, as they descend to the river ; when the water is low, a horizontal space of 25 to 100 feet is bare. The lower portion for about fifteen feet is siliclous and con- tains much chert. It is shown on the schoolhouse hill where it can be followed for a long distance ; but a proper understanding of the structure of this portion can be gained only at the Davis dam locality, where the broad surface shows the interlacing of the cherty masses. The fossils in this part are numerous and beautifully preserved ; they are all silicified but cannot be re- moved except by weathering. The rock is refractory and is apt to break at the wrong place for the collector. The highest beds are soft calcareous shales best shown on West mountain at the Murphy place, where for a hundred feet or more they have rotted away leaving a recess under the Scutella-Pentamerus cliff. The Delthyris is fossiliferous throughout and in many of the beds perfect specimens are the ordinary condition. Owing to the readiness with which the softer beds weather, specimens are set free in great number. Some forms are present throughout. At Davis’ dam Spirifer macropleura makes its appearance in the cherty beds and persists to the top of the series. It was not found in the highest shales at the Murphy locality. Azry- pina imbricata and Coelospira concava are rare in the upper shales though abundant in the beds below. The most char- acteristic forms occurring throughout the Delthyris are Zaph- 372 STEVENSON ventis helderbergie, Leptena rhomboidalis, Stropheodonta beckit, Orthothetes woolworthana, Rhipidomella oblata, Dalmanella sub- carinata, Spirifer macropleura, S. cyclopterus, S. perlamellosus, Meristella arcuata, Eatonia medialis, Stenochisma formosa, Un- cinulus nucleolatus, Platyceras elongatum, Phacops logani, Dal- manites and Lichas in fragments. Orthoceras fragments are many but obscure. 4. The Scutella Limestone Resting upon the shales closing the Delthyris is a limestone, eight feet thick, light blue, slightly granular and containing vast numbers of crinoidal stems, whose white color contrasts mark- edly with the blue of the rock. For two feet at the bottom this Scutella limestone is in layers one to two inches thick, but, above, it becomes more nearly massive. It forms the lower part of the upper limestone cliff, which stands out on both sides of the valley to a short distance above Davis’ dam, about two miles and a half above Schoharie village. This cliff is less conspicuous than that below, as the rock is less resistant, but its place is dis- tinct. The most notable fossils are the shield-like bodies of As- pidocrinus scutelliformis, which in some cases are almost three inches in diameter. The stems accompanying them are from one-fifth to one-third of an inch in diameter, but they can hardly belong to Scufel/a, as in that form the pit for attachment is very small. Other fossils are abundant, most of them forms which are found in the Delthyris. The brachiopods, except Atrypa reticulatus, usually have the valves separated. 5. The Upper Pentamerus Limestone This has been united by Professor Hall with the Scutella under the name of Becraft limestone, as the two limestones appear to be hardly distinct enough in some other localities to deserve separate names. In the Schoharie area, however, they are easily distinguished by the color of the fresh surface, although the weathered surface shows no difference. The Upper Penta- merus forms the upper portion of the second cliff on both sides of the valley and can be reached at many places up to its disap- THE SEGHOW AT (SCHOMARIE, N. Y. 373 pearance above Davis’ dam. The color is bluish gray, much darker than that of the Scutella but much lighter than that of the Lower Pentamerus. Like the latter, it is somewhat irregu- lar and roughly lenticular in structure, but less so. The upper layers are easily broken and resemble the Scutella in color as well as in general appearance. They are crinoidal and carry Zaphrentis almost to the top, where they seem to contain little more silica than the lower beds. These upper layers include some thin shaly beds, thus differing from the lower portion, which at most localities is rather massive. The thickness as measured on the schoolhouse hill is approximately 22 feet. Exposures on the east side of the valley are not complete, only the lower portion being shown at most localities. Erosion on that side both before and during the glacial period was much more extensive than on the west side. Good measurements can be obtained on the Schoolhouse hill and on West mountain, both on the west side. The Upper Pentamerus is richly fossiliferous ; in some layers only separated valves even of Atrypa and Rhynchonelloid forms can be obtained, but in others the specimens are well preserved and abundant. Some forms are present throughout ; Leptena rhomboidalis, Schizophoria multistriata, Spirifer concinnus, Mer- stella princeps, Atrypa reticularis, Welsonia ventricosa, Steno- chisma formosa, Uncinulus nobilis, Steberella pseudogaleata ; but beside these are many forms, the writer having obtained Revs- seleria, 2 sp.; Rhynchonelloid forms, 4; Mertstella, 3. sp.; Spirifer, with Orthis, Leptena, Stropheodonta, Platyceras, Or- thoceras, Trochoceras, Favosites, Chetetes, Stromatopora and L1- chenalia. The Favosites helderbergi@ is most abundant about midway and is often associated with chert. Where the rock is in proper condition, as at the Brown farm northeast from Scho- harie and above Davis's dam, the Upper Pentamerus affords a series of fossils as interesting and as well preserved as those of the Delthyris. Specimens rarely weather free in good condition as they are not silicified, but the limestone is much more tract- able than the Delthyris and specimens can be broken from the rock, almost as good as those of the Delthyris. 374 STEVENSON THE ORISKANY SANDSTONE The Oriskany is thin at Schoharie, not more than ten feet. The contact with Upper Pentamerus was not seen but on the schoolhouse hill and on West mountain the concealed space is not more than 18 inches. The rock is rarely found in place as it decays readily and the crop becomes covered. One exposure on the schoolhouse hill shows 7 feet. On West mountain the interval from the highest observed layer of the Pentamerus to the top of the Oriskany is barely 12 feet. The rock is bluish gray, slightly calcareous sandstone with much ferruginous mat- ter as cementing material. Unweathered, it is very hard, but weathered it is rusty yellow and very tender. The change from Helderberg to Oriskany is abrupt at Scho- harie and according to Mr. Darton’s observations it seems to be equally so throughout the region. Professor Hall once stated in conversation that the break at this horizon is one of the best defined in the State of New York. ‘But the case 4s “dittereat farther south in the Appalachian region. The transition is very gradual in southern Pennsylvania, there being as the transition ~ bed a silicious limestone, 20 feet thick, very cherty, whose whitened fragments occur abundantly on every Oriskany ridge in Bedford county. This bed contains the Helderberg Favosites along with such typical Oriskany forms as Sferifer arenosus anc /~vulyostoma ventricosum. The section is almost complete at Hyndman, where the quarries are extensive. This tran- sition bed is persistent southward, being present as the attenuated representative of the Oriskany and Helderberg at several lo- calities in the Valley of Virginia, where those formations thinned out against the old shore-line. The intimate relation between these formations seen in southern Pennsylvania is equally clear in southwestern Virginia, where, however, the Helderberg be- comes silicious in the upper portion and the Oriskany contatns so many Helderberg forms that the writer during his first exam- ination of the region thought it the Helderberg. In New York the Oriskany does not contain crinoids, but such forms are by no means rare in Maryland and southward. THE SECTION AT SCHOHARIE, N. Y. 315 Fossils abound in some layers of the Oriskany. They are not obtained readily from unweathered rock and the weathered rock affords usually only casts, which, however, show the in- terior structure with extreme accuracy. Sometimes where the decay has not caused complete removal of calcareous matter, ex- quisite specimens are found, showing shell structure and internal appendages of brachiopods. ‘The forms are not numerous at Schoharie, but many of them are such as to be attractive museum specimens. Those commonly obtained are Spirifer arenosus, S. arrectus, Metaplasia pyxidata, Meristella lata, Rensseleria ovoides, Megalanteris ovalis, Rhipidomella musculosa, Eatonia singularis, Stropheodonta magnifica, Hipparionyx proximus, Anoplotheca Habellites, Platyostoma ventricosum. Lamellibranchs are not rare, but they are seldom obtained in good condition. The only forms passing up from the Helder- berg are the Zatonia and Leptena rhomboidalis, the latter very rare. THE CORNIFEROUS Everywhere throughout this region there rests upon the Oris- kany a mass of shale, grayish, from 95 to 105 feet thick (by ba- rometer). This is the Cauda Galli grit, the Esopus shales of Darton, and forms the slope above the Upper Pentamerus cliff on both sides of the Schoharie valley. Its bottom layer, 3 to 5 inches, is hard and forms the floor of the bench, protecting the softer Oriskany, whose wasting has formed a subordinate slope Much of the shale is fissile, this being shown on West mountain where the slope is abrupt ; the upper portion is rather harder and is jointed so as to come out in blocks, 3 or 4 feet by about 2 feet and 8 to 12 inches thick. The Spzvophyton is most abundant in the upper part. The exposures near Schoharie are all imperfect, the best being on West mountain: there are very few on the east side where the pre-glacial erosion was very extensive. The Schoharie Grit, between the Cauda-Galli and the Cor- niferous limestone, is rarely more than 6 feet thick and is ex- posed at very few localities. It is an excessively hard silicious limestone, containing much ferruginous matter and dark brown 376 STEVENSON on the fresh surface. Weathered, it resembles the Oriskany, but is darker. It is so hard as to suggest that silica is the cement- ing material. But the iron leads to disintegration and the rock wastes away, so that its outcrop is concealed by heavy blocks of Corniferous, between which debris has accumulated. The only outcrop discovered is on the northwest face of West mountain, but the presence of the rock is shown on both sides of the valley by the fragments strewn about the fields. The unweathered rock is so hard as to yield nothing to the collector, but several layers are extraordinarily rich in individuals of a few types, which can be procured easily from weathered fragments. The ordinary forms belong to Stropheodonta, Pentamerella, Atrypa, Orthoceras, Cyrtoceras, Trochoceras and Gomphoceras. Cephalo- pods are the prevalent forms. ) relic. .je5< sce savteeaneasrenceetet 434 BERMUDA ECHINODERMS, FURTH- Aspidocrinus sculelliforMts.......+0+ 372 ER NOTES ON, H. L Clark, 504, 505 Asperericbides Visi veonsedes eee 395| BERMUDA TOAD, THE, F. C. ASLETUAS LENUIS PING oc iro, ssatesece seek 505 INV AICO. os acirtanes astaceutte caaeeeee 504-505 BSters ote aaac ear eewes Seon homies 514| BERNOULLI EFFECT, THE, IN STA- ISOS soars Sie Satin Ree ase ee eee 33 TIONERY SOUND WAVES, Bergen Astien Pliocene. <2syacmt saccse See GO| IDIAVAS 1520506 Seo acs as eee eee 481-8 Middle Pliocene n.s.c.eeeeceee 32-3 | Bertelli, Riccardo, Res. Mem....... 503 ALClOdINE 2..0sanen: eh ee aniees Le 505 | Bettrand, (C. ‘sscrel: 2. eee 436, 438 ATOM, THE NATURE OF THE, AS BERTRAND’S C. E., THEORY REs- INDICATED BY RECENT SPEC- PECTING THE ORIGIN OF CERTAIN TRUM ANALYsIS,Wm. Hallock. 485-6 Monte the Ony 4 heer dees wem sete 485-6 Atwuskniges, Passamaquoddy....... 386 ACT ed raid Ra A osc aca sae 373,370) A. reticularis.....364, 379, 373, 376 She WETECRLUE LES hele recnhouats ae aoe 372 Atry PIM THPTICA 0. velccvdeedarcoses B7K | Aucites Eypidiomorphic. 10.2.0 422 Augite syenite, 421, 422, 423, 426, 430, 506 AUSTRALIA, CENTRAL, RECENT RESEARCHESIN, Dr. Livingston SVE cin 01/6 (a at a nem Se ie 484-5 | Australian long -fishiv.:5.5....2..+ssese0s Australian, one of three zodlogical GNVISIONS it cp eeaeacedsedwanteysse sents Autumn, Preponderance of young ies ety iB age ctewciapeaiecchca'. oe ees Aymard; re 447 128-9 Coats, J. J. Stevenson...436, 437-8 | Beyrich:s 76h. oeerec ance 8, 59 Beg Kit BUG Susie | netics he Re 368 Bibliography of Passerine Birds, 318-345 Bibliography of Tertiary Mammal ELOWIZONS cA f2 Poe ce So nada eee 59-64 Bickmore; Prof.;srelsr.c2.snse- sete 515 Bieb 5, ref, .c..cccasonno nessa meee ones 397 Big. Walker MimisoMas:usiets. kaa 363 Bigelss fet c crs vies eee 395 Bigelow, M. A.; EMBRYOLOGY |) OR GBR AS... Seenvsireateasceeenteeet 477-479 ‘Bigelow, M. A.; REPORT ON SUMMER, - WORK ints cnet eeenenee 497 | BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICE OF OLIYER P. Huspparp, E. O. Hovey. 480, 481 ‘Biological Triumph in reconstruc- tion of AmtarctiCa. ssccest assess 51 INDEX. 519 BIRDS, PASSERINE, OF NEW YORK, Byrnes, Miss Ester, Res. Mem..... 475 THE SEQUENCE OF PLUMAGES | AND MOULTs OF THE, Jonathan [Geb teeies. 26st) cassstportsesei aloes 29 MONAT, MIS icc vce shebaese: daveeesl 73-360 | Cadibona, Lignites of.............00+. 22 Pardseye limestone... .... ....-c.0002es5 500 | COTE OIRE INO 2 cs sdee Sivck ada Meddats 24 2 ER ere erro cer 36 | Czenogzea. One of zoological di- PRICES oss 05 i xak osx va rsalieree’ BOA err VISHONG aoce. Aes ccace i taecevadbigsess 47 Coal kA] ONE tear ne ee am ee 364 | Calamodon europaeus Riitimeyer..... I2 Blanford, Wm, 1: ref., | Calcatre de Montabuzard............ 26, 28 BO, 375 Ali 40; SL; 56, py erates 59 | Calcarye grasster DEAS, .i..ic0csece0ses 14 lo ON 389, 394, 396, 401 | older than Mauremont........... 18 me ANIMEStONE, .6i.cs0c0eseecnecelaunss 366 | WE SINE OWL. crekcdsccdssnsaveoase 16 PMORUINCKS Ssciatis 25%! cas\noneacianeat eons 364, 365 | Calcaires de 1’ Armagnac...........- 28 le ae A fy 502 TC DNSS ONO TA, ORE: SOR ae 28 Second Vice-Pres. ..........+. 441, 454 | Ze UNCUT RON win se savant sheeacces cn 28 Boas, Franz; THE ESQUIMO OF | CES BOLESAE TOMY, saa cceciniaan sess 10 CUMBERLAND SOUND.........0. 484, 485 | et marnes de Ronzon, Phos- Boas, Franz; THE GROWTH OF phates parallel with......... 22 CML DREN, .cccuacascoe's 449, 450-451 | Calciferous sandrock ...............0.. 500 2) TL GNSS Co ae Bi CA NeMOtre cur chactee ck raced faces titciks ens 481 MINEIAGIEGS Sysco cc bascn ie asec eves 0G, |\Galeite-dolomites aif. 22-ceenee. wees ts 424 Of Heidenheim, Beds of........ 17 | Calcite, Howe's: Cave,.N. Y........ 365 PI UTIORCCUECHON: ins vctvasstcese) vases Hay |"“Caloitey Mamie: & xy. peagh fee sane tacaaews 420 MA MOPL ELI MOS: 2.6% sdusiaceendee es -- 44 | Calcium-carbonate. ........ Pare tetas 480 De PUL CUEN TUS. 2 os dis oundasetes 36 | Calkins, G. N.; SoME INTEREST- PRMLOWPLIS SS, roe hows nce weeks jets .-40, 44 ING PROTOZOA FROM VAN CorT- BESTE P@UNCS 3215 be alias wal\cxewat sdesdesenen BOO bp UAT MAR Kiss a. eae eendetetatise 413-14 Boule, M.; ref....... A; 6; °24, 34535559 | Call, R. Ellsworth, SomE Pre- (SRC 2 AA ee 38| LIMINARY NOTES ON CRYSTAL DOWOGIMS. TNCs 2. doa letsess save 390, GROWTHS IN MAMMOTH CAVE, eS Ene os dossin a ticociss Goes cu tecees 485 | 479, 480-481 Bra: hyodus Bidet chane vtze lect ahe ene sets 27 | Call, R. Ellsworth, THE NeEw- Pe MOMOIDAUS. Satcwccssiesane tuners 26, 27| BURG MASTODON AND Its Asso- PERCE YP OMIM iss cnusvarecccdesdeiseecnte ROS. de CIATED AUNAA...0. carat sae 467-8 [BTEC 70) 0) 0.5 a ir B72, 97552370. | CambHAM. xccscrs ose sant onset ncahs 498, 507 Rrackisehe Schichten:...s620.s.5.c00+ DGNGamMelss. ,csshas satenmenliuackeee ee sat onne Brereton, John } ref... <00.:-<«: 30G)| Camptonitery. csi... scent testa .500, 501 Bridger, Lower, Middle Eocene, | CANADA BALSAM, THE ACTION Bartonian, apparently equivalent | OF, PHOTOGRAPHIC GELATINE ERE oni Atego ein Sse ocstonae ve ned 16, PLATES, W.G. Levison, 511, 512-3 Bristol Prot.?C. 51; refi2.:.:... AQT sy SOR) COPE a uk sw one tovacanesetestades scm: 18 Brogger, Prof. W. C.; ; ref. | CBRE LP aco ated see Bea totes 40 423, 472, 507 | C4 Valpes\\ GVO PER oon. 40 SG PIMA ts Hels. cats sbas eee des oct D7 Camty Fos. nstiv ceca S02, 17 26, 50 roy, i). CrOsby.> Leb. c. cise sine daves ss 389 | CAPE CoD, CENTRAL, THE GEOL- BSHOMMME SHEL. 2.52 oudussiate.keaseee aes 483)) OGY ATA; A. Julien......:.: 498, 501 Buchner, E.. P.; On NumpBer Capillarity, How avoided in speci- BRIN S. Gotacetwiaaine Ghseice wears one 439, 440| fic gravity weighings.......... .... 476 Bam Sek od «ann d nba va geeee ero Og, | CODED MOON reenter sjie weisthaass sale is xo 508 36 MAMAS a diecoe- 2 bua tesareni nec kes ORs COg7 Canes nc ate tes eee aves ion slnr sas ece 36 UO HeGSvOt- Sind ...< 38, Dra AD cs Sec ota rd wide s Vowapeten nace Zi pera yo-Tel. «snc. aesee eee wes 53 CUMBERLAND SOUND, THE ESs- DETERMINATION OF THE WAVE QUIMo OF, Dr. Franz Boas..484, 485 LENTGH OF SOUND BY THE Cunningham, Dr. R. H., Res. GRATING METHOD, E. R. von Pee nINS 218. mecha ton bat mheasbtuadd seas 494 Wag GORs Sccree ee ces dict eawedees 511-12 UES, EA 6: 094,57 VEL tones cna dus ares AQ a EVGA .6...52 yet snatutivce se abarestars 379 Using ds Pas Pel io0cs eaveds cans 506 USO Wiens © Meare he it Su warn sic 499 Cuttyhunk Id., (ID CREDOSE ad ate netinene Wt vets caticnsnses os 8 434 388, 389, 390, 398-400, 416) GGL OMaMUSClEy 6.5 cigs ncn’ ances 490 SEU Vlas COMM co. ste ccananoit +25 Dyis 20, 050 | LCOLGLALTULIE 4 wwakexdeclnccssseseneese 505 Cyathophylloid CORI SS 2 eases ann. 376 | Diceratherium minutum....iccccees 23,528 IES eh Bo anit sosara cls Ai closets sin al fo BRO EP Sete BAe oe es avian e'na ivioinv wasn se 26 NI OIE on Be re Ra's bai siheC a ak 22 | Didelphyidz, Relation of, to Mar- Ree IU ARICIEN he is de natal Vrhxdnoidateaias BOd ee CSUE aN eel at Core pidcoe loi ants nc 53 CoE SUS en eRe area ie A he OTe 1 2 re 498 FSUSEIESZES SCOPQKIUS Nu o aie nine banciasmalp 391 | Dinotheres, First, of HULOPE,..2565 57 ANNALS N. Y. ACAD. SCL., Vol. XIII, April 16, 1901 —34. 9) hod 52 DIEROEM APU Medea nee donee cata swe 27, DDG OOCRILCUT arm Ata eee 20,27, 32 DL) SATANEEUTIE Nec cccn excise tae 32 D: minding | Cuvee 20 IDIOKItES 2h ce seeed eee ear et eae ee 492 Disintegration or wear on feather..78-82 Dissacus (Morejon yer cs cee. ne oe 10 Dodge, Prot. (R. E.3 ref... 7... 449, 502 Dodge, R. E., PHYSIOGRAPHY OF THE REGION OF THE COLORADO GANONA Ree ieee ae ete 498, 501-2 Dodge, R. E.; Recording Sec- ME UAT stercterereleteciareicrei- ron seicleleis'e eiersisieiele.s 441, 454 DOCH OPUMECUSS fence aa sicins Sei atme ees 33 | Dotlom louis rete. 3h ssa ee 53, 60 Dolomite ses. ssssk ALG, A245 ,.A 37507 CoE ae esr acre eas aeRO incor 420 PAOrbigmy sett: sk acestcacateoss 8 Doremus, Charles A.; ref., 441, 454, 464 | Doremus, C. A.; Delegate Int'l Cheme(Cone ce cht. capssgeece aver 442 d Do's eRe eye seer ANG ty PRA ROLE acct 57 Douglass, James; Fellow........ 442, 454 Doumillérewet: a: ooo Raa 26, 28 Drift Deposits: Elizabeth Ids...... 401 LO OPI IEE US§ ics Sun seane senacen ateg 28 Dudley, Henrys: rely tee 'ee 441, 454 DBE OILTS Lo seo aches ge a A OEE 53 Dumble. Prot. refs... sce. cco, 492 iOunienil sek. Va sseatee see cae 8 YH a Kaa oan ay naar ECD A Leen Be 38 Diavernoy sc fee: ve aieee. oe eee 20 Du Vivier, Charles L., Res. Mem. 443 Dwight, Jonathan, Jr.; Fellow, 442, 454. Dwight, Jonathan, Jr., THE SE- QUENCES OF PLUMAGES AND MOULTS oF THE PASSERINE BIRDS OF NEW “YORK 3..032-2.6.. 73-360 Dyar, Harrison G., Curator...441, 455 | EASTON, PENNA., PRELIMINARY NOTES ON THE OCCURRENCE OF SERPENTINE AND TALC AT, F. 1B oil © (ol 3) . .c-s a eee 477-9 |\ PRA CN GLAEs \., Stas oset Acct aa eee 26 | Leaatelovom., wis, Ai eeckie se eee nee 22 | Eocene, French, Geographical (= Characteristies’ ‘of 5.0.2 iroealent He 07 Eocene, Comparison of American [. “and: Haropeaniinovceeenee eee 2a Eocene, Lower, Wasatch and Suessonien (Sparnacien Yprés- jen,) truly parallel. 2 acne cae 12-13 Eocene, Middle, Bartonien, Equi- valent to Lower Bridger........... 16 Eocene, Middle, Lutétien, Paral- lel with Wind River: Fauna ...... 14-16 'Eocene, Middle, Composite Im- _ perfectly Stratified Fissure De- posits of, to Middle Eocene Age..19—21 [1248 Utes echelon ae 462-4 Eocene, Upper, separates Nearctic DBR TATI LMR DORE AN PRA oat OPEL 11; 54|. tzomPalceareticidauna.:2,.----re 18 Edentates,aianliest. 72.5 oes.ccdce eee 23 Eogzea one of zodlogical divisions EFFECTS OF SPECIAL TRAINING ON of world, 7422s ete ees, seen 47 GENERAL ABILITY, E j as Epidote: ROPE CEP. OSDOLEN. 2... 0.00. 45-64 QUATERNARY DEPOSITS OF THE Faunas of Beaufort and Bay of Hupson: RIVER VALLEY AND Ie tie CLIN ety eeesen RE Giohs calcein aifan'e'v'ea 496 SOME MISCELLANEOUS SUBJECTS, | Fauas, Glenn Falls, N. Y.......... 500 Bee OO) PE OVE sisson neianck doe de- anes 515-6 | FAUNAS, PALEOZOIC, OF NORTH- wtaga Agéiem Lemoine. -..2.00.060+0 13| ERN NEw JERSEY, Gilbert van PA G20 000M... onl scsistw sods AN AMS EM es eaeceedes cadets 497, 498-500 REO Mte ESA oa ais Se cicte SA scans Wasa o wecleseee S |° Haun pltocene TECENE”. -..nj..2- 5000 33 MMUICAY, StAMIPIED 2%. jace.-se2r0002e BU ORS Re es cea teat ooes B73. 3745 376 Mica s WONTON, 22. .0bsgencwntenes Zi LS CULATU CPUS st ohie ies prende 373 Punecopian <“FESION) aac eves ses 50 | LTE PIL P UF CMSUS peice ola Atawion ela 364, 365 eR OLOZ OLD YS cli, dais Sold wales oie Us 00s 11 | Feather Disintegration or Wear,....78-82 Matasiatic: Families. .:.......... ede ties 58 Feather Loss, Protective Sequence mame. VIlOCeNe! Of;,4.15.0cavese aoe 24-30 Tsetse eh 5 ek Se 83-4 OWS ES Of: 6 ca ciiah ce satsese eb 21~24 | Feather Tracts, Advance of Moult TelSt@cene- Of J..5 che tect tine an ec 17 7. ©, OM igh 1) 018 oe hee OP ee PEM, 84-98 EEMOCENG Of: 2553225 seed tetas ade'ds GO>a4) | Meld Spans stice5: . cased ei seaeasiodo oe 424 European Correlation in Tertiary eAAUEN ee aia aun Seca LaSuc rere ies wees omeeE 205,30 Mammal) ElOrizonsic3.2./sce.caccecee 4-5 | DF OULU Site ath tao Ua epens sewer 40 European Tertiary,Classsfication of.. 7-9 Pe ea PS P2120... x dence es 43 ezramim Carolinia Liss... ...c0s.0- 392 es CIE R S8. etch fewer oe casera 36, 40 Bavatiia ss TESS. 60) ec non ee 40 ee OPUS aati dae shah este, clea 489 Gneiss......421, 425, 427, 501, 506, 516 Flornblendeskcoe eee 419 Porphyriticy Aegan. cteceeeeneeee 500 Pre ( ambrian.....420, 421, 430, 437 Gneissoid granite........... Si eae 516 | COmPhOCEE AS BELLI SID Sewscnnee 376 | Goniatite: limestone).et..n..2.2 Ske B77 Gosn ld, Bartholomew ; ref..... 399 | Gosnold), Townvot it:igyeeades cee 366 Gotte weft. cise eet eet 447 Granodiorite ; Yosemite..... ....... 438 INDEX. 525 (2:0 a 424, 425, 426, 427, 430) Halysites catenular td. .....cccceererere 365 Granite hornblende... ..vcsierisse sevens AGA Waamiton: TNE, Guess rccbaw~. vhs eax Ae 277 Granite-porphyry. os... .0ssentess ses 507 | Hann, Julius, Hon. Mem...... 2, 453 Piremites, ATCHCAM: 0s seacenmnste dens 492 | EHAMGSe waite adamalieelea ts kebansinda vad 58 GRANULAR MATERIALS, FLOW OF | HARNEY PEAK DISTRICT IN THE AIR AT DIFFERENT PRESSURES BLACK HILLS, 5. D., SCENERY meroucH, F. L.. Tufte:s.. 0260. 503-4 Vihy A) © PR & Ko) a 479, 481 GRATING METHOD, DETERMINA- Harrold, C..C..and Lee, F. S., TION OF THE WAVE LENGTH THE SIGNIFICANCE OF CARBO- OF SOUND bY THE, E. R. Von MVDRATES IN MUSCLE. ....0. 489, 490 PEO cs doc et ew niswsneaan seaseuaceie IMA lego Aes aie hee ab aha wis sdknntsyis hhibecn de aes 499 Grauen Siisswassere Molasses... BO pit LOD OU: oe acaccaveae’ tose SIn5s Gaayity, Variation in Lawsof,.:...:. 465 | Day, O. P.,; Res. Mem.............0. 511 Great Kaibab monocline.............. BOO: da mtekes (rats |W Avaca naps odes vine une 363 Grés de Cesseras ( Herault)......... pols re Vole reel a (0) ok ee 55 Older than Maurimont......... Cito ta (ue) ai er Ae a 29 Bee Asse. DEMS. 025 s0- cose ncensseens DAG | SAGER STEM dan ost ae ats Sens dial dos cu vials aw Eg 9 Griffith, David, STRUCTURE AND Hleideninaln ss reli 2 eoese ext asa. 435 DEVELOPMENT OF. THE SorR- \ PACRDUCLES sateen .atodioe aaa wader nee ties « 16 BORN ACO IE siaicoks Goa ogntncaat twanSeens 433-5 TRAILED BIDS aici asniciw's shescas Oh x 15 eae Cauda. Galli... i..caccecsna os 375,376 PIS GCP AVOR Dia she yale cerca. «+ vio aie’ 15 DIG MOMANIC! Mz Jona acces nas wise 3755 378 TLE GIEV ORIN eA oe aoe syactene dah 15 Shawangunk Pts ots neta otee 499 FL DUET IMPULES a. OS cbse vi cen oe ows 15 RPE AS, -ALPQI coven sa snvortues D279 2G) | PAO UILERCWPS Son. 5 cuando an anna dusesmes 15-10 GROWTH, THE, OF CHILDREN, F. | Helderberg; PWG ii0. fees... 50 366-73, 374 ERA eae diansnascniswncveset: AWG, A50—A51 | Helderbergs: 4.532 Janes 361, 362, 366 enn JS S05 ee ee eee Boo, 408 | PHelioz0a si: <2..c< 1 lalccaseasnce etaeswas 513 WN eA si deat die eurodia’ woe as'w a sedece > 29 Helvetien, Middle Miocene........ 28-9 Gypse Artiodactyla, Ancestry of..... 18 IPG CONG cost ckisnarapecncabcaeeses Diy 25 Gypse contemparancous with Cimia.. 19) | LLePlod ort... «wrens ceseoennsrsvasecneens 13 Gipse de. Montmartre... tiasdessses 17 | Hering, D. W., Councillor......441, 455 Gyps-; Specialized and Differen- Herman, Mrs. Ester, Contribution Ee 200 (A DEG 18 to Balding « Fimdsi..3i.235..5-2 452, 460 Gypsiferous Strata, None in Mam- | Herkimer County, N. Y., Water- FER OMNE AVC aerate cata cinsidmtnteda82 AGG) Aime at ote Shia 2h Shecssueperstt 365 Gypsum; Mammoth Cave........ 480, 481 | Heterohyus armatus Gervais......... 15 GYFAULUS DPATOUS SAY ...0s 0.6 cnwevsees 468 | Mieracium Canadense Nichx........ 395 Cs EEO IEES scrchrnoinasend arm semee tts 376 | | FIGNG KOROUI Liss ch rec be wd. ver ¥s 395 Gyrostachys gracilis __( Bigel) [Hal i. F.5. CONTRIBUTION TO ONS 6S open ccamnpehe eg cesses tos 395| THE’ GEOLOGY OF A PART OF | CoSONOR A. IME XICO.6 cas. Roewae 491, 492 HADDAM, MAINE, MINERALS h Printtons Jotmubl. 9 -nefen...:-2c. 441, 455 rome AT, I. SrWlartin.<.,49 8 SOL | L2PPO7 10022 so nceewis wavlcewsedcrssvacens 30, 33 fall, Prof. James ; ref., | SA BROCE SoG deen shee abies posal s at 33 202,-305,-37 29 3745 403 | HL, PYOXUMUS.. weveeverseees ase 375 Hallock, Prof. William, ref., | Eippotamil im Murope..........0. "ssi 57 HOC,(A7 0, AST, AOS: ASO || LP POLAMUS,.. saa cdign We so ada on vinseanee 36 Hallock, Prof. William, A PE- FRPP TERUG? cosa wiowes soa 8e 38, 40 CULIAR LIGHTNING DISCHARGE, WaShcnoteli tee aa er ea ee 223-231 494, 495 | Hitchcock, Edward; ref..........- 388 Hallock, Prof. William, Nore BIO DDS, (Pret..? Tel soc ccc.ccnsecn reese 492 ON SPECIFIC GRAVITY WEIGH- PERGSINES oo Vel irininnca tit ceanemace 28 Naas ops cs eee Reais vs ng ee ee ae Aq Gord (OPEPGO MOAI seKEli 6. son gcnesseveewss seat = 28 Hallock, Prof. William, OvEr- 'Hollick, Arthur, A RECONNOIS- TONES OF A TUNING ForK....475, 476| SANCE OF THE ELIZABETH Ips..387-418 Hallock, Prof. William, THE | Holly Trees; Elizabeth Ids......... 397 NATURE OF THE ATOMS AS IN- |_Holmes, O. WN. 5) TOL, .cueuseras ante 395 DICATED BY RECENT SPECTRUM | Holmes, Prof. W. H., Cor. Mem., AU SIS Ses ncenc inst vice ccueene tin 485-6 | 442, 453 626 INDEX. Holocrystalline porphvrites rock... 491 LT, BUSTNLEUS, Meee NS eee 27 EtomerssGeo. Svs tel-posesoenase 387, 389. LT. ACLUCIECUS San Secreto omnes A 27 LLOMOCYENUS SCOPATAUWS... 1002 invcacnee 368 | LT, DElamRUS::, fae cee ahi eee 23 Homoplasy or Parallelism, Law of.. AQ) LDV OLE te ee eee ee 27 Hookautin ; Passamaquoddy Esra 382, Hypidiomorphic augite............... 422 Horizons, Tertiary, Paraliels be- Aypocopra COUMOFUMG wach vate scadeastides 433 CWEEN: Ko sete essa oeteeacee 3-44 | Hyrachyus intermedius......1..0.04.. 16 Horoblende £esce- A20;, A438, 491, 500 |\\Lyracodontide nn ss .ate ee ee 58, 505 Hornblende=gabbros3x. 2.2.2 .<..su. 500: S27 7acoided ia. eae 57 PINCISSt a ME Nace a ere 419, 516 | Ungulates related to.............. 54 OV AMILC BS. Ser crtcletencs aqraiteisc asi 42s A24)| LIVEOCOCMELUIE oh each Serene en I5 TAGES = sine d/ aa haee eeemoortenee ae wee 5S |LLyr AColertieMiivc, sates eo ae 15 Hovey, E. .O., EXHIBITION OF | TL LepOCIIU TE. enamine ane 12 LANTERN SLIDES ILLUSTRATED | LIV SEER Sc ocratlcieo oe Tea ete ee 25 942 SOME OF THE QUARTENARY DE- POSITS OF THE HUDSON RIVER Ice Age Ris Boe eee 34 VALLEV, AND SOME MISCELLA- Ficteridaeica: cc... staat en aeectoe Steere 156-69 NEGUS SUBIHETS 7.2.2: aot rseece 515-6) eneous rocks)...04 eeu ae eee 506 Hovey; is; 9., Life’ Meme. ....26 5 Da | Lj OLIGO eames ceaat ncn cosines eee aes 448 Hovey, £. O:; tel., | Lae OPACd Ate. dns, sake une 391 471,498, 502,507, 516:| Tfends els. ire coe eee 40 Hovey, E. O., BIOGRAPHICAL INDIRECT VISION, SOME PHE- NoricE OF PROFESSOR O. P. NOMENA OF, Clark Wissler, PWS AIS x 2 Ns Stoo ence beacon 480, 481 | 439-40 Hovey, E. O., SCENERY OF THE Indo-Malayan ‘‘region’’............ 50 HARNEY PEAK DISTRICT IN THE | indrodon “(Torrejon)s.-.q nese eeee fe) BLACK ILS. Ss Dao seemses 479, 481 | Infra Vongrien, Lower Oligocene... 22-3 Howe, MarshalA., Fellows 3.442545 A. 27secls0 07 ack tense sais tan ee 18 Howe, M. A., REPORT ON SUM- | Interglacial and Glacial, or Mid- MER: WORK! ew iectnwateneceeae ates AQT." Pleistocene ines eee eee 30-44. Howe's Cave, N. Y., | Intichiuma ceremonies) 7.24. een 484 363,'°964, 365,: 36755360) noting. case eee cae een 376 Rinrdlieka fDri os. ikebonues eae 5O2)| SronuPyHitess.cAscce pn cossaec ae senM eee 426 TIUBBARD, . PROF. 0. 2:5. -Bio- issel: ;mefie 22 ce ssa ene 15 GRAPHICAL NOTICE OF; E. O. Essel danas As. Aes 14 ELONVEYe cdcetheu are eettne eae 480, 481 | ZsseZ older than MWauremont......... 18 Hupbard, ©. -P., Deathior.......: 472 ON? (THE SWULEE OF}. ayn sie Jacupirau site... o.casunsecheescem eee 448 SteVensomis Wi.5a8 vite cee 481-4 | Jacoby, Harold, Conncillor.. 441, 455 CULUIGSGIAW hone uk. tbe aa tnte asses eae: 380 | FOL Aire Sock hac ater as eae 444, 445, 446 bludsonshialies:) 22004 a0: eee. ca 370,409) JASers KOR se ca5.cusnteasencenee tees iyi Hudson, The, Medina and Clin- | fenkins 7 rer lesa ke eee 444 LOM Spates aster canee nies oka 362+ | Jerboa tts oct ear ae ceca eens 57 HUICHOL INDIANS, THE, SYMBOL- | gesup; Moris, K-30 retises ececcees 486 IsM OF, Carl Lumholtz......... 449- en Dae A..L.; THE SYMBOLIC Humboldt : peice, ssccrcneoaeae sace we 46| CHARACTER OF GEOMETRICAL Huntington, G.S., Some Mus- ForRMS AS A PRINCIPLE OF Ex- CLE VARIATIONS OF THE PEC- PLANA TION Gea ecseee ends cence 473 MORAG BRD LB 5. iia. cteaceenteee 446, 447| JONES FALLS VALLEY, MbD.., Jee OU bd Ion aban =) RRA en eR POR Flgipy se GEOLOGY OF, D. S. Martin...... 516 UL LIED yee ahois enon RA dashes nc who bawe 36, 41 | Johnson, Cap. John E.; ref......... 39° dn onoewtal \ Speled ini nats 43) Jourdanssrel, 6h pyecheceeeeaeeese 29 PAO ACNE ety k Madan tack eodstiogs 36, 40 | Judd, Charles net Fellow.....442, 454 Eby nar ctOs reste spencer slau eek oes os 28, 33|Judd, C. H.; MOVEMENTS OF Hyenodictis (Cernaysien )..........+. L041 WRITING Eyees etoeee dere 509, 510 FLY CROD Ore hao eta wtseonioces 18 | Judd, C. H.; STUDIES IN VocaL Pay eMOdONtGA: co wetsceceneecssctantess 22 EXPRESSION ba So aktundtbe uetosteee 493 EL VATOR SE. eee Renin. isos ca nea 488 | Julien; At AcerCuratorntin ae 441, 455 VAPOR SLAPEUS. 1 Re adele Geeta Pace anisaioee ae? BO |) PUG el Rieti aee mee eee 92, 493, 516 INDEX. O27 Julien, A. A.; NOTES ON THE PAUTHOMMLES ceux cat she steckes’ oo ane tes, ben 516 ORIGIN OF THE PEGMATITES Wor epee seen meth enuie dda oo have eee aes 17 FROM MANHATTAN ISLAND AND FROM NORTH CAROLINA...506, 507-8 | Julien, A. A.; ON THE LIFE OF i. TIO BEART) .; . > ref.o.0s esse eee 35 Palisades an intrusive trap sheet... 468] Penikese..... .......-... 388, 398, 399, 400 PALISADES, ON THE PROTECTION Peniquese dies. seasons ee 388, 389 OF THE, J. C. Smock.....469, 470-71 | Penobscot Indians, Recreations of..381—4 PALISADES, THE, H. B. Kummel, PeRTMERCTI A Ne, sac eeee eae ree 376 469-70 | Pentamerus Limestone, Lower, 366, (Paice fax hak ericsson eee 58 368, 369-70, 371,373> Sis s70% Pan Qoluns) cane ses-acnto aces Meeeeeeaees 57 380 Earliest ..:... Rae Mee Sear See 23 Upper; 366, 371; 372-3, 374; Pappenhetne BEG) 2.8 siadsevetace tan 17 378, 379. 380 PARALLAX, THE, OF pz CASSIO- Pepton, Noné in cocoanut... -cen--= 489 PEL® AND THE POSITIONS OF 56 PHA EVTUTI aia aide EE 22 NIGHBORING STARS, AS DE- Peniphieny..ci5.scsseenescw-eccees eetee 5or DUCED FROM THE RUTIIERFURD Peri phy chi sivcine Siaeen ato gaat aee ete II PHOTOGRAPHIC MEASURES, PEFESSODDCLY LAs... 2 nd Daatae oes 19 Genwbh- EB amerintes. ere 444, 446 Ps, Pliepla ase ag Ge ee 15 Parallélism«or homoplasy, Law of.) 40:| Paphieiwon: tax sasceeean en eee 33 POLENUOPUUD: . haath Vencod as aeaas vyeaees 5O0'|, Perrier vceicae. 23 een eee 33 Pail dove cess eecnntestcaneais Dereetcs 298-300 | Peshchameesett Id.............00.00005 388 PARIS CONGRESS OF PSYCHOLOGY, Pesque Td. cxUeueice arenes cceeeee ste 388 ieee VVOOGWOrths 0.0 s.ehaee 509°) Pesquinese Tdi J.0c.ea4acteeantoeneness 388 Parisienstocene as) se he 8 | Peters ; ref........... en Pe eee yc 28 Parisien Stage, Lutétien substage Peyvolles sctvvince Pus oka tadeeet eden 38 Rhie DASE Olen cee eS. eee eee E4)| PHACOps Ton ZARD v1.0 eee eee 372 Parker, G. H.; THE NEURON PREMACOLUST Rissa eae sos TEE Agee II THEORY IN THE LIGHT OF RE- Phenocrysts::j..0sen saeeacen eae 507 CHNPSEDISCOVE RUNS. 6:0 3 ee! 440-1 Potkiliticy , scree = rons 500 ParkerjG. Hs; Cor.. Mem. si:.: 442, 454 | PHENOMENA, SOME, OF INDIRECT Pasque Id., Vision, Clark Wissler......... 439-40 388, 389, 390, 395-6, 400, 412, 414| Philosamta cYNthia .....0.0 seeceesseees 514 Passamaquoddy Indians, Recrea- Phlogopite..420, 424, 425, 426, 507 ORIG OFs..< .cpianss Sones ths 2s PR 3, Meee 381-4 | Phlothzin, Effect on Muscle......... 490 Passamaquoddy Literature, Notes PPROCHOR. 1 shine Sen te nee Sesevese 445 Ont oD APHMGEs. oft ot wi isies 381-86 Phosphate in cocoanut. ...........0668 489 INDEX. 533 Phosphorites......... WiieAemsctxees) «9EQ| PASSERINE Binps or NEw YorK, CTE OY, | oes dsecnenronenncevnss 17,20} THE SEQUENCE OF, Jonathan Phosphorites parallel with Marnes MONCTON ST eek anak sa vecadu et 73, 300 et-Calcaires de Ronzon..:..,...... 22|Plumages and Moults, Early, of PHOTOGRAPHIC GELATINE PLATES, BY MMS ESAS go wen cia ve v's lv AS g8-IOI THE ACTION OF CANADA BAL- |Plumages and Moults of N. Y. SAM ON, W. G. Levison, | OR ee GS re eee ee 130-317 511, 512-3 | Plumages and Moults, Sequence of, PMR ree at bole vicars cinveewtwewwiene vicosioere st 505 101-16 Phylia, Allied, in similar stages of | POMAPOV] COPY OPRUG. 0s vases. seas 433 PRINTERS 14282 Cis advise» fae. aie 2)i Kereta cee tee eee 477 Rees, J. K.; REPORT ON NOVEM- Oarizs detalii. beeen ee 420, 421 BER METEORS: Moe) ees ec ee eee 444-5 Ouiartz eaystals. 2%... d0 on ome 375 Se WET ASIPIAL Ee 2 ee eee 368 SEM OPHOT CME. iene nih Se ies oe he 500 | STRUCTURE AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE SORDARIACEZ, D. Grif- te, MIS = e222 Sena ea cy eee ea ene 433-5 studer, “Theo:t rel. 25.2.5 54s 35, 64 STUDIES IN VOCAL EXPRESSION, Niles, Sai ed bos A eae pe ee we S 493 SEY JOLOPMUE 5 cscnianisins ch avoatentaen eee 14 SACL ONC oe ea ten hee Ee 513 \SSMESS S6het sd). ee ee eee 8, 28 | AEA SSOULEE Bie i cots cpa te See 8, 12-13 Sumner, F. B.; KUpPFER’s VESI- CLE IN RELATION TO GASTRULA- TION AND CONSECRESCENCE, 433, 446, 447 Sumner, F. B.; Report on Sum- mer W eile Pe Seay at er See ee 496 |Sumner, F. B.; Res. Mem ........ 443 SURVIVAL, THE, AFTER SOMATIC DEATH, Fis de OCs cost: eee 433-5 SOS. 55. Bad cah va aseaae aces ae eee 29 Ss C2 YMAMLLUS. ca cesane SSspaeee 32 Se, SOMO Spek a tke sh oom eee 36, 40 Syenite...... 422, 423, 448, 491, 500, 501 SYMBIOSIS OF ROOTS AND FUNGI, D.T ..MacDoupalac bene 466, 467 SYMBOLIC CHARACTER, THE, OF GEOMETRICAL FORMS AS A PRINCIPLE OF EXPLANATION, A. L...JOMES 5 o..2e.d ison ence tras 473 SYMBOLISM OF THE ARAPAHOE IN- DIANS, A. L. Kroeber......... 449, 450 INDEX SYMBOLISM OF THE HUICHOL IN- | DiANns; Carl Lumholtz.......... 449-50 TOL As 25 cacssatinvayenscwnsevet 52 376 Table Rock, N. Y., Calcite at...... 365 SPEMGG.: FSSQUIMIO, 0.00.42 ecceccoes natiase 485 BRPEMTOOIEL So. . doe gnnauaascncease sass 12, 54) TALC AND SERPENTINE AT EASTON, | PENNA., PRELIMINARY NOTES - ON THE OCCURRENCE OF, F. B. eS Sep cok tiie via esa 419-30, 435, 436 | PTA OTU SS 75 3cb les ecces ssn ek sone ens 219-23 SUNN, soe iss on si oss ub eescessbies cries 58 SI aU AS gone ct aia'c sale un canasnie sa sainnvacie’ 15, 16 TAPIrUs ATVETNENSIS 0.0000 cveraneceees 33 BEDPISCUS 504 ivcbnaesatiestsanjsevitenes 32 MMT LOLERIES ono cons narcesusenesaseusicues Te RP CPEACIIEIES occ sc cece ondic nec 364, 369, 370 Tentaculite limestone.....3060-8, 377, 379 Tentaculites 2YVACANINUS .....11ee eens 368 erns Elizabeth Tds......:........- 398 TERTIARY MAMMAL HORIZONS OF EuRoPE AND AMERICA, CoR- RELATION BETWEEN, H. F. Os- 537 Wstenis,, AMStralig’ ssc vesevss, ceveedvee 484 Toulars tefici.... peeabex Dac tky dace oa 28 OMT ONANING Ee) Listes sae nl te vevesneaaes 501 WAR OGUOMUIALS pndavecsetss ofncnk nasauhnire 54 Tomopreustes, EP gs Of... 15.04.00. 0000 496 (PIG INTEt, sancawwatrnametsconaseeadsen cen 492 Lee ey a (So 2 a 497 FLA Due thi tbtentatt aerg.beheerich apni 468, 506 Treasurer N. Y. Ac. Sc., Annual Report, HER., FQOO! ws.cewvevaseree 455-7 Tremolite, 420, 421, 424, 425, 426, 427, 507 PRTC VES F TEL cscicen carne ewe sancveeaeene 474 ULSI Oe aes iene aga reer Cee 492, 499 Trigonolestes br achystonus ... 1.000005 15 RVODItGR: teaaaacsdaccy nies none 376, 498, 499 DG TIAN IO) Rela ESE Se eon ten eer Pa 500 TROCHOC IS Hot p caawads sie ties ness 373; 379 Drop lod yiies 2. cceag seca as cena esswase'ss 290 TPES TOMEI TUT conan asassscsasanstacav 36 Tis CUTOUT Lea tas cea divamcw enns See 40 DPMS ate ona cist nae spin sie wa’ 34 Trotter, Albert N.,* Fellow ...... 442, 454 "Trowestart,. Beds) of: #22. scs-ss0unseeneeesis iF Lae FASS catcctdans cael asitesireat os 438 Uncatina. Id...... 387, 388, 389, 390, 392 WinCatiM Cette... srapaks .wedteenctee cerns 388 OWCURUMUS. TAMIA BIAS siniscinsasasegees 370 OR ROBT cco antionsecabcassve 373 Ch AECOLATNS Ne cSceawii eke aneus 272 Underwood, L. M., Councillor..441, 455 Nba Gina See cn ceae saacp nc wemcwcestene ves 10-11 Wintyalliviest fh gadetccdecustescasbeses 364, 368 OUSAUTE POUMRUUS Tesi tie ih vaso dsione 28 (CO SE MRC go BAER Se ie nee 29 Fp AIDS IR Ce hinasen suteemee 40 TROPUCIVGRSISE cae ss scuesecticess 33 CE EEOR dia do eleguctern oe S00 seaive 40 CE SPECS alt seagauice based aeotas 36, 40 COUT A. Banda th <6 canbe cs eevee vaess 392 VOUlwara SINCETA SHY oi... .isessenessse 468 ANNALS N. Y. AcAD. Sci., Vol. XIII, April 18, 1901—35. 538 Vi. TCAFINALE BY bea ae VAN CORTLANDT PARK, SOME IN- TERESTING PROTOZOA FROM, G. N.. Calkins :3).2c G.cet te 513-4 Van Hise) Cake rel aa 481 Cor. "Memiizssec ciceres costes: 442, 454 van Ingen, Gilbert ; Editor....494, 502 van Ingen, Gilbert; PALEOZOIC FAUNAS OF NORTHWESTERN NEW? JERSEY 4 :ccchens2. 497, 498- ee Vanuxeimn sei oe seo nko 80 Werdolitex ms. sccter scone rece 425, 426, is Verrill, Prof. A. E. ; Tele aoe ee 435 V GRILLE EA eee ea era cess te cicavawe vee 33 VIUGIIBI CES renee se ieas te dsans sense taste 33 VEDI AICAT ED vas conc conktanpasssieos on 23 Winiclolite sees. scant ceca tecceasnceeee 437 VISION, ON RELATIONS OF TIME AND SPACE IN, J. McK. Cattell, 439, 440 Wa WeTTO bees. a siSates ts nde tc adoreasenes 18 VocAL EXPRESSION, STUDIES IN, Ora) OSe8) (Lis Ke Ran eee Sk Od 493 IViGKE Eis Wels. 25) vcs. Wea seen ee- seca 465 Von Nardoff, | cag) Se DETERMI- NATION OF THE WAVE LENGTH OF SOUND BY THE GRATING NEE TEOD ye ....s Sennintewe. ee staeeseeees 511-12 Von Nardoff, E. R.; ON THE APPLICATION OF FITZEAU’S METHOD TO THE DETERMINA- TION OF THE VELOCITY OF eee ee tee Setter eeesesesesesesese 94-5 yon Zittel, K. A. >....4;.5, 6, 8,124,)04 WWAWA CHCl) )y vecwatc. naoesotaeeat nee 388 Wabanki girl, Narration of......... 382-3 Waiter. °C. 7 Tebocnisetie 497, 505 EVES, ACH 3225 esseanenstee seen 443 Waite, F. C.; THE BERMUDA MGA TGs a he ceeeccscndens ccoaket ees 504-5 Wallace, Alfred; ref......... 375 495053) Wasatch 1I-14 Washington, H. S.; Fellow...442, 454 Washington, H.S.; THE Mac- NET COVE LACCOLITH, ARKAN- er Washington, H. S.; THE Rocks OF LAKE WINNEPESAUKEE, N. Ee ee ay atk CS cues 408, 500-1 Watasé, Prof. Sho; Cor. Mem..442, 454 Niisterlimies fees sie se 364, 365, 366, 380 Wave and Wind, Effect of 6 WAVE LENGTH OF SOUND, DETER- MINATION OF, BY THE GRATING METHOD, E. R. Von Nardoff, 511-12 WEBER’S LAW IN JUDGMENTS OF COMPARISON WITH A MENTAL weer eeeee INDEX STANDARD, E. L. Thorndike, 473, 474-5 Weed & els. cae e cosestenen econ 423 Weithofer, As: “refec.so.ssi oe 23, 64 Weller; Stuart wefl.7..05. ae 498 West Mtn., 362; 367, 371,373, 3745 375,379) a70 White, Dr. T. G., Acting Editor... 486 Fellow. 1.20. ceeee eee 432, 454 VELL ncwisas eaters ee aoeeee 473, 492, 516 White, Dr. T. G.; THE GLEN Fatis, N. Y. SECTION OF THE LOWER ORDOVICIAN.........20 498, 500 Williams, G. H., Memorial Lec- fUTESHUD: J. ct sven caren ee eee 472 Williams, J. ch 3 Teh nee 448, 507 WilNiamsite.:.&2-Ciice. cae eee 425 Willis; Batley scef